Leaves and flowers;

PeeeR
BULA Cin +9 :
: ap NES ses RE Ie PII ETS ‘ : : : er j sone

fae
Der =

Veates and lowers ; |

OR,

OBJECT LESSONS

IN

B.Oe LAN Y¥.

The Mexican Sage,—the Pink,—Phlox,—Bell-flower,—Sweet Pea,—Lily,—Morning-glory,
—Heather,—Rose,—Ear-drop,—Monk’s-hood, &c,,—-illustrating the several classes of corolla
forms. See Lesson XY.

- Loves antl Flowers

OR,

(OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

WITH

A FLORA.

PREPARED FOR BEGINNERS IN ACADEMIES AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

BY ALPHONSO WOOD, A.M,

AUTHOR OF THE CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, ETC.

ee

: aN OF €ann~
WITH 665 ILLUSTRATIONS. RI pocorn aN
‘ Jos y SY >

NEW YORK:

BARNES & BURR, 51 & 53 JOHN-STREET.

TROY: MOORE & NIMS.—CHICAGO: GEORGE SHERWOOD. | | |
CINCINNATI: RICKEY & CARROLL, )
ST. LOUIS: KEITH & WOODS’ |). {) , 1G Y
AND SOLD BY BOOKSELLERS GENERAULY. | |

1863.

Pree |
bE bet

Marek £4476 me

PROF. WOOD'S COMPLETE TREATISE.

CLASS BOOK OF BOTANYW;; being Outlines of the Structure, Philosophy,
and Classification of Plants, with a Flora of the United States and Canada, By
Atpuonso Woop, A. M., Principal of Female Academy, Brooklyn. 8vo, pp. 882.
Price, $2 50. Published by Barnes & Burt, New York.

Teachers, pupils, and amateurs will find in the new Class Book of Botany, the
foMowing peculiar advantages: ; :

First.
its comprehensiveness, clearness, and brevity; is divided into short paragraplis,
suited to the learner’s convenience; and each paragraph, with the topic prefixed in
capitals, is adapted to recitation and reviews.

Second, The Flora comprehends a wider territory than that of any School Botany
now in use, extending from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, and from the St. Law-
rence to the Gulf of Mexico. :

Third. The Flora comprehends not only our native, spontaneous vegetation, but
also one thousand species of cultivated plants—almost our entire exotic flora, grow-
ing in the field, the garden, aud the conservatory; thus rendering the study of
Botany as practicable in the city as in the country. :

aap Whe descriptions of species aré unusually full, graphic, and popular in
style. ;

Tift. The Tables for aualysis are.far in advance of those in the former editions,
both in simplicity and extent, reaching now from the Grand Division to the Species,
and by their peculiar form adapted to class exercise throughout the entire route;
thus rendering the pursuit at once a vigorous discipline and an exciting amusement.

he Scientific Treatise embraced in Parts I., II., and Ilf., is remarkable for |

**T am delighted with Prof. Woon’s new Botany ;
we have now used it in a class of 35, and find it all
we could desire as a text-book ; simplé and clear in
its descriptions, full in its illustrations, style con-
densed, requiring alone attention, and yet all the
principles of the seience so fully developed, that as
the student advances he finds new pleasure in the
form and fashion of every organ, as means adapted
to a particular end; and then the fine tables of
analysis so facilitate the labor in tracing the plant
to its species, that but little time is consumed in
that process. We heartily thank the author for his
long years of patient indefatigable toil, which has
given to the youth of our country so comprehensive
a work on the vegetable kingdom.”’—From Hrs.
M. Poyle, Teacher of Natural Science in Ohio
Female College.

‘*T have introduced Prof. Woop’s new Class Book
of Botany, and am much pleased with it; in fact, it
is my ideal for a Class Book of Botany, for classes

The publishers of ‘‘ Prof. Woop’s Botany,’? would add, that many large institu-

in an Academy like this, In the condensation you
have succ@eded admirably; the illustrations are
excellent, giving a very clear idea of the different
parts of the plant, and of the meaning of the techni-
cal terms. The Flora is very full, and I think has
been much improved by the addition of the exotics.
The analytical tables are the most perfect 1 have
ever,seen.”’— William A. Anthony, Teacher of Nat-
ural Science, Providence Conference Seminary, East
Greenwich, R. I.

CHARLOTTESVILLE, N. Y., Jan. 1861,

My opinion of your work may be summed up ina
few words. I deem it the best work of its kind
extant. I have studied and think am familiar with
all American works ; and for preciseness of descrip-
tion, I think yours the preferable one. Your ‘* Key”?
is very ingenious, and is the only intelligible one I
know of adapted to_the wants of students.—E. C.
Howe, Prof. Nat. Science, New York Conference
Seminary. =

tions, like ‘‘ Amherst College,” ‘‘Mount Holyoke Female Seminary,” ‘ Packer
Institute, Brooklyn,” ‘‘ Delaware College, Ohio,” and “‘ Michigan State Normal
School,” are using the Book with great success.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868,
By BARNES & BURR,

. In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern
District of New York.

BON nis Gk Fs

Be

PREFACE.

Amone the happiest days of our childhood were those devoted to the
study of Botany. Pure sunshine rests upon the memory of those rambles
in the fields and woods, amid the opening flowers of Spring, and then in
the gay profusion of advancing Summer, in which we made acquaintance

with many a floral gem before unknown. We love to think of that wild’

woodland lake where first we saw the sparkling Sundew, the quaint
Sarracenia, and the fair Nymphwa, resting on the bosom of the waters;
or of that lowly dell by the brookside, where the Yellow Violet, the
Hepatica, and the Bloodroot bloomed ; orgof that craggy mountain,

where, among the rocks, the Columbine hung ont its scarlet flowers..

Then returning home with our gathered treasures, how we entered with a
will upon the work of Analysis, toiling for hours as no schoolmaster could
haye compelled us to do, being attracted to the task by the very love of it
alone. Here, then, we have at least one department in learning whose
earnest pursuit is so congenial to the affections and tastes of the mind as
to be no irksome task, but a pastime,—a perpetual feast; and this not
only to maturer minds, but to the season of early youth even in a higher
degree, since then the objects of nature are especially invested with the
charms of noyelty.

Let it not be said, however, that Botany attracts such willing votaries
because it requires no labor, no persevering effort. No science is more
intricate or profound. It cannot be understood except by vigorous and
persevering effort. Consequently, in its successful pursuit there is disci-
pline for the mind as well as for the body; and since the subject itself is
replete with refinement and beauty, and fresh from the hand of God, its
pursuit must also conduce to the invigoration of the moral nature.

If, then, it be desirable to preoccupy the minds of our children with
controlling ideas of purity, refinement, and moral beauty,—with exalted

wr

6 PREFACE.

thoughts of God, habits of mental activity, strength of judgment, and
decision of character; and, moreover, to do all this by means of a study
whose path, in a double sense, is strown with flowers, then is the study
of Botany desirable; and that labor is not in vain which is bestowed
upon the preparation of a work designed, like the present, for primary
classes, from the ages of ten to fourteen.

As the title implies, we have aimed to represent to the eye nearly every
subject or form treated of, or described in these Lessons. But, notwith-
standing the copiousness of these illustrations, neither the teacher nor the
pupil will be satisfied to rely upon their aid alone. Nature alone can
afford the proper illustrations in the study of Nature’s works, and it is
only by comparison with the living specimen that either the picture or
the description becomes intelligible. Therefore let specimens in unlimited
number accompany every botanical recitation. ;

Most of the figures are original. Others have been derived from Maont,
Payer, Richard, Balfour, Lindley, and a few, by permission, from Darl-
ington’s ‘‘ Weeds and Useful Plants.”

Finally, to the children and youth of our country; gathered in schools
of every narhe, this humbl@valume is dedicated, with confident belief that
it will prove to many of them a source of intellectual and moral culture
as well as of pure and rational delight.

Broortyn, N, Y., February 23, 1863.

PAGE
TERS IAG Co creobd coceurionbe Jncb0o Cc DeOCUOESOeC UInCCor sobeorocuc 5
MReRSON 1. Une MeamanGlits Doris mee seisisiss a= se < sieieielelerorsss ole eerste 9
2. Veins and Venadtion of the Leaf... 2.2... 2. cs eee ee eee iil
ee eH OTMs ANG BI CMTES Ol UCAS Ain effete a sieiceieieic'e Je) etoleiees 15
AL ROTINS ANG) HIS ULES OM eA VeSt!s = ric chew s- ets eteyaiel=. 3 © eeleleiie a 19
——— 5. Other Forms and Figures............ Seboce Sospmeosncsss 22
= (Re in ent vate. a SG book docbous GENO RUE DOG” Conca Q600K0DN 26
Ye CUI OTE LUE ERI. Sones cb ac.c Shao Cop neEO conc oNBEEBO cube 28
—— 8. Sessile Leaves.—Forms of Stipules...................-005 32
——— 9. Arrangement of Leaves and Buds.2.........6..sseeeseees 35
se TRA ES nog Eisace in UOEEOOCOEnE poo cE cEpOSC EE Corec 38
ddl Oreans: of the HlOWer <7 sje (nicle 0 < eiseieisn = nie COS SE BOM TIO GE 41
——— 12. More about the Calyx and Corolla.........-..-..-..s+s0e 43
3p UNNI GINETONEE covocd coy cue UcoCodduaeroooemS oo Ceceae 48
fe S Horm Of ther eeriantlyeraaeteias Pe ales (= o-c12]s)« ols c atshe’s ecisiel ole 50

dd Concerning the StamMeNn sterner ors asies)< oe = =) sehcacreret ay ale sis ahe 54
16: More about’ the’Stamiens <. 2.2 .ssce c=. 20-2 scare <crere boues 59
Af Whe, Plantot, thesWlower. vets tee. voi Shae es ee 62
ee LOH ORNS PISS ais foe seine tsi cicisiare ne’ ciate sierra afaveietacroumeters 67
— 19. How the Leaves are folded in the Bud..................-. val
20. How the Flowers are arranged on the Plant ............ oe te
——— #1. The Inflorescence continued ... 2... 0.0... eeece neces seeeee 78
22-aGoncernin o- thephruiltts «\etslejeiceg'= «sale od oe =e = Ce eto ee 83
Ban MEUIS COMEMUCH sare c crac tele, o1= <te/<)s/a/ecishevsisi sin) ose Sea ene 88
BAL Concerning: the Seedasee ches... . 5s... 1020s scaee eee 92
25. The Seed becoming a Plant ....... acoococser ‘eonbhoescacns 95
—— 26. Life of the Plant, or its Biography ............... ogeecons 100
ven the Axis Of the Plantes .fae\sss:./s20 «shelves ola aoe 103
—— 28. Of the Stem or Ascending Axis ..............-0.02000 eee 106
— 29. Plants to be arranged in Classes............02eecseeeeees 113.

ae CONDEN ES

8 CONTENTS.
. PAGE
IGusson'30: The Naturdl (System, sie. ta ore ale ole oieleler> wietelsle)s aleraiotet stars ets 115 ~
31. More about the Natural System... 22. .000..... scl esb wel 119
—— 82. Of the Analysis of Plants. .......5:..20cc0esccccecevcsees 122
33. How to Analyze a Plant by the Tables .................. 125
34. Various Suggestions and Cautions ...........00..+-eeee: 128
Abbreviations and: Signs :.. s.,.4es sas she oss ce sae aneee eee ene 131
Analysis of the Natural ‘Orders on. .ecceis «'s'oss/e siete wicle sie elena ot 132
Tue FLtora.—Cohort 1. The Polypetalous Exogens...............++- 143
Cohort 2. The Gamopetalous Exogens................. 215
Cohort 8. The Apetalous Exxogens .............ssecee- 275
Cohort 4. The Conoids (omitted).
Cohortib. The Spadiciflors s...sisieisicrelcciye cere e ee cine ea 282
Cohort'6: The Mloridtta 52. ./1.!5 sass « wctsterels ve ielel a te iene 284
Glossary of Botanien) Tormbavew. cits eects wet © oo v'c,cinieve sew eleleisete oie 802
Index to the Names of Species, Genera, Orders, &............. eietsieice 309

OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

LESSON I.
THE LEAF, AND ITS PARTS.

fig. 1. Leaf of the Quince.

1. We have before us the picture of a Quince leaf, care-
fully drawn and colored. It is of a rich green color, very
pleasant to the eye. Its outlines are full, even, and grace-
fully curved, and its upper surface is smooth and naked.
Although it is indeed but one leaf, yet it seems to be made
up of fee parts—, p, ss.

2. The upper part, 0, is broad and thin, and is called the

10 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

BLADE. The upper end of the blade is the apex, and the _
lower end is the dase. You see at once that the outline of
this blade represents a certain form or figure, with an even
margin, rounded, and broader at the base than at the apex,
like the figure of an egg. So it is called an egg-shaped leaf;
or, to use a softer word, ovate.

3. Now see how this blade is supported. At the base it is
suddenly narrowed to a foot-stalk, which is properly called
the petioLe. You see that this part of the leaf is narrow and
slender, and in this leaf terete, or cylindrical, in form. But in
some kinds of leaves it is flattened. Remember its sal
petiole.

4. Lastly, at the base of the petiole you notice a pair of 5
little leaf-like bodies, one on this side and one on that. These
we call the srrputxs. Stipules, then, are always in pairs, and
placed at the base of the petiole. Their shape is quite
various.

. 5. Thus, when a leaf is complete, it consists of a blade, a

petiole, and a pair of stipules. But you will not find every

kind of leaf complete. Many sorts have no stipules at all.

Can you find stipules on the leaves of the Lilac? Some.
leaves, moreover, have not even a petiole. See the leaves of

Phlox. Such leaves are said to be sessd/le, that is, sitting.

1. What is the color of the leaf of the Quince bush? What is the color
of leaves generally? Ans. Green, of lighter or darker shade. What of the
outline of this leaf?—its upper surface?

2. What is the blade ?—the apex ?—the base? What is the figure of the
blade?

3. How is the blade supported? Describe the foot-stalk. Tell its real
name. rc

4. Describe the stipules.

5. Now state the three parts of a complete leaf. Do all kinds of leaves
have stipules? Do the leaves of the Lilac?—of St. Johnswort, &c. ?—of the

VEINS OF THE LEAF. uta

LESSON II.
VEINS AND VENATION OF THE LEAF.

6. Tux blade of the Quince leaf (Fig. 2) shows many veins
running through it, and branching all over it. Examine

Fig. 2. Leaf of the Quince, showing the veins.

them. First, the petiole seems to be extended and continued
right through, from the base to the apex, forming the largest
vein in the leaf. This is the mzdvein.

7. Next observe several large branches sent off from this
midvein on both sides, right and left. These are the veinlets.
Now, looking at these veins, their arrangement reminds us of
a feather, and we call such leaves feather-veined. Therefore,

Violet? Do all kinds of leaves have petioles?—of Phlox, for example?
What do you understand by sessile leaves?

6. Describe the midvein of the Quince leaf.

7. Describe the veinlets. What is the feather-veined venation ?

12 OBJECT LESSONS. IN BOTANY.

_ we may say that the feather-veined venation consists of one
midvein branching into veinlets. This is very common.

8. Thirdly, the veinlets themselves send off little branches
(branchlets) on their right and left, and we call these the
veinulets. These again and again may divide, and finally, all
the little divisions unite again, forming a complete net-work
all over the leaf. Thus we learn what a net-veined leaf is.

Eg
7 Vje

z G Ey
Gage,

Fig. 8. The Willow leaf. Some of the veinulets are shown.

9. Here is a picture of the Willow leaf (Fig. 3). You can
point out all its parts, and the three kinds of veins in it. In

Fig. 4. Leaf of the Red-bud (Cercis)._

8. What are the veinulets? When is a leaf said to be net-veined?

VENATION OF THE LEAF. 13

the next cut (Fig: 4) representing the Judas-tree or Red-
bud leaf, you see a different venation. .

10. At the base of the blade the petiole seems to divide
all at once into five large veins, each running through, one
to the apex, and four to the margin. In this case the vein-
ing (that is, the venation) is compared to the division of the
hand (or palm of the hand) into fingers, and so named pal-

Fig. 4 a. Leaf of Sweet-gum (Liguidambar).

mate venation. Therefore, you may say that the palmate
venation consists of about five veins starting together at the
base of the blade, each one branching into veinlets and
veinulets. Fig. 4 a is a lobed leaf of the Liquidambar tree,

9. Note the parts of this Willow leaf. Point out its midvein. Its veinlets
=veinulets.
10. Define the palmate venation. What are the veins?

14 - OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
with palmate venation. Maple leaves.are very familiar ex-
amples of the same.

11. Our next figure (5) represents the leaf of
the Tulip. How very different is its venation!
How smooth, even, and polished its surface! The
veins all run side by side, from base to apex, in
graceful and regular curves. They are so nearly
parallel, that this*kind of venation is called the
parallel venation. Look at the grass leaves, the
Corn leaves, and the Palm leaves, and see the
same kind of venation.

A
a

Fig. 5. Leaf of Tulip. Fig. 6. Leaf of the Climbing Fern.

12. Let us examine one other kind of venation, and the
list will be complete. Here is a cut showing the leaf of

11. Define the parallel venation. Mention examples.

12. The forked venation. Examples. .

Now repeat the names of the five or six kinds of venation.

‘FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES. 15

Climbing Fern (Fig. 6). To say nothing of the five veins
(which are palmate, as in the leaves of Sweet-gum, Fig. 4 a),
you may notice the veinlets, how they fork and run to the
margin, without uniting again to form a net-work. This is
the forked venation: You will find this sort in nearly all
the Ferns.

LESSON III.
FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES.

13. You have already noticed that the form of the Quince
leaf, and of most others, is a thin, flat expansion, presenting
a large surface to the air. A few plants have thick, solid
leaves, as the leaves of the Live-forevers and jeeniede

Fig. 7. Represents a branch-of Juniper, with awl-shaped leaves (subulate).
Fig. 8. Leaves of the Fleur-de-lis (/ris) ; they are sword-shaped (ensiform).
Fig. 9. Leaves of the Seotch Pine ; they are needle-shaped oe

Other plants have slender leaves, as the Pines. See Figs.
7, 8, and 9.

13. What is the general form of leaves? What plants have thick and
solid leaves? What form of leaves has the Pine? the Iris? the Juniper?

16 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

14. We: also spoke of the figure of the outline of the
Quince leaf, which is ovate. But you must have observed
that there is a very great variety in the figure of leaves, af-
fording a very interesting study. First, we will examine, one
by one, the figures of the feather-veined leaves (Figs. 10-21.)

Fig. 10. Ovate leaf of the Pear-tree.

Fig. 11. Lanceolate leaf of the Flowering Almond.

Fig. 12. Narrow lanceolate leaf of the Weeping Willow.
Fig. 13. Deltoid leaf of the White Birch.

15. The leaf of the Flowering Almond (Fig. 11) is lanceo-
late. It is narrower than ovate, shaped like a lance, having
the lower half wider than the upper. This Willow leaf (Fig. .
12) is narrowly lanceolate. The leat of the Lombardy Pop-
lar, or of the White Birch (Fig. 13), is so broad at the base
as to form a three-sided figure, like the Greek letter (A) delta.
Hence it is a deltoid leaf.

14. What is the figure of the Quince leaf?
15. Describe the figure of the leaf of Flowering Almond ; of the Weeping
Willow ; of the Lombardy Poplar, &c.

LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 1?

16. In the next four kinds of leaves you will notice that
the broadest place is midway between the base and apex.
Thus the orbicular (Fig. 14), or rounded, leaf is about as
broad as it is long. The oval leaf (Fig. 15) is about one-third
longer than broad. This Plum leaf is an example. The el-
liptical (Fig. 16) is about twice longer than broad, and the
oblong (Fig. 17) is three or four times longer than broad.
Here are examples.

Fig. 14. Orbicular leaf of Winter-green (Pyrola).
Fig. 15. Oval leaf of the Plum-tree.

Fig. 16. Elliptical leaf of Black Haw.

Fig. 17. Oblong leaf of a Willow.

17. We next have four varieties of forms which are broader
towards the apex than base. First, the obovate (Fig. 18),
like this leaf of the Smoke-tree. Its outline is like that of

16. When is the figure of a leaf called orbicular? Will you show me
specimens? Describe an oval leaf, and give specimens. Describe an ellip-
tical leaf, and give examples. Describe an oblong leaf, and give examples.

17. When will the figure of a leaf become obovate? Give examples of

18 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

the egg inverted. A similar form, but narrower, is the ob-
lanceolate ; that is, the inverted lance-shaped, like the leaf
of Papaw, or Fig. 19. Next, still narrower, is the spatulate,
a figure compared to the surgeon’s spatula (Fig. 21); and
lastly, the wedge-shaped, or cwneate, tapering from a broad
apex to a slender base, as in Fig. 20.

Fig. 18. Obovate leaf of the Smoke-tree (Rius cotula).

Fig. 19. Oblanceolate leaf of Muhlenburg’s Willow.

Fig. 20, Cuneate leaf of a Sundew (Drosera longifolia).

Fig. 21. Spatulate leaf of a Sundew (variety of D. longifolia).

18. Thus we have arranged these twelve forms of feather-
veined leaves into three classes.

such leaves. Oblanceolate? Show us examples. Spatulate? Show us ex-
amples. Wedgeshaped, or cuneate? Give examples.

18. Repeat the names of the four leaf-forms broadest at base ;—the four
broadest in the middle ;—the four broadest towards apex.

ae LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. © 19

LESSON IV.
FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES.

19. Ix many kinds of leaves we find the parts at the base
‘more or less enlarged backwards, as you see in this picture

Fig, 22. The Morning-glory.

of the Morning-glory leaf (Fig. 22). This is the heart-
shaped, or, more properly, the cordate leaf. It is truly an

20 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. © .

elegant figure in this and in the Lilac, &c. But sometimes
this peculiar enlargement at base becomes excessive, and the
figures more curious than elegant. Such is the arrow-shaped _
figure, called sagittate, having long-pointed base lobes, as
seen in the Arrow-head (Fig. 47), the Scratch Knot-grass, &c.
(Fig. 26.) ;

Fig. 28. Reniform leaf of Wild Ginger. Fig. 28. Fraser's Magnolia: obovate-

Fig. 24. Reniform leaf of Pennywort. spatulate, auriculate at base.
Fig. 25. Peltate leaf of Pennywort. Fig. 29. Oblong leaf of the Toothed
Fig. 26. Arrow-shaped leaf of Scratch Arabis.

Knot-grass. Fig. 80. Three-lobed leaf of Liverwort.

Fig. 27. Spatulate leat’ of Silene Virginica.

20. In the common Sorrel leaf, and in Fraser’s Magnolia
leaf (Fig. 28), these base lobes remind one of ears, and such
leaves are said to be auriculate (from the Latin awricula, an

19. Describe the cordate leaf, and give examples. The sagittate, and ex- _
amples.

20. Describe the auriculate form, and give examples. The reniform.
Examples,

LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. : 2!

ear). In some leaves these lobes are very broad and round-
ed, giving to them a kidney-shaped form, that is, renzform,
as you see in this Wild Ginger leaf (Fig. 23), and in the
Pennywort (Fig. 24). The pedtate, or shield-shaped leaf (Fig.
25—another Pennywort) has its base lobes united, and its pet-
iole fixed to the under side. See, also, Nasturtion leaves.
21. We will next study a class of forms with deeply lobed
or cleft blades, not well filled up between the veinlets.

84

j

Fig. 31. Bi-pinnatifid leaf of Pig-weed.

Fig. 82. Sinuate-lobed leaf of White Oak.

Fig. 33. Undulatetebed leaf of Jack Oak.

Fig. 34. Lyrate leaf of Moss-eup Oak.-

Fig. 35. Lobed leaf of Mulgediwm (Blue Milkweed).

First, look at this Liverwort leaf (Fig. 30). It is cleft in
two places, rendering it three-lobed. The Sweet-gum leaf
(Fig. 4 a) is five-lobed. Oak leaves are lobed in many pat-
terns, according to the kind. The White Oak has a sinwate-

21. What is the figure of the Liverwort leaf? What the figure of the
Maple leaf? What kind of venation have these last two? Define the fig-
ure of the White Oak leaf. Of the Mossy-cup Oak.

22. OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY,

lobed leaf (Fig. 32), the Mossy-cup Oak has a Jyrate leaf,
having its terminal lobe larger than any other (Fig. 34).

22. Fig. 35 is the leaf of a kind of Milkweed, called Dul-

, gediwm, with sharp lobes pro-

jecting at right angles to the °

midvein ; and Fig. 36 is of the

‘ Wild Lettuce, with lobes point-

ing or hooking backwards.

Such leaves are called run-

cinate. The Dandelion has

. also runcinate leaves. When

Aaya comnede a leaf has only shallow lobes,

Fig. 36. Leaf of Lactuoa elongata, or as you see in Fig. 38, it ap-

bi pega oe pears with a wavy~ outline,

called wndulate. It is a leaf of that beautiful tree called at

the West, Jack Oak.

LESSON V.
OTHER FORMS AND FIGURES.

23. Ir is now time to learn the difference between a sim-
ple and a compound leaf. The simple leaf has but one
blade, as the Quince leaf, and all the leaves which we have
hitherto noticed. We have now before us a compound leat,
one plucked from a Rose-bush (Fig. 39), consisting of several
distinct blades on one petiole. It has also one pair of stip-

22. What of the figure called runcinate? Describe the undulate leaf.
What example? What kind of venation have the last four forms?
_ 23. What is a simple leaf? A compound leaf?

LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 23

Fig. 37. Compound leaf of Red Clover.
Fig. 38. Simple leaf of Willow (Sala lucida).
Fig. 89. Compound leaf of Rose.

ules, like a simple leaf. This-Clover leaf is also compound
(Fig. 37), having stipules (s), as well as this simple leaf of
the Shining Willow (Fig. 38). .
24. But here is a leaf, the Celandine (Fig. 40), which is
almost, but not quite, compound. ‘The blade is feather-
veined, and deeply divided into several parts, called segments.
Such a leaf is called pinnatifid. In Fig. 31, the leaf of a
garden weed (Ambrosia), you observe that the segments are _
themselves pinnatifid, so that the leaf is twzce or bz-pinnatifid.

24. Please define the pinnatifid leaf. The bi-pinnatifid.

24 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. -

25. But what form of

leaf is this (Fig. 41) of.

the Fennel-flower, with
such a multitude of nar-
row segments? You may
call it pin-nat-i-sect, if the
long word does not try
your short memory -too
much. The Thistle leaf
is also pinnatisect, al-
though quite different in
form.

26. Fig. 42 represents
a pedate leaf of a Pas-
sion-flower. Observe its
palmate venation, each of
its veins bearing a seg-
ment, and each lower

segment double, so resembling a bird’s foot.

foot-shaped.

Fig. 42. Pedate leaf of Passion-flower.

SZ al.
oF

Fig. 40. Pinnatifid leaf of Celandine.

Fig. 41. Pinnatisect leaf of Fennel-flower.

Fig. 48. Laciniute leaf of Monk’s-hood.

25. What do you call such leaves as those of the Fennel-flower ?

Pedate means

LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 25

27. The singular leaf of Monk’s-hood ap-
pears as if gashed with scissors, and may
be called Jacinzate, or gashed (Fig. 43).

28. The parallel-veined leaves may have
figures similar to the net-veined, as lanceo-
late (Fig. 44), orbictilar (Fig. 45), cordate
(Fig. 46), sagittate (Fig. 47), &e.; but the
most usual form is the linear, like the Grass
leaf (Fig. 48), which is long
and narrow, with sides nearly
parallel. The sword-shaped
leaf, or ensiform, differs from
the linear in having its edges
vertical, not horizontal as

other leaves. See the Iris.8.

26, 27. Pedate? Laciniate? State
the venation of the above forms.

28. What is a linear leaf? an en-
siform? Define the word vertical.

Di
Pig. 44. Lanceolate,—Lily of the Valley. Fig. 46. Cordate leaf of Pond-weed.
Fig. 45. Orbicular,—Round-leaved Orchis. fig. 47. Sagittate leaf of Arrow-head,
Fig. 48. Linear leayes of Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium). a2 tare
pS paiih te!

mene!
“=

26 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

LESSON VIL.
MARGIN AND APEX.

29. In describing a° leaf we are to consider the patterns
of its border, or margin, which are quite various, and often
elegant. Some of the leaves heretofore noticed have the

Gy

Fig. 49. Serrate leaf of Chestnut.

Fig. 50. Doubly serrate leaf of Elm. Night-shade (Circea Lutetiana).

Fig. 51. Dentate leaf of Arrow-wood Fig. 54. Undulate leaf of Shingle Oak
(Viburnum dentatum). : (Q. imbricaria).

Fig. 52, Crenate leaf of Catmint. Fig. 55. Lobed leaf of Chrysanthemum. —

margins entere and even, as in the Quince leaf, or the Lily.
But most leaves are notched in various ways. For example,
30. This Willow leaf (Fig. 3) is notched in the margin

29. When is the margin said to be entire?

MARGIN AND APEX. oT

like a saw, with the teeth projecting forward, Such a mar-
gin is said to be serrate, or, if the teeth are quite small, ser-
yulate. When the teeth point neither forward nor back-
ward, but outward, we call the margin dentate, or toothed ;
and if the teeth are quite small, dentzculate. See Figs. 49,
50, 51, &e.

31. Some leaves are margined with rounded and blunt
teeth, and we call them crenate (Fig. 52); or, if eae teeth
are very small, crenulate.

32. In Figs. 13 and 50, you see that the teeth themselves
are again toothed, an arrangement called doubly dentate.
So we may find leaves doubly serrate or doubly crenate.
Thus we have described seven modes or styles of border-
ing. Several other modes are found described in the larger

botanies.
APEX.

@

-OOOMON OMA

BT
:

Fig. 56. Apex of leaves: a, obcordate; 6, emarginate; c, retuse; d, truncate ;
é, obtuse; 7, acute; g, mucronate; h, cuspidate; 4, acuminate.

Fig. 57. Bases of leaves: J, baetuie Mm, N, sagittate; 0, auriculate; 9, cordate
g, reniform. Aa

30. When is the margin serrate? When serrulate? How does the den-
tate differ from the serrate ?

31. What sort of teeth does the crenate imply? Crenulate?

32. Explain doubly dentate, &.

28 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

33. It is also necessary to be acquainted with the vari-
ous forms of the apex of leaves. This diagram (Fig. 56)
will assist the memory. ‘The apex may be acuminate, end-
ing in a long, tapering point; or cuspidate, suddenly con-
tracted to a sharp, slender point; mucronate, tipped with

a spiny point; acute, simply ending with an angle; obtuse,
blunt.

34. Or the leaf may end without a point, being truncate,
as if cut square off; retwse, with a rounded and sliohtly de-
pressed end where the point should be; emarginate, having
a small notch at the end; obcordate, having a deep inden-
tation at the end. See also, and explain, the diagram of
the bases of leaves (Fig. 57).

LESSON VII.
COMPOUND LEAVES.

35. A compounp leaf consists of several distinct blades
borne on one petiole. (See Lesson V., first paragraph.)
These separate blades are called leaflets. You notice that in
Fig. 39 each of the five leaflets has its own foot-stalk, called
SEs and its own midvein, &c.

36. The Rose leat (Fig. 58) is pinnately compound, or sim-

30. What does the term acuminate imply? What sort of apex is cuspi-
date? mucronate? acute? obtuse?

34. When may we call the apex truncate? retuse? emarginate? obcor-
date? Please name these several forms of the bases of leaves.

35. Define a compound leaf. What is a leaflet? What do you call the
foot-stalk of the leaflet ?

COMPOUND LEAVES. 29

ply pinnate, having several leaflets
arranged along both sides of the com-
mon stalk. This common stalk, an-
swering to the midvein of a simple
leaf, is called the rachzs.

87. Among pinnate leaves, there
are, at least, three important distine-
tions. Observe the Figs. 59, 60, and
61. One of them ends with an odd
“SS leaflet, and is called odd-pinnate.
Another ends with a pair of leaflets,
and is equally pinnate. Another still
has its alternate leaflets smaller, and is interruptedly pinnate.

Fig. 58. Leaf of the Rose.

Fig. 59. Odd-pinnate leaf (Tephrosia). Fig. 61. Interruptedly pinnate (Agrimony).
| Fig. 60. Equally pinnate leaf (Cassia). Fig. 62. Pinnately ternate (Desmodium).
fig. 68. Palmately ternate (Clover).

36. Define the pinnate leaf. What is the rachis?

37. Give the distinction between odd-pinnate and equally pinnate. What
leaf is interruptedly pinnate ?

30 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

388. Every one knows that the number of leaflets in the
Clover is three; also in the Bean, and in this figure (62) of
the Desmodium leaf. Such leaves are called ternate. But
here the pupil will notice another important distinction. In
this Desmodium leaf, the odd leaflet is stalked, and is said
to be pinnately ternate; in Clover, the
odd leaflet is nearly sessile, like the
other leaflets; this is palmately ternate.

\ See |
Ns

Fig. 64. Honey Locust. Fig. 65. Poison Hemlock.

39. Fig. 64 represents a bi-pinnate (that is, twice pinnate)

leaf of Honey Locust. The simple leaflets seem to have
each become itself a pinnate leaf. And still more compound
is this Poison Hemlock leaf, being trz-pennate, or thrice pin-
nate (Fig. 65). In the same manner, we have 62-ternate and
tri-ternate. , :

08. How many leaflets in a ternate leaf? Difference between the pin-
nately and the palmately ternate ?
89. Can you define a bi-pinnate leaf? Tri-pinnate? What is a bi-ternate
leaf? A tri-ternate?

Sy. lt late ak a le

FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES. 31

40. All the above forms of com-
pound leaves, except the Clover,
are founded on the pinnate vena-
tion; but the palmate venation
gives us the palmately ternate

WZ
(Clover, already described); the 4

guinate, with five leaflets; the sep-
tinate, with seven leaflets, &e.
See the leaves of Horse-chestnut,
of Hemp, and of this Lupine (Fig.
66). a eae

Fig. 66. A leaf of Lupine.

Fig. 67. Rose-bay (Rhododendron). Fig. 72. Sugar-berry ( Celtis Americana).
Fig. 68. Alder (Alnus glauca). fig. 738. Enchanter’s Night-shade (Cir-
fig. 69. Knot-grass (Polygonun sagitta- cea lutetiana).

tum). Fig. 74. Catmint (Glechoma Nepeta).
Fig. 70. Papaw (Asimina triloba). fig. 75. Goldenrod (Solidago Canaden-
Fig. 71. Touch-me-not (Jmpatiens fulva). sis), a triple-veined leaf.

The pupiis should be required to describe the leaves in
this cut, as to venation, figure, margin, apex, and base.

32 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

16 \
\
\

Fig. 76. Potentilia anserina; leaf with five cut lobes, almost quinate.

Fig. 77. Potentilla fidentais= ternate, with palmate, three-toothed leaflets.
Fig. 78. Jeffersonia diphylla; a binate leaf.

Fig. 79. Lemon ; a simple leaf jointed to the petiole. .

LESSON VIII.
SESSILE LEAVES—FORMS OF STIPULES.

41. We have already stated (Lesson I., § 5) that many
leaves are without petioles (foot-stalks), or, in other words, are
sessile. The figures presented on page 33 exhibit some of the
modes of attachment peculiar to sessile leaves. In Fig. 80
(an Aster) you see leaves of the form called spatulate (Lesson -
Ill, § 5), having large base lobes nearly clasping the stem
at the point of attachment. Such leaves are said to be am-_
plexicaul (stem-clasping).

42. In the next figure (81, Bellwort) the leaves are ellipti-
eal, parallel-veined, and not only clasp the stem at base, but
the lobes there grow together on the opposite side, appearing
as if the stem passed through the leaf; that is, perfolzate.

40. What kind of venation have all these forms? On the palmate vena-
tion what forms are founded ?

41. When are leaves said to be sessile? Define an amplexicaul leaf.

42. Can you define a perfoliate leaf?

FORMS OF THE PETIOLE. 83

b
ey 4
VA

SQ iy

\
c \\
Cae SSN

Fig. 80. Amplexicaul leaves of Aster laevis.
Fig. 81. Perfoliate leaves of Bellwort ( Voularia perfoliata).
Fig. 82. Connate leaves of Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens).

- 43. In Fig. 82 (Trumpet Honeysuckle) the leaves placed
opposite are joined together by pairs, base to base. Such
are connate leaves.

44, The forms of the petiole, when the petiole exists, are
also various. Generally, it is merely a rounded, slender
stem, but you will often find it flattened. Have you ever
noticed the structure of the Aspen (Poplar) leaf, which so
easily flutters in the gentlest breeze? Its petiole is flattened
vertically, so that its edges turn sky-ward and earth-ward.
Such a form of leaf-stalk is called compressed, and it must be
very nicely balanced in order to hold the blade at rest.

43. When are leaves said to be connate?
44, What is the usual form of the petiole? Carefully describe the petiole

of the Aspen.
2%

34 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

45. A winged petiole is flattened horizontally. A sheath-
wg petiole embraces the stem with its winged edges like a
sheath. You can find plenty of examples of these forms.

Fig. 83. Rose,—stipules adnate. ‘ig. 84. Violet (V. tricolor),—gashed stipules.

46. Let us now study more particularly the varying forms
of the stipules. We have already defined them. (See Les-
son I.,§4.) Here is seen the leaf of a Rose and of a Pansy
(Figs. 83, 84), both with quite showy stipules. The former

SS

KZ \iz

Fig. 85. Leaf of Conioselinum,—tri-pinnate, with sheathing petiole.
Fig. 86. Leaf of Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, with its (s) ochrea.
Fig. 87. Stem of Grass, with joint (7), leaf (2), ligule (s).

Fig. 88. Leaf of Pear-tree, with slender stipules.

45. What difference between a winged and compressed petiole? Can you
describe a sheathing petiole? Give examples of these three forms,

ARRANGEMENT OF THE LEAVES. 35

has its stipules adnate ; that is, growing to the petiole. The
Pansy has large stipules deeply cleft into many segments.
47. Figs. 85-88 are very instructive. Fig. 88 is a
Pear leaf, with an ovate blade, a slender, cylindric petiole,
and a pair of small, narrow stipules (s). Fig. 86 is a Knot-
grass leaf, with an ochrea (s); that is, a pair of stipules so
joined at the edges as to form a sheath around the stem.
Fig. 87 is a Grass leaf, linear, with a degule (s) supposed to
be the top of a doubled stipule. Fig. 85 is a very compound
leaf of Conioselinum, having a broadly winged, sheathing
petiole. :

N

PHD SON BX.
ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES AND BUDS.

48. Ir you carefully notice how the leaves are distributed
over any plant,—the Corn plant, for example,—you will soon
admire their order and exactness in this respect. At first
view, we might suppose their positions all accidental; but it
is not so, and much of the peculiar aspect of the plant de-
pends upon this circumstance.

49. In the Corn plant, or in this figure of Lady’s-slipper .
(89), we find the leaves aliernate,—that is, one on this side,
the next one higher and on that side, and so on. So it is in

46. onaiea can you repeat the definition? Describe the stipules of the
Rose. Describe the stipules of the Pansy.
47. Describe the stipules of the Pear. Stipules of Knot-grass—what
called? Stipules of Grass—what called ?
48. Are the positions of the leaves on the plant accidental ?
49. Can you describe the alternate arrangement? How is this arrange. —
ment more accurately described ?

36 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

the Elm, Cherry, Willow, and many other plants. But it
would be more accurate to say that the arrangement, in all -
these cases, is spiral. (See Class Book, § 224.)

Fig. 89. Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium) ,—leaves alternate.
Fig. 90. Synandra,—leaves opposite.

Fig. 91. Larch (Larix Americana) ,—leaves fasciculate.
Fig. 92. Indian Cueumber (Medeola),—leaves whorled.

50. In the Maple, Lilac, Phlox, and in this figure of the
Synandra (90), a wild western plant, the leaves are opposite ;
that is, two opposite ones stand at each joint. The Meadow
Lily, and this Medeola (Fig. 92) of the New England woods,
have whorled or verticillate leaves; that is, several in a circle
at each joint. Again, look at this Larch (Fig. 91), the Pines,
&c., whose leaves, gathered in little tufts or bundles, are
Jasciculate.

50. Define the opposite arrangement. The whorled ; fasciculate.

VERNATION.—LEAF-BUD. 37

51. In early spring, before the leaves are expanded, we
find them folded up in the buds. This is called the verna-
tion of the leaves (from the Latin vernus, spring). In this
condition the young leaves are closely packed in many curi-
ous modes, which are described in the Class
Book, §§ 209-214.

52. If we dissect and carefully examine a
swelling leaf-bud in early spring, we observe
in the midst of it a tender point of a growing
pith, bearing and covered by many circles of
little leaves and scales, packed as close as
possible. Fig. 94 shows a twig with two
buds as if split through the axis, exhibiting
the pith, growing point, young leaves, and

Fig. 98. A ent,

scales. with two lateral
53. According to this figure and the next te one terminal
ud.

(94), buds are either zerminal (¢), situated at Fig. 94. Same,
the end of the stem or twig, or lateral (a), split through the
situated on the side. But we must more care- “° "**

fully define the position of the lateral buds. Should we tell
you that they are aamllary, or located in the axil of a leaf,
you would not understand, until knowing that the aml of a
leaf is the upper angle tetween the leaf-stalk and the stem.
(See 6, Fig. 90.) Now, remember this rule, which you may
soon confirm by your own observation, that there zs a bud at
the termination of every stem or branch, and in the axil of

every leaf.

51. What is the meaning of the term vernation ?

d2. Give a careful definition of a leaf-bud.

53. What is a terminal bud? What an axillary? Where are buds al-
ways found?

38 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

LESSON X.
APPENDAGES, ETC.

54. Tue tendril is a very common appendage. You have

seen it in the Grape-vine, the Pea-vine, the Greenbrier, &c.
It is like a stout, green thread, reaching out its curved point
like a finger, until it touches some object; then it quickly
entwines itself around it, and soon acquires a firm hold. We
do not find tendrils on any plants except such as, like vines,
are too weak to stand without support.

Fig. 95. Leaf of Greenbrier, with tendrils in place of stipules.
Fig. 96. Leaf of Everlasting Pea,—tendrils at end of rachis.
Fig. 97. Leaf of Gloriosa,—apex ends in a tendril.

fig. 98. Air-bladder of Horn-pondweed.

55. But tendrils are quite various in habit. Those of the
Pea (Fig. 96) grow from the extremity of the rachis. Those
of the Greenbrier (Fig. 95), from the base of the leaf-stalk, in
the place of stipules; those of the Grape (Fig. 000) are oppo-
site the leaves, in the place of clusters.

56. Many plants are armed with sharp thorns, spines, or

54. What is the first appendage mentioned? Please describe the form
and use of the tendril. |
55. State the habit of the tendril of the Pea; Greenbrier; Grape-vine.

Cc pai am aS a io a gly gates

APPENDAGES. 39

prickles, as if in self-defence. See the Thorn-bush (Fig. 99),
where the long straight thorns come from the axils of the
leaves, and are woody. The
terrible thorns of the Honey
Locust (Fig. 100) are branched.
Those of the common Locust
are in the place of stipules.
Those last mentioned, and all
others which originate with
the leaves. (as in Berberis,
Thistle, &c.), are more prop-
erly called spines.

57. As for the Rose and
Bramble, they are armed with
prickles, which are horny in
substance, connected with the Thorns.—Fig. 99. Crategus parvifolia
bark only, not with the wood, (thorns axillary). Fig. 100. Honey Lo-

Reg cust (branched thorns).
(See Fig. 101.) |

58. Glands are little wart-like bodies which secrete the
peculiar fluids of the plant, sometimes imbedded in the leaf
or the rind of the fruit, as in the Lemon, where it is filled
with a fragrant volatile oil; sometimes raised on a hair
(Figs. 102, 103), as in Sundew, exuding a clammy liquid.

59. Stings are piercing hairs, having a bag at the base
filled with an acrid fluid. When touched the tip breaks off,
the hair penetrates the skin, and the poison is injected into
the wound. (See Fig. 106.)

56. What is the habit of the thorns of the Thorn-bush? of the Honey
Locust? of the common Locust? What of the habit of spines?

57. What of prickles ? :

58. Describe glands, the two kinds.

59. What is the structure and action of stings?

40 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY

101 102

What do these figures represent ?— Fig. 105 represents a branched hair as it appears

under a strong magnifier; fig. 104, an unbranched or simple hair; Fig. 102 is a
hair with a gland on it; Fig. 103, also, is a gland on the top of a hair; Fg. 101
represents the hooked prickles of a Rose-bush, not magnified; Fig. 106 represents
a sting of a Nettle, much magnified.

60. Hairs of various kinds (Figs. 104, 105) are found on
the leaves and other parts of plants. By this clothing pecu-
liar qualities are given to the surface, named and described
as follows.

61. A dense coat of hairs will make the surface pubescent
when the hairs are short and soft ; vzd/ows, when rather long
and weak; serzcious, or silky ; tomentous, when matted like
felt, &e.

62. But thinly scattered hairs make the surface Azrsute
when they are long; pilouws, when short and soft; hzspid,
when short and stiff, &c.

60. How are plants clothed ?
61. Define the term pubescent; villous, &c.
62. Define the term hirsute; hispid, &c.

ORGANS OF THE FLOWER. 41.

_——-

-LESSON XI.
ORGANS OF THE FLOWER.

63. To-pay, we commence the study of the beautiful flower.

We have before us the Meadow Lily (Fig. 107), whose or-

gans are large and perfectly
distinct. Observe, in the first
place, that its brighter colors
form a striking contrast with
, the soft green of the leaves.

107 109 108 110

Fig. 107. Meadow Lily (Lilium Canadensis).

Fig. 108. Wake-robin (Zrilliwm erectum).

Fig. 109. Stamens (s, s) and pistil (p) of the Lily.

Fig. 110. Stamens (s, 8) and pistils (p) of the Trillium.

49 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

and the fragrance of the flower are all worthy of its Infinite
Creator, and remind us of his wisdom and. goodness.

64. As to the structure of the flower, it is always com-
pound, being composed of several or many pieces nicely
adapted to each other. In this Lily, for example, you may
count thirteen pieces, or organs, attached in a close order to
the summit of the flower-stalk (Fig. 113, a). You may call
the flower-stalk the peduncle, and the point of attachment (7)
the torus, or receptacle. The former is the better name.

65. Two circles of leaf-like organs form the envelopes of
this flower, and each circle consists of three pieces. The
outer circle is the calyx, and the three pieces which compose
it are called sepals (s, s,s). The inner circle is the corolla,
and the three pieces which compose it are called petals
(p, p, p). In the Lily and some other flowers the calyx is
colored like the corolla. But itis not so generally. In the
Rose, Strawberry, Pink, and in this Trillium (Fig. 108), the
calyx is green, while the corolla is almost always distin-
guished by some brighter color.

66. Now, taking both calyx and corolla together as a
whole, we call ae the pervanth (a Greek word, meaning
around the flower). This name is very convenient when we
speak of such flowers as this, where the calyx and corolla are
not much different.

68. What is the subject of to-day’s lesson? What do you notice as to the
color of the flower?

64. What is said of the compound nature of the flower? Of how many
pieces is the flower of the Lily composed? What is the peduncle? What
is the torus?

65. Will you point out and define the calyx? sepals? Will you point
out and define the corolla? petals? What of the colors of these organs?

66. What is the use of the word perianth? Will you point out and define
the stamens? What of their number? What is the pistil? How many?

OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 43

67. Next within the perianth of the Lily we find six long,
slender organs of peculiar form and color, called stamens.
In the Rose you find a larger number (perhaps one hundred)
of stamens, while in the Speedwell you find but two. But
the most common number is five. Count them in the Morn-
ing-glory, the Bellwort, Primrose, &c.

68. Lastly, this central, club-shaped body (), here as long
as the stamens, but of totally different structure, is the pestzd.
Other flowers have more than one pistil, as the Pink, which
has two; the Rose, which has many.

69. Thus, we have learned that the flower—at least thes
flower—is compounded of four kinds of organs, those of
each kind being arranged in a circle by themselves. The
outer circle, of sepals, constituting the calyx; the second
circle, of petals, constituting the corolla; the third circle,
the stamens; the fourth circle, the pistils.

LESSON XII.
MORE ABOUT THE CALYX AND COROLLA.

70. Ler us examine the flower of the Pink (Fig. 112), the
Strawberry (Fig. F11), the Crowfoot, the Single Rose.. In
either you observe five green sepals, and the same number
of colored petals. Notice also the positions of those organs,
—how the petals stand alternating with the sepals, and that
they are all distinct and separate. This is the general rule, -
but there are many exceptions.

67. Lastly, review the whole arrangement.
70. What is the rule as to the number of petals and sepals? What is the
rule as to their relative position, &c.?

44 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

7
;
b

i Se

#
a ee ee eee

111 - 112 ‘1138

Fig. 111. Flower of the Strawberry. 3 Fig. 112. Flower of the Pink.
Fig. 113. Flower of the Lily.

71. Often in the petal, and sometimes in the sepal, you
can distinguish two parts,—namely, the broad, expanded
part above, called the /amzna, and the narrow part at base
by which it is attached to the torus; this is the claw (Fig.
116, c). The petal of the Pink has a long claw; of the Rose
or Buttercup (Fig. 119), a short one.

= E Z
° Ard
F Crate p
eh Oe
af
hs

gy .

Fy yh
y Y} ‘it | e
Arguids

72. The forms of the petal are almost infinite in variety,
like the leaf; as ovate, orbicular, oblong, &c., and some-

71. Will you define the lamina? the claw?
72. Please mention some of the forms of petals.

OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 45

times very singular. See these figures. Fig. 114 is the
form of the bifid petal of a Cerastium; Fig. 115, the flower
ef Mitella, with five pinnatifid petals; Fig. 117, the flower
of Sweet Cicely, with five petals inflected at the point; Fig.
116, fringed, long-clawed petal of Silene stellaria; Fig. 118,
many-cleft petal of Mignonette; Fig. 119, rounded, short-
clawed petal of Crowfoot, showing its horny scale, or nec-
tary, at base.

Fig. 120. Larkspur, its petals and sepals separated: 3, s, 8, 8,8, sepals; a, the
upper sepal spurred; c, the petals all united into one, and produced backwards into
a spur which is sheathed in the spur of the calyx.

Fig. 121. Touch-me-not. Fig. 122. Its petals and sepals displayed: p, p, the two
double petals; s, s, s, y, the four sepals, y being in the form of a sack, with a spur.

73. A nectary is found also in the petals of Columbine
(Fig. 361), Larkspur (Fig. 120), Touch-me-not (Fig. 121), &c.,
distorting them into grotesque shapes, called spurs.

74. Before us now is the flower of Pink (Fig. 123). The
calyx (c) appears as a green tube, with five notches or teeth
at the top. It is evident that this is made up of five sepals

73. What is a nectary? Whatisaspur? Examples.

46 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

cohering (united) by their edges. The Convolvulus (Figs.
128, 144), the Phlox (Fig. 126), the Pink-root (Fig. 127),
&e., show a similar cohesion (union) of their ss into a
tube more or less complete.

Fig. 124. Flower of Tebaina radicans

Fig. 123. Pink: a, the five petals; (the Trumpet-creeper): ¢ is the calyx,
b, the calyx, composed of five united composed of five united sepals; ¢, the
sepals, c, a bract; d, several bract- tube; 8, the segments of the corolla or
lets. the petals, forming the dorder.

75. The calyx with united sepals is called monosepalous,
and the corolla of united petals monopetalous (from the Greek
- monos, one), from the mistaken idea that this calyx consisted
of only one sepal, &c. Gamopetalous and gamosepalous are
similar words, used in the same sense. Opposed to these
terms are polysepalous and polypetalous (Greek polys, many).

76. The gamosepalous calyx or gamopetalous corolla, al-
though composed of several pieces, is described as a single
organ, and its lower part, formed by the united claws,
whether long or short, is the tube (Fig. 124, 4); the “phe.

74. Describe the calyx of Pink ; corolla of Phlox.
75. Meaning of the terms monopetalous, &c. ?
76. Define the limb of a monopetalous corolla ; the tube ; the throat.

Be

GAMOPETALOUS COROLLAS. 47
part, composed of the united laminas, is the lamb (Fig. 128, 8);
the opening of the tube above is the throat.

Fig. 125. Flower of Saponaria (Bouncing-Bet) ; petals and claws quite distinct.
Fig. 126. Phlox; claws united, with lamine distinct.

Fig. 127. Spigelia (Pink-root); petais still further united.

Fig. 128. Quamoclit coccinea; petals united throughout.

77. In the Figs. 125-128, you may see how the petals in
different flowers are distinct, or in various degrees united.
In the Bouncing-Bet, the petals, with their long claws, are
entirely distenct. In Phlox, the claws unite in a tube, while
the laminee are distinct. In Pink-root, only the narrow tips
of the laminz are distinct; and in Quamoclit, the lamine
also are wholly united. —

77. What is the condition of the petals in Pink Soapwort? What their
condition in Phlox? What their degree of cohesion in Pink-root? What
in Quamoclit ?

48 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

LESSON XIII.
ABOUT ADHESIONS.

78. We fear that the pupil will find some difficulties in
this lesson. Yet if he bring to the task eyes determined to
see, and a mind determined to understand, the difficulties
will soon vanish. | ;

79. Cohesion, as taught in the last lesson, implies the union
of organs of the same kind, as sepals with sepals, petals with
petals; but adheszon implies the union of one kind of organ
with another kind.

Fig. 129. Section of the flower of the Golden Currant, showing its parts.
Fig. 130. Section of the flower of Fuchsia. _ Fig..131. Of Early Saxifrage.

80. For example, split a flower of Phlox, and you will see
the five stamens adhering to the inner side of the corolla
tube, appearing as if inserted into it.

79. Can you state how adhesion differs from cohesion ?

CONCERNING ADHESIONS. 49

81. Now we take it for granted that all the organs of the
flower have their starting-point or origin at the same one
point, namely, at the torus (¢, Fig. 129), hence in this figure
of the Golden Currant, it is understood that from ¢ to wu the
ealyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil, adhere together; from wu
to v, the calyx, corolla, and stamens, adhere; and at », all
the organs are separate, that is, free. Observe the same
structure in the Ear-drop (Fig. 130).

82. In this and like cases, the calyx is said to be supertor,
because it seems to stand upon the pistil (ovary) and fruit,
but the more correct term is, calyx adherent.

. 133.
Fig. 182. Section of the flower of Yellow Violet: ¢, the torus. The stamens are
hypogynous.
Fig. 183. Section of the flower of Pear: ¢, c, sepals; p, p, petals; s, s, stamens,
—perigynous ; 0, ovary,—inferior or adherent.

83. There are two other terms used in similar cases, which,
although hard to pronounce, you may as well become ac-
quainted with now. When the stamens adhere to the calyx

81. What do we take for granted? Please show the adhesions in the
Golden Currant.
82. When is the calyx adherent? When superior?
3

50 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

or corolla they are said to be perigynous (a Greek word,
meaning “around the pistil’). Otherwise, when free, they
are said to be hypogynous, meaning “ under the pistil.”

84. Now study attentively these figures, or rather, the
flowers themselves. The figures are sections, 7. ¢., show the
flowers as if split. Fig. 182 (the Violet) shows the stamens
hypogynous and the organs all free. Fig. 133 (the Pear)
shows the stamens perigynous, adhering to the calyx. Fig.
131 (the Saxifrage) shows the stamens perigynous and the
calyx half-adherent. Do not fail to examine many flowers
until these troublesome terms become familiar, for these
distinctions are very important.

——— as

LESSON XIV.
FORMS OF PERIANTH.

85. Wut all flowers agree in certain general characteris-
tics, so that you are never at a loss to recognize any one of
them as a jlower, yet in form and fashion they appear in
infinite variety, each form endowed with its own peculiar
grace. It is impossible to describe or name every form, but
we will endeavor to reduce them to a few classes of forms.

86. Notice first that all forms are either polypetalous or
gamopetalous, as already described (§ 75). Again, they are
either regular or irregular. Compare the flower of Flax

83. When are the stamens said to be perigynous? When hypogynous?

84. How are they in Saxifrage? in Pear? in the Rose? the Violet?

86. What is the first division of the corolla forms? What is the second
division? When is a flower said to be regular? irregular?

FORMS OF PERIANTH. - Be

Polypetalous corollas.—Fig. 184. Wild Apple (Pyrus corunaria),—rosaceous.
Fig. 185. Wall-flower,—cruciform. Fig, 136. Scarlet Catchfly,—caryophyllaceous.
Fig. 187. Atamasco Lily,—liliaceous.

and Pea. The former is equally and similarly developed all
around, and each petal is like all the other petals. It isa
regular flower. The Pea flower (Fig. 138) is unequally
developed, some of the petals differing in form and size from
the others, as shown in Fig. 139; therefore it is arregular. —

87. The figures at the head of this page represent four
different styles of corollas which are polypetalous and regu-
lar. Fig. 134 (Wild Apple) is a rvosaceous corolla, that is,
rose-like, having five short-clawed petals. Fig. 185 (Wall-
flower) is a cruciform (cross-shaped) corolla, with four long-
clawed petals.

88. Fig. 136 (Scarlet Catchfly) is a caryophyllaceous corolla,

87. Name the four forms of polypetalous, regular flowers. Can you de
scribe the rosaceous corolla? What sort of corolla is the Wall-flower?
Describe it.

88. Please describe the Catchfly or Pink. What sort isit? The Lily;
please describe. What sort of corolla is it?

52 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

pink-like; a form with five long-clawed petals. Fig. 137
(Atamasco Lily) is a lilzaceous corolla, having a six-leaved
perianth, made up of three sepals and three petals, all colored
alike. _

140

Fig. 188. Pea,—an irregularfiower. Fig. 189. Its five petals shown separate, ¢viz.,
v, the banner; @, a, the wings; ¢, c, the keel-petals.
Fig. 140. Flax (Linum grandiflorum),—a regular flower.

89. Fig. 145 is the flower of Sweet Pea, an irregular
corolla, called papilionaceous, or butterfiy-shaped, consisting
of five petals, as displayed in Fig. 139, viz., one odd petal
above, very large, called the banner, two smaller petals
below (4), called the Aeel, and two lateral petals (a, a), called
the wings.

90. We next propose to examine the principal forms of
gamopetalous corollas. Here we have a beautiful array of
them. Among the regular forms is, first, the /?otate, wheel-
shaped or star-shaped, having a very short tube, and a fiat,
spreading border; as Fig. 141 (Campanula Americana).

91. Campanulate, bell-shaped, having a wide tube and

89. Can you describe the papilionaceous corolla?
90. Of monopetalous corollas, describe the rotate. 91. The campanulate.

FORMS OF PERIANTH ba

142

Gamopetalous corollas.—F%g. 141. Campanula Americana,—wheel-shaped. Fig.
142. Campanula divaricata,—campanulate, or bell-shaped. ig. 148. Andromeda,—
urceolate. /%g. 144. Field Bindweed (Convolvwlus),—a funnel-form corolla.

narrow border, as in the Bell-flower (Fig. 142), and in Canter-
bury Bells.

92. Urceolate, urn-shaped, an oblong or globular corolla
with a narrow opening, as the Whortleberry, Heath (Fig.
143). |

93. Funnel-form, narrowly tubular below, gradually en-
larging to the border, as Morning-glory (Figs. 22, 144).

Fig. 145. Petunia,—salver-form. Fig. 147. Dandelion,—ligulate.
Fig. 146. Honeysuckle,—tubular. Fig. 148. Synandra,—labiate.
Fig. 149. Toad-flax,—labiate-personate.

92. The urceolate. 93. The funnel-form.

54 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

94. Salver-form, the tube suddenly spreading out in a
horizontal border, as in Phlox, Petunia (Figs. 126, 145).

95. Zubular, when the corolla is nearly all a slender tube
with a small border or none at all, as in the Trumpet ae
suckle (Fig. 146).

96. Legulate (from the Latin ligula, tongue), as if formed
by splitting the tubular on one side. The notches at the end
plainly indicate the number of united petals which compose
it, as also do the parallel seams. See the fiowers of the Dan-
delion (Fig. 147), also of Cichory.

97. Labiate (Latin labiwm, lip), resembles the mouth of an
animal. It is a very irregular corolla, having the petals of
dissimilar shape and dissimilarly united. See (Fig. 148) a
flower of Synandra, or Catmint, or Catalpa. In Fig. 149
(Snap-dragon), the mouth is closed and said to be personate,
which means masked.

LESSON XY.
CONCERNING THE STAMENS.

98. Sareny infolded within the perianth, we find a number
of delicate, thread-shaped organs, quite unlike the sepals and
petals. They are arranged in one or more circles, and called
the essential organs, because they are B yaa! necessary to
the perfection of the seed.

94. Describe the salver-form. 95. The tubular. 96. Ligulate.

97. Labiate. Now repeat the regular forms. Repeat the names of the
irregular forms.

98. Where do we find the essential organs? How iscaeapaoah Why are
they so called?

OF THE STAMENS. 55

Fig. 150. Tiger Lily.
Fig. 151. Flower (enlarged) of Dodecatheon: a, pistil; 6, anthers; c¢, filaments;
P, petais.

99. Let us look at this picture of the Lily (Fig. 150), or at
some real. flower. The slender organs marked a, 0, «@, are
the essential organs of which we are speaking; and you see
at once that there are two kinds of them. Those which
stand in the outer row next to the petals are the stamens.

Fig. 152. Rhododendron ; only the torus (¢), the five stamens (s), and the pistil (y).

Fig. 153. Buckeye, whole flower; 7 stamens, 1 pistil, 8 petals.

Fig. 154. Hydrastis, split through the centre (a section), showing the torus, 2 se-
pals (s), many hypogynous stamens (s¢), and several pistils in the midst.

56 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

The central organ (or organs) is the pistil. We now propose
to notice the form of the stamens.
100. The stamen may

Its slender, thread-like

swering to the petiole of
the leaf (7, p). Its head
(a) is the anther, answer-

A leaf (Fig. 155), a sepal (Fig. 156), a petal ee ee no
(Fig. 157), a stamen (Fig. 158), and a pod (pis- over, the anther contains
til, 42g. 159) of Draba arabizans, placed side within its cells many dust-
ee ee like particles called pol-
len. When the cells burst dis pollen escapes. Thus it ap-
pears that the stamen consists of three members. See them
illustrated in this figure (161) of a stamen of the Morning-
glory.

101. The filament is usually of a thread-like form (as its
name, from the Latin jilwm, a thread, implies), longer than
the anther, and more or less elastic. But the filament is no
more necessary than the stem of a leaf, and is often wanting.

102. The anther is an oblong body at the top of the fila-
ment, consisting of two hollow lobes joined to each other
and to the filament by the connectile (c), which answers to the
midvein of the leaf. The two lobes are usually marked along
their outer edge by a seam, which at length opens into the
cells. This opening, however it takes place, is called the
dehiscence. If there be no filament, the anther is sessz/e.

99. How many kinds? Situations of the two kinds respectively ?

100. How does the stamen compare with the leaf? Specify the three mem-
bers of the stamen.

101. Describe the filament. 102. The anther ; the dehiscence.

be compared to the leaf. .

stalk is the filament, an-

a
ee ee a Te EE ee ee Cee eT ee ep ne TS

OF THE STAMENS.._ 57

168 167 161

162

Fig. 160. Frankenia, showing the five stamens (around the one style, which has
three stigmas at top).

Fig. 161. Stamen (adnate) ot Morning-glory.

Fig. 162. Same, enlarged, with pollen-grains discharged : J, filament; a, anther,
—two-lobed; ¢, top of connectile.

Fig. 163. Bisteronp: Fig. 164. Same, cut across.

Fig. 165. Iris, cut across (extrorse).

Fig. 166. Amaryllis,—versatile. /2gs. 167, 168. Larkspur,—innate.

103. But dehiscence takes place very variously. When all
regular, it is a chink running lengthwise along the outer edge,
as you see in this stamen of a Buttercup (Fig. 163). But
here, in this stamen of Iris (Fig. 165), it appears on the back
of the anther (looking towards the petals), and we say that
the anthers are extrorse, that is, turned outwards. A term
of opposite meaning is znétrorse, denoting that the lines of
dehiscence turn inwards towards the pistil, or at least do not
turn outwards. For example, the anthers of the Violet
(Fig. 173).

104. Moreover, other modes of dehiscence besides chinks
are occasionally found. The anthers of Berberis, Sassafras,

e. (see Figs. 171, 172), open by lids hinged at the top. The

103. When is the anther said to be extrorse? introrse?
104. Can you distinguish the opercwlar and porous dehiscence?
3*

58 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

I
169 176 177 1s... “915

Peculiar forms of stamens.—fig. 169. A stamen of Pyrola rotundifolia: py, two
openings (pores) at top where the pollen escapes. Fig. 170. Stamen of Bilberry
( Vaccininium uliginosum): p, its pores at the top of two horns; it has also two
spurs. /7g.171. Berberis aquifolium, anther closed. Jig. 172. Anther open by
two lids upwards. /%g.178. Anther of Violet with an appendage at top. ig. 174.
Oleander,—an arrow-shaped anther appendaged at top. ig. 175. Catalpa,—lobes
of anther separated. Fig. 176. Sage,—lobes of anther widely separated on stipes ;
b, barren lobe without pollen. ig. 177. Mallows,—anther one-celled. Fig. 178.
Ephedra,—anther four-celled.

anthers of Huckleberry, Blueberry, Wintergreen, and others
of the Heath family, open through two little tubes at the top.
The former is opercular dehiscence, the latter porous. (See
Figs. 169, 170.)

105. It is also interesting to notice how the anther is at-
tached to the filament in various ways. Generally, it is
innate, that is, seeming to stand erect on the top of the fila- —
ment. Again, it_is adnate, which means, attached by its
back to the side of the filament, as in Buttercups. And
thirdly, it is joined by a single point in its back to the slender
tip of the filament, as if lightly balanced uponit. ‘This is the
versatile anther, common in the Grasses (Figs. 150, 166).

105. What three distinctions in the attachment of the anther? Describe
that of the stamens of the Pink ; the stamens of Buttercups ; of the Grasses.

OF THE STAMENS. 59 -

LESSON XVI.

MORE ABOUT THE STAMENS.

106. Tae careful student will find a great and interesting
variety in the number, arrangement, and form of the stamens.
In regard to number, as we have already seen, the Lily has
six stamens, the Pink has ten, the Speedwell two, the Indian
Shot only one. Some flowers have numerous stamens, as the
Rose with forty, fifty, or one hundred, and the Cactus with

181 182 179 180

Fig. 179. Stamens and pistils of Mallow; the filaments (/) are united into a tube
sheathing the styles.

Fig. 180. Floret of Dandelion,—anthers (a) united into a tube.

Fig. 181. Corolla of Lophospermum, split open to show the four stamens (didyn’a-

mous) and the one style.
Fig. 182. Cardamine,—stamens six, tetradyn’amous.

106. What number of stamens in Pink? Speedwell? Indian Shot?
What in the Rose? Cactus? Apple? or in these flowers? Define “stamens
definite ;” “ stamens indefinite.”

60 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

two hundred. Let us learn how to distinguish between
flowers with definite and with indefinite stamens. Definite,
when they are not more than ten, indefinite, when more than
ten, or not readily counted.

107. The stamens are usually separate and distinct, as in ©
the Lily, Rhododendron, &c. (Figs. 150, 152), while in the
Mallow (Fig. 179), Pea, and other flowers, they grow together,
forming a tube around the pistil; in other words, they are
monadelphous (Greek, monos, one, adelphos, brotherhood),
The Pea, or Dielytra, is dzadelphous,—the stamens in two
sets; and the St. Johnswort, polyadelphous,—in three or more
sets. Another mode of cohesion is seen in the floret of Dan-
delion (Fig. 180), where the anthers cohere while the fila-
ments are distinct, 2. €., syngenecious.

108. In two cases we may definitely mark the relative
length of the stamens. zdyn’amous stamens (as seen in the
Mint tribe, and in the Figworts, Fig. 181) are four in num-

Fig. 183. Pistillate flower of Balm of Gilead.
Fig. 184. Staminate flower of the same.
Fig. 185. Begonia: a, staminate flower; 4, pistillate flower.

107. Define “stamens monadelphous.” Give examples. Diadelphous.
Give examples. Polyadelphous. Example. Define “stamens syngenecious.”
Mention examples.

IMPERFECT FLOWERS. 61
ber, two long and two short. Zetradyn’amous stamens are
six in number, four long and two short (as in the Mustard
tribe, Fig. 182). Again, hypogynous stamens may be seen
in the Crowfoot tribe and in Fig. 132; and perigynous sta-
mens in the Rose tribe and Fig. 133. What is the differ-
ence? You need not be told the meaning of these words
(g§ 83, 84).

109. Some plants have their essential organs separated, so
that the stamens are all found in one sort of flowers, the
stertle, and the pistils are all in another sort, the fertile. So

Fig. 186. Flower of Lizard-tail (Sawrurus); it is perfect, but naked, 7. ¢., with no
floral envelopes; stamens seven, pistils three.

Fig. 187. Flower of Ash (Fraxinus),—naked, with two stamens and one pistil.

Fig. 188. Staminate flower of Willow,—made up of two stamens and a bract.

Fig. 189. Pistillate flower of the same,—merely one pistil and a bract.

it is in the Begonias (Fig. 185), and in the Willows (Figs. 188,
189). Allsuch flowers are called imperfect, and only the fer-
tile bear fruit.

110. A perfect flower is one that has both stamens and

108. In what two cases do we mark the length of stamens? Define “sta-
mens didynamous ;” “stamens tetradynamous;” “stamens hypogynous ;”
“stamens perigynous.”

109. What do you understand by “sterile flowers?” by “fertile flowers ?”

110. What is a perfect flower? complete? imperfect ?

62 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

pistils. A complete flower has all the organs, viz., sepals,
petals, stamens, pistils. A naked flower lacks both the calyx
and corolla. :

111. A symmetrical flow-
er has each of these several
organs in an equal number,
or, at least, the same num-
ber of pieces in each czrcle
of organs. For example,
the Flax flower is symmet-
Fig. 190. A symmetrical, regular flower of rical, having sepals five,

_ Irish Moss (Sedum aere); it has five sepals, : :
Be als Gute Aue fiaeeumbn aad Bes petals five, stamens five,

pistils,—all separate and distinct. and pistils five. The Lily
Fig. 191. House-leek (Sedum sempervioum), is also symmetrical, having

—twelve-parted.
three. sepals, three petals,

six stamens (in two equal circles), and three pistils (which
are combined in one).

LESSON XVII.
THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. |

112. Ir is very instructive and delightful to study the
symmetry of flowers in the way mentioned in the last lesson.
We are thus led to the discovery of a truth in the science of
botany at once beautiful and sublime,—worthy of the wis-
dom of the Infinite Creator. That truth or prznciple is, that
all flowers, though infinitely various in form and fashion,

111. What a symmetrical flower? How is the Lily symmetrical?
112. Please state the principle learned from studying the symmetry of the
flower. ;

PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 63

are built upon one only plan, and that plan founded in the
science of numbers. |

Fig. 192. Flower of Hippuris,—one-parted.
Fig. 193. Circa Lutetiana; flower two-parted. |
Fig. 194. Yellow-eyed Grass (Xyris) ; flower three-parted.

118. Let us, then, examine the Flax. Here all the organs
are in fives. The Circe has them all in twos; the Iris, in
threes. And every plant is distinguished in this way by
some nwmber which we call the radical number, according
to which its organs are parted. Now in the Mock Orange,
or Philadelphus, although the stamens seem to be indefinite,
still the radical number is four. The stamens occur in many
circles, with four in each circle, so that these are also in fours.
As for the pistils, they are evidently four, but so united as
to form apparently but one. Examine also the Bloodroot.
Its stamens will be found in fours, the radical number, and
the stamens of the Apple will be found in fives. So the
petals of Bloodroot are twice four (8), and of the Magnolia
twice three (6), or three times three (9).

114. It is therefore a general law, that when any organ is

115. Can you define the radical number of the flower? What is it in
Circe? Iris? Flax? How is it in Philadelphus? How in Bloodroot?
114, State the law of multiplied organs.

64 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

multiplied, its new number is only a repetition of the radical
number. |

115. Also, when any organ is diminished in number, we
find generally that the deficiency is only apparent, and does
not interfere with the law of the radical number. Thus in

Philadelphus, the one pistil proves to be four growing to--

gether. In the Lady’s-slipper, the radical number is three,

and the sepals are three, although the two lower ones are

united almost to the tip into what seems but one. Thus the
true number is often curiously disguised by coheszons.

Fig. 195. Flower of Aconitum Napellus displayed ; s, s,s, 8, 8, the five sepals, the
upper one hooded; p, p, , the five petals, of which the two upper are nectaries
covered by the hood, and the three lower very minute.

Fig. 196. Flower of Catalpa,—two-lipped, five-lobed.

fig. 197. Corolla laid open, showing the perfect stamens and rudimentary.

116. Again, the five petals of Monk’s-hood (Fig. 195) are

apparently but two, while three of them are so very small as
to be overlooked. In the Mint tribe, as Peppermint, Cat-

115. How does cohesion interfere with the radical number in Philadelphus ?
How in the sepals of the Moccasin flower ?

116. How does suppression interfere in Monk’s-hood? In the Mint tribe?
Catalpa? Mustard? What tendency do you see in all these cases?

ae

PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 65

mint, while five-parted, the flowers have generally but four
stamens; but on close observation we often find a small
rudiment of the fifth stamen in its proper place, as 2 zs
growth had been early stopped. And in Monarda and Catal-
pa, only two stamens grow up to maturity, while three are
mere rudiments (Fig. 202). Nevertheless, such flowers are
said to be unsymmetrical. So the flowers of the Mustard
tribe. The stamens are in two rows of four in each; but of
the outer row (or circle) two were checked in growth (or
suppressed, as the botanists say) at the outset. (See Fig. 97.)

The tendency to symmetry is manifest in all these cases.

117. We must carefully distinguish between the terms
unsymmetrical and irregular. The former refers to number
only, the latter to form and size
(Less. XIV.). The Mustard
flower is unsymmetrical, but
: \\ not irregular. The Orchis is
a irregular, but not unsymmet-

, ss j\ vical. Snap-dragon is both
Mle Ht a TO: ‘ | irregular and unsymmetrical.
Hi Ml OO ail |

i TIT TH fe We - H i
Hie | l Fil al i \ Na SATAN NG |) l Uj A
uf i x ia Hi YOANN Th afi HHS /,
im HF ! c j pe Thi/B ‘HHI if ly ili ij i, I
ES ALA Ht f
Wil

a Hit}

\) i i H\ TH My G/{!)//
iil
I

Fig. 198. Nympheza odorata.
Fig. 199. Petals gradually passing into stamens,

118. Here is a figure of the Water Lily (198), and a
separate view of its sepals, petals, and stamens. Observe

117. What difference between unsymmetrical and irregular? Examples.

66 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

how the form of the slender stamen gradually changes to
the broad petal, the anther becoming smaller and smaller.
One can scarcely say where it ceases to be a stamen and

begins to be a petal. So, also, the petals gradually pass into ~
sepals, and in other plants, Peony for instance, the sepals

just as gradually pass
into leaves. (See Class
Book of Botany, § 113.)
119. This transforma-
tion of one sort of organ
into another (always
from stamen back to-
wards the leaf’) is quite
common among culti-
vated plants. It is in
this manner that the
Rose, Carnation, Peony,
&e., become double, viz.,
by the stamens, and oft-
en the pistils too, becom-
ing petals: for in the
wild state these flowers
have but five petals.
120. From these ex-
amples and others like

Nit
iG } | SWWG
Cerny

~ 200

Fig. 200. Flower of Crowfoot.

Fig. 201. Double flower of the same; the sta-
mens and pistils have become petals.

them, we conclude that the different organs of the flower, and
the leaf also, although commonly very different, have all one
common nature and origin; or, in other words, the organs of
the flower may all be considered as transformed leaves.

118. Show the graduation of organs in Water Lily.
119. How do the Rose, Peony, &., become double?
120. What great principle is derived from these facts ?

ee = =
a ee ee a ae ee ee ee eT a ee

OF THE PISTILS. 67

LESSON XVIII.
OF THE PISTILS.

(eee
AEH Te sid }
| eae i

L |

Gy,
iF dit
LRP iae ot ,
BAIT pet dad
IRB a ae is /
el ue

1}
i}

i}

|

We as H/o
NNN TAZ Pe a
i\\

| | 203

Fig. 202. Section of flower of Strawberry,—ovaries many, on a raised torus.
Fig. 203. Section of a Rose,—ovaries sunk into a hollow torus.

121. Tux pistils occupy the centre of the flower, at the end
or centre of the torus. Their number varies in different
plants from one to one hundred, or more.. When they are
several they stand arranged in a circle like the other organs.
When they are many they are commonly heaped together in
a spiral manner, and raised on the conical torus, as in Butter-
cup, Strawberry, or sunk into the cavity of a hollow one, as
in Rose. (See Figs. 202, 2038.)

122. The pistil consists, plainly, of three parts, as may be
seen in Fig. 204. At the top is the stzgma (s), at base is the
ovary (0), and between them is the style (sty). The style

121. In what part of the flower are the pistils situated? What is their
number? their arrangement? How situated in the Rose?

122. Please describe the pistil and each of its parts. In what case is the
stigma sessile?

68 OBJECT LESSONS IN ‘BOTANY.

being a mere stalk, like the filament of a stamen or
the petiole of a leaf, may, like them also, be wanting,
without loss to the pistil. In this case the stigma is
sessile (sitting) upon the ovary, as in the pistils of
Anemone (Fig. 207), and of Trillium (Fig. 206).

205

Fig. 204. Pistil of Tobacco.

Fig. 205. Pistil, stamens, and calyx of Azalia.

Fig. 206. Trillium,—stigmas (d) and anthers (s) nearly sessile.

Fig. 207. Pistils of Rue Anemone (4. thalictroides),—stigmas sessile.

123. The ovary is a kind of sac or case, enclosing the
ovules (see Fig. 215, where there is but one, or in Fig. 209,
where there are five, and Fig. 202, where there are many
ovaries.) When full grown, the ovary becomes the fruit, and
the ovules the seeds. , |

124. It is very important to distinguish between the s¢mple
and the compound pistil, for when there are several in the
same flower they often grow together, forming a single body
with members more or less distinct. As the petals grow

128. Describe the ovary and the ovules.
124. Name an important distinction in ovaries. When is the ovary or
pistil compound ?

OF THE PISTILS. 69

212 213 214

Fig. 208. Simple pistil of Larkspur.

Fig. 209. The five simple pistils of Columbine, all distinct.

Fig. 210. The three pistils of a St. Johnswort,—ovaries united but styles distinct.

Fig. 211. Compound pistil of another St. Johnswort, the three pistils entirely
united.

Fig. 212. Flax,—the five ovaries united but the styles distinct.

Fig. 218. Pink,—the two ovaries united, styles distinct.

Fig. 214. Saxifrage,—the two pistils slightly united.

together, forming a monopetalous corolla, so the pistils may
combine into a compound pistil. The parts of such a pistil
are conveniently called carpels.

125. As to the extent of this union of the pistils, it is found
in all possible degrees, always beginning at base and pro-
ceeding upwards. For example, in Columbine (Fig. 209),
the five carpels (pistils) are entirely distinct; in Early Saxi-
frage (Fig. 214), the two carpels are united at the base; in
Pink (Fig. 213), the two unite to the top of the ovary, leav-
ing the styles distinct; so also in Flax (Fig. 212); in Even-
ing Primrose, the four pistils cohere to the top of the style,
leaving the stigmas distinct; and finally, in the Lily, the
three carpels are united throughout. (See Figs. 209-214.)

126. We may know the number of carpels in a compound

125. As to the cohesion or union of pistils,—how is it in Columbine? in
Pink? in Early Saxifrage? Evening Primrose? Lily ?

70 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

pistil by the number of separate styles, or by the separate
stigmas, or by the lobes of the stigma or ovary, or by the
number of cells in the ovary, or (when only one cell) by the
number of seed-rows. ‘Thus the three-lobed stigma or ovary
of the Lily indicates a triple pistil, also the three stigmas of
the Spring Beauty, and the three seed-rows in the Violet.
(See Fig. 229.)

215 216
Fig. 215. Section of the flower of Alchemilla, showing the stamens perigynous,
the style single, simple, and lateral.
Fig. 216. Section of flower of Jeffersonia,—stamens Rel eo pial single,
simple, with one seed-row.

127. But when the pistils remain separate and distinct we
call each one a simple pistil. Thus in Columbine (Fig. 209)
there are five simple pistils; in Anemone (Fig. 207), and in
Buttereups, many; while in Cherry, Peach, Bean, Alchemilla,
and Jeffersonia, there is just one simple pistil in each flower.
Such a pistil is usually of an irregular form, with its style
lateral (on one side), and only one seed or seed-row. (See Figs.
215, yay :

126. Please tell us how you detect the number of carpels in the compound
ovary of Spring Beauty ; of Lily; of Violet.
127. What peculiarity in the form of a simple pistil?

eS ee?

TWO KINDS OF BUDS. 71

LESSON XIX.
HOW THE LEAVES ARE FOLDED IN THE BUD.

219

stivation.—Fig. 217. Valvate calyx, as of Mallow. Fig. 218. Sepals of Holly-
hock,—valvate-reduplicate. Fig. 219. Sepals of Clematis,—valvate-induplicate,
Fig. 220. Petals of Flax,—contorted. ig. 221. Petals of Wild Rose,—quincuntial.
Fig. 222. Petals and sepals of Lily or Tulip. Fig. 228. Petals of Wall-flower,—
convolute. Fig. 224. Petals of Pea,—vexillary.

128. Tuere is the leaf-bud, consisting of many scales and
young leaves, folded up in such a manner as to occupy as
little space as possible; and the flower-bud, consisting of the
organs of the flower in their early state, also closely packed.
Now if you study the arrangement of the pieces composing
the bud of either sort, you will be surprised and delighted
with its variety and elegance. As each species of plant has
the same invariable mode of folding in all its buds, this study
well becomes a matter of science.

Less. XIX.—What is the subject of this Lesson ?
128. Two kinds of buds; please describe each.

72 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

129. With a sharp knife let us make a cross-section (that
is, a cut square across) of a flower-bud just ready to open ;
we may thus obtain some such views as are here drawn.
For example, in Fig. 217, we have the valvate arrangement.
Here the pieces composing the circle barely touch each other
by the edges, as in the sepals of Mallows, petals of Lilac,
valves of a seed-vessel. (See, also, Figs. 218, 219.)

130. In the Phlox, Flax, Oleander, we find a twisted or
contorted arrangement of the petals (Fig. 220), where each
piece overlaps the next, all in one direction.

131. The bud is said to be «mbricated, when some of the
pieces are wholly outside, covering by the two edges others
which are wholly inside. But this may take place in various
ways. See how it is in the petals of the Eglantine, or Apple
(Fig. 221). Here two petals are outside, two inside, and one
partly both. In the Tulip, ove sepal is outside, one inside,
and one partly both. And just so with its three petals
(Fig. 222).

132. The bud is convolute when each leaf wholly involves
all that are within it, as do the petals of Magnolia and Wall-
flower (Fig. 223); and it is vexellary in the Pea tribe, where
only the outside petal, larger than the rest, infolds them all
(Fig. 224).

133. The plicate arrangement is found in monopetalous
flowers, as in Thornapple, Potato, where the corolla is folded
in a manner somewhat like a fan.

129. How do we prepare a bud for examination? What do you under-
stand by a cross-section? Define the valvate arrangement, with examples.

130. What zstivation do we find in Flax, Phlox, &c.?

131. What is the imbricated estivation? Describe it in the petals of
Tulip; Apple; Eglantine.

132. How are the petals arranged in the bud of Wall-flower?

135. How in the flower of Thornapple? or Potato?

Mleats

VERNATION. 73

134. The pupil should make himself well acquainted with
these seven modes of @stivation (so the botanists call it).
Other modes are described in larger works. (Class Book of -
Botany, p. 79.)

135. Also in the leaf-bud we find similar modes of leaf-
folding (here called vernation, from the Latin vernus, spring,
as estivation is from estzvus, summer). The figures follow-
ing represent cross-sections of various sorts of leaf-buds. In
the bud of Sycamore the infolding scales are imbricate, but
the young leaves within are somewhat plicate.

136. In the leaf-bud of Cherry (Fig. 230) we find the con-
volute vernation, similar to the estivation of Wall-flower.
The leaf-bud of Lilac (Fig. 231) gives us another form of
imbricate.

298 929

Vernation.—Fig. 225. Unfolding leaf-bud of Tulip-tree,—reclinate. Fig. 226.
Fern leaf-bud,—circinate. /%g. 227. Sedge,—equitant. ig. 228. Sage,—obvoiute.
Fig. 229. Iris,—equitant.

295 226 ‘

137. Fig.-229 represents the vernation of Iris, and Fig. 227,
at a ponge: Brass. Both are eguztant (which means, in Latin, |

484. ‘What j is the meaning of the word estivation ? Rie *
135. What is the meaning’ of the word vernation? Please describe the
vernation in Sycamore leaf-bud. :
136. In the leaf-bud of Cherry ; Lilac. -
137. What of the equitant vernation ?
4

74 ‘OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

riding fonieback’t Each leaf, first on this corner, then on
that, infolds or overlays all tints is within it.

138. Obvolute vernation appears in the leaf-bud of Sage
(Fig. 228), where each leaf infolds only half of the blade of
its opposite leaf.

1
;
:

a’

a ii Oe ties ee ii

231 932 ©

Vernation.—Fig. 230. Cherry leaf-bud,—convolute. Fig. 281. Lilac,—imbricate.
Fig. 232. Birch leaf,—plicate. Fig. 288. Dock,—revolute. Fig. 284. Balm-of-Gil-
ead,—involute.

139. In. the bud of Dock (Fig. 233) we find the young
leaves revolute, or rolled backwards from both edges; but in ~
the bud of Balm-of-Gilead (Fig. 234) they are znvolute, or
rolled inwards from both edges. This is best seen ape a
micrascope of one lens, @. ¢., a single microscope.

140. In the bud of Tulip- -tree (Fig. 225) each leaf is reclz-
nate, being bent over forward and infolding all within it;
and in the Fern (Fig. 226)-it is cércinate, or coiled from the
top downwards, like a watch-spring.

188. The obvyolute? , «
139. What the vernation of Dock? of Balm-of Gilead?
140. Please describe the reelinate ; the circinate.

INFLORESCENCE. 75

°

LESSON XxX.
HOW THE FLOWERS ARE ARRANGED ON THE PLANT.

141. Wr may now devote one or two lessons to the arrange-
ment and position of the flowers upon the plant, a subject to
which botanists give the name of znjlorescence. |

YU lp LL
LY),
Gy —Y

Fig. 235. Staphylea trifolia; a pendulous, paniculate cyme.
Fig. 286. Catalpa; a panicle.

142. Every one has obseryed such facts as_ the follow-
* ing, namely, that flowers are sometimes alone, and often in
clusters; that they are-sometimes raised on stalks, and some-

2 N
141. What is the meaning of the word inflorescence ?

142. What-common facts in inflorescence does everybody notice?

76 -OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

times sessile (or without stalks); and that they may arise
from terminal buds, or from axillary. With the meaning of
the words terminal and axillary you were made acquainted
in Lesson [X.

143. The stalk which supports the fowees or the cluster of

flowers, we call peduncle. Now the peduncle may be either

simple, bearing a single flower, or divided into branches and
bearing a cluster of fowers. In the latter case, the branches
or branchlets are called pedicels. _

144. When the peduncle arises from terminal buds it
seems like a continuation of the main stem, as in Foxglove,
Horse-chestnut; and when from axillary buds, it comes out
from the side. of the stem just above a leaf, as in the Cur-
rant. Sometimes it arises from the root or some under-
ground part of the stem, and then we generally gall it a
- scape. Thus the flower — of Tulip is a scape; also of the
Dodecatheon. :

145. The flower is said to be solztary, not ortky when alone

on the plant, but also when alone in the axil-of a leaf,-as in ~

Fuchsia, Morning-glory, Petunia.

146. Among chistered flowers, you will often meet with
. the following twelve varieties of inflorescence, which we
must now try to represent and describe. We begin with the
spike, such a cluster as we see in the Plantain, ‘Mullet &e.
We may define it thus: A long peduncle feahed rachis),
having sessile flowers arranged along its sides. But before
we go further with inflorescenge, we must examine the bracts
which accompany it.

148. Please define peduncle; also pedicel.
144. When are the flowers terminal? axillary? Deesic scape.
145. Why is the flower called solitary in Fuchsia, Petunia, &.?
146. Define a spike. Explain to us the rachis.

4 ‘
Sn

‘

INFLORESCENCE. Tt

237. 288. 239.

Bracts (2, 6, 6). Fig. 237. Cornus Canadensis, with an involucre of four colored
bracts. Fig. 238. Hepatica triloba, with an involucre of three green bracts. ig.
* 289. Calla palustris, with a colored spathe of one bract, inclosing the spadix.

147. Bracts are evidently of the same nature as leaves,
differing only in their diminished size, and in their position
on the flower-stalks, or near the flowers. They are some-
times colored as brightly as flowers, as in Painted-cup, or in
Balm. When several bracts are arranged in a whorl at the
base of the cluster of flowers, an znvolucre is formed, such as
we find in Carrot, and most of the Umbelworts (Fig. 244).
In the Flowering Dogwood the large involucre is» colored
white. | |

148. Next in resemblance to the spike is the spadz@, an
inflorescence seen gn the Calla (Fig. 287), Golden-club (Fig.
241), and Cat-tail. It may be defined as a thickened, club-
shaped spike, often with a large bract (called spathe) at base,
as in Jack-in-the-pulpit, or without a spathe, as in Fig. 241.

147. What sort of leaves grow on the peduncles, if any? Define bracts.
What is an involucre? How‘is it in Cornus?

pial if r
a) a1 ‘ 242
Fig. 240. Lady’s-tresses (Spiranthes),—flowers in a twisted spike.
Fig. 241. Golden-dub ( Orontium),—fiowers in « spadix With no spathe.
Fig. 242. Birch (Baula),—fiowers in aments-

149. An ament, called also catkin, is a more slender and
delicate spike, filled-with colored seales and flowers, and all
falling together without separating, such as adorn the Birches
(Fis. 249). Willows, and Poplars in early spring. The Hop —
4.30 bears anients.

>

> 2

ee LESSON XXI.
THE INFLORESCENCE, CONTINUED.

150. Tae Sowers of the Black Cherry, Currant, Foxglove,
Locust, and Moth-mullen are in racemes. The raceme, then,
is a rachis bearing its flowers on distinct, simple pedicels

148, 149. Can you define the spike? ament? spadix? and spathe?
150. Please name and describe the inflorescence of Black Cherry.

INFLORESCENCE. "9

(not sessile, as in the spike). It is often pendulous, often
erect.

2424 243 3
Fig, 242. Secund (one-sided) raceme of Andromeda racemosa.
Fig. 243. Pepdulous raceme of Currant.

151. The corymbd differs from the raceme in having the
lower pedicels lengthened so as to elevate all the flowers to ~
about the same level, as in the Yarrow or Wild Thorn.

152. The wmbel appears in Milkweed, Onion, Ginseng, &e.
It consists of several pedicels of similar length, all arising
from the same point at top of the peduncle. But in Car-
away, Carrot, and most of the Umbelworts (Fig. 244), the
umbels are compound, as if each of the pedicels had become

151. How does a corymb differ from a raceme ? 3
152. Please name and describe the inflorescence of the Milkweed. How

80 _ OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

itself am umbel. These secondary ae 2
umbels we call wmbellets. At the RENSSK
base of the umbel there is usuallya &
whorl of bracts forming an mvolucre
(a), and oftem also at the base of
each umbellet (6), when we call it an
imvolwucel.

153. The fine flowers of the Qa-
talpa are in panicles (Fig. 235), also
the flowers of Oats. Wemay describe
a panicle as if a raceme should have
its pedicels irregularly branched.

154. A cluster resembling a. pani-
ele, but more compact, such as you
see in Lilac, is called a thyrse. ets ' ,

155. A head of flowers, such as we Pree (Oxmeorkiza).
see im Clover or the Button-bush, |
“iardly needs description. We might say that the head is a
reduced umbel, having its flowers all sessile at the top of the
pedunele. ' .

156. The great family of the Asterworts fas all its linus a
in heads, so dense and so nicely arranged-as to be easily mis- —
taken for a single flower. But if you carefully examime such
a head, say of am Aster, or especially of a Sunfiower, you
will see that it is composed of many little flowers or florets.
The oe of the outer row are enlarged and open, so as to

does that of Carrot differ? What is am umbellet? What the whorl of

- bracts at the base of the umbellets ?

153. Piease describe the panicle. 154. The fayen: 155. The head.

156. What the inflorescence of the Asterworts? - How is the head of Aster
made to resemble a single flower? What pi nema bela im
florets of the disk ?

INFLORESCENCE. : 81

resemble the petals of one
corolla, and the involucre,
formed of many imbricated
scales, resembles a calyx. This
head i§ often called a com-
pound flower. The outer flo-
rets are the florets of the ray,
the interior are the florets of
the disk. See all this illus-
trated in Figs. 245-250.

157. The forms of inflo-
rescence heretofore described
result from axillary buds; =
bat the three following come? 28, He of Boe ker
from terminal buds. Cyme is Fig. 246. A view of one of them remain-
the general name given to all ing on the receptacle. fig. 247. A fruit

: ce , crowned with its pappus.
° the forms of terminal inflores. . Fig. 248. Heads of Ironweed (Verno-

cence. You may recognize nia); allits fiorets are tubular. Fig. 249.
them by the ordér in which One of them remaining on the receptacle.
. Hig. 250. Fruit.
the flowers open. Thus, in
the cyme, the terminal and central flowers open first, but in
the foyms before mentioned, the lower and outer ower first.
158. When the cyme is spreading and level-topped, we call
it a cymous corymb, as in the common Elder; and when not
level topped, it may become a ¢ymous panicle, as in Chick-
weed (Fig. 251), Spergula, and Staff-free (Fig. 234).
159. The scorpoid’cyme is a very remarkable form of in-

157. Are the forms hitherto described terminal or axillary ? Please define
the cyme.
158. Cymose corymb ; ae nace |
159. What is a scorpoid cyme? Name and describe the inflovegeeaae of...’
Bunch Pink ; the inflorescence of Catmint.
‘ae

. .
82 - OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

252 &
Fig. 251. Cyme of Chickweed (Stellaria media). First, the terminal flower (a)
opened; secondly, from the axils of its highest leaves arose two branches, and ter-
minated in the flowers 5, ; thirdly, from*heir highest axils arose the flowers ¢, ¢,
c, c, from whose axils a fourth set is seen to start, and so on.
Fig. 252. Scorpoid cyme of Forget-me-not (Myosotis palustris).

florescence, as shown in Pink-root and Forget-me-not (Fig.
952). Before flowering it is cdiled from the tip down-.
wards, and it uncoils as it blossoms. In“its nature it is a
half-cyme. The fascicle is % densely packed cyme, as seen

24 253

Diagrams of the forms of axillary inflorescence, showing how they gradually pass
into each other. Fig. 253. Spike. Fig. 254. Raceme. Fig. 255. Corymb. Fig. 256.
Umbel. Fig. 257. Panicle. Fig. 258. Compound corymb. Fig. 260. Head. Fig.
259. Compound umbel.

@F THE FRUIT. 83°

in Bunch Pink or Pyenanthemum. The.glomerule is a small,
dense cyme appearing in the axils of the leaves, as in Cat-
mint and the Mint tribe generally. ) :

160. The» preceding diagrams may be carefully studied.
They will convey a general idea of all these forms of inflo-
réscence, and how they are related to each other.

———___—_>

LESSON XXII.
CONCERNING THE FRUIT.

161. Tux flower is of short duration. After a few hours
or a few days of blooming beauty, it fades and disappears.

Fig. 261. Fruit of Currant,—a berry. - Fig. 262. Fruit of Maple,—samara.

160. Please explain the diagram®’253-260.

84 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

The stamens and petals have accomplished their work, and
are dead. The sepals also, when colored like petals, are
dead. But the pistil, especially the ovary, yet remains in its
place, living and growing until = seeds which ‘it contains
are perfect. °

162. Thus the fruit is the ovary or ae pale Tectashe to per-
fection. .

163. During the growth and ripening of the pistil, great
and manifold-changes occur, so that at last the fruit is very
digferent in form, size, substance, and color. The little pistil
in the flower of the Cherry must undergo a great ie
in becoming a plump Ox-heart!

Fig. 263. An wanted of Cherry iloMesten .—namely, a bud, an entire flower, anda
section showing the one pistil and the perigynous stamens.

Fig. 264. The drupe, ent through to show the stone and one seed.

Fig. 265. A corymb of Strawberry,—fiower and fruit. Theachenia are seen on the
surface of the fruit, which is only the overgrown torus. ‘

161. Can you tell us what parts of the flower perish? What parts remain
in place and still grow?

162. How do you define the fruit? erties |

163. Mention some of the changes occt#tring from ovary to fruit. 5

OF THE FRUIT. 85

164. In the fruit we see the end and
aim of plant-life accomplished, accord-
ing to the wise and good design of the
great Creator. While it serves to re-
produce and keep alive the plants upon |
the earth, it also serves as food for ani-
mals and for man. .

165. It is curious to observe how dif- pi 966, Drupe,—a ripe
ferent are the parts of the fruit which Chery.
in different plants become food. Inthe . Ses: 3 ae Pry ee
Apple, we eat the calyx which here ;
adheres to the ovary, aad in ripening was thickened and en-
larged by the nutritious substance. In the Strawberry, we
eat the enlarged, pulpy ;
torus, which bears, all
over its surface, the little
dry, seed-like fruit. In
Peach, the luscious mor-
sel is the outer coats -of
the ovary itself; and in
the Orange, it is the in-
ner coat. In the Nut,,
Pea, Wheat, and most
plants, the nourishing Se
matter is laid up in the seeds, while the carpels ripen into
‘a dry fruit. .' :

166. The, fruit consists of the seeds and the seed-vessels.
The word pericarp means the same as seed-vessel. When

Fig. 268. Eteerio,—a Blackberry.
Fig. 269. Capsule of Violet, open.

164. Mention some of the uses of the fruit.

165. Can yon tell us what part of the Apple is eaten? What part of the
* $Strawberry is the eatable part? What part of the Peach? the Orange? In
what part is the nutritious matter deposited in the Pea? Wheat? Almond?

. " - = eed
‘ * pe i)
° bh
.

86 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

the pericarp is ripe, it may open in some special manner of
itself and discharge the seeds; ‘or it may have no provision
for opening, and remain closed until it grows or decays.

270 ee 278 277 272

Fig. 270. Achenia of Rue Anemone, in a head.

Fig. 271. Fruit of Caraway, consisting of two achenia.

Fig. 272. Kernel of Wheat,—a sort of achenium called cariopsis.

Fig. 278. Fruit of Thistle,—another sort of achenium, crowned with a pappus
which serves as wings. ?

Fig. 274. Fruit of Elm,—a samara, or winged achenium. <

Fig. 275. Fruit of Beech,—two nuts, inclosed in the burr. .

Fig. 276. The Peach (a drupe),—cut open, showing the seed inclosed in its stone,
and the stone in the thick pulp. “° .

Fig. 277. Fruit of Pigweed,—a one-seeded pericarp called wtricle.

Fig. 278. Fruit of India Strawberry,—a fleshy torus bearing the achenia outside.

Fruits that open we will call dehiscent fruits, and those -

which do not open, zndehiscent. We will first study some of
the forms of indeliscent fruits, arranged as follows:.

167. First Division: Fruits indehiscent, one-seeded, dry ;
namely, AcHENIUM, SAMARA, GLANS. ;

166. Of what two parts does the fruit consist? What is a dehiscent fruit?
indehiscent ? |

Se a ee

Te —es

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$8 me

OF THE FRUIT. 87
ea RT oma oe

Second Division: Fruits indehiscent, one-seeded, fleshy ;
namely, Drurr, Tryma, Erzrtio.

Third Division : Fruits indehiscent, several-seeded ; name-
ly, Berry, Pxro, Pome.

168. The achenium is such a fruit as we find in Butter-
cups, Anemone, Sage. Usually there are several produced
together from one flower.. We must not mistake them for
seeds. ‘They are pericarps, each inclosing one seed, as you
see in the figures. . The grain of Wheat or Corn (called cariop-
sis) is much the same, but the one seed cannot be separated
from the pericarp.

169. The samara is mere-
ly an achenium with a wing,
asin Ash, Elm, Maple. The
latter fruit is a double sa-
mara.
170. A glans (or nut) is Wy
such a fruit as Acorn, Chest-
nut, Hazelnut, much like
achenium, but larger, and
seated in a eur or invo-
lucre.

171. A drupe is such a
fleshy fruit as the Cherry
or Peach. It is well called Fig. 279. Maple,—a double samara.

; ; : Fig. 280. Pear,—a pepo.

a stone-fruit. The stone in- Fig. 281. Gooseberry, cut across; an en-
eloses the one seed, and is larged view, showing the seeds lying in
itself inclosed in a juicy pees

Fig. 282. Fruit of Henbane,—a pyxis
pulp. with its lid open.

:
*

16%. Please define our first division of fruits. What special fruits belong
to it? the second, &c. ; the third, &c.

88 ; OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

=

172. Tryma is the name for such fruits as Walnut, Cocoa-

nut. Like the drupe, it has a stony seed-shell, but its outer —

coat is rather woody than pulpy.
173. Such fruit as the Raspberry or Blackberry. we Gall
_ eterio. It consists of many little fleshy drupes growing fast

together or to the torus. In the Blackberry they grow to

the torus (Fig. 268).

174. The berry is a thin- skinned, pulpy fruit, holding | its

several seeds loose in the pulp, as ate Grape (Fig. 261).
The Orange, &c., is much like a berry, but on account of its
thick rind has been called by another name (hesperidjum).
175. Pepo is such a fruit as Squash, many-seeded, with a
hard, crusty rind.
| 17 6. Pome, the Apple, Pear, Haw, a fleshy fruit with seyv-
eral distinct cells. Here the fleshy calyx grows fast to. the
ovaries; while in the A; ip, or Rose-fruit, the fleshy calyx
merely incloses the ovaries, as seen in Fig. 208.

LESSON XXIII.
FRUITS, CONTINUED.

177. Tux dehiscent pericarp,—that is, those which open to

discharge the seeds,—are generally dry fruits, known as pods. °

The various forms have the following names: Pyxis, Four
ote, Legume, SiriqvE, Capsutr. |

168-176. The student will now please define and name the fruit of Butter-

cups, Corn, Ash, Maple, Oak, Hazel, Plum, Walnut, Beepbecry, Nise tik

Orange, Squash, Pear, Haw, and Rose.
177. Please give the names of the dehiscent pericarps.

. . Le ais .

“
a a eS

\

FORMS or FRUITS. 89

178. The pyeis is the most curious and singular of all pods.
It opens crosswise by a lid, like a snuff-box. Fig. 284 is the
likeness of the pyxis of Rhenthatiem wet: common in Ohio.
It is formed of one carpel only. Fig. 282 is the pyxis of
Henbane, formed of two carpels. So the pyxis
of Poor-man’s-weather-glass (Anagallis, Fig.
344) is formed of several carpels.

Fig. 288. A follicle of Milkweed (Asclepias). |

Fig. 284. A pyxis,—fruit of Jeffersonia, the Rheumatism-root.
Fig. 285. A pair of follicles,—the fruit of the Dogbane (Apocynum).
Fig. 286. A legume, open,—fruit of the @ea-plant. |
Fig. 287. A jointed-legume, or loment,—fruit of Desmodium.

Fig. 288. A silicle,—fruit of Shepherd’s-purse.

179. Follicle is the name of such pods as those of Colum-
bine (Fig. 208), Milkweed (Fig. 283), and of Dogbane (Fig.
285). They are formed of a single carpel, and open length-
wise, 0n one side only. It is easy to see the resemblance
between the follicle and a leaf, the leaf being folded so as to
bring its two margins together. (See Fig. 207.)

180. Legume is the proper name of the Pea pod, Bean pod, .
&e., of one carpel, one cell, one row of seeds, and commonly

178. Give the character of the pyxis. How does te pyxis of Heshane
differ from that of Jeffersonia?

179. Can you describe and name the fruit of Columbine? How is its leafy.
character seen ?

180. Describe and name the Pea pod. What is 2 loment?

' rows of seeds (Fig. 291). A short silique, or

90 : OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

opening by two valves (Fig. 286). Such a pod is sometimes —
divided crosswise by joints (as in Fig. a, Desmodium) ; we >
then call it a doment.’

181. Silique is a two- -carpeled pod, such
as we find in Mustard. It has two cells,
separated by a thin partition, and two

one not much longer than wide, such as
we find in Pepper-grass or Shepherd’s-purse
(Fig. 288), is called a szlicle. (See Fig. 290).
Capsule (the word means casket).

This name is applied to all
other forms of dry, compound
fruits, formed of several unit-
edcarpels. In opening, they

nh commonly split into several valves, as.in Iris;
ee aa or divide jnto several parts (carpels) like so
larged). many follicles, as in St. Johnswort; or they
open by smal] pores, asin Poppy. -

Fig. 291. A silique,—
fruit of Mustard.

Fig. 292. A capsule,—fruit of —
Scrophularia; it is two-celled, —
two-carpeled, or two*valved. !

Fig. 293. A three-celled cap-
sule of Colchicum; it opens be- |
tween the carpels.

Fig. 294. Capsule of Iris, a:
ing into the carpels.

Fig. 295.. Cross-section of the
same, showing how it opens. =

Fig. 296. Fruit of Geranium;
its five carpels separate, and are ~
carried up on the curving styles
(called a regma),

181. Mustard pod ; describe its structure and name. What is a silicle?
182. What is a capsule? What three modes of opening are mentioned ?

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COMPOUND FRUITS. 91
>
183. We should not omit altogether to notice the aggre-
gated fruits, such as the Pine-cone (Fig. 300), Pine-apple,
&e. These fruits are composed not merely of the pistil, but
of the entire flower, or even of the whole inflorescence, bracts
and all, grown thick, and consolidated into one fleshy mass.
This is evidently the nature of the Pine-apple and of the.
Mulberry.

Fig. 297. Black Mulberry,—an aggregated fruit.
Fig. 298. Fig, cut open, showing the little flowers within.
Fig. 299. Hip of a Rose, eut open, showing the achenia within.

Fig. 800. Pine-cone, composed of thick scales.
>

184. As for the Fig, it is a great hollow torus, having its
innumerable flowers within the cavity, growing from the .
walls, and all together become a sweet, pulpy mass. 7

Fig. 801. A branchlet of the Canaca Yew, showing the fruit.

183, 184. Mention some examples of aggregated fruits. Can you describe
a Pineapple? a Fig? _

oF OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

185. But there are some kinds of fruit almost or quite des-
titute of a pericarp, consisting of naked seeds. On the pre-
ceding page is a figure (301) of the Canada Yew, a trailing
shrub of New England and, Canada. The fruit is a sinwla

naked black seed, ecated in a fleshy, coralline-red cup. The
cone (of Pine, Fir, &e. ) is made up of thick woody bracts, each —
covering in their axils two or more winged seeds (Fig. 300).

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LESSON XXIV.
CONCERNING THE SEEDS.

186. Lasr and most important is the seed, the perfected
ovule, containing the germ of a new plant like its parent
plant. ‘The seed. consists of a kernel and its shell. Place a ©
bean in water, and soon its ‘softened shell or skin is a .
separated from the kernel.

187. The shell of a seed may is of any color, as ar hitel
black, yellow, red, &c.; may be polished and shining, or dull
and rough; may be of any shape, as round, or oval, or egg-
shaped ; may be winged, as in Catalpa, or may be clothed
with long hairs, called coma. The silk of Silk-grass (Ascle- -
pias) is the coma of the seed, and cotton is the coma of —
_ Cotton seed. The seed of Poplar (cotton-wood) or. Willow —
’ is also furnished with coma.

185. What plants have no pericarps? Please describe a cone of Pine; —
fruit of Yew. ,
186. What"is the seed, and what does it contain? Of what two parts :
does it consist ?
_ 187. What do you remember concerning the color and shape ?- Deseihel ;
the coma of a seed. "9

CONCERNING THE PAPPUS. 93

307 |

oe Fig 302. A seed of the Cotton-plant, with 1ts tuft of coma, or cotton...
G Fig. 303. A seed of the Cotton-tree (Populus), with its silky coma.

Fig. 304. A winged seed of the Catalpa. s

Fig. 305. Achenium of Eclipta; it has no pappus. :

Fig. 306. Achenium of Horseweed; scarcely any pappus.

Fig. 807. Achenium of Sunflower; has two awns for pappus.

Fig. 308. Achenium of Ageratum ; has five sepals for pappus.

Fig. 809. Achenium of Blue Milkweed; has abundant pappus.

Fig. 810. Achenium of Wild Lettuce; with.pappus raised on a beak.

188. The learner must distinguish between the coma of a
seed and the pappus of a fruit. The down of Thistle or Dan-
delion is pappus, for the little fruit on which it grows is not
merely a seed, but a pericarp (achenium), also containing one
seed. In a word, the seed may be fledged with a coma, but
the fruit is fledged with a pappus, both intended as wings
to bear away the seed to distant places: (See Class Book of
Botany, § 485.) i

188. What is the distinction between coma and pappus?

94 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

189. As to the seed-kernel,
it may consist of two parts,
namely, the-germ and albu-
men, or it may be all germ.

190. In the Bean (Fig. 311)

‘itisallgerm. A better name
for the germ is embryo. Now
in all seeds, the embryo is, in
fact, a miniature plant; consist-
ing of three parts, viz.,-radi- z : :
dle, plumule, cotyledons. In gyal: ¢ care the tao cnedn den tn
this Bean, 7 is the radicle, p radicle; p, the plumule. :
is the plumule, c, ¢, are the Fig. 312. Seed of Wheat, cut open: ais —

; . the albumen; ¢, the one cotyledon; p,
cotyledons. uy - pinmule; r, radicle.

Si4

Fig. 313. Seed of Four-o’clock ; embryo two-cotyledoned, coiled; a, albumen.

Fig. 314. Seed of Heather. Fig. 315. A section of the same, showing the curved
embryo, with two cotyledous, lying in albumen. :

Fig. 316. Seed of Onion. Fig. 317. Section of the same, showing the coiled em-
bryo, one cotyledon, in albumen.

191. The radicle is the part destined to grow downwards

189. Of what two parts may the seed-kernel consist?
190. Deseribe the parts of the seed of bean.

OF GERMINATION. 95

and become root. The plumule is the young bud destined
to expand upwards and become stem and leaves. The cotyle-
dons are two young leaves, thick and bulky, full of starchy
matter to feed the embryo when it shall awake and begin to
grow.
192. In the Wheat-seed (Fig. 312) we find, besides the
embryo, a white, mealy mass (a), well known hen ground
into flour. This mass is evidently intended to answer the
same purpose as the starchy cotyledons of the Bean—to
nourish the embryo. The radicle (7), the plumule (p), the —
cotyledon (c¢), and the albumen (a), are clearly shown. Fig.
313 (seed of Four-o ‘clock) also shows albumen; here the em-
bryo is coiled into a ring around the albumen. ‘Thus we’ see
that the food of the young plantlet is laid up somewhere.in
every seed, either in the bulky cotyledons of the embryo
itself, or in the albumen outside the embryo.

193. We have, then, seeds albuminous, and seeds exalbu-
minous; seeds two-cotyledoned, and seeds one-cotyledoned.

LESSON XX V.
THE SEED BECOMING A PLANT.

194. We have seen that the ripened seed is a miniature
plant, living, but sleeping; packed and sealed up for trans- .
portation. It may continue to sleep, perhaps, for years, if

191. Describe the nature and destiny of the radicle ; of the aan. of
the cotyledons.

192. Of What does the Wheat-seed.consist? What is the intention of the
* albumen? the position of it in Wheat? in Four-o’clock? -

193. What seeds are albuminous? exalbuminous? What seeds are two-
cotyledoned ? one-cotyledoned ?

hele OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

tt us we Wd og Me ee = / :

kept dry; but if exposed to moisture, it soon
awakes and commences its wonderful course of
development.

195. In the Spring of the year the melting snows
-or the warm rains supply the proper moisture to
the seeds which have fallen to the ground, and
they may be seen everywhere swelling, bursting,
and growing. The young botanist must not fail to
watch their development.

196. Beneath some Oak, for example, 4
buried in the old leaves, we find acorns @ =
in all stages of growth, showing at one ‘Zs ‘
view all the steps in the process of ger- $21
mination. ere is an acofn with.
its shell softened and its kernel a
little swollen. We divide it length-
wise with a sharp knife, and the
section (Fig. 318) shows the two
thick cotyledons (¢ ¢) and the
radicle (7).

197. In another acorn (Fig.
319) the cotyledons have ab-
sorbed yet more water, and en-
larged so much as to burst ”
the shell, and the radicle ¢
growing, has come forth, \
a little root, directing its

Fig. 318. Acorn, seed ed the

the mipledinan® r, the cailidie’

318
Figs. 3123 | 320, 321. Show the
cours wnwa ’.
e downwards. progress of germination: r, takadees ; Pp, plamule.
% >

A
|

194. Please tell us again what a seed is. In what condition is a seed 2
When will it awake? .

195. Condition of the seeds generally in n Speier ?

OF GERMINATION. © en aa

198. In the next stage of growth
(Fig. 320) the two stalks of the cotyle-
dons (s, petioles, Less. |), make their
appearance, and from between them, at
the top of the rootlet, the plumule
shoots forth, a little stem with a bud
at the top, directing its course up-
wards. ‘The rootlet, meanwhile, has
grown longer, entered the soil, and
divided itself into branches and fibres
all covered over with fine white hairs. —
These hairs, called fibrils, may be
seen under a microscope, as in Fig.
822, which represents the end of a oe ght ee pie pis
fibre of Maple with its fibrils much yyaenitied under Pay US!
magnified. . ing the fibrils.

199. Up to this stage, the growing rootlet and bud have
drawn all their nourishment from the store of food laid up
beforehand in the thick cotyledons for this very purpose; but
now. the rootlet has reached the soil, and by means of its
numerous fibrils, which are so many little mouths, it is begin-
ning to’draw its nourishment from the earth. _

200. Another acorn, or the same one a few days later
(Fig. 321), shows root and stem well organized, and the young
Oak fairly started on its grand journey of growth and life.
The root has descended deeper and spread its branches wider

‘

196. What is the meaning of the word germination? Describe the section
of an acorn in Fig. 318. Y
197. Describe that stage of growth seen in Fig. 319.
198. Describe the third stage, as represented in Fig. 320.
199. The first source of food for the embryo? the second ?
200. How does the plant appear in Fig. 321?
5

a.

98 , OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
in the soil, while the bud has mounted higher, unfolding
itself into stem and leaves, and spreading itself in the air and
light.

201. The young plant ee now become independent of nk
seed, which will soon wither and perish. The cotyledons, in |
this case, are never able to throw off the shell, but perish

$28 : 826 825 824
Progress of germination in Maple.—Fig. 323. A seed (samara). F%g. 824. The
same, just beginning to grow; the rootlet descends, the cotyledons have burst the
Shell. ig. 325. The-leaf-like cotyledons (c) nearly open, the stem (s) and root (7)
‘lengthening. /%g. 826. The terminal bud appears. Sig. 827. The first pair of true
leaves expanded. ig. 828. The second pair appear, &c.

together with it. In other plants, however, as in Maple

(Fig. 825), the two cotyledons escape from the shell, change

color, and become leaves,—the first pair on the plant (¢).
202. The bud, which we called plumule, is still seen at the

201. When does the seed perish? Cotyledons of Oak and Maple—how
differ in development? |

DEVELOPMENT OF BUDS. 99 ~

top, arising higher and higher, as it unfolds its axis into the
joints (called nodes and internodes) of the stem, its outer
scales into leaves, and is itself continually renewed from
within. Thus the ascending stem, or aas, is always termi-
nated by a bud.

829 » . $30
Fig. 329. Bud of Currant unfolding,—the scales (s) gradually becoming leaves..
FY. 830. Bud of Tulip-tree,—the scales unfolding into stipules (8).

203. Soon other buds appear. There is one in the axil of
each leaf. So long as the terminal bud only is developed,
the plant grows up a simple stem. But by the growth of
these axillary buds, if they grow at all, branches are pro-
duced; and these branches, from ther axillary buds, produce
branchlets, and so on.

202. What do you understand by the nodes and internodes? How is the
axis always terminated ?
203. In what case will the stem be simple? How are branches produced ?

100 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

LESSON XXVI.
LIFE OF THE PLANT, OR ITS BIOGRAPHY. —

204. Tue water which the plant imbibes by its roots be-
comes sap in the stem, and circulates in every part as the
blood circulates in the animal frame. The leaves, by their
broad, thin forms, serve as lungs, to bring all the sap which
passes through them into contact with the air and light.

205. By this means the sap is changed into a nourishing
food, fitted to sustain the growth of the plant in every part.
Thus the leaves are designed, not only as an ornamental robe,
but as organs of breathing and digestion.

206. In the second stage of gr eet, when the plant depends
no longer upon the seed-for pane giancae it goes on increas-
ing in stature and multiplying its sce and branches. It
now consists of three parts, namely, root, stem, and leaves.
These are called the organs of vegetation. ia

207. The third stage of plant-life is the period of flown
Before this period, all its activity was devoted to its own
nourishment and gr owth. Now it begins to live and act “for
the continuance of its own kind — it upon the earth,
according to the Divine decree in Genesis, i., 11. Some of
its buds undergo a striking change, and open each a flower
instead of a leafy branch.

208. A flower is therefore a leafy branch transformed (as

204. What becomes of the water which the roots imbibe? What part do
the leaves act?
205. What change takes place in the sap?
206. What is the second stage of plant-life?
207. The third stage? Whence come the flowers?

2

BIOGRAPHY OF THE PLANT. 101

shown in the Class Book, p. 23), having its axis undeveloped,
its leaves in crowded circles, moulded into more delicate
forms and tinged with brighter colors, not only to adorn the
face of nature, but to prepare the way for fruit.

209. The fourth stage of plant-life is the period of its fruit-
bearing. The flowers have gradually. faded and disappeared,
but the pistil, having received the quickening pollen (see Class
Book of Botany,p. 148), remains in its place, holds fast all
the nourishing matter which continues to flow into it through
the flower-stem, grows, and finally ripens into the perfected
fruit and seed.

210. The fifth and last stage in the biography of the plant
is its hibernation (winter’s sleep), or its death. If the event
of flowering and fruit-bearing occur within the first or second
year of the life of the plant, it is generally followed by its —
speedy death. In all other cases itis followed by a state of
needful repose, wherein it is commonly stripped of its leaves,
and gives few, if any, indications of life, until awaked, with
renewed vigor, in the following Spring.

211. According to their different terms of life, we distin-
guish plants as annuals, biennials, and perennials. An an-
nual herb completes its whole history in one year. In the °
Spring it germinates; in Summer it’ grows, blooms, bears
fruit; and in Autumn its work and life are ended. - The
Mustard, Maize, and Morning-glory are such.

212. A biennial herd lives two years. During the first it

' 208. Please state the nature of the fiower.

209. Please describe the fourth stage of plant-life.

210. The fifth stage.

211. In regard to their term of life, how are plants divided? Describe an
annual herb. .

212. A biennial herb. ‘

102 - OBJECT LESSONS IN. BOTANY.

germinates, grows, and bears leaves only; and in its second
year. it blossoms, bears fruit, and dies. Such are the Beet
and Radish.

213. A perennial plant survives several or many years.
There are herbaceous perennials and woody perennials. The
herbaceous perennials, or perennial herbs, are such as survive
the. winter only by their roots or their parts which grow
underground. These in Spring send up leaves, flowers, and
and often stems, all of which perish in Autumn, leaving only
the parts underground alive as before. Such are the Hop,
Asters, Violets.

214. Woody perennials survive the winter by their stems
as-well as roots, and usually grow several years before flow-
ering, and thence flower annually during their existence.
According to their size, such plants. are.trees, shrubs, under-

shrubs. <A ¢ree is the largest among plants, having a perma-

nent, woody stem, usually unbranched below, and dividing
into branches iloe The Oaks, Elms, and Pines are famil-
jar examples. -

215. A shrub is: smaller elisa a tree, usually growing in
clusters from one underground mass of roots. The Lilacs,
Roses, Alders, are shrubs. Small shrubs, about of our own
stature, as the Currants, Brambles, we call bushes. Very
low shrubs, as the Blueberries, Box, &c., are undershrubs.

213. Describe a perennial plant. Of what two sorts? Describe a peren-
nial herb. ‘ 2

215. A tree, a shrub, bush, undershrub,—how dudineaichery To which
of the above-mentioned sorts does the Cabbage belong? To which the Hol-
lyhock? the Balsamine? Four-o’clock? To which the Tulip? Golden-rod?
Lily? Pink? Quince? &c. |

2
*
Z , a “
—"
ae) Cee

CONCERNING THE ROOT.

103

LESSON “XS MEF.
CONCERNING THE AXIS OF THE PLANT.

216. Tur term axis ex-
presses the central column

or body of the plant around.

which the branches and
other organs are arranged.
As we have already no-
ticed, the axis grows and

-extends in two directions,

—upwards and downwards.
‘The ascending part is the
stem, the descending part
is the root. The former
loves and seeks the air and
light, the latter the dark,
damp bosom of the earth.
217. The Roor serves the
twotold purpose of fixing
the plant firmly in its place,
and of imbibing the neces-
sary food from the soil.
The food when thus im-

bibed is never in a solid‘

Fig. 331. An entire plant (Shep-
herd’s-parse), showing the axis (a
tory The part from ¢ to r is the
descending axis, or root; frome toa
the ascending axis, or stem; J, 4,
oranches, bearing racemes of flowers
and fruit.

S W 1
Sy

if
BS MY Naz

881 :

104 - OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY

state, but dissolved in water, and con-
sists of certain earths, alkaljes, and
gases. (See Part IL, Chap. 7, Class
Book of Botany.)

218. It is the nature of the root to
divide itself into branches, and the only
organs which properly belong to it are
branches, fibres, and fibrils. It puts
forth no buds nor leaves unless the
plant be in some unnatural state.

219. The roots of woody plants, es-
pecially, are branching roots. Year
after year they multiply and extend in
branches and branchlets beneath the

Fig. 332 Branching root
of a young tree.

Fig. 383. A tuberous root (Erigenia), Fig. 834. Fibrous roots (Buttercups).
Fig. 835. Branching root (White Clover), with tubercles,

FORMS OF ROOTS. 105

ground, in proportion to the growth of the branches and
twigs of the stem above. The axis itself may not descend
to any great depth, and after a few years may be found far
exceeded in growth by its own branche8 which extend hori-
zontally in a better soil. The greater the growth of the roots
the more firm will be its hold upon the ground, and the great-
er its capacity for drinking in liquid nourishment for the tree.
220. The roots of herbaceous
plants take a great variety of
forms. Some are tuberous, some

fibrous. The tuberous are such as = == 3

small branches; as in the Beet,
Ground-nut, Spring Beauty, and .
many other biennial plants.

221. The fibrous are such as con-
sist mostly of fibres, with scarcely
any axis; asin Buttercups, Grass-
es. In such cases the axis ceased
to grow immediately after ger-
mination, and long thread-like Fig. 886.
branches supplied its place. root of Beet.

922. The sfibro-fuberous. roots 29-887. Tuberous and napyerm

. . root of Turnip. - :
are such as have some of their |
fibres thickened and fleshy, as seen in the Peony, Dahlia,

e
Tuberous and fusiform

216. Please explain the meaning of the term axis. In what two directions
does it grow? |

217. What is the twofold purpose of the root? What does it imbibe?
In what state is this food when imbibed ?

218. What is said of the nature of the root? What are its only proper :

organs? What is said of leaves or buds?
219. Describe the roots of woody plants, and their growth.
220-222. Describe tuberous roots; fibrous; fibro-tuberous ; tubercular.
5x

106 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

Spirea. If little tubers here and there are attached to the
fibres, the root is tubercular, as in Squirrel-corn.

Fig. 838. Fibro-tuberous root of Peony.
fag. 889. Fibro-tuberous root of Spirea filipundula,
Fig. 340. Fibro-tuberous root ef Mourning Geranium.

993. All these fleshy forms, whether tuberous or fibro-tu-.

berous, are filled with starch, deposited there in store, for use

in the fature growth of the plant. Many other forms of roots.

are described in larger works.

LESSON XXVIII,
OF THE STEM OR ASCENDING AXIS.

224. Tur stem tending upward in its growth is often called
the ascending axis. It does not in all cases continue to arise

223. What purpose do fleshy roots serve ?
Luss. XXVIII. What is the subject of this lesson?

107

‘ , \ : é “ ig je
342 ; 841 ees
Fig. 341. Spotted Prince’s Pine, entire plant; the stem is a “ lea aeeeaal »

Fig. 842. Diclytra (D. cucullaria), whole plant; it has a ‘‘ scale-stem.”’

in growing, but often becomes oblique or horizontal. There-
fore we have, besides erect stems, stems prostrate, procumbent,
trailing, when running along flat on the ground, or over
bushes, as the Partridge-berry, White Wintergreen (Fig. 348) ;
and, also, stems decumbent, first arising and afterwards’ re-
clining on the ground, as the Poor-man’s-weather-glass (Fig.
344). 1) eee iia:

225. There are, also, subterranean stems, never arising

224. What of the direction of the growth of stems? How does the stem
of White Wintergreen grow? How the stem of Anagallis ?

€
108 enue we OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

Fig. 343. The White Wintergreen (Chiogenes); it has a ROE E A: stem

above the ground at all, but only sending up leaves and
flowers with their stalks, as the Tulip.

226. It is the nature of the stem to produce buds, as it is of
the root to produce none. At first the stem is itself a bud,
and as it grows it bears this bud always at the summit and
produces a new bud in the axil of every new leaf.

Fig. 344. Poor-man’s-weather-glass (Anagallis) ; it has a decumbent stem.

227. The stem has nodes and internodes. The joints where
the leaves severally come out are the nodes, and the portion
of stem between,,the internodes. In the bud the internodes
are quite undeveloped, and the nodes close together; but as
it develops into a regular leaf-stem, the internodes grow, and
the nodes with their respective leaves are separated.

228. But in some plants, the nodes only are developed, and
the axis never extends itself above ground, and. covers itself

225. What of the stem of Tulip?
226. What the nature of the stem with respect to buds? ?
227. Please tell us what are nodes and internodes.

)

\
ip

aS

Fig. 845." Corms of Putty-root (Aplectrum) : a, of last year 5+), of the present year.
Fig. 846. Scale bulb of White Lily.
Fig. 347. Scale bulb of Violet Sorrel (Oxalis violacea).

with scales instead of leaves. Thus we have two classes of
stems; namely, leaf-stems and scale-stems. These figures,
one of the delicate Payne and the other (Fig. 341) of the

Fig. 348. Rhizome of Solomon’s Seal: a, fragment of the first year’s growth ; 3,
the second year’s growth; c, the third year’s growth, bearing d, the stem of the
present year, which will leave a scar (the seal), like that of the others.

Fig. 849. Premorse rhizome of Trillium.

228. What two classes of stems have we to consider? What is the differ-
ence between them? To which class does Diclytra belong? Prince’s Pine?

110 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. ;
Prince’s Pine, make a fine contrast of the two kinds of
stems.

229. Several varieties of scale-stems must be distinguished ;
as, bulb, corm, rhizome, er eeper, tuber, &e.

230. The Tulip, Hyacinth, Onion, Lily, have bulbs; you
see (Figs. 346, 347), they consist of roundish masses of thick
scales with a small axis—in fact, an overgrown bud. ‘The
corm is-like it in shape, but has a thick axis with thin scales
ornone. (Fig. 345.) :

231. The rhizome, or root- “theke is a fleshy, underground
stem, often scaly and marked oak scars, as you see in the ©
Bloodroot, Solomon’s Seal (Figs. 348, 349). | :

stems which rise above-ground.

232. The creeper I$ more slender, much branched, many-
jointed and many-scaled, as seen in this figure of the Witch-
grass. It sends out rootlets from its joints, and is very tena- —
cious of life, binding the soil into turf wherever it abounds.

233. The tuber, such as grows on the underground stems —
of the Potato-planf, is evidently a stem (not a root), for it al-
ways produces buds.

|
4
|
|
Fig. 850. Creeper of ‘‘ Nimble Will,”’ or Witch-grass: a, bud; 3, 8, bases of the |
f
;
.
r
j

229. Name five sorts of scale-stems.
230. Describe the bulb; the corm. 2831. The rhizome.
232. The creeper. 233. The tuber.

al

FORMS OF STEMS. | 111
934. Of the leaf-stem class we must describe three kinds,
the trunk, caulis, and vine. Z?runk is the name given to the
stems of woody, erect plants, especially of trees. They are
the representatives of loftiness and strength, in poetic phrase,
lifting their summits to the skies and doing battle with the
storm. There are, indeed, few objects in nature possessed of
a truer grandeur than the White Pine’s trunks of the North-
ern forests. 3 |
235. Caulis, is the general name given by botanists to the

Vines. Fig. 351. Passion-flower (Passiflora lutea), climbing by tendrils. Fig.
852. Morning-glory, twining from left to right. /%g. 358. Hop, twining from right
to left. :

_ -_——_——. — - —

234. Name, next, three kinds of leaf-stems. Describe the trunk.
235. The caulis. Meaning and use of caulescent? acaulescent? Give ex- -
amples of each.

~

€

112 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

stems of herbs. Fr -om this word come two adjectives much
used and quite convenient, viz., caulescent and acaulescent ;
the former denoting the scour of stems above-ground, the

latter of only underground stems. Thus the Buttercup is

caulescent, while the Pitcher-plant is acaulescent ; the Garden
Violet or Pansy is caulescent, while the wild Blue Violet is
acaulescent.

236. Vine, as every one knows, denotes a slender stem, too
weak to stand alone, and supporting itself by the aid of other
plants or objects. Some vines are woody, some herbaceous.
The Hop twines itself around its supporter, turning from
right to left, as in Fig. 353. The Morning-glory, also, but
it turns from left to right (Fig. 352). Thirdly, the Grape
and Passion-flower (Fig. 351) climb by special organs, the
tendrils, of wonderful adaptation, showing their Maker’s de-
sion more truly than if by an audible voice.

236. Describe the vine. What gbeir three varieties? What is the read-
mirable in the tendril ?

IE a a ee ae ie

CLASSIFICATION. 113

; LESSON XXIX.

PLANTS TO BE ARRANGED IN CLASSES.

Fig. 354, "CG P| ~ and

Clover Grasses.

0
ice

PLANT may be sfudied by
itself, as an individual, separate
from other plants or objects;
or it may be considered in its re-
lations to other plants,as consti-
tuting a part‘of a system. In
this latter view we discover one

_ vast design embracing the innu-

merable millions of plants as one
kingdom, leading us to adore the
wisdom and goodness ef him
who ‘planned .and created the
world. For we see that he has
not only made each plant.with
so much loveliness and pertec-
tion in itself, but has assigned |
to each its proper rank in the
system, and endowed it with just

that nature, habit, and style of beauty, which adapts it to

that rank.

238. To study plants as constituting a system, as we now
propose to do, is useful in two ways: first, it gives us a
larger and truer conception of the Vegetable Kingdom; and

237. What two modes of studying the plant are mentioned? In the sec .

ond mode what discovery is made ?

238. In the systematic study of plants what two other advantages ?

114 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

secondly, it teaches us how to recognize by nanie the plants
with which we meet, so as to avail ourselves of all that has —
been recorded concerning the same by botanists before us.
239. Suppose the pupil, in his study, has dropped a single |
Flax-seed on a lock of cotton floating in water in a bulb- |
glass. It grows, filling the clear water with its silvery radi- ‘
;

4

cles, while its stem shoots upwards covered with leaves and
Fnally blooming with flowers. This is an individual plant. —
He studies its organs, colors, portrait, and carefully writes its —
history.

240. Meanwhile, other Flax-seeds, by thousands, have been —
sown in the fields, and from each, also, a plant hae arisen.
The student finds them in flower, tinging all the plain’ in
‘ocean blue. Now, shall he, as a botanist, repeat his study —
over each of all. these millions? Certainly not. He finds ©
himself already acquainted with them, for each bears ari ex-.
act resemblance to that which he has already described. His
knowledge of one individual Flax-plant, therefore, avails him
for each and all the myriads of Flax-plants growing every-_
where.

241. In this manner we obtain the idea of aSpzcrms. Thus,
a species of plants consists of many individuals of the same
kind, having descended from a common stock, and resem-
bling each. ae and their common parent in every feature.

949. The common Blue Flax, of which linen is made, is a
species ; the wild Yellow Flax is another; and the Phe ple
Flax of the gardens is another. ‘The White Clover is a spe-

239. Can you give us an idea of an individual plant ?
240. Having studied one individual Flax-plant, why do we not need to
hdy the others? eae
241. Please state your idea of a species.
242. Please illustrate your idea of a species.

: &

THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 115

cies with its progeny of millions of plants ; the Red Clover is
another; the Yellow Clover another; the Buffalo Clover
another. In like manner ‘all the plants of the globe are
grouped into species, and this is the first step in classification.

243. The second step carries us to the genus, which we
may thus define: A Genus is an assemblage of species which
are much alike; especially in their flowers and fruit. Thus,
Fax is a genus made up of the several species mentioned
above, and other similar species. CLovER is a genus com-
posed of 150 species, some of which we have just mentioned.
Every one notices the resemblance between White Clover,
Red Clover, &c. Piye is a genus, embracing as species
White Pine, Yellow Pine, Pitch Pine, Long-leaved Pine, and
many others.

244, Individuals of the same species may differ somewhat
among themselves, and these differences constitute varieties.
Thus Apple-trees differ in their fruit, and there are hundreds

- of varieties although only one species. Roses differ in their

form, color, and fragrance of their flowers, forming many va-
rieties under each species. Probably no two plants of any
species were ever exactly alike. Sameness, or monotony, is -
not a characteristic of Nature.

LESSON XX X.
THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

245. In attempting to classify and arrange the genera of
ai according to their natural resemblances and differ-

243. Can you now defng agenus? Please illustrate your idea of a genase.
244. What isa variety? Mlustrate your meaning.

116 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

ences, botanists have formed a system called the Natural Sys-
tem. Let us now briefly notice this system of classification.

246. We have already stated that the plants of the globe
are all created in species, and that this is the first step in
classification. Then, in the second place, the species are
grouped into genera. Now the number of species of plants
already known is about 100,000, and the genera 20,000.

247. The third Step in our system carries us forward to the

Naturat Orvers. These are made up of genera. As we as-

sociate’ similar species to form a genus, so we associate
similar genera to form the natural orders. The number of
orders described in the Natural System is about three hun-
dred. For example, the natural order Crucifira, or the
Crucifers, embraces such genera as Mustard, Cress, Cabbage,
Turnip, Radish, Wall-flower, which every one sees to bear
resemblance to each other in many respects. |

248. How then shall we define a natural order? Itisa

group of similar genera; or, a group of genera closely re- _

lated to each other.. Therefore, individuals form species;

species form genera; genera form orders. But how shall we-

classify these three hundred orders ?
249. Suppose we take an excursion into the mountains.
We walk beneath the forest trees, and among the shrubs.

We tread upon the lesser herbs, the matted grasses, and the

mosses and lichens which cover the rocks. Everywhere we
see plants, and behold the domain of the vegetable kingdom.

245. What is the subject of this Lesson XXX. ?
246, 247. What is the first step in classification? the second? the third ?
What number of species known in all the vere. world? Whatnumber
of genera? of orders? (Ans. 303.)
248. Define a natural order. Please review these three steps.
249. Show how we may divide the vegetable kingdom.

: _ . THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 117
Now viewing this as one grand whole, we want to divide it
into two subkingdoms. How shall we do it ?

250. Every attentive observer has noticed that some of
these plants produce no flowers; as, ¢ g., the Ferns and
Mosses. Let us then take all such plants and consider them
as forming one sub-kingdom, viz., the FLowrrLess Puants.
All other plants will of course constitute the other sub-king-
dom, v2z., the Frowrrimne Puants. Botanists call the latter
the Phenogamia, and the former, the Cryptogamia (Greek
words of the same import).

251. Now these two sub-kingdoms have other
e2 distinctions besides flowering and not-flowering.
VS. See the fruit-dots growing on the back of Fern
“32, leaves. The microscope shows them to be clusters
of hollow cases, and each ease filled with a fine
yellow dust. But this dust is not seeds, with
. ” embryo, radicle, &c. (Less: 24), but little sacs,
~ <= containing a fluid, similar to the pollen grains
SESS (Less. 15). We callthem Sporrs. Seeyalso, the
Se Mushrooms having no leaves, and the Lichens

355

Some of the Cryptogams.—/%g. 355. A Fern, showing the fruit*dots. Figs. 856, 357
858, are Lichens, some appearing to have stems, and some with no appearance of any:

250. Please Hitineoish the} two subkingdoms. The meaning of PEAS
gainia? Phenogamia ? 251. What about the Spores of Ferns, &c. ?

~~

-

118 «OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. ‘

{
e

often, also, without stems. Hence we may say of the Cryp-
togams that they are not only jlowerless, but seedless, and
often leafless and stemless.

252. We will now dismiss the Cryptogams for the present,

and consider the Flowering Plants (Phzenogams), as one sub- |
kingdom ;—how shall ¢hzs be divided? Every one notices a

striking difference between plants with parallel-veined leaves
and those with net-veined leaves. The former have their
flowers three-parted, while the latter have their flowers two,

four, or five-parted, &c.,—the former have seeds one-lobed °

(monocotyledoned, Less. 15), the latter, two-lobed (dicotyle-
doned, Less. 15). Let us, then, divide the Phenogamia into
two provinces ; as Nature has already done.

Ou eee

aes ee
a. Set | eeebee ape

Fig. 359. Cross-section of an exogenous stem (Elm), of two. years growth: 1, the
pith; 2, 8, two layers of wood; 4, the bark. Fig. 360. Cross-section of an endoge-
nous stem (Corn), showing no aptidekion of layers.

253. We may eall these two provinces severally, the Exo-.

gens and the Enpogrns :—two Greek words denoting outside-
growers, inside-growers, referring to thei modes of growth.

254. Now, taking such an Exogen as the Apple-tree, and

such an Endogen as the Indian Corn, we may distinguish

them thus: The Exogen has its wood, if any, arranged in con-
e e * e e sd e
centric rings, or layers, as seen in Fig. 860 ;—the outer ring

252. Show how the Flowering Plants are divided. 253. Please give the
character of an Exogen; an Endogen. Meaning of these two words?

Liaw

THE’ NATURAL SYSTEM. 119

being the youngest; the leaves net-veined; the flowers sel-
dom (or never completely) three-parted; and the seeds two
lobed. . On the contrary:

255. The Endogen has its wood, if\any, confused, the inner
portions being the newest ;—its fesved parallel-veined ;—its
flowers three-parted ; and its seeds one-lobed.

LESSON XXXI.
MORE ABOUT THE NATURAL SYSTEM. ~*

256. Tuus Exogens and Endogens are so clearly defined
that you may know them as far off as yow can see them.
The next step in the analysis is, to subdivide each of these
provinces. First; as to the Exogens: We know that they
generally have pistils in their flowers, with the young seeds
(ovules) inclosed in their ovaries.. But there are exceptions
to this rule. The Pines, Yews, &c., have no pistils at all, or,
at least, no stigmas, and produce naked seeds, not inclosed in
seed-vessels. Hence, we have two classes of Exogens: the
naked-seeded and the vessel-seeded. The botanists call the lat- :
ter the AnciosperMs (Greek, angzos, a vessel; sperma, seed) ;.
and the former, the GymnosprrerRMs (Greek, gymnos, naked).

257. Secondly, the Endogens: here eonsider the peculiar
forms and flowers of the Grasses. Their flowers are all en-
Me ba in green, seg dake scales, called glumes, instead of

q 254. Is the Eily an Exogen or Endogen? TheButtercup? The Maple, &.?
| 206. What is the next step in the analysis? State the manner of subdi-
‘Viding the Exogens. What is the meaning and etymology of the word
“ Angiosperms?” What of Gymnosperms? Give an example of each.

207. Show the subdivision of the Endogens. What of the Petaliferse?
| What of the Glumifers ? y

|
|

120 OBJECT: LESSONS IN ice

the circles of petals common in other flowers. Hence we
have a class of Glume-plants and of Glumeless-plants, or, as

the botanists say, GLUMIFERZ and Perrarirer#. Thus we
divide all the Flowering Plants into four Classes, viz.:
1. Angiosperms ; Exogens bearing stigmas and seed-vessels.
2. Gymnosperms ; Hnaeoms with no stigmas, and with naked

seeds, as the Pines, Firs, Larches, Cedars, Cypresses, Yews, &e. —

3. Petalifere ; Endogens with no glume and ordinary
flowers..

4. Glumifere ; Endogens with glumes instead of petals, as
the Grasses, Sedges, Grains.

258. ein, each of these Classes are to be subdivided into
Cohorts, as follows: the Angiosperms are divided (not very —

naturally) into three cohorts, viz. :

1. The Dialypetale, or Polypetalous Exogens, having flow-
ers with the petals distinct and separate, as in the Buttercup, |

Rose, Mustard.

2. The Gamopetale, having flowers with the petals united j

into one piece, as in the Phlox, Morning-glory, Foxglove.

8. The Apetale, having flowers without petals, either
naked, or with only one circle of floral envelopes (which must —

then be considered as sepals, whatever be the color); as Gin-
ger-root (Asarum), Poke (Phytolacca), and Pig-weed (Cheno-
podium).

4, Next, the Gymnosperms are regarded as forming one
echort, called the Conozds, having the fruit usually in cones.

(Less. XXII. )

208. After the classes, what is the next step in analysis? How are the

Angiosperms subdivided? Please define the Polypetalous Exogens; the ©
Gamopetalous ; the Apetalous. What cohort do the Gymnosperms form? —

Why? What two cohorts do the Petaliferous Endogens form? Define the >
fifth «cohort. Define the sixth cohort. What cohort do the Glumiferous —

Endogens constitute ? -*

THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 121

The Endogenous Petalifers are divided into two cohorts, wz. :

5. The Spadiciflore, having the flowers on a spadix, as in
the Egyptian Calla and Jack-in-the-pulpit.

6. The Florcdiw, having the flowers separate, not on a
spadix, as in Tulip, Gladiolus. °

7. The Class Glumiferz constitutes the seventh cohort,
undgr the name Graminoids, i. e., the Grass-like plants.

Six other cohorts are formed bier the flowerless plants,
but we cannot notice them in this work.

259. Lastly, the cohorts are themselves divided into, or

composed of, the Natural Orders, which we defined in Les-
son XXX.

‘

260. Taste I. Tasutar View or tHe Natura System.

Kingdom. Sub-kingdoms. Provinces. Classes. Cohorts.
Dialypetalous,
Gamopetalous,
Angiosperms.. ( Apetalous.
. f Exogens. . Gymnosperms,=—Conoids.
Spadiciflore,
Petalifere..... ( Floridie,
Phenogamia. \ Endogens. Glumifere ....=<=Graminoids.,
Vegetables. Cryptogamia. (Its divisions here omitted.)

261. Tasre II. ‘VIEW OF THE Natural System.

1. Flowering Plants. (Next pass to No. 2.) PH ZNOGAMIA,
1. Flowerless Plants. (Pass to No. 9.) CRYPTOGAMIA,
2. Leaves net-veined. Flowers never quite 8-parted....3. EXOGENS.

2. Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers 8-parted....4. ENDOGENS.

8. Stigmas present. Seeds in seed-vessels....5. Angiosperms.

8. Stigmas none, seeds naked. Pines, Spruces, &c....6. Gymmnosperms,

. 4. Flowers without glumes, haying petals, &c....7. Petalifere,

fs Flowers with green, alternate glumes, no petals....8. Glumifere,

259. Finally, into what are the cohorts themselves divided? Give us ex-
amples of each of all these cohorts.

260. Explain the use of Table I. 261. Of Table II.
6

123 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

5. Petals distinct and separate. PoLYPETAL.
5. Petals united more or less. _« GAMOPETALZA.
5. Petals none. - APETALE.
6. The cone-bearing plants. Cedars, Larches. Cono1ps.

7. Inflorescence a spadix. SPADICIFLORZ.

7. Inflorescence not a spadix. FLoRIDIA.

8. Grass-like plants. GRAMINOIDS.

9. Such as Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, Sea-weeds, Mushrooms: all omitted in
this book. (See Class-Book, Chapter XIV.) 5
hes,

262. Taste III. Anorser View or tHe NaturaL System.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM, divided into two sub-kingdoms, viz.:
Sub-kingdom First, PHAZENOGAMIA, the Flowering Plants, including
Province I., the EXOGENS, or Dicotyledons, including two classes.
Class 1, the Angiosperms, having three Cohorts, viz.:
Cohort A, Potypretatous Exogens (as Roseworts, &c.);
Cohort B, GaMorETaLous Exogens (Phloxworts, &c.); and
Cohort C, ApeTatous Exogens (Pokeworts, &c.).
Class 2, the Gymnosperms, with one Cohort, viz. :
Cohort D, Conotps, or cone-bearing plants (Pineworts, &c.). _
Province 1l., the ENDOGENS, or Monocotyledons, two Classes, viz. :
Class 3, the Petaliferous Endogens, having two Cohorts;
Cohort H, SpapiciFLorz (the Aroids, &e.);
Cohort F, FLoriwie (Lilyworts, &c.).
Class 4, the Glumiferous Endogens, one Cohort, viz. :
Cohort G, Graminorps (Grasses, Sedges, &c.).
Sub-kingdom Second, CRY PTOGAMIA, the Flowerless Plants.
Province HIL., &e., &e.

aa eee 8 OO

LESSON XXXII.
OF THE ANALYSIS OF PLANTS.
263. To study any subject by the separate examination of
the parts of which it is composed, is a process called analysis.

For example, in Grammar, we analyze a sentence when we
p 9 y)
point out and separately consider the subject, predicate,

262. Of TableIII. 263. What is the general meaning of analysis? Ilustrate.

ae
Meno er.
eo, ee eee ey >

BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 123

object, &c. In Chemistry, we analyze water when we sep-
arate its two elements, oxygen and hydrogen, and examine
each by itself.

264. In Botany, however, we use the word analysis in a
wider sense. It implies not only the separate study of each
particular organ composing the plant, but doing all this an
connection with certain tables, in ome to determine its name
and history.

265. This kind of analysis is the constant and delightful pur-
suit of the active botanist. Without it, the study of books loses
half its pleasure and usefulness. The student can acquire a
better knowledge of a species by the study of a living specimen,
than by memorizing the longest description found in books.

266. During the flowering months, he will often meet with
species in blossom which are yet unknown to him. [If he is
duly interested in his study, he will not fail to seize and
analyze each new specimen, and even extend his walk in
search of more. In this manner, he may in a few seasons
become acquainted with every species in his locality.

267. But we do not expect that all this will be accomplished
by our young friends while using as their only text-book this
little work. We only aim zow to furnish them with the~
means of making a fair beginning, so that they may be able,
in future seasons, to advance rapidly with the “ Class Book,”
or other works of that rank.

268. In the following pages we present the pupil with
numerous tables, designed to conduct our inquiries in every
process of botanical analysis; also accompanied by a plain,
miniature Flora, or a partial description of all the flowering
plants in the United States. |

264. What is its signification in botany ?

124 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

269. Specimens gathered for analysis should have flowers
in full bloom, full-grown leaves, and also, if possible, the
mature fruit. If it be an herb, it is well to have the whole
of it, as the root and lower leaves often afford characters by
which the species is known. Suppose you now have good
specimens of some one unknown plant, gathered for analysis,
—how will you proceed with them ?

270. We first examine the several parts of the plant, begin-
ning with the root and ending with the pistil or ovary, deter-
mining the character of each according to the definitions
given in the former lessons. After this, we refer to the table
commencing on page 121, entitled, “ Review of the Natural
-System,” and read, compare, and decide according to the
directions contained in Lesson X X XIII., in order to determine
the Natural Order to which the specimen belongs. Having
determined the Order, we next turn to that Order, and deter-
mine the Genus and Species by means of other similar tables.

271. In examining the specimen, previous to the use of the
tables, the first inquiries may be somewhat as follows:

As to the plant—whether it be an herb, shrub, or tree.

As to the root—whether tuberous, fibrous, or fibro-tuberous.

As to the stem—whether a alesse or leaf- stem 5 bul-
bous, rhizome, or erect, &c.

As to the REE N alternate or opposite; parallel-
veined or net-veined; whether the figure be ovate, lanceo-
late, oblong, &e.

269. What kinds of specimens are to be preferred for analysis?

270. Please state the first thing t6 be done with them. After you have
found the Order, what then?

271. What special care should be taken? As to character, what do we
inquire concerning plants? What concerning the root? the stem? the

leaves? the stipules? What concerning the flowers? the calyx? the corol-
la? stamens? What concerning the pistil or fruit?

~USE OF THE ANALYTICAL TABLES. 125

As to stipules—whether present or absent.

As to the flowers—whether symmetrical or unsymmetrical ;
regular or irregular; whether the calyx be free or adherent ;
the petals, whether distinct or united; the stamens, whether
hypogynous or perigynous, whether soni to the petals or
alternate with them.

As to the pistil and fruit, Lava ett the carpels be more
than one, and whether distinct or united. (See Lesson

XVII)

LESSON XXXIII. ca
HOW TO ANALYZE A PLANT BY THE TABLES.

272. Our-.readers are already informed that the Flora
which accompanies these instructions is not intended to
make them acquainted with the plants of the country, but
simply to teach the pupil how to analyze. Hence they will
not expect to find in it any thing like a full account of all
our flora, but a few plain exercises by which they may trace
every flowering plant in the country to its Natural Order,
about one in every two to its Genus, and about one in every
five to its Species. In conducting an exercise in this Flora
with a class of pupils who have well studied the former part
of the work, some method like the following would be inter-
esting and profitable.

273. Suppose the class present, and each furnished with a spe-
cimen of some one unknown species, both in flower and fruit.
Teacher. Are you all ready? Turn to the Flora and let us find out to-
gether the family relations and the names of this fine plant. We will

commence at the “ Analysis of the Natural Orders” (page 132), and read
the first pair of lines, which we will call a couplet.

126 OBJE@T LESSONS IN BOTANY.

John (reads). “‘ Plants bearing flowers (Phenogamia).

“Plants not bearing flowers (Cryptogamia).”

Teacher. To which of these sub-kingdoms does your specimen belong?

John. To the fiowering plants, for it has both flowers and fruit.

Teacher. Now tell us to which couplet we shall next pass.

John. To the second.

Teacher. Very well. Edward, you may read and determine the second
couplet in the same manner.

Edward. “ Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely three-paried.

“Leaves parallel-veined (rarely net-veined). Flowers three-parted.” |

This specimen seems to answer to the first line, having net-veined leaves
and five-parted flowers. Itis, then, an Exogen. Pass to No. 3.

Teacher. Now let it pass along, and if a wrong decision is made, let the
observer signify it by raising his hand.

Sarah. “Stigmas present. Seeds inclosed in seed-vessels.

“Stigmas none. Seeds naked.” These flowers have pistils and stig-
mas. I] think itis an Angiosperm. Pass to No. 5.

Eliza. “ Corolla,with distinct petals.

“Corolla with united petals.

“Corolla none; sepals sometimes none.” My specimen has five distinct
petals, and five sepals. It is therefore Polypetalous. Pass over to A.

Jane. ‘‘ Herbs.

“Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs.” This plant is an herb. Pass on to
No. 2.

Mary. “ Leaves alternate or all radical.

“Leaves opposite, on the stem.” The leaves of the stem aré alternate,
but many are radical. Passto No.15. *

Louisa. “* Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume.

“Flowers irregular,’ &c. I do not remember the legume. (Several

hands are raised.) :
Teacher. Edward will define a legume.
Edward. A legume, sir, is a fruit like a pea-pod.
Teacher. Can Mary improve this definition?
Mary. The legume is a simple, or one-carpeled fruit, with two valves
and one cell.
Louisa, But this plant has regular flowers, in any case. See No. 17.

Nancy. “Stamens numerous.” &c. I count more than twenty stamens
here. Turn to No. 21.

HOW TO ANALYZE. 127

7

Lucy. “Stamens ori the torus,” &c, I think they are on the torus, and
not on the calyx. Next to No. 22.

Emily. “ Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styles).

‘‘Pistils (styles, also, if any), completely united.” I see many little
green pistils, quite distinct, in the centre of the flower. Goto No. 23.

Caroline. ‘“‘ Petals five or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate,” &c.
This flower has five petals, but I do not know whether they are deciduous
or not.

Teacher. Will some of you relieve Caroline’s doubts ?

Emily. I think they are deciduous, for they have already fallen off from

several of my flowers.

Teacher. True. Then what is Caroline’s decision?

Caroline. I suppose, then, that the plant belongs to the “ Order of the

Crowfoots,” which is the first natural order.

Reacher. Well done. This brings us to the order of which our plant
seems to be a member. Let us now turn to that order and learn the
genus of the plant. But before we look into the ‘“‘ Analysis of the Gen-
era,” we should carefully compare our plant with the characters of the
order, so that we may be sure that we have not erred in our conclusion.
John will read aloud these characters, and the class will consider whether
their specimens answer to each.

John (reads). “‘ Herbs, rarely shrubs, with a Lesa acrid juice” (&c.,
to the end).

Teacher. Since we are now confident that we have a plant belonging
to the order of the Crowfoots, let us commence the ‘ Analysis of the
Genera.” Edward, the first couplet.

Edward. “Sepals four, valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed.

“Sepals imbricate in the bud.” The sepals are imbricate. No. 2.

Sarah. “Ovaries one-seeded, achenia in fruit.

“Ovaries with two or more seeds.” I find one seed in each ovary,—
indeed, the ovary is itself like a little seed. Pass to No. 3.

Eliza (after reading the couplet). The greenish sepals are quite differ-

ent from the yellow petals. Go to the triplet marked d.
— Jane (after reading the three lines). As this plant has leaves on the
stem, and a little scale with honey at the base of each ait I must pro-
nounce it a Crowfoot, genus No. 4.

Teacher. We now turn to that genus (page 147), and read its character

for the sake of confirmation and a better knowledre.
' >

128 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

Mary (reads the character of the genus Ranunculus aloud).

Teacher. We are now ready for the analysis of the species. Mary is next.

Mary. “ Petals yellow. peeds (carpels) rough with prickles. Flowers
“small. South.....

“ Petals yellow, seeds smooth and even..... |

‘Petals white (claws yellow). Seeds wrinkled crosswise.” This spe-
cimen has smooth seeds and yellow petals. Pass to a. |

Louisa. “ Leaves more or less divided,” &c. This second line of the
triplet describes the plant. Pass on to d.

Nancy. ‘“ Root leaves neither divided nor cleft, merely crenate.

“Lower leaves three-cleft, but not divided to the base.

“Leaves all ternately divided and much cleft.” Pass to e.

Lucy.* “‘ Sepals reflexed in flower. Plants erect.

“Sepals spreading in flower, shorter than the petals.” The sepals are
reflexed. Read Nos. 14, 15.

Emily, after reading both descriptions, finally concludes that she holds
in her hand a specimen of the Bulbous Crowfoot, or Ranunculus bulbosus,
in which conclusion all concur.

LESSON XXXIV.
VARIOUS SUGGESTIONS AND CAUTIONS.

274. Tue work of analysis is often attended with difficul-
ties which severely try the skill and perseverance of the
young botanist. So it often is in the study of Algebra, or of
Logic; indeed, in nearly every valuable branch of learning:
His decisions may be wrong through a want of a thorough
acquaintance with botanical terms, or through his ignorance
of the real characters of his specimens. Of course his success
will always be in proportion to the accuracy of his knowl-
edge,—here, as well as in all other pursuits.

274, Mention two sources of error in the analysis of plants.

DIFFICULTIES IN ANALYSIS. 129

275. But the minuteness of the organs or parts to be
studied is often discouraging even to the accurate student,
much more to the careless one. To overcome this, skill in
dissection and a dauntless courage in observation are indis-
pensable. Moreover, there is often much ambiguity in the
nature of the subject. For example, whether the Geraniums
are herbs or shrubs; whetlter the flowers of Petunia are reg-
ular or irregular; whether the Pear leaf is ovate or oval,
&e. Experience will at length diminish this difficulty.

276. The exact limits between the classes, the cohorts, &c.,
are not always easily defined. For example, is Trillium an
Exogen or an Endogen? Its netted leaves indicate the for-
mer, but its flowers being three-parted throughout, and its
seeds with one cotyledon, prove it to bean Endogen. Again,
is Spring Beauty an Exogen or an Endogen? Its leaves
seem, at first, Se ed but as its flowers are five-parted
it is an Brogen:

277. eriGsperns will be readily distinguished from Gym-

' nosperms, if we remember that almost all the latter are ever-

green trees, like the Pines, Cedars, Larches, &e.

278. The industrious student will very soon find himself
so well acquainted with the different characters of the cohorts
that he will in analysis refer his plant at once to its right
cohort, without consulting the previous parts of the table.
This is desirable; and a thorough acquaintance with the

275. What of the minuteness of the organs of some plants? What of the
ambiguity of the plants themselves? What will soon diminish this diffi-
culty? Mention examples of this ambiguity.

276. Are the limits of the classes, cohorts, genera, &c., always clear?
How do we know that the Trillium is an Endogen? that Spring Beauty is
an Exogen?

277. How may the fea pics be quickly distinguished ?

6*

130 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.

characters of the five great orders following will prove a
great saving of time oad: trouble.

279. The Crecirers are herbs with alternate leaves. cruci-
form flowers (§ 87), two stamens shorter than the other four,
and two-celled pods. Example, Mustard.

280. The Peaworts are plants with one-celled pods, mostly
papilionaceous flowers and compound leaves. Examples,
Pea, Bean.

281. The Umsetrirers have alternate leaves, small, regular,
five-parted flowers, in umbels, and two-seeded fruit. Cara-_
way.

282. The Asterworts are herbs with compound ae
that is, with heads composed of many little five-parted flow-
ers appearing together like a single flower. Asters, Sun-
flower. ; 7

283. The Laxtates are herbs with square stems, opposite
leaves, labiate flowers, and fruit deeply cleft into four parts.
Peppermint.

Among Endogens we select two or three ordeys.

284. The Orcmms. Herbs with very irregular and gro-
tesque flowers, and stamens united to the style. Orchis.

285. The Sepcrs. Herbs with solid stems; linear, grass-
like leaves (if any), on entire sheaths; and a green glumes
and flowers.

286. The Grasses. Herbs with hollow stems, linear leaves
on split sheaths, and with green glumes and flowers.

279. Define the Crucifers. 280. The Peaworts.
281. The Umbellifers. 282. The Asterworts.
283. The Labiates. 284. Define also the Orchids.

285. The Sedges. 286. The Grasses.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS,

Often used in Descriptive Botany.

ach., achenia.. jil., filament. pet., petals.
@st,, estivation. - | ft., flower; jis., flowers. | 7., rare, uncommon.
alter., alternate. Sre, fruit. recp., receptacle.
anth., anther. hd., head; hds., heads. reqg., regular.
axill., axillary. hyp., hypogynous. rhiz., rhizome.
¢2, common. ambr., imbricate. rt., root.

cal., calyx. inf., inferior. sds., seeds.
caps., capsule. énvol., involuere, seg., segments.
cor., corolla. arreg., irregular. sep., sepals.
decid., deciduous, ley., legume. st., stem.
_diam., diameter. if., leat’; lus., leaves. sta., stamens.
emarg., emarginate. ifts., leaflets. stig., stigmas.
ra ie ye. feet. ovd., ovary. sty., styles.

Apr., April. Aug., August. Dec., December. /e)., February. Jan., January.
Jl., July. Jn., June. Mar., March. Nov., November. Oct., October. Sept.,
September. .

N., Northern, that is, the northern portions of the United States.

N.-£., New England, or the Northeastern States.

NV.- W., the Northwestern States.

£., the Eastern, or the Atlantic States.

W., the Western, or the States bordering on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers.
M., the Middle States or portions of the United States.

S., the Southern States.

S.-£., the Southeastern States, and S.- W., the Southwestern States.

XV. Y., New York. Mass., Massachusetts. Pa., Pennsylvania, &e.

J. (with or without the period), a foot.
’ (a single accent) denotes an inch (a twelfth of 1 foot).
’’ (a double accent) a second, a dine (a twelfth of an inch).

@ An annual plant. § (placed after), a naturalized plant.

@ A biennial plant. + (placed after), cultivated for ornament,
2t A perennial plant. t (placed after), cultivated for use.

5 A plant with a woody stem. oo Indefinite or numerous.

2 A pistillate flower or plant. 6 A staminate flower or plant.

% A perfect flower, or a plant bearing perfect flowers.

§ Monecious, or a plant bearing staminate and pistillate flowers.

9 Dicecious; pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants.

9% 4 Polygamous; the same species, with pistillate, perfect, and staminate fis.
0 (a cipher) signifies wanting or none, as, ‘ Petals 0.”

132 LESSONS IN BOTANY.

ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS,

| Being a Key for the ready determination of any plant, native or cultivated,
growing within any State east of the Mississippi river, or bordering on its
western shore.

Norr.—A star (*) prefixed to the name of the Order, denotes that that Order, with its
genera and species, is described in its place in the Flora. The Orders not thus marked are
not noticed in the Flora beyond this Table. The Orders are here numbered to correspond with
the “Class Book of Botany.”

CLASSES AND COHORTS.

1. Flowering Plants ....2. Sub-kingdom, PHAHANOGAMIA.-
1. Flowerless Plants....Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, Mushrooms,
Sea-weeds, &c. ot farther noticed here). Sub-kingdom, CRYPTOGAMIA.

2. Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely 3-parted....3. EXOGENS.
2. Leaves parallel-veined (rarely net-veined). Flowers8-parted....4. HVDOGENS.
8. Stigmas present. Seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel... i Angiosperms.
8. Stigmas none. Seeds naked (Pines, Spruces, &e. hes Gymnosperms.
4, Flowers without glumes, colored or green....7. Petalifere.
4. Flowers with green, alternate glumes, no perianth....8. Glumifere.
5. Corolla with distinct petals....A. Cohort 1. PoLyPETALous.
5. Corolla with united petals....B. Cohort 2.. GAMOPETALOUS.
5. Corolla none. Sepals sometimes none....©. Cohort 3. . APETALOUS.
6. The cone-fruited plants (same as Gymnosperms)..D. Cohort 4. Conorps.
7. Fis. on a spadix, apetalous or incomplete....3. Cohort 5. SpapicirLtor2#.
7. Fls. complete, perianth double. No spadix..]. Cohort 6. FLORIDE.
8. The grass-like plants (same as Glumifere)....G. Cohort 7. GRAMINOIDS.

A. Orpers oF THE PouypreTaLous Exogrns.

1. Herbs....2.

1. Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs....3.
2. Leaves alternate or all radical....15.

2. Leaves opposite on the stem....11.

3. Flowers regular or nearly so....4.
8. Flowers irregular (or fruit a legume,.§ 180)... .57.
4, Stamens 8 times as many as the petals, or more....5.

4. Stamens 1 or 2 times as many as the petals, or fewer....7.
5. Leaves opposite... .60.
5. Leaves alternate....6.

; ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS. 133

6. Stamens on the torus or on the hypogynous (§ 83) petals... .63.
6. Stamens and petals on the calyx tube (perigynous, § 83)....68.
7. Ovaries simple, distinct or one only. Vines or erect shrubs....69.
7. Ovary compound....8.
8. Ovary inferior,—wholly adherent to the calyx....70,
8. Ovary superior,—free from the calyx, or nearly free..%.9.
. Stamens opposite to the petals, and of the same number....72.
. Stamens alternate with the petals, or of a different number. 10.
10. Leaves opposite on the stem... .73. |
10. Leaves alternate, compound....76.
10. Leaves alternate, simple....78.
11. Stamens 3 times as many as the petals, or more... .47,
11. Stamens 1 or 2 times as many as the petals, or fewer....12.
12. Pistils distinct and simple, few or one only....48.
12. Pistils united into a compound ovary....13.
13. Ovary free from the calyx....14.
13. Ovary adherent to the calyx....49.
14. Stamens opposite to the petals, and of the same number....51.
14. Stamens alternate with the petals, or of a greater number....52.
15. Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume....17.
15. Flowers irregular (rarely regular), and the fruit a lezume....16,
16. Stamens 3 or more times as many as the petals....42.
16. Stamens few and definite, 5-12....48.
17. Stamens numerous, 3 or more times as many as the petals....21.
17. Stamens few and definite....18.
18. Ovary free froti the calyx,—superior....19.
18. Ovary adherent to the calyx,—inferior....39.
19. Pistils one or indefinite (1-15), distinct, simple... .30.
19. Pistils definite in number, as follows, viz..... 20.
20. Carpels (or pistils) 2, united, the short styles combined into 1....81.
20. Carpels 3 or 4, united, the styles or stigmas 3, or 4, or 6....82.
20. Carpels 5, distinct or united, with 5 distinct styles... .387.
- 20. Carpels 5, united, and the styles combined into 1....88.
21. Stamens on the torus (hypogynous)....22. |
21. Stamens situated on the corolla at base....27.
21. Stamens situated on the calyx at the base... .28.
22. Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styles)....28.
22. Pistils (and styles also, if any) completely united....24.

—o ©

23. Petals 5 or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate. Order ofthe * Crowfoots. 1

23. Petals 3, persistent and withering. Floating leaves peltate. Water-shields. 7

23. Petals many, deciduous. Leaves all peltate. * Water-beans. 8
24. Sepals 2 only....26.

24. Sepals 4, 5, or 6; mostly 5....26.

134 LESSONS IN BOTANY.
25. Petals numerous, imbricate in the bud. * Water Lilies. 9
25. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Leaves tubular. * Water-pitchers. 10
25. Petals 5, convolute in bud. Flowers of 2 sorts. Rock-roses. 17
26. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. * Purselanes. 22
26. Petals 4, usually crumpled in bud. * Poppyworts. 11
97. Filaments united into atube. Anthers 1-celled. * Mallows. 24
28. Sepals 2, persistent. Fruit a pyxis (§$ 178). * Purselanes. 22
28. Sepals 3 to 5...«29. ic A sit
29. Petals srabtieatie 3 in bud. Fruita long pod. South. Lindenblooms. 26
29. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit not a pod. * Roseworts. 47
29. Petals convolute in bud. Fruit compound. Loasads. 53
80. Stamens opposite to the imbricated petals. Pistil one. * Berberids.
$0. Stamens alternate with the petals, or more numerous. * Crowfoots. 1
81. Stamens 6 (tetradynamous, § 108). Pods 2-celled. * Crucifers. 13
31. Stamens 4, or 8-12. Pod 1-celled. Cappurids. 14
32. Sepals and petals in 3’s. Stamens 6. Small herbs. Limnanths. 36 —
82. Sepals and petals in 4’s. Stamens 8. Climbing. * Indian Soupworts. 41
82. Sepals and petals in 5’s....33.
83. Stamens definitely 5....34:
83. Stamens indefinite, 3-30... .36.
84. Stamens monadelphous. Stems climbing. Passionworts.. 57
84. Stamens distinct....35 |
; 85. Stem climbing. Flowers greenish. (Mexican vine.) Order 104
35. Stem erect. Flowers yellow. Turnerworts. 56
85. Stem erect. Flowers cyanic. * Sundews. 19
36. Flowers perfect, very many and small. Rock-roses. 17
86. Fls. moneecious. Plants woolly, scurfy, or downy. Order 112
87. Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 petals. Seeds many. * Flaxworts. 30
87. Stamens 5, opposite to the 5 petals. Seed1. (Leadworts.) Order 80
87. Stamens 10 (twice as many as the petals), united at base. * Wood-sorrels. 32
37. Stamens 6-24 (twice as many as the petals), distinct. * Houseleeks. 60
88. Ovary l-celled. Leaves radical, spinous. S&S. * Sundews. 19
88. Ovary 8-5-celled. Leaves mostly radical, dotless. * Order 78
88. Ovary 8-5-celled. Leaves cauline, dotted, pinnate. Rueworts. 37
89. Style 1, but the carpels (§124)as many as the petals (2-6). * Onagrads. 52
39. Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals....40.
89. Styles 3-5....41.
40. Seeds several. * Saxifrages. 61
40. Seeds two only. * Umbelworts. 63
41. Sepals 2, with 5 petals. * Purselanes. 22
41. Sepals as many as the petals. Araliads. 64
42. Ovaries many or few, rarely 1, always simple. * Crowfoots. 1
42. Ovary compound, 3-carpeled, open before ripe. Mignoneties. 15

het > “
es . .
a
‘ .

ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS. 135_

48. Sepals fewer or more in number than the petals....44.
; 43. Sepals and petals each of the same number... .45.
44. Sepals 2 (or vanished) ; petals 4 (2 pairs), with lor 2spurs. *Fumeworts. 12
44, Sepals 4, petals 2; the largest sepal spurred behind. * Jewelweeds. 34

44, Sepals 5, petals 8. No spur, * Milkworts. 45
45. Flowers 4-parted, not very irregular. No spur. Capparids, 14
45. Flowers 5-parted....46.

46. Stamens 8. Spur slender. . Trophyworts. 85
46. Stamens 5. Spur blunt, or none. * Violets. 16
46. Stamens 10 (or more). Fruitalegume. Nospur. * Peaworts. 46
47. Pistils many, entirely distinct, simple. * Crowfoots. 1
47. Pistils 3 to 5, united more or less completely. * St. Johnsworts. 18
47. Pistils 5 to 10, united, with sessile stigmas and many petals. Ice-plants. 28
48. Pistil only 1, simple. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18. * Berberids. 6
48, Pistils 3 or more, distinct, simple. Flowers all symmetrical. *Houseleeks. 60
48. Pistils.2, covered up by the stamens. Juice milky. * Order 97

49. Carpels as many as the sepals....49°

: 49. Carpels fewer than the sepals....50.

49? Anthers opening at the top. ; Melastomes. 50
49) Anthers opening along the side. * Onagrads. 52
50. Seeds numerous. Styles 2. | * Saxifrages. 61
50. Seed 1 in each cell. Styles 2 or 3. Araliads. 64
50. Seed 1 in each cell. Style 1 (double). * Cornels. 65
51. Style 3-cleft at the summit. | * Purselanes. 22
51. Style and stigma 1, undivided. * Order 78
52. Leaves pinnate, with stipules between the petioles. Bean-capers. 88

53. Leaves simple, toothed or lobed... .58.
52. Leaves simple, entire....54.

58. Flowers cruciform, with 6 stamens. * Crucifers. 18
53. Flowers 5-parted, with 10 stamens. * Geraniums. 31
54. Petals and stamens on the throat of the calyx. Loosestrifes. 51

54. Petals on the torus (hypogynous)....55.
55. Flowers irregular, unsymmetrical (§ 110). * Milkworts, 45
55. Flowers regular, 2 (or 3)-parted throughout. Water-peppers. 20

55. Flowers regular, 5-parted....56.

56. Leaves dotted with pellucid or black dots. *S¢. Johnsworts. 18
56. Leaves not dotted. * Pinkworts, 21

57. Pistil a simple carpel, becoming alegume. Stamens 10-100. *Peaworts. 46
57. Pistil compound, 3-carpeled....58. ,
57. Pistil compound, 5-carpeled....59.
58. Flowers perfect. Leaves digitate. * Buckeyes. 41
. 58. Flowers moneecious ($109). Leaves 1-sided. Cultivated. Begoniads. 59
59. Stipules present. Plants half-shrubby. Cultivated. * Geraniums. 81
59. Stipules none. Shrubs or half-shrubs. Native. * Order 73

:

136

LESSONS IN BOTANY.

60. Stamens on the torus, in several sets. Leaves dotted: * St. Johnsworts.
* 60. Stamens on the calyx (perigynous, § 83)....61.

61. Ovaries many, free, but inclosed. Calyeanths.
61. Ovary compound, free in the bell-shaped calyx. Loose-strifes.
61. Ovary compound, adherent to the calyx... .62.
62. Leaves with a marginal vein. Myrtleblooms.
62. Leaves with no marginal vein. : * Saxifrages.

63. Petals imbricate or valvate in the bud....65. -
63. Petals convolute in the bud....64.

64.
64.

68.
68.

Anthers 1-celled,-turned inwards. * Mallows.
Anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. South. Silk-cottons.
65. Ovaries distinct, many or few....66.
65. Ovary compound....67.

66. Petals 6, valvate ($129). Erect shrubs. Papaws.

66. Petals 3-9, imbricate. Trees or erect shrubs. * Yagnoliads.

66. Petals 6-9, imbricate. .Climbing shrubs. Mocnseeds.
67. Leaves dotted with pellucid dots. Orangeworts.

67. Leaves dotless. Sepals valvate. Fls. small. Lindenblooms.
67. Leaves dotless. Sepals imbricate. Fls. large. Zeaworts.
Style 1, with many stigmas. Green, fleshy shrubs( aciz), Jndian Figs.

Styles several, or 1 with 1 stigma. Woody trees orshrubs. * Hoscworts..

69. Pistils many, spicate on the slender torus. Climbers. Schizands.
69. Pistils 2-6, capitate on the short torus. “Climbers. Moonseeds.
69. Pistil 1 only. Stamens opposite the petals. * Berberids.

70. Flowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens.
70. Flowers 4-parted, with 4 stamens.

* Onagrads.
* Cornels.

70. Flowers 5-parted, with 5, 10, or many stamens....71.

71. Ovary 5-carpeled, 5-styled.
71. Ovary 2-carpeled. Leaves palmate-veined.
71. Ovary 2-carpeled. Leaves pinnate-veined.

Araliads.

* Currants.

. * Saxifrages.
72. Leaves opposite. Stem climbing by tendrils. Vineworts.

78. Carpels 3-5....74.
73. Carpels 1 or 2....78.
74. Styles short. Leaves simple. Staff-trees.
74, Styles long and slender. Leaves pinnate, serrate. * Soapworts.
75. Styles 2, slender. Samara double. * Mupleworts.
75. Style 1, short. (Drupe, or single samara.) _ * Order |
76. Filaments 10, united into a tube. Leaves bi-pinnate. Pride-of-Jndia.
76. Filaments 5, distinct....77.
77. Leaves pellucid-punctate. Rueworts.
77. Leaves not dotted. Ovary 3-carpeled, 1-seeded, Sumaces.

72. Leaves alternate. Erect, or vine without tendrils. Buckthorns.

77. Leaves not dotted. Ovary 8-carpeled, 3-seeded. * Soapworts.

ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS. 187

78. Petals 4, yellow. Witch-hazels.
78. Petals 4-7, cyanic....79.

79. Fruit becoming fleshy drupes....80.

79. Fruit becoming dry capsules....81.

80. Stigmas 3, but the drupe is 1-seeded. Sumacs..

80. Stigmas 4-6, and the drupe 4-6-seeded. (Hollyworts.) Order
“81. Capsule 3-seeded. Seed with a scarlet aril. Staff-trees.
81. Capsule 2 or 3-seeded, seed not ariled. § 3. * Order
81.. Capsule many-seeded. § 2. * Ord. 73, and Pittospores.

B. GaAMoPetaLz, oR MonopetaLous Exocens.

1, Stamens (6-100) more numerous than the lobes of the corolla....8.
1, Stamens (2-12) fewer than the corolla lobes, or of the same number....2.
2. Ovary adherent to the calyx tube, that is, inferior....3,

2. Ovary free from the calyx tube, that is, superior....4.
8. Stamens cohering by their anthers....11. °
3. Stamens entirely distinct....12.
4, Flowers regular....5. i
4, Flowers irregular... .28.
5. Stamens as many as the petals....6.

5. Stamens 2, fewer than the petals....26.
6. Stamens opposite to the lobes of the corolla (and free)... .14.
§. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla (rarely connate)....7.
7. Shrubs, trees, with the stigmas or carpels 8 to 6....15.
7. Herbs 1-10-carpeled, or shrubs 2-carpeled....16.

8. Stamens 6, united below into 2 equal sets. Herbs. * Order
8. Stamens 10, united into a split tube around the 1 style. * Order
8. Stamens many, united into an entire tube around the styles. * Order
8. Stamens many, united only at the base into 1 or d sets....9.

8. Stamens entirely distinct....10.

9. Calyx of 5 leafy, imbricated’sepals. Shrubs, trees. (Zeaworts.) Order
9. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, or truncate. Shrubs, trees. Styracacee.
10. Stamens 8 or 10. Flowers all perfect. * Heathworts.

10. Stamens 8 or 16. Fls. not all perfect (diecious). FPersimmons.

11. Flowers in a compact head surrounded by aninvolucre. * Asterworts.

11. Flowers separate, irregular, perfect. Plants erect. * Lobeliads.

11. Flowers separate, regular, imperfect. Weak vines. (Cucurbits.) Order

12. Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-parted, regular, separate. * Bellworts.

12. Leaves opposite, with stipules between, or verticillate. * Madderworts.
12. Leaves opposite. Stipules none....13

13. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary 2-5-celled. * Honeysuckles.

13. Stamens 2 or 8. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Valerians.

13. Stamens 4. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Teazelworts.

62

38
74
42
78
89

72

LESSONS IN BOTANY.

138
14, Herbs. Ovary with 5 styles and but 1 seed. Leadworts. 80
14. Herbs. Ovary with 1 style and many seeds. * Primworts. (8
14. Shrubs, trees. Ovary 1-styled, 5-celled, 1-seeded. Soapworts. 77
15. Stylenone. Drupe 4-6-seeded. Hollyworts. 'T4
15. Style one. Drupe 4-seeded. Vervains. 88
15. Style one. Capsule 3-5-celled, many-seeded. * Heathworts. 78
16. Ovary 1, deeply 4-parted or 4-partible, forming 4 achenia. * Borrageworts. 90
16. Ovaries 2, distinct, often covered by the stamens....18. |
16. Ovary 1, compound....17.
i7."Ovary i-celled. 2.20.
17. Ovary 2-6-celled....22.
18. Stigmas united or connate....19.
18. Stigmas distinct. Flowers minute, yellow. * Bindweeds. 98
19. Flower-bud with convolute pieces. * Dogbanes. 96
19. Flower-bud with valvate pieces. * Asclepiads. 97
20. Seeds several....21. -
20. Seed one. Corolla limb entire. * Order 101
21. Leaves cleft and lobed. * Hydrophylls. 91
21. Leaves or leaflets entire. * Gentianworts, 95
22. Leaves opposite... .23. . . -
22. Leaves alternate....24. }
23. Ovary 2-celled. * Toganiads. 85
23. Ovary 8-celled. Plants not twining. .... 3 |
24. Ovary 8-celled. Plants not twining. ee
24, Ovary 2-celled, 2-6-seeded. Twining. * Bindweeds. 98
24. Ovary 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stem erect. * Borrageworts. 90
24. Ovary 2-celled, many-seeded....25. :
25. Styles 2. * Hydrophylls. 91
25. Style one. * Nightshades. 94
26. Herbs. Corolla 4-parted, dry, scarious. Libworts. 79
26. Shrubs....27.
27. Corolla 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Jasmineworts. 98
27. Corolla 4-parted, valvate or none. * Oliveworts. 99
28. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 (or fewer) achenia....29.
98. Ovary entire, of one piece....380.
29. Leaves opposite. Stems square. * Tabiates. 89
29. Leaves alternate. Stems round. * Borrageworts. 90
30. Ovary. with 4 or fewer seeds. Leaves opposite. Vervains. 87
380. Ovary with many seeds, or more than 4....81.
81. Trees or climbing shrubs. Seeds winged. * Bignoniads. 88
31. Trees. Seeds wingless. * Paulownia, in Order 86
81. Erect shrubs. Seeds wingless. * Heathworts. 78
81. Herbs... .82.

ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS 139

82. Leatless and without verdure, Broomrapes. 82

82. Leaves only at base. Fls. spurred. Butterworts. 81

82. Leafy....88. Fruit 4 or 5-celled. Pedaliads. 84
| 83. Fruit 2-celled....34.

84. Corolla convolute in bud. Acanths. 87

84. Corolla imbricate in bud. * Figworts. 86

84. Corolla plicate in*bud. * Nightshades. 94

C. Orpers or tHE APETALOUS EXoGENs.

1. Plants herbaceous, the flowers not in aments (except in the Hop, 115)....2.
1, Plants woody,—shrubs or trees... .22.

2. Flowers with a regular calyx or calyx-like involucre....38.

2. Flowers naked, having neither calyx nor corolla... .20.

8. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobed, toothed, or entire....8.

: 8. Calyx free from the ovary, sometimes inclosing it....4.
4. Ovaries several, entirely distinct, each t-styled, 1-seeded. * Order
4, Ovary one only, simple or compound....5. .
5. Style or stigma one only....6.
5. Styles or stigmas 2-12....7.
6. Ovary l-ovuled, bearing but one seed....11.
6. Ovary many-ovuled, bearing many seeds....12.
7. Ovary 1-3-ovuled, 1-3-seeded....13.
7. Ovary 4—w-ovuled, 4- »-seeded....17.

8. Stamens 1-12, as many or twice as many as the stigmas....9.
8. Stamens 2-10, not symmetrical with the 1 or 2 stigmas....10.
9. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 1-4. * Order
9. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 6. * Birthworts,
10. Ovary many-seeded. Styles 2. * Order
10. Ovary 1 or 2-seeded. Style 1. Sandalworts.
11. Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 1-4. * Order
11. Flowers perfect. Calyx entire, funnel-shaped, colored. * Marvelworts.
11..Flowers imperfect. Calyx lobed, green. Netileworts,
12. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals. (Loosestrifes.) Order
12. Stamens 5, alternate with the sepals. * Order
18. Fruit 8-6-seeded, with 8 (often cleft) stigmas. Spurgeworts.
18. Fruit 1-seeded....14.
14. Stipules sheathing the stems. * Knot-grasses.
14. Stipules none....15.
15. Calyx with scarious bracts outside. Amaranths.
15. Calyx double. Climbing. Mexican Vine,
. 15. Calyx naked....16.
16. Leaves alternate. ~ Goosefoots.
16. Leaves opposite. §3. * Order

1

52
100
61
108
47
101
115
51
78
112

102

106
104

105
21

140 LESSONS IN BOTANY.

17. Leaves opposite....18.
17. Leaves alternate....19. . - ;
18. Fruit a pyxis, opening by a lid. * Order 22

18. Fruit a capsule, opening by 4 or 5 valves. * Order 21
19. Fruit a capsule, 5-celled, 5-horned. — * Order 60
19. Fruit a fleshy, 4- ®-seeded berry. * Pokeweeds. 108
19. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, opening by a lid. Amaranths. 106
20. Flowers on a spadix with a spathe. | : * Order 181
20. Flowers in a long, naked spike. Stamens 6 or 7. Tizard-tails. 128
20. Flowers solitary, axillary, minute. Water-plants....21.
21. Stamen 1. Leaves opposite. Starworts, 124
21. Stamens 2. Leaves alternate, dissected. Threadfoots. 125
21. Stamens 12-24. Leaves whorled, dissected. Hornworts. 126
22. Flowers, none of them in aments....238.
22. Flowers (imperfect), the sterile only in aments....84.

22. Flowers (imperfect), both the sterile and the fertile in aments....35.
23. Leaves opposite... .24.
23. Leaves alternate....27.
24, Stamens 2. | * Order 99

24. Stamens 8. Parasites. Mistictoe—Lorantis. 108
24. Stamens 4-9....25 ey
25. Fruit a double, 2-winged samara. * Order 40
25. Fruit not winged....26
26. Seeds 6. Low shrubs. Boz. Spurgeworts, 112
26. Seed 1. Shrubs. : Oleasters. 111

27. Style or stigmal. Seed 1....28.

27. Styles or stigmas 2....81.

27. Styles or stigmas 8-9....82.
28. Calyx free from the ovary....29.
28. Calyx adherent to the ovary....80.

29. Anthers opening by valves. | » * Laurels. 107
29. Anthers opening by slits. Daphnads, 110
30. Seeds 2-4. Shrubs. Sandalyorts. 109
80, Seedil. Trees. Pee * Order 65
31. Stamens numerous. * Order 62
31. Stamens as many as the calyx lobes. / Elinworts. 118
32. Leaves pinnate. Pistils 5. Ae ieee Ash.) Order 37
82. Leaves simple, linear, evergreen. Crowberrves. 116
82. Leaves simple, not linear... .83.
38. Flowers 8-parted. Fruit dry. (Stillingia.) Spurgeworts. 112
. 83. Flowers 4 or 5-parted. Fruit fleshy. (Buckthorns.) Order 48
34. Nut or nuts in a cup or involucre. Leaves simple. * Mastworts. 119

84. Nut naked, a tryma (§ 172). Leaves pinnate. Hickoryworts. 118

ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS. ) 141
85. Fruit fleshy, compound. Juice (sap) milky. Artocarps. 114
85. Fruit dry (except in Myrica, 121). Sap watery....36.
36. Aments globular, racemed. Nutlets 2-celled. (Ziguidambar:) Order 62
386. Aments globular, solitary. Nutlets 1-celled. Sycamores. 117
86. Aments cylindrical or oblong....387.
87. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit dry or fleshy. Galeworts. 121
87. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded. * Birchworts. 120
87. Ovary many-ovuled, many-seeded. - * Willowworts. 122
D. OrpErs oF THE ConolDs.
Leaves simple. The fertile flowers in cones. Stems branched. Pineworts. 127
Leaves simple. The fertile flowers solitary. Stems branched. Yews. 128
Leaves pinnate. Stems not branched, palm-like. Cycads. 129
E. Orpers OF THE SPADICIFLORA.
1. Trees or shrubs with palmately-cleft leaves all from one terminal bud, and
a branching spadix arising from a spathe. Palms. 180
1. Herbs with simple (rarely ternate) leaves. Spadix simple....2.
2. Plants minute, floating loose on the water. Duckmeats. 182
2. Plants with stem and leaves rooting in the soil....3.
8. Spadix evident, in a spathe or on a scape. * Aroids. 18).
8. Spadix obscure or spike-like. Stems leafy....4,
4, Flowers with no perianth, densely packed. Cat-tails. 188
4, Flowers with a perianth or not. In water. Naiads. 134
FE’. ORDERS OF THE FLORIDES.
1. Flowers (not on a spadix) in a small, dense, involucrate head....17.
1. Flowers (not onea spadix) solitary, racemed, spicate, &ec....2.
2. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary....4. :
2. Perianth free from the ovary....3.
8. Petals and sepals differently colored (except in Medeola, 147)....9
8. Petals and sepals similarly colored....12.
4. Flowers imperfect....5.
4, Flowers perfect... .6.
5. Low herbs, in water. Frogbits. 186
_ 5. Woody climbers. Yamroots. 144
6. Stamens 1 or 2, growing to the pistil (gynandrous). * Orchids. 188
6. Stamen only 1, with half an anther. . Arrowworts.- 139
6. Stamens 8 to 6, distinct....7.
. 7. Perianth woolly or mealy outside. Ovary half-free. Bloodworts. 142

7. Perianth glabrous outside... .8.

142 LESSONS IN BOTANY.
8. Stamens 8. Anthers turned inwards. Burmaniads.
8. Stamens 8. Anthers turned outwards. | * Jrids.
8. Stamens 6. * Amaryllids.
9. Pistils many, distinct, achenia in fruit. * Water-plantains.
9. Pistils 8, more or less united....10.
10. Leaves verticillate, in 1 or 2 whorls. Stigmas 3. * Zrilliads.
10. Leaves alternate....11.
11. Stigmas 3. Plants growing on other plants. Bromeliads.
11. Stigmas united into one. * Spiderworts.
12. Leaves net-veined, broad....13.
12. “Leaves parallel-veined....14.
13. Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Croomia—Roxburgs.
13. Flowers dicecious, 6-parted. Greenbriers.

14, Styles, and often the stigmas also, united into 1....15.

14. Styles and stigmas 3, distinct....16.

15. Flowers colored, regular. Stamens 6 (4 in one species). *Zzlyworts.

15. Flowers colored, irregular, or else 3-stamened, Pontederiads.
15. Flowers greenish, glume-like, or scarious. * Rushes.
16. Leaves rush-like. Ovary ofthree 1-seeded carpels. * Arrow-grasses.
16. Leaves linear, lanceolate, &c. Ovary 6-«-seeded. * Melanths.
17. Petals yellow, small, but showy. Leaves radical. Ayrids.
17. Petals white, minute, fringed. Leaves radical. Pipeworts.

G. Orprers oF THE GRAMINOIDS.

Flower with a single bract (glume). Stem solid.

Flower with several bracts (glumes and pales).
split on one side.

Sheaths entire. Sedges.
Stem hollow. Sheaths
Grasses.

156

THE FLORA:

OR,

SELECTIONS FROM THE NATIVE AND CULTIVATED PLANTS
OF THE UNITED STATES.

Designed as first exercises in Analytical Botany.

ExPLANATIONS.—The Tables in this work are designed to be complete, that is, each Ordinal
Table includes all the genera belonging to that order known within the limits of the Flora (7. ¢., the
States east of the Rocky Mountains); and each Generic Table includes, in like manner, a@dJ its
known species. The numbers annexed to the genera in the Ordinal Tables, refer to the descrip-
tions immediately following. If no number be annexed, the pape will understand that that genus
is not further noticed.

COHORT tb,
THE POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS.

Essential Character—¥Flowering Plants (Paanocamia),
with their stems growing by additions to their outside in
layers (Exocens), their seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel or peri-
carp (AneiosrEeRMs), their flowers with a double perianth and
their petais distinct (PotyprTaLz). (But to this last condition
there are many exceptions.)

Orpver I. “RANUNCULACEA. The Crowfoots.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, with a colorless, acrid juice, with

leaves mostly alternate and much divided, without stipules;
sepals 3-15, deciduous, distinct, and colored when apetalous;
petals 3-15, distinct, often deformed or contracted or wanting;
stamens o, distinct hypogynous ;

pistils a bearcly 1 or few), distinct, beconfing in

fruit either achenia, follicles, or berries.

144 - ‘THE FLORA.

‘ Fig. 361. Bulbous Crowfoot; 2, a petal, showing the honey-scale at base; 3, a single ovary ;
4, section of it, showing the ovule.
Fig. 865. Wild Columbine; 6, one of the hollow petals attached to the receptacle with the
stamens and styles; 7, a ripe follicle; 8, a seed; 9, section of it, showing the embryo.
Fig. 370. Plan of the flower. e

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Sepals 4, valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed....a 3
§ Sepals imbricate in the bud....2 :
2 Ovaries 1-seeded, achenia in fruit....8
. 2 Ovaries with 2 or more seeds....4 ° :
8 Corolla 0, or undistinguishable from the colored calyx....5
8 Corolla and calyx distinct either in color or form....d
4 Sepals as permanent as the stamens. Fruit-dry....6
4 Sepals falling off sooner than the stamens....k
4 Sepals persistent with the frufit. Petals very large....m
5 Sepals persistent with the stamens....b .
5 Sepals caducous (falling) sooner than the stamens....¢

ORDER 1—THE CROWFOOTS, | 145

6 Flowers regular....7

6 Flowers irregular....h
7 Petals none....e
7 Petals smaller than the sepals....f
7 Petals larger than the sepals....g

a Petals none or stamen-like. Leaves all opposite. Virgin's Bower. CLuM’amis.

b Stem leaves opposite, remote from the flower. Anem’one. ANEMONE.

- eb Leaves all radical. 8 bracts close to the flower. Liverleaf. Herat’ IOA.
e Flowers mostly imperfect. Leaves-compound. Meadow Rue. THatic’TRUM.
c Fiws. perfect. Lvs. simple, palmately lobed. Prairie Rue. TRAUTVITTE’RIA.

d Leaves all radical, linear. Torus linear. Smull plant.

79 Mousetail. Myosv’rvs.
d Lvs. cauline. Petals with a honey-scale at base. Crowfoot. RANUN’CULUS. *

d Leaves cauline. No honey-scale. Petals red or yellow.

Pheasant’s-eye. ADO’NIS.

e Sepals white, 5in number. Leaves compound. False Rue. Isopy’Rum.
e Sépals yellow, 6-9. Marsh Marigold. Cau’THa.
f Petals tubular af apex. Roots yellow. Gold-thread. Cop’tis.

“f Petals tubular at base, 1-lipped. ‘Globe-flower. Trou’ ius.

f Petals tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals persistent. Hellebore. HELLEB/oRUS.

f Petals concave, 2-lobed. Flowers racemed. Yellow-root. ZANTHORHI’ZA.

g Petals larger than the colored sepals, 3-lobed. Fennel-flower. NiGEL’LA.
g Petals larger than the colored sepals, spurred alike. Columbine. AquiLn’eta.

h Upper sepal spurred, inclosing spurred petals. Larkspur. DELPHIN’IUM.
h Upper sepal hooded, covering 2 deformed petals. Monk’s-hood. Aconitum.

_k Flowers numerous, in long, slender racemes. Bugbane. Crmicrr’ve@a.

k Flowers many, in short racemes. Berries simple. Baneberry. Actz/A.
k Flower one only. Leaves2. Berry compound. TZurmeric-root. HypRAs’TIs.
m Disk sheathing-the ovaries. Very Showy. Peony. Pmo’nta.

1. CLEM’ATIS. Virgin’s Bower.

tbo

TO

10
11

Calyx of 4 colored sepals, valvate-induplicate in the bud. Petals none,

or small and stameh-like. Stamens many, shorter than the sepals. . Ova-

ries many, styles becoming long and feathery upon the seed-like achenia.
—2t Mostly climbing vines, with twisted petioles for tendrils, and with

opposite, compound leaves.
§ Leaves verticillate. Outer stamens petal-like. Vine ae 5 ie
§ Leaves opposite. Petals none. Calyx colored....a
a Erect herbs near 1 foot high. Flowers solitary....10, 11, 12 7
a Vines climbing....b ’
7

- 146 | THE FLORA.

b Flowers clustered in panicles....2, 3, 4, 5
b Flowers solitary, large, showy... .6, 7, 8, 9
1 Clem/atis verticilla’ris. Purple Virgin’s.. Woe. Leaven ternate, 4 at each ef
Flowers purple, 2 at each node. Hills. N. W.
2 ©. Virginia’na. Virginian V. Leaves ternate. Leaflets smooth, lobed, and toothed.
"8 C.holoseric’ea. Silky V. Leaves ternate, leaflets downy or silky, éntire. S.
4 C. Catesbya’na, Cutesby’s V. Lvs. bi-ternate, lfts. 3-lobed. Clusters axillary. 8.
» C,Flam/mula. Sweet V. Lvs. pinnate. Lfts. entire, pointed. Fils. terminal. + —
6 C. cylin’drica. ‘Crisped V. Lfts. acute, thin, 8-15. Sepals wavy at edge, b-p. S.
7 C.reticula/ta. VeinyV. Lfts. obtuse at each end, thickish. Sep. wavy. b-p. S.
5 C.Vior’na. Leuther-flower. Lfts. ovate, acute, pinnate. Sep. not wavy. P.
9 C, Viticella. Vine-Bower. Lits. oval, 8-15. Sepals not wavy, obovate. "P. t
10 C. ochroleu’ca. Ground V. Lvs. undivided, ovate, entire, silky beneath. - p-y.
11 C.ova’ta. Lyg-leaved V. Lys. undivided, broad-ovate, smooth, glaucous. p.S8.
12 C.Baldwin’ii.. Laldwin’s V. Lvs. 8-cleft, the upper lance-ovate, entire. p.S.

*

2. ANEMO‘NE. Anem’‘one, or Wind-Flower.

Calyx regular, of 5-15 colored sepals resembling petals. Petals prop-
erly none. Stamens many, much shorter than the sepals. Pistils many,
collected into an oblong or roundish head. Achenia generally without -
tails. Leaves mostly radical, palmately lobed, those of the ea opposite,
forming a sort of involucre.-

§ Carpels with long, feathery tails in fruit. Flower large....1
§ Carpels without tails....a a
a Stem leaves (involucre) sessile....2, 3
a Stem leaves petiolate....b
b Flower-stalk 1 or several, all leafless....4, 5, 6
b Flower-stalks 2-5, all but the first 2-leaved in the middle....7, 8
1 A. Nuttal’lii. Pasque-flower.. Lvs. cleft into linear lobes, very hairy. Apr. N.-W.
2 A. Carolinia’na. Carolina A. Flower only one, with 15 sepals. 8S. W.
8 A. Pennsylvan’ica. Pennsylvanian A. Flowers 1-5, with 5 obovate, pure
white sepals. Height 12-20’. N. W.
4 A. nemoro’sa, Wood A. Flower 1, stalk 2 or 8’ long. Sepals Mone soles Apr.
5 A. cylin’drica, Gray’s A. Flowers dis several, whitish, stalks 6-12’ long. Fruit
heads oblong or cylindrical. May. N. W.
6 A. thalictroi’des. Rue A. Flowers several or many, rosy or white, on short (1-27 a
stalks. Leaves of the invol. 2, twice ternate. Apr. Commons
7 A. Virginia’na, Virginia A. Leaf-lobes, lance-ovate. Flowers greenish-
' white. Height 2-8 feet. Common.
8 A. multiffida, ed A, Leaf-lobes linear, Flowers red, Height 6-12’, r. N.

_ entire, ovate, green sepals (or bracts), situated

petals, arranged in 2 or three rows. Achenia - We

Orper 1—THE CROWFOOTS. 147

8. HEPATIOA. Noble Liverwort.

‘Calyx (generally called an involucre) of 8

a very little below the corolla. _ Corolla of 5-9

without tails.— 2 Pretty little plants blossoming A YY
in early spring. Leaves all radical, thick, ne Li IN
8-lobed, green through the winter. Flowers his? aN
numerous, one on each scape, blue, roseate, or WA AI NK \
white. | ; j | | 1

Fig. 371. Flower and leaf of H. triloba.

1 H.tril’oba. Leaf-lobes and sepals obtuse. Scapes hairy, several inches high.
2 H. acutil’oba. Leaf-lobes and sepals acute. Fls. and scapes like the other.

4, RANUN’CULUS. Crowfoot. Buttercups.

Calyx of 5 ovate sepals. Corolla of 5 roundish, shining petals, each
with a honeyed scale or pore at the base inside. Stamens 00. Achenia
numerous, flattened, crowded in a roundish or oblong head.—A large

genus of herbs mostly perennial (2£) and with yellow: flowers. Leaves di-
vided or entire. Juice very acrid.

§ Petals yellow. Seeds (carpels) sua with ges: Wis. snail, ° Sic. boee
§ Petals yellow. Seeds smooth and even ......2...:.....200. 2 .
§ Petals white (claws yellow). Seeds wrinkled crosswWise ....
a Leaves all undivided. Plants growing in wet places....5-8
a Leaves more or less divided, not growing under water....b
a Leaves in fine, thread-like areata: growing under ater ..0, 4
pb. Root leaves neither divided nor cleft, merely crenate. 9, 10
b Lower leaves 3-cleft but not divided to the base. Height 1-2f....11-18
b Leaves all ternately divided and much cleft....c . ae
c Sepals reflexed in flower. Plants erect....14, 15
ce Sepals spreading in flower, shorter than the petals... .16-18
1 R. mourica’tus. Rough-fruited C. Plant,smooth. Seeds with large, stout, hooked
beaks. Sepals spreading. Leaves 8-lobed and cleft. Sotuth.
2 R. parviflo’rus. Smmall-flowered @. Plant hairy. Seeds with a very short beak.
Sepals finally reflexed. Leaves 3-lobed and cleft. South.
8 R.aquat/ilis. Water Crowfoot. In ponds and rivers. The white petals with a.
cavity at base. Only the flowers above water. Summer.
4 R. Pursh’/ii. Pursh’s Crowfoot. Instagnant water. The yellow petals with
a scale at base. Floating leaves, 3-5- Sa Si, Spring.

-

148 THE FLORA.

5 R.Flam’mula. Spear-leaved C. Stems ascending (1-2f). Leaves all lanceolate,
narrow, entire, on sheathing stalks. Sum.
6 R. pusil’/lus. Tiny C. Stems nearly erect. Leaves ovate and lanceolate. _ Petals
mostly but - with about 10 stamens: May. k
7 R.rep’tans. Creepiny C. Stems creeping and rooting (4-8’). Leaves lance-lin-
ear, and linear. Flowerlatanode. July.
8 R. Cymbala’ria. Boat C. Stems creeping and rooting (1 foot). Leaves all round-
cordate, crenate. Sali-marshes. June.
9 R. aistehvas Abortive C. Plant glabrous, 1-2f. high. Root leaves, round-
cordate. Petals smaller than the sepals. Spring. c. ae
10 R. rhomboi’deus. hombic C. Plant hairy, bushy, 4-10’ high. Root »
leaves rhombic-evate. Sepals spreading. N. WwW. ;
11 R. palma’tus. Palm C. Stemhairy. Seeds with astraight beak in a round head.
"Leaves palmately 3-5-cleft, with sinus closed. South.
12 R.recurva’/ius. Hook-seed C. Stemhairy. Seeds with a recurved beak in around
head. Leaves all similarly 8-parted. Flowers small. Spring.
' 18 R.scelera’tus. Villainous C. Stem glabrous. Seeds not beaked, in an oblong
- head. Flowers small. Leaves palmately 8-5-parted. June, aes
14 R. bulbo’sus. Bulbous C. Erect (6-12’) from a solid yal: Petals large.
Head of fruit round. Root leaves ternate. Spring.
15 R. Pennsylvan/icus. Srisily C. Erect (1-8f.), very hairy. Head of fruit ob-
long. Leaves ternate. Summer.
16 R. repens. Large creeping ¢. Stems first ascending, then creeping, “Flower.
stalks furrowed. Petals obovate, large. Wet places. June.
17 R. fascicula/ris. arly C. Stem erect. Root fibres thickened. Flower-stalks -
terete. Petals narrow. Leaves appear pinnate. Way. :
18 R.acris. Tull Buttercup. Stem erect (2-8f.). Leaves palmately divided, and
cleft. Petals roundish. Flower-stalk terete, calyx spreading. Summer. ec.
In the gardens, it becomes double-fiowered.

;

5. ADO’NIS. Pheasant’s-eye. :

Sepals 5, colored. Petals 5-15, with no scale on the claws. Achenia
in a spike, egg-shaped, and pointed with the hardened, persistent style.
Leaves numerously cleft into linear and very narrow segments. Flowers
terminal, solitary, red or yellow.

1 A, autumna/lis. Zate Ph. A fine, hard annual, from Europe, cultivated in gardens,
and naturalized in some places. Stem peice thick for its height, branched.
Leaves pinnately parted, with very numerous segments. Petals 5-8, of a
bright crimson color, 12’ across.

2 A.verna’lis, arly Ph. .Petals 10-12, oblong, yellow, dentate. Upper leaves
sessile, all much divided. Flowers large. Spring. t+ |

moe
ORDER 1—THE CROWFOOTS. — 149

6. CAL’THA. Marsh Marigold.

Calyx colored, of 5 roundish sepals resembling petals. Corolla 0. Sta-
mens 00. Follicles 5-10, oblong, compressed, erect, many-seeded.—
2 Smooth marsh plants.

C. palus’tris. Cowslips. Marsh Marigold. In wet meadows: Root large, thick.
Stem about lf. high, hollow, round, branched. Leaves large (4-6’ wide),
roundish, cordate, erenate—lower on long, half-round petioles, upper sessile—
all of a dark, shining green, and very smooth. Flowers ofa golden yellow in
all their parts, 13’ broad. Outer row of stamens club-shaped, long. Spring.

- s
: 7. COP’TIS. Gold-thread. . |
Calyx of 5 or 6 oblong, colored sepals. Corolla of 5 or 6 small elub-

shaped sepals, hollow and 1-lipped at top. Stamens 20-25. Follicles 5-

10, stalked, beaked, spreading, 4—6-seeded.—2f Herbs with radical leaves,

and long, creeping root-stocks. i

C. trifo’lia. Gold-thread. Leaves 3-foliate, all radical, the divisions broad, 4-8/7
long, crenate, smooth shining, sessile. Petiole 1-2’ long. Stems underground,
creeping extensively, bright yellow, and very bitter. Peduncles 8-4’ high,
each 1-flowered. Calyx white, Petals yellow, much smaller than the og
barely distinguishable among the stamens by their color. May.

8. TROL’LIUS. Globe-flower.

Calyx of 5, 10, or 15 concave sepals colored like petals. Corolla of
5-25 small, linear petals, which are tubular at base. Stamens many,
much shorter than the sepals. Pods many, each many-seeded.—2f ~
smooth, with palmately-parted leaves.

1 T.laxus. American G. Sepals 5. Petals 15-25, shorter than the stamens.
Grows in swamps, M.7. Calyx yellow, greenish outside. June.

2 T. Europe’us. Huropean G. Sepals 10-15. Petals 5-10, as long as the stamens.
Flowers globular, bright yellow. f

$8 T. Asiat’icus. Asiatic G. Sepals 10, orange- -eolored. Petals 10, longer than sta-
mens. ft

9. AQUILE’GIA. Columbine.

Sepals 5, ovate, colored, spreading. Petals 5, tubular with a wide
mouth, the outer margin erect, the inner attached to the receptacle, and
behind extended into a long, spurred nectary. Stamens 30-40, the inner

150 c THE FLORA.

ones longer and sterile. Styles 5. Follicles 5, many-seeded.—2¢. Leaves
twice and thrice ternate. Flowers nodding. Be

1 A. Canaden’sis. American C. Spurs straight, longer than limb. Stamens exserted.
Flowers scarlet. Ds

2 A.vulga’ris. Huropean C. Spurs incurred, shorterthan limb. Stamens included.
Flowers purple. ft : an .

- Fig. 372. Flower of Larkspur, displayed: s,.8, s, 8, s, the five petals; a, the Sanne sepal ;
¢, the two petals, spurred, which spur was sheathed in the spurred sepal. Ray:
. Hig. 373. Flower* of Garden Aconite, displayed: s, 8, 8, 8, 85 the five sepals; ~, —, D, D, P, the
five petals.

Peed

10. DELPHIN’IUM. Larkspur. —

Sepals 5, colored, the upper one spurred. Petals very irregular, the two
upper ones extended behind into a tubular, honeyed spur, sheathed in the
spur of the calyx. Styles 1-5. Follicles 1-5.—Showy herbs with the
leaves much divided. Flowers blue, red, or purple, never yellow.

§ Petals united into 1 piece. Pistil and pod 1....1, 2
§ Petals 4, distinct. Pistils and pods 2-5....(a)
a Leaves many-parted into linear sezments....3
a Le&ves divided into 3-7 wedge-shaped lobes....(b)
b Tall (2-5f.), with slender, many-flowered racemes....4, 5
b Low (6-18’), with few (6-12) flowered racemes....6-8 _
"1 D.consol/ida. Field LZ. Fs. loosely scattered. Ovary smooth. Lvs. finely ext. © t¢
2 D. Aja’cis. Hocket L. Flowers covering the branches, Ovary pubescent. Leaves:
finely cut. @ + : °. .
8 D.azu’reum. Azure L. Fis. in strict, slender racemes. Ovaries8-5. 2% W. +
4 D. exalta’tum. Zull Wild L. Leaf-lobes 3-5, curvate. Spur straight. AZ, Swmmer. +
6 D.elatum. Bee L. Leaf-lobes 3-7, curvate. Spur curved downwards. t

BF,

ORDER 2.—THE MAGNOLIADS. 151
ee ’

6, D. tric’orne. Low Wild L. Leafdobes linear. Pods recurved. Height 6-12’. M.W.
- 7 D.vires’cens. Green-flowered L. Leaf-lobes lanceolate. Fils. greenish-

- white. S. W.

8 D. grandiflorum. Great-flowered ZL. Leaf-lobes 5-7, linear. Fis. large, b-p. tf

11. ACONI’TUM. Monk’s-hood. A/conite.

Sepals 5, irregular, colored, upper one vaulted or hooded. Petals 5 or
6, the two upper on long claws, concealed beneath the upper sepal, re-
curved: and honeyed at top; the other 3 or 4 very small. Styles 3-5.
Follicles 8-5.—2 Leaves palmately cleft or divided. Flowers odd and

showy, in terminal spikes.

1 A.uncina’tum. Weld M. Stem reclining, widely branched. Helmet conical. M. 8.
2 A. Napel’lus. Garden A. Stem erect, nearly simple. Helmet semicircular. ft

Orver II. MAGNOLIA’CEH. The Magnoliads.

Trees and shrubs with membranous stipules sheathing the buds, with

leaves alternate, leathery, simple entire, or lobed, never serrate ;
Jlowers solitary, large and showy, mostly odorous and perfect;
sepals 3-6, colored like the 6-12 hypogynous imbricated petals;
stumens numerous, hypogynons, distinct, and many ovaries;
Jruit compound, acd of the united carpels.

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Pistils arranged in a cone....2 |
§ Pistils whorled inasingle row. Shrub. South. Star Anise. Ixu10/10M.

2 Anthers opening inwards. Maeno/rra, 1
2 Anthers opening outwards. LIRIODEN’DRON. 2

1. MAGNOTIA.
Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Anthers longer than the filaments, opening in-

_ wards.. Carpels 2-valved, 1—-2-seeded, imbricated jnto a hard, cone-like
fruit. Seeds berry-like, suspended when ripe by a long seed-stalk.—A

noble genus of trees or shrubs, with large, fragrant flowers.

§ Native Magnolias, flowering with the leaves....
§ Exotic Magnolias, flowering before the leaves be ake ae

152 ie. ‘THE FLORA.

a Leaves acute at the base (not cordate). .
a Leaves cordate or auriculate at the base. anes 80-40f. in 5-4
b Leaves shining above, white or rust-colored beneath. Petals 9-12....1,2
b Leaves dull green both sides, thin, deciduous. Petals 6-9....3, 4 :
1 M. grandiflo’ra. Big Laurel. Tree evergreen, 60-70f. high. Leaves thick, rust-
downy beneath. Flowers 8 or 9’ broad, white. - S.
2 M. glauca. White Bay. Shrub deciduous, 6-25f. high. Leaves very smooth,
glaucous beneath. Flowers 2-3’ broad, cream-color. Swamps. t+

3 M. acumina’ta. Cucumber-tree. Tree chia. Leaves oval, acuminate, scat- .

tered. Flowers small (3-4’ broad), petals obovate. M.S.

4 M.umbrel’/la. Umbrella-tree. Tree small (20-30f.). Leaves wedge-lanceo-

late, whorled, very large, as well as the flowers. M.S.
5 M. corda’ta. Yellow eee ie -tree, Petals 6-9, yellow, with reddish lines. Lys.
broad-ovate, slightly cordate. Flowers 4’ broad. S. jf
6 M. Fra’seri. Har-leaved M. Petals 6, pure white. Leaves ear-shaped at base,
obovate-spatulate, nearlf. long. Spring. S. poe
7 M. macrophylla. Great-leaved MU. Petals 6, white, each 6-8’ in length. Leaves
2-8f. long, obovate-spatulate, cordate. Tree 30-50f. high. S..W. +
8 M.conspic’ua. Yulan. Flowers in Spring, large, rose-colored or r shite, with
6-9 petals or sepals, nearly erect. J a,

2, LIRIODEN'DRON. Tulip-tree. _

Sepals3. Petals 6, in two rows.
Anthers opening outwards. Car-
pels 1-2-seeded, imbricated into
a cone, indehiscent, separating
from each other in fruit.—Trees
with large and fragrant flowers

L. tulipif’era. Tulip-iree. Whitewood.
Poplar. This is one of the finest
and largest trees of our forests.
The trunk is generally straight
and cylindric, dividing at the top
rather abruptly in a few coarse and
erooked branches. Leaves dark
green, smooth, square at the end, with 2 lobes each side, 3-5’ in length and
breadth. ee large and slegant, greenish-yellow, = within, 4-67
broad. May, June.

Fig. 374. Young branch of Tulip-tree, unfold-
ing from the bud: §, s, stipules.

.
7 _
o " - ~

OnpER 6.—THE BERBERIDS. - 153

Orper VI.—BERBERIDACEA®. The Berberids.

‘Herbs and shrubs, with alternate leaves and perfect flowers, with,
sepals imbricated in the bud in 2 or more rows; ’
petals opposite the sepals, also imbricated in a or more rows;
stamens opposite to the petals, the anthers usually opening by two lids ;
ovary 1-celled, solitary and simple, forming a capsule ‘or berry.

Fig. 375. Section of the flower of Jeffersonia. Fig. 376. A leaf of the same.

Analysis of the Genera. ;

§ Herbs, anthers opening by two valves hinged at arr
Ԥ Herbs, anthers opening by 2 slits lengthwise....b

§ Shrnbs, with yellow flowers and acid berries. BeER’BERIS. 1
a Stamens 6. Fruit 2, drupe-like, soon-naked seeds. Cohosh. Lron’tIcz.
a Stamens 6. Fruit a 2-4-seeded berry. Umbrella-leaf. PieHy Let’ a.
_ aStamens 8. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid, Twin-leaf. JEFFERSO/NIA. 2

b Stamens 9-18. Flower 1, with 2 leaves. — _ May Apple. Popopuy’Lum. 8

1. BER’BERIS. Barberry.

Sepals 6, obovate, colored, the 3
outer ones smaller. Petals 6, round- §\vs
ish, with two glands,at the base of \ \:\
each, inside. Stamens6. Stigmases- \\%
sile, disk-like, on the top of the ovary.
Berry oblong, sour, 1-celled, 2-3-seed-
ed.—Tine, hardy shrubs, with the
wood, inner bark, and flowers yellow.

Fig. 317. a, Flower of Berberis_ vulgaris; 0, the pistil (magnified), with the ovary cut open;
c, ¢, petals with stamens opposite; 9, a berry; 380, a seed cut open, showing the embryo,

yep “
ad So) ae

154 ae THE FLORA.

1 B. vulga’ris. ‘Common Barberry-bush. A well-known, bushy, handsome shrub, in

hard soils. Grows 3-8f. high. Leaves oval, near 2’ long, rounded-obtuse at
apex, tapering to a petiole, with bristly serratures on the margin. Flowers
yellow, a dozen or more in each hanging raceme, with entire petals. Stamens
irritable, springing against the stigma when touched. Berries red, very sour.
June.
2 B. Aquifo’lium. Holly-leaved B. Leaves pinnate, of 7-13 thick, spiny-toothed
- leaflets. Shrub 3-5f. high. Cal. +

2. JEFFERSO'’NIA. Twin-leaf.

Sepals 4, colored, caducous. Petals 8, spreading. Stamens 8, with -

linear anthers. Pod on a short stipe, opening by a lid——2f Flowers and
leaves from the root. Scape 1-flowered. . (Figs. 375, 376.)
J. diphyl’la. YTwin-leaf. A very curious plant, acaulescent. Leaves each with two

blades, about 1f. high. Flowers same height, white. Root-stock black, with
a thick mass of fibres, supposed good in rheumatism. M. W.

= 3. PODOPHYL’LUM. Mandrake.

Sepals caducons. Petals 6-9, obovate, concave. Stamens 19-18, with
linear anthers, the lids scarcely opening. ewe large, egg-shaped, 1-celled,
crowned with the solitary stigma.—Low, somewhat poisonous herbs, with
one or two leaves and one flower.
P. pelta’tum. May Apple. Wild Mandrake. A singular and interesting plant, in
. woods and fields. Height about 1f. The barren plants bear but a single leaf,
which is’ 5-8’. broad, 5~7-lobed, and centrally peltate. The flowering plants
have a pair of leaves, with the flower at the fork of the two petioles—the leaves
not peltate, but with a deeply-hollowed base, about 7-lobed. Flower droop-

ing, white, about 2’ across. Fruit yellowish, witk the flavor of the Strawberry.
May. .

Orper VIII—NELUMBIACEX. The Water-beans.

Herbs aquatic, prostrate root-stock, and radical, peltate leaves, with
flowers large, solitary, on long, upright scapes, 4 or 5-sepaled ; ° 3
petals numerous, arranged in many rows, as are also the many stamens;
ovaries separate, each with a simple style and stigma, becoming in |
Jruit 1-seeded nuts, half sunk in the hollows of the very large ei: the
seeds with a very large embryo and no albumen.

: Sat Ns.
Finke Ap

Orpex 9.—THE WATER LILIES. 155

a4 ~*~ NELUM’'BIUM. Nelumbo.

The character of the genus the same as that of the order.

N. luteum. Yellow Nelwmbo. A magnificent flowering plant, frequent in the stag-
nant waters of the South and West, rare in N. Y. and Conn. The leaves are
1-2f. broad, round, entire, peltate in the centre, which is concave, and elevated
above the water more or less on the long petioles. Flowers several times
larger than the White Water Lily, but without fragranee. Petals concave, of
a brilliant white at edge, becoming yellow towards the base. Nuts (called,
Water-beans) about as large as acorns, eatable.” June, July.

'
SS en

Orpen IX.—NYMPH HZ ACEH. The Water Lilies.

Herbs aquatic, with roundish leaves from a prostrate rhizoma;
* flowers large and showy, the sepals, petals, and stamens gradually passing
into each other, imbricated and arranged in many rows;
sepals few, colored inside; persistent ; stzgmas radiating and crowning the ~
ovary, which in fruit becomes a capsule compound and 5-celled ;
seeds minute, numerous, with the-embryo at the end of the albumen.

Analysis of the Genera.

Petals large as the sepals, white, red, — ;

or blue. Nympum’a, 1
Sweat i) Petals smaller than the sepals, stamen--
ng \? like, yellow. Frog Lily. Nupwar. ~
WE, :

WY Wy if

the flower; 0, the bud; d, e, 4, g, stamens grad-
ually changing into petals; 2, a seed cut open,
showing the embryo in alittle sac. Fig. 383,
the many-rayed stigma; 384, cross-section of the
many-celled ovary.

156 : THE FLORA.

NYMPHA’A. Water Lily. °

Sepals 4 or 5, green outside. Petals in many rows inserted on the re-
ceptacle beneath the ovary. Stamens inserted above the petals. Anthers —
slender, opening inwards, the outer filaments gradually widening and pass-.
ing into petals. Capsule ripening under water. |
NN. odora’ta. White Water Lily. One of the loveliest of flowers, frequent in ponds ©

and sluggish streams. The root-stock is long and thick, running in the mud

where the water is from *3-l0f. deep, sending up leaves and flowers to the

surface. Leaves 5-6’ long, roundish, cleft at the base to the centre, where the

long petiole is inserted, margin entire. Petals lanceolate, 12-2’ long, of the

most delicate texture and whiteness, often tinged with purple. Filaments yel-
“low. July. |

Orpver X. SARRACENIACEH ‘The Water-pitchers.

387

se
eae
~
Ss .
SS a

ets hey

=
teed

: nO
Fig. 385. Sarracenia purpurea, with bud, flower, and fruit.

Fig. 386. Section of the 5-celled ovary.

“Fig. 387. A seed (magnified), with small embryo and large albumen.

7
-) .
ore

ORDER 11—THE POPPY WORTS. a

Herbs aquatic, in bogs, Me fibrous roots, and with the

leaves all radical, urn-shaped, hollow, and large flowers on scapes;
sepals 5, with 3 little bracts at base; petals 5, clawed, incurved;
stamens hypogynous; ovary 5-celled, with a single style, the
stigma very broad, peltate, and 5-angled, crowning, in fruit, the
capsule, which is 5-celled and full of minute, albuminous seeds.

SARRACE’NIA. Pitcher-plant. Trumpet-leaf.

Character essehtially as expressed in the order. Nos. 4, 5, 7, 8, are
probably varieties, not species.

{| Leaf-blade inflected over the throat of the tube....7, 8
{| Leaf-blade erect, or nearly erect; throat of the tube open....a
a Leaf-tube pitcher-shaped, with a broad wing....1-3
a Leaf-tube trumpet-shaped, with a narrow wing....4-6
1S. purpu’rea. Purple Pitcher-plant.. Flowers purple. Leaves all inflated alike,
dark green with purple veins, 6-9’ long. Scapes 1-flowered, 1-2f. high. June.
2 S. heterophylla. Yellow Pitcher-plant. Fs. yellow. Lvs. pale, the outer slender. Jn. 7.
3 8. ala’ta. Narrow-winged P. Fis. yellow. Lvs. all more slender than in No: 1. 8.-W.
4S. (Grono’vii) flava. . Yellow Trumpet-leaf. Flowers yellow. Leaves 18-36/
high, all yellowish greén, veins not purple.
5 S. rubra. Red Trumpet-leaf. Fis. reddish purple. Lvs. (1-2f.) purple-veined. 8.
6 S. Drummondii. Drummond’ sT. FIs. purple. Lys.(18-86’) mottled with colors. .
7 S. psittacina. FParrot’s Pitcher-plant. Fls. purple. Lvs. (3-5’) spotless, hooded. 8S.
8 S. variolaris. Mottled P. Flowers yellow. Lvs. (12-18’) spotted with white. §.

Orper XI. PAPAVERACEE. The Poppyworts.

Herbs, generally with a colored juice, with alternate leaves; °
flowers on long peduncles, solitary, never blue ;

sepals*2 or 3, falling off when the flower expands ;

petals generally 4, sometimes 8; stamens 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20, &e. ;
stigmas 2, or if more, star-like on the flat apex of the compound ovary ;
Fruit a pod-shaped or roundish capsule ; seeds numerous and minute.

Analysis of the Genéra.

{ Plants with a yellow juicé. Petals yellow, crumpled in bud....a ‘
a Stigmas and placente 3, 4, or 6. Capsule ovoid....c¢
a Stigmas and placente 2 only. Capsule long, pod-shaped....b.

Vi

158 THE FLORA. Abe sei
4] Plants with an orange-red juice. | ' Bloodroot. SANGurNa/RIA. 1
{| Plants with a milk-white juice. - ~~ Poppy. Papa’ver. 2

{ Plants with a colorless juice. Calyx a cap, falling off whole.
Petals 4, orange-yellow. Lys. dissected. California Poppy. HSCHSCHOLT 218;
b Pod 1-celled, smooth. Leaves pinnately divided. Fls. yellow.
Stamens 24-32, shorter than the’4 petals. _ Céandine. Cuetipo’stem.
b Pod 2-celled, rough. Leaves palmate. Stig. 2-horned. Horn Poppy. Guav’cium. -
c Style present, stigmas 8 or 4. Stem lvs. 2, opposite. Yellow Poppy. Meconop’sis.
ce Style none, stigmas 4 or 6.- Stem lvs. alternate. Prickly Poppy. ARGEMO’NE. |

1. SANGUINA’RIA. Blocdroot.

- Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 8-12; the outer longer.
Stamens about 24. Stigma sessile, 1 or 2-lobed. Cap-
sule pod-like, oblong,-1-celled, 2-valved, acute at each
end, and many-seeded.—2# A low, acaulescent plant,
with white flowers, and fuil of a red or orange-colored
juice.

S. Canadensis. Slcodroot. An interesting plant, in shady, rich”
soils, flowering in early spring. Rhizoma thick, fleshy, and
when broken or wounded exudes a blood-colored juice, as
does every other part. From each joint of the root-stock

. Springs a single large glaucous leaf, and a scape about 6’
high, bearing a single flower. Leaf kidney-shaped, with
lobes separated by rounded sinuses between. Flower of a
square outline, white, scentless, and of short duration.

Fig. 388. Sanguinaria Canadensis: }, the pod; ¢, cross-section of it;
d, seed cut open, showing the embryo. Oe.

2. PAPA'VER. Poppy.

Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Stamens 00. Stigmas ©
many, united into a star-like crown, sessile upon the
thick ovary. Capsule 1-celled, opening by pores beneath
the edges of the stigma. Exotic herbs, mostly ©, with
a milk-white juice abounding in opium.

* Bristly or hairy. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers scarlét....2, 3
* Smooth, glaucous. Leaves cut-toothed, clasping. Flowers white....1

a | 7
ORDER 12.-THE FUMEWORTS. 159

1 P. somnif’erum. Opium™P. Fis. large, often double. + - Summer.
2P. dubium. Small Red P. Pod club-shaped, smooth. Leaves coarsely
divided. Flowers light red, smaller than in No.1. M.S. Summer.
2 P. Rheas. Corn P. Pod globular, smooth. Leaves more finely divided,
Flowers large and brilliant, deep scarlet, often double. + Sum.

Orver XII. FUMARIACE®. The Fumeworts.

Herbs smooth and delicate, with brittle stems and watery juice ;
. leaves usually alternate, many cleft or compound ;
flowers irregular, purple, white or yellow ;- sepals 2, very small;
petals 4, more or less cohering, one or both of the outer saccate, the’ two
- inner inclosing the anthers in their coherent tips; |
stamens 6, in 2 sets of 3 in each; pistil 1; pod 1-celled.

_Analysis of the Genera.

* Corolla equally 2-spurred or 2-saccaté at base....a
* Corolla uneqyal, only 1 of the petals spurred....b
a Petals slightly united or distinct, deciduous. Not climbing. Dicren’tra. 1
a Petals firmly united, persistent. Plants climbing. Mountain Fringe. ApLU/Mta.
b Ovary with several seeds; forming a slender pod, Corydal. Coryp’AaLis. 2
_ b Ovary with 1 seed, becoming a globular nut. . Fumitory. Fuma’ria.

1. DICEN’TRA. Har-drop.

Sepals 2, very small, sometimes disappearing. The 2 outer petals alike,

saccate at base, with spreading tips; the 2 inner alike, spoon-shaped,

- meeting face to face over the stamens and pistils. Filaments flat, separate

or not. Middle anther of each set 2-celled, the outer 1-celled. Pod
many-seeded.— 2

§ Low herbs (6’), with white flowers in simple racemes....1,°2
§ Taller (1-2f.), with purple flowers racemed or panicled....8, 4
1 D. cuculla’ria. White Har-drop. Root bulb-like. Spurs of the flowers divergent,
acute, straight. Flower nearly as broad as long. Spring.
¢ D. Canaden’sis. Sguirrel-corn. Root bearing yellow tubers as large as peas. Fls.
much longer than broad, spurs rounded, incurved. May, Jn.
8 D.exim’ia, Wild Purple Har-drop. Racemes panicled. Flowers oblong,
- with very short blunt spurs. Sepals manifest. M.S. t+
3 D. spectab’ilis. ChPiese E. Raceme simple. Flowers nearly as broad as long —
(1’), very fine and showy; sepals obsolete. ¢ .

160 | if THE FLORA.

2. CORYD’ALIS. Corydal. |
Sepals 2, very small. Petals 4, one of which is spurred at base. Fila-
ments with broad bases united into 2 sets, sheathing the ovary. Pod 2-
valved, slender, many-seeded. Leaves twice ternate, on the stem. In
rocky places. “Spring. 4 3 |
| C.glau’ca. Pink C. Erect. Fls. pink-yellow, panicled. Leaf-lobes obtuse. @
4 C.au’rea. Golden C. Diffuse. Fs. yellow, racemed. Leaf-lobes acute. @)

Fig. 389. Dicentra cucullaria, entire plant. Fig. 390. Enlarged on of a flower., Fig. 391. A
section of the same. ig. 392. A flower (enlarged) of D. Canadensis.

Orver XIII. CRUCIFER. The Crucifers, or
Mustardworts. als

Herbs with alternate Jeaves and no stipules, and regular flowers, with
sepals 4, and petals 4, spreading in the form.of a cross ;

ORDER 13.—THE CRUCIPERS. 161

stamens 6, 2 of them on opposite sides shorter than the rest; an

ovary of 2 united carpels, forming in fruit a

silique or silicle, with 2 cells and few or many seeds;

seeds without abun the large embryo variously ent and folded.
Nore.—Under this large Order, as under others, we present to our young readers a complete

analysis, by which they may trace to its genus any Mustardwort growing in the United States.

But as the genera are so nearly alike, great care and close observation will be needful in avoiding
mistakes. The plants for examination must be in fruit as well as in flower.

Fig. 393, Flower of White Mustard. Fig. 894. Same, with its parts separated. Fig. 395. A
éilique, ripe and open. fig. 396. Draba verna. Jig. 897. A pod open. :

Analysis of the Genera. °

* Garden plants cultivated for ornament or art. |

1 Fruit a silique or long pod (§ 363)....5
1 Fruit a silicle or short pod (§ 864)..
2 Silicle 2-celled, with 2 or more seeds....3

2 Silicle 1-celled, with one seed only. : Woad. Isa/rts.
8 Petals all-equal....4
3 Petals unequal, the 2 outside ones larger. Candy-tuft. Tpx’ris. J
4 Some of the stamens toothed. Gardens. Madwort. Atys’sum.

4 Stamens all toothless. Silicles very large and thin. Satin-flower. Luna’rta. 2
5 Seeds flat. Stigma rdunded or head-shaped. Wadll-flower. Curman’tu0vs.
5 Seeds flat. Stigmas 2-horned, spreading. “Stock. Marrut’oua.
5 Seeds egg-shaped. Stigma with 2 converging lobes. Rocket. Hrs’prrisa,

162 : THE FLORA.

** Planis growing wild, or cultiwated for food.

flowers yellow....8 ;

flowers white, purple, &..... 6

flowers yellow....5_

flowers white, purple, &c..... 2
1 Fruit a jointed pod, with the partitions crosswise....11

2 Silicle flattened or turgid, with a broad partition....4

2 Silicle flattened contrary to the narrow partition....3.

1 Fruit a silique, 2-celled lengthwise, 1

1 Fruit a silicle, 2-celled lengthwise, 1

Qn Po.

8 Silicle triang., seeds several in each cell. Shepherd’s-purse. CAPSEL’LA.

8 Silicle roundish, with one seed in each cell. Pepper-grass. LEPID/IUM.
3 Silicle double, with one seed in each lobe. S. Swine Cress, SENEBIE/RA.

4 Silicle flattened. Leaves cauline or radical. Whitlow-grass. DRABA.
4 Silicle turgid. Leaves cauline. Horse fadish. ARMoRA’CIA.
4 Silicle turgid. . Leaves all radical. ey 7. Awlwort. SUBULA’RIA.

5 Silicle obovoid, ¢.¢., inversely egg-shaped, turgid. False Flax. CAMELI’NA.
5 Sil. globose, turgid, membranous. Style long. SBladder-pod. VxEsicA’RIA.

5 Silicle oblong, turgid, and somewhat terete. Cress. NAstuR/TIUM.
6 Seeds arranged in two rows in each cell, not winged. Cress. NasTuR’TIUM.
6 Seeds in two rows in each cell, wing margin. Tower-mustard. 'Tur’RITIS.

6 Seeds arranged in a single row in each cell....7

* #7 Sil. linear, flattish, each valve with 1 central vein. © Rock Cress. AR/aBIs. 7
7 Silique lanceolate, flat, the valves veinless. ‘Tooth-root. DEnTa’RIA. 8
7 Siliques linear, veinless, terete. Flws. purple. False Rocket. lopan’Tuvs.
7 Siliques linear, veinless, flat. Fils. whitish. Cuckoo-flower. CARDAM!/NE. 9

8 Seeds’ ovate or oblong....9- .

8 Seeds globose....10

8 Seeds flat, with a-broad, winged margin. S. LEAVENWORTH’IA.
9 Calyx $-open. Lvs. runcinate, or finely dissect. Hedge-musturd. SisymM’BRIUM.
9 Calyx closed. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. © § Winter Cress, BaRrBA’RRA. 10
9 Calyx’closed. Leaves lanceolate. False Wall-flower. Exys/naum. 14
10 Calyx spreading. Valves of the pod I-3-veined. _ Mustard, S1na’Pprs. 12
10 .Calyx mostly erect. Valves of the pod l-veined. - Cabdage, &c. Bras/sica.
11, Pods short,*2-jointesd, with 1 seed in each joint. Sea-rocket, Caxkt’LxE.
11 Pods with several transverse joints and cells. ftadish. RapH’anvs.

1. IBE’RIS. Candy-tuft. . ‘

The two outside petals larger than the two inside ones. Pods flattened,.
truncate, emarginate, the cells one-seeded.—Foreign, ornamental plants.
1 Flowers white. Plain about 1f. high....2-4 : |

1 I. umbella’ta.. Purple C. . Fls. purple, in umbels. Lvs. serrate, upper entire,

2 1.ama/ra. Bitter C., Corymbs lengthening into racemes. Lys. slightly toothed.

8 1. pinna’ta. Wing-leaved C. Corymbs scarcely lengthening. Leaves pinnatifid.
4 I, saxat’ilis. Mock C. Corymbs not lengthening, Shrubby. Lys. linear, entire.

‘eee

ORDER 13.—THE CRUCIFERS. 163

9. LUNA’/RIA. Satin-flower.

Sepals somewhat 2-lobed at base of the flower. Petals nearly entire.
Stamens without teeth. Silicle oval or lanceolate, flat, usually very large,
with a stalk. Seed-stalk adhering to the partition.—Foreign, ornamental
plants. | ‘

L. redivi’va. Perennial S. Pods lanceolate, narrowed to each end. Lys. sharp-

toothed. 2f.
L. bien’nis. Biennial S. Pods broad-oval, rounded at each end. Lvs. blunt-
toothed.

38. CAPSEL’LA. Shepherd’s-purse.

Calyx equal at base. Silicles triapgular, wedgé-shaped at base, notched
at top, compressed laterally, that is, contrary to the narrow partition.
Valves boat-shaped. Style short. Seeds 00, oblong, small.—A common
weed, with white flowers. ‘

C. Bursa-Pasto’ris. Shepherd’s-purse. Found everywhere, in fields, pastures, and

road-sides. Stem growing to a foot in height, hairy below, branching. Root
leaves many (when the plant has room), half a foot long, deeply-lobed and
toothed. Stem leaves much shorter, with two ear-shaped stem-clasping lobes
at base. Flowers very small, in racemes which become very long, and are suc- .
ceeded by the little purse-shaped pods. Apr.=Sept. (See Fig. 331.) r

4, LEPJD’IUM. Pepper-grass.

Sepals ovate. Petals ovate, entire. Silicles roundish or oval, notched
at the end, flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. © Cells 1-seed-
ed. Valves boat-shaped, dehiscent. Flowers white, racemed, numerous.

1 Stem leaves undivided. Flowers from Juné to Sept....2

1 Lsativum, Leaves all divided and lobed. Pods round.. Gardens. July.
2 L Varginicum. TZongue-grass. Pods round, wingless. Stem leaves toothed.
8 Lrudera’le. Pods roundish-oval, wingless. Petals 0. Stem leaves entire. W.
' 4 Lcampes’tre. Pods ovate, winged, rough-scaly. Leaves arrow-shaped. W.

5. SENEBIE'RA. Swine Cress. .

_ Silicle 2-lobed, appearing double. Valve somewhat turgid and inde-
hiscent. Cells each with 1 roundish and 8-cornered seed. Flowers
white, in short racemes which stand opposite to the leaves, ~_

164 THE FLORA.
S. pinnatif’7ida. A prostrate, weed-like plant, common at the South, in fields and on
river-banks. Leaves divided in a pinnate manner, into oblong, toothed lobes.

Flowers obscure, with scarcely any petals. Silicles~flattened, notched at apex,
wrinkled on the surface. /eb.—July. ;

-

6. DRA’BA. Whitlow-grass.

Calyx equal at base. Petals equal. Filaments without teeth. Silicle
oval-oblongy entire, flattened parallel to the broad partition. Cells 2,
many-seeded. eecdn not margined.—Low herbs, with small white or
yellow flowers in racemes. (See Fig. 396.)

§ Petals 2-cleft, white. Leaves allradical....1
§ Petals entire or merely notched. Stems more or less leafy....a
a Style present. Plants perennial....2, 3
a Style none. Plants annual or biennial....b
b Pedicels as long or fonger than the pod: 4,5
b Pedicels shorter than their pods..
1 D.verna. Spring W. Leaves oblong, hairy. Same 1-5’ high. @ (See Fig. 396.)
2 D. arabi/sgns. ttock W. Leaves minutely toothed. Silicle twisted, longer than
the pedicel, oblong-lanceolate, 4-6’” long. Lake shores. (Figs. 155-159.)
8 D.ramosis’sima. Bushy W. $228 with remote and slender teeth. Silicle as
long as its pedicel, style halfas long. Flowers white. Rocks. |
4 D.nemora’lis. Wood W. Petals notched at end. Pod half as long as its
pedicel. Seeds near 30. Flowers yellowish-white. N-W.
4D. brachycar’pa. Short-fruited W. Petals entire. Pod as long as pedicel,
10-12-seeded. Leaves round-ovate. S. W. March, April.
5 D. Carolinia’na. Leaves round-ovate, entire. Pods linear, in a sort of corymb.
Flowers white. “Plant hispid, 1-3’ high. E. 8. April-June.
6 D. cuneifo’lia. Wedge-leaved W. Leaves wedge-oblong. Pods pacman = 20-
80-seeded, racemed.. Plant 3-8’ high. S-W.

”. AR'ABIS. Rock Cress. Sickle-pod.

Sepals erect. Petals clawed, entire. Silique linear, flattened, valves
one-veined in the middle. Seeds in a single row in each cell. Flowers
white. April-June.

§ Leaves all (or at least the radical) pinnatifid....1, 2

§ Leaves all undivided ; toothed or entire, often clasping....a
a Siliques short (6-12’’) and straight. Seeds not winged....3, 4 .
a Siliques longer (1-27), straight or curved. Seeds not winged....5, 6 ;
a Siliques long-(3’), curved, hanging. Seeds winged....7, 8

*

3 A.

4 A.

7 A.

8 A.

OrnvER 13.—THE CRUCIFERS. 165

1 A. Ludovicia’na. Zowisiana R. Allthe leaves feather-cleft. Seeds bor-
dered. Plant slender, 6-10’ high. 8. Mar., Apr.
2 A, lyra’ta. Lyre-leaved R. Only the root leaves feather-cleft. Seeds not
bordered. Plant 6-12’ high. Pods 14-2 long.
Thalia’na. Mouse-ear &. Stems erect. Leaves nearly entire. Petals twice
longer than the sepals. Pods erect. -Plant downy. ay.
denta’ta. TZoothed &. Stems diffuse. Leaves sharply toothed. Petals scarce
longer than sepals. Pods spreading. Rough. M. W.
5 A. patens. Patent R. Downy. Pods spreading and curved sh beaked
with a distinct style. w. W.S.
6 A. hirsu’ta. Hairy &. Plant hairy. Siliques straight, erect. Style none.
’ Leaves arrow-shaped. Fls. g.
leviga’ta. Smooth Sickle-pod. Stem leaves arrow-shaped, clasping, narrow.
Pod spreading. . Plant glabrous, 2f. high.
Canaden’sis. ‘Prue Sickle-pod. Stem leaves ee at both ends, sessile. Pod
curved, pendulous. Tall, downy.

8. DENTA’RIA. Tooth-root. Pepper-root. °

Sepals converging or closed. -Silique lanceolate, with flat, veinless
valves opening elastically. Seeds in a single row in each cell, .ovate, not

bordered.—Plants 2¢. Rhizoma prostrate, jointed. Stem leaves but 2 or

a: Ae Flowers white or purplish.

4] Stem leaves almost opposite or whorled... 1, 2,3

“ | Stem leaves alternate or scattered. Root-stock moniliform....4, 5

1m
2D.
ep.
4D.
5 D.

diphyl’/la. TZwo-leaved P. Stem leaves 2 only, leaflets 8, ovate, toothed.
lacinia’ta. Cut-leaved P. Stem leaves 3, leaflets 3-5, linear, cleft.
multif/ida. Stem leaves 2-3, numerously divided into linear leaflets. S.
max/ima. Leaflets 3, ovate, cut and cleft. Lvs. 8-7. Fls. purple. M.
heterophyl’la, Lfits.3, nearly entire; ofthert. lvs. round-ovate, toothed.

9, CARDAMI'NE. Bitter Cress.

Calyx a little spreading. Silique linear, with flat, veinless valves which
are narrower than the partition. Stigma entire. Seeds not margined,
with a slender seed-stalk. Flowers white or purple.

* Leaves pinnate with many leaflets. April-June....1, 2
* Leaves simple or partly ternate. Mostly per annie

a Style slender. In low, wet grounds... ny :
a Style none. In high mountains.

1 © hirsw’ta. Pennsylvanian C. Smooth; abéut if. erect. Leaves 5-11-foliate, the

2 C.

terminal lobe largest, 3-lobed. Stigma sessile. Wet. @ c.

praten’sis. Cuckoo-flower. Stem simple, ascending, 1f. Leaves 7-15-foliate,
with stalked, roundish leaflets. Style present. Flowers large. Wet. 2%

i

166 | THE FLORA.

8 C. rhomboid’ia. Rhombic C. Stems upright, bearing tubers at base. “Pods
linear-lanceolate. JLeaves roundish and rhomboidal. ‘w. orp. ¢.
4 C.rotundifo/lia. Rownd-leaved C. Stems decumbent, branched. Pods linear-
subulate, Leaves roundish, lower 3-lobed. w.° By streams. Ba
5 ©. billidifo’lia. Daisy-leaved C. ee smooth, roundish. Pods erect. Height .
1-3’. N.H.
6 C. spatula’ta. Spath-leaved C. Leaves hairy, epaniutt Pods spreading: oo

10. BARBA’REA. Winter Crete.

Sepals erect, nearly equal at base. Silique columnar, 2—4-cornered.
Valves concave or keel-shaped by means of a strong central vein. Seeds
in a single row. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow. Aa
B. vulga’ris. Winter Cress. Common in old fields, also brook4sides. Whole plant

glabrous. Stem 1-2f. high, branching above. Leaves lyrate with the terminal
lobe roundish, upper leaves obovate, pinnatifid at base, crenate, or repand-
*dentate—all dark green, shining. Flowers showy, in racemes. Pods ob- .
scurely 4-cornered, slender, 3’ long, curved tela May, June. 4

11. ERYSIMDM. False Wall-flower.

“Calyx closed. Silique linear, 4-sided. Stigma capitate. Seeds in a
single row in each cell. Mostly @. Flowers yellow. _
1 E. cheiranthoi’des. Stem ascending. Fils. small. Pods spreading, 1’in length. M.
2 E, Arkansa’num, Yellow Phlox. Stem strictly erect. Flowers large (3 broad).

Pods 2-3’ long. River bluffs. A fine plant. WwW

12. SINA’PIS. Mustard.

Sepals spreading. Petals ovate, with straight claws. Silique nearly
terete, valves 3-veined. Style short. Seeds in a single row, globular.—
® or ® with yellow flowers. (Figs. 393, 394.)

1S. nigra. Black M. Upper leaves lance-linear, entire.. Pod 4-cornered, smooth,
2S. arven’sis, Field M. Leaves all repand-toothed. Pods torose, sane ;
3 8. alba. White M. Leaves all lyrate-pinnatifid. Pods = shorter than beak.

Orper XVI. VIOLA'CEH. Violets. *

Herbs with simple (often cleft), alternate leaves with stipules ;
Jjiowers irregular, spurred, with the sepals, ‘petals, and stamens in 5’s;
corolla spurred at base; anthers united: 2 of the filaments dentine:

ORDER 1§.—VIOLETS. - 167

style 1, with a one-sided stigma; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved ;
seeds many, with the embryo nearly as long as the albumen.

Analysis of the Genera.

Sepals unequal, with ear-shaped lobes at base. Vioxa. 1
Sepals nearly equal, not appendaged at base. Green Violet, So’LEA.

1. VIYOLA. Violet.

Sepals 5, prolonged at base into two auriculate eS:
lobes. Petals more or less unequal, the largest \ ~S4
one spurred at base, the 2 opposite ones at the.
sides equal, the 2 upper ones all equal. Stamens
cohering by their anthers, 2 of them spurred at
base. Seeds attached to the valves of the capsule.
—2¢ Low herbs, caulescent or acaulescent. Pe-
duncles angular, solitary, 1-flowered, nodding at
the top. ; Sime _

fi J

* Acaulescent: leaves and flowers all radical....a . %g.898. Violet No.1: section.
* Caulescent: stems leafy....d |
a Flowers blue....b
a Flowers white....Nos. 2-4.
a Flowers yellow....No.1. |
b Petals beardless....5-7
b Petals bearded....c
c Leaves divided....8,9 - [otic 22. -
: c Leaves undivided....10-12, and the Ex-
d Pet. yellow. Stems leafy at the top only....13-15
d Petals not yellow, or but partly yellow....e
e Stipules entire. Summer....16
» ©€ Stipules fringe-toothed. May, June..:..17-19 ane
e Stipules lyrate-pinnatifid, very large.... + Fig. 399. Ripe, open cap-
1 V. rotundifo’lia. Harly Yellow Viole. Lvs. round-ovate, Sule of Violet. |
cordate, smooth. Sepals blunt. Aprz. 3
2 V. lanceola’ta. Lance-leavedV.’ Lvs. lanceolate, tapering to the base. Some bearded.
8 V. primulefo’lia. PrimroseV. Lvs. lance-ovate, abrupt at base. Fls. beardless.
4V.blanda. Sweet Wild V. Leaves round-cordate. Fils. beardless, fragrant. May.
~5 V. palus’tris. Bog V. Lvs. reniform-cordate. Spur very short. Stips. ovate. White Mts.
6 V. Selkir’kii. Se/kirk’s V. Lvs. round-cor. Spur nearas long as petals, blunt. May.
7 V. peda’ta. Foot-leaved V.Lvs. pedate, 5-9-part.,segm. narrow, entire. Root premorse.
8 V. delphinifo’lia, LarkspurV. Leavesin 7-9 linear, 3-cleft segments. W. Aprél. |
9 V. palma’ta. -Palm-leaved V. Leaves hastate-lobed, cordate. Variety of No. 10.

168°.” 7 THE FLORA. ~

eer Be
10 V. cuculla’ta. Hood-leaved V. Leaves reniform-cordate, base lobes involute. com.
11 V. villo’sa. Woolly V. Leaves round-ovate, cordate, obtuse, flat, downy. M.S.
12 V. sagitta’ta. Arréw-lvd. V. Lvs. lance-oblong, some sagittate or cut-toothed at base.
13 V.hasta’ta. Halberd-leaved V. Smooth. Lvs. hastate. Stip. ovate, minute. 8.
14 V.tripar’tita. Three-cleft V. Hairy. Lvs. deeply 8-parted. Stip.lanceolaté. S.
15 V. pubes’cens. Downy V. Downy. Lvs. broad-cordate. Stip. ovate, large. ¢.
16 V. Canaden’sis. Canada V. Plantlf. high. Leaves cordate, pointed, smooth.
17 V. stria’ta. Cream-colored V. Spur 4 the length of the corolla. Stip. large, oblong.
18 V. Muhlenber’gii. Muhlenberg’s V. Spur 3 the length of corolla. Stip. lanceolate. —
19 V. rostra’ta. Long-spurred V. Spur longer than corolla.. Stipules lanceolate.
20 V. tric’oior. Pansy. Heartsease. Stipules as large as the leaves. Fls. three-colored. +
21 V. grandifio’ra. Great-floweredV. Stip. much smaller than the leaves. Purple. +
22 V. odora’ta. Sweet English V. Stolons creeping. Lvs. cordate. Fragrant. +

OrprEr XVIII. HYPERICACEA. St. Johnsworts. -

_ Herbs or shrubs with opposite, entire,
dotted leaves, and no stipules ;

flowers mostly yellow, in cymes ;

sepals unequal, 4-5, dotted ; |

petals 4—5, twisted in the bud, dotted,
and with the veins oblique;

stamens hypogynous, in 3 or more par-
cels ;

ovary superior; style 1;

Jruit a capsule or berry, many-seeded.

«

Analysis of the Genera.

Petals and sepals 5....2
Petals and sepals 4. Flowers yellow.
. St. Peterswort. As’/cYRUM.
2 Fis. yellow. St. Johnswort. HyPER’icum. 1
2 Flowers purplish. . ELoDE’A.

Fig. 400. Hypericum perforatum (Common St.
Johnswort): stem, leaves, and flowers. Fig. 401.
The stamens in 3 sets surrounding the ovary with 3
styles. Fig. 402. Cross-section of the ovary.

ORDER 18.—ST. JOHNSWORTS. 169

HYPER/ICUM. St. Johnswort.

Sepals 5, connected at base, nearly equal, leaf-like. Petals 5, oblique.
Stamens many (sometimes few and distinct), united into 3-5 parcels with
no glands between them. Styles 3-5, either distinct or united at base.
Capsule 1-celled, or 8—5-celled.—Herbs or shrubs, with branching stems,
opposite, entire leaves, and yellow flowers. (Figs. 210, 211, 400-402.)

§ Stamens 25 to 100, more or less united into sets....a
§ Stamens 5 to 15, not at all united....g
a Carpels (pistils) and styles 5 or more. Capsule 5-celled....Nos. 1, 2
a Carpels 8. Capsule 3-celled (the partitions meeting)....b
a Carpels 8. Capsule 1-celled (the partitions not quite meeting)....¢
b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate... .8-5
b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves linear.>..6, 7
b Herbaceous. Petals sprinkled with black dots....8-10
c¢ Shrubs. Styles united intol....d
e Halfshrubby. Styles united into 1....e
c Herbaceous. Styles distinct, at least at the top....f
d Flowers solitary or in 3’s, axillary. Stems 2-edged....11, 12
d Flowers clustered in a compound, terminal cyme....18, 14
e Flowers in a leafless, stalked cyme. Leaves obtuse....15, 16
e Flowers in a leafy (few-leaved) cyme. Leaves acute....17, 18
f Stem or branches 4-cornered or square....19, 20
f Stem and branches terete, not angular....21, 22
g Flowers in corymbous cymes....28, 24
g Flowers racemed on the slender branches....25, 26
1 H. pyramida’tum. Giant S. Herb 3-4f., flowers 2’ broad. Leaves lance-oblong.
2 H. Kalmia’num. Xalm’s S. Shrub 1-2f., flowers 1’ broad. Leaves lance-linear.
3 H. Buckle’yi. Buckley's S. Leaves obovate. Flowers terminal, solitary. 8.
4 H. prolifficum. Prolific S. Lvs. lance-oblong. Cymes compound. W.
5 H. galeoi’des. Bedstraw S. Lvs. lance-linear. Clusters axillary. S.
6 H. rosmarinifo’/lium. Rosemary S. Lvs. petioled, shorter than internodes. S.
7 H. fascicula’tum. Clustered S. Lvs. sessile, longer than the internodes. 8.
8 H. perfora’tum. Punctured S. Stem 2-edged. Lvs. small, light-dotted. e,
9 H.corymbo’sum. Corymbed S. Stem terete. Lvs. large, black-dotted. e.
10 H. macula’tum. Spotted S. St. terete. All over black-dotted. Sty. long.
11 H.au’reum. Golden S. Lvs. thick, obtuse, sessile. Fls. large (14’). Stam. 500! S.
12 H. ambig’uum. Dubious S. Lvs. thin, acute, sessile. Fls. 8’’ broad. Pet. toothed. S.
13 H. myrtifo/lium. MVyrtle S. Branches terete. Lvs. clasping. Cyme leafy. S.
14 H. cistifo/lium. Rockrose S. Branches 2-edged. Lvs. sessile. Cyme leafless. 8S.
15 H. nudifio’rum. Naked-flowered S. Lvs. lance-ovate. Pod ovoid-conic. M.S8.
16 H. spherocar’pon. Round-fruited S. Lvs, linear-oblong. Pod globular. W.
8

170 THE FLORA.

17 H.adpres’sum. Closed S. Lvs. half-erect. Petals obovate, longer than sep.
18 H. dolabrifor’me. Hatchet S. Lvs. spreading. Pet. dolabriform, long as sep.
19 H. angulo’sum. Angled S. Lvs. ovate, acute. Style thrice longer than ovary. ~
20 H. ellip’ticum. Ziliptic S. Lvs. elliptie, obtuse. Style as long as ovary. N. M.
21 H. grave’olens. Strong-scented S. Smooth. Lvs. oblong-ovate, clasping. S.
22 H. pilo’sum. Hairy S. Hairy. Lvs. lance-ovate, appressed. S.
23 H. mu/‘ticum. Dwarf S. Lvs. ovate, clasping, eal Cymes leafy. .
24 H. Canaden’se. Canada S. Luvs. linear, apk-iiieed, Cymes leafless. ec.
25 H. Saro’thra. Pine-weed S. Lvs. awl-shaped, minute. Fls. sessile.
26 H. Drummon’dii. Drummond's S. Lvs. linear. Fils. stalked. W.

OrnpeER XIX. DROSERACEA®. The Sundews.

Herbs growing in bogs, often covered with glands, with

leaves alternate, circinate (rolled from top to base) in the bud;
flowers regular, of 5 persistent sepals and 5 withering petals ;
stamens 5, distinct, and a single, compound ovary ;

styles 1-5, and jruit a 1-8-celled many-seeded capsule, and with
seeds having a small embryo at the base of the albumen.

Analysis of the Genera.

Stamens 5. Dros’ERA. 1
coiled (circinate) in the bud. ; Stamens 10-15. Dionz#’a. 2
Lemon} not coiled in the bud. Sterile stamens many. - Parwas’sia. 3

1. DROS’/ERA. Sundew.

Sepals 5, united at base, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens5. Styles 3-5,
each deeply 2-parted, so that there seems to be 6-10. Capsule 3-5-valved,
1-celled, many-seeded.—2£ Small aquatic herbs. Leaves (all radical in
the American species) clothed with long, reddish, eland-bearing hairs,
exuding a clear, sticky fluid. Flowers in a raceme on a slender scape,
which is at first coiled downward, but uncoils as the flowers open.
* Scape 4-6 times longer than the spreading leaves... .1-3
* Scape 1-2 times longer than the ascending leaves....4-6
1 D. rotundifo’lia. Round-leaved S. Leaves round, on long hairy stalks. Fils white.
small (about 3’” broad). Scapes 5-3’ high. e.
2 D.minor. Lesser S. Lys. wedge-obovate, on smooth stalks. Scape 3-6”. p. &
8 D. brevifo’lia. Tiny S. Lvs. spatulate, on short, hairy stalks, Scape2-3’. p. &.

ORDER 19.—THE SUNDEWS. 171

4 D. longifolia. Long-leaved S. Lvs. spatulate, on
long, smooth stalks. 4-7’. White. (Fig. 20, 21.)

5 D. linearis. Linear-leaved S. Lvs. linear, obtuse ;
stalks smooth. 3-6’. White.

6 D. filiformis. Zhread-leaved S. Lvs. filiform, long.
Scape 1f. Purple.

2. DION A’A. Venus’ Fly-trap.

Sepals 5, spreading. Petals 5, obovate, with
pellucid veins. Stamens 10-15. Style 1. Stig-
mas 5, many-cleft. Capsule breaking irregularly
in opening, 1-celled, many-seeded.—2 Glabrous
herbs. Leaves all radical, sensitive, closing con-
vulsively when touched. Scape umbelled.

D. Muscip’ula. A very remarkable plant, in sandy bogs,
at the South, sometimes cultivated. Leaves spread-
ing, the petiole broadly winged, endingin a roundish
blade which is fringed with spines, instantly closing
upon insects which alight upon it. Scape 6-127
high, bearing an umbel of 8-10 white, handsome
flowers. Apr., May. +t

Fig. 463, Venus’ Fly-trap. ig. 404, Ovary and style. ~
Fig. 405. Section of ovary.

8. PARNAS’SIA. Grass-of-Parnassus.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, inserted on the calyx (pe-
rigynous). Stamens also perigynous, in 2 rows,
the outer row of numerous sterile filaments, united
in 5 sets, the inner row of 5 perfect stamens. Stigmas 4, sessile. Cap-
sule 4-celled. Seeds very numerous.—2 Elegant herbs, with radical
leaves and 1-flowered scapes.

1 P. Carolinia’na. Meadow G. Sterile filaments, 8 in each set. Leaves about
7-veined, broadly oval or ovate, radical ones on long stalks, cauline few, near
the ground, sessile, clasping. Scape about 1f. high, bearing one flower at top,
which is about 1’ across. Petals marked with green veins. July, Aug.

2 P. asarifolia. Broad-leaved G. Sterile filaments, 3 in each set. Lvs. reniform. S.

3 P. palus’tris. Swamp G. Sterile filaments, 9-15 in each set. Lvs. cordate. N. W,

172 THE FLORA.

Onper XXI. CARYOPHYLLACEAX. Pinkworts.

Fig. 406. Pink (Pheasant’s-eye): 6, the bracts; c, the tubular calyx. Fig. 407. The ovary
with its 2 styles, Fig. 408. A petal of the Diurnal Lychnis, 2-cleft: ¢, the claw. Fig. 409.
Arenaria stricta, showing the spreading cyme. ig. 410. A fiower enlarged, calyx not tubular.

Herbs with the stems swelling at the nodes; opposite, entire leaves ;
sepals 4 or 5, sometimes distinct and sometimes united into a tube;
petals 4 or 5 (sometimes 0), with or without claws, hypogynous;
stamens generally twice as many as the petals; styles 2-5;

Fruit a 1-celled (rarely 2—5-celled) capsule with numerous seeds, and an
embryo coiled around fleshy albumen.

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Stipules dry, scale-like, between the leaves at base....6
§ Stipules none....2
2 Sepals united intoatube. Petals with long claws....3
2 Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals sessile or none....4
38 Calyx with 2 or more bractlets at base....a
3 Calyx naked, 7. e., with no bractlets....b
4 Pod 1-celled and with several seeds. Petals generally present....5
4 Pod 1-celled, with 1 seed. Petals none, calyx green....g
4 Pod completely 3-celled. Petals none, calyx white....h
5 Petals 2-parted or 2-lobed....c¢
5 Petals undivided and entire....d

vy. ae Ae 7.) *- 1.0 sn

ea ie

ORDER 21.—PINKWORTS. 173

6 Styles or stigmas 8 or 5. Pod 1-celled, many-seeded. ay
6 Styles or stigmas 2 or united into 1. Pod 1-seeded....f

a Styles 2. Petals variously notched or fringed. Pink. Dian’tuvs. 1
b Styles 2. Capsule 4-toothed when open. Saponaria. SAPoNa’RIA.

b Styles 3. Capsule 6-toothed when open. Silene. SILENE. 2

b Styles 5. Calyx 5-toothed, teeth short orlong. Rose Campion. Lycuntis. 8

- ¢ Styles 5. Pod opening at top by 10 teeth. Mouse-ear. CERASTIUM. 4
¢ Styles 3. Pod splitting into 6 valves. Chickweed. Starwort. STELLA’RIA.
d Styles 3. Valves of the ripe pod 8, each 2-toothed. Sandwort. ARENA/RIA.
d Styles 3. Valves of the pod 38, entire. Grove Sandwort. Ausi’/NE.
d Styles 4 or 5, always as many as the sepals. Pearlwort. Saci’Na.
d Styles3 and 5. Plant fleshy. Disk 10-lobed. Sea Sandwort. Honxen’ya.
e Styles 5. Leaves linear, whorled. Flowers white. Spurry. SPER/GULA.

e Styles 3 and 5. Luvs. linear, opposite. Fils. red. Sand Spurry. SPERGULA/RIA.
e Styles 3 in all the fis. Leaves in 4’s. Stipules ovate. All-seed. PoLycar’Pon.

e Styles 3 in allthe fis. Leaves opposite. Stipules many-cleft. STIPULIO’IDA.
» £ Sepals green, distinct or nearly so.... Nailwort. Paronycu’IA.
f Sepals white above, united into a tube below. SYPHONYCH/IA.

g Styles 2. Utricle inclosed in the hardened calyx tube. Knawell. ScLERAN’THUS. ~
h Styles 8. Stamens 3or5. Herb flatonthe ground. Carpet-weed. Moutv’ao. 5

1. DIAN’THUS. Pink. Carnation.

Calyx tubular, cylindrical, striate, with 2 or more pairs of opposite, im-
bricated scales at base. Petals 5, with long claws, limb unequally notched.
Stamens 10. Styles 2, with revolute stigmas. Capsule cylindrical, one-
celled.

{ Bracts as long as the calyx tube....2, 8, 4
4 Bracts much shorter than the calyx....5, 6, 7
1D. Arme’ria. Wild Pink. Bracts erect. Leaves linear, Flowers small, pink-red
in eymes of about 38. Stem 18-24’ high. In sandy fields. July. E.
2D. barbatus. Sweet William, or Bunch Pink. Bracts erect. Leaves lanceolate,
cymes large, many-flowered. Red or variegated with white. May-July. +
8 D. Chinen’sis. China Pink. Bracts spreading. Leaves lance-linear. Flowers
solitary, red, large. Plant evergreen, not glaucous. t+
4 D. caryophyl’lus. Carnation Pink. Bracts rounded. Petals crenate, beard-
less. Whole plant glaucous. Many beautiful varieties. +
5 D. pluma’rius. Pheasant’s-eye. Bracts ovate, Petals fringe-toothed, bearded.
Plant glaucous. Flowers solitary, white and purple. t
6. D.super’bus. Superb P. Bracts mucronate, ovate. Petals pinnatifid-fringed,
bearded, cymes level-topped. White. t+

174 THE FLORA.

=

9. SILE’NE. . Catch-fly. Campion.

Calyx tubular, swelling, without scales at base, 5-toothed. Petals 5,
2-cleft, the claws often crowned with a stiff scale. Stamens 10. Styles
8. Capsule partly 3-celled, opening by 6 teeth at top. (Fig. 116.)

* Petals many-cleft and fringed. Fils. white or roseate, large. Perennial....1-3
* Petals bifid or entire, not fringed....a ;

a Calyx inflated and netted with veins. Perennial....4, 5

a Calyx close upon the pod, not inflated... .b

b Flowers spicate, alternate. Annual....6, 7
b Flowers not spicate....¢
c Petals white, closed in sunshine....8, 9
c Petals red, purple, &c.,—(d) bifid....10, 11
—/(d) entire....12-15

1 §. stella’ta. Whorled C. Lvs. in 4’s. Calyx inflated. Fls. white, many. July.
2 S.ova/ta. Ovate C. Leaves opposite. Calyx not inflated. Flowers white. S.
8 S. Baldwin’ii. Baldwin's C. Lvs. opposite, obovate. Fls. very large, roseate. S.

4 S.infla’ta. Bladder C. Petals not crowned. Flowers few, white.

5 S.nivea. Snowy C. Petals with a little crown. Flowers many, white.
6 S. quinquevul’nera. Variegated C. Woolly. Petals entire, red, white-edged. S.
7 S.noctur’na. Spiked C. Downy. Petals narrow, 2-parted, greenish-white.

8 S. Antirrhi’na. Snapdragon C. Sticky in spots. Calyx egg-shaped.

9 S. noctiflo’ra. Wight C. Viscid-downy. Calyx cylindric. Petals 2-parted.
10 8. Virgin’ica. Virginian C. Leaves spatulate. Fils. large (2’), crimson. M.S.
11 S. rotundifo’lia. Rownd-leaved C. Leavesround, large. Fils. large, scarlet. W.

12 S. Pennsylvan’ica. Perennial. Petals rose-purple, toothed at end.

13 S.re’gia. Foyal C. Perennial. Petals scarlet, entire, oblanceolate.

14 S.Arme’ria. Garden C. Annual. Stem sticky in spots. Flowers rose-p. t

15 8S. acau’lis. Stemless C. Annual. Scape 2’ high, 1-flowered. Mountains.

8. LYCH’NIS. Cockle. Rose Campion.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, without scales at base. Petals 5, clawed.
Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule 1-celled, or 5-celled at the bee opening
at the top by 5 or 10 teeth. Petals sometimes crowned.

* Petals broad, entire. Plants very hairy....1, 2
* Petals 2-cleft, crowned with 2 scales at top of claw....3, 4
* Petals gashed or 4-cleft. Plants nearly smooth....5, 6
1 L. Githa’go. Cockle. Sepals longer than the crownless, purple petals.
2 L. Corona’ria. Mullein Pink. Sepals shorter than the stiff-crowned petals. t
8 L, Chalcedon’ica. Sweet William. Fis. scarlet, in a crowded, compound cyme. t
41. diu’rna. Diurnal Z. Flowers light purple, in an open, loose cyme. ft
(See Fig. 406.)

ORDER 22._THE PURSELANES. 175

5 L. corona’ta. Chinese Z. Petals very broad, fringed with numerous teeth. +
6 L. Floscu’culi. Ragged Robin. Petals divided into 4 long teeth, crowned. t

4, CERAS’TIUM. Mouse-ear. Chickweed.

Sepals 5, ovate, acute. Petals 5, bifid or 2-cleft. Stamens 10, some-
times 5 or 4. Styles 5. Oapsule cylindrical or roundish, opening at top
by 10 tooth-like valves. Seedsnumerous. Fls. white,incymes. (Fig. 114.)

Petals about as long as the calyx. Plants hairy....1, 2
Petals much longer than the calyx. Plants hairy or downy....3, 4, 5
1 C. vulga’tum. Common M. Lvs. obovate. Sepals acute. Fs. at first crowded.
2 C. visco’sum. Sticky M. Hairs sticky. Leaves lance-ovate. Sepals obtuse.
8 C.arven’se. Field M. Lvs. linear. Ripe pods as long as the calyx. N. E.
4 C. oblongifolium. Leaves lance-obl. Pods longer than calyx. M.
8 C.nu’tans. Nodding M. Ripe pods curved, thrive longer than calyx. N.W.

5. MOLLU’GO. Carpet-weed.

Sepals 5. Petals 0. Stamens 3-5, opposite to the sepals. Styles 8.
Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.—@ Low or prostrate herbs,
with the leaves appearing whorled.

M. verticilla’ta. Stems slender, jointed, much branched, lying flat on the ground,
At each joint stands a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves of unequal
size, usually about 5 in number, and a few flowers, each solitary on its stalk,
which is shorter than the petioles. Flowers small, sepals white inside. In dry
places. July-Sept. |

OrpeER XXII. PORTULACACEA. The Purselanes.

Herbs with thick, entire leaves, no stipules, and regular flowers;
flowers with 2 sepals, 5 petals, open only in the sunshine;

stamens opposite to the petals when of the same number, often more;
pistils several, with their ovaries united, free, or half-free, forming in
Fruit a pyxis (§ 178) or a capsule.

Analysis of the Genera.

‘| Sepals five. Petalsnone. Fruita pyxis. Stamenso. Sea Purselane. Susvu’vium.
] Sepals 2. Petals 5....a
a Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Spring Beauty. CLayto’/n1a. 1
a Stamens 8-30, on the torus. Pod 8-valved. TALI’NUM.
a Stamens 8-30, on the calyx. Pyxis opening by a lid. PortTuLA’oa. 2

aig

176 THE FLORA.

1. CLAYTO'NIA. Spring Beauty.

Sepals 2, ovate. Petals 5, emarginate or obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted
on the claws of the petals. Stigmas 3, on 1 long style. Capsule 3-valved,
2-5-seeded.—They are small, fieshy, 2f, early-flowering herbs, arising
from a small tuber.

1 C. Carolinia’na. Leaves ovate-lanceoclate. Sepals and petals obtuse.
2 C. Virgin’ica. Leaves linear or lance-linear. Sepals acute, petals obovate.

2. PORTULA’CA. Parselanes.

Sepals 2. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 8-20. Styles 3-6. Pyxis lid
opening off near the middle.—Low and fleshy herbs.
1 P. olera’cea. Commen P. Leaves thick, wedge-shaped. Stem fleshy, reddish,
prostrate. Flowers sessile, small, yellow. A common weed. Summer.
2 P. grandifio’ra. Great P. Leaves cylindric and fleshy. - Stems ascending. Fis.
large, red or scarlet. Cultivated. June. 3

Orpen XXIV. MALVACEX. The Mallows.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate, stipulate, divided leaves, with the
Jlowers showy, axillary, regular, often with an involucel at the base;

5 sepals valvate and the 5 petals convolute in the bud, hypogynous ;
stamens indefinite and monadelphous, the anthers splitting across;
carpels several, united into a ring or forming a several-celled capsule ;
seeds with a curved embryo in a little albumen.

Fig. 411. Hibiscus Trionum (Flower-of-an-hour); 2, cross-section of the flower, showing
the arranzement of its paris; 3, cross-section of the 5-celled eapsule; 4, capsule open by its five
valves; 5, Malvs sylvestris; 6, its fruit, consisting of 10 carpels arranged in a circle; T, section of
one of the carpels, showing the curved embryo.

ORDER 24.—THE MALLOWS. 177

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Calyx naked, 7. e., having no involucel..

§ Calyx furnished with an involucel as if a second calyx. ene
2 Pistils and carpels more than 5.
2 Pistils and carpels 5 only, each ‘ ae oie
2 Pistils and carpels 5 or 8, each 38—m-seeded....d

a Involucel of 6-9 bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. Marsh M. Autum’a. 1
a Involucel of 3 united bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. Tree M. LavatTe’Ra.
a Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. Mallow. Mauva. 2
a Involucel of 8 distinct bractlets. Carpels 2-seeded. Basket M. Mopy’/oua.

b Flowers dicecious. Stigmas 10, linear. Napea. Napm’a.

b Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or more, 1-seeded. Sida. Sma.

b Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or many, 3-9-seeded. Jndian M. Axu’titon.
c Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, baccate, united. . Glue M. Matrvavis’cus.

e Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, dry, distinct. Peacock M. Pavonta.

e Stigmas 5. Carpels 5, dry, united into a pod. Marsh M. Koste ets’KYa.
d Involucel of many bractlets. Calyx regular. Hibiscus. Hrsis’ous. 8
d Involucel of many bractlets. Calyx spliton one side. Okra. ABELMos’cHUs.
d Involucel of 3 incisely-toothed bractlets. Cotton. GossyP’IUM.

1. ALTHA’A. Hollyhock, &c.

Calyx surrounded at base by a 6—9-cleft involucel. Carpels o, 1-seed-
ed, not opening, arranged circularly around the axis.
1 A officina’lis. Marsh UM. Lvs. downy, entire or 3-lobed. Fis. rose-col., stalked.

2 A.rosea. Hollyhock. Leaves rough-hairy, roundish, 5-7-lobed. Flowers sessile.
3 A. ficifo’lia. Fig-leaved Hol. Lvs. hairy, deeply 7-parted. Fls. orange-colored.

2. MAL’VA. Mallows.

Calyx 5-cleft, with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Carpels and styles
numerous. Fruit cheese-form, PeRATAES when ripe into many 1-seeded
pieces, arranged circularly.

* Flowers white or rose-colored....1, 2, 8

* Flowers deep red or purple....4, 5, 6
1 M. rotundifo’lia. Cheese M. Stem prostrate. Lvs. round-cordate. Fls. small.
2 M,crispa. Crisp M. Stem erect, tall. Lvs. abundantly crisped and curled. +
3 M. moscha’ta. Musk M. Sts. ascend. Lvs. deeply 5-part. Fs. large, showy. +

4 M. sylves’tris. Wood M. Lvs. roundish, lobed. Petals obcordate.

5 M. triangula’ta. Lvs. triangular-ovate. Petals wedge-obovate. N.-W.

6 M.papaver. Poppy M. Lvs. palmately parted. Petals erose. Stalks very

long. 8.-W.
g*

178 THE FLORA.

8. HIBIS'CUS. Hibiscus.

Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded by a many-leayed involucel. Styles united,
stigmas 5, distinct. Fruit a 5-celled, 5-many-seeded capsule. Flowers
large, often nearly a foot broad.

§ Calyx, &c., hispid. Leaves palmately divided....1, 2
§ Calyx, &c., velvet-downy. Leaves undivided, angularly lobed....3, 4
§ Calyx, &c., glabrous, 2. ¢., smooth....a
a Leaves deeply lobed or parted....5, 6
a Leaves undivided or slightly lobed....7, 8
1 H. aculea’tus. Prickly H. Bractlets of involucel forked. Fils. sulph-yellow. S.
2 H.Trio’‘num. Flower-of-aen-hour. Bractlets entire. Fils. chlorine-yellow. ¢. +
8 H. Moschen’tos. Marsh H. Lvs. ovate, toothed. Sepals abruptly pointed.
Rose-red. ¢.
4 H. grandifio’rus. Giant H. Leaves cordate, lower 3-lobed. Sepals gradually
pointed. p-r. S&S.
5 H. milita’ris. Sword H. Lvs. hastately 8-lobed. Flowers tubular-bell-shaped,
flesh-color. W. .
6 H. cocci’mus. Scarlet H. Lvs. palmately 5-parted. Cor. expanding, carmine-red. S-.
7 H, Carolinia’nus. Jost H. Herb. Lvs. cordate. Fils. purple. Veryrare. 8.
§ H.Syri’acus. Tree H. Tree 8-15f. high. Lvs. wedge-ovate. w.p. +

Orpen XXX. LINACEAE. The Flaxworts.

ne

etaie ra.
a ae
7 ‘

420
Fig. 418. Common Flax. Fig. 419. Plan, showing the posi-
tions of the parts of the flower, the imbricated sepals, the con-
torted sepals, the 5 stamens, and the 5 carpels. Fig. 420. Crim-
son Flax.

ORDER 31.—GERANIA. 179

Herbs with entire, simple leaves and no stipules; with

flowers regular, symmetrical, perfect, and 5-parted ;

calyx imbricate, and corol/a convolute in the bud;

stamens and styles each 5; capsule with 5 double-cells, 10-seeded.
Our only genus is

LI’NUM. Filazx.

_ The character is sufficiently indicated in the Order. The long, tough
fibres of the bark constitute the linen of commerce.

§ Flowers blue or red, large (1’ broad),....Nos. 1-3
§ Flowers yellow. Leaves linear. Sepals ciliate....4, 5
§ Flowers yellow, Leaves lanceolate. Sepals entire....6-8
1 L. usitatis’simum. Common Ff. Flowers blue, ina sort of corymb. Leaves
lance-linear, acute. The seed yields denseed oul. Fields.
2L.peren’ne. Perennial F. Flowers blue, axillary and terminal. Leaves lin-
ear, acute, scattered. Gardens.
8 L. grandiflo’rum. Crimson F. Flowers crimson, axillary. Leaves lance-elliptic,
acute, sessile. Gardens.
4 L.rig’idum. Rigid /. Sepals longer than the globular pod. Styles united at base.
5 L. simplex. Simple F. Sepals shorter than ovate pod. Styles distinct. S.-W.
6 L, virginia’num. Stems and branches erect. Flowers 6’’ broad. e.
7 L. diffa’sum. Stems, branches, leaves diffuse. Flowers 2’’ broad. W.
8 L.trig’ynum, Three-styled F. Flowers large (1’) with 8 styles. +

Orper XXXI. GERANIA’/CEA. Gerania.

Herbs or shrubby plants with the lower leaves opposite; with the

flowers regular or irregular, terminal or opposite the leaves; with the

sepals 5, persistent, and petals 5, clawed, twisted in the bud; the

stamens 10, monadelphous, and pistils 5, united; the carpels in

fruit separating and bending upwards on the elastic style, each with one
seed. Albumen 0.

Analysis of the Genera.

Stamens 10, all of them perfect.........ceseree GERA/NIUM. 1
regular. (Stamens 5 perfect, 5 imperfect...............00: Ero’pium.
Corolla ‘irregular, Stamens7 perfect, 3 imperfect............. PELARGO’/NIUM.,
GERA’NIUM.

Sepals and petals 5, regular. Stamens 10, all perfect. Fruit beaked,

4

180 THE FLORA.

at last separating into 5, long-styled,
1-seeded carpels. Styles smooth in-—
side, finally curling from the base
upward, but still adhering at top to
the axis.—Herbs with forked stems,
much divided leaves. Flowers
mostly purple.

Petals entire, twice as long as the
awned sepals....1, 2

Petals notched or 2-lobed, short.
Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed. Pods
hairy @....3,4

1G, macula’tum, Spotted G. Erect. Lvs.

palmately 3-5-parted. Flowers large

(1’ broad), showy. Sepals mucro- r

nate. Spring. ¢ Xi
2 G. Robertia’num. Herb Robert. Dif- SN\
use, weak. Lvs. primately 3-parted [7
to the base. Flowers small (777
broad). Sepals mucronate. June.
3 G. pusil’lum. Dwarf G. Diffuse.
Sepals veinless. Leaves parted
into 5-7 linear lobes, lobes
3-cleft. Fields and hills. July.
4 G. Carolinia’num. Stems diffuse. Se-
pals with an awn. Lvs. parted
into 5 wedge-oblong, many-cleft
lobes. Fields. July.

Fig. 421. Herb Robert, leaves, flowers, and fruit; 3, fruit enlarged, showing one carpel on
its elastic style; 4, cross-section of a seed, showing the large embryo filling the whole
space; 2, the 10 stamens.

Observation.—The pupil will perceive by the table es that the parlor “‘ gera-
niums” belong to the penus Pelargo’nium.

Orper XXXII. OXALIDACEA. Wood Sorrels.

Low herbs with a sour juice, and alternate, compound leaves; with
flowers regular and symmetrical, 5-sepaled and 5-petaled ;

On Ae iS

ORDER 34.—THE JEWEL-WEEDS. 181

stamens 10, monadelphous, hypogynous, the alternate ones longest ;
carpels 5, united and forming in fruit a 5-celled pod; seeds albuminous.

OX’ALIS. Wood Sorrel.

Sepals 5, distinct or united
at base, persistent. Petals
much longer than the sepals.
Stamens united. at the base.
Styles 5. Capsule roundish or
pod-shaped, cells several-seed-
ed. Herbs mostly 2%, with
trifoliate leaves.

1 O. Acetosel’/la. Wood Sorrel. Fs.
white, with purple veins. Plant
acaulescent, arising from a
creeping root-stock. c. N. Ju.

2 O. viola’cea. Violet W. Flowers
violet-purple. Plant acaules-
cent, arising from a scaly bulb.
Scape with anumbel. May.

8 O. stricta. Yellow W. Flowers
yellow. Plant with leafy stems,
weak, branched. Flowers um-
belled. Grows everywhere. 495

te

Fig. 425. Oxalis Acetosella. In the plan of the flower, 0, the 5 carpels in the centre;
8, the 10 stamens in two rows; 7, the 5 petals; c, the5 sepals. Mig. 426. The ripe pod.

Orper XXXIV. BALSAMINACE®. The Jewel-weeds.

Herbs annual, with a fleshy stem, watery juice, and simple leaves;
Jlowers very irregular and unsymmetrical; calyx spurred;
stamens 5, on the torus; pod bursting by 5 elastic valves.

IMPA’TIENS. 'Touch-me-not.

Sepals colored, apparently but 4 (the 2 upper being united), the lowest
(y) enlarged into asac tipped with a bent spur. Petals 4, united into 2
double ones (p, »). Stamens 5, short, the anthers united over the pistil.

182 THE FLORA.

Fruit a pod of 5 strong
elastic valves which break
and coil at the slightest
touch when ripe, scatter-
ing the seeds. Stem ten-
der, thickened at the

nodes. Leaves alternate. &

1 I, pal’lida. Pale Jewel-weed.
Lys. oblong-ovate. Fils.
pale yellow, sparingly
dotted, witha very short, Bats
ee ee Fig. 428, Flower of the Pale Jewel-weed. Fig. 499. Its

2 1, fulva. Tawny Jewel-weed. parts displayed: 8, 8, 8, y, the four sepals, the latter spur-
Leaves rhombic-ovate. red; p, p, the 2 petals, each double.

Flowers deep orange,
thickly spotted, with a long close-reflexed spur.

3 I. Balsami’na. Balsamine. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers very large and showy,

white, crimson, scarlet, flesh-colored, &c. t

Orpen XL. ACERACEA. The Maples.

Trees or shrubs with opposite, usually simple palmate-veined leaves; the
flowers often imperfect, with the 5 sepals imbricated in the bud, and the
petals 5, hypogynous, sometimes 0 ; the stamens mostly 8, and the

Sruit a double samara, with two opposite wings, 2-seeded.

Analysis of the Genera.

Leaves simple, palmate-veined. Very common. Maple. AcER. 1
Leaves compound, odd-pinnate. Leaflets 83-5, toothed. Box-Hider. Neaunvo. ©

1. ACER. Maple.

Calyx of 5 united sepals, 5-lobed. Petals 5 or 0. Styles2. Stamens
6-8. Leaves simple, palmate-lobed. Flowers mostly polygamous.

§ Pedicels short, in side clusters, flowering before the leaves. Trees....1, 2
§ Pedicels long, slender, drooping, flowering with the lvs. Ee trees....3,4
§ Pedicels in racemes, flowering after the leaves....5-7
1 A. dasycar’pum. White i Leaves deeply lobed, square at base, silver-white
beneath. Ovaries downy. Fruit very large, Petals 0. Tree 50f.

ORDER 40.—THE MAPLES. 183

431 ME
= GTN NS

\\

Fig. 430. Red Maple (Acer rubrum), a leaf and several samara. Fig. 431, Sugar Maple
(Acer saccharinum), leaf, flowers, and fruit.

2 A.rubrum. Red M. Swamp UM. Leaves lobed, cordate at base, paler beneath.
Petals linear-oblong. Ovaries and fruit smooth. 40to100f. Flowers red.
8 A.sacchari‘num. Rock M. Sugar M. Leaves cordate, 5-lobed, with deep,
rounded openings between. Bark light gray. g-y.
4 A.ni’grum. Black M. Sugar-tree. Leaves cordate, with the sinus closed,
roundish, with 8 broad, shallow lobes. Bark dark gray. y.
5 A. spicatum. Mountain-Bush M. Racemes erect, thyrse-like. Shrub 10-15f.
high, in clumps. Bark gray. Leaves 3-5-lobed. g.
6 A. Pennsylvan’icum. Striped M. Whistle-wood. Racemes drooping. Tree small,
with striped bark (green and black). Leaves 3-lobed. g.
7 A, Pseudo-Plat’anus. Sycamore M. Racemes long, drooping. A large trec, in
parks. Leaves 5-lobed, broad, rounded, Flowers green.

184 THE FLORA.

Orver XLI. SAPINDACE. Indian Soapworts.

Plants of various habit, mostly with unsymmetrical flowers ;
sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud ;

stamens 5 to 10, inserted on a thick disk under the ovary ;
Fruit usually colored and showy, lobed, 1 or few-seeded. -

The Order includes the following three Tribes.
Analysis of the Genera.

§ 1. THe Buckeye Trrpe. Leaves opposite, carpels 2-ovaled....a
a Petals unequal. Stamens 7. Leaves digitate. Buckeye. A&s’cuuvs. 1
§ 2. THE Soapsperry Trier. Leaves alternate. Carpels l-ovuled....b
b Trees, with pinnate-leaves and fruit with soapy pulp, covering a
large seed. Stamens 8-10. South. Soapwort. SAPin’Dus.
b Herbs climbing with tendrils. Leaves biternate. Fruit a large,
inflated, 3-carpeled pod. Balloon-vine. CARDIOSPER’MUM.
§ 3. THe BrappEer-nut Trise. Leaves opposite, pinnate. STAPHYLE’A. 2 |

. 484

4395

Fig. 434. Branchlet of Bladder-nut, with 2
ternate leaves and a hanging cyme. 435. The
stamens and pistil enlarged. 436. A flower of
Ohio Buckeye.

1. AAS’CULUS. Buckeye.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 4 or 5 unequal petals. Stamens 7, distinct,
unequal. Style filiform. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, but
only 1 of the 6 ovules grows, becoming a large seed. Flowers in terminal
panicles.

ORDER 45—THE MILK WORTS. 185

§ Fruit covered with prickles. Petals 4 or 5, spreading....1, 2
§ Fruit smooth. Petals 4, erect, 2 of them dlawede . 8-5
1 2. Hippocasta’neum. Horse Chestnut. Leaves of Fe ‘obovate leaflets. Petals 5.
Fruit prickly. Panicles large, handsome. t+
2 #. glabra. Ohio Buckeye. Leaflets 5, oval or oblong. Petals 4. Tree ill-
scented. Flowers yellowish. Seed mahogany-color. W.
8 #. fla’va. Big Buckeye. A large tree, with pale-yellow flowers. Leaflets 5-7.
Petals very unequal, longer than stamens. W.
4 E. Pa’via. Red -flowered B. Shrub 3-10f. Fils. large, red, in thyrse-lixe racemes.
Very handsome. 8. t
5 Zi. parviflo’ra. White B. Shrub 2-3f. Petals 4, somewhat alike, spreading,
thrice shorter than the stamens. S.

9. STAPHYLE’A, Bladder-nut.

Flowers perfect. Sepals 5, colored like the.5 petals. Stamens 5.

Styles 8. Capsules 2 or 3, with thin, inflated walls.—Shrubs.

1 S. trifo’lia. TZernate B. A handsome shrub, 6-8f. high. Leaves ternate, leaflets
ovate. Racemes pendulous. Petals
ciliate below. Fruit very large, 3-
celled, inflated like a bladder.

Orp—eR XLV. POLYGALA-
CEA. The Milkworts.

Plants without stipules, bearing very
irregular flowers ;
stamens 4-8, diadelphous ;
anthers opening at the top, 1-celled;
Sruit a flattened, 2-celled, 2-seeded
capsule, free from the calyx.
Fig. 437. Polygala polygama: qd, the radical
flowers; 8, P. paucifolia; # the crest on the
lower petal; 9, the stamens in 2 sets, and the
style seen beneath the hooded lower petal.
fig. 440. The ovary and the style: 1, seed of

P. sanguinea, with its 2-lobed caruncle; 2, seed
of P. Nuttallii.

POLYG’ALA. Milkwort.

Sepals 5, persistent, 2 of them
(wings) wing-shaped and colored.

186 THE FLORA.

Petals 8, the lower one boat-shaped, and often tipped with a crest. Sta-
mens united by the filaments into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering
more or less with the claws of the petals. Fruit a small 2-celled, 2-seeded
capsule, flattened on the sides and notched on the top. Seeds with an
appendage at one end.—Low, bitter herbs (sometimes shrubs), with simple
entire leaves, sometimes bearing underground flowers. (1g. 487, a.)

* Leaves all alternate and scattered....a
* Leaves whorled, at least the lower ones....e
a Flowers purple, or reddish, or white....b
a Flowers yellow or yellowish green....d
b Flowers solitary or in racemes, purple....Nos. 1-3
b Flowers in spikes which are oblong or slender....c
ec Leaves lanceolate, large, pointed at each end....4
c Leaves linear, 1 to 2’” wide... .5-7
c Leaves awl-shaped or bristle-shaped....8-10
d Spikes solitary, large, thick. Biennial....11, 12
d Spikes numerous, corymbous, small. Biennial....18, 14
e Spikes acute, slender....15, 16
e Spikes obtuse, thick....17, 18
1 P. paucifo’/lia Showy M. Fis. 2 or 8, large (root fis. small). Lys. ovate. (Fig. 4388.)
2 P. grandiflo’ra. Fls. racemed, erestless. Lvs. lance-ovate. 8S.
8 P. polyg’ama. Flowers racemed, crested. Lvs. linear-oblong. (/79. 487.)
4 P. Sen’ega. Seneca Snake-root. Fls. white, in slender spikes. Stem 1f. high.
5 P. sanguin’ea. Bloody M. Spikes oblong, obtuse, dense. Wings sessile.
6 P. fastigia’ta. Foofed M. Spikes roundish, loose-flowered. Wings clawed.
7 P. Nuttal’lii. Vutiall’s M. Spikes roundish, acute, dense. Wings elliptic.
8 P. incarna’ta. Plesh-colored M. Lvs. few, subulate. Pet. much longer than calyx.
9 P. seta’cea. Naked M. Leaves very minute. Petals longer than calyx. S.
10 P. Chapman’ii. Chapman’s M. Lvs. subulate. Calyx long as petals. S.
11 P.lu’tea. Yellow UM. Tall (8-12’), with orange-yellow flowers. M.S. |
12 P.na’na. Dwarf M. Low (3-5’), with greenish-yellow flowers. 8.
18 P. cymo’sa. Cyme-flowered M. Lvs. mostly cauline. Seed not bracted. S.
14 P.ramo’sa. Branching M. Lvs. mostly radical. Seed bracted. S.
15 P. verticilla’ta. Whorled M. Lvs. linear. Wings roundish. Fls. greenish. W.
16 P. Boykin’ii. Boykin’s M. Lvs. lance-obovate. Wings round-obovate. §&.
17 P. crucia’ta. Cross UM. Spikes obtuse, thick, sessile. Wings pointed.
_18 P. brevifo’lia. Short-leaved M. Spikes obtuse, loose, stalked. Wings acute.

Orper XLVI. LEGUMINOSA. Leguminous Plants.

Plants with alternate, mostly compound stipulate leaves, with
4—5 sepals ; 5 petals, more or less papilionaceous, sometimes regular ;

ORDER 46.—LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 187

about 10 stamens, monadelphous, diadelphous, or distinct ;
a single, simple pisti/, producing a legume in fruit, and with
no albumen in the seeds.

Fig. 443. Flower of the Pea. Fig. 444. Its petals displayed; v, the banner; a, a, the wings;
c, ¢, the 2 keel petals. Fig. 445. A legume (pea-pod).

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Flowers papilionaceous (§ 89). Upper petal (banner) covering the rest in bud...2
§ Flowers nearly regular, or upper petal covered by the rest in bud....t
§ Flowers regular, in dense heads. Petals valvate in bud. Leaves bipennate....u
2 Stamens 10, all distinct....s
2 Stamens 10, all or 9 united....3
8 Leaves cirrhous (/7g. 96), the rachis ending with a tendril....r
8 Leaves not cirrhous....4
4 Pod a loment (§ 180), 2. ¢., jointed between the seeds....6
4 Pod a legume, 1, 2, or o seeded, not in joints....5
5 Erect (or if prostrate, with palmately 3-foliate leaves)....7
5 Trailing or twining vines, leaves pinnately compound....9
6 Flowers yellow....q
6 Flowers cyanic (not yellow)....p
7 Leaves simple, with yellow flowers....o
7 Leaves palmately 5-15-foliate (rarely simple)....n
7 Leaves palmately 3-foliate....m
7 Leaves pinnately 3-foliate....k
7 Leaves pinnate with no odd leaflet, 15-25 pairs....h
7 Leaves pinnate with an odd leaflet....8

188 THE FLORA.

8 Leafiets dotted with dark glands....g
8 Leafiets not dotted. Herbs....f
8 Leaflets not dotted. Shrubs or trees....e
9 Leaves pinnately 5-15-foliate....d
9 Leaves pinnately 3-(rarely 1-) foliate. Flowers yellow....e
9 Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Flowers cyanic....10
10 Calyx 4-toothed or entire....b
10 Calyx 5-toothed or d-cleft....a
a Keel with the stamens and style spirally coiled. Bean, Puase’oLts.
a Keel obtuse, on short claws. Fls. very large, blue. 8S. Blue Banner. CENTROSE’MA.
a Keel acute, on long claws. Fls. very large, roseate. Butterfly Pea. CLiTo’RIA.
b Calyx 4-cleft, supported by 2 bractlets. Fils. purple. Milk-vime. Gauao’TIA.
b Calyx 4-toothed, with 2 bractlets. Fls. purple. Sds. flattened. Do1’iIcnos.
b Calyx 4-toothed, without bractlets. Fls. pale p. Hog-Peanut. AMPHICARP#’A.

b Calyx entire. Flowers and seeds scarlet. S. Red Bean. ERYTHRI’NA.

c Legumes d-seeded. S. Vie/NA.

c Legumes 1-2-seeded. 8S. . Ruynco’sia.

d Herbs. Keel (straight in Galactia, 2) spirally twisted. Pea-vine. Aptos.
d Shrubs. Keel curved. Fils. blue, in hanging racemes. t+ WIsTA/BIA.
e Flowers white or red, in racemes. Locust. Rowtin’ta.

e Flowers yellow, few in a cluster. Pods inflated. Bladder Senna. Cotu’TzA.

f Pod 2-celled lengthwise, turgid. Milk Vetch. AsTRac’aLts.
f Pod half-2-celled lengthwise. Bastard Vetch. Puaca.
f Pod 1-celled. Style hairy outer side. Goat’s Rue. TEPHRO’SIA.
f Pod 1-celled. Style not hairy atall. S. Indigo. IxpiGo’FERA.
g Shrubs. Fs. spicate, only 1 petal (the banner). W.S. Lead Plant. AMor’PHA.

g Herbs. Flowers with 10 stamens, bluish, spicate. W. Da’LEA.

g Herbs. Flowers with 5 stamens, white or red, capitate. W. PETALOSTE’MON.
h Pod 1-2-seeded, valves double. Tall, with yellow flowers. 8. | Gtorim/’rIvm.

h Pod many-seeded, very long. Tall, with yellowish flowers. &. SESBA’NIA.
k Pod few-seeded. Flowers scarlet in ~ ERYTHRI’NA.
k Pod few-seeded. Flowers white or yellow. Melilot. Mexiio’tvs.
k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers yellow. Leaves resinous-dotted in Ruayncostf.
k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers cyanic. Leaves dark-dotted. ~ Psora’LEA.
k Podi-seeded. Flowers cyanic. Leavesnotdotted. Melilot.. Me.iLo’tvs.
m Herbs with curved or spiral pods. _ Medic. Mzpica’eo.
m Herbs with small 1-4-seeded pods not coiled. Clover. TRiIFo’LIUM.
m Tree with yellow flowers in hanging racemes. + Golden Chain. Lagur’NuM.
n Stamens all united. Calyx 2-lipped. Lupine. Luri’nxvs.
n Stamens all but 1 united. Calyx bill-shaped. PsoRA’LEA.
o Shrubby. Keel oblong, straight. Scotch Broom. GENIs’TA.
o Herbs. Keel curved, acuminate. rattle Pod, CRoTALA’RIA.
p Leaves pinnate, 5-21-foliate. Umbels stalked. CoRoNIL’LA.
p Leaves pinnate, 5-21-foliate. Racemes stalked. Vt. Hepys’aRuM,

ee ye

41

4

Or

ORDER 46.—LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. | 189

p Lys. pinn’ly 3-fol., stipellate. Pod 8-7-jointed. Zick Trefoil. Dzsmo’p1um.
p Lys. pinn’ly 3-fol. Stipels none. Pod 1-jointed. Bush Trefoil. LuspepE’za.

q Leaves palmately 4-foliate. Stamens ald united. ZoR’NIA.
q Leaves pinnate, 7-49-foliate. Stamens 9 united. ZESCHYNOM’ENE.
q Leaves pinnately 8-foliate. Pod slender at base. | STYLOsAN’THES,
q Leaves pinnately 4-foliate. Pod gibbous at base. Peanut. AR’Acuis.
r Leaflets serrate. Pods 2-seeded. Chick Pea. C1omr.

r Leaflets entire. Style grooved outside, hairy inside. Pea. Pisum.

_ © Leaflets entire. Style flattened, hairy mostinside. Sweet Pea, Laru’yrvs.

r Leaflets entire. Style filiform, hairy most outside. Vetch. Vict’.

s Pod legume flat and thin, short-stiped. Lvs. pinnate. Tree. S.W. Crapas’rris.
s Pod inflated, stipitate (stalked at base). Lvs. 1-3-foliate, Bapris’1A,
t Fls. perfect, purple, papilionaceous. Tree. Lvs. simple. Judas-tree. CrRots.

t Fls. perfect, yellow. Lvs. equally pinnate. Senna. Cassia.

t Fls. imperfect, green. Sta.5. Treesthorny. Honey Locust. Giepits’cHIA.

t Fls. imp., greenish. St. 10. Trees unarmed. Ky. Coffee-tree. GyMNoo’LADUS.
u Pods flat, jointed between the seeds. Shrubby. Sensitive Plant. Mro’sa.
u Pods prickly, 4-sided, 4-valved. Sensitive Brier. ScHRAN’KIA.
u Pods smooth, turgid, filled with pulp. Tree. S. Sponge-tree. VacuEL’Lia.
u Pods smooth, flat, dry. Petals distinct. Stam. 5-10. Herbs. Drsman’ruus.
u Pods smooth, flat, dry. Petals united. Stam. 8-200. 8S. Julibrassin. Aca’ota.

1. PHASE’/OLUS. Bean, &c.

Calyx 5-toothed or cleft, the 2
upper teeth half united. Keel in-
cluding the stamens and style, and
with them spirally coiled or twisted.
Legume straight or curved, many-
seeded. Seeds oblong, kidney-
shaped.—Herbs twining or trailing.
Leaves pinnately trifoliate, stipellate.
June—Oct.

* Native species, growing in fields and
woods....a
* Exotic species, growing only by culti- the simple ovary, &e.
vation....b
a Flowers racemed. Pods curved....1
a Flowers 1 or few inahead. Pods straight....2-4
b Stems climbing....5-7
b Stems erect, bushy....8

10

Fig. 446. Section of flower of the Bean,
showing the spirally coiled stamens and style,

190 | THE FLORA.

1 P. peren’/nis. Perennial Wild-bean. Leaflets ovate, pointed. Racemes in pairs. 4~7f. p,
2 P. diversifo’lius. Trailing W. Leaflets angular, 2-3-lobed. Peduncle longer
than leaf. ¢.
8 P. hel’volus. Long-stalked W. Leaflets lance-ovate, not lobed. Peduncle 3-4
times longer than the leaf. M.S.
4 P, pauciflo’rus. Few-flowered W. Leafiets linear-oblong, hairy. Peduncle ite
than the leaf. W.
5 P. vulga’ris. Common Garden-bean. Leaflets ovate, pointed. Racemes soliaty
shorter than leaves.
6 P. multifio’rus. Scarlet Pole-bean. Fs. scarlet, showy. Root tuberous. Pedicels opp. t+
7 P.luna’tus. Lima B. Flowers white. Lits. ovate-deltoid, acute. Pods broad, large.
8 P.na’nus. Bush-bean. Erect, bushy. Leaves broad-ovate, acute. +

2. A’PIOS. Ground-nut.

Calyx bell-shaped, somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 side teeth nearly obsolete,
the lower tooth longest. Keel incurved and at length coiled against the
very broad, reflexed banner. Ovary sheathed at base —Twining, smooth
herbs. 2 Root bearing eatable tubers. Leaves pinnately 5—7-foliate.

A. tubero’sa. Stem round, twining about other plants, 2-4f. in length. Leaflets |
mostly 7, narrow-ovate, more or less acuminate, on short stalks. Racemes
axillary, solitary, dense- ee shorter than the leaves. Flowers dark pur-
ple. The tubers on the root are oval, thick, and very nutritious. In thickets
and shady woods. July, Aug.

3. ROBIN'IA. Locust.

Calyx short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the 2 upper divisions more or less
united. Banner large, wings obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1).
Style bearded inside. Legume flattened, long, many-seeded.—Trees and
shrubs with stipular spines. Leaves unequally pimnate. Flowers showy,
in axillary racemes. April, May.

1 BR. visco’sa. Clammy Locust-tree. Racemes rather compact, rose-white, erect.
Branchlets and stalks sticky. Leaflets ovate. In parks. Native South.

2 R. Pseudaca’cia. Common Locust-tree. Racemes rather loose, drooping, white,
fragrant. Leaflets oblong-ovate, smooth, as well as the branchlets.

8 R.his’pida. ose Acacia. Shrub 4-9f. high, hispid, with clusters of large, purple
flowers. Leaflets 5 or 6 pairs, broadly oval.

4, MELILO’TUS. Melilot. Sweet Clover.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Keel petals completely united, shorter than
the others. Of the 10 stamens 9 are united, one separate. Pod 1 or few-

ORDER 46—LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 191

seeded, longer than the permanent calyx. Leaves pinnately trifoliate.

Flowers in racemes.

1 M, officina’lis. Yellow M. Leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, dentate. Calyx half
as long as the yellow corolla. Pod 2-seeded. Stem 8&f.

2 M.alba. White M. Leaflets ovate-oblong, square at end. Calyx not half as long
as the white corolla. Pod 2-seeded. Height 4-6f. Very fragrant.

5. TRIFO’LIUM. Clover. ‘Trefoil.

Calyx 5-cleft, with bristly teeth, persist-
ent. Petals more or less united at the base,
persistent and withering. Banner longer
than the wings, which are also longer than
the keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 & 1).
Legume short, membranous, often included
in the calyx, 1-6-seeded, mostly indehis-
cent. — Herbs with palmately trifoliate
leaves. Leaflets straight-veined. Flowers
in heads or spikes. Apr.—Sept.

* Flowers yellow, in small, dense, oval heads.
Pod 1-seeded....1, 2
* Flowers cyanic (not yellow)....a

Fig, 447. Red Clover,—a head of

: : flowers. Jig. 448. A single flower.
a Flowers on little stalks (pedicels) and Fig. 449. A pod, with a part of ta

finally deflexed....b calyx. Fig. 450, A seed, cut open.
a Flowers nearly or quite sessile, never de- g¢¢ also Fig. 87.
flexed....c
b Heads small, on stalks some ten times longer... .3, 4
b Heads large, on stalks two or three times longer....5, 6
ec Calyx teeth feathery, longer than the whitish corolla....7
ec Calyx teeth shorter than the purple or roseate corolla. ...8-10.
1 T.procum’bens. Yellow C. Stipules much shorter than the petioles. Style 8 or
4 times shorterthanthepod. Headsovate, Zin. thick. Stems prostrate. May.
2 T. agra’rium. Lurger Yellow C. Stipules longer than the petiole. Style about
as long asthe pod. Heads oblong, iin. thick. Stemsascending. June, July.
3 T. Carolinia’num. Southern C. Stipules leaf-like. Calyx teeth thrice longer
than its tube. Legume 4-seeded. Scarcely forms aturf. W.S.
4 T. repens, White C. Shamrock. Stipules narrow, scale-like. Calyx teeth
shorter than its tube. Pod 4-seeded. Forms a dense turf. Fls. white. e.
5 T.reflexum. Buffalo C. Liits. obovate. Calyx nearly as long as the red corolla.
6 T. stoloni’ferum. Prairie C. Leaflets obcordate. Calyx not half as long as the
white corolla. W..

192 THE FLORA.

7 T.arven’se. Rabbit-foot C. Heads cylindrical, very hairy. Lifts. narrow obovate.
8 T. praten’se. Led C. Leaflets spotted, oval. Heads roundish, sessile. Flowers
rose-red, or white. ¢ + (Figs. 447-456.)
9 T.me’dium. Zigzag C. Lfts. oblong. Heads roundish, stalked. Fls. deep purple. 7.
10 T.incarna’tum. Lose Trefoil. Lifts. round-ovate. Heads oblong. Fils. rose-red. t¢

6. LUPI'NUS. Lupine.

Calyx deeply 2-lipped, upper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3-toothed.
Wings united towards the top, keel acuminate. Stamens monadelphous, |

the filaments forming an entire sheath. Anthers alternately oblong and

globose. Pod leathery and knotted.—Herbs, with leaves palmately 5-15-

foliate, rarely simple.

11. peren’nis. Common L. Root creeping, perennial. Stem erect, 1-2f. high,
hairy. Leaflets soft-downy, 7-11, oblanceolate, 13-2’ long, broadest above
the middle. Flowers alternate, in an erect, terminal raceme, blue, varying to
white. It is often called Sun-dial, from the fact of its leaves turning to face
the sun from morning till night.—Several other species are cultivated in
gardens. May, June. (Fig. 66.)

2 1, villo’sus. Mullein LZ. Stem erect, 1-2f. , terminating i in a showy raceme. Leaves
simple, clothed in a dense coat of ae wool as well as the stem. S.

7. LESPEDE’ZA. Bush Clover.

Calyx 5-parted, with 2 bractlets at base, the sepals nearly equal. Keel
very obtuse, on slender claws. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume
_lens-shaped, small, flattened, unarmed, one-seeded, not opening.— 2 Leaves
pinnately trifoliate. Flowering in Aug., Sept.

4] Flowers in dense spikes, whitish, with a purple spot on the banner....1, 2
{ Fis. racemed, &c., violet or purple. Some of the fis, with no corolla....a
a Stem prostrate, trailing, diffuse. Leaflets oval....3
a Stem erect and mostly branched, 1-8f. high....4, 5
1 L, capita’ta. Head B. Leaflets elliptical, silky. Spikes shorter than leaves.
Stem nearly simple, 2-4f. : .
2 L. hirta. Hairy £6. Leaflets roundish-oval. Spikes longer than leaves.
Stem branching, very hairy.

38 L. repens. Creeping B. Downy more or less, except the upper side of the leaves,

which is always smooth. Stems slender, many.

4. L. viola’cea. Violet 6. Smoothish. Leaflets oval, varying to oblong and linear,
obtuse, mucronate. Corolla 3-4’’ long. Varies greatly.

5 L. Steu’vi, Plant velvety or downy. Lfts. roundish-obovate. Variable.

pata aN Sel al
aa asia

ve

ORDER 46.—LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 193

8. PI'SUM. Pea.

Calyx divisions leaf-like, 2 upper shortest. cab eB \
Banner large, reflexed. Stamens 10, diadelphous
(9&1). Style flattened, keel-shaped, bearded on RG
the upper side. Legume oblong, tumid. Seeds \
globose.—Climbing herbs. Leaves pinnate, end-
ing with a branching tendril. —

i):
P. sati’vum, Common Garden Pea. Leaflets usually 4, VA
ovate, entire. Stipules rather larger than the leaf-

‘ IN KAW
lets (2-3’ long), ovate, half-cordate at base. Flow- \3X\|} Ags
ers 2 or more on axillary peduncles, large, white.

Pods 2 or 3’ long, 5-9-seeded. A very valuable —
leguminous plant, all over smooth and glaucous.~ = {
There are many varieties. June. (Also, Fig. 4438.) N\A |

9. BAPTIS‘IA. Wild Indigo. | 7
Calyx~4-5-cleft half way. Petals of about f
. . |

equal length, somewhat united. Banner roundish, Fig. 451. Ochivhes *PEas
notched at the end. Stamens 10, distinct, decid- 5, the large stipules; p, the
uous. Pod inflated, many-seefled, raised on’ a pod; J, the flower; 7%, the
stalk in the persistent’ calyx.—2 Large herbs ‘™tsonthe end of the leaf
with leaves palmately 8-foliate or simple. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets
mostly oblong, broadest above. Apr.—Sept.

§ Leaves simple. Flowers yellow. (38 species far South, omitted.)
§ Leaves 8-foliate....a Flowers blue, in a few long racemes....1
a Flowers white, in a few long racemes....b
a Flowers yellow, solitary, or in short racemes....c
b Stipules leaf-like, longer than the petioles....2, 8
b Stipules much shorter, or not longer than the petioles....4, 5 °
c Flower-stalks not longer than the calyx....6, 7
c Flower-stalks much longer than the calyx. 8S. Omitted.
1 B.austra/lis. Austral W. Smooth. Lfts. obovate or oblong. Fis. large. W.S. +
2 B.leucophe’a. Whitish W. Stipules large, ovate. Racemes nodding, W.
3 B. villo’sa. Woolly W. Stipules small, lance-linear. Racemes erect. S.
4. leucantha. Stipules lance-linear, about as long as petioles. W.S. t+
5 B. alba. Stipules and bracts minute, early falling off. S.
6 B.lanceola’ta. Leaflets narrow-elliptic. Flowers axillary. S.
7 B. tincto’ria. Leaficts small, round-obovate. Racemes terminal. Common,

9

194 “oe hy Jeg Ee

fee Be rd ee ee

7 tis " i a Jes
“= 4
i oi

10. CAS’SIA. Senna.

Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, nearly equal. Petals 5, unequal, but
not papilionaceous. Stamens 10, distinct, 3 upper anthers often sterile, 3
lower ones beaked. Legume long, many-seeded.—Leaves simply and
abruptly pinnate, mostly with a gland on the petiole. Flowers yellow.
July, Aug. . RS

|] Racemes axillary. 3 of the anthers imperfect, 7 of them perfect....1, 3
“| Racemes above the axils. Anthers all perfect. Stem 1-2f. high....4,5
1 C. obtusifo’lia. Blunt S. Leaflets 4-6, obtuse. Stem 1-3f. high. S.
2 C. occidenia’lis, Western S. Leufiets 6-12, acute. Stem 4-6f. high. S&S.
8 C. Marilan’dica. American S. Leaflets 12-18, mucronate. Stems df. high.
4 C, Chamecris’ta. Sensitive Pea. Anthers 10, unlike. Fils. large. Lfts. 16-24.
5 C, nie’titans. Sensitive S. Anthers 5, alike. Fils. small. Leaflets 12-80.

Orpver XLVIT. ROSACEA. Roseworits.
Trees, shrubs, or herbs with stipules mostly, and alternate leaves} with
flowers regular, commonly showy, perfect, and polyandrous; with
5 sepals united at base, often supported by as many bractlets outside ;
5 petals (rarely 0), which are perigynous as well as the stamens ;
1-o istils, which are distinct, or sometimes united and adhering to the
calyx tube; fruit various; seeds with no albumen.

.
+a

ORDER 47.—ROSEWORTS. 195

| Fig. 452. Flowers of the Great Red Cherry: 0, section,
showing the perigynous stamens, the single ovary, &c.
Fig. 453, Section of the cherry, showing the seed lying
in the stone and pulp. ig. 454. Section of the flower of
Lady’s-mantle (Class Book, p. 325), with the simple
ovary, lateral style, &e. Fig. 455. A flower of Strawberry. ig. 456. A section of-the same,
showing the perigynous stamens, the many simple pistils on the large torus. Fig. 457. Section
ofa Rose, showing the many simple pistils sunk in the hollow torus, &e.

4

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Flowers with 1 pistil and no petals. Herbs....@
§ Flowers with 1 pistil and 5 petals. Shrubs or trees....2
$ Flowers with 2—o pistils....3 :
2 Style lateral, 2. ¢., arising from the side of the ovary....0
2 Style terminal, 7. ¢., arising from the top of the ovary....c
3 Pistils (carpels) 2-5, all consolidated with the calyx. Fruit a pome....d
8 Pistils (carpels) 2-50, free, in an open or closed calyx... 4.
4. Carpels 1-seeded, achenia inclosed in the calyx tube....e
4 Carpels 1-seeded, achenia dry or pulpy in an open calyx.,..5
4°Carpels several-seeded, pods in an open calyx....k /
5 Styles persistent on the dry achenia....f
5 Styles falling off with the rest of the flower... .6
6 Calyx entirely bractless. Flowers never yellow.,..g
6 Calyx with bractlets beneath it as if double....h

a Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. Fls. scattered. Lady s-mantle, ALCHEMIL’LA,
a Stamens 4. Style tefminal. Fls.in dense spikes. . Burnet. Sancuisor’Ba.
a Stamens ». Style terminal. Flowers in spikes. Burnet. Pors’Rrum.
b Stamens about 20. Drupel-seeded. 8. Cocoa Plum. CurysoBaLa/nvs.
ce Stone globular, smooth. Fruit not glaucous, Cherry. CER’asus. 1
e Stone flattened, smooth. Fruit glaucous or downy. Plum. Pru’/nvs, *
¢ Stone roughened with pits and furrows. Fruit pulpy. Peach, PerR’stca.
e Stone roughened with pits and furrows. Fruit dry. Alinond, AMYG’DALUs.
d Petals spat.-oblong. Pome with 5 dble.-cells. Shad-bush. AMELAN/cuIER, 2
d Petalsroundish. Pome with bony, 1-seeded cells. Thorn. Cratzx’aus,
ad Petals roundish. Pome with thin, 2-seeded cells. Apple Pyrrvus. 8
d Petals roundish. Pome with 5, many-seeded cells. Quince. CYDO/NIA., 4

196 . - ‘HE FLORA.

e Carpels many, in the fleshy calyx. Flowers often double. fose. Rosa. 5

e Carpels 2 only, in the dry, fiuted, prickly calyx. Agrimony. AGRIMO/NIA.
f Petals and sepals § or 9. A small, rare plant on mountains Dryas.

f Petals and sepals 5. Achenia numerous. Avens. Gru. 6

g Sepals equal. Fruit a heap of pulpy achenig. Fis. cyanic. Bramble. Rusus. 7

g Sepals unequal. Stems creeping. Flowers white. Fulse Violet. Datmar’DA. 8
h Torus small, dry. Flowers yellow. Bractlets minute or 0. WaLpsTE!’NIA. 9
h Torus small, dry. Fls. mostly yellow. Bractlets large. .

. Cinquefoil. PoTenTIL’La. 10
h Torus becoming very large and juicy infruit. Strawberry. Frae@a/rta. 11 |
h Torus becoming large and spongy. Fls. purple. Lvs. pinnate. Com’arRum.
k Petals obovate, not yellow. Stamens very long. Steeple-bush. Sprrm’a. 12

k Petals lance-linear, not yellow. Stamens very short. Jndian Physic. GILLE/NIA.
k Petals multiplied, orange-yellow. Pods l-seeded. Shrubs.
Gelder Rose. Ker’RIa.

1. CER’ASUS. Cherry.

Calyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous. Petals 5, much spreading. Stamens
15-30. Ovary with 2 ovules.” Drupe globular, very smooth, destitute
of a glaucous bloom. Stone also globular and smooth.—Trees or shrubs.
Leaves folded in the bud. Flowers early, white. May. (Fig. 452.)

§ Leaves evergreen, leathery, entire....1
§ Leaves deciduous, thin....a
a Flowers in umbel-like clusters from side buds. Drupes red....b
a Flowers in racemes leafy at base. Cherries black or blackish... +2, 8
b Shrubs or trees growing wild, native....4, 5
b Trees cultivated, not native....6, 7
1 C. Carolinia’na. Cherry Laurel. Flowers in dense, short racemes. Fruit black,
poisonous. Splendid in cultivation.
2 C.sero’tina. Wild Black C. Trees with lance-oblong, blunt-toothed leaves.
3 C. Virginie’na. Choke C. Shrubs with oval-obovate, slender-toothed leaves.
4 C. pumila. Sand C. Shrubs trailing, with lance-obovate, acute lvs. Fr. egg-shaped.
5 C. Pennsylvan’ica. Wild Red C. Trees. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate. Fr. roundish.
6 C. A’vium. Oxheart C. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, hairy beneath.
7 C. vulga’ris. Great Red C. Leaves lance-ovate, acute, narrowed to base.

2. AMELAN’CHIER. June-berry.

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong-ovate and oblanceolate. Stamens short.
Styles 5, somewhat united at base. Pome 5-celled, cells cartilaginous,
each nearly divided into two 1-seeded divisions.—Small trees or shrubs
with simple, serrate leaves, and white early flowers in racemes.

ORDER 47—ROSEWORTS. 197

A. Canaden’sis. Shad-berry. June-berry. A small tree or shrub found in woods,
with a dark-grayish bark. Flowers large white, in racemes at the ends of the
branches, appearing in April and May, while the forests are yet naked. Fruit
round, purplish, well-flavored, ripe in June. The plant is very variable in size,
and in the leaves, &e. .

8. PY’RUS. Pear. Apple.

Calyx urn-shaped, limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens 00. Styles
9-5. Pome fleshy or berry-like, containing 2-5 cartilaginous (thin and
elastic) carpels, each with 2 seeds.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple or
pinnate. Flowers showy, white or rose-colored, in cyme-like umbels,
May, June.

-§ Leaves pinnate. . Fruit as large as peas, scarlet when ripe....6, 7
- § Leaves simple....a : y mae 8

_a Wild secbbe S -8f. high. Flowers small, in compound clusters....5
a Trees wild or cultivated. Flowers large, in'simple clusters....b
b Flowers white. Pome bell-shaped, acute at base....1
b Flowers rose-white. Pome with a pit at base....2-4
1 P.commu’nis. Pear. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Styles 5, distinct. + (Fig. 280.)
2 P.malus. Apple. Leaves ovate, not lobed, the veinlets incurved. (Fig. 183.)
8 P. corona’‘ria. American Crab. Leaves ovate, often lobed, cut-serrate, straight-
veined. (Fig. 454.)
4 P, angustifolia. Narrow-leaved C. Leaves lanceolate, scarcely veiny.
5 P. arbutifo’lia. Choke-berry. Leaves obovate or oval, with glands on mid-vein.
6 P. America/na, Mountain-Ash. Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, pointed.
7 P. Aucupa’ria. English M. Leaflets lance-ovate, acute. Fruit larger.

4. CYDO'NIA. Quince.

Calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals5. Styles5. Stamensmany. Pome
with 5 parchment-like cells, each with several seeds.—Shrubs. Leaves
simple. Flowers solitary or few in a cluster.

1 C. vulga’ris. Common Quince. Leaves downy beneath, broadly ovate, acute, en-
tire, with small, half-ovate stipules. Flowers roseate, solitary terminal.. Fruit
large, obovate, highly esteemed in preserves, &c. (Fig. 1 )

2 C. Japon’ica, Japan Quince. Leaves glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, acute at each
end, serrulate. Stipules reniform. Flowers red, side clusters, opening early.

5. RO‘SA. Rose.

Calyx tube urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the throat, limb 5-cleft,
the sepals generally with a little leaf at tip. Petals 5 (greatly multiplied

198 THE FLORA..

by culture); achenia 00, bony, hispid, included in and attached to the in-
side of the fleshy baie sie: —Shrubby and prickly plants. Leaves un-
equally pinnate. cai attached to the petiole, or often free.

In the table, the first a species are found growing wild i in this country, a

sometimes also cultivated. The other species never grow wild here.

§ Styles growing together into an inserted column. Climbers....h
§ Styles not cohering into a column....a
a Stipules nearly free from the petiole and falling off....g
a Stipules adhering to the petiole....b
b Plant armed with curved or hooked prickles, erect....d
_b Plant armed with straight prickles....¢
_c¢ Wild, native Roses, 1-3 f., erect... .5-7
c Cultivated exdtics climbing (No. 20) or erect... .21-28
d Leaflets glandular and fragrant beneath....f
d Leaflets not at all glandular. Shrubs erect....e
e Wild, native Rose, flowers single....8
e Cultivated exotics, mostly double-flowered....18, 14 ~
f Flowers smgle. Wild. ....9, 10 |
f Flowers double. Exotic, eultivated....15-17
g Leaflets 5-9. Flower-stalk enveloped in bracts. 4
g Leaflets 3-5. Flower-stalk bractless, very one sk 19
h Leaflets 3-5, mostly 8. Native and cultivated...
h Leaflets 5-9....k Stipules 4nd sepals mostly entire. : wii d2.
k Stipules fringed, sepals entire....3
k Stipules entire, sepals pinnatifid....18
1 R.setig’era. Michigan fk. Flowers in eorymbs, rose-colored, changeable. W. t

2 R. leviga’ta. Cherokee &. Lfts. very smooth, ellip. Fils. solit., white. S. t .

8 R. multiflo’ra, Japan &. Lifts. soft, wrinkled. Fls. corymbed, double. S. +

A R. bractea’ta. Macartney F. Fs. solitary, with large bracts beneathit. S.-W. + ‘

5 R.lu’cida. Shining &. Lfts. 5-9, elliptic, shining. Prickles few. Calyx hispid.
6 R.nit’/ida. Wild R. Leaflets 5-9, narrow-lance, shining. Prickles numerous.
% R.blanda. Bland Fk. Lfts 5-7, oblong, dull. Prickles veryfew. Calyx smooth.
8 R. Caroli’na. Swamp hk. Stems 4~7f. high. Flowers in corymbs. Dull green.
9 R. rubigino’sa. Sweet Brier. Sepals persistent. Some of the prickles awl-shaped.
10 R. micran’tha. Eiglantine. Sepals deciduous. All the prickles hooked alike. Fls.
small.
11 R. sempervirens. Hvergreen R. Prickles alike. Lfts. evergreen, leathery. +
12 R.arven’sis, Ayrshire &. Prickles unlike. Lfts. soft, deciduous. +
13 R.cinnamo’mea. Cinnamon F&. Stipules broad, pointed, involute, wavy. +
14 R.cani’na. Dog &. - Stipules broad, serrulate. Sepals fall off after flowering. +
15 R. centifo’lia. Cabbage &. Moss &. Sepals spread in flower, often very
glandular. t+ hone

°

ie pete "

ig ae

OrpER 47,—ROSEWORTS. 199

16 R. damasce’na. Damask R. Monthly R. Sepals reflexed in flower. Flowers
very double. +

17 R.alba. White R. Sepals pinnatifid, spreading. Fils. corymbed, large. f
18 R. moscha’ta. Musk R. Leafiets lanceolate, pointed. Fls. panicled, large, white. t

19 R.In’dica. Chinese Monthly. Bengal R. Tea Rose, dc. Lfts. ovate, pointed. +
20 R. Alpi’na. Boursault R. Lfts. 5-11, obovate, sharp-serfate. Stipules narrow. t

21 R. eglante’ria. Yellow Rose. Lfts. broad-oval. Petals obcordate, fugacious. ft

22 R. Gal/lica. French FR. Leaflets elliptical. Petals large, spreading. t

23 R. Pimpinellifo’lia. Burnet 2. Lfts. small, roundish. Flowers small. t

6. GE’UM. Avens.

Calyx 5-cleft, usually with 5 alternate bractlets outside. Petals 5.
Stamens many, collected on a dry receptacle, and bearing the long, per-
sistent style-—2£ Leaves pinnate or lyrate.

§ Style bent and jointed near the middle....a
§ Style straight and not jointed, wholly persistent. Rare plants....6, 7
a Head of fruits quite sessile, with the styles finally hooked....b,1-
a Head of fruits stalked in the calyx more or less...74, 5
b Petals yellow, longer than the calyx....2, 8
1 G. Virginia’num. Petals white, as long as the calyx. Receptacle hairy.
2 G.macrophyl’lum. Mountain A. Lvs. ending with a very large roundish leafleg,
8 G. stric’tum. Yellow A. The end leaflet but little larger than the rest. Height 3-5f,
4 G.vernum. Head-stalk A. Petals yellow, small. Stalk as long as head. W.
5 G.riva’le. Water A. Whole flower dark purple, large, nodding. .
6 G. triflo’rum. Bractlets longer than the calyx or purplish petals. Fls. 3. W.
7 G. Peck’ii. Peck’s A. Bractlets minute. Pet. yellow. Stem almost leafless. Mts.

: 7. RU’BUS. Bramble. Blackberries.and Raspberries.

Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens o.
Ovaries many, becoming many pulpy, drupe-like achenia (grains) united

into a compound fruit.—Half-shrubby plants with 2f roots and ® stems,

armed with prickles. Flowers mostly white. In the Blackberries the
pulpy receptacle constitutes a part of the fruit, but in the Raspberries it
does not.

* Leaves simple, 3-5-lobed. Flowers large....1-3
* Leaves compound, of 3-7 leaflets....a

a Stems stout, upright, often recurved at top....b

a Stems weak, trailing or prostrate....7
b The side leaflets stalked. Prickles strong, recurved....8

b The side leaflets sessile. Prickles weak, nearly straight....4

200 THE FLORA.

Raspberries.
1 R. odora’tus. ose Flowering. Petals round, purple. Stalks hairy-clammy.
2 R. Nutka’nus. White-flowering. Petals broad-oval, white. Fls. several. N.-W.
3 R. Chamemo’rus. Cloud-lerry. Petals obovate, white. Flower only one. Mts.
4 Petals as long or longer than the calyx....5, 6 ake
4 R.ddeus. Garden Raspberry. Petals shorter than the calyx.
5 R. sirigo’sus. Wild Hed Raspberry. Corolla cup-shaped, single.
6 R. rosefo’lius. Bridal Rose. Corolla spreading, double. Cultivated.
7 Stems prickly, shrubby, biennial. Fruit of many grains....11
7 R. triflo’rus. Stems entirely unarmed, green, © Fruit of few grains.
8 R. occidenta’lis. Thimble-berry. Pl. glaucous. Petals shorter than sepals. Fr. dark.
8 Plants not glaucous. Petals much longer than the sepals....9, 10
Blackberries.
9 R. villo’sus. High Blackberry. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets ovate.
10 R. cuneifo’lius. Sand Sl. Fils. 1-3 together. Lfts. wedge-obovate. .M.S.
11 Prickles many. Flower-stalks without leaves or braets....12, 13
11 R. Canadensis. Dewberry. Prickles few. Flower-stalks with leafy bracts.
12 R. his’pidus. Hispid, Running Bl. Flowers small, with spreading sepals,
13 R. trivia/lis. Low Bush Bl. Flowers large, with refiexed sepals. S. .

8. DALIBAR’DA. False Violet.

Calyx deeply 5 or 6-parted, 3 of the segments larger. Petals 5. Sta-
mers many. Styles 5-8, long, deciduous. Fruit 5-8 dryish, drupe-like
achenia.—2{ Low herbs with creeping stems, simple leaves and 1-2 white
flowers on each stalk. North.

D.re’pens. Creeping F. Found in damp woods. Creeping stems a few inches to a
foot in length. Leaves roundish-cordate, crenate. Stipules very narrow-linear.
- Petioles 1-8’ long. Scapes 1-flowered, about as long as the petioles. June.

9. WALDSTEI'NIA. Dry Strawberry.

Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate, sometimes minute and deciduous bract-
lets. Petals 5 or more, sessile. Stamens many. Styles 2-6. Achenia
few, dry, on a dry receptacle.—2 Acaulescent herbs with lobed or divid-
ed radical leaves and yellow flowers on scapes.

W. f ¢o'e /des. A pretty plant, in hilly woods, bearing some resemblance to the
strawberry. Root-stock thick, scaly, blackish. Leaves trifoliate, on petioles
8-6’ long; leaflets broad-wedge-shaped, cut-toothed, of a shining green above.
Scapes about as high as the leaves, bearing 2-6 flowers, which are 2’ across.
June. a has

W..loba’ta. Lobed D. Along rivers, &c. Leaves simple, roundish-cordate, gener-
ally 3-5-lobed, &c. April, June. S.

-

er | ORDER 47.—ROSEWORTS. 201

10. POTENTIL'LA. Cinquefoil.

Calyx deeply 4-5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate bractlets
outside. Petals 4-5, obcordate. Stamens o.. Achenia o, collected in
a head on a small, airy receptacle.—Herbs or shrubs with coniicame aaa
and (mostly) yellow flowers. Sp 76, 7 a :

* Leaves palmately compound....
* Leaves pinnately compound... e8
a Leaflets 8 only in each leaf... .1
a Leaflets 5. Stems prostrate or inclining....4, 5
: _ 1 Flowers yellow. Stems herbaceous....2, 8
1 P. tridenta’ta. Trident C. Fs. white. Lfts. wedge-obov., 3- iomehed atend, N.
2 P. Norve’gica. Norway UC. Erect, many-flowered. Petals shee. Ni: Bee
3 P.min/ima. Tiny C. Low. Stems 1-flowered. Pet: longér than sepals. Mts.
4 P. Canaden’sis. Canada C. Leaflets green both sides, serrate, oblong.
5 P. argen’tea. Silver C. Leaflets silvery-white beneath, pinnatifid.
6 P. frutico’sa. Shrubby C. Erect, shrubs with yellow flowers. Height 1-2f. N.
7 P. Anseri’na. Goose-grass. Stemless herbs. Leaves and peduncles radical.
8 Herbs with leafy stems. (8 rare species omitted.)

11. FRAGA’RIA. Strawberry.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate bractlets out-
side. Petals 5, obcordate. Stamens ©. Achenia many, fixed to the
surface of the pan conical, pulpy, scarlet or white receptacle-—Low 2f
plants with trifoliate leaves. (igs. 265, 455, 456.) |
1 F. Virginia’na. Common S. Bractlets under the calyx entire. Flowers white, on
- seapes. Root-stock sending out runners which take root and form new plants.

2 F.In’dica. Indian Strawberry. Bractlets under the calyx 3-lobed. Petals yellow.
Stems trailing on the ground. Fruit roundish, bright red, tasteless. S. + (272.)

12. SPIR AA. Beetow nwect: Hard-hack.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals5,roundish. Stamens 10-50, exserted.
Carpels distinct, 3-12, forming little 1-celled, several-seeded pods. Styles
terminal.—2{ Beautiful, unarmed herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves
and branches, and small white or rose-colored flowers. May, Aug.

* Shrubs 4-9 f. high..
* Herbs with the Telia once or thrice pinnate....7
a Stipules present....1, 2
a Stipules none. ae simple and undivided....b :

Q*

-

202 THE FLORA.

b Flowers in panicles. Leaves lance-ovate....3, 4
b Flowers in corymbs or little umbels. Leaves oval or ovate....5,6 |
1 S. opulifo’lia. Vine-bark. Leaves simple, 8-lobed. Corymbs umbellate. N.
2 S. sorbifo’lia. Sorb-leaved M. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers in panicles.
* 3 S.tomento’sa. MHard-hack. Lvs. with a rusty white dense wool beneath.
4 §. salicifo/lia, Willow-leaved. Lvs. nearly smooth. Shrub 3 or 4f. high.
.5 S. corymbo’sa. Corymb very.large, terminal, flat-topped. Height 1-2f. S.
6 S. hypericefo’lia. St. Peter’s Wreath. Little umbels many, lateral. Cultivated.
7 Leaves once-pinnate. Inflorescence terminal, on a long stalk....8, 9, 10

7 S. Arun’cus. Goat’s Beard. Lys. thrice-pinnate. Fls.in slender spikes. M.

8 S. loba’ta. Queen of the Prairie. Flowers purple. Side leaflets 3-lobed. W.
9 S. filipen’dula. Dropwort. Fls. white. Lifts. pinnatifid-serrate. Gardens.
10 S, Ulma’ria. Meadow-sweet. Flowers white. . Lifts. doubly-serrate. Gardens.

*

Orver LIT. ONAGRA’CEA. Evening Primroses.

Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves ; and with the parts of the
lowers generally in 4’s, sometimes in 3’s, 2’s, or 1’s; with the
sepals united below into a tube, valvate in the bud; the

petals and stamens inserted into the throat of the calyx; +

ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx; becoming in the
fruit a 2-4-celled capsule or berry with many seeds.

T

Fig. 458. Flower of Gnothera fruticosa. 9. Plan of the flower. Fig. 460. Section of the
4-celled capsule of Gi. biennis. 1. Hippuris vulgaris. 2. Its flower, with 1 stamen, I ovary,

2style. 38. Vertical section of its 1-seeded fruit. 4. Circaea Lutetiana. 5. The flower en- *

larged. 6. Plan of the flower. 7. Vertical section of the 2-celled and 2-seeded fruit.

Analysis of the Genera.
* Flowers 4 or 5-parted (that is, with 4 or 5 petals, sepals, &c.)....2

* Flowers 8-parted, 7, ¢., with 3 sepals, 8 stamens, &c. (no petals)....g .

Vee eee ee ee

ORDER 52.—EVENING PRIMROSES. 203

* Flowers 2-parted, with 2 sepals,.2 petals, d&e..... f
* Flowers 1-parted, with 1 stamen, 1 pistil,-1 seed (no petal)....h

2 Flowers perfect (that is, having both stamens and pistils)....3

2 Flowers moneecious (some with stamens, some with pistils)....¢

8 Stamens 8, twice as many as the sepals....4
8 Stamens 4, same number as the sepals....d
4 Calyx tube much prolonged above the ovary....5
4 Calyx tube not prolonged above the ovary....a
«5 Garden-exotics, with showy purple flowers....¢
5 Wild, native herbs, rarely cultivated....b°

a Seed comous with a tuft of silky hairs. Fls. purplish. Wéllow Herb. Eprio’srum. 1
a Seed not comous, &e. Fils. large, yellow. Southern. Yellow Jessie. Jussim’a.

b Petals equal, not clawed, yellow. Pods o-seeded.

Evening Primrose. QHNOTHE’RA, 2

b Petals hardly equal, clawed, red. Pods 1-4-seeded. Gaura. GAURA,.
ce Herbs from California. Calyx tube short. Petals clawed. Clarkia. Cuar’x1a.
ce Shrubs from Chili. Cal. tube long, enlarged. Fils. hanging. Zur-drop. Fucn’sta.

d Petals yellow, sometimes minute or0. Lvs. entire. Seed Box. Lupwie’/1s
e Petals greenish or none. Leaves many-cleft. Water-plants.

Water Milfoil. MyriopHyL’Lum.

f Delicate herbs with small, pale flowers. Enchanter’s Nightshade. Crrow/a. 8
g Small herbs in wet places, with pinnatifidlvs. Mermaid Weed. PRosERPINA’cA.

h In water, rare. Leaves linear, whorled. Mares Tatil. Hrerv’ris,

1. EPILO’BIUM. Willow-herb.

Calyx tube not prolonged above the ovary. Limb deeply 4-parted, de-
ciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Stigma often with 4 spreading lobes. -
Ovary and capsule linear, 4-cornered, 4-celled, 4-valved.. Seeds crowned
with a tuft of long hairs.—2£ Flowers purplish or white. :

E. angustifo’lium. Varrow-leaved Willow-herb. ose-bay. <A tall, showy herb (4-
6f. high), common at the North. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, nearly entire, with
a vein running along the margin. Flowers large, all parts pale purple or white,
in along, terminal spike. Style and stamens declined. Stigma with 4 long
lobes. July, Aug. Our four other species, with small flowers, and a club-
shaped, undivided pistil, we omit.

* :
2. GENOTHE’RA. Evening Primrose.

Calyx tube ‘prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous: segments 4, re-
flexed. Petals 4, equal, obcordate or obovate, inserted into the top of the
calyx tube. Stamens 8. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. Stigma 4-lobed.
Seeds not tufted—Herbs with alternate leaves, and yellow flowers (in all
the following species). May, Aug.

904 THE FLORA.

§ Flowers opening by night. Pods rounded at the corners, sessile....1, 2
§ Flowers opening by day. Pods club-shaped, sharply setae ac) seu
a Stems erect, 1-3 feet high. Flowers large (1-2’ across)..
a Stems half-erect, 6-16’ long. Flowers small (5-8/’ sere TG, ¢
.1cG., ek Lys. slightly toothed. Pods oblong. Fis. 1’ or more wide.
2 Gé.sinua’ta. Leaves sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers # wide. S.
3 Pods scarcely winged on the 4 sharp angles. Leaves narrow....4, 5
3 C. frutico’sa. Pods with the 4 angles distinctly winged. beac lanceolate.
4 C&. ripa’ria. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Flowers finally racemed. S. M.
5 G. linea’ris. eaves linear. Flowers on the ends of the branches. S. M.
6 G. pum’ila. Flowers straw-yellow. Pods almost sessile. Common. N.M.
7 CE. chrysan’tha. Fls. orange-yellow. Podsdistinctly stalked Rare. N.-W.

7

8. CIRC.A’A. Enchanter’s Nightshade.

:
Calyx tube a little prolonged above the ovary, lobes 2.. Petals 2, ob-
cordate. Stamens 2, opposite the sepals. Fruit reflexed, inversely egg-
shaped, with hooked hairs, 2-celled, 2-seeded.—2£ Small, tender herbs,
with opposite leaves and terminal racemes of small, reddish-white flowers.
C, Lutetia’na. (See the figure.) Stem 1-2f. high, sparingly branched, pubescent.
Leaves dark green, ovate, subcordate, acuminate, coarsely toothed. Pedicels
without bracts, bent down after flowering. Fruit clothed with bristly hooks.
June, July.

C. alpi’na. Stem 5-10’ ch. very smooth. ek es pale green, broad cordate, thin,
slightly dentate. Bacgaign 3 in rocky woods at the North. July.

Orper LV.—GROSSULAC. —

Small. shrubs, often prickly, with saiciinte, |
lobed, plated leaves ;

Jlowers in axillary racemes, regular, 4. or 5-
parted, small;

petals inserted into the throat of the calyx,
small, distinct, and the

Jruit a 1-cel.. 1, many-seeded, 2-carpeled berry.

Fig. 468. A flower of the Red Currant ent open; 9, the ovary and ovules; st, the style;
¢, the calyx tube; p, the petals; 8, the stamens. Fig. 469. A berry cut open, showing the two
placente and seeds. Fig. 470. A seed cut oven, showing the little embryo. :

eee ae

ORDER 60.—THE HOUSELEEKS. 205

RI'BES. Currants and Gooseberriak:

The character of the genus is about the same as of the
Order.

§ Currants. Stems without prickles or thorns....a
§ Gooseberries. Stems armed with prickles or spines..
a Leaves rolled in the bud (convolute). Fls. bright yel....1 -
a Lys. plaited (plicate) in the bud. Fls. not yellow....b
b Fruit hairy.-:..2, 3
b Fruit smooth....4-6,
e Fruit hispid.. rk 8
e¢ Fruit smooth..
d Stalks of the oe or fruit Eee? ahh 12
d Stalks very short....9, 10
1 R. av’reum. Missouri Cu ein Shrub 6-8f., with smooth, Fig. 471. Missouri
3-lobed leaves (Fig. 471). W. ft Currant,—flower di-
2 R. sanguin’eum. Oregon C. Flowers bright red, showy. vided.
Leaves 8~5-lobed. +
3°R. prostra’tum, Skunk C. Fils. striped with red. Lvs. 5-7-lobed. Mts. N. M.
4 R.ru’brum. Common Red C. Leaves not dotted, downy beneath. Berries glob-
war, red or white, in pendulous racemes as well as the fis. (Figs. 248, 261.)
5 R. flor’‘idum. flowering C. Leaves yellow-dotted. Berries obovate, black.
6 R.nigrum. Slack C. Leaves yellow-dotted. Berries roundish, black. Petiole
shorter than the blade. Racemes looge, partly nodding, Gardens.
7 R. Cynos’bati. Prickly Gooseberry. Racemes 2 or 8-flowered. Styles united.
(Fig. 281.) Beas
8 R. lacus’tre. Swamp G. Racemes 5-8-flowered. Style 2-cleft. Berry small.
9 R. hirtil’lum,. Smoothish G. Stems not prickly. Calyx tube bell-shaped. North.
10 R. oxycanthoi’des. Hawthorn G. Stems very prickly. Calyx tube cylindric.
North. .
11 R. rotundifo’lium. Round-leaved G. Calyx cylindric. Stalk 1-8-flowered. |
12 R. Uva Cais’/pa. Garden G. Calyx bell-shaped. Stalk hairy, 1-flowered. +

ORDER LX. CRASSULACEA. The Houseleeks.

Thick, juicy plants, with simple, mostly entire leaves ; with

Jlowers perfectly symmetrical and regular; the

petals, sepals, and pistils being of the same number (8-20); and the
stamens either the same or twice as many; the

follicles (as many as the ovaries) distinct or somewhat united.

206 THE FLORA.

Analysis of the Genera.
§ Pistils (follicles) entirely distinct and separate... .2
§ Pistils 4 or 5, united into a 4 or 5-celled capsule....4
2 Stamens twice as many as the pistils, petals, or sepals....3 .
2 Stamens as many (8 or 4) as the pistils, &c. Herb 1-3’ high. r. Trta’a.

8 Flowers 5 (rarely 4)-parted. Stamens 10 or 8. Stone-crop. Sr/puM. 1
8 Flowers 12 (or 6-20)-parted. Stamens 12-40. . Houseleek.. SEMPERVI/VUM.
4 © Herb 2-4’ high, fleshy, with 4-parted flowers. S. - Dramor’pHa.

4 2 Herb 10-16’ high, not fleshy, with 5-parted flowers. ¢. PENTHO’RUM.

Fig. 472. A flowering branch of Sedum acre. ig. 473. A flower of S. acre, : be y/
natural size. ig. 474. A flower (12-parted, symmetrical, regular) of Semper- NC us
vivum (Houseleek). Bie =| /}

<a

1. SE‘DUM. Stone-crop. Orpine.

Sepals and petals 5, sometimes 4, distinct. Stamens 10 or \;
8. Pods 5, sometimes 4, distinct, many-seeded, with an NS y:
entire scale at the base of each.—Mostly 2£ herbs, with :
5-parted flowers in cymes, or in one-sided clusters. \ QY
1 Flowers white, or purplish, or rose-colored....2 | ¥
1 S.a’cre. Trish Moss. Fils. yellow. Plant in low tufts. Gardens.

2 Leaves scattered, 1-3’ long....8-5. (Figs. 472, 473.)
2S.terna’tum. Stone-crop. Leaves in whorls of 8’s. Flowers ~&
white, in a 3-spiked cyme. : é
3 S.telephioi’des. False O. Leaves lanceolate or obovate, nearly entire. M.S.
48. Tele’phium. Common O: Leaves oval, serrate, obtuse. Flowers purplish.
5 8. pulchel’lum. Handsome O. Lvs. linear. Fls. in an umbel of spikes, purp. S&S.

Orver LXI. SAXIFRAGACEA. Saxifrages.

Herbs or shrubs with the pistils fewer than the sepals of the flower;
the petals as many as the calyx sepals (4 or 5), and together with the

ORDER 61.—SAXIFRAGES. 207

5-10 stamens inserted on the calyx; the

styles 2, distinct, with their

2 ovaries more or less united below, and
either free-or adhering to calyx;

pods capsular, many-seeded ;

embryo slender, in albumen.

Fig. 475. Section of flower of Early Saxifrage
(Class Book, page 371). #ig.476. Ovary and pistils,
cut across to show the two cells. Fig. 477. Mitella
diphylla; 8, a flower, magnified; 9, the fruit pods
open, showing the black seeds. Fig. 480. Cross-sec- ~
tion of the ovary; 1, seed cut open, showing the long
embryo.

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Herbs. Petals imbricated in the bud....a -

§ Shrubs. Petals valvate or convolute (twisted) in bud....e
a Flowers with 10 stamens....b
a Flowers with 5 stamens....d

b Petals 4-6, usually 5, entire....c

b Petals 5, all pinnatifid. Stamens 10.

¥ Mitrewort. Mirei’ta. 1

b Petals 0. Low, prostrate, in wet places. Water Carpet. CHRYSOSPLE/NIUM.
c Pods 2-celled. Leaves simple, mostly radical. Saxifrage. SAXIF’RAGA,.
ec Pods 2-celled. Leaves bi-ternately compound, cauline. S. ASTIL’BE.
ec Pods 1-celled. Leaves palmately lobed. ' False Mitrewort. Traren’/ia, 2
d Styles 2, pod 2-celled. Scape reclined, 8-12’ long. W. SULLIVAN’TIA.
d Styles 2, pod 1-celled. Scape erect, a foot or more. M. W. HEv’cHERA.
d Styles 3, pod 1-celled. Herb in tufts?’ high. S. . LEPUROPET’ALON.
e Leaves opposite, simple....f
e Leaves alternate. Shrub 4-8f. erect. Racemes white. M.S. Irr’a.
f Shrub climbing trees, &c. Flowers white, fragrant. S. DrcumMA’RIA.
f Shrubs erect. Cymes not radiate—all the flowers perfect. PHILADEL’PHUS. 8
f Shrubs erect. Cymes radiate. Stamens 8-10. Hypran’GeEa. 4

1. MITEL’LA. Mitrewort. -
Calyx 5-cleft, bell-shaped. Petals 5, pinnatifid with linear divisions,

208 . THE FLORA.

inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5 or 10, included. ‘Styles “3

2, very short. Capsule short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, 2-valved—2 Small,

slender herbs, with roundish, lobed, and cordate leaves, mostly from the

root. Flowers small, in a slender raceme. N.

1 M diphyl’la. Scape 12-20’ high, with 2 opposite leaves nearly sessile, and many ©
white flowers above with curiously cleft petals. May, June. (See Fig. 477.)

2 M.un’da Scape leafiess, thread-like, 5-7’ high, few-flowered. May, June.

Both species send out runners from the base.

2. TIAREL’LA. False Mitrewort. Gem-fruit

Calyx 5-parted, lobes obtuse-
Petals 5, entire, the claws in-
serted on the calyx. Stamens
10, exserted. Styles 2. Cap-
sule 1-celled, 2-valved, 1 valve
much larger.—2f Fis. white.
N. MM.

@. cordifo’lia. Scape about 10’
high, sometimes bearing a leaf,
the fiowers white in all their
parts, forming a cylindrical ra-
ceme. In rocky woods, with

the Mitrewort, very common at
the North. May, June.

3. PHILADEL’PHUS. False
Syringa.

Calyx 4-5-parted, tube ad-
herent to the ovary, persistent.
Corolla 4—5-petaled. Styles 4,
more or less united. Stamens
20-40, shorter than the petals. |}
Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved,
many-seeded. — Handsome
flowering shrubs, with opposite

leaves. Fetal conyolute in “jig 40a. “Raitient™ paesicle of Dak-loaged Hydran-
the bud. : - ges; the larger flowers neutral.

, ; ORDER 63.—THE UMBELWORTS. 209

P. grandifie’rus. Large-flowered Syringa. .A very showy shrub, 6f. high. Leaves

ovate, acuminate, 3-veined. Stigmas 4, styles united into 1. Flowers large, in

_ umbels of 2-7, white nearly inodorous. Cultivated, but wild at the South. June.

P. corona’rius. Mock Orange. Stems 5-8f. high. Leaves oval and ovate, short-

pointed, feather-veined. Styles and stigmas 4, distinct. Flowers numerous,
‘white, handsome, very fragrant. Cultivated. June.

. 4, HYDRAN’GEA. Hydrangea.

Flowers in cymes, the marginal ones generally barren, with the sepals
much enlarged (that is, the cymes are radiant). The fertile flowers are
small, calyx about 4- fcthed pee 4, stamens 8 or 10; copa 2-beaked,
many-seeded.

1 H. arbores’cens. Big Wild #7. Lactes ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, nearly
smooth. Cymes flat.- Shrub 4 to 6 feet high. M.W. Cultivated.

2 H. quercifo’lia. Oak-leaved H. Leaves deeply sinnate-lobed. Cymes in eo form

ofapanicle. South. Cultivated. (See Fig. 482.)

8 H. radia’ta. Silver-leaved H.. Leaves ovate, clothed with a silvery-white down
beneath. Cymes flat. Shrub 6-8f. high. S. ft

4 H.horten’sis. Changeable H. Leaves elliptical, narrowed at each end, smooth.
Cymes mostly all barren, changing from green to white, pink, blue, &c.

-

=

Oxper LXIII. UMBELLIFERA. The Umbelworts.

Herbs with hollow, furrowed stems, simple or compound leaves ;
“no stipules, but with a broad sheathing base to the petioles ;
the small flowers in umbels, and the calyx wholly adherent to the ovary;
the petals and stamens 5, standing on the top of the ovary;
the styles 2, and the fruit dry, its 2 cdrpels seed-like and separating,
marked outside by ribs and furrows running lengthwise.

Analysis of the Genera.

* Plants growing wild, some of them cultivated for the eatable root....2
* Plants never wild, but cultivated for their fruit, &e..... q
2 Flowers white, rarely rose-colored or cream-colored....8
2 Flowers yellow, or (in one instance) dark purple... .4
3 Umbels simple, leaves simple. Little creeping wet plants....a
3 Umbels regularly compound, the flowers not se&sile....¢
3 Umbels irregular, flowers in crowded heads, sessile....b
4 Fruit decidedly flattened on the back....p
4 Fruit flattened on the sides or not at all....0

210 THE FLORA.’

e
; F m
as ee ye gaa

a Fruit flattened. Leaves roundish. Pennywort. HypRo¢€o’TyLe.

a Fruit globular. Lvs. linear. Fis. pedicelled. Height 1-2’. r. Cranr’zia.
b Fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Heads small, 2-4. ¢. Sanicle. Santc’uta. 1
b Fruit clothed with scales. Heads often near 1’ thick. W.S. ¢. Eryn’erum.

c Umbels not radiate (§ 255, a, outer flowers not larger than the rest)....d

ec Umb. rad., very large. Huge herbs, 4-8f. high. ¢. Cow Parsnip. Herac’LEUM.
d Leaves simple lfnear petioles without blades. S. _ Trepman’nNIA.
_ da. Leaves only once divided, pinnately or ternately....e
d Leaves twice or thrice compounded....g

e Fruit flattened or contracted, more or less, on the sides... .f

e Fruit much flattened on the back. M.S. Archemore. ARCHEMO’RA.
f Leaflets 8, ovate, doubly serrate. Stem 1-2f. high. Honewort. CryproTz#’Nta. 2
f Leaflets 8, long, linear, grass-like. Rare. S. Nerveleaf. NEUROPHYL’LUM.
f Leaflets 5-11, lanceolate or lance-linear. 2-6f,. Water Parsnip. S1’/uUM.

f Leaflets 5-9, oblong. Stem procumbent. S. Marsh Umbel. HELosciaD’10M.
g Bracts of the involucre (not involucel) gon » Shas el
¢ Bracts of the involucre cleft and divided...
g Bracts of the involucre none or almost none....m

h Fruits bristly, club-shaped, few. Stem 1-2f. hee Cicely. OsMORHI’ZA. 3
h Fruits smooth, flattened on,he sides, ribs wavy. Poison Hemlock. Cont’um. 4
h Fruits smooth, flattened on the aes ribs winged, straight. 7. CoNIosELI’NUM.
h Fruit smooth, terete, not flattened, ribs straight. Lovage. Licus’Ticum.

k Fruits bristly, short, numerous. Often cultivated. . Carrot. Dav’cus.

k Fruits smooth. Stems and leaflets thread-like. Rare. DiIscoPLEU’RA.

k Fruits smooth. Stem 3-6’ erect, bulbous. W. Pepper-and-Salt. Ericent’a. 5
m Fruit flattened on the back. Stems large. c. Angelica. ARCHANGEL’ICA.
m Fruit flattened on the sides....n :
m Fruit terete, not flattened. Poison. N. Rare. Fool's Parsley. 7ivuu’sa.

n Calyx 5-toothed. Stems diffuse, slender. W. Chervil. CozRoPHYL’/LUM.
n Cal. 5-toothed. Umbels stalked. Sts. erect, very slender. 8. LEprocav’1is.
n Calyx teeth none, fruit strongly ribbed. Poison. Water Hemlock. C1ou’ta. 6
n Calyx teeth none, fruit scarcely ribbed. W. Rare. Crest Umbel. Ev’Lopuvs.

o Involucels leafy. Leaves perfoliate, simple, entire. Modesty. BuPLEU’RUM.

o Involucels minute. Seed with 5 winged ribs. Golden Alexanders. Tuas’Pium. 7 ©

o Involucels minute. Seed with 5 ribs not winged. Alexanders. Ziz’ta. 8
p Involucels minute. Fruit corky. Leaves bi- -pinnatifid. PoryrTz/NIA.
p Involucels none. Fruit thin. Leaves pirmate. Parsnip. Pastrna’oa.
q Flowers white. Involucre 0 or of 1 entire bract....r ;
q Flowers white. Involucre of a few cleft bracts. : Parsley. PETROsELI/NUM.
q Flowers yellow. Leaf segments very narrowand many. Fennel. Fanic’vLvM.
r Umbellets radiate. *Fruit round. Lys. finely cut. sa CoRIAN’DRUM.
r Umbellets not radiate (the flowers all similar)..
s Fruit flattened on the sides, roundish. Lf. segm. aha form. iter), A’PIUM. *
s Fruit flattened on the sides, oval. Leaf segments linear. Caraway. CA’RUM.
s Fruit egg-shaped, not flattened. Leafsegments linear. ~ Anise. PumprneL’La.

Fig. 483. Golden Alexanders, with its compound, naked umbel, &c. 4 A flower enlarged.
5. The fruit with its thread-shaped ribs and two persistent styles. 6. Cross-section, showing the
two carpels with the oil-tubes and flat inner face. 7. Umbel of Sweet Cicely, in fruit. 8. A
flower enlarged. 9. The fruit with the two carpels separating from the base and supported by a
two-cleft stalk. Fig. 490. Summit of the fruit of Bitter Cicely. 1. Fruit of Poison Hemlock,
with thé undulate-crenulate ribs. 2. Cross-section, showing the grooved inner face-and involute
albumen. 3. Radiate flower of Coriandrum. 4. Vertical section of the globose fruit, showing
the minute embryo.

1. SANIO’ULA. Sanicle.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx teeth leafy, tube bristly. Petals obovate,
erect, with the point inflected. Fruit roundish, armed with hooked
prickles. Carpels without ribs —2 Plants 1-2f. high. Umbel with a few
eapitate umbellets. Involucre of few cleft bracts, involucel of several,
entire. June—Aug.

1 8. Marylan’dica. Long-styled S. Sterile flowers many, pedicellate; fertile flowers

sessile. Styles slender, conspicuous, recurved. Leaves 5-7-parted. Common.

2 8. Canaden’sis. Short-siyled S. Sterile flowers few, much shorter than the fertile.
Styles shorter than the prickles. Leaves 5-parted, upper 3-parted. Umbels
(or heads) small. Woods. Common.

212 THE FLORA.

2. CRYPTOT’AINIA. Hone-wort.

‘Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals with an inflexed point. Fruit linear-ob-
long or ovate-oblong. Seeds with 5 obtuse ribs, contracted at the sides.
—2¢ A smooth herb with 3-parted leaves. Umbels compound, with very
unequal rays, white flowers, no involucre, and few-leaved involucels.

C. Canaden’sis. St. 1-2f. high, erect. Leafiets large, the side ones often 2-parted
or lobed. Common in moist woods. July.

38. OSMORHI'ZA. Cicely.

- Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, club-shaped, tapering to the
base, crowned with the conical styles; carpels each with 5 equal, acute,
bristly ribs, and a deep groove on the face.—2: Leaves bi-ternately divid-
ed, with the umbels opposite. Involucre few-leaved; involucel 4~7-
leaved. Flowers white. Fruit an ame in length. Bi about 2f.
May, June. (Figs. 244, 487-9.)

O. longis’tylis. Sweet C. -Styles thread-like, nearly as long as ovary. Plant downy.

The root has an agreeable spicy flavor.

O. brevis’tylis. Bitter C. Styles conical, 5 times shorter than ovary. ‘Plant hairy.
Less interesting than No.1. (See Fig. 490.)

>

4 CONI’UM. Poison Hemlock.

Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened on the sides, each carpel
with 5 wavy-crenulate ribs on the back, and a deep narrow groove on the
inner face.—@® Herbs with large, decompound leaves, with very many
leaflets. Involucre and involucels of 3-5 leaves, the latter one-sided.
Flowers white. (Figs. 65, 491, 492.) Bee
C. macula’tum. Stem spotted with purple, glaucous, about 4f high. Leaves bright

green, leaflets: small, lanceolate, pinnatifid. Umbels terminal, the involucels
with the inner half wanting. June, July.

5. ERIGENI’A. Pepper-and-salt.

Calyx limb wanting. Petals flat, entire. Carpels (half-fr nits), 8 3-ribbed,
contracted on the face, forming together a fruit much broader than iow
—2 Root tuberous, See Fig. 333.

. 2
.. ee,

ee a eee
ee, oe oe

eee oes
ORDER 63.—THE UMBELWORITS. 213 :

B. bulbo’sa, “A small, early-flowering herb, Western N. Y. to Mo. Stem arises
from a roundish tuber deepinthe ground. The root leafis thrice ternate. The
involucrate leaf twice ternate. The dark-brown stamens with the little white
petals suggest its common name.

6. CICU'TA. Water Hemlock.

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals with the point inflected. Fruiteroundish, a
little contracted on the sides so as to appear somewhat double. Seeds
with 5, flattish, equal ribs, 2 of them on the margin.—2f Poisonous herbs
with compound leaves and perfect umbels of white flowers. Involucre
few-leaved or 1. Involucels many-leaved.

1 ©. macula’ta. Spotted Water-Hemlock. Stem streaked with purple, 3-6f. high,
smooth, striate, hollow. Lower leaves triternate and tripinnate, segments _lan-
ceolate, serrate. Umbels 2-4’ broad. Fruit 10-ribbed., Involucels of 5 or 6
short, slender, acute bracts. Common in wet meadows. July, Aug.

2 C. bulbi’fera. Narrow-leaved Water-Hemlock. Stem green, striate, slender, with
little bulblets in the axils of the branches. Leaves bi-ternately divided. Leaf-
lets linear or lance-linear, 2-4’ long, with distant teeth. In wet meadows and
swamps. Aug.

7. THAS’PIUM. Alexanders.

Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit elliptical, roundish across, not flat-
tened either way, seeds each with 5 winged ribs.—2f¢ heres divided.
Involucre none, involucels few-leaved. The species resemble the Zizias
except in their fruit. May, June. (Figs. 483-6.)

1 Root leaves simple, cordate, stem leaves once-ternately divided... .2
1 T. barbino’de. Leaves bi- or tri-ternate, Ifts. cut-serrate. St. hairy at joints.

Q T.au’reum. Golden A. Fruit oval. Flowers yellow. Stem 2-8f. high.
2 T.atropurpu’reum. Purple A. Fruit roundish. Flowers dark purple. Stem 2-8f.
high. S. M.

8, : ZIZ’‘TA. Alexanders.

Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit oval or ovate, flattened at the sides
so as to appear somewhat double. Seeds each with 5 ribs which are not
winged, but thread-like.-—2¢ Smooth, with divided leaves and yellow
flowers. Umbels compound, with no involucre or involucels.

Z. integer’rima. Lntire-leaved A. Root and stem leaves bi- and tri-ternate, leaflets
entire. Plant'1-2f. high, in rocky woods. May-July.

214 THE FLORA.

Orpsr LXV. CORNACEH. Cornels.

Trees and shrubs, seldom herbs, with sim-
ple, mostly opposite leaves ; with

flowers 4-parted, arranged in cymes; the 4

petals valvate in the bud; and with the 4

stamens standing on the top of the 2-
celled i

ovary, which is adherent to the calyx-
tube; styles united ;

fruit a1 or 2-seeded drupé.

Fig. 495. Low Cornel; 6, the 4-leaved involucre
surrounding the head of flowers.

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Petals 4. Drupe 2-celled. Corneil. Cornus. 1
§ Flowers imperfect, 5-parted. Petals often 0. Drupe 1-celled. Trees
with small, green flowers in side clusters. Fruit plum-like. Tupelo. Nyssa.

CORNUS. Cornel. Dogwood.

Trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs. Flowers in cymes. Sepals, petals,
and stamens each 4, with a double pistil. at |

1 C.Canaden’sis. Low Cornel. A small herb, with a creeping, woody root-stock
sending up annually its stems 4-6’ high. Some stems bear only 4 whorled
leaves, others bear 6 leaves at top and an umbellate cyme of small white flowers
supported by a large, white, 4-leaved involucre. The whole resembles a single
white flower. May, June. (Fig. 495.)

2 C.flor’ida. Flowering Dogwood. A small tree, 20-80f. high, with opposite, ovate,
pointed, entire leaves. The cyme of small greenish flowers is supported by a
very large, white, 4-leaved involucre in May. | :

Six other species, without involucres, grow in the country.

ORDER 66—HONEYSUCKLES. 215

COHORT VEE

THE GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS.

Essential Character. — Flowering plants (PHa#NoGAMtA)
with their stems growing by additions to the outside in lay-
ers (Exogens), their seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel or pericarp
(AnetosperMs), their flowers with a double perianth and
their petals united (MonoprraLs).

-Orver LXVI. CAPRIFOLIACEH. Honeysuckles.

Shrubs and herbs, often twining, with opposite leaves ; with

flowers clustered and often fragrant, 5-parted and often irregular;
corolla monopetalous, tubular or rotate ;

stamens on the tube of the corolla, often one less than its lobes;

ovary adherent to the calyx; style 1; fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule ;
embryo small, in fleshy albumen.

Analysis of the Genera. | ‘

‘1 Corolla tubular. Stigma capitate, on a slender style....2
1 Corolla rotate, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 8, rarely 5, sessile. Shrubs....¢

2 Herbs....a

2 Shrubs....b a
a Stamens 4, capsule 3-celled. A trailing evergreen. Twin-flower. Linnz’a. 1
a Sta. 5, drupe bony, 3-5-celled. Erect, unbranched. ever-root. Trios’TEUM.

b Cor. bell-shaped, reg’r. Berry glob., 4-celled, 2-seeded. Sympnorivar’pus, 2

b Cor. tubular, lobes unequal. Berry 2-3-celled, few seeded. c. Lonicr’RA. 3

b Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. ¢. Drervit/ra. 4
c Leaves pinnate. Berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded. Lider. Sameu’cus, 5
c Leaves simple. Drupe flattish, 1-seeded. Handsome shrubs. VIBUR’NUM,

1. LINNA’A. Twin-flower.

Calyx tube ovate, limb 5-parted, deciduous, with 2 bractlets at base.
Corolla bell-shaped, limb a little irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, 2 longer
than the other 2. Capsule 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, 2 of the cells being
empty.—A trailing evergreen herb, dedicated to Linneus, the first and
greatest of botanists.

216 THE FLORA.

L. borea’lis. The only species, a fine little plant, found in moist woods in cool cli-
mates. It has long, thread-like, creeping stems, rooting at the joints, the up-
right branches about 3’ high. Leavessmall, roundish. Flowers in pairs, rose-
colored, nodding, at the top of the slender stalk. June. .

2. SYMPHORICAR’PUS. Snow-berry. .

Calyx tube globose, limb 4~5-toothed. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed,
regular. Stamens 4-5, short. Fruit a globose berry, 4-celled but only
2-seeded, 2 cells being empty.—Small erect shrubs with oval, entire leaves,
rose-white flowers in short clusters.

* Stamens and style included (z. e., not longer than the corolla)....1, 2
* Stamens and bearded style exserted (extending out of the corolla)....3

1 S.racemo’sus. Cult, Fils. in loose, leafy racemes. Berries snow-white, large.

2 S. occidenta’lis. Wol7-berry. Fis. in dense, nodding spikes. Berries white. N.-W.
8 S. vulga’ris. Coral-berry.. Fls. in axillary heads. Berries red. M.S. W.

3. LONICE’RA. Honeysuckle.

Calyx tube globular, limb 5-toothed,
very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form,
limb 5-cleft, irregular or almost regular.
Stamens 5. Ovary 2 or 3-celled. Berry
few-seeded.—Climbing or erect shrubs,
with opposite and often connate leaves
(that is, their bases growing together
around the stem), entire on the margins.

§ Stem climbing, flowers sessile, whorled (in
pairs in one species)....a
§ Stem mostly erect, leaves never connate,
flowers in pairs....2
a Upper pair or piles of leaves united (con-
nate) at base....b
a Leaves all distinet: corolla ringent, (in
gardens only.)....7, 8
b Corolla tube gibbous (swelled out on one side) ;
at base, limb ringent....5, 6 Fig. 496. Trumpet Honeysuckle.
b Corolla tube equal and slender(not gibbous) Flowers and the connate leaves.
at the base....1 '
1 Corolla ane lower lip linear, upper 4-lobed....2—4
1 L. sempervirens. Trumpet H. Cor. ‘rinkn ie abel: nearly regular, scarlet.

ORDER 71—HONEYSUCKLES. 3 ASAT

21. flava. Wild-yellow H. Flowers ina terminal, 2 (or annie _whorled spike, pale
yellow. Leaves glaucous. W.S.
38 L. grata. JWild-sweet H. Fls.in terminal and axillary whorls, reddish white.
4 L. Caprifo’/lium. Jtalian H. Fils. ina single, terminal whorl, red, yel., and white.
5 L. parviflo’ra. Smaili-fl. H. Leaves oblong, smooth and glaucous beneath,
Flowers 1’ long, yellowish and purplish, or crimson.
6 L. hirsu’ta. Hairy H. Leaves broad-oval, hairy and downy, green ai
glaucous). Flowers sulphur-yellow. N.
7 L. Periclym’enum. Woodbine H. Fils. whorled, capitate, red and yellow, sweet:
‘scented. Leaves deciduous. Berries red. +
8 L. Japon’icum. Japan H. Flowers in pairs, axillary, sweet-scented, deeply
two-lipped, reddish. Leaves evergreen. t
9 Corolla gibbous at base, lobes more or less irregular. Wild....10-12
9 L. Tartar’icum. TZartarian H, Corolla seareely gibbous, lobes spreading,
‘equal, rose-color, handsome. Leaves cordate, obtuse. , +
10 L. cilia’ta. Fly H. Corolla lobes short, erect, nearly equal. Berries red.
i 1. oblongifo’lia. Swamp Fly H. Corolla eee ringent. Pedicels long, Berries
double, purple. Shrub 3-4f. high, swamps. N.
12 L. ceru’lea. Blueberried H. Corolla lobes short, subequal, yellow. Pedieela
. very short. Berries double, blue. N.

4, DIERVIL’LA. Bush Honeysuckle.

Calyx tube oblong, limb 5-cleft. Corolla twice as long, limb 5-cleft and
nearly regular. Stamens 5. Capsular fruit 2-celled, many-seeded.—
Small erect shrubs with opposite leaves and axillary flowers. ee

_D. trif/ida. Stem about 2f. high, branching. Leaves ovate, serrates ending in a

long, narrow point. Bodiaiales 1-3-flowered, the ovaries slender, about half as
long as the greenish-yellow corolla. Hedges and woods. June.

5. SAMBU’OCUS. Elder.

Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla regular, rotate, 5-cleft into obtuse lobes.
Stamens 5. Stigmas sessile. Berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded.—Shrubs
(5-6f. high) or perennial herbs with pinnate or bi-pinnate leaves. Flowers
(white) in cymes. tas |
S. Canaden’sis. Sweet £. Leaflets 7-11. Cymes flat. Berries dark-purple. June,

S. pu’bens. Red FZ. Leaflets 5-7. Cymes oblong, panicled. Berries red. May.
10

918 THE FLORA.

Orper LXVII. RUBIACE. The Madderworts. —

Plants with opposite, sometimes whorled, entire leaves ; the
slipules between the petioles; the calyx adherent to the ovary;
corolla regular, inserted on the calyx tube;
_stamens inserted on the corolla and as many as its lobes; , :
ovaries 2, panes; with the 2 styles more or less united.

ss = -
- >

eh es

Analysis of the Genera.

*
~ — ©

§ Leaves whorled. Herbs with square stems..
§ Leaves opposite, with small stipules between ie petioles, vera
2 Herbs, with the flowers habitually 4-parted..
2 Shrubs or trees....d |
3 Fils. twin-(alwaye in pairs)....b
3 Flowers single (not twin)....¢
a Flowers 5-parted. Fruit twin,
fleshy, berry-like. Madder. Ru’pts.
* a Flowers 4-parted. Fruit twin, dry,
separable nuts. Bedstraw. Ga’LIUM.
b Two fis. on one ovary. Creeping
stems. Fartridge-berry. MrtcHEL’LaA.
ce Carpels 2, 1-seeded, both never open-
ing. Fils. axillary, solitary. Dro’p1A.
c Carp. 2, 1-seeded, one never opening.
- Fils. axillary, clustered. SpeRMaco’ce. é : |
c Carpels 2, few-seeded. Corolla We LL .
much exserted. . Bluets. Housto’nta. 2 (~\\ AWS)
c Carpels 2, many-seeded. Cor. scarce = ee nbs .
‘ exserted. Greenhead. OLDENLAN’DIA. \ ‘ \
d Flowers 4-parted, in globular
hds. Button-bush, CEPHALAN’THUs.
d Fis. 5-parted, cymes radiant
with scarlet sepals. S. Pincene’ya. \ ( (

eee! et ee ee ee

————— le

~

a

1. MITCHEL’LA. Partridge-berry. fn: SS

Flowers 2 on each double ovary. Ca- Si ee
yx 4-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, gee ee ea
hairy within. Stamens 4, short, insert- Fig. 497. Mitchells repens, whole
ed on the corolla: Stigmas 4. Berries ” poniaaliprancsembbupenssere ys oo

: ; section of the double fruit, phowins the
composed of the 2 united ovaries. Jn. two ovaries,

-

ORDER 70.—ASTERWORTS. 219

M, re’pens. Common in woods. Leaves round-ovate. Flowers white or pinkish.
Berries red, remaining through the winter. .

2, HOUSTO’NIA. Bluets. -

Calyx tube round egg-shaped, 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla tubular, much
exceeding the calyx, limb 4-lobed, spredding, filaments 4, on the corolla.
Style 1. Capsule 2-lobed, half-free——Herbs. Stipules connasted to the
petiole. Flowers never yellow. ji as .

§ Corolla salver-form, glabrous. Peduncles 1-flowered....a
§ Corolla funnel-form. Peduncles many-flowered, cymous....b
a Flowers terminal. Small, delicate herbs....1, 2
a Flowers axillary. Small, delicate herbs....3, 4
b Leaves lance-ovate. Cymes terminal....5
b Leaves lance-linear. Cymes terminal....6, 7.
1 H.ceru’lea. Dwarf Pink. Stems very numerous, upright, 3-6’. Root leaves
ovate-spatulate.*° Flowers pale blue. May, June. |
2 H.serpyllifo’lia. Thyme-leaved B. Stems thread-form, decumbent, 6-12’. Leaves
round-ovate, petiolate, fringed. Flowers on long stalks, pale., 8.
8 H.min’ima. Tiny B. Leaves linear-spatulate. Stems 1-3’ high. Prairies.
4 H. rotundifo’lia. Hound-leaved B. Lvs. roundish. Stems 2-5’.. 8. Mts.
5 H. purpu’rea. Prairie Innocence. Stems upright, much branched, 1f., with numer-
ous clusters of roseate or white, very delicate flowers. W.S.
6 H. longifo’lia. Long-leaved L, Stems 4-10’, erect. Leaves oval-elliptic,
narrowed to end. 3
7 H. angustifo’lia. Narrow-leaved I. Stems 1-2f. erect. Lvs. linear. Flowers
numerous. W.S.

Orper LXX.—COMPOS'ITA. Asterworts.

An immense family.of herbs or shrubby plants, with compound flowers,
that is, the flowers (or jiorets) collected into close heads upon a common
receptacle, and surrounded by an involucre of many bracts (called scales),
with 5 stamens which have their anthers united into a tube around the
style, with the calyx tube closely adhering to the 1-celled ovary (an ache-
nium in fruit), and the calyz. limb crowning the ovary in the form of a .
pappus consisting of scales, awns, bristles, or hairs, or else entirely want-
ing; the corolla consisting of 5 united petals, either strap-shaped (ligulate)
or tubular, and the style 2-cleft at the top. .

In this Order the pupil will remember that the heads are called radiate,
when the outer florets only have rays or are ligulate (see Fig. 498); radi-

220 : | ‘THE FLORA.

ant, when all the florets are ligulate (Fig. 504) ; discoid, when all the aes.
are tubular, thére being no rays (Fig. 509). The receptacle is the broad
top of the stalk on which the florets sit (Fig. 499). tis chaffy when there
are scales or bracts growing among the florets, and naked when none. |

The tubular fiorets constitute the disk, and the ligulate, if any, the ray-;
the disk is generally yellow, whilé the ray is about as often cyanic (that i is,
blue, red, white, or any color except yellow) as yellow.

4
;

Fig 498. A Sunflower,—head radiate. 9. Vertical secition of the head, showing the scales of —
the involucre, and a sinele disk-flower remaining upon the convex receptacle. Fig. 500. A per-
fect disk-flower magnified, showing the acheninm, the 2 awns of. the pappus,the 5-toothed tu-
bular corolla, the 5stamens united around the branched style, and the chaff-seale at base. 1. Head
(radiate) of Solidago czsia. 2 A pistillate, ligulate flower of the ray. 3. A perfect disk-flower.
4 A (radiant) head of Dandelion. 5. A perfect, ligulate flower. 6. Achenium, with its long
beak and feathery pappus. 7. A (radiant) head of Nabalus altissimus. 8. A flower. 9. Lappa
(Burd ck), head diseoid. 10. A flower. 11. One of the hooked seales. 12. A (discoid) head of-
Eupatorium purpureum. 13. A flower. 14. Ambrosia (Pigweed). 15. Staminate head enlarged.
16. Pistillat> involucre enlarged. 17. The fertile flower.

*

ee ee

ORDER 70.—TUBULIFLOR&. - 991

Analysis of the Genera.

Sub-order First, TUBULIFLORA,
having all the perfect flowers tubular (§ 95), the ligulate flowers, if any, imperfect.
§ Heads of flowers radiate, with yellow rays....2
§ Heads of flowers radiate, the rays not yellow....8
§ Heads of flowers discoid (no rays). These genera, about 50 in number, such as
the Zansy, Wormwood, Boneset, Ironweed (Figs. 248-250), Everlasting, Burdock
(Fig. 509), Thistle, Hogweed (Fig. 514), and even Bachelor’ s-bution, are all, for
want of room, omitted. (See Class Book of Botany, p. 410, &c.)
2 Leaves alternate or scattered on the leafy stems... .4
2 Leaves opposite or whorled on the stems, or all radical....6
& Leaves alternate or scattered on the leafy stem....7
8 Leaves opposife or whorled on the leafy stem....= .
3 Leaves all radical and the flowers on a scape:...y
4 Receptacle chaffy (with bragts growing among the florets)....5 ,
4 Receptacle with deep, horny cells, like a honeycomb....e
4 Receptacle not chafty, flat or merely convex....a
£ Receptacle not chaffy, conical or globular....f
5 Rays sterile, disk fertile. Receptacle conical or columnar....g
5 Rays sterile, disk fertile. Receptacle flattish. Fruit flattened on the sides....h
5 Rays fertile, disk sterile. Receptacle flat. Fruit flattened same way as scales....E
6 Receptacle chaffy. Rays sterile, disk fertile....0 ;
6 Receptacle chaffy. Rays fertile, disk sterile....p
6 Receptacle chaffy. Rays fertile, disk perfect....q
6 Receptacle naked or destitute of chaffy scales....m ,
7 Receptacle not chaffy, naked of scales....8
7 Receptacle chaffy with scales among the florets. Lvs. finely divided....v
7 Receptacle chaffy with scales, &c. Lvs. undivided, merely toothed....w
8 Pappus of numerous bristly hairs....9 .
8 Pappus of 2 or 3 awns and minute hairs. Glabrous plants....t
8 Pappus wholly wanting, or only a membranous margin....u
9 Involucre of unequal scales, imbricated in several rows... 410
9 Involucre scales nearly equal, narrow, aud almost in one row....t
10 Pappus simple, the bristly hairs abundant and about equal....r
10 Pappus double, the outer row of hairs extremely short....s
a Involucresscales imbricated in several-rows....D «
a Involucre not imbricated, the outer scales very short or none SENeE’cIO.,
a Invol. not imbr., outer scales equal to the inner. Marigold. CALEN’DULA. |
a Involuere not imbricated, outer scales longer than inner. 8S. GaAILLAR/pIa.
b Pappus simple, the bristles all equal and of one kind....0 :
b Pappus double, the outer very short and chaffy. Lvs. entire. W.S. Curysop’sis.
b Pappus double in the disk, none in the rays. Lvs. toothed. S. Hererorue’ca.

922 THE FLORA: oy :

c Heads small, rays few (2-15)....d
ec Heads quité large, rays narrow, about 80. Tall. ¢. Elecampane. IN’uta.

d Pappus scaly, very short. Root lvs. cordate. Rays4or5. 8. Bracuycuam’ta.

d Pappus abundant bristly hairs. Root lvs. not cordate. Goldenrod. Souipa’eo.

d Pap. of a single row of equal bristly hairs. Ped. long, slender. S. Isopap’pus.

e Involucre about 4-rowed. Rays 20-80. Head solitary. S. Batpwin’1a.
e Involucre about 2-rowed. Rays 8-10. Heads corymbed. S. ActrnosPER’MUM.

f Ray florets pistillate. Leaves decurrent. Sneezewort. HELE/NIUM. ~
f Ray florets neutral. False Sneezewort. LePtTor’0DA. ~

g Fruit (achenia) 4-angled. Heads large, showy. Cone-flower. Ruppecx’ DAG.

¢ Fruit flattened, winged.. Heads showy.’ Rays droop. W.S8. Lep’acuys.
h Achenia wingless. . Pappus of 2 deciduous scales. Sunflower, Hewran’THvs.

h Achenia winged. Pappus of 2 persistent awns. Lvs. often decurrent. _W.
Rag-Sunflower, AcTINOM’ERIs.

k Achenia wingless, in more than 1 row. Coarse herbs with large heads.
M. W.. Leaf-cup. Sit’Puium.
k Ach. winged, in only 1 row. Small, with middling hds. 8. a RA.

m Stems leafy, erect, about 2f (or 1-8f.) kt n

m Stemless plants, leaves radical, appearing eck héads. Colt’s-foot. Tussita’eo.

n Scales 5, united in] row. Leaves pinnate. French Marigold. Tacn’TEs.
n Scal. in 2 rows, the out. united. Lvs. pinn. W.8. “alse Deg-fennel. Dyso’pia.
n Scales in 1 or 2 rows, all distinct. W.S. Arnica. AR/NICA.
o Involucre imbricated in 8 or more rows of scales. — Sunflower. HELian’/THUS.

o Invol. 2-rowed. Pappus of downwardly hispidawns. Burr Marigold. Br’ DENs.
o Invol. 2-rowed. Pappus upwardly hispid if at all. Zick Sunflower. CorEor’sis.
p Achenia wingless. Rays 5-12. Herbs viscid, 2-10f. high. S. Potym’/nra.

p Achenia wirféless. Rays 5. Herbs 2-10’ high, at first stemless. Flowers
early in Spring. W.S. ° CHRYSOG’ONUM.

p Achenia broadly winged. Rays 12-25. Coarse, tall herbs. M.S. W.
Resin Weed, Polar Plant. S1L’PHiIuM.
q Herbs 3-6f. high. Rays1-5. Recept. flat. S.-W. Crown Beard. Verpest’NA,
q Herbs 2-8f. high. Rays 6-9. Receptacle convex. 8.-W. TETRAGONOTHE’CA.
q Herbs 26f. high. Rays 10-15. Recept. conical. False Sunflower. Hetior’sts.
q Shrubs 3-10f.*high, with solitary heads. S. Borricw’ta.
r Ach. very silky, biggest at top. Rays about 5. False Aster. SpricocaR’Pus.
r Achenia smooth or smoothish, flattened. Rays 6-100. Starwort. Aster.
*s Wild plants 1-4f. high, with middle-sized heads (aboné1’ broad). DreLopar’pus,
s Garden plants 1-2f. high, with very large heads. China Aster. CaLis’TEPHUS.
t Herbs 2-8f, high, very smooth. Leaves lanceolate, entire. W. Botto’nta.
t Herbs 2-9f. high, hairy or rongh. Rays 20-200. White-weed. Eria’rron.
u Involucre broad and flattish. Pappus.0. Rays white. Ox-eye. Lrvcan’THEMUM.
u Involucre hemispherical, Pappus a membranous margin. Cult. P¥re’raruM.

u Involwere hemispherical. Pappus 0. Lvs. lobed. Cultivated. Curysan’THEMUM. |

u Inv. bell-shaped. Pappus 0. Lvs. entire. Rays violet-purp. W. + Daisy. Brews.

Co bo

ORDER 70.—LIGULIFLOR A. 223

v Disk florets yellow, perfect. Rays pistillate. Camomile. ANTHEM’IS.
v Disk florets yellow, perfect. Rays neutral. May-weed. Marv’ta.
v Disk florets white, perfect. Rays pistillate. — Yarrow. Acwit’LEa. 7
w Rays short, white, 38 or4. W.S. Crown-beard. VERBESI’NA.
w Rays very short, white, 5, ear-shaped. W.M. ‘ PARTHE’/NIUM.
w Rays very large, purple, pendulous. Purple Cone-flower. Ecutna’cxa.
x Leaveg pinnately divided. Inner involucre of 8 united scales. ¢ Dan’1ta.
x Leaves simple. Receptacle conical with large chaff. t+ ZIN/NIA.
x Leaves simple. Receptacle flat. Rays rose-color. Tick-seed. Corxor’sis. 4
x Leaves simple. Receptacle flat. Rays white, short. WwW. Ecuip’ta.
y Heads in corymbs. Disk florets regularly 5-toothed. 7. Narpbos/MIA.
y Heads solitary. Disk florets regularly 5-toothed. S. Daisy. BEw’11s.
y Hds. solitary. Disk fits. 2-lipped, outer lip 3-toothed, inner 2. S. CHaAprTa’Lia.

Sub-order Second, LIGULIFLORA,
havi ing add the florets =e (§ 96) and perfect, 2. ¢., the heads radiant.
2 Flowers bright yellow.... .
2 Flowers cream-color or ee. ee WED
2 Flowers blue. Stems leafy, erect....€
8 Pappus none. Involucre of about 8 equal scales..
3 Pappus double, the outer of scales, inner.of ane sh
8 Pappus wholly of feathery iret.
8 Pappus wholly of hair-like bristles, tag abundant....4
4 Fruit bearing the pappus on its slender beak....¢
4 Fruit not lengthened into a beak, pappus sessile....d
5 Pappus consisting of equal, feather-like bristles... .f
5 Pappus of simple, hair-like bristles, abundant....g
a Leaves all alternate. Heads panicled. 7. Nipplewort. LAMpsa’Na.
a Leaves,partly opposite. Heads solitary or umbeled. Pappus 0. S. Apo’eon.
b Leaves all radical, pinnatifid-toothed. Pappus scales 5, with
5 bristles. ¢.. Dwarf Dandelion, Krie’ta.
b Lys. all or mostly rad., seldom pinn. Pap. scal.and brist. many. Cywn/’rHta.
c Stemless leaves runcinate. Pappus white. Dandelion. Tarax’acum. 8
c Stems leafy or not. Pappus reddish or tawny. §. PyYRRHOPAP’PUS.
¢ Stems leafy, leaves runcinate. Pappus silky-white. Lettuce. Lacru’ca.
d Pappus brownish. Stems mostly leafy, with many heads. .
x Hawkweed. Hiera’cium. 9
d Bap. silky white. Stemless; scapes each with one head. W. TrRox’mon,
d Pappus silky white. Stems bear prickly leaves’ ¢. Sow Thistle. Son’cuus.
e Pappus of many small scales. Branched stems 2f. high. Heads axillary,
large. Common. Eastward. ost Succory., CicHo’RIUM.
e Pappus of many hair-like bristles. 3-8f. Blue Lettuce. Mvtexr/’pivm..
f Leaves on the gtem linear, entire. Purpl. t Vegetable Oyster. TRAGoPO’GON,.
f Leaves all radical, toothed. Flowers-yellow. Fruit taper-beaked.
: Hawkbit. Lron’tTopon.

224 : THE FLORA.

—— : ———_

g Ach. with along beak, pap. silk-white. Heads erect. c. Wild Lettuce. Lactv’ca.
g Achenia not beaked, pappus dull-white. Hds, nod. ¢. Drop-flower. Nan’atvs. 10
g Achenia not beaked, pap. dull-white. Hds. erect, purple. 8. 7. Lyeopes ‘MIA,

521 523 519 2 _ 518 522
Achenia of Asterworts, showing the varying pappus. Jig. 518. Achenium of Eclipta, no
pappus. Fig. 519. Horseweed (Ambrosia trifida). Fig. 520. Sunflower; pappus 2 teeth.
Fig. 5321. Ageratum,—5 scales. Fig. 522. Blue Lettuce,—many hair-like bristles. Hig. 528. Wild
Lettuce, pappus raised on a beak.

1..SOLIDA’GO. Goldenrod. . :

Heads few-flowered, the rays 1-15, pistillate, disk florets. ae Tn-

volucre oblong, imbricate, with Hose ad scales. Receptacle alveo-
late, narrow. Pappus simple, of equal, hair-like, rough. bristles.—Herbs,
very abundant in the United States. Stem erect, branching near the top.
Leaves alternate. Heads small, florets all yellow (in S. bicolor, whitish),
opening from August to October. (See Figs. 501-503.)

4] Shrub woody, 1-8f. high. Heads with 1-3 rays. 8....1
{| Herbs. Heads without rays (discoid). S....2, 8. :
“| Herbs. Heads with rays (1-15, generally small)....a .
a Scales of the involucre with recurved, leafy, green tips....4, 5
a Scales of the involucre erect, tips scarcely at all green....b |
b Herbs (white or yellow) in axillary, close clusters or short racemes... .6-9
b Heads in terminal racemes forming a close or a spreading panicle....c
b Heads in terminal compound corymbs....n
c Racemes erect, not one-sided. Testes ioaihenvengaey
ec Racemes spreading or recurved, the flowers:all on one hae aK 3
_d Alpine species (growing only on mountains). Heads quite large....10-12
d Not alpine—growing in plains or low grounds. Heads not large....e «
e Plants very smooth, at least the stem and leaves. Rays 4-7....18-15
e Plants downy or hoary with very close soft hairs. Rays 9-12....16, 17
f Leaves 3 or l-veined. Very smooth salt-marsh herbs....18,19
f Leaves evidently 3-veined. Herbs inland, &c....g
f Leaves not veiny, thick, subcutive....27-29
f Leaves evidently feather-vcined, mostly serrate....k

ORDER’ 70.—ASTERWORTS. . 225

> g Leaves entire or very nearly so... .20, 21
g Leaves serrate. Stem smooth and glabrous... .22-24
g Leaves serrate. Stem roughish-pubescent....25, 26
k Stem downy or hairy. Leaves rough or not....30-32:
k Stem smooth and gfabrous. Leaves smooth or rough....m
“= mm Rays 6-12. Racemes close, forming a compact panicle....38-40
¢ m Rays 6-12. Racemes distant, loosely or scarcely panicled....86, 37
m Rays 2-3. Racemes, or the panicle, long and slender... .33-35
n Leaves’ lanceolate, large. Stem smooth....44-46
n Leaves lanceolate, large. Stem rough-downy....41-43
n Leaves linear, entire. Stems much branched, smoothish....47, 48
1 S. pauciflosculo’sa. Shrubby Goldenrod. Bush 2f. high, very smooth, with
lanceolate leaves and the d-flowered heads in erect, panicled racemes. S.
2 8. discoi’dea. HaylessG. Disk florets 10-15. Racemes erect, panicle slender. 8.
8 S. brachyphyl’la. Chapman's G. Florets 5-7. Racemes spreading, one-sided. S.
4 8. squarro’sa. Ragged S. Rays 10-15. Scales stiff, with spreading, green
tips. Headstlarge. N. pla’
5 S. squarrulo’sa. ough S. Rays 6-10. Scales awl-shaped, with slender,
loose tips. S. , .
6 S. bi’color., Creamy S. Rays about 8, creamy-white. Plant hairy. + Lvs. elliptic.
7 S. Buck’lyi. Buckly’s S. Rays 4-6, yellow. Plant woolly. Leaves oblong. S.
8 S. latifo/lia. Broad-leaved S. Rays yellow. Plant smoothish. Leaves broad
lanceolate, ‘coarse-toothed. Seed downy. «
9 S.ce’sia. Polished S. Raysyellow. RBjlant smooth and glaucous. Lvs. lin.-lance-
‘olate. Stem flexuous, tall, slender. A beautiful Goldenrod. Woods. ec.
10 S}thyrsoi’dea. TZhyrse G. Leaves ovate, long-stalked. Tall, 1-3f. high.
_ Heads large. Coarse, showy, In mountain woods.
11 S. Virgau’rea. True G. Leaves oval, short-stalked. Low, 2-3’high. Heads
‘ about 30-flowered, few, often only one.
12 S.hum/ilis. Mountain G. Lvs. oblanceolate. High 6-12’. Heads about 12-flwd.
13 S. virga’ta. Virgate G. Heads all in one raceme at top. :
14 S. stric’ta. Upright G. Heads in a panicle, which is narrow and erect.
15 S. specio’sa. Showy G. Heads in a thyrse-like panicle, large and very showy.
Pedicels shorter than the involucre, pubescent. Leaves very broad.
16 S.verna. Early S. Whitish-downy. Lower leaves ovate. May, June. 8.
17 S. puber’ula. Dusty S. Dusty-puberulent. Lower leaves oblanceolate.
Panicle long, compound, dense. Scales ucute. Aug. N.
18 S. sempervirens. . Hvergreen S. - Lvs. lanceolate, thick, obscurely 3-veined. E.
19 S. angustifo’lia. Narrow-lv. S. Lvs. lance-lin. 1-veined, thick. Hds. small. S.
20 S.nemora/lis. Wood S. Plant dusty,roughish. Lvs. acute. Raysshowy. e.
21 S.rupes’tris, Rock S. Plant smooth. Lvs. acuminate. Rays very short. W.
22 S. Missourien’sis. Missourie G.. St. 1-2f. All glabrous. Panicle dense. W.
23 S. sero’tina. Late G. Stem 8-6f. Leaf vems hairy beneath. Panicle loose.
24 S. gigan’tea. Giant G. Stem8-8f. Branchlets hairy. Leaves lanceolate.
| | 10*

226° THE FLORA.

* 25 8, Canaden’sis. Canada G. Leaves pointéd, rough. Panicle broad. «.
26 S, Short/ii. Short’s G. Leaves acute, very smooth. Panicle long, narrow. W.
27 S.pilo’sa, Hairy S. Hairy, 4-7f. high. Leaves remotely serrulate. NJ. S.
28 S. odo’ra. Sweet S. Stem downy in lines, slender, 2-8f. high. Leaves very en-
. tire, smooth, punctate with pellucid dots. Prabrath c." hoe
29 S, tortifo/lia. Twist-lvu. 8. Stemrough. Lvs. often twisted, not punctate. 8. @
30 S. altis’sima. Zall S. Stem hairy, 4-6f. Lvs. veiny, rough. Scales acute. e.
81 S. Drummon’dii. Drummond's 8. Stem 1-2f.*Lvs. velvety. Scales obtuse. W.
32 S.rad/ula, Fasp-lv. 8S. Stemrough-downy. Lys. oblong-spatulate. W.
83 S. ulmifo/lia, Zim S. Branchlets hairy. Scales acute. Rays 8 or 4, disk flow-
ers 8or4, N. W :
84 S. Boot/ii. Boott’s S. Branchlets hairy. Scales obtuse. Rays 2-5, disk flowers
8-12. 5S.
85 S. linoi’des. lax 8S. Smoothallover. Scales obtuse. Rays 1-4. 12-20’. N.
86 S. Muhlenber’gii. Muhlenberg’s S. Lvs. large, thin, notched, smooth both
sides. Heads 15-flowered. N.
87 S. pat/ula. Spreading S.. Lvs. large, thick, very rough on the upper side.
- Stem 2-4f, branches leafy. Heads 20-flowered. N. 5
88 S. ellip’tica, Marsh S. Very leafy. Lys. elliptic. Panicle dense, pyramidal.
89 S. argu’ta. * Suw-lv. S. Leaves few, elliptic, sharply serrate. Panicle spreading.
40 S. neglec’ta. Neglected S. Leaves few, serrate, lin.-lanceolate. Panicle narrow.
Al S. Ohien’sis. Ohio S. Smooth all over. Lvs. obtuse, flat. Corymbed. W.
42 S. Riddel’/lii. Avddell’s S. Branches, &c., dust- donee Lys. coe. concave.
Heads corymbed. W.
43 S. corymbo’sa. Corymbed S. Branches corymbed, hirsute. Outer secund.
44 S. Houghto’nii. Houghton’s S. Hds. few, very large. Otherwise like No. 4t. N.-W.
45 S.rig’ida. Steff S. Jivs. rigid. Heads verylarge. Scalesobtuse. Height 3-5f.
46 S. Spithame’a, Dwarf S. Leaves thin, sharp-serrate. Scales acute. Bee
6-12’. Mountains. S.
47S, lanceola’ta. Lance-lv. §. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-5-veined. Rays
minute, about 17. Corymbs crowded, fragrant. ¢.
48 S.tenuifo’lia, Zinear-lv. S. eaves narrow-linear, one-veined. Rays short,
about 10. More slender, with thinner clusters. .

9. HELIAN’THUS. Sunflower.

Heads m iany-flowered, rays neutral,-disk-florets perfect. Scales of the
involucre in several rows, more or ie imbricated. , Torus flat or convex,
the chaff persistent, embracing the 4-sided, flattened achenia. Pappus of
2 chaffy awns, deciduous.—Herbs, mostly 2f, rough. Leaves opposite, the
upper often alternate, mostly 3-veined. Heads mostly large, the disk
from half an inch to if. broad. Rays yellow, disk “oath or purple. July—
Oct. (Figs. 498, &c.)

" by

q

ORDER 70.—ASTERWORTS. _ : 227

§ Disk with its corollas and pales dark purple....a
§ Disk with its corollas and pales yellow....¢
a Herbs annual. Leaves chiefly alternate....1, 2
a Herbs perennial. Leaves opposite....b P
b Scales of the involucre acuminate... .3-5
b Seales of the involucre obtuse....6, 7
_ © Leaves chiefly alternate and fentlier-veidedst .8-11
c Leaves chiefly opposite and 3-veined or prini eee aso
d Scales of involucre erect, closely imbricated....e
d Scales loosely spreading. Heads large, 9-1ld-rayed..
d Scales loosely spreading. Heads small, dea ed. » 622295
e Plants green, rough....12, 18
e Plants whitish, ae a 14, 15
f Scales lance-linear, longer than disk.’ Leaves thin....16, 17
f Scales lance-ovate, as long as tlf® disk. Leaves thick....18-21
1 H.en’nuus. Common S. Stout and tall (3-10f.). Heads large 6-10 across,
nodding. Achenia (seeds) glabrous. A variety has all the fiowers ligulate.
2 H.deb/ilis. Slender S.° Slender, decumbent. Headssmall. Seedsdowny. S&S.
8 H. Rad/ula. Rasp-lv. S. Leaves roundish, rough, obtuse. Rays 7-10 ornone. S.
4 H. heterophyl/lus. Leaves oval, lanceolate, &c. Rays 12-18. Pales acute. S.
5 H. angustifo’lius. Leaves lance-linear, pointed. Pales 3-toothed. N.-J. 8.
6 H.rigidus. Ligid S. Lvs. lanceolate, pointed. Scales ovate, acute. Rs. 12-20. W.
7 H.atrorubens. Livid S.. Leaves ovate, obtusish. Scales oblong, obtuse. S.
8 H. gigan’teus. TJall §. UHairy,rough. Lvs. lanceolate, pointed, serrate. ¢.
9 H. tomento’sus.. Velvet S. Very downy. Lower lvs. ovate, nearly entire. W.S.
10 H. grosse-serra’tus. Coarse-toothed S. Stem smooth. Leaves lance- “Poe :
sharp-serrate. Rays 15-20. W.
11 H.tubero’sus. Artichoke. Cultiv. Lys. 3-veined, lower cordate-ovate.
12 H. laetifio’rus. Laughing S. Branched. Leaves lance-oval, short petioled.
13 H. occidenta/lis. Westew S. Stem slender, simple, nearly leafless above.
14 H. mol’lis. Soft S. Leayes ovate, cordate, sessile. Plant woolly. W.
15 H. cine’reus. Ashy S. Lvs. ovate-oblong, tapering to base. Ashy-downy. O.
16 H. decapet/alous. Ten-ruyed S. Rays 9-12. Tantes all opposite. Stem 3-4f. N. M.
17 H. tracheliifo/lius. Trach-leaved S. Rays 12-15. Branch lvs. alternate. 4-8f. W.
18 H. doronicoi’des. Fulse Tiger-bane. Leaves petiolate, ovate, and lance-
ovate, upper alternate. Scales longer than disk. Rays 12-15. W.S.
. 19 H.strumo’sus. Warty S. Leaves short-petioled, lance-ovate, all alike.
Scales equalling the disk. c. A double-flowered variety is cultivated.
20 H. hirsu’tus. Hairy S. Leaves petiolate, hairy beneath. Scales hairy. W.
21 H. divarica’tus. Forked S. Leaves sessile, very rough, opposite or ternate. ¢.
22 H. microceph’afus. Smai/ S. Stem smooth, much branched. Lvs. narrow. W.
23 H. Schweinit’zii. Schweinitz’s S. Stem downy, rough. Leaves white, downy. Car.
94 H. leviga’tus. Polished S. Stem and leaves very smooth. Not branched. 8. Mts.
25 H. longifo’lius. Zong-lud. S. Leaves lance-linear, acute, smooth. Rays 8-10. Ga.

228 | THE FLORA.

3. BI'DENS. Burr-Marigold.

Involucre scales nearly equal, double, the outer generally large and
leafy. Rays few (3-8, or sometimes none), neutral, disk perfect. Recep-
tacle chaffy, flat. Achenia flattened or 4-sided, crowned with 2-4 awns
which are hispid backwards.—Leaves opposite. July—Oct.

* Rays inconspicuous or none....a
* Rays quite showy, yellow....4, 5
a Achenia flattened, broadest at top....1-3
a Achenia slender, 4-sided....6, 7.
1 B. frondo’sa. Leafy B. Leaves pinnately 3-5-fol., divisions distinct. Rays 0.

_2 B.conna’ta. Leaves simple, lower ones sometimes 8-parted. Rays 0. |
ple, }

”

8 B.cer’nua. Nodding B. Leaves simple, scarcely connate. Rays few or 0.
4 B. chrysanthemoi’des. Mud B. Luvs. narrow-lance., equally serrate, connate.
5 B. Beck’ii. Beck’s B. Lvs. mostly under water and very finely divided. M.
6 B.leucan’tha. White B. Heads small, with white rays. Lvs. pinnate. S.
7 B. bipinna’ta. Spanish Needles. Rays very short, yellow. Lvs. bi-pinnate.

-4, COREOP'’SIS. Tick-seed.

Involucre many-flowered, double, each of 8-18 scales, the outer leafy,
the inner membranous. Receptacle flat, the chaff falling with the fruit.
Achenia flattened, often winged, emarginate, each commonly with 2 teeth
or awns which are not hispid downwardly as in Brpens.—Leaves gener-
ally opposite. Heads showy (rarely without rays). ;

* Heads discoid (without rays)....1, 2 <
* Heads radiate, rays showy....a
a Disk yellow, rays also yellow, mostly entire....b
a Disk yellow, rays rose-colored, 3—5-toothed at the end....20, 21
a Disk purple, rays yellow with a purple base, toothed....18, 19
a Disk purple, rays wholly yellow, toothed at the end....14-17
b Leaves petiolate, compound, with lanceolate, toothed divisions. >. .3-5
b Leaves petiolate, compound, with linear, entire divisions....6, 7
b Leaves petiolate, simple, or some of ers eared at base.. . .8-10-
b Leaves sessile, 3-parted, divisions entire or not often, seeming whorled....11-18
1 C, discoi’dea. Fayless T. Leaves on long petiole, ternately Siaien: W.
2 C. bidentoi’des. Leaves on short petioles, toothed, lance-linear. Penn. 7.
> C,au’rea. Golden T. Leaflets 3-5. Outer scales about 8. Achenia 2-4-toothed. 8.
4 C.trichosper’ma. Leaflets 5-7. Outer scales about 8. Ach. s#fender, 2-toothed.
5 C. aristo’sa. Leaflets 5-7. Outer scales 10-138. Achenia 2 or 4-awned. W.
6 C. trip’teris. Stem 4-8f. high. Hds. on short stalks. Rays 3’ long, entire. W.S.
7 C. grandiflo’ra. St. 1-2f. high. Heads on long stalks. Rays 1/ long, 4-5-cleft. S.

ORDER 70.—ASTERWORTS. , e ‘9Re

8 ©. latifo’lia. Stem 4-6f. high. Rays entire. Leaves ovate, serrate. S.

9 C.auricula’ta. Stem 1-3f. high. Rays 2-5-toothed. Lys. often eared at base. S.
10 C. lanceola’ta. Stem 2-8f. high. Rays 4-5-toothed. Lvs. lanceolate, entire. S.
11 C. senifo’lia. Leaf divisions all entire, ‘appearing in 6-leaved whorls. S.

12 C. verticilla’ta. Leaf divisions all again divided into narrow-linear lobes. W.

13 C. palma’ta. Lvs. deeply 3-cleft, wedge-shaped, lobes linear, not whorled. W.

14 C. delphinifo’lia. Leaves sessile, 3-parted, the divisions often lobed. S8.
15 C. gladia’ta. Swvord-lv. C. Leaves petioled, lance-
olate, sometimes divided. Stem round. S&S.
16 ©. angustifo’lia. Warrow-lv. C. Leaves petioled,
narrow-spatulate, entire. Stem square. S.
17 C, Gim‘leri. Gimiler’s C. Leaves petioléd, lance-
ovate, entire. Stem round below. S.

18 C. Drummon’dii. Drummond’s C. Lvs. pin-
nately 3-5-foliate, divisions oblong-oval,
entire. ft

19 C. tincto’ria. Dyers C. Leaves pinnately
much divided, divisions linear, entire. +

20 C. ro’sea. ose C. Stem leafy, leaves narrow-
linear, entire. Rays rose-white. E.

21 C.nuda’ta. Leafless C. Stem few-leaved, leaves
awl-shaped, entire. Rays rose-red. S. _

*

5. ASTER. ear wort.

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the invo-
lucre generally imbricated in two or more
_ rows, and with green tips. Disk florets tubu-
lar, perfect, rays fertile, in one row, oblong,
revolute whén old. Receptacle flat, marked
with pits. Pappus simple, hair-like, rough. Achenium usually flattened.
—A large genus of 2f herbs, very abundant in the United States, flower-
ing in late summer and autumn. Leaves alternate; disk florets yellow, ,
changing to purple; rays blue, purple, or white, never yellow.—The spe-
cies are very variable, and many of them are haved to distinguish.

* Radical and lower leaves cordate and petiolate. mae
* Radical leaves never cordate....c .
a Heads in loose corymbs. Rays white or pial aya
_a Heads in racemes or panicles, blue or bluish.. :
b Leaves evidently serrate; rays light blue, about 12, de Rey ...0,4
b Leaves entire or nearly so; rays bright filiaw: Se near 1’....5-7
e¢ Involucre scales aebed with green, or ‘ie outer ones wholly green....d
¢ Involucre scales with scarious margins or wholly scarious....f

Fig. 524. Aster patens.

230 °* THE FLORA.

‘a Stem leaves clasping, with a cor date or auricled base...
d Stem leaves sessile, rarely clasping, never cordate or cabled? 19
e Involucre scales close, in several rows, outer ones inthis Snr ees
e Involucre scales loose, nearly equal, outer ones often wholly green....
f Leaves lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, more or less rough....13-18
f Leaves linear, fleshy, very smooth, entire. Salt-marsh herbs....16—-18
1 A. corymbo’sus. Corymbed S. Slender, with thin, serrate leaves.
2 A. macrophyl’/lus. Big-lvd. S. Stout, with large, thick, ser., ronghlvs. 13-rayed.
8 A. cordifo’lius. Heart-leaved S. Involucre scales close, obtuse. Lys. sharp-serrate.
4 A. eee Arrow-leaved S. Scales awl-shaped, long,loose. Lvs. blunt-serrate.
5 A.azu’reus. Azure S. Stem leaves sessile, rough, lanceolate, and linear.
6 A. undula’tus. Stem lvs. on winged stalks, with rounded clasping bases, wavy.
7 A. Shor’tii. Short’s S. Stem leaves on naked stalks, all cordate, pointed, entire.
8 A.patens. Patent S. Plant rough-downy. Leaves entire. Scales pointed.
9 A.levis. Polished S. Plant smooth and glaucous. Seales broad, acute.
10 A. prenanthoi’des. Lys. sharply cut-serrate, with a long, slender, entire base.
11-A. punic’eus. Red-st. S. Lys. sparingly serrate, lance. Stem hairy, often red.
12 A. Nove-Anglie. New-England S. Leaves entire, rough, numerous. ,Rays
nearly 100, 2’ long. Stems 4-6f. high. A fine species, afta cultivated.

13 A. acumina’tus. Dell S. Leaves coarsely-toothed, broad-lanceolate, long-pointed, —

often clustered. Rays white. In dark woods. - N.
14 A. nemorz’iis. Wood S. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, nearly entire, acute, with
edges revolute. Heads 1-3. In damp woods. N. M.
15 A. ptarmicoi’des. Sneezewort S. Leaves entire, stiff, acute. Heads corymbed.
16 A. flexuo’sus. Zigzag S. Heads large, with showy rays. Stem fiexuous.
17 A. linife’/lius, Flax S. Heads numerous, with very short rays in 2 rows.
18 A. subula’tus, Heads with showy blue rays. Scales in 2 or8 rows. S. *
19 Many species, very variable, here omitted. (See p. 420, Class Book.)

6. ERIG’ERON. Fleabane. Whiteweed.

Heads many-flowered, mostly hemispherical, rays very numerpus
(20-200), narrow, linear, pistillate; disk flowers perfect. Receptacle flat,
naked (no chaff or pits). Scales of the involucre nearly equal and in one

row. Pappus generally simple.—Herbs with alternate leaves. Rays .

white, blue, or reddish. Flowering from May to September.
>
* Rays showy, longer thafi the involucre. Heads large (-1’ broad)....a ;
* Rays obscure, shorter than the involucre, whitish. Heads very smal]l....1, 2
a Rays purple, very numerous. Heads loosely corymbed....3-5
a Rays white or whitish. Heads loosely panicled... .6-8
1 E, Canaden’se. Canada F. Erect, hairy. Leaves lanceolate. Meads panicled.
2 E, divarica’tum, Prostrate F. Low, diffuSe. Lvs. linear. Heads corymbed. W.

ORDER 70.—ASTERWORTS. ~ 231

8 E. bellidifo’lium.. Daisy F. Leaves nearly entire. Rays 50-80, bluish-p.

4 E, Fhiladel’phicum. Leaves nearly entire. Rays 150-200, reddish-purple.

5 EB. quercifo/lium. Oak-lv. F. Lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid-toothed. Rays 100-200. 8.
6 E.an’nuum. Annual F. Stem leafy, 3-5f. high. Leaves coarse-toothed.
7 E. strigo’sum. Rough F. Stem leafy, 2-3f. high. Leaves nearly entire.
8 E.nudicau’le. Naked F. Stem leafless, 1-2f. high. Rays about 30. 8.

7. ACHILLE’A. Yarrow. Millfoil. .

Heads many-flowered, rays few, fertile; receptacle flat, chaffy ; achenia
flattened, margined, without .a pappus.—2{ European herbs with small,
4-12-rayed heads in corymbs. « June—Sept.

1 A. millefo’/lium. Leaves twice pinnatifid with fine segments. Rays4or5. «.
2 A. Ptar’mica. Sneezewort. Leaves undivided, lance-linear, serrate. Rays 8-12. r.

8. TARAX’ACUM. Dan’delion.

Involucre many-flowered, double, the outer of small scales much shorter
than the close, erect row of the inner. Receptacle naked. Achenia pro-
duced into a long beak crowned with copious white, hair-like bristles of
the pappus.—Acaulescent herbs with runcinate leaves. (Figs. 504-506.)

T. Dens-leo’nis! Dan’delion. Outer scales of the involucre reflexed. Leaves run-
cinate, smooth, dentate.—In all open situations, blossoming at all seasons ex-
cept winter. Scape round, hollow, lengthening after flowering, and bearing a
globular head of seeds and seed-down, whose light and airy form is ¢ very famil-
lar sight to all.

9. HIERA’CIUM. Hawkweed.

Involucre more or less imbricated, egg-shaped, many-flowered. Ache-
nia not prolonged into a beak, striate. Pappus of rough, brittle, numerous
tawny bristles in a single row.—2f Leaves alternate, entire,or toothed.
Figrets yellow. JSuly—Sept. |

* Involucre and stalks smooth or nearly so....a
* Involucre, stalks, &c., rough with glandular hairs....b

a Heads with 50 to 60 florets.?..1 -
a Heads with 10 to 20 florets....2, 8 4
b Heads with 40 to 50 florets....4

b Heads with 20 to 30 florets....5, 6

"1 H. Canaden’se. Canada H. Stem leafy, corymbed at top. Leaves sharp-
toothed. N.

232 j | THE FLORA.

2 H. panicula’tam. Paunicled H. Stem leafy, widely panicled. Leaves fine-toothed.

8 H.veno’sum. Robin's Plantain. Stem almost leafiess, corymbed. Lvs. entire.
4 H.scabrum. Rough H. Headscorymbed. Plant stiff, rough-hairy.

5 H. longip’ilum. Long-han ‘ed H. Plant clothed with straight bristles 1’ long. Ww:

6 H. Grono’vii. Gronovius’ H. — slender, quite hairy below.

10. NAB’ALUS. Lion’s-foot.

- Involucre cylindrical, double, the inner of many linear scales in one
row, the outer of a few short scales at base. Receptacle naked. - Achenia
smooth, striate, not beaked, crowned with a copious, straw-colored or
brownish hair-like pappus.—Erect herb$, with a thick, tuberous, bit-
ter root. Heads 5-18-flowered, white or straw-colored, often purplish.
. Aug.—Oet.

* Heads glabrous, pendulous. Leaves multiform in the same plant....a
* Heads hairy, erect or nodding. Leaves reniform, undivided....7-9
a Tall (2-4f. high). Heads (8-12-flowered) in a corymb-like panicle....1, 2
a Tall (2-6f. high). Heads in a long, raceme-like panicle....3, 4
a Low (5-10’ high). Heads racemed. Found only*on high mountains....5, 6
1 N.al’ba. White Z. Pappus cinnamon-color. Leaves hastate, often lobed.
2 N. Fra’seri. Fraser's Z. Pappus straw-color. Leaves deltoid, often cleft.
3 WN. altis’simus. Zui] Z. Heads 5-flowered. Leaves divided, or cleft, or entire.
4 NN. virga’tus. Rod Z. Heads 8-12-flowered. Lowest leaves pinnatifid.
5 N.na’nus. Dwarf Z. Outer involucre of short-ovate, close scales.
6 N. Boci’fii. Boott’s Z Outer involucre of linear, ioose scales.
7 N.racemo’sus. Facemed LZ. Heads nodding, 9-12-flowered. W. M.
8 .N. crepidin’eus. Crepis Z. Heads nodding, 25-35-fiowered. W.S.
9 N.as’per. Hough LZ. Heads erect, 11-14-flowered. Panicle racemed. , W.

-

Orper LXXI. LOBELIACE®. Lobeliads.

Herbs with alternate leaves, scattered jlowers, and often milky juice ;
calyx superior; cerolla irregular, 5-lobed, tube split down to the base ;
stamens 5, united into a tube both by the filaments and anthers;
ovary adherent to the calyx tube ; styles united into one;
stigma fringed ; fruit a 2-3-celled, many-seeded capsule.

LOBE'LIA. Cardinal-flower. Indian Tobacco.
The two upper lobes of the irregular corolla are smaller than the three

ORDER 72.—BELLWORTS. __ 233

lower. Stamens united into a curved tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule.
opening at top. Seeds very small_—Flowers axillary, generally he
leafy or bracted racemes. July—Sept.

§ Stems leafy....a .
§ Stems leafless, leaves nearly all crowded at the root, under water....11, 12
‘a Flowers bright red or scarlet, large and showy....1, 2
a Flowers blue, varying to bluish-white....b
p Stem stout, 2-3 or 4f. high. Flowers large, about 1’ ia A o-O
b Stem slender, 6’-2f. high. Flowers small G- long)..
c. Stem branched, racemes several, ioose, or flowers S eitesteat Pr
c Stem generally simple, bearing a pinats raceme... .8-—10
1 L. cardina’lis. Cardinal-flwr. Stem smooth. peers oblong-lanceolate, acute.
2 L. ful’gens. Mexican. Stem downy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, long-pointed. +
3 L. puber’ula. Leaves obtuse, denticulate. Raceme one- a Plant downy.
4 L. syphilit’ica. Blue @. Luvs. acute, slightly toothed. Racemes equal, hairy.
5 L.ame’na. Pretty C. Jeaves acuminate, toothed. Racemes one-sided,
smoothish. 8.
6 L. infla’ta. Jndian Tobacco. Hairy. Lvs..ovate-lanceolate, toothed. Pod inflated. ,
7 L. Kal’mii. Kalm’s 0. Smooth. Leaves linear-spatulate, entire. Fls. blue-white.
S L. Nuttal/lii. WVuttall’s Z. + Pedicels twice as long as the flowers. Leaves
linear, extremely slender. S. M.
9 L. spica’ta. Spiked LZ, Pedicels as long as the flowers. Racemes dense.
Leaves oblong.
10 L. leptostach’ya. Slender-spiked LZ. Pedi. none. Lvs. lance-oval, smooth. W.
11 L. Dortman’na. Water LZ. Root leaves linear, terete, hoilow, fleshy. Scape long.
12 L. paludo’sa. Marsh L. Root leaves linear-oblong, flat. Stem tall. S.

Orver LXXII. CAMPANULACE®. Bellworts.

Herbs with a milky juice, alternate leaves ;

Jlowers mostly blue and showy, with a superior

calyx; aregular and mostly campanulate 5-lobed corolla ; with the 5

stamens usually separate, and ovary adherent to the calyx tube; and with
the 2-5-celled pod crowned with the remains of the calyx.

Analysis of the Genera.

Calyx tube very short (below the flower). ~ Campan’uta. 1
Calyx tube long and three-angled. SPECULA’RIA.

bd

CAMPANULA. Bellflower. Harebell.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped,
fannel-shaped, or wheel-shaped, its
5 lobes valvate in the bud, closed at
the base imside by the valve-like
bases of the 5 stamens. Pod open-
ing on the sides—2f Herbs with
axillary or terminal flowers. June—
October.

APLEO

LGA

CE EE a

Fig. 526. The Harebell, the whole plant.
7. Ovary of Canterbury Bells, with (, 2,broad
filament, %, am anther, and p, the hairy style.
8. A cross-section of the curious 5-celled seed-
vessel, 2 placentz im each cell. 9. Seed cut
open, showing the large embryo. Fig. 530.
Flower of American Bellwort. Fig. 531.
Flower of Patent Bell wort.

$ Corolla wheel-shaped, flat, im leafy spikes....1, 2
§ Corolla bell-shaped, &c., broadly or narrowly ....2

a Flowers on slender pedicels, solitary or panicled....b

a Flowers sessile or nearly so. Stemerecf. Gardens....7-9 -. -
b Flowers large (6-12”’ broad). Root leaves unlike the stem leaves....3, 4

. .» Flowers small (2-5’’ bread). Leaves all similar,in form....5, 6

1 C. America’na. American B. Stem tall (2-4f.). Leaves pointed at ends, smooth.

2 ©. planifio’ra. Stem low (7-12’), simple. Lvs. thick, shining, obtuse, or acute. +
3 G. rotundifo’lia. Harebell. Stem weak. Eoot lvs. roundish, stem Ivs. limear.
4 C. persisifo/lia. Peach B. Stem erect. Leaves lamce-limear. Flowers very

broad. +

5 C. aparimoi’des. Bedstraw B. Stem reclining, rough backwards. Flowers white.

6 ©. divarica’ta. Patent B. Erect. Panicle wide. Leaves toothed. Fis. blue. S.
7 C. glomera’ta. Flowers crowded above, fumnel-shaped. Plant smooth. +t ’
8 C. me’dium. Canterbury B. Flowers distant, very large, obtuse at base. +
9 C. lamngino’sa. Woolly -B. Flowers scattered, rather large, acute at base. +

ORDER 73—HEATHWORTS. _ 285

Orner LXXIII. ERICACE®, Heathworts.

Herbs, or more generally shrubs, with simple, often evergreen leaves ;
Jlowers regular or nearly so, 4 or 5-parted; petals rarely almost distinct;
stamens as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, and the
anthers oddly appendaged and generally opening by two terminal pores; the
style 1, and the ovary 4-10-celled, with albuminous seeds.

Sys ceo
ak Kt Sp

Fig. 532. Azalea procumbens. 3. A flower enlarged. 4. A stamen, much enlarged, showing
the lengthwise opening of each of the cells. 5 Cross-section of a 5-celled capsule of Rhododen-
dron, showing the inflexed margins of the valves. 6. Pyrola secunds. 7, A flower enlarged.
S A stamen enlarged, showing the terminal tubes and pores. 9° Cross-section of a 5-celled,

_many-seeded capsule. ig. 540. Checkerberry (Gaultheria). 1. A flower enlarged. 2. A berry.
3. Vertical section of the ovary, showing the free, fleshy calyx. 4 Anther of the Vaccinium
Vitis-Idew. 5. Stamen of Bearberry (Arctostaphylos). 6. Awned stamen of a Blueberry ( Vac-
cinium). ;

236 THE FLORA.

”

Analysis of a Genera.

§ Shrubs or trees, or shrublets....2
§ Herbs evergreen, with green herbage and leaves....m
§ Herbs leafless, without verdure. Bracts scale-like....n
2 Calyx adherent, crowning the berry in fruit....a
2 Calyx free from the ovary, or inferior....8
8 Petals united into a gamopetalous corolla....4
8 Petals entirely or very nearly separate and distinct....5
4 lowers 4-parted. Stamens 8....b
4 Flowers 5-parted. Stamens 5 or10....
5 Pods 2 or 8-celled, cells only cee Southern....k
5 Pods 8-celled, cells many-seeded..
5 Pods 5 or 7- eélied: cells many- re
6 Corolla urn- shaped (oval or ee lobes er
6 Corolla not urn-shaped, open or spreading...
a Erect shrubs with 5- ees flowers and 10-seeded ene

a

Huckleberries. GaYLUSSA’CIA.:

a Erect shrubs with 5-parted flowers and co-seeded berries.
Blueberries. V Accrn’1uM.
a Trailing shrublets. Corolla shat reflexed. Fr. red. Cranberry. Oxycoc’cvs.
a Trailing shrublets. Corolla 4-cleft, oes Fruit white.
| 2 Boxberry. CuioG’ENEs.
b Leaves linear-acerose, whorled or crowded. Cultivated. Heath. ErR’tca.
b Leaves oval-lanceolate. Shrub, 4f. high. Penn. S.
ec Pod dry, opening bet. the cells: Lvs. lin. N.
c Pod dry, opening into the cells....d
ec Drupe fleshy, 5-seeded. Shrubs trailing. Bearberry. ARCTOSTAPH’YLOS.
c Berry fleshy, many-seeded. Little shrublets. Checkerberry. GAULTHE/RIA.
d Shrublet moss-like, on high Mts. Leaves linear. Moss Andromede. Cassi’oPE.

Mountain Heath. Menzie’sta.

d Shrubs with ample leaves. Pod-valves entire. Andromede,. ANDROM’EDA.

oy)

d Tree with ample leaves and slender racemes. Sorrel-tree. OXYDEN’DRUM. *

-e Corolla saucer-form, holding the anthers in 10 pits. Laurel, KAu’Mta.

e Corolla salver-form, very fragrant. Trailing. May-flower. Eriea’a.

e Corolla funnel or bell-form, with spreading lobes....f

f Stamens 5, included. Plant and leaves very small. Mts. N. H. LerioseLev’rta.”

f Stamens 5 (rarely more), long-exserted. Corolla funnel-form. AZA’LEA.
f Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), exserted. Corolla bell-form. ay. RHoDODEN’pDRON.
g Leaves alternate, deciduous, serrate. Flowers racemed. CLE/THRA,

g Leaves mostly opposite, evergreen, entire. Flowers umbeled.
. Sand Myrtle. Le1opnyi’Lum.
h Flowers 5-parted. Corolla regular. Labrador Tea. Lx’pum.
h Flowers 5-parted. Corolla irregular. RHoDO/RA,
h Flowers 7-parted, regular, Stamens14. 8. BEFA/RIA.

for)

——

ORDER 73.—HEATHWORTS. , IST

k Flowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens and a 8-seeded pod. §8. Eviror’tra,

k Flowers 5-parted, with 5 stamens. Leaves lanceolate, entire. 8S. CyryL’La.

k Flowers 5-parted, with 10 stamens. Lvs. lanceol., entire. S. Mytooa’ryum. «
m Flowers racemed, many. Perennial, low, smooth, erects Prr’oxa. 8
m Flower solitary, one only. Perennial, small. N. ». MoNeE’SES.
m Flowers corymbed, few. Leaves evergreen, thick. Pipsissiwa. CHIMAPH/ILA. 9

n Corolla polypetalous. Plant white, reddish, &c. Jndian Pipe. Monor’ropa.10

n Corolla gamopetalous, bell- each in a hae spike. S. SOHWEINIT’ZIA.

n Corolla gamop., egg-shaped, in a loose rac. Albahy Beechdrops. Preros’Pora.

1. OXYCOO’CUS. Cranberry.

Calyx superior, 3-cleft. Corolla 4-parted, with lance-linear, reflexed
segments. Stamens 8, anthers tubular, 2-parted,sopening by oblique
pores. Berry globular, 4-celled, many-seeded.—Trailing and very slen-
der, with woody stems, alternate, thick, narrow, entire leaves, and acid,
eatable fruit. Flowers purplish. June. | |

1 O. palus’tris. Bog C. Stems thread-form, trailing. Leaves ovate, 2-4’’ long.
Pedicels terminal, 1-flowered.

2 O., macrocar’pus. Mariget C. Stems thread- form, trailing. Leaves oblong, 4-6’’
long. Pedicels axillary, 1-flowgred.

8 O, erythocar’pus. Bush C. Stems 1-8f. high, erect. Ledues oval, pointed, ser-
rulate. Petals not reflexed at first. S.. Mountains.

2. CHIOG’ENES. Boxberry.

1 O.hispid’ula. Running B. A little woody creeper, 4 to 6’ long, in old woods,
northward. Leaves many, small, oval. Flowers white, 4-parted. Berry white.
Plant tastes like Checkerberry. (Fig. 547.)

Ye
RAN LR
355 Rea .

° Fig. 547. ee eine the entire radi

3. GAULTHE’RIA. Checkerberry.

Calyx 5-cleft, with 2 bractlets at base. Corolla urn- sdibhed" the limb _
of 5 short, revolute lobes. Stamens 10. Capsule 5-celled, invested by
the calyx, which becomes a pulpy berry.—Little shrubby or halfsshrubby
plants, with alternate, evergreen leaves. (Figs. 540-543.)

238 THE FLORA.

G, procum’bens. Common Checkerberry, or Wintergreen. Branches ascending 37
from’ the prostrate, slender root-stock, which is usually concealed. Leaves~
obovate, and few nodding flowers, all claims at top of the stem, and spiey in
flavor. Berries scarlet. Flowers in Summer, white.

4, KAL’MIA. Calico-bush. Mountain Laurel.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with 10 prominences beneath, and 10 corre-
sponding pits within, holding the 10 anthers. Filaments recurved. Bor-
der with 5 shallow lobes. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded.—Beéautiful
shrubs, with entire, evergreen, leathery leaves. Flowers white and red,
in racemed corymbs. May-June. : :

1 Flowers in terminal corymbs. Leaves smooth, thick....2, 3 ;
1 Flowers in lateral corymbs. Leaves rusty or downy beneath....4, 5
1 K. hirsu’ta. Hairy L. Flowers axillary, solitary, stalked, red. Plant hairy.
Leaves mostly scattered,.acute, sessile. 1-2f. 8.
2 K. latifo’lia, Great L. Leaves Raatiened: green both sides. Corymbs large, rose- —
white, numerous and very showy. 3-20f.
8 K. glau’ca: Polished LZ. Leaves opposite, glaucous-white beneath, revolute on
the margin, Corymbs small, lilac. 7 ene e ai
4 K, cunea’ta. Wedge-leaved LZ. Leaves scattered,: wedge-oblong. Corymbs
| small, roseate, each of 4-6 flowers. Plant 8-5f. S.
5 K, angustifo’lia, Sheep-poison. Leaves opposite and in 3’s, blunt at each end.
Corymbs small, deep purple. S46

5. EPIGA’A. May-flower.

: Calyx large, 5-parted, with 3 bracts at base. Corolla salver-form, tube
hairy within, limb of 5 spreading lobes. Stamens 10. Anthers open by
slits. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved.—Little trailing shrubs.

E. repens. TZrailing Arbutus. Leaves cordate-ovate, entire. Corolla tube cylin-
drical. Stems slender, flat on the ground, 10-15’ long. Leaves evergreen,
rounded at the end, 2’ or more long. Flowers tinged with red, very fragrant.
April, May. .

6. AZA’LEA. Ween

Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, somewhat irregular, with
5 spreading lobes. Stamens 5, and, with the 1 style, long exserted, ,
curved toward the lower side, Anthers open by pores. Capsule 5-celled,
5-valved.—Erect shrubs. Leaves alternate, deciduous, entire. Flowers
large, showy, fragrant, clustered. April—July.

aa

-
*
ee ee

eS Oe

> . ev. Mig 4
ea - -

ORDER 73.—HEATHWORTS. . 939

>

-
§ Lobes of the calyx all (rarely 1 excepted) very short or minute....1, 2
§ Lobes of the calyx all oblong, and of conspicuous length... .3-5

1 A. visco’sa. Clammy Swamp Pink. Flowers very viscid, appearing with the
full-grown leaves, the tube much longer than the segments. Shrub 4~7f.
White or roseate.

2 A. nudiflo’ra.. Pinuter Bloom. Clusters naked, appearing with or before the
young leaves. Corolla tube downy, scarcely longer than the segments.
Branches often whorled. Colors pink, purple, white, buff, &c. +

8 A.calendula’cea. Flaming Pinxter. Young branchlets downy, corymbs nearly
or quite leafless. Tube of the corolla hairy, shorter than the ample lobes.

Common. Penn. 8.& W. Flowers very many, flame-color, bright red, saffron-

yellow, &c. ft

4 A. arbores’cens. Tree Azalea. Branches smooth. Leaves glaucous beneath.
Corymbs leafy with full-grown leaves. Corolla tube longer than the lobes, not
viscid. Height 10-20f. Mountains. S. mee

5 A. Pon’tica. Asiatic A. Flowers viscid, with full-grown leaves. Tube wide-
mouthed, as long as segments. All colors. - t

7. RHODODEN’DRON. Rose Bay.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broad, campanulate, regular or slightly i irreg-
ular, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, mostly declined, anthers opening by pores.
Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved.—Shrubs with alternate, eo evergreen
Jeaves. Flowers umbeled, splendid.

ed

§ Calyx lobes large, leaf-like. Exotic....7
§ Calyx lobes small, scale-like....a
a Leaves small, obtuse at each end. Monntains....1, 2
a Leaves large, acute, rusty or silvery beneath....5, 6
a Leaves large, acute, glabrous beneath....3, 4
1 R. Lappon’icum. Lapland R. Shrub 5-10’ high. Lvs. scaly, elliptic. i
2 R. Catawbien’se. Catawba R. Shrub 3-5f. high. Leaves smooth, oval. S.
3 R.max’imum. Great R. Leaves oblanceolate, acute, paler Bane! Flowers
in large umbels, white, with yellow dots. Rocky woods. :
4 R.Pon’ticum. Asiatic &. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, hot paler beneath.
Flowers large, purple, variegated. 4
5 R. puncta’tum. Dotted-lf. k. Lvs. with rusty, resinous dots beneath. Mts. 8.
6 R.arbo’reum. Tree 2. Leaves with silvery spots beneath. Asia. t+
7 R.In/dicum, Indian F. Leaves rough, wedge-lance. Fils. few together. f

8. PYR’OLA. False Wintergreen.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10, anthers large, turned
outwards, opening by 2 pores at the obtuse top. Style thick, long; stig-

240 THE FLORA.

s
mas 5, often projecting like rays. Ped 5-celled, 5-valved, opening into
the cells, many-seeded.— 21. Low, evergreen herbs, almost woody, with the
leaves generally radical, and the seape bearing a raceme of nodding flow-
ers. Mostly northern. June, July.

§ Stamens ascending, style declined and curved....a ; ‘4
§ Stamens and style straight amd erect... ..5, 6 >
2 Leaves thick and shining. Flowers white or rose-colored....1, 2
a Leaves green, not shining. Flowers greenish-white....3, 4
1 P. rotundifo’lia. Round-leaved P. Lvs. orbicular. Mostly white petals. (Fig. 14.)
2 P. asarifo'lia. Heort-leaved P. Leaves round-cordate. Rose-colored petals. 4
3 P. cliip’tica, Pear-leaved P. Leaves large, thin, elliptical, on short petioles. —
4 P. chloran’tha. Green-f. P. Lvs. small, thick, roundish, shorter tham petioles.
§ P.secun’da. One-ided P. Raceme with the green-white fiowers all om one side. 4
6 P.mimor. Lesser P. Raceme spike-form, with small, globular, white fis. Mts. |

9. CHIMAPHILA. Pipsissiwa. .
Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading, round.
Stamens-10. Anther cells lengthened above
into tubes. Style very short, thick. Capsule
5-celled.—Small evergreens, with oblong, ser-
rate, clustered leaves, and ——- flowers.
June, July.

I°C.. umbella’ta.- Prince’s Pine. Leaves wedge-lance-
olate, in #s-@’s. Umbel 4-(-flowered, on an
erect stalk. July. :

2 C. macula’ta. Spotted P. Leaves lanceolate, acumi-
nate, marked with whitish streaks along the
midveim Flowers2or3. (See Fig. 548.).

10. MONOT’ROPA. Pine Sap.

Calyx of 1-5 bract-like sepals.. Petals 4 or 5,
conmivent im a bell-shaped corolla. Stamens
%-10. Capsule 4-5-celled, +5-valved.—Low
herbs growing on the juices of other plants, all
white or tawny, with scales instead of leaves.

1 M. uniffo’r2. Lndian Pipe. Sepals 18. Flower
solitary, scentless. Stem 6’ high, common im
woods. Whole plant white. Summer.

2 M. Hypop’itis. Pine Sap. Downy, tawny. Sepals 4,5. Flowers racemed, fra~
grant. Stem 6-3’ high. Root a tangled ball of fibres. Aug.

OrDER 78.—PRIMWORTS: 241

—— -- Ow

Orver LXXVIII. PRIMULACEA. Primworts.

Fig. 549. Primula Mistassinica, the whole plant. Fig. 550. The corolla cut open, showing

the stamens on the tube. 1. The plan of the flower, showing the stamens opposite the petals,

2. The calyx and ovary. 3. The fruit cut open, showing the seeds on the central placenta.
Fig. 554. Dodecatheon Meadia, whole plant. 5. A single flower, natural size. %g. 556. Frnit
(pyxis) of Anagallis, with its lid open, showing the seeds.

Herbs low, with the leaves either radical or mostly opposite; with the
flowers 5 (rarely 4 or 6)-parted; the corolla monopetalous, regular; the
stamens inserted on the corolla-tube and opposite to its lobes; the
ovary 1-celled, with a free, central placenta; style 1; stigma1; the
capsule 1-celled, many-seeded; seeds with fleshy albumen,

: 11

942 : THE FLORA.

Analysis of the Genera.

* Stemless. Leaves all radical, seape bearing an umbel.. ;
* Stems leafy. Flowers yellow, corolla wheel-form (tube Bios xs BE
* Stems leafy. Flowers white, red, &c., never yellow....2
2 Leaves whorled, at least those near the Hoanrs, Corolla ae 8 xe
2 Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers axillary, solitary....d
2 Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers white....e
a Cor. tube egg-shaped, lobes short, spread. Dwarf Primrose. ANDROSA’CE.
a Corolla tube cylindrical, lobes ea " Primrose. Priw’tra. 1

a Corolla tube cylindrical, lobes refiexed. American Cowslip. DopEcaTu’rzon. 2

b Corolla 5-parted, without intermediate teeth. Loose-strife. Lysmacn’ta. 3
b Corolla 6-parted, with 6 intermediate teeth. Racemes axillary. Naumper’eta.
c Fils. 7-part. Lvs. entire, in a single whorl. Chick Wintergreen. Trrenta’is. 4
c Fis. 5-parted. Leaves finely pinnatifid, in water. Feather-foil. Horro’nta.
d Plant prostrate, with scarlet corollas. Pimpernel. ANAGAL’LIS. 5
d Plant erect, with no corolla, but white calyxes. _ Black Saliwort. Guavx.
e Fis. 5-parted, panicled. Plant 8-15’ high. Water Pimpernel, Sam’outs.
e Fis. 4-parted, axillary. Plant 1-2’ high. Dwarf Pimpernel. Cenrun’cu.us.

1. PRIM’ULA. Primrose. Auricula.

Calyx angular, 5=cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, or often rather funnel-
shaped, with 5 entire, or notched, or bifid lobes. Stamens 5, included.
Pod opening at the top, many-seeded.—2¢ Herbs with the leaves all rad-
ical, and the flowers showy, in an umbel on a scape.

* Corolla salver-form, limb abruptly spreading. Plants wild, rare....1, 2
* Corolla salver-form, limb abruptly spreading. Plants cultivated....3, 4
* Corolla funnel-form, limb gradually spreading. Cultivated....a
a Tseaves hairy, rugose, toothed, or crenate, or wavy at edge... .5, 6
a Leaves smooth, plane, entire, or sometimes crenate....7, 8
1 P. Mistassin’ica. Mistassins P. Smooth, green, 3-8’ high. Flowers 1-8,
fiesh-colored. Onlake shores. N. First seen on L. Mistassins.
2 P. farino’sa. Bird's-eye P. Mealy, 3-10’ high. Flowers 8-20, lilac-yellow.
Shores of the great lakes. N.
3 P. grandiflo’ ra. Common P. Petals obcordate, notched, yellow, Cees, &e. +
4P.purpu’rea. Purple P. Petals obtuse, entire, dark-violet, never yellow. +
5 P. officinalis. Cowslip P. Lvs. hairy. Outer fils. Sanne border concave. +
6 P. ela’tior. Oxlip P. Leaves smooth above. All fis. nodding, border flat. +
7 P. Auric’ula. Auricula. Lvs. and calyx mealy-glancous. Bracts very short. +
2 P.calyci‘na. Cup P. Lvs. white-edged, calyx inflated. Bractslong. Purpl. +

ORDER 78.—PRIMWORTS. | 243

2. DODECATH’EON. American Cowslip.

Calyx 5-parted, reflexed. Corolla tube very short, limb rotate, 5-parted,
with the limb reflexed. Stamens 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla,
filaments short, anthers long, acute connivent at apex, but shorter than
the style.—2¢ Leaves all radical, oblong, scape erect, bearing an umbel of
nodding rose or white flowers. May, June. (Fig. 554.)

D. Mea’dia. Pride of Ohio. A striking and elegant plant, in prairies throughout the
Western States. Scape 1-2f. high. Petals white or pink. Stamens yellow. t

8. LYSIMACH’IA. lLoose-strife.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tube very short, limb 5-parted, spreading.
Stamens 5, on the base of the corolla, filaments often united. Pods 5-10-
valved. Seeds several or many.—2{ Leaves opposite or whorled, entire.
Flowers mostly yellow. June, July.

§ Erect Peduncles several-flowered, or flowers panicled....a
§ Erect. Pedicels 1-flowered, flowers racemed....8, 9
§ Erect. Pedicels 1-flowered, flowers’ axillary....1
§ Prostrate, creeping. Pedicels (or umbels) axillary....10, 11
a Leaves thick, rather obtuse, with the edges rolled back....4, 5
a Leaves thin, acuminate, with the edges not rolled....6, 7,
1 ‘Leaves mostly opposite, on petioles fringed with hairs....2, 8
1 L. quadrifo’lia. Whorled Z. Leaves whorled in 8’s, 4’s, and 5’s, sessile.
2 L. ciliata. Fringe-lf. ZL. Leaves ovate, often cordate. Stems mostly branched.
8 L. hib’rida. Hybrid ZL. Lys. lance-oblong, opposite or whorled. Stems branched.
4 L. asperifo/lia. Rough-lf. ZL, Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Panicle bracted. S.
5 L. longifo’lia. Long-if. Z. Lvs. lance-linear. Fls. large, scarcely pan. W.
6 L. lanceola’ta. Lance-lf. Z. Lvs. whorled in 4’s, lance. Upper fis. racemed. S.
7 L. Fra’seri. Fraser's L. Leaves opposite, ovate, often cordate. Panicle large. S.
8 L. stric’ta. Strict Z. Leaves nearly opposite, narrow-lance., with bulblets.
9 L,.Herbemon’ti. Herbemont’s ZL. Lvs. whorled, in 4’s or 5’s, lance., acuminate: 8.
10 L. rad’icans. Rooting L. Branches rooting at the end. Leaves lanceolate.
11 L. Nummula’ria. Moneywort. Stem simple. Leaves roundish, very obtuse

4. TRIENTA’LIS. Chick-wintergreen.
. Calyx and corolla 7-parted. Stamens 7. Pod many-seeded.—2 Stem
low, simple. Pedicels 1-flowered. )

T. America’/na. American C. A pretty little plant, common in woods northward.
Stem 3-5’ high, bearing several lanceolate leaves in a sort of whorl at top, and
from their midst, 1 or more white, starlike flowers. May, June.

944 THE FLORA.

5. ANAGAL’LIS. Pimpernel.

Calyx and corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5. Pod globular, —
opening by a lid all around (7. e., a pyxis)—Herbs with 2 stems and
opposite leaves. (Fig. 556.) |

*A. arven’sis. Scarlet P. Poor-man’s-weather-glass. A small, trailing plant, in fields, —
roadsides, &c. Leaves sessile, broad-ovate. Pedicels 1-flowered, axillary.
- Flower red, rarely blue. Opening at 8 a. m., closing at 2 Pp. M., and in damp
weather not opening at all. (See the figure, 557.)

Orver LXXXII. BIGNONIACES. Trumpets.

Plants with opposite leaves, destitute of stipules, often climbing ;

flowers gamopetalous, irregular, 5-parted, showy; |
stamens 5, but only 2 or 4 of them perfect, and didynamous ;
ovary 2-celled, with 1 style, forming a dry pod with winged. seeds.

Analysis of the Genera. | |

Stamens 4. Pod valves and partition contrary. Leaves pinnate. Teco’mia. 1 j
Stamens 4. Pod valves and partition parallel. Leaves binate. Bieno’nia.
Stamens 2. Pod straight, cylindric. Trees. Leaves simple. CaTAL’Pa, 2

1. TECO’MA. Trumpet-flower.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla trumpet-shaped, with a 5-lobed,
nearly regular limb. Stamens didynamous, 4, with the 5th a small rudi- ©
ment. Pod with the partition contrary to the valves.—Trees or shrubs,
often climbing. Leaves digitate or pinnate. Flowers red.

ORDER 83.—TRUMPETS. 945

Fig. 558. Flower of Catalpa.
Fig. 559. The Corolla cut open, showing the 2 perfect stamens and the 3 rudiments of stamens,
Fig. 560. A 2-winged seed of Catalpa. Fig. 561. Flower of the Trumpet Creeper.

1 T.rad’icans. Trumpet Creeper. Climbing by radicating tendrils. Leaflets 9-11,
ovate, acuminate, toothed. Corollatube thrice longer than the calyx. Stamens
included. A well-known, splendid climbing vine. Summer.

2 T.Capen’sis. Cape T. Climbing. Leaflets 7-9, round-ovate, serrate. Stamens
and style exerted. Corollatube curved. + S. Africa.

8 T. grandiflo’ra. Chinese T. Climbing. Leaflets 9-11, pointed, ovate, toothed.
Two glands on the nodding pedicels. Corolla tube scarce longerthan calyx. f

29. CATAL'PA. Catalpa.

Corolla unequally bell-shaped, 4 or
5-lobed. Stamens 2 perfect, with 3
rudiments. Capsule long, cylindric,
with a thick partition.

C. bignonioi’des. Trees with large, broad-
ovate, cordate, velvety leaves, and ter-
minal panicles.of showy, white, varie-
gated flowers. Common.

Fig. 562. A panicle (size much diminished)
of Catalpa.. |

246 THE FLORA.

Oxver LXXXV. LOGANIACEH,

Herbs or shrubs with opposite leaves, with the

stipules small or mere ridges connecting the base of the peticles ;
flowers 4 or 5-parted, gamopetalous, regular ;

ovary free ; fruit 2-celled, many-seeded, or few-seeded.

Analysis of the Genera.
§ Corolla tubular, lobes 5, valvate in the bud....a
§ Corolla bell-shaped, lobes 4 or 5, imbricate in the bud....b
a Styles wholly united into 1. Corollatube long. W.S. SpieE’i1a. 1
a Styles distinct, with the stigmas united. Fls. small, white. S. Mrrre’oza.
b Flowers 4-parted. Diffuse, low herbs. M.S. Polyprenum. PoLyPRE’MUM.
b Flowers 5-parted. Slender climbing shrubs. S. GELSEM’INUM. 2

1. SPIGE’LIA. Pink-root.

Calyx segments linear-subulate. Corolla narrowly funnel-form. Stamens
5. Capsule 2-celled, few seeded.—Herbs with the flowers sessile in a
terminal one-sided coiled spike.

S. Maryland’ica. Maryland P. Stem square, erect. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceo-
late. Corolla 4 ord times longer than the calyx, scarlet. June.

Fig. 563, Spigelia; the spike uncoils as the flowers open. Fig.564. A flower, natural size,

ORDER 86—FIGWORTS. — OG

2. GELSEMI’NUM. Yellow Jessamine.
Calyx lobes oblong. Corolla funnel-bell-form, with 5 short, roundish
lobes. Filaments 5, on the corolla. Stvle thread-form with 2 double
stigmas.

G. sempervi/rens. A shrub very common, South; with long, wiry, twining stems,
ascending bushes and hedges. Leaves evergreen, shining, lanceolate. Corolla
tube 1 inch long, golden-yellow.

Orver LXXXVI. SCROPHULARIACEA. Figworts.

of the 2-celled capsule. §. A stamen enlarged. 9. Monkey-flower (Mimulus ringens). Fig. 570. -
‘, Calyx with the corolla partly removed, showing the didynamous stamens in pairs, with the stigma
above the highest pair. 1. Sections of the 2-celled, many-seeded capsule. 2. Plan of the flower,
showing the position of the fifth rndimentary filament. 3. Linaria vulgaris, leaf, and personate,
bi-labiate, spurred fiower. 4. A winged seed.

248 THE FLORA,

Plants mostly herbaceous, with unsymmetrical flowers, without fragrance ;
calyx mostly 5-parted, ee from the ovary, persistent;

corolla bi-labiate or otherwise irregular, lobes imbricated in the bud;
stamens on the corolla tube, 1 or 8 of the 5 usually imperfect or BES Eo
ovary 2-celled; style 1; stigma 2-lobed; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded.

Analysis of the Genera. *

* Herbs with the leaves alternate or all radical... .2
* Herbs with the leaves opposite or sometimes whorled....4
* Trees with large cordate leaves and large blue panicles....a
2 Flowers diandrous, having but 2 perfect stamens....c¢
2 Flowers didynamous, having 4 stamens, 2 of them longer....8 :
2 Flowers pentandrous, having the 5 stamens all perfect... .b
8 Corolla bi-labiate, with the throat closed (personate)....d
8 Corolla bi-labiate, throat open, upper lip arched....e
3 Corolla rather bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal lobes... .f
4 Flowers with only 2 perfect stamens....g
4 Flowers with 4 perfect stamens, the 5th scarcely appearing....5
4 Flowers with 4 perfect stamens and a Sth sterile distinct filament....n
5 Corolla 2-lipped, the limb quite irregular... .6
5 Corolla limb nearly regular, with 4 or 5 plain, spreading lobes....0
6 Stamens included in the tube of corolla, generally in pairs....E
6 Stamens ascending beneath the arched upper lip... 8
6 Stamens descending into the sack-shaped lower lip....h
a Corolla trumpet-shaped, stamens arched downwards. Fragrant. + PavLow/nia.
b Corolla wheel-shaped, stamens declinate. Scentless. Mullein.Verpas’cum. 1
¢ Corolla 4-lobed, minute, white. Plant small. Lvs. radical. S. Ampnian’THUs.
e Corolla 4-lobed. Fls. spiked. Lvs. mostly radical. Scape 1f. N. -W. Synrui’RIs.
c Corolla deeply many-cleft, variously colored. Lvs. cleft. + ScHIZAN’THUS.
d Corolla protracted into a spur behind. Racemes leafy. Yoad-flax. Liya’rta. 2
d Cor. swollen intoa sack behind. Race. leafy. + Snap-dragon. ANTIRRHI’NUM.
-e Bracts lobed, generally colored. Anth.-cells unequal. Painted-cup, CASTILLE/JA.
e Bracts and leaves entire, green. Flowers purplish. Chaff-seed. Scuwal/BEA.
e Bracts and leaves serrate, green. Flowers yellow. Lousewort. PEpicuLA’RIs.
f Tall, erect, with large, nodding flowers. Gardens. Foxglove. Dierra’us.
f Low and minute. Corolla equally 5-cleft. In mud. Mudwort. Liwose’ta.
f Climbing, slender. Corolla large, gibbous at base. + Mexico. MAvRaAn’p1A.
f Climbing, slender. Corolla large, equal at base. + Mexico. LopHosPrr’MuUM.
g Corolla labiate. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments minute or 0, Grati’oLa. 3-
g Corolla labiate. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filam. forked. Mud-flower. Iysan’tuUs.
g Corolla labiate. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers very small. Semi-flower. Hem1an’tHts.
g Corolla rotate, with 4 nearly equal lobes, lower smallest. Speedwell. VERoNn’10A. 4

2 -

*. 4 :
4
ry
%.

:

A

v.
;

é

é

r

R

ORDER 86.—FIGWORTS. i 949

h Handsome herbs, 1-2f. high, with flowers blue and white.
Innocence. Coutrn’sta. 5
k Leaves serr. Sts. square: Palate of lower lip prominent. Monkey-fl. Mim’uLus. 6
k Leaves many-cleft into fine divisions: W. Conobea. Cono’BEA,
k Leaves entire. Corolla protracted*into a spur behind. Toad-flax. Lina’/ria. 2
k Leaves entire. Cor. not spurred. Small, obscure weeds. W. M.S. Herpss’tis.
m Fils. yellow, in a terminal, one-sided spike. Yellow-rattle. RuInaNn’/THUS.
m Fls. white, small, in a term. one-sided spike. Mts. Hye-bright. Eupura/sta.
m F's. yellowish, axil., or in a leafy, equal spike. Cow-wheat. MreLam’pyruM.

_ n Sterile filament shorter than the rest, smooth. Snake-head. CHELO/NE. 7
n Sterile filament long, projecting, bearded. Beard-tongue. PENTSTE’MON.
n Sterile tilament a scale on the brown corolla. Figwort. SCROPHULA/RIA.

o Corolla purple, in along, slender spike. Leaves lance-ovate.
Blue-hearts. BucHne’RA.
o Cor. purp. or rose-white, axillary. Lvs. narrow-lin., entire. GuRaR’p1s. 8
o Corolla yellow, and 5- foned as well as the calyx.. -
p Stamens scarcely longer than the tube of the corolla....q
p Stamens long-projecting, with very large anthers. S. MAcRAN’THERA.
q Stamens quite unequal in length. Sepals very short. Dasys’Toma. 9
q Stamens about equal in-length, anths. all perfect. Sep. long.W. SEyMrE/RIA.

1. VERBAS/CUM. - Mullein.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, slightly irregular. Stamens
5, all perfect, filaments woolly, at least the three upper ones. Pod round-
ish egg-shaped, 2-valved, many-seeded.—Mostly ® herbs. Flowers in
spikes, or panicles, or racemes. Leaves alternate. June-August.

1 V. Thap’sus. Commoyn M. Tall, woolly. Leaves decurrent. Flowers spiked, 2
filaments smooth.

2 V. Blatta’ria. Moth M. Branched, smooth. Leaves serrate. Flowers racemed.
Filaments violet-woolly.

3 V. Lychnitis. White M. White-downy, branched. Leaves crenate. Flowers
panicled. Filaments white-woolly.

2. LINA’RIA. Toad-flax.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate with the throat closed by the prom-
inent palate, upper lip reflexed, lower 38- cleft, tube inflated and spurred
behind. Pod 2-celled, bursting below the top.—Herbs with the lower
leaves generally opposite, the upper alternate. Flowers solitary, axillary,
often forming leafy racemes. - June—September.

1 L. vulga/ris. Butter and Eggs. Leaves lance-linear. Flowers large, yellow and
orange, inaclose raceme. Erect.

ales

a
ee
- =

250 THE FLORA.

2 L. Canaden’se. Canada T. Leaves linear, obtuse. Flowers small, blue, loosely
racemed. Stem erect.

8 L. Elat/ine. Pointed T. Leaves ovate-hastate. Flowers small, yellow, and pur-

ples Stem prostrate.

8. GRATI/OLA. Hedge-hyssop.

Calyx nearly equally 5-parted. Corolla upper ‘lip entire or slightly
2-cleft, lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, mostly with 3 sterile filaments.
Pod 2-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.—Low herbs with opposite leaves.
Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, usually with 2 bracts near the calyx.
June-August.

§ Flowers on peduncles. Plants weak, smooth, or viscid....a
§ Flowers sessile or nearly so. Plants rigid, bristly-hairy. S....8, 9
a Sterile filaments thread-like, tipped with a small head....b
a Sterile filaments none, or very minute and pointed....5-7 ©
b Leaves entire or nearly so. Plants smooth....1, 2
b Leaves toothed. Plants generally viscid-downy. Flowers white....8, 4
1 G. officina’lis. Oficinal H. Stem erect. Leaves clasping. Fls. whitish. S.
2 G.au’rea. Golden H. Stem ascending, branched. Leaves sessile. Flowers
yellow, showy.
8 G. visco’sa. Viscid H. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Sepals and bracts lanceolate. - S.
4 G.ramo’sa, Branching H. Lvs. linear-lance. Bracts minute. Sepals linear. S.
5 G. spherocar’pa. Hoynd-fruited H. Peduncles not longer than calyx. Pod
globular. W. [calyx. S.
6 G. Florida’na. Florida H. Peduncles long. Corolla four times longer than the
7 G. Virginia’na. Virginian H. Peduncles long. Cor. twice longer than calyx.
8 G. pilo’sa. Hairy H. Leaves ovate, toothed. Corolla scarce longer than calyx. S.
9 G. subula’ta. Awl-ly. H. Leaves narrow, entire. Cor. thrice longer than calyx. 8.

.

4, VERONICA. Speedwell.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla with a wheel-shaped, spreading, 4-cleft bor-
der, the lower segment smallest. Stamens 2, inserted into the tube, pro-
jecting. Sterile filaments 0. Pod flattened, mostly obtuse or notched at
the apex, 2-celled, few or many-seeded.—Mostly herbs, with opposite
leaves. Flowers small, solitary, axillary, or racemed, blue, flesh-color, or
white. March—September.

§ -Erect, tall (14-4f.). Flowers in dense terminal spikes....1, 2

§ Low, weak (3-12’). Leaves opposite. Corolla.tube very short....a
a Racemes mostly opposite, from the axils of the leaves, sky-blue....3, 4
a Racemes mostly alternate, from the axils of the leaves, light-colored....5, 6
a Racemes terminal, or the flowers axillary and not racemed....b

OrvER 86.—FIGWORTS. _ 251

b Floral leaves like the rest, not longer
than the recurved peduncles....7-9
b Floral leaves bract-like, longer than the
erect flower-stalks....¢
c Perennial. Flower-stalks equalling or
exceeding the calyx....10, 11.
c Annual, Flower-stalks shorter than
the calyx, or none....12, 13
1 V. Virginia’na. Culver’s Physic. Leaves i
whorled. Corolla tube longer than limb.
2 V. spica’ta. Spike-flowered S. Leaves op- Z
posite. Corolla limb longer than tube. + WSS

8 V. Anagal’lis. Water S. Leaves ses- \
sile, cordate-clasping, ovate-lance.

4 V. America/na. Brooklime. Leaves \
petiolate, oblong-ovate, base round- oun
ish or cordate.

5 V. scutella’ta. Marsh S. Leaves linear. Mee,
Racemes very slender, few-flowered. (ff S=aS SS

6 V. officina/lis. Common S. Lvs. obovate- 515 COS
elliptical, finely serrate. Racemes dense.

7 V. Buxbaum/ii. Buxbaum’s S. Lvs. folia), whole plant. Fig. 576. Plan of the
roundish-ovate. Pod triangular-ob- ‘ower; 0, is the 2-celled ovary; s, the 2
cordate. Fields. E. "stamens; 9, the 4 petals; sp, the 4 sepals.

8 V. agres’tis. Neckweed. Lvs. cordate- Fig. 577. Cross-section of the pod, show-
ovate. Pod roundish, acutely notch- ing its 2 cells, &c.
ed. “Mields, Ei.

9 V. hederefo’lia. Iyy-leaved S. Leaves cordate, roundish, 8-5-lobed. Capsule
4-seeded. M. Rare. [than long. ¢.

10 V. serpyllifo’lia. Thyme-leaved S. Flower-stalks longer than calyx. Pod broader
11 V. alpi’na. Alpine S. Fl.-stalks as long as the calyx. Pod obov. Hairy. White Mts.

12 V. peregri/na. Purslane S. Smoothish. Leaves petidlate, oblong, few-

toothed, fleshy. .

18 V. arven/sis. -Corn S. Hairy. Lower leaves ovate, crenate, petiolate; upper

lanceolate, sessile, entire. Stem 2-6’ high. In fields. Common.

Fig. 515. Speedwell ( Veronica serpylli-

5. COLLIN’SIA. Innocence.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped, throat closed, upper lip bifid, lower lip
trifid, with the middle segment keel-like, holding the style and 4 stamens
in a kind of sack. Capsule roundish.— Annual herbs.

1 C.verna. Karly Collinsia, or Innocence. Corolla 2 or 8 times longer than the calyx.

Plant 8 to 18’ high, tender and delicate. Leaves lance-ovate, dentate, opposite.
Flowers variegated with blue and white, singular and pretty. M. W.

952 THE FLORA.

2 C. parviflo’ra. Small-flowered J. Corolla scarcely longer
than the ealyx, blue. Plant small. N.-W.

6. MIM’ULUS. Monkey-flower. i,
Calyx prismatic, 5-angled and 5-toothed. Co- ae

%

rolla tubular, upper lip reflexed or erect, 2-lobed, =

lower lip spreading, with a prominent palate, (G@2~7Zya \

8-lobed. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded.— Herbs YA!) SISZ

prostrate or erect, with square stems, opposite ; ZA(% NV aN
- leaves, and axillary solitary flowers. July. MR IS

* Species from California, cultivated in gardens....3, 4 i
* Species growing wild, in fields, road-sides, &c. Fils.
Gine.-..1, 2 men

1 M.rin’gens. Ringent M. Stem not atall winged. jg. 578. Collinsia verna.
Leaves sessile. Peduncles longer than the %g.579. Section ofa flower,
flower. ¢. full size.

2 M.ala’tus. Wing-stem M. Stem slightly winged. Leaves petiolate. Pedun-
cles shorter than the calyx.

8 M.lu’tea. Yellow M. Flowers yellow, often spotted. Leaves round-ovate. t+
4 M. cardina’lis, Cardinal M. FIs. scarlet, large and brilliant. Leaves ovate. +

8 CHELO’NE. Turtle-head.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, or the sepals distinct. Corolla inflated, upper lip
broad, concave, lower 3-!obed, bearded in the throat. Stamens 4, woolly,
with a 5th sterile filament shorter than the others. Seeds many, broadly —
wing-margined.— 2 Plants about 2f. erect, with opposite serrate leaves.
Aug.—Sept.

1 C. purpu’rea. Purple T. Leaves lanceolate, petiolate. Flowers purple. Probably
a variety of the next. W. M.

2 C.gla’bra. White T. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or nearly so. Flowers white or
purplish. By brooks and wet places.
8 C. Lyo’ni. Lyon’s T. Lvs. ovate, petiolate, rarely cordate. Fls. purple or white. S.

8. GERAR’DIA. Purple Gerardia.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, valvate in the bud. Corolla tubular,
swelling above, with 5 unequal, spreading lobes, which are shorter than
the tube. Stamens 4, quite unequal by pairs, included, hairy.. Pod ovate,
pointed, many-seeded.—® Erect and branching herbs, with opposite,
slender leaves, and large, showy, purple or rose-colored flowers. July—Sept.

=i

; ORDER 86.—FIGWORTS. 253

§ Calyx segments longer than its tube. Two anthers very small. W. (Omitted.)
§ Calyx segments short, equal. Anthers all equal....a
a Corolla bi-labiate, upper lip very short, erect. 8. (Omitted.)
a Corolla lobes subequal, all spreading ; throat usually hairy....b
b Leaves almost none; opposite scales instead. S. (Omitted.)
b Leaves all alternate, filiform. S. (Omitted.)
b Leaves opposite....¢
ec Peduncles not longer than the calyx. Leaves linear....1, 2
c Peduncles much longer than the calyx. Leaves linear, long....d
d Flowers large, about 9’” long....3, 4
d Flowers small, about 6’” long....5, 6
1 G. mariti’ma. Sea-side G. Leaves linear, fleshy. Fis. small, their stalks scarce
as long as the truncate calyx. Cor. upper lobes fringed. Salt marshes. E.
2G. purpu’rea. Purple G. Leaves linear. Peduncles shorter than the calyx, which
is a truncate tube with setaceously acute teeth. Flowers 1’ long. Common.
8 G. as’pera. Rough-lv. G. Pedune. twice longer than calyx, which has teeth. W.
4 G. linifo’lia. Flax G. Peduncles many times longer than the toothless calyx. S.
5 G. tenuifo’lia. Slender G. Leaves linear, 1’ long. Peduncle 1’, longer than the
corolla, which is purple, with spots inside. Slender, branched, 6-12’ high: c.
6 G. seta’cea. Bristle-lv. G. Leaves linear-setaceous, the floral ones much shorter
than the very long peduncles. Plant 12-18’ high. Flowers rose-color. W.

9. DASYS’TOMA. ‘Woolmouth.

The characters are the same as in Grrarpia, except that the calyx is

' 5-cleft, and imbricated in the early bud; the corolla yellow, with tube

longer than the lobes, and woolly inside; the leaves rather large, and
mostly pinnatifid, and the root 2. Flowers very B® Plants ae
high. July—Sept. (Figs. 565-568.)

§ Sepals finely toothed. Leaves all pinnatifid, with toothed lobes....4, 5
§ Sepals entire. Leaves entire or mostly once pinnatifid-toothed....1
1 Glabrous. Leaves acute at apex, lanceolate in outline....2, 3
1D. flava. Downy W. Downy. Leaves obtuse, entire, except the lower.
Sepals obtuse. Common in woods.
2 D. quercifo’lia. Oak-leaved W. Glaucous. Leaves mostly pinnatifid. Corolla 2/
in length. Calyx segments lance-acuminate, longer than its tube.
8 D. integrifo/lia. Hntire-leaved W. Green. Leaves lanceolate, entire. Stalks
~ shorter than calyx. Flowers 1’long. In woods. Ohio, W.
4 D. pedicula’ria.. Zousewort W. Smoothish or downy, branched. Flower-
stalks longer than calyx. Leaves lance-ovate, twice pinnatifid.
5 D. pectina’ta. Combed W. Wery hairy. Leaves lanceolate, pectinate-pinnat-
ifid. Stalks shorter than calyx.

.

254 | THE FLORA.

Ozer LXXXIX. LABIATH Labiate Plants.

Herbs with square stems, and opposite, aromatic leaves ;

flowers axillary, in verticils, sometimes as if in spikes or heads;

corolla labiate (rarely regular), the upper lip 2-cleft or entire, overlapping
in the bud the lower 3-cleft lip; stamens 4, didynamous, or 2;

ovary deeply 4-lobed, forming in fruit 4 hard nuts or achenia. =

. Fig.580. Monarda didyma. 1. An anther enlarged. 2. Flower of Hemp Nettle (@aleop-
sis). 3. One of its stamens much enlarged. 4. The calyx opened, showing the 4 achenia.
5. Flower of Sage (Salvia). 6. Flower of Ocimum basilicum. 7. Flower of Nepeta Glechoma,
8. A pair of the anthers forming a cross. 9. Flower of Physostegia Virginica seen from beneath.
Fig. 590. One of its stamens. 1. Its ovaries with the rudimentary filament. 2. Flower of Teu-
crium Canadense. 3. Flower of Catnep (Wepeta Cataria). 4. One of its anthers. 09. Dittany
(Cunila Mariana). 6. A calyx and style. r

ue

a”

ORDER 89.—LABIATE PLANTS. 255

SL

| ee

Analysis of the Genera.

a Ane ar

— ———

Ԥ Flowers with only 2 perfect stamens....7
§ Flowers with the 4 perfect stamens all declining to the lower lip....a »
§ Flowers with the 4 perfect stamens erect or ascending to the upper lip... .2
2 Stamens of equal length. Corolla almost regular, 4 or 5-lobed....¢
2 Sta., the upper pair longer than the lower (outer). Calyx 13-15-veined....k
2 Stamens, the lower pair longer than the upper (interior) pair....8
8 Stamens diverging apart, mostly straight and exserted....6
8 Stamens parallel, ascending and long-exserted from the upper side....b
8 Stamens parallel, ascending in pairs beneath the upper lip....4
4 Calyx 18-veined, 5-toothed, and somewhat 2-lipped....g
4 Calyx 5-10-veined or irregularly netted... 5
5°Calyx strongly 2-lipped, upper lip truncate, closed in fruit....m
5 Calyx not labiate, 3 or 4-lobed, open in fruit....n
5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth not spinescent....0 ~
5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth ending in sharp spines....q
5 Calyx unequally 8-10-toothed....s
6 Calyx hairy in the throat, mostly labiate....f
6 Calyxenaked in the throat, mostly equal, 5-toothed....e
7 Stamens ascending beneath the galea (upper Jip). Anthers 1-celled....h
7 Stamens exserted, distant. Anthers 2-celled....d }
a Corélla upper lip 4-lobed, lower entire, flattish. + Sweet Basil. O’cymum.
a Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower saccate, deflexed. S. Hyptis. Hyrtis,
a Corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, long, lilac. + Zavender. Lavan’pu.a.
b Stamens exserted through a fissure in the tube. Blue Curls. TRicHos’TEMA.
b Stamens very long, involute, arching the corolla. Germander. Trv’crium.
ce Corolla limb equally 5-lobed. Stamens short. Blue-false-Gentian. Isan’tHvs.
c Corolla limb 4-lobed, the broadest lobe notched. Peppermint, &c. Mentua. 1
d Cor. nearly reg., 4-cleft. Calyxnakedin throat. Water Hoarhound. Lyc’orus. 2
d Corolla labiate, eyanic, throat naked. Stam. straight. Diéttany. Cunt’ta. 8
d Cor. labiate, cyanic, throat naked. Stam. ascend. Pennyroyal. HEevE’oma.
d Corolla labiate, yellow, throat hairy. Stamens
long-exserted. Horse-balm. CoLuinso’Nnia,.
e Fls. yel. Coarse herbs not fragrant, with large lvs.
e Fis. bright blue. Handsomeherbs. Calyx 15-veined. + Hyssop. Hys’sopvus.
e Fils. pale blue, in dense hds, Calyx 10 or138-striate. Wild Basil. Pronan’THEMUM.
e Fls. pink-colored, axillary. fivs. linear, small. + Summer Savory. SATuRE/IJA.
f Corolla exserted, pink-color, racemed. Leaves linear, smooth. Stem If. 8S.
: _ Dicrran’pra.
f Corolla short as calyx, pale-purple. Bracts roundish, colored.
Marjoram. Orie’anum,
f Corolla short as calyx, blue-purp. Bracts minute, green. Thyme. Tuymus.

—

256 THE FLORA.
'

g Cor. tube straight. Lvs. small, subcrenate or entire. Calaminth. Cauamin’/tHA. 4

g Corolla tube curved upwards. Leaves large, coarse-crenate. Balm. MELIs’sa.

h Anthers halved, the halves widely separated, each 1-celled. Sage. Sau’v1a. 5

h Anthers halved, one half present, 1-celled. Filaments toothed. Shrub. +
Rosemary. RosMARiI’/NUS.

h Anthers whole, 2-celled. Calyx subsequally 5-toothed.

Mountain Mint. Monar’pa. 6

h Anthers whole, 2-celled.. Calyx labiate, teeth bristle-shaped. Biepni’ta.
k. Leaves serrate. Stamens diverging. Fls. spiked. Tall Hyssop. LopHan’tuts.
k Lvs. serrate. Stam. all ascend. F's. capitate. Dragonhead. DRracocEPH’aLuM.
k Lvs. crenate, cordate or reniform. Corolla smooth inside. Catmint. Nep’eta. 7
k Leaves crenate, cordate. Corolla tube very broad, hairy inside. CepRoNEL’La.
m Calyx lips toothed. Filam. forked. Fils. spiked. Self-heal. Brunen’ua. 8
m Calyx lips entire, the upper appendaged on back. Skullcap. ScuTELLA’RIA. 9
n Calyx 8-lobed. Anthers all distinct. Corolla large, purplish. S. Macsrr’pEa.
n Calyx 4-lobed. Anthers, upper pair, connate. White. W. Synan’pRA.10
o Cer..tube inflated in the midst, whitish. Tall. Zion’s-heart. Puysost®’eta.11
o Cor. tube inflated at the throat, purple. Lvs. roundish. Henbdit. Lami’um.
o Corolla inflated in the broad concave upper lip. Jerusalem Sage. PHLoMIS. .
o Corolla not inflated, short....p ; PB Se
p Calyx salver-form, 10-veined. - Black Hoarhound. Batwo’ta.
p Calyx broad-campanulate, netted. Molucca Balm. Mouuvccey’xa.
q Lvs. serrate. Anth. open crosswise. Nuts truncate. Hemp Wetile. GALEop’SIs.
q Leaves serrate. Anth. openlengthwise. Nuts obtuse. Hedge Nettle. Stacwys.

q Leaves lobed., Nuts truncate at top, 3-angled. ' Motherwort, Lronw’rvs,
s Cor. white, upper lip flattish. Style equally bifid. Avarhound. Marrv’Brum.
s Corolla white, upper lip coneave. Style unequally bifid. S. LEvoas.

s Corolla scarlet, exserted. Calyx upper tooth longest. Lion’s-ears. LEono/tis.

1. MEN’THA. Mint

Calyx equally 5-toothed. Corolla nearly regular, tube included in the
calyx, border 6-cleft, the upper lobe. mostly notched. Stamens 4, equal,
straight, erect, distant.— Aromatic herbs, with the pale purple or white
flowers in close axillary clusters, or forming spikes.

* Whorls of flowers remote, axillary, not in spikes. Leaves petiolate....1, 2
* Whorls of flowers approximate, forming terminal spikes....3, 4

1 M. Canaden/sis. Wild Mint. Plant grayish, fragrant. Lvs. acute at each end.
2 M, arven’sis. Field MU. Plant green, ill-scented. Lvs. frequently obtuse at base.

3 M. piperi’ta. Peppermint, Leaves petiolate, ovate, serrate, smooth. Spikes

few, thick, short. Stems 2-3f. high.
4 M. vir’idis. Spearmint. Leaves sessile, lance-oblong, acute, serrate. Spikes
many, slender, long. Stems 1-2f. high.

ORDER 89,—LABIATE PLANTS. _ 257

| ye
|

2. LYC’OPUS. | Water Hoarhound.

Calyx tubular, 4-5-cleft. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft, tube as long
| _as the calyx, stamens 2, distant, diverging the length of the straight style.
_« —2{ Low herbs, with deeply toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and remote
| axillary whorls of small, whitish flowers. July, Aug.

L, Virgin’icus. Stem obtuse-angled. Leaves sharp-toothed. Calyx 4-cleft, blunt.
| L. Europe’us. Stem sharp-angled. Leaves sinuate-toothed. Calyx 5-cleft, spiny.

8. CUNI’LA. Dittany. (Figs. 595, 596.)

| C. Maria’na. Maryland D. Stem branched, 1-2f. high. Leaves ovate, serrate,

. nearly sessile. Cymes axillary and terminal, corymbous, stalked. Corolla
nearly twice as long as the calyx, pale-red. In rocky woods. N. Y. to Ga.
Summer.

|
i
| ‘ 4, CALAMIN’THA. Calaminth.

- Calyx 13-veined, tubular, throat mostly hairy, upper lip 3-cleft, lower
2-cleft. Corolla tube straight, exserted, throat enlarged, upper lip erect,
; subcutive, lower lip spreading, its middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, lower’
pair longer.— 21 rahe:

a SS. ee ee

|

| 1 C. Clinopo’dium. Wild Basil. Herb hairy, 1-2f. high. Leaves ovate, subserrate.
Flowers many, in dense, axillary whorls, with subulate bracts. Calyx bent.

| 2 C.Nep’eta. False Catmint. Herb hairy, 2f., much branched below. Luvs. broad-

ovate, petiolate. Whorls few-flowered above. Calyx straight. Hills. Va.

3 ©. glabel/la. False Pennyroyal. Herb smooth, half erect, 6-12’, branched. Lvs.

oblong, those of the runners ovate. Cor. pale-violet. Fragrant. June. M.

| 4 C.canes’cens, Hoary C. Shrub10’ high. Lvs. linear. Fls. opposite, roseate. S.

| 5 C.coccin’ea, Scarlet C. Shrub with narrow obovate leaves, large scarlet fils. S.

| - 6, Carolinia’na. Carolina C. Shrublf. Leaves ovate, serrate-crenate. Flowers

| rose-purple. §&,

|

' 5. SAL'VIA. Sage.

| Calyx striate, labiate, throat not hairy. Corolla ringent, upper lip
| straight or Besta dowel spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 2. The connectile
is placed transversely on the filament like the letter T, bearing at each
7 end 1 lobe of the halved anther. (See Figs. 585, 176.)

| § Herbs native, in woods, &c....a

;
|
; § Herbs or shrubs in gardens, with blue flowers....7, 8
§ Shrubs from Mexico, cultivated, with large scarlet flowers....9, 10

258 , THE FLORA.

a Calyx slightly 2-lipped, obscurely 3-toothed, equal. South....1-3
a Calyx deeply 2-lipped, 5-toothed, lower lip longer....4-6
1 S.azu’rea. Azure S. Leaves linear-oblong. Fls. downy, azure-blue. Summer.
2 S. urticifo’lia. Veitle-lv. S. Lvs. rhombic-ovate. Corolla smooth, blue. May.
8 S. coccin’ea. Scarlet S. Lvs. ovate, cordate, hoary. Corolla red,smooth. July.
4S. Clayto’ni. Clayton's S. Lvs. lanceolate, pinnatifid, cauline. Fis. small. S.
5 S. obova’ta. ‘ Obovate S. Lvs. broadly obovate, entire. Flowers blue. S.
6 S. lyra’ta. Irate S.- Leaves all radical, oblong, lyrate, erose-dentate, 1 or 2
on the scape, bract-like. Fils. 1’ long, violet-purple. M.S. Spring.
7 S.Scla’rea. Clarry S. Lvs. ample, broad-ovate. Corolla upper lip large, high-
arched. + (Fig. 585.)
8 S. officina’lis. Common S. Lvs. not large, lance-oblong, rugous. Corolla upper —
lip scarce longer than the lower, some vaulted. Shrubby.
9 S.ful’gens. Stem weak. Lvs. lance-ovate, long-stalked. Calyx scarcely colored.
10 S.splen’dens. Stem erect. Leaves broad-ovate, stalked. Calyx scarlet also.

6. MONAR'‘DA. Mountain-mint. ww

Calyx tubular, lengthened, 15-ribbed, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla
tubular, long, the lips linear or oblong, lower reflexed, 3-lobed, upper
. erect, entire, involving the filaments. Stamens 2, with rudiments of more.
—Erect, fragrant herbs, with rather large flowers in bracted whorls or
heads, the bracts generally tinged with the color of the flowers. July—
Sept. (Figs. 580, 581.)

§ Calyx densely hairy in the throat. Corolla purple or whitish....1, 2
§ Calyx naked inthe throat. Corolla scarlet or yellow....3, 4 .
1 M. fistulo’sa. Wild Bergamot. Stem acutely angular, 24f. Leaves lance-
ovate, petiolate. Heads of flowers large, dense, terminal. }. p.w. M. W.
2 M. Bradburia’na. Bradbury's M. Stem simple, 3f. Leaves lance-oblong,
subsessile, hairy both sides. Heads few, large, purple. W.
8 M. puncta’ta.. Horsemint. Stem branched, 2-3f. high. Leaves lance-oblong,
tapering to a petiole. Bracts longer than the pale yellow flowers. M. W. 8.
4 M. did’yma. Mountain Balm. Stem branched, 2-3f. Leaves broad-ovate, acu-
minate. Heads large, with long crimson flowers and bracts. ft

7. NEP'ETA. Catmint.

Calyx striate, obliquely 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla comet or
2-cleft, lower Bloke: middle lobe largest, throat naked and widened.
Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip.—2¢ Lys. crenate.(Figs. 587, 588.)

1 N. Cata’ria. Catnep. Tall. Cymes dense, terminal spikes. Leaves cordate.
2 N.Glecho’ma. Gill. Trailing. Cymes loose, axillary. Leaves round-reniform.

——— ———
Se Se aes

——————

|
i

ORDER 89.—LARIATE PLANTS. — 259

. 8. BRUNEL’LA. Blue-curls.

B. vulga’ris. Common B. Stem simple, ascending 8-18’. Leaves oblong-ovate,
stalked, toothed. Whorls close together, forming an oblong, dense spike.
- Corolla blue, upper lip truncate, with 3 awns. .

* 9, SCUTELLA'RIA. Skullcap.

Calyx -campanulate, lips entire, with an appendage on the back and
closed after flowering. Corolla with a long, ascending tube, the upper lip
vaulted, nearly entire, middle ‘lobe of the lower lip wide, spreading. Sta-
mens approximate in pairs, ascending beneath upperlip.—Bitter herbs, not
aromatic. Flowers generally blue. May—August. .«

§ Flowers large (7-18’’ long), raeemed above, with bracts....a

§ Flowers large or small, opposite, solitary in the axils of the leaves....8-10

§ Flowers small (3’” long), in slender, axillary, 1-sided racemes....11

a Bracts ovate, abrupt at base. Lips of the corolla short....1, 2

a Bracts lance-oblong, acute at base. Leaves notched, petiolate....b

a Bracts leaf-like, longer than the calyx. Leaves entire, subsessile....7
b Helmet (upper lip) of the corolla longer than the lower....3, 4
b Helmet of the corolla not longer than the lip....5, 6

1 8S. versic’olor. Variegated S. Floral leaves sessile, broad-ovate, not cordate.
Corolla lower lip scarcely longer than the upper, blue above. M. W.

2 S. saxati/lis. Rock S. Weak, branched, ascending. Upper leaves oval, obtuse.
Corolla lower lip twice longer than the upper, blue above, tube pale. Rocks.
ba

8 S. eanes’cens. Hoary S. Tall, downy. Leaves petiolate, oblong or ovate.
Flowers canescent, tube gradually enlarged. M. W. ec.
4 §, villo’sa. Woolly S. Stem woolly. Corolla tube slender, enlarged only at
the throat. Helmet much larger than the lip. S.
5 S. serra’ta. Saw-lf. S. Nearly smooth. Leaves acuminate, both ends. W.S.

6 S. pilo’sa. Hairy S. Plant hairy. Leaves rhomb.-ovate, obtuse. M.S.

7 S. integrifo’lia. Lntire-leaved S: . Erect. Leaves ovate-lance., entire, sub-
sessile. M. |

8 S.nervo’sa. Werve-lf. S. Lvs. broad-ovate, 3-5-veined. Stem 8-15’. M. W

9 S.par’vula. Pigmy S. Lvs. oblong, ovate, obtuse, entire, sessile. Stem 3-6’. M. W.
10 S. galericula’ta. Commons, Leaves lance-cordate, crenate-serrate. Flowers 1’
~ long. ¢. ;
11 S. laterifio’ra. Mad-dog S. Branching, smoothish. Lvs. ovate-lanceo late,
acuminate, serrate, petiolate. Racemes lateral, leafy. . |

;

260 : THE FLORA.

10. SYNAN’DRA. Synandra.

Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lips of corolla entire, vaulted,
the lower in 8 unequal, obtuse lobes. Throat widened.
Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip, the two up-_
per anthers cohering. (Figs. 597, 90.)

1 S. grandiflo’ra. Great-flowered S. Grows in woods, West.

6-8’ high. Leaves opposite, ovate, cordate, toothed. Fls.
few, 1’ long, upper lip very large. June.

11. PHYSOSTE’GIA. Lion’s-heart.

P, Virginia’nii. Virginian LZ. Stem square, erect 2-8f., with
very smooth, sessile leaves in four rows, and a terminal,
4-rowed spike of large, showy, purplish-white flowers.
Aug., Sept. (Figs. 589-591.) ,

Orpen XC. BORRAGINACEZ. Borrageworts.

SQ i /
t Ta cas ,
Ae ihe - ahve
a ies
A oe
ic

il

Fig. 598. Borrage (Borrago officinalis). 9. The four nuts with the style gnd calyx. Fig. 600. aa k
One of the nuts cut open, showing the seed, embryo, &c. 1. Puccoon (Lithospermum canes-
cens), 2. Corolla laid open, showing the stamens. 38. Pistil of Comfrey, consisting of the deeply
4-lobed ovary with the slender style arising from between the lobes and near their base.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with round stems and branches ;
leaves alternate, generally rough with stiff hairs; stipules none ;

ORDER 90.—BORRAGEWORTS. ae

flowers seldom yellow, generally in a coiled (circinate) inflorescence:
sepals 5; petals 5, united below, almost always regular;

stamens 5; ovary deeply 4-lobed, forming in fruit 4 separate, 1-seeded

nuts or nutlets, generally without albumen.

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Ovary not 4-lobed, but separating when ripe into seyeral achenia....a
§ Ovary 4-lobed or parted, becoming 4 achenia around the style....2
2 Corolla irregular, with unequal lobes or a bent tube....b
2.Corolla perfectly regular....3
3 Achenia or ovary prickly. forolla throat closed with 5 scales....f
8 Achenia and ovary not prickly....4
4 Corolla throat closed by 5 scales....¢
4 Corolla throat open, no scales, sometimes 5 ridges....d
a Corolla tube with open threat. Achenia4. Heliotrope. Turnsol. HELIoTRO’PIuM. 1
a Corolla tube with constricted throat. Achenia2. False Helio. HELIOTROPH’YTUM.
b Corolla irregularly 5-lobed. Throatopen. Blue. Viper’s Bugloss. Ecu’1um.
b Corolla with the slender tube bent, closed. Blue. Bugloss. Lycor’sts.
ce Corolla wheel-form,’ anthers exserted. Blue. Borrage. BorRa’eo.
ce Corolla tubular bell-form. Style exserted. White. Comfrey. SYM’PHYTUM.
d Cor. tubular, with erect, acute lobes. White. Fulse Gromwell. ONosMo’DIUM.
d Corolla lobes rounded, spreading,....e
e and imbricated in the bud. White or yellow. Gromwell. LirHosPER’MuUM. 2
e and imbricated in the bud. Purple or blue, large. MERTEN’SIA. 3
; e and convolute in the bud. Blue or white, small. Myoso/’tis. 4
f Corolla salver-form. Ach. prickly on the edge. Burr-seed. EcHINosPER’MUM.
f Corolla funnel-form. Achenia prickly all over. Hound’s-tongue. Cynoeios’sum. 5

‘

1. HELIOTRO’PIUM. Turnsol. Heliotrope.

Corolla salver-form, lobes shorter than the tube. Anthers sessile. Style
short, terminal. Ovary entire, splitting at length into 4 achenia.—Herbs
or shrubs. Flowers in one-sided, coiled spikes.

1 H. Europe’um. Wild H. Herb downy. Leaves oval, obtuse. Spikes single or
forked. White. S. ‘[obtuse. Blue. W.

2H. curassav’icum. Glaucous H. Herb smooth, glaucous. Lvs. linear-lanceolate,

8 H. Peruvia’num. Common H. Shrubby, whitish-downy. Spikes many, clus-
tered. wp. t

2. LITHOSPER’MUM. Cicarethce Grammell.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, the limb 5-lobed,
throat open, naked or with 5 projections. Stamens included. Achenia

262 ue | THE FLORA.

bony, ovate, smooth or wrinkled, fixed by a flat base—Herbs generally
with thick, reddish roots. Flowers spiked or racemed, with leafy bracts.
May-July. | A. |
§ Flowers white, small....a
§ Flowers yellow, showy. Achenia smooth, polished....5-7
a Achenia roughened with wrinkles....1
a Achenia smooth and polished... .2-4
1 L.arven’se. Wieat- ek Root ©, iy Leaves lance-linear. Plant 12-18” fight
hairy. c. [tube. N. M.
2 L, officina’le. Gromwell. Root 2%. Lys. lanceolate. Calyx equal to corolla
8 L. latifo’lium. Broad-leaved G. Root 2. Leaves lance-ovate, sharply acumi-
nate. Sepals longer than the corolla, spreading in fruit. Stem 1-2f.
4 L. angustifo’lium. Varrow-lv. G. 2 Lvs. linear, stiff, edges some revolute. M. W.
5 L. canes’cens. Puccoon. Soft-velvety, canescent. Lvs. oblong-linear. Tube of
the corolla thrice as long as the very short calyx. Plant 8-12’ erect. W. &c.
6 L.hirtum. Hairy P. Rough-hairy. Lvs. lance-linear. Cor. long’as calyx. W.S.
7 L. longiflo’rum. Long-flowered P. Rough-ashy. Lvs. lance-linear. Corolla tube
four times as long as the calyx, lobes erenulate, wavy. W.S.

3. MERTEN’SIA. Lunegwort.

A short, 5-cleft calyx; a tubular corolla, slender below, suddenly en-
larged-above, limb 5-cleft; the 5 stamens inserted at top of the tube, and
with smooth achenia.—2£ Plants usually smooth, with terminal racemes.
1 M. Virgin’ica. Virginian LZ. Very smooth, 12-18’ high. Root lvs. large, stalked ;

stem lvs. sessile. Fls. somewhat trumpet-shaped, blue-lilac, very fine. sake W.
2M. marit/ima. Sea Z. Smooth, diffuse. Leaves ovate,
fleshy. Corolla limb bate than the fube, which
shows 5 folds in throat, blue-purple. E.
8 M. panicula’ta. Fanicled Z. Rough. Leaves cordate,
acuminate, veiny. Calyx hispid, thrice shorter than
the tube, bell-form, blue-white corolla. N.-W.

4,MYOSO’TIS. Forget-me-not. Scorpion-grass.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, the 5 lobes
slightly notched at the end, throat closed with 5
short, concave scales. Nuts smooth, ovate, with
a small cavity at base.—Little herbs slightly wool-
ly. Racemes finally becoming long. May—Aug.

1 M. palus’tris. True F. Flowers in one-sided racemes. h
Plant smoothish, 6-12’ high. Leaves linear-oblong, Fig. 604. Forget-me-not,—
obtuse. Flowers blue with a yellow centre. ~ & pair of scorpoid cymes,

. ORDER 91.—THE HYDROPHYLLS. 263

2 M.arven’sis. Field F. Fils. in 2-sided, leafless racemes. Plant hairy. Pedicels
twice as long as the open, equal calyx. Lys. oblong-lance., acute. Rare. w.

8 M. stric’ta. Rough F. Flowers in 2-sided racemes, which are leafy at their base.
Pedicels as long as the closed, 2-lipped calyx. Leaves oblong. w.

5. CYNOGLOS’SUM. Hound’s-tongue.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, funnel-form, the throat closed with 5
obtuse scales, lobes rounded. Nuts depressed, covered with short, hooked
prickles, fixed laterally to the base of the style-—Coarse herbs, strong-
scented, with the flowers in leafless, panicled racemes. June, July.
©. officina’le. Common H. Velvety. Stem leafy (1-2f.). Flowers reddish purple.

C. virgin’icum. Stalked H. WUairy. Stem leafless above (2f.). Flowers pale blue.
©. Morriso’ni.. Morrison’s H. Hairy, leafy (2-8f.), wide-spread. Flowers whitish.

Orver XCI. HYDROPHYLLACE. The Hydrophylls.

Mostly herbs with alternate lobed leaves, and regular. bluish flowers ;

' calyx 5-cleft, usually with appendages at the clefts, persistent ;

corolla lobed, often with 10 honey scales or furrows near the base ;
stamens 5, fnneeted into the corolla, with a single bifid style ;

ovary oak. free, 1- celled, with 2 usually projecting several-seeded

Piacente.
Analysis of the Genera.

1 Corolla with 10 honey scales inside, extending lengthwise....2

1 Corolla destitute of honey scales. Stamens equalling corolla. Cosman/’tuus, 2
2 Fis. in coiled cymes, without bracts. Placente large, fleshy. Hypropuy1’tum. 1
2 Flowers in one-sided racemes, bractless. Placente linear. PHAOE’LIA.
2 Flowers (mostly) solitary. Calyx very large. Leaves pinnatifid. ELtis’1A.

1. HYDROPHYL’LUM. Water-leaf.

Sepals slightly united at base. Corolla campanulate, with 10 linear
honey scales running lengthwise, folded inward so as to form 5 grooves.
Stamens exserted. Pod globular, 2-celled, 1-4-seeded, with large, fleshy
placentee.—Handsome herbs, with the root leaves on long petioles, and
the flowers in clustered cymes, bluish or white.

§ Calyx not appendaged. Stamens much exserted....1-~3

§ H. appendicula’/tum. - Appendaged W. Calyx appendaged at the clefts. Stamens
not exserted. W.S.

264 | THE FLORA.

1 H. macrophyl/lum. Great-leaved W. Lvs. pinnately-veined and lobed, rough-
hairy. Peduncles long. W.S.

2 H. Virgin’icum. Virginia W. Leaves pinnately-veined and lobed, smooth.
Peduncles long. e.

8 H. Canaden’se. Canada W. poe palmately-veined dia lobed, smooth.
Peduncles shorter than petals. 7.

Fig. 605. A flower: of Virginian Water-leaf. Fig. 606. The Ovary and “Btyle. Fig. 607. :
Corolla cut open, showing the honey grooves. Fig. 608. A seed, cut, showing the embryo.

2. COSMAN’THUS. Miami Mist.

Corolla broad-campanulate, soon falling off, throat not appendaged,
limb of 5-fringed lobes. Ovary 1-celled, the two projecting placenta
each 2-seeded.—@ Delicate herbs with ieee leaves, long, bractless
racemes, and small, white or pale-blue-flowers.

1 C, Pur’shii. Pursh’s M. Nearly smooth. Leaves pectinately pinnatifid, lobes
oblong-acute. Sepals lance-linear. Height 8-12’. Penn., S. and W. Pale blue.

2 C. fimbria’tus. Fringed C. Downy. Leaves pinnate, segments rounded or ob-
long, obtuse. Sepals obtuse, oblong-spatulate. Mts. Tenn. 8.

Orver XCII POLEMONIACES. Phloxworts.

Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves, and regular, showy, 5-parted

flowers ; calyx free from the ovary ;

corolla of 5 united petals, twisted and imbricate in the bud ;

stamens 5, inserted into the midst of the corolla tube and alternate with
its lobes ;

ovary 8-celled; styles united into 1; stigma 3-cleft;

capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with few or many albuminous seeds,

ORDER 92.—PHLOXWORTS. 7 265

Analysis of the Genera.

Corolla salver-form. Filaments unequal. Leaves simple. Phlox. Putox. 1
Corolla funnel-form. Filaments equal. Leaves dissected. Gilia. Gi’LIA,
Corolla bell-form. Filaments equal. Leaves pinnate. Polemony. Potemo’nium. 2

1. PHLOX. lLychnidea.

Calyx angular, deeply 5-cleft, corolla salver-form,
the tube more or less curved. Stamens quite unequal,
inserted in the tube of the corolla above the middle.
Capsule 38-celled, cells ‘l-seeded. — Very beautiful
North American herbs. Leaves generally opposite,
sessile, simple, entire. Flowers varying from putr-
_ple to white. <April—July. :

. Fig. 609. Flower of
* Lobes of the corolla rounded and entire at the end....10-12 of # Phlox.
* Lobes of the corolla notched or bifid at the end....a ;
a Panicle of cymes oblong or pyramidal, many-flowered....1, 2
a Panicle of cymes corymbed, level-topped, flowers fewer....b
b Plants glabrous. Calyx teeth shorter than its tube....8, 4
b Plants hairy. Calyx teeth very slender, larger than its tube....¢
c Leaves narrow, linear or nearly so....5, 6
c Leaves broad, ovate, lanceolate, &c....7-9 :
1 P. panicula’ta. Panicled L. Garden P, Tall. Leaves lance-ovate, acuminate at
each end. Calyx-teeth bristle-pointed, nearly as long as the tube. W.S. t+
2 P. macula’ta. Spotted Z. Stem purple-spotted. Leaves lance-ovate, upper cor-
date. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, half as long as its tube. Fields. W. S. +
3 P, Caroli’na. Carolina Z. Stem ascending. Leaves lance-ovate. W. S.
4 P, glaber’rima. Polished Z. Stem erect, simple. Leaves lance-linear. W. 8S.
5 P.pilo’sa. Hairy Z. Leaveslance-linear, acute. Calyx segments bristle-subulate,
much lenger than its tube. Stem slender, 1-2f W.S8. p.-w.
6 P.involucra’ta. Cup-ji. Z. Hoary-downy. Lvs. linear oblong, obtusish at each
end, the floral crowded beneath the dense cymes. p.-7. S.
7 P.rep’tans, Oreeping L. Stolons creeping. Stem oblique. Lvs. obovate,
obtuse. W.S. #
8 P. Laphamii, Lapham’s P. Slender, erect. Lvs. ovate, acute, thin. W..
9 P, Drummondii. Drummond’s P. Annual, branched, hairy. Leaves mostly
alternate. Calyx segments revolute. Corolla purple, with astar. S. +
10 P. diwarica’ta. Wild Z. Low, diffuse,downy. Lvs. lance-ovate, acute. Pan-
icle corymbed, loose. Corolla grayish-blue. c. (No. 8, may be the same.)
11 P.bi’fida. Beck's Z. Low, diffusely branched. Lvs. lanceolate, stem-clasping.
12 P. subula’ta. Moss Pink. Prostrate, much branched. Lvs. linear-subulate. It
grows in dense tufts, covered over with rose-colored flowers in May. +
« 12

266 | THE FLORA.

2. POLEMO’NIUM. Polemony.

1 P.ceru’Ieum. Blue P. Greek Valerian. Stem erect, 1-2f. high. Lvs. pinnate,
with 11-17 leaflets. Capsule 12-20-seeded. Sometimes wild. t+

2 P.rep’tans. Creeping P. Stem weak, diffuse. Leaves pinnate, with 7-11 pe
Capsule 4-6-seeded. Woods, common. Light blue.

Onver XCIII. CONVOLVULACES. Bindweeds.

Herbs twining or trailing, with alternate leaves ; flowers showy ;
calyx with 5 much imbricated sepals, persistent; i
corolla regular, 5-lobed or entire, plaited and twisted in the bud;
stamens 5, and style single ; ovary free, becoming in

fruit a pod which is 2—4-celled and 2-6-seeded ;

embryo large and leafy, with thin mucilaginous albumen.

The suborder, CuscuTInE#, consists of small orange- -colored, leafless
plants, living on‘other plants (parasites),

with small flowers, and no cotyledons
CORSBETA, the Dodie

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Ovaries 2, distinct, with 2 distinct ae
§ Ovary 1, open. Be ripe by 2-4 valves. on
2 Gury 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded....3
2 Ovary 3-celled, Sayalyed. needed bi Zb
2 Ovary 4-celled, 4-valved, 4-seeded....a
8 Styles 2, distinct....e |
8 Styles united into 1....4
4 Calyx oe in 2 large bracts....d
4 Calyx naked..

Fig. 610. Entire-leaved Cypress-vine
(Quamoclit coccinea.)

a Stamens exserted. po small (scarce 1’ broad). + CypressVine. Quam’ocuiT. 1
a Stamens included. Corolla large (2’ broad). +t +- Swee Potato. Bata’tas. 2

b Beautiful twining vines. Cor. bell-funnel. + Morning-glory. PHaR’BITIS. 3
ec Stamens included. Stigma capitate. False Bindweed. Tpomam’a. 4
e¢ Stamens included. Stigmas 2, linear. . Bindweed. Convow’ varus. 5
e Stamens exserted. Corolla tube slender. + Good-night. CALYNYC’TION.

d Stigmas 2, obtuse. Corolla bell-form. + Rutland Beauty. Carysrn/ata. 6
e Peduncles longer than the leaves. Soft-downy. Stylisma. STYLIS/MA.

f Capsules 2, each 1-seeded. Plant very small, prostrate. S, Dycnon’pra.

OrpER 93—BINDWEEDS. —_©” 267

: 1. QUAM’OCLIT. Cypress Vine.

1 Q. vulgaris. ZruweC. Leaves pectinate-pinnatifid. Fls. scarlet, crimson, &c. S.
2 Q. coccinea. ntire-lv. C. Lvs. undivided, cordate, acuminate. Crimson. W.S.

2. BATA’TAS. Sweet Potato..

I B. littora/lis. Sea-side B. Peduncle 1-flowered, as long as the sinuate, cordate
leaf. S. .

2 B. macrorhi’za. Wild Potato. Peduncle 1-5-flowered, shorter than the lobed or
entire leaf, which is downy beneath. Flowers purplish-white. S.

8 B.ed’ulis. Sweet Potato. Peduncle 8-5-flowered, shorter than the palmate or
pedate-lobed leaf. Flowers showy, rose-purple. + »

aa

3. PHAR’BITIS. Morning-glory. (Fig. 22.)

1 P. purpu’rea. Common M. Leaves entire, cordate. Peduncle 2-5-flowered. ft
2 P.Nil. Indigo M. Lvs. 8-lobed, cordate. Ped. 1-3-flwd. Sepals long. M.S. ¢

4. IPOMA’A. False Bindweed.

A large genus. Some of its tropical species are shrubs and trees 7 and
are all trailing or climbing herbs, chiefly at the South. We mention but
one species.

I, pan’durata. Wild Potato. Leaves broadly cordate, often fiddle-shaped (panduri-
form). Corolla large (near 3’ long), 4 times longer than the calyx, white, with
a purple centre. Root very large. Sandy fields, West and South.

5. CONVOL’VULUS. Bindweed.

1 OC. arven’sis, Field B. Leaves sagistate. Fils. white, with a tinge of red, small.
2 C.tri’color. Tri-colored B. Leaves lance-obovate. Fls. yellow, white, blue. +

6. CALYSTE’GIA. Bracted Bindweed.

1 C.spithame’us, rect B. Stem-ascending, 8-10’ (a span). Leaves lance-oblong.
Peduncle as long as the leaves, bearing 1 large, white flower. Fields.

2C. Sepium. Rutland Beauty. Stem twining, long. Leaves cordate-sagittate
Flowers numerous, large, white, sometimes double in cultivation.

8 C. Catesbeia’nus, Catesby’s BR. Plant downy, twining. Flowers purple. S.

268 THE FLORA.

Orper XCIV. SOLANACEA. Nightshades.

Fig, 611. A flower of Bitter-sweet (Solanwm Dulcamara). 2. Cross-section of the
berry. 8. A seed cut open, showing the long, curved embryo. Fig. 614. Flower of Petunia. —

Plants herbaceous or shrubby, with alternate leaves; and with
flower-stalks often opposite to the leaves; and.the -
pedicels without bracts; calyx generally persistent, 5-lobed;

corolla 5-lobed, mostly regular, valvate and plaited in the bud;

ovary free, 2-celled (rarely 3 or 4-celled), many-seeded ; i
style and stigma single; fruit a capsule or berry, with many seeds;
embryo curved, lying in fleshy albumen.

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Corolla wheel-shaped, the tube very short. Anthers convergent....a
§ Corolla bell-shaped, the broad tube including the erect anthers....b
§ Corolla funnel-form, tube long, and—(2)

2 The limb somewhat irregular....¢ .

2 The limb perfectly regular....3 sr
3 Stamens exserted....d x
3 Stamens included....e :
a Anthers connate, opening by slits. Berry lobed. § Zomato. LycospER’sicum.
a Anthers connivent, opening by pores. Berry round. Potato. Soua’num. 1 *
a Anthers connivent, opening by pores. Pod angular. Peppers Cap’sicum.

b Corolla bluish. Berry dry, enveloped in the calyx. Apple Peru. Nican’DRA.
b Corolla yellowish. Berry fleshy, inclosed in the calyx. .
- Ground Cherry. Puys’auis,
b Corolla purplish. Berry black, in the open calyx. Belladonna. At’ROPA.
c Stamens exserted, declining. Capsule opening by a lid. Henbane. Hyoscy’amus,
c Stamens included, unequal. Capsule opening by valves. Petunia. Petu’Nta,

~

ORDER 94.—NIGHTSHADES. _ | 269

d Stamens growing to the summit of the tube. Weiremberg. NEmEMBER’GIA.

_ 4d Stamens growing to the bottom of the tube. Matrimony. Lixo’rom.
e Calyx 5-angled. Capsule spiny or smooth. Thorn Apple. Datu’RA.
e Calyx terete. Stigma capitate. Herbs coarse. Tobacco. NicoTia’Na.

e Calyx terete. Stigma 2-lobed. Delicate shrubs. + False Tamarisk, Fapia/Na.

SOLA'NUM. Nightshade.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, limb spreading, tube very short, limb
plaited in the bud, 5-lobed. Anthers erect, slightly united or converging,
each opening at top by 2 pores. Berry globular or depréssed, 2-celled.
—Herbs or shrubs unarmed or prickly. Leaves often 2 togéther, a large
and a small one. Flowers generally lateral. May—July.

§ Plants not prickly. Anthers short, blunt....a
§ Plants prickly. Anthers long, linear, and pointed....b
a Herbs with pinnatifid leaves, shorter than the racemes....1
a Herbs with undivided leaves, longer than the racemes....2-4
a Shrubby plants, erect or climbing. Berries red... .5~7
is b Peduncles exceeding the leaves, many-flowered....8, 9
b Peduncles shorter than the leaves, few-flowered....10,11 *
1 S.tubero’sum. Potato. Segments of the leaves unequal, some very small, Co-
rolla hmb 5-angled. ‘Tubers on the underground branches.
2 S.nig’rum. Dlack Nightshade. Smoothish. Leaves ovate, toothed, and wavy.
Flowers small, white, in lateral umbels. Berries biaete
8 S. nodiflo’rum. <not-flowered N. Quite smooth. Leaves ovate, entire.
Flowers minute, white, the stalk arising froma knot inthe stem. S. +
4S. pyenan’thum. Stem hispid. Leaves ovate-acuminate, wavy. Peduncle 2
or 3-flowered. S.
5 S. Duleama’ra. Bitier-sweet. Stem flexuous, annbines Leaves ovate, cordate,
upper ones lobed or gashed. Flowers purple, in lateral cymes, drooping.
(Fig. 611.)
6 S. Pseudo-cap’sicum. Jerusalem Cherry. A small, handsome, erect shrub, 2-4f. + °
7 S. sempery’rens, vergreen NV. Climbing. Oe thick, cordate, elliptic, oh.
tuse, with a blunt cusp, very smooth and shining. Panicles eet t
8 S. Carolinen’se. Horse Nettle. Leaves angular-lobed. Racemes leafless. w.
9 S. Virginia’num. Virginia NV. Leaves pinnatifid. Racemes leafy. Pale. S.
10 S.mammo’sum. Apple of Sodom. Woolly and prickly. Leaves roundish-ovate,
lobed. Fruit inversely pear-shaped. Flowers violet-golored.
i1 S.esculen’tum. Zyg-plant. Leaves ovate, somewhat sinuate, downy. Flowers
6-9-parted. Fruit egg-shaped, from the size of an egg to a water-melon. t+

270 . THE FLORA.

Ozver XCV._GENTIANACEX. The Gentianworts.

Herbs with opposite, entire, _
smooth /eaves, and showy
regular flowers ;

corolla usually twisted in the
bud, with as many lobes as

stamens, and alternate with
them, mostly persistent
and withering ;

stigmas 1 or 2;

ovary 1-celled, superior, be-
coming a 2-valved

pod with many seeds.

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Leaves opposite or whorled,
; somefimes minute. Corolla
mostly twisted in bud....2
§ Leaves alternate or radical.
Corolla valvate in the bud i Ele
---.d Fig.615. Gentiana Andrewsii. 6. The ealyx and
2 Corolla witha glandularspot capsule. 7. The corolla laid open, showing the folds

on each lobe, aici ae (2-lobed) between the proper petals, and the stamens
with spurs. . atiached at base. 8. Capsule cut across. 9. Seed

2 Corolla 25, Cam glandular, “ested, wh ee
spots or spurs....3
8 Corolla tubular, the tube longer than the limb....a
3 Corolla deeply cleft, mostly wheel-shaped, tube very short... -b °
a Sepals 4 or 5. Corolla fringed, or with folds between lobes. Anthers straight.
: SGenTis’NA. 1
a Sepals4 or5. Anthers spirally twisted. European Centaury. ERYTHR2’ A.
a Sepals 2, leaf-like. Cor. 4-cleft, white or purplish. Pennywort. Ozoxa’pta.
b Leaves very small or mere bracts. Fls.4-parted. Screw-stem. Banto’nta.
b Leafy. Fis. 5-12-parted. Anthers curved. American Centaury. Saspa’tia. 2
e Corolla 4-parted, with 4 spurs beneath at base. Spurred Gentian. Hatx’nta.
c Cor. 4-parted, without spurs. Tall, with whorled leaves. Columbo. Fra’srra.
d Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliate, on long stalks.
Buck-bean. MENyan’THEs.*
d Corolla smooth inside. Leaves simple, fioating.
Floating Heart. Liwnan’THEMUM.

‘

ORDER 95.—THE GENTIANWORTS. 271

1. GENTIA’NA. Gentian.

Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4~5-lobed, regular, usually with plaited folds
between the lobes. Stigmas 2, style short ornone. Pod oblong, 2-valved,
many-seeded.—Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in eymes. Aug.—Oct.

§ Corolla with folded appendages between the 5 lobes. Anthers cohering....b
Corolla with no appendages between the lobes. Anthers separate....a
a Seements of the corolla entire, pale-blue, 5 in number....1
a Segments of the corolla fringed, mostly but 4, bright blue....2, 3
b Flowers solitary, terminal, blue or white....4
b Flowers clustered, yellowish or cream-white....5, 6
b Flowers clustered, blue... .7-9
1 G.quinqueflo’ra. -Five-leaved G. Clusters ahout 5-flowered. Corolla lobes bristle-
pointed. |
2 G.crini’ta. Fringed G. Leaves lanceolate. Corolla conspicuously fringed.
Height 1f.
8 G. det/onsa. Shorn G. Lvs. linear. Corolla lobes crenate-ciliate. Height 1f.
4 G.angustifo’lia. Sand G. Slender, 1f. erect. Lvs. linear. Flowerlarge. 0. orp.
5 G. ochroleu’ca. Pale G. Lvs. lance-oval, narrowed to the sessile base. Corolla
greenish-white, a thirdlonger than the sepals. 8. M.
6 G.alba. Whitish G. Lvs. lance-ovate, clasping with the broad base. Corolla
cream-white, 4 times longer than sepals. W. M.
7 G. Andrew’sii. Closed Blue G. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined. Uorolla never
opening, the lobes equalling the 5 fringed folds. (Figs. 615-619.)

- 8 G. Sapona’ria. Soapwort G. Plant smooth. Leaves rough-edged, linear-lanceo-

late. Corolla open, the lobes twice longer than the cleft folds.
9G. puber’ula. Rough G. Plant scabrous. Lvs. lance-ovate, very rough at edge.
Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, folds very short. W.S.

2. SABBA'TIA. American Centaury. —

Calyx 5-12-parted: Corolla rotate, limb 5-12-parted. Stamens 5-12.
Style 2-parted. Capsule 1-celled—Beautiful biennials, with mostly ro-
seate flowers. }

§ Corolla mostly 9 (rarely 7-12)-parted....1, 2 Bs ;
§ Corolla 5 (rarely 6)-parted....a
a Branches alternate or forked....b
a Branches opposite. Flowers with a central star....c
b Flowers white or nearly white....3, 4

& b Flowers rose-red, with a central star....5, 6

c Flowers white, corymbed....7, 8
¢ Flowers rose-red, paniculate....9, 10

272 THE FLORA. .

1 S. gentianoi’des. Gentian C. Leaves linear, rigid, longer than the internodes.
Flowers 8-10-parted, bright flesh-color, clustered. 8S,
2. chloroi’des. Chlora C. Leaves lanceolate. Branches few, alten: each
bearing at top a solitary, 7-12-parted, bright purple Soba E.
3 S. calyco’sa. Cup C. Calyx leafy, as large as the 5-6-parted corolla. 8.
-4 §. panicula’ta. Punicled C. Sepals linear, half as long as 5-parted cor. S.
5 S. gra’cilis.- Slender C. Leaves ovate to linear. Sepals bristle-form, as long as
the corolla. M.&. ;
6 S. stella’ris, Starry C. Leaves lance-obovate. Sepals linear, much shorter than
corolla. ¢.
7 S. corymbo’sa. Corapmibed C. Leaves lanceolate, 3-veined. Calyx segments
linear, thrice longer than its tube, halfas long as the corolla. N.-J. S.
8 S, macrophyl’la, Leaves 5-veined, cusp- pointed. Sepals shorter _. calyx
tube. S.
9 S. angularis, Angled C. Stem square, with winged angles. Leaves ovate,
clasping, 5-veined. Flowers many, rose-red, the star greenish. Wet. e.
10 8, brachia’ta. Prairie C. Stem square, slender, joints 2-4 times longer than the
sessile, lance-linear leaves. Panicle oblong. Corolla 6-parted, the star
yellow. W.S.

«
”

Orver XCVI. APOCYNACE®. Dogbanes.

Plants with a milky jwice, entire and mostly opposite leaves ;

flowers 5-parted and regular, with the corolla twisted in the bud;
stamens 5, with distinct filaments, anthers sometimes slightly united ;
ovaries 2, distinct, but with their stigmas united at top of the styles;
Jruit 2 follicles containing several or many albuminous seeds.

-

Analysis of the Genera.

* Herbs erect, 2-4f. high, the flowers in cymes....a

* Shrubs twining or trailing, with opposite leaves....b

* Shrubs erect, 3-6f. high, with the leaves in are OF 3.5...
a Cor. bolt sleet whitish. Style none. Sds. silky. Dog’s-bane. Mio ae i
a Corolla funnel-form, bluish. Style 1. Lvs. scattered. -Amson. Amso’NIA.

b Fis. solitary, blue. Throat 5-angled. Lvs. evergreen. + Periwinkle. Vin’oa.

b Flowers ine«ymes, yellow, small. Lys. petiolate. Wet. South. ForsTero’n1A.
c Leaves thick, evergreen. Flowers large, rose-colored. Oleander. Nu’Rium.

APOC’YNUM.’ Dog’s-bane.

Stamens shorter than the corolla, arising from its base, and alternate
with 5 glandular teeth. Anthers arrow-shaped, cohering to the stigmas

" ORDER 97.—ASCLEPIADS. 273

by the middle. Follicles long, slen-
der, separate. Seeds with a tuft of
long, silky down. June-August.

1 A. androsemifo/lium. Tutsan-leaved D.
Corolla rose-white, much longer than
the calyx. Leaves ovate. Plant
smooth, elegant, about 3f. high.

2 A.cannabi’/num. Hemp D. Cor. green-
ish-white, scarce longer than the
calyx. Leaves oblong. . Bark tough
as hemp. <

Fig. 620. Common Dog’s-bane. 1. A flower
of the natural size. 2. The flower cut open,
showing the peculiar stamens. 8. The 2 styles
and stigmas. 4. The plan of the flower. 5. The
2 follicles. 6. A seed with its tuft of silk.

Orper XCVIT. ASCLEPIADACEM. Asclepiads.

Plants (chiefly herds in the United States) with a milky juice ;

leaves opposite (rarely whorled or scattered), entire, without stipules,
Jlowers generally umbeled, 5-parted, regular; sepals and also the
petals united at base, both commonly valvate in the bud;

stamens united into a fleshy mass with the two stigmas;

pollen cohering in masses; ovaries 2, forming follicles in fruit.

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Plants erect. Stamen-mass crowned with 5 little hoods....2
§ Plants twining or prostrate....3
2 Hoods each with a little projecting horn....a
- 2 Hoods destitute of horns....b
3 Flowers dark purple....¢
3 Flowers whitish or flesh-colored....
a Petals reflexed. Hoods erect, horns incurved. Silkgrass. Milkweed. Ascun/ptas. 1

b Petals reflexed. Hoods erect, adnate to the anthers. ACERA’TES.
b Petals spreading, green. Hoods free from the anthers. S. ANAN/THERIX.
b Petals erect, yellowish. Mass of anthers stalked. S. Popostié’MA.’

127

274 THE FLORA.

ec The 5 filaments distinct. Pollen masses 5. N.-Y. PERIPLO’CA.

c Filaments united as well as the stigmas. Pollinia 10. — GonoL’osts.
d Petals spreading. Hoods erect. . Leaves linear. Coast, S. SENTE’RA.
d Petals spreading. Hoods flat, spreading. t Wazx-plant. Hoy’a.

d Petals erect, white. Hoods erect, 2-awned. S.-W. Common. Ensie’nra.

ASCLE’PIAS. Silk-grass. Milkweed.

(We have many species of tHis genus, blooming in the Summer months. Begin-
ners will find them diffienlt to distinguish. We omit them here, referring the reader -

to the Class Book.) | i

»

Orper XCIX. OLEACE. Oliveworts.

Trees and shrubs with opposite leaves, with ~

Jlowers 4-parted, regular, sometimes without petals;

corolla (when present) valvate in the bud; stamens 2, rarely 4;
ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit fleshy or dry.

Analysis of the Genera.
Pate

§ Leaves pinnate. Fruit a dry, winged samara....a
§ Leaves simple. Fruit a dry, 2-celled pod (capsule)....b
§ Leaves simple. Fruit a fleshy drupe or berry....2
2 Corolla present. Stamensincluded. White....c
2s Corolia present. Stamens exserted....d
2 Corollanone. Fruit an oblong drupe....e ;
a Trees with imperfect flowers and odd-pinnate leaves. Ash, FRAX’INUts.

b Corolla salver-form, with short, white or purple lobes. + Lilac. SYRIN’GA.
b Corolla bell-form, with long, yellow lobes. + Forsythia. Forsy’Tata.

e Corolla with long, linear, pendulouslobes. Virginia Fringe-tree. CHIONAN’THUS.
e Cor. with short lobes. Panicle dense. Berries black. Privet. Prim. Liaus’tRUM.

d Style 2-parted. Leaves serrate. Shrubs. t Osmanth. OsMAN’THUS.
d Style simple. Panicles axillary. S- American Olive. OLEA.
d Style simple. Panicles terminal. Trees. + Visian. Vista’Na.

e Flowers very imperfect, dicecious. Shrubs. Wet. W.S. Adelia. Foresti’ERA.

‘SYRIN’GA. Lilac.

1 S. vulga’ris. Common L. Leaves cordate-ovate, enfire. Flowers lilac-purple.
2 S.al’ba. White Lilac. Flowers pure white. Shrub taller. (Variety of No.1.)

8S. Per’sica. Persian [. Leaves lanceolate, entire or cleft. Flowers in looser _

panieles, lilac-blue. Agr. May.

ORDER 101—MARVELWORTS, 275

COHORT III. °
THE APETALOUS EXOGENS.

| Essential Character.—F lowering plants (PH#nocaAmtA),
with their stems growing by additions to the outside and the
wood in circular layers (Exogens), with the seeds inclosed in
seed-vessels (AnaiosPrERMs), and the flowers destitute of petals

(APETALZ).
*

Oxvsr C.—ARISTOLOCHIACEA. Birthworts.

Low herbs or climbing shrubs with alternate leaves, large flowers ;
calyx adhering to.the ovary, valvate in bud, brown or dull colored ;
stamens 6-12, at top of the 6-celled, many-seeded ovary.

«

Analysis of the Genera.
Calyx bell-form, regular, 8-cleft. Stamens12. Herbs with creeping,

underground stems. | Wild Ginger. Asa/Rum, 1
Calyx tubular, bent, irregular. Anthers 6. Shrubby, erect or climbing,
with very odd flowers. Birthwort. ARISTOLO’CHIA.

ASARUM. Wild Ginger.
1 A Canadense. Canada W. Leaves in pairs, broad-reniform, with the single flower
between the petioles scarcely above-ground. May-July. ¢.
2 A. Virginicum. Virginia W. Leafsolitary, round-ovate, cordate, the single flower
much shorter than the petiole. Sepals obtuse. Mts. Va.S. <April.
8 A. arifol’ium. Aruwm-lv. W. Leaf solitary, broadly hastate, with long, angular
lobes at base. Calyx throat contracted, lobes very short. Va. 8. <April.

Orper CIL—NYCTAGINACEA. Marvelworts.

Herbs (shrubs or trees) with swelling joints; entire, opposite leaves ;
flowers surrounded by an involucre (which is, of course, calyx-like when
the flower is solitary):
: calyx often colored like a corolla, tubular or Fasc seie breaking off
above the 1-celled, 1-seeded | ovary. |

276 THE FLORA. — 5 ae 4

. Analysis of the Genera.

Involucre just like a calyx, involving a single, large flower. Calyx fannel-form,

corolla-like, the limb entire. Four-o-clock. Mreap/Iu1s. i
Involucre involving 2-5 small, rose-red flowers. W.S. OxyB/APHUS.
Involucre none, or minute bractlets. Flowers minute. S. BoERHAA’VIA.

MIRABILIS. Marvel-of-Peru. Four-o-clock.

1 M. Jala’pa. Peruvian F. Leaves ovate, subcordate. Fils. stalked, with a large
border, infinite in variety of color, opening about 4 o’clock, p.m. t+

_2 M.dichotoma. Mexican F. Erect, smooth. Calyx with asmall border. t+

3 M. longifio’ra. LZong-fl. F. Diffuse, viscid. Calyx tube downy, very long. + Mex.

*

Orper CII—POLYGONACEA. Knotweeds.

Herbs with alternate leaves, swollen joints, and with

stipules sheathing the stem above the joints ; jlowers racemed, perfect; a
calyz persistent ; sepals 4-6, imbricated, distinct or united at fee :
stamens 4-12; ovary 2 or 3-styled, 1-celled, 1-seeded in fruit.

; . Analysis of the Genera.
* Calyx 4-parted, regular. Stamens 6. Styles 2. Mountain Sorrel. Oxyr’ta.
* Calyx 6-parted. Stamens 9. Sepals all similar. Rhubarb. Reem.
* Calyx 6-parted. Stamens 6. Inher sepals large. Dock, Sorrel. Rumex.

* Calyx 5-parted (irregularly 4-parted in one species)....a

a Sep., the 3inner fringed. Fls.solitary. S. Linge Knotweed. THYSANEL’LA.

a Sepals not fringed, entire or nearly so....b .
_b Pedicels solitary. Sep. all open or 3 closed on the fruit. M.S. PoLtyeonEn’za.
b Pedicels usually clustered. Sepals all closed on the fruit. Potye’onum. 1
b Pedicels clustered in the bract. Sepals all open. Buckwheat, Fagory’RuM.

POLYG’ONUM. Knotweed.

Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted, colored or corolla-like, the sepals all erect
and inclosing the fruit. Stamens4-9. Styles 2 or 3, Nut lens-shaped
or 8-cornered.—Herbs with swollen, sheathed joints. Flowers small,
white, red, or greenish. May-—Aug.

§ Stems climbing, with reversed prickles. Leaves cordate-sagittate....19, 20
§ Stems unarmed, twining. Leaves cordate-hastate....17, 18
§ Stems erect or decumbent, unarmed. Leaves hardly ever cordate....a

ORDER 102.—_KNOTWEEDS. yar |

a Calyx unequally 4-cleft. Styles.2, long, deflexed....16
a Calyx equally 5-parted. Styles erect....b
b Sheaths with a spreading border. Stamens 7. Plant tall...<15
b Sheaths not bordered. Stamens 5, 6, or 8....¢
c Flowers in leafless, terminal, spike-like racemes....d
c Flowers axillary, or rarely forming a leafy raceme....f :
d Raceme one, dense. Stems decumbent at base....18, 14
d Racemes several. Sheaths naked, not fringed... a 12
d Racemes several. Sheaths bristly fringe-ciliate..
— e Style 2 (or 3)-cleft. Achenia flat or lens- pele .8-10
e Style 8-cleft.. Achenia sharply 8-cornered. Wee. ..5-7
f Achenium protruding beyond the calyx, 8- led: $a a
f Achenium included in the calyx, 3-angled....1, 2
1 P avicula‘re. - Bird K. Prostrate or erect. Leaves ativibe lean notate. acutish at
each end. Achenia striate, dull. Very common.,
2 P.ten’ue. Slender K. Slender, rigidly erect. Leaves lance-linear, erect, acute.
8 P. marit’‘imum. Sea HK. Prostrate, diffuse, glaucous, close-jointed. Leaves
linear-oblong, fleshy. Achenia smooth, pinion E.
4 P. ramosis’simum. Lake K. Erect, much branched, 2-3f. high. Leaves
; lance-oblong or linear. Achenia smooth, dull. W.

5 P.hirsu’tum. Hairy K. Hairy-tawny. eee lanceolate from a blunt base. S.
6 P. hydropiperoi’des. Mild Water-pepper. Stem smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
not acrid, tapering at both ends. Spikes slender. Calyx dotless.

7 P.aere. Sharp W. Stem smooth. Leaves biting, dotted as well as the calyx,

lanceolate, pointed. Spikes very slender, thread-form.
8 P. hydropi’per. Water-pepper. Smooth. Leaves very biting, dotted. Spikes
short, nodding. Calyx dotted. Achenia roughened.
9 P. Car’eyi. Carey's K. Plant hairy. Spikes nodding, on very oe stalks.
10 P. Persica’ria. Lady’s-thumb. Leaves marked with a brown spot. Spikes
short, dense, erect.. Achenia shining, flattened.
11 P. Pennsylvan’icum. Pennsylvania K. Spikes oblong, dense, with glandular-
hispid stalks and pedicels. Achenia with flat sides. . .
12 P.incarna’tum. Filesh-red K. Spikes linear, Bpdeng: the stalks and branches
glandular-dotted. W.S.
18 P. amphib’ium. Water XK. Stem ascending from a prostrate, rooting base.
Leaves lance-oblong. Stamens 5. Spikes large, dense, rose-red.
14 P.vivip’arum. Alpine Bistort. Creeping at base. Lvs. lance-linear. Mts. N.
15 P. orienta’le. Prince's Feather. Stem stout, tall, with large, drooping spikes. +
16 P. Virginia’num. Lip-f. K. Leaves large. Racemes slender, flowers remote.
17 P. convol’vulus. Knot-Bindweed. Roughish. Racemes axillary. Fruit dull.
18 P. cilino’de.. Bearded B. Sheaths with a hairy ring. Panicles axil. and terminal.
19 P. dumito’rum. Hedge B. Calyx with the 8 outer sepals acutely wing-keeled.
90 P. sagitta’tum. Scratch-grass. “Lvs. lance-sagittate. Stamens 8. *Styles 3.
21 P. arifo/lium. Arum-lv. S. Lvs. pointed, with pointed lobes. Stam. 6. Sty. 2.

©

278 _. THE FLORA.

Orpen CII. PHYTOLACCACE®. Pokeweeds.

Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves, no stipules, and flowers racemed;
sepals colored, 4 or 5; petals none; stamens few or many ; i :
ovary of one or several carpels, which are united into a ring, forming a
berry in fruit; ced/s as many as the carpels, each 1-seeded;
embryo curved around the fleshy albumen. ;

Analysis of the Genera.

Sepals 5, roundish. Sta. 5-20. Ovary 5-12-carpeled and seeded. Puyrotac’ca. 1
Sepals 4, persistent. Stamens 4-12. Ovary 1-carpeled and I-seeded. S. Rivi’Na.

PHYTOLAC’CA. Poke.

_ Character expressed in the
Analysis.—Tall and stout per-
ennials, with greenish flowers
and purple berries.

P. decan’dra. Plant 5-8f. high, as ee ee
very smooth, bushy. Leaves SS VES
large, ovate, acute at each end, Tow
petioled. Racemes at first tage eee
terminal, finally opposite to Blea) WN QD
the leaves. Berries oblate, of \\ ¥ NN eS
arich dark purple. July—Sept. = Ny}
Fig. 627. Phytolacca decandria, leaves, flowers, and fruit. 8. A flower, natural size. 9. Its
stamens and ovary. Fig. 630. Cross-section of the ovary. 1. A seed cut open, showing the em-
bryo coiled around the albumen.

. Orver CVIL LAURACE. Laurels. °

Trees and shrubs aromatic, with alternate, simple, dotted leaves ;
sepals colored, 4—6, slightly united, strongly imbricated ;
anthers 2 or 4-celled, opening upwards by as many valves;
ovary 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe in fruit; no albumen.

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Flowers perfect, the calyx persistent. Leaves evergreen....a
§ Flowers imperfect. Calyx deciduous. Leaves deciduous....b
a Trees. Lvs. thick, lance-oblong. Fils. umbeled. 8. Bay Galls, PEr’sra.

ORDER 119.—THE MASTWORTS. 279

b Involucre none. Anthers 4-valved. Leaves lobed. Sassafras, SAS’SAFRAS, 1
b Involutre 4-leaved. Anthers 2-valved. Shrubs. Spice-bush. Bun’zo1n.
b Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 4-valved. Shrubs. 8. Pond-spice. TETRAN’THERA.

SASSAFRAS, Sassafras. :

Flowers dicecious, 6-parted, regular. Stamens 9. Trees with decidu-
ous leaves, expanding after the clusters of yellow flowers.

S. officina’le. Common S. Leaves of two forms, ovate and entire, or 8-lobed and
acute at base.. Tree aromatic, 10-80f. high.

Orper CXIX. CUPULIFERH. The Mastworts.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple leaves, and deciduous stipules ;
jlowers moncecious, the sterile in aments, which are racemed or head-like ;
stamens in the sterile flowers, 6 to 20, on the base of the calyx;

ovary in the fertile flowers with several cells and ovules, but becoming in
Fruit a 1-seeded nut surrounded by an involucre (cup, burr, or sac),

Analysis of the Genera.

e 8 Sterile flowers i in aments, fertile flowers solitary or 2 or 8 together... .2
§ Sterile flowers and fertile also in aments, the latter loose and large..
2 Involucre 1-flowered, cup-like, addipdded of many little scales....a
2 Involucre 2 or 3-flowered, composed of few large valves....b
a Sterile aments slender, calyx 5-cleft, stamens 5 or 10, Fertile flowers, con-
sisting of an ovary sitting in a scaly cup, becoming, in fruit, an acorn, 1-
celled, 1-seeded. A noble genus of trees (rarely shrubs), always known by
their peculiar fruit; called acorns. The timber is of great value, especially
in ship-building. In the Class Book of Botany, 28 species are described.
(See Figs. 82-34, 267.) Oak. Quercus,
b Involucre of the fruit and fertile flowers a i with 4 valves. Sterile aments
slender, each flower with 5-15 stamens ; 3 fertile flowers in each involucre,
which is beset with slender prickles. We have two species, one a tree, the
otherashrub. Timber excellent. i fruit is sweet and nutritious. (See
Fig. 277.) | Chestnut. CASTA/NEA.
b Involucre of the fruit a burr with 4 Bh a Sterile aments head-like, sus-
pended by aslender stalk. Calyx 6-cleft. Two flowers in each burr, which
is covered by weak spines. Nuts sharply 3-angled. Sk are tall, valua-
ble forest-trees. Beech. Faeus,
b Involucre a sac, longer than the nuts, torn at the top.’ Sterile flowers in a
slender ament. Shrubs. Usually but one flower or nut in each involucre.
| Hazel, Cor’xxvs,

980 THE FLORA.

c Involucre a closed, inflated sac, one-flowered, many together in the pendu- *
lous, hop-like cluster. Small trees, with very compact, strong timber, éalled
Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood. Os’/TRYA.
c Involucre an open, 8-lobed leaf, 1-flowered, Small trees, with a strong,
heavy timber. Hornbeam. CaRrPi’Nvs.

Orver CXX. BETULACEA. The Birchworts.

Trees or shrubs, with deciduous stipules, with the alternate

leaves simple, having the veinlets running straight to the margin;

flowers moneecious, both kinds contained in scaly

catkins, 2 or 8 under each bract; calyx and corolla hardly any ;

ovary 2-celled and 2-ovuled, but eh Gi in

Fruit a 1-celled and Teed nut, by the suppression of the ane seed
and cell.

Analysis of the Genera.

é bracts with 12 stam. each; ¢ bracts with mostly 8ovaries. Birch. Brr’una. 1
4 bracts with 4+8 stam. each; @ bracts with 2 ova. or fls. each. Alder, AuNus.

: BET’ULA. Bigch.
é in a cylindrical cat-
kin, bracts each with 8 {
tetrandrous flowers be- }
neath it. @ in an oblong
or egg-shaped catkin,
bracts 3-lobed, each with 3 2-styled ova-
ries or flowers, with no calyx. Samara
flattened, broadly winged.—Trees and |.
shrubs, mostly with the outer bark in thin
layers with horizontal fibres. Catkins ap-
pearing in early spring before the leaves.

§ Trees with a yellowish bark, and heart-ovate,
serrate leaves....1

§ Trees with reddish-brown bark, and ovate, ; % tO .A ae Bes nae ei i
doubly serrate leaves... .2, 8 my, WHE plamninate io Diaee
§ Trees with white bark and long-stalked, lon OE ee eens Pony age pape
: =) 7 ‘ON8- flowers; b, with pistillate flowers. Fig.
pointed leaves... -4, 5 633. a, A winged samara cut length-
§ Shrubs with brownish bark, and roundish, wise, showing its fertile and abortive

crenate leaves....6, 7 cell; b, the same cut across, -

ORDER 122.—-THE WILLOWORTS. 281

1 B, excel’sior. Yellow Birch. Tree 50-80f. Fertile aments erect, oblong, 1 inch
in length, erect, sterile 2-4’, pendulous, clustered. ¢. N.
2B.lenta. Black B. Sweet B. Tree 40-60f. Fertile aments erect, oval, obtuse,
stalked; sterile 2-3’, pendulous. Inner bark sweet-spicy. M. N.
8 B. ni’gra. Red Birch. Tree 30-50f. Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute at both ends,
obscurely lobed. Fertile aments sessile, ovoid. M.S. W.
4 B. populifo’lia, White B. Tree 80-40f. Leaves triangular, long-pointed,
smooth, unequally serrate. Sterile aments long, pendulous. N.
5 B. papyra’cea. Canoe Birch. Tree 50-70f. Leaves ovate, pointed, doubly-
_ serrate. All the aments nodding. MHillsand mountains. N. ;
6 B. pum’ila. Dwarf B. Shrub erect, 2-6f. Branches warty. Leaves obovate, ob-
‘ tusely serrate above. Fertile aments cylindric. Mountains. N.
7 B.na’na. Tiny B.. Shrub low, trailing, smooth. Leaves round, crenate. Scales
of fertile ament deeply 3-parted. 3-12’. Mountains. N.-H.

Orper CXXII. SALICACEHX. The Willoworts.

Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, and stipules usually present;
flowers dicecious, naked, both kinds in aments, each with a bract;
ovary 1 or 2-celled, with 2 short styles; capsule sie Maa

_ seeds with a coma and no albumen.

Fig. 634. A fertile flower of a Willow, consisting of a pistil and a bract. Fig. 685. Sterile
flower, 2 stamens and a bract. Fig. 636. A sterile flower of Balm-of-Gilead (Populus candi-
cans); many stamens. Fig. 637. A fertile flower, consisting of a fringed scale, a Cas holding
a double ovary.

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Aments cylindric, bracts entire. Stamens 2 or more. Capsule 1-celled, 2-
valved, the seeds very small, clothed with silky hairs. Trees or shrubs.
Leaves often long and narrow. Cee 12, 17, 88.) We have about 27 spe-
cies. Willow. Osier. SAurx.

§ Aments cylindric, bracts fringed. Stamens 8 or more. Capsule 2-celled, 2-
valved. Calyx an entire cup. Buds varnished with a fragrant resin.
Leaves broad, large. Trees. Poplar. Aspen. Porutus.

’

282 | THE FLORA.

C OTN a ye.

SPADICIFLORZ, OR THE APETALOUS ENDOGENS.

Oxper CXXXL ARACEM Aroids.

Chiefly herbs with a fleshy rootstock of corm; eaves sometimes net-veined ;
flowers mostly without calyx or corolla; arranged on a spadix; 3
stamens few or many, hypogynous, very short; anthers turned outwards;
ovary free; stigmas sessile; fruit a dry or juicy berry, and the

seeds with or without albumen. Growing in wet places.

642 638 688 gi ee
Fig. 638. Wild Calla (Calla palustris), a leaf, and a spadix of flowers, with its spathe (0).
Fig. 639. The same enlarged. Fig. 640. A flower enlarged. ig.641. One of the berries cut,
showing the 6 cells. , Fig. 642. Golden Club (Orontiwm aquaticum); its spadix (s) is without
a spathe.

Analysis of the Genera.

* Spadix enveloped in a spathe....2
* Spadix destitute ofaspathe. Sepals 4-6....d
2 Flowers covering only the base of the spadix. Perianth 0....4
2 Flowers covering the whole spadix, monecious. Perianth 0....b
2 Flowers covering the whole spadix and perfect....¢ .

ORDER 131.—AROIDS. 283

a Spathe rolled in at base. Top of spadix club-shaped. Dragon-root. Arism’MA. 1
b Spathe rolled inwards the whole length. Arrow-lwd. Dragon. PELTAN’DRA. 2
b Spathe rolled backwards above, white. Egyptian Calla. Riowar’ptia.

ec Perianth 0. Spathe open, flattish, white. Lvs. cordate. Wild Calla. Cauua.

¢ Perianth regular. Spa. shell-form. Lvs. large. Skunk-cabbage. SympLocaR’Pvs.
d Flowers terminal, yellow. Scape terete. . Golden Club. Ornontivum.
d Flowers lateral, green. Scape leaf-like. Sweet Flag. A’oorvs.

1. ARISA’/MA. Arum. Indian Turnip.

Spathe rolled inward at base. .Spadix covered with flowers below,
naked and club-shaped above. Sterile flowers above the fertile, each a
clump of 4 stamens. Fertile flowers each a 1-celled ovary, with a flat
stigma. Berry red, with 1 or several seeds.——Odd-looking plants, with
scape arising from a corm or rootstock, and sheathed with the se
leaves. Taste very acrid. ;

1 A.triphyl’/lum. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Leaves usually 2, trifoliate. Spathe bent and
inflected above, covering the obtuse spadix, striped.

2 A. quina’tum. Five-leaved Jack. Leaves in pairs, one or both quinate. S.
3 A. Dracon’tium. Green Dragon. Leaf mostly solitary, pedate, 7-11-foliate.

2. PELTAN’DRA. Arrow Dragon.

The sterile flowers consist of 8-12 anthers attached to the border of a
shield-shaped (peltate) connectile.—Root fibrous. Leaves sagittate.

1 P. Virgin’ica. Virginia A. Spathe green, incurved, long, wavy on the margin.
Leaves many, large, hastate-sagittate, very smooth, dark.

2 P.glau’ca. Glaucous A. Spathe white, entire, gradually unrolled and widened
above. Leaves ovate-sagittate, the base lobes large. S. :

284 : THE FLORA.

C.0 BA a :
FLORIDIZ: OR THE FLOWERING ENDOGENS.

Orpen CXXXV. ALISMACE. Alismads. ee
Herbs growing in water, with the /eaves parallel-veined, and with the |
Jlowers regular and not on a spadix ; the perianth consisting of
sepals and petals, 3 of each, the former always green ;
ovaries free, 3 or more, separating Into as many 1-seeded achenia.

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Both the calyx and corolla greenish. Lvs.
rush-like ( Arrow-grasses)..... b
§$ Corolla colored, white. Leaves mosily
with a lamina....a
a Fis.&. Sta.6. Carpels whorled.
Water Plantain. Atiswa. 1
a Fis.3. Stamens 9-24. Carpelsima
head. Echinodore. Ecurvoporvs.
a Fis. 9. Sta many. Carpelsina
head. Arrow-head. Sacrrrarta. 2
b Lvs. radical. Anthers ovate. Carpels
1-seeded. Trigloch. TrieLocHiy.
b Leavescauline. Antherslimear. Car-
pels 1-2-seeded. ScHEUCHZERIA. _

*

1. ALISMA. Water Plantain.

Flowers perfect. Stamens 6. Ova-
ries and styles numerous, collected into
a whorl, becoming in fruit many dis-
tinct, flattened achenia.—2¢ Stemless

herbs, the leaves all radical. Flowers -

in a panicle.

4. planta’go. A common, smooth, handsome
inhabitant of ponds and ditches. Leaves
oval or ovate, abruptly acuminate, 7-9-

Fig. 643. Sagittaria sagittifolis (com-
mon form), leaf and flowers. 4 One
of the pistils enlarged. 5. The pistil of
Alisma cut open, showing the seed and
curved embryo. 2

~

ORDER 138.—THE ORCHIDS. 985

~ veined, entire, on long petioles. Scape 1-2f. high, branching in whorls, bearing nu~
merous purplish-white flowers, in July.

2. SAGITTA’RIA. Arrow-head.

Flowers moneecious, rarely dicecious, the 4 with about 24 stamens,
the ¢ with numerous ovaries crowded in a head, and becoming in fruit as
many compressed, margined achenia.—2f Stemless plants, leaves radical,

generally arrow-shaped. Flowers in whorls of 3’s, the sterile ones above
the fertile.

_ <8. variab’ilis. A‘ curious plant, conspicuous with its large white flowers among the
rushes and sedges of sluggish waters. The petals are wholly white, and the
scape simple, with the stalks 1-flowered. The leaves are generally arrow-
shaped (as seen in the figure), but exceedingly variable, sometimes lanceolate,
and sometimes even consisting of a petiole only. Aboutlf. high. July.

Orver CXXXVIIL ORCHIDACEE. The Orchids.

' Herbs.perennial, with thick, fleshy roots; entire, parallel-veined leaves ;
flowers very irregular, but the perianth consisting always of6 parts, viz., of 3
sepals and 3 petals, all usually colored, the lower petal called the

lip differing in form from the others, and frequently spurred at base ;
stamens 8, but only 1 or rarely 2 of them perfect, united with the ~

style and forming what is called the column; anthers 2, 4 or 8-celled;
pollen’powdery, or waxy, or granulated ; ovary 1-celled, many-seeded.

Analysis of the Genera.

_* Stems green, furnished with one or more leaves... .2

* Stems green, furnished with sheaths instead of leaves....
* Stems brownish, furnished with sheaths and no leaves, or a late one....¢

2 Corolla lip very large, inflated and sack-like....a-

' 2 Corolla lip of various forms, but neither very large nor sack-like....3

8 Corolla produced into a spur behind....b
3 Corolla destitute of a spur....4
4 Flowers small, many, in a loose raceme, beardless....e

4 Flowers small, many, in a close, twisted spike, a tal vit

4. Flowers micah purple or En ee few or 1 only..
a Root fibrous. Lip obtuse, spurless. Anthers 2. Lady’ balck Cerna 1
a Roota corm. Lip 3-lobed, 2-spurred. Anther 1. Calypso. CaLyP’so,

286 THE FLORA. .

i Go - yy pz =
wf (2
% > 2
’ aa 646 Y y -
é Sy eS — S 2 WN ) .
ab .—_~ << (——_— \ NFS “Sas

Fig. 646. Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium acaule), whole plant, with its 2 leaves, scape, and
curious flower. 7. Plan of the flower; s, sepals (outer circle), the 2 lower united; p, the petals;
1, lip (lower petal); e, the anthers, upper one sterile; 0, the 3-celled ovary. 8. The column seen
from beneath, with the pistil, two stamens, and the leaf-like sterile one. 9. Flower and bract of
Orchis spectabilis. Fig. 650. Its 2 pollen masses exhibited (enlarged). 1. Arethusa bulbosa; 7
the flower. 2. Its column enlarged, with its lid-like anther opening, showing its pollen-masses

beneath.

b Fils. in the axils of bracts. Pollen masses 2. Lys.1-co. Orchis. ORcHIs.

b Flowers bractless. Pollen masses 4. Leaf l.only. Zipula. Treuna’Ria.
¢ Rootcoraline. Spur growing to the ovary. Lvs. none. Coral-root. CoRALLORHI’ZA.
c Root2 corms. Spurnone. Leaf 1, late, radical. Putty-root. APLECTRUM.

d Flowers 1 only, rose-purple. Lip bearded. Arethusa. ARETHU’SA.

d Fils. racemed, dark-purple, beardless. (Lvs. 0 orfew.) Bletia. Buetta.
e Leafl. Lip sagittate. Column minute. Micros’tylis. Micros’TY xis.
e Leaves 2, radical. Lip flat, aseending. Column winged. Liparis. Lir’ants.
e Leaves 2, cauline. Lip pendulous, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Tway-blade, ListERA —

2

3

4

ORDER 138.—THE ORCHIDS. 287

-f Leaves all green. Lip obtuse, erect. Ladies’ Tresses. SPIRAN/THES, 5
f Leaves netted with white. Lip pointed, reflexed.
; Rattlesnake Plantain. Goopye’RA.
f Lvs. all green. Lip 3-lobed, recurved. South. Cranichis, CRAN‘ICHIS.
g Lip on the upper side of the fl., bearded. Leaflinear. Grass-Pink. Catopo’aon. 6
g Lip on the lower side (ovary twisted as in the other genera)....h
h Column free from the lip. Flowers purplish. © Beard Pink. Pogo’nta. 7
h Column growing tothelip. Yellow. Ontrees. 8. Zyvee Orchis. EpIDEN’DRUM.

1. CYPRIPE’DIUM. Lady’ s-slipper.

The 2 lower sepals united into one piece or rarely distinct. Lip very
large, inflated, sack or slipper form, obtuse. Column terminated by a
petal-like lobe (which is the sterile stamen). Fertile stamens 2.—Root
fibrous. Leaves large, plaited. Flowers large and showy, one or few.
May-July. :

* Flowers yellow, one or moré. Stems leafy....5, 6
* Flowers white or rosé-purple....1
1 Stem leafy. Flower one or more....2-4
1 C.acau’/le. Stemless LZ. (Figs. 642-644. ) Scape naked, with 2 leaves at the base.
and 1 large flower at top. c.
2 C. can’didum. White Z. Two lower sepals united. Flowers 1 site smaller,
white, -W. S29." =
8 C. spectab’ile. Showy LZ. ‘Two lowersepals united. Flowers few, very large,
purplish. ¢.
4 C, Arieti‘num. am’s-Head L. Two lower sepals separate. Flower 1 only,
small, purplish. 7.
5 C.pubes’cens. Large yellow L. Moccasin Fl. Sepals narrow-lanceolate. Lip
flattened at sides, pale yellow. c¢. (Fig. 89.)

6 C. parvifio’rum. Smaller yellow L. Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Lip flat above and
below, bright yellow. e.

2. ORCHIS. Orchis.

Flower ringent, sepals and petals similar; all, or all but two, ascending
and arching over the column. Lip turned downward, entire or lobed,
produced at base into a spur beneath, which is distinct from the ovary.
Stamen 1, anther 2-celled, pollen-masses 2, consisting of numerous waxy
_grains.—Flowers generally showy, in spikes orracemes. June—Aug. mostly.
Nortr.—Under this genus we include two others, viz.: Gymnadenia and Platanthera. The

beginner would find it difficult to separate them. See Class Book of Botany, p. 682, &e. No.1,
is the true Orchis. Nos. 8, 9, 10, are Gymnadenia, and all the others belong to Platanthera,

288 THE FLORA.

*

§ Leaves radical and only 2 (rarely 8). Flowers on a scape....1-8
~§ Leaf radical and only 1. Flowers small, onascape....4,5 ,
§ Leaves on the stem, several, upper ones reduced to bracts....a
a Corolla lip entire, neither lobed, fringed, nor toothed... .6-9
a Corolla lip 2 or 3-toothed, not fringed nor divided. Flowers greenish....10-12
a Corolla lip cleft into a fringe at the edge, but not divided.. aay |
a Corolla lip divided into 8 parts, which are fringed or not..
b Flowers white or yellowish, with 5 iong bristles, the 2 a petals 2-parted.
eves lO, df,
b iow ate the 2 side petals entire or toothed ; lip clawed.. Joi, 19
b Flowers purple, numerous, showy ; lip raised on a claw.. - 20-22
1 O.spectab’ilis. Showy Orchis. True Orchis. Fils. few, Sint outple handsome,
Leaves oblong-ovate. Height 4-7’. (Figs. 649, 650.) :
2 O. orbicula’ta. Round-lv. O. Fils. whiush, racemed. Spur very long. Leaves
round. Scape bracted. s
3 O. Hook’eri. Hooker's O. Flowers green, : plea Aas long as ovary. Leaves
round. Scape naked. .
4 O. obtusa’ta. Blunt-lv. O. Leaf obovate, obtuse. Lip linear, entire. 5-8’. 7
5 O. rotundifolia. Small Round-lf. O. Lf. round: Lip, mid. lobe obcord. 6-9’.
6 O. hyperbo’rea. Norther nm O. Flowers greenish. Lip, petals, leaves, and wah
lanceolate.
7 O. dilata’ta. Broad-lip O. Flowers whitish. Lip lance-linear, rhombie at base.
8 O.niv’ea. Snowy O. Flowers white. Lip oblong-linear. Leaves linear. S.

9 O. nigra. Black O. Flowers yellow, close. Lip ovate. Leaves lance-oblong.
10 O.tridenta’ta. TZrident O. Lip 3-toothed at end. Spur longer than ovary.
11 O: bractea’ta. -Bracted O. Lip 2-3-toothed at end, spur half as long.

_ 12 O. fla’va. Small yellow O. Lip obtuse, with a tooth each side, spur long.
18 O. crista’ta. Crested yellow O. Flowers yellow, small, lip as long as the spur.
14. O, cilia/ris. Large yellow O. Flowers yellow, large, lip half as long as the spur.
15 O. Blephariglot’tis. Ox-tongue.O.. Fls. white, large; 2 side petals cut-toothed.

16 O, Michauxii. Wichaua’s O. Leaves oval. Spur twice as long as ovary.
17 O.re’pens. Five-bristled O. Leaves lance-linear. Spurshorter than ovary.
18 O. leucophe’a. White Prairie, O. Bracts shorter than the ovaries. Lip. fan-
shaped, 8-parted, fringed. Spur club-shaped, twice longer than ovary.
19 O.lac’era. Ragged O. Bracts longer than the flowers. Petals notched at end,
Lip segments wedge-shaped, fringed. Spur filiform, long as ovary.
20 O.amena. Prairie O. Flowers dark-purple. Lip broad, lobes toothed, not
fringed. M. W.S8. ec.
21 O. Psyc/odes. Fringed O. Flowers light-purple. Lip wedge-shaped, the 2
petals merely toothed. c. |
22 O. grandiflo’ra. Great-fl. O. Flowers light-purple. Lip semicircular, large.
2 petals fringed. 7.

ORDER 1388.—THE ORCHIDS. 289

8. CORALLORHI’ZA. Coral-root. Dragon’s-claw.

Flower ringent. Sepals and petals similar, ascending, the upper arch-
ing. Lip produced behind into a short spur, which grows closely to the
ovary. Pollen-masses 4, oblique.—Herbs without green herbage, leafless,
with coraline roots, and spikes of dull-colored flowers. May-Sept. .

1 Spur imperceptible. Lip not lobed, often with 2 teeth at base....2, 8
1 C, multifio’ra. Many-flowered C. Spur manifest. Lip 8-lobed (the side lobes
small), spotted. Flowers 10-20, purple. Height 10-15’.
2 C. odontorhi’za. Dragon’s-claw. Flowers 9-18, purple. Lip orenulate, spotted.
Ovary and pod nearly globular. Scape 9-14’.
8 C.inna’ta. Lesser C. Flowers 5-10, purplish. Lip obscurely 2-toothed near the
base, spotless. Ovary and pod club-shaped. 5-6’,

4, ARETHU’SA. :

Sepals and petals cohering at base, similar, ascending, arching. Lip
spurless, deflexed at the end, bearded inside, cohering to fhe petal-like
column at base. Anther terminal, closing the 2 pollen eells like a lid.
Pollen-masses 2 in each cell.—Small plants, 1-flowered, in wet places.
Leaves none, or hidden in the sheaths. |

A. bulbo’sa. A beautiful plant 6-12’ high, invested.with about 3 long loose sheaths
with lanceolate points (hardly leaves), At the top is a large, fragrant purple
flower, in June. (See Figs. 651, 652.)

5. SPIRAN’THES. ladies’ tresses.

Flowers in a spiral spike, somewhat ringent. Petals and sepals nearly
erect, all tending to the upper side opposite the lip. Lip raised on a short
claw, concave, entire, widened at top and furnished with 2 callous pro-
cesses at-base. Column arching, pollen-masses 2.—Stem leafy below or
nearly naked, bearing a spike of small, white flowers, which are bent
sideways and horizontal. July-—Oct. (Fig. 240.)

* Fils. in a single row on one side, and but little twisted. Lvs. radical....1, 2
* Fils. in several rows all around the short spike. Lvs. on stem below....8, 4

1+. grac’ilis. Slender L. Leaves ovate, varying to lance-oblong. Lip obovate,

wavy-crisped.
% S.tor’tilis. Twisted ZL. Leaves linear, early withering (like first). Lip 8-lobed,
finely crenate.

13

290 | aan FLORA. *e

8 S. latifo’lia. Frais. L. Leaves oblong-lance. 2a long. Spike dense.
Lip oblong, blunt, crisp. _

4 S, cer’nua. Nodding I. Leaves Sear nore,» 3-10’ long. pe See dense.
Lip oblong, round, crisp.

6. CALOPO’GON. Grass Pink.

Flower with the sepals and petals similar, spreading, distinct. Lip on —
the upper side of the flower, stalked at base and bearded above. Column
winged at fhe sammit. Pollen-masses 2.—Leaf sheathing the base of the
scape, which is bulbous at base. Flowers several. (Fig. 695.)

C. pulchel’lus. A handsome plant, common in moist meadows and in bogs. Scape
slender, 1-2f. high. Leaf sword-shaped or broad linear, long. Flowers pink-

purple, remarkable for having the lip on the upper side and the column below.
July.

ORDER 140.—THE AMARYLLIDS. - 991

7. POGO’/NIA. Beard-flower.

Flower with its sepals and petals distinct and somewhat spreading. .

Lip bearded inside, sometimes 3-lobed. Column club-shaped, wingless ;
anther terminal, ee acs 2, mealy. —Leaves 1-5, on the stem.
Flowers purple. June-Aug.

* Sepals linear, spreading, much longer than the petals. ie 6
* Sepals and petals nearly equal, similar, and nearly erect....3, 4

1 P. verticilla’ta. Whorl-leaved B. Leaves 5, in a whorl near the 1 brownish

flower. Sepals 2’long. 7. (Fig. 693.)
2 P. divarica’ta. Spreading B. Leaves 2, alternate, distant, lance-oblate. Lip
8-lobed, crenulate. S.
pS Babictindsdi’des. Adder-tongue B. Leaves 2, distant, upper bract-like. Flowers

terminal, pink-colored. (Fig. 694.) .
4 P.pen’dula. Wodding B. Leavy Ps 3-4, alternate, with as many pink-white, droop-
ing flowers.

Orver CXL. AMARYLLIDACEA. The Amaryllids. .

Herbs perennial, mostly bulbous, with linear leaves, with the
flowers showy, mostly regular and on scapes, hexandrous;
perianth of 6 similar pieces united below and adherent to the
ovary, which is 3-celled, with the styles united into 1;

Fruit a capsule or berry, with albuminous seeds, (Fig. 137.)

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Perianth bearing a crown on the summit of its tube....a
§ Perianth destitute of a crown....2
2 Segments united into a obs above the ovary. 2b
2 Segments distinct down to the ovary. Viger nodding....8
3 Perianth irregular....c
8 Perianth regular....d

a Crown a thin membrane connecting the stamens. 8. PANORA/TIUM. —
a Crown a firm cup containing the stamens. Narcissus. Narcis’svs, 1
b Flr. solitary. Perianth-tube straight, erect. Atamasco ZL. ZEPHYRAN’THUS.
b Flowers many. Perianth-tube straight. American Aloe. AGAVE. 2
b Flowers many. Perianth-tube curved. Tuberose. PoLyANnTHUus.
c Stamens declined and curved. Scape with l. Jacobea Lily. SPREKELIA.
d Sepals all white, larger than the petals. Snow-drop. GALANTHUS.
d Sepals green-tipped, as large as the petals. Snow-flake. Leucosum.

+d Sepals and petals equal, yellow. . Star-grass, Hypoxis,

a ee a ae a Sa cele

a ea eS

292 THE FLORA.

1. NARCIS’SUS. Jonquil. Daffodil.

Perianth regular, crown of one piece, funnel-form or bell-form, consist-
ing of a whorl of sterile petal-like filaments united by their edges, within
which the fertile stamens are inserted.—A beautiful genus of bulbous
plants with sword-shaped leaves and yellow or white flowers. None here
native. + April-June.

* Scape bearing 1-3 large flowers....2-4
* N. Tazet’ta. FPolyantkus. Scape srineey Howell sep. white, crown yellow, short.
2 N. Daf’fodil. Daffodil. Scape 2-edged. Sepals whitish: Crown yellow, long
and large.
3 N. Jonquil’la. Jonquil. Scape terete. Crown yellow, much shorter than the
yellow sepals.
4 N.poet’icus. oet’s Narcissus. Scape terete. Crown variegated, rotate, short;
sepals mostly white.

2. AGA’VE. American Aloe.

1 A. Virginica. False Aloe. Scape simple, 5-6f. high. Flowers in a spike, greenish-

. yellow. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate. Penn. 8.

2 A. America’na. Century Plant. Scape branched, 15-25f. high, bearing 1 vast
panicle of yellow flowers, after many years. Leaves very thick, JAnceolate,
spinous-dentate, often striped. +t

Orver CXLII. IRIDA’CE®. The Irids.

Perennial Aerbds, arising from bulbs or thickened roots;

leaves 2-rowed ; flowers perfect, regular or irregular, TE,
perianth of 6 aud Bie segments; stamens 3; anthers turned outwards ;
ovary inferior, 3-celled, with 1 style and 3 itlipalcin becoming in

Sruit a 3-celled capsule with many albuminous seeds. -

Analysis of the Genera.

1 Flowers regular, 3 petals unequal to the 3 sepals....2
1 Flowers regular, petals and sepals alike....3
1 Fis. irregular, stamens ascending. Sds. winged. + Corn Flag. GuApi’otts.
2 Stamens separate. Stigmas petal-like. Petals erect. Sepals reflexed... Iris. 1
2 Stamens united. Sepals very large. Pets. spreading. + Tiger-fower. TieRrip’ta.
8 Flowers blue, small, rotate. Leaves, &c., grass-like. (Fig. 48.)
. * _Blue-eyed-grass. SystryN’cHIUM.
. 3 Fis. purp., white or yellow, tube very long, sessile on the bulb. ¢ Cro’ous.
8 Fils. yellow, red-spotted, tube short. Height 3-5f. ¢ via. PaRDANn’tTHts.

ORDER 147.—THE TRILLIADS. 293

IRIS. Flower-de-luce.

Perianth 6-parted, the 3 outer divisions (sepals) reflexed, or spreading,
the 3 inner (petals) erect. Stamens 8, distinct. Style short. Stigmas 3,
petal-like, covering the stamens.—Perennial-herbs with thick roots or
rootstocks, sword-shaped or grass-like leaves, and large showy flowers.
April—July.

§ Stems leafy, tall (1-2f. high), mostly bearing several flowers....a
§ Scapes leafless, low (1-6’ high), mostly bearing but 1 flower....c¢
a Sepals or perianth bearded. Cultivated exotics in gardens, &c..... 11-18
a Sepals and petals beardless. Wild plants, hardly ever cultivated....b
b Leaves linear, grass-like, less than half an inch wide....1
b Leaves sword-shaped, nearly 1 or 2’ wide... .2-4
¢ Sepals or perianth bearded, beard crested or not crested....8-—10
c Sepals and petals beardless, but sometimes with a crest... .5—7
1 I. Virgin’ica. Boston J. Stem slender. Ovary and pad acute, sides 2-grooved.
Flowers yellow-blue. E. [als obtuse, large. | ¢.
2 I. versic’olor. Blue Flag. Stem 1-angled. Flowers blue-yellow-white. Pet-
8 I. tripet’ala. Stem terete. Flowers blue. Petals very small, 8-toothed. S.
4 I. cu’prea. Copper-col’d J. Stem terete. Fis. orange-yellow. Sepals notched. S.
5, I. lacus‘tris. Lake J. Scape 1-flowered, flower blue and yellow. Lvs. lance. W.
6 I. ver’na. arly [. Scape 1-flowered, flower blue. Leaves linear, very long. S.
7 I. ochroleu’ca. Cream-colored I. Scape 3-flowered, flowers yellow. Lvs. sword-
shaped. Pod 6-angled. +
8 I. crista’ta. Crested I. Scape 1-flowered, 2-4’ high, flower blue and yellow.
Leaves lanceolate, 8’ long. S. [obtuse. Leaves ensiform. t+
9 I. pum’ila. Dwarf J. Scape 1-flowered, 6-10’ high, flower deep blue. Petals
10 I. Chinen’sis. China [. Scape many-flowered, flattened, flowers pale blue.
Stigmas Jagged. t+ | .
11 I. sambuci’na. Common Flower-de-luce. Stem many-flowered, flowers blue or
whitish. Petals and sepals notched. c. +
12 L German’ica. German F. Stem many-flowered, flowers deep blue, spathes also
colored. 7. +
18 I. Susia’na. Chalcedonian Iris. Stem 1-flowered, fl. striped. Petals deflexed. t+

Orper CXLVIL TRILLIACEX. The Trilliads.

_ Herbs with tuberous roots, simple stems, and whorled, net-veined leaves ;
with the flowers one or few, terminal, and mostly 3-parted; with the
sepals green, and the petals more or less colored; with the
stamens 6-10, awl-shaped filaments and linear anthers; with the
ovary free, 3-5-celled, becoming in fruit a juicy, many-seeded pod.

294 THE FLORA.
Analysis of the Genera. \'"4, |
Plants with 1 whorl of leaves and 1 flower. QDS
Pod many-seeded. Wake-Robin. Trrw’trom. 1 NW

Plants with 2 whorls of leaves and several
greenish flowers. (Fig. 92.)
Indian Cucumber. MrEpr’oma.

Fig. 656. Trillium erythrocarpum, with the parts of its
flower as if separated: s, the 3 sepals; DP the 3 petals; st,
the, 6 stamens; 0, the 38 carpels.

- TRIL‘LIUM. Wake-Robin.

Character as expressed in the Order above.
—2t Low herbs with a simple stem, bearing
at top a whorl of 3 leaves and a single large
flower. Apr—June. (Figs. 108, 110, 656.)

§ Flower sessile, petals dark purple....1, 2 :
- § FL. on a peduncle, raised above the leaves....a
§ Fl. on a peduncle, recurved beneath the lvs...7-9
- a Lys.ses., rhomboidal or rhomb.-ovate...5, 6
a Leaves petiolate, rounded at the base... .8,4
1 T. ses’sile. Picket W. Lvs. sessile. Sepalserect, .
2 as long.as the linear-lanceolate petals. .
2 T. recurva’tum. Beck's W. Lvs. petiolate. Sepals
recurved, long as lance-ovate petals. 656
8 T.niva’le. Snowy W. Stem 2-4’ high. Leaves obtuse. Petals obtuse, wavy,
snow-white. The smallest species. W.
4 T. erythrocar’pum. Smiling W. Stem 8-12’ high. Leaves and petals pointed,
wavy, white, tinged and pencilled with purple.
5 T. grandiflo’rum. Great-flowered W. Petals lance-obovate, recurved, twice larger
than the sepals, rose-white. Large and showy. M. W.S.
6 T.erec/tum. Bath Flower. Petals ovate, acute, much broader (not longer) than
the sepals, dusky purple (or white, W.), ill-scented.
7 T.pen’dulum. Pendant W. Style eee any. Leaves rhombic. ” Petals
lance-obovate, short-pointed, flat, scarce larger than sepals. w. M.S. W.
8 T.cer’nuum. Nodding W. Style scarcely any. Leaves ovate, petiolate.
Petals lanceolate, wavy, recurved, much larger than calyx. Rose-white.
9 T.stylo’sum. Style-bearing T. Style manifest, a8 long as the stigmas. S.

ORDER 148.—LILYWORTS. 295

Orper CXLVIII. LILIACEA. ‘Lily worts.

Herbs with parallel-veined Jeaves, bulbous or tuberous stems ;

flowers perfect, regular, generally large and richly colored ;

perianth 6 (rarely 4)-parted, uniformly colored, free from the ovary ; *
stamens 6 (rarely 4); anthers fixed by a point and turned inwards;
style single ; ovary superior, 2 or 8-celled; seed with fleshy albumen.

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Plants bulbous at the base, or with a thick, woody stem (caudex)....2
§ Plants with a rhizome, creeper, or fibrous roots....4
* 2 Perianth segments united, forming a ealar joweeh ..d
2 Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube....3
8 Stem (or caudex) Jeafy at least below, few or Se ate
8 Stem (scape) sheathed at base, bearing a solitary flower....a
8 Stem (scape) sheathed at base, leafless, many-flowered..
4 Stamens bent to one side, curved- ae hee Flowers showy
4 Stamens straight, and equal in position....5
5 Perianth segments united to near the summit....f .
5 Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube....6
6 Flogrers in terminal, leafiess clusters, small, whitish....g
6 Flowers axillary, or terminal and solitary....7
7 Leaves thread-form, &c....h
7 Leaves ovate, &....k “ig
a Flowers nodding. Wild plants. Erythronium. Erytaroyim. 1
a Flowers erect. Garden plants. + Lulip. To’urpa.
b Nectary a linear groove at the base ofeach segment. - Lily. Lirium. 2
b Nectary a round cavity at base of each seg. ¢ Crown Imperial. FRiTILLa’RIA.
b Nectary none. Flowers panicled, large. Seedsmany. + Yucca. Yucca.
b Nectary none. Flowers panicled, small. Seeds 1-3. 8. Molina. Nowt’na.
ce Flowers in racemes, blue or purple. t+ ' Squill. Scrwa.
¢ Fils. in racemes or corymbs, yellow or white. Star-Bethlehem. ORNITHOG’ALUM.
c Flowers in umbels, white or roseate. Stamens straight. Garlic. A’tium. 8
ce Fils. in umbels, blue. Stam. declined and curved. + Love-flower. AGAPAN’THUS.
d Perianth-limb revolute, as long as the tube. + Hyacinth. Hyactn’ruvs.
d Per.-limb spreading, much shorter than tube. + Grape Hyacinth. Musca/rt.

e Segments distinct. Stamens at base valve-like. + Asphodel. AspHop’ELUs,

e Segments half-united. Stamens perigynous (§ 83). ¢ Day Jily. HeEmMERooAUL’LIs.

e Segments half-united. Stamens hypogynous. + White Day-Lily. Fun’xta- 4
f Fl. tubular-oblong, greenish, axillary. Jointed Solomon’s Seal. PoLyaona’TuM.
f Fl. broad bell-shaped, white, racemed. Lily-of-the- Valley. ConvALLA’RIA.

296 THE FLORA.

g Stem leafy, bearing a cluster. Flowers 6-parted. Solomon’s Seal. Smiuaci’Na. 5

g Scape leafless, bearing an umbel. Berry 2-seeded. Clintonia. CLINTO/NIA. 6

g Stem leafy, bearing a cluster. Flowers 4-parted. Tway-leaf. Masan/THEMUM.
“h Stems branching. Flowers small, axillary. Berry red. | ASPAR’/AGUS.

k Filaments flat, as long as the sagittate anthers, Twist-foot. STREPTO’PUS.

k Filaments filiform, much longer than the anthers. Prosartes. PRosar’TEs.

k Filaments shorter than the long, linear anthers. __ Bellwort. Uvura’rta. 7. - a
1, ERYTHRO'NIUM. Dog-tootirViotet. (;A4i?* (

ae

Perianth bell-form, se- a~--7-—
oN

pals recurved, the 3 inner
ones usually with a callous
tooth each side near the
base, and a groove in the
middle. Pod a little
stalked. Seeds egg-shap-
ed.—Stem a bulb deep in
the ground. Scape bear-
ing a single flower, its
base sheathed by the base
of the two smooth leaves.
Apr., May.

‘. r
Rye aes ere AEST

Fig. 657. The Dog-tooth Vio-
let (Z. Americanum). 8. The ~
bulb. 9. The flower spread open,

Meee ee

i
es
Oe

showing the 2 teeth in each petal. ey
_also the position of all the parts. sd
660. The ovary, style, and stigma. "
1. A cross-section of the ovary. i ns
2. The plan of the flower: a, the i
8 sepals in the outer circle; 3, 4
the 3 petals next; c, the 6 sta- 3
mens; and d, the 3-celled ovary. 4
ry

E. America/num, Fellow. £. Flower yellow. Scape without a bract. Petals 5
toothed. Leaves spotted, nearly equal. Common. x

E. bractea’tum. Bracted EF. Flower greenish-yellow. Scape bearing a bract.
Leaves very unequal. Mountains. Vt.

E. albi’dum. White Z. Flower white. Scape without a bract. Petals not toothed.
Rare in N. Y. and W.

ORDER 148.—LILYWORTS. 297

2. LIL’IUM.” Lily.

Perianth bell-shaped, segments mostly recurved, each with a groove
running lengthwise within from the middle to the base. Stamens shorter
than the style. Valves of the pod connected by latticed hairs.—Herbs
with bulbous and leafy stems. Leaves whorled or scattered, sessile.
Flowers terminal. June, July. (See Figs. 107, 150.)

§ Plants bearing bulblets in the axils. Flowers orange. Gardens....6, 7
§ Plants not bulbiferous in the axils of the leaves....a
a Flowers erect, orange-red. Sepals raised on claws....4, 5
a Flowers nodding, white. Sepals sessile. Gardens....6, 7
a Flowers nodding, yellow or orange. Sepals sessile. Wild plants....1
‘1 Sepals orange-red, strongly revolute, almost into rings....2, 3
1 L. Canaden’se. Common Meadow Lily. Sepals yellow, merely recurved, spread-
ing above middle. c.
2 L. super’bum. Superd L. Turk’s-cap. Flowers 3-30, very showy. Leaves
‘lanceolate, lower whorled. c. M.W.S.
8 L, Carolinia’num. Carolina L. Flower generally but E Leaves wedge-lance-
olate, partly whorled. S.
4 L, Philadel’/phicum, Philadelphia L. Upper leaves in whorls, Flowers 1-8, pur- —
ple-spotted. c.
5 L, Catesbe’i. Catesby’s Z. Lvs. all scattered. Fl. 1, red and yellow-spotted. S.
6 L. bulbif’erum, Orange LZ. Flowers erect, rough within, bell-shaped. Leaves
8-veined, scattered. + ,
7 L. tigri‘num, Tiger Z. Flowers nodding. Repel strongly revolute. Leaves
8-veined, scattered. t+
8 L. can’didum, White Lily. Flowers in a raceme, smooth, large. Lvs. scattered. +
9 ZL. J apon’/icum. Japan Lily. Flower 1 only, very large. Sepals reflexed at end. t+

° 3. AL’LIUM. Garlic, Onion, &c.

Flowers in a dense umbel with a 2-leaved spathe. Perianth deeply 6-
parted, colored, usually spreading, persistent. Stamens 6. Ovary angu-
lar. Style thread-like. Pod 3-lobed, containing 1 or 2 black seeds in each
cell.—Strong-scented, bulbous, stemless herbs, the leaves radical and the
umbel on a scape, sometimes bearing bulblets instead of flowers. May-
July. |

§ Leaves flat, lanceolate, but perishing before flowering....1
§ Leaves flat, lanceolate or linear, present with the flowers....a
§ Leaves terete and hollow, or tubular....c
a Filaments simple. Ovary with a 6-leaved crown. Leaves linear....b
a Filaments 8-forked. Leaves lance-linear. Gardens....
13*

298 THE FLORA.

b Stamens longer than the sepals. Umbel nodding....2 :
b Stamens equalling the sepals. Umbel with bulblets or flowers....3, 4
b Stamens shorter than the sepals. Umbels with flowers only....5, 6 .
c Stem leafy half way up. Filaments 8-forked....7, 8
ec Stem naked. Filaments simple..
1 A. tricoc’cum. Lance-leaved Garlic. Umbel 1f. high, with a thin spathe, 12-20-
flowered. Flowers white. Plants strong-scented. Woods. N. W. -
2 A. cer’‘nuum. Wodding G. Leaves longer than the 4-angled scape. Rose-
colored flowers, 12-20, in the handsome, nodding umbel. M. W.S
8 A. stella’tum. Star G. Umbel erect when in flower (nodding in bud), with
many rose-colored flowers. Western.
4 A, Canaden’se. Canada’G. Umbel a dense head of bulblets and some flowers.
Bulblets sessile, bracted, 12-18’ high.
5 A. mutab/ile. Chitin geable G. Leaves bade Sin. spay: terete. Flowers
many (20-40). S. -
4 A. stria’tum, Striate G. Leaves striate, linear. Scape 8-angled. Flowers
few (8-7). ;
7 A. sati/vum. Common G. Bulb compound. Umbel bearing bulbs. +
8 A. porrum. Leck. Bulb simpie. Umbel bearing numerous flowers. t+
9 A. venea’le. Crow G. Sta. exserted. Umbel with bulbs. Slender. M.W.-
10 A. Schenopra’sum. Cives. Leaves rush-like, as long as the scape. Stamens
included. fe
11 A. fistulo’sum. Welsh Onion. Leaves thick, as long as the swollen scape.
12 A.cepa. Common Onion. Leaves thick, much shorter th®n the swollen scape.

4, FUNKIA. Day Lily.

1 F. ovata. White D. Flowers white, funnel-form, many in the raceme. Leaves
broad-ovate, more or less heart-shaped. + Japan.

2 F.ceru’lea. Blue D. Flower blue, rather bell-form. Leaves ovate-pointed, not
at all or ee + Japan.

5. SMILACI’NA. Solomon’s-seal.

1S. racemo’sa. Clustered S. Raceme compound. Stamens longer than the peri-
anth. Stem recurved, 13-2f. Flowers numerous, small, white.

2S. stella’ta. Stellate S. ees few, inasimple raceme. Leaves many. N.

3 8. trifolia’ta. TZhree-leaved S. Leaves 3 or 4, lance-elliptic. Flowers few, ra-
cemed. N.

ORDER 149.—THE MELANTHS. 299 .

6. CLINTO'NIA. Clintonia. iby of
1 CO. borea’/lis. Northern C. Leaves broad, oval- : 7) ya DF
lanceolate. Flowers white, 2-5, nodding in . GZ call Sree
the erect, bractless umbel. Common in woods. ere ome: 4 a

N.

2 O. multifio’ra. Many-flowered C. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate. Flowers spotted, 12-30 in the co- *
-rymb, erect or spread, Plant downy. Woods.
M.S.

7. UVULARIA. Bellwort.

Perianth 6-parted. Sepals linear-spatulate
or lanceolate, with a honey-cavity at the
base of each. Filaments very short, anthers
half as long as the sepals. Style 3-cleft.
Pod (or berry) 3-celled, cells few-seeded.— \
Root-stock creeping. Stem leafy and usually
branched. Flowers mostly solitary, straw-
yellow, pendulous. May.

1 Leaves perfoliate (§ 220). Pod obovate, 3- ,
lobed at end....3 Fig. 663. Clintonia borealis.

Fig. 664. A berry cut across to
show the 2 cells.

1 Leaves sessile. Sepals Peal” ob-
tusish, ovate, 3-angled..
2 U. sessilifo’lia, Wild Oats. peca glabrous, glaucous beneath. Pod raised on
a little stalk. Stem 6-10’ high, divided. ec.
2 U. puber'ula. Downy B. Leaves fine-downy, shining green both sides. Pod
sessile. Stem 8-12’ high. Mountains. S.
8 U. grandiflo’ra. Great-flowered B. Sepals smooth within and without, 14’
long. Anthers obtuse. Stem 1f. high.
8 U. perfolia’ta. Mealy B. Sepals granular-roughish within, scarce 1’ long.
Anthers pointed. Stem If. high.

Orper CXLIX. MELANTHACEA. The Melanths.

Herbs perennial, often poisonous, with parallel-veined leaves ;

perianth double, of six similar pieces, green or colored alike, persistent ;
stamens 6, with ee anthers turned outwards (extrorse) ;

ovary 8-celled, the styles usually distinct, a capsule in frudé.

300 THE FLORA.” «

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Perianth segments united below into a long tube....a
§ Perianth segments distinct, not forming a tube....2
2 Anthers 1-celled, cordate (shield-form when open)....8
2 Anthers 2-celled.* Flowers in simple racemes....d
8 Flowers in a panicle, that is, a compound raceme....b See
8 Flowers in a simple raceme or spike....¢
- a Leaves and flower arising from an underground corm. Cholchicum. Cou’ cHicuM.

b Sepals clawed, each claw bearing a stamen. MELAN’THIUM.

b Sepals clawed, claw free from stamens. Zigadene, Zi1’GADENUS.

b Sepals not clawed, base bearing a stamen. Poke. Vera’tRum. 1
¢ Flowers white, in racemes. Stamens on the sepals. , /ly-poitson. AMIAN’THIUM.
e Flowers greenish, in aspike. Stamens free from sepals. ScHZNOCAU’LON.

d Fils. perfect. Filaments widened at base. Ovary 6-ovuled. XEROPHYLLUM. ~

d Flowers perfect. Filaments filiform. Ovary w-ovuled. -HELONIAS.

d Flowers dicecious, white. Stem leafy. Blazing Star. CHAMZLIR’IUM.

VERA’TRUM. Poke. False Hellebore.

Flowers polygamous by abortion in the same plant. Sepals united at
base, colored, spreading, sessile, and without glands. Stamens 6, shorter
- than the sepals, wanting in some of the flowers. Ovaries 3, united at base,
often abortive. Pod 3-partible, many-seeded.—Stems leafy more or less.
Flowers panicled. June, July. :

-§ Stem stout and very leafy throughout....1
§ Stem slender, nearly naked....2
2 Sepals rather blunt. Leaves oval and lanceolate....2, 3
2 Sepals acuminate. Leaves linear....
1 V. viride. Green-fl. P. Lvs. large, oval, pointed. Coarse plant with green fis.
2 Y. Woodii. Wood’s V. Scape 3-6f. Leaves lanceolate. Fis. nearly black. W.
8 V. parvifio’rum. Smali-fl. V. Stem 2-5f. Lvs. oval. Fils. dingy green. Mts. S.
4 V.angustifolium. Grass-lv. V. Very slender, 3f. Lvs. long. Fls. greenish-white. W.

Orver CLI. JUNCACE®. Rushes.

Herbs generally grass-like, often leafiess, with small, dry, green flowers ;
perianth of 6 glume-like pieces, whorled in two circles (sepals and petals) ;
stamens 6, rarely 2, on the torus; style 1;

ovary 3-celled; seeds few or many.

ORDER 152.—SPIDERWORTS. 301

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Perianth greenish outside, yellow inside. Stamens 6.
Stigma 1. Seeds many. Leaves sword-shaped.
Scape nearly naked. Narthecitum. NartTHECIUM.

* § Perianth green orbrownish. Stamens 6. Stigmas8, -
Capsule 3-celled, 8-seeded. Stems leafy, jointed.
Leaves linear. Wood Rush. Lu’zuna.

§ Perianth green or brownish. Stamens 6, rarely 8.
Stigmas 8. Capsule many-seeded. Leaves terete,
or linear, or none. Rush. Bullrush. Jun’cus.

Fig. 665. Flower of Luzula, much magnified: p, the green peri-
anth; 8, the 6 stamens; a, the 3 stigmas,

Orper CLII. COMMELYNACE®. Spiderworts.

Herbs with flat, narrow leaves which are usually sheathing at base;
perianth of 2 circles, outer of 3 green sepals, inner of 3 colored petals ; -
stagens 6, on the torus; ovary 2 or 3-celled; style and stigma 1;
capsule 2 or 3-celled, with few seeds.

Analysis of the Genera.

§ Flowers irregular, clustered in a heart-shaped floral leaf. CoMMELY’NA.
§ Flowers regular, clustered, floral leaf like the rest. Spiderwort. TRapESCAN’TIA. 1
§ Flowers regular, solitary, axillary. Stamens 3. Moss-like herbs. S. Maya/oa.

TRADESCAN’TIA. Spiderwort.

Flowers regular, in terminal, close umbels, subtended by 2 or 8 leaf-like
bracts. Petals broad, larger than the sepals. Filaments clothed with
jointed hairs. Juice viscid, spinning into cobwebs.

§ Leaves linear, sessile, not narrowed at the base, smooth....1, 2
§ Leaves ovate or lanceolate, narrowed at base, hairy....3, 4 ;
1 T. Virgin’ica. Common S. Leaves broad-linear. Umbel many-flowered, ses-
sile, terminal, with 2 leaf-like bracts. Petals large, blue or white.
9 T.ro’sea, Roseate S. Leaveslinear,long. Umbel few-flowered, with 2 sub-
ulate bracts. Petals twice longer than sepals, rose-colored. Penn. S.
3 T.pilo’sa. Hairy S. Leaves lanceolate, long-pointed. Umbels both terminal and
axillary, manyflowers. Petals small, bluish-purple. W.
i T. crassifo/lia. Thick-lv. 8S. Leaves ovate, some petiolate, acute, woolly beneath.
Flowers small, rose-purple, terminal. Stem weak. Leaves striped. +

INDEX AND GLOSSARY:

Containing Definitions of Botanical Terms, together with references to those :
paragraphs in which they are defined in the foregoing Lessons. —

—_—_$<—+ + —___

A (in composition) signifies without; as | Arrangement of leaves.—Lesson 9.

apetalous, destitute of petals.

Abbreviations, p. 131.

Abortive, imperfect, useless.

Acaulescent, 235.

Acerose, needle-shaped.—Fig. 9.

_ Achenium, 168.

Aculeate, armed with prickles.

Acuminate, pointed, 33.

Acute, sharp-angled, 33.

Adherent, 82.

Adhesion, 79.

Adnate, growing to or upon, 105.

Adnate stipules, 46.

Z#stivation, 134, 135.

Aggregate, assembled close together.

Aggregated fruits, 183.

Albumen, Albuminous, 189, 192.

Aljurnum, white-wood or sap-wood;
outer layers of the trunk.

Alternate, 49.

Ament, 149.

Amplexicaul, stem-clasping, 41.

Analysis, 263.

Ancipital, two-edged.

Angiosperms, 256, 257.

Annual, yearly, 211.

Anther, 100.

Apetale, 258.

Apéalous, without petals, -

Apex.—Fig. 56. -

Apex of the leaf, 2.

Appendage, some unusual part added.

ae pressed closely to something
else.

Aquatic, growing in water.

Arborescent, tree-like. e

Arid, dry. [ley.

Aristate, bearded; as the glumes of bar-

Ascending, arising obliquely.
Ascending axis.—Lesson 28.
Attenuate, made slender or thin.
Auriculate, ear-shaped, 20.—Fig. 28. —
Awneéd, tipped with a bristle-shaped ap-
pendage, as the beard of Barley, &e.
Axil, 53.
Axillary, growing out of the axils, 53.
Axillary buds, 53.
Azis, the stem or central column, about.
which the organs are arranged, 216.
e

Baceate, berry-like; cqvered with pulp.

Banner, 89.

Bark,-the external covering of woody
stems.

peat a hard, short point, like that of a
bird.

Bearded, with long, stiff bristles or hairs. —

Berry, 174. r

Bi (in composition), twice; as in

Bi-cuspidate, with 2 points.

bi-dentate, with 2 teeth.

Biennial, of 2 years’ duration, 212.

Bifid, 2-cleft.

Lifoliate, 2-leaved.

Bifurcate, 2-forked.

bi-labiate, 2-lipped.

Binate, 2 grown together.

Bi-pinnate, twice pinnate, 39.

Ea ge twice pinnate-cleft, 24.—_

ig. 31. Me

Bi-saccute, with 2 tumors or sacs.

Si-ternate, twice ternate, 39.

Bi-valved, 2-valved.

Biography of the plant.—Lesson 26.

Blade of the leaf, 2.

Botanical analysis, 264.

Armed, furnished with spines or thorns, | Bracteate or Bracted, having bracts. ,

as if in self-defence, 56.
Aromatic, strong-scented, spicy.

Bractlets, little bracts.

Bracts, 147. a

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

. Branches, 208.

Branching root, 219.
Branchlets, small branches.
Bristles, stiff hairs.

Bud, 52.
Bulb, 230,
Bulblets, littte bulbs borne above ground.
Bulbous, having bulbs.

Bushes, 215;

Caducous, falling off early. -

Calyculate, having bracts resembling an
outer, additional calyx.

Calyx, 65.

Campanulate, bell-shaped, 91.

Canescent, whitish with fire hairs.

Capillary, very slender, hair-like.

Capitate, kead-shaped, globular.

Capsule, a pod, 182.

Carinate, keel-shaped.

Carpels, 124.

Cartilaginous, gristly.

Caryophyllaceous, 88.

Caryopsis, grain or kernel.

Catkin, 149. |

Caudate, with a tail.

Caulescent, 235.

Cauline, 146.

Caulis, 235. .

Cellular, composed of cells.

Cernuous, nodding.

Chaffy, with chaff. - _ |

Character, marks which distinguish a spe-
cies, genus, &e.

Chartaceous, of the texture of writing-

aper. .
Cidics hairs, like those of the eye-lashes.
Ciliate, furnished with ciliz. .
Circinate, 140.

Circumscissile, opening like a lid.

Cirrhous, furnished with a tendril.

Classification.— Lesson 29.

Clavate, club-shaped.

Claw, 71.

Climbers, 54, 236. e

Climbing fern, 12. .

Cochleate, resembling the shell of a snail.

Cohering, connected.

Cohesion, 79.

Cohorts, 258.

Colored, not green.

Column, the consolidated stamens an
pistils of the Orchis. :

- Coma, a tuft of hairs, 187, 188.

Complete flower, 110.
Compound flowers, 156.

“

303

Compound leaves, 23-85.

Compound petiole,. 44,

Compound pistil, 124.

Compressed, flattened lengthwise.

Cone, the same as strobile, 183, 185.

Confluent, joining together.

Conjugate, joined in pairs.

Connate, joined together at base, 48,

Connectile, 102.

Connivent, converging together.

Conoids, 258.

Contorted, twisted, 180.

Convex, rising spherically.

Convolute, 182

Cordate, heart-shaped, 19.

Coriaceous, leathery, thick and tough.

Corm, 230.

Cornute, Corniculate, horned.

Corolla.—Lesson 12.

Corona or Crown, the expanded, cup-like
disk of Narcissus, &e.

Corymb, 151.

Corymbous, arranged like a corymb.

Costate, ribbed. .

Cotyledon, 190, 191.

Creeper, 232.

Crenate and Crenulate, 81.

Crisped, Crispate, with excess of margin.

Cristate or Crested, with raised ridge.

Cruciform, 87.

Cryptogamia, 250.

Cucullate, hood-shaped.

Culm, the stem of grasses.

Cuneate, wedge-shaped, 17.

Cupule, cup of the acorn, &c.

Cuspidate, with a small abrupt point, 88,

Cuticle, the.epidermis, searf-skin.

Cyme, 157.

Cymous, like a cyme.

Decandrous, with 10 stamens.

Deciduous, falling off in autumn.

Decompound, more than once compound-
ed, as bi or tri-pinnate. '

Decumbent, 224, °

Decurrent, extending down the stem as
do the leaves of Mullen.

Decussate, crossing at right angles.

Deflexed, bent downwards,

Definite, 106. :

Dehiscence, 102.

Dehiscent fruits, 166.

Deltoid, 15.

Dentate, Denticulate, 30.

Depressed, flattened from above.

Descending axis.—Lesson 27,

304

tte Ge ata tw 5 as in
Diadelphous, 107.
Diandrous, with 2 stamens.
Dichotomous, forked, branched by two
equal divisions.
Tif: reac todd
use, SPI oosely.

Jngitate, finger-shaped, with Lesa,
DPiacous, saminate and pistillate flowers | Fi.
on difierent plants, 2s in the Willow.
Diszevid kead, the florets all tubular, 2s in

Burdock, lronweed, 156.
Disk flowers, 156.
Dissected, cut, into 2 parts.
Dissepiment, 2 partition in a pod.
Distinet, not united, 77.

Divaricate, spreading in a straggling
manner.

_ Double flowers, 119.
Doubly dentate, 32.
Downy, cl ed with soft hairs.

Drupe, 171.
Duramen, inner wood of the crank.

E, or Ez (in composition), deshitaibe of.
_ beset with prickles.
I 16.

Endogens, 253, 235.
Enneandrows, with 9 stamens.
oe ee ee 23.—Fig. 8.

en-edged, 29
Fecal lasting = buts day.
pidermés, the outer skin.
synons, standing on the ovary.
ee *: ; Plants growing on other plants.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

*

Fastigiate, os a flat or level top.
Feather-veined, 257.
Ferruginous, rust-colored.

Filament, 101. .

Filiform, thread-shaped.
Fimbriate, bordered with a
Fistulous, Fistula, tubular, hollow.
Fleruous, bent in a wavy manner. :
Flores, the flowers in a compound om:

ex, 156.
Floridiz, 258.
Flower-bud, 128.

| Flowering Plants, 250.

Flowerless Plants, 250.

Poliaceous, having the texture of leaves.
Follicle. 179.

FPootstalk,, the stalk of either floweror leaf.
Forked venation, 12.

Forms of leaves.— Lessons 3, 4

Free, not adhering, $1.

Fringed, the same as fimbriate.
Frait.—Lessons 22, 23-

Frutescent, shrabby:

Fugacious, soon perishing.

| Puniculuz, the seed-stalk.
lctecied exceeding the common length.
Emarginate |

| Germ, the ovary, 189.
. aeie ee 196.

Glaucous, sea-green: pale, bluish-green,

with a es ah or an
Pee or spherical.

Pee tee pr chaff, cd dn.

e outer envy .
flowers ot the Grasses.

Glume Plants, 257. *

INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 305

Glumeless Plants, 257.

Glumifere, 257.

Graminoids, 258. [grains,

Granular, formed of, or covered with

Grooved, furrowed or channelled.

Gymnosperms, 256, 257.

Gynandrous, having stamens and pistils
combined into one body. 4

Hubit, the general appearance of a plant.

Habitat, the place where a plant grows.

Hairs, 60.

Hastate or Halbert-shaped.—Fig. 57, 2.

Head, 155.

Heart-wood, same as duramen.

Helmet, same as galea.

Heptandrous, with 7 stamens.

fterb, a plant not becoming woody, 211.

Herbarium, a collection of dried plants.

Hexandrous, with 6 stamens.

Hibernation, 210.

Hip, 176.

Hirsute, 62.

fispid, rough with stiff hairs, 62.

Hooded, curved or rolled into the form of
a hood.

Hybrid, partaking of the nature of two
species.

Hypogynous, inserted under the ovary, 88.

Imbricated, 181.

Imperfect flowers, 109.

Incised, deeply gashed or cut.

Indefinite, variable in number and too
many to be counted, 106.

_ Indehiscent, not opening. »

Indehiscent fruits, 166. °
Indigenous, native of. ?
Inferior calyx, calyx free.

Inferior ovary, ovary adherent.
Inflated, tumid, as if filled by wind.
Infleced, bending inward.
Inflorescence, 141.

Innate, 105.

Inserted, growing out of.

Internode, 202, 227.

Interruptedly pinnate, 37.

Introrse, 108. .

Involucel, involucre of an umbellet, 152.
Involucrate, surrounded by an
Involucre, 147.

Involute, 189.

Labiate, 2-lipped, 97.

Laciniate, 27.—Fig. 43.

Lactescent, milky or juicy.

Lamina, blade, 71.

Lanceolate, 15.

Lateral, on the side, 58.

Leaf.— Lessons r,2. 8.

Leaf-bud, 128.

Leaflets, 35.

Leaf-stems, 228.

Legume, 180.

Leguminous, bearing legumes. :

Lenticular, shaped like a double convex
lens.

Tiber, the inner bark.

Ligneous, woody.

Ligulate, strap shaped, 96.

Ligule, 47.

Liliaceous, 88.

Limb, 76.

L’ne (’’) the 12th part of an inch.

Linear, 28. . ~

Lobate, or Lobed.—Figs. 30, 35.

Loment, a jointed legume, 180.

Iunate, crescent-shaped.

Lyrate, 21.—Fig. 34.

Marginal, on the margin.

Medulla, the pith.

Membranous, or Membranaceous, thin and
soft, like a membrane.

Midvein, 6. [set.

Fa bos stamens united into one

Monandrous, with one stamen.

Monecious, stamens and pistils in sepa-
rate flowers on the same plant. |

Monopetale, corolla with united petals.

Monopetalous, 75.

Monosepalons, 75.

Mucronate, 38.

Mulberfy, 188.

Multifid, many cleft.

Muricate, with hard, sharp points.

Naked, a relative term, signifying desti-
tute of.

Naked flower, 110.

‘Naked seeds, 256.

Napiform, tuberous root wider than long.
Natant, swimming. [sons 30, 81.
Natural System; Natural Orders.—Les
Nature of the flower, 208.

Irregular flowers, 86. . | Nectariferous, producing honey.
Net-veined, 8. : [tils.
Keel, carina, 89. fpoat Neutral flowers, without stamens or pis-
ikea | Nodding, in a drooping posture.

Keeled, ridged and curved beneath,

~ Orders,

306

Node, 227, 202.

Normal, regular, according to rule.
Number of Genera, 246.

Number of Species, 246.

Nut, a simple, 1-seeded, hard fruit.

Ob (in composition) implies inversion ; as
Obcordate, inversely heart-shaped, 34.
Oblanceolate, ae

Oblique, unequal, one-sided

Oblong, 16.

Obovate, 17.

Obsolete, "indistinct, as if worn out.
’ Obtuse, blunt, 33.

Obv olute, 138.

Ochree, 47.

Odd- pinnate, 37.

Offset, a short, thick runner.

Opereular dehiscence, 104.

Opposite, 50.

Orbicular, rounded, 16.
247.

Ordinal, relating to the orders.
Ov: al, 16.
Ovary :
Ovate, 2.
Ovoid, egg-shaped.
Ovules, 128.

121, 128.

Pales, the inner chaff of grass flowers.

Palmate, hand-shaped.

Palmate venation, 10.

Palmately ternate, 38.

Pandurijorm, fiddle-shaped.

Panicle, 153.

Papilionaceous, 89. [ cesses.

Papillous, with smail, pend ike pro-

Pappus, 188.

Parallel venation, 11.

Parasite, a plant living on other plants.

Par ictal, of, or adjoining the wall; as

Parietal placente —Fig. 269. .

Pectinate, comb-like, with long, narrow
segments,

Pedate, foot- -shaped, 26.

Pedicel, 143.

Pedicellate, furnished with a pedicel. —

Peduncele, 148.

Pellucid, transparent.

Peltate, ’20. —Fig. 25.

Pendulous, drooping, hanging down.

Pentandrous, with 5 stamens.

Pepo, 175.

Perennial, enduring 3 years or more, 218.

Perfect flow er, 110.

Perfoliate, 42.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY, .

Perianth; 66.

Pericarp, 166.

Perigynous, inserted into the calyx, 83.

Persistent, permanent, not falling off.

Personate, 97.

Petal, 65.

Petaliferee, 257.

Petaloid, resembling petals.

Petiole and Petiolate, 3.

Petiolule, 35.

Phenogamia, 250.

Pilous, 62.

Pine- -apple, 183.

ae (wings), segments of a pinnate

eat,

Pinnate, 36.

Pinnately ternate, 38.

Pinnatifid, 24. -

Pinnatisect, 25.

Pistil, 68. —Lesson 18.

Pistillate, bearing pistils.

Pith, the central cellular substance of the
stem.

Placenta, a lobe or fleshy ridge ern
the seeds.

Plaited, same as Plicate.

Plan of the flower.—Lesson 17.

Plicate, folded like a fan.

Plumous, feathery or feather-like. -

Plumule, 190, 191.

Pod, dry fruit; as capsule, legume, dec.

Pollen, 100.

Poly (in composition) signifies many 5

Polyandrous, with many stamens.

Polyadelphous, 107.

Polygamous, having perfect flowers, with
staminate or pistillate flowers on the
same plant..

Polypetale. See Dialypetale, 258.

Polypetalous, 75, 258.

Polysepalous, 75.

Pome, 176. ;

Porous dehiscence, 104.

Premorse, abrupt at end, as if bitten off.

_| Prickles, 5T.

Process, any projection from the surface.
Procumbent, 224.
Prostrate, 224,
Pubescent, 61.
See oe the soft, » juicy parts of fruits.
dotted as if with points.
Porifort pear-shaped.
Pyxis, 1

Quaternate, growing in fours.
Quinate, growing in fives, 40.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

Raceme, 150.

Facemous, resembling a raceme.

Rachis, 36, 146.

Radiate and Radiant, pp. 219, 220.

Radiate-veined. See Palmate-veined, 10.

ftadical, from the root.

Radical number, 118.

Radicle, 190, 191.

Ramial, of the branches.

Ramous, branched.

Ray, Ray-flowers, 156.

Receptacle, 64.

Reclinate, 140.

Recurved, bent or curved backward.

Reflexed, curved back and downward.

Regular flower, 86.

Reniform, kidney-shaped.—Figs. 23, 24.

Repand.—Fig. 58.

feticulate, netted.

Retuse, 34.

Revolute, 139:

Rhizome, 231. °

Rhomboid or rhombic, oval, with angular
sides, «

fib (costa), ridge caused by raised veins.

Ringent, gaping, as when a labiate corolla
has an open throat. °

Root.—Lesson 27.

Root-stock, 281.

Rosaceous, 87. .

fostrate, with a beak.

Rotate, 90.
udiments, 116.

fugous, wrinkled.

Runcinate, 22.—Fig. 36.

Runner, a slender branch striking root,
as in Strawberry.

Saccate, bag-like, or sack-like.
Sugittate, arrow-shaped, 19.
Salver-form, 94.

Samara (a key), 169.

Sap, 204.

Scabrous, rough.

Scale-stems, 228.

Scape, 144. -

Scarious, dry, thin, scale-like.
Scorpoid cyme, 159.

Secund, all turned to one side.
Seed.—Lesson 24.

Segments, parts or divisions.
Sepal, 65.?

Septinate, 40.

Sericions, 61.

Serotinous, late in the season.
Serrate and Serrulate, 30.

307

Sessile, 5.

Setaceous or Setous, bristly.

Sheath, lower part of the leaf or leaf-stalk |
which surrounds the stem.

Shrub, 215.

Silicle and silique, 181.

Simple, not compound, of one piece.

Simple pistil, 124.

Sinuate, 21.—Fig, 32..

Sinus, arounded recess between the lobes
of the leaves, &e.

Solitary, 145.

Spadiciflore, 258.

Spadix and spathe, 148.

Spatulate, 17.

Species, 241.

Spilke, 146.

Spine, 56.

Spinescent or Spinous, 18% *

Spiral arrangement, 49.

Spofes, 251.

Spur, 78.

Squarrous, of a ragged appearance; as,
with crawded, spreading bracts or
leaves, &e.

Stamens, 67.

Staminate, with stamens only, barren.

Stellate, whorled.

Stem.—Lesson 28,

Sterile, 109.

Stigma, 122.

Stings, sharp, poisonous hairs, 59.

Stipe, the stalk of a pod, &e.

Stupitate, borne on a stipe.

Stipule, 4.

Stipulate, with stipules.

Stolon, a branch which strikes root at the
end, producing a new plant.

Stoloniferous, bearing stolons.

Straight-veined, when the principal veins
pass direct to the margin.

Striate, slightly furrowed with streaks.

Strigous, clothed with shortgstiff, and
close-pressed hairs.

Strobile, same as cone, 183.

Style, 122.

Sub (in composition) denotes the quality
in a lower degree, as,

Sub-entire, nearly entire.

Submersed, under water.

Subterranean stems, 225.

Subulate, awl-shaped, Fig. 7.

Succulent, thick, juicy, fleshy.

Superior, 82.

Supra-axillary, arising from above the
axil, as do the flowers of Potato.

308

Suture, a seam; the line of cohesion.

Symmetrical, 111.

Syngenecious, having the anthers united |
into a tube, 107.

Tendril, 54, 55, 236.

Terete, rounded or cylindric, 3.

Terminal, borne at the summit, 53.

Terminal bud, 53.

Ternate, 38.

Testa, the outer seed-coat.

Tetradynamous, 108.

Tetrandrous, with 4 stamens.

Thorn, 56.

Throat, 76.

Thyrse, 154.

Tomentous, 61.

Toothed, dentate, 30.

Torus, the receptacle, 64, [ 224.

Trailing, creeping or lying on the ground,

Tree, 214.

Wisc irons with 3 stamens.

Tri- cuspidate, having 8 points.

Tri-dentate, 3-toothed.

Trifid, 3-cleft.

Trifoliate, 3 leaves or leaflets composing
one leaf.

Tri-pinnate, thrice pinnate.

Triternate, thrice ternate, 39.

Truncate, blunt, as if cut square off.

Trunk, 234,

Tryma, 172.

Tube, 76.

Tuber, 233.

Tubercular, 222.

Tuberifzrous, bearing tubers.

Tuberous, thickened like a tuber.

Tuberous roots, 220.

Tubular, hollow like a tube, 95.

Tulip, 11.

Tunicated, coated, as an onion.

Turbinate, shaped like a top.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

Turgid, swollen.
Umbel, 152.

. Umbellet, 152. «

Unarmed, without thorns, prickles, &e.
Unecinate, hooked at the end.
Undershrub, 1 5

Undulate, wavy, 22.—Fig. 38.

| Unguiculate, with a daw 71 sas 116.

Ureeolate, urn-shaped, 92. Fig.
Utriele, a one-see ed. fruit, like ae of
Pigweed.

Valvate, 129.

Valves, the parts which open.

Variety, 244,

Veinlets, 7.

Veins, 6.

Veins ‘of the leaf, 6.

Veinulets, 8.

Velvety, clothed with thick, soft down: :

_Venation, 10.

Ventral subure, the front seam.
Ventricous, swelling out on one side.
Vernation, 51, 135.

Verrucous, warty.

Versatile, 105.

Verticil, 2 whorl of flowers. -
Verticillate, a0. bee

Vexillary, 132.

Verillum, the banner, 89.

Villous, 61.

Vine, O36.

Virgate, panda terete and slender.

Wedge-shaped, see Cuneate, 17.
Wheel-shaped, see Rotate, 90.
Whorled, see Verticillate, 50

Winged, as if furnished with wings.
Winged petiole, 45.

Wings, 89.

Woody plants, 214.

INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS,
BOTH LATIN AND ENGLISH:
Also, full references to the Itlustrations.
——_— 2
Abelmoschus. Sia. nid CS ii AMIOrphS oa fee's Pes sce 188 | Asclepiadaces ........... 278
Abutilon ....... gn eke to Amphianthus. ........ 0. 248 | Asclepiads ).. V2. Sn esa" 273
Beanie... 35. wie ee oeaoe i 59 Amphicarpwa ........... 188 | Asclepias, fig. 283........ 274
Acer, jig. 322-328 ........ LBS MAwmsonia: 585s ees 28 2. Ie | MBCVTUGE vole oo ye. eee ere 168
PPPOE Nw pee atic s Uae 182 | Amygdalus.............. 195.| Ash, fg. 187........ Paige)
eg: a ne ee 273 | Anagallis, fig. 556-7...... 244 | ASnATAPUS Joo fay ce aoe 296
OS ee $31 |"Anantherix ....00c.005. 0: Sia | REDON 20%) pas. ae eee 281
Aconite, jig. 195, 373..... 151 | Andromeda, jig. 242 a, 148 236 | Asphodel, Asphodelus.... 295
RUMUMNRMERAD oc 0.5.00. wine y « « TO) RET ORAEG Cle Sales cee oe 242 | Aster, fig. 524.2... 0.500.058 229
PRS «os Coreen GSS | BVeMONe 1.2.4 5l:.5. se ee 146 | Asterworts 2.1.0 65)..00.. 219
| Sn oe rer As Peele sos fo. Se ae 210: | Astitbewss.23c0.0ac anes 207
Acttinomeris-2.. . 6.9. d6e5 222 | Angiosperms ............ 0% Astragalus. o57-- cn ses ns 188
Actinospermum ......... ec i GL a en 210 | Atamacco Lily, jig. 137.. ae I
PIAA Ss 3. H3-- Time | RMSTIORIAGS oo, S82 ok 6 dS aces Bore TTI AS aroha aise nen are
RMN Ghia n calre S ts oS oN 448 | Antirrhinum....0. 0.5.2... 240 | Auriente Feel 28 yi. ce ae oe me
Aischynomene........-.. TSO FACE sia oii, or ise oe eke eo 2Yo:| AVENS. . o.oo ase et 199
So eae 184 | Apetalous Endogens...... 282 | Awiwort ....... EEE ae 162
eee . 210 | Apetalous Exogens....... 275 | Azalea, jig. 205, 582-4.... 238
MPRPGNLBUS ©... 26s ey oss tell | ARMM hs ORI oa ods cee 190
Pe ace +s. oe oe COG aN Soe Sees kee BAG {Bald wania 2. esses _ 222
Ageratum, jig. 308 ayers As re UC ee ee eS 286 | Balloon Vine 3." 22255 184
Aglumacez aS eee ee Apocynaces..:..5..3.... 272 | Ballota...... Perr ye 256 -
Agrimonia, | eae 196 | Apocynum, fig. 285...... 202.) AEE voy =|. hoists 256
Agrimony, jig. 61........ TSG | PUEOR oo 7itiw ote. Ss 223 | Balm-of-Gilead, jig. 636-7. 234
Albany Beechdrops...... O51 PIONS. Seer ans tone me 197 | Balsaminacese ..........- 181
Alchemilla, 7ég. 215 ...... 195 | Apple of Sodom.......... 269) Balsamine ... 5. 0's «is. ... 182
Alien, Jig. GH. esi sh 250 PApple Pera. 6.2 fcc bees. 208 | Bane-berry «20.00 -s- eis 145
Alexanders, jig. 483-6 .... 213 | Aquilegia ............... 149 | PAPC iain oe 2 ee ore sae 192
oe Oe eae ee eee a4 atabis, 77g) 292. peek ces 164 | Harbarea’s: 202725), 2838 166
PUMIBOCNS. a es te ek Bit nee Lb eas 289 PArBereye. 2. sec oe «Sve 158
Ut Se ae Soe | reece so Ste nct eee ss 189 | Arena cess eee ee 270
| ee ee Perea 1i3 | Archangelica .........-.. Al | Batatas.), socio. vaeeee 267
oe ar ato) Archeémerat: o5)66. 5. 240 |) Seay as... sec. (ee ome 278
Pann FG. GS. 2 oS he 280 | Arctostaphylos ... ...... 236 | Bean, jig. 446, 311........ 189
RON eer io Sa oe eons 292 | Arenaria, jig. 410 ........ 173 | Bear-berry, jig. 545...... 236
Alpine Bistoré. 263... 5.» 277 Arethusa, Jig. 651-2...... 289 | Beard-flower ....... .... 291
"oo a AS | Anpemone; .... 0562.20. 158 | Beard-tongue............ 249
I oils SS S.ws as cos S58 aig PV erimemae 22S eee: 260 | BedstTaw:. .......3 sce ses 218
De, SG1(Aristoloehia:.. 2. :.-.26%.550s 276 | Beeeh,: jig. 275.22. 0.220% 279
Amaryllidacee .......... 291 | Aristolochiacew.......... 215 | Beet, jig..886 «2.0.0.5. 0006
Amaryuids . 25 ws s..c0 cs « BOL /ASMMIOTAGIR. 2.2 itd OV ons 162 | Befaria. 2008s oc ce ewes 236
Ambrosia, jig. 514-17 .... SIMO Soe so seh wate eke oe 222 | Begonia, jig. 185.........
Amelanchier ............ BOG PAROS Sx Cention it ae cess 282 | Belladonna .....-.¢c.208« 268
American Aloe ......7... 292] Arrow Dragon........... 283 | Bell- flower Fate vte ea teeee 234
American Centaury ...... 271 | Arrow-head, jig. 47 ...... DES 1 OMI Soe ie Gas Gent ge 222
American Cowslip ....... 243 | Arrow-wood, jig. 51...... Bellwort, jig. 5380-1, 81.233, 299.
American Crab.......... aG7 | Astichboke ;. 6... sees: Font, | SPONVOM. 65.5064 Vs eee ae 279
American Olive.......... Oe PNET vt inv oe te brag aes 283 | Berberidacere............ 153
Amianthium ............ 800 | Asarum........ Lense oy RE OIIGG: yon. oh, emrae ee 158

—

—— — SS GT Ste SC ee
it iti ae a Ee

a —— SAE SIS — ar

eee

310 INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. ‘

Berberis, tg. 171-2, 377-S0 153 | Butter and Eggs......... O49"), Chetwily:vesuameume ss ooo 210
iBerigndiera. .:....okee ie ae 222 | Buttercups, fi g. 168, o34.. 147 | Chestnut, fig. 49;........ 229
PABA ois tik > = Seem we 980 | Butterfly Pea. ...22 28 LSS" -Chick-pea uJ. ae ee 189
BSORINIACEIE os s.n a cies meer 280 | Button-bush.7.e Joes. 2. 218 | Chickweed, fig. 257 ...... 175
BRICQERIS o's a a sa eho ae *, 228 ii Chick-wintergreen....... 248
BIONONIS © 6.0. LO. Chee 244 iCabbaee reese ee tee 162.) Ohintaphila. foes he eee 240
BignOnlacee. 6... a ee: 244 Cake re ce cui ies iiss LOZ | Chita Mester ese a eh Silene
Bilberry, fg. 110s oy 3 CalamatnGhig: vc ce ees 257 | Chiogenes, jig. 848....:.. 287
Bind weeds... 2 wesw ae ec 966. |\Calamimthai. enor ee 257 Chionanthus pl ae ee “wee DRA
Bindweed, jig. 144....... 2ovsCalemdiuta, voy. oe oe 221 | Chokeherry 02: is. 197
Birch, fig. 18, 632-8...... 280} Calico-bush . o.208.000 5.0) 288 | Chrysanthemum, jig. 55.. 222
Birch Wort 2. vc osche wees 280 | Calla, jig. 289, 638-41 sibs 283 | Chrysobalanus........... 195 —
BIT WOrks oobi 5 5) ese Yd | Callistephus.. ee eae es 222 | Chrysogonum ........... 222
Bitter Gresswegec 288 obs 165 | Calopogon, jig. 665....... 290 | Chrysopsis:) (no). cae 221
Bitter-sweet, jig. 611-23.. 269%) Caltha wc a See ee 149 | Chrysosplenium ......... 207.
Blackberry, jig. 268 ...... 200Calymy ction. 2254532 .e8< 266 | Cicely, Jig. 487-90... 212
Black Currant, {ese N8 sock 205 | Calypso ......... be bubs & J8o Cieerens, 3. ee 189 |
Black Haw, jig. 16....... Calysteoia 0... Sw cae 200) Oighorimm,..<).) heen ae 223
Black Hoarhound........ 256. @anieling. 2s neo ooee 162: Chena: 729. GO... eae 213
Black Saltwort .......... 249 Gamomile 26 6.62 ee eee 228 | Wimieites * ol oon eee 145
Bladder-nut, jig. 484 ..... 185 | Campanula, jig. 142...... 234 | Cinquefoil: ... 0... vee cs 201
Bladder-pod -.. )..s.k. 162 | Campanulacew........... 233 | Circa, fig. 53, 73, 198, 464 204
Bladder Senna. i264)... é. 188"): Campion, o: 6 26.63.6 eek eae VTE 1 Cives! 80 oe Cie es ae 298
Blazing Stars vse sk 300 | Candytutt.2.0 Ul. 102.) @ladastris:: jo.0ik. eee 185
Blephilie ci sc okies 256 | Canterbury Bells, i 527-9 234 Glharkiag oc teeny. eee 203
BOA. ee oo eee, Sui 286 | Caprifoliacere............ Zio | lay tonia. ai sake nee 176
Bilood-TOoOt? 2s cece sas cee! 158 | Capsella, fig. 331..... eis 165 Clethitad sc sc. ieee ree 236
PENMG=DRMIVER f.. a5) tectsie es 18S) | Capsicum, ai 2c. Gees 268 | Clematis, fig. 219 ........ 145
Blueberries, fig. 546 ..... 236 | Caraway, fog. 201.23. oe 210 | Climbing Fern, 7ig.6..... Re
Blue-curls: 2. sees 255, 259 | Cardamine, jig. 182 ...... 165 Clintonia, Kg. 665.00. 299
Blue-eyed Grass, fig. 48.. 292 | Cardinal-flower .......... 255 | Clitarta: oo. ove eee bhee Se
Ie os he Sk Nols 293 | Cardiuspermum ...... Ci 1844 Cloudberry. & a 200
Blue-hearts Sater: Ae eae 249) Carnation x7 Soceee ho. oss 173 | Clover, 7 87, 63, 835, 447-50 191
Blue Lettuce, 7 35, 245-7, Carpet-weed............. LTS: | Cockle. 2 ers waa aes 174
1 Ea Ra OID e URED SS ae Bau CALoOMnIs 2. eon seein ed - 280 | Cocoa-plum ....... aes OS
MIMS Bo. eae ects OOS PC arrotesee hes alesse cae 210°): Coftee-trée cen h. :. Sees 189
ISGOCTRAAVIR: oc: aie acted oss 276 | Carum ... 2... Fa hivte austen 42 210°) Cohosh. 2) 202). se aes 158
SOLOING a 292 | Caryophyllacew.......... M2 | Colehieumr)..) ) Sanerarms 800
PROVES cys Avie eet aicies Je 6 I Cassia, 9.00 5. ee ee 194 | Collinsia, fig. 578 ....... ~ 2ol
BUrracew Oris:).) 6. ese. GO PMCASHOPe OCR Nes eee ee 2801 Callinsonia alte) oe eee 255
Borraginacee:........... O60) CAStAMed <5 a. aes ec oe aoeke 219) COlCS=fOOt. 25 ek ee eee 222
Borrago, jig. 598-600..... Zot Castillejar ness VOus wees oa 243 |}COlImpO 50 noticeee ee ae 0
Borrichias:: 23 .2.008). 222 | Catalpa, jig. 196-7, 236.... 245 | Columbine, jig. 867-70 ... 149
Boxberry, jig. 547......%. 937 | Catehily, jig. 186.2... 12. TE RO OMIGER SS Out 2 tia aie aes - 188
Box Hider 2. Aicoesben Gs 182 | Catmint, 729: 92; 508-4. ..42258%) Comat). \). eee 196
Brachycheta \:...3aiae co: 999 Cedronelia «slow oe eee 256 | Comfrey. jig. 608 ........ 261
Bramble suwiess sees 6 8 199 | Celandine, jig. 40........ 158 ; Commelyna ......... uc eee
PEAR SCE yc) OE in 2 Sener TOR Weleny oc eye ins 210 | Commelynacez.......... 801
Bridal Rose. i... foes 200) Celis, Gigs 02" hei aoe. Compastige seek F so. oe 219
Brooklimie jo253. chien? ke Oo Gen trOSeMie \..)ilomiane eee 188 | Cone-flower .......... 2. 222
Brunella, see ones 259 | Centunculus........ »-... 242 | Conioselinum, jig. 85..... e210
PIGUET A) 2851, 2 Seve ses ae 949°) Century: Plant 4.400205... 292 | Conium, jig. 65.......... Q11
Buck-bean.)s -\ecaier ants 270 | Cephalanthus).. 2. 52.3 6. 218 | Conobea’...... ‘Lae epee 249
Buckeye, jig. 153........ 185 | Cerastium, jig. 114....... 175" Convallarig. oc 322... oat eee
Buckwheati:, 0 essen DEG Cebasus si Uae pene eee 196 | Convolvulacese ....... ia OO
PONE DANG 15. o's sidee ototet es 145 ViGercis, gv wee es 189 | Convolvulus, jig. 144..... 267
Bagloss’ .). 6°45 Jae Shaan: 261 | Cherophyllum .......... 210 M@opus. 20 bruset nee 149
MOU ICESIA rig he's ois (oc ake tae 501 | Chaii-seedi. ic. ae can 248 | Coral-berry....... Jo ater bacre 216
Buplemritn,* oi: 4%'s seeks: 210 | Chameelirium........ o« ss. e800 | Coraltorhiza ree te 289
Burdock, jig. 509-11 ..... Chia ptaliag.'. ce seelceen seks 223 | Coral-root ............... 289
VOTO 5 1o4a'c', bioele o'eetae ace 195 | Checkerberry, fig. 540-8.. 237 | Coreopsis..... nyt Cs a
Burr Maricold).).:. sc ener O98 | Cheiranthus:.. ui. 5 ccs 2 «, LOL | Coriander Ve. causes 210
OIT-S6Od 5.7. ps'p'd a's 9 ‘lewis COL | CRCIGOniME So. wile. ve. 158 | Coriandrum, jig. 403-4 . . 210
BUSH CLOVEE. . 6. ieee 1O2: UelOne Vee ee oes tetas Zoe | COPNACORe: .. slic s vde'e vnsasets 214
Bush Honeysuckle....... 217 } Cherry, jig. 452-8........ 196 |] Cornel, jig. 287 ........ .. 214

INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. ole
eee OO, ccc vaseieteak 292 | Diodia. . . . cud Pea, Pe 218 A rg Pea, jig. 96..
Cornus, jig. 495.......... 914.) Thionme .. . . eds tk ee ee 171 Eyebrigh Dumad soit de. tk , 249
RPMI c's u de ean bee 188)" Dkphyleia. .. voc ese 153
ON AS Neaten ee at 160 | Diplopappus............. 929 | Wabiana-.. ode ecs eds ov 269
og Li CES ae 100 | Discpploura..... seo seh oan 210} Fagopyrum ............. 276
BAOP HS Soe aS a sale « 279 | Dittany, fig. 595-6 ....... ene PRENSA ee 279
PAPBPOGUILIIT & «Cts cui ae 264| Dock, fig. 288....0..- 0.06 Brow Palse Aster... 6s civewcws 222
Cotton, - Way SOB. oc. scent 177 Dodecatheon, J. 151, 554-5 243 | False Bindweed ......... 267
Cotton-tree, jig. 808...... 3 Dogbanes, fig. 285, 620-6.. 272 | False Catmint ........... 257
COW DRISHID 0. oi 6 eke vaieak 210 Dogtooth Violet: <3 a0tten 296 | False Dog-fennel....... . 222
Or IR i oy ns we ive wR BAS Dogwood... . 4s dienes BPS ee misD Lela ok oo ols oe aks 162
2 Sa Sater FAS: DolichoS, «4's sansa ke oeak 1e8 | False Gentian ..........- 255
ee Poe 237 | Draba, jig. 296, 396-7..... 164 | False Gromwell ......... 261
EE a as oh Sx aceon 287 | Draba arabizans . Je 155-159 False Heliotrope......... 261
Rete 210 Dracocephalum. estas 256 | False Mitrewort ......... 208
Preeealaceia 2... .. 606.0 205 | Dragon-root ............- 283 | False Pennyroyal........ 257
Crategus, jig. 99......... 195 Dragon’s-head a alo d « WURROIaNS 256 | False Rocket ............ 162
| AS SAS See 162 | Dragon’s-claw ........... 289 | False Sneezewort ........ 222
ST 210 ) Drop-flower ©. 5... seas awe 232 | False Sunflower ......... 222
5S Sa ae POL PrOp wort, . ices wiles o's hy 202 | False Syringa............ 208
ORME on as nv a de BBS MP rosera 24k (h0s eke dee Oe 170 | False Tamarisk .......... 269
Crowfoot, jig.°361-4...... 147 | Droserace. ......5..006% 170; Palse Violet ...5.027 28 200
Crowfoots, fig. 200-1..... PEPE MIT YOR. ico chy ee ews 196 | False Wall-flower........ 166
Crownbeard ..........--. 222 | Dry Strawberry ......... 200 | False Wintergreen. .. 239
Crown Imperial ......... 295 | Dwarf Dandelion ........ 223 |. Featherfoil . 2.0.22 0206 242
1 eek Oe ee ae 160 | Dwarf Pimpernel........ 242 ei ennel .2)5.. 005 ose renee 210
PUROEEINES Ci ae 160) Dwarf Pink. on.<s .ao5.k 219 | Fennel-flower, jig. 41..... 145
Cryptoteenia..........-0. DUA Pe yBOOIRs S - ooo). wie os ws ssh 222 | Fern, jig. 226, 355........
Cuckoo-flower ..........- 162 Fever-root ....... et 215
Cucumber-tree .......... 452) MARdrOp < ob. sicis sve acs 159; 202 PF Pie, fig. 298. 2.08 eaees
Culver’s Physic.......... Bl WPICHINRCER 2 x5 ee 2s 53 Ses 223) Pig worten cuss: ore cette 249
' Cunila, fig. 595-6 ........ 957, Echinodorus............. 284 Figworts CE ye . 247
OSS SS ie ee 279 | Echinospermum. ........ 261 | Flax, fig. 418-420........ 179
Currant, jig. 243, 261, 329. 205| Echium .......... goons S61 | Wlaxwarts?. 2. S..06.5 178
Cuscutiness ........cccece 266 | Eclipta, jig. 815 .......... er) El eabante o.oo. at patos 230
Cydonia........ 5 ee 197 | Egg-plant ....... etree 269 | Floating Heart .......... 270
Cynoglossum ............ 263 | Egyptian Calla........... 283) Phovid6e.. - save cat eee 284
ReMA, ek an cue : rh GOR a iss c a teeth a 217 | Flower-of-an-hour ....... 178
Cypress-vine ............ S67 | Blecampane ...6ss06 ss .5 . 222 | Flower-de-luce .......... 293
Cypripedium, jig. 89, 646-S 287 | Elliottia................. 237 | Flowering Almond, jig. 11
BWR. ot sts wala hn oe ee PRI, oc 2 ns ec aataa sea 263 | Fly-poison ........ 2.00. 300
Bs bi Foeniculum.............< 210
Daitody 4... .<. Or ee aS G2 Paodee is ae aware ee wick 165 | Fool's Parsley ........... 210
Piehtee ce... oe 223 | Enchanter’s Nightshade, Porestierac hs 6, SR 274
ee Se ane ONO YES. hts CO aos uo eoaka ale 204 | Forget-me-not, jig. 604... 262
Me he < ant de dep Sinsleuia .~.... goa ae 274 | Forsteronia.... oS 272
eaters. 85 ~. k oe S 200 |. .Ephedra, fig. 178......... Borsythia ax <i>. aden? 27
Dandelion, 7? 147, 180.504-6 231 | Epidendrum............ « 28T| Fouf-o’clock, jig. Bisex 276
Dasystoma, jig. 565-8.... 253 | Epigea .......... Mes adele 28 |: WOxPlove. 5. S00 lees cee 248
EMERGES... EE ac wie a bade SEPT EPMO UY oo Sic aa os 3 ok 203 Fragaria, Jig. 202, 265 .... 201
Daucns...... dregs 6 OG os POR ree os son o's oo orb 286 | Frankenia, jig. 160.......
iS eee ae 995, 905 | Mricacete .... 2. 2i06ss ve 22 os SarO PE POSCTA nb xwis. ate SEO 270
Wevcumiin Pree oe Fee 207 | Erigenia, jig. 333......... 211 | Fraxinus, fig. 187........ 274
Delphinium, 7g. 168, 208. 150 | Erigeron ................ 230 | French Marigold au nae coe 222
DOG I 9 es 165 \rodiam 3.7. )..254i28. 0479} Bringe-tree....0i bees 274
Hesmeantngs. i ..2. 5... 189 UPirvpeiam. =). Lae onde ioe 910 } Writillaria 20.0. oe 295
Desmodium, fig. 62, 287... 189 Erysimum sat diece ye cette 166 | Fuchsia, 7g. 180 ......... 203
POE DEER Ys > pcos a c-cioee a os aco PREV URES oes esse Va ee 200 | Bomeria: os ee. sha cee 159
MAMVOLPMS . . S-.- o52c 2s GAG MerVERTIDR «oy. eps walters 188 | Fumariacee............. 159
MANNS. So. fue eS . 178 | Erythronium, jig. 657 .... 296 | Fumeworts.............. 159
Dicentra, jig. 389, 392 .... 159 | Escholtzia............... 196 | Mumitory ..c.c0.e Sere 159
Weerandra .1 oe owe ee S55.) alophue: . .. 60s eae ceisese 210 | Wankia..,. «2.286 ii eae 298
Dichondra........ Ait seo Fy 266 | Eupatorium, jig. 512-13 ..
pea eee eae Ne .. 217 | Euphrasia..... S be setae 249 bGaillardia ...5.570s0a0s0% 221
URE ee eee . 248) Evening Primrose ....... 203 | Galactia..... veevsede o.iss

—aowe ~~

312 INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS.
Galanthus: ..-.\. ccs e nee 291 | Hedge Mustard.......... - 162 | Tberis........ POS ee 162
Galeopsis, fig. 582-4...... 256 | Hedge Nettle............ 256 | Illicium .......-.. Tio Pale 151
CaN os Se sco ena 8 | Hedysarunt 25... se eawes 488 | Bysanthus. ..-<. <aepcase 248
Gamopetalous Exogens... 215 | Helenum.......... ..... 222| Impatiens, fig. 71, 428.... 181
NET a oe wn Se ae 297 | Helianthus; jig. 307 . erste 226 | Indian Corn, fig. 360 ..... 118
Ganltheria ..-. 20.205 Sie.. 25) | Helepsis.: 2. . 5... bok oe 222 | Indian Cucumber, jig. 92. 294
rating 8) Fos 5 oe ee ae 203 | Heliotrope .... 2.020. 261 |- Indian Physié ....... 5.02 196
PIMP SSEOIG SOc. scence 236 | Heliotrophytum ......... 261 | Indian Pipes ............ 240
Roser vo. . 2 eae 247 | Heliotropium............ 261 | Indian Soapworts........ 184
SCE IGS oe eae eas = 208 | Hellebore ...... awit tne 145 | Indian Tobacco........ ~. 233
Sante ee 188"| Helleborus). 22020 ~cisc cece 145 | Indian Turnip........... 283
Gentian (52500 Si .. 270 | Helonias ....... wipe ne ee S00. baindigo |. 5 en. eaeeee 18S —
Gentiana, jig. 615-9 ...... 271 | Helosciadium............ 210 Tadiguiocs oimte Semeete + drcltnees 188 —
Gentianacele.. 52-225... - 270 | Hemerocallis ............ Zoe |; TMNOCENEE..< ian oo nae 251
Gentianworts .: - .< 222.-: 270 | Hemianthus............. 245) Inula . ogc eee eeoee . 222
Gersine oso oe nee i eeen 179 | Hemp Nettle, fig. 582-4... 256 | Iodanthus............... 162
RTCKMMINOREE. oc. Se fens oe 179 | Henbane, jig. 282 ........ 268.) Tpomees, cx - foe oe 267
Geranium, jig. 246, 340, 421 Ly Menbitgoos ashe. oe or 2O0 | APGAECR .. rane Sen 292
Rperartis 000 eta ek 252 | Hepatiea, fig. 238,871 5... 44 | Inids..>. .... k= Coes 292
Germander.............. 250 | Heracleum ~...~...2..- 0's 210 | Iris, fig. 165, 399, 294-5... 293
EUR Se oa. bar eccas oe 199 | Herb Robert, jig. 421..... 180 | Irish Moss, jig. 190 oe 206
SL, ee Aer nia: 260 | Herspestis 005 050 eS e 249 | Iron-weed, jig. 248-50... 81
Gill, jig. T4, 587-8 ........ 298: | Hesperiss onde wnt own ue 161.| -Iren-wood". 2.2... 52sc uae . 280
Piiltonie 0028 20s ¢. 196} Heterotheca ............. 22) t isantbus oS 4 sce ccseeeee 255
Gladiolus...... se ee PSOE t woe) Henchera os eee ou 200 Bans | css aoe eee 161
RpIAMCIOIG : >). Un oes oo 158 | Hibiscus, fig. 411-14..... 17S | -Tsopappus..-. ...-0aceesn 222
Sameer Seo ogee ba see 242 | Hieraciam 2 0.2 2.60 Set 23) | Isopyrum . .. .... 0 = spaces 145
Gieditsehia - 22. 26.22..32 189 | Hippuris, fig. 461-3 ...... S03 | Ttea .. 6. can astewn be eeeee 207
Globe-flower ............ 149)| Hoarhounds 6002520... ZG | ESIS oe... an see eee 292
Gloriosa, jig. 97 .......... Hoe Peanut .... 2.2.54... 188 ; :
ce Se 188 | Hollyhock, fig. 218....... 117 | Jack-in-the-pulpit ....... 288.
Goat’s-beard ............ 202 | Honewort ............. £- 212 | Jacobea Lily... 2.2 «.8: 291
Peet ES SS oe oe 188 | Honey Locust, fig. 64, 100 189 | Japan Quince....... .... 197
Golden Chain ........... 188 | Honeysuckle, jig. 82, 146, — | Jeffersonia. fig. 284, 375-6 154
Golden-club, jig. 642 ..... 283 AUG t roa ee ee ee . 216} Jerusalem Cherry........ 269
Goldenrod, fig. T5 ....... 224 | Honkenya. ...... 2-2... 173 | Jerusalem Sage.......... 256
Gold-thread ............- 149 | Hop, fig. 358. 22... ce ese 111 | Jewel-weed............. 182
Sumeslobus esos ese kes 274 | Hornbeam ......... owe as moO PaOngnil ooo. 2. 3. eee 292
Goed-night...2:- 0)... -- 266 | Horn Pondweed, jig. 98... 38 | Judas-tree, jig. 4......... 189
Gondyera ii ig Si 287 | Horn Poppy . ....2-+3.-2- 158 | Julibrassin .........6.20: 189
Gooseberry, jig. 281...... 205 | Horse Balm ............. 255 | Juncacez ....... einai eteee 300
Guossy pias se 572 soe 177 | Horse Chestnut.......... ISS | Junens:. . . 2.) sae 801
Grape Hyacinth......... 295 | Horse Nettle ............ 209 |; suneherry.:.s.. 2.05 soee 197
Grass Parnassus ....... {STE | HoreBadish... 65 i263 162 | Juniper, fig. 7 ........ce0 15
Sete ete acs SUES 290 | HMotionin. 6 S005 ee: 242 |. PUSSUES © ono. chen came sea eee
Gratiols 605/000) a _.... 200} Hound’s tongue.......... 263
Greenbrier, fig. 95 ....... Houseleek, jig. 474....... FUG ICALIR - coc sa cee aparece h 238
Green Dragon ........... 283 | Houseleeks, fig. 191...... US CRIN... os 2. cee 196
Green Head 5 2g7505322; 718 | Houstonia so... 6 oe cece bee 20 | Knawell’ oy. te. -taoeere 178
Gromwell..... sweotees ae al PHOS. £2543 t2 nes 274} Knot Bindweed ........ 277
Grossnlaces'. . 2 72s: 204 | Huckleberry ............ 239 | Knot-weeds, fig. 69 ...... 276
Ground Cherry.......... 268 | Hyacinth, Hyacinthus.... 295| Kosteletzkya ....... ein ae
Ground-nut ............. 190 | Hydrangea, jig. 482 ...... 200) Mrigia . ~ 20) sncen ane 223
Hydrastis, fig. 154 ....... 145
Halewia ‘273s ee 270 | Hydrocotyle............. 210 PTablate «. 1 nce eee 254
Hardhaek «. 3525202 201 | Hydrophyllacew......... 265 | Labiate Plants..... meee 254
‘Hare-bell, fig. 526........ 234 | Hydrophylls............. 268 | Labrador Tea............ 236
Mawel oa 37220 Joa eee 223 | Hydrophyllum, fig. 605-8. 263} Laburnum .............. 188
Hawkweed . 26. 5..2.... 231 | Hyoseyamus..........-- 268 | Lactuca, jig. 36 .......... 224
Mazel. fo c2 ser eee eee ok 279 | Hypericaceee ............ 168 | Ladies’-tresses, fig. 240... 259
Heart’s-ease 25 6...2 000% 168 |-Hyperieum : vss 6 bee. 169 | Lady’s-mantle, ig. 454.... 195
Heath, jig. 314-5......... Wa) Hy poxis- sc soee we Pee 291 | Lady’s-slipper, jig. 89 .... 287
Heathworts ............. 35 | Hyptis .. 0... ew eek kam 255 | Lady’s-thumb ........... 277
Hoedeonta «3.52 i120.) 2 Say | MYBROD i 6 fevevoasbacs vale 220 PAM. 2... 5 d= oeuvre . 256

Hedge Hyssop........... 250 | Hyssopus ........... waco 250 | Lampaans . 2.6.2. cn ucawsr eee

®
INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. 313
Lappa, fig. 509-11........ : Lonicera, jig. 82 .......-. 916 | Melanthium ............ 800
Tart. (ee ae Loosestrife ..........- Rou ee eIANthS. Joy, cc. perce see 299
Larkspur, 7g. 120, 872.... 150} Lophanthus ............. MAO UNOD 5 ins ao dvlenc cae se 256
EEUU i. «tus cnc s hs eae 189 | Lophospermum, jig. 181.. 248 | Mentha .............006- 256
POOUD.- 6 valc.s ndald aan esc 278 | Leusewort .........ce0e: 248 | Menyanthes..... Resse 270
SPE Ser ae aerate Tpit f EMIVEGO.. cccnkaweee ew nuen pe aC a i 236
pemrels. . 65s 5u« eae ean 278 | Love-flower .........0.6. 295 | Mermaid-weed .......... 203
RRUMEME oe eA Ss on wn wns FAS) SE WIRES 2. sae cane ZUG DP MIGECONSI®: 6b. oye san vse 262
MEeVandwia Sc... cs. 0. nase Os! Lunaria;.....05. 200k 166%) Miami-mist. . 36 ccs cei ee 264
DS > ae ee Wee) LARUE WOFt «co su steeds 262 | Microstylis ........... Nae 200
C2 2 ees 188 Lupine, Bi OB. ov eiceenuan 192 | Mignonette, 7ig. 118...... 44
0 8 SS ees 222 | Lupinus, jig. 66.......... 192 | MIE Vetel. os sacs eatscd. 188
Leather-flower........... 146 | Luzula. jig. 665 .......... SOL - | MUE-VENe fo 20 Se cenwn ws's 188
Leavenworthia .......... Jeep LAVORRICOR, |. Sk cock eae 265 | Milkweed, jig. 283 ....... 274
0 236 | Lychnis, fig. 408-9 ....... 114) Me worts |. iia sek akews wa 185
Leguminose ............ BOD SVGMIMIE c 49 :ciw ace wie Seas DEF b MISMORE ins pk etre baw 231
Lezuminous PiagGy 2s... PEO ECOIBE on, ooks came onde 01), MIMO . < sarowe eee seas 189
Leiophyllum ............ See E IVGG@OES 8.0 eu Nae 257 | Mimulus, jig. 569-72 ..... 252
Leioseleuria ..... ,- 236 Lycospersicum .......... OOS i, Ming oo 228 cas tew cae oie 256
Lemon, jig. 79..........- 82 | Lygodesmia ............. 224 |. Mirabilis . 2... 5ee8 ce 276
ea vee ae SOU p aVSNS CIS. . o.oo 5 po ae 243 | Missouri Currant, fig. 471. 205
Seas See 153 Mitchella, jig. 497........ 218
(Po as ae tae P MBOUTIOER. So. cee oles 0% 256 | Mitella, Zig. 477-S1 ....... 207
EO eee eee 256 | Macranthera............. G49: Milteole .cet sec veredae 246
RINT cy yo avciae shaves Bie) MM OE Soo aguas ctaan'e » 218 | Mitrewort, fig. 115....... 207
Pea. oS. St en 163 | Madderworts ............ ZAS |. Modesty sssendae aces ante 0
ee ae Me aa WENG sk Sk eee a 161} Modiola . o.oo 177
BEN BOUS 22s. ios. seen 222 | Magnolia, fig. 28......... Ip). Molingo - 5.5. acs stam nage 175
Lepuropetalon..... peees « 207 Maenoliacese Sd a= i ald a 151 | Molucca Balm........... 256
LP i ee 192 | Maenoliads 22.060... 2.0. 151 EMolucella, . 55022. 6 fees 256
Benes... 22-.-.cs-.- 220 | Majanthemum/.....:.... 296 | Monarda, jig. 580-1 ...... 258
Leucanthemum.,......... 222 | Mallows, jig. 177, 217..... Tit | Monests. 257.2224. aaa 237
eee eS 2 Spa he 256 | Malva, jig. 415-17........ TET, |: Money WOrG. 2 ci..4 .'s celeste 243
eee ZOU | Malyaces@ 0050.0 0.cc ees 176 | Monkey-flower, jig. 569-72 252
Reverwood. 27. .......2. 250) Malvayiscus .. 2... .o.s 177 | Monk’s-hood, jig. 43..... 151
Lichens, jig. 856-8 ....... tT | MemGrdKe 65 Se ls we 1ib4 | Monotropa 22.3425 5 -<sdae 240
Ligusticam Mesias ois oat 210 | Maples, 7ig. 262, 430-1.... 182 | Morning-glory, jig. 22, 161,
Barmrain.. 22... ose se ee Mare 8. tai ie Se ttn us 203 1G2, BBD. ssc orecaeee 267
po | a Sa ee Wee § Mero te Sse ee 221 | Moss Andromeda ....... 236
Uh: SL ee aoe Toe ¢ MAGEE. Oo. cos cnc owen 955. | Moss Pile ' sc 3. ees 265
Lilium, 7g. 107, 118..:... 297 | Marrubium.............. 256 | Motherwort ............. 256
Rane JE Son le ene sine 297 | Marsh Mallow ........... 177 | Mountain Ash........... 197
DEOL G5 ois lotteries oe 295 | Marsh Marigold.......... 149 | Mountain Fringe ........ 159
Lily-of-the-valley, jig. 44.. 295 | Marsh Umbel ........... 210 | Mountain Heath......... 236
Limnanthemum......... DUO y ANULE So oid sa os a gclew ae ie 223 | Mountain Laurel ........ 238
ES Co ae ea gee 248 | Marvel-of-Peru.......... 276 | Mountain Mint .......... 258
LATS 2 i ere Tes 6 Marvelworts,:. si'2ek vas... . 275 | Mountain Sorrel......... 276
Linaria, jig. 563-4.0...... 249 | Mastworts............... 279 | Mouse-ear i. oc bee. dene ae 175
OST Se eee 215 | Matrimony........ Pais Abs 269 | Mouse-tail.. ose 145
US eee PED i enION Os Scie geen 161 | Mud-flower.............. 248
LS me fp A EATS Sone ww co enti 248 | Mudwort. os. 6 fice secs 248
BiGn 8-f00t-.. 2.52 as ew oe Bee ERO Sy oy imaieen oe 301 | Mulberry, jig. 297........ 91 +
Le a ee pe | May Apple... ole. esses 154 | Mulgedium, jig. 36, 243-7. 223
Oo pe ae eo cae 286 | May-flower.............. 938} Mullen .g.¢< «sn scdeeseaeen 249
Liquidambar, jig.4q@.... 18 | May-weed............... 293 1 Mallen Pink :.... 2's 22a 174
Liriodendron ............ 152 | Meadow Lily, 7g. 107-9.. 41| Muscari........ pha.seth ates 295
PAPER ole Gace ones vanes 286 | Meadow Rue ............ 145 | Mustard, jig. 291, 393-5... 166
Lithospermum, jig. 601-2. at res aang Sees. 201 | Mustardworts............ 166
Liverwort, jig. 30........ 147 | Meconopsis............6- 158 | Mylocaryum ........... ". 287
Lizard-tail, jig. 186....... 61 | Medeola, jig. REE at 294 | Myosotis .........sese-0 262
EeMenMS oc ons caekau ss ae ee IONE coe onecewuwes 18S | Myoguras esse. t adidas 145
Lobeliace® ...,..2.0-2-0- -282 | Medic,...... Sates Wee tai 188 | Myriophyllum........... 208
PMS sos Fa weep en 232 | Melampyrum............ 249 ;
SMO Satna «.<naceer enn ER DIGIVOCHS « 6 a's vanevetn vpn 196 | Nabalus, jig. 507-8....... 282
Loganiaces ....... Diced = 246 | Melanthacem ............ 299 | Nailwort....... WVcdeucde kha

i
f
!
-

314 INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS.
ER, boda sedan dee cacte 177 | Painted-cup...../....2.. 248 | Pinkworts. .............- 173. 3
PIMOS 5.605 se tre rk sie 299 | Pancratium....:5........ 291 | Pimxter: 22s jsosoee sae eee 239
Nardosmium ...........- 223 | Pansy, jig. 84........25- 168 | Pipsissewa, fig. 448 ...... 240
MarthecigM 6.666 sede csite S01 | Papaver». 6200820 ak 158 | Pisum, jig. 138-9, 224.... 192
Mastortiom . 4..0 2262208 162 | Papaverace® ...........- 157 | Pitcher-plant ...:........ 157
Naumbergia ............. 942 | Papaw, jig. T0............ Plam, jig: 115 232322200. 195
Mock weed .424. 085522. ;. 251] Pardanthus.............. 299 Podophyllum recta Fe ae
Perens... date F EAE 162 | Parnassia .. 5 i oo235505%-2 171. | Podostiema:: 2:22:72: 5-2
Neirembergia............ 269 | Paronychia.............. 173 | Pogonia, jig. 653-4. ..... 991°
Nelumbiacez............ fot | Perley, sss3is0ge dec Foc8 210 | Poison Hemlock, Fig. 491-2 2712
Nelumbium: ..3.<.5..i<.. fob: | Parsnip ose. fci2s leo toe 210 | Poke siovsce tases ze - 278, 300
Meiamho o.455 24s 2 5e2345 155 | Parthenium ............. 223 | Pokeweeds :::22255:.2.2. 278
Nepeta, jig. 74, 587-8 .... 258 | Partridge-berry.......... 218 | Polar-plant :-:........... 222
SPIE os cc Sod Fee Sie 272 | Pasque-flower ........... 140 | Polemoniacer ........... 264
Nettle, fig. 106........... Passion-flower, jig. 42, 351 Polemonium ....2....... 266
Neurophyllum .......... 210 | Pastinaeas 7432535325050 210 | Polyanthus..... swerce 291, 292 -
PCOS 2.5 ino saa te rs de 268 | Paulownia............... 248 | Polycarpon . +....-...2.-. 173
Weraliens © 62525 205455 .42 2 | Pavone... 3. 256a5ce- 2202 177 | Polygala, jig, 487-8 ...... 185
POUR et tei eatin wee 145 | Pea, fig. 286, 443-5, 451... 193 | Polygalacew.:......... -- 185
Mibhtshado. 226.202 «cseS< 269 oo Jd. BiG ts 2e Ss ots 195 | Polygonacew ..........- 276
Mibhiniades 532503. cen2 268 | Peanutb.: 2023550252265 f238 189 | Polygonatum -:::.22..... 295
~Minebark . 882. SstpdeeX 202 eae po 10, 88, 133, 280.. 197 | Polygonella ...:...2...... 276
*Nipplewort. 2 2-. 3. /ic,65° 223 | Pearlwort ........2...... 173 | Polygonum, jig. 69, 86... 276
Noble Liverwort ........ 147 | Pedieularis .............. VAS | Polymnia: 222575502. ee 299
PPAMIUR. wooo daws esta cseees 295 | Pelargonium ........ 2223 409 | Polypremum: << 22 322ccce 246
Sp ONE etm rssh fetornne te Oe 155 | Peltandra . 2.20.3 5220256 283 | Polyteonia :.2::5622.00245 210
Nyctaginacez . .......... 275 | Pennyroyal.............- 255 Paniecel, Jig. 6.2335:
Nympheaceez. .......... 155 | Pennywort, jig. 24, 25.... 210) Poplar ............. . -152, 281
Nymphea, jig. 198-9, 081-4 156 | Penthorum.............. O06 | Poppy: 22 cscs seas . 158
DEIR Soren ortrp or crakdin Be Ue 214 | Pentstemon. 2..5.5/202:.. 249 | Poppyworts ............. 157
Peony; fig. 388. .202.2.<. 145 | Populus 3355-232 ee 281
Oak, jig. 32-4, 54,318-21.. 279 | Pepper.................. 268 | Portulaca ....... icoeeeee 176
SE eo me Rp ane 270 | Pepper-and-Salt ......... 212 | Portulacacew -..525...... 175
Ocymum, jig. 586........ 255 | Pepper-grass ...........- 166 | Potiie :2ss2922 5-7 See 269
(Enothera, jig. 458-9. .... 203 | Peppermint ............- 255 | Potentilla, jig. T6-7 ...... 201
sat ee EE Pe Orns a ieee 177 | Pepper-root ............. 1654 Poteriam: 3.2". 2 ee pa t=
Olientindia £ oo Stes oes 216.) Penplocs. 232. 222. sc ete 274 | Prairie Innocence........ 219
eg ROS, EF 274 | Periwinkle .. .........<. 23 | Prairie Rue 52202222020 145
Gicacen 2... (serses sie. 274 | Persea .........-: acl oe 278} Pride of Ohio... 2. . 2.2222. 243
Oleander, fig. 174........ Wa) Perio os scsos sa eo 195 | Pram 22 22252 32 ee 274
es ey 214} Petalostemon........-.... 188 | Primrose... ...-..3.5225 242
OmneraceD sos. Thess 202 | Petroselinum............ 210 | Primula, jig. 549, 2 es 242
aien” ee BIG 48s = eiuce 297 | Petunia, jig. 145, 614..... 268 | Primulacez --.. 5.2.2... 241
Onosmodium ............ 260} PiGeCN. 26s. tee stone 188 | Primworiw <:.. > 22 Se 241
Orehidecss . 253022. u250 See | Picola. i. ceieime cetes 263 | Prince’s Feather -........ 2iT
Orchids, jig. 45 .......... 7s.) Prerbitis 3.0995 sto 267 | Prinee’s Pine, jig. 341.... 240
Orchis, jig. 649-50........ 260. | Phasealas 20..c.00 22/62 163} Priveb>soss2s225c555 setup aie
Oregon Currant.......... 205 | Pheasant’s-eye, 7406-7 .148,175 | Prosartes.™............- 296 —
og oT eS a '..+. 255 | Philadelphia Lily ........ 297 | Proserpinaca ;... 55. ...- 203
Ornithogalum ........... 295 | Philadelphus ............ 208 | Prommtc ross eee Pes ts |
Orontium, jig. 642........ 253.1 Phiontis. ... ..oce.ee 3 22022 26 | Pooraless: so cccaiueee oe 188
> Orpine . icc. ois cg ece 206 | Phlox, jig. 126, G07....... 265 | Pterospora .............. 237
Daler ses dG ols sede 281 | Phloxworts............-. 264 | Paccoom sooo Lee eee 262
CMNAIAINS oo cadens O74 | Physalis.... «sci eti.s 2222: 268 | Purselane 3.2... -052202.28 (176
Geis . 606 3c eos. 212 | Physostegia, fig. 589-91 .. 260 | Putty-root, jig. 345 . . 286
| ee pe ere = 280 | Phytolacca, jig. 627-31... 278 | Pyenanthemum ........ ss
Oxalidadeds'. < 225 55.752 180 | Phytolaccacee........... 278.) Pyrethrum:.... .... 5-5-5 222
Oxalis, fig. 425 .. 6.55.5... 181 | Pigweed, jig. 31, 277 ..... Pyrola, jig. 14, 169, 536-9. 239 -
Era we 88 2 of 222 |) Pimpernel. 1.0.20 528529 244 | Pyrrhopappus ........... 223
GxP haps 60.06. s00ts0e 276 | Pimpinella .............. 210 | Pyrus, jig. 134........... 197
PEPODCEME 5 00 5 x adv « GS 237 | Pinckneya .............- 218
Oxydendrum............ 236 | Pine, jig. 9, 300........-. Quamoclit, jig. 610....... 267
CREVEER 6 oleic cawenwg sree 266 P PMCS 6605 50s eS ess 2 oes 240 Queen-of-the-Prairie Petar 202

Pink, Op Fe Sauetievonee TS Qabrewts 26 este te 279
Peonia, Ag. 888......-..+ 145 | Pink-root, pr MT Revs 246 | Quince, fig. 1, 2.......... 197

INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. os

ERR Te a 169 |:-Baxtiragn :.. ..sk be eeeniwe BE POURS sevcek sceveaiuivess 167

Ragged Robin ........... ‘175 | Saxifragacess ............ 206 | Solidago, jig. 75, 501-3 ... 224
Ranunculacerm ........... 148 | Saxifrage, fig. T5-6,131, 214 207 | Solomon’s Seal, Hig. 348... 298
Ranunculus ........ ..... 147| Schenocaulon........---- Ber F PQOMODUBS bi Wi'e's sr wee von 228
BeOPUSROS 6 iis oases iiuss 162 | Scheuchzeria ............ BT AGETON . ora sep doe o'e's'en 0,2 276
Mapphorry sicdeae eves cscs 200 | Schizanthus ............. 248 | Sorrel-tree .............. 236
Rattle-pod i... i gsi ieee cess fe0,; Scbrankia ¢.iidckéucoeeees 189 | Sow-thistle .............. 223
Rattlesnake Plantain..... 287 | Schwalbea........scccaee 248 | Spadiciflore® ............. 282
MOG DGB ie is ca siczcccee 188 | Schweinitzia............. 237 |. Spanish Needles ......... 228
Resin-weed....0......e.:. eet ORR. oso ids ek eeeaemeten 290 | Bpeciiaria. ose as sceuss 233
0 Oe 276 | Scleranthus...........00¢- 173 ever yell, Jig. 5T5-T..... 250
Rhinanthus.............-. 249 | Scorpion-grass........ Pk | MOTEELIG occu sine wns cob ee 173
Rhododendron, jig. 152,585 289 | Scotch Broom ........... 188 | Spergularia ........cee0e. 173
Rhodora ....... RT Pe 236 | Scratch-grass, jig. 26..... 277 | Spermacoce .........200. 218
PEGPEED 2. Gece tess dees 976 Nerow-Sbens 6 ee cid esaee 270 | Bpice-bush-. 2... ecko ss 279
Se er 765 | Serophilaria (. 66. oe yee 249 | Spiderwort .........ec00. 301
Ee na X ach eae a Ue © 205 | Scrophulariacew ......... 247 | Spiderworts ............, 801
UO Se ee 288.| Sentellaria. ...........0.- 259 | Spigelia, jig. 563-4.....2. 246
POU at awed eat sev s oes Biot HGR-TOCKeE. oo. . oes wn bien g 162 | Spiranthes, jig. 240 '...... 289
OE ee ae 190°} Sea Sandwort............ List BRMCR occas co Peas Aelte 201
Robin’s Plantain. ........ 932 | Sedge, fig. 227........... Sponge- tree .........e08- 189
Rock ghing scasecstcees. 164] Sedum, fig. 190, 472-8.... 206 Sprekelia enh coh dae ae 291
Ee eee 461-| Sced-box ...4..-..-0-.0 203 | Spring Beauty........... if ae
Rosa, oh 2b. Ea ee for) Sal henl. o..6hc.. dese Oey 200 1 BPRPLY yc 02's sews ob bioane 173
NRO So cs F4. oe view ane 194 | Semiflower .............. 248 | Bauill . oo .s< sce exe nee 295
Rose, jig. 39, 58, 83, 101,203 197 | Sempervivum ........... 206 | Squifrel-corm 4 ..%:5 sf 159
Rose Acacia .....-.....+ TOM OBGINORS | oes acoso ns os TGS |) ae ys ui) sk awe ete eter 256
Rose Bay, jig. 67 ........ oe Dole so Med Me a a a ‘221 | Staphylea, fig. 285 ......- 185
Rose Campion........... PEN CIE, Cale Wears a6 x's ete 192 | Star Anwel. so. esecesua. 151
RR eee 256 | Sensitive Brier .......... 189°} Star-orges ©. ssc dene 291
Be eae 194 | Sensitive Pea...... s riter a 194 | Star- of-Bethlehem ee ee 295 °
DIMMED 25 oS hk eS w cme 256 | Sensitive Plant .......... 189} Biarworts sours seeast 173, 229
A ee BE ees eo ae leds Sales ax 274 | Stellaria, fig. 251......... 173
POOIEMOREY ais oc oes os ae Be Gericocyrpus. | elo oc esc 33 222'| Stipulicida 2. 6s... tens 173
Se eee pani whe erat Pea I sy eos pe 188 | St. Johnawett, Jig. 400-2 . 169
PeeORIA® s....5 5 Soca ees Pee CRUVIRT 250.6 Sees aa 175 | St. Johnsworts, fig. 210-11 168
Rue Anemone, jig. 207... Bewitetnes (20. 2c ee as 240 ET SLGCK. ccc asaue couture . 161
0 Oe ces ree Be) MOSDEETY oe se 2 die oreias « <n ASE | BtOneCTOP 06.6. ee uniernatan 206
ee ee ee | POSIIOCR os cristo ec 191 | St. Peterswort........... 168
Rutland Beauty ......... 267 | Sheep-poison ............ - 288 | St. Peter’s Wreath ....... 202
Shepherd’s-purse, jig. 288, Strawberry, jig. 111, 27 a
Mamata? oss es Sean's « 271 DOL, on ites onan Ae ea «jp 163 SOG Gi ck vn dy OO
Sage, fig. 176, 228, 585.... 257 | Sickle-pod............... 164 | Streptopus 2.2.2... .ecc0- 396
cn ee REE PEPE RnR SCM Se Se es 2 Pg heer epe = ETE f Stglioma 0... oes sds whee 266
Sagittaria, Jd: 643-5 S Meias 285 | Silene, fig. 116........... 174 | Stylosanthes.........s... 189
Balen sole cos is ct. Wd OUR EON so oc ci ensues Ven . 214 }Sabularia. .. 5... .earenen 162
SR TN eae eee ae Pee Bal © oicte se = Rites Se 22 WEMGCCORY 2. Soo acs oe meeee 223
Salvia, fig. 585. 2....0.%.. SST ADI SS oo FE cies 6 Sasica 166 | Sugar-berry, jig. 72 ......
ee: oe Sti PRisy MUNIN ooo oo eae 6 162 | Sullivantia .......2.s.46. 207
IO Pe wlnin's'h's'e wm 0s 242 | Sisyrinchium ............ 292 | Summer Savory ......... 255
DRE PATIO’. © o0 sop o's Se ne BO IEE cars so ou 00 sae a ia Bo Ke 210 | Sundews, jig. 20, 21....... 170 ©
vy ae er Pte peeellesp yi) ci dene deen 259 Sunflower, Jig. 498-500... 226
Sanguinaria, fig. 388...... 158 | Skunk Cabbage.......... 283 | Swamp Pink ............ 239
Sanguisorba ............. 195 | Skunk Currant .......... 205 | Sweet Basil... @......... 155
UES ear de esto. te 2 Bul PSINNSGIMAS, oo do oe e odes 298 | Sweet Clover....... vent aoe
PaOMIee ., ae SS nce: Te 211 | Smoke-tree, fig. 18 ...... Sweet Flags... ..00% Fawe 283
Sapindacee ......... «w.-- 184| Snake-head.............. 249 | Sweet Pea.: ....0.cveavee 189
Co 2 Sega Ae peter ee 184 | Snap-dragon.......2..... 248 | Sweet Potato......... er Of |
Saponaria, jig. 125 ....... 173 | Sneezewort........... 222, 230 | Sweet William. ......173, 174
Sarracenia, jig. 385-7..... TEE PERI WREITY: «os coe Sonat 216 | Swine Cress. ............ 163
Sarraceniacem .......... . JOG fSnowdrep.. 60s. SSF 291°] Symphitum . .: 2.'7.tseeee 261
Oe ee ae epee 279 | Snowflake............... 291 | Symphoricarpus......... 216
Satin-flower .......... PS CIS T Bosbwort... cdivdrs ctor 178, 184 | Symplogarpus........... 283
RTE a, ain cd's eons 255 | Solanaces® ..............- 26S | Synandra, jig. 90, 148, 597. Ms

Saururus, jig. 186... .... Solanum, jig. 611-13..... 269 | Synthiris...57t.70520e2~

516

BV PUONYCHIA 0.06. 0k. wees 173
Sk Ue OR a ER Sh 274
LEE ES Reena pre ater 222
SN ANINA TEN? SLs SUNS eS cree tae 175
MEMS VSSOD, scce's ses Oc wee 256
ABTS ICU OE ico ee cs 231
Tecoma, .7ig. 124 ....00-0% 244
Tephrosia, 7g. 59 ........ 188
Tetragonotheca.......... 222
Tetranthera. . 6224 5.5.05: 279
Teuerium, jig. 592.0... ... 255
MO MMENGE EU E.G’ ox eee 145
Wasp 65 SKS ais. sens 213
‘himible-Dermry yu s,s oe 200
Thistle Jig. DUS. wat onies be
g lacs tek SRA at sta id 495
horn Apples... ¥.4ss's+< 269
VERS CLS. Se bea wee 2355
SP GAPS SS swipes Cate ee 2d
Pa ppanelia a. se is «cee s 276
Melarelia i eu os fess sb oc te 208
Wigk-seel = S.C sy teak wes 228
SCRIMANHIA. 5 hies'e sa eee 210
; A ae eh anne ees ee yee 292
iger Lily, jig. 150 .......
ieeddia « chee oye 292
PE Anh Leah ates one 26
TEE TE) ee 286
Toad-flax, fig. 149 ....... 249
Tobacco, jig. 204......... 269
PRN: Ch bk ehh ea eco 268
PONSUC-CTASS LE. 2 sig - ais c= 163
MAIOLUSEOGG ME ok sins we se 165
Touch-me-not, f 71, 121-2 181
Tower Mustard.......... 162
Drakescantia | 32% sess 301
DrALOpOZONs «i. 5000 = 223
Trailing Arbutus ........ 238
Drawivetteria’: 2.6. s.'s <1. 145
Pree WECMIS si ooc% eas cies 287
BREN odeays bu yice vaca a's 189, 191
anehostenns is. %.b'o ss ss bas 255
WEIGIRANIG, a6 6 552.5505 w0s 243
rigo Hime, 8 2h oe ks ou Sc 191
Trieloehin.:< 2 wwieiene oreo -284
“Drillsaeere.5 255.55 6258 tcsips 293

Trilliads, fig. 110, 206, 349 293
Trillium, jig. 108, 656.... 294
‘Prigsteuiins 25. syeess fae. s 215

‘Proving 7o3.:.'. gin oe wee 149
A PORMBOM Ey 555.0 =/5's,0' 223
Trumpet-flower, Jig. 561. P44
Trompet-leal . Fe 6.0% 66. - 15T

INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS.

‘PT URIpetsyy vA eee. Soe 244 | Water Lily... sehen 156
FEILDOPOSG nw MOO Rey, sree aie. 291 | Water Pepper ....50.-... 277
Tolip, Butipa cs cove wc 295 | Water Pimpernel ........ 242
Tulip-tree, f. 225, 330, 374, 152 | Water-pitchers .......... 156
Tupelo Shears os dyn eke 214 | Water Plantain .... 5.2 .. 284
PUT BCU i aceite wie ate 297 | Wax-plate sock. oa ee eee
Turmerie-roobs 2269408. 145 | Wheat, jig. 272, 312......
Tarnipy fig-wal. 22 8.> oe a Wheat-thief............. 262
PPATHSOL oo rere Soe 261 | Whistle-wood,......... -1 186
PUPS eee, ee eee 162:| W Hite ‘Bay in ace ec cee 152
Turtlesbead a. 2 nec eee 252 | White-weéed ........ «222, 250
A OSSMAEO clic 122 ghee tines 222 | White-wood.......... Pre
Twey-blade. ..o. 04.5: x... 206 | Whitlow-grass2ecun:. soo. 164
Pway-lealias. cs eeeeeee e. 296 | Wild Apple, Jig. 184.....
‘TEwin-flowet se... 62 <. «<<< 21 | Wald Basile? os ccenmer 255, 25T
Pamiicleak we Poo eae 154 | Wild Ginger, jig. 23...... 275
PP WIStHOUb<.. ca sas. chee ee 296 Wald Indigo... <0. ee saree 193.
Wild ae Jig. 36, 310. 224
Umbeliferss.(s.2.-0) oe a 209 | Wild Oats). 3)... 0c Sem aoe 267
Umbelworts........ sete GOO NN Poe aha t Suan eee 267
Umbrella-leaf. ........... 153 | Willow, 7g. 3, 17, 88, 684-5 281
Umbrella-tree........-... 152 | Willow-herb............. 203
Uvularia, ig. St... 5... 999"), Willow orts:... 203 oe 281
Wind-flowet <2. a0.. stone 146
| Vaccinium, jg. 170, ‘544.. 236 | Wanter Cress . : pares 166
Wseheiiasr ss ve ee. 189 | Wintergreen, jig. 4: e 237
Vegetable Oyster ........ go8 | Wistaria 1... ae 188
Venus’ Flytrap, jig. 403-5 171 ee ass, jig. 350......
Veratrmingess. sce esas BUD | Wi@ad 26 rc cee ee 161
Verbascnme cc. ee ce earn 249 Wolf SDETry ta. sos Sees 216
Verbesinaz..oc ssskecs caves 922: |, WeOdG-TuSW2Sa: . aciceceieee 301
Veronica, jig. 575-7 ...... 250 1 Woeod-Sorrel va. c fo. ce ee 181
WESICHIR ru. cole s Meb mies 162 |W oolmouth cis; Soc 253
AGS 20 | ee Rai ee op 188, 189
SV AIDULRUM sse% tees es 215 | Xerophyilum seco.) 300
MAGIA) ce tees toe eee ere 189 | Myris; fig. 14s ee eee
igus shins Gyseneaee eR ce ee 188
WINGS Slo s cee ie ate cates Bie | WATPOW SSI. oes chats s Oeeioe 231
Viola, Jig. 398-9, Bais cue aes 167 | Yellow Birch... 0 oun cscco 281
WNaOlagere 2h weet ce spine 166 | Yellow: ae Jig. 194
Viclek 79.260. s ... soar <as 167 | Yellow Jessamine......., 247
Violets, 7ig. 182, 178...... 166 | Yellow Jessie............ 203.
Viper’s Bugloss.......... 261 | Yellow Rattle............ 249
Virgin’s Bower ........ «. 145 :+| Wellow-root .. 22. bese cces 145
N pai Shale eee eel S14 | Yew. 77. BOL 2. area
A TLEOR. 2s ov oak bee ee ene 295
Wake Robity..isc<2a2.2 2O4 TY Ulam. teckel A ee 152
a Sinica Sime estore . 200
all-flower, jig. 185, 223 . 161 | Zanthorhiza............. 145
iy aton bene Dace tee cere 154 | Zephyranthus, jig. 166 ... 291
Water-carpet.......2..... 207 -) Zigadents=.. 2% S.'. sms tees 300
Water Hemlock 005535 .. 213 | ZiTMIaS, Sa elsctece nies ole ee oe 223
Water Hoarhound ...... Sy DO Tis) GANe Oe Pee en creas mane 213
Waterleaf, fig. 605-8 ..... 263 | Zornia ......... $0.06 Chen anaes

APPENDIX.

THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.

**Then gather a wreath from the garden bowers,
And tell of the wish of thy heart in flowers.’’
PEROIVAL.
Acacia, Rose (Robinia hispida, 319"). Friendship.
Adonis, Floss (Adonis autumnalis, 205). Sad remembranees.
Almond, Flowering (Amygdalus pumila, 329). Hope.
- Aloe (Agave, 694, or Yucca, 709). Superstition.
Alyssum, Sweet (Alyssum maritinum, 236). Merit before beauty.
Amaranth, Globe (Gomphrena globosa, 619). I change not.
Amaryllis (Zephyranthus, 695). Affectation, Coquetry.
Andromeda (Andromeda, 487): <A cruel fate has fixed me here.
Anemone (Anemone nemorosa, 203). Anticipation.
Angelica (Archangelica, 881). These are idle dreams.
Arbor-vita (Thuja, 662). Thy friend till death.
Arethusa (A. bulbosa, 691). I could weep for thee.
Aspen (Populus tremuloides, 655). Excessive sensibility. —
Asphodel (Asphodelus, 713). My thoughts will follow thee beyond the grave,
Aster (420). Cheerfulness in age.

* Refers to the page in the Class-Book of Botany, where may be found a more full
and complete account of the species or genus than.could be consistent with the
limits of an elementary treatise. Reference to page and place in this work may be
made through the Index.

318 — THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.
Auricula (Primula auricula, 502). You are proud.

Bachelor’s Button (Centaurea Cyanus, 465). Single blessedness.
Balm (Melissa, 548 ; Monarda didyma, 550). Sympathy.
Balm-of-Gilead (Populus candicans, 656). You have cured my pain.
Balsamine (Impatiens balsamina, 280). Approach not. _
Barberry (Berberis, 217). A sour temper is no slight evil.

Basil, Sweet (Ocymum basilicum, 541). Good wishes.

Beech (Fagus, 646). There let us meet.

Bluets (Houstonia ccerulea, 402). Unaspiring beauty.

Box (Buxus, 682). Constancy. I change not.

Broom (Genista, 310). Humility.

Broom Corn (Sorghum saccharatum, 709). Industry. —

Bulrush (Scirpus, 738). Indecision.

Burdock (Lappa major, 468). Don’t come near me.

Buttercups (Ranuneulus, 205). I cannot trust thee.

Cactus (the Cactaceze, 359). You terrify me. |
Canterbury Bells (Campanula Medium, 479). Gratitude.

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus, 254). A haughty spirit before a fall.
Catchfly (Silene, 256). I am a willing prisoner.

Cedar (Juniper Virginiana, 664). I live for thee.

Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis, 457). Fortitude.

China Aster (Callistephus Chinensis, 429). Tl think of it.

Chrysanthemum (458). "I love.

Clover, Red (Trifolium repens, 312). Industry.

Clover, White( “ sine ). Truth needs no fiowers of speech. —
Clover, Yellow( “ <i. ies). 2 Sighted Jove.

Columbim (Aquilegia Canadensis, 210). I cannot give thee up.

Columbine (A. vulgaris, 110). Hopes and fears. :
Corn Cockle(Agrostemma Githago, 257). Thou hast more beauty than worth.
Coxcomb (Gelosia, 616). You area fop. | 7
Crocus (700). What an enigma thou art.

Cypress (Cupressus thyoides, 663). Bereavement. Despair.
Daffodil (Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, 693). Self-esteem.

=

THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 319

Dahlia (429). Forever thine:

Dandelion (Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 473). You intrude.

Dogbane (Apocynum, 588). Falsehood.

Dogwood, Flowering (Cornus florida, 390). False pretensions.

Eglantine Rose (Rosa rubiginosa, 335). I wound to heal.

Egyptian Calla (Richardia Athiopica, 669). Modesty.

Enchanter’s Nightshade (Circa, 856). I shall beware of your enchantments.
Fennel-flower (Nigella damascena, 209). Love inamist. Perplexity.

Fig (Ficus Carica, 635). It is a secret. |

Fir Balsam (Abies Balsamea, 661). Time will cure.

Flax (Linum usitatissimum, 275). Domestic industry.

Fleur-de-lis (Iris, 697). I bring you a message.
Four-o-clock (Mirabilis Jalapa, 603). Timidity.
Foxglove (Digitalis, 526). My heart acknowledges your influence.

‘

Geranium, Ivy (P. peltatum, 278), A bridal decoration.
Geranium maculatam (277). You burn with envy.
Geranium, Oak-leaf (Pelargonium quercifolium, 279). There is nothing in a

Geranium Robertianum (277). Aversion. [name.
Geranium, Rose (P. graveolens, 278). Thou art my choice.
Goldenrod (Solidago, 480). Encouragement.
Hazel-nut (Corylus, 647). Reconciliation.
Heart’s-ease or Pansy (Viola tricolor, 244). Forget me not.
Hibiscus Syriacus (270). Thy beauty soon will fade.
Hibiscus Trionum (269). I would not be unreasonable.
Heliotrope (Heliotropium Peruvianum, 559). Devotion.

/ . Hellebore (Helleborus, 209). It is a scandal.
_ Holly (Ilex opaca, &c., 496). Am I forgotten?

Hollyhock (Althea rosea, 266). Ambitious only of show.
Honeysuckle (Lonicera, 394). Seek not a hasty answer.
Hop (Humilus lupulus, 688). You do me injustice. _
Hyacinth (Hyacinthus, 712). Jealousy. |
Hydrangea hortensis (873). Vain boasting. ?
{ce-plant (Mesembryanth, 265). Your very looks are freezing.

320 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.

Indian Tobacco (Lobelia inflata, 477). Away with your quackery.

Ivy (Hedera Helix, 390). Nothing can part us.

Japonica, Red (Camellia Jap., 273). Pity may change to love.

Japonica, White (C. Japonica, 273). Perfected loveliness.

Jessamine (Jasminum, 596). Thy gentle grace hath won me.

Jonquil (Narcissus Jonquilla, 693). Requited love.

Judas-tree (Cercis Canadensis, 301). Unbelief. Treachery.

Juniper (Juniperus communis, 663). I will protect thee.

Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium, 581). Caprice.

Larkspur (Delphinium, 210). ‘Fickleness.

Laurel, Sheep (Kalmia angustifolia, &c., 485). Falsehood.

Lavender (Lavandula,541). Owning her love she sent him Lavender. Shake.
Lemon (Citrus Limonum, 274). Discretion. z
Lilac (Syringa, 598). My first love. :

Lily, White (Lilium candidum, 709). Purity and sweetness.

Locust, green leaves (Robinia Pseudacacia, 319). My heart is buried.
‘Lupine (Lupinus, 311). Indignation. .

Magnolia glauca (214). He lives in fame who dies in virtue’s cause.
Magnolia grandiflora (214). Thou hast magnanimity. .
Marigold (Tagetes, or Calendula, 465). Cruelty.

Mignonette (Reseda odorata, 241). Moral worth superior to beauty.
Milkweed (Asclepias, 597). Cogquer your love.

Mistletoe (Phorodendron, 621). Meanness. Indolence.

Mock Orange (Philadelphus coronarius, 374). Deceit. I cannot trust thee.
Monk’s-hgod (Aconitum, 211). Deceit. Your words are poison.
Morning-glory (Pharbitis purpurea, 571). You love darkness. 3

Myrtle (Myrica ceriera, 650). Thine is the beauty of holiness.

Myrtle (Myrtus communis, 346). Love’s offering.

Narcissus, Poet’s (Narcissus poeticus, 693). Egotists are agreeable only to |
Nasturtion (Tropezolum majus, 281). Honor to the brave. [themselves.
Nettle (Urtica dioica, 686). Thou art a slanderer.

Nightshadg (Atropa Belladonna, 588). Death.

Nightshade (Solanum nigrum, 577). Skepticism.

ad

’

THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. - 321

Oak (Quercus, 642). Thou art honored above all.

Oat (Avena sativa, 790). Thy music charms me. oe

Oleander (Nerium Oleander, 590). The better part of valor is discretion.

Olive (Olea, 599). Emblem of peace.

Orange Flowers (Citrus Aurantium, 274), Bridal festivity.

Ox-eye Daisy, or Whiteweed (Leucanthemum, 458). Be patient.

Parsley (Apium petroselinum, 388). Thy presence is desired.

Passion-flower (Passiflora, 363). Let love to God precede all other love.

Pea (Pisum sativum, 303). Grant me an interview.

Peach blossom (Persica vulgaris, 328). Preference.

Pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides, 544). Flee temptation.

Peony (Pzonia, 212). A frown.

Pepper (Capsicum, 578). Your wit is too keen for friendship.

Periwinkle (Vinca, 589). Remember the past. ;

Phlox (567). Our souls are one.

Pine, Pitch (Pinus rigida, 660). Time and philosophy.

Pine, White (Pinus strobus, 660). High-souled patriotism.

Pink, Single Red (254). A token of pure and ardent love.

Pink, Single White (Dianthus caryophyllus, 254). Artlessness.

Pink, Variegated (254). Frank refusal.

Poppy, Red (Papaver Rheas, 224). Oblivion is the cure.

Poppy, White (Papaver somniferum, 224). ’T'wixt life and death.

Primrose (Primula grandiflora, 502). Confidence.

Primrose, Evening (C&nothera, 352). Inconstancy.

Quince (Cydonia, 333). Beware of temptation.

Rocket (Hesperus, 234). Thou vain coquette!

Rose Bud. Thou hast stolen my affections. } .

Rose, Burnet (Rosa pimpinellifolia, 337). Gentle and innocent.

Rose, Cinnamon (R. cinnamomia, 335). Without pretension. Such as I
am receive me. Would I were more for your sake.

_ Rose, Damask (R. damascena, 336). Blushes augment thy beauty.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus, 550). Remember me. |

Rose, Moss (R. centifolia, B., 336). Thou art one of a thousand.

14*

322 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.

Rose, White (R. alba, 336). My heart is free.

Rose, White, withered (336). Transient impressions. -[you.
Rose, Wild (R. nitida, 335). Simplicity. Let not this false world deceive

Rue (Ruta, 282). Disdain. [ virtues.
Sage (Salvia, 548). There is nothing lovelier in woman than the domestic —
Snap-dragon (Antirrhinum, 519). Thou hast deceived me. :
Snow-ball (Viburnum Opulus, 397). Thou livest a useless life.

SnSw-drop (Galanthus, 694). I am no summer friend. - [friend.
Sorrel (Polygonum acetosella, 606). Ill-timed wit. A jester is a dangerous
Speedwell (Veronica, 526). My best wishes.

Spiderwort (Tradescantia, 727). You have my esteem ; are you content?
iar-ofBethlehem (Ornithogalum, 710). Look heayenward.

Stock (Matthiola, 229). Too lavish of smiles.

Sumac (Rhus, 283). Splendid misery.

Sweet Pea (Lathyrus odoratus, 304). Must you go?

Sweet-scented Shrub (Calycanthus, 345). Benevolence. [villain too. _
Sweet William (Lychnis chalcedonica, 257). A man may smile and be a
Thistle (Cirsium, 467). Misanthropy. ai
Thorn Apple (Datura, 581). Thou scarcely hidest thy guilt.

Thyme (Thymus, 547). The prize of virtue.

Tulip, Variegated (Tulipa, 707). Thy spell is broken.
_ Tulip, Yellow (707). I dare not aspire so high:

‘Venus’ Looking-glass (Specularia, 479). Flattery hath spoiled thee.

Vervain (Verbena hastata, 537). I see thy arts, and despise them.
Violet, Blue (Viola cucullata, 245). Faithfulness. I shall never forget.
Violet, White (V. blanda, 242). Retirement. I must be sought to be found,
Virgin’s Bower (Clematis, 200). Filial affection. ; |
Wall-flower (Cheiranthus, 232). A friend in need is a friend indeed.
Water Lily ( Nymphza odorata, 220). Be silent.

Weeping Willow (Salix Babylonica, 655). Mourning for friends departed.
Zinnia (444). To the prude.

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