Le Mot Juste

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LE MOT JUSTE

A DICTIONARY OF
ENGLISH AND FRENCH HOMONYMS

REVISED FROM

J. G. ANDERSON'S ORIGINAL EDITION

BY

LEWIS C. HARMER,

M.A., Ph.D., L.ds.L.

NEW YORK
E. P. DUTTON & CO. INC.

PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION

THE late J. G. Anderson left an interleaved copy of Le Mot juste
containing numerous additions and alterations.

The first object of this new edition of the book was to incorporate
this new material. But it was felt that further improvements were
possible. Accordingly, the reviser set before himself a number of
guiding principles to which he has tried to adhere as strictly as
possible in the work of revision. Those principles were:

(1) Accuracy must be attained before anything else; any errors
must be tracked down and expelled. To ensure this, constant reference
must be made, on the one hand, to the Oxford English Dictionary and
Webster's New International Dictionary, and, on the other, to Littr<,
Hatzfeld and Darmesteter, the Dictionnaire de I'Academie, and the
Larousse du XX* siecle.

(2) The book must be a dictionary of French and English words
that, through resemblance in spelling or pronunciation, are likely to
be confused : it must not attempt to be, en passant , a dictionary of
synonyms (for which a separate and much larger work amply illus-
trated by examples would be required) ; nor must it contain articles
on the translation of adverbs, prepositions, etc., or other matter
really of a grammatical nature and therefore extraneous to the
real purpose.

(3) The new edition must be practical; anything savouring of the
obsolete must be mercilessly jettisoned.

(4) Nothing in the nature of duplication must be tolerated. If
an English word can be translated by its French counterpart in
practically all cases, it must not be glossed at aU.

(5) Definitions and explanations must be absolutely clear.

(6) Where the mere giving of the French or English equivalent of
a word does not seem an adequate guide to its use, illustrative
examples taken from modern authors or from one or other of the

vi PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION

dictionaries mentioned in (i) should be cited and, if necessary,
translated.

The putting into practice of the first four of these principles has
resulted in a considerable amount of excision. Thus, the article on
Abhorrent has been rejected under (i) and (3) : the example quoted in
it, ' the persons the most abhorrent from rebellion and treason '
(which occurs in Les Faux Amis of Kcessler and Derocquigny, Paris,
Vuibert, 1928, in the form ' the persons most abhorrent from treason
and arbitrary confiscation/ and which is ultimately to be traced to
Burke, quoted in the Oxford Dictionary as follows : ' the persons most
abhorrent from blood, and treason, and arbitrary confiscation '), is
not modern English; anyhow, there is no modern French word
' abhorrent/ Similarly, the example ' in the article of falling/ sub
Article, has been cut out under (3). Or again, sub Confound, '(bibl.
put to shame) faire honte a ' has been removed under (i), since the
French for confounded, for instance, in Psalm xxii, verse 5, is con-
fondus (Ostervald version) or confus (R.C. version, A. Crampon's
translation). Or again, the article on Coward, with its 'Un lache
abandons his post. Un poltron (couard) trembles when face to face
with danger/ has been jettisoned under (i) and (2), Laf aye's Die-
tionnaire des Synonymes de la langue frangaise (page 717) giving
' Le lache ne se bat point; le poltron se sauve/ Or yet again,
' s'assimiler/ in the article on Digest, has been cut out under (4),
since the French digerer has precisely this meaning.

It has not, alas! been possible to put into practice principle
number (6) to the extent that the reviser had hoped. To have done
so would have involved, firstly, an increase in the size of the book,
and secondly, considerable delay in its re-issue; suitable examples do
not grow on raspberry bushes and the finding of them entails an
enormous amount of reading, whilst much work which, though
merely of a routine character, none the less takes time, is required
to classify them in a card-index ready for use when needed. Some
examples, however, which had already been collected before revision
was undertaken have been used in illustration of certain words, and
will, it is hoped, be found useful.

Principle number (5) has been strictly adhered to. This explains
why, for example, the article on Congregation has been slightly
altered. The reviser felt that '(religion) congregation, (reunion des)

PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION vii

fideles, paroissiens ' was by no means an adequate explanation.
Surely, a congregation in a church could be classed as '(religion)';
yet congregation cannot be used to translate it. The new article,
therefore, removes any ambiguity by appearing as follows: '(religious
community) congregation', (body assembled for religious worship)
(reunion des) fideles t paroissiens.'

The reviser wishes to express his gratitude to Mr Charles Lee,
who has not only read the proofs but made the most valuable
suggestions and criticisms.

L. C. H.

Cambridge, 1938.

EXPLANATORY OF PUNCTUATION, TYPE, ETC.

ENGLISH and French head-words are in roman and italic respectively, and
the alphabetical order is that of the English head-words. French equivalents
of English head-words are in italic type, while English equivalents of French
head-words are in roman. French examples are usually in italics, unless
there is some special reason, such as convenience.

Special attention is drawn to certain equivalents by printing in heavy type
(roman or italic), and these equivalents are mainly those which show the
differences between two words that are put side by side.

Distinct senses are separated by semicolons; a comma indicates practical
synonymity,

To economize space a + is often used to indicate a meaning that the
corresponding word does not possess.

An asterisk preceding a word indicates that the word is archaic. An
asterisk following indicates that the head-word is archaic in that particular
sense.

vui

ABBREVIATIONS

(The grammatical abbreviations are the usual ones.)

agricult(ure)

alg(e"bra)

anat(omy)

antiq (uity)

ar chaeol (ogy )

archit(ecture)

arith(metic)

astron (omy)

bibl(ical)

bot(any)

chem (istr y)

colloq(nial)

com (mercial)

coolc(ing)

diplom (atic)

eccles (iastical)

econ (omics)

elect (ricity )

facet (iously)

falc(onry)

f am (mar)

fenc(ing)

fortif(icatiorL)

geol(ogy)

geom(etry)

gram (naatical)

lierald(ry)

hist(ory)

instr (lament)

iron (leal)

j urisp (rudence)

ling (loistics)

lit(eral)

litt== literature or literary

liturg(ical)

log(ic)

mach. (inery )

math (ematics)

mecli(aiiics) (anica])

med(icine)

metapH (ysics)

mil (itary)

min(in^)

mus(ical)

naut(ical)

nav(al)

neg(ative)

neol(ogism)

partic (nlarly)

pej (orative)

pliarm (acy)

phil (osopliy)

photo (graplay)

phys(ics)

physiol(ogy)

poet(ical)

pop(ular)

print(ing)

psy cli (ology )

R.C.= Roman Catholic

rliet(oric)

scientific)

s.o.= someone
s. t, = something
surg(ery)
technical)
theat(re)
theol(ogy)
vet(erinary surgery)
zool(ogy)
qqn= quelqu 'un

chose

x

Abaissement = abasement -f (i) lowering (de
la voix, des prix, of the voice, of prices) ;
(ii) fall (du barometre, de la temperature,
of the barometer, in temperature);
(iii) decline, decrease (de la natalite, des
revenus, in the birth-rate, in revenue) ;
(iv) falling, abatement (des eaux, of the
waters); (v) dip (de I* horizon, of the
horizon).

Abaisser= abase, humble; lower (un store ,
un voile, la voix, a blind, a veil, the
voice). A. le prix des denrees, les
impots, la valeur de I' or = Reduce, lessen,
the price of goods, the taxes, the value
of gold. Depress (une equation, an
equation). A. un chiffre'Brmg down a
figure (hi division). A. une perpendicu-
laire & une ligne=T)Top a perpendicular
upon a line. A. une branche d'arbre=
Cut back the branch of a tree. (Cook.)
A. la pdte=Roll out the paste. A. la
duree du service militaire actif (Larousse,
sub A rmee) = Shorten the period of
active military service. Abaissez vos
regards sur cette plaine (Diet, de I'Acad.)
=Cast your eyes down over this plain.
La, le chemin s'abaisse entre desparois de
calcaire (A. France, Le Mannequin
d' 'osier) =In this place, the road dips,
slopes downwards, falls away, between
walls of limestone. Quand je la (=la
chatte) saisis, elle abaisse I'echine pour
s'echapper (]. Chardonne, Claire) =
When I catch hold of her, she
straightens out her back to escape.
Le sokil s'abaisse (Littr^)=The sun is
sinking.

Abandon (n.) = (unconstrainedness of
manner) abandon [cf . ' The magnificent
a. of Harding's brush ' (Ruskin, quoted
by the N.E.D.) and 'on trouve dans
I' execution de ce tableau un heureux
abandon ' (Littre")] + laisser-aller,
desinvolture, entrain.

Abandon (n.)= abandon (as above) H-
(i) neglect, forlornness, destitution : il
mourut dans I' a.; d l'a.=in utter
neglect; (ii) abandonment, renuncia-
tion, surrender (of goods, rights, etc.) :
il a fait sans Uesiter I'a. de $a fortune et

meme de sa vie (Diet, de I'Acad.)]
(iii) abandoning, forsaking, desertion:
I'a. de ses amis I'a consterne (Diet, de
I'Acad.) = he was dismayed by his
friends' desertion; (iv) complete trust,
lack of reserve : il m'a parU avec a.

Abandonment = abandonnement (rarely
used nowadays) -{-abandon : that 's how
I interpret "his a. of literature (A.
Huxley, Point Counter Point) =voil&
comment j'interprete son abandon de la
litter ature. Philip had never seen a
woman cry with such an utter a.
(Somerset Maugham, Of Human Bond-
age) = Philip n'avait jamais vu pleurer
une femme avec un si entier abandon.

Abandoned. An a. woman ^Une femme
depravee, perdue, de mauvaises mceurs.
Une femme abandonnee=K deserted
woman.

Abandonner= abandon. (Reflex.) Lay
aside restraint, (Jam.) let oneself go,
break down, give way to grief or
despair : j'emmene dans la salle . . . le
malheureux mari qui s'abandonne (H.
Bordeaux, Le Lac noir) =1 led into the
room the unfortunate husband, who was
giving way to grief, was losing self-
control, whose emotion was getting the
better of him.

Abatement abattement (on declared in-
come; earned income, personal, allow-
ance) -f (i) apaisement (of the waves,
desfiots) : like a high sea on the a. of a
storm (Sullivan, quoted by the N.E.D.)
=commt une mer orageuse au moment
oft la temptte se calme; (ii) soulagement
(of pain, d'une douleur), attenuation (of
suffering, d'une souffrance); (iii) dimi-
nution: the least relaxation of his
vigilance, the smallest a. of his strength
of limb . . . put him in jeopardy
(J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough) le
moindre relAchement de sa vigilance, la
moindre diminution de sa force physique
le mettaient en danger. A. of price =
Diminution de prix; (iv) (legal) annu-
lation.

Abattement abatement + weariness (phy-
sical or moral), prostration, depression,

Abduction

Abstinence

despondency, dejection, low spirits,
languor : les convalescents gardent long-
temps im certain a, (Larousse) = con-
valescents long remain somewhat weak
physically. Je ne sais si toute cette
emotion avait eti entendue par la malade,
mais je trouvai celle-ci dans un e'tat d'a.
qui n'etait pas seulement cause par la
fievre (P. Louj's, Conies choisis)
... in a state of prostration not
caused by fever alone.

Abduction = (physiol. and log.) abduction
+ (i) rapt, 'enlevement; (ii) (surg.)
ecartement (des levres d'une plaie).

Abnegation^ abnegation (of self, of one's
interests, de soi-meme, de ses interets) +
desaveu, reniement (of a doctrine, of
responsibility, d'une doctrine, d'une
responsabilite} .

Abondance= abundance. Parler d'a.=
speak extempore, off-hand. Parler avec
a. =have a ready tongue, speak fluently.

Abortive = abortif 4- (i) avorte, manque,
infructueux, inutile, vain (scheme,
attempt, effort, projet, tentative, effort) :
to prove &.n 'aboutira rien; (ii) (reste)
rudimentaire (organ, member, organe,
membre) .

Abortif = abortive -f abortif acient, causing
abortion (rem&de, substance, drug, sub-
stance).

Abonter. Aboutir. See after Abut*

Abridge =abr6ger+(i) priver (s.o. of his
rights, of his liberty, qqn de ses droits,
de sa liberte) ; (ii) diminuer, restreindre,
veduire (liberty, power, rights, autho-
rity).

Abrfger = abridge -f (i) shorten : a. une
syllabe= shorten a syllable. Le travail
abrege les heures (Larousse) = Work
makes the time pass more quickly.
Prenez ce chemin, il abrege (Diet, de
l'Acad.}=Tiake this road; it's a short
cut. On I'appelle Pat pour a. = He's
called Pat for short. Pour a. = Briefly,
in short; (ii) abbreviate (un mot, a
word) ; (iii) express oneself succinctly :
f abrege I *U be brief.

Abridgement = abregement; abrdge -f
(i) diminution, restriction (of liberty,
privileges); (ii) privation (of rights).

Abregement = abridgment, abridging;
shortening (of syllable).

Abrupt = abrupt + brusque (manner, way
of speaking, tone, gesture, mani$re,
facon de parler, ton, geste), brusque,
brusque 1 , imprevu, prfoipitt, premature 1

(departure, depart) : then, with a.
return to the seventeenth century, she
added (C. Morgan, The Fountain) =
puis, recommencant brusquement a
parler du dix-septieme siecle, elle ajouta.
Abruptly = abruptement + brusquement.

Absinth absinthe, but the English is not
used fig. to mean ' bitterness ' : leur
style est mele de pel et d'absinthe (La
Bruy^re, quoted by Dannesteter and
Hatzfeld) = . . . gall and wormwood.

Absolute =absolu+parfait, acheve, fieffe",
veritable: an a. idiot =ww parfait im-
bicile. An a. liar= Un menteur acheve.
An a. rogue = Un coquinfieffe. We had
an a. deluge =Cefut un veritable deluge.

Absolu. absolute + peremptory, im-
perious, autocratic : parler d'un ton a.
= speak imperiously. Caractere, homme,
mere, absolute) =< Autocratic character,
man, mother.

Absolve = absoudre -f- (i) affranchir, de-
charger, liberer (s.o. from an obligation,
qqn d'une obligation) ; (ii) ddlier, degager
(s.o. from an oath, from a promise,
qqn d'un serment, d'une promesse).

Absorbent = absorbent -f- absorbing,
engrossing (passion, pensies, travail}.

Abstain (afos.)*=s'abstenir d'alcool, de
boissons ferment&es.

s'Abstenir (abs.) = (i) fast: il vaut mieux
s'a. que de manger ce qui fait mal
(Littr^)=it is better to fast than to
eat what doesn't agree with one; (ii)
abstain from voting : les e'lecteurs qui
se sont abstenus (Dannesteter and
Hatzfeld); (iii) (legal) decline to give
an opinion, declare oneself incompetent
to judge; (iv) refrain, forbear : dans le
doute t abstiens-toi=vfhen in doubt,
forbear [(fam.) when in doubt, don't].
Importante firme ferait belle situation a
collaborateur de 30 a 35 ans. . . .
Stranger s'a. (advt in Le Temps, 14
Mar. 1937) = . No applications from
foreigners considered. J'ai le droit*
de le faire, mais je prtf&re m'a. 3= ...
but I prefer not to.

Abstemious sobre, frugal (man, life, food,
meal, diet), abstinent (person).

Absteme= total abstainer, but, according
to Larousse, is rarely used, and is not
given, in the Diet, de I' A cad.

Abstinence may = total abstinence (=
abstinence de spiritueux), whereas ab-
stinence used a6s.= fasting : il jeune ou
fait abstinence (Littre).

Abstract

Abstract (n.) = (phil.) abstrait: considerer
l'a. et le concret+resume, abrege. In
the a. = E theorie.

Abstraction = abstraction -j- (i) enUvement,
soustr -action, vol; (ii) distraction: an
air of a.=w air distrait.

Abstraction. Faire a. de=*Set aside, ex-
clude, not to take into account. A.
faite du style, qui est faible, cet ouvrage
a un reel merits (Diet, de rAcad.)
Apart from the style . . .

Abuse (v.)=abuser de ( misuse, take a
bad advantage of) : a. a privilege, one's
authority abuser d'un privilege, de son
autorite -\-injurier, medire de, dire des
injures a. See also Accommoder (ii)
and Accoutrer (ii).

Abuser (trans.) = deceive, delude: vous
m'avez abusd par de fausses promesses
(Diet, de I' A cad.). Ma tante Felicia
s'dbusait sur Vefficacitd de sa presence
(A. Gide, La Porte etroite)=My Aunt
Felicie laboured under a delusion over
the efficacy of her presence. Abuser
<fe= misuse, take a bad advantage of :
M. Guitrel s'excusa d'avoir . . . abusi
des instants precieux d'une Excellence
(A. France, L'Anneau d'amethyste)
M. Guitrel apologized for having tres-
passed on the precious time of a Cabinet
minister -f (i) impose upon : a. de qqn ;
(ii) overwork : a. d'un domestique ;
(iii) seduce, lead astray : a. d'une
femme.

Abuse (n.)=<z&ws (of power, liberty), dbus
(=evil practices) -{-injures, invectives,
insultes, vituperations.

Abus abuse, misuse, (pi.) abuses, corrupt
practices, evil customs +(i) breach (de
confiance, of trust); (ii) over-indul-
gence (de, in : a. des boissons, du tabac).

Abusive = dbusif -f- injurieux (language),
grossier, prodigue d'injures.

Abut (on or trans.) =aboutir a, toucher a,
etre attenant a, confiner a, etre contigu a ;
(end on, against) s'appuyer contre (of
building).

Abouter=joiiL (end to end).

Aboutir d=abut on-f (i) end at, lead into :
ce sentier dboutit au grand chemin
(Darmesteter and Hatzfeld); (fig.) end
in, lead to : ma demarche ne fut pas
inutile, bien qu'elle aboutisse a un
resultat imprevu (H. Bordeaux, Le Lac
noir) =the step I took was not useless,
though it led to an unforeseen result.
N'a. a raw = Lead to, come to, nothing;

Academique

prove abortive; (iii) meet at: tous les
rayons d'un cercle aboutissent au centre
(Larousse). Aboutir (abs.)=*(i) end:
ses desseins les mieux concertes dboutis-
sent miserablement (Littre) ; (ii) be suc-
cessful, materialize : les pourparlers
n'ont pas abouti=*the negotiations were
unsuccessful, fell through (Mansion);
(iii) (of abscess) come to a head, burst.

I Academy = (i) 'A place where the arts and

i sciences are taught; an institution for
the study of higher learning; in the
general sense including a university,
but in popular usage restricted to an
educational institution claiming to hold
a rank between a university or college
and a school. In England the word
has been abused, and is now in dis-
credit in this sense ' (N.E.D.) : college,
lycee, icole, pensionnat, institution;
(ii) 'A place of training in some special
art, as ... the Royal Military Aca-
demy ' (N.E.D.) : ecole oil se donne
un enseignement special, e.g. ecole
militaire ; (iii) 'A society or institution
for the cultivation and promotion of
literature, of arts and sciences ... as
. . . the Royal Academy of Painting,
Sculpture, and Architecture, which
latter is commonly called in England
"the Academy. 1 * Fam. the name is
extended to the Annual exhibition of
the society' (N.E.D.). The corre-
sponding exhibition in France is called
le Salon.

Acade'mie^ (i) educational district, univer-
sity centre (in France) [for educational
purposes France, including Algeria, is
divided into seventeen districts, each
of which is presided over by a recteur] ;
(ii) academy, society (of letters, science,
art) : l'A. francaise, I* A. des Inscrip-
tions et Belles-Lettres, l'A . des Sciences,
l'A. des Beaux-Arts et I'A. des Sciences
morales et politiques forment I'lnstitut;
(iii) (abs.) stands for l'A. frangaise',
(iv) school of art, dancing, music : a. de
dessin, de danse, de musique; (v)
(paint.) nude figure, study from the
nude.

Academic =[' of or belonging to a learned
society ... of or belonging to an
Academician ' (N.E.D.)] academique
4-(i) universitaire (life, education,
costume); (ii) (pej.) abstrait, froid,
compasse, theorique.

Academique= academic (also with special

Accede

ref. to the 'Academic fran^aise ' :
Fauteuil, discours, a.) -f (of style, liter-
ary works, paintings) over-elegant, in
which the artistry is too obvious : Pour-
quoi appelle-t-on a. un discours fleuri,
elegant, ingenieux, karmonieux, et non
un discours vrai et fort, lumineux et
simple? (Vauvenargues, quoted by
Littre).

Accede=acceder (= assent to, agree to :
a. to a proposal, a request =acceder a
line proposition, a une demande) +
monter sur le trdne (a. to the throne).

Acc6deT= accede, assent to+ (i) adhere to :
Les puissances du Nord ont accede a
ce traite, d cette convention (Diet, de
I'Acad.); (ii) reach, have access to: on
accedait d cette terrasse par vingi marches
(Diet, de I'Acad.). Sur cette sorte de
plateau moral auquel il avait accede,
I' ambition lui etait venue de pouvoir
enfin dominer les petites vies environ-
nantes (E. Jaloux, La Fin d'un beau
jour).

Accent (v.)=accenttter.

Accentuer accent -f(i) accentuate (chiefly
fig. = mark strongly, emphasize) : il
a les traits fortement accentue$=}ie has
strongly accentuated, strongly marked
features [cf. Accuser (iii)]; (ii) (abs.)
articulate : cet acteur accentue par-
faitement (Diet, de I'Acad.).

Accent** accent + (paint.) high light or
deep shadow : mettre des aa. (Dar-
mesteter and Hatzfeld).

Acceptable =* acceptable +agr cable, (qui est)
le bienvenu: your letters are always
a.=vos lettres sont ton jours les
bienvenues.

Acceptation is archaic or obsolete except
in the sense ' the sense hi which a word
or sentence is accepted or received ; the
received meaning ' (N.E.D.), which=
acception : in its widest acceptation, the
word means . . . = dans son acception
la plus dtendue le mot signifie.

Acceptation^ acceptance : la signature de
noire accord, signature qui pourrait avoir
lieu sous dix jours, & compter de votre
a. verbale (G. Duhamel, Le Notaire
du Havre).

Accs= access 4- attack (physical), fit or
paroxysm (physical and moral), out-
burst (moral) : a. de fievre, de goutte=*
attack of fever, of gout. A. de toux=*
Paroxysm, fit of coughing. A . de folie
=Fit of madness. A, de col^reFit of

Accolade

temper, outburst of passion. A. de
dsespoir=Fit of despair. A. d'enthou-
siasme=Fit, outburst, of enthusiasm.
A. de rire'Fit, paroxysm, of laughter.
II a des a. de liberalite (Littre) He has
fits of generosity. [' Access ' would be
possible in all the above cases but is
rather li terary in style : cf . In an access
of pity and pain Aunt Carrie buried her
shaking head in her shaking hands and
sobbed bitterly (A. J. Cronin, The Stars
look down). These astonishing accesses
of emotion (Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dallo-
way). In an access of despair (Somer-
set Maugham, Of Human Bondage)'].
Par a. = By fits and starts.

Accession = accession -{- (increase) accrois-
sement, (thing added) acquisition, addi-
tion.

Accessory = (adj. and n.) accessoire+(n.,
of persons) complice : a. after the fact,
before the fact= complice par assistance,
par instigation.

Accessoire = accessory -f (i) (adj .) minor,
subordinate : jouer un rdle a. ; (ii) (n.pl.)
minor parts : acteur qui joue les aa.
(Larousse); (iii) (n.pl.) \theat.) pro-
perties : le gar$on de thedtre a oublie
d'apporter les aa. (Diet, de I'Acad.).

Accidence =(i) (gram.) morphologie; (ii)
rudiments, elements: the poets who
were just then learning the a. of their
art (Lowell, cited by the N.E.D.)=les
poetes qui, a cette epoque, en etaient
encore au rudiment.

Accidence accidentalism .

Accident = accident +(i) (mus., paint.) ac-
cidental; (ii) (med.) complication: sur
un fond d' intoxication chronique . . .
viennent souvent se grejfer des aa.
aigus (Le Temps, 26 Feb. 1937);
(iii) unevenness, undulation, irregu-
larity (de terrain, of ground) [English
' accident ' is possible here, but
rare].

Accolade^ accolade [(i) mus.; (ii) saluta-
tion marking the bestowal of knight-
hood] -f (i) embrace, hug, kiss : une a.
fraternelle [by extens., fig. : donnant d
I* outre de si rudes aa. que nous
retimes bientdt videe (Lesage, cited by
Darmesteter and Hatzf eld) = applying
ourselves so heartily to the bottle that
we had soon emptied it]; (ii) (cook.)
brace (of fowls, etc., served up to-
gether) : une a. de lapereaux (Larousse) ;
(iii) (print.) brace.

Accommodate

Accommoder

Accommodate = accommoder -f- (i) loger,
caser, contenir : a. a friend for the night
loger un ami pour la nuit. The cell
. . . having recently accommodated a
drunken deserter, was by no means-
clean (Dickens, cited by the N.E.D.)
La cellule, ayant recemment servi de
logement a un deserteur ivre, n'etait pas
du tout propre. This hall can a. two
hundred people Cette sails pent con-
tenir deux cents personnes. A ministry
in which all His Majesty's friends were
comfortably accommodated = Un
minister e oil tons les amis de Sa Majeste
etaient confortdblement cases (Macaulay,
cited in Guiraud). A workshop . . .
spacious enough to a. a double railway
line with a platform (G. B. Shaw, The
Apple Cart] = Un atelier assez spacieux
pour contenir une double voie de chemin
de fer y compris un quai ; (ii) rendre
service, obliger : I was willing to a. you
by undertaking to sell the horse (G.
Eliot, cited by the N.E.D.)=J'etais
dispose & vous rendre service en me
chargeant de vendre le cheval. Could
you a. me with a loan of ten pounds?
= Pourriez-vous m* obliger en me pretant
dix livres ? Can you a. me with, cash
for a cheque? (N.E.D.)=Pouvez-vous
m'obliger en me donnant de I'argent
contre un cheque? 'Won't you be
seated?' 'Certainly ! Anything to a. !'
(Gunter, cited by the N.E.D.}=Vous
ne voulez pas vous asseoir? Comment
done! Tout ce que vous voudrez pour
vous rendre service. Accommodating
husband = Mari debonnaire .

Accommoder = accommodate + (i) suit :
cette maison m'accommode (Larousse) =
this house suits me, serves my turn.
De maniere & a. tout le monde (Littre) =
So as to suit everybody; (ii) (cook.)
cook, dress, season, do up, prepare : a.
des champignons, de la viande, du
poisson, des Ugumes. Marguerite croit
bienfaire en ajoutant un filet de vinaigre
au foie de pore saute. Je n'aime pas le
foie de pore et cette fa^on de I' a. me le rend
indigeste (G. Duhamel, Journal de
Salavin) = . . . this way of cooking it
makes it indigestible for me. Les
asperges s' accommodent a I'huile et au
vinaigre ou a la sauce blanche (Larousse)
= Asparagus can be served up with oil
and vinegar or with white sauce. //
n'acheta que des langues, lesquelles il fit

a. a touies les sauces (La Fontaine, cited
by Dannesteter and Hatzfeld)=All he
bought was tongues and these he did
(dished, served) up with every kind of
sauce (in every kind of way). (Fig.)
A. qqn a toutes sauces, de toutes pieces =
Vilify, slander, abuse s.o. [cf. Accoutrer
(ii)]. (Fig. and fam.) A. un meme sujet
a toutes les sauces =Dish up the same
subject in every shape (Mansion);
(iii) (iron, and fam.) dress s.o. down,
give s.o. a thrashing or a slating, ill-
treat: Je V 'accommoder 'ai comme il faut
(Littre) = I '11 give him a proper dress-
ing down, I '11 give it to him, I '11 give
him his deserts. Elle m'accablait d'in-
jures bizarres et comme elle avait, de son
sexe, une opinion non mediocre, elle
m* accommodait au fdminin . . . Piron-
nelle! Petite becasse, criait-elle (G.
Duhamel, Le Notaire *de Havre) =
. . . she dressed me down in terms
applied to women ... II y a dans
ma famitte . . . un cadet . . . qui . . .
fit pendre . . . six cent trente-six hugue-
nots. . . . Tels sont . . . les calvinistes,
si bien accommodes par votre illustre
aieul (A. France, L'Anneau d'ame*-
thyste) . . . so admirably dealt with;
(iv) Accommode(i) (iron.) in a nice
state, in a pretty mess : II est tout
couvert de boue, le voila bien a. (Diet, de
I'Acad.); (2) Eire peu a. des biens de la
fortune (Diet, de rAcad.)=1$ot to be
greatly blessed with this world's goods ;
(v) S ' accommoder (i) make oneself
comfortable, make oneself at home :
Voyez comme il s'accommode (Littr6);
(2) become reconciled, come to an
agreement, come to terms: s'ils ne
s' accommodent pas, Us se ruineront en
proc&s (Diet, de rAcad.)=ii they don't
come to an agreement they will ruin
themselves in litigation. [According
to the N.E.D. ' accommodate ' is used
in this sense, but it is hardly normal
modern English]. Le marechal s'est
accommode avec ses creanciers (Sevigne,
cited by Littre) =The marshal has
compounded with his creditors; (3) 4-
<fe=put up with, be satisfied with : il
n'est point difficile . . . il s'accommode
de tout (Diet, de l'Acad.)=she is not
fastidious; he puts up with anything.
II n'y a pas de merite a s'a. d'unefemme
charmante (A. France, UAnneau d'ame-
thyste); (4) + de qqch (famJ) = make

Accommodation

6

Accord

use of without right, appropriate : it
s'accommode de tout ce qu'il trouve sous
sa main (Diet, de l'Acad.)=he appro-
priates anything he can lay hands on.
Elle nefit point de difficulty de s'a. d'un
beau cottier que la deesse portait (Fon-
tenelle, cited by Darmesteter and
Hatzfeld)=She had Httle scruple in
* conveying ' a fine necklace worn by
the goddess. (By extens.) Je m'accom-
moderais bien de cela (Diet, de I' A cad.)
I could do with that.
Accommodation = accommodation -f (i) ac-
commodement, arrangement, concilia-
tion, compromis : negotiations were now
opened for an a. between the belli-
gerents (Prescott, cited in the N.E.D.)
=on entama des negociations pour
accommoder les belligerants . His object
in these aa. was to draw over the more
moderate Romanists (Hallam, cited in-
the N. E.D.) = Son but dans ses accom-
inodements fut de gagner les catnoliques
plus moderes; (ii) logement, chambre(s),
place, (naut.) emmenagements : our sole
a. a tent barely able to contain eight
persons (Kane, cited by the N.E.D.) =
noire seul logement, une tente qui pouvait
d peine contenir huit personnes. He had
reserved a. at the best hotel =IJ avait
retenu une chambre au meilleur hdtel.
A garage where a. has been reserved
(Observer, n Apr. i9$j) = Un garage oti
une place a ete reservee. Good a. for
man and beast On loge & pied et d
cheval; (iii) action de loger : prepara-
tions for the a. of his guests during
the night =des preparatifs pour loger
ses invites pendant la nuit (Dickens,
cited in Guiraud) ; (iv) installation:
cars with complete lavatory a. =
wagons avec installation complete de
cabinet de 'toilette (Guiraud) ; (v) pret
d' argent: people pay highly for a.
because they have no security, or no
good security, to offer (Rogers, cited
by the N.E.D.)=on paye cher les prets
parce qu'on n'a pas de garanties, du
mains pas de bonnes garanties, d offrir ;
(vi) (com.) a. Wb=billet de complai-
sance; (vii) chose qui rend service,
commodite: they probably thought of
the coach with some contempt, as an
a. for people who had not their own
igs (G. Eliot, cited by the N.E.D.) =
*/s pensaient probablement avec quelque
mepris a la diligence comme a une

commodite pour les gens qui n'avaient
pas de cabriolet particulier. Every
guest should bring his own knife,
which would be a great a. to the lady
of the house =Chaque inviti devrait
apporter son couteau, ce qui rendrait
grand service a la maltresse de la
maison (Dickens, cited in Guiraud) ;
(viii) (naut.) a. ladder = echelle de
commandement.

Accommodation = accommodation + (i)
adaptation, conversion : I'a. d'un local
d I' etablissement d'un magasin (Darme-
steter and Hatzf eld) = conversion of
premises for use as a shop; (ii) (ling.)
assimilation.

Accompagnement = accompaniment +
(action of) accompanying (s.o.), attend-
ance, escort : le marechal de France qui
etait nomme pour I'a. de V ambassadeur
(Diet, de l'Acad.)=ihe marshal of
France who was appointed for attend-
ance on (appointed escort to) the
ambassador.

Accomplishment = accomplissement -f-
(usu. but not nee. in pi.) les arts d'agre-
ments, arts utiles, talents (de socilte),
and (pej.) connaissances superficielles,
teinture de savoir : Mrs Goddard was the
mistress of a ... real, honest, old-
fashioned boarding-school, where a
reasonable quantity of aa. were sold at
a reasonable price (Jane Austen, Emma)
= Madame Goddard etait directrice d'une
de ces honnetes pensions veritables du bon
vieux temps oil, un raisonnable nombre
d'arts utiles se vendait d un prix raison-
nable. To speak French fluently . . .
was a rather suspect a., being somehow
deemed incompatible with civic worth
(Max Beerbohm, And even now)
Parler francais couramment etait un
talent un peu suspect, etant considere, je
ne sais pourquoi, comme incompatible
avec les vertus civiques. A. in modern
languages has been rather a matter of
utility than of dignity (P. G. Hamerton,
The Intellectual Life) =U acquisition des
langues modernes a eti une question
d'utiliU plutdt que de dignite.

Accord* Of one's own a.. = De son plein
gr&, de son propre mouvement.

Accord = accord -f (i) agreement : d'a. =
in agreement. tre ^'a.=Be in agree-
ment, be agreed, agree. Tomber d'a.=*
Come to an agreement. Mettre d'a.
= Bring to an agreement, reconcile.

Accorder

Account

D'a./=Agreed ! L'a. du sujet avec le
verbe = The agreement of the subject
with the verb. Tout est d'a. Every-
thing is settled, arranged. Le quart du
reste vous serait vers& d la signature de
noire a. (G. Duhamel, Le Notaire de
Havre)=X quarter of the remainder
would be paid you on signature of the
agreement between us; (ii) (litt. t poet.}
strains, notes : les doux aa. de sa
voix et de sa lyre (Fnelon, cited in !
Littre) = the sweet strains of his voice
and his lyre; (iii) (mus.) tune : etre d'a.
= be in tune. Mettre un violon, un
piano d'a.=TunQ a violin, a piano.
Ce piano ne tient pas I' a. (Littre) =This
piano does not keep in tune.
Accorder = accord -j- (i) reconcile (adver-
saries, discordant facts or statements),
settle, adjust (dispute), harmonize
(texts) : a. deux plaidews, des ennemis,
un differend, deux textes. II faut a. les
contradictions qui ne sont qu' apparentes
(Fontenelle, cited by Littr6) ; (ii) grant,
concede, admit, acknowledge, confess
(fact, proposition) : Us ne nient ces
ckoses ni ne les accordent (La Bruyere,
cited by Littre) they neither deny
these things nor admit them. J'ai eu
tort, je I'accorde (Larousse) = I was
wrong, I confess. J'accorde qu'il s'est
trompe=I admit that he was wrong.
(By extens.) Tout le monde lui accorde
du bon sens (Darmesteter) = Every one
admits his common sense; (iii) award,
grant, bestow : a. la main de sa fille,
sa fille, d qqn= bestow (the hand of)
one's daughter (in marriage) on s.o.
A . des dommages - interets Award
damages. A. du temps a un debiteur
(Diet, de VAcad^ Allow a debtor time
in which to pay. Pouvez-vous m'a.
quelques minutes? 'Can you spare me
a few minutes? (Mansion). Accordez-
nous, Seigneur, de revoir noire patrie
(E. Legrand, Stylistique francaise)
Grant, O Lord, that we may once more
see our native land ; (iv) (mus., wireless)
tune : a. un piano, la voix avec un
instrument. Les bergers, accordant leur
musette a leur voix (Deshoulieres, cited
by Darmesteter) . A . des violons et des
basses au ton du piano (Diet, de I'Acad.) ;
(v) S'accorder=(i) (of persons) agree,
come to an agreement, get on, (of
things) agree : Us sont de meme humeur,
Us s' accorderont bien ensemble (Diet, de

l'Acad.) = . . . they will get on well
together. Je m'accorde avec vous sur
ce point (Diet, de l'Acad.)=I agree with
you on this point. Deux scsUrats ne
s'accordent que pour faire le mal
(Larousse)=Two rogues agree only for
evil purposes. On s'accorde d recon-
naltre qu'il s'honora par sa fidelity a son
roi (A. France, L'Anneau d'amethyste)
= It is universally acknowledged that
his loyalty to his king did him honour.
Madame Dellion tenait des propos qui ne
s 1 accordaient pas bien ensemble (A.
France, L'Anneau d'amethyste) =*
Madame Dellion made very incon-
sistent remarks. // (=le mensonge)
est moral en ce qu'il s'accorde avec les
habitudes des hommes (A. France,
L'Anneau d'amethyste) = It is moral
in that it agrees, with men's habits.
Le verbe s'accorde en nombre et en per-
sonne avec son sujet (Littre') = The verb
agrees with its subject in number and
person; (2) (of colours, etc.) harmonize :
ces deux couleurs s'accordent bien (Diet,
de I' A cad.) = these two colours go well
together. Une brume teintee de jaune
dessine I'horizon aux grandes lignes
noires, bien accordees d ces couleurs du
soiretdel'automne (J. Chardonne, Claire)
= ... in admirable keeping with . . .
[' Accord ' can be used in this sense of
things : cf . The sparkle of waves in the
sun can have accorded but ill with that
stern and sinister figure (J. G. Frazer,
The Golden Bough) = L' eclat des v agues
au soleil ne devait pas bien s'a. avec
cette forme sombre et sinistre.']

Accost =accoster+ (of prostitute) raccro-
cher, racoler.

Accoster = accost 4- (naut.) come, draw,
alongside (ship, quay, etc.) : la chaloupe
accosta le vaisseau (Littr). Ce vapeur
accosta le quai (Littre). (Abs.) On leur
cria d'a. (Diet, de I' A cad.).

Account (i) compte: open an a.=owz;n>
un compte. Settle an &.=Regler un
compte. To a. rendered =*Suivant compte
remis. Have a current a. with tre
en compte courant avec. Banking a.=
Compte en banque. Profit and loss a.
= Compte de profits et pertes. Make out
an o.. = Relever un compte. Statement
of a,.Releve de compte. On a., see
Acompte. Taking everything into a. =*
Tout compte fait. Take s.t. into a.=*
Tenir compte de qqch, faire entrer qqch

Acompte

Accuser

en ligne de compte. Call s.o. to a.== j
Demander des comptes & qqn. Render i
an a. of s.t. = Rendre compte de qqch. \
Gone to his a. = Mori ; (ii) recit, descrip-
tion, compte rendu : Ethel wrote him a
letter of condolence, accompanying it
with a long a. of Susan as a girl (A. j
Huxley, Point Counter Point) = Ethel I
lui ecrivit line lettre de condoleance, y .
joignant un long recit de la jeunesse de j
Susan. Begin and give me an a. of j
everything as it happened (Jane
Austen, cited by the A 7 ,.D.) = C0r/z-
tnencez et racontez-moi fidelement tout
ce qui est arrive. By all aa. = A ce
qu'on dit, de I' avis de tons; (iii) consi-
deration, egard, estime, importance: a
person of some 2.. = une personne im-
portante. A thing of no a. = Une chose
sans importance. They were indignant
that so little a. should "be made of their
representations (Prescott, cited by the
N.E.D.) = Ils s'indignerent qu'on fit si
peu de cas de leurs representations;
(iv) profit, avantage : turn to a. = mettre
a profit, tirer parti de ; (v) cause : on a.
of= cause de. On no a. A aucun
prix, en aucune facon.

Acompte [when used adverbially, is
written as two words : a compte]
instalment, partial payment, payment
on account : payer par aa. = pay by
instalments. Payer un a. de tant =
Pay so much on account. II a recu cinq
cents francs d, compte sttr les nolle francs
qui lui sont dus (Diet, de rAcad.)He
has received five hundred francs on
account, of the thousand francs owing
to him.

Accoutre. Only the p.p. accoutred is in
common use (N.E.D.) and even this
has an archaic flavour: vetu, habille,
pare, equipi: accoutred as I was, I
plunged in, And bade him follow
(Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, I. ii. 105)
veto comrne j'itais, je plongeai dans
le fleuve en le swnmant de me suivre.

Accoutrer = (archaic) accoutre -f (i) (fam.
and pej.) rig (s.o.) out, get (s.o.) up (de,
in), attire grotesquely, make a guy
of: comme vous voila accoutre* I (Dar-
rnesteter)=what a guy, a fright, you
look !; (ii) a. qqn de toutes pieces *= dress
s.o. down, give s.o. a slating or a
thrashing, vilify, slander, abuse s.o.
(behind his back). Cf. Accommoder
(ii).

Accoutrements [almost always in the pi.
(N.E.D.)] (archaic) accoutrement -j-
(mil.) effets, fourniment, e'quipement.

Accoutrement = (archaic) accoutrements
-f (fam. and pej.} rig-out, get-up, garb :
a. ridicule, bizarre.

Accredit = accrediter -f attribuer, pr&ter,
mettre sur le compte de qqn : they a. him
with the remark (Webster) = on lui
attribue la remarque. Mr Bright him-
self was accredited with having said
that . . . (M'Carthy, cited by the
N.E.D.) = Onpreta, attribua, a monsieur
Bright ce propos.

Accrediter = accredit -{-cause s.t. to be
believed, spread, give vogue to (reflex.
gain favour or vogue, be spread, gain
credit) : cette credulite est si accrdditee
que (Littre)=this credulity is so wide-
spread that. Les bruits de guerre
s' accre'ditaient (Littre)=The rumours of
war were gaining favour. L'alchimie
s'accredita singulierement durant le
moyen age (Littre")= Alchemy was
singularly in favour, in fashion, during
the Middle Ages.

Accusation = accusation -f (theol.) con-
fession : faisons en toute humility
Va, de nos fautes (Larousse)=let us
most humbly confess our sins.

Accuser = accuse -h(i) acknowledge, own
to, profess : a. son dge= admit one's age,
look one's age (cf. (iii) infra). A. ses
peches (or s'a.) = Confess one's
sins. Les rapports officiels accusent
deux mille blesses (E. Legrand, Stylis-
tique francaise)= According to official
reports there are two thousand
wounded. (Com.) A. reception d'une
lettre, d'un paquet= Acknowledge the re-
ceipt of a letter, a parcel. (Fencing)
(also j?.) A. un coup Acknowledge a
hit. (Med.) Le malade accuse telle
douleur, telle sensation dans telle pay tie
(Diet, de l'Acad.)=The patient says
that he has, complains of, such and
such a pain . . . ; (ii) (cards) declare :
Lecceur . . . jouait aux cartes avec ses
gardiens et accusait les points dans leur
propre argot (A. France, Le Mannequin
d'osier); (iii) (paint., sculpt.) (also fig.)
bring out, show up, accentuate, indi-
cate, betoken, bespeak, betray [English
' accuse ' is possible here in the fig.
sense of 'reveal, indicate/ but is 'rare
in modern English ' (N.E.D.)] : a.
les muscles, les ombres, une ressem-

Ace

Achievement

blance, une difference = bring out
the muscles, the shadows, a resem-
blance, a difference. Cette action accuse
de la folie (Larousse) = This action
indicates, points to, is a sign of,
madness. La coupe de ses vetements
accuse le provincial = The cut of
his clothes bespeaks the provincial _
(Mansion) . // ne rdpondit pas tout de \
suite ; ses epaules accuserent une defail- \
lance visible, comme d'un Atlas qui \
sentirait le globe s'alourdir (E. Jaloux, j
La Fin d'un beau jour) . . . his j
shoulders drooped perceptibly . . . j
Le vaccin de Koch accuse dans un \
organisme les lesions de la tuberculose
(A. France, Monsieur Bergeret a Paris)
= Koch's vaccine indicates the presence
of tubercular lesions in an organism.
Les traits sont accuses, bien que delicats
(A. Hermant, Souvenirs du vicomte de
Courpiere) = The features, though deli-
cate, are accentuated, strongly marked.

A.ce=as-}-tres petite quantite, iota, atome,
now rare except in the expression
' within an a. of ' [= ' on the very
point of, within a hair's breadth of '
(N.E.D.)] : be within an a. of death =
etre a deux doigts de la mort. I came
within an a. of making my fortune
(W. Irving, cited by the N.E.D.) =11
s'en est fallu de pen que je ne fosse
fortune.

Achieve =accomplir, realiser, gagner, ac-
querir, obtenir, remporter, atteindre,
parvenir a: these were his purposes;
and he knew that to a. them a man
must be stronger than the Christian
saints (C. Morgan, The Fountain)
c'etaient la ses fins, c'etait Id, son but;
et il savait que pour y parvenir, pour
y atteindre, un homme doit se montrer
plus ferme que tous les saints de la
chretiente. Perhaps the unhappiness
might a. the miracle she had been long-
ing ... for all these years (A. Huxley,
Point Counter Point) = Peut-etre le mat-
heur opererait-il le miracle pour lequel
elle soupirait depuis tant d'annees. Her
conscious efforts to a. tranquillity (A.
Huxley, Point Counter Point) = Ses
efforts' conscients pour atteindre a la
tranquillite. A. great things A ccomplir
de grandes choses. A. a reputation as=
Se faire une reputation de. A. great
success = Remporter un grand succ&s.
The monster who had achieved his de- I

struction (Dickens, cited in Guiraud) =
Le monstre qui avail amene sa mine.
She had no faith in his glittering illusion
and no fear that he might a. it (A. J.
Cronin, The Stars look down) =
Elle n'avait aucune foi en son beau
projet illusoire, ni aucime crainte qu'il
le realisit.

Achever=(i) complete, conclude, end,
finish (off), go through with : a, un
repas, un portrait, tin /raraz7 = finish
(off) a meal, a portrait, a piece of
work. On achevera cela plus tayd
That can be finished later. Cette aven-
ture acheve sa ruine, sa honte, son
malheitr (Diet, de /'^ cad.) = This ad-
venture completes his ruin, his shame,
his misfortune. // acheva ses jours
dans la retraite (Diet, de l'Acad.) = He
ended his days in retirement. Cette
fete de Pdques, que nous allons celebrev
avant que mars ait achevi sa carriere
(Le Temps, 16 Mar. 1937) = . before
March is out. A . de faire qqch = Finish
doing s.t. Nous achevions de souper
(G. Duhamel, Le Notaire de Havre)
We were just finishing supper. (Abs.)
Achevez /=Go on, out with it !; (ii) kill,
dispatch, finish off, put out of misery
or pain : ce passant avait ete blesse par
des voleurs, il en est venu d'autres qui
I'oni acheve (Diet, de l'Acad.) = . . .
others came along and dispatched him,
finished him off. (Fig.) Vienne encore
un proces, et je suis acheve (Corneille,
cited by Littre)= Another lawsuit and
I'm done for. Acheve accomplished,
perfect : un ouvrage a., une beaute
achevee', (pej.) thorough, out and out,
downright, absolute: sot, scdlerat a.
Cf. Absolute.

Achievement = (i) execution, realisation,
accomplissement : he wore himself out
in the a. of his design =il s'usa dans
I* ex ecution de son dessein (Petit) ;
(ii) ceuvre accomplie, entreprise menee a
bonne fin, exploit, victoire, (pi.) hauts
faits : the aa. of genius, like the source
from which they spring, are indestruct-
ible (Brewster, cited by the A'. .>.) =
les grandes choses realisees, accomplies,
par le genie, de meme que la source ou
elles naissent, sont indestructibles. The
aa. of Agincourt and Waterloo (Dibdin,
cited by the N.E.D.) Les victoires
d'Azincourt et de Waterloo. The highest
aa. of the human intellect (Macaulay,

Achievement

10

Acquitter

cited by Webster) Les plus grandes
ceiivres de I' intelligence humaine. A.
has come to be the only real patent of
nobility in the modem world (Woodrow
Wilson", cited by Webster) = Ce sont les
ceuvres d'un komvze qui, dans le inonde
actuel, en sont venues a constituer ses
seuls veritables Hires de noblesse. The
restoration of Carcassonne is a splendid
a. (H. James, A Little Tour in France]
La restauratio-n de Carcassonne est une
ceuvre splendide.

Achevement = (i) completion, finishing,
conclusion : il ne manque plus qu'un
portail pour I' a. de cetie eglise (Diet, de
I' A cad.} =only one portal remains to be
done to finish this 1 church. L'a. de son
travail dependva de sa sante (Diet, de
l'Acad.)=ThQ finishing of his work,
whether he finishes the work or not,
will depend on his health ; (ii) perfection :
cet ouvrage n'est pas arrive a son dernier
degre d'a. (Diet, de I' A cad.) = this
work has not yet attained its highest
pitch of perfection.

Acid* The a. test=L'preuve concluante.

Acqua.in.t=avertir, faire part, informer,
instruire, mettre au courant: they had
acquainted the regent with their in-
tention (Prescott, cited by the N.E.D.)
=ils avaient averti, informe, instruit le
regent de, avaient fait part au regent de,
avaient mis le regent au courant de, leur
intention. (Ellipt.) I shall certainly a.
your father (Sheridan, cited by the
N.E.D.)=Je ne manquerai pas d'en
avertir votre pere. A. oneself with=
apprendre, se mettre au courant de, se
renseigner SUY : a. yourself with the
duties of your new sphere (N.E.D.) =
renseignez-vous sur vos nouvelles fonc-
tions.

s'Accointer avec, de qqn (usu. pej.)
associate with, become intimate with,
frequent, s.o. : il s'est accointe d'un
homme, avec un homme, de fort mauvaise
reputation (Littre).

Acquaintance = connaissance : an a. with
these works themselves such as only
minute and long-continued study could
give (Bryce, cited by the N.E.D.)=une
connaissance de ces ceuvres memes telle
que la donnerait seulement une etude
detaillee et prolongee. Those who had
the honour of his a. (Dickens, cited by
the N.E.D.)*=Ceux qui avaient I'hon-
ntur de le connaitre. Montgomery was

an old a. of Ferguson (Macaulay, cited
in \Vebster) Montgomery etait une
vieille connaissance de Ferguson. Make,
cultivate, renew s.o/s a. = Faire, cul-
tiver, la connaissance de qqn, renouveler
connaissance avec qqn. Improve on a.
Gagner a etre connu.

Accointance (usu. pej.) = association, fami-
liarity, connexion, relation, intimacy:
a. compromettante= compromising asso-
ciation. Je ne veux point d'a. avec lui
(Diet, de I'Acad.) I want no connexion
with him. Avoir des aa. avec une
/eww0=Have intimacy with a woman.
On murmure tout bas qu'il a des aa.
avec le diable (H. Bordeaux, Le Lac
noir) = lt is whispered that he has
dealings with the devil.

Acquerir = acquire -}- (abs.) improve : ce
vin acquiert en vieillissant (Littre) =
this wine improves with age. Acquis
= acquired -f (i) established : fait a. =
established fact. // est bien a. qu'alors
que se succedent et disparaissent les
civilisations et les cultures . . . seules
demeurent la bonte et la mechancete (Le
Temps. 6 Mar. 1937) = It is weU
established that . . .; (ii) vested:
droits a.= vested interests ; (iii) devoted :
je vous suis acquis (Diet, de l'Acad.) =
I am devoted to you, to your cause.

Acquitment means ' acquittal ' but is
hardly normal modern English.

Acquittement = acquittal.

Acquitter= acquit +(i) receipt : a. unefac-
ture, une lettre de change^ receipt a bill, a
bill of exchange; (ii) keep : a.sapromesse,
sa parole, un t/a?w=keep one's promise,
one's word, a vow; (iii) release : a. qqn
d'une obligation=Telea.se s.o. from an
obligation [' acquit ' in this sense is
possible but archaic (N.E.D.)] ; (iv)
satisfy (sa conscience, one's conscience) ;
(v) (reflex.) (i) (gambling) recoup one-
self '.j'aijoue centre luijusqu'd ce qu'il se
fut acquitte (Diet, de l'Acad.)=I played
against him until he had recouped
himself, until we were quits; (2) s'a.
d'une tdche, d'un devoir, d'une obliga-
tion= fulfil, carry out, discharge, a task,
a duty, an obligation. II est grand
temps . . . que vous vous acquittiez . . .
de la commission dont je vous ai charge
(E. Jaloux, La Fin d'un beau jour)
= It is high time you executed the com-
mission I entrusted to you ['acquit one-
self of is possible here, according to

Act

11

Address

the N.E.D., but is hardly normal];
(3) s'a. envers qqn = repay s.o.

Act=<zcte-i-(i) fait: that 's* not the a. of
a gentleman ce n'est pas Id le fait d'un
homme comme il faut. Catch s.o. in
the a.. Prendre qqn sur le fait, en
flagrant delit; (ii) A. of Parliament =
hi; (Hi) be in the a. of doing s.t.=etre
en train de faire qqch.

Acte=act-j-(i) (phrases with faire a. de
-f- noun) faire a. d'autorites= exercise
one's authority. Faire a. de bonne
volont4=Sho\v one's willingness. Faire
a. d'heritier= Administer (under will).
Faire a. de presence Put in an appear-
ance; (ii) (legal) document, instru-
ment, deed, agreement, certificate :
dresser, parapher, signer, un a. draw
up, initial, sign, a document. A. d'ac-
ctisation, indictment, charge. A. de
deces, de mariage, de naissance = Death,
wedding, birth, certificate. A. de
dernier e volonte 'L^st will and testa-
ment. A. sous seing ra^'= Private
agreement. (In newspaper) Dont a.
The following (or above) constitutes
legal publication. Prendre a. de = Take
legal cognizance of, (fam.) make a
note of. Faire prendre a. de= Obtain
registration of; (iii) (pi.) records,
proceedings, transactions (of learned
society).

Action = (activity) action ; action chimique.
Quantity of a. [mouvement] in physics.
Put in Si.Mettre en train [mouvement,
action]. The a. [influence f action] of the
moon. The aa. [haul faits, fails et
gesteSf actions'] of men. There is malice
in his a. [fait]. Suiting the a. to the
\void=Joignant le geste a la parole.
(Drama) action, mouvement. Le fonc-
tionnement d'une machine. Le mica-
nisme d'une montre. (Horse) action.
(Law) proces, demande, action. (War)
combat, affaire: killed in a. = tue a
Vennemi.

Action = influence, power (of providence) ;
action, effect (of light, etc.); action
(of a remedy); effect, influence,
agency (of time). Tomber sous I' a.
[into the clutches, under the power]
de la loi. Principe de moindre a.
[resistance]* Dans I* (en) a.=At work :
in movement* Hors d'a. = Out of gear.
(PI.) deeds, feats, prowess (of heroes).
Le principe de toutes nos aa. [activity,
work, deeds]* Faire son a. de graces

=To offer thanksgiving. (Mil.) action,
feat, engagement, fight, combat, battle,
operations. (Legal) action, law-suit,
prosecution, proceedings; look, move-
ment, expression (of the eyes). Avec
a. [warmth, spirit, vivacity, animation].
Votre a. [attitude]. La. oratoire =
Gestures in oratory. (Stock Exchange)
bond, scrip, share certificate; (pi.)
shares. Socieie par aa.= Joint stock
company. Ses aa. sont en baisse =
(Jig.) His star is setting=He is losing
credit (influence) = His stock is falling.

Active. On a. service En campagne. On
the a. list=w activite or En activite de
service.

Actif. Citoyen a. = Citizen enjoying full
political rights. Dettes actives "Money
owing to a firm. Vactif Assets.

Actual = reel [positif]. La possession
reelle [effective] de la propriete. Le
fait meme. A. (opp. to potential)
energy L'energie positive [effective].
La condition actuette [presente] du pays.
Actuality =realite, etc.

Actuel= actual (reality, sin). Dans le
service a. [existing]. Le gouvernement
a. [present]. Les mceurs actuelles
[present-day, modern]*

Actually = (in reality) positivement,
yeellement+me'me ( strange as it may
appear); (at the present moment)
actuellement.

Address (v.)=adresser (a letter) ; s'adresser
a t adresser la parole a, qqn; accoster,
apostropher; haranguer (a meeting);
adresser ses prieres d Dieu. (Reflex.)
S'occuper de, s'appliquer d, se mettre a
faire (duty, work, play). To a. the
ball {in golf) = Viser la batte.

Adresser=*to aim at, direct at; address,
send, forward (letter, etc.), make
(request); offer (prayers, homage);
dedicate (book); recommend, refer
(s.o. to s.o.). (Reflex.) =to speak to
(see above) ; to apply to, look to, appeal
to* S'a. id /= Inquire within. S'a.
mal=To apply to the wrong person ==
To get into the wrong box.

Address (n.) = (skill) adresse, habilete,
dexterite; (of letters, habitation)
adresse; (speech) discours, allocution;
(election speech) profession de foi
electorate; (to the sovereign) suppliqne,
requSte; to pay one's a&.=faire sa cour
courtiser; (manner) abord; facon de
parler. Of good a.= distingue. Of

Adresse

12

Advance

D'un abord agreable \

pleasing a.
\seduisant).

A dresse address (see above), dexterity,
skill, cleverness; cunning, handiness;
tact, shrewdness; (of letter) address,
direction. Bureau d'aa. = Inquiry
office.

Adept (a.) = expert, qui possede a fond. ;

Adepte= initiate, follower, partisan.

Adequate. Adequat. The French word is
used mainly in philosophy, as in A'OMS
n'avons aucune idee a. de la Divinite.
The English word is usually to be
rendered by: suffisant (means); com-
petent (judge); a la hauteur; pro-
portionne d; qui convient d.

Adhere. Adherer. Both verbs mean 'to
stick. 1 Fig. the English verb is
stronger and often personal. In
French one says a. a tine erreur,
a un parti, d ime opinion, but the
English verb often etre partisan de
qqn, qqch; persister dans; maintenir;
s'attacher fortement d. The noun
adhesion, besides 'sticking/ generally
= support (to a resolution or treaty),
whereas adhesion may mean 'strong
attachment ' =persistance f attachement.
The French noun adherence adherence
-f(i) (med.} adhesion; (ii) grip, road-
holding quality : au point de vue de
V adherence, le pneumatique est superieur
an caoutchouc plein (Larousse)=frorn
the standpoint of road-holding quality
the pneumatic tyre is superior to the
solid.

Adhesive (adj.) = adhesif -f- gomme,
gluant, collant*

Adjourn=aj owner, remettre (to another
day) + se rendre, se retirer (to another
place) ; lever la seance, clore les ddbats.

Adjudge =adjuger, decerner (=to give a
verdict in s.o.'s favour, to award s.t.
judicially) -{- determiner, decider (that
such and such should be done).

Adjuger (see above) + to knock down (at
auction) . Une fois ! deux fois I adjuge !
Going ! going ! gone !

Adjudication adjudication -f jugement,
arret d'un tribunal, sentence, decision
d'un juge.

Adjudication = adjudication -f- giving out,
allocation (of contract), knocking down
(of s.t. to s.o.).

Adjunct = adjoint+ accessoire.

Adjoint (adj. and n.) = adjunct -f assis-
tant, deputy, associate : professeur a.

assistant professor. A. (au maire)**
Deputy mayor.

Adjust. .k/izster=adjust, fit (s.t. to s.t.)
-f-take aim.

Adjutant. Adjudant. The French adjudant
is a warrant officer, the English
adjutant == adjudant-major.

Ad libptum] = (i) at one's pleasure ; (ii) as
much as one desires, i.e. d discretion, a
c&ur joie.

Ad libitum (a volonte). Syllabe longue on
breve ad libitum (as you please, op-
tionally).

Administer administrer (generally), but
a. an oath =faire preter serment d qqn =s
deferer le serment d, qqn; contribuer d
(one's comfort).

Administration = administration -f
gouvernement; action de faire preter
(serment) .

Administration = administration, manage-
ment, dispensation -{-directors, gover-
nors 7 authorities, officials; offices.

Admirer = to admire -f to wonder at.

Admit. Admission = A dmettre. Admission
-\-conce'der (a point, being wrong)
concession (to opinion) ; avouer aveu
(fault); reconnaitre (as true) recon-
naissance (of a right).

Admonition = (legal and eccles.) admoni-
tion -r-averti$sement; blame, rdprimande.

Adroit = adroit, but in certain phrases
another word is required to translate
adroit, e.g. : etre adroit de ses mains =to
be clever with one's hands. II est
adroit dans la maisonette is handy in
the house.

Advance = (trans.) avancer (pawn, chair);
faire avancer (troops, sciences, etc.);
faire fructifier (interests, plans);
avancer, mettre e.i avant, presenter
(claims, ideas) ; avancer, hater (events) ;
avancer, preter (money on loan) ;
augmenter (price)/ hausser (tax). (In-
trans.) s* avancer, faire du pr ogre's, tirer
ct, sa fin; (of prices) monter, hausser;
(of shares), monter ; (of officers, etc.)
etre promu, recevoir une promotion,
avancer, monter (en grade), recevoir de
ravancement.

Avancer = advance (see above); put out
(hand) ; put forward (watch, time) ; (of
land, etc.) jut, project; (of clock) go
fast; (of persons) succeed, get on
better.

Advance (n.) = avance, marche (of sun,
etc.), mouvement en avant; (personal

Avance

13

Affair

approach) avance, le premier pas;
progres, pas, av an cement, perfectionne-
ment (in studies, in science, etc.) ;
hausse (of prices); avance, pret (of
money lent) ; (goj in a. ~en avant; (pay)
in a. = d' avance.

Avance advance (see above); prendre de
I'a. sur qqn to get the start of s.o.
Arriver en a. [beforehand, early". Cette
rnontre est en fl. This watch is fast;
projection (of a building) ; rise (of one's
family).

Advantage. Avantage. To take a. of s.t. =
Profiler de; abuser de t exploiter.

Avantage in sport=odds: donner de I' a.
a qqn = to give s.o. odds.

Avantageux advantageous -f arrogant,
presumptuous.

Adventure. To put in a. (maritime
insurance) = Mettre en danger, en jeu.

Aventure = adventure -f (i) illicit love-
affair, intrigue ; (ii) luck, chance :
tenter /'#.=to try one's luck. Par a.,
d'a.^'By chance. Marcher a I'a.
Walk about aimlessly; (iii) dive la
bonne a. a qqn=tell s.o.'s fortune;
(iv) (control a] la grosse a. bottomry
(-bond).

Adverse adverse [used, as a rule, only in
the phrases la partie adverse = the
opposing party, I'avocat adverse the
opposing counsel, and fortune adverse
a= a. fortune, adversity] -f- contraire,
defavorable, oppose, hostile.

Advert (to) faire allusion (a), parler (de).

Avertir = warn, inform, admonish,
advise.

Advertisement affiche, annonce, reclame,
publicity.

Avertissement= (i) warning, admonition;
(ii) summons to appear before a magis-
trate; (iii) foreword.

Advice = avis -f conseil.

A vis = opinion; advice. A. au lecteur=
A word to the wise.

Advise (to a. with, consult with) delibe'rer
avec qqn sur (d') une affaire; conffrer
avec qqn sur qqch ; (to offer, give advice)
donner (son) avis, servir de conseiller; (to
a. s.o. of, that) prdvenir, recommander,
engager, avertir; (a. s.t.) conseiller (pre-
caution, etc.) ; (to give notice, instruct,
etc.) informer, instrnire, avertir; (com-
merce) aviser, annoncer. I advised
him to do it=/5 lui ai conseille de
le faire.

Aviser=*to notice; (a. qqn) point out to,

inform, notify, (com.) advise. (Reflex.
s'a. de) to take into one's head, bethink
oneself. (Intran?. a. d qqch) deal with,
see about, s.t.

Advocate (n.) ilegal; avocat-^-celui qtti
lone publiquementt celui qui recommande
vivement.

Aerate = aerer (= expose a substance to
the air) -f- (i) charger d'acils carbonique :
aerated water=eaz< gazeuse. (ii) arte-
rialiser (the blood, le sang).

Avocat = advocate -f counsel, barrister.

Aererto air, ventilate, aerate.

Aesthetic = (belonging to the appreciation
of the beautiful) esthetique - (Qi persons
or things) de bon gout.

Affair. Affaire. These words have practi-
cally the same connotation, but in
translation they are not always inter-
changeable. Such English words as
'matter/ 'thing/ 'business,' 'concern,'
'bother,' 'difficulty,' 'job,' are often
required to translate the French word.
The French idioms are chiefly those
where affaire is the complement of
avoir and faire. Examples : Occupez-
vous de vos aa. =Look after your
(own) business [job, aa.]. J'en ferai
mon a. I will make it my business
[concern, job] = I '11 take charge of it.
A demain les aa. serieuses = Serious
matters are postponed. Faire des aa.
=To do business. Faire des aa. d'or=*
Do a roaring trade. Rangez [serrez] vos
aa.=Put your things away. Une a. de
cceurK love a. C'est une a. de temps
= It is a matter [question] of time.
C'est une a. de goiit=lt is a question
[matter] of taste. Le temps nefait rien
d Ta.=Time has nothing to do with it.
Avoir a. a qqn=To have to do, deal,
with, to have to settle with, to have
(want) to speak to, s.o. Avoir a. avec
qqn=To have business with s.o. Point
d'a. = Nothing doing (fam.) . A voir son
a. may = To have what one is looking
for, what one wants (needs), what
one deserves [a thrashing, etc.], one's
quietus, a drop too much, s.t. that
requires tackling, etc. Son a. est faite
=His goose is cooked, His fortune is
made. Cela ne fait rien d J'<z.=That
has nothing to do with, no bearing on,
the point [matter, subject]. tre au-
dessous de ses aa.To be in a bad way.
Cela ne ferait pas I'a. de tout le monde=
That would not suit everybody = That

Affect

14

Aggregation

is not everybody's money. Se faire une
a. (des aa.)=To have bother, trouble,
to get into a scrape, etc. C'est une a. de
rien = It 's a trifling matter. C'est toute
une a. = That 's a great bother, worry,
That 's a long story. En voild ime
./=\Vhat a fuss (to-do, kettle of fish,
etc.) ! La belle a.! (ironical or sar-
castic) =That 's nothing !=Is that all?
Faire son a, a qqn = Settle s.o., give it
to s.o., do for s.o., etc. In political
matters the English word is aa.; in
commercial, business, transaction; in
legal, case, suit; in military, a., fight,
engagement, etc.; in duelling, duel, a.
A. de is used elliptically, like histoire
de, to mean merely to, only to, by
way of.

Affect = (i) affecter (=to wear by choice,
a costume, etc.); affecter (=of things,
to assume a form, etc.); affecter (to
pretend to be [to have], freethinker,
etc. [enthusiasm], etc.) se poser en;
faire le (prophet, fool, etc.) ; (ii) (of an
illness) attaquer, affecter; (to touch,
move, a.) toucher, emouvoir, affecter,
attendrir; porter sur (head, heart,
nerves, etc.).

Affecter =z8ect (see above); be partial
to, aim at, feign, pretend, simulate,
like; to set apart, apply, destine,
assign, allot s.t. to; to mortgage (=
a. d hypotkeques], attach/ encumber
(property).

Afferent afferent (nerves, blood-vessels,
etc.) -{-accruing to, falling to, attaching
to, relating to.

Affidavit = declaration sous serment (before
commissioner or magistrate).

Affidavit^ declaration (by a foreigner to
get exemption from certain taxes).

Affiliate ajplier (adopt or attach persons
or societies) ; (law) attribuer la paterniU
a.fairereconnaitrecomme; (fig.) attribuer
d, imputer a; faire remonter qqch a qqn,

Affined = (related, connected) parent de;
allie a ; appavente.

Affine made smaller, purer, more deli-
cate, refined.

Affix = (gram .) affixe -f apanage, accessoire,
addition, etc.

Affluence affluence (influx, abundance,
concourse) +richesse, opulence.

Affluent (adj.) = afflitent -f riche, opulent,
tout cousu d'or. (N.) (tributary stream)
affluent, tributaire.

A ffluent (flowing freely) affluent -f (of a

i river) flowing into. (N.) = tributary,
I affluent.

; Afflux flux, ecoulement (of humours,
j etc.) ; concours, affluence (of people,
I etc.).

Afflux rush (of blood to the brain, etc.).

Affranchise =* affranchir (slave, town);
degager, dispenser de (an obligation,
duty, etc.).

Affranchir=(set) free, affranchise (slave,
town); deliver (mind); release (card
in games) ; regraf t (tree) ; exempt (from
tax, etc.) ; prepay (postage) ; spay, cas-
trate; relieve pressure in (a conduit).

Affront (v.) = affronter, braver (a., face
death) -\-insulter, off enser, faire un affront
a qqn.

Affronter = face (anything) -f- cheat,
deceive. (Fam.) Faire affront a = To
shame, reproach. Boire un affront =
Pocket [swallow] an insult.

Affusion = (med.) affusion + arrosement,
aspersion.

Age. Age. The Augustan a.=Lg siecle
d'Auguste. It is an a. since I saw you
= // y a un siecle que je ne vous ai vu.
To be of a. = tre majeur. To be under
a.==^ mineur. To come of a.=
Arriver a sa majoritt. As full of grief
as Q..-=AccabU autant par les chagrins
que par les ans. D'un certain d.
No longer young. Avant V&.-=. Pre-
maturely == Before his time.

Agency = (function, management) agence
(of the works) ; (establishment and
office) agence-}- (instrumentality) entre-
mise, intermediate; (active operation,
action) operation, activite.

Agenda = (of a meeting) ordre du jour;
choses a faire, observances, pratiques =
ritueL

Agenda = diary.

Aggravate =augmenter (danger, terror);
aggraver (offence, guilt) +agacer, irriter,
exasperer, courroucer, faire enrager (per-
sons); irriter, enflammer (eyes, etc.);
exagerer (dangers, faults). Aggravated
murder =meurtr e qualifie'.

Aggraver = (fig.) aggravate, increase +
pronounce anathema.

Aggravation aggravation [as aggraver
above] + circonstance aggrayante ;
exasperation, irritation; exagfration.

Aggravation aggravation + worsening (of
illness) ; (mus.) augmentation.

Aggregation =agregation, which, however,
also = a competitive examination in

Agitation

15

Altee

French universities. A student who is
successful becomes an agrcgs and is there-
by entitled to a teaching post in a lycee.

Agitation = agitation (physical or mental)
-rdebats, discussion; mouvement, excita-
tion, demonstrations publiques; desordres;
troubles (as mfauteurs de troubles).

Agonize =agoniser j r torturer, mettre au
supplice f a la torture; souffrir cruelle-
mentf avoir des douleurs internes; (con-
tend) lutter; (to make great efforts)
s'efforcer de, s'evertuer a.

Agoniser (etre a l'agonie)=to be dying,
in the throes of death, at the last gasp
(lit. and fig.).

Agonir(fam.) insult, abuse: a. qqn.
d'injures, de sottises.

Agony = agonie -\-angoisse, detresse extreme,
paroxysme (de la douleur, de la passion) ;
douleur intense, martyre; moment critique,
la crise (of a battle). A. column =
Colonne d'annonces personelles.

Agree (trans, of accounts) arreter, faire
accorder; (to give consent) consentir a,
faire droit a, donner son assentiment a
(request). I agreed unwillingly =J'ai
consenti a contre-cceur . (To grant that
s.t. is so) convenir que, admettre que;
(a. with s.o.) s' accorder avec qqn; (a.
on, as to) se mettre d* accord BUY;
s' accorder pour dire que ; (a. in opinion,
etc.) etre de I'avis de qqn, demeurev
d' accord sur t convenir de; (a. with an
opinion) s'associer a; (of things) con-
venir, s' accorder ; (gram.) s' accorder ; (to
correspond with, to be consistent) con-
venir, etre conforme a, se ressembler ; (of
food, climate, etc.) convenir a, etre bon
pour, ne pas incommoder. Agreed ! =
D' accord! C'est convenul He agreed
with me fully = II abondait dans mon sens.

Agre*er=to be agreeable, to one's liking;
accept (thanks, excuses, etc.) ; approve,
sanction. Si cela vous agree =li you
like that = If that pleases you. Veuillez
a. Vexpression (I'assurance) de mes
sentiments distingue* s=Y OUTS faithfully
[letter ending].

Agreeable agreable, aimable, cordial -f-
favorable a, bien dispose d (envers qqn),
attentif, empress^

Agreement = accord, harmonie ; convention,
contrat, marche, arrangement, pacte;
rapport, ressemblance ; (gram.) accord.
By mutual a. =De gre* d gr4, d I amiable.

<4gre'me7rt=agreeableness, charm, grace;
ornament, accessory ; consent, approval ;

(mus.) grace-note. Talents d'a.
Accomplishments (q.v.). Voyage d'a.
ss Pleasure trip.

Air (v.) = (ventilate a room) aerer, donner
de I' air d; (dry or warm linen) mettre
d Vair, mettre devant le feu, secher ;
afficher, exposer (theories, grievances).

Air (n.)=az>, atmosphere. In the a. = (of
news, etc.) courant, (of plans) obscur,
chimerique, sans fondement. Tread
upon a..=tre exalte. Castles in the
a.. = Chdteaux en Espagne.

Aire = area, threshing-floor -f (i) eyrie ;
(ii) (naut.) direction (of the wind) :
prendve I'a. du vent (fig.)=to see which
way the wind is blowing.

Airy = (voyage, castle) dans I' air, aerien;
(lofty, poet.) (mur) eleve; heaven's a.
halls palais sublimes du del; (room)
bien aere ; (situation) expose a la brise
(au vent); aery phantoms =esprits
aeriens; a. ieQt=pieds legers; a. steps
=pas dlastiques; the airiest of wits
=le plus delicat [spiritueQ des beaux
esprits. A. ideal = Ideal subtil [ima-
ginaire]; a. critic critique superficial;
a. contempt mepris exprime d'un ton
degage; a. metaphysician =metaphysi-
cien visionnaire; (off-hand, perfunctory)
superficiel, fait pour la forme, fait par
maniere d' acquit.

Aerien (regions) aerial; aerial (per-
spective) ; airy (form) ; (songs) heavenly ;
(phenomena) aerial, air* Votes aeriennes
=Air passages.

Aise. See after Ease.

Albino albinos [not applied in French
to animals : lapin blanc].

Alcove alcove (only applied to bed)-{-
niche, (r)enfoncement t etc.

Aligner = align -f- balance (account) -f
(mil.) dress; a. ses phrases = write
carefully.

Allege =affirmer; pretendre, avancer (as
excuse, etc.), alUguer, pretext er.

Alleger= lighten, allay, ease, mitigate, etc.
H- reduce the volume of, plane do\\Ti
(timber) .

Allegiance = (feudal) allegeance -f- fidelity
loyaute.

Alley attee (in a garden) -f ruelle t passage
(in a town); jeu (in skittles). Blind
a. = Cul-de-sac, impasse.

Alle"e= alley, walk, drive, path -f passage
(in a house); going. A a. et venues
Going and coming, going backwards
and forwards.

Alliance

16

Amenities

Alliance = alliance -r v/edding-ring ; a. de >.
niots oxymoron. |

Allow {of}." The meanings are: (i) to J
admit as probable; (ii) to permit; ,
I m) to grant; (iv) to take into account^ i
;i) admettre, reconnaitre; (n) permettre, ,
souffrir, approuver, laisser; se permettre |
(indulge oneself); (iii) donr.er, allouer, j
accorder (money, etc.) ; (iv) accorder (a |
rebate); ajouter (so much per cent)/!
deduire (a. for) : allowing for = ,! Alternative
deduction faite de; (fig.) tenir compte i between
de, faire la part de (birth, surroundings, I
upbringing, etc.). I am allowed to =
II m'est permis de = 0n me permet de.
I am allowed wine = Le vin m'est
permis. I am allowed 5 shillings a day
On m'alloue 5 schellings par jour.
To a. oneself to be deceived =Se laisser
tromper.

Allouer has only the sense (iii) above =
allocate, allow, grant.

Allowance, used only in senses (ii), (iii),
and (iv) of Allow ^permission ; con-
cession, indemniie, frais (for expenses,
travelling, etc.); allocation (grant for
any purpose) ; tolerance (legal allowance
for weights, etc.); ration (of food);
remise (discount); refaction (damage,
etc.); (fig. in the phrase 'to make
a. for ') =faire la part de. We must
make aa. for her youth = II faut faire
la part de sa jeunesse.

Alloy= (standard, quality) aloi; (inferior
metal) alliage, (fig.) alliage, melange,
amalgame; (mixture of metals) alliage,
melange.

Aloi= alloy (as above) ; (fig.) quality, sort
(of persons and things) : un komme de
bon a. = a man of sterling worth.

Almanack = almanac, calendar -f- directory,
guide. Un a. de Van passe=s.t. that
has lost its interest, a back number.

Almond = (kernel of a. fruit) amande;
(tree) amandier; objet en forme d' amande;
pigeon tumbler.

Amande almond (as above), kernel; bow
(of sword hilt).

Alter = changer, alter er, modifier retoucher,
remanier; (intrans.) se changer, s'alterer.
[So Alteration = changement. See
Alteration below.]

Alter er= (trans, only) to alter, modify,
change; (change for the worse) impair
(health), fade (colour); mar; disturb,
trouble, discompose; falsify, corrupt
(language, text), debase (coin); to make

thirsty. S'a. To get thirsty; to
degenerate. Altere thirsty; broken,
faltering (voice) ; haggard, drawn (face) ;
faded (colour).

Alteration (alteration for the worse)
deterioration, falsification, corruption,
debasement, injury, etc.

Alternant (adj .) = alternant.

Alternant = alternant, alternating -f-
rotating (of crops).

(n.) = ' permission to choose
two things; either of two
possible courses ; one of more than two
possibilities ' (Concise Oxford Dict.) =
alternative + choix, parti (a prendre).
"We had no a. = Nous ne pouvions pas
faire autrement.

Alternative (n.f.) 'option entre deux
propositions, entre deux choses ' (Diet,
de I' A cad.) = alternative -}- alternation,
succession : la vie est une a. de peine et
de plaisir (Diet, de l'Acad.)=]ifQ is a
succession of pleasures and pains.

Altitude = altitude (above sea-level) -f
hauteur; elevation; (fig.) eminence.

Amazone Amazon -f horsewoman;
riding-habit*

Ambidexter = ambidextre -f trompeur, qui
agit avec duplicity

Ambroisie = ambrosia -f wormseed .

Ambulance = ambulance -f itinerant col-
lectorship (of taxes).

Ambulant = ambulant + strolling, itinerant
(players); bureau a. = postal wagon on
express long-distance trains.

Amendment =* correction, rectification (of
faults, errors in books, etc.) ; reforma-
tion (laws, manners); amelioration (in
conditions) ; mieux sensible (of health,
patient) ; modification (of a judgment) ;
amendement (bill or act) ; (resolution)
modification.

Amendement^ (agricult.) improvement (of
lands), improver (= substance which
improves) ; amendment (bills and acts) .

Amends ^reparation, compensation, de-
dommagement. To make aa. for =
Dedommager de, reparer.

Amende=fme, penalty; forfeit, costs.
Faire a. honor able =To apologize.

Amenities. In the singular, amenity =
amenitS-}- charm, grace (of style). In
the plural, the English word often
refers to pleasant manners, pursuits,
civilities, relations, Agrements will be
suitable in most cases. Amenites is
nowadays mainly ironical : apres de

Amiability

Annuit^

telles am^nite's ^it&i such abuse, sar-
casm, etc. ckanger des atncnites = To
exchange 'compliments.'

Amiability. Amabilite'. In the plural
amabilitcs polite attentions.

Amiable aimable. The French word
amiable (= amicable) is obsolete except
in such expressions as mediateur amiable
~ conciliatory [friendly] go - between,
and vente, etc., a V amiable [=de gre a
gre] = sale by private contract.

Amity entente cordiale (between nations) ;
relations amicales, bonne intelligence
(between persons).

Amitie amity (as above); love, affection;
liking; friendship; (pi.) marks, tokens
of affection, caresses; kind regards,
compliments.

Amorous. Amoureux. The English word
now refers mainly to sexual love,
except in poetry or figuratively. The
French word often means fond, as
in amour eux de la gloire, des arts, etc.
It may also mean inspiring love, as in
un philtre amour eux (= love-potion).

Amplify = amplifier -f- (intrans.) s'etendre
(sur un sujet).

Amplifier = amplify -f (optics) magnify;
exaggerate, embroider (one's adven-
tures) : beaucoup de voy agent's ont
I' habitude- d'a. (Larousse).

Amuse = amuser.

Amnser = amuse -f beguile, put off
(creditors) ; (reflex.) nous nous sommes
bien amuses =we had a good time, we
enjoyed ourselves. // s'est amuse de
moi=He laughed at, made fun of, me.
// s'est amuse en route =He dawdled,
loitered, on the way. S'a. a la
moutarde=To waste one's time over
trifles.

Anathema = (accursed thing) chose man-
dite; objet d' execration (things);
anatheme (by God and the Church on
persons and dogmas) ; malediction.

Anathime^ty the Church) anathema;
condemnation, excommunication; per-
son accursed. [The French word
applies only to sacred matters; the
English word often to secular.]

Anatomy = anatomie -f- dissection*

Anchorage = ancrage, mouillage -f (fig.)
soutien; droits d'ancrage; ermitage.

Ancre = anchor -f- lever (of a watch) ;
brace tie-plate (on dangerous walls).

Ancient (adj .) (which existed in a. times,
hoary) = ancien .

Ancien = ancient; old; antique; past,
former, late, retired, ex-, senior. Ancien
(n.m.) = ancient, senior, elder; veteran,
old fellow; (pop.} the old 'un.

Antique = (of old times; old-fashioned;
after the ancients) = antique; ancien.

Antique =* ancient -f antiquated, old -
fashioned, old-time.

Ange. tre aux aa. To be enraptured, in
the seventh heaven of delight. Hire aux
aa.~(i) to be enraptured (Littre, Diet.

1 de I'Acad., Darmesteter and Hatzfeld) ;
- (ii) laugh foolishly and without reason

! (Littre, Diet, de I'Acad., Larousse);
j (iii) (of babies) smile in one's sleep
I (Larousse). Parley, chanter comrne un
\ a. = Speak, sing to perfection. Faiseuse
j d'aa. (/?.)= Abortionist, baby-farmer.
A. also = term of endearment; monk-
fish; chain-shot.

Angular = angulaire -f- (sharp-cornered)
anguleux; osseux. see, maigve.

Angulaire angular -f- pier ye a. corner-
stone, headstone; dent a, canine
tooth.

Angoisse = anguish -~- poire d'a. (i) choke-
pear; (ii) iron gag. Avaler des poires
d'a. = Experience great sorrow.

Animal. Animal. In common parlance
the English word includes neither man
nor insects and birds. In English a*
may be used humorously or contempt-
uously but brute and beast are more
usual. In French a* is used for a
coarse or ill-mannered person.

Anneal recuire (glass, metals).

Anneler = put (hair) in curls -f ring
(pigs).

Annex = annexer -f- attacher qqch comme
condition, consequence, attribut, etc. (of
s.t.) =/<zre de qqch la condition, etc.

Annoncer announce -f foretell, herald,
promise; show, portray, evince.

Announcer = (wireless) speaker.

Annoy =ennuyer, irriter, contraries, vexer
+harceler (enemy), molester (s.o.),
incommoder, harasser, taqniner*

Annoyance = desagre'ment, contrariete;
degout.

Ennui tedium, weariness, bother, vexa-
tion, annoyance (see above), etc.

Ennayer = annoy (as above), weary,
bother, vex.

Annual (n.) (bot.) plante annuette; (pub-
lication) annaaire.

Anntti te*= annuity -f yearly instalment (in
repayment of debt) .

Anonyme

18

Apparence

Anonyme (adj.) = anonymous. Societe ;
a. Limited liability company. |

Antic (a.dj.)= grotesque, bouffon.'fantasque. \
A . Hay (by Aldous Huxley) = La Danse ,
bouffonne." X. (gen. pl.) = arlequinades, '
siniagrees, etc. j

Antique. See under Ancient. |

Anticipate anticiper; s'aiiendre a; anti- ^
ciper suv (facts, one's income) ; (fore- j
stall s.o.) devancer, prevenir; prevenir, \
aller au-devant de (needs, objections); j
(enj oy beforehand) se permettre, savourer, i
gouter d'avance; souffrir d'avance. ;

An ticiper anticipate -f encroach on: a. j
sarles droits de qqn = encroach on s.o.'s }
rights. Anticipl may = premature :
retour a.

Antique. See under Ancient.

Anxiety ma.y=anxiete but is not usually
so strong as the French -word and is
often to be translated by inquietude,
preoccupation, souci. His a. to do s.t.
= So# grand desiv de faire qqch.

Anxious. Anxieux. I am a. to go=Je tiens
beaucoup a y aller =Je suis impatient
[desireux] de.

Apartment =*chambre, piece,, logement ; (pi.)
appartement.

Appartement = apartments, rooms, suites
of rooms; flat, chambers, lodgings.

Apology apologie, defense, justification
-f (make an a.) faire des excuses;
demander pardon a qqn; semblant t
facon de, pretexte de (for) a dinner, etc. ;
(poor substitute) mechant sticcedane.

Apologie = apology, apologia, (writing or
speech) justification, vindication.

Apostrophe (rket., gram.) apostrophe +
(fam.) reproach, reprimand.

Apparel = [archaic in the senses of vite-
ment, costume, habits, habittement;
parure] broderie (on ecclesiastical robes).

Appareil = apparatus, furniture, appli-
ances; camera; (digestive, etc.) system;
implement; pageant, ceremony,
machinery.

Apparent. Heir a..=Heritier presomptif.
Heir presumptive =*Heritier collateral.

Apparently =evidemment, clairement; en
apparence.

Apparemment^pTobafoly, seemingly (=it
looks as if).

Appeal (v.) = (legal, also fig.) appeler de
qqn (qqch) a qqn, en appeler a, faire
appel a ; (to superior court) se pouruoir
en cassaticyn; to a. to the country
faire appel aux electeurs; (to a.

against) reclame:- coutie qqch; (to call
upon s.o. or s.t. to decide in one's
favour) se reclamer de qqn (qqch} ; ('to
make earnest request to s.o. for s.t.)
supplier qqn de; prier qqn instalment
de, demander a qqn de ; (to address one-
self to some principle, characteristic, or
person, to get sympathetic response)
s'adresser a. To what interest does it
a.? =^4 quels inter ets s'adresse-t-il?
Pictures a. to the eye = Les tableaux
attirent [flattent] les yeux. That does
not a. to me=Cela ne m'interesse pas
Cela ne me dit rien.

Appeler to call, send for, attract, appeal
(see above), summon, name, etc.

Appellation = appellation -f- way of pro-
nouncing (letters, etc.) ; (legal) appeal.

Appear has two meanings : (i) to come
into view, present oneself, to be pub-
lished, to occur, to be manifest; (ii) to
seem, to look=(i) apparaltre, paraltre,
se montrer, se presenter; (ii) apparaitre,
paraltre t sembler, avoir I' air. Apparal-
tre (i) is used personally of something
unexpected, something striking. In
sense (ii) the verbs are practically
synonymous (apparaitre excepted) : //
parait [semble, a I'air] fatigue. Used
impersonally sembler indicates less
probability than the others, and is
followed by the subjunctive, whereas
paraitre takes the indicative. Paraitre
and avoir I'air cannot be used in
reference to mere appearance when
there is no contrast to reality; use
etre instead : vous etiez (looked) char-
mante au bal hier soir. But : ce
n'est que le soir, quand elle est bien
maqmllee (made up), qu'elle a Vair
d'etre belle.

Appearance = (action of coming) appari-
tion, entree; (before a court, etc.)
comparution; (before the world) debut;
(display) figure f parade; (semblance)
apparence; (look, aspect) air, mine,
aspect, apparence, exterieur, dehors;
vision, fantome. A pleasing a. = Un
exte'rieur agveabU. A fine a. = De beaux
dehors. At first &.=Au premier coup
d*otil [abord]* To make one's a. = Faire
son apparition [d^but^ first a. on stage,
etc.]. To put in an a. = Faire acte de
presence; paraUre.

Apparence = appearance (see above),
aspect, look, handsome appearance;
probability, likelihood ; semblance,

Apparition

19

Ardent

appearances, pretence. En a.
Apparently.

Apparition appearance (see above);
apparition, vision; phantom.

Appertain = appartenir -f- convenir a f
s'appliquer a; se rapporter a.

Applaudir= applaud. (Reflex.) S'a. = Pat
oneself on" the back. S'a. de qqch,
d' avoir fait qqch = Rejoice at, congra-
tulate oneself on, s.t., having done s.t.

Application application (of a principle,
remedy, etc.) ; remede; emploi, usage,
application; (relevancy) rapport, con-
venance; (action of applying one-
self) diligence, soin, effort; (request)
demande, requete, demarche.

Application = application, applying;
appropriation, emplo^Tnent, adoption;
pains, care, attention^ study.

Apply appliquer (one thing to another,
dressing to wound, ladder to wall,
(fig.} force to a point, treatment to
an illness, arts to industry, mind to
a matter = devote, make use of, use
as suitable and (reflex.) set oneself to
s.t. closely) + administrer (a medicine);
se presenter (for a post) ; serrer (a brake) ;
(a. for) solliciter (a post); employer, se
servir de (method, etc.).

Appoint fixer, donner, designer, marquer
(time and place, etc., for s.t.); (to
ordain, prescribe s.t. or that, etc.)
ordonner, prescrire ; assigner (task) ;
nommer, designer (to a post, etc.),
etablir (s.o. as); (in p.p.) eqitipe.
Well-appointed (of house, Qtc.) bien
monte, bien installe.

Appointerput (employee) on a salary
basis + sharpen, point (stick, pencil,
needle, etc.).

Appointment fixation, designation, choix ;
ordre, decret; rendez-vous; nomination
(to post) ; office, emploi, charge ; (fittings,
etc., gen. pi.) equipement.

Appointement(s) = salary, emoluments,
stipend.

Appreciate = (to estimate worth, quality,
amount; force, etc.) apprecier, evaluer,
estimer ; (to esteem) faire cas de, priser ;
faire hommage d; (to be sensitive to)
percevoir f etre sensible d; (to raise in
value) augmenter de valeur, faire monter
en valeur; (to rise in value) monter en
valeuT, hausser de valeur. So Appre-
ciation, which also = critique.

Appr&ier = (to estimate, value, etc.),
appreciate; to prize.

Apprehend =saisir f prendre f arreter, appre-
hender, saisir au corps (prisoner, etc.);
(to become conscious of voice, etc.)
percevoiTf entendre; (to lay hold of with
rnind, understand) concevoir f se faire
une idee, reconnaitre t comprendre f sup-
poser, s'imaginer; (to expect, anticipate
with dread) s'attendre d; apprehender,
craindre. So Apprehension.

Apprehender tQ fear; to arrest.

Apprehension = comprehension; appre-
hension, fear, misgiving.

Approprier = appropriate, cleanse, make
clean.

Appropriation = (taking to oneself) appro-
priation -j- la chose appropriee; affecta-
tion, destination (to certain purpose) ; la
somme d'argent destinee d tel ou tel
but.

Appropriation appropriation -h suiting,
adaptation (of discourse, to hearers, of
language, etc.).

Apt= (suitable, of use, language, remarks,
etc.) approprie, convenable, juste, pro-
pre ; (of persons and things, likely to,
prone to) porte, enclin, sujet (a) ;
susceptible de recevoir (influences, im-
pressions), qui a de la facilite pour (a.
at, learning, etc.); intelligent, prompt;
(of persons) propre a, expose d; (of
things) siisceptible de, de nature a.

Apte f fitted for, qualified to do, s.t. ; (law)
entitled to (give evidence, inherit).

Aptitude capacity penchant, gout, disposi-
tion; aptitude, faculte, talents, moyens.

Aptitude = natural suitability, talent;
(legal) capacity.

Aquatique = aquatic (plants, animals,
sport) -h marshy (land): terrain a.

Arab. Street o..=Gamin des rues, voyou,
petit va-nu-pieds, gavroche.

Arbitrage arbitrage (of money markets)
+ arbitration,

Arc=(geom.) arc.

<Arc=bow (shooting) ; (geom.) arc; (archit.)
arch; (triumphal) arch; a.-en-ciel
rainbow.

Arch = arc; arche, cintre; (of the heavens)
voute; arcade (of foliage); (anat. and
techn.) arcade (of the orbit, of spec-
tacles); arceau (in churches, architecture,
of foliage, etc.).

Arche (Noah's) ark -I- arch, span (of
bridge).

Ardent Ardent. The English word is
mainly used in poetry and of the pas-
sions. In other cases English uses

Argentine

Arfon

'fiery/ 'burning,' 'flaming,' 'corrosive/
'scorching/ 'live (coals)/ 'eager/
'keen.' The French word means both
' which is on fire ' and ' which heats or
sets on fire. 1 tre sxr des charbons
aa. = To be on tenterhooks. Le
navire est-il a.. ; * Does she carry a
\veather helm? Chapelle ardeute
candles round a coffin. A. ^<pirits =
Liqueurs fortes, spiritueux.

hTgQri&rL=*d'argent-~argentin ) but the
English word is not common, and
* silvery ' is far more normal.

Argue = (prove s.o. to be s.t., that
s.t. is s.t.) arguer, demontrer, prouver,
atiester : this argues stupidity ceci
atteste la stupidite; discuter, raisonner
sur (a question); plaider (une cause};
argumenter (centre); discuter (avec);
raisonner (avec); (show) montyer ;
(maintain) soutenir, pretendre; (a.
into) amener (qqn a faire qqch),
persuader par des arguments (qqch a
qqn or a qqn de faire qqch) t convaincre
(qqn de qqch); (a. out of) dissuader
par des raisonnements (qqn de (faire)
qqch); (a. from) conclure, inferer de.

Argument = argument -f discussion , debat.

Arguersague, infer.

Argumenter (trans.) = to argue, dispute
with = a. qqn; (intrans.) to argue
(against).

Aria= (mus.) air.

Aria (f am.) bother, fuss, annoyance,
etc.; generally pi. aa.

Arm (v.) = (to furnish v,*ith weapons, etc.)
armer (qqn de qqch); (a person with
tools, qualities, etc.) fournir qqch a;
pourvoir qqn de qqch; douer qqn de
qqch; (to take up arms) prendre les
armes, s'armer (contre) ; garnir de.
Also = (magnet.) fournir d' armature.

Armer to fit out (ship); to ship (oars);
to cock (gun) ; to arm (recruits, soldiers,
etc.), to strengthen (hand, etc.); to dub
(knight) ; to rouse up, excite, set ;
(reflex.) to protect oneself against
(centre); lay hold of (de).

Armament= armement.

Armement*= armament -fritting out (ship) ;
arming (soldiers) ; military prepara-
tions ; dubbing (of knight) ; manning (of
boat, gun) ; cocking (of gun) .

Armature = armes, armure; armature (of
magnet, of plants, animals).

Armature^ armature; framework (build-
ing, etc.) ; (mus.) key signature. i

; Armure = armour 4- armature ; (r,ius.)
', key signature; tree-guard.
] Armoury = arsenal, depot d' armes.
\Armoiries (pi.) = coat of arms, armorial
bearings.

Arrangement = (action) arrangement;
(mechanical) dispositif '; (loosely and
sometimes familiarly) affaire, true,
chose , machin; (with creditors, etc.)
arrangement ; preparatifs.

Arrangement (see above); arranging,
adjustment; terms (for board, etc.).

Arrearage = arrerages (of tax, etc.),
arriere(s) -r etat arriere; reliquat de
compte (a regler)/ qqch en reserve.

Arrest (v.) = arrcter, mettre aux arrets ;
(hinder) empecher ; (stop) arrfter ;
s'ar refer; fixer (attention); saisir
(property); (law) surseoir a, suspendre
(decree, etc.). (N.) Arrestation, prise
de corps; empechement, arret. repos ;
(state of a.) arrets; (law) sursis, sus-
pension; (fig.) cessation, interruption.

Arr^ter=to stop, stay, delay, hinder,
check; arrest, seize; fasten; fasten off
(in sewing) ; book, engage (rooms, etc.) ;
settle, decide (plan, point) ; fix (eyes).
(Nn.) Arr&t = stopping, check, inter-
ruption; (prison) arrest; seizure;
tumbler (of lock) ; rest (lance) ; fastening
stitch (buttonhole) ; sentence, decree,
judgment, Arrestation = action of
arresting and condition of one arrested
for prison. N.B. Arret in this sense
is only used in a few expressions :
mandat d'arret: maison d'arret: mettre
aux arrets.

Arrival, Arrive* These words have a
more restricted use than the corre-
sponding French words. English has
the words come, reach, and happen,
which may be used instead. In a few
figurative expressions like 'a. at a
decision ' or 'a. at maturity/ we
commonly use 'come/ In French
these two expressions are prendre une
decision and parvenir d la maturite. To
a. unexpectedly = Survenir. To a.
(with effort) = Parvenir.

Arrogate = s'arroger + revendiquer pour
qqn; attribuer d tort.

Aison=incendie volontaire.

Ar$on = saddle-bow. Pistolet d'a. = Horse-

?istol. (Fig.) tre ferme sur les aa.
p be firm in one's principles. (Techn.)
Vine-shoot (bent to increase fruitful-
ness).

Art

21

Assistant

Art art -f- (cunning) artifice, adresse;

(pL, univ. degree) lettres; (craft) metier.

To have a. and (or) part inParticiper

u. I had neither a. nor part in it = J>

riy sui$ pour rien.
Article article generally, but sometimes

= objet; (luggage) colis ; (pi.) contrat

d'apprentissage.
Article article; item (in accounts); aa.

de Paris fancy goods. Faire Va.

To puff goods. A I'a. de la mort=A.t

the point of death.
Artifice = artifice.
Artifice artifice -j- (pi.) (mil.) flares, lights;

feu d 'a. =s fireworks; tirer an fen d'a.=

to let off fireworks.
Artificer = artisan ; create ur t inventeuy ;

artificier (mil.).

Artificier = pyrotechnist; (mil.) artificer.
Artificial = (imitation of nature) arti-

ficiel; (made up) feint, factice, simule;

(of manners) affectd; (manure) chimique.
Artificiel = artificial (as above); arbi-
trary (language, classification) ; false

(appetite).

Artist = artiste, generally artiste peintre.
Artiste = acteur, chanteur, cantatrice;

danseuse.

Artiste artist (in any fine art).
Asperity = (of surfaces and of temper)

asperite -f- severite, rigueur (of climate,

weather).
Asperite asperity (as above) -j- want of

polish (in style).
Asperse = (to sprinkle with) asperger ;

dclabousser (dust, mud, etc.); noirdr

(fig. a person, character, life) ; salir \

(reputation); diffamer, calomnier (a '

person); vilipender (someone). Asper-
sion = aspersion (sprinkling); pluie;

calowinie, diffamation ; accusation

injuste.
Asperger = to besprinkle. Aspersion =

sprinkling. [Especially in the R.C.

liturgy.]
Aspirant aspirant -f- candidate; a. de

marine midshipman. (Adj.) Pompe

aspirante = Suction-pump.
Aspirateur aspirator 4- vacuum cleaner.
Aspire = (a. to = to have a longing for)

soupirer apres, aspirer a, pretendre d ; (a.

after, at) rechercher, viser d (knowledge,

higher things); (with infin.) viser d,

desirer ardemment, ambitionner de;

(abs.) avoir de V ambition, de vifs desirs;

(rise, rare) s'elever, monter. *
Aspirer = aspire + to aspirate (a con-

sonant) ; to inhale (air, perfume,
smoke), draw in, breathe in, suck in.

Assail =s assaillir -f- entamer [attaquer}
resohiment (task); accabler (with ques-
tions, etc.).

Assaillir assault -|- bear down upon :
r or age nous a assaillis an sortir de la
ville (Larousse)=the storm bore down
upon us, we were caught by the storm,
as we left the town.

Assault = assaut 4- (unlawful) agression;
voies de fait; (on religion, institutions,
opinions, etc.) attaque.

Assaut assault -f- char d'a. tank;
troupes d'a. = storm - troops, shock -
troops; faire a. de= compete with s.o.
in: Us ont fait a. de ^/e=they vied
with, tried to outdo, each other in zeal.

Assemblee = assembly -j- a. des fideles
congregation (hi * churches) ; (hunt.)
meet; reception, at-home.

Assent consentir, acquiescer, donner son
assentiment.

Assentir= (hunt.) scent, be on the scent
(track) of.

Assertion = (affirmation) assertion -j-
insistance sur, revendication (of a right) /
self-assertion = arrogance t presomption.

Assessor = assesse ur ( = assistant, j udge,
president, etc.)+repartiteur (of taxes);
estimateur (valuer), expert.

Assigner = assign (allot, make over,
appoint, fix, specify, refer, ascribe,
etc. )+ summon (to appear).

Assignation = cession,, transfert (of pro-
perty, etc.); attribution (of origin,
etc.).

Assignation = assignment -f- summons to
appear.

Assise = (pi.) assizes -f (building) course ;
(geol.) layer, stratum.

Assist aider; assister ct (to take part
in a meeting) ; secourir ; s'entr* aider
(=help each other).

Assister = to help, relieve; attend
(meeting), witness.

Assistance =aide, secours, assistance.

Assistance = help -j- attendance ; audience.
A. pttblique=PooT law administra-
tion. A. sod ale = Welfare work. A.
maritime = Salvage.

Assistant assistant (professor, priest,
doctor) -f- aide, adjoint, assesseur;
commis, employe, garcoii, demoiselle:
grocer's a,.*=garcon epicier.

Assistant** assistant -f (pi.) spectators, by-
standers, onlookers, audience.

Association

22

Attribuer

Association association, societe t corpora"
tion; union, intimite ; rapport, associa-
tion (of ideas) + souvenir, frequentatwn.

Association = association, partnership,
assembly, combination (of colours).

Assort = classifier (generally things);
assortir (parcels) ; (a. with) convenir a;
(associate with) frequenter, s'associer a,
hanter; assortir (shop).

Assortir = (see above) to put like things
together; match (colours, etc.).

Assume (take into one's service, etc.)
recevoir, prendre, adopter; prendre sur
soi, assumer (responsibility, etc.);
prendre, se donner (airs) ; revetir (appear-
ances, garb, character) ; (invest oneself
with s.t.) affecter ; (undertake office,
duty) s'attribuer, s'approprier; (usurp)
s'arroger ; prendre (false name) ; jouer
(a role) ; faire (le gai, etc.) ; pretendve
a, feindre (something you have not);
suppose'/, admettre ; etre cense ; (intrans.)
etre arrogant, s'en faire accroire.
Assumed name=A 7 0? d'empvunt.

Assumer~to assume, to take upon oneself.

Assumption *= adoption; usurpation, arro-
gance; supposition, postulat, etc. A
verbal construction will often be neces-
sary : by this a. of = en s'attribuant, etc.]

Assomption Assumption (of the Virgin
Mary); minor term of a syllogism.
UUe de r^.=Anticosti.

Asylum asile; hospice (of the blind, of
lunatics); (private) maison de santi.

Asile asylum; refuge, shelter, retreat,
abode, sanctuary, home (for the aged).
Sans a. = Homeless. Salle d'a.=Old
term for * infant school * ; now replaced
by creche and (ecole) maternelle.

Astringent = astringent -f- severe, austere*

Athletic = athletique (force, pursuit);
robuste; (exercises) physiques; (modern
use) qui fait du sport. Athletics =
athletisme, sports, culture physique.

Atonic = (unstressed; wanting in tone)
atone; (wanting in tone) atonique.

Attach = attacker -j- (law) contraindre par
corps; saisir (property) = mettre une
saisie-arrt sur.

[NOTE. In England an officer, etc.,
is said to be attached to General X.
The French say that he is detache
aupres du general X.]

Attachment = attachement -f saisie-arrlt;
contrainte par corps (par saisie).

Attaquer attack -f (legal) a. qqn en justice
take action against s.o. ; a. qqn par le

sentiment =*tt:y to get round s.o. by
playing on his feelings; a. un cheval=
dig in one's spurs; a. (une Me, une cote,
etc. ) = approach, make for (an island, a
coast, etc.); call, ring up (telephone
exchange) .

Attain = atteindre + acquerir f obtenir
(knowledge, etc.).

,Aftemdre=attain-f strike, hit (lit. and
fig.), reach, overtake.

Attend faire (preter) attention a, observer,
ecouter ; (turn mind or energies to)
s'occuper de, avoir egard a, vaquer a
(duties); (to serve, wait upon) accom-
pagner, servir; recevoir (visitors);
(watch over) veiller sur t soigner ; assister,
secourir; remplir (duty) ; (to be attended
by) avoir pour consequence, entrainer ;
(to be present) assister d, etre de service ;
suivre, aller a (lectures) ; aller a (school) ;
fever attended by (accompagnee de)
shivering (fremissements) ; attended
with (suivi de) consequences.
| Attendre=(s'a. & qqn, a qqch) to expect,
rely, depend, to be prepared for; (trans.)
to look forward to, hope for, await, be
in store for; to wait for, expect ; faire a.
= to keep s.o. waiting, delay. C'est Id,
queje I' attends =*Th&t 's when I shall go
for him, I 've not done with him yet.
Je m'y attendais=I thought as much.

Attentive attentif, applique, soigneux,
prudent; prevenant (friend), plein
d'egards, d'attentions [aux petits soins]
pour qqn t courtois.

Attentif attentive, careful, muidful.

Attenuer. Circonstances attenuantes Ex-
tenuating circumstances.

Attest ass (certify) attester ; (intrans.) se
porter timoin de; faire prater serment d.

Attester = attest (as above) -f call to
witness : J'en atteste les dieux, I call the
gods to witness.

Attire (v.)=vetir, fiabiller, parer.

Attirer= attract, entice, draw.

Attract aUirer+sedni re, charmer.

Attractions = attractions (of Paris); chief
attraction, star-turn (of an entertain-
ment) clou; charmes, appas, attraits
(of a lady).

Attractive == attractif (power, etc.);
attrayant (work); seduisant (person).

Attribute (v.)=*attribuer (s.t.) d (s.t. or
s.o.) + (to time or place) supposer tire de.
This intention is attributed to him=
On lui prSte cette intention.

Attribuer *= attribute + confer, allot,

Audience

23

Axe

assign. S'a. = Assume, claim, arrogate

to oneself.
Audience = (hearing, interview) audience;

(persons) attditeurs; aitditoire [which also

means the place, court, etc.] : assistants.
Audience = audience (as above), hearing;

court; sitting.
Auditor = auditeur (hearer); (of accounts,

etc.) censeur; verificateur.
Austere austere -f- (to the taste) tfpre.
Authenticate = autheniiquer -{- etablir

l\ntihenticite \vevite\ de qqch ; verifier,

constater la verite de.
Authentiquer = authenticate, legalize

(document) .

Avania=/a;tr<5 levee (de force] par les Turcs.
A vanie= affront, insult.
Avaunt ! arriere !
A vant = before.
Aver = (legal) averer +- affirmer, assurer,

declarer formellement.
Averer = aver (legal) -f establish : ce fait

est avere; (reflex.; modern usage) shoiv

I oneself, reveal oneself to be, turn out
i to be : le second tone, beattco-ap pi-its
; volumineux, s'avere comme zme reussite
i de premier ordre (Nottvelles Litieraires,
\ 14 Aug. 1937); par 1$ encore il s'avere
\ classiq^te (A. IDauzat, cited by A.
i .Bottequin, Le Frangais contemporain,
\ p. 104). ['Dans la langue ecrite, le
verbe s' averer signifie "etre evidem-
i ment" : Le remede s'avera inoperant.
! Dans la langue des journaux, s' averer
\ a parfois le sens de "etre"; ce \-erbe
rare, et un peu pedant, "fait dis-
tingue.'" C. Bruneau et 3VI. Heulluy,
Grammaire pratiqtie de la langue
francaise, Delagrave, Paris, 1937, P- 3^5-1
Aversion aversion; objet d' aversion, bete

noire.
A.ve.Tt=detourner (eyes, head, etc.)/ (ward

off) ^carter, eloigner,

Avertir = to inform, tell; warn, caution.
Axe hache, cognee.
I Axe = axle; axis.

B

Babel = Babel -f vacarme, (seine dc]
tumult e.

Bachelor =celibataire, gar$on ; (university-
degree) has nothing quite corresponding
in French; the nearest perhaps is the
Licence (holder, Licexcie). Bachelor's
button =Bozrton d'or.

Bachelier. Bachelier es lettres, s sciences,
approx. = School leaving certificate.
[In school slang =Bachot.]

Baggage = (luggage in U.S.A.) bagages ;
(of female persons) coquine, friponne,
vaurienne, effrontee. Saucy baggage =
Peronnelle, impertinente.

Bagage= luggage, baggage; stock of know-
ledge ; literary works, writings : cet
auieur n'a qzi'un bien petit b. Plier b.
=To decamp; to die.

Bagatelle = (trifle) bagatelle; petite piece
musicale Ugere [the French word is
used of light poetry] -f- (game) sorte de
petit billard.

Bagatelle = (see above) -rles bb. de la porte
= patter of showman outside booth to
get people to enter. Aimer la b. t ne
songer qu'd la b. To be always flirting,
to be running after women. (Int.)
!?./= Rubbish! nonsense!: il me mal-
traitera, dites-vous : b.l

Bail = (law courts) caution: go b. for s.o.
=donner caution, se porter caution, pony
qqn. Admit s.o. to 'b. Mettre qqn en
liberU sous caution ; (half-hoop for sup-
porting wagon-tilt) arceau; (cricket)
bdtonnet; (kettle) anse; bat-flanc.

Bail= lease.

Bailiff = (hist.) baitti; (estate) intendant;
(modern law courts) kuissier [partly];
recors.

Balance (\'.)=balancer+peser, comparer;
tenir en tquilibre, equilibrer ; compenser.

Balancer = balance -|- rock, swing;
hesitate.

Balance (n.) = balance -f- (watches and
clocks) balancier; (artistic) harmonie
gtnerale; lose one's b.perdre son
dquilibre. (Accounts) Solde de compte =
Diff4rence f reste. j

Balance** balance +(pair of) scales; sus-

pense: tenir qqn en &. = keep s.o. in
suspense. B. remains =* Steelyard. B.
a bascule =. Weigh -bridge.

Ball = generally balle, bille, boule, the first
being elastic unless for a gun, the
second solid and rather small. To
particularize : (rackets, tennis) balle ;
(billiards) bille; (croquet) boule; (foot-
ball) ballon; (voting) boule; (cannon)
boulet; (bullet) balle; (of the eye)
pmnelle; (of the foot) plante; "(of
cotton, thread, etc.) pelote, peloton ;
(of fire, of the eye) globe; (of snow)
boule; (of earth, fuel) motte ; (bread,
meat) boulette ; (of the thumb) Eminence
thenar, gras; (dancing) bal; (of a
pendulum) lentille.

Ba//e=ball (as above); bullet; bale (of
goods; (fig.) opportunity in avoir la balle
belle ; calling in enfant de la balle =
person brought up to follow his father's
profession (partic. of actors) ; (slang)
phiz; (slang) franc; (slang) ca fait
ma balle= that's my ticket, that
suits me.

Ballad = romance, chanson populaire.

Ballade = (poem) ballade.

Ballast = (railways) ballast -{ (roadmaking)
beton; (balloons and ships) lest; (fig.)
ponder ation.

Ballon= balloon; (games) ball; round hill
(in E. France); (fig.) b. d'essai feeler:
envoyer un b. d'essai = put out a
feeler.

Ballot = (voting ticket) bulletin; vote,
scrutin; tirage au sort.

Ba//o=bale, package, bundle, pedlar's
pack; (fam.) blockhead, fool.

Ban = (eccles.) anathdme, interdit;
maUdiction; interdiction formelle; (sen-
tence of outlawry) ban ; discredit public,
tolU general.

Ban = (in ancient times) proclamation (of
sovereign) ; (modern) proclamation (by
any authority) ; mettre qqn au 6.=
banish s.o., send s.o. to Coventry,
ostracize; exile, proscription; fine;
banns (of marriage); (formerly) juris-
diction (of sovereign); men liable to

Band :

military service; (fig.) followers (of a
cause, etc.).

Band=(i) (bookbinding) nerf, ficelle; (flat
strip) ruban, galon, cordon (dechapeau);
bande (of paper, metal, leather, etc.) ;
rabat (of clergyman, etc.) ; bandeau
(for head) ; (leather) couyroie ; (wounds)
bandage bandage; (waist) ceinture
belt; (for eyes) bandeau; (ii) bande,
troupe (of soldiers, people, children,
etc.) ; (of musicians) musique f orchestre;
(mil.) musique; brass band fanfare. .

Bande=(i) (see above) band, slip, strip
(of ground, cloth, etc.), bandage, roller,
belt, stripe, strap, girth, etc.; (ii) troop,
company, party, gang, crew, set,
pack, shoal, muster; flight (of birds) ;
cushions (of billiard-table) ; side (of a
ship^ : donner de la &.=heel over, take
a list ; wrapper (newspaper) ; tyre.

Bandage bandeau; (wounds) bandage,
pansement.

Bandage = bandage (as above) + drawing
(of a bow).

Bandy =se r envoy er de I'un a I'autre,
e changer ; faire assaut de ; b. words
with s.Q.disputer avec qqn.

Bander = bandage; tighten, wind up;
bend, string (a bow). B. les yeux a
#w= Blindfold s.o.

Banian = (Hindoo) banian-}- robe de cham-
bre (aux Indes) ; figuier des Indes.

Bank=(i) (of a river) rive, bord, (if steep)
berge ; (of earth) remblai, terrasse, talus ;
(road, canal) bord, berge ; (clouds) masse ;
(coral) banc=reei; (sand, mud) bane;
(galley-boat) bane, gradin; (ii) banque
(de commerce).

Bench = (seat) bane; (without back and
upholstered) banquette; (joiner's, etc.)
etabli; (legal) siege (de juges) (collec-
tively) tribunal, cour, magistrature.
Court of Queen's B. Cour du Bane de
la reine. Treasurv bb. = Banes minis-
Uriels.

Bane = (see above) bench, form, seat, pew;
bank, bed, reef 4- field, floe (of ice) ; box,
dock, bar; (rowing-boat) seat, thwart;
(quarries) layer; (various technical
contrivances) board, plank, rest.

Bankrupt banqueroutier (through negli-
gence or fraud) ; failli (through mis-
fortune. Bankruptcy = La banqueroute ;
la faillite.

Banquet banquet +Le B. (de Platon) =
(Plato's) Symposium.

Banquette = upholstered bench (in theatres,

Barrack(s)

etc.) ; narrow walk (along canals, etc.) ;
stone window ledge ; low paling ; (golf)

J bunker.

i Bar (n.)= generally barre ; (fig.) bar/iere,

! obstacle, empechemet:t ; (lawyer's pro-

! fession; of a window, fire, cage, etc.;

j magnetic) barreau ; (legal) exception,

\ interruption; (court-house; tribunal, bane
des accuses; (tavern) buvette, comptoir,

; 'bar'; b. { tribunal} of conscience;

! (mus.) barre, mesure; baton; (gold)

i lingot; (town) barriere.

\ Bar (v.)=barrer (window, door, road,

j passage, etc.) ; (fig.) empecher, interdire,

; defendre, prohiber ( = prevent, forbid);

j to b . from = eloigner, exclure, separer, em -

I pecher, de ; (law) excepter t prescrire f rendre

I naif arreter; (mark with stripes) raye ) .

\Barre (n.) = (generally) bar; tiller, helm;
line, dash, stripe, streak; b. d'eau
bore (tidal river) ; bank, shoal (mouth
of river) ; (harbour) boom ; stroke
(writing) ; pole, lever, rail ; (game)
prisoner's base; base, mark; b. des
pieds stretcher (boat) ; (shore) surf.

Barreau = bar (see Bar above); cross-bar
(of a chair) ; rung (ladder) ; wire (of
a cage).

BarrieVe = bar (see Bar above), fence,
barrier; gate; turnpike; toll-gate;
starting-post ; gate (castle, town) :
hence rodeur de barriere suspicious
character prowling round quarters in
Paris near the old 'barrieres.'

Barrer=to strengthen by cross-piece; bar,
fasten, fence up, barricade, stop up;
(fig.) hinder, obstruct, thwart; to cross
(a t) ; strike out, cancel (word, etc.) ;
steer (boat) ; ligature (vein).

Barb = (of fish and other animals) barbe;
(of fish-hooks, arrow, etc.) barbillon; (of
feather) barbe; (fig.) pointe, aiguillon,
dard; (horse) barbe.

Bar6e=barb (as above); beard (of man,
goat, etc.) ; (cat's) whiskers ; wattles,
gills, fins*

Barbarism = (gram.) barbarisme -\-barbarie.

Ba.TgQ = barge, gabare; allege, chaland
(=lighter) ; peniche; canot (de 1'amiral,
etc.).

Barge = barge (as above) -f godwit;
(square) haystack.

Bark or Barque =trois-mdts barque; (poet.
any ship or boat) navire, embar cation.

Barqne= small boat (rowing or sailing) on
sea or river.

Barrack(s) = caserne ; quartier (cavalry) ;

Baraque

26

Benefice

logement (marine). (V.) caserner, etc.;
siffier, conspiter.

Baraque hovel, shanty, hut; booth (fair).
(V.) baraquerto live in a hovel.

Baronnie barony -f barons (collectively) .

Barrel baril (beer, vine, flour, etc.);
caque (herrings) ; canon (rifle) ; volee (of
cannon) ; cylindre, tambour (machine,
organ, etc.) ; fid, caisse (of a drum) ;
barillet (of a watch) ; corps (of a pump) ;
(marine) gonne (de goudron) ; tuyau
(of pen).

Baril= barrel, cask, keg -f door-spring =
tambour.

Base (adj.)=6as (character, mind); com-
mun (metal); ignoble (conduct, lan-
guage) ; indigne (action) ; meprisable,
vil (spirit, mind, flatterer, etc.).

Basin = (for house use) cuvette, bassin,
bol; sugar b.sucrier; (dock, harbour)
bassin; (geog., geol.) bassin.

Bassin basin (as above) + ornamental
pond ; scale (of a balance) ; pelvis ;
(collection-) plate (church).

Basque = (people) basque; (ladies') basque.

Basque basque (as above); skirt, tail (of
man's coat) ; (roofing) lead ; tambour de
6.= tambourine.

Basset = (dog) basset -j- (mining) affleure-
ment.

Bassinet bercelonnette ; voiture d* enfant.

Bassinet pan (of flint-lock) ; sconce (for
candles in church) ; (bot.) buttercup*

Bat (cricket) bat; (animal) chauve-
souris.

Bat = length of a fish from tip to tail.

Bat = pack - saddle. Chacun sait oii le
b. le &/ess0=Each one knows where
the shoe pinches.

Batte = beating : la b. de I' or; mallet;
churn-staff; washerwoman's beetle.

Baton baton -h stick, cudgel ; staff ; trun-
cheon; crozier; wand; pole, perch;
spoke; straight stroke (in writing),
etc.

Battery = batterie -j- voies de fait.

Ba#erie=battery-f- forms of drum-beat-
ing; (mus.) set of percussion instru-
ments ; collection, set : b. de cuisine
set of kitchen utensils; fight, rough-
and-tumble : une b. d'ivrognes.

Battle may sometimes victoire. Youth
is half the battle=IZ n'est rien de tel que
d'etre jeune.

Bay = (colour) bai; (of the sea) golfe, baie,
anse [in descending order of size:
crique is still smaller]; (archit.) baie;

travee; embrasure (of a window) ; b. -

window fenetre en saillie, fenetre bom-

bee; (berry) baie; (tree) laurier ; aboie-

rtient (barking). AMX abois = At b.
Baie berry; bay, bight (of the sea);

opening/ embrasure.
Bazaar bazar (oriental and large store

or arcade) -j- vente de charite.
I Beak bee -f- (ship) eperon.
Bee beak -f (slang) mouth; prow (of

boat; (gas) burner; peak (of saddle);

spout, lip (jug) ; nib.
Beast =bete ; animal; quadrupede; brute;

(for riding) monture. As terms of abuse,

animal, cochon, saligaud, abruti.
Bete^rnmol, brute, beast; vermin, crea-

ture, thing; b. noire pet aversion;

booby, simpleton : faire la 6. = play the

fool: ne faites pas la b. don't be an

ass. Bonne b. = Unintelligent but good-

natured person.
Beau = petit-maitre, elegant, muguet,

dandy, etc.; (lover) galant, pretendant,

amoureux, sigisbee, etc.
Beaa=(the) beautiful, best; excellence;

fine weather* Vieux b. =Old man fond

of ladies.
Beauty ^beaute*. But 'That's the b. of

it ' = En voild, le charme, le trait saillant,

Vattrait, (iron.) le piquant. That is a b.

= En voild un beau, une belle, un(e)

magnifique, un(e) fameux(se).
Beck* To be at s.o.'s b. and call=tre aux

ordres de qqn.
Bee. See after Beak*

Bce/=beef4-ox, bullock.

Beldam(e)=t;ie^ sorciere, megere, virago.

Belle-dame = (pop.) belladonna, orach;
(pop) vanessa butterfly.

Belfry = beffroi -f docker d'tglise.

Beffroi = belfry 4- alarm - bell (hung in
belfry).

Benediction = benediction -j- (at table)
Un&didti*

Benediction benediction, blessing, con-
secration, etc. + C'est une b. = (fam. and
iron.) With a vengeance, horribly,
etc.: il pleut que c'est une b.*=it's
raining with a vengeance.

Benefit (kind deed) bienfait ; (profit,
good, advantage) avantage, benefice,
profit, utilite; (pecuniary advantage)
gain, benefice, profit; (theatre) benefice,
representation & benefice.

Benefice benefit, advantage; (com.)
profit, gain. Le b. du

Bienfait 27

tages in delay; le b. d'Age exemption, j
relief owing to age limit; n'admettre \
line chose que sous b. d'inventaire ac-
cept conditionally, with reservations;
(church) living.

Bienfait= benefit, kindness; blessing : les
bb. de la science.

Benevolent bienveillant , bon; charitable f
bienfaisant; (society) de bienfaisance.

Benevole kind, gentle, easy-going;
unpaid, voluntary (worker) : infirmiere
b. Lecteur &.= Gentle reader. Auditeur
6.= Person allowed to attend classes
without becoming a registered student
of a school or university.

Berth =(naut.) paste, mouillage; (bed)
couchette; (post) emploi, place, poste.
To give a wide b. to=Se tenir d I'ecart
de, toiler.

Berthe=* (ladies' dress) berthe, bertha;
tress of false hair; large milk-can.

Bias (n.) = (dress) biais; (game of bowls)
fort; (fig., leaning, tendency, prejudice)
direction, predisposition (vers), pente,
tendance (a) ; penchant (a, pour, vers) ;
gotit, partialitd; prejuge", prevention (en
faveur de); (swaying influence, im-
pulse) influence, ce qui entraine, poids,
force.

Biais = (dressmaking) bias; (fig.) expe-
dient, shift, indirect manner or means :
un b. ingenieuxa. clever expedient.
J'irai au fait avec lui, sans prendre
aucun 6. = I shall come straight to the
point with him without beating about
the bush. Chercher un b. pour faire
qqch=Seek an indirect way of doing s.t.
Skew (of arch, of bridge), slant (of
wall) : b. d'une votite, d'un pont, d'un
mur. De b. Sideways: aborder de b.
une question^ approach a question
indirectly.

Bibliography = bibliographie -f- liste (of
books).

Bibliographie = bibliography + book
column (in periodical).

Bier = (drink) biere ; (comn - trolley)
brancard, civi&re.

Biere= beer -f coffin.

Biffin =s (espece de) pomme ; pomme cuite
au four et aplatie.

Biffin = (slang) ragman = chiffonnier;
(fam.) infantry soldier. Cf. j'ai servi
dans la biffe.

Bigot=(in religion) bigot+ (politics, etc.)
fanatique.

Billet (a.) =- (for soldiers) billet de logement ;

Blanc

cantonnement, logement; (for burning)
buche, rondin; petite bar re de metal;
(fig.) destination: every bullet has its
"b. chaque balle a sa destination (dans
une bataille), i.e. ceux-la seals perissent
dont la providence a decyete la mart;
(post) emploi t situation, place.

Billet^ letter, note; (com.) bill; ticket,
order, circular, invitation, certificate,
notice.

Billette= toll-board notice; cocket; stick
(wood, liquorice, etc.) ; firewood (split) ;
(archit.) billet.

Billiards. Billard. The French word means
both the game and the table.

Billion = (1,000,000,000,000) trillion.

Billion = ( r , ooo, ooo, ooo) one thousand
millions (= milliard). N.B. Trillion =
million 8 = quintillion. [U.S.A. has
the French values.]

Biscuit = biscuit -f (porcelain) bisque; a
piece of pottery in bisque; stony bits
in slaked lime.

Bisque =(jeu de paume) bisque-}- (porce-
lain) biscuit.

Bitter (u.) = (espece de) biere.

Bitter bitters.

Bldme=* blame -{-(judicial) reprimand.

Blanch = (make xvhite) blanchir t rendre
blanc (pale); pdlir, faire pdlir (from
fear, etc.); (fig.) blanchir (= palliate
an evil, etc.).

Blanchir = blanch (as above), whiten,
bleach; (printing) space; whitewash
(wall) ; powder (face) ; (abs.) be of no
use ; wash (linen) ; clean ; plane, smooth,
file ; (intrans.) turn pale.

Blank (n.) = (lottery) billet blanc;
(printing) blanc; (gap) blanc, lacune,
vide; (target) blanc, but; (of the
mind) table rase. (Adj.)=blanc; (face,
expression) bUme, blanc, pale; (fig.)
morne, deconcerte, decourag6, distrait,
sans expression; (efforts, etc.) sterile,
inefficace, denue d* inter et; (disappoint-
ment, etc.) sans remede, extreme, sans
melange, absolu; (cheque) en blanc;
(wall) blanc; (door or window) fausse,
feinte; (verse) blanc; (look, air) confus.

Blanc (n.) whiteness, white; blank
space; blank, mark (shooting); (with
noun understood like wine, heat, linen,
clothes, paint, sauce, etc.) white wine,
etc.; (as complement of certain verbs
with a), as chauffer a b. (to white heat),
geler a b. (to be a white frost), bruler a b.
(with a white flame), poudrer a 6., etc. ;

Blanc

28

Blue

jlg. s in contrasts; : :7 u d:t b. an noir =
. . . from one opinion to the opposite;
quand or. dii b. il dit noir ; ;-.vith a noun
complement- b. de zinc oxide of zinc :
6. de c/;2:^ limewash : b. d'Espzne
whiting : b. de druse white lead : b. de
baleine spermaceti : b. de champignons
mushroom spawn : 6. d'uxe cille
bull's-eye 'centre of target). (Fig.) De
but K 'b. Point-blank, on the spur
of the moment, without reflection.
Saigner a b. to bleed white. Tirev
a b. To fire with blank cartridge.
Tirer an 5.=To shoot at the mark.
Tirer sitr le b. To incline to be white,
whitish. Regarder qqn dans le b. des
yeux [straight in the face].

Blanc (a~dj.) = (colour) white; (hair) white,
hoary; gelee &.=hoar frost; faire des
yeux 65. = turn up the whites of the
eyes; argent b. silver money; biere
blanche pole ale; nuii blancke sleep-
less night; arms blancke = sword; voix
blanche= clear voice (of a tenor, but
without warmth or expression), tone-
less, expressionless voice (from fear or
nervousness); (not stained) clean; (fig.
of character, etc.) innocent, spotless;
clear, acquitted; (china) plain, un-
decorated; coup b.= missed stroke;
coupe blanche = (wood-cutting) a com-
plete clearing; mariage 6. = unconsum-
mated marriage. Je ne te vois pas b.
= You 're in for a row. Donner carte
blanche Give a free hand.

Blanket = couverture ; (printing) blanchet.
Wet l^. rabat-joie, trouble-fete.

Blanquette (kind of) white grapes or
wine; (veal or lamb) stew; variety
of pear.

Blazon (v.)publier, proclamer, celebrer,
tvompeter ; vanter ; rendre illustre ;
(heraldry) blasonner.

Blasonner/used now in heraldry only = to
blazon.

Blemish (\\) dejigiirer, abimer, gdter ;
(fig.) fletrir, ternir, tacher.

Blemirto turn pale; (of light) become
dim, faint.

Bless consacrer, sanctifier, benir (food,
etc., persons, by God, father, priest,
etc.); (call holy, adore) benir, adorer;
(make happy with] rendre heureux,
faire le bonheur de, favoriser, accorder a,
douer de ; (exclamatory, ironical, or ex-
pressing surprise) Bless me I = Mon
Lieu I juste del! (pop.) que le diable

m'emporte! To be blessed

de, avoir le bonheur de posseder.

Blesser (wound lit. and fig.) wound, hurt,
injure; offend, wrong, shock; (to affect
painfully, eyes, etc.) affect, grate upon,
to gall ; to clash with, to be repugnant
to.

Blind (v.) = aveugler, rendre aveugle;
(dazzle) eblouir; (mentally and fig.)
aveugler, s' aveugler sur ; (hide) cacher;
(darken) obscurcir ; (dim by excess of
light) edipser. (N.) = 'store; petit
rideau ; jalousie; (fig.) masque, leurre.

Blinder to armour-plate (a ship); to
case, pole, sheet, screen (trenches, etc.).
Blinde (n.)= screen, casing, etc.

Block == (solid mass of wood, stone, etc.)
bloc ; souche (d'arbre) ; (fig.) to be a chip
of the old 'b.etre le fits de son pere
= chasser de race enfant de la balle
[originally tennis, but now mainly of
the actor's profession] ; (chopping)
billot; (fig.) obstacle, empechement;
(executioner's) billot; (hats) forme;
(barber) tete d perruque; (pulleys)
moiifie; (woodcut) planche (de bois) ;
(houses) pdte; (person) buche; (trafiic)
encombrement ; (stereo) cliche. Horse-
b. = Montoir.

Bloc= block, mass, log, lump, clump.
Acheter en 6.= Buy in the lump. Mettre
au b. (slang) = Put in the lock-up, in
quod.

Block (v.)=obstruer t barrer, fermer (road,
passage, etc.) ; b. up=boucher, murer.

Bloquer (masonry) fill up (wall with
rubble) ; blockade (fort, town, port) ;
stop (a cheque) ; (printing) turn (a
letter); jam on (brake); lock (wheels).

Blond (adj.) fair, blond; light; flaxen;
golden (hair, ears of wheat) ; (beer) pale ;
(n.) fair person, blond, blonde; (n.m.)
fairness, fight colour.

Blue. To look b. = (of persons) Avoir I'air
inquiet, deconcerte : broyer au noir; (of
things) avoir I'air d'aller mal. True b.
Fidele a ses principes, etc., bon teint.
Drink till all 's 'b. Se soulerboire tout
son soul. B. blood =Sang noble. To
have a fit of the bb.= Broyer du noir.
B. pill=Pihtle mercurielle. B.-book=
Livre jaune. B. Peter Pavilion de
parlance. Bluestone=Sw//afe de cuivre.
(Slang) B. ruin = Les spiritueux,
genievre t (pop.) tord-boyaux. Bluejacket
Matelot t marin, (fam.) mathurin. B.-
moulded (cheese) = Persille. Bluebell

Bleu

Bourgeois

= Jacinthe des bois. Once in. a b. moon
= Une fois par extraordinaire. B.-cap
= Mesange bleue. To be black and b. ~
tre tout nieurtri (de coup s)= convert
dc bleus.

B/eu=blue (see above); im petit 6.=
telegram; petit b. ='vin ordinaire/ in-
ferior wine; cole re 5. = towering rage;
les bb. [bruises] sur le corps; cordon 6.=
blue ribbon (of the Order of the Holy
Ghost) or clever woman cook; conte
b. = fairy tale; vouer un enfant au b.
[=to the Virgin Mary] ; le 5.= fields of
imagination; (fig.) une chose passee au
b. leaving no trace; faire cuire (fish)
au b. = au court-bouillon (wine, bay
leaves, and herb sauce) ; n'y voir que de
b. = let oneself be taken in, hood-
winked; en voir de bb. = go through
painful experiences, (jam.) go through
the mill; un b. recruit in his first year
of military service, tyro, novice.

Bombarder = (mil.) bombard -j- pitchfork
into (a position). On I' a bombarde
general.

Bombe=borrib+(fam.) spree, binge : faire
la &.= go on the spree, paint the town
red, live a fast life; tomber comme une
b. arrive unexpectedly; gare la b./=
be careful, look out. for squalls; 6.
glacee=icQ pudding.

Bombardier = sous-officier d'artillerie.

Bombardier = bomber (who releases bomb
from aeroplane) .

Bomber =lanceur de grenades.

Bombeur = glass-blower.

Bond= (tie) lien, liaison ; (pi.) fers, prison ;
(fig.) lien, attache, nosud; (binding en-
gagement) engagement, obligation ; pacte,
contrat; (finance) obligation, bon (du
tresor); (customs) entrepot.

Bond bound, bounce; skip, leap, jump;
gambol. Prendre la balle au b. To
seize the opportunity. Faire faux b.
a qqn=1o break one's word to s.o.,
leave s.o. in the lurch. Du premier b.
= Immediately. De b. ou de volee=
Somehow or other.

Bonnet^ chapeau de femme, toque; (Scot-
tish) bonnet, beret; (fortif. and nav.)
bonnette; (child's, baby's) bonnette;
(stomach of ruminants) bonnet; (auto)
capot; (gambling) complice, compere.
To have a bee in one's b.= Avoir une
araignee dans le plafond. (V.) Mettre
un bonnet [chapeau] & qqn; enf oncer
le chapeau sur les yeux a qqn.

; Bonnet = (see above) ; cap, of various
) kinds and descriptions, as b. carre
| = mortar-board ; (iechn. and zool.}, as
I b. ckinois-ma.C3.cus monkey. Opiner
J du b. = Nod assent ; vote with'the crowd.
I Jeter son b. par-dessus les moulins
\ Throw propriety to the winds. Triste
\ comme un b. de # = Sad and melan-
i choly, dull and boring. Mettre son b.
de trovers = Get angry. Prendre qqck
\ sous son b. Imagine s.t. C'est b.
blanc et blanc 6. = It 's six of one and
half a dozen of the other. Gros b.~
Person of importance, bigwig, big pot.
(V.) Bonneter=Cap (the fuse of a gun).
Border == (edge) bord ; (country) fron-
tiers, confins; (flower-bed) plate-bande;
(forest) lisiere; (field) bord, limits;
(picture) cadre; (theatre) frise; (orna-
mental or finished edge) bordure.
Bord (ship) board, side; edge, rim,
brim, brink (grave) ; bank (river) ;
strand, coast, shore (sea); hem (dress);
(fig.) party, way of thinking. Avoir
quelque chose au b. des levres = To
have s.t. on the tip of the tongue =au
bout de la langue.

Bordure^ border, rim; kerb of pavement;
frame (of picture, mirror); foot (of
sail).

Boss= (protuberance) bosse ; bossette ( of a
bit) / ombon (of a shield) ; (slang) patron,
chef; champion.

Bosse = hump (of man or animal) : rouler
sab. to knock about the world ; bump
(of skull); swelling = tumour; knob;
dent (in pot) ; rise (in ground) ; bull's-
eye (in glass) ; (fig. and pop.) se donner
une 6. go on the spree.
Bottle bouteille; (small or stoppered)
flacon; (wide-mouthed) bocal; (water)
carafe; (stone) cruchon; (pilgrim's)
gourde.

Bounty = (manifestation of generosity)
liberalite ; munificence, generosite ;
(gratuity, mil. or com.) don, largesse;
prime; (fig.) recompense. Queen Anne's
B.=La Caisse de la reine Anne.
Bontd goodness, kindness; attention;
civility; favour; good nature; (high
quality) excellence, goodness (of
material, of one's case).
Bouquet = bouquet (flowers, perfume)-f
clump (of trees) ; crowning piece (of
display of fireworks) ; prawn.
Bourgeois (n.) = citizen, burgess; (in
modern French) shopkeeper, member

Bout

30

Brtche

of the middle classes, not a soldier; (for j
a servant) master, mistress, governor, ;
' boss ' ; (depreciatory) Philistine. UK
r,i:liiaire qui est en b. ( = mufti). '
(Ad;.) miadle-class; civil; private;
respectable; common, vulgar, mean.
En temie 6. = In civilian dress. Comedie
b . = Amateur theatricals. Cuisine b . =
Plain cooking. Des gouts 6.= Common-
place tastes. Dn dernier 6.=Terribly
middle-class. ;

Bout = (of work, etc.) tour; essai; ^ (of
rheumatism) aitaque; (of drinking)
beuverie, debaucke ; (boxing, etc.) lutte, !
assaut, 'round,' 'match,' reprise ; passe \
d'armes ; (pleasure) partie ; (fam.) prise \
de bee ; (time) coup, fois.

B0ui=end, extremity*; top, tip, point; bit,
piece, stump; (foil) button; etc. j

Bovine bovine-rstupide, inerte. \

Bowling green = jeu (de boules). See
Alley.

Boulingrin = lawn.

Box=60zte; (snuff) tabatisre; siege de
cocker; (money) tirelire ; poor-b. in
church =tronc pour les pauvres; strong-
b. as coffre-fori ; (Christmas) etrennes ;
(theatre) loge; witness-b. = barre des
temoins; (sentry) guerite ; shooting-b.
^pavilion de chasse; (signal-b.) cabine
de signaux, d* aiguillage ; in the wrong
"b.^dans une situation fdckeuse ; in the
same \>.-=loge 4 la m&me enseigne.
(Tree) Buis.

Box horse-box, loose box (in stable);
lock-up garage.

Boxe = boxing pugilat.

Brace (n).=-bande r lien, chaine, attache,
etc.; (pi., of trousers) bretelles; (of
drum) tirant; courroie; (carriage) son-
pente; (mark in writing, printing, etc.)
crochet, accolade; (of game) couple; (of
hounds on leash) laisse; (pistols) poire;
(building) tirant, ancre; (tool) vilebre-
qain; (nav.) bras.

Brasse = fathom (roughly) ; stroke (in
swimming) . Nager a lab. Swim hand
over hand.

Brace (v.)=serrer, attacker t bander, Her;
soutenir, affermir, consolider ; fortifier ;
(naut.) brasser.

Bro55er=brew; mix, shake up: b. une
paillasse^shaikQ up a mattress. B. une
intrigue Hatch, brew, a plot.

Brancard =^litiere portee par deux chevaux.

Brancard = shaft; stretcher.

Brand = (charred stick) tison, brandon',

(poet.) flambeau, iorche; (fig.) a b.
from the burning un tison arrache
an feu; Jove's (God's) b. = la foudre ;
(social nre - b.) boutefeu ; marque
(itxpyimee au fer rouge); (of infamy,
etc.) $t:gmate,fletrissiire ; (com.) marque;
fer chaitd (pour cauteriser) ; (of crops)
rouille ; (of goods) sorte, qualite, marque :
(sword) glaive (poet.), lame.

Brande = kind of leather; heath, moor.

Brass =laiton, cuivrejaune; (poet.) airain;
(pop. cheek) toupet, front, effronterie ;
(pop. money) braise, pognon, galette.

Brasse. See under Brace.

Brassage droit de monnayage.

Brassage mixing; mashing, brewing.

Brave. Brave. In both languages the
meaning 'showy' (= pare), 'well
dressed ' is archaic and seldom met
with. The English word means coura-
geous in facing danger. The French
word means the same -{-ready to do
one's duty= worthy, decent, nice,
upright, etc., and in the latter case it
usually precedes the noun, so that
Mtt b. homme^z. worthy, decent sort of
man, but un homme 6.= a courageous
man.

Bra very = (daring, etc.) bravoure, courage,
vaillance+(sho\v, etc.) splendeur, mise
elegante, magnificence; parade r ostenta-
tion, beaux atours.

Bravowre = bravery, valour, gallantry,
courage. (Mus.) Air de b. as Bravura.

Breach = (of rules, etc.) infraction, viola-
tion, contravention, atteinte : (of promise,
trust, etc.) manque de parole; abus de
confiance; violation de promesse; (of
relations) rupture; (of the peace)
attentat, delit centre Vordre public;
(broken state, gap, esp. mil.) bveche,
ouverture ; (fig.) breche. To stand in the
b.=S# mettre, monter, sur la breche.
Action for b. of promise = A ction
en dommages-interets pour rupture de
promesse de mariage.

Breche break, gap, opening, breach (in
hedge, wall, etc.). Battre en b.=
Batter in, breach. (Fig.) Faire une
b. d un #=Make a start on a pie.
Battre en b. une personne, une doctrine
= Disparage s.o., s.t. Faire une 6. a
sa fortune =Make a hole in one's for-
tune. &tre toujours sur la &.=To be
always in the thick of the fight [to the
fore]. (Geol.) breccia. Notch (in a
blade).

Breve

31

Brut

Breve = (mus.) brlve -f- (letter from pope
or king) = bref (from pope) ; (prosody
mark "-) breve. See Brief.

Breve (mus .) breve; comer's list (of gold,
etc.) -r ant- thrush.

Brevet (officer) = a litre honoraire (rank
without pay).

Brevet certificate, patent. E, de capa-
cj'te' = Lower certificate of the ecole
prmiaive superieure. (Naut.) B. de
capitaine Master's certificate. (Aero-
plane) B. de pilote = Pi\ot's certificate.
B. d'apprentissage = Indentures.

Bribe = (for corruption) present, pot-de-
vin; (fig.) app.it, tentation, seduction.

Bribes = scraps; fragments, bits, odds and
ends; smattering, snatches : il savait
quelques b. de latin = he had a smatter-
ing of Latin. B. de conversation =
Snatches of conversation.

Brick=(clay) brique ; child's bb.=jeu de
construction; (slang) brave gargon, chic
type, as.

Brzc&=brig.

Bride = eponsee, jeune mariee.

Bride bridle; reins; stay, check; strap,
band; ribbons (of bonnet). A b. abattue
With loose rein, at full speed.
N.B. There are a number of important
gallicisms where the word bride is
synonymous with 'liberty/ as Server la
6. = Restrict one's liberty.

Brief = (papal) bref; (law) dossier; cause;
to hold a b. ioTplaider pour; to
hold no b. for = ne pas defendre.
Briefless barrister = A vocal sans cause.
(Adj.) = (speech) bref; (style) concis;
(address) court; (allocution) succinct;
(stay) passage?, de courte duree,
bref.

Bref (papal) brief.

Brigade = (mil. and police) brigade -f-fire-
b. = corps de pompiers ; (workmen, boys,
etc.) bande f troupe, equipe.

Brigadier. B. -general = General de brigade.

Brigadier (generally) foreman; (cavalry)
corporal; (police) sergeant; bow-oar(s-
man).

Brigantine = brigantin .

Brigantine= (sail) spanker.

BrUlant (n.) = (diamond) brilliant -f
brilliancy , splendour ; polish, shine :
b. pour les ongles= nail-polish.

Broach (n.) = (roasting spit) broche;
(boring-bit for metals) equarrissoir ;
(rimer) alesoir ; (church) fleche (sans
parapet). (V.) embrocher (meat); mellve

enperce (a cask) ; entanier (a discussion) ;
(marine) faire chapclle.

Broche (two meanings, of which the
second has many technical appli-
cations : (i) pointed rod for going
through; (ii) metal or wooden rod)
broach, spit, skewer; pin, peg, spike,
spigot, nail, rod; spindle (of spinning-
wheel); tusk (boar); (lady's) brooch.

Brocher (v.) = to figure, emboss (material) ;
sew, stitch (book) ; nail on (horse-shoej ;
(fig.) hurry through, scamp (work).
Brochant sur le tout= crowning every-
thing.

Brochure = brochure -{- stitching, sewing (of
books); inwoven pattern (in textiles).

Broil (n.) = querelle, bagarre, tumulte ;
viands cuite sur le gril [a la broche].
(V.) cuire sur le gril, etc. ; (of persons)
griller (in the sun, etc.).

Brouilletifif coolness, misunderstanding.
Brouiller (v.) = jumble^ confuse, muddle,
mix up (lit. and_/z.) ; set at variance.

Bronze = bronze + (fig.) cceur de 6.= heart
of flint.

Brown. Brum The latter word, like some
other French colours, requires care in
translating. It is usually applied to
darker shades than some English
browns. In fact ' dark ' would often
be its equivalent, and certainly so in
teint brun. The Larousse du XX e
siecle defines it as Qui a une couleur
entre jaune, voux el noir, mais tirant sur
le noir. Note the following : (in roast-
ing) rissole; (autumn tint) teinte de
rouille ; (fig.) sombre, mome, triste,
rembruni ; (b. bread) pain bis; (b.
sugar) la cassonade ; (b. paper)
papier gris or d'emballage or goudronne;
(b. shoes) souliers jaunes; (b. study)
reverie, meditation. (V.) Brunir = b.
(complexion, etc.) -j- polish (gold, silver,
etc.).

Brush =brosse; pinceau+ (broom) balai;
queue (fox); (fight) escarmouche.

Brusque sudden and violent (attack) ;
sudden (departure) ; quick (decision) ;
brusque (manner and disposition).

Brutalize =abrutir, de grader, faire une
brute de.

BrutalisertresLt brutally.

Brute (a.dj.)byut: bete brute b. beast
-\-brutal, conduit par ses instincts.

Brut= brute -|- raw, unmanufactured, un-
refined, unpolished; gross (weight,
profit) .

Budget

32

Bout on

Budget. The French have adopted this
-word in its parliamentary sense, and
also say Un budget de famille, but 'a b.
of news ' = un plein sac de nouvelles.

Bugle clairon ; (plant) bugle ; grosse perle
(en verve). [Bugle= key-bugle.]

Bulb bulbe -f- oignon (tulips, etc.)/ (ther-
mometer) boule; (elect.) ampoule.

Bull = (animal) taureau; (male) male;
(Irish) be'vue, naivete; (papal) bit lie ;
(Stock Exchange) joueur d la kausse r
haussier.

Bu//e=(lead bullet) seal; (papal) bull;
(air, gas, etc.) bubble; (med.) bulla,
bleb.

Bullet=(gun) balle ; (cannon) boutet.

Boulet=a.s above 4- (horse) fetlock joint.

Boulette = pellet (paper, bread, etc.) : (fig.)
blunder, stupid thing.

Bulletin = (report) bulletin -|- ticket
(voting; cloak-room, etc.).

Buffet = buffet -f- coup de poing, gijle ;
calamity.

Buffet= buffet 4- sideboard. B. d t orgue =
Organ case. B. d'eau Ornamental
fountain. (Fam.) Danser dcvant le b.
= To have nothing to eat.

Bullion or, argent, en lingots.

Bouillon = broth, soup, 'bouillon/ eat-
ing-house.

Bureau = bureau 4- office ib.de location =

box-office; b. de(s) ^>0sfe(s)=post office;
b. de police=police station; agency; b.
dc tabac tobacconist's shop (under
State monopoly).

Burgeon = bourgeon, which also = pimple,
grog-blossom.

Bursar = (steward, etc.) econome; (Eng.
university, etc.) tresorier; (convent)
depensier.

Boursier = purse - maker : foundation
scholar, exhibitioner, etc. ; speculator
on 'Change.

Butt = (wine) pipe, piece; baril, tonneau;
(end) bout; (gun) crosse; (fish) poisson
plat; (hide) croupon; (tree) base d'un
tronc d'arbrc ; (plank) about ; (mound)
buttc ; (in aiming) but, point de mire,
cible ; (persons) plastron f jouet t risfe; (of
goat, etc.) coup de come, (tete).

But = butt (see above); target, goal; aim,
purpose, view, intent. Tirer de b. en
blanc = FiTG point-blank. B. d b. =
Without giving or taking odds.
e = rnound > knoll, rise, hill. Eire en
butte a = Be exposed to.

Button = bouton ; (pi.) groom, chasseur.
In bb. = w livyee.

Bouton button, stud; (of plants, etc.)
bud ; pimple ; nipple ; knob ; (door)
handle ; (plants and shells) b. d'or=
buttercup.

Cab= fiacre, voiture de place; (locomotive)
abri, cabine, du mecanicien.

Cab hansom cab.

Cabaret = cabaret (=tea, coffee, set)-f
restaurant a la mode ou on donne, le
soir, un spectacle de music-hall.

Cabaret wine-shop, public-house, tavern
(where wine, etc., is sold to be drunk
on or off the premises); fashionable
restaurant; liqueur-stand.

Cabin = (ship) cabine; (river barge)
cabane; (hut) cabane, chaumiere, hutte
(small) ; (negro) case ; (nav.) chambre.

Caine=(ship, bathing) cabin; (lift) cage,
car; (locomotive) cab; (telephone)
call-box.

Cabane shanty, hut; rabbit-hutch; awn-
ing (on river boat); cabin (on river
barge).

Cabinet = (small room) cabinet; (politics)
cabinetf ministere [les ministres], gouverne-
ment; (collection) collection, cabinet;
(furniture) cabinet; medallier t insectier
c. of medals, insects.

Cabinet= cabinet, w.c., small room, closet;
study ; consulting - room, surgery,
chambers (of barrister) ; office ; museum
collection; c. de verdure arbour] c. de
toilette dressing-room; c. de lecture
lending library: on nomme ordinaire-
ment cc. de lecture des etablissements
prives qui donnent en location des revues
et des livres (G. Duhamel, Defense des
lettres, Paris, 1937, p. 78).

Caboose = (marine kitchen) cuisine.

Cambuse(naut.) stores; (fam.) canteen.

Cachtde'pdt secret (of provisions, ammu-
nition, etc.) ; provisions, etc. t cachees.

Cache hiding-place (of person or thing);
(photography) mask for printing.

Cadet cadet (younger son) +^ ve officier
(of a military or naval school).

Cadet cadet (as above), younger,
junior: vous etes mon c. de trois ans\
youngest (of a family) : cet enfant est
le c. de toute la maison; (fig.) least,
smallest : c'est le c. de mes s<wds=that 's
the least of my worries, that 's the last
thing I 'm bothering about; (golf)
caddie; (billiards) small rest, jigger.

Cadre frame, border; framework, limit,
outline, cadre; (naut.) couch, cot,
stretcher, and various other contri-
vances; cadre (= permanent establish-
ment of a regiment); constitution of
an army; (pi.) officers and N.C.O.s.

Cage = Cage generally, but (of a lift) cage
cabine and cage shaft. Also, the
French word = coop, crate, case, wire-
guard, glass shade (for plants, etc.),
trellis-work, well (of stairs), open-work
bell-tower, four walls of a house.

Caisson caisson-^- (naut.) bateau-porte.

Caisson caisson (as above) -f seat-box (of
a carriage), locker (naut.).

Calamitous =calamiteux+qui cause une
calamite.

Calculate = (chances, dose, distance) calcu-
kr [calculated to (=pour)]; (votes,
number, on one's fingers) compter;
(distance, longitude, latitude) estimer ;
(weight, duration, heat) evaluer; (from
date) supputer.

Calculation = calcul.

Calcul= calculation (reckoning) + calculus
(med. and math.).

Calendar = (system of time division) calen-
drier, almanack + (university, etc.)
annuaire; (law-list) ro/e, liste.

Calibre calibre (of bore) -j- gauge, size (of
ball, etc.) ; (techn.) mould, model*

Calice. See after Chalice.

Calk (v.) = (horse-shoe) cramponner; ferrer
a glace; (= trace) calquey. (N.) crampon.

Calquer trace (drawings); copy
(manners). (N.) ca/gue=copy; servile
imitation.

Callous = (skin, hand, etc.) calleux; (fig.)
(far, insensibhf endurd; profonde (in-
difference).

Calleux= horny, hard, (lit.) callous.

Came (n.)rainure en plomb (zinc) des
fenetres treillissees.

Came = cam.

Camelot camlet + Cheap Jack, pedlar,
huckster; les cc. du roi active young
royalists in modern France grouped
round the royalist paper L' Action
franfaise*

Camisole = cache-corset.

33

Camisole

34

Capacity

Camisole (lady's) loose dressing jacket;
c . de force strai t-j acket.

Campagne = campaign -f- country* It
means the flat country, the plains as
opposed to heights or forests. It is
also opposed to fortified places, and
may mean field for manoeuvres and
field of operations in war. It means
the land outside a town and the fields
in opposition to the town. In a more
restricted sense it means a country seat
or small estate. La c. Morney =
Morney House = seat of the Morney
family. There are some figurative
and idiomatic meanings which deserve
attention. Battre la c. (/#. = to beat
the coverts) may = to scour the
country; to beat "about the bush; to
rave or ramble, talk nonsense or at
random; to be delirious. tre d la c.
(=to be in the country). Eire en c.
(=to be at war, from home, at work,
on the war-path). Se mettre en c. To
take the field; (fig.) to set about it.
Note also En pleine c.= Right in the
country. En rase c. = Out in the
open.

Camper = camp, encamp -|- settle down
(temporarily) ; place, put, stick boldly
(oneself before s.o. ; hat on head, etc.) ;
(fig.) place in a nice position ; c. Id qqn=
leave s.o, in the lurch,

Cancan = cancan (dance) -f- malevolent
gossip,

Cand6labre = candelabrum + central
street-lamp.

Candid =loyal, franc, honnete; (judgment)
equitable, impartial, sans parti pris.

Candide *= frank, ingenuous, open;
innocent, artless.

Candour = loyaute, franchise, sincerite,
bonne foi; impartiality

Candeur=: innocence, simplicity, artless-
ness, purity.

Cane (n.) = canne ; badine ; jonc.

Ccme=(fem. of canard) duck.

Ca7Z7Z=cane, stick, rod.

Cane (v.) = donner des coups de canne (in
schools) ; canner (chairs) .

Caner (pop. )= shirk it, funk it, show the
white feather; (trans.) c. I'ecoleploy
truant.

Canner = cane (chairs).

Cancer = (disease; sign of Zodiac) cancer.

Canker = (ulcer; disease of trees) chancre;
(horse's hoof) cvapaud; chenille, larve
(= canker- worm) ; (fig. corrupting in-

fluence) plaie, gangrene, ver rongeur,
fleau.

Cancreciab; (fam.) dunce, lazy fellow,
backward boy; grasping man, miser,
hunks,

Chancre (ulcer, specially venereal) chan-
cre; (of trees) canker.

Cannibal = cannibals, anthropophage -f-
animal qui d6vore ses semblables.

Cannon = (gun) canon; (pi.) artillerie;
(billiards) carambolage; (horse's) canon.

Canon = (eccles. title) chanoine; (eccles.
law and liturgy) canon; (type) canon;
(mus.) canon.

Canon (see above) ; (rifle) barrel ; nozzle ;
chemist's measuring-glass.

Canopy dais -\- baldaquin (of bed). C. of
heaven = Voute celeste.

Canap^ = canape" (piece of bread, fried
in butter, on which anchovies, chicken,
or mushrooms are served) -f sofa, settee.

Cant = (i) (peculiar language) jargon,
argot; langue verte; (catchwords)
formule favorite; affeterie, cafarderie,
langage hypocrite; ' cant' (adopted by
the French and defined by Larousse as
'melange de pruderie et d 'affectation,
chez les Anglais') ; (ii) (tilt) inclinaison ;
(jerk) saccade ; (thrust) poussee, coup
sec; (archit.) pan coupe.

Cant ( = Can) = narrow side; edge (brick,
plank, etc.).

Canteen cantine -f (soldier's) bidon.

Canvas (n.) = (tents, sails) toile, canevas ;
(sail) voile; (artist's) tableau, toile.

Canevas (unbleached linen) canvas; (em-
broidery) netting; (fig.) ground-work,
plan, outline (of drawing, play, etc.).

Canvass (TL.)soHicitation de suffrages,
tournee electorate.

Cap = bonnet; casquette (peaked); toque (of
student, professor, French magistrate,
chef, jockey); (skull) calotte; (eccles.)
barrette ; (mil.) kepi; (percussion) cap-
sule; (axle) chapeau; (knee) rotitle ;
(archit.) couronnement. C. and bells
=Mavotte. If the c. fits, wear it = Qui
se sent morveux se mouche.

Cap = cape, headland; head (of ship).

Cape = cape (garment); hood. Sous c.=
Secretly. Rire sous c. = Laugh up one's
sleeve. (Naut.) A la c.= Lying to;
mettre a la .= close-reef; voile de c.
= trysail.

Capacity = (contents) capacitc, contenance ;
filled to c., rempli jusqu'aux bords ;
(theat.) c. house, sails comble; (fig.) capa-

Capacity

35

Carrier

cite f talents, moyens, faculty ; (position,
relative character) quality condition,
situation, role, office, titre: in my c. as
critic =0tt ma quality de, en tant que,
critique. I am dead in a poetical
c.=/0 suis mort en tant que poete.

Capacite capaciousness, capacity; size,
extent, reach; capability, ability, skill,
talent, competency; qualification (legal
or educational) . Brevet dec., see Brevet.

Capital (n.) = (town) capitals; (letter)
majuscule, capitate; (archit.) chapiteau;
(com.) capital, fonds sociaux; (fig.) to
make c. out of s.t.= exploiter qqch,
tirer parti de, faire etat de. (Adj.) =
capital (offence, punishment); prin-
cipal, essentiel, important, grand (matter,
idea, trade, etc.); capital (letters,
towns) ; c. ship = vaisseau de ligne;
(fam. first-rate, often as an interjection)
parfait, fameux, epatant.

Capital (n.) = (com.) capital, stock, fund,
cash. C. social = Share capital, joint
stock. C. verse = Paid-up capital ; (log. )
main point.

Capitate (city or letter) capital.

Capital (adj.) = chief, principal, main,
leading, considerable, essential; (sins)
mortal, deadly.

Capitalize = (convert into capital)
capitaliser; ecvire avec une majuscule;
capitaliser (income).

Capitaliser = capitalize (as above);
(absolutely) save up, put money by.

Capitulation = resume (of subjects to be
treated); capitulations (immunities ex-
tended to foreigners) ; (mil.) reddition,
capitulation (of army, town, etc.);
conditions (de la capitulation).

Capitulation^ capitulation (as above) -f
compromise in capitulation de conscience.

Capon = (fowl) chapon.

Capon sneak, coward, tell-tale (mainly
in schools); (gambling den) money-
lender. (Nav.) cat.

Cop0t=(in piquet) capot-f(?mZ., nav.)
hooded great-coat; (car) bonnet; (naut.)
hood, tarpaulin.

Capote capote'.

Capote (soldier's) greaw-coat; (woman's,
baby's) bonnet; (car, carriage) hood;
(chimney) cowl.

Caprice = caprice 4- sudden and tem-
porary love; (min.) irregular vein.

Captious = (of things, questions, etc.)
ca#0w#+ (fault-finding, cavilling) chi-
caneur, difficultueux, vtiilleux.

Captienx = captious.

Captivate = enslave, fascinate, charm =
captiver.

Captiver = captivate -f subj ugate, master,
tame (one's thoughts, reason).

Car = (hist, and poet.) char; (motor-car)
voiture, auto(mobile) ; (tram-car) tram-
way ; (dining-car) wagon-restaurant ;
(balloon) nacelle; (lift) cabim.

Char=* chariot 4- wagon, cart; car (de-
corated for fetes); c. blinde^ armoured
car; c. d'assaut=ta,iik.', c. a banes
horse charabanc; c. funbre=hea,Tse.
Le c. de I'&at^The ship of State.

Caractdre. See Character.

Caravan caravane+ conducted party (of
school-children, tourists) .

Carbonize carboniser (reduce to char-
coal, coke)-f convertir en carbone; car-
bonized paper papier carbone.

Carboniser =* carbonize + &tre carbonise
(journalistic) be burnt to death (in
accident, fire).

Careen carener+donner de la bande.

Gardner = careen = clean, caulk (ship) -|-
streamline (car, aeroplane).

Career (n.) = (swift course) course prdci-
pitee, impulsion; (of life) cours, carviere ;
(livelihood) carriere, occupation.

Carrier e= quarry; career, scope, course,
time, life, field, prospects.

Catet=signe d 'omission (A).

Caret^ turtle; (naut.) reel.

Carillon^ carillon, chimes -}-(fig. and fam.)
row : quand la maitresse du logis verra ce
desordre, elle fera un beau c. (Diet, de
I'Acad.) = . . .she '11 kick up a fine row.

Carnal = charnel + profane, mondain.

Carnation (n. and adj.) = (flower) osillet;
(colour) teint incarnat.

Carnation = flesh - colour, pink ; com-
plexion; (paint.) flesh-tints: le Titien
excette dans la peinture des cc. (Larousse).

Carnival = (short period before Lent in
R.C. countries and fete in connexion)
carnaval; (fig.) fete, rejouissance; de-
bauche, orgie.

Carnaval = carnival (not fig.) -f a guy,
person oddly dressed.

Carpet = (room or lawn) tapis. On the
c.=Sur le tapis = Under consideration
or discussion.

Carpette = small carpet or rug.

Carrier =voulier ; voiturier t facteur t camion-
neur; porteur, messager.

Carrier = quarryman -j- quarry - owner;
carrier-pigeon.

Cart 36

Cartckarrette, chariot; (dust, refuse) torn-
bereau. Put the c. before the horse =
Mettie la charrue devant les bceufs. To
be in the c. (fig. and /am.) =*tre dans
le petrin.

Carte = card, cardboard; (playing) card;
map, chart; (visiting) card; (entrance,
permit, voting) card; (restaurant) bill
of fare*

Carte/= cartel +(case of) hanging wall-
clock.

Carter = charretier, voiturier.

Carter = crank-case, gear-case.

Carton = (target) Wane; (pasteboard;
utensil made of) carton.

Cartoon = (drawing made as a design for a
painting) carton; (illustrated paper)
dessin satirique t caricature, charge. (V.)
Faire le carton de, caricaturer.

Carton cardboard, pasteboard, carton
(as above) ; (binding) boards ; (printing)
cancel, half -sheet; pasteboard box or
case, cardboard box ; band-box ; bonnet-
box; portfolio.

Cartouche = (archit. and archaeol.) car-
touche -f cartridge.

Cascade = cascade -{-jabot (of lace).

Case (i) = (box) caisse, boite, coffre ; (harp,
needles, instruments) etui; (surgeon's
instr.) trousse; (knife, scissors, etc.)
gaine; (for packing) caisse; (door)
chambranle; (papers, documents) ser-
viette; (watch) boitier; (type) casse;
(clock) botte; (mattress, bolster) enve-
loppe; (pillow) taie; (jewels) ecrin;
(umbrella) fowrreau, itui; (piano) caisse;
(organ) buffet; (cartridge) douille, enve-
loppe; (machine) cage. Showcase =
V Urine; (ii) (state of affairs, event) cas,
fait, evenement, circonstance ; (story) his-
toire ; (condition) Mat, condition, posi-
tion, place; (question) question, point,
chose; (instance) exemple; (affair, dis-
pute) affaire; (law) cause, affaire;
(gram., math., med.) cas. In any c.
= En tout cas Quoi qu'il arrive.

Caisse (see above) = bin, box, case, chest ;
till, coffer, safe ; cash in hand ; pay-office,
counting-house; fund, bank, treasury;
drum, barrel; (carriage) shell, body;
cylinder.

Cos [see above (ii)]=case, event, occasion,
instance; fact, question, point; situa-
tion; esteem, value in faire cas de qqn,
de qqch=to esteem s.o., s.t.

Case = (negro's) cabin ; (for animals, type,
etc.) box; (for papers) pigeon-hole;

Catechiser

division, compartment (of a writing-
desk) ; locker ; stall (for horse when
travelling by rail) ; (chess) square ;
(backgammon) point ; (phrenology)
bump.

Casemate * casemate -f- underground dun-
geon.

Casket &rift, coffret, cassette; (Jig. collec-
tion of literary ' gems ') florittge,
anthologie.

Casquette=cap (for man or boy) with a peak.

Cassock = (eccles. garment) soutane;
pretre.

Cosaque mil. cloak; livery; (jockey's)
jacket; (woman's) jumper.' Tourner c.
= To become a turncoat.

Castle =forteresse f chateau fort; (house
that was once fortified) chateau.

Chateau country mansion; royal resi-
dence; (in early times) castle. N.B.
Toxvn mansion Hotel

Castor = (animal) castor (the English word
is rarely used in this sense) ; (small
wheel) roulette; (condiment bottle, etc.)
poivrUre, saupoudroir ; set of cc.=
manager e, huilier ; (med. and perfumery)
castor eum; (on horse's leg) chdtaigne;
c.-oil=huile de ricin. C. sugar=Swcr
en poudre.

Castor = beaver 4- (/am.) (i) person of
dubious morals ; (ii) stay-at-home officer
or sailor.

Casual = (accidental, irregular) casuel 4-
involontaire; de rencontre f sans methode,
nonchalant.

Casually casuellement (but the English
word is rarely used in this sense) -{-d'un
air detache, sans avoir I' air d'y attacker
beaucoup d' importance, comme si de
rien n'etait, au petit bonheur.

Casuellement accidentally, fortuitously
(but Larousse says that it is 'vieux,'
Darmesteter that it is 'vieilli/ and the
Diet, de I' A cad. that 'il n'est gucre

Casualty accident; (pi.) les morls et les

blesses.

Casualit6 contingency.
Catafalque = catafalque 4- corbillard ouvert.
Catalepsy = catalepsie + (philos.) compre 1 -

hension.
Catapult sas (antiq.) catapulte -\- (boy's)

lance-pierre.
Catechize = catechiser + examiner, poser

des questions d.
Catechiser = catechize (eccles.) -f- reason

with, try to win over: c. des paysans

Catholic

37

Change

en vue d'une Median (Larousse) ; coach
s.o. up in what to do or say : c. une
bonne pour l'empcher de commettre
quelque bevue (Larousse) ; lecture, scold :
c. sever ement un dcolier (Larousse).

Catholic (adj.) = (religion) catholique +
(ideas, sympathies, etc.) universal;
(broadminded) tolerant, large (de gout,
d' esprit, de vues, etc.). Note also that
' C. Church ' means Toute la chretiente.

Catholique (religion) (Roman) Catholic
4- (fam.) orthodox, regular, moral :
conduite qui riest pas trop c. (Larousse)
= rather irregular conduct. Ce n'est
pas c. It looks a bit fishy.

Cause (v.) = (sorrow, etc.) causey; (mis-
fortune, etc.) occasionner; (dispute,
difference) faire naitre, etc.

Causer cause, produce, etc. -|- talk, con-
verse; chat, tattle.

Caution prudence, circonspection, precau-
tion; avis, conseilt avertissement; (slang)
drole de corps, une personne de mise ridi-
cule, une personne excentrique, un vrai
nume'ro* (V.) avertir, pre'venir.

Caution surety, security, bail; guar-
antee, pledge; guarantor. Sujet & c.
Unreliable. (V.) Cautionner (trans.) =
To stand surety for, go bail for.

Cave = caverne; antre; souterrain;
(politics) secession; separatistes, dis-
sidents. C.-man (-dweller) =L'homme
des cavernes, troglodyte ; (modern sense)
qui se laisse oiler & ses impulsions
naturelles.

Cave cellar, vault, cellaret; (gambling)
money put up by each player at the
beginning of the game. C. d liqueurs
= Liqueur cabinet, tantalus. (Adj.)
hollow, sunken.

Cede. Cdder. The English verb is used, as
a rule, only in speaking of territory.
The French verb is used generally =
yield, give up, hand over, submit, etc.

Ce7zseur= censor + auditor (of bank, etc.);
(university) proctor; master for dis-
cipline (French lycee).

Censure = censure-}- audit (of accounts);
censorship.

Centre centre, milieu; (archit.) cintre.

Century = (Roman antiq.) centurie; (100
years) stecle; (100 runs, etc.) centaine.

Certificate = (generally) certificat; attesta-
tion; (registrar's) acte de naissance,
deces ; (baptism ; copy) extrait ; (teacher)
dipldme, brevet; (finance) litre; (bank-
rupt) concordat.

Certificat = certificate, proof, testimonial.

Chain =c/}#m0-f-(naut.) porte-haubans ; (oi
events) enchainement, suite, serie.

Chair = (seat) chaise; (judge, etc.) siege;
(professor) chair e; (meeting, etc.) pre-
sidence ; (the person in the c.) president ;
sedan c. = chaise d porteurs ; (railway
line) coussinet, chair.

Chair flesh; meat; (fig.) body (opp. to
spirit).

Chaise = (generally 4 wheels -f- 2 ponies)
caleche, etc. ; (post) chaise.

Chaise= chair; (sedan) chair; post-chaise;
(building) framework.

Chalice = (Eucharist) calice [also = cup
(fig.)]; (poet.) calice flower-cup.

Chamber = (generally) chambre; but
(office) bureau; (solicitor) etude; (judge)
cabinet; vase de nuit; (mil.) fourneau
de mine; (pi.) appartement de gar con,
garni. C. counsel = A vocat consultant.

Chambre (as above); room, apartment;
C. des Deputes = House of Commons;
(justice) court; (nav.) cabin, room;
c. noire = camera obscura.

Chamfer. See Chanfrein.

Chance chance, hasard; occasion; even-
tualite, possibility : oa the c. of his
coming = au cas oh il viendrait. Have
an eye to the main c. = Chercher le
solide, songer au solide.

Chance = chance + luck : bonne c.! good
luck! // a toujours de la c.=He 's
always in luck's way.

Chancellor = (state official) chancelier ;
C. of the Exchequer = (chancelier de
Vdchiquier) Ministre des finances;
(university vice-chancellor) recteur ;
(of bishop, Garter, etc.) chancelier.

Chancelier = keeper of the seals (con-
sulate, French Academy, etc.).

Chandelier = lustre.

Chandelier = candlestick; chandler,
candle manufacturer; (naut.) crutch,
stanchion. Eire sur le c.=To be
conspicuous, be in the limelight.

Chandler = chandelier ( seller of candles) ;
petit Spicier, marchand. Ship-c. =
Marchand de fournitures pour la marine.

Chanfrein = chamfer (= level) + (horse's
head armour) chamfrain ; face (of horse,
etc.); plume (on horse's head).

Change=(of life) changement, variation,
vicissitudes; (face, voice, etc.) altera-
tion; (money) change, monnaie; diffe-
rence; (linen) linge blanc; (clothes)
habits de rechange ; (holiday) distraction ;

Change

38

Charger

(moon) -phase; (Stock Exchange)
Bourse. (Bells) To ring the cc. =
Carillonner ; (fig.) jouer des variations
sur, ressasser (un sujet).

Change exchange, tit for tat; (finance)
exchange, brokery. Lettre de . = Bill
of exchange. Donner le c. =Put on
the wrong scent, hoodwink. Prendre
le c.=To be taken in. Rendre le c.
Pay s.o. back in his own coin, give tit
for tat.

Changement = change, alteration; turn
(tide); variety; shunting.

Changer (v.) = change -j- alter.

Channel canal, detroit [English C.=La
Manche]; (fig-, medium, agency) vpie,
entremise, intermtdiaire, course, direction;
chenal (of port entrance, of river) ; (of
road) rigole; (archit.) cannelure.

Chenal channel (as above) + mill-race.

Canal, as above -f-duct, canal (of body);
gutter ; (mill-) race ; fluting, groove.

Chant = (n.) chant monotone; plain-chant.
(V.) psalmodier.

Chant = song, hymn, melody, anthem,
etc. (V.) Chanter 'To sing, extol, etc.

Chapel = (place of worship that is not the
parish church) chapelle; (Protestant
church in France) temple; (printing
office) atelier f association d'ouvriers
imprimeurs.

Chapelle chapel; meeting-house; orna-
ments and plate for the celebration of
mass; maitre de c.= choir-master, pre-
centor. C. ardente^Room, draped in
black and lit with candles, where coffin
is placed before burial. (Various
technical uses) crown (of a baker's
oven); soupapes en c. = side-valves, etc.

Chaplain = chapelain (private) -}- aumonier
(ship, regiment, court, college).

Chaplet = bandeau, conronne, guirlande
(flowers, leaves, gold, gems, etc.); (one-
third of rosary) chapelet; collier de
grains, perles.

Chapeletstring of beads; chaplet (part
of rosary) . Dire son c. = Tell one's
beads. (Fig.) Defiler son c. To have
one's say (pop.) Get it off one's chest.
Un c. d'injuresA string of insults.

Charabanc = autocar (for excursions).

Char a banes (horse) charabanc, wagon-
ette.

Character = (type, letter, sign, writing)
caractere; (kind of things, works, etc.)
genre, caractere; (brand, stamp) em-
preinte, marque; nature, qualite; (dis-

tinctive, of persons, nations, etc.)
caractdre ; (description) portrait, descrip-
tion; (status) litre f nom, role; (a per-
sonality) personne, homme, personnage f
individu; original t drole de corps; (in
play) personnage; (sum of moral and
mental qualities) caractere, reputation,
consideration; bonne reputation, probite,
moralite; (servant) certificat t renseigne-
ments; (nav.) livret matricule service
certificate.

Caractere= character, mark, sign, letter,
figure, notation (mus.)\ type, hand-
writing; temper, disposition, humour;
characteristic, symbol; nature, mark,
stamp, feature; firmness, constancy;
decision, resolution, energy, spirit;
charm, style*

Charge = (burden) charge; (fire-arms,
elect.) charge; (trust) charge, soin,
garde, depdt; commandement, ordre,
recommandation ; charge, office, fonc-
tions ; mandement (of a bishop) ; (law
courts) charge, accusation, inculpation,
requisitoire (to the jury) ; (indictment)
acte d* accusation ; (proof) corps du delit ;
(war) charge, attaque ; (money) d&penses t
frais (pi.), prix; (tax) perception, droit.
To give in c. = Faire arreter. In c. of
A la charge de [aux soins de, propose a.]
On a c. of = Sous I 'inculpation de. List
of cc. = Tanf.

Charge load, cargo, lading, freight;
burden, quantity, number, charge (see
above). Temoins d c. Wit nesses for
the prosecution; A dechargetvr the
defence; tax, liability, expense; obliga-
tion, duty; trust, care, custody; office,
place, situation, post, employment,
function ; public office ; (lawyer's) prac-
tice ; orders, directions ; cure (of souls) ;
caricature, parody, joke, trick; shot.

Charge (v.) = (load vessel, gun, memory,
etc.) charger; saturer (air with vapour)/
(entrust with) charger [reflex., se charger
de undertake]; (command, exhort)
ordonner f enjoindre ( qqn de faire qqch) ;
sommer de, exhortera, adjurer de; accuser,
imputer, charger ; (saddle with liability,
etc.) faire porter a qqn; attribuer a qqn;
(of administrators) taxer, grever f im-
poser; (demand price for, etc.) demander,
faire payer; charger (enemy).

Charger= charge (as above); register
(letter). C. (lay, take) qqn sur son
dos; fill (pipe, etc.); load (table with
food, etc.) ; heap (qqn d 'insultes, insults

Charger

39

Chiffon

on s.o.) ; inflate (account) ; exaggerate
(story)* j ,

Charger =chargeur (rifle, elect.)/ cheval de
bataille. . ,

C7iargezzr=loader, freighter, server (of
gun), stoker (of engine), etc.

Chariot= (stately vehicle, poet, ana jig.)
char. , ,

Chariot == (farm) wagon, cart; truck,
trolly; (consteUation) Le grand O. =
Charles's Wain; (child's) go-cart.

Charm (v.) = charmer, enchanter + ie
bears a charmed life = S* w **
prot&g&e comme par un charrne.

Chart = (map) carte, carte marine; (tem-
perature, magnetic, etc.) court** dm-
gramme; (plan) graphique; tableau
statistique.

Charte^ charter. ^* fa

Chase (n.) = (pursuit, pursuing) . chasse
pour suite ; (hunted animal, ship* etc ; J
gibier, objet de la poursuite; (tennis
stroke) chasse; (part of gun) volee;
(groove) rainure ; (printing - tramej
chdssis. (V.) chasser, poursiuvre;
(emboss, engrave) bosseler, Clever en
bosse; ciseler; (set jewels, inlay, en-
grave, enshrine) enchdsser, sertir (jewels);
encastrer ; graver ; enchdsser (reh cs /-

C/zosse=(of animals) chase; fowling,
hunting, shooting [Permis de c.=^ame
licence]; hunting-ground, preserve;
game; hunters, huntsmen, k u ,J T P 1 ^
suit (of people, of ship, etc.). \ Nai '
Appuyer la c. a I' ennemi =*$&*& tiie
pursuit hot. Pyendre c. = Stand away.
Faire la c. aux heritages =To go legacy
hunting. Bassin de c. = Flushing re-
servoir. La c. des roues, etc. as J 1 *
the wheels, etc. Groove (of a shuttle).
(Print.) Overrun of page. ...

C/Msw-shrine (of a saint); setting,
mount (of a jewel, etc.); frame (of
spectacles, etc.) ; scales (of a lancet, a
razor, etc.).

Chasser = chase, pursue, drive away;
expel, banish, dismiss; hunt, snoot,
course; skid (of motor car). - un
clou= Drive a nail in or out. L* nav e
chasse sur ses ancres ... is dragging
her anchors. Une voiture chasse men~
... is easily drawn, runs easily; Les
caracteres chassent fro=Type is too
much spaced.

Chaste= (morals) chaste, pur; (language,
rooms, etc.) ch&tit, simple, sans orne-
ments superflus; (style) pur.

Chaste^ chaste, pure (body and mind).

Chastise ptmir, chdtier.

Chdtier=* chastise, castigate (person) ; con-
demn, denounce (thing) ; (biblical lan-
guage) mortify; chasten (style).

Chastity = continence, chastete, etat d'un
homme (d'une femme) vierge + virginite,
cflibat; simplicity (of style or taste).

Chat (n.) causerie, causette; (bird) traquet.

Chat = cat.

Chdtrer castrate (animals; book) + trim
(flowers, plants).

Chauffer brasier, rechaud.

Chauffeur = stoker H- chauffeur.

Check = (generally) frein, obstacle; echec,
arret soudain; (rebuff) refus, repri-
mande ; (in an operation, military or
otherwise) revers ; arret, pause; (person
or thing restraining) controle; (token)
numero ; (in cloak-room) chiffre, marque
de contrdle; (luggage, etc.) bidletin;
(theatre) contremarque. U.S.A. for
cheque = cheque.

Ch^que= cheque.

Cheer = (frame of mind) What c. ? (archaic)
Comment vous portez-vous ? To be of
good c. (archaic) = A voir du courage,
grand espoir, etre de bonne humeur;
(fare, food) make good c. (archaic) =
fairs bonne chere. Prolonged cc. =
Applaudissements prolonges [vivats,
hourras, bravos, etc.].

Chdre cheer, fare. Que sert la bonne c.
quand on n'a pas la liberte ? =VJha.t is
the use of a good table without liberty?
Faire maigre c.=Live sparingly, be on
short commons. Aimer la bonne c.
Be fond of good living.

Chemise = lady's 'shift/

Chemise man's shirt; woman's chemise;
(various technical senses) envelope,
casing, jacket, facing, lining.

Chemist = chimiste -f- pkarmacien [=
pharmaceutical chemist].

Cherish = (foster, nurse; value, cling to)
entretenir, nourrir (idea, opinion, etc.);
caresser (hope); soigner tendrement,
avoir soin de, r&hauffer dans son sein;
veiller sur, protdger.

C7ze'rir=to love dearly (person or thing).

Chicane = chicane (ry); quarrel, unreal
difficulty: chercher c. a ^M = pick a
quarrel with s.o. ; pettifogging lawyers
(considered collectively).

Chiffon = chiffon.

CAijfo/2=chiffon+rag, scrap (of paper,
etc.), scrap (of a child).

Chimney

40

Claim

Chimney cheminee+verre (de lampe).
ChemMe = chimney 4- fire-place, hearth ;

mantelpiece; funnel (of steamer),

smoke-stack; stove.
China = (country) Chine; porcelains.
China= (plant) china-root.
Chine =ravin (Isle of Wight); echine;

arte.
Chivalrous = chevaleresque -f honorable f

courtois, d&inte'resse; aventureux, extra-
vagant, port6 att don-quichottisme.
Chivalry = chevalerie -f- courtoisie, galan-

terie; consideration (pour les faibles),

prevenance*

Choler^fo'te; (archaic and poet.) colere.
Colere anger, wrath, ire, passion, fury.
Choquer = shock + collide with, bump

against, knock; offend, grate on, jar.
Chord = (of musical instrument, now only

poet.) corde; (mus.) accord; (geom.)

corde. See Cord*
Chorus = ch&wr + refrain.
Chceur chorus -f (church) choir, chancel.
Chute chute d'eau, mpide (in river) -f

glissiere.
C/mte=fall, downfall : les cc. du Zambtse

=the Zambezi Falls; la c. du Niagara

=the Niagara Falls; descent; decay;

end. La c. des reins Small of the back.
Cinder escarbilles, scories ; (from a forge)

fraisil.
Cendre= ashes. Mercredi des cc.=Ash

Wednesday.
Ceintare=belt, girdle, sash, band; waist

(of body or dress) ; enclosure, zone ;

moulding; circle; (archit.) cincture.
Cipher =(o) zero; (unimportant person or

thing) zro> nullite'; (any Arabic figure)

chiffre ; (secret writing, or key to this ;

monogram) chiffre; (organ) prolonge-

ment du son d'une note quand la touche

n'est plus pressee.
Chiffre = figure, number; cipher (as

above), monogram, private mark;

sum total, amount.
Circle = cercle + balcon f galerie (theatre) ;

cerne (round moon, eyes) ; (fig.) sphere;

milieu.

Cercle circle -j- hoop, ring; club (persons).
Circuit circuit (of a town, etc.; electric)

+ (judge's) tournSe, circonscription.
Circuit = circuit; (fig.) c. de paroles,

de raisonnements= avoiding the main

point = beating about the bush.
CzrcirZer=to circulate, pass on, move

about, etc. (Intrans.) Circulez J

on.

Circulation = (generally) circulation (of
blood, sap, on roads, etc., to and fro,
of air, etc.) ; tirage (of periodicals).

Circulation = circulation; movement,
traffic.

Circumstance = cir Constance -f- (pi . ) moyens,
position; apparat, faste (usually in the
phrase 'pomp and circumstance '). In
easy cc.=^t son aise.

Circonstance. De c. = For the occasion.
(Legal) Cc. et dependances = Appur-
tenances.

Circus (Roman ; arena for exhibitions ;
amphitheatre of hills) cirque; rond-
point, place publique (as Piccadilly
Circus); (travelling show) cirque.

Cistern = reservoir; citerne; (steam engine)
bdche; cuvette (of barometer).

Citizen bourgeois [see this word]; citadin
(of a town, opp. to countryman);
citoyen (of a state; republican style
of address).

Citron = cedrat ; citron; limon (all belong-
ing to the same family with different
characteristics) .

Citron is a generic term embracing
'citron,' 'lemon/ 'lime,' but fam.~
lemon. C. presse Natural lemonade,
lemon squash.

Ciyet= (quadruped and perfume) civette.

Civet (de lievre)^ jugged hare.

Civette= civet (as above)-}- chives.

Clack, Click, Crack, Clatter (nn. and vv.).
Claque f Claquer. Cliquetis, Cliqueter.
Caquet f Caqueter. Craquement f Craquer.
All are onomatopoeic words, whose
uses do not correspond in the two
languages. Clack claqiter (as of two
pieces of wood) ; caquet, caqueter (of
tongues) . Claque(r) = clap (of the hands
= slap with the hands) ; chatter (of the
teeth); crack (of a whip); snap (of
fingers). Click cliquetis; cliqucter (of
chains, swords, glasses, etc,) ; clapper
(of tongue). Crack claquer (of whip).
[See Crack.] Clatter = (talk) caquet (er) ;
(other sounds) fracas, tapage. Caquet
clucking (of a hen) ; chatter (of people) .
Craquer (of snow, boards, ice, boots,
etc.).

Claim (v.)=revendiquer, rdclamer (rights,
etc.); exiger (respect, promise, etc.);
demander (permission, protection,
damages, reward, etc.); alteguer
(beauty, virtue, the impossible, that
such is the case) ; Clever des pre'tentions
a (crown, rights, stc)~pr6tendre a;

Cleaner

Clown

faire valoir ses litres sur; se dire etre (the
owner, etc.) ; affirmer, soutenir (to have
done so and so); s'attribuer (the glory
of s.t.. etc.).

Clamerto clamour, cry out. Reclamer
implore, entreat; claim back, ask for,
lay claim to; complain, protest; oppose,
object; claim damages.

Clairvoyance (n.) = clairvoyance -f insight,
sagacity.

Clairvoyant (adj.) = clairvoyant + judi-
cious, clear-sighted.

Clamp =clamp (surg. and na.ut.)-{~ cram-
pon, attache ; mordache ; tas f monceau (of
bricks, potatoes, etc.).

Clar.ets= bordeaux rouge; (boxing) sang.

Clairet (adj. and n.) = palish, pale
coloured; (masc.) pale wine; pale stone
(jewel); (fern.) corn-salad; (fern.) silk-
worm disease.

Clarinet = clarinette + (organ stop)
cromorne.

Classic (s) = classique(s) f but in English
more stress is laid, especially in educa-
tion, on the ancient classics, whereas in
French the word refers more generally
to the French classics as the model
or standard, in opposition to the
Romantics. The English word has a
more extended use than the French,
and often means little more than
renomme, celebre, as ' classic ground '
(of Epsom), or 'classic race* (Grand
National), etc. (N.) In English a
classic (of a person) =humaniste. Livres
cc. = School-books.

Clause = (legal) clause +(gia,m.) membre de
phrase, proposition.

Clear =clair (transparent, bright, easily
understood or heard, discerning) -j-
certain; expose, libre, a part; complet;
debarrasse (de) ; quitte (of debt) ; degage
(de) (obstacles). Stand c. of the gate=
Ne pas s'appuyer centre la barrier e.

Clair= clear 4- bright; (moon) light; well
lit; daylight (il fait clair); light, pale
(colour) ; cloudless (sky) ; thinly planted
(wood); shining, polished (floor); lucid
(explanation). Argent c. = Ready
money. C. comma deux et deux font
quatreAs plain as a pikestaff. Lait
c.=Whey.

Clemency = clemence -{- douceur (of
weather) .

Clerical = (of the clergy) clerical, du clerge,
ecclesiastique ; (of or made by clerks =
secretaries) de copiste. C. work =

Travail de copiste f ecritures; c. error
faute de copiste.

Clerical = (of the clergy, favourable to the
clergy) clerical.

Clerk (in holy orders) ecclesiastique,
clerc; (lay clerk) repondant; secretaire;
(law court) greffier; (lawyer) clerc;
(com.) commis, employ 4 (inferior grade).
Head c. = Chef de bureau : (lawyer's
office) rnaltre clerc.

Clerc= clerk (as above); scholar, learned
man. (Fam.) Faire un pas de c.~
Make a blunder.

Clock = (large, especially on churches,
public buildings, etc.) horloge; (small,
timepiece) pendule; (stocking) coin.

C/oc/ie=bell; bell-glass; dish-cover; stew-
pan; blister.

Close (v.) = (trans.) fermer {general term :
door, window, bolt, tap, harbour, shop,
discussion, list, eye, mouth, ear, fist,
knife, bag, etc.) ; terminer (war, life) ;
conclure (bargain, speech ; also absol.) ;
clove (mainly as a participle and j6., see
below); (hole) boucher; (cover) couvrir;
(ranks) serrer ; (meeting) lever (stance) ;
(intrans. chiefly with prepositions and
adverbs in, with, up) se fermer; finir; se
terminer. C. \vith (in a fight) = w
venir aux mains en venir au corps^d-
corps. C. with offer, Qtc. Convenir
de, s'entendre avec, s'en tenir a, con-
sentiv a. C. with a prayer, etc. = 50
terminer par, etc. C. mEnfermer.
C. up = Fermer, boucher. C. in (of
days) = Baisser.

Close [pron. kloz] (n.) = conclusion, Jin,
(mus.) pause.

ClosQ[pron. klos] (n.) = (cathedral) enceinte,
(modern) cour, jardin; (school play-
ground) prdau; (field) clos, enclos; (in
town) passage, allec t cour.

Close (adj. and adv.) has many senses
besides those connected with the verb
Close above, such as narrow, stifling,
secret, near, stingy, discreet, intimate.

Clore close securely, fence; terminate
definitely (a bargain, discussion, etc.).
Is used mainly in the past participle
in certain phrases. A huis clos In
camera. Lettre close = Sealed letter.
Un vase clos = Hermetically sealed
vessel. A la nuit close = After dark.
Clos et convert Wind- and water-tight.

Clos (n.) = field, enclosure, vineyard.'

Clown paysan, manant t rustre; homme
grossier ; (shows) bouffon, clown.

Clown 4

Clown= clown, buffoon.

Club = (staff) gourdin, massue; (associa-
tion) cercle, club; (cards) trefle.

Club (politics, sporting) = club.

Coach (n.) = voiture, carrosse ; diligence ;
(tutor) Tip&titear, preparateur; (boat-
crew) entraineur. Slow-coach Lam bin.
(V.) oiler en voiture ; (instruct) preparer,
pousser f (fam.) chauffer.

Coche= stage-coach [Manquer le c.~
Miss a good opportunity. La mouche
du c. Busybody] ; nick, notch. (V.)
Notch, nick.

Coadjutor = coadjuteur (eccles. only) +
assistant, aide.

Coat= (dress) habit, frac; smoking (dinner-
jacket) ; redingote (frock coat) ; jaquette
(morning coat); vesle (jacket); veston
(lounge jacket); pardessus, paletot
(overcoat) ; caoutchouc (mackintosh,
waterproof); impermeable (waterproof,
raincoat); vareuse (guernsey, pea-
jacket).

Cote = rib ; slope (of hill) ; coast. C . a c . =
Side by side. Velours & c.= Corduroy.
Faire c. = Run ashore, aground . (Fam.)
tre a la . Be hard up.

Cote = quota, share; (surveying) height
from datum line; (Stock Exchange)
quotation; mark, figure, number (of
document, etc., for classification pur-
poses).

Cotte= tunic (worn over armour); petti-
coat, short skirt (esp. of peasant-
woman); workman's overall trousers.
C. de mailles=Coa.t of mail.

Cock sss (farmyard bird) coq; (birds in
general) mdle; (weathercock) giroucttc,
coq; (hay) meulon, weulette ; (tap)
robinet; (gun) chien ; (sundial) style;
(balance) aiguille. Old c. ! (pop.) =
Mon vieux ! At full c.=Arrn<l. At
half c. Au cran de repos. A hat
cocked = Un chapeau pose crdnement or
post de cdte. Cocked hat=Tricorne,
bicorne.

Cog cock, rooster, weathercock; cook
(ship). Comme un c. en pdte~In clover.

Cogue shell, husk; hull; loop, kink;
(Jam.) cockle. (Euf a la c. = (Soft-)
boiled egg.

Cocoa =cocotier (tree)-f cacao (beverage).

Coco = cocoa-nut.

Coffer =coffre; (funds) fonds, ressources
pecuniaires, tresor, caisse; caisson.

Coffre = chest, trunk ; coffre-fort = safe ;
c. d avoine^com bin; (fam.) chest

2 Colloquer

(=part of body); (fam.) les cc. de
l'tat=the coffers of the State, the
Treasury; (naut.) buoy, moorings.

Coffin cercueil.

Coffin = box, case (for mower's whetstone) .

Coin=monnaie ; piece (de tnonnaie).

Coin = corner, angle, nook; wedge, peg;
stamp, die; low stool; clock (stocking).

Collecte = (liturgy) collect -J- collection
(money for charity).

Collection = (action) reunion, r assemble-
ment (of persons) ; collecte, qugte (of
money) ; (money collected) recette ;
(accumulation of dust, etc.) amas ; (of
documents, etc.) compilation, recueil ;
(of coins, works of art, etc.) collection ;
(of taxes) perception; (in business)
encaissement ; (of debts) recouvrement ;
(postal letters) levee (des boites) ; exam en
(at Oxford Univ.).

Collecti on = collection (paintings, medals,
etc.); set, file (of newspapers, etc.).

Collector = (of paintings, etc.) collec-
tionneur ; (of gifts for charity) collecteur
-\-percepteur, receveur (of taxes).

Collecteur = (formerly) tax-gatherer, col-
lector; (elect.) commutator.

College *= college (body of persons with
common functions and privileges as
Sacred College of Cardinals, College
of Arms, Heralds' College); academie
(medicine, etc.) ; college (Oxford and
Cambridge colleges, or similar institu-
tions); college (Eton, Dulwich, Win-
chester, etc.); (professional study)
6cole, institut t academie; (secondary
school) lycee, college ; (pretentiously for)
pensionnat, institution, ecole ; (music)
conservatoire.

College (in Ancient Rome, in Romish
Church) college; (in a constituency)
electors; (higher learning) C. de
France] (secondary education) school
maintained by municipality, generally
with State aid.

Collier = (miner) houilleur, mineur; (boat)
charbonnier.

Collier necklace; collar (of animals and
slaves); hoop or ring (of metal for
various technical uses).

Collocate == placer (mettre) ensemble;
disposer.

Colloquer place anyhow in order to get
rid of : c. un invite au bout de la table
relegate a guest to the end of the table;
c. sa fille au premier venupalm off
one's daughter on the first comer;

Collocation

43

Commend

make list of creditors (in order of
importance) .

Collocation = arrangement, disposition.

Collocati on = establishing order of priority
of creditors; sum that each creditor is to
receive according to priority.

Colon = (punctuation) deux points; (part
of intestine) colon.

Colon = colonist, settler; farmer.

Colour = couleur -{- (mil.) drapeau : serve
with the colours = servir sous les
drapeaux ; trooping of the colour(s) =
salut au drapeau; with flying colours
=haut la main.

Couleur = colour -f- (cards) suit : il faut
donner de la c.=one must follow suit.

Colourable = (specious, counterfeit) color e,
plausible, contrefait, trompeur.

Colorable^ capable of being coloured.

Coma = coma (stupor) +chevelure (of a
comet) .

Combination = (action or result) com-
binaison; (combined state) alliance,
association, entente, reunion; (math.)
combinaison ; (chem.) combinaison ;
(united action) combinaison, coalition;
conconrs (of circumstances) ; (pi., ladies'
garment) combinaison; c.-room ( =
Cambridge common-room), salle oti, les
'fellows ' se reunissent apres le diner.

Combine (n.) = (com.) trust, cartel.

Combinaison combination (as above);
plan, scheme, contrivance; engineer's
overalls, dungarees.

Combine (slang) = scheme, arrangement.

Comedian = comedien. The French
word is applied to any actor, whether
tragic or comic. The English word
applies to comic actors and, rarely, to
writers of comedies (auteur comique),
but, loosely, it is applied nowadays to
music-hall performers, or those who at
one time would have been styled 'low
comedians.'

Comfort = (relief in affliction) encourage-
ment, soulagement; reconfort; consola-
tion; satisfaction : it J s a c. to be able to
speak to you c'est une satisfaction de
pouvoir vous parler ; (person who con-
soles) appui, soutim, consolation; (happi-
ness) bonheur; (things that make life
easy) le bien-&tre, I'aisance, confort; (pl. t
creature comforts) commodites de la vie,
bien-Btre materiel.

Confort = material comfort.

Comfortable = (house, furniture, meal)
confortable -f agrfable, commode;

heureux, content; a Vaise; dans I'aisance
(as to means); bien: are you c. here? =
etes-vous bien id?; tranquille, avec la
conscience tranquille,

Confortable. See above.

Comity courtoisie. C. of nations =a
courtoisie internationale. ['Apparently
misused for: The company of nations
mutually practising international c.'
(N. E. ).)], society des nations civilisSes.

Comite= committee; party in the phrase
en petit c. : etre en petit c.=be a select
party ; diner en petit c. = dine informally
with a few intimate friends.

Command (n.)= ordre(s), commandement
[at one's c.=d ses ordres]; autorite,
pouvoir f empire^ domination, protec-
tion f influence; (mastery) maitrise t pos-
session; (disposal) disposition; (have a c.
of a language) posstder une langue;
(fluency) facilite"; porUe (of a gun);
(body of troops or district) troupe;
region. At c.=^4 (sa) disposition.
Self-c.=Maitrise de soi. He has a
wonderful c. of temper =// se possede
a merveille.

Commandment = (decalogue) commande-
ment.

Commande^ (business) order, (naut.) fox.
De commande^ (lit.) Arranged to order,
(fig-) forced, feigned; (eccles.) obligatory :
fetes de c.; (pi., car, machinery) controls.

Commandement = commandment (as
above); command, order; disposal,
bidding; (mil.) word of command;
mandate, precept; (law) summons to
pay; (nav. and mil.) command, com-
mandership. chelle de c. Accom-
modation ladder.

Command (v.)= commander, ordonner, en-
joindre ; commander (army, ship) ;
commander a, maitviser (passions) ;
disposer de, avoir d, sa disposition;
commander (respect) ; (overlook) domi-
ner, avoir vue sur, commander.

Commander =* command; order (dinner,
goods); (machinery) drive, operate,
control: I' excentrique commande le
tiroir=thQ eccentric controls the slide-
valve. S0 c.= Control oneself.

Commend = confer; recommander, faire
Veloge de ; etre digne de I' attention de, se
recommander a: I am sorry if his
methods don't c. themselves to you =
je regrette que ses mtthodes ne se recom-
mandent pas a vous. C. me to (fam.)
Parlez-moi de, donnez-moi de preference.

Commercial

44

Compere

Commercial = commercial. C. traveller
Commis voyageur, voyageur de commerce.

Commissariat *=intendance ; vivres, provi-
sions de bouche ; ravitaillement.

Commissariat = police-station; commis-
sionership ; commissioner's office ;
commissioners (of the Admiralty).

Commissary = commissaire + suffragant
(= suffragan bishop).

Commissaire = commissary, member of a
commission; (sports) steward. C. de
police Police superintendent. (Mil.
and nav.) C. du gouvernement = Prose-
cutor (at court-martial).

Commission = commission, ordre, autorite,
mandat ; mission, charge ; (crime) perpe-
tration; (magistrate's) charge; (officer's)
brevet; (ship's) armement; (business)
commission ; (body of men) commission
(money) commission.

Commission = commission, trust, warrant,
mandate; mission; order; message,
errand : committee; (univ., etc.) board.

Commissionaire = commissionnaire, huis-
sier, gardien, messager, chasseur.

Commissionnaire^ commissionaire, street-
porter, messenger: petit c.= errand-
boy; agent: c. en gros = factor;
carrier.

Commit = (entrust, etc.) confer, livrer,
exposer, commettre; (to writing) con-
signer [coucher] par ecrit; (to memory)
apprendre par cceur ; (to earth)
ensevelir ; (to the flames, etc.) livrer,
jeter; (to prison) envoy er en prison,
e'crouer, incarcerer ; (bill) renvoyer d une
commission; (sin) faire, commettre;
(reflex.) s'engager, se lier, se compro-
mettre. C. suicide Se suicider.

Commettre ~ embroil, set at variance
(persons) ; commit, trust, expose, en-
trust, confide; appoint, commission,
employ; commit (sin, etc.).

Commode = chaise percee.

Commode chest of drawers.

Commodious = vaste, spacieux.

Commodity = marchandise, produit,
denrees (generally food), article.

Commodity = commodiousness, con-
venience (of rooms) ; comforts ; oppor-
tunity; (pi.) (public) convenience,
W.C.

Common (adj.) =* commun -j- ordinaire,
simple; banal, terre & terre; (of c.
extraction) du commun, du peuple.
Book of C. Prayer^Liturgie de lglise
anglicane.

Common (n.) terrain communal, commun-
aux, champs communs ; lande, bruyere.

Commun (n.) = generality, common run.
majority, commonalty.

Commonalty = peuple, bourgeoisie, roture;
le commun des hommes ; communaute.

Communaute community, society; (reli-
gious) community; community (of
interests, etc.).

Commons peuple; tiers itat; "bourgeoisie.
House of C. =La Chambve des communes
(^Chambre des deputes in France);
(food) vivres, provisions, chere. To be
on short c. = Faire maigre chere.

Communs = domestic offices; privy.

Communicate = communiquer + (sacra-
ment) communier qqn.

Communiquer = communicate + transmit
(a disease).

Communicatif = communicative 4- catch-
ing, infectious (laughter).

Community = communaute -f la societc,
I'gtat.

Communite community (of possessions),
ownership in common.

Compact = compact -\- (style) concz's.

Companion = compagnon, associe ;
camarade; dame (demoiselle) de com-
pagnie ; (match) pendant; (naut.)
capot.

Compagnon = companion, partner, friend;
fellow, mate; associate, etc.

Compare == comparer + (gram.) former le
comparatif de.

Compass (v.) = (go round) faire le touv
de; (hem in) entourer, encercler ; bloqucv,
assidger (town) ; (grasp mentally) saisir,
embrasser ; (accomplish) accomplir, venir
a bout de; (contrive) amener, obtenir,
trouver moyen de ; tramer (plot) .

Compasser = measure (with compasses) ;
weigh up, consider; formalize. Com-
passe=* formal, studied, regular; stiff,
starched, affected, .precise.

Compass (n.) = (mariners) boussole, compas
de mer ; (pl. t an instrument with two
legs) compas; (boundary) limites; (area,
extent) espace f etendue f enceinte, surface;
volume; (fig.) portde (mind, language);
(roundabout) tour, circuit; (fig.) sphere,
6tendue (of knowledge, etc.); registre
(voice).

Compas = compass (es), dividers, cal(l)ipers.
Compeer = egal t pair ; compagnon (com-

pctgne), camarade.

Compere godfather [fem. coinmere];
confederate.

Compensate

45

Concern

Compensate = (counterbalance) corn-
Denser -f indemniser gqn de (for his
actual losses); dedommager qqn de (in
any way).

Compenser= counterbalance; make up for.
(Les recettes compensent les frais. II
comprise ses defauts par de grandes
qualites.) (Law) C. les depens = To
condemn each side to pay its own costs.

Compete = (strive with s.o. for s.t., in
doing or abs.) faire concurrence d qqn;
concourir pour, se mettre sur les rangs ;
(vie with s.o. in a quality) disputer qqch
d qqn ; rivaliser avec qqn de (in) qqch.

Compiler = belong (to s.o.) by right
(law); be within the competence of.
(N.) Competition = (action) competing;
competition.

Competence = (easy circumstances)
suffisance, aisance, fortune snffisante;
(ability, knowledge) capacite, com-
petence; (legal) competence.

Complaisance = complacence -}- willing-
ness, obligingness. 11 montre trop de
c. = He is too accommodating. Billet
dec.= Accommodation bill. (N.) Com-
plaisant = Time-server. (Adj.) Complai-
san=Kind, obliging; yielding; con-
siderate ; accommodating ; fawning,
pandering, time-serving.

Complaint = (uttered grievance) plainte,
grief ; doleances (used generally in pi.
only) ; (accusation) plainte, reclama-
tion [deposer ^m plainle] ; (poem)
complainte; (disease) maladie t maL

Complainte lamentation; ballad, com-
plaint.

Complement = complement + (mil. and
nav,) effectif; (gram.) attribuL

Complete = acheve ; accompli (model,
method) ; complet (dress, suit) ; entier
(submission); parfait (triumph). Sa
gloire etait au comble.

Complet (adj . and n.) . Un regiment c. [est
au c.] = . . . full numbers [= comple-
ment]. Un omnibus c. [est c. ]==...
full up. C. de voyage=^ Travelling suit
C. veston= Lounge suit.

Complete (v.)~ computer (=make whole
or entire so as to leave nothing wanting)
-\-achever, terminer.

Complexion = (colour of skin) teint; of
things) aspect, apparence; (fig., char-
acter, condition, etc.) caractere, qualite,
nuance.

Complexion = temperament, humour,
constitution; disposition.

Compose = (constitute) former, composer;
be composed oi=se composer de; (mus.
and lit.) composer; (print.) composer;
arranger f ajuster, accommoder (dispute);
(arrange for a purpose) se disposer a, se
mettre a (sleep, write, etc.); composer
(countenance); rediger (memoir, writing,
etc.) ; se concentrer, recueillir (thoughts
for action, etc.) ; calmer, apaiser, tran-
quilliser (mind, anger, terror); (reflex.)
se calmer , se remettre.

Composer compose (see above), form,
make, fashion, adjust, paint; set (type)
= compose ; answer ; write (examination
paper) ; (composer avec) compound, come
to terms, settle ; capitulate* Compose =
compound (interest, word, tense, time)
-f composite (flower, capital). Corps
compose (chem . ) = Compound .

Composition = composition -{- (schools,
univ.) theme (= translation from the
mother tongue into a foreign language) ;
melange, compose; nature, caractere:
there is not much pride in his c.=t/ y a
pen d'orgneil dans son caractere.

Composition = composition -f (schools)
test (set regularly every week, term);
(schools) examination paper: la c. de
francais = the French paper.

Comprehensible = (grasped by mind)
comprehensible, intelligible -f qui pent
$tre contenu.

Compromise (v.) = (trans., settle s.t. by
mutual concession) arranger [mettre fin
a] par un compromis, regler par des
concessions mutuelles ; (intrans.) tran-
siger (sur, en ce qui concerne) ; (bring
oneself or others under suspicion) (se)
compromettre.

Compromettre (place in a critical posi-
tion) compromise [see last sense above],
jeopardize; discredit; implicate, incul-
pate; damage.

Concatenation = (logic) concatenation -f
serie, suite, enchainement.

Concentrer = concentrate + repress
(feelings) . Eire concentre = Be reserved,
uncommunicative.

Concern. Concerner. The French verb is
used in the 3rd person only, and has
only one sense, 'relate to, affect,' as
Cela ne vous concerne [= regarde] pas
= That is no c. of yours, that doesn't
c. you. The English verb has the
following equivalents : concerner, re-
garder, toucher; (interest oneself in,
about, etc.) s'inttresser d; (take part in)

Concert

prendre part d, s'occuper de; se m&er de;
(troubled in p.p.) affliger f peiner; s'in-
quie'ter (de); craindre (pour); (in the
passive) s'engager dans, tre pour qqch
dans; (plot, etc.) $tre implique 1 dans,
tremper dans. I am concerned to know
=Je suis peine d'apprendre. I am con-
cerned in tMs matter Cette affaire
m'interesse. Where life is concerned =
Ou il s'agit de la vie. That concerns
you personally = Cela vous louche de
pres.

Concert concert; agreement, arrange-
ment, harmony; chorus (of praises,
etc.).

Concord (n.) concorde., harmonie; accord
(music); troiti; (gram.) accord.

Concours = concourse, crowd; concourse
(of atoms) + (geom., phys.) conver-
gence, concurrence; coincidence (of
events) ; assistance, co-operation ; com-
petition; contest, match; competitive
examination; exhibition, show. Hors
c. =In a class by itself. Mettre au c. =
Throw open to competition.

Concur = (happen together) concourir;
(co-operate with) concourir 4- etre
d'accord; (of events, circumstances)
coincides

Concourir = (geom., phys.) converge;
coincide, concur; co-operate, concur,
contribute; unite; compete.

Concurrence = coincidence, simultaneity;
(co-operation) concours, collaboration,
cooperation; (agreement in opinion)
assentiment, approbation.

Concurrence = (dates) juncture, concur-
rence; jusqu'a c. (de la somme) = to
the amount of (the sum), to the
extent of, till ... is duly discharged;
(law) equality of rights; competition,
emulation, rivalry. '

Concussion = secpusse, choc f tbranlement;
(surg.) commotion (cJvebrale = of the
brain); (formerly, extortion by ruling
powers) concussion.

Concussion (magistrate's, etc., illicit gain)
malversation, extortion, exaction,
embezzlement.

Condenser = condense (gas, electricity,
etc.). (Mil.) Se . Close up; crowd
(of population).

Conditioned = (of condition) conditionne
-I- (of disposition) qui a bon [mauvais]
caractere.

Conductor = (leader) guide, conducteur, \
directeur; chef (band, orchestra); (bus, I

3 Confinement

tram) receveur ; (of water) canal,
conduit; (phys.) conducteur; personne
qui communique [transmef] (a disease);
(lightning) paratonnerre.

Conducteur = conductor, leader, chief;
guide ; foreman (of works) ; driver (of
bus).

Confection = (mixing) fabrication d'un
melange; (mixture) melange; confiserie f
sucrerie, fruit confit, bonbon; (pharm.)
confection; (dress) confection.

Confection making, preparation, execu-
tion, drawing up; making up (clothes),
outfitting; a ready-made article of
dress.

Confectioner = confiseur, and confectionery
confiserie,

Confectionneur(celui qui confectionne] =
maker (of articles) ; ready-made clothier,
outfitter.

Conferer = confer 4- compare, collate.

Confidence = (trust) confiance ; (assured
expectation) assurance ; (boldness)
audace, hardiesse, impudence; (imparting
of private matters or thing so imparted)
confidence', c. trick =vol a Vamericaine.

Confidence (disclosure of a secret) con-
fidence. Dire qqch en c. Mettre qqn
dans la .=Make a confidant of s.o., let
s.o. into the secret. Faire c. de qqch d
qqn Entrust s.o. with a secret. En
c. = Confidentially.

Confiance = confidence, trust, reliance,
hope, assurance. Avoir c. en qqn.
Trahir la c. de qqn. Une personne de
c. (== trustworthy). Abus de c.
Breach of trust. Avoir c. dans un
rem$de~Ha.vQ confidence in [believe
in] a medicine. C. en soi-mme~
Self-confidence.

Confidential = (letter, etc.) confidentiel-\-
(person) intime; de confiance.

Confine (v.) = (keep within [to] limits)
confiney, enfcrmer, retenir (chez soi);
releguer dans, ct (garret, secluded place) ;
emprisonner; faire garder (le lit, etc.);
(fig.) limiter, bormr, rtprimer, restreindre
(movements, remarks, etc.); (pass., be
in childbed) s'accoucher; (mil.) con-
signer (to barracks).

Confinerd~to border on, be adjacent to;
(trans.) confine, restrict.

Confinement= detention, cmprisonnemcnt ;
prison, rtchision; vie stdentaire; (of
woman) accouchement; (mil.) arrets.

Confinement = restricting, limiting; soli-
tary confinement.

Confirmed

47

Conscience

Confirmed = confirme, affermi, assure -f-
endurti (angler, bachelor); (inveterate)
fieffe*, franc, incorrigible, impenitent,
invitiri (liar, thief, beggar, etc.).
C. criminal = Rtcidiviste, (pop.) un
cheval de retour.

Confluent (adj.) = (med., bot.) confluent +
(of rivers, etc.) qui confluent, qui se
rencontrent. (N.) (loosely for 'affluent ')
affluent, tributaire.

Confluent (n.)= junction, meeting, con-
fluence (of rivers, etc.).

Conformation = conformation -+ adapta-
tion (d)*

Confound = (upset plans, hope) reduire a
ne*ant, renverser, dtruire; (curse) c. you !
que le diable vous emporte! C. it ! =
Fichtre / Bigre / Peste I ; (throw into
disorder, mix up) confondre, embarrasser,
deconcerter, consterner, mettre en des-
ordre; (confuse in idea) embrouiller,
confondre.

Confondre ~ mingle, mix up, blend,
jumble; confound, mistake for; con-
fuse, disconcert, bewilder; amaze,
abash, confute, cover with shame;
(reflex.) to be profuse with (excuses,
thanks, etc.) : il s'est confondu en
excuses.

Confraternity = confraternity -f- bande t
corporation, troupe, clique, etc.

Confront = (to be, stand or come in front
of, generally passively) se trouver en face
de, faire face a, se presenter de front a;
(face in hostility or defiance, present a
bold front) affronter (enemy, death) ,
attaquer de front, tenir tete a; se camper
fierement devant; (bring together face
to face) confronter, mettre face d
face.

Confusion* Confusion.. Broadly speaking
the two words have the same connota-
tions, but in actual use the English
word applies oftener to material dis-
order and confusion. In the French
word, mental confusion extends to
shame, blush, mortification* C. worse
confounded =1,5 comble de la c.

Congestion = (med.) congestion -f- (fig.,
traffic, population) encombrement (of
carriages), affluence (of people) =
concours.

Conglomerate (n., adj., v.). Conglome'rat;
conglome'rer. [The French words are
scientific only, whereas the English
word is used of ordinary things, and
even figuratively.] i

Congregation = assemblage, reunion; (per-
sons) assembUe, auditoire; (religious
community) congregation; (body as-
sembled for religious worship) (reunion
des) fiddles, paroissiens.

Conjoin* Conjoindre. The latter is now
used of marriage only.

Conjunction = conjonction + union,
rencontre, assemblage; (events, circum-
stances) concours, combinaison.

Conjure = conj urer-}-(c. up) evoquer; (c.
away) escamoter, faire disparaitre.

Conjurer = conspire, plot (ruin of s.o.,
etc.); also intrans. ; (keep away by
religious exorcism or magic) conjure
away, turn aside, ward off, appease :
c. la coUre de qqn t le peril, un accident;
(appeal solemnly) conjure, adjure;
implore, beseech.

Conjurer (-or) =magicien, sorcier, conjura-
teur; (juggler) escamoteur, prestidigita-
teur; (ironically) he's no c.il n'apas
invente la poudre, il n'est pas sorcier.

Conjurateur= magician, sorcerer.

Conjure conspirator.

Connex[ct]ion = (act or state) union,
jonction; (relation of thought, etc.) rela-
tion, rapport, liaison; connexion (facts,
parts) [connexion refers merely to rela-
tionship or association between things
or parts of things] ; (law) connexite (of
two causes); (connecting parts) com-
munications; (coherence) suite; (inter-
course) commerce, relations; liaison; (a
relative) parent; parent^; membre de la
famille; (business) clientele; (other ties)
relations (politiques, religieuses) ; (trains)
correspondence.

Conquer = asservir; assujettir (a nation
with the idea of continued slavery or
subjection) ; conquevir (country, public
esteem, a woman's heart); dompter
(courage, horse, nation) ; mater (pride,
resistance) ; maitriser (passions) ; sur-
monter (difficulty, fears) ; triompher de
(person or thing) ; vaincre (enemy,
resistance, anger).

Consanguine = parent; consanguin (of
same father) + ute'rin (of same mother).

Conscience = (moral sense) conscience;
(impudence) effronterie, hardiesse,
aplomb. C.-stricken=Pm de remords,
bourreU de remords. C. -money = res-
titution d'argent faite anonymement et
par scrupule de conscience. In all c. =
Dieu sait.

Conscience = conscience; consciousness,

Consecrate

48

Consume

sense. (Se) faire c. de=To scruple to.
Travail en c. (print.) = time-work.
Consecrate = consacrer -{- canoniser +

sacrer (king, bishop).
Consentir = consent +- bend, spring (of a
mast); (trans.) admit (a truth); (legal)
authorize; allow (a discount).
Conservateur (n.) = conservator, keeper;
(museum) curator; (library) librarian;
(of woods and forests =des eaux et
forets) conservator; (mortgages) regis-
trar; (politics) conservative.
Conservative (adj.) = conservateur -f

(estimate) modere, prudent, etc.
Conservatory = conservatoire (music) +

serre.

Conservatoire conservatory, conserva-
toire [' In England, the French form of
the word is commonly used ' (N. E.D.)] ;
museum.

Consider = (contemplate mentally) con-
siderer, penser a, examiner, reflechir a;
(reflect that, etc.) considers que, re-
flechir que; (make allowance for) tenir
compte de f avoir egard a; (intrans., to
bethink oneself) reflechir, faire attention.
Considerate =prevenant, attentif, aimable.
Consideration = (act of) consideration,
examen; reflexion; egard(s) a, indul-
gence pour, attention; (return for)
compensation, retribution, equivalent, de-
dommagement; (on account of) en
consideration de, moyennant; par egard
pour ; (fact, etc., regarded as a reason)
raison, motif, consideration ; (law) cause,
motif; (regard for feelings, thought-
fulness) sollicitude, prevenance, souci,
consideration.

Consideration = consideration, examina-
tion; (pi.) observations, remarks, reflec-
tions; regard, consideration, account;
importance; reasons; esteem; repute.
Agrees V assurance de ma parfaite [haute]
c. = Yours truly (faithfully) .
Consign = (hand over) livrer, confier, remet-
tre (d) ; deposer, ensevelir (in grave) ;
(com.) envoyer t expedier; (fig.) livrer a,
ensevelir dans (oblivion). Consignment
= consignation, envoi, expedition, mar-
chandises consignees.

Consigner = deposit (as security) ; consign
(goods) ; enter, record (fact on official
document) ; register, book (in carrier's
list) ; confine, keep in [school term is
mettre en retenue], confine to barracks;
refuse admittance ~c. qqn d sa porte.
Consigne = cloak-room (in railway

station) ; (mil.) C.B. (confined to
barracks) .

Consist = consister (en) [d + inf.]; se
composer (de) ; (agree, consist with) etre
en harmonie [d'accord] avec t s'accorder
[etre compatible] avec.

Consistence [solidity, firmness; degree of
firmness or density : of things mainly]
consistence, substance.

Consistency = (consistence, as above) =
consistance ; stabilite, fermete (of bone,
flesh), solidite, (fig.) qualite*, condition;
esprit de suite, suite, qualite d'etre
consequent*

Consistance^ firmness, density, consistence;
firmness, steadiness, strength (of per-
sons, character, mind, etc . ) . Bruit sans
c. = Unfounded rumour. (Law) Extent,
nature (of property, inheritance, etc.).

Consistent (adj.) = (of substance, archaic)
consistant-}- compatible avec; toujours
egal ; d'accord avec soi-meme ; (of persons
or conduct) consequent, qui ne se
dement pas.

Consistant (pavtic.) consisting; firm,
stable, solid (things); (of character,
etc.) firm, fixed.

Consolidation = consolidation + setting,
joining together (of a fracture).
(Finance) Funding of (floating debt).

Consort (n.)mari, femme; epoux, epouse;
(nav.) in c. de conserve. Prince C. (of
Queen Victoria) ^prince-dpoux [consort].

Consorts (n.) = (pi.) associates, con-
federates, partners.

Constable = (hist.) connetable + agent de
police.

Constant = constant -\-fidcle.

Constant = constant + established,
recognized (fact).

Constamment constantly, continually -j-
with constancy, consistently, resolutely.

Constitution = constitution 4- appointing
(solicitor for defence), briefing (of
lawyer) ; settling legally (dowry, pen-
sion, etc.).

[Constraint.] Contrainte = constraint -|-
restraint, check, restriction ; compulsion,
force; (legal) attachment, arrest; dis-
traint.

Construction (act, manner of) construc-
tion ; bdtiment, construction; (geom.)
construction, figure; construction (of a
sentence) + interpretation, explication;
deduction, conclusion.

Consume consumer, consommer, manger,
boire.

Consommer

49

Control

Consommer = consummate 4- use up,
consume.

Consummate (v.) achever, perfectionner,
consommer (marriage). (Adj.)parfait,
consomme, accompli (generally in good
sense); franc, fiefft (in bad sense, as
liar, ass).

Consummation = consommation (mar-
riage) ; achevement, accomplissement ;
(end, goal) fin, but, denouement; (per-
fection) comble, couronnement, perfection,
dernier mot.

Consumption = (destruction) consomption ;
consommation (of food, coal, etc.) ; perte
(time) ; (malady) phtisie. Consumptive
poitrinaire.

Consommation = consummation (see
above) ; consumption (food) ; drink (at
a cafe).

Consomption consumption (by fire, use,
etc.) ; (malady) wasting, decline.

Contemplate = contempler + (expect,
intend) s'attendre a, prevoir, songer a;
se proposer de, avoir en viie, avoir le
projet de f projeter; prtmediter (a crime) ;
(intrans., muse) ' mediter, rever, etre
reveur.

Contemporary = contemporain 4- (news-
paper) confrere.

Contenir contain 4- keep in check, con-
trol, restrain.

Content (s) (n.) = content!, capacite, con-
tenance; (table of) matieres; volume (of
a solid); contentement, satisfaction [to
one's heart's c. = d casttr joie].

Contention = lutte, discorde, dispute, con-
testation; emulation; these. My c. is
that= / soutiens que.

Contention tenseness, mental intent-
ness.

Contest (v.) contester (statement) ; s'effor-
cer de gagner (election, victoire] ; disputer,
contester, qqch a qqn; lutter contre
(adversary); rivaliser de. Contested
election = Une election ou, il y a plus
d'un candidat.

Contest (n.)= contestation, lutte, debat-}-
concours, rencontre.

Conteste now occurs only in the phrase
sans c. = indisputably, without question.

Contiguity = contiguite H- proximite";
(psych.) proximite, ressemblance (of
ideas, etc.).

Continent (adj.) == (temperate, chaste)
continent -f (med.) unintermitting
(fever, etc.).
Contingency =(philos.) contingence (= un-

certainty of occurrence); eventualite*,
hasard, cos imprevu; dtpense imprevue.

Continuation ^prolongation, continuation ;
suite; prolongement ; (stock exchange)
report.

Contour = contour. C. lines = Courbes de
niveau.

Contract (n.) contrat-{-entreprise, adjudi-
cation, for fait: put up to c.=mettre en
adjudication; work by c., c. work=
travail a foyfait. By private c.=A
I' amiable, de gre a gre.

Contrat = contract + a number of legal
terms, e.g. c. d'apprentissage articles
of apprenticeship; c. de soci6te= deeds
of partnership, etc.

Contract (v.) = contracter -\- froncer (eye-
brows) ; traiter, soumissionner, s* engager
par contrat.

Contracter contract +c. une assurance
take out an insurance policy.

Contraction = contraction (of a body,
heart, muscles, face); (of the heart)
resserrement ; r6trecissement (med., vein,
etc.); restriction, limitation, diminution
(expenses); froncement (of the brow);
etroitesse (mind); (metal) retrait.

Contrariety = (opposition) contvariete,
contretemps ; disaccord, disconvenance
+ inconsequence.

Contrarilte = contrariety, clashing) -f
annoyance, vexation.

Contravene contrevenir a, enfreindre (law,
oath) ; contester (statement); keurter,
&tre en contradiction avec ( conflict
with).

Contrebande = contraband 4- homme de
c.=intruder^ (/am.) gate-crasher.

Contribution contribution + (newspaper,
h'terary) article.

Contribution ~ contribution + tax : cc.
directes direct taxation.

Control (n.) = (command, sway, etc.)
autoritt, direction, gtrance; surveillance;
(restraint, check) contrainte, entrave f
frein; maitrise (de soi), empire; (scient.)
contrdle> verification; (person) con-
troleur; (pi., machinery) commandes.
Birth c. = Malthusianisme, limitation
de la natalite. Circumstances beyond
my c.=Cir Constances independantes de
ma volonte.

Controle (army) register, roll, list;
stamping, hall - marking ; superinten-
dence, censorship, audit; inspection (of
tickets, etc.) ; (theatre) ticket office.

Control (v.)=adiriger, gouverner, dominer,

Contrdler

50

Cordon

commander a; avoir de V empire sur (soi-
meme)t mattriser r reprimer (one's anger,
etc.), enrayer (malady, etc.); verifier,
contrdler. (N.) Controller (as v.) +
intendant.

Contrdler = stamp ; verify, check, examine.
(N.) Controlettr=: stamper; ticket col-
lector, etc.

Convene =(intrans.) s f assembler, se reunir,
venir ensemble; (trans.) assembler, con-
voquer, reunir ; citer (devant un
tribunal) .

Convention = (action) rassemUement, con-
vocation; assemble, convention ; contrat,
pacte, convention, engagement.

Convenir=to suit, become, be proper;
please (conditions, expectations, tastes,
wishes, regulations, etc.); to agree
about (=c. sur), be in harmony, suit-
able; acknowledge that s.t. is so and
so, grant, etc.; come to an agreement,
agree upon (price, etc.); (impers.) be
expedient, advisable. Us conviennent
de nature aussi bien que de nom = They
agree in nature as well as in name. //
ne convenait pas avec sa femme sur ce
point He did not agree with his wife
on that point. Tout le monde en est
c0mtewtt Everybody admitted it. Je
suis convenu (agreed) avec lui du (about
the) prix. (Impersonally) // corwient
que vous lui disiez, etc. = It is advisable
for you to tell him, etc. // convient de
lui dive que It may be [is] well to tell
him that.

Convenience = (suitableness) commodity (of
a house) ; les commodit&s de la vie. At
your c.=/4 votre ai$e~quand vous le
pourrezquand cela vous conviendra.
At your earliest c. = Aussitdt que \des
que} vous en aurez le temps [loisir] ; un
grand avantage; (an object) une chose
commode; (privy) commodity = lieux
d'aisance; (material comforts) le confort>
le confortable.

Convenance fitness, suitability. Rapport
de c.=A fit connexion or relationship;
harmony, proportion (in works, in
style) ; convenience, seasonableness,
expediency ; seemliness, decorum,
decency, good taste; (pi.) conventions
(of society).

Conversertalk, converse; (mil., techn.)
turn, wheel*

Convert ^convertir, transformer, changer;
(to religion or opinion) convertir; (turn
into) faire servir de* They c. nouns

into verbs =7/s emploient des noms
comme des verbes; cementer (steel).

Converse (a.dj.)=oppost, contraire; (logic)
converse; (math.) converse.

Convers = (monastic) lay; (fern, in math,
and logic) converse.

Conversion = conversion -f- (mil.) wheel,
turn.

Convocation convocation -f assemblee
(church and universities).

Convulse agiter violemment, bouleverser;
(pass.) se tordre (de rire); (med.)
convulser.

Copious ^copieux (meal); ample (details,
etc.); excessif, profus (in speech, etc.),
disert; (of languages) riche, abondant
(en mots).

Copy = copie (generally); exemplaire (of
book, etc.); numero, exemplaire (of
newspaper); (legal) expedition f grosse;
transcription (of court-roll, etc.). Rough
c.^Brouillon. Fair c.=Copze an net.
Certified true c.Pour copie conforme.

Copie copy (as above) + (school) paper,
exercise.

Coral = cor ail -J- (toy of polished c. for
children cutting teeth) hochet.

Cord (n.) = (thick string, thin rope)
corde ; (small) cordon ; (trimming) ganse ;
(material) velours de coton a cdtes;
(bookbinding) nerf; (wood measure)
corde; (fig.) lien.

Corde = cord, rope, twine; (fig.) tie,
string; string (of a bow), thread (in
cloth) ; cord (of wood) ; halter, rope (for
hanging or for animal) ; (mus. instr.)
string; (piano and math.) chord;
(punishment) hanging. Avoir la c. au
cou = To be in a tight corner. Parley
de c. dans la maison d'un pendu'TQ
awaken unhappy memories. Quand la
c. est trop tendue elle se rompt = It is
dangerous to drive things too far.
Toucher la c. sensible To touch the
tender spot. Friser la c. =To have just
missed the gallows; to have a narrow
esc&pQz=l'echapper belle. Montr er la c.
=To be threadbare. Us& jusqu'd la c.
= (fig.) Hackneyed, very stale.

Cordon = (small cord, plait, or ribbon)
string (s) (of bonnet, apron, etc.) ; (bell)
pull ; door-pull (controlled from porter's
lodge): C., s'il vous plait ! Door,
please ! ; strings (purse) ; (bishop or
cardinal's hat) cord; girdle; (various
orders and decorations) ribbon ; (nerves)
cord; *ine, row (lamps, trees, etc.);

Corn

51

Correspondence

cordon (troops); (techn.) edge, milled
edge (of coin) = coy 'donnet. C. bleu
(fam.) = First-rate female cook, out-
standing person : les cc. bleus du journal-
isms. N'ttre pas digne de denouev les cc.
des souliers de qqn= (bibl.) Be unworthy
to unloose the latchet of s.o.'s shoes,
(fig.) be very inferior to s.o.

Corn = (i) grain, ctreales; bU; mats;
avoine; (ii) (on toe, foot) COY.

C0r7ze=horn; shoe-horn; corner (angle);
peak (of mountain); dog's-ear (page).
Chapeau a cc.= Cocked hat. Faire les
cc. =To make sport of.

Cornet =(mus. instr.) cornet a pistons;
cornette (of sister of mercy)/ (mil.)
cornette.*

Cornet = cornet (as above); small horn,
trumpet; motor horn; ear- trumpet ( =
c. acoustique) ; c. a des dice-box;
paper-cone (screw) (for sweets, etc.);
pastry-horn.

Cornette = cornet (as above) ; (formerly)
hood, mob-cap ; (naut.) broad pendant.

Corniche = cornice -f (nav.) counter-rail;
mountain path (on edge of precipice) .

Corporal = corporal (altar-cloth) -f (of in-
fantry) caporal; (of cavalry, artillery)
brigadier; (nav.) sergent d'armes, caporal
d'armes.

Corporation = corporation (= public body),
corps municipal , conseil municipal;
societe, compagnie; corpulence, bedaine.
He is getting a c.=7/ bdtit sur le devant.

Corpse =cadavre, corps mort, mort. Corps
=B (mil.) corps.

Corpus = corps (writings, law); (physiol.)
corps. C. Christi= Fete-Dieu.

Corps (material part of man or animal)
body ; trunk ; body (of a garment) ; (the
whole person) person, fellow; corpse,
dead body; matter, substance, reality;
(astron.) body; (thickness, consistency)
substance, strength (as of wine) ;
(principal part of s.t.) block (of build-
ings), main part (of letter, etc.); hull
(ship) ; body (carriage) ; bodice (of
petticoat) ; stack (chimney) ; whole,
one body, generally with faire; corps
(army, diplomatic) ; company, brigade,
staff ; corporation ; guild ; corpus. [There
are many gallicisms and idioms; the
following are the most important :
C, de fer^Iron constitution. II est
bourreau de son c.=He doesn't spare
himself. Passer sur le c. a qqn = Run over
s.o,, ride s.o. down. Un corps <i corps \

= Hand-to-hand fight. Avoir le diable
au .=To be full of dash, of devilment,
to be like one possessed : il a le diable
au c. there 's no holding him in.
Faire rentyer a qqn ses paroles dans le
c.=Make him eat his words = withdraw
what he said. A c. perdu= With heart
and soul, desperately. Avoir une
mauvaise affaire sur le c.=To be mixed
up in s.t. unpleasant. C'est un
drdle de c.=He is a queer fellow, (fam.)
queer fish, oddity. Avoir dans le c.
To possess in the way of natural talent.
Par c.~(Law) In person; to or for im-
prisonment. C. et biens=~PeTson and
property, crew and cargo: perdu c. et
liens = lost with all hands. Honor er de
son c.=To take to wife. Le c. vitre
The vitreous humour (of the eye).
Saisir a bras le .=Take round the
waist, grapple with s.o. A son c.
defendant Very reluctantly, in self-
defence.]

Correct (v.) = (proof, exercise) covriger;
rectifier (account, error, construction of
sentence); rtyarer (a blunder, etc.);
reprendre, rdprimander (=set right,
rebuke s.o.); punir, chdtier; ameliorer,
gufrir (unhealthy condition); (reflex.)
se corriger (of faults) ; se reprendre (when
making a blunder in speech).

Corriger = correct, repair; rectify, set
right, restore; (fam.) c. la fortune**
cheat at a game; neutralize, tone down
(bitterness, acidity, etc.) ; reprimand,
rebuke; punish.

Correct (adj .) = (moment, dress, thing)
convenable, comme il faut; (sentence)
correct; (expression, measure, idea)
juste; (principle) Ion; (conduct)
rigulier; (report, time of day) exact.
Is he c.?s=sA-t-il raison ?

Correction correction -f- correctness,
accuracy (of style, drawing, dress,
speech, etc.). Sauf c. = Under correc-
tion, subject to correction.

Correspondence = (agreement of things)
correspondance, rapport, harmonie ; (fig..
persons and things) rapport actif et
essentiel (with one's environment)/
(communication by letter) correspon-
dance; (letters) coarrier, cerrespon-
dance.

Correspondence = conformity, harmony
(among material things only) ; connex-
ion (between trains) ; through ticket (on
tram or bus routes) ; (communication by

Correspond

52

Contenance

letters) correspondence. Cahier de c.**
School pupil's report book.

Correspond =* correspond 4- (of trams,
etc.) be (run, etc*) in connexion, have
a connexion, be connected (of rooms,
omnibus routes, etc.).

Corridor =; corridor + couloir (in a train).
[Wagon a couloir.]

Corrompre = corrupt, taint; deprave,
debauch; pervert -f (techn.) modify
nature (shape) of, soften, etc.

Corsage bust (of a woman) ; chest (of an
animal) ; corsage, bodice (of a garment).

Cote=o6n (pour les animaux), generally
in compound words dove-c., etc.

Cote, Cote, Cotte. See after Coat.

Cotillon= cotillion (dance and music);
petticoat; (fam.) women: aimer le c.=
like, run after, women.

Cottage = (labourer's, villager's) cdbane,
chaumiere; petite maison; (country or
suburban villa to avoid pretence)
villa.

Cottage = country villa in rustic style.

Cotton colon; c. wool=ouate; (fabric,
goods) cotonnade; (thread) fil.

Cotton (v.) = (c. together, with) s'accorder
avec qqn, fray er avec qqn, f ray er ensemble ;
s' attacker a qqn; (c. up to, c. on to)
prendre en amitie.faire des avances d, qqn.

Cotonner cover (s.t.) with cotton, with
down; (intrans. and reflex.) become
covered with down, become fluffy; (of
fruit) go woolly, sleepy. Cheveux
cotonnes= Woolly hair.

Co ton= cotton; down (fruit, etc.). Mettre
dans du c. = To coddle. Jeter, filer, un
mauvais c. = Be in a bad way (in
health or business).

Couch (v.) = (lay oneself down, p.p. only)
couche, etendu; (malting) coucher sur le
germoir ; (spear) mettre en arret ; abaisser
(cataract of the eye); (express in
writing) coucher [mettre] par ecrit [but
' couched ' in French, in strong lan-
guage, etc. =s exprimd, conf u, Tidigt t (law)
libett]; (veil meaning under words)
voiler, cacher ; (of animals in lair, etc.)
giter, se tapir, se raser, se coucher;
(cower, crouch) se blottir, s'accroupir,
se faire petit; (lie in ambush) s 1 embus-
qtter.

Coucher put to bed (child, etc.); lay
down (persons and things) ; (reflex.) go
to bed, lie down [tre couche to be in
bed, lying]; incline, slope, slant; lodge,
beat down (as rain the crops), flatten; c.

qqn enjoue aim at s.o. with a rifle; lay,
spread (colours, etc.) ; couch, put down
(s.t. in writing or s.o. in a document) ;
stake (money); c. gros = bet heavily;
sleep (in reference to place and circum-
stances). [Dormir = to be actually
sleeping, viz. not awake.]

Couch (n.)=/#; canape; (brewer's) lit
d'orge; c. -grass chiendent.

Couche (archaic and literary) bed, couch
+ baby linen, napkin, swaddling -
clothes; confinement, lying-in; coat,
coating, layer, covering (of whitewash,
paint, etc.) ; (garden) bed, hotbed,
layer; (geol.) stratum; (techn.) butt-end
of rifle ; shaft, etc.

Coulter = coutre [which also means
cleaver, chopper].

Council ssconseil; (eccles.) concile.

Counsel = deliberation ; (advice) consc il t
avis ; (plans) dessein, projet, secret; keep
c. garder le secret; keep your own c. ~
n'en parlez d personne = soyez discret.

Con$ez7=advice, counsel, opinion; coun-
sellor, adviser; lawyer, counsel; (body
of men) council, board, court, etc.

Count (n.) = (title) comte; (reckoning)
compte+ (legal) chef (d 1 accusation).

Compe= account, reckoning; count (box-
ing). C. rond= Round sum. A bon c.
== Cheaply. A ce c.-ldA.t that rate,
on that score. Tout c. fait = All things
considered, taking everything into
account. Ne tenir aucun c. de~To
ignore. En fin de c.=When all is said
and done. Eire loin de c.s=Ke a long
way out in one's reckoning. Avoir un
c. d regler avec ^w = Have a bone to
pick with s.o. C. rendu Report, book
review. Se rendre c. de = Realize,
understand, etc.

Countenance (n.) = (expression of face)
expression du v isage, figure . (See Face . )
To keep one's c.=Ne pas se laisser
dconcerter garder son Urieux ; (face)
visage, figure; to put out of c. dt'con-
eerier ; to lose c.~perdre contenance ; to
keep s.o. in c~soutenir, encourager f qqn f
venir d I'aide de qqn, donner son appui d
qqn. To stare s.o. out of c.~ Faire
baisser les yeux & qqn.

Contenance capacity (of vessel); area;
burden (of ship) ; bearing, look, posture;
demeanour, countenance. Faire bonne
c. = Keep one's countenance, show
spirit, put a good face on s.t., put on
a bold look. 77 a pris le livre par c. =

Counterfeit

53

Cours

He took up the book to hide his em-
barrassment, to keep his composure, to
keep himself in countenance.

Counterfeit (v.)=imiter, contrefaire (per-
son, voice, peculiarity; book, coin, bank-
note); feindre (feelings, love, etc.);
simuler (illness, attack)/ (resemble
closely) ressembler beaucoup a.

Contrefaire counterfeit, imitate, mimic;
pirate (book) ; infringe (patent) ; distort,
deform, disfigure : convulsions qui
contrefont tout le visage.

[Countermark*] Contre-marque counter-
mark + (theatre) check (ticket).

Counterpart = contre-partie + (natural
complement) pendant, complement; (of
person, fellow, match) semblable, pareil;
(reproduction, facsimile) portrait, fac-
simiU.

Contre-partie = counterpart -f reverse,
other side, opposite view : soutenir la c.

Country Pays^Patrie^ Contree? RSgionf
Campagnef Province. 6 (i) means a defi-
nite country like England, and also
district, part of the country : dans mon
pays=in my part of the c., where I
come from. Cf. M. Chautemps a voU
hier dans la commune de Saint-Gervais-
La-Foret (Loir-et-Cher) , son pays natal
[his birth-place] (Excelsior, n Oct.
1937). (2) = fatherland. (3) and (4)
are applied to large districts, (3) refer-
ring mainly to natural limits, and (4) to
climate. Campagne is country as op-
posed to town. Province for a French-
man is everything that is not Paris.
(Adj.) C. cousin Parent de province.
C. politics =Politique de clocher. C.
house Mai son de campagne. C. man-
sion = Chdteau. C. squire = Gentil-
homme campagnard f (depreciatory)
hobereau. C. townVille de pro-
vince. C. gentleman = Proprietaire
de province. C. Hie Vie des champs
or vie champgtre or vie de province.
C. parson = Cure de campagne. C.
dance Contredanse. C. people =
Campagnards or provinciaux. C. girl=
Jeune paysanne [villageoise].

[Country dance.] Contredanse country
dance + quadrille.

Couperose copperas; (med.) acne rosacea.

Couple (v.)= coupler, accoupler, attacker
(things; horses, dogs, etc.) -f- rdunir,
rapprocher (persons); (fig.) joindre,
marier; (associate mentally) associer.

Couplet =une couple de vers rimes, distique.

Couplet = hinge; stanza; (theatre) tirade.

Coupon = (detachable ticket) coupon.

Coupon^ coupon (as above); remnant,
short length, cutting (of cloth, etc.) ;
dividend warrant ; (theatre and railway)
(part of) ticket.

Course (n.) = (onward movement) cours
(of time, of the moon, of the stars, of
life) ; course (of the sun, of the heavens,
of our days, of a ship) ; (opportunity for
moving, etc.) cours or libre cours ; (path,
line, direction) route, direction; cours,
parcours (of a river) ; route, voyage (of
a ship) ; take a c. = prendre un parti,
faire une demarche; ligne de conduite;
(channel) cours d'eau= canal, conduit;
(fig. of time, events, actions) marche (of
time), cours (of events), courant (of the
week), (years have run their) carriere,
cours (of one's ideas), (deed which is in)
cours (of execution). To take its c.=
Suivre son cours. (A long) suite (of
prosperity, victory, etc.) ; (way, custom,
practice) cours (of nature) ; c. of ex-
change taux. du change. Take your
own c. = Faites a votre guise. A certain
c. of action = Une certaine maniere
d'agir; (planned series of action, diet,
study, etc.) succession re"gultire t sdrie
(of lectures), cours (of physics, etc.);
(agriculture, rotation of crops) assole-
ment; (bell-ringing) variations; (each
member of a series) service (at dinner,
etc.); assortment (of candles, etc.);
(building, mining) assise [= stratum];
(stage of life) Stape; (naut., sails
attached to lower yard) misaine =
fore-c., grand' 'voile main-c.; the cc.
=les basses voiles. (Phrases) In c.
of = En train de. In due c. = En
te-mps voulu. In (the) c. of (things) =
Avec le temps or Par la suite orAu cours
de qqch. Of c., as a matter of c. = Bien
entendu, naturellement.

Cours = (continuous movement through a
definite space). Voyage an long c.
Distant voyage = voyage to foreign
shores. Le c. de la navette=The run-
ning of the shuttle. (Promenade) Le
c. la Reine= Queen's Walk [Promenade] .
Hyde Park est le c. de Londres (=
London's public walk). (Continuous
movement of running water) Le c.
[course] d'un fleuye, du sang. Prendre
son c.= Begins its course = Takes its
rise. Le c. (of the seasons, of the moon,
of the stars, of time, of the year; of life,

Course

54

Credit

of events, of a discussion, of a malady) ;
(regular circulation of money) currency,
circulation (of coins). Cette piece n'a
plus .=This coin is out of circulation;
(rate of exchange) le c. du marche =
market quotation [price], Le c. [rate]
est eleve; (fig.) c. [vogue] d'un livre;
bruits qui ont c. [are credited] dans la
mile; (series of lessons, lectures) Un c.
[course] d'algebre. Suivre Us c. [Attend
the lectures] & la Sorbonne. II a fini
ses c.=He has completed his course of
studies [at the university] ; (a treatise)
un c. [handbook, treatise] de droit civil.

Course^ (action of running persons and
animals) Pr endive sa c. Start running.
Attraper qqn d la c. (by running). Au
pas de c.=At the double. C. d pied=
Foot-race. C. au clocher Point-to-
point race. Champ de c. = Race-course.
Une c. [excursion, trip] de montagne. Une
c. [drive, ride] en (votiure) fiacre. Faire
des cc.Run errands, make business
calls, go shopping. Payer (au cocker) sa c.
[fare] , A la c. =By distance (in hiring cab,
taxi, etc.) ; (fig.) le soleil achevesac. [jour-
ney, course]. La c. de nos jotirs=Our
life's journey. La c. [path] de la navette,
(stroke) du piston. Armer un navire en c.
= Fit out a ship as a corsair, C. [swing]
du balancier [pendulum]. (Poet.) Sa c.
devorante, indomptee, byillante. La c. in-
trepide du taureau. La c. circulaire de
soleil.

Courser = coursier.

Coursier = courser; water-conduit, mill-
race; (nav.) bow-chaser.

Coursive. See Cursive.

Courtesy courtoisie (politeness) -{-by c.
par faveur.

Courtier = courtisan.

Cow tier = broker (stock exchange).

Cousin = cousin -|- gnat.

Covert convert, asile, abri t lieu ombrage,
fourre, taillis, chasse, hallier.

Convert = cover, shelter; lodging, refuge,
protection, etc. ; fork and spoon ; cover,
place (at table). Mettre le s. Lay the
table.

Crab =s (crustacean) crabe+ (zodiac) 6cre-
visse, cancer; (machine) chime, treuil;
(pi. in hazard) deux as; (boating) catch
a c.= engager son aviron ; (tree) pommier
sauvage; personne reveche. C. -louse =
Morpion.

Crabe = as above + (med.) excrescences
caused by framboesia.

Crack (n.)= crevasse (skin, wall, glacier,
ground) ; felure (china, glass, skull) ;
fente (slit in tree, door, etc.) ; ger^ure
(skin) ; lezarde (irregular breaks in wall) ;
craquelure (hi enamels and paintings) ;
crevasse (veterinary) ; claquement, die-
clac (whip) ; craquement (dry leaves,
snow, ice, branch, woodwork, etc.) ;
detonation (fire-arm). See also Clack.

Crac (inter jection)= crack! C.l la voila
par terre=She was on the ground
before you could say Jack Robinson.

Crackle CYaqueter (salt in fire); (electric
sparks, fireworks, etc.) crepiter ; (fire,
firewood) petiller.

Craqueler = (reflex., of china) become
covered with small cracks. Craquele
may = split : couche de glace craquelee
par un degel suspendu (Larousse).
Chemin craqueU de (criss-crossed with)
ravins (Balzac, cited by Larousse).
See under Clack,

Cragrocher d pic; pointe de rocher ;
rocher escarpe; (geol.) crag.

Cramp = (of muscles) crampe; (techn.)
crampe, crampon; tirant t ancre (on a
wall)/ davier (carpenter's, etc.); (fig.)
contrainte.

Crane = (bird) grue; (techn.) grue, siphon.

Crane = skull, cranium.

Crape = (of black silk for mourning)
crepe (m.).

CrSpe (m.)= crape (as above); (/.)==
pancake.

Cratere = (of volcano) crater; (antiq.)
bowl for mixing wine and water;
opening (of glass-maker's furnace).

Cravate = necktie, cravat; scarf [(pop.)
Une c. de chanvre=="R.ope for hanging
s.o.] ; tassels (of flag) ; (bird) ruif, ruffle.

Crayon = crayon ; pastel.

Crayon (clayey) marl; crayon, pencil;
pencil drawing ; style, manner (in draw-
ing, etc.) ; sketch, outline.

Creature = creature -f- (fig.) agent,
instrument, dme damnee.

Credence == (belief) creance [see under
Credit] ; croyance, foi ; (altar side-table)
credence.

Credence = credence-table; sideboard;
buttery (formerly in colleges and
seminaries) .

Credit (n.) = (belief, trust) creance, croy-
ance, foi; confiance; (favourable esti-
mation, good name, honour, repute)
honnevr, merite reconnu, reputation;
(personal influence and power) influ-

Credit

55

Culinary

ence, credit; (reputation for solvency)
credit; (book-keeping) credit, avoir.
(Fig.) To do c. to, be a c. to=* Faire
honneur a. Ascribe quality to s.o.=
Attribuer . * . d, qqn t accorder . . . &
qqn. To give s.o. c. ioT=Pendre justice
a, temr compte de t reconnattre, convenir
que. I gave him c. for more sagacity =
Je lui croyais plus de sagacite. (V.)
(believe) croire t donner confiance a,
croire d t aj outer foi d, se fier a;
(com.) crediter (de) t porter au credit
[d I' avoir].

Credit = credit -{- (pi.) money voted by Par-
liament for supply. (V.) Crediter=
place to s.o.'s credit, credit s.o. with.
Creneler =* crenellate + notch tooth (a

wheel); mill (coin).

Creole (n. and adj.)=cy&>fc-J-(of animals
and plants) acclimate (aux Indes
occidentals) .

Crgpe. See under Crape*
Crepuscular = crepusculaire (of twilight)

= obscur,partiellement edaire*.
Crest=crte+( f peacock, owl, and some
other birds) aigrette, huppe; (helmet)
cimier, chenille; (herald.) armes, cimier.
Crevasse = crevice -{- crevasse- chap

(hands); flaw (metal).
Crinoline = crinoline + (naval) filet de pro-
tection.

Criticism = critique (f . ) .
Criticisme= critical philosophy.
Crochet=crocA<?* (needlework done with a

crochet).

Crochet =hook [and many things resem-
bling, such as] barb, fang, pick-lock,
claw, crochet-hook; hoe; clasp (win-
dow or door) ; brackets [in printing or
writing]; bend (on a road). (Fig.)
Vivre aux cc. de qqn To be a parasite,
a hanger-on, to sponge on s.o. Faire
des cc.= Change one's course suddenly,
swerve. See Crotchet.
Crone =vieille femme ridee; vieille brebis.
Cro720=hole worn in bank by stream;
kind of crane (for loading and unloading
vessels).

Cross (n.)=croix (lit. and fig.)+ affliction;
(breeding animals) croisement; race
croisee; mttis; (fig.) melange.
Crosse= (bishop's) crosier; hook, hooked
stick; crutch; butt-end (of gun);
hockey.

Cross (v.) = croiser [= also cruise; mark
with a cross] + faire le signe de la croix;
c. the hand of a fortune-teller mettre

une pUce dans sa main ; (c. out) rayer,
biffer,effacer; barrer (cheque); traverser
(road); passer (bridge); enjamber, en-
jourcner (horse); traverser (one's mind);
contrecarrer, contrarier (a person).

Crotchet = (musical note) noire [French
croche = quaver]; (whimsical fancy)
boutade; caprice, lubie, bitteveste, idee
baroque, manie.

Croup=croup (malady) ; croupe (=crupper)

Croupe= croup ( = crupper, rump); tali
round hill-top ; (archil.) hip-roof.

Crucial = (surg.) crucial, en croix + dtcisif
critique, delicat (test, point, case)

Crude = (raw) cru; (food) non digere -
(unnpe) vert; (diseases) qui n'est pas
encore developpe; (fig.) informe; mal
leche, mal degrossi; brusque, rude
(actions, manners).

:nz= uncooked, raw; indigestible; hard
(water); crude (metals, etc.); (fig)
blunt, coarse, indecent, free (language
etc.) ; (colours) crude. Crudite= crudity
-{-rawness; (pi) indigestible foods: Us
estomacs faibles ne peuvent pas supporter
les cruditds (Larousse) ; uncooked fruit
or vegetables: manger des crudites
Crust = croute -f- depot (wine) + carapace

(crustacean).

Croute = crust + (fam.) daub, badly
>ainted picture; (fam.) old fossil, old

Cry (n.) = (general word for loud piercing
cry, often pi.) cri; (approval) acclama-
tions; clameurs (prolonged, of dis-
approval); hourras (approval) =vivats;
vive /bravo!; tolU (of blame); (carter's)
hue! (=to the right), dial (=to the
left); appel, priere, supplication; bruit
rumeur; voix (of the public; plaintive) '
(watchword) mot d'ordre; (fit of weepl
mg) crise de larmes; (a fax c.)=une
longue distance. (V.)^crier; s> eerier;
brailler, criailler, huvler, deblattrer,
chanter etc.; pleurer, verser des larmes;
(hounds) glapir, japper.
Crz=cry+(fam.) (le) dernier c.* latest
style, fashion: c'est le dernier c.=it's
the latest thing out. Un chapeau
dernier c. = The latest thing in hats.
(V.) Crier = cry -{-put up for auction.
Cue [see Queue] = (pigtail) queue; (theatre)
replique; (hint) indice, avertissement
indirect; (billiards) queue; rdle. Take
one's c. from s.o. = Recevoir son mot
d'ordre de qqn t se modeler sur qqn.
Culinary culinaire+ (plant) potager.

Culminate

56

Cynosure

Culminate culminer (astron. and geog.
-h(fig.) atteindre son apogte, son plus
haut point.

Cultivator =celui (celle) qui cultive; culti-
vateur, fermier; (machine) cultivateur ,
celui qui cultive, favorise (science,
friendships); fauteur.

Cumulative = cumulatif -f c. evidence =
preuve par accumulation de ttmoignages ,
c. voting = syste me de vote plural.

Cup=tasse; (of metal) timbale, gobelet;
(prize) coupe; (flower) calice; (church)
calice; (bone) emboiture; (jig., afflictions,
etc.) calice; (acorn) cupule; (painter's)
godet. The stirrup-c. = Le coup de
I'tirier. C. and ball (game) bilboquet.
In one's cc.=ivre, pris de vin, dans les
vignes du Seigneur.

Cozzpe cup; vase, glass (with stem);
(fountain) basin. [C. from the verb
co uper= cutting, cut, division, section,
etc.]

Curate vicaire.

Curd parish priest; priest; vicar [q.v.],
rector.

Curator = directeur, administrates;
(museum) conservateuv ; (university)
curateur.

Curateur guardian (of ward) ; trustee ;
(university) curator. (Law) C. a la
me'moire d'un mort= trustee of a de-
ceased criminal; c. au ventre=ztrustee
of deceased's unborn child.

Curb = gourmette -|- (fig.) frein; bordure
(pavement) ; courbe (on horse's leg).

Cour&e=curb (on horse's leg) + curve;
graph (temperature); c. de niveau =
contour line.

Curb (v.)= gourmet -{-mettle un frein ft,
maitriser; mettre une bordure a.

Courber = bend, curve.

Cure (n.) = rem$de; cure; gufrison;
(eccles.) cure; (of souls) charge d'dmes;
(slang) drole de corps. (V.) gufrir;
remedier a; corriger (an evil, etc.);
saler (meat, bacon) ~s$cher t fumer;
manner (fish); conserver (fruit, vege-
tables) / sicker (hay).

Cure (n.)=parson's duties, living; par-
sonage, vicarage, rectory; treatment
(of an illness) ; cure, course of treat-

ment. Curer = clean out (harbour,
sewer) ; pick (one's teeth) ; clean (one's
nails); trim (forest, vineyard).

Curial= (Roman) curial-f- parochial.

Curser=blasphe'mateur; sacreur, jureur.

Ctzrsetzr= slide, cursor.

Cursive = (handwriting) cursif. (N.)
La cursive.

Coursive= passage (in galley boat, in
ship's store-room); (nav.) half-deck.

Curtain = (fortif.) courtine+rideau.

Cushion = coussin, carreau -f- (pad)
coussinet; (billiard-table) bande; (steam
engine) matelas; fourchette (frog of a
horse's hoof).

Cushion (v.) = coussiner, ganiir de
coussins ; (fig.) etouffer (complaints,
etc.); (billiards) placer contre la
bande.

Coussiner = pro vide with small cushions;
pad.

Custom = habitude, coutume; (common
practice) usage; (tax) douane, droit de
douane; (busiriess support) achalan-
dage, pratique, clientele, clients.

Customer = chaland, pratique, client;
(restaurant) habitue, consommateur;
(person : depreciatory or jocularly)
individu; [usually with an epithet:
rum, queer, rough, ugly] drole de corps
[paroissien], mauvais coucheur, un brutal,
drole de pistolet.

Coutume (in a nation) custom, habit,
usage, wont, practice; common law,
old custom; (in an individual) habit,
way. Avoir c. de=1o be in the habit
of. Comme de c.=As usual.

'outumier (ad j.)= accustomed to, in the
habit of doing : etre c. du fait be an old
offender, be an old hand, at s.t. (pej.) ;
(law) customary; (n,) collection of
customs.

Cynique cynical (philosophy) + shame-
less, brazen, indecent.

lynisme = (philos.) cynicism -{- shame-
lessness, indecency.

Cynosure = (astron.) cynosure = Little
Bear; (fig.) point de mire, objet d' ad-
miration centre of attraction.
Cynosure = cynosure (as above) -f (bot.)
dog's-tail grass.

D

Da.is=estrade.

Dais= platform; * canopy (over altar,
throne, etc. ; and fig. wn d. de feuillage)
(Dais exotic tree.]

Dam = (of animals) mere ; digue, barrage;
dame (across canal under construction).

Dam. Used only in the now archaic d son
(votre, leiir) d. = to his (your, their)
detriment, and in la peine du d.
(theol.) = eternal damnation.

Damage dommage, degat (usu. in pi.),
mal, avavie.

Damage= ramming, tamping.

Damas~ damask (material, steel blade);
damson.

Dame (archaic or facet.) dame; directeur
(directrice) de pension (at Eton) ; legal
ti tie = lady = wife of knight or baronet;
epithet of Fortune, Nature, etc., per-
sonified; d. school (archaic, = ecole
enfantine) ; title of modern order of
knighthood (for ladies).

Dame (once a woman of the nobility;
now applied to any one of the female
sex) lady, woman; married woman;
(legal language, fern, of sieur) dame;
(cards) queen ; (chess) queen ; (draughts)
king; (backgammon) man; (techn.)
rammer, etc. D. -Jeanne Demijohn.
Les dd. de France Princesses of royal
family. Notre-D. (= Virgin Mary) =
Our Lady. D. d'honneurMa.id of
honour, lady-in-waiting. Jeu de d.d.-=
Draughts. Dame! (mterj.)=Why ! In-

deed ! Well I To be sure I

Damn=c0ndamner, censurer, desapprouver ;
(theatre) siffler; (curse) envoyer au
diable, injurier ; (doom to hell) damner.

Damner = to damn (to eternal punish-
ment) ; faire d. qqn torment s.o., drive
s.o. mad, tre I'dme damnee de qqn =
Be a mere tool in s.o.'s hands.

Dance = (dancing movements, a special
form as polka, a turn at dancing)
danse ; (party) sauterie (small, informal,
private); soiree dansante; bal (on grand
scale). To lead s.o. a pretty d. = Faire
danser qqn,

Danse dance (as above) -f (fam.) 'good

57

dressing down,' ' blowing up ' : donner,
recevoir une d. Entrer en d. (fig.) = Join
in, begin.

Dance (v.) = danser. To d. attendance
Croquer le marmot, faire antichambre.

Danser (v.)= dance + spend, waste: faire
d, les ecus de son pere. Faire d. I'anse
du panier=Ma,ke illicit profits in
marketing, make pickings, make per-
quisites. Ne savoir sur quel pied d. =
Not to know what to decide, not to
know which way to turn.

Da.rt=dard, javelot, trait.

Dard = dart -f- sting (of insect) ; (pop.)
stabbing pain; pistil; (poet.) snake's
tongue; harpoon; piercing ray (of sun) ;
dace.

Date = (time at which s.t. happens) date;
(com., d. of bills, etc.) terme, echeance t
date; (coins) millesime; (fruit) datte; up
to d. = d la page ; bring up to d. ^=mettre
d ;oar* Out of d.=suranne, demode.

Date = date; standing: une liaison de
vieille d. Faire d. = Mark an epoch.
Eire le premier en ^. = Have a prior
claim.

Daub (n.) = (material) enduit; (action)
barbouillage ; (bad picture) croute.
(V.) Enduire de mortier t etc., barbouiller;
souiller ; peindre des croutes.

Dau6e=stew. Dauber (pop.) thump,
beat; (fig.) mock at, jeer at, sneer at
(also intrans., dauber sur qqn).

Debar

priver (de), exclure (de), em-
Disbar =rayer du tableau des

pecker'.

avocats.

Debarr&r = unbar.
Debate (v.) = discuter, debattre, agiter

(question, etc.); (in Parliament, etc.)

avoir des debats ; (ponder) peser f r6-

flfahir, mediter.
Debattre debate, discuss, argue; contest;

haggle over; (reflex.) struggle: il s'est

longtemps debattu contre les agents qui

VontarreU (Diet, de I'Acad.).
Debater = take the pack - saddle off

(donkey, etc.).

tacking out of (garment) :

d. une jupe.

Debauch

58

Defaut

Debauch (v.) = debaucher 4- conompre,
pervertir; altirer, goiter, vicier (taste ;
judgment).

Debaucher = debauch -f entice away (from
another's service, etc.) ; allure, lead
astray (from duty, etc.) ; (Jam.} to take
away (from one's occupations) .

Debauch (n.), D6bauche. The French word
may mean, as well as ' debauch,'
(i) 'unaccustomed intemperance in
eating or drinking,' i.e. feast, jollifica-
tion : faire une petite d. = indulge in a
little spree; (ii) profusion : une veritable
d. (riot).

Debit= (entry on left-hand side of account,
the left-hand side) debit.

Debit** debit (as above) -f market, sale (for
goods) ; shop (wines, tobacco) ; cutting
up (wood, meat, etc.) ; flow, discharge
(pipe, tap, etc.) ; delivery, elocution (of
an orator, etc.).

* Debonair = de bonne humeur, gai, agre-
able; d I'aise (in society).

Debomaire = complaisant, indulgent;
tolerant; weak. Mari d.= Accom-
modating husband.

Deboucher = to unstop (pipe), uncork
(bottle), open, clear; (mil.) debouch;
(river) run into, empty itself into,
debouch ; (road) run into, open on to :
true qui debouche stir une -place.

Debutant = debutant. Debutante =
debutante -f- jeune fitte presentee d la
COUT or qui fait son entree dans le monde.
The noun Debut (used in English for the
stage and society) has a much wider use
in French. It means not only 'first
attempt,' but beginning (of illness,
a speech, war, poem, etc.); also the
first stroke in games.

Deceive = decevoir (said of outward
appearances; also, by raising false
hopes); abuser de (s.o.'s good nature or
authority; s.o., by empty promises);
en imposer d (=to make one believe
s.t. false; also, to inspire respect in
s.o.); tromper.

D&evoir deceive + disappoint.

Decency decence, convenances; pudeur.
Decencies = fo'0ws^wces.

Decent = bienseant, convenable, decent;
comme il faut, honn&te; assez bien t
passable; brave, bon.

D6cent= decent (as above), becoming,
proper (of manners, habits, customs).

Deception = tromperie, duperie, super-
cherie, illusion.

Deception = disappointment,

Decider = decide -f(of persons) persuade,
induce : d. qqn & faire qqch. Se d.=To
make up one's mind.

Decided = (difference, etc.) prononce", incon-
testable, net; (of persons, manner) resolu,
ferme, inflexible, decide; (opinion) bien
arrete.

D6dd6 = resolute, unhesitating (of
persons); firm, decided (language,
character).

Decidedly (as Decided above), also, sans
contredit. Decidement = definitely;
undoubtedly.

[Decipher,] Dechiffrer^ decipher -f- read or
play (music) at sight.

Decisive = decisif -\- decide, rJsoht,
categorique.

Decisif decisive + conclusive (evidence) ;
authoritative, peremptory, overbear-
ing.

Declare = declarer -f d. off = dcnoncer,
rompre.

Declarer = declare; (of things) show,
reveal; announce, proclaim.

Declension = decadence, declin; (gram.)
declinaison.

Declination =pente, inclinaison (bending
down) l-f declinaison (astron.).

Decoration decoration, ornamentation
4- stage scenery.

Decompose = (trans.) decomposer (air,
water, light, etc.); (intrans.) (of
substances, food, languages, etc.) se
decomposer ; pourrir ; analyser (thought,
motive) .

Decomposer = decompose; dissolve,
separate (into elements); (reflex.) pu-
trefy, rot; become corrupt (of society,
language); alter, change (by illness,
etc.); (face, features) fall, become
distorted, convulsed; (scient.) analyse;
dissolve.

'Deduct^de'duire (a sum from an account,
etc.), rabattre.

D^duire deduce -f- deduct ; state, relate
(in detail).

Dejaite. See Defeat

Defalcation = defection, manquement;
detournement de fonds, abus de confiance.

Dfalcation=vrritmg off (of bad debt),
deduction (for expenses, etc.).

Default = manque, ddfaut; absence; in d.
of=^ defaut de. Make d. = Faire
defaut.

Dtfaut = absence, want; (law) default;
weak spot; loss of scent (by hounds);

Defeat

59

Deliberation

deficiency, insufficiency, shortcoming;

imperfection, flaw, defect,
Defeat=&tec, insucc^s; (law) cumulation;

(battle) defaite, deroute ; renversement.
Dlfaite = defeat, rout, overthrow -f- pre-
text, lame excuse (for not doing or

saying s.t.)-fsale, riddance. Marchan-

dise d'une d. facile Goods having a

ready sale.
Defective* Ddfectif. The French word

is scientific and technical only. The

English -word^defectueux, incomplet,

imparfait.
Defend = defendre -f justifier (action,

conduct) .
Dtfendre = defend -f to forbid, prohibit*

(Reflex.) Refrain from, forbear* On ne

peut se d. de dire One cannot help

saying. Un cheval qui se defend

[resists its rider].

Defendant = (law) defendeur (-eresse).
Def ender= dtfenseur.
Defendant =pres. part, of defendre.
Defenseur defender; (law) counsel for

the defence.
Defer = (put off) diffe'rer, remettre f ajourner;

(submit, make concession to s.o.)

deferer d.
D4f4rer=to confer, bestow (title, dignity) ;

hand over, give over (up) (a cause, case,

authority, to s.o.) ; denounce, accuse ;

d. le serment d qqn=to swear s.o.

(=make s.o. take oath); (concede s.t.

to s.o.) defer; comply, yield (on account

of age, merit, etc.).

[NOTE. Dtferrer = remove iron-
work, horse-shoes; (fig.) put out]
Defiance = (challenge, assertion) defi; in

d. of=azz mepris de, en ne tenant aucun

compte de t en bravant, en defiant.
Defiant (adj.) = refractaire, mutin, in-

traitable ; repoussant les avances ; mefiant

et reserve.
Defiance mistrust, distrust, suspicion;

d. de soi-me'me=la.ck of self-confidence,

diffidence.

Defiant distrustful, suspicious.
Deficient =*defectueux> imparfait; insuffi-

sant, depourvu de, qui manque de.

Deficient. The French word is used only

in scientific language, and especially in

mathematics, of a number.
Dtygurer. See under Disfigure*
Defile (v.)*=soyitter, corrompre; prof oner;

dtbaucher, violer; (mil.) defiler.
Dfiler = unthread, unstring; (fortif.)

defilade ; (mil.) defile, march past.

D. son chapeletTell one's beads,
(fig.) say all one wants to, speak
one's mind.

Definite = defini + determine, delimite,
precis, ar-rete.

Dlfinitif = definitive + (edition) standard ;
final (proof, judgment, ruling, etc.).
En definitive = Finally, after all.

Definition = definition + precision des
contours, netiete.

Deform= deformer (figure, hat, language)
+enlaidir, defignrer.

Deformation = enlaidissement, deforma-
tion.

Ddfier challenge, provoke; brave; beard,
set at defiance, defy. Se d. de~ Mis-
trust, be on one's guard, fight shy of.

D6go&t6 (see under Disgust) sometimes =
particular, over-nice, squeamish, fastid-
ious, as Faire le (la) degoilte(e). N'&tre
pas d. (fam. and iron. )= To want only
the best: il n'est pas d/=he doesn't
want much 1 Se degouter deTo be
tired of, sick of, have a dislike to.
[NOTE. D^goutter=drip, trickle.]

Degrader = degrade + damage, dilapidate,
wear away, deface (by time, weather,
rain, etc.).

Degradation = degradation -j- dilapida-
tion, wear and tear.

Degree=degre*+rang, condition, classe;
(university) grade.

Deject =s abattre, decowrager, dtprimer.

D6jeter to warp, deform; (reflex.) to
grow crooked.

Dejection=a&a*temenf, dtcouragement, de-
gression, chagrin t tristesse; (med.) de-
jection.

Delation* Delation. The French word
connotes information laid from base
motives.

Delay delai: agir sans delai+retard,
remise} entrave f empfahement; (pi.) len-
teurs. (V.) = retarder ; (intrans.) tarder ;
differ ev (payment, vengeance, etc.) ;
(law) ajourner, remettre.

D6lai= extension of time (for payment,
etc.), respite : obtenir un d. de huit jours.

Delayer dilute, thin, add water to; (fig.)
spin out, pad (writings, speech).

Deliberate (adj.)=^/i&^, reflechi, pre-
med,ite t voulu + prudent, circonspect;
froid, calme, pose, lent, qui agit sans
hate.

Deliberation = deliberation, reflexion + cir-
conspection, prudence; lenteur, maniere
posee.

D&ibiration

60

Dent

Deliberation = deliberation -f- decision

resolution (of an assembly).
Deliberately = dblibtrement, d dessein -f
lentement, posement, sans se presser, en
prenant tout son temps.
D6liberement= deliberately + resolutely.
Deliberative = delMratif + delibfrant: d

"body assemble deliberante.
Deliberati}. Voix deliberative = right to
speak and vote; genre d. = debating
eloquence.

Delicacy = delicatesse -\- rnets delicat,
friandise. [But the pi. delicacies
delicatesses (de table).]
Delicatesse = delicacy + nicety, fas-
tidiousness, scrupulousness : dd. d'une
langue=mceties of a language; tact:
trailer une affaire avec d. (tactfully).
tre en d. avec qqn=To be slightly at
variance with s.o., have slightly
strained relations with s.o.
Delicate = delicat -f efftmine .
Delicat = delicate 4- fastidious : lire fort
d. sur le manger be very fastidious
over one's food; over-sensitive, sus-
ceptible.

Delitescent (adj.) = cache, latent. (N.)
Delitescence = etat latent; delitescence
(of a tumour, etc.) .

Delitescent lamellate (d), scaly (of slate,
etc.). (N.) Delitescence=(chem.) scaling,
peeling, lamellating; (med.) delites-
cence.

Deliver = delivrer + prononcer (speech);
distributer (letters) ; livrer (goods) ; trans-
mettre (message); enoncer, exprimer,
formuler (opinion); envoy er, lacker
(broadside), porter, donner (blow).
Deliverance = (rescue) delivrance; (opinion
formally delivered) jugement, declara-
tion, opinion reflechie ; verdict.
Deliyrance deliverance; delivery; child-
birth; handing over (legacy, goods);
issue (of tickets) ; distribution (of copse-
wood from commons).
Deloyal = disloyal + dishonest, unfair.
Demand (v.)=demander+exiger> reclamer.
(N.)= reclamation; appel; (outlet) de-
bouche; (com.) demande, (econ.) de-
mande: supply and d.^l'offre et la
demande; (fig.) recherche. In great d.
= Tres demand^ [recherche^. On d.=
Sur demande; (com. bills, etc.) a pre-
sentation, a vuff. There is much d. for
0n demande beaucoup.
Demander= demand : le travail demande le
silence, la solitude -fask, beg, request;

want; wish, desire, expect; inquire,
query; pray, invite; charge.

Demande (n.) = (#s the verb) demand -f-
question, query, etc.

Demean= (reflex.) s'abaisser, s'avilir.

se Demener to throw (fling) oneself
about, struggle; (fig.) take great trouble.

Demolish ^demolir ~\- (facetious) (eat up)
avaler, manger, consommer.

Demolir= demolish, break up (ship); ruin
(health, reputation) + (pop.) knock
down, kill.

Demonstrate = demontrer + manifested.

Demontrer = demonstrate + indicate,
betoken : action qui demontye la bonte.

Demonstration demonstyatio-n + mani-
festation.

Demur (v.) = (make difficulties, raise
objections) soulevey (faire) des diffi-
cultes (objections) ; se faire prier ;
rechigner ; (law) produire une exception.

Demur (n.) = objection, hesitation.

Demeure= abode, dwelling, (place of)
residence + stay ; delay in the expres-
sion il y a peril en la d. En d.~In
arrears; (fig.) etre en d. envers ^ = be
indebted to s.o. Mettre qqn en d. de
faire qqch = Call upon s.o. to do s.t,
A d. = Fixed, permanent.

Demeurer=to dwell, reside, stay, remain.

Denatwrer denature (tea, alcohol, etc.)
-h alter, disfigure, pervert, distort,
misrepresent (stolen articles, facts,
meanings, texts, etc.) ; (P-P-) un-
natural.

Denomination designation, denomina-
tion, qualification, nom; unit6 (of
numbers, weights, money); espece f
sorte; (religious) secte> culte, communion.

Denomination = class name.

Denounce = (prophesy woe, etc., against
s.o.) menacer qqn de (woes, etc.)/ deferer,
signaler (to the authorities), denoncer,
accuser; declamer contre t bldmer pub-
liquement, invectiver contre, stigmatiser r
fletrir, condamner (persons, things);
annoncer (a new mine); denoncer (a
treaty) .

Dense = (scient.) dense; (clouds) cpais ;
(crowd) compacts, scrre; (stupid) epais,
stupide.

Density = (scient.) densitd -\- epaisseur;

stupiditi.

Dent (n.) = marque, empreinte, renfonce-
ment t crettx; (notch) entaille, coche;
bosse, bosselure. Dented renfonce ;
bossele.

Dent

61

Dent = tooth, tusk, notch, cog, tine.

Denti toothed, cogged.
Deny = (declare untrue) nier r denier,
d6mentir, disconvenir de (generally with
neg.) ; (disavow) renter, rtpudier; refuser
(qqch d qqn) ; rejeter (request) ; abjurer
(faith); to d. oneself = faire abnegation
de soi-me'me; to d. oneself s.t.=se refuser
qqch; (refuse access to) faire defendre sa
porte d, faire dire qtfon n'y est pas.
D^mer=deny (truth, report) ; refuse, deny

(justice, food, Christian burial, etc.).
Depart =partir, s'en alter, (d. from) quitter,
s'eioigner de, se retirer; (die) trtpasser,
mourir, quitter (la vie); (fig.) s'dloigner,
s'6carter, se departir (de) (from truth,
from thinking that, etc.); (deviate)
s'ecarter de (subject, road, etc.).
Departir = distribute, dispense (favours,
benefits), divide (money, property,
etc.) ; (reflex, with de) desist, deviate,
depart (from), abandon.
Department = departement (see below) +
rayon, comptoir (in shop); branche (of
art, science). That is not in my d.=
Cela riest pas de mon ressort.
Dtpartement. The French word is now
used only of a government depart-
ment, or of one of the modern political
divisions of France.

Depend = (hang, archaic) dependre; (to be
contingent) dependre (de) ; (rest for
maintenance) &tre d la charge de,
dependre de; ttve au service de; (reckon
on) compter sur, se fier d, se reposer sur.
D. upon itComptez Id-dessus. One
can't d. on what he says= J7 est sujet d
caution. It depends on circumstances
C'est selon=Cela depend des civcon-
stances. D. upon it, you are wrong =
Croyez-le bien, vous avez tort.

[NOTE. The English sentence can
often be rendered by verbs other
than those given above. It depends
entirely on you to . . . = 7/ ne tient
qu'd vous de . . . Does fortune
always d. on merit ? = Est-ce toujours
le merite qui decide de la fortune?
The value of the article depends so
much on this=Ceci influe tant sur la
valeur de I' article."]

Dependre = (trans.) take down, detach
k (person or thing hanging) ; (intrans.) (of
things) depend, be dependent, on; be
attached, belong, to; (of persons) be
dependent, in s.o/s power, in the
service of s.o.

Deranger

(trust)

dependance 4-
dependence 4- appendage;

Dependence
confiance,

Dependance =
outbuilding.

Dependent (adj.) dependant; subordonne,
soumis ; vivant aux depens d'un autre.

Deploy er = (mil.) deploy (troops) -f
unroll, unfurl; open, display, spread
(flag, roll, wings, etc.).

Deponent = (gram.) deponent + deposant
(law).

Deport expulser ; exiler, bannir; (reflex.)
se comporter, se conduire. Deportation
expulsion.

D6porter= transport (convict). Deporta-
tion ss transportation (of convict) .

Deportment maintien, port, tenue, con-
duite, manieres ; (chem.) maniere d'agir.

Ddportementstvil ways, dissolute living.

D4poser= depose + put, place, lay, lay
down (arms) ; deposit (rubbish ; money) ;
commit, entrust, confide; lay (com-
plaint) ; take down (curtains, etc.).

Depot = (mil.) depot, magazine; police
station ; shelter, workhouse (for poor) ;
(goods) wharf, warehouse, storehouse,
depository, repository, depot, goods
yard; locomotive shed, omnibus depot;
depositing; deposit; trust; charge;
sediment, settlement ; (geoL) silt ; (med.)
gathering.

Deprecation = plainte, reclamation;
priire, supplication; deprecation [rhe-
torical only]; disapprobation, objection,
protestation.

Depredation = depredation -f- embezzle-
ment, misappropriation (of money, etc.).

Depression = depression + (hollow)
enfoncement, creux; (trade) crise.

Deputation = (persons) deputation 4- office
of ' de*put6 ' (equivalent to member of
Parliament) ; (action of) fulfilling func-
tions of 'd6put6.' (Collective) La d.
du Gers=The ' deputes ' for the
' departement du Gers.'

Deputy = depute, delegue; (legal) fonde de
pouvoir.

Depute" = deputy, delegate -fM.P. or par-
liamentary representative*

Derail [trans., and generally p.p., rarely
intrans. 1. D6r oilier [always intrans. :
to d. a train = faire dtrailler un train}.

D^r anger = derange -|- disarrange (papers,
room, clothes) ; disturb, trouble : si
cela ne vous d&vange pas trop^ii it 's not
troubling you too much; put (machine)
out of order, upset : le melon derange le

Derate

62

Dessiner

corps (Larousse) = melons upset the
stomach, (Reflex.) Move: je me suis
derang6 pour lui faire place =1 moved
to make room for him ; turn aside from
one's duties, go astray, get into bad
ways; (machine) get out of order.

Derate =abaisser un impdt.

Drater= remove the spleen (of a dog);
courir comme un derat6=:ran like a hare.

Deride = railler, tourner en ridicule, se
moquer da; tourner en derision.

Dtrider = unwrinkle; cheer up, amuse.
(Reflex.) brighten.

Derision = derision + (dbjet de) risee.

Derivation* Derivation. See Derive*

Derive =driver+ (obtain) obtenir, tirer de,
trouver (pleasure).

Dfriver = derive + divert (a stream, etc.) ;
clear banks of river, of jetsam; leave
the shore, drift ; unrivet, unclinch.

Derogate = (detract from) oter d, enlever a
(merit, right) = deprecier, ddpriser; (sink
in the scale) s'abaisser, compromettre sa
dignite; deroger, deroger d son rang.

Dfroger (d) depart from (custom, etc.);
act contrary to; lower one's dignity,
not to act up to one's rank; derogate.

Descant (v.)=commenter, disserter (sur).

D6chanter=to sing small*

Descend = (come or go down) descendre;
(sink, fall) tomber; (proceed in narrative
from one thing to another) passer;
(stoop to) s'abaisser d, jusqu'd, faire
qqch, descendre jusqu'd qqch, jusqu'd
faire qqch. (N.) Descent = descente, pente.

Descendre=(intrans.) go or come down;
alight* dismount* land; stay, stop at
(hotel, etc.); (fig.) d. en soi-meme
commune with oneself, search one's
conscience; descend (from a higher
rank); stoop, condescend (to details,
etc.) ; sink (morally) ; fall (of a torrent,
etc.), come down, proceed; reach, fall
(of a dress) ; be descended, trace one's
descent from; go down, fall (of baro-
meter, etc.) ; (trans.) come down (steps,
mountain, etc.); bring down, lower
(furniture, trunks, etc.) ; land (people
from a ship) ; (fam.) shoot down.
(N.) Descente*=(as verb); (med.) pro-
lapsus, ptosis; d. de /#= (bedside) rug;
d. de bain= bath-mat. Tuyau de d.
Down-pipe, rain-water pipe.

Describe = decrire (country, event, out-
ward appearance of person or thing,
etc.) ; depeindre (character, chief features
of person or thing). I should d. him

(=put him down) as a scoundrel =
[presumably knowing something about
him] ]e le qualifierais degredin (scelerat).
I should d. him as a seedy lawyer =
[presuming you have only met him
once by accident] Je dirais que c'est un
[=// a I' air d'uri] avocat minable. He
describes himself as a bishop =// se dit
[il pretend etre, il declare etre] eveque.

Description description; (police) signale-
ment; designation (q.v.); (kind, class,
etc.) categoric, sorte, classe, espece, genre.
Some d. oi=quelconque.

Description description -f inventory.

Descry = apercevoir, decouvrir.

Decrier = decry, run down, discredit
(persons or things).

Desert (v.) = deserter (place; party, cause) ;
delaisser, abandonner (wife, children,
persons); (fail s.o., of things) manquer
(d), abandonner; (intrans,) deserter.

Desert (n.) = (worthiness, etc.) me'rite, d&.

Deserter = (through cowardice) deserteur;
(to the other side, turncoat) transfuge.

Desertion ddsertion-\- abandon (of wife,
children).

Deserve =meriter, etre digne de.

Desservir = disserve (= to do a bad turn
to s.o.) 4- (church) officiate* perform the
service ; serve (a district, etc., said of an
omnibus, or train, etc.) ; clear away
(table after meals).

Desespoir despair -f- desperation*

Design (n.) = (mental plan) intention,

projet, dessein; (pi., scheme of attack,

etc.) dessein (s) (sur) ; modele ; (sketch)

dessin; (story, etc.) plan. (V.) = (set

apart for) destiner d ; projeter de, avoir

dessein de, se proposer de; (draw)

dessiner ; faire le plan de [le modele de] .

NOTE. Designing with verbal senses

+ intrigant, ruse*, artificieux.

Designer = designate, point to* indicate,
single out, intend; nominate, choose,
appoint, assign.

Dessein plan, scheme, project, purpose,
end; design, intention, intent, viexv,
aim. A d. ~ On purpose.

Dessin = drawing* design* pattern; outline,
plan, draught, model, sketch.

Designation = designation (appointment
to office) + titre, nom, signalement.

Designation ~ designation, appointment
H- indication, choice (of time, place,
person) .

Dessiner = design, draw, sketch; set oil,
define, show off : robe qui dessine bien la

Desirable

63

Determination

taille (Larousse)= dress sho\ving off the
figure. (Reflex.) Appear, be outlined,
stand out (in relief) (sur, against) : je
voyais son ombre se d. sur la muraille=I
saw his shadow outlined on the wall.
Des montagnes qui se dessinent
r horizon (Larousse)= Mountains stand-
ing out against the horizon.

Desirable = desir able [specially in French,
but not in English, in the sense of
arousing sexual passion] -j- agre'able,
convenable, satisfaisant; (of houses,
property, etc.) attrayant, charmant;
(worth considering) opportun, sou-
haitable.

Desire (v.)=de'sirer-{-prier: she desired
we would wait, us to wait=0// nous
pria d'attendre. (N.) = desir -f- prie're,
demande. To one's heart's d.=^l cceur
joie, d souhait.

DesireT= desire. Cela laisse d d. It is
inferior, not up to the mark. Cela
laisse beaucoup d d.=It leaves much to
be desired.

Desolate (adj.) = solitaire, isold; desert,
inhabit^, ravage, ruine, desole ; (afflicted)
desoU, triste, malheureux, chagrin^,
abattu.

Desole desolate -f very sorry : je suis d.
de Vapprendre.

Desolation = (laying waste) desolation;
desolation, sombre tristesse, abattement,
chagrin ; abandon, solitude.

[Despatch (v.).], D6p&cher = despatch.
(Reflex.) Hurry, hasten : d6pechez-vous
= hurry (up); depechez-vous d'ecrire
votre lettre= hurry up and write your
letter. Travailler a depeche compagnon
= Work quickly, but carelessly.

Despatch (n.) = (of messages, letter, etc.)
envoi ; expedition ; (killing) mise a mort;
(promptness) promptitude, diligence ;
(ofi&cial communication) depeche.

D6pche despatch, message, telegram.

De"sespere =* desperate + hopeless : malade
^.= person so ill that his case is hope-
less, that his life is despaired of, ill
beyond recovery; disconsolate, in
despair : famille d. Crier, courir, comme
un &.-=. Shout, run, like (a) mad (man).

Despite =d6pit+haine, rancune, mechan-

Dipit =s spite, vexation. En d. de =
Despite, in spite of -|- in defiance of :
en d. du sens commun.

Despotic = despote (persons only);
despotique (things only).

Destitute = (without resources) dans la
misere (fam. debine) ; indigent, pvive
(de) ; (devoid of) djpourvu de.

Destitue' = discharged, dismissed (from
occupation). [Littr6 and the Diet, de
I'Acad. (8th ed.) give d. de in the sense
of 'devoid of,' but Larousse gives it as
' vieux ' and Darmesteter as ' vieilli/]

Destitution = indigence, misere; manque de
ressources, denuement.

Destitution = dismissal, discharge* (V.)
jDesfc'fuer = dismiss*

Destructor = incinerateur. Destructeur
= destroyer.

Detacher = detach, untie, remove; send
off; slip (carriage on railway) ; separate,
wean + take out stains; (paint.) make
to stand out : d. Us figures to make the
figures stand out [hence reflex, se d.
sur, stand out against: des fleurs
rouges qm se detachent bien sur un fond
noir, red flowers standing out well
against a black background]; (fam.)
give (a blow) ; d. Us yeux ds=take,
keep, one's eyes off. (Reflex.) Become
detached; come, break, work, off;
separate, break away from.

Detail (v.) = (relate circumstantially)
detailler; (mil.) designer, detacher (men
for special duty).

Ddtailler = detail, relate in detail -f cut
up (beef, mutton, etc.) ; retail (wine,
etc.).

Detain = detenir (in prison); retenir,
detenir, garder entre ses mains (money,
etc.); (keep waiting, hinder) retenir,
retarder.

Detenir kQQp s.o. (in prison); keep s.t.
(in one's hands), hold; keep back.

Detention =: detention, arvestation, prison;
retard inevitable; (school) retenue; (law)
dttenae.

Detention = (action) keeping, holding,
having in possession; imprisonment,
confinement.

Deter = (discourage, hinder, etc.) decoura-
ger, arreter, empecher d'agir; dissuader,
detourner.

D6terrer=to dig up, ferret out, unearth*

Deteriorate = d6t6riorer -f (intrans,, of
persons) d6generer; (intrans., of things)
se deteriorw.

Ditiriorer == (trans., of things only)
deteriorate.

Determination = determination -j- (law)
expiration, r&ttiation; (conclusion of
debate) conclusion; (judicial sentence)

Determiner

64

Difficile

sentence, conviction; (med., flow, ten-
dency to flow) afflux. (V.) Determine
=B determiner +terminer, limiter, resilier ;
(a dispute); decider (point);

r&oudre (question); conclure; decider,
prendre le parti de ; (to be the decisive
factor) decider. (Intrans.) prendre fin,
expire? t finir.

Determiner = determine (distance, law,
meaning, etc.); cause, occasion, bring
about (victory, end, etc.); induce,
influence, determine, persuade, lead;
se determiner = to make up one's mind,
to be resolute.

Detonate = detoner.

De'tonner sing false [out of tune];
(fig.) be out of harmony (keeping), jar,
clash.

Develop (v., trans, and intrans.) = (unfold,
reveal) (se) decouvrir (genius, soul, etc.),
(se) reveler (aptitude, plot, secret, etc.) ;
(of a malady) se declarer; (make or
become fuller, bigger, etc.) etendre;
(property, argument) (se) dcvelopper,
(s')accroitre ; elargir (ideas); mettre en
valeur (natural resources) ; faire des
progres ; (photo.) developper (un cliche) ;
montrer (a tendency); mfirir; faire mtfrtr.

Development = extension (property, etc.) ;
e'largissement (of ideas); croissance,
developpement ; Evolution, progrts ;
prodititf r&ultat, Mnement, fait; devc-
loppement (of a thesis; of a photo-
graphic plate).

Developper unfold (roll of paper), unfurl
(flag) ; (fig.) unravel (threads of a plot) ;
stretch out (arm) ; (mil.) deploy (of an
army) ; (geom., alg.) trace, evolve, etc. ;
develop, increase, (body, strength, arts,
etc.) develop, elucidate, enlarge ou
(subject, etc.); develop (photographic
plate) ; open (a parcel) ; clear up,
explain (mystery), bring to light

Developpement unfolding (roll of paper) ;
spreading (of wings) ; deploying (of an
army); (geom.) evolution; growth,
enlargement, progress, development
(body, flowers, fruit; illness; faculties);
elucidation, explanation, development,
exposition (of a thesis, etc.).

Device = devise -\- xtratagdme, plan,
expedient; invention, dispositif ; dessin,
embleme. She was left to her own del.
On la laissa se ddbrouiller, elle fut
livree d elle-meme.

De'vier=(v. intrans.) deviate, swerve -f*
(v. trans.) turn aside, deflect.

Devise = (herald.) device, motto; paper
currency : acheter des dd. ctr anger es.
N.B. Devis= estimate.

Devise (v.) = (law) leguer ; inventer,
imagine?; projeter ; intriguer, tr amer t
comploter. (N.) disposition testamen-
taire; legs.

Deviser = to chat, talk, converse.

Devolution = devolution (of inheritances,
of benefices) -f- (biol.) reversion;
de'le'gation (of work or power to s.o.).

Devotion devotion, piete; (pi.) prieres-}-
devouement.

Dexterity = dexter ite + fait d'etre droitier.

Dext(e)rous = adro^, habile, dcxtre-}- (right-
handed) droitier.

Diacritical = diacritiqtie (symptoms, signs)
-{capable d'appreder les distinctions;
distinctif.

Diagnosis = diagnostic (of a disease); (nat.
hist.) diagnose.

Diameter = diametre -f unite de grossisse-
ment (d'une lentille).

Diamond = diamant -f- (cards) carreau.
'A rough d.'=Une pcrsonne dc nitrite
mais mal degrossie. D. cut d. = A
malin malin et demi.

Diapason = accord, harmonie; grand
mpuvement d'harmonie; ttcndite, registre,
diapason (voice or instrument) ; (pitch)
diapason ; (organ) prestanL

Diapason range (voice or instrument),
compass; tuning-fork. Se mettre au d.
de qqnTo adapt oneself to s.o.'s level
(standard). Faire baisscr le d. a qqn~-
To bring s.o. down a peg, to make s.o.
sing small.

Dictator dictateuv + celui qui dicte (a
letter, etc.).

Dieter dictate, command -f- inspire,
prompt.

Diet = regime (way of feeding); (food)
nourriture, alimentation; (assembly)
di&te.

Didte = low, strict, starvation, diet;
(assembly) diet.

Differ = (be unlike) difftrer (dc) ; (disagree)
n'etre pas de I' avis (de), ctre en disaccord
(avec), differer d* opinion (avec).

Differ er~ differ 4- put off, defer, postpone.

Difference = (dissimilarity) difference -f
d6saccord, differend. Will it make any
d. to you, if . . .?=:C0/fl vous sera-t-il
c"gal [Cela vous fera-t-il qqch?] que (with
subj.) . . .? That makes no d, Cela
ne fait ricn.

Difficile = difficult + fastidious, parti-

Difficulty 65

cular : etre d. sur le choix de ses amis =
be particular about the choice of one's
friends. Faire le (la) J. Be hard to
please, be squeamish.

Difficulty = difficult^ ^embarr as : get put
of a d. = s<? tirer d'embarras, $e tirer
d' affaire. To be in dd.= Avoir des
embarras d 1 argent ; ennui : to involve
oneself in dd.=se creer des ennuis.

Diffuse (v.) = diffuser (heat, light) -f
repandre (knowledge, rumour).

Diffusion = diffusion -f- verbosity, prolixity
( diffuseness) ; broadcasting (diffusion
d'un concert etc.).

Digest (v.) = digerer + faire un resume de.

Dilapidation = (financial extravagance and
waste) dilapidation + desagregation. (of
rocks, cliffs) / delabrement (house, furni-
ture, clothes, fortune); degradation
(house; property)/ (pi.) degradations (in
a rectory or vicarage in England).

Dilapidation = dilapidation (= squander-
ing of fortune) -f- peculation, misappro-
priation.

Dilapidate = dilapider (fortune) -f
degrader, delabrer : a dilapidated house
une maison delabree.

Dilapider =* dilapidate (= waste, squander)
-f misappropriate (money held in
trust) : d. les biens d'un pupille.

Dilate = (se) dilater -f- (dilate on =
expatiate) s'etendre (sur) f discottrir (sur) t
developper, raconter en detail (fact,
subject, etc.). ^^*~

Diligence = ^" r -^=cce""+ speed, haste : en

fl ^ en grande ^.=as quickly

^-sr^possible ; (law) proceedings : faire

ses dd. contre qqntake proceedings

against s.o.

Diligent = diligent + prompt, speedy:
messager d.

Dilute ~ (by liquid) diluer -\- atttnuer
(colour) ; tempe'rer (zeal) ; adoucir
(doctrine) .

Diminutive = (gram.) diminutif -\-petit, de
petite tattle.

Diminutif = (gram.) diminutive + (n.)
small scale model.

Diplomatic = diplomacy + diplomatic
service.

Direct (straight) direct, droit; (gram.,
mus.) direct; (straightforward) franc,
sincere; not to be &.=chercher des
d&tours.

Direct = direct + (ticket or train) through*

Directly = directement + nettement,
franchement; immdiatement, a V instant.

D&charge

Direction = (directing, managing, etc.)
direction, conduite (of s.t,), administra-
tion; (instruction) ordre> instruction^),
indication; (advice) directions; (of letter)
adresse; (course, way) sens, cdte, direc-
tion; (scope, sphere, subject) champ,
sph&re.

Direction = conduct, management; direc-
torate, government, board, manage-
ment, presidency, mastership, etc.;
office of management, department, etc. ;
guide (of conscience) ; line of action,
method, way; direction, side, path;
(cycles and motors) steering, steering-
gear*

Directeur == director, manager, conductor,
governor, warden, editor, principal,
head master, head, president, guide;
confessor.

Directory =(Hturg.) ' *oire; (address
book, etc.) ann ottin (= Paris

P.O. directory ^--^ .) Directoire.

Disaffected = mat. '^>^ jliene, deloyal
to (state, etc.).

Desaffecte secularized v \urch); put to
another use (public buj "ng).

Disagreement = diff^rence t a^'emblance;
(in opinion, etc.) disaccord, at ordance,
dissidence; (quarrel) brouille; v '~ suit-
ableness) disconvenance.

Desagrement = unpleasantness; disagrt t
able thing; inconvenience.

Disband = Ucencier, congdier; (intrans.)
se disperser, se debander.

D^bander= unbend (bow) ; unbind, loosen ;
take bandage off (wound, s.o/s eyes);
disperse, rout : d. un regiment d'ennemis ;
(reflex.) disband.

Discharge (n.) = decharge 4~ ecoulement
(pus), suppuration (abscess) ; paiement,
reglement (debt); conge, renvoi, libera-
tion ; mise en liberte 1 , elargissement (from
prison); (hospital) exeat; (bankrupt)
rehabilitation; (of duty) accomplice-
ment. (V.) d&charger -4- rehabiliter
(bankrupt) ; mettre en liberte, elargir
(prisoner) ; congedier, renvoyer, remer-
cier ; lancer, decocher (missile, arrow) ;
regler, payer, liquider (debt); emettre,
d6gager (gas) ; remplir (duty) ; (law)
annuler (judgment). (Intrans.) (abscess)
suppurer.

Decharge = discharge 4- rebate (on tax) ;
lumber-room, public rubbish heap;
(law) t6moin a d.=* witness for the
defence; d. du ventre= relieving of the
bowels; relief, easing. (V.) Decharger

Discipline

66

Disgrace

= discharge 4- unload (gun); deal (a
blow) ; lighten, ease (conscience) ; (law)
d. ses cautions = surrender to one's bail;
d. son venire = relieve the bowels; d. le
cerveau=clea,T the head; d. sa colere=
vent one's anger; (fig.) relieve [Se d.
sur qqn d'une affaire To put the busi-
ness on s.o. else's shoulder to make
s.o. else responsible. D. qqn d'une
dW/e=Free (relieve) s.o. of a debt. D.
un compte Strike out a paid item from
an account. D. le livre d'un cow-mis-
sionnaire (porteur) = Receipt (Sign) the
messenger's book] ; acquit (of an
accusation).

Discipline discipline -f branch of instr c-
tion : c'est un grave problZme a } de
choisir les dd. qui conviennent 1 , mieux
pour la formation de la jeur t esse (Diet,
de I'Acad.). (Mil.) Salle fa <2.=Guard-
room.

Discolour = (se) deco7 rer (= primarily,
fade, bleach) 4- ( se ) tacher, (se) salir.

Discomfiture defaite ( m battle); decep-
tion, d&cowvinue.

Deconfiture havoc; failure, breakdown,
.smash; insolvency.

Discompose = agiter, troubler, olterer;
c h.agriner; deranger. Cf. Decom-
*pose

I)iscord = discorde 4- (mus.) dissonance,
discordance.

Discount = rabais, remise; (finance)
escompte; (of accepting a story) mi-
fiance; reserve. At a d.=*Avec es-
compte; (sold) a perte; au rabais;
(fig.) en discredit; discredit^.

Decompte = deduction (from sum o\ving) ;
faire le d. (fig.) = take disadvantages
into account : il faut savoir toujours
faire a tout propos le d. de chaque
evenement, quelque fortune" qu'il puisse
i'tre (Balzac, cited by Larousse) ; IYQU-
ver, eprouver, du d. dans une affaire^
find that s.t. has not turned out as
well as one had expected.

Discountenance = dtcourager, desap-
prouver.

DAcontenancer = abash, put out of
countenance.

Discourage = decourager 4- ddtourner,
dissuader; ddsapprouver.

Discours = discourse 4- talk, conversation ;
dissertation, treatise : D. de la M6thode\
speech : prononcer un d. ; style, diction :
le d. familur, le d. soutenu.

Discourse (v.) discourir (of speech

only) ; trailer t disserter; emettre (sweet
sounds).

Discover = decouvrir -\- se rendre compte;
s'apercevoir; comprendre tout d'un coup.

Decouvrir = discover + uncover, expose :
d. un plat= uncover a dish; d. ses dents
= show, bare, one's teeth; general qui
decouvre son aile droite= general who
exposes his right wing; d. son dmelay
bare one's soul ; reveal : Dieu nous
decouvre sa volonte par les eve'nements
(Pascal, cited by Larousse) ; descry, see
in the distance; (chess) d. une pi$ce~
leave a piece unprotected; (cards) d.
son jeu= show, expose one's hand (and
fig.). (Reflex.) Take off one's hat;
(weather) clear up : le temps se de-
couvre ; be discovered, come to light :
le genie se decouvre toujours gemvLS
will out.

Discovery = decouvcrte -\- revelation;
(law) communication.

Discredit = discrediter, decyediter 4- ne
pas croire, mettre en doute.

Di$crtet=judicieux t prudent, sage, discret,
circonspect ; reserve.

Discrete = (separate) discret; (metaph.)
db strait.

Discretion discretion. Manger a d.=
Eat as much as you wish. Pain et
vin a d.=* Bread and wine ad lib.

Discuss as discuter + consommer, manger
(food, drink), deguster (drink). So
Discussion.

Disengage = degager. Disengaged = (not
occupied) libre (persons, rooms, etc.).

D6gager disengage -h redeem (from pawn,
etc.) ; (fig.) fulfil, keep (promise, etc.) ;
disentangle, free; relieve, free (from a
promise, etc.) ; (alg.) find value of ; clear,
free (mind from error, etc.) ; (reflex.)
clear (of the sky) ; (of gases, etc.)
emanate, come from, rise from; de-
gagee (of a room) = having its own
entrance; degage (of tone, manners,
etc.) = off -hand, free and easy.

[Disfigure.] De'figurer = disfigure 4-
misrepresent, distort, pervert (language ;
truth; history); deface (statue).

Disgrace = (loss of favour) disgrace,
defavRur ; deshonneur; honte, opprobre f
ignominie; action ignominieitse. (V.) =
disgracier ; degrader (from position) ;
dishonorer; couvrir de honte; avilir.

Disgrace = disgrace (as above), disfavour;
misfortune, reverse ; ungracefulness,
lack of charm. (V.) Disgracier put

Disgust

67

Disposition

out of favour, disgrace (as above).
Disgracte (by nature) = ill-favoured;
deformed. Disgracieux = ungraceful,
awkward, ungracious.

Disgust (v.) =d6gouter+rebuter ; repugner ;
indigner, vexer f contraries (N.) ddgout
-\-aversion; dddain, me'contentement.

Ddgouter= disgust + to cause dislike (dis-
taste) for; offend the taste; sicken,
weary. N'etre pas dgout6=Not to be
squeamish, particular, over-nice, fas-
tidious. Faire le degoute 'B^ fasti-
dious, turn up one's nose at s.t. C'est
degofttant = It 's sickening, dis-
heartening.

De'goftt = disgust -f- dislike, distaste (for
food, etc.); aversion, repugnance (to
persons) ; vexations, disappointments.

Dishonest malhonnete, deloyal, impvobe.

D&honn&e indecent, unseemly, im-
proper.

Dishonesty = malhonnetete, imprcbiti ;
tromperie, deloyaute ; vol, fraude.

Dishonn&teti = indecency, unseemliness,
immodesty*

Dishonour = dishonorer -f ne pas faire
honneur a (cheque).

Dislocate = disloquer (limbs) -j- desorganiser
(traffic, business, etc.); (displace)
dfloger, ddplacer.

Disloquer dislocate 4- dismember (state) ;
break up and distribute (army) in
garrisons . Disloque = dislocated -f- un-
gainly, loosely built. Discours, piece,
disloque(e) = Disjointed speech, play.
(N.) Contortionist : les dd. du cirque.

Dismantle = demanteler (fortifications,
town) -h ddgrder (a ship)/ dtmonter
(machinery) .

Dismount ~ (intrans.) descendre de
cheval; mettre pied a terre; (trans.)
demonter, desarconner (= unseat) ;
ddmonter (gun from its carriage, etc.).

Ddmonter = (trans.) unseat, dismount;
unhorse (cavalry) ; release (spring) ;
take to pieces ; unmount (jewels) ; anger,
throw into confusion, baffle, nonplus;
put out of action (batteries) ; dismount
(gun) ; d. les batteries de qqn (fig.) =put
a spoke in s.o.'s wheel, upset s.o.'s
plans; (reflex.) to get into a passion,
to be put out, be disconcerted. Une
mer demontte (= raging).

Disorder =d6sordre, confusion; tuw _^,
vacarme, commotion;
malaise, maladie.

Dlsordre

orderliness, dissoluteness, evil living,
dissipation, etc. Vivre dans le d.=*
Lead a disorderly life.

Disparate = dissembldble, dissimilaire;
divers, disproportion^; sans rapport;
essentiettement different.

Disparate discordant; jarring, clashing*

Dispatch. See Despatch.

Dispensation = distribution, partage,
dispensation; faveur, 6preuve, venant
de la providence; syst$me, /of, decret t
regime : the Mosaic d.=to loi de Moise;
(religious) dispense.

Dispensation = distribution, sharing,
administration; (pharm.) dispensing.

Dispense = dispenser -f- administrer
(justice) ; preparer, composer (medicine)
d'apres une ordonnance. D. with=sS
passer de, ne pas exiger.

Dispenser = dispense -1- excuse, spare, let
off, exempt : je vous dispense de
m'accompagner^I excuse you from
going with me. Se d. de qqch, de faire
qqch Excuse oneself from s.t., from
doing s.t.

Disperse = (trans.) disperser (army, etc.);
dissiper (mist) ; (disseminate) rtpandre;
(intrans.) rompre les rangs.

Disperser = disperse, scatter; (fig.)
squander, dissipate (intellect, affection)
on several things. (Mil.) Ordre disperse"
= Extended order.

Displace = de-placer + destituer.

D6placer= displace, take the place of-f-
move, transfer (official). Dipl^^f^
displaced -|- out of place, inopportune,
uncalled for : mot d., observation de-
placee.

Deplacement = displacement -f removal;
travelling ; (chem., pharm.) lixiviation.

Dispose (of) = (regulate) rigler t r&oudre
(question, etc.); (get off one's hands,
settle) se de* faire de, se ddbarrasser de;
r4futer f d^molir (an argument); (do
what one wishes with) disposer de,
avoir d sa disposition (money, etc.);
(consume food, etc., jocularly) avaler
manger, consommer ; (=sell) vendre,
cider ; placer (tickets).

Disposer = dispose, arrange; incline,
induce; fit, prepare, make sensitive to,
easy prey to; (intrans.) dispose of,
have at command (persons or things) ;
(decide concerning) decide.

Disposition = arrangement, distribution,
disposition -f decret (of providence).

Disposition = disposition, arrangement,

68

Dodo

plan; situation (of the ground); pre-
disposition : Give dans la d. de partir
be intending to leave; disposing, dis-
posal : rien n'est moins assure que la d.
de nous-memes (Mme Guizot, cited by
Larousse)== nothing is less certain than
that we are our own masters. Mettre
une somme d' argent d la d. de qqn~Put
a sum of money at s.o.'s disposal.
(PL) Aptitude, taste, bent: avoir des
dd. pour le /raz;m7=have an aptitude
for work ; avoir des dd. pour la paresse =
be naturally lazy; arrangements; pro-
visions (of the law).

Dispossess = evincer, expulser; priver,
deposseder (de).

Dispute (v.) = dispute? -f contester,
mettre en doute; s'opposer d, resister a
(enemy's advance).

Disqualify = mettre hors d'6tat t rendre
incapable de, rendre impropre d; exclure
(d'un concours), (sport) disqualifier ;
(legal) f rapper d'incapacite (Ugale).

Disqualifier disqualify (sports only).

Disrobe = (se) deshabille? , (se) devetir ;
(fig.) depouiller (trees, etc.).

Derober to rob ; hide, conceal ; (reflex.)
hide, disappear; become weak [ses
jambes se derobent sous lui, his legs
gave way].

Dissimuler = dissimulate -f pretend not
to notice, ignore : d. une injure ignore
an insult; hide, conceal : vetement qni
dissimule les ddfauts de la taille. Elle
ne peut se d. qu'elle est tres malade=ShQ
can't be blind to the fact that she is
very ill. Se d. dans la foule Slip
away, escape notice, in the crowd.

Dissolve =s (turn to liquid by immersion)
dissoudre+fondre (in tears).

Distant distant-}- (time, distance) eloigne,
lointain ; vecuU (of time) ; (resemblance)
teger, faible ; (allusion) indirect.

Distant distant, remote, far.

Distinction = distinction -f- eclat : he
served with d. during the war = 27 a
servi avec eclat pendant la guerre;
(examination result) nearest equivalent
^felicitations du jury.

Distinctly = distmctement ; ( = undoubt-
edly) sans aucun doute, a. rien pas donter>
incontestablement.

Distract = (divert attention) distmire,
detourner; (perplex) tirailler, troubler,
effarer, tourmenter, embarrasser; (drive
mad) tgarer, affoler, rendre fou. Dis-
tracted tourmente t tirailU, harcete;

6perdu (from fear, pain, etc.)/

(by anger, etc.),/ou.
Distraire = turn aside (persons), set aside

(money); divert (mind), amuse, enter-
tain. Distrait absent-minded .
Distraction = distraction -f- interruption;

trouble, confusion, agitation; to love to

d.= aimer d la folie.
Distraction == distraction -J- separating;

abstraction, absence of mind.
Distress. Detresse. The French word has

not the legal sense saisie.
Distribute distribuer -\- repartir; classer.
Distribution = distribution, repartition;

dispersion, eparpillement ; arrangement,

classification.
Distribution = distribution -f delivery (of

letters) ; (theatre) cast ; division (into

chapters, etc.).
Divaguer divagate + (of river) leave its

bed; be delirious.
Divers = diverse -f several, sundry,

miscellaneous.
Divert== (turn aside) detourner (de) t faire

devier; (intrans.) se detourner vers;

(ward off) ^carter, parer d (danger, etc.);

distraire, desennuyer; divertir, amuser t

faire rire.

Divertir = amuse, entertain, divert.
Divest= depouiller f debarrasser ; d. oneself

of =se depouiller de, 6ter.
Devetir (trans, and reflex.) undress.
Divide diviscr, stparer, dcsuuir-{- (share)

partager+ (in Parliament) allcr aux voix.

Division division; partage; vote.
Divinity = divinitd + D.D. (= doctor of

divinity) = docteur en theologie.
Divorcer (in trans. )= divorce [but the

English verb is usually trans.] : cette

femwc a divorce = is divorced. Elle a

divorce d'avec son ^cw,r=She divorced

her husband -f- renounce, give up, retire

from: d. avec le monde renounce the

world, retire from society.
Dock= (for arrival and departure) bassin ;

(for construction and repairs) dock ; (for

unlading) dock wharf [graving dock,

dock de carriage; floating dock, dock

flottanf]; (railway) quai de terminus;

(prisoner's) bane des accuses; (of

animals) partie charnue de la queue;

(harness) tmisse-queue ; (plant) patience.
Dock = dock -f (bonded) warehouse.
Dodo (extinct bird) dronte, dodo.
Dodo dodo (bird); (child's language)

sleep : faire dodo=to sleep. tre dans

son dodo [=bed, cot].

Dogue

Dogue is the name given to a group of dogs
comprising the mastiff, the Great Dane,
the bulldog, and the pug. (Fig.) D'une
humeur de d.=Very bad-tempered.

Domesticate = naturalise? (colonists, cus-
toms) ; (tame) apprivoiser, domestiquer
(animals); (make fond of home) rendre
casanier f retenir d la maison t faire aimer
la vie d'int6rieu.r, attacher an foyer;
civiliser (savages) .

Domesticity caractere domestique; vie
de famille, inte'rieur; attachement d la
vie de famille; simplicity (pi.) affaires
domestiques; etat domestique; domesticity
(of animal).

Domesticite" = menial condition, service;
staff of servants, household; base,
servile, action; domesticity (of animal).

Domineer commander d'un air arrogant;
gouverner en despote; tyranniser; se
conduire d'une facon autoritaire.

Dominer= dominate, rule, hold sway,
govern, predominate, lord it over;
overlook, tower over, command a
view of.

Don (Oxford and Cambridge) professeur
(de faculU) ; homme marquant.

Don = giving; gift; donation, endow-
ment; favour, boon; talent; knack;
(Spanish title) don.

Dormant = endormi f engourdi; dormant
(rare) ; latent, cache, non developpe* (buds,
etc.)/ (herald.) dormant; (of money) qui
dort f mort; (of partner) commanditaire;
(com.) to be dormant etre en blanc.

Dormant = dormant -f stagnant water.

Dot=point; etre, objet, minuscule.

Dot= dowry.

Double (v.) (make double) doubter,
porter au double; (intrans.) doubler,
devenir double; mettre d deux (in the
same compartment, cabin, etc.) ; plier
(paper, leaf, etc.) en deux ; fermer, serrer
(fist) ; (of hare, fox, etc.) faire tin dttour,
faire un crochet t s'esquiver, (fig.) biaiser t
ruser; doubler (a cape); (billiards)
doubler ; (music) doubler ; prendre le pas
gymnastique, doubler le pas; (of stag,
' to d. back ') doubler ses voies; (usu.
with ' up ') plier en deux (of paper,
etc.), (intrans.) se courber en deux.

Doubler = double (as above), duplicate;
repeat (class in school) ; repeat (in
printing) ; (put lining, etc.) line (coat) ;
plate, sheathe (boat) ; un acteur doubte
d'un artiste^ actor who is an artist as
well ; understudy (an actor) ; jouer au

;9 Dress

double =pla.y off the cushion in billiards;
d. sur les avironsto make a spurt; d. le
as=mend the pace, put on speed;
overtake (car, competitor in race).

Double (adj.) = double +pli en deux; pour
deux, d deux: a d. bed=w lit d deux
personnes. (N.) Double i-sosie (= per-
son resembling another) ; dttour, crochet ;
pas gymnastique.

Double (adj.) = double 4- arrant, down-
right, regular (rascal, scoundrel) ; faire
d. emploi be redundant; (golf) partie d.
= foursome; of superior quality : encre
d. (N.) Double -f duplicate, copy;
understudy.

Double entendre =mot d double entente.

Doublet s= (games, jewel., gram., micros.)
doublet + (garment) pourpoint.

Douceur =pot-de-vin, gratification.

Douceur sweetness (to taste); (pi.}
sweets; pleasant, flattering words,
etc. (to ear); softness (to touch);
pleasure, comfort, delight, consolation;
(pi.) pleasant things, flattery, etc.; en
d. gently, gradually, quietly, by
degrees, etc.; (of climate) mildness;
moderation, kindness, gentleness, in-
dulgence.

Douter doubt, but se d. de= suspect,
surmise.

Dower = (widow's settlement) douaire;
(property brought by wife) dot; (natural
gift) don*

Dowry =dot; don.

Douaire first sense of 'dower.'

Dr~Docteur. This title is used in French
only of a medical man.

Drag=drague (for dredging, etc.), drag
( vehicle) + herse; tratneau; frein;
entrave; (fig.) emp&chement.

Drain (v.) = (draw off water) faire tcouler;
egoutter (cheese, lettuce, etc.) ; saignev,
assecher (marsh, pond; river); vider
(glass of wine, etc.) ; tyuiser (mine) ; (in
cookery) igouttev ; filtrer ; epuiser (wealth,
of a country, etc.) ; saigner, mettre d sec,
priver (person, of his property), also
epuiser (his strength) ; drainer (land) .

Drainer = drain (in agricultural sense);
(fig.) attract (capital, money).

Draper = (formerly) drapier, marchand
drapier -j- (linen) marchand de nou-
veaut&s ; draper's shop = magasin de
nouveautSs.

Dress (v.) =. (mil.) (s r )aligner; (nav.)
pavoiser; (array, clothe) (s^kabiller, (se)
vgtir; orner; (horse, wound) panser;

Dresser

70

Dynamic

(food, etc.) accommoder t apprSter; (vine)
tailler; (salad) assaisonner; (hair, head)
coiffer; faire I'italage de (a shop-
window); (skins) corroyer, apprlter;
(stones) dtgrossir, dresser; engraisser
(fields); (fig.) (usu. + ' down') 6triller>
rosser (a person).

Z>rfisser=rear, erect, set up; (ears) prick
up; (tent) pitch; (snare) set; (food)
serve up ; break in, train (animals) ;
(account) make up : make out ; draw
up (list, etc.) ; (techn.) true up. trim ; lay
(table) ; train (guns) . (Reflex.) Stand
(up), hold oneself erect : c'est d, faire
d. les cheveux^it *s enough to make
one's hair stand on end; revolt, pro-
test (centre, against) : se d. centre
des abus', se d. sur ses ergots fire up,
flare np; se d. sur son sdant==sit up
(in bed).

JDro7e = odd, funny, droll. C'est un d.
d'homme, de corps, de pistolet=l&Q 's a
queer fish. (N.) Rascal, knave, scoun-
drel. (Fern.) Drolesse= jade, hussy,
prostitute.

Dross = (of metals) scories ; rebut, dcume.

Drosse (naut.) truss; lashing tiller-rope.

Drug (v.) = falsifier un breuvage en y
melangeant un narcotique, un poison;
faire prendre d qqn un poison, un
stuptfiant ; Measurer, donner de la nausee ;
rassasier. (N.) = drogue -f stupefiant :
the d. traffic =le trafic des stuptfiants.

Drogue = drug + chemical (as article in
commerce and industry) ; (fatn.) rub-
bish, trash : ce marchand ne vend que
de la d. (Diet, de I'Acad.} La d. =
Designation given to cocaine by cocaine
addicts. // debite bien sa ^.=He 's a
quack, a charlatan.

Droguerto give (too many) drugs to
(s.o.), dose with medicine; adulterate,
doctor (wine, cofEee, milk). (Tntrans.
and fam.) Be obliged to wait, lack one's
heels waiting : il nous a fait d.

Dungeon = cachot; oubliettes (== secret
dungeon).

Donjon = keep, turret.

Dynamic = (scient.) dynamique -|- actif f
puissant, faergique.

Eager impatient, ardent; (desire, passion)
brulant, vif, ardent. E. for $.t.-=Avide
de qqch : e. for glory, for honouT=avide
de gloire, d'honneurs. E. to do s.t.=
desirer ardemment faire qqch.

Aigre=&cid, tart; sour, sharp, severe
(persons, humour); shrill, harsh
(sounds); biting, raw (wind); brittle
(metals) ; over-tempered (engraving
tools).

Ease = absence de douleur, soulagement;
(freedom from constraint) aise; (free-
dom) aisance, but aise sometimes = joy,
etc., and aisance= financial competence.
Chapel of e. = Chapelle auxiliaire.

Easy = facile (through circumstances or
absence of obstacles); aise (in itself);
(slack, free) aise; (calm) tranquille, a
Vaise, au repos ; (yielding) accommodant;
(seat) confortable; (manners) d4gagd f
libre, aise; (style) naturel, aise, libre;
(mind, character) facile, commode, aise,
doux; (of persons) accommodant E.-
going=jP0w exigeant; credule, simple.
In e. circumstances =-4 I' aise, dans
V aisance. An e. ascent=t/M0 montee
douce. In e. stages=-4 petites etapes.
To take it e. = Se la couler douce.
(Military command) Repos!

Aise = (unembarrassed) ease, comfort.
[tre CL l'a.=TiO be comfortable, to be
well-off. Mai a Z'a,= Uncomfortable,
unwell. A votre #.=As you like]; easy
circumstances; gladness, joy. (PL)
Creature comforts : aimer ses aa.
(Adj.)=glad, pleased, joyful.

Ebullition = ebullition -f (fig.) explosion
(anger) , dibor dement, dechainement.

Ebullition = boiling, ebullition; effer-
vescence; (fig.) turmoil,

[Eccentric.] Excentrique = eccentric -f
suburban, outlying: les quartiers ee.
d'une capitale.

chelon= echelon (wz7.)-|-rung (of ladder).

Edipser = eclipse -j- (reflex.) disappear
suddenly*

ficolier. See Scholar.

Economical = (persons) ^conome f manager;
(things) dconomique. Cuisimere econo-
mique = E. cookuig stove. N.B.
ficonome (n.) = bursar, steward, man-
ager(ess), etc.

conomie= economy +(pl.) savings: faire
des ee. =put money by. J7 n'y a pas de
petites ^.=Take care of the pence and
the pounds will take care of themselves.

Ecstasy = extase -f transport, acces : in an
e. of ]oy=dans un transport de joie; e.
of despair = acces de desespoir.

Edifier = edify -j- build^ raise up (lit. and
fig., edifice, doctrine, etc.); instruct,
enlighten*

Edit=editer (text) -\-rediger, diriger.

diter=edit (text) 4- publish.

Editor == (newspaper) redactewr en chef;
directeur; (sub-editor) secretaire de la
redaction; editeur (of text).

diteur= editor (of text) -{-publisher.

Educate =eduquer ['remplac6 dans le
langage courant par elever ' (Diet, de
I' A cad.)] + elever, instruire ; habituer,
dresser : he is educating himself to eat
tomatoes (N.E.D.) = il s' habitue d
manger des tomates. He was educated
in France =// a fait ses etudes en France.
An educated man= Un homme instruit.

Education = education -f- enseignement
(elementary, private, secondary, etc.);
instruction (public; of youth, etc.).

ducation= (physical, moral, intellectual)
education; good manners, breeding:
jeune homme sans e.= ill-bred, ill-
mannered young man; training, educa-
tion (of animals) ; rearing, breeding (of
animals) ; rearing, propagation (of
plants).

dukorer = (chem.) edulcorate -}- sweeten
(medicine, etc.) ; tone down, mitigate :
e. un blame.

Effect (n.) = (result) effet, rdsultat, conse-
quence; contre-coup; efficacite, effet;
combinaison, alliance, effet; (pi.) biens,
effets; impression. Of no Q.=Sans
effet, nul, inutile. (Legal) Non avenu.

Effet effect, result, consequence [en effet,
in fact]; (ball games) twist, screw;
(machine) power, action; deed, per-
formance, execution, action, impression,
effect, feeling [Faire de l'e.= Produce
(create) an effect (sensation) . Faire I 'e.
de=To have same effect as; to seem
(look, etc.) as if] ; bill, security ; (math.)
power; (pi.) goods, property, chattels,
clothes, things; funds, stocks, etc.

Effective

72

Embarrasser

Eftectivt^effectif+efficace, qui fait de
I'effet; (powerful in effect) frappant
saisissant; (mil.) valide, ejfectif.

Effectif = effective -f- real, actual
available : il a apporte dans cette affain
un capital non pas nominal, mais e
(Diet, de I' A cad.) . . . actual, not
nominal, capital. Avoir dix mille
francs 0<s.=To have ten thousand
francs available, in actual cash; (fam.]
un homme .=a reliable man.

Effusion = effusion;, (generally with
contempt) production*

Effusion effusion, overflowing, shedding
e. de sang= bloodshed; bestowal (of
divine grace).

Sgal. See after Equal.

Egoism = (system or theory) cgo'isme
(systematic selfishness) egoisme; (self-
opinionatedness) infatuation.

Ejaculate = s'ecrier; s'exdamer; pousser
(cry); proferer (a prayer); e'jaculer
(fluids from the body).

jaculer = ej aculate (fluids) .

Elaborate (a.dj.)~travaill6 avec soin [en
detail], soigne", minutieux: a long series
of e. comments upon the Dialogues
of Plato (Lytton Strachey, Eminent
Victorians) = une longue serie de
commentaires minutieux sur les Dia-
logues de Platon; (plan) elabord avec
soin; (highly finished) poll, Ume t bien
tourne t finL

Elabore= worked out (of a plan), ela-
borated.

Elastic = elastique (of things); (fig.)
elastique (conscience); (of feelings,
persons) animd, vif,

Elephant = elephant. White e. = arz bien
onereux et couteux a entretenir; (pop.)
un cadeau inutile, qui ne convient pas.

Elevate = (lift up) elever (Host, voice, eyes
(also lever)) ; faire naitre, exciter (hopes) ;
(in rank) Clever; (make slightly gay
by drink ['Now humorous or slang'
(N.E.D.)]) dgayer, 6mowtilhr t animer,
exciter. Elevated *=gris> imoustilU (par
le vin).

Elever = elevate ; raise ; exalt, extol;

elate; erect, set up; bring up, nurse,

train up, educate ; breed, rear ; cultivate,

grow.

Elf =B elfe + creature malicieuse; nain,

nabot.

Eligible = eligible (fit to be chosen) +
avantageux, d&irable, convenable f
sortable.

Elision = (gram.) elision -{-suppression (of a

passage).

Elite is in English practically limited to
speaking of a company of people,
society, army, etc. It is not used as
the French is in une dme d' elite chosen
spirit, un regiment d' 'elite a crack regi-
ment, soldats d' elite picked troops, une
occupation d'elite = a favourite oc-
cupation.

Ellipse =(geom.) ellipse -{-(gram.) ellipsis.
j/0czztf0n=elocution-f- style, choice, and

arrangement of words.
Elongate = dttonger, prolonger + (bot.)
f s'effiler, se terminer en pointe*
Elonger = (naut.) lay out, stretch out, run
out : e. un cable; slcirt (coast) : e. ime cote;
come alongside (ship) : e. un navire.
Elude eluder (question, difficulty, law),
esquiver (things)/ eviter (persons and
things) ; echapper d (person) = lui bruler
la politesse; fuir (person or thing);
echappev a (intelligence, comprehen-
sion).
Emaciate = (generally p.p.) cmaciey +

appauvrir (soil).

Emasculate = emasculer + appauvrir
(language)/ affaiblir (literary work by
making excisions).
Embargo = embargo + empechement.
[Embark.] Embarquer = to put (send) on
board; (intrans. and reflex.) to go on
board, embark. (Fig.) S'e. sans biscuit
(bonsso!e)=To undertake s.t. without
preliminary precautions. E. im paquet
de mer~To ship a heavy wave. E. son
eau=*To take in (drinking) water. La
mer embarque~ihQ sea sweeps the
deck. (Fig.) Involve, draw into. // se
laissa 0.=He allowed himself to be
caught [hooked]. E. qqn dans wie
discussion = Draw s.o into a discussion.
L' affaire est embarqitee [= under way].
Embarkation embarquement .
Embarcation = small boat without deck.
Embarrasser = embarrass -f- block,
obstruct : e. une rue', hamper, get in
the way : dtez votre manteau, il ne fait
que vous e. (Diet, de /'^cfld.) = take oif
your coat; it's only getting in your
way; entangle: s'e. dans des cordes=.
get entangled, caught up, in some
ropes; inconvenience, trouble: visiteur
qui vous embarrasse. (Reflex,) En-
cumber oneself with: s'e. de bagages;
worry oneself about : ne vous embar-
rassez pas de cela= don't worry, bother,

Emblem

73

Endenter

yourself about that ; become muddled
son esprit s'embarrasse. (Past part.) /
a la langue embarrassee =he has an
impediment in his speech; une phrase
embarrasses em involved sentence; le
gouvernement, embarrass^ pour couvrir
les depenses de la guerre d Amerique (C
Seignobos, Hist, sincere de la nation
francaise). . . at a loss, puzzled
how to ...
Emblem emble me -f- (of person) personni-

fication (of a quality, etc.).
Emboss = ciseler en bosse, repousser

bosseler.

Embosser (naut.) anchor broadside on.
Embouchure = embouchure + (horse's) bit :

mouth (of jug, etc.).
Embrace (v.). Embrasser. In modern
French the verb embrasser is often used
to mean simply ' kiss,' or as a term of
endearment at the end of letters. Both
words have two main senses : (i) to fold
in the arms; (ii) 'to contain, include/
but the English word also means saisir
(an opportunity), adopter (a plan, etc.).

Ernbranchement = embranchment -f-
branch (line, road, mountain chain);
branch (of science); subdivision (nat.
hist.) : les vertebras forment un grand e.
du regne animal (Larousse).

Embryon = embryo -f (fam.) small,
insignificant person.

Emerge = dmerger + apparattre; se
soulever (of difficulties); sortir; ressovter
(facts, as result of inquiry).

Emeritus, E. professor Professeur en
retraite, honoraire [Professeur emerite
is archaic].

m6rite= (archaic) emeritus -f expert, con-
firmed : buveur e.

Empfcher. See after Impeach.

Emphasis = accent, accentuation; accent
d'insistance (stress on syllables) ; force,
vigueur, intensive (of feelings, words,
actions, etc.) ; importance (of things) ;
(prominency, etc.) nettett, mise en
Evidence [valeur, relief].

Emphatic = accentue; energique, vigou-
reux, etc.

Emphase = bombast, pomposity, over-
emphasis.

Emphatique pompous, bombastic,

Empire has a much wider use than Empire.
It is very often used figuratively to
mean power, influence, ascendancy,
control, etc. : e. sur soi-meme^ self-
control; se soumettre d I'e. de la raison

yield to (the influence of) reason;
I'e. de la mode = the sway of fashion;
exercer un e. despotique sur qqn exer-
cise despotic authority over s.o.

Employ (n.)=service. In the e. of=^fw
service de.

Emploi= (action) use: mode d'e. = direc-
tions for use; e. du temps time-table;

ce mot fait double 0.=this word is
tautological; entry (in an account);
occupation, employment, situation,
office, post, etc. : demandes d'e., ojfres
d'e. (heading to advertisements in news-
paper) = situations wanted, vacant;
(theatre) role, character, line : cet acteur
tient I'e. des valets (Diet, de I'Acad.) =
this actor plays servants' parts ; ce rdle
n'est pas de son e.=this part is not in
his line (Diet, de I' A cad.).

Enamour* To be enamoured of s.o.==
Eire enamour e de qqn; to be enamoured
of s.t. = etre epris, enchants, ravi, de qqch.

Encaustique (u.) (techn.) encaustic -f wax
polish, furniture polish, floor polish.

Encenser. See after Incense.

Enchatner= enchain, chain (up) : e. un
chien=* chain up a dog; un serrnent
enchame ma langue I am bound by
oath to secrecy + connect, link, bind
closely : e. des ideeslink up ideas;
(theatre) take the cue, follow up, go
on without pausing.

Enchase enchdsser+ graver; orner.

Enclave = enclave -f recess (for sluice-
gates).

Encore = (theatre) bis. (V.) bisser.

Encore still; besides, in addition; (nega-
tively) not yet (pas e.) ; moreover,
nevertheless, at least E. s'il voulait

only, it wouldn't be so
bad if, he would admit it, at least he
might admit it. Vouloir, est bien; e.
faut-il pouvoir (Larousse) = To have a
will is all very well, but there must also
be a way. // n* avail que trente ans, et
e./=He was only thirty, if that

incro filer = encrust -{-cover with mortar;
make ignorant, hide-bound : rien ne
nous encroute comme la paresse
(Larousse); (reflex., fig.) to become
hide-bound, get into a groove. Encroute
de prejuges = Steeped in prej udice. Un

. vieil encrouU = An old fogy, old die-
hard.

lncumb&:*=encombrer+grever (de dettes,

d'hypothdques).
Endenter. See after Indent.

Endue

74

Ennui

Endue =vtir; revetir ; douer.

Enduire=*coa,t, cover, plaster.

Endure = (undergo) subir, supporter,
endure?; (submit to) se Designer d,
se soumettre a; souffrir, tolerer+durer,
tenir, demeurer : youth 's a stuff will
not e. (Shakespeare) = la jeunesse ne
dure pas longtemps. Endurance =
endurance -f patience. resistance;
soujfrance. Beyond endurance = In-
supportable.

nerver enervate + irritate, set teeth on
edge*

Enfance. See after Infancy.

Enfant. See after Infant.

Enflammer. See after Inflame.

Enforce = faire valoir (a reason), appuyer
par la force (a claim) ; (impose action,
conduct on s.o.) imposer ; faire executer,
mettre en vigueur (law).

Enforcir = strengthen; (intrans.) get
stronger.

Engage = (bind by contract) engager;
arreter, retenir, prendre (rooms, cab,
etc.); engager (servant); (hire) louer;
(pledge) s' engager a; (induce) engager,
amener ; (attract, charm) gagner, attirer;
occuper, fixer (attention); (techn. inter-
lock) engrener; attaquer ; (intrans.)
livrer combat, engager le combat, com-
battre> en venir aux mains; (take part
in) s'engager, se livrer a, prendre part a.
He can't see you now; he 's engaged =
II ne peut pas vous voir maintenant;
il est occupe. She is engaged to my
son =7/0 est fiancee d mon fils. En-
gaging attray ant, charmant.

Engager engage; pledge, pawn; hire,
retain, enlist, bind, undertake; en-
tangle, involve; give (battle); invite,
induce, persuade, urge. E. sa montre
au mont-de-pieU = Pawn one's watch.
E. sa parole=Give one's word. S'e. d
faire qqchTo undertake to do s.t.
S'e. [enlist] comme soldat. E. [give
away] son cosur^ aimer. E. [run] un
vaisseau dans les sables. E. [thrust
in] un levier sous un rocker. E. [begin]
une discussion. Le combat Jut engag6
[begun]. E. [lead] qqn dans une
mauvaise affaire. Je me suis engage" trop
avant=I went too far to withdraw. E.
[place] ses capitaux dans une affaire.
Je V engage [induce] d venir me voir.
E. le jeu (hockey) = Bully off. S'e. dans
uneforSt Enter, plunge into, a forest.

Engagement (contract, promise) en-

gagement; (marriage) fianc. ailles; (ser-
vants) engagement; invitation, rendez-
vous; combat, engagement, action. See
also verb above.

Engagement = contract, agreement,
promise; pledging, pawning, mort-
gaging; hiring, engaging (servant);
enlistment; liability; fight, etc.

Engendrer(fig.) engender, (lit.) beget.

Engine = machine (stationary), locomotive;
pompe d incendie; moteur (of cars, etc.) /
instrument ; engin (war, death, etc.) ;
artifice, instrument, moyen.

Engin contrivance, gear, tackle; tool,
utensil, implement; appliance, hoist.

Engineer =ingenieur; (railways, ships)
mecanicien; (mil.) offlcier (soldat) du

Engorge = devorer ; (pass . , chiefly pathol . )
etre congestionne.

Engorger= obstruct, choke up, block (with
matter, etc., sewers, rifles, conduits,
canals, blood vessels, tissues, machines,
etc.); (p.p.) plastered over (of mould-
ings, cornices, etc.).

Engrain teindre ; impregner ; (generally
fig.) faire prendre d qqn : donner a qqn
(habits, tastes, convictions, etc.) ; (p>p-)
(fig.) inveter^ (rogue, etc.).

Engrener = feed (mill-hopper) ; fatten
(fowls) on corn; connect (cog-wheels),
put in gear; (fig.) set going; polish
(surface by emery).

Engrave = (inscribe, carve, etc.) graver,
sculpter ; (fig.) graver (dans), faire une
impression (sur), empreindre (dans),
imprimer (sur).

Engraver strand (a boat) ; deposit sand
or gravel (of a river, torrent) on the
bank; (reflex.) (of harbour) silt up.

Engross = (law) grossoyer, ecrire en
grosse; absorber (time, attention, etc.);
monopoliser (person, conversation) ;
accaparer.

Engrosser = make (woman) pregnant.

Enmesh = prendre dans un filet.

Emmecher= provide with a fuse or wick.

Ennoble anoblir (by king, etc.); (fig.)
ennoblir, illustrer.

Ennui has two senses : (i) bother, nuisance,
trouble, annoyance : quel e./=what a
nuisance! Des ee. d' argent *= Money
troubles, financial worries. S0 creer
des ee. = Make trouble for oneself;
(ii) mental weariness through lack of
interests [the word has been adopted
into English in this sense]. It is some-

Enounce

75

Entralner

times difficult to get the most suitable
rendering. This will depend on the
context. Boredom, dejection, heart-
sinking, heaviness of heart, tedium,
sadness, weariness, disgust of life, are
some suggestions.

Enounce = enoncer+prononcer.

finoncer = enounce + give factors (of a
number) ; enunciate (problem).

Enrage (trans.) = faire enrager, rendre
furieux, mettre en rage; exasperer.

Enrager enrage + go mad; rage; be
vexed, fume.

Enrobe =mettre une robe.

Enrober (mainly in technical senses) put
covering (round duty-free goods); put
coating of gelatine on meat.

Enrol = (trans.) enroler (in the anny) +
inscrire; enregistrer.

Enroler = enrol (in army; in theatrical
troop or political party).

Ensign = (badge) insigne, plaque; (naut.)
pavilion; (mil.) enseigne.

Enseigne = (proof, guarantee : in adv.
phrases) a bonnes 00.= with sound
guarantees, deservedly; a telles ee. que
=as proof, so much so that; sign (of
shop, inn, etc.) : e. lumineuse= electric
sign); (mil.) ensign; (nav., archaic) en-
sign; e. de vass0aw= sub-lieutenant in
navy. A bon vin point d'e. =Good wine
needs no bush. (Fig.) tre logi d la
mime e.=To be in the same boat.

Entail (v.) = (legal) substituer (a property),
ttguer a litre inalienable; amener, imposer
(expense); impliquer, entrainer (diffi-
culties, consequences). (N.) substitu-
tion.

Entailler notch (wood) ; let in (lock in
door) ; gash (hand, etc.).

Entaille (n.) notch, nick; groove, mortise;
gash; saw-frame.

Enter =entrer-+-admettre (pupil); inscrire^
faire inscrire, enregistrer, insurer; (book-
keeping) passer ecriture de, porter,
inscrire; porter (on an account);
intenter (an action at law); avancer,
mettre en avant (claim) ; faire (request,
protest) ; prendre possession de (farm); e.
a protest s' insert re en faux (contre).
(Intrans.) With into, on, upon. Entrer
en fonction (duties) ; debuter dans
(career); entamer (discussion, subject);
commencer (an undertaking); $' engager
dans (war); contracter (an engagement);
faire, condure (pact). It has entered
my head=J7 m'est venu a I' esprit.

E. it to me = Mettez cela d mon
compte.

Entrer enter, go in, walk in, come in, run
in, drop in, go into, penetrate, etc. ; fall
or get into (a fury) ; share in, participate
in (grief, joy, plot, etc.). E. en condi-
tion=Go into service. (Impers.) Com-
bien peut-il e. de tonneaux dans cette
cave? (Diet, de I'Acad^^Hovr many
barrels does this cellar hold?

Enterprise entreprise, entreprise hardie;
aventure; hardiesse; esprit entreprenant.

Entreprise = undertaking, enterprise;
venture; attempt at seduction; busi-
ness* Unefotte e.=A wild-goose chase ;
contract : mettre qqch d I'e. =put s.t. out
to contract.

Entertain = (guests, etc.) recevoir,
accueillir; (e. with = amuse, occupy
agreeably) divertir, amuser, occcuper
agreablement V attention de qqn; avoir,
nourrir (hope) ; admettre, accueillir,
ecouter (proposal); avoir (opinion,
doubt, etc.).

Entertaining = agredble, aimable; diver-
tissant, etc.

Entretenir= (keep hi same state, also fig.)
maintain, keep up, carry on (buildings,
correspondence, etc.) ; keep, feed, sup-
port (army, mistress, family) ; converse
with. E. qqn d'esp6rances=Fee& s.o.
on hopes. Une femme entretenueA
kept woman.

Entertainment follows the senses of
Entertain, especially amusement, and
is also used for public performance =
spectacle, representation.

Entire =entier, complet; (affection) absoln f
sans reserve; pur, sans melange.

Entier entire, complete, whole; intact:
conserver sa reputation entiere; un-
changed : les choses ne sont $lus entieres;
nombre e. integer, whole number; full
(fare) : payer place entiere; self-willed,
obstinate, opinionated : etre e. dans ses
opinions.

Entitle = intituler (book, etc.) -f- donner
droit d; to be entitled to = avoir droit d
qqch, avoir le droit de faire qqch.

Entonner. See after Intone.

Entrain = s'embarquer dans un train;
embarquer (troops) dans le train.

Entrainer = carry, drag, draw, away
(along), etc.; lead s.o. (to do s.t.): se
laisser .=to allow oneself to be led
away, led astray; involve, entail; train,
exercise (for race, etc.) .

Entrant

76

Escape

Entrant = entrant 4- engage (dans une

course), inscrit (pour un concours).
Entry = (coming) entree, arrives; (law)
prise de possession; (place) couloir, porte,
antickambre, portail; (marine) declara-
tion d* entree ; denture (in ledger); (book-
keeping) partie; (item entered) article,
inscription; insertion (note in text);
admission, entree; liste (of competitors).
Entr6e= entrance, admission; (freedom
of) access; beginning, first appearance,
rise; way in, door, passage, opening;
(fig.) opportunity ; importation ; customs
duty ; entrance money ; (table) entre'e.
E. en vacances = Breaking up (of
school) .
Enveloppant = enveloping -f captivating

(manners, words, etc.).
Envelopper = envelop, surround + involve,

include : e. qqn dans une accusation.
Envenom=empozso72rter (weapon, air, etc.);
envenimer (words, actions, feelings);
corrompre (mind, etc.).
Envenimer = poison : e. I' esprit de qqn\
tarnish, discredit (motives, etc.); irri-
tate, cause to fester (wound) ; exas-
perate, embitter (feelings, etc.).
Envoy = envoy 6, de'pute'; (litt.) envoi.
Envoi sending; article sent; consign-
ment, remittance; parcel, goods, mes-
sage; (litt.) envoy. E. d'auteur=Pre-
sentation copy. Coup d'e. = Kick-of
(football).

Envy=envie, jalousie -{-objet d'envie.
[N.B. The French expression a I'envi
= vying with, in emulation, has no
connection with either ' envy ' or
envie.]

Envie en vy+ sudden desire, wish, long-
ing, fancy, mind ; birthmark ; hang-nail,
agnail,

peler. See Spell*
Epicure = gourmet,
lipicurien = epicurean.
Eponge. See Sponge*

Epitome = Epitome (of a book); prdcis,
abrfgd; (fig.) portrait, representation en
miniature.
Equal (adj.) = egal -f de force a, a la

hauteur de.

gal= equal -f even, regular, level, steady :
route ^#/0= level road; temperature
4gale=even temperature; pouls e.~
steady pulse; pas e. steady pace;
humeur 6gale=evQn temper. Cela lui
est =It 's all the same to him, he
doesn't mind. C'est e. t c'est un drdle I

depetitmenage (A. Daudet, Lettresdemon
mouliri)=*A11 the same, they 're a curious
couple. A I'e. de=As much as : il est
craint d I'e. de la peste (Diet, de I' A cad.)

Equipage = equipage + crew, ship's
company; (mil.) equipment; train des
de.= baggage train O (British) Army
Service Corps)] ; requisites : &. d'outils
set of tools; hunt, pack of hounds;
apparel, garb, way in which a person
is dressed, state: etre en piteux ^. = be
in a sorry plight; vous voilb dans MI
bel ^.=you 're in a pretty state.

quipement = equipment -f- fitting out
(vessel, troops) ; petit e. = (soldier's) kit.

fiquiper = equip (army, vessel); dress
(person) [French word gives the idea
of strangeness] : peut-on s'e. de la sorte?
= fancy rigging yourself put like that !

Erection = (action) Erection 4- edifice,
bdtiment, monument.

Erection = erecting, erection (lit. andj6.);
raising, elevation (to higher sphere) : c-.
d'une principautt en royaume; estab-
lishment, setting up : e. d'un tribunal.

Ergot = ergot ( = disease of rye, diseased
rye seed used medicinally) -|- (cock's)
spur; (fig.) monter, se lever, se hausser,
se dresser, sur ses ee.=to ride, mount, the,

fet upon one's, high horse, bristle up,
are up; (dog's) dew-claw; (horticul-
ture) stub, dead wood.

Erratic = erratique (scientific term, of
birds, planets, rocks, fevers, pains) +
capricieux, bizarre, singulier, irregulier,
fantasque, excentrique, maniaqm, original,
baroque.

Errer err-f- wander.

Eructation = (belching, of persons)
eructation-\- (volcano) Eruption.

Eruption = Eruption (volcano, pimples,
teeth + (fig.) eclat, debordement (wit,
mirth, anger, etc.), deckainement brusque.

Escapade = escapade -f- tiourderie,
conduite legere.

Escapade = escapade -f prank, lark (of
schoolboy); caper (of horse).

Escape (v.) = (get free) s'&vader, s'cchappcr
(from [== de] prison); s'echapper de
(eyes, hands, cage, trap); (of steam,
gas, etc.) s'Jchapper, sortir, fuir,
s'enfuir; (get off safely) se saiwer,
s'enfuir; se soustraire d (s.o.'s attention,
etc.) ; s'enfuir loin de (qqn) ; 6viter t dluder
(s.t. unpleasant, etc.); se glisser de
(hands); dchapper d qqn (=e. notice);
(issue unawares, of words, etc.) echapper

chapper

77

Establishment

d qqn; e. with (s.t. slight) en tre quitte
pour; e. narrowly Vechapper belle or
faillir -f infinitive [il s'en fallut de bien
peu qu'il ne fut-\- participle] Btre d deux
doigts de [=j 'riser] +noun. Also (in-
trans.) (fam.) decamper, disparaitre,
(fam.) prendre la poudre d'escampette,
montrer ses talons, (fam.) filer.

&chapper (intrans. or reflex, with de)
escape (from), get away; (abs.) dis-
appear (of hopes, etc.), wander (of
mind) ; s'e. en (noun), jusqu'd, (verb) =
burst out in, forget oneself so far as to ;
sa douleur s'echappe en [finds an outlet
in] reproches (Darmesteter) ; (intrans.)
e. d escape, fall, drop (from hand,
one's charge, lips); escape notice,
memory; e. de (disaster, shipwreck,
etc.); (abs.) escape (of fluids, etc.).

Escape (n. See verb) = echapp6e (of
animals, of game bird or animal) ;
evasion, fuite (from prison, etc.) /
delivrance (from danger, etc.); issue;
appareil de sauvetage; (of steam)
echappement; (of gas, water) echappe-
ment, fuite ; saint (from accident, death,
etc.) [Sentences with ' escape ' as a
noun are often best rendered by the
use of a verb, as 'E. was difficult '=//
itait difficile de s'echapper}; (of a
watch) echappement.

fichappee = escape; escapade; vista;
snatch (of sunshine), spell (of fine
weather) ; accidental light (in a picture) ;
space (for carriages to turn in) ; head-
room (in passage below staircase);
narrowing of ship's bottom towards
stem or stern ; par ee. = by fits and starts ;

Echappement = escapement (of watch) :
montre d e. lever watch + escape (of
water, gas) ; exhaust : soupape d'e. =
exhaust valve.

Escritoire = bureau, secretaire.

Ecritoire = writing-desk;* inkstand;
scriptorium (of a monastery).

Esprit, (i) Breath, ghost, etc. L'e. [breath,
spirit] de Dieu. Rendre /'*. Give up
the ghost. L'e. [spirit] du Seigneur.
L'e. divin. L'e. de haine, d' imprudence.
Le Saint . = Holy Ghost [Spirit].
(Greek gram.) L'e. rude; I'e. doux =
Rough breathing; smooth breathing.
(ii) Emanation from bodies. (PL) Les
ee. vitaux = Vital spirits.* Les ee.
animaux= Animal spirits (in archaic
sense, not in modern sense of 'natural

gaiety of disposition ') . Perdre (re-
prendre) ses 5. = Lose (recover) con-
sciousness. E. [spirit] de sel, de nitre,
de vin.

(iii) Immaterial principle [= spirit,
ghost]. Dieu est e. L'e. retourne d Dieu
qui I' a donne. Les ee. celestes. E. de
tenebres. L'E. malin (le Afa/w=the
Evil One, the Devil). L'e. familier de
Socrate. On dit qu'il y a des ee. dans
cette maison . Ee. frappeurs = Rapping
spirits.

(iv) Intelligent principle (i) of resolves
and feelings [=mind, intellect, under-
standing, etc.]. Tu te mets en Ve.
[mind] une crainte frivole (Corneille, Le
Cid). Tranquillited'e.[mind]. Presence
d'e. [mind]. II a eu I'e. [sense] de ceder.
Le mouvement des 00. = The march of
intellect. Calmer les ee. [minds]; (2)
of thinking. L'e. [mind] humain. Les
Jacultes de I'e. [mind]. Avoir del' .=Be
intelligent, clever, witty, sensible. A voir
I'e, [mind] ouvert, juste, borne, etc. Une
femme bel e. Witty or clever woman.
Un e. fort = Free-thinker. Un trait d'e.
Witty sally. Faire del'e.lo try to
be funny.

(v) Way of seeing, thinking, and feeling.
E. public = Public feeling, general
opinion, mind of the public (not public
spirit, which souci de Vinterei general,
patriotisme, civisme, denouement d la
chose publique) . L'e. [spirit] d'intrigue,
de rebellion. Quitter la patrie sans e.
[feeling, disposition] de retour. L'e.
[tendency, character] de l'eglise f de
I'armee. L'e. de corps Corporate, team,
spirit. E. de I'escalier^'LB.tter-wit.
Avoir I'e. [flair] des affaires. Sacrifier
I'e. [spirit] d la lettre. Saiser I'e. [mind,
spirit] de Vauteur.

Esquire [= squire, archaic] =ecuyer ; ['title
appended to name of one regarded as
gentleman by birth, position, or educa-
tion, esp. in address of letter (abbr.
Esq.)' (Concise Oxford Diet.}] monsieur.

cuyer = squire;* equerry; horseman,
riding-master; e. de cirque = circus
rider; hand-rail (of staircase, on the
wall side); prop (of tree).

Essay =e$sai+ (school task) dissertation.

Essence =* essence -|- (forestry term)
variety, species (of trees) ; motor spirit,
petrol.

Establishment = (action and thing)
ttablissement, fondation, installation,

tablissement

78

EventuaUy

institution, creation; glise etablie;
(staff, of servants, etc.) train de maison;
personnel d'une maison; personnel (of
State)/ fonctionnaires civils: tittdaires;
on war e.^sur le pied, de guerre; war,
peace, e.^effectifs en temps de guerre,
en temps de paix,

Etablissement = (action) making, building
(bridge, factory, etc.); establishment,
settlement, institution, appointment;
setting up (business, etc.); (the thing
established) concern, business, house,
foundation, institution; colonial settle-
ment ; settling (of one's children) ; etc.

Estate = (order, class) the Three Ee. (in
England) ~les trois or Ares; (third e. in
France) le tiers etat; (fourth e., 'humor-
ously] la presse; (property) domaine,
fortune, capital, bien-jonds, biens f pro-
priete; actij et passif; (by will)
succession.

tat (persons and things) state, con-
dition; footing, position, situation;
predicament, plight; (legal) en ^.=in
order: affaire en . suit ready for
hearing; schedule, list, inventory,
return, statistics ; rank, (civil and social)
status; trade, calling, occupation, pro-
fession, etc. ; (formerly three estates in
France) nobility, clergy, and third
estate (see above); (civil) state; (poli-
tical regime) government; (nation as
a political entity) state, nation. En
mauvais ^.=Out of order, in bad con-
dition. 6tre en e. de faire qqch=Re
able to, in a position to, do s.t. En tout
e. de cause=In any case, whatever may
be the circumstances. Faire 6. de qqch
= note s.t., take s.t. into account. Faire
grand e. de qqn= Esteem s.o., think
highly of s.o.

Estimate (n.) = (approximate judgment)
Evaluation: at a rough e.~approxima-
tivement; nombre [quantity valeur, etc.]
d'apres - le calcul; (pL, forecasts of
national expenditure) budget; (con-
tractor's statement) devis, etat (esti-
matif); (judgment of qualities, etc.)
opinion, jugement, appreciation. ( V. ) fixer
approximativement, dvaluer, apprecier.

Estimation = estimation -f opinion,
jugement: in his e.=<& son avis, selon
lui; estime*

Estimation = estimation, valuation, ap-
praisement + (naut.) reckoning.

Esteem (v.) = (think highly of) estimer; 1
consider er comme.

Estimer = estimate, appraise, assess, value ;
deem, consider, reckon; prize, esteem.

tioler = etiolate -f- make sickly, weakly,
to weaken : I* air des miles etiole les
enfants (Larousse). S'e. (fig. )= Waste
away, atrophy : un talent qui s* etiole.

Etique. See after Hectic.

tiquette= etiquette -f ticket, label*

Euphony = (gram.) euphonie + son
agreable a Voreille; harmonie.

Evade = ichapper a (pursuit) ; dviter,
ttuder, esquiver (question, blow, etc.);
se dispenser de faire, se derober a (duty,
etc.); frauder (customs); se soustraire
a (authority); se garder de (-J-infin.);
tourner (a difficulty); frustrer, se
dfrober a (one's creditors); (of things,
baffle) dgconcerter.

s'Svader = break loose, slip away (chiefly
of prisoners).

vaporer = evaporate (liquids) -f- vent
($a bile, one's spleen) ; (slang) steal :
e. un montre. S'^.= Evaporate + dis-
appear, vanish into thin air: des qu'il
a de I'argent, son amour s'evapore
(Regnard, quoted by Larousse); sa
cotire s'evapove en menaces (Diet, de
l'Acad.)=bis anger spends itself in
threats; (faw.) grow frivolous : jeune
personne qui commence A s'e. (Larousse).
vapore= Flighty, frivolous.

Evasion = Evasion; faux-fuyant; dejaite,
echappatoire; subterfuge, pretexte,

Evasion = evasion + escape, flight,
elopement.

Event=eve'nement; cos: in any e., at all
ee,en tout cas ; in the e. of his death =
au cas oifc il mourrait; (sport) course,
match, rencontre ; resultat, issue : in the
e. ^finalement ; after the e. = apres coup.
;e72t=open air, fresh air: mettre des
marchandises, des hardes a l'e.\ vent,
air-hole : donner de I'e. a une piece de
vin ; flatness (of liquids) : du vin qui
sent l'e. t qui a de l'i.\ blow-hole (of
whale); flaw (in barrel of rifle). Avoiy
la tete a /V.=To be feather-brained,
irresponsible.

Eventual eventuel, aleatoire (= happen-
ing in certain circumstances) -{-final,
definitif.

Eventually =<i la fin, finalement, en fin de
compte : he betook himself briskly down
the steps and round the house to look
for another entrance. He e. found one
(G. K. Chesterton, The Incredulity of
Father Brown) = il descendit brusque-

Eventuellement

79

Excuse

ment le perron et fit le tour de la maison
pour trouver une autre entree. II finit
par en decouvrir une. She confessed to
some visionary plan of e. setting up in
a house of her own (Lytton Strachey,
Eminent Victorians) Elle avoua avoir
confu le plan chimerique de s'etablir un
jour dans une maison bien a elle.

ventuellement= contingently, should the
occasion arise.

Evidence = (clearness) evidence ; (i ndica-
tion, sign) marque, trace, indice; testi-
mony, facts leading to conclusion)
preuve, deposition, temoignage, ration de
croire; (persons in law) temoins (d
charge ; d decharge) ; to turn Icing's e. =
dfaoncer ses complices; document, pUce,
instrument. Circumstantial Q.= Preuve
par presomption. Hearsay e.=Preuve
par commune renommte. Evident =
evident; clair, qui saute aux yeux.

Evidence = clearness, obviousness, plain-
ness; evidentness, evidence.

Evince = (show, indicate) manifester,
temoigner, montrer, donner des preuves,
demontrer, faire ressortir.

fivincer = (legal) evict, turn out; oust,
supplant.

Exalt = elever (in rank, etc.); (praise,
extol) exalter, louer ; illustrer, ennoblir,
honorer ; renf oncer (colour)* Exalted=
(as verb) noble, sublime (sentiments)*

Exalter = exalt, extol, praise, glorify; elate,
raise in his own eyes; excite, arouse
(ardour, etc.) ; over-excite, inflame*

Exalti=(a& verb) excitable, over-excited;
wild and fanatic, impassioned.

Examine = inspecter, verifier, examiner
+ interroger (witness, prisoner).

Excavate =excaver, creuser ; deterrer.

Exceed = depasser, exceder, outrepasser
(rights, duties, etc.); (be greater)
depasser, surpasser (qqch en); surpasser,
I'emporter sur, qqn.

Exc6der=* exceed (as above); (go beyond
what is bearable) tire out, exhaust,
fatigue; bore, annoy, overtax (s.o.'s)
patience.

Excel = (trans.) I'emporter sur, surpasser;
(intrans.) excetter (en, dans, & qqch; d
faire qqch) : excetter dans la peinture, en
latin, au tennis, dans sa profession, au
billard, & conduire une voiture.

Excellence = excellence -\-fort, qualite.

Exception exception. To take e. to
Faire une objection a, s'offenser de, se
formaliser de, trouver d redire a; (law)

recuser (= challenge judge, witness,
jury, etc.). With this e.=^4 cette
exception pres.

Exception (as above); (law) e. peremptoire
= demurrer*

Excess = (pi.) violence, debauche, exces +
(of tickets, luggage) excedent, (rare)
surpoids; excedent (money, etc.).

Exchange = echange, troc+ (building) la
Bourse; (of posts) permutation; (tele-
phone) central telephonique ; change : the
rate of e. = le taux du change ; bill of e. =
lettre de change ; foreign e. O&.CQ bureau
de change.

Excite = exciter -f animer, emouvoir,
emoustiller, surexciter, agiter : don't get
excited = calmez-vous, (fam). ne vous
frappez pas; an excited crowd was
following the two men = une foule
surexcitee faisait cortege aux deux
hommes.

Exciting = (see verbs above) emouvant,
empoignant, passionnant.

Excitement = excitement (physiol. only)
-j- agitation, excitation, emotion, sensa-
tion, surexcitation, exaltation, effer-
vescence, enthousiasme.

Excitation (action and state) excite-
ment, instigation, incitement (to
revolt, disobedience, etc.); excitement,
animation, agitation (feverish, mental,
etc.).

Exclusive =exclusif; unique, seul (occupa-
tion, etc.);/0rw^ (society, social circle) ;
e. of = sans compter.

Excuse (v.) = excuser (person, action);
(obtain exemption) dispenser de, exemp-
ter de ; (of things serve as an exculpa-
tion) degager, d&lier; (with personal
subject) accepter les excuses; ddcharger
(s.o. of a debt); faire remise de (fee)/ se
dispenser de (s.o.'s presence); (law)
excuser (juryman).

Excuse (n.) = (apology) excuse; (ground of
plea) pretexte, justification. To make
ee. = Essayer de se justifier. To look
for an e. = Chercher une defaite.

Excuser = excuse (as above), exculpate
(person); (fam.) s'0. de faire qqch =
apologize for doing s.t., excuse oneself
from doing s.t.; s'e. sur ^gc/t=make s.t.
one's excuse : il s'excusa sur sa maladie -
he pleaded his illness in excuse ; s'e. sur
un autre =*la.y the blame on another.

Excuse^ excuse; (pi.) apology. Faites e.
=1 beg your pardon (in contradicting
s.o.) ; (law) plea (of juryman, etc.) .

Execrate

80

Expert

Execrate = execrer -f (intrans.) proferer
des imprecations.

Execute = (carry into effect, perform,
make plan, order, work, etc.) faire
RxicuteY ; (a deed) signer et apposer le
scean> valider; (convey) transmettre,
ctder (property); exercer (office, pro-
fession); (music) executer ; execute*
(a criminal).

Executer execute (as above), carry out,
fulfil, perform, etc.; (sport) suspend a
player, warn (jockey) off the turf; e. un
d4bitiur= distrain upon debtor; (stock
exchange) e. qqn buy or sell the
shares, for which s.o. is responsible who
cannot meet his obligations, and charge
the difference to him. (Mil.) E. raili-
tairement une ville = Give a town over to
be pillaged. S'.=To submit, comply,
do; pay up.

Execution Extent ion. See verbs.

NOTE. Homme d'e.^Man of action,
resolute man.

Exemplar = (pattern) modele; type (of a
class); cos semblable (pareil).

Exemplaire (n.) = copy, reproduction;
specimen, sample,

Exemption = exemption -f- (in French
schools) ticket for good marks given
to pupU who may use it to get exemp-
tion from a future punishment.

Exercise (v.) = exercer -\-promener (dog).

Exercer = exercise, drill (recruits, ear,
memory, pen, etc.) ; tax, try (patience,
etc.); use, practise, employ; inspect
(certain businesses liable to excise);
follow, carry on, perform, fill (pro-
fessions, offices, duties).

Exercice exercise; e. de tir= firing prac-
tice; use, exercise (of power, etc.);
visit, inspection (of excise officer) ;
financial year ; practice (of profession) ;
practice, performance (of worship),
Faire /'e.=To drill.

Exhalation = (noxious) exhalaison; souffle
(of breath) ; explosion (of anger, etc.) ;
vapeur, brume; effluve.

Exhalation (action) exhaling.

Exhibit (v.) = montrer, faire voir, de-
ployer; exhiber (titles, jewels); etaler
(goods) ; (submit for consideration)
presenter f fournir, offrir; manif ester,
montrer (equality); exposer (pictures,
etc.); (law) exhiber, produire (docu-
ments); (med.) administrer (remedy).
(N.) Objet expose (in an exhibition);
(law) pi&ce d

Exhiber = show, display make a vulgar
display (diamonds, bare arms, etc.);
(law) produce, exhibit (documents).

Exhibition = exhibition (of furniture, bare
legs, jewels) ; make an e. of oneself =se
montrer en spectacle, se conduire peu
convenablement ; (public display) exposi-
tion; (money given to student) bourse;
(med . ) administration.

Exhibition^* faction) displaying; display
(of possessions) ; production (of shoot-
ing licence, etc.).

Exigency = cas urgent, circonstance
critique (imprdvue) ; necessite, embarras.

Exigence = imperative demand; un-
reasonableness (of a person); (of
circumstances) unreasonable claims,
exactions, requirements.

Exonerate = disculper, justifier (person);
absoudre, d&harger (from blame, accusa-
tion); exempter (s.o. from duty).

Exonerer = relieve, exempt s.o. (from
military service, taxes) ; goods (from
duties payable).

Expansion = expansion (scientific term) ;
(commerce) dveloppement, extension;
deploiement (of luxury, energy);
epanouissement (flower, of the heart, of
countenance) ; accroissement, extension
(of the currency); dilatation (of gases,
liquids, solids; of the lungs, etc.);
detente (steam-engine) ; (space, expanse,
extent) e'tendue; (math.) developpement.

Expansion (sclent.) expansion; (fig.) ex-
pansiveness; spread (of a doctrine).
Cf. Expansive.

Expansive = expansif, demonstrate/ +
vaste, dtendu, comprehensif.

Expansif = communicative, effusive;
(scient.) expansive.

Expedite faciliter, accelerer; expedier
(business).

Expedier = send (person, parcel) ; dismiss
(person) ; kill (s.o.) ; expedite (a busi-
ness) ; draw up (deed) ; ecriture expediee
=running hand; (fam.) hurry through,
bolt, polish off (food).

Experience (n.) = (of life) experience, con-
naissance, ce qu'on a vu ; ce qui est arrivi
d qqn f aventure; cas; essai; dpreuve,
incident (generally fdcheux) ; (pi.) phase
(of religious emotion).

Experience = experience; experiment,
trial.

Expert (n.)=autorite f personne compe'tente
en la mature; spteialiste, technicien.
(Adj .) = habile, expert.

Expert

81

Exult

Expert= expert, connoisseur, valuer, sur-
veyor. (Adj.) Skilful, expert.

Explicit = explicite; (of persons) clair,
precis r franct ouvert*

Exploit = exploit -f- (legal) summons,
writ: signifier un e.~ serve a writ.

Explore = explorer -\- examiner (question,
matter, theory, etc.).

Expose = (display; leave unprotected,
etc.) montrer, exposer ; Staler; mettre
(en vente); reveler, faire connaltre f
decouvrir (a secret, plan, etc.)/ (un-
mask) percer a. jottr f devoiler (plot,
crime); ridiculiser (folly); pilorier (per-
son) , exposer a la reprobation.

Exposer = expose, exhibit (see this word),
display ; lay (a corpse) in state ; explain,
tell, state (ideas, subject, reason) ;
abandon (newly born child) ; expose to
danger, endanger (life). S'e. d=To
risk, be liable to (calumny, etc.).
Maison exposee au sud= House facing
south, with a southerly aspect.

Exposition = exposition + expose.

Exposition = exposition -|- exhibition ; lying
in state (of body) ; aspect (of house) .

Exquisite = exquis 4- (pain) vif, extrime,
aigu, violent; atroce.

Extend = etendre (arms, body, etc.) ;
transcrire (shorthand) ; prolonger,
allonger, continuer (length, breadth) ;
prolonger (time) / accorder (kindness,
pity)/ repandre, etendre (= spread);
offrir (advice); temoigner (sympathy);
accorder, offrir (help) ; (law) evaluer
(property), saisir (land) for debt.

tendre = extend, spread, stretch out;
(fig.) develop (argument) ; $'e. sur =
expatiate, dwell, on ; beat (gold) ; water
down (wine, etc.) ; draw (wire) ; lay
down, stretch out (carpet, etc.) ; spread

out (troops, etc.); hang up (linen);
(reflex.) extend (of time and place),
reach. // etend ses soins swr = His care
embraces, etc.

Extenuate = (lessen ... by excuses)
attenuer f diminuer (crime, etc.).

Extenuer=make thin, tone down (expres-
sion), wear out (by fasting, etc.),
exhaust : il s'extenue a force de veillev
(Larousse) =he is wearing himself out
by sitting up at night. Avoir I' air
extenue = To look worn out.

Ext&rieur (n.) = exterior 4- outward
appearance : il a Ve. agreable ; foreign
countries : Vetat de nos relations avec
/'e. = the state of our relations with
foreign countries.

Extra (n.)= extra; supplement (in schools,
restaurants, etc.), depense supptemen-
taire; edition speciale (of newspaper);
(adj.) d' extra, extraordinaire, supple-
mentaire, de plus, (horse) de renfort.
(Adv.) En sus, en plus. E. weight =
Exctdent.

Extra extra. Un vin d'e.A.n extra
bottle of wine. (Law) Audience d'e.=
Vacation sitting. (Adj.) Un vin e.
Special quality wine. Liqueur e.-fine
= Liqueur of superfine quality. Un
e. = Occasional servant, assistant, or
waiter : le samedi soir et le dimanche
matin, les coiffeurs prennent des e.
(Larousse). // fait un 0. = He is a
temporary (waiter, etc.).

Extravagance = (absurd statement or
action) extravagance -f- dissipation,
prodigalitg; folles depenses.

Extravagant = (absurd, singular, strange)
extravagant -f- prodigue, depensier (per-
son) ; exorbitant (price).

Exult =exulter -\-triompher (over, de).

Fable = fable + plot, subject (of literary
work) ; laughing-stock : etre la f. de la
mile, de tout IB monde, du peuple.

Fabric = construction; edifice, bdtiment;
(frame) charpente, dchafaudage, struc-
ture, corps (of man); social i.=systme
social ; (woven) tissue, ttoffe; contexture.

Fabrique fabric (church) ; church council;
make ; workmanship, manufacture ; prix
de f. = cost price; marque de /. = trade
mark; making, manufacture; factory,
works, mill.

Face [Has a much wider use, literally and
figuratively, than the corresponding
French word face, although this is used
of God, men, and animals, in elevated
style, and by some modern writers in a
depreciatory way. Visage is the general
term, and Figure the pedestrian term,
applied usually to the features. Physio-
nomie refers to expression.] =
(i) (Front of head from forehead to
chin.) (Pretty) 1= Visage, figure:
turn away (hide) one's i.detourner
la tete=cacher son visage. Look s.o.
in the i.=Regarder qqn en face, devi-
sager. Show one's i. Se montrer.
F. to i.=Face a face. F. to f. with=
En presence de. To set one's f. against
S'opposer a, ne pas vouloir entendre
parler de. To fly in the f. of = Braver
(justice), niev (evidence), contrecarrer
(wishes). In (the) f. of=Malgre, en
depit de, au mepris de (opposition, what
has happened). Before my f. Sous
mes yeux. To shut the door in one's f .
= Fermer la povte au nez de qqn. To
have the wind in one's i. Avoir vent
deb out. To my very i.A mon nez
[ma barbe^ Wipe your i. Essuyez-
vous la figure. Why is your f. so
changed ?== (elevated style) Pourquoi
vos traits sont-ils ainsi alteres?
(ii) (Expression of countenance.) To
make a (wry) f. = Faire la grimace.
Pull a long f . = Faire une t&te. Do not
trust ff. Ne vous fiez pas aux phy-
sionomies.
(iii) (Composure, coolness, effrontery.)

82

He had the f. to=7/ eut I'audace [la
hardiesse, le front f (fam.) le toupet t
V assurance] de. To save one's f . = Sauver
la face. He tried to keep his f. [= coun-
tenance] = II fit de son mieux pour garder
son serieux.

(iv) (Outward show, aspect.) To put
a good f. on the matter == .Fa z> bonne
contenance, faire contre fortune bon
cosur. On the f . of it A enjugerpar les
apparences. Put on a new f . = Changer
de visage f se ddguiser. Put on a
virtuous f.=Prendre le masque de la
vertu. (Of places, things.) Physio-
nomie, aspect, face, situation, etat,
apparence.

(v) (Surface.) On the f. of the earth=
Sur la surface de la terre. (Bibl.) On the
f. of the waters =Sur les eaux, au-dessus
des eaux.

(vi) (Side, fa9ade, and various technical
uses) devant r facade, face (of building) ;
(of cloth) endroit; (coin) face; (clock,
watch) cadran; (hammer) tete; (anvil)
table; (printing) ceil; (cannon) tranche.
F. value = Valeur nominale.

Face has four main senses :

(i) (The front of the human head) =
face. Se voiler la f. Un homme a
double f. La f. du cheval, singe, chien,
etc.

(ii) (Front of the body.) Portrait de /.
= Full-face portrait. Faire f. a qqn,
a qqchlo face s.o., s.t. Le trouver f.
cl f. Le Seigneur a d&oitrne sa /.
(iii) (Front side of a thing.) S'il
rencontre un palais t il m'en decrit la f.
(Boileau, Art po&tique [facade, front].
Pile ow/. = Heads or tails,
(iv) (Each of the sides of a thing.) La
f. [side] interne d'un rempart. Les ff.
[sides] d'un cube. (Fig.) Ma fortune va
pr entire une f. [aspect] nouvelle.

Facile facile -f- easy ; easy-going : un
homme /. a vivre a. man easy to live
with, easy to get on with ; une femme f.
= a woman of easy virtue; pliable,
docile : un caract&re f. ; avoir une con-
science /.=have an elastic conscience

Fact

83

Falsify

[to have an easy conscience avoir la
conscience tranquille] ; fluent, ready :
une plume /. ; avoir les larmes ff. =be
easily moved to tears.

Fact, See Fait and Feat

Faction = faction; sentry duty,

Factionary = membre d'une faction .

Factionnaire sentinel, sentry.

Facteur= factor (= agent; /. des Holies =
auctioneer in the market); factor
(math, and fig.) : les ff. essentials de la
richesse d'un pays; maker of (musical)
instruments : /. de pianos ; postman ;
(railway) porter; carman (for delivery
of parcels).

Facultative = facultatif -\- contingent ; qui
se rapporte a unefaculte.

Facultatif = facultative (= optional) ;
arr$t f.=cars stop here by request.

Faggot = Fagot. [Note the French
proverbial saying, II y a ff. et ff. Both
French and English substitute other
words as occasion requires.] Sentir le
f.To smack of heresy (doctrines, etc.),
to be suspected of heresy (persons).
Eire fait comme unf.=To have a poor
figure. J&tre habille 1 comme un /.=To
be badly dressed. Un f. d'epines
Cross-grained person, person with
whom one does not know what attitude
to adopt. De derriere les ff.V&ry
good (allusion to wine kept behind ff.
in cellar) : du vin de derriere les ff.
Conter, debiter, des #=Tell silly
stories, talk nonsense.

Faible. See Feeble,

Fail (be missing, insufficient, run short,
etc.) His heart (words) failed him
Le courage (la parole) lui manqua
[faillit]. Time would f. me to tell=
Le temps me manquerait pour raconter.
Provisions began to f. (run short) =
Les vivres commencerent a faire defaut
[tre insuffisants, manquer]. Pru-
dence failed him = La prudence lui
fit defaut. Cela me fit faute (= failed).
L'autre ne se fit pas faute de lui sourire;
(become extinct, die away; flag, break
down) faillir, defaillir, succomber,
s'eteindre, s'epuiser, faiblir, s'affaiblir,
tomber; (mislead, disappoint hopes)
The prophecy f ailed = La prophetie ne
s'accomplit pas. Le vent nous manqua.
Nos amis nous ont abandonnes. Ma
vertu pour le moins ne me trahira pas
[fera pas defaut t faillira pas]; (not
succeed in attaining, in doing) TJ~*~

failed to rouse his curiosity = Cela
ne rfussit pas [ne parvint pas] a exciter sa
curiosity. The attempt failed=Z/ss0t
echoua [manqua f avorta]. II manqua d
son devoir. II manqua d [failed to
keep] sa parole line tint pas (sa) parole.
Ne manquez pas de le faire ; (go bank-
rupt) faire faillite t manquer; (in an
examination) eive refuse, (school and
university slang) se faire colter (reedier) ;
refuser, (slang) cotter (a candidate).
NOTE. I f. to see=/ ne vois pas
(comment, etc.)

Faillir = (to be wanting, missing where
action would be useful) to fail (of mind,
memory, feelings, courage, etc.) ; be
defective : cette maison a failli par le
pied=the foundations of this house
have given way; /. dfc=fail to keep
(promise, etc.); (com.) become bank-
rupt; /. (only in preterite and com-
pound tenses) -hinfin.= be just on the
point of : il faillit se trouver mat = he
nearly fainted = il manqua de se
trouver mal; il faillit etre assassinehe
was within an ace of being assassinated ;
j'ai failli attendre (saying attributed to
Louis XIV)=I nearly had to wait;
err, be mistaken : quand le bras a failli,
on en punit la ^te=when the arm errs,
the head suffers.

Fait. See under Feat.

False = faux (see below) ; (advice) perfide ;
(of Judas) traHre ; (shame) faux ; (value)
fictif; (bottom) double; (verdict) injuste;
(imprisonment) illegal; (mirror) trom-
peur; (rocks, etc.) factice; (hope)
illusoire; (hair, teeth, beard, bust)
postiche, artificiel, faux ; (attack; con-
tract) simule; (will) suppos6, pretendu;
(tears) feintes; (fig.) under f. colours =
sous un masque trompeur. Also pseudo

Faux = untrue, false (suspicion, report,
evidence, witness, oath) : false, not
genuine (door, ribs, acacia, joy, plea-
sures, alarm, pride, shame, coin, jewels,
teeth, hair, nose, prophet, friend, look,
etc.); wrong calculation; deceitful
mind ; wrong gender, wrong card ; false,
inexact, incorrect (reasoning; move-
ment, way, light, position, quantity,
step [demarche], light). Fausse queue
= Mis-cue. Fausse couche = Miscarriage.

Falsify = falsifier (documents) ; dinaturer
(facts) / fausser, pervertir (the meaning
of a passage) ; prouver faux (a theory).

Falsifier

84

Favour

Falsifier = falsify (document, text) -f
adulterate (wine), debase (coins).

Famine = (suffering from food scarcity)
famine f disette (of any commodity);
(hunger) faim, inanition.

Fancy (n.) = (unfounded belief) deception,
illusion; imagination; (mental image)
idfo; supposition gratuite; (whim) fan-
taisie, envie, caprice; (individual taste)
gout, affection, desir. To take a f. to=
(persons) Prendre en affection, (things)
prendre du gout pour; (with verb) se
mettye dans la tete de, avoir envie de,
(impersonally) il prend a qqn la fan-
taisie de.

Fantaisie= imagination;* de /. = (i) ima-
ginary, imaginative, fanciful; descrip-
tion, portrait def.= fanciful description,
portrait; (ii) fancy : pain, article, de f. =
fancy bread, article; (mus.) fantasia;
whim, humour, crotchet; caprice,
fancy; strange desire, mind, liking; se
passer une /.== indulge a whim.

Fane= temple.

Fane = dead leaf, litter (of dead leaves);
tops (beetroot, salsify, potato,
etc.).

Fantasia = fantasia (= exhibition of evolu-
tions on horseback by Arab horsemen)
+ (mus.) fantaisie.

Fantastic fantastique + (eccentric, of
persons) extravagant, recherche dans sa
mise, fantasque, original, capricieux.

Farce = farce, but the latter preserves
the meaning 'stuffing/ 'forcemeat,'
now obsolete in the English word, but
of which there is a reminiscence in

Fa$cmer=fascinate-f- (mil.) fascine.

Fashion (make, shape, style, etc.) f aeon,
forme, coupe, figure, style ; (way) facon,
maniere, methode; (prevailing custom,
etc.) mode, gout, genre; (usages of upper
classes) ton; (discussed person or thing)
rage, fureur, vogue; the world of f . = le
lean monde.

Facon make, shape, fashion, style;
manner, way, (de /. que = so that) ;
mien, look, appearance ; (pi.) ceremony,
fuss, ado : Jaire des ff. = stand on cere-
mony, make a fuss; sans facon(s) = un-
ceremoniously, in an off-hand way;
pretence, affectation.

Fast (n..)=jeune; (naut.) amarre.

Paste (n.) = pomp, magnificence; display,
ostentation.

Fastidious = degoutt (de), difficile,

dedaigneux; exigeant; be i.=. faire le
rencheri, la rencherie.

Fastidieux = boring, tedious, irksome;
(food) nauseating.

Fat (adj.) =gras ; gros ; gros et gras, dodu ;
corpulent; (of meat) gras ; (type) gras ;
(oily) graisseux; (coal) bitumineux ;
(clay) collant, gluant ; (land) fertile,
riche; (dull, slow-witted) epais, lourd.
As f. as a pig = Gras comme un pore,
comme un moine.

Fat foppish, conceited.

Fatal = fatal, inevitable -f- movtel.

Fat al = fatal -j- fated, bound to happen :
c'etait /.=it was bound to happen.
(Commerce) Terme f. Last day of
grace. Femme fatale = Vamp.

Fatality =fatalite+ accident mortel, mal-
heur, calamite.

Fatigue = (weariness) fatigue; (of metals)
fatigue ; tdche pfaible; (mil.) corvee.

Fatigue = fatigue -f- straining (of ship in
storm); cheval de /.= horse for heavy
work; habit, costume, vetement, de /,=
working coat, clothes.

Fatuity = imbecillite, sottise.

Fatuit^ self -conceit; piece of imper-
tinence.

Fault = (inherent defect) defaut, vice (of
construction); (accidental transgression)
faute t erreur ; (tennis) faute; (geol.)
faille. Generous to a t.=Genereux a
I'exces. To find f. with =Se plaindre
de, trouver a redire a qqch. To be at f.
(of hounds) =tre en defaut.

Faute = want (of), fail, failing [generally
as complement of faire or as prep,
phrase, /. de] ; break, crack (in a con-
duit); (imperfection) mistake, error,
fault; (football) foul; slip. Venez sans
f. [without fail]. // s'est trompe t f. [for
want] d' attention. Ne pas se faire f.
de=Not to fail to. Jeune fille qui a
fait unef. Girl who has allowed herself
to be seduced, who has sinned. Se faire
f. de Deprive oneself of : I'avare sefait
f. de tout.

Favour = (goodwill, etc.) faveur, bonnes
graces, bienveillance : curry f . = se
jaufiler, s'insinuer, essay er d'entrer,
essayer de se mettre, dans les bonnes
graces de, capter la bienveillance de f
tticher de se faire bien venir de. Look
with f. on= Regarder ', consider er favor-
ablement [avec bienveillance]. To stand
high in the f. oi=tre bien venu aupres
de. To find f. with = Trouver faveur

Faveur

85

Fibre

aupres de, trouver grdce devant, plaire
a, gagner, obtenir, la faveur de; (kind-
ness beyond what is due) bienfait;
"bonti, plaisir: do me the i. ayez la
bonte, faites-moi le plaisir. The ff. he
showered on me=es bienfaits [faveurs]
dont il m'a combU; (in letters) your f.=
votre estimie [honoree] ; (on letters) by f .
oi=aux bans soins de; by your i.=avec
votre permission; (pi.) les faveur s d'une
dame ; (partiality, excessive generosity)
protection, faveur, partiality ; (aid, help,
etc.) under f. of night = a la faveur dela
nuit; (mark worn) rosette, cocarde.

Faveur = favour (as above), boon, kind-
ness, goodwill, good graces; partiality,
vogue, protection [Billet de /.= Com-
plimentary [free] ticket]; pleasure,
kindness, favour; narrow ribbon. En
f. de=In favour of; on account of, in
consideration of : on lui pardonna en f.
des belles actions qu'il avait faites (Diet.
del 1 A cad.).

Favourable = (bargain) avantageux ; (cir-
cumstance, wind, etc.) favorable; (of
divine favour) propice.

Feasible = (possible, that can be done)
faisable+ (loosely) admissible, possible,
probable; plausible.

Feast = (religious) fete; (public, village,
etc.) fete, repas (also simple or private) ;
(sumptuous meal) festin, banquet, rtgal;
(fig.) a f. of reason =un regal intellectual,
une f&te de I' esprit. (V.) faire festin,
festiner, festoyer, se regaler de, faire
bonne chere, (fam.) faire bombance;
(trans.) regaler, traiter; (fig.) charmer,
rejouir; repaUre (eyes, etc.).

F$te (religious, commemorative) festi-
val, feast ; anniversary, birthday ; patron
saint's day; (public) day, holiday, fes-
tival; (gala) fair, f6te ; celebration;
evening party; garden party; (fig.) un
air de /.=a joyous mien. Faire f. a
qqn= Welcome heartily. Se faire une
f. de qqch To anticipate much plea-
sure from, to look forward with
pleasure to, etc. Faire Z0/.=Lead a
gay life, have one's fling. Se donner
une f. aux depens de qqn=To amuse
oneself at s.o/s expense. La F.-Dieu
Corpus Christi Day.

F6ter (v.)=keep, observe, celebrate (a
day, etc.); /. (a saint, etc.) = observe a
saint's day, etc. ; /. qqn = welcome, treat,
make much of; (fam.) /. la bouteille=be
fond of drink.

Festin^ festival, banquet, feast. F. de
noces Wedding banquet. F. de Bal-
ZA#,?#r=Belshazzar's feast.

Festival is used of a musical festival only.

Feat=exp/of, haut fait, action d' eclat,
tour (d'adresse, deforce).

Fait = fact; act, action; deed; occurrence,
happening, event; voies de /.= assault,
violence : je lui ai dit son f. = I told him
what I thought of him ; prendre qqn sur
le /. = catch, s.o. in the act; ce n'est pas
Id son /.=that 's not his strong point;
cela est de votre /.=that is your doing.
Prendre f. et cause pour ^n=Take s.o/s
part; question, matter, business, etc.
Tout af.= Completely.

Feeble (ness), Faible(sse). These words
have the same meaning, but their
application varies. In English weak-
(ness) and other words are often used.
One says the weakness (faiblesse) of a
beam, a light (faible) coin, small (faible)
quantity, income, etc., the weak (faible)
conjugation, a light (faible) breeze, but
in many cases one may use either ' weak*
or 'feeble,' as of health, sight, head,
intellect, etc.

Feinte feint, pretence, sham : parler sans
/.== speak openly ; slight limp (of horse) ;
(printing) faint impression.

Felicity =bonheur,fe'licite'; (blessing) grdce,
bienfait; (fortunate trait) trait heureux;
justesse (of expression) ; locution heureuse.

Felon (n.) = petit abces, panaris.

Felon (adj .) = (archaic and poet.) cruel,
inhumain, mauvais. (N.) cviminel, mal-
faiteur. Felony Berime.

Felon (adj.) = (feudal term) disloyal,
treacherous, false. (N.) traitor. Felonie
= treason, treachery.

Ferment = (agent) ferment -\- (state, fig.)
fermentation : the . . . embassies were all
in a f. (Macaulay, cited by the N.E.D.)
=les ambassades etaient en proie 4 la
fermentation.

Ferret = (animal) furet; (tape) padou;
(fig.) chercheur, fouilleur, limier.

Ferret= metal tag (for laces, etc.) ; (techn.)
red haematite; hard core (in stones).

Ferrule =virole; bout (of stick).

Ferule (bot.) ferula; (instrument of pun-
ishment) ferula, ferule.

Festival. See.Fte.

Fibre = (scient.) fibre-}- (fig.) nature, com-
position, caractere.

Fibre fibre; avoir la f. sensible to be
easily moved, to be touchy ; avoir la /.

Fiction

86

Fin

de la musique to have a flair for music ;
les ff. du cceur= heart-strings.

Fiction = fiction (= figment) + roman,
nouvelle, conte.

Fig (i) figue (= fruit of the figuier).
Under one's vine and f.-tree= En sureU
chez soi. I don't care a f . = Je m'en
bats I'ceil, je m'en fiche pas mal, je m'en
fiche comme de Van quarante. A f. for !
= Foin de!, fi del, au diable! F.-leaf
(on statue) = Feuille de vigne; (ii)
tenue : in full f. en grande tenue; (con-
dition, form) in good t.= en forme, bien
entraine.

Figue=fig. Moitie figue, moitie raisin =
(i) half one thing, half another; (ii) half
willingly, half reluctantly almost re-
luctantly : il y a consenti moitie f.,
moittt raisin (Diet, de I' A cad.). Faire
laf. d qqnTo mock, make a gesture of
contempt at s.o. [=to show the end of
thumb between first and second finger].
Nif., ni raisin Neither one thing nor
the other. F. de Barbarie=Prickly
pear. F. banane Plantain. F. caque
= Persimmon.

Figuration = figuration + figure, forme,
contour; representation altegorique;
ornementatiom

Figuration figuration -f (collective,
theatre) extras, supers.

Figure = (form, shape) figure, forme;
(geom., sculpture, painting, dancing)
figure ; taille, tournure, mine : have an
elegant f . etre bien pris dans sa taille ;
(person as seen) forme, silhouette;
(person as seen mentally) figure (de
I'histoire) ; (importance in eyes of
world) figure: cut a poor f.=faire
triste figure; (image, likeness) figure,
image, etude; (emblem, type) figure,
symbole; (decorative) dessin; (numer-
ical symbol) chiffre; (com.) somme, prix;
(gram., rhet.) figure; (logic) forme.

Figure = form, cut, shape; face, coun-
tenance; appearance; portrait, dia-
gram; symbol; court-card; figure (of
speech; dancing; etc.). Faire /.=
Make a show, cut a dash.

Filature devidage de cocons; etablisse-
ment ou on devide les cocons.

Filature = spinning (cotton, wool, etc.);
spinning factory ; shadowing (by detec-
tive) : prendre qqn en /.=to shadow,
follow, s.o.

File (n.) = (appliance for holding papers
arranged for reference) classeur; (law)

dossier; (newspaper) collection ; (papers)
liasse; (wire, etc.) pique-notes; (list)
liste. (Tool) lime t queue-de-rat, tiers-
point; (slang) fin matois> finaud, ruse".
(Mil.) file. In single f.A la file, en
file indienne, d la queue leu leu. Rank
and f. = Simples soldats. (V.) = (i)
dosser; mettre en liasse; enfiler, collec-
tionner, garder, etc., (law) dtposer,
enregistrer; (ii) limer; (fig.) aiguiser t
affiler; polir. (Mil.) Defiler, marcher d
la file. F. one's petition in bankruptcy
= Deposer son bilan.

File = row, rank, file. Prendre la /. =
Line up, queue up (of cars, vehicles).

Filer (v.) = to spin : du temps que la reine
Berthe filait=m the good old days, in
the days of good Queen Bess; draw
(wire); pay out (cable), run; lower
(barrel into cellar); (fig.) shadow (a
person suspected) ; (at cards) cheat
(by substitution) ; (conjuring) palm (a
card, etc.); hold, prolong (musical
note) ; /. le parfait amo^ir=livQ love's
young dream, bill and coo; to become
ropy (of wines, etc.) ; smoke (of a lamp) ;
speed (of boat, carriage); run away,
bolt, vanish, etc. ; shoot (of star) ; pass
(of days). F. dow#= Knuckle under.
F. un mauvais coton=J$e in a bad way
(health or business) .
N.B. Fil thread; wire, gossamer;
line (lead, telegraph, etc.), rod, string,
thread (fig.) ; grain (of wood, meat,
etc.) ; vein (of marble) ; course (of
river), current; edge (of a sword, etc.).

Filigrane = filigree -f- water-mark (in
paper).

Fillet=: (head-band) bandeau, bandelette;
bande, ruban; (of meat) filet; (of veal)
rouelle; (archit., herald., book-binding)
filet.

Filet = filament, ligament, fibre; streak,
small stream ; dash, drop (of liquid) ;
fillet (of beef, etc.) ; thread (of screw) ;
coping (of wall); fillet (of column);
string (of the tongue) : cette reponse
inattendue lui a coup& le /. (Diet, de
I' A cad.) this unexpected reply left
him speechless. // a le f. bien coupe
He *s a chatterbox, (fam.) he 's got the
gift of the gab; net; (fig.) toils.

Fin = (of fish) nageoire.

Fin (/.) as end, close (of a time, world,
speech, etc.); object, aim, purpose;
(law) motive : /. de non-recevoirplea.
in bar (exception).

Final

87

Flexion

Final = (coming last) final +- (conclu-
sive; unalterable) d6cisif, dtynitif; sans
appel f irrevocable.

Finality = (philos.) finalite -f fin; etat

ittft conclusion.

Fine = (of high quality) beau, excellent,
superieur ; (clear, pure) pur, fin, raffine;
(delicate, subtle) delicat, fin, subtil,
recherche; (of feelings) eleve; (thin,
slender; in small particles) delie; menu;
(pen, pencil) pointu; (of athlete) bon,
parfait; (of scholar) accompli; fin (critic,
swordsman, judge of, etc.) ; f. distinc-
tion = difference subtile [difficile a saisir] ;
"belle (chose pour lui); bel (homme);
(compliment] bien tourne; (pommes de
terre, etc.) magnifiques; (man of) f.
presence =belle pvestance; beau (jour);
(showy) brillant, Idatant; voyant t fas-
tueux; (words) ronflants t pompeux; f.
arts=&eaizx arts; f. lady=6e//e dame:
dame du monde; f. sense = vif sentiment ;
(cloth, sugar, linen, etc.) fin.

Fin (adj.) = (i) (what is pure, choice,
real) des bijoux d'or f. ; linge /. ; souper
f., etc. ; (ii) (showing subtle differences,
viz. nice, refined, dainty) une pensee
fine; une fine (subtle) raillerie; une
fine (skilful) lame (swordsman) ; cheval
f. ; de bouche fine (delicate) ; un esprit
f. (clever) ; jouer au plus f. = use
finesse, stratagem; to finesse; une
fine mouche cunning person; (iii)
(extremely small) une pluie fine;
ecriture fine; toile fine; fines herbes
savoury herbs; jambe fine (well-
shaped) ; traits ff. (delicate). F.comme
I'ambre Sharp as a needle. Avoir le
nez f- = (fig.) To be sagacious. Avoir
Voreille fine (quick).

Finished, Fini. These words have the same
meaning, 'ended/ 'terminated/ in the
literal sense, but, figuratively, are not
always interchangeable : f . (gentleman)
= accompli, parfait, whereas c'est un
homme /.=he 's done for (as result of
age, illness, or misfortune), ruined,
broken down. Un coquin /.=An
arrant rogue. jF. also = finite.

Firm (B,dj.)=ferme (see below); constant
(friendship, in adversity) ; solide (foun-
dation) ; stable (government) ; immuable
(attachment to s.t., in one's desire);
volontaire (action) ; inebranlable (faith;
resolve; mass; soldiers); inflexible
(judge, master).

Ferine = firm (flesh, ground, hand, step;

attitude); steady (eye, hand, voice);
resolute (courage, attitude, in one's
plans), strong, steadfast (conviction,
hope) ; (com.) firm (of prices, etc.)* De
piedf. =5 (i) Without stirring : il y a deux
heures queje vous attends depiedf. (Diet,
de I' A cad.); (ii) unflinchingly: attendre
I'ennemi de pied f. (Adv.) Tenir f. =
Stand firm [steadfast, unmoved].
Frapper /. = Hit hard. Soutenir f.=
Maintain stoutly. Croire fort et f. aux
esprits = Believe firmly in spirits.
(Int.) F.!= Steady!

"Fla.gra.nt flagrant (lie, injustice) -}-scaw-
daleux, infdme, odieux, notoire, enorme :
nor . . . are his errors less numerous or
less f. than those of Mr B. (F. Hall,
quoted in the N.E.D.)=ses erreurs ne
sont pas non plus moins nombreuses ni
moins enormes que celles de M. B. Ney
an indifferent General and a f.
traitor (Dibdin, quoted in the N.E.D.)
= . . . et traitre odieux, infdme.

Flagrant = flagrant (lie, injustice) +en f.
delit=m the very act, red-handed.

Flair flair -\- (fish) raie.

Flair flair -j- scent, (sense of) smell (of
animals) : ce chien a le f. excellent =this
dog has an excellent sense of smell, has
a good nose.

Flake = (of snow, wool)flocon; (of ignited
matter thrown out) etincelle,flammeche ;
(piece peeled off) ecaille, lamelle;
(pastry) feuille; (layer) couche; (bran)
paillette ; ceillet panache.

Flaque= puddle, pool, plash.

Flamboyant=R&mmg f blazing; (archit.)
flamboyant.

Flame flamme+personne aimee, amour,
passion.

Flamme flame (as above); (naut.)
pennant, pendant; (vet.) fleam.

Flask = (sportsman's) poire a poudre;
fiasque, gourde ; flacon.

Flasque= (archaic) powder-horn (== poire
a poudre) -J-a number of technical uses,
e.g. 'cheek* (of gun-carriage), 'whelp*
(of capstan) .

Flatulent = (producing gases, etc.) flatu-
lent -{-(produced by gases) flatueux;
gonfle d'air; (fig.) enfl& (d'orgueil, etc.),
pr6tentieux.

Fleur-de-lis = (flower) iris -\-fleur de Us
( French emblem).

Flexion = (bending, curvature) flexion;
(gram.) flexion; (curve) courbe, ligne
courbe, courbure.

Flirt

88

Fou

Flirt (v.) = (fillip) dormer une chique-
nauded; agiter (fan, bird's tail); (play at
love-making) flirter.

Float (v.) flatter, faire flotler; surnager,
fairs surnager, (re}mettre aflot; (hover)
planer; (com.) tmettre (loan); etre en
circulation; lancer, monter (a company);
(swimming) faire laplanche~i. on one's
back; inonder f submerger (a dock);
rfpandre, lancer (rumour), (N.) = masse
flottante; radeau; flotte (for fishing);
(cistern, etc.) flatten? ; (theat.) rampe ;
(file) lime; char (de cortege); vessie
natatoire (of fish) ; radeau, ras.

Plotter = float, swim, waft; undulate,
wave; waver, fluctuate* (N.) Flotte
= fleet; cable-buoy; (fishing) float;
washer (wheel); (fam.) water, rain;
(slang) hosts, crowds: avoir une f.
d'amis.

Flourish = (thrive) prosper, fleurir, etre
florissant, reussir ; (be in one's prime)
etre & lafleur de Vdge; (bloom, grow, of
plants, etc.) fleurir, venir bien; (use
' flourishes ' in writing or speaking)
faire des fioritures; orner f enj Oliver,
embellir; (music) faire des fioritures;
(trumpet) sonner une fanfare; (show
ostentatiously) faire parade de; brandir
(sword) ; faire tourner, faire le moulinet
avec (stick or leg)*

Fleurir to bloom ; be in the prime of life,
grow, flourish; prosper; (fam.) deck,
adorn (lit. and fig.). Pdques fteuries =
Palm Sunday. La saison fleurie =
Spring. (Archaic) Barbe fleurie =VJhite
beard. Teintfleuri Florid complexion.
Chemin fleuri Flowery path : les
chemins de la science ne sont pas fleuyis
(Larousse).

Fluent = (flowing, rare in lit. sense)
coulant, fluide ; (of motion, curves, etc.)
gracieux, elegant ; (of speech, style)
coulant f facile, aise 1 ; abondant; (of
persons) disert. (Adv.) fluently =
couramment, coulamment (rare).

Fluent (med.) discharging : hemorroides
fluentes piles which discharge
blood.

Fluid (n,) = (gas, liquid, elect.) fiuide -f
liquide.

N.B. The French adjective fluide,
besides its quasi-scientific use, means
in ordinary language 'flowing/ 'run-
ning,' 'liquid/ and (of style) 'limpid.'

Flute = fl&te + (groove in pillar) cannelure;
(laundry) tuyau.

Flute= flute; butter- taster ; (French long)
roll ; long taper glass (for champagne) ;
bum-boat, store-ship; (fam.) legs,
spindle-shanks: (fam.) jouer des ff.=
skedaddle. (Prov.) Ce qui vient de la
f. s'en va par le tambour ^Easy come,
easy go. Accordez, ajustez, vos j^.=
(i) Be consistent, (ii) Settle your differ-
ences. -F./=Dash it ! Hang it !

Fluxion = (rare) fiuxion + (rare) ecoule-
ment ; (rare) changement continn;
(math.) fluxion.

Fluxion (math., med.) fluxion; /. de
poitrine = inflammation of the lungs;
/. a la joue = inflammation (with
swelling) of the cheek.

Folio = folio + (book) in-folio.

Folly = (want of good sense) deraison,
manque de raison, le fait d'etre denue de
sens, aberration de I' esprit, folie; (foolish
act) bStise, sottise, bevue, niaiserie,
extravagance, fredaine, frasque, folie,
imprudence; (country pleasure house)
folie.

Folie madness, insanity, lunacy; mania,
passion; bete en /. = animal in heat;
extravagance, folly; pranks, frolic;
foolish thing; skit, caricature; pleasure
house, week-end house.

Fontaine. See Fountain*

Fool = (silly person, etc.) sot (q.v.), (fam.)
imbecile, bete, insensd, idiot: play the
f. faire la bete [des betises]. A f.'s
bolt is soon shot=te fou j^tge brieve
sentence; dupe, jouet : make a f. of=
se jouer de, se moquer de, berner. To be
a f. for one's pains = Se depenser en
vains efforts. He has made a f. of him-
self =!/ s'est fait moquer de lui. The f.
of fortune = JLe jouet de la fortune. To
go on a f.'s errand Se charger d'une
folie entreprise [demarche inutile']. April
i. Poisson d'avril. F/s paradise =
Un bonheur illusoire, une fausse
securite, plaisir trompeur ; (jester) fou,
bouffon, pitre (showman).

Fou = lunatic, mad person ; court
jester, buffoon, fool; la folie du logis
imagination; bishop (in chess); silly
fellow, madcap, fool, etc.; tomfool.
A chaque fou sa marotte Every one
has a bee in his bonnet about something.
Plus on est defous plus on rit = The more
the merrier. Qui fol envois fol attend =
What is expected of a pig but a grunt?
(Adj .) mad, insane ; doting (on) ; sense-
less; playful, frolicsome; tremendous

Forage

89

Foreign

(success) ; dreadful, splitting (headache) ;
uncontrollable (desire), etc. Fou & Her
Raving mad.

Forage fourrage.

Forage = boring, drilling.

Force. Force. Broadly speaking and
neglecting the loose use of the word by
English writers, the main difference
between the two languages here is
that the English word is applied to f.
that effects something, that is acting,
producing change, whereas the French
word connotes also the abstract quality,
latent power or energy. Hence La f.
will often be rendered by strength,
power, energy, as well as by f. We
say 'strength of character/ but 'f. of
example.' The French use /. in both
cases. We say (or should say) 'the
strength of the wind ' when speaking
abstractly, but 'the f. of the wind up-
rooted a tree.' Ff. may mean strength
or (mil.) ff.

Force = (cause in action) contrainte, im-
pulsion, effort, force (see above) ; (mil.)
force or forces (also of police, etc.);
(coercion) force, compulsion; (loosely,
any active agency) f . of heat or elec-
tricity force de la chaleur, de I'electri-
cite; (mental or moral) the ff. (forces)
that shaped Christianity; (mental or
physical power lodged in an agent =
vigour, strength) a preacher of great f .
= un predicateur de grande vigueur [puis-
sance, faergie]; (influence, efficacy,
import, weight, power to convince,
vividness of effect) influence, ejftcacite,
vertu: there is f. in what you say=cs
que vous dites a de /'importance [valeur] :
described with much i.=decrit avec
beaucoup de vigueur [effet, vivacit];
(unlawful f.) violence; (loosely, good
sense, desirability) he can't see the f.
of doing what one dislikes =il ne voit
pas V utilit6 defaire ce qui est deplaisant;
(law) validit6; to be of f.etre valable;
put in i.mettve en vigueur; (precise
meaning) force. (PhysJ force; (fig.)
influence, pouvoir : considers himself a
f. [se croit quelqu'un, une puissance, qu'il a
de I' influence] in the world : by f. of=
force de; (mil.) in great f.=en force,
nombreux; in great f.= vigour eux, plein
de vie, frais et dispos.
Force = (property of a body, animate or
inanimate, or part of a body capable
of producing effects) strength, power,

vigour; (intensity of effect) Laf. [force]
du coup. Ceder & laf. [force]. Camisole
de f. = Strait-j acket . A toute f. = At all
costs, willy-nilly, despite opposition.
La f. [force] de V expansion. Le cceur
bat avec f. [strongly] ; (phys., cause of
movement) force, "power; (faculty of
the mind) strength, intensity (of mind,
character, will, passion, etc.) ; profi-
ciency, power, capacity (at chess, in
mathematics, etc.) ; (effect of strength
of mind, etc.) influence (of blood, tears) ;
force (of example, eloquence, of style,
truth, argument) ; power ; (resources of
a state) strength; validity, force (of
law); (mil.) force (s), la f. publique
executive ; (quantity) strength, force (of
an army) :fairef. de voiles to crowd on
sail ifairef. de rames=Tow with all one's
might (= available strength) -J'ai mange
f. gateaux [=many cakes]. A /. deby
dint of, by means of. F. lui fut de = He
was obliged to. Par /.= Forcibly : on
leflt entrerparf. dans la prison (Diet, de
I'Acad.). Par Id /. = By violence:
regner par la f.

Forces spring shears.

Force (v.) Forcer, except in a few phrases.
F. into Introduire par force, faire entrer
par force. F. a smile from s.o.=Arracher
unsourire a qqn. F. a laugh Rive du
bout des dents. Forcer la consigne =
Disregard orders, f . one's way in. Forcer
la dose Increase the dose. Forcer la
recette, la depense Enter on books more
than has been received, paid. Forcer la
tt<?te=Exaggera.te, overdo things. Forcer
unefemme= Violate a woman. Forcer un
muscle= Straina muscle. Forcer un cheval
= Over-ride a horse. Forcer la main (of
horse) = To take the bit between his
teeth, bolt. Forcer un cerf, un lievre,
etc. = Run down, hunt down, bring to
bay, a stag, etc. Forcer de voiles, de
rames, de vapeur^Crowd on sail, strain
at oars, go full steam ahead. Tvavaux
forces = Hard labour.

Forceps == (obstetrics) forceps +pince.

Foreign = (belonging to other persons or
things) etranger; (alien to, irrelevant,
dissimilar) etranger a, qui n'a pas trait
(d), qui est en dehors de (a question);
(introduced from outside) etranger f
situated outside) eloigne, avoisinant,
outside the country) Stranger. F.
policy Politique exttrieure. F. produce
Produits e'trangers. F. Office =

Forain

90

Formellement

sttre des affaires ttrange'res. F. note-
paper = Papier pelure.

Forain [in former times] foreign,
provincial, absentee (tribunal, treaty,
bail, official, merchant, dock; landlord,
doctor, etc.); [nowadays], itinerant,
travelling, hawking, (showman,
merchant).

Forester = (keeper) forestier-\- habitant des
for&s; oiseau (bte) de la forft; espece
de phaUne.

Forfeit (n. or ad j.) = (thing lost owing to
'crime or fault) his life was the f. il
paya (son crime) de sa teie (vie) ; (fine for
breach of contract) amende, dddit;
(trivial fine in clubs) petite amende; (in
games) gage.

Forfeiture = (action) confiscation; perte (for
crime, misconduct, etc.).

Forfait=(i) heinous crime; (ii) contract:
d /.=by contract; (iii) (horse-racing)
forfeit.

Forfaiture= maladministration; abuse of
authority.

Forfeit (v.) = (lose right to, have to pay,
etc.) perdre, avoir a payer [etre passible
d'] une amende, $tre priv (d&chit) de . . .
(as a penalty) .

Forfaire (a) [used only in infin., sing, of
pres. indie., and compound tenses] =
to fail in, be guilty of dereliction of
(duty), violate (honour).

Forge (v.) = (i) (shape by hammering)
forger; controuver, inventer, fabriquer
(tale, etc.) ; (imitate) forger, contrefaire
(signature, document, book) ; faire,
fabriquer (false money); (ii) (advance)
avancer lentement [avec difficult^; f.
ahead oi^devancer, gagner [prendre de
I'avance] stir (a competitor).

Forgery =faux, contrefapon, falsification.

Forgerie= smithing, forging.

Form (n.) = (shape, arrangement) forme,
figure ; (philos.) forme ; (mode, species)
mode, espece, sorte; (gram.) forme; (in
school) classe; (litt. and mus.) style;
tournure (of expression); (customary
method, due f ., formula) formes, regies :
in i.en regie. In due i. = En bonne
forme ; formule (legal, diplomatic, epis-
tolary, algebraic (= formula), of polite-
ness) ; (document to fill up) formule; 1
of tender = module de soumission ; (form-
ality) formalite, ceremonie ; phrase d* eti-
quette ; (behaviour) in good i.=comme il
faut; in bad i.de mauvais gout: that
is bad f . ce sont de mauvaises manieres,

cela we se fait (dit) pas ; (condition of
health and training) in f.=en forme:
entrain; (good spirits) en train, frais et
dispos; (bench) bane, banquette; (print-
ing) forme; (hare's) forme.

Forme = [see above] (appearance) form,
shape, make, mould; (scient.) form;
aspect; form, character (of govern-
ment); manners, way; rule, method,
practice, form; (of thought) turn, form,
expression; (techn.) bootmaker's last;
block, body (of hat, etc.) ; shape (of hat,
bonnet, etc.) ; leg (of stocking) ; drainer
(for cheese) ; stall (of choir) ; mould
(sugar) ; (print.) form ; dock (for ships) ;
bed (pavior's, etc.) ; (philos., theol.)
essence, form. Pour laf. ' Pro forma/
y mettre des j^.=Be polite.

Formal = (metaph.) essentiel, actuel,
formel; (of outward form, shape, etc.)
de forme ; (logic) de forme [apparence] ;
(definite, explicit, valid) formel, expli-
cite, defini; (ceremonial; perfunctory)
de cfremonie (of a visit) [f. call (after
dinner-party) = visite de digestion];
negligent, superficiel, par manie*re d' acquit;
(persons) ce'remonienx, d cheval sur
Vetiquette, formaliste; (observant of
forms, precise, prim, stifi) affecte, raide f
compasse, guinde", (of speech) appretd,
selon les rigles.

Formel = exact, definite, explicit (text,
order, prohibition, warning, etc.) :
n'e'tait-ce pas son desir f.? (G. Duhamel,
Tel qu'en lui-me me) wasn't it his
express desire? Ay ant declare son in-
tention formelle de demeurer a Paris
(E. Jaloux, La Fin d'un beau jour)
Having expressly declared his inten-
tion . . . Defense formelle de-It is
strictly forbidden to.

Formality = (accepted or customary way)
foymaliti; c6remonie f convenance; style
guinde, affectation; manieres compassees.

Formalize =rendre cdremonieux ; impv&gner
de formalisme.

Forma/iser=offend; se f. de= take offence
at.

Formally =formellement ; pour la forme;
ceremonieusement.

Formellement = formally -|- absolutely,
strictly, expressly : M . Eden dement f.
qu'une telle proposition ait ete faite (Le
Temps, 1 6 Apr. 1937)= Mr Eden cate-
gorically denies ... Le ton du narra-
teur etait si /. affirmatif que ... (P.
Louys, Contes choisis) =The narrator's

Formule

91

French

tone was so categorically affirmative
that . . .

Formule = formula + form*

Fouler. See Full (v.).

Found (v.) fonder. F. a family = Faire
souche ; (metal) fondre.

Foundation = (action) fondation, etablisse-
ment, institution; (monastery, college,
etc.) fondation : on the f.=etre boursier ;
(masonry) fondement; (underlying prin-
ciple) = base jfondement; fond (of a dress,
etc.). Laying of the f. stone Pose de
la premiere pierre.

Fondation= foundation (as above), found-
ing; (fund for) endowment.

Founder (v.) = (of earth, buildings, etc.)
s'effondrer, s'ecrouler, s'affaisser; (of
horse or rider) tomber d'inanition
(faiblesse), succomber, s'affaisser; de-
venir boiteux ; s'embourber; (of a ship)
sombrer, couler & fond. (Trans.) faire
sombrer; surmener (a horse); (golf)
faire entrer dans la terre.

Fonder = found : /. une socUtefiQ^t a
company; /. un commerce^ start a, set
up in, business; base, ground, build:
voild sur quoi ilfonde son opinion (Diet,
de rAcad.)th&t 's what he bases his
opinion on. tre fonae d dire, a croire,
& faire qqch=5$e justified in saying, in
thinking, in doing s.t., have good reason
for saying, etc. Dette fondee Funded
debt.

Fountain = (water, spring) source [also./zg.,
as f. of honour, etc.]/ (pi. ornamental
jets of spouting water) fontaine(s), eaux,
jets d'eau, bassin; (drinking) fontaine;
f. (-pen) = (a) r&ervoir.

Fontaine. spring; (drinking-) fountain,
well, pump; (public) fountain (s);
cistern.

Foyer foyer du public.

Foyer = hearth, fireside; (fig.) home;
(scient.) focus, centre; (med.) seat; /.
des artistes (theat.)= green-room.

Fragile = fragile; (fig.) frail (innocence,
affections, etc.), fleeting ; easily tempted.

Frail =frele-}~ (morally) faible+peu chaste,
incontinent (of women).

Franchise = (hist.) franchise ; droit de (cite);
droit de vote (suffrage), droit electoral

Franchise (hist.) franchise, freedom,
sanctuary, right of sanctuary + exemp-
tion (from dues, postage) ; (diplomatic)
immunity; frankness, candour,

Frank (n.) = (native of sixth-cent. Ger-
mania; person of western nationality,

in Levantine use) Franc, Franque;
(hist., franking signature) signature,
griff e; lettre expedite par une personne
jouissant de la franchise postale.
(Adj.) = (open, sincere, outspoken) franc
(franche), sincere; explicite, clair ; dis-
tinct, net. Speak frankly Parlez franc.
(V.)=affranchir (parcel, letter, etc.);
(give social passport to, facilitate
access) recevoir, admettre, introduire
(into society), donner libre acces a,
faciliter les allees et venues de; trans-
porter gratuitement (a person).

Franc (n.) = (coin) franc. (N. and adj.,
/., franque) Frank; (in Levant ports
during the Crusades, a westerner)
Frank : la langue franque [mixture of
French, Italian, Spanish, etc., spoken
in Levant ports] = lingua franca.
(Adj.) = free (not slave; will; share;
mason; post, town, port, etc.) ; inde-
pendent; exempt (from postage, tax,
etc.) :/. tenanciev tenant-farmer; can-
did, open, sincere; steady (wind) ;
straightforward (attitude) ; (pierre)
f ranche = sound (stone); terre franche =
earth, free of sand or stones; vin /.==
natural tasting wine: arbre f. de pied
= ungrafted tree; un /. ( regular,
out-and-out) animal; un f. (= unre-
pentant) pecheur; (of a horse) /. du
collier (=free, willing); jouer f. jeu=
play fair, above-board. Y alley de /. jeu
= Go about it with entire sincerity;
dormir la franche (= whole) matinee;
huit jours ff.o, complete, clear, week.
// me I' a dit tout /. = He told me so
straight out, openly.

Franchir (v.) =pump out (water in a ship) ;
clear, cross over, jump over, overstep,
surmount (obstacle, mountain, ditch,
boundary, etc.).

Frap (v.) SB (naut.) brider, genoper.

Wrapper strike, etc.

Fraternity =fraternit6 ( = brotherliness) -J-
confrerie, association.

Fraud fraude-^- (person who does not
come up to expectations) imposteur;
(thing ditto) chose qui ne repond pas
a I'attente.

Fraizde=fraud-f smuggling: faire la /.=
to smuggle; passer du tabac en /.=
smuggle tobacco.

French = francais + F. beans = haricots
verts ; F. window = porte-fenetre ; F.
polish = vernis; F. chalk = craie de
tailleur; F. horn = cor d'harmonie; to

Frequent

92

Fond

take F. leave = filer a I'anglaise, faire
qqch sans demander permission.
Frequent (adj.) = (occurring often,
rapid, of pulse) frequent +nonibreux,
abondant.

Fresh = (new, novel) nouveau, peu banal:
break f. ground = essay er qqch qui
n'est pas rebattu [banal]; (further,
other) autre, de plus, nouveau (before
noun) ; (recent) recent, neuf; (raw, inex-
perienced) novice t inexperimente, frais
emoulu; (not preserved or pickled) frais
(fraiche) : eau fraiche ; (pure, invigor-
ating) frais; (not stale, musty, not
faded) frais; (complexion) frais; (of
persons) jewie, de bonne mine, ayant un
air de jeuneuse; (fit, vigorous) en train,
vigour eux, frais et dispos ; (wind) fort;
(frisky, of a horse) fougueux; f. horses
(of stage-coach) = chevaux de relai;
(tipsy) gris. F. as paint (as a daisy) =
Frais cotnme une rose.
Frais f fraiche (adj.) = [see above] cool
(temperature, water, wind) ; light
(clothing) ; fresh (flowers, cheeks) ; rosy,
ruddy (complexion) ; bright (colour) ;
unfaded (dress, ribbons) ; fresh (fish) ;
new (bread); new-laid (eggs); chevaux
frais= horses that are fresh; recent; (of
persons) lively, brisk, jaunty, sprightly :
frais et dispos 'hale and hearty, in fine
fettle; crisp, bracing (air).

[NOTE. Modern French poets and
descriptive writers have extended the
use of this word, and apply it to
sounds, etc., as bruits frais, murmures
frais. The rendering will depend on
the context and on the sense of mur-
mure ( = rustle, babble, whisper, purl,
gurgle, sough, murmur). There are
several English epithets which might
be used : clear, tuneful, pleasant,
cheerful, merry, sprightly, brisk,
blithesome, lively, joyful, etc.]
Fret (v.) = (i) (gnaw, etc.) ronger, tour-
menter; faire (passage, etc.) par le
frottement; irriter, agiter, affliger, de-
soler ; s' irriter, se desoler, se iourmenter ;
(of stream) se rider, se plisser ; plisser;
(ii) broder, orner, bigarrer.
Frter=to charter (vessel).
Friction = friction (as below); (rubbing,
chafing) frottement; Erosion (of water);
ttsure; (scient.) frottement; (fig.) con-
flit, disaccord; (diplom.) points de
friction.
.Fricf(W=(med.; hairdresser's) friction.

Frigidity = frigidite (med.) -f apathie;
froideur; manque de vivacite; raideur;
formalisme; lourdeur, etc.

Fritter (v.) = (subdivide minutely)
morceler [rare]; (with away) gaspiller
(time, money), eparpiller (efforts).

Fritter = to frit, vitrify partially, make
into frit (=fritte), calcine.

Frock froc (of monk) + (child's) robe;
(lady's) robe; smock- f.= blouse (peasant,
labourer) .

Front = (forehead) front [head and f.
fond, essentiel, partie principale'] ; (face)
f . to f . face d face = front a front. Have
the f. to do s.t.= Avoir le front de faive
qqch. Show a bold f. = Faire bonne
contenance; (mil.) front; premiers rangs ;
(of building) front, facade, face; (fore
part of s.t.) devant f face; (of man's
shirt) devantf plastron; (shop) devan-
ture; (drawing) elevation; (of bridge)
tete. To go on in i. Prendre les
devants. To come to the f. Se faire
une bonne situation, reussir, se faire
remarquer.

Front = forehead, brow; head, face,
countenance; boldness, face, front;
front (building, battle, etc.) ; first line
(of army). De /.= Abreast; simul-
taneously ; at a time ; together. A ttaque
de /.== Frontal attack.

Frontispice frontispiece + title-page
with vignettes.

Frustrate = (baffle, counteract, etc.)
dejpuer, contrecarrer, rendre vain; desap-
pointer; (legal) annuler ; frustrer (hopes).

Frustrer= deprive, defraud; disappoint,
frustrate (hopes).

Full (v.)= fouler (cloth).

Fouler = press ; trample, tread (grapes) ;
full (cloth) ; (hunt.) beat (covers) ; (fig.)
tread under foot, treat with contempt;
crush, crumple (spectators in crowd,
articles in a trunk) ; (of dogs in hunting)
fall on (prey) ; (reflex.) sprain (ankle,
etc.) ; ne pas se f. la rate take things
easy.

Function = fonction -{- ceremonie (reli-
gious, public), gala, reunion mondaine;
grande reception*

Fonction = function + (pi.) office, duties:
entrer en ff.= begin one's duties; faire
f. de= serve, act, as; etre en f. devaxy
in accordance with.

Fond = bottom; crown (of hat); seat (of
breeches); foundation; substance (of

Funds

93

Futilite

letter, document) ; back, background,
far end. A /. = Thoroughly, fully,
home : connaltre un sujet d /. = know a
subject thoroughly; pousser une attaque
d /.=push an attack home. Perdre /.
== Get out of one's depth (in swimming) .
De /. en 0mZ>/0 = From top to bottom,
utterly. A rticle de f. = Leading article.
Auf.At bottom, at heart, after all.

Funds =fonds+ (Government stock) fonds
public.

Fonds (sing.) = piece of land, estate; (fig.)
fund, stock ; cash, money \_Rentrer dans
ses /.= Recover money lent]. F. de
' roulement = Working capital. Placer
de V argent d f. perdu = I$uy an annuity.
Les f. d'tat = Government stock. Eire
en /.=To be in funds.

Furnace =fournaise \litt. and fig. only;
fiery f. (bibl.)=.fournaise ardente] -j-
fourneau (for smelting); foyer (of
engine, machine).

Furnish = (provide with) fournir (pour-
voir) de; meubler, garnir, orner (house,
etc.); (afford, yield) offriv, presenter,
fournir (opportunity, etc.).

Furnisher = fournisseur ; fabricant (mar-
chand) de meubles.

Fournir = complete : ce cheval a bien
Journi la carrier e; supply (house), stock
(shop); provide with, supply (of a
merchant); give, supply, furnish, pro-
vide (of persons and things) ; f ollow
suit (in cards) ; (intrans.) /. d = provide
for, contribute to, satisfy: /. aux
besoins de qqn provide for s.o.'s needs.

Fournisseur = contractor; tradesman;
purveyor.

Furniture = (contents) contenu; garniture
(of shelves, bookcases, etc.)/ (of the
mind) connaissances, talents; (of a house)
meubles, mobilier, ameublement.

Fourniture = supplying; articles supplied,
provisions; materials, fittings, requi-
sites: ff. de bureau office stationery;
(salads) seasoning.

Furtive = (done by stealth, sly) furtif -f
dfrobt, vote; de voleur.

Futile =inutile, vain, infructueux .

Futility = inutilite, puerilit&; frivolite;
cinquie'me roue d un carrosse; quelque
chose qui ne compte pas.

Futile= worthless, unworthy of notice (of
persons and things).

Futilite' = unimportance, insignificance;
trifle.

G

Gaff = (boat-hook) gaffe; (fishing-spear)
gaffe, harpon; (naut. spanker-gaff)
come; (slang, low music-hall) beuglant;
(slang] blow the g.^vendre, eventer, la
meche.

Gflj(?e=gaff (as above); (/aw.) blunder.

Gage= (pledge) gage+gant, jeti en dffi.

Gage= (object as security) pledge, pawn,
tangible security; (fig.} guarantee;
(evidence) token, mark, proof ; (parlour
games) forfeit; (pi.) wages (of servant).

Gag/zer=reach (fire the building) ; g. IB
large- stand out to sea; la nuit nous
gagne [overtakes] : V inquietude nous
gagne [seizes]; earn (wages); make,
gain, obtain, get, take, receive (money,
profit) ; get, catch (a malady) ; il I'a bien
gagne =it serves him right or he has
thoroughly deserved it; win (game,
woman, success, battle, etc.) ; g. qqn de
vitesse^ outstrip; g. le dessus=get the
upper hand, the best of it. Uincendie
gagne (du terrain) [is extending, spread-
ing] ; gain (time, affection, heart of s.o.,
etc.) ; to be the better off for; g. qqn a sa
cause [=win over]. II gagne a etre
connu=He improves on acquaintance.
G. afaire qqch^To profit by doing s.t.
Une maladie qui se gagne [is infectious].

Gaiety = (mirth) gaiete; (usually pi.,
merrymaking, etc.) rtjouissances;
(bright appearance) Idat.

Galaxy = (astron.) galaxie + reunion
brittante.

Gale = (i) [Galangal, Galingale, Sweet
gale, Bog myrtle] gale odor ant ; (ii) vent
fort; (naut.) tempete; (poet.) brise,
zephyr; (iii) (rent) terme.

Gale scabies; scab, mange; (bot.) scurf.

Gall (n.) = (i) (from liver of animals) fiel;
(bitter substance) g. and wormwood
[= bitterness] =fiel et absinthe; (g.-
bladder) vesicule biliaire; (rancour)
rancune, bile, fiel, malice; (ii) (excres-
cence, esp. on oak) galle, noix de galle
[=g.-nut, oak-g.]; (iii) (painful swel-
ling, esp. in horse) ecorchure ; (sore from
chafing) e'corchure; (mental soreness)
irritation, blessure, froissement.

Ga//e=gall [in sense No. ii above only].

Gallant (adj.) (fine, stately, of horse,
ship, etc.) imposant, fier, noble, superbe,
etc.; (brave, chivalrous) brave, hardi,
courageux, vaillant, chevaleresque; (con-
ventional epithet in Parliament of mili-
tary or naval member) vaillant; (of
love) galant, empresse aupves desfemmes.

Galant= refined, stylish, elegant; (before
the noun) honourable, worthy [g. homme,
man of honour, gentleman]; gay,
' fast ' ; attentive, agreeable (esp. to
ladies), courteous, gallant. Homme g.
= Ladies' man. Femme galante =
Woman of doubtful virtue, kept
woman.

Gallantry = (bravery, valour) vaillance,
bravoure, valeur, noblesse; (in love
affairs) galanterie.

Galanterie= courtesy, attention paid to
ladies ; love affair or intrigue, flattering
compliment (to a lady), love-making.

Galerie = gallery -j- (ornamental edge)
beading, rim ; cornice, border ; luggage-
rail (on roof of cab) ; ornamental fender,
(Theatre) Premiere g.= Dress circle.
Deuxieme g. Upper circle.

Galley = (Greek, Roman; slaves') galere;
(ship's boat) canot; (ship's kitchen)
cuisine; (print.) gaUe.

GaUre galley (as above); convict ship;
hand- truck; plane. Vogue la g.!=
Come what may ! Let 's chance it 1
Here goes!

Gallimaufry. Galimafre'e. The English
word means a jumble of anything; the
French is used of food only,

Galoper gallop + chase, pursue: g. un
voleiw, look for, hunt for : g. qqn dans
toute la mile. La fievve le galopeT^lie
fever is getting a strong hold on him.

Galoshes = Goloshes = (overshoes) souliers
de caoutchouc, caoutchoucs ; (lowest part
of boot uppers) claques.

Galocke=dog overshoes; (fig.) menton de
g.= nut-cracker chin; (naut. pulley)
snatch-block.

Gambade, Gambado = (horse's leap)
gambade + fredaine, frasque, escapade.

Gambade

95

Gentleman

Gambade = caper, gambol; (fig.) payer en
gg. = avoid payment of debts.

Ganglion = (anat.) ganglion + foyer
d'activite*.

Garnish = garnir, decorer, orner (table,
etc.), embettir+ (law) signifier a qqn une
saisie-arrt.

Garnir = garnish + provide, furnish
(house, etc.) ; protect (ship, etc.) ;
strengthen; garni = furnished: loger en
garni =]ive in furnished rooms, in
lodgings; (well-) lined: bourse bien
garnie; border (with fur, etc.).

Garrison garnison (troops) .

Garnison = garrison (as above) -f (techn.)
ornamenting.

Garrotte=(Spanish punishment) garrot(te);
le coup du pere Francois. (V.) =
etrangler, Wrangler pour voler.

Garrot = (sea duck) garrot; garrotte (as
above) ; (of horse) withers ; (surg.)
tourniquet ; (garden) training-stick. (V.)
bind tightly (person, bundle) ; (fig.) bind
s.o. by contract.

Gay = (light-hearted, disposed to mirth)
en train, enjoue, joyeux, gai, jovial,
plaisant, qui s'amuse, qui est ami du
plaisir ; (off-hand, airy) de'gag^ cavalier;
dsinvolte; (euphemistically, immoral)
qui fait la noce (fete), qui s'amuse (in a
bad sense), (of women) dejoie: g. dog=
joyeux drille; (showy, finely dressed,
etc.) brillant (colour) ; (of persons) bean,
adonise"t pimpant, pare, de belle apparence t
mondain, sdduisant; elegant, voyant
(dress); * brave.

Gai gay, merry, cheerful, jovial; frisky
(horse) : (herald.) without saddle or
bridle; (where gaiety is present) jolly,
joyous, pleasant (meal, conversation);
lively, amusing, entertaining (play,
song, etc.); cheery, bright, pleasant
(expression, face, colour, room)* tre
un peu g. = Be slightly intoxicated, be
somewhat merry. A lions! ./=Come!
cheer up ! (Techn.) free and easy
fitting : une clef gaie dans sa serrure ;
hareng g.=:shotken. herring.

Gaze (n.) regard fixe, contemplation.

Gaze gauze.

Gazette = (newspaper) journal, gazette;
journal officiel (of the Government).
(V.) publier dans le journal officiel;
hence : to be gazetted = avoir sa
nomination officielle or etre declare en
faillite.

Ge/&=jelly+frost

Gender = genre.

Gendre = son-in-law.

General (n. and adj.)= general (usually),
but, g. dealer =commercant en tons
genres; g. servant bonne d tout faire;
g. reader =lecteur ordinaire; for g. use=
& I'usage de tout le monde; g. effect=
ensemble.

Generic = generique; (not specific or
special) general.

Genet = (animal) genette ; fourrure de la

Genet = jennet (horse).

Gen$t= broom (shrub).

Genette= genet (animal); ring-curb bit

Genial = (i) (generative, rare) fecondant,
vivifiant, generateur (instinct); (con-
ducive to growth) bon, doux, bien-
faisant, propice (air, warmth, climate,
season) ; (of persons) bienveillant,
sociable, genereux ; (cheering, enliven-
ing) jovial, plein d'entrain. So
Geniality.

Genial =(ii) genien (anat.).

G6nial=oi genius.

Ginie genius + engineers (hi army) ; le g.
civil = civil engineers (considered col-
lectively) .

Genteel = (stylish, fashionable, char-
acteristic of upper classes usually
ironical vulgar in serious use) dis-
tingut, de bon gout (ton), elegant, galant,
comme il faut, poli ; honnete (homme) .

Gentle bien ne, de bonne famitte (herald.
and gentlefolks, gentleman) ; honorable,
qui convient a un 'gentleman ' ; (archaic)
noble, courtois : g. reader = ami lecteur ;
(tame, quiet, etc.) doux, aimable, paisi-
ble ; (opp. to violent) tranquille, modfae ;
(med., not drastic) benin; (rule) indul-
gent, faible; (heat, etc.) doux, modere;
(gradual) douce, faible (pente) ; g. sex=
beau sexe.

Gentil(i) nice, pretty, pleasant, sweet;
(ii) gentile; (iii) bois g. = mezereon
(tot.).

Gentility = (rare or archaic) bonne nais-
sance ; (usually ironical) le bon ton (gout),
distinction (Elegance) affectee, pritendue.

Gentilite pagan nations; the gentiles.

Gentleman (hist., man entitled to bear
arms; man attached to royal house-
hold) gentilhomme [which also = noble-
man], homme de condition; (man of
chivalrous instincts) gentleman, homme
d'honneur, galant homme; (man of
leisure, social position) homme comme

Oentilhomme

96

Gorge

il faut, homme distingue, homme du
monde, monsieur; (courteous synonym
for man) monsieur, pi. messieurs (
gentlemen); (retired) rentier; (law)
monsieur sans occupation [sieur is
applied to everybody]. To be no g.=
N* avoir pas de savoir-vivre ; etre un
manant; rietre pas homme d'honneur.
Like a g. = En galant homme. A young
g. = Un jeune homme (pi. gens). The
old g. = (i) Le vieillard; (ii) (facetious)
le diable. Mr F.'s g.=Le valet de
chambre de M. F. A lady and g. = Une
dame et son cavalier. G/s gloves =
Gants d' homme. G.'s house Chateau,
belle maison t hotel. G. rider =cuyer
amateur. G. farmer =Proprietaire cul-
tivateur. G. usher =Huissier du palais.

Centilhomme = man. of gentle birth,
nobleman.

Geste. See after Jest.

Geyser = (hot spring) geyser -\-chattffe-bain.

Gigue. See after Jig.

Gland = (anat.) glande [secretive organ] ;
(techn.) gland (of stuffing-box, boite de
presse-etoupe] .

Gland = acorn; tassel (silk, wool, wood,
metal, etc.); (anat.) gland; g. de terre
= earth-nut; g. de mer acorn-shell;
wooden pincers (in certain trades).

Glande (secretive organ) gland.

Glass *=verre.

GZas knell, passing-bell.

Glace = ice; freezing-point, zero; ice-
cream; (fig.) ice; coldness (lit. and^.),
indifference; torpor, numbness (of old
age) ; (fig.) stiffness, iciness ; plate-glass ;
looking-glass; carriage window; flaw
(in diamond) ; icing, glazing (on cakes,
etc.) ; meat jelly*

Glace [adopted from French. See below],
used only in reference to leather, silk,
and other materials, and sugared fruits.

Glace = frozen, iced; turned cold (of
blood), dulled; overpowered, para-
lysed, struck dumb (by fear, etc.);
indifferent, cold, passionless, frigid;
glazed, glac6; shot, glossy; varnished;
in jelly (crystallized).

Glebe ~ (poet.) champ, terre , glebe ; terre
d'eglise.

Glebe^clod, sod; land, field (poet.).

Gloria =hymne (=abbrev. of Gloria Patri,
etc.) -\-aureole.

Gloria** gloria (hymn, as above) -f- (pop.)
coffee or tea with brandy.

Glorify = glorifier, exalter (in a religious

sense); honorer, louer> celebrer ; revetir
d' eclat (splendeur); embellir, orner a
Vexces. ^ It was only a glorified cottage
~Ce n'etait qu'une chaumiere un peu
embellie [prdtentieusement ornee}.
Glorifier= glorify, exalt (God, the elect);
praise, laud (God, etc.); honour,'
celebrate (heroes, etc.); (reflex.) boast
(=$0 #. de).

Gloriole = aureole, gloirc.

Gloriole vainglory .

Glorious =s glorieux, illusive, celebre,
insigne, renomme ; (splendid, etc.)
magnifique, superbe, splendide, resplen-
dissant, radieux, blatant [often ironi-
cally]; (fam.) epatant, splendide; (happy
with drink) ayant le vin gai, parti pour
la gloire.

Glorieux = glorious, honourable; proud,
vainglorious; conceited, fond of show;
blessed (Virgin Mary, angels, etc.).

Glory (n.) = (exalted renown) gloire,
renommte ; ornement, orgueil; (adoring
praise) gloire, louange; (majesty,
beauty, etc.) edat t splendeur, magni-
ficence, merveille; (bliss of heaven)
gloire (celeste) ; (halo) gloire, aureole ;
g. -hole (slang) = capharnailm .

Gloire = glory (as above) -f vanity, pride,
conceit; ostentation.

Gloss = glose; glossaire; traduction
interlineaire ; lustre, cati.

Glose gloss, comment, criticism.

Glue =colle forte.

Glu= bird -lime.

Gobemouche=&0ww?6 credule qui colporte
des potins.

Gobe-mouches = simpleton, ninny; fly-
catcher (bird); fly-trap (bot.).

Goblet gobelet 4- verre d pied.

Goloshes. See Galoshes.

Gorge (n.) = (internal throat) gosier, gorge ;
contenu de I'estomac ; one's g. rises at it ;
cela souleve le C&UY ; (mil., geog.) gorge. *

Gorge = gorge (as above); (external)
throat; breast, neck (of bird, of la
woman) ; (internal) throat, gullet' ;
throat (of chimney) ; (falc.) g. chaude**
piece of prey given to hawk ; (fig.) faire
des gg. chaudes de=make sport of
(laugh at); faire rendre g. a qqn=to
make s.o. disgorge ; faire rentrer a qqn les
paroles dans la g.=to make s.o. eat his
words. Crier a pleine g. = Shout lustily ;
rire a g. deploy ee = scream with laughter.

Gorge (v., trans, and intrans.) = gorger t
assouvir t repaitre, rassasiev; manger

Gorger

97

Grain

avidement, se gorger de nourriture;
avaler f devorer goul&ment; emplirjusqu &
la gorge, engorger, etendre, remplir
completement.

Gorger (trans, only) = satiate, gorge, glut;
cram (fowls) ; load, overwhelm (with,
riches, honours, etc.); (vet.) jambe
gorgee swollen leg (of horse).

Gout=goutte (disease), drop of liquid.

Gout= (sense of) taste, relish, favour,
fancy, style, manner, etc.

Government (part of country governed)
gouvernement, province; (system of g.)
gouvernement; (body of persons) gou-
vernement, administration, regime, mini-
sters; (gram.) regime; g. of self = empire
sur soi-meme. G. loan = Emprunt
public. G. annuity Rente sur l'tat.

Gouvernement government (as above)
+ steering (of boat); management (of
house, affairs, etc.), superintendence,
care (of anything) ; (spelt with capital
letter) governor's residence, Govern-
ment House*

Governor = (of province, bank, fortress,
etc.) gouverneur ; directeur (prison,
institution) / re*gulateur (machine) /
(employer) maitre f patron f bourgeois;
(slang) paternal (^pere).

Gouverneur governor (as above), ruler;
tutor (to prince, etc.).

Grace = (charm, gracefulness) grace,
charme; (becomingness, etc.) modestie,
pudeur t ddlicatesse; to have the g. to=
avoir assez le sentiment de son devoir
pour; cannot with any g. ask him ne
pouvoir decemment lui demander; (ac-
complishment) agrement ; airs and gg. =
des airs et des manieres recherchees,
minauderies ; (mus.) agrement; (myth.)
les Grdces; (favour, concession) grace;
(theol.) grace ; (mercy, clemency) grace ;
(short thanksgiving before meat) "b&ni-
dicite*; (after meat) grdces ; (title) le due,
la duchesse; monseigneur I'Archeveque
Sa Grandeur I' Archeveque ; g.-cup =
dernier coup. To get into s.o.'s good
gg.=S0 faire bien venir de qqn, s'in-
sinuer dans les bonnes grdces de qqn.
Take heart of g.=Prendre courage.

Grace grace (as above); (persons or
things) charm, gracefulness; favour;
pardon, forgiveness; indulgence; dis-
count, reduction; thanks, grace (after
meat). Coup de g.= Finishing stroke,
quietus. De g.! For pity's sake ! G.
a = Thanks to. tat de g. = State of

grace. Faire g. d=To forgive. Faire
une (la) g. = Do a (the) favour. Faire
g. de = Remit, dispense with, excuse, etc.

Gracious = (archaic, agreeable, pleasing)
gracieux.plaisant, aimable; (mainly poet.,
kindly, courteous) bienveillant, courtois ;
(of exalted persons, condescending, in-
dulgent, beneficent) bon t bienfaisant,
condescendant, dement t bienveillant; (of
God) misericordieux, bienfaisant.

Gracieux = pleasing, pleasant, agree-
able; kindly, courteous; (Hit.) graceful
(style) ; voluntary, unpaid : ces acteurs
ont prete un concours g. & cette f&te de
charitt (Diet, de I' A cad.). A Hire g.=
Gratis, as a favour: il a chante d
litre g. Similarly gracieusement = grace-
fully; graciously; free : envoy e g. sur
demands = sent free on request.

Grade (n.> = (math.) grade; (degree in
rank, proficiency) grade, rang; (degree
in value, quality) qualite; (cattle-
breeding) croisement; (zool.) groupe
(collateral). (V.) dosser ; trier; fondre
(colours)/ graduer (studies); (cattle-
breeding) croisey.

Grczde=rank (in army) : montev en g.=s be
promoted; degree (in universities, etc.) ;
grade (math.).

Grader (mil. slang) = make a private an
N.C.O.; un grade an N.C.O., a non-
commissioned officer.

Graduate (v.) = graduer -f s'en oiler par
degres; changer par degre*s; concentrer
(solution) par evaporation; prendre un
grade universitaire.

[Graft.] Greffe = graft; grafting; court-
office; registry.

Grain == (fruit of a cereal) grain ; (wheat
or corn) grain (de ble) ; (pi.) grains,
cer tales; (pi.) (refuse, malt) dre'che:
(sand, gold, etc.) grain ; (unit of weight)
grain ; (fig.) brin t grain ; (dye) bon teint :
in g. indelebile, de bon aloi : ass in g.
sot en trots lettres; (poet.) teinte;
(granular texture) grain; (texture of
particles) grain, fit ; fibres (wood) ; poil
(of cloth); (fig.) teinte, grain (of mad-
ness, etc.) : (fig., nature, tendency)
nature, co2ur t tendance. Against the g.
= (lit.) a contre-poil, d, rebrousse-poil,
(fig.) d contre-c&ur. Across the g. (of
meat) = Cow^e le fil. With a g. of salt
= Sous btnefice d'inventaire.

Grain= grain (as above) corn; (of certain
plants, grapes, etc.) seed, berry; jot,
bit, particle; bead; pill; spot, mark,

raine

98

Graver

blemish (on skin, etc.); roughness;
sudden gust of wind with rain, hail*
Veiller au g.=Look out for squalls.
G. de beauUMoie, beauty spot. G.
d'orge= Barley-corn. G. de petite verole
= Pock-mark, Avoir un g. = be a bit
mad, (slang) have a screw loose. Avoir
son g. = be tipsy. Poulet de g. = plump
chicken.

'rai*7ze=seed, berry (for reproduction) ;
grain (for feeding fowls, etc.). Monter
en g. Run to seed : (fig.) (of girl)
to be getting rather old for marriage.
G. de vers d soie Silkworm's eggs.
(Fig.) Une mauvaise g. Bad lot (of
persons).

rain (v.) = (form into gg.) grener,
granule?; (dye in g.) teindre bon teint;
(give granular surface) greneler ; (re-
move hair, from hides) depiler; (paint
in imitation of g. of wood, etc.) veiner,
marbrer.

rrenerrun to seed; (trans.) granulate
(snuff, etc.) ; grain (leather) ; stipple.

rT3Lna.rygrenier, entrepdt (for grain).

rrenier = granary : g. a foin hay-loft -f
attic ; lumber-room* De la cave au g.
= From garret to cellar. (Naut.)
Dunnage.

rrand = (chief, in official titles) grand;
(law) grand; (of most importance)
principal (question) ; enorme, gros,
(fam.) fameux (mistake, blunder);
g. total = total ggnfral; grand (escalier) ;
(entree) principals; (mus.) grand [con-
certo] ; (fine, splendid, etc.) sublime,
grandiose, magnifique, splendide, noble,
imposant, elevi, soutenu; (fam.) ipatant,
fameux, excellent, riche, etc.; (father,
mother, uncle, aunt) grand-pere, grand'
mere, grand-oncle, grand'tante; (son,
daughter) petit-fils, petite-fille: great-
grandson = arrire-petit-fils ; g. piano
piano d queue; g. stand tribune.

rrand = tall, high ; long ; big, large ;
full-grown; en #.=on a large scale;
(school) les .= senior boys; wide
(open) ; full (hour) ; open (air) ; broad
(day) ; les grandes eaux=zfiood (of a
river), fountains (at Versailles, etc.) ;
le g. de I'eau high-water mark; grande
mare= spring tide; great (number, age,
wealth, etc.) ; strong (wind) ; loud
(noise) ; heavy (blow) ; deep (silence) ;
supreme (effort) ; grand (lady, etc.) ;
high (street) ; high, exalted (personage) ;
le g. monde higher circles : high fife :

upper ten ; high (priest) ; grand (duke) ;
grandee (of Spain) ; celebrated, great
(king, writer, painter, Corneille, etc.).
Le g. public The general public.
NOTE. Un g. homme=A great man.
Un homme #.=A tall man.

Grandeur = (rarely) grandeur; magnifi-
cence, pompe, eclat, sublimite, noblesse,
etc.

Grandeur height; size; magnitude (of
star); quantity; greatness; dignity,
grandeur, (title) highness.

Grandiose grandiose -{- (aiming at giving
an impression of greatness, etc.) visant
d la magnificence, majeste", grandeur, etc. ;
(depreciatory) pompeux.

Grange chateau avec ferme.

Grange barn.

Grape = grain de raisin; (pi.) raisins.
Bunch of gg. = Grappe de raisin.
G.(-shot)=Mitraille. G. stone Pepin
de raisin. G.-fraitPamplemousse.

Grappe = cluster, bunch; (disease in horse)
grapes ; (bot.) raceme. (Fam.) Mordre a la
g. Jump at an offer, believe blindly
in.

Gratification = gratification, pourboire,
recompense; plaisir, contentement, satis-
faction.

Gratify = rdmunerer, recompenser ; COY-
rompre, acheter (person); plaire d,
satisfaire, faire plaisir d. To be gratified
=tre enchante*.

Gratifier= favour, bestow (on). Grafi-
fication gratuity, fee, bonus.

Gratuity ^present, gratification ; pourboire ;
don ; prime (de demobilisation) .

Gratuit^ gratuitousness ; (education)
exemption from fees : la g. de I 'enseigne
ment primaire. [Generally expressec
by 'free education/]

Grave (adj.)= grave, important; (of faults
difficulties, etc.) se'rieux, grave, formi
dable f menacant, atvoce; solennel, grave
plein de dignity, imposant ; (not showy^
simple, sombre, triste, severe; (gram, anc
mus.) grave. (V.)=sculpter,* graver;*]
enterrer,* graver (on the mind) ; (naut
radoaber. *

Grave heavy (archaic, but still used -T]
physics : corps g., heavy body) ; hi'
portant, weighty (author, authority,
etc.); serious (mistake, wound); stern,
strict, sedate (tone, magistrate)"; serious
(in business matters) ; serious (subject).

Graver (v.) = engrave; etch: (fig.)
impress.

Gravel S

Gravel = (med.) gravelle + gravier (paths,

etc.).
Grease = graisse; (wool) stdnt; (vet.)

malandre.

Grenade = (mil.) grenade + pomegranate*
Grief = chagrin, douleur ; remords, regret.

Come to g. = Finir, tourner, mal; avoir

un accident, avoir des malheurs [faire de

mauvaises affaires].
Grief grievance; (law) (pi.) statement

of grounds of an appeal.
Grieve = (trans, or intrans,) (s')affliger,

(se) chagriner, (se) peiner, (s')attrister.
Grever = burden, encumber (with taxes,

etc.); entail (estate).
Grill = (grilled food) grillade; (grid) gril;

(grating) grillage, treillis, grille.
GrU = grid (iron) : etre sur le g. = be on

tenterhooks; (theat.) upper flies. .
Gri//e= grill (e); iron gate; railings; bars

of grate.
Grillerto grill; burn, scorch; toast

(bread) ; rail in, off; put bars or grating

(to a window, etc.).
Grime salete", crasse, noir de suie.
Grime= (theatre) dotard, old fogy.
Grip (n.) =s prise; e'treinte; serrement (de

main); serre; (handle) poignee; (con-
trol) maitrise; (power of arresting

attention) pouvoir d'arr&ter (fixer)

r attention.
Gripe (n.) = (hold, control) in the g. of=

au pouvoir de; prise, etreinte; (handle)

poignee; (naut., pi.) saisine; (pi.)

tranches colique.
Grippe = dislike, aversion [prendre qqn en

g.]; (malady) influenza.
Grip (v.) = saisir, empoigner; serrer ;

fixer, arreter (attention) ; empoigner

(audience).
Gripe (v.) = donner des tranches a;

(naut.) etre ardent.
Gripper=(of cat) seize, pounce upon;

(fam.) steal, purloin; wrinkle, pucker

(material) .
Groin = (anat.) aine; (archit.) arete,

nervure.
Groin snout.
Groom = groom 4- page-boy.
Gross (adj.) = (rank, luxuriant) grossier,

luxuriant; (bloated, overfed) bouffi,

boursoufle*; (glaring, flagrant) flagrant,

manifeste, palpable, monstrueux (error,

etc.); (total) total (sum); (weight) brut;

(dense, thick) dense, epais; crasse

(ignorance); (of food, coarse, etc.)

grossier, repugnant; (of senses, dull)

} Guardian

stupide, obtus, htbitt; (manners) gros-
sier, vulgaire; (conduct) indecent.

Gro5== (persons or things) big, stout:
faire le g. dos=to set up for a big man :
(of a cat) arch the back; main (walls) ;
dcrire en g. car act&res= write a big
[large] hand=&nrg g.; coarse (linen) ;
broad (principles, common sense) ;
strong, violent (words) ; g. jeu=* heavy
stakes; la grosse chaleurthe hottest
time of the day; g. y/wwg= heavy cold;
loud (laugh) ; great (sin) ; heavy (artil-
lery) ; heavy, rough (sea) ; rough
(weather) ; heavy (heart) ; une femme
grosse (enceinte).

Gross=grosse.

Grosse = gross + round-hand (writing);
bottomry; (law) engrossed draft, docu-
ment.

Guarantee = (action or means) garantie ;
(person making or thing given) caution,
gar ant; (thing given) gage; (person to
whom given, by misuse or confusion
with guaranty) celui d qui caution est
donnte; (com.) aval [in a bill of ex-
change the g. is given by signature
after the words bon pour aval].

Garantie = warranty, guarantee, assur-
ance, etc. Bureau des gg. = Assay
office.

Guarantee (v.) = garantir; cautionner ;
affirmer, assurer; avaliser (bill).

Garantir = guarantee -f- protect, shelter.

Guard (n.) garde + chef de train.

Garde (f.) = guard -}- custody, care, pro-
tection; (of wine, fruit, etc.) etre de g.
=keep well; watch (ing); care : prendre
#.=take care: prendre g. de faire qqch
=take care not to do s.t. : prenez g. de
tomber = mind you don't fall; guard
( = body of men) . Garde (m.) = keeper ;
watchman; guardsman; g. champetre=
rural policeman; g. forestierfoTester,
ranger, keeper.

Garder guard + keep, retain : g. une
poire pour la 5oz/=put s.t. by for a
rainy day; g. les apparences=keQp up
appearances; g. son serieux=]zeep a
straight face; g. sa chambre^keep, be
confined, to one's room; respect,
observe (commandments). Se g. de
Beware of. Se g. de faire qqch = Refrain
from doing, avoid doing, take care not
to do, s.t.

Gua.rdian=gardien, protecteur, ddfenseur;
(poor) administrates; (law) curateur (of
a minor), tuteur (of a ward).

Gardien

100

Gui

Gardien = guardian, keeper, caretaker,

watchman; warder (prison); g. de la

#*>= constable, policeman (in Paris) ;

(convent) superior; warden.
Gudgeon = (fish) goujon; (fam.) dupe;

(mech.) tourillon*
Gozz/on=(fish) gudgeon; pin (of a hinge,

etc.). Fairs avaler le g. a ^w=Lead

s.o. into trap, get s.o. to believe one's

'tale/
Guide = guide (-book) -f-rein : mener la vie a

grandes gg. == go the pace, live in grand

style.
Guidon guidon; (naut.) pennant; sight

(of a gun) ; handle-bar (of cycle) ;

reference mark (in book, etc.).
Guillotine = (for execution) guillotine;

(surg.) scalpel; (parliam.) mthode pour

couper court aux debats et alter aux

voix.

Guillotine. F entire a g.= Sash- window.
Guise aspect, exierieuv ; (assumed

appearance) faux semblant, pretexte,
masque : in the g. of sous le masque de.

Guise = manner, way, wise. Agir a sa g.
=To have one's own way, do as one
pleases. A votre g. = As you will,
please yourself. En g. <feeoBy way of,
instead of.

Gulf = (water) golfe + creux profond,
abime, gouffre; tourbillon; (fig.) abime.

Gum (i) gomme ; (ii) gencive.

[Gusset.] Cousset = gusset + fob.

Gutter = gouttiere (roof) -f- ruisseau,
caniveau, .rigole (street).

Gouttilre gutter (roof) + groove (of
bone); splint; front edge (of book).

Guy=(i) Effigie de Guy Fawkes, epou-
vantail, personne mal fagotee. (Slang)
To do a g. = Filer, prendre la poudre
d'escampette. To give the g. to s.o.=
Planter qqn Id; (ii) (naut.) retenue ;
hauban; moustaches.

Guz (plant) mistletoe; (naut.) boom.

H

Habilitate = faire les fonds (of a mine,
etc.)/ (intrans.) tre en etat de remplir
(office, esp. in German universities).

Habiliter = make (legally) capable (to
act, etc.).

Habit = (tendency, practice) habitude,
coutume, mceurs, usage (s) ; (mental
constitution) temperament ; (bodily con-
stitution) disposition, complexion, con-
stitution; (bot., zool., etc.) habitus;
(lady's) riding-habit = amazone .

Habit = coat, dress-coat; (pi.) clothes,
dress, raiment, attire; prendre I'h.
(monk) take the habit, (nun) take the
veil.

Habitable = Habitable or Inhabitable.
Inhabitable = Uninhabitable.

Hail = (i) (v., impers.) greler ; (trans.)
faire pleuvoir (words, blows) ; (intrans.)
descendre avec violence sur; (ii) (salute)
saluer; (greet as king, etc.) acclamer,
bien accueillir, recevoir avec des trans-
ports de joie ; (call) heler ; (of ship,
person) venir (de).

Heler=h&&, call.

Halter = (for hanging s.o.) corde; (horse's)
licou ; (one who halts) boiteux.

HalteTe(s)~ dumb-bell; (insects') poisers.

Harass = harceler (enemy) ; tourmenter,
tracasser (s.o. by care, etc.); accabler,
cribler (by debt, etc.).

Harasser tire out, weary [by excessive
physical exertion].

Hardy = (bold) hardi, intrepide, audacieux,
brave ; (robust) endurci, vigoureux, fort f
resistant; (plant) rustique, vivace, de
pleine terre.

Hardi 'bold, daring, fearless; impudent.
H./=Goit! WithawiUl

Harness = (of horses; loom; fishing
tackle) harnais + (fig., working equip-
ments) appareilt equipement, outillage;
be in h.= (fig.) etre atteU a son travail;
go back into li.=reprendre le cottier.

HB^yhdtif+rapide, prompt; (rash) pri-
cipiti, inefiechi; (quick - tempered)
emportd, vif t cottre.

Hdtif = hasty, ill-considered : travail h.,

reponse hdtive -f (of plants, etc.) coming
early, forward; precocious, premature.

Hate (n.)=haine.

Hdte haste, hurry, speed.

H.aul=tirer, trainer, holer (objects); tirer
sur (rope, etc.) ; (naut.) se holer dans le
vent (=h. upon the vrind)=haler le
vent; (of wind shifting) haler (de
I'avant, etc.).

Haler haul (as above); (hunt.) excite
(dogs by cries).

Hdler=(oi sun, etc.) burn, brown, tan:
visage hdld= sunburnt, tanned, face;
burn up, shrivel, nip (plants) : les fleurs
de notre jar din sont toutes holies (Diet.
del'Acad.).

Haunch = hanche (part of body) -f
(venison) cuissot> gigue.

Ha versack= (soldier's) musette.

Havresac knapsack, kit-bag [used both
by soldiers and civilians],

Hazard (n.) = (jeu de) d&s ; risque, peril,
danger; at all bh. = bravant tous les
perils, a tout hasard ; (golf) hasard;
blouse (billiards) : to have a winning h.
blouser son adversaire : to have a
losing li.se blouser; (in Ireland)
station de fiacres.

Hasard= accident, chance, luck, fate;
risk, danger, hazard. Coup de A.=
Fluke. Par ^. = By chance, by acci-
dent. Manger au h. de la fourchette
Take pot-luck.

Haze = brume, brouillard.

Hase=fem. of hare or rabbit = doe.

Hearse = corbillard.

Herse harrow; (fort.) portcullis.

Hectic = hectique ; phtisique ; d'une rougeur
fievreuse.

tique= gaunt, wasted, emaciated.

Heinous = atroce, odieux ; detestable,
haissable ; cruel.

Haineux = spiteful, rancorous^ male-
volent.

Herald = hevaut -f messager f avant-
coureur.

Herb = (plant with non-woody stem)
herbe; (medicinal) plante.

Herbe

102

Humble

Herte=herb (as above); (various) plants
and shrubs; grass; mauvaise h. = weed;
(half -grown cereals, etc.) en &.=in the
blade; (fig.) in embryo, unfledged,
budding.

Heroic = herolque -f grandiloquent,
ampouli (language).

Hesitate = balancer [because you are
uncertain an objective term]; hesiter
[is subjective; you cannot make up
your mind].

Heurter. See after Hurt

Hiatus = ouverture, br&he; lacnne;
intervalle; (gram.) hiatus.

Hiatus (gram, and anat.) hiatus; break,
gap (in narrative) ; gap (in genea-
logical tree).

Hideous = hideux -f- revoltant, horrible,
odieux.

Historique. Note (fam.) C'est h. = It's a
fact, it actually happened.

Hommage homage -f- (fig.) fairs h. de qqch
a qqn otter s.o. s.t. as a token of
esteem : je lui ai fait h. de man livre
I presented him with a copy of my
book; rendre a qqn Vh. de qqch=
give s.o. his due for s.t. = give s.o. full
credit for s.t.; (pi.) respects, compli-
ments; kind regards to lady [Veuillez
agreer, Madame, mes hh. respectueux] ;
(respectful gift) h. de rauteur=with the
author's compliments* Exemplaire en
h. = Presentation copy.

Homcnyme = homonym + namesake*

Honest = (fair and upright, not cheating,
etc.) honnete, droit, integre, probe , loyal,
honorable, de bonne foi, (fam.) brave;
(sincere) sincere , franc; (of acts or
feelings) honorable, loyal, de bonne foi,
honn&te; (of gain) an h. penny =*un sou
gagn honnfrement; (of things) pur,
naturelf sans melange, non frelati, etc. ;
(of woman *) chaste, vertueuse, honnete ;
make an h. woman oi^epouser une
femme qu'on a seduite; (patronizing or
facet.) brave, digne.

HonnSte = honest, upright; virtuous,
chaste (woman); (of persons) well-
bred, respectable; polite, civil; (of
things) proper, suitable, satisfactory,
reasonable, creditable, etc. Vous etes
trop h. = (in reply to a polite action) It
is very kind of you.

Honesty = honnetete, probite, inte'grite',
loyaute, sinc&rit6, etc. ; veracite, honora-
bilite, etc.

Honn&tete 1 = honesty, probity, integrity,

etc. ; chastity, modesty (in woman) ;
civility, politeness, attention; suitable-
ness, fairness; decency, propriety,
respectability.

Honourable = honorable -h honn&te,
intdgre, etc.

Honorable = honourable -f reputable,
respectable : famille h. ; faire amende
^.apologize, make amends; fortune
h.= reasonable competency.

Horror =horreur; (med.) frisson; (pi.) le
delirium tremens; to my h.= mon
grand effroi.

[Hospital.] #6pz'taZ= hospital -f prendre le
chemin de J'&.=go to the dogs, be on
the road to ruin; la passion du jeu ne
peut manquer de le conduire a I'h. (Diet,
de I'Acad.) = his mania for gambhng
will certainly land him in the work-
house.

Hospice = (of religious orders) hospice;
alms-house, refuge, home; asylum.

Host=(i) grand nombre; armee;* (pi.)
foule, multitude (biblical of sun, moon,
stars, angels) ; (ii) (one who gives
hospitality) amphitryon, hdte; (land-
lord of inn) hdte, aubergiste; reckon
without one's h. = compter sans son
hdte; (plant, animal) porteur de para-
sites', (iii) (Eucharist) hostie.

Hole = host (as above); landlord (of
inn); guest, dweller, inhabitant, deni-
zen; (of inn, hotel) visitor, traveller,
lodger, customer, frequenter.

Hostel = (hostelry) auberge;* (university)
maison d'etudiants.

Hotel =(f or travellers) hdtel.

H6tel= hotel (as above) + town house,
mansion ; (town) hall ; h.-Dieu hos-
pital; H. des Posies = General Post
Office; maztre d'h. = butler, head
waiter; h. garni lodging-house (pro-
viding rooms but not meals) ; H. des
Monnaies = Mint.

Hullabaloo =tintamarre, vacarme, hour-
vari, charivari.

Hurluberlu = scatter-brain.

Human = (of, belonging to man) humain,
de I'homme; (opp. to sacred) humain,
profane.

Humanscompatissant, humain; (things)
qui ne fait pas souffrir; (of refined
study, writings) 6tegant, cultivi; poli;
ennoblissant, raffine"; libe'rales (studies) =
les humanitfe.

Hizmaw=human; humane.

Humble = humble, modeste (of persons and

Humour

103

Hybrid

things) ; de petite tattle, de pen d' impor-
tance, modeste. To eat h . pie = S'excuser
humblement, filer doux, mettre les polices.

Humour = (state of mind, mood) carac-
tere; humeur, penchant, caprice, gout,
fantaisie ; (comicality) plaisanterie,
badinage, humour.

Humeur = humour (as above), temper,
character; (abs.) ill-temper : montrer de
/'/*.= show (ill-) temper. Hh. froides^
Scrofula.

Harl lancer, jeter, precipiter (lit. aw<ng.).

Hzzr/er=yell, howl, bellow, etc.

Hurt=blesser, faire (du) mal a; nuire & ;
blesser, froisser, offenser ; endommager.

Heurter= colUde with, knock against, run
into : voiture qui heurte un passant;
offend : h. V amour-propre de qqn;
thwart, run counter to : h. les intir&ts
de qqn; cela heurte le sens commun;
(intrans.) run into, stumble against :
h. contre un rocker, une pierre; h. a la
porte*= knock at the door; (reflex.) come
up against, run into : se h. contre maints
obstacles; collide : deux trains qui se
heuvtent.

Hut=kutte, cabane + (mil.) baroque.

Hybrid = hybrid* (animal, plant); metis
(persons) ; mot hybride (gram.) ; chose
composes d'etements htterogtnes.

I

Iamb (us) = (ancient metrical foot -- )

fambe.
lambe = iamb (us) -f (pi.) violently

satirical poem in alternate lines of

twelve and eight syllables.
Id4e=itez+(fam.) very small quantity,

bit, scrap, taste, etc. : reculez une i.

vers la gauche (Larousse) = go back a

shade towards the left; prenez une

i. de ce ww=have just a spot of this

wine.
Identical =identique -f- mimt* This is the

i. book=C'fisJ le livre m$me=C'est

veritablement ce livre-ld.
Idiom = langue, idiome; gMe (d'une

langue) -f (fonn of expression) idio-
^ tisme* A French i.=gallicisme. An

English i. = anglicisme.
Idiosyncrasy (mental constitution)

idiozyncrasie+particularite de style (of

author) ; manieres particulilres.
Idol = Me -h (philos.) sophisme, faussetf,

conceptionjausse.
Idolatrous = (person) idoldtre ; (things)

idoldtrique. \
/<fo/#re=idolafrpus (as above) +Stre i. de

be infatuated with, passionately

fond of. \

Ignoble = (of low birth) pltbiien, de basse

naissance, roturier; (of things, mean,

base) ignoble, vil, ba&> dtgoutant, etc.
Ignoble = base, mean/ vile, disgraceful,

etc.; low-born.* Ois&$ux ignobles =

(falc.) untrained, untra&iable (hawks).
Ignore = (refuse to take notice of) ne faire

aucune attention d t ne pa&Jenir compte

de t feindre d'ignorer, n6lir a, dessin.

I i. you Jefais comme si voqs n'existiez
pas. (Of an English grand jufy, reject
bill as unfounded) rendreune ofilonnance
de non-lieu.

Ignorer = to be ignorant (unaware) of,
know nothing of, be unacquainted
with. \

Illuminate (sun . , . mountains; towVi
for a f&te; person with light of truth)
illumine?; (room, by gas, etc.) ddairety
(pictures, cards, etc.) eriluminer. \

J//umrrwr=illuminate (as above); shed

lustre on (speech, etc.) : L'dclat de telles
actions semble i. un discours (Bossuet,
cited by Larousse).

Illusion = illusion -f delusion : etre dans
ri.=be labouring under a delusion; se
faire i. a soi-meme= deceive oneself.

Illustrate = (make clear, explain) eclair cir,
expliquer, elucider; dormer des exemples
de; illustrer (by drawings) ; orner (with
designs) .

7/torer=illustrate (book) -f- make illus-
trious: Cet auteur a illustre son pays
par ses ouvrages (Diet, de I' A cad.) Dix
ans apr$s, en igoi.on creait four lui la
chair e d'histoire de la langue francaise,
qu'il illustrajusqu'a $a retraite (Albert
Dauzat in Les Nouvelles Litteraires,
5 Feb. 1938).

Illustration = explication, eclaircissement ;
exemple; (of books, etc.) gravure,
illustration.

Illustration = illustration; illustrating;
making illustrious; illustrious men.

Image = image -f- picture : livre d'ii. =
picture book; likeness, painting; idea,
conception : se faire une i. agr table de
qqch*=foTm a pleasant conception of
s.t; metaphor. Sage comme une i.=
As good as gold.

Imagery = images, statues, sculptures;
(figures of speech) images; rhetorique
ornee.

Imagerie = image-making ; picture-trade.

Imagination = imagination + (pi.)
imaginings, fancies ; les ii. qui me
viennent en ce moment a I'esprit (A.
France, Le Mannequin d' osier).

Imaginer imagine + invent, conceive,
devise : Torricetti imagina le barometre
(Larousse).

Imbibe = (drink in, assimilate) s'impre'gner
de t etre imbu de, contracter, adopter,
prendre (habits, ideas, hatred, etc.J;
(drink) boire (liquid); inspirer (air);
absorber (moisture).

Jm6#er=soak; (reflex.) absorb.

Imitation = imitation + (mus.) ripititwn;
contrefa$on; (as adj.) simili: i. marble
=:$imili-marbre ; i. gold^similor.

104.

Immaterial

105

Impose

Immaterial = (not material) immateriel
f sans importance.

Immense immense -\- (slang) excellent.

Immeise=immerger, plonger dans I'eau;
baptiser par immersion ; (bury, imbed)
enfouir, enf oncer, incruster, fixer, loger;
(involve deeply) embarrasser t accabler
(in difficulties), absorber, plonger (in
thought) .

Immersion immersion; bapteme par im-
mersion; (in thought) absorption dans;
(astron.) immersion.

Immersion (v. immerger) immersion (as
above) + submersion (of submarine) -f-
laying (of cable) .

Immobilize = immobiliser -}- retirer (coins
from circulation).

Immodest = (indecent) immodeste, inde-
cent -f sans gene, avantageux, arrogant,
impudent.

Impale = (transfix) empaler ; (herald.)
accoler; (rare, to fence, with pales)
palissader.

Impalpable = impalpable, intangible -f
subtil, insaisissable (by mind).

Impart = (give share of s.t. to s.o.)
partager qqch avec qqn, faire part de
qqch a qqn; (communicate news, etc.)
communiquer, faire savoir, dire ; donner,
accorder.

Jmpar#r=(law) grant (favour, etc.).

Impassable = infranchissable (mountain,
river, etc.); impraticable (road). Im-
passable is almost obsolete.

Impassible = impassible, impassive, un-
moved; (rare) unchangeable, durable
(as diamond, etc.); (insensible to
physical or moral pain) insusceptible;
insensitive ; callous ; proof against pain,
etc. ; (insensible to emotion) unmoved,
unconcerned, unfeeling.

Impeach = (call in question, disparage)
mettre en doute, discrediter, denigrer
(character, etc.); (accuse s.o. of)
accuser qqn de ; (charge s.o. with)
imputer qqch a qqn; charger qqn de
(crime) ; (find fault with s.t.) trouver
a redire a qqch, bldmer, attaquer, accuser ;
(legal) mettre en accusation.

Emp&her = prevent, deter, hinder,
obstruct, etc.

Imperial = imperial, d'un empire, d'un
empereur; supreme, souverain; auguste,
majestueux; impe'rieux; princier, digne
d'un empereur, magnifique; de I'Empire
britannique; (of paper) grand jisus;
(weights and measures) legalement

adopte dans tout le Royaume-Uni. (N.)
impdriale (= beard); coffre a bagages
(for roof of coach).

Imperial imperial (as above); (herald.,
bot.) [crown] imperial; kind of dome
(comble imperial) ; superfine (papyrus ;
serge). Imperiale (n.) = fritillary ; all
the court cards of one suit; top
of an omnibus, etc.; canopy of a
bed* Imperiaux= Imperial soldiers (of
Germany)*

Impersonal = (gram, and philos.) imper-
sonnel+sans personnalite.

Impertinent = impertinent, insolent +
importun ( intrusive); deplace, ab-
surde; hors de propos, qui n'a aucun
rapport avec.

Impetrate = (theol.) impetver ; (rare)
demander.

Impetuous = fougueux (horse, youth) ;
impetueux (torrent, person); vehement
(speech, orator) ; violent (current, dis-
position).

Implicit = (implied, though not expressed
plainly) tacite, implicite ; (of faith) sans
reserve, absolu.

Implicitly (see above) = tacitement,
implicitement + franchement, sans
riser ve; avec unefoi aveugle, aveugttment.

Imply =impliquer -\-vouloir dire, insinuer,
donner a entendre.

Import (v.) = importer, introduire (goods
from abroad) ; (imply, mean) indiquer,
signifier, impliquer; (express, make
known that) pre'sager, faire savoir, dd-
clarer, annoncer; (be of consequence to)
importer a [often impers.], etre impor-
tant [de consequence].

Importer import (goods); be of conse-
quence.

Importation = importation + import.

Importune = sotticiter avec instance; as-
saillir de sollicitations (persons or abs.).

Importuner bother, pester, weary,
intrude upon.

Importunate obstin^, persistant, pressant,
exigeant. To be i. Faire de vives
instances aupres de qqn, sotticiter.

Importun^ tiresome, bothersome, annoy-
ing, vexatious; unseasonable, inop-
portune.

Impose = (print.) imppser; imposer (tax,
etc.) ; (palm off) faire passer qqch a qqn;
(make s.o. accept s.t. or s.o.) imposer
qqch ou qqn a qqn; (impose upon,
deceive) en imposer a, en faire
accroire a.

Imposer

106

Incapable

Imposer = (liturg.) lay (hands); (print.)
impose; give (names to things) ;
(liturg.) start (the anthem) ; impose (as
above). [Note that (en) imposer d, qqn
may mean either ' to inspire s.o. with
respect ' or ' to deceive s.o/]

Imposition = imposition + (school)
pensum; (trick) tromperie, imposture.

Impossible ^impossible; (loosely) difficile,
incommode; (colloq.) affreux, abominable,
intolerable, impraticable, impayable,
etc.

Imposte impost (of door, window);
fanlight*

Impotent = sans pouvoir, faible; im-
puissant; decrepit; (med.) impuissant.

Impotent helpless, crippled.

Impracticable impraticable (plan, etc.) ;
inutile, bon a rien; (of persons) in-
traitable.

Irnpraticable = impracticable (as above) ;
uninhabitable (room) ; (country) impos-
sible (for tourists) : La Sidle est devenue
i. d cause des brigands (Dannesteter) .

Impregnable == imprenable (fortress, etc.)
-{-(fig.) inbranlable.

Impregnable- 'that can be impregnated.

Impromptu, Impromptu* In both lan-
guages this word is used as an adjective,
adverb, and noun, and its meaning is
the same, but its application is not
entirely similar. English has the
synonyms ' extempore/ ' off-hand/
and ' improvisation/ while French
has improviser, improvisation, and
d'abondance. In French one would say
parley i. or d'abondance, but in English
usually ' speak extempore '; ' an i.
answer '=uner6ponse improvisee. ' Im-
provise ' and improviser, etc., are widely
used instead of expressions with ' i/
(i.). In conversation the word would
often sound pedantic in English. ' I
cannot tell you off - hand ' = Je ne
saurais vous le dire sans reflechir [faire
des recherches, etc.]. In reference to
ordinary things, as shelter, dinner, ball,
boat, concert, etc., Improvised and
Improvise 1 are commonly employed.

Improper == (inaccurate, wrong) incorrect,
inexact, irrfgulier, contre les riglements;
impropre (use of word, etc.) ; i. fraction
=nombre fractionnaire; (indecent) mal-
se'ant, inconvenant; (unsuitable) im-
propre, peu convenable, inconv enable.
So Impropriety*

Impropre = unsuitable, unfit; improper

(as above), incorrect; improper (diph-
thong, derivation). So Impropriety.

Improve = (make, become better)
(s')ameliorer, r entire (devenir) meilleur ;
(50) perfectionner ; (se) bonifier (of wine,
etc.) ; (s')embellir (of town, etc.) ;
developper ; (faire) fairs des progres (a),
(faire) avancer; cultiver (mind); (make
good use of) mettre a profit, faire valoir,
profiler (de), tirer parti de, utilizer, ex-
ploiter. To i. on acquaintance =Gagner
a etre connu. To i. away = S^ debarrasser
de qqch par des ameliorations. To i. upon
= Surpasser, faire mieux que, rencherir
sur. Improvement = amelioration,
embellissement, etc.

Improving=(book, etc.) tdifiant.

Improuver disapprove, blame*

Impudent = impudent 4- unblushing,
shamelessly immodest.

Impulsion = impulsion + stimulus,
impulse, prompting : suivre Vi. de son
cceur=io\low the prompting, obey the
dictates, of one's heart; Vi. donnee aux
affaires =the stimulus, impetus, given
to business.

7mpater= impute -f (com.) charge, deduct

Inadmissible = inadmissible, not to be
tolerated, out of the question, unthink-
able-!- (of candidate) rejected at the
written examination and, therefore,
unable to proceed to the oral.

Inalterable = unalterable -f (fig.) un-
changeable, constant, unimpaired, un-
varying*

Inanity = inaniU -j- manque d'idtes;
(silliness) niaiserie, jrwoliti.

Inanit^ = inanity -h uselessness, futility :
I'i. des choses terrestres ;M. de leurs efforts.

Inappreciable inappreciable 4- in-
estimable*

Inapt = (unfit, unskilful) inapte & (s.t.)
+ maladroit, gauche.

Inarticulate = (not jointed) inarticule; (of
speech, etc., not clearly pronounced)
inarticuld + (dumb, unable to speak
clearly) muet, reduit au silence (par la
fureur, etc.); he was i. with rage=s#
fureur I'emptcha de parley; (Lenui de
sens, inintelligible.

Incalculable = incalculable -f ind&termi-
nable, incertain; douteux, sujet d caution
(of persons or character)*

Incantation = incantation -f charme.

Incapable = incapable + non [pea] sus-
ceptible de. Drunk and i.=Ivre a ne
plus se tenir.

Incomer

107

Incorporate

Incarner (v.)= incarnate -\-(med.) to enter
the flesh =5^.: ongle qui s'incarne=
ingrowing nail.

Incense (v.) = (i) parfumer (qqn, qqch)
d'encens ; encenser (idols, altars, God) ;
repandre du parfum sur; (ii) (enrage)
courroucer, exasperer, irriter.

Encenser = incense (= fumigate person or
thing with incense) -{-flatter.

Incessantly = sans cesse, incessamment.

Incessamment = incessantly -{- very soon,
without delay*

Incidence (n.) = (falling or direction of
fall in physics) incidence; (bearing,
onus, scope) rapport f portie, frendue,
champ, responsabiliti, charge; (astron.)
immersion. "What is the i. of the tax?
=A qui incombe cet impdt?

Incident (n.) = incident -f- (legal) privilege
(or obligation) attache(e) d la possession
d'un bien. (Adj.) = (apt to occur,
naturally attaching) particulier d, qui
est le propre de> commun a; qui s* attache
d^ auquel * * * est sujet, qui tient d; (legal)
attache d; (phys.) incident.

Incident (n.)= incident -f (legal) point of
law, cavil, objection; difficulty : au lieu
de repondre d la question, il souUve des
ii. (Diet, de I'Acad.). (Adj.) incidental,
incident; (gram.) parenthetical.

Incisif incisive + dent incisive incisor*

Inclement=inclement (weather, climate).

Inclement = (of persons) severe* unmerci-
ful (gods, judges) ; inclement (as above).

Inclination = (of head, body) inclination;
(slope) inclinaison; (geom.) inclinaison;
(disposition, propensity) inclination,
penchant.

Inclinaison = inclination (as above) ; dip
(of compass needle) .

Inclination = inclination (as above) +
affection* Mariage d'i.=love match;
(person) object of affection.

Incline (v.)=incliner, disposer, porter +
prSter (I'oreille); (of colours) tirer sur
(=to).

Include = (comprise s.t.) comprendre,
embrasser; (treat, regard as comprised)
renfermer, contenir. Including s.t.=
y compris qqch.

Jnc/izre=[rare, except in p.p. inclus]
enclose (document in letter)* insert
(clause in contract). Les lettres ci-
incluses=The enclosed letters.

Inclusive = inclusif + i. terms = prix tout
compris; 2-20 i.==2 a 20 inclusivement.

Incoherent == incoherent (geol., language,

style, ideas) + (incongruous, odd,
irregular) incongru, hetfroclite*

Incommensurable = (without common
measure) incommensurable; (math.)
irrationnel; qui ne pent itre compart, d
(as to size); qm ne doit pas etre. com-
part a*

Incommensurable = incommensurable +
immeasurable*

Incommoder = incommode, inconvenience,
trouble, annoy; (of food, etc.) disagree
with, make uncomfortable* Bdtiment
incomwiode= Damaged ship.

Incommodious = (of a house) qui n'a pas
ass ez de pieces ; peu confortable.

Incommode (tool, rooms, clothes,
position) inconvenient, uncomfortable,
awkward, unhandy; unpleasant, worry-
ing, tiresome (heat, noise, etc.) ; (of
persons) disagreeable, troublesome :
voisin i.= neighbour who *s a nuisance.

Incommutable = qu'on ne peut pas echanger;
immuable.

Incommutable = inalienable (property);
(owner) who cannot legally be dis-

Incomprehensible = incomprehensible -\-
(in Athanasian Creed) infini, sans bornes.

Incongruous = incongru + sans rapport
(to, with, avec).

Incongru incongruous + ill-mannered,
rude*

Inconsequent = (irrelevant) sans rapport
(avec) ; (wanting in logical sequence)
inconsequent, illogique,

Inconsequent (logic) inconsecutive,
inconsequent, illogical -f- incautious,
rash, ill-advised (words, steps, etc.) ;
inconsistent*

Inconsiderate = inconsidere (person or
thing) + (of persons) qui manque d'egards.

Inconsistent = (not in keeping) disparate,
qui n'est pas en harmonie, qui ne cadre
pas bien, discordant ; incompatible (avec) ;
(at variance with one's own principles)
inconsequent.

Inconsistant= lacking solidity or firmness,
without consistency, incoherent*

Inconvenience = (want of adaptation to
personal requirement) incommoditi (of
a house, etc.)/ inconvenient (of action,
etc.); embarras, gne f ennuL

Inconvenance = unsuitableness + im-
propriety, unseemliness*

Incorporate =incorporer (= unite); con-
stituer en societe; melanger (des ingre-
dients pour en faire une seule substance) .

Incorporation

108

Induce

Incorporation = incorporation (action) -J-
constitution en societe; corporation
(society) .

Incredule = incredulous -j- (theol.)
unbelieving, unbeliever.

Incrustation = incrustation; (fig.) en-
crontement.

Incumbent (adj.) = (bot., of anthers,
cotyledons) incombant -f couche (sur),
qui se repose sur, soutenu (par); (on s.o.
as duty, etc.) qui incombe a, qui est du
devoir de.

Incunabulum (pi. -a) = (book) incunable-\-
(pl.) commencement, berceau.

Incurious "= (devoid of curiosity) in-
curieux ; (heedless) indifferent, negligent;
(uninteresting; usually with negative,
' not i.') sans inter et, sans merite.

Indebted = (in debt) endette, debiteuv -f-
(owing gratitude) redevable a.

Ind&hiffrable = indecipherable + obscure,
unintelligible.

Indefectible = indefectible + impeccable,
parfait, sans defaut.

Inddfinissable = indefinable -f un-
accountable ; nondescript.

Indelicacy = indelicatesse -f inconvenance,
gaillardise.

Indelicatesse = indelicacy; tactlessness;
injudicious act or word; indiscretion;
want of sensitiveness.

Indemnify = (compensate) indemniser (qqn
de} + (secure) garantir, assurer (from,
against harm, loss, responsibility).

Indemnity = (security) garantie, suretd;
assurance f protection; exemption; in-
demnitt ( = compensation), dedom-
magement.

Indemnity = indemnity (as above) -f
travelling expenses; pay, allowance,
emolument (of M.P.).

Indent ^endenter (=dovetail) ; fahancrer
(coast-line)/ endenter (papers) = per-
forate; (printing) rentrer, renf oncer;
(intrans.) passer tin ordre pour; bossuer,
bosseler.

Endenter = indent (as above); (provide
with teeth) : bien endente'^with a good
set of teeth, with a good appetite; cog,
tooth (wheel) ; scarf (pieces of wood).

Independent= independant -f- (means) aise.
A gentleman of i. means = Rentier.

Indescribable = indescriptible + vague,
indeftni.

IndetermM = indeterminate + (of
persons) undecided*

Index =* index (forefinger, table of matter;

list of books forbidden to R.C.s) +
indice, indication; (math.) exposant.

Indifference = indifference -\- (unimpor-
tance) pen d' importance.

Indifference = indifference + inertness
(of matter).

Indu^ferent = indifferent -f mediocre,
plutdt mauvais.

Indifferent = indifferent + inert (matter) ;
unimportant: parler de choses ind{f-
ferentes.

Indifferently = indiff&remment -\-mediocr e-
ment, tant bien que mal.

Indigene = indigenous -f native (troops,
population) .

Indigested = (fig.) indigested mal digere.

Indigeste = indigestible; crude, un-
acceptable.

Indigestion = indigestion ; dyspepsie, maux
d'estomac*

Indigestion = indigestion : avoir une i.=
have an attack of indigestion ; (fig. and
fam.) avoir une i. de qqch^be fed up
with s.t.

Indignity = mauvais traitement; mepris t
injure.

Indignit^ unworthiness, worthlessness
(of persons) ; vileness, baseness (of
conduct) ; shame, infamy, scandalous
action.

Indiscretion = indiscretion -{- acte contraire
aux bonnes mosurs, indelicatesse.

Indisposition = (ailment) indisposition -f-
e'loignement (pour), aversion (pour).

Indissoluble = (lasting) indissoluble +
insoluble (substance, puzzle).

Individual (n.)individu (usu. pej.) +
particulier : a private i.^un simple
particulier.

Indivi du = individual (as above) + (fam.
and facet.) mon i., son 4.= myself, one-
self: avoir soin de son i.=look after
number one.

Individual (adj.) individuel -f parti-
culier, personnel.

Indivisible indivisible + (legal) obliga-
tion z.= joint obligation.

Indolent = indolent + (med.) indolore:
tumeur indolore.

Indomptable = untamable, unmanageable
-f indomitable (character).

Induce = (logic, electr.) induire+ (prevail
on, persuade) induire (qqn a mal faire)
[usu. pej.] ; (prevail on, persuade) per-
suader (a qqn de faire qqch), pousser,
engager, decider (qqn a faive qqch) ; (give
rise to) causer, occasionner, faire naitre.

Induire

109

Inform

Induire= induce (as above) + (pej.) lead :
i. qqn en erreur ; ne nous induis point
dans la tentation (Lord's Prayer, Oster-
vald), ne nous induisez point en tentation
(R.C.)=lead us not into temptation.

Indulgence * indulgence, complaisance;
satisfaction (of one's wishes, etc.) ;
douceurs, faveurs, gdteries (= indul-
gences) ; abandon, mollesse ; indulgence
(of R.C. Church).

Indulgence = indulgence (as above) -f
leniency, proneness to find excuses for
lapses*

Indurate = (med.) indurer (tissue),
s'indurer+durcir, se durcir; endurcir
(lit. and fig.)/ rendre insensible;
s'inve'te'rer.

Industrious = laborieux, travailleur ;
empresse.

Industrieux=mgenious f skilful.

Industry = application, assiduit^; travail,
activite*; empressement; zele; (trade)
Industrie.

Industrie = trade, industry; skill, inven-
tion, ingenuity* Chevalier d'i. Light-
fingered gentleman [one who lives by
his wits]. N6cessit6 mere de I'i. =
Necessity the mother of invention.

Intdit inedited, unpublished 4- original,
new: spectacle i.= sight never seen
before.

Inept = inepte -f de'place', impropre.

Inexpiable = inexpiable -f implacable,
acharne'.

Infdme = infamous + (fam. by exaggera-
tion) wretched, vile, squalid : habiter un
i. taudis; maison i. brothel.

Infant = enfant de moins de sept ans, enfant
en bos dge ; (in arms) enfant au berceau,
nourrisson; (law) mineur.

Enfant child (lit. and fig.)', mes ee.!
(officer to troops) = lads ! ; les ee. perdus
(mil.) = forlorn hope; etre bon e.= be
good-natured; e. trouve = foundling;
e. de choeuY choirboy; e. de Paris =
native of Paris; I'e. prodiguethe
prodigal son; descendant.

Infancy = premiere enfance; (legal)
minorite.

Enfance childhood ; tomber en e. = f all
into one's dotage.

lnfantile=infantile (diseases) -\-enfantin.

lnfect=infecter (affect s.o. with disease,
etc.)-fc077Z77zizm'gzzer, transmettre; gagner,
atteindre, communiquer: her gaiety in-
fected him=sfl gaiete le gagna, elk lui
communiqua sa gaiete. Infection =

(action) infection; communication; con-
tagion; influence.

Infecter=z infect; (fig.) corrupt, pollute : un
vil amour du gain infectant les esprits
(Boileau, quoted by Larousse) ; con-
taminate, taint : ce marais infecte I* air;
stink. // no'us infecte de son haleine=
His breath smells; (abs.) cet endroit
infecte. Infect ion = infection; contami-
nation, taint; stench.

Infelicity = infeliciU -f- maladresse; (pi.)
expressions malheureuses.

Infer infer er de . . . que -\-impliquer,
supposer, laisser supposer.

Inferior inferieur + (bot.) infere.

Infe'rieur = inferior -f lower : la mdchoire
inferieure; la Seine inferieure; les
animaux ii.; i. a below, less than,
smaller than: somme inferieure a la
dette.

Infidel (n.)=w/k^e-}-(in other things as
well as religion) incredule, irtcroyant.

Infidtfe (adj.) = unfaithful, disloyal, dis-
honest (servant, subject, etc.) ; incorrect
(translation) ; treacherous ; (religion)
unbelieving.

Infidelity incre'dulite' (religious); perfidie,
deloyaute ; infidelite (of husband or wife) .

Infide'lite' = unfaithfulness, disloyalty,
infidelity (as above); dishonesty; in-
accuracy (of report, translation, etc.).

Infirm = i nfirme, faible, debile; (mentally)
irr&plu.

Infirmity = infirmitd -j- (moral) faiblesse,
defaut, irresolution.

Infirme= infirm -f disabled, crippled.

" firmite'= infirmity; weakness, frailty :
I'i. humaine.

Inflame =enfiammer, s'enflammer; (med.)
enflammer+allumer; aggraver, grossir,
exagfrer; prendre feu; s* exciter, s'irriter.

Enflammer = set ablaze, inflame (town;
blood; face, with anger); inflame (of a
sting; diet inflames blood; zeal, love,
inflames person); kindle, ignite; excite,
rouse up ; set on fire.

Inflammatory = (med.) inflammatoire +
excitant, incendiaire.

Inflation inflation (by paper money) +
gonflement (of a balloon); enflure (of
style); outrecuidance, suffisance.

Inflect = inflechir -|- (gram.) varier les
desinences de; moduler (voice); (mus.)
alter er (a note).

Influent = affluent.

Influent = influential.

Inform=zVwpi'rer, pfadtrer, animer, douer

Informer

110

Instant

qqn, qqch, de (with principle, feeling,
quality, etc.); informer, avertir, fairs
savoir a, renseigner, etc.

Informer inform, acquaint; (reflex., s'i.
de) make inquiries about ; (law) lay an
information, inform (against, contre);
i. d'un, sur un, cri me^ investigate,
inquire into, a crime. Jusqu'b plus
ample inform=Till further inquiry.

Information = avis, intelligence; nou-
velle(s); renseignements; (thing told)
connaissanceSf instruction, savoir; (law)
denonciation, plainte, information.

Information^ (law) investigation, inquiry;
inquiries. Aller aux n.=Make in-
quiries: inquire about the character
(of a servant); (newspaper) service des
.= reporting staff; (newspaper) echos
et w.=aews in brief; (wireless) u.=
news bulletin.

Ingenuity = (skill) ingeniosite, haUlete,
talent; esprit d' invention ; (of a thing)
caractere ingenieux, ingeniosite.

Ing4nuitd = artiessness, simplicity, in-
genuousness.

Ingenuousness = ingenuite, candeur,
naivete, franchise.

IngMosite" = ingenuity (person or thing)*
N.B. Ingenuous = Ingfau. Ingenious
^Inge'nieux.

Inglorious = inglorieux + obscur, inconnu*

Inhabitable. Inhabitable. See Habitable.

Inhibition = (med., psychol.) inhibition
4- Prohibition, interdiction.

Initiate = (admit s.o. into secret, etc.)
initier, mettre au courant de ; commencer,
dormer le branle a, provoquer, inaugiirer.

Injecter= inject-}- coat with preservative;
creosote (wood, etc.).

Injure = blesser ; faire tort &, nuire ft;
endommager, avarier. In an injured
tone=jD'iw ton offense.

Injurier insult, abuse, call (s.o.) names :
lajemme Gavot accuse lafemme Fraizier
d'i. quotidiennement I 'enfant de sa fille
en Vappelant: Batard, fils de chienne
(H. Bordeaux, Le Lac noir}.

Injurious =*nuisible, prejudiciable.

Injurieux= insulting, abusive, offensive.

Injury = dommage; blessure; mal; tort;
prejudice, atteinte; (med.) lesion; (ship-
ping) avarie(s).

Injure^ unfairness, injustice (obsolete in
general sense but persists in certain
phrases: c'est lui faire i.=it's doing
him an injustice; les ii. du sort = the
unfairness of fate) ; damage, destruction

[by wind and weather: cette statue est
exposee aux ii. de I' air (Diet, de I'Acad.) ;
les ii. du temps = the ravages of time];
insult, (pi.) abuse.

Innocent of = (colloq.) sans, ddpourvu de,
merge de, e.g. window i. of glass;
(Parliam. slang) massacre of the ii.=
projets de loi abandonnes.

Innovate = (make changes in) innover-\-
introduire des nouveautds.
observsince^inobservance (moral, med.)
-\-inobservation (of law) ; inattention.

Inoffensive = (harmless person or
thing) inoffensif -h non repugnant
(= not objectionable).

Inquietude. Inquietude. Both words apply
to the moral and the physical, but the
English word is of rare occurrence
compared with the French one, which
is the equivalent of a number of words
from f fidgetiness ' to ' mental anxiety.'
Avoir des ii. dans les jambes=not to be
able to keep one's legs stil), to have the
fidgets in one's legs.

Inscription ^inscription ; titre (of a book);
courte ddicace; suscription (of a letter) .

Inscription = inscription; registration (of
birth, death, etc.) ; enrolment (of
voter) ; matriculation (of a student) ;
entry (for a course of lectures, etc.) ;
notice ; directions (on sign-post) ; (share
certificate) scrip ; booking (parcels, etc.).

Insensate insense+insensible (lit., fig.).

Jnse7zs^= insensate + mad, insane.

Insensible = insensible + (unconscious)
sans connaissance.

Insertion insertion-^- (of lace) entre-deux.

Insignificant = insignifiant -|- sans
signification, qui n'a pas de sens.

Inspiration = inspiration + prompting,
suggestion : les ii. de la haine, de V amour.

Installation = installation -h appoint-
ments, fittings (of house), equipment
(of workshop).

Instance =exemple; demande; cos, lieu,
circonstance: in the first i.=en premier
lieu, premierement ; (law-court) instance.

Instance entreaty, request; (scholast.)
argument; (law) suit, proceedings:
introduire une i. en divorce = start
divorce proceedings; pieces en i.=s
documents referring to a case; etre en
i. de depart pour="be on the eve of
departure for; (law-court) instance.

Instant (adj.) = urgent, pressant, instant
+ courant (as soth inst.); immediate
prompt, instantanL

Installation

111

Entonner

Instauration = restauration, renovation.

Instauration = setting up, establishing,
founding: I'i. d'un temple, des jeux
Olympiques.

Institution = institution, etablissement -j-
to become an i. =passer dans les mceurs,
s'elever & la hauteur d'un principe.

Institution = institution -|- laws and
customs: les ii. d'un pays; usages d'i.
= man-made customs; (legal) appoint-
ing (of heir) ; educational establishment.

Instruct = instruire -J- enjoindre, or-
donner (d, qqn de faire qqch), charger
(qqn de faire qqch); i. counsel =retenir
les services d'un avocat, lui faire tenir
le dossier de I' affaire a plaider.

Instruire = instruct + train (an animal) ;
(legal) examine, investigate (a case).
Instruit learned, educated, well-read.

Instruction = instruction -f (legal)
preliminary investigation (of a case) :
juge d'i.= examining magistrate.

Instrumental = (mus., gram.) instru-
mental+'be i. ia=*contribuer a.

Insuffisance = insufficiency, shortage +
incompetence.

Insular = insulaire + & I' esprit borne, qui
manque de largeur de vues.

Intangible =intangible 4- insaisissable.

Intangible intangible 4- sacred, that must
not be tampered with : principes ii.

Integral** integral -{-integrant: form an i.
part of = faire partie integrante de.

Integrate (v.) (math.) integrer -\-compUter;
(combine parts into whole) constituer.

Intelligence = intelligence -j- (news)
nouvelle, avis f renseignement; i. officer
officier du service des renseignements.

Intelligence = intelligence 4- knowledge :
avoir I'i. des affaires ^have a good
knowledge of business ; understanding :
pour I'i. de ce qui va suivre=ior the
understanding of what is to follow;
harmony, mutual understanding : vivre
en bonne i. avec qqn; collusion : etre d'i.
=be in collusion, be hand in glove;
secret relations : avoir des ii. dans une
ville assidg6e=hold secret intercourse
with, have secret dealings with . . .

Intelligible = intelligible -f clear, audible,
distinct : parler d, haute et i. voix.

Intense = (techn., scient.) intense (heat,
etc.) -|- (fig.) profond, extreme; ardent,
vehement.

Intercurrent = intercurrent 4- arrivant de
temps en temps.

Inter dire = interdict; forbid, prohibit,

taboo -f nonplus, dumbfound, stun,
bewilder [chiefly in p.p.].

Interest = inter et 4- vested ii.^les droits
acquis; ensemble des personnes in-
tdressees dans une industrie : the brewing
i.^les brasseurs; credit, influence.

/72te'r&=interest-f self-interest, selfishness*

Interfere = (phys.) interferer -f (with)
gener, contrarier, mettre obstacle d ;
(with) se meler de ; (hi) intervenir (dans) ,
prendre part a ; (of horse) se couper.

Interloper (n.) = intrus; marron; (hist.)
interlope.

Interlope (a..*) blockade-runner, contra-
band ship. (Adj.) contraband (ship,
commerce) ; (of house, society) ques-
tionable, shady.

Intermit = (suspend) suspendre, dis-
continuer; (of fever, etc.) cesser pour
un temps.

s' Entremettre = intervene; act as go-
between*

Internal = interne, intSrieur + intrinseque ;
intestin, domestique (war, dispute) ; de
Vintestin: i. chill =refroidissement qui
se porte sur V intestin.

Interpose =interposer-{- mettre (son veto a);
avancer (obj ection) ; (say as interruption)
interrompre [interrompit-il].

Interrogative = (gram.) interrogatif -f
interrogateur.

Interrupt = inierrompre + empcher de
voir (view, etc.), boucher (view).

lnterval=intervalle (of space or time and
in music) + (distance in qualities)
difference^ abime.

Intervene = (interfere) intervenir ', s'inter-
poser + etre [se trouver] entre; (of time)
s'6couler; (occur) arriver, survenir,
accourir, se jeter, d la traverse.

Intimate (v.) = intimer, faire savoir
(authoritatively) + (hint) laisser en-
tendre, faire comprendre (d mots con-
verts); insinuer.

Intimer = intimate (as above) -f (legal)
summon to appear before court of
appeal. L'intime = Defendant,
respondent (before court of appeal).

Intimation = intimation + avis (a mots
converts), insinuation, suggestion, idee,
signe avertisseur.

Intimati on = intimation + (legal) notice of
appeal.

lnton&=entonner (s=sing opening phrase
of chant) -f (recite in a singing voice)
psalmodier.

Entonner intone (as above) -}-(i) give the

Intoxicate

112

Irriter

note (of an air), begin to sing, sing. E.

les louanges de qqn=$ing s.o/s praises;

(ii) cask (put into a cask, etc.);

(iii) (pop.) gulp do\vn, swig.
Intoxicate = griser, enivrer (lit. and fig.) ;

egayer, exciter.
Intoxiquer = poison.
Intractable = (persons) intraitable ; (things)

difficile & manier, incommode.
Intrtpide = intrepid + (fam.) indefatig-
able, inveterate, persistent : buveur,

solliciteur, i.
Intrigue (v.) = (carry on plot) intrig^ter,

s' intriguer dans; avoir une liaison; [' as

journalistic gallicism ' (Concise Oxford

Diet.)] intriguer.
Intriguer = intrigue (as above) + puzzle,

perplex, rouse curiosity ; (Hit.) work out,

elaborate, the plot of.
Introduce = introduire (s.o.; s.o. into a

place; characters into a play; hand into

a hole; water into a pipe; a case at law;

s.o. at court; a subject; new customs)

+ deposer (a bill, un projet de hi) ; faire

connattre (d qqn un livre, un auteur);

presenter (one person to another) .
Intrusion = intrusion (on a company or

function) + arrivee inopportune, in-

discretion; empie'tement.
lTwade=envahir (country) ;(fig. of sounds,

diseases) assaillir t attaquer, s'emparer de;

(encroach upon) empiiter sur f porter

atteinte d (rights, etc.).
InValid (i) (adj.) = (of persons) malade,

informs, invalids, valetudinaire ; (of

things) de malade, des malades, pour

les malades.

(N.) = malade, valetudinaire, invalids ;

personne delicate.

(V.) = f rapper d'une maladie; (mil.)

reformer; (intrans.) se porter malade.
Inval'id (ii) (adj.) invalide.

(V.) Invalidate = invalider.
Invalide (ad j.)= invalid (as above), infirm,

etc.; invaTid.

(N.) One of the members of the Hdtel

des Ii. t disabled soldier, army pen-
sioner; (pi.) retired pay.

(V.) Invalider invalidate (election, etc.).
Invalidity = invalidity (of an act,

marriage, Qtc.)+infirrnite.
Invasion = invasion, envahissement -{-

intrusion, empie'tement (sur), atteinte (d).
Inventory ~ inventaire + marchandises,

objets, inventories.
Inventaire = inventory -f (com.) etablisse-

ment d'i. stock-taking; soldes apr&s

z'.= stock-taking sale; sous benefice d'i.
= (legal) without liability to debts
beyond the assets of the estate, (fam.)
only if it pays to do so, conditionally,
with reservations, with a grain of salt.

Inversion = le fait de mettre sens dessus
dessous; interversion (of order); ren-
versement (of terms, etc.); inversion
(gram., mus., naut., mil., med.).

Invert = mettre sens dessus dessous;
retourner, renverser, intervertir (see In-
version), Inverted commas Guillemets.

Invertir (mil.) reverse; (optics) invert (the
image of s.t.) ; reverse (electric current).

Invest =v$tir, habiller, orner; investir (with
authority, rank, office, etc.) ; investir,
assieger (town, etc.) ; placer (money),
investir [' anglicisme ' (Larousse)j ;
(colloq., facet.) se payer, fairer acquisition
de; (intrans.) faire un placement. (N.)
Investment = placement; habillement;
investissement (of town), blocus; in-
vestiture (with office, etc.).

Inviting = attrayant, charmant, seduisant,
tentant, appetissant.

Invit ant = participle of inviter= (invite).

Invoke = invoquev -f- evoquev (spirits) .

Involution = (entanglement) encheve'tre-
ment, embarras; (intricacy) complica-
tion, embrouittement ; (bot., med., biol.,
geom.) involution; (logic) implication;
ce qui est impliqnd; (bacteria) ddgfadres-
cence; (math.) e'le'vation d une puissance.

Irradiate = (scient.) irradier -f- illuminer;
(fig.) 6claircir (subject); faire brttler,
animer (countenance)*

Irrational = (persons) deraisonnable,
illogique; (animals) irraisonnable;
(things; scient.) irrationnel.

Irreconcilable = (uncompromising, of
persons generally) irreconciliable (avec)
= qu'on ne peut veconcilier (rivals,
enemies; hatred); (incompatible, of
things mainly) incompatible (avec) f incon-
ciliable (avec) = qu'on ne peut concilier
(principles, maxims, ideas; persons).

lrremi$si\>\t=irre'missible -\-qui lie, engage,
definitivement, ineluctable, dont on ne
peut s'affranchiv.

Irrigate = (med., agric.) irriguer-\- arroser:
a region irrigated by several fine rivers
une region arrosee parplusieurs beaux
fleuves ; (fig.) arroser, rafraichir.

Irritate = irriter -f (physiol. stimulate
organ to action) exciter, stimuler.

Irriter = irritate -f- increase, intensify
(anger, courage, passion) + (reflex., poet'.,

Isoler

113

Issue

of elements) grow angry : la mer s'irrite.
Les flots irrites = The angry waves.

Isoler = isolate -f- (elect.} insulate. IsoU=
detached (house), unattached (soldier).

Issue. Issue. The French word = way
out, issue, egress, exit, passage, vent,
end, outcome -j- offal (butchery) and (pi.}
sharps, middlings (of corn) . The English
word = distribution (of provisions) /
emission (bank - notes, stamps) ;

debouch^ (road) ; delivrance (passport) ;
expedition (orders) ; publication (books) ;
livraison, numero (periodical literature) ,*
ecoulement (of liquid) ; perte,flux (bibl.,
R.C. version) (blood) ; (= children)
posterity, enfants ; (legal) question (de
fait, de droit). At i. = en jeu : (question)
pendante [en litige] . To join i. = Engager
une discussion, diffcrer d'opinion, ne pas
itve de I' avis de, etc. Side-i.=A-cdte. .

J

Jacket = (of men) veston [sartorial term in
lounge suits]; veste (waiters, fencers,
Eton); (jockeys) casaque; (hussars and
cavalry) dolman; (army) tunique;
(dinner-j.)=/0 smoking; (of women)
jaquette [a tailored coat]; camisole
(dressing -j.); caraco [loose (working)
j.]; (of a boiler, dust-j. of book, paper
wrapper) chemise; (of potato) robe de
chambre; (mack., cooling-j,) manchon
de refroidissement. (Fam.) Dust s.o.'s j.
Rosserqqn, (pop.) lui secouer les puces.

Jaqmtte = (man's) morning coat, tail
coat; (child's) frock; jacket, cradle (of
gun); jacket (see above). Complet j.
= Morning suit. Trousser la j. A un
enfant as Begin whipping a child, begin
dusting his jacket.

Jade = (mineral) jade + rosse, haridelle ;
(woman) coquine, friponne.

Jaloux = jealous + (of boat or carriage)
rolling, leaning to one side*

Jalousie jealousy + outside (slatted)
shutter; Venetian blind, screen; (bot.)
sweet-william.

Jamb =jambage. Jambe = leg.

Jelly, See Gelee.

Jersey = jersey +vache de Jersey.

Jersey = jersey + machine-knitted
woollen material, woollen stockinet.

Jest = facetie (may be coarse), plaisan-
terie, bon mot (often famous), mot pour
rire, mot plaisant; discours railleur;
badinage (generally harmless); (laugh-
ing-stock) riste; jouel In j.=Par
flaisanterie, pour rire.

Geste (m.) - gesture, sign, nod, beck;
motion; manner; gesticulation; joindre
le g. d la parole = suit the action to
the word; g. de resignation = shrug of
resignation; (f.pl) deeds, exploits : fails
et gg. (fam.)= conduct, doings, goings-
on : lesfaits et gg. de qqn- s.o.'s conduct,
behaviour.

Jet= (lignite) jais; (colour) noir comme du
jais; (water) jet; (gas) bee; (spout,
nozzle) jet, ajutage; (in automobile)
gideur.

Jet= throwing; throw (as stone's throw) ;
what is thrown up (by digging); cast
(in foundry); stroke, effort; (type-
founding) excess metal ; gush, jet, spirt
(of water, etc.) ; (of a window) weather-
board ; new swarm (of bees) ; haul (of
fish) ; ray (of light) ; bank (of earth) ;
shoot (of tree or plant).

Jet6e= jetty-f- layer of grit (on road); new
swarm (of bees) ; batch (of candles in
candle-making).

Jewel a* bijou ( = setting of stones, valuable
or otherwise: bijou is used for any
ornament and may have no stones);
pierre precieuse; joyau (= valuable
bijou) : the Crown jj. les joyaux de la
Couronne; (fig. of persons) bijou;
(watch) rubis.

Jewellery = bijouterie ; joaillerie.

Jig = (dance) gigue; (mining) crible. J.-
saw=sct dtcouper; j. -saw puzzle =
jeu de patience.

Gigue= (dance) jig; (jam] leg: vous ne
savez o& mettve vos grandes gg. (Diet, de
I' A cad.}; une grande g.= lanky and
active young woman.

/oc/cey=jpckey+postilion, groonu

Join = joindre, se joindre a t unit, (se)
remir+devenir membre de (a club, etc:);
j. the army=stf faire soldat; j. (one's
regiment) *=rejoindre; (of a river) sejeter
dans; (of roads) se relier; j. battle =
engager le combat, livrer bataille.

join, unite, connect, couple,
marry, etc. + adjoin; overtake; ;'. les
deux &ows=make both ends meet. /.
qqn=Meet s.o. : si unefoisje puis lej.,
je lui parlerai comme il faut (Diet, de
l'Acad.)=il only I meet him, I '11 tell
him a thing or two. (Intrans.) Meet,
fit : cette porte ne joint pas bien=sThis
door does not shut tight, does not
fit. Ci'joint Enclosed, appended (ha
letters, documents).

Joint s=joint ; jointure, articulation; out of
j.=disloqu6, luxe, demis, (fig.) en
desordre: put s.o/s nose out of j.=
ddconcerttr qqn, le supplanter, lefrustrer

114

Joint

115

Juste

de ses esp trances, couper I'herbe sous le
pied de qqn; (hinge) charniere; (bot.)
naeud; (gas-pipe) raccord; (techn.)
genou; (meat) gros morceau; (slang and
chiefly Amer.) fumerie d'opium, bar
dandestin. On j. account = En par-
ticipation. (V.)=articuler, emboiter;
ajuster; (masonry) jointoyer; (divide at
j.) defecer, couper aux jointures.

Joint = joint, seam.; edge (plank). Trouver
le j. = Find the best way. Jointe =*
tongued and grooved board; pastern.

Jointure = douaire. Jointure joint;
pastern.

JoUy (adj.) = (of persons) gaillard, enjoue,
joyeux, gai; gris, pris de vin, echauffe,
imoustilU, etre en train ; jovial ,/retillant,
guilleret ; (of things and persons) gentil,
charmant, joli, delicieux, agreable. (Col-
loq.) fameux : you '11 be a j. ass, if you
do vous serez un fameux imbecile, si
vous le faites. [Joli can sometimes be
used in this .sense: you're making a
j. bloomer = vo us faites une jolie bdvue.]
The j. Roger = Pavilion noir, de pirate.
As adv. (colloquial)=diablement, fichtre-
ment, etc. As ironical intensive : I gave
him a j . good hiding je lui ai administrt
unefameuse raclee, une de ces raclees ; to
give s.o. a j. good dressing-down =
tancer qqn vertement. [Joli sometimes
expresses this ironical ' jolly '-f ' fine/
' nice ' : vous etes dans un joli etat=
you 're in a j. fine state.]

Joli pretty, handsome, nice, etc. Faire
le j. cceurPut on (affectedly) pleasant
manners. [Often ironical] C'est -un j.
metier que vous faites la = Nice goings
on, indeed. C'est j. de me parler de la
sorte! (Diet, de I 1 A cad.) That's a nice
way to speak to me I

Journal = (book-keeping) journal ; (daily
record) journal; (pi., parliam.) procte-
verbal; (nav.) livre de loch, journal de
bord (often fig.); (newspaper) journal;
(techn.) tourillon.

Journal = journal (as above) day-book,
diary, log-book.

Journey = a day's j.=une journee, une
journee de marche; trajet (= distance
travelled); voyage (of some extent);
(fig.) pelerinage.

Journte^day; day's work, pay, travel,
etc.; battle* Alley a petites jj. = Go by
easy stages . Femme dej.= Charwoman .
Vivre au jour tey.=Live from hand to
mouth.

Joyeux =s joyous, joyful + mensongej.**
white lie.

Jugulaire = jugular (vein) + chin-strap
(of helmet).

Juguler = (med.} jugulate -f (jam.} kill,
strangle [' jugulate '*=' kill,' but is not
colloq.] : j. un chien; worry, pester ;
fleece : hdte qui jugule les voyageurs.
J. une entreprise^Nip an enterprise
in the bud.

Juice = (vegetables, fruit, etc.) jus; (of
body) sue: suc^ gastrique.

/zzs= juice; liquid; gravy; (mil. slang)
coffee. C'est j. vert et verjus = It 's six
of one and half a dozen of the other.
(Fam.) /. de coude = Elbow - grease ;
(fam.) j. de bdton= blows.

Just (adj .) = (persons and conduct) juste,
impartial, Equitable ; (deserved, of treat-
ment, etc.) juste, meriti ; (well founded,
of opinions, etc.) bien fonde, juste;
(right in amount, etc.) juste, exact.
(Adv.) J. at that spot = Juste la;j. then
= juste a ce moment-la ; that 's j . what
you wanted =>c'est juste ce que vous
vouliez; j. as you szy=pr6cisment;
that is j. itc'est bien cela, precisdment,
voild le hie; j. so=c'est cela, precist-
ment ; it 's j . a fortnight since he went
il y a exactement une quinzaine qu'il
est parti; leave them i. as they are=
laissez-les tels quels; I d j. as soon not
go=j'aimerais autant ne pas y oiler;
that 's j. like a woman = voild bien les
femmes; I j. managed it=c'est d peine,
tout juste, sij'ai pu lefaire; j. in time=
juste d temps; he has j. gone out=i/
vient de sortir; j . out (of book) =vient de
paraitre; I've only j. heard of it*=je
viens seulement de I'apprendre, je I'ap-
prends d I' instant; j. a line to let you
know=ww tout petit mot, une ligne
seulement, pour vous faire savoir ; I will
j. say this=/ ne dirai que, je dirai
seulement, ceci; I only j. had time to
mention it to him=y0 n'ai eu que le
temps de lui en toucher deux mots ; I was
j. going=;*'e'fcs sur le point de partir;
(colloq.) it was j. splendid ^c'etait abso-
luvnent epatant; j. now=tow/ d I'heure,
d V instant; one might j. as well say that
= autant vaudrait dire que, on ferait fout
aussi bien de dire que ; j. tell me^dites-
moi un peu; j, fancy =imaginez un peu ;
(slang) did he swear? Didn't he, j . ! =
a-t-il tempete ? Je vous crois.

Juste (adj.) = just -fright, accurate, exact :

Juste

116

Justement

pouvez-vous me dire 1'heurej.P^^ca.n you
tell me the right time?; ce piano n'est
pas j. this piano is not in tune; le mot
/.=the right, correct, word; le j. milieu
=the happy medium, the golden mean;
balance j. accurate scales; raisonne-
mentj.** correct, sound, reasoning; cette
pendule est y.=this clock is right;
narrow, tight, barely enough : souliers
trap #-*= tight shoes; 100 francs, ce
serait bien y. = ioo francs would be
cutting things very close, wouldn't
leave much margin.
(Adv.) just, exactly, precisely -j- rightly,
accurately : f rapper j. = to strike
accurately, (fam.) hit the nail on the
head ; chanter j. =sing in tune ; il a devin&
j. =he guessed right; barely : etre chaussi
un peu .7.= have rather tight shoes on;
j'ai pu lefaire, mais c'aete toutj. =1 man-
aged to do it, but only just; au j.*=
exactly; comme j. t comme de j.=as is
(was, etc.) only fair, as it should be, of

course : vous serez paye, comme de j.
you'll be paid, of course.

Justice == justice -h juge, magistral: j. of
the peace =*juge de paix ; do j. to s.o.=
rendre justice dt qqn; do j. to a meal=
Jaire honneur d un repas ; do oneself j.
=*ne pas r ester au-dessous de soi-meme,
faire qqch d'wne maniere digne de ses
talents : he did not do himself at all j . =
il a ete ires au-dessous de lui-meme ;
(correctness) justesse (of a remark).

Justly = justement 4- a juste titre, avec
justesse, avec raison : he was j . regarded
as a benef actor =i/ etait regard^ a juste
titre comme un bienfaiteur ; j. or un-
justly = d tort ou d raison.

Justement = justly -{- precisely, exactly,
just : voild j. ce qui lui manque = that f s
just what he l2.cks; as it happens
(happened), as a matter of fact ij'allais
j. vous ecrirea.s a matter of fact, as
it happens, I was going to write to
you.

Labour = travail, peine, labeur (= pro-
longed work) : a 1. of Hercules =un
it -avail d'Hercule; (legal) hard 1.=
travail disciplinaire \travaux forces =
transportation with hard 1.]; (man-
power) main-d' ceuvre : the shortage of
l.=la rareti de la main-d* ceuvre ; the
Ministry of L.=te Minister 'e du Tra-
vail; (opp. to capital) ouvriers, classe
ouvriere : the L. Party le parti travail-
liste; (childbirth) travail.
(V.)=travailler, peiner ; s'efforcer (de
faire qqch) ; (of ship) bourlinguer,
fatiguer; (fig.) s'&endre sur (a point):
I won't 1. the point =je n'insisterai pas
Id-dessus; (with prep. ' under ') souffrir
de, itre victime de.

Labour = tilling, ploughing (of land) ; /. d
la beche=* digging; (pi.) ploughed land.
(V.) Labourer plough*

Labeur = labour, toil; (print.) book-
making. Terre en /.= Tilled ground
^Labours.

Labourer =ouvrier, travailleur, hpmme de
peine; (by the day) journalier; (un-
skilled) manoeuvre; (on the roads)
cantonnier; (docks) dechargeur.

Laboureur= ploughman, tiller*

Lac = (Chinese varnish; article coated
with) laque; (100,000 rupees) lack
(-lakh).

Lac=lake; (pop.) etre dans le /.=be in a
fix, be up a gum-tree, be in a bad way.

Lacs = (knotted) cord; (fig.) /. d' amour =
true lover's knot; (for game) snare.

Laque= (/.) lac (as above) ; (m.) lac, lacquer
(=ware coated with lac or lacquer).

Lace (v.)=lacer (boots, stays, etc.; net)-f-
(se) serrer (of compressing the waist);
broder, orner; (trim with lace) garnir de
dentelle; galonner (with gold, etc.);
varier t nuancer (with coloured streaks);
rosser, Driller ( thrash, a person);
assaisonner t additionner (milk, beer, etc.)
de (with); passer (lace, cord; through,
dans).

Lacer = lace (as above) + (of dog) line
(bitch).

Lacerate = lacerer + dechirer, mutiler
(flesh, tissues) ; blesser, affliger (feelings,
etc.).

Lactrer = lacerate -f tear up, destroy
(papers, documents, etc.).

Lamentable = lamentable 4- sad, heart-
rending (cries, etc.).

Laminate = laminer (roll metal into
plates); diviser en lamelles; plaquer;
fabriquer (qqck) de lames superposees.

Laminer = laminate (as above) -{- press
(volume in binding) .

Lamp=lampe (general word): oil 1.=
lampe d huile ; spirit-l.=lampe a alcool ;
electric l.=lampe electrique + lanterne
(for hall, carriage, boat, and outside
use); (motor-car) phare; (street) candt-
labre, riverUre; (illuminations) lampion
(= fairy light); Argand l.=*quinquet;
(fig. and poet.) flambeau, lumiere. To
smell of the 1. = Sentir I' huile.

Lampe = lamp -f valve (wireless); J.
electrique de poche*=z electric torch.

Lance (v.) = (poet., rare) lancer, jeter;
(surg.) ouvrir avec une lancette, percer.

Lancer = throw, dart, fling, toss; shout;
rush; issue (orders, etc.) ; give (kick,
glance, etc.); start (stag, horse, etc.);
let go [off] (dogs, fireworks, etc.);
launch (boat) ; (fig.) launch, start,
set going (undertaking, business, etc.).
L. une personne^Set s.o. up in busi-
ness; introduce s.o. into society. (Fam.)
S* /.=To let oneself go, to be gay.

Lancet = (surg.) lancette; I. arch=aftf en
lancette.

Lancette = lancet 4- knife, blade (of
wood-engraver, slaughterer, cardboard-
maker, etc.).

Landssfefr*; pays; terrain, etc.

Lande= heath, moor, chase.

Language = (vocabulary of a nation)
langue; (choice of words, method of
expression) langage, expression ; (faculty
of speech) parole; (person's style of ex-
pression) propos, langage; (professional
or sectional) : (Germanic) idiome ; dia-
lecte (of Wessex) ; patois (of Burgundy) ;

117

Langage

118

Lavement

jargon (of philosophers, of the pve-
cieuses) ; argot (of thieves, schoolboys,
etc.); langue verte slang; langage (of
the passions). Bad I. Injures, gros
'mots; strong 1. termes violents,
grossiers.

Langage language (as above). Changer
de /. = sing another tune, change one's
tone; en I. commun=m ordinary speech,
in common parlance; en voild un I.!
that 's a nice way to talk I

Languish = languir -f- prendre des airs
langoureux.

Languor =langueur+ (of sky) calme qui
accable*

Lanterne = lantern -f lamp (of carriage,
bicycle); (formerly) street-lamp [hence
the cry during the Revolution : A la I.
= String him up on the nearest lamp-
post]; (pop.) avoir la I., se taper la /.=
be hungry; prendre des vessies pour des
Z/.=not to be able to tell chalk from
cheese : il veutfaire croire que les vessies
sont des II. (Larousse) = he wants to make
out that black is white; confer des II.
utter absurdities.

Lap (v.) = (i) plier, enrouler, entortiller,
rouler autour (garment) ; envelopper,
emmailloter (in wraps, etc.); (of influ-
ences) entourer, envelopper; lapped in
luxury entour 6 du luxe, nageant dans
r abondance ; poser a recouvrement (tiles,
etc.), imbriquer (des tuiles) ; (racing)
devancer (qqn) d'un ou de plus d'un tour
de piste; (intrans. with ' over ') se pro-
Jeter, etre en saillie; (ii) (with the
tongue) laper; boire avidement, avaler
=1. up; (of water on shore) clapoter,
faire un clapotis.

Lapider= lapidate 4- (fig.) abuse, run down,
vilify: I. qqn de reproches^tLurl re-
proaches at s.o.; se faire /.=to have
every one against one*

Lapse = (slip of memory, etc.) defaut,
erreur, meprise ; lapsus [linguae, calami],
ecart involontaire, faute, erreur de con-
duite; chute (into heresy); decadence;
decheance (of a right, etc.) ; ecoulement,
passage (of water) ; laps (of time).

Laps occurs only in the phrase /. de
temps.

Larcin = petty larceny. Un doux I. (poet.)
Stolen kiss.

Lard** saindoux ; (com.) axonge.

Lard = bacon; fat; (fam.) faire du /.=put
on weight, grow fat; (fam.) etre gras a
/.==be as fat as a pig; (fam.) 6tre vilain

comme I. jaune=^"be very miserly, be an
old hunks.

Larder = lard + run through, pierce : /. qqn
de coups d'epee; assail : I. qqn d'epi-
grammes; stud (beam with nails before
plastering); /. une c0rte=mark a card
and slip it into the pack; /. un cheval*=
spur a horse excessively; (naut.)
thrum.

Large = grand + gros, considerable : 1. dog
y^gros chien; 1. sum=^ross^ somme;
(naut., of wind) largue ; at l.=en
general; en liberte; amplement, tout au
long, in extenso.

Large = large (tolerance, views, share) -f-
broad, wide; (of great extent) vast,
great, broad ; loose-fitting (garment) ;
generous, liberal, easy, accommodating
(conscience) ; free (life) ; generous ; bold
(style).

Largely = (as the adj.)+en grande par tie.

Largement (as the adj.). Poire /.= Drink
freely* Vivre I. Live well, generously.
Envisager 1. une question Look at a
question broadly, broadmindedly. Com-
poser, peindre I.... freely, boldly. A voir
I. le temps To have plenty of time,
ample time.

Last= (shoemaker's) forme : let the cobbler
stick to his 1. =cordonnier, tiens-t'en a la
chaussure; breathe one's l.^rendre le
dernier soupir; this l.=^celui-ci, ce der-
nier ; at long 1. = en fin de compte ; to the
l.=jusqu'ati bout, jusqu'a la mort; I
shall never hear the 1. of itjamais on
ne cessera de m'en rebattre les oreilles ; I
was glad to see the 1. of Idmj'ai ete
content de le voir partir ; (chiefly com.)
dernitre lettre.

Laste or Lo5i=last (unit of weight).

Lateral later al-\- collateral (branches of a
family).

Latitude = latitude + (facet., breadth)
largeur.

La.tdcttreillis, treillage ; (in wire) grillage.

Lattis= lath-work, laths.

Lave = (poet.) laver t baigner; (of stream)
arroser.

Laver cleanse, wash ; (of sea or river)
(poet.) wash, bathe; tint, wash (draw-
ing) ; (fig.) wash ; clear (s.o. of suspicion,
accusation) ; avenge (wrong), (Fam.)
L. la tete a ^wGive s.o. a severe
scolding, haul s.o. over the coals.
(Pop.) sell (for need of money) : /. sa
montre.

Lavement (med.) injection, enema,

Law

119

Libelle

lavement + (eccles.) washing (of priest's
hands; I. des pieds, religious ceremony
taking place on Maundy Thursday in
imitation of Christ's washing of the
disciples' feet).

Law= (binding rules of a community) loi ;
regie, Y&glement; (11. as system) justice;
(as a science) droit: read 1. = faire son
droit; (natural 1.) equite; (legal profes-
sion) barreau; robe, gens de robe; (litiga-
tion) proc&s. L. court = Tribunal. Court
of 1. = Cour de justice. To be 1. = Fairs
loi, avoir force de loi. To be at l.=stre
en proems. To go to l.s= Avoir recours
aux moyens legaux. To go to 1. with=
Citer en justice, intenter un proc&s a,
poursuivre qqn. To take the 1. into
one's own hands Se faire justice soi-
meme. To keep within the l.^Rester
dans les limites de la Ugaliti. L. costs =
Frais de procedure. L. lords Lords
legistes. To lay down the 1. = Expliquev
la loi, (fig.) faire la loi a, faire connaltre
sa volonte, regenter, (fam.) faire la pluie
et le beau temps.

Layer (v.) = (gardening) mar cotter ;
provigner (a vine).

Layer = mark (trees that are not to be
felled), blaze; cut (path in forest);
tooth, tool (stone).

Lecture = conference, cours; (scolding)
semonce, sermon, mercuriale, reprimande.
Curtain 1. = Semonce conjugale.

Lecture reading; perusal. Cabinet de L
Lending library (see Cabinet). En
/.=* engaged, out (of books in a public
library) .

Legal = legal ; de loi f de droit (see Law) ;
(allowed) Hcite; (of language, procedure,
etc.) juridique, judiciaire: 1. proceedings
=poursuites judiciaires. L. crimes =
Crimes prevus par la loi. The 1. profes-
sion =.s hommes de loi. L. document
= A cte authentique. L. tender = Monnaie
legale. To take 1. advice = Consulter un
avocat. Of great 1. experience Qui a
une profonde connaissance de la pro-
c6dure.

L&gal= legal; (med.) forensic : medecine
legale forensic medicine; (declaration)
statutory.

Legislature = legislature -{-session, sitting
(of a legislative body).

Lesson = leg on -f (scholar's) devoir .

Lecon = lesson + reading (= words read
or given by an editor or found in MS. in
text of a passage). Faire la 1. a qqn

Take s.o. to task, drill s.o. in what he
has to say or do.

Levant = Levant + east : maison exposee
au /.== house facing east; levanter
( = easterly wind in Mediterranean);
(com.) Turkish tobacco.

Levee = (formerly, reception of visitors by
sovereign on rising from bed) lever;
(assembly held by sovereign, assembly
of visitors) reception.

Levee= lifting up, raising; removal (of
dead body from house to cemetery);
collection, clearing (of letters) ; breaking
up (meeting) ; raising (siege) ; breaking
(seals) ; removing (bandage) ; cutting off
(garment out of a piece) ; trimming off
(piece of glass); levy (taxes); levy (of
troops) ; receiving (scrip) ; embankment ;
tricks (at cards) ; swell (of sea) ; sprout-
ing (of corn).

Lever (n.) = rising (from bed) ; levee (as
above) ; rising (of sun, etc.) ; lifting (feet,
of horse) ; raising (curtain of theatre) ;
survey (of land, etc.).

Lever ( v.)= raise -f remove, break (seals);
cut off (cloth for garment out of piece) ;
gather (crops); levy (taxes); collect
(letters from letter-box); receive, take
up (scrip) ; weigh (anchor) ; take (a trick
at cards) ; strike (camp) ; remove (dead
body from house to cemetery) ; adjourn,
close (meeting); (fam.) /. le pied
decamp; (fam.) /. le li$vre=*loe the first
to start s.t., to discover a secret.

Lever (n.)levier (crowbar, mechanical
1.); 1. escapement =eckappement d
ancre: 1. ( = 1.- watch) = mont re d
ancre.

Liaison = liaison (gram., mil., illicit inti-
macy) + (building, plumbing) joining,
jointing, binding, fastening, union, etc. ;
(cooking) thickening (of sauce), sub-
stance used to thicken sauce (such as yolk
of egg); (falc.) pouncing ; joining stroke (in
writing) ; (mus.) ligature, tie, slur ; (fig.)
connexion, intimacy ; tie, acquaintance-
ship, intimacy, correspondence, inter-
course.

Libel =s (civil and eccles. law, statement)
libelle (of divorce, anathema, etc.);
(published defamatory statement)
libelle, diffamation par ecrit, placard
+calomnie> diffamation, outrage. (V.)
=*diffamer, (written) calomnier, ecrire
(faire) un libelle.

Libelle = (written) libel (as above) +
lampoon.

Libeller

120

List

Libeller = draw up, word. (N.) Libelli
wording.

Liberal = liberal, genereux, prodigue;
liberal (education, arts, etc.), literal
(opinions, institutions) -famp/e, abon-
dant, copieux (supply, etc.); large
(interpretation); (free from prejudice)
libre de prejuges, sans parti pris.

Liberality = liberality, gen&rosiU -f- largeur
d' esprit, manque de prejuges.

Libertine = libre penseur (in religion);
libertin(e) = dissolute person. Chartered
l.Personne qui fait a $a guise.

Libertin=T&kQ, libertine. [Other senses
obsolete.]

Liberty liberte; to be at 1. to do s.t.=
&tre libre de faire qqch; (nav.} l.-man =
permissionnaire .

Liberte= liberty; (legal) /. provisoire
conditional discharge, release on bail.

Librarian = bibliothecaire.

Libraire = bookseller. Libraire-diteur
= publisher.

Library = bibliotheque. Lending 1. = Cabinet
de lecture.

Librairie= bookseller's shop.

Licence ^licence, permission, autorisation ;
(excess, poet., gram., etc.) licence;
(trade) patente; (gun) port d'armes;
(game) permis de chasse; (driving)
permis de conduire; (car) permis de
circulation; (marriage) dispense de bans;
(certificate) licence ; (abuse of freedom)
licence; (licentiousness) licence; (uni-
versity or collegiate) licence.

Licentious = (life, manners, etc.) licencieux
-\-qui ne tientpas compte des regies de la
grammaire, du style.

Lie (n.) = mensonge; menterie (= ja
story, fib, etc.) ; (contradiction) demen-
ti; imposture, erreur, fausse croyance,
fausseU (as in worship a 1.).

Li e -- (sediment of wine, etc.) dregs, lees,
grounds ; (fig.) scum, refuse.

Liege (feud., vassal) lige; (seigneur)
suzerain.

L^g=cork tree; cork.

Lien = (legal) droit de retention.

Lien = bond, tie; cord, string, strap;
ligature; link, chain.

Lieutenant = lieutenant (deputy; army
rank); (merchant ship) second mate;
(port) deputy harbour-master.

Limb = membre; (fam.) petit garnement;
(facet.) 1. of the law=/iomme de loi, robin,
agent de police; (of tree) branche; (of
mountain) contrefort; (scient.) limbe.

Lfm6e=limb (as above); (pi.) limbo (but
not figuratively).

Lime = (calcium oxide) chaux; (bird-1.)
glu; (tree) tilleul; (fruit) limelimette
(= citron doux) ; limon [more acid than
citron].

Lime lime (fruit of the limettier); file,
rasp.

Limitation = (action or state) limitation
+borne, limite; defeat, imperfection;
(legal) prescription.

Limited limite, borne, restreint; (of
companies 1. liability) a responsibility
limitee; 1. monarchy monarchic con-
stitutionnelle.

Line = (long narrow mark) ligne ; (direc-
tion) ligne; (series) suite, file, rang;
(string) ligne, ficelle, corde, cordeau;
cordon; (prose) ligne; (poetry) vers;
(dash) trait; (furrow) sillon; (streak)
raie; (techn., science) ligne; (railway)
voie, ligne; (straight row) alignement;
(com., articles) sorte; (fig.) ressort;
(business) metier, profession, partie,
speciality; (outline) contour; (limit)
borne, limite; (family) ligne, race, lignee
(archaic) ; (life) genre; (towing) amarre;
(telegraph) fil

Ligne=(see above) line, row; path, way:
rank; feature; string, cord, etc. A la I.
(in dictating) Fresh line, new para-
graph. Tirer d la /. = Lengthen an
article with padding. Mettre une chose
en 1. de cowite=Take s.t. into con-
sideration. Hors 1. = Unrivalled,
incomparable.

Lion=/zow4-(pl.) curiosites (of a town).

Liquid (adj .) = (eyes, sky, air, blue) clair,
transparent; (sounds) doux, harmo-
nieux : (letter-sound) mouille, liquide;
(principles) instable, variable, changeant;
(movements) aise, facile, naturel; (style)
coulant; (assets) qu'on pent convertir en
esptees.

Liquide (n.) = liquid + (pi.) wines and
spirits : le commerce des II.

Liquidation liquidation -f- clearance
sale.

Liquor =(pharm. etc.) liqueur; (drink)
liqueur, boisson; (cooking) graisse, jus,
sauce; eau t liquide (liquid part or product
of various operations). To be in 1.=
tre pris de vin, ttre gris.

List=(of cloth) lisidre, bourrelet; (names)
etat, tableau, liste, rdle; (feud., pi.) lice,
arene; (ship) bande; (wines) carte; (mil.,
nav.) annuaire.

Liste

121

Long

Liste list (as above); roll; schedule;
catalogue; panel.

Literal (adj.) littoral (expressed by
letters; textual) -f- (of a person)
prosaique, positif.

Literal =* literal -f- classical, literary : /*
grec /.= ancient Greek (as opposed to
modern Greek); I'arabe /.= written (as
opposed to spoken) Arabic; (legal)
preuve /. = documentary evidence.

Litigious =litigieux (point, dispute, etc.)
-{-(person) processif.

Litter = (vehicle) litter*; (bed) lititre,
couche, cacolet; (bedding) litiere; (brood)
porte; (confusion) fouillis, dtsordre;
(fig.) ribambelle.

Litire= litter (as above). Faire I. de=
Waste, squander; set no store by.

Livery = (hist., provision of food or
clothing) ration; pension (of horses);
(costume of servant) livree; 1. com-
pany = corporation (de certains corps de
metiers de la Cite de Londres); (legal)
mise en possession d'une terre. (Adj.) de
louage, de remise (of horse or carriage).

Livree = (servants, etc.) livery; (com.,
thread mark) mark, sign ; coat (of deer
for first six months of its life) ; plumage
(of young falcon) .

Local (adj.)=d$s environs, de la banlieue,
du voisinage; vicinal (roads), com-
munal, municipal (government, elec-
tions, etc.) ; local, du lieu (costumes,
customs, newspaper; interest); 1. train
= train (fonctionnant sur une voie)
d'inttret local; 1. option ^prohibition de
la vente des spiritueux mise en vigueur
suivant le vote des habitants d'un endroit;
(on a letter) en ville; (colour) local;
(med.) local. (N., generally pi.) habi-
tants d'un endroit; (pi.) (fam. for 1.
examination) examen local; (sing.) (fam.
for 1. train) train d'intiret local.

Local local (as above) + memoir e locale
faculty of remembering and recognizing
places, (phrenol.) (bump of) locality.
(N.) place, room, quarters, premises.

Location = (civil and Scot, law) location +
emplacement; ttablissement (en un en-
droit); action de reperer ; determination
de la position de (enemy's camp, etc.) ;
(in colonies) concession; (S. Africa)
reserve indigene; (Australia) ferme.

Location letting, renting, hire. Agent de
l.= House agent. (Theat.) booking (of
seats) : bureau de /.= box-office.

Locket = medaillon .

Loquet= latch, catch; clasp.

Locomotive (adj.) = locomotif (power,
etc.) ; (facet.) 1. d^ys temps d' incessant*
voyages; 1. person =une personne qui
voyage beaucoup. (N.) locomotive.

Locomotif =* locomotive (as above). Loco-
motive-tender = Tank-engine.

Lodge (n.) =petite maison; loge (of porter,
gardener, freemasons) ; pavilion (de
chasse); maison (of head of college at
Cambridge); repair e (of beaver, otter);
wigwam (North American Indian).

Loge= lodge (as above); cabin; booth;
(lunatic's) cell; kennel (of house-dog);
dressing-room (theatre) ; box (theatre) ;
cage (of animal in menagerie) ; loggia ;
part of organ case containing bellows;
(bot.) cell.

Lodge (v.) = (intrans., reside) loger, se loger,
habiter ; (trans., provide with lodging,
etc.) abriter, heberger, donner un loge-
ment a, loger; contenir; deposer (money
in bank); (law) 1. a complaint against
s.o. deposer une, porter, plainte contre
qqn; (pop., make) invoqner (objection);
confier [placer] (power, etc., in s.o.'s
hands); mettre (in prison); planter f
ficher t enf oncer (arrow, etc.); loger
(bullet, etc.); abattre (crops, of rain);
(tide) loger (mud in cavities) = remplir
(cavities with mud); (bullet) se loger.

Loger = lodge (as above)+stay (at hotel);
billet (soldiers) ;l.dla belle ttoile** spend
the night in the open ; situate : Sgana-
relle logeait le cceur el droite (Larousse) ;
(fam.) /. le diable dans sa bourse = be
penniless; id on loge a pied et d cheval
= accommodation for man and beast;
vin /0^=wine in cask; etre loge a la
meme enseigne (see Enseigne); me voila
bien loge /=! 'm in a nice fix.

Lodger locataire; pensionnaire.

Logeur = lodging-hou se keeper.

Lodgment = (mil.) logement (= foothold);
(of money) ddpdt, consignation.

Logement = (action) lodging, billeting,
etc.; billet, accommodation, flat, etc.;
(mil.) lodgment; case, packing (of
goods).

Long (adj.) = long [generally, but in
application the differences are numer-
ous, largely because the English
word is so often used figuratively].
Make a 1. arm= A llonger le bras. Has
a 1. arm=// a le bras long [lit. and fig.].
He pulled a 1. f ace = Son visage [sa mine]
s'allongea == (fam.) il fit une tete. (Slang)

Long

122

Long

Make a 1. nose at s.o.=Faire un pied
de nez & qqn. L. head=T0fe allonge t
(fig.) sagacite. L. tongue=.La langue
bien pendue. Two 1. miles = >## grands
milles. By a 1. chalk = De beaucoup.
L. Tom=I.e grand Tom. L. sight = La
vue longue ; 1. -sighted ~qui voit loin. L.
odds (betting) = Grosse somme pariee
centre une petite. L. date (of bills mat-
uring) = Une date eloignee = & longue
icheance. Eight inches 1. = Long de 8
pouces = 8 pouces de long [longueur] . As
broad as it is l.=Aussi large que long=
(fig.) $a se vaut. L. jump = Saut en lon-
gueur. L. measure = Mesure de longueur.
L. primer = corps 10. L. ears = Les
oreilles longues = (fig.) stupidite. Gentle-
men of the 1. robe=Les homines de loi.
In the 1. run =A la longue. L. figure =
Prix eleve. L. family ==Famille nom-
breuse. L. suit (at cards) = Une couleur
longue. L. dozen = Treize d la douzaine.
L. custom = Coutume ancienne. L.
memory = Bonne memoir e. L. farewell
Adieu pour longtemps. L.-bow=,4fc :
draw the l.-'baw^exagerer, hdbler. L.-
boat = Grand canot = chaloupe . L. purse
= Bourse bien garnie. L.-hand==^cn-
ture ordinaire (courante). L. holidays =
Grandes vacances. For a 1. while past
Depuis bien longtemps.
[In compounds there is sometimes a
single French word to express the idea,
but generally a relative clause or a
phrase with is necessary.] L.-anned

Qui a les bras longs. L.-necked=-4w
long cou. L.-winded= De longue haleine :
(fig.) verbeux ; interminable. L.-tongued
= Bavard.

(N.) Before 1. = Avant longtemps
(avant peu*=sou$ peu^dans peu~
bientdt). It is 1. since I sawhim=/J;y a
longtemps que je ne Vai vu. The 1. and
the short of it is = En un mot = Pour tout
dire. That is the 1. and the short of it

Voild I' affaire en un mot= Voila toute
I* affaire. To know the 1. and the short
of it*=Connattre lefort et le faible d'une
affaire.

(Adv.) I have 1. thought so// y a
longtemps que je le pense. Man wants
but little here below, nor wants that
little l.^L'homvne ici-bas a besoin de
bien peu, encore n'en a-t-il pas besoin
longtemps. Be 1. doing == tre long-
temps a faire. The chance was 1. in
coming L' occasion fut longue a venir.

Not be 1. for this world = N'etre pas
longtemps de ce monde. All day l.
Toute la journee. L. ago=//3/ a long-
temps. All his life 1. = Sa vie
durant= Pendant toute sa vie. How 1.
he is in getting dressed ! = Qu'il est long
a s'habiller ! I shall not be 1. (in
coming) =Je ne tarderai pas (a venir).
Five minutes longer =Cinq minutes de
plus. How 1. \=Que de temps! How
1. ? 3= Combien (de temps) ? Depuis
combien de temps? Depuis quand?
Jusqu'd quand ? How 1. have you been
here? = Combien de temps y a~t-il que
vous etes [Depuis quand etes-vous]
id ? Have you been here 1. ? = Y a-t-il
longtemps que vous etes id? How 1.
were you in Germany ? Combien de
temps avez-vous passe en Allemagne?
As 1. ago as 1850 Dejd. en 1850.
As 1. as he lives = Tant qu'il vivra.
I shall stay as 1. as you=/0 r ester ai
aussi longtemps que vous. As (so) 1. as
you are happy you will have friends =
Tant que vous serez heureux, vous aurez
des amis. So 1. as [ = since] you approve
it I have nothing to say = .Da moment
que vous Vapprouvez je n'ai rien & dire.
Long (adj.) See above [of space from
one point to another; of time]. Habit
/.= Cassock, (fig.) the priest. (Fig.) En
savoir I. = Know a great deal about : il
en sait 1. sur cette affaire. Lunette de
longue vue = Longue-vue = Telescope,
spy-glass. Le 1. du Ow=The long neck
muscle [or along the neck]. Prendre le
plus Z.=Take the longest way. Un
carrb I. (pop.) Rectangle. Sauce longue
=Too thin sauce. Un voyage au I.
cours= Ocean voyage. Preparer qqch
de longue main= Prepare s.t. a long
time beforehand. Avoir I' haleine longue
=Be able to hold one's breath a long
time. Une auvre de longue haleine^
A long job. Boire & longs traits =Take
a deep draught.

(N.) S'etendre tout de son /.=Lie down
at full length. Se promener de I. en
large Walk up and down. Se promener
le I. du fiv00=Walk along the shore.
(Fig.) Tout du I. del'aune=(i) en allant
jusqu'au bout, sans s'arreter (Darmes-
teter),; (ii) beaucoup, excessivement (Diet,
de I' A cad.) ; (iii) etourdiment, sans aucune
retenue (Larousse) ; (iv) excessivement
(Littr6) . Tout del. du jour = The whole
day long. Expliquer une chose tout au I.

Longe

123

Lymph

= Explain s.t. completely [in extenso].
En donner d qqn et du I. et du large =
Let s.o. have it with a vengeance.

Longe. See after Lunge.

Longer. See after Lunge.

Loop=boucle; (costume) bride; (railway)
ligne de contournement ; to 1. the 1.=
boucler la boucle.

Loap=wolf; /. de mey=old salt, sea-dog;
mask worn at ball.

Lorgnette = face-d-main; lorgnette ( =
opera-glass).

Lorgnette = lorgnette (= opera -glass).
Regarder par le petit bout, par le gros
bout, de la /.= Minimize, exaggerate.

Loss = perte ; extinction (of voice) ; cut
one's 11. faire la part du feu ; he 's no
great !.=/ ne nous manque pas; be at
a L (for a word, how to reply) = etre
embarrasse (pour trouver un mot, pour
repondre) .

Losse= (cooper's) auger.

Lot=lot+sort, partage: cast U.^tirer au
sort; ' the 1. fell upon Jonah ' le sort
tomba sur Jonas; fall to s.o.'s \.-=echoir
en partage d qqn, incomber d qqn ; cast
in one's 1. with=ss decider d partager
le sort, la fortune, de ; have no part nor
1. in=w'y etre pour rien; pay s.o. off 1.
and scot ('scot and 1.' = (formerly)
taxe) =regler son compte avec qqn; (fam.)
quantite, tas : a 1., 11., of friends *=des tas
a amis; (slang) the whole bang \.=tout
le tremblement, tout le bataclan ; (fam.) a
bad l.vaurien, mauvais garnement.

Lot= share, portion, lot: le gros /.= first
prize (in lottery); (com.) batch, lot (of
goods) : un 1. de chaussures.

Lotion = (liquid preparation) lotion +
battling, washing (of wound).

Loyal = loyal + devoue, fidele (a) .

Loyal = loyal -|- sincere, frank; honest;
true, faithful; straightforward, genuine.

Loyaute' = fidelity; honesty; honour,
fairness*

Lozenge = losange (herald.) ; facette (of
a diamond); (for dissolving in mouth)
comprimt, pastille.

Losange = lozenge (as above); (geom)
rhomb ; (mus) note (in plain-song).

Lubricity = (i) nature glissante [lisse,
huileuse]; (fig.) onctuositf; inconstance;
perfidie; (ii) lubricity.

Lubricite = lewdness, lustfulness.

Lucid = (poet.) brillant f lumineux; clair,
transparent; luisant; (style, reasoning)
lucide. L. intervals = Mo ments lucides.

Lucide= lucid (mind, style).

Lugubre = lugubrious + sad, dire : /.
nouvelle.

Luminary = luminaire + (person) an<
sommite.

Luminaire = luminary + lighting, light :
depenser beaucoup pour le I.

Lunatic (n. and &&})=xaltine, fou.

Lunatique = whimsical, crack-brained,
moonstruck.

Lune=(geom.) lunule.

Lune moon.

Lunge (n.) = (i) plate-longe (of riding-
school) ; piste circulaire pour le travail
d la plate-longe ; (ii) (fencing) botfe ;
brusque mouvement en avant. (V.) faire
travailler (un cheval) d la plate-longe;
porter une botte, se fendre (in fencing) ;
porter un coup (in boxing) ; (of a
horse) lancer des ruades; s'elancer, se
precipiter.

Longe=(i) halter, tether. S' embarrasser
dans sa /.=(j6g.) To be caught in one's
own net. (Fam.) Marcher sur sa /.=
Get confused in speech or action.
Thong (of a whip) ; (ii) loin (of veal).

Longer =o along, skirt. (Hunt.) L. la
chasse=Go far (of the stag).

LustrB.te=purifier (by a rite).

Lustrer= glaze, gloss; shine; polish up.

Lustre = lustre ; beaute rayonnante; eclat,
splendeur, gloire; pendeloque; lustre
(Roman, 5 years) ; lustrine (material).

Lustre = gloss, splendour, lustre -f-
chandelier, pendant.

Lute =s (mus. instr.) luth; lut (=enduit>
ciment).

Luxurious ^voluptue ux, adonnd au luxe (of

?ersons); somptueux (meal); luxueux
>f things).

Luxurieux=lewd, lustful.
Luxury =luxe ; vie luxueuse ; objet de luxe ;

regal; plaisir raffine; volupte.
Luxe = luxury (as above); profusion,

superfluity : un grand I. de precautions

= exaggerated precautions.
Luxure= lewdness, lechery, lust.
Luxueux = luxurious.
Lymph ~lymphe+ (poet.) eanpure.

M

Macadam (adj.) macadamis^ (N.)
macadam (= material).

Macadam (n.) = macadam + mac-
adamized road.

Macaroni = (flour preparation) macaroni
4- (daady) fat, petit-maitre, iligonl (of
1760); (espece de) pingouin*

Macarpm== macaroni (as above) + (pop.)
Italian : c 'est un m. qui ajoue du couteau
(Larousse) ; Italian (government) stock:
le m. a baissd (Larousse).

Machine ^machine; instrument; vehicule;
organisation politique.

Machine ~ machine; engine; apparatus;
appliance; (jam.) contraption, gadget.
[To form compounds machine is much
more commonly used than the French
word. French often has single-word
equivalents, as, mowing-machine =
faucheuse. A and de are also used, as,
sewing-machine =m. a coudre : bathing-
machine = cabins, de bains.]

Machinery = machines, machinerie; meca-
nisme, rouages; (fig.) rtgim, systime;
(litt.) le mrveilleux.

Machinerie = machinery + machine
construction; (naut.) engine-room.

Machinist = m&anicien (inventor and
constructor); ingMeur-mcanicien (one
who constructs only); micanicien (who
works machines); mteanicienne (works
sewing-machine).

Mcchiniste = stage carpenter, scene-shifter.

Madrigal madrigal -j- (pi.) compliments,
gallant speech: il va d6bitant des
madrigaux a toutes les femmes (Diet,
de I'Acad.).

Magazine = magasin (= military store-
house); poudrtire (' powder ' under-
stood); (ship) soute aux poudres;
magasin (of rifle) : m. rifle = fusil d
rfyttition; (periodical) magazine.

Magasin^ shop ; store, warehouse; (of
army) magazine; (formerly) basket (of
a coach) ; magazine (of a rifle) ; supply,
stock, fund : un m. de niaiseries (A.
France, quoted by Larousse); stock:
nous ne Vavons pas en m.*=vre haven't
it in stock; (of persons) c'est un m.
d* anecdotes, un m. de ruses he has an

enormous repertory of anecdotes, he is
a well of guile.

Magdalen = Madeleine + Madeleine
repentie.

Madeleine** Magdalen (as above) + (kind
of) cake ; variety of pear, plum, peach,
etc, Pleurer comme une M. = Weep
bitterly.

Maggot =t;0y, asticot, larve; (whimsical
fancy) lubie, caprice.

Magot= hoard, nest-egg; Barbary ape;
ugly man, fright; grotesque (Chinese or
Japanese) figure (in porcelain or jade),
magot.

Magistrate =magistrat+juge de paix.

Magistral^ magistrate -f judge.

Magnify (trans.) = (glorify *) magnifier '-f-
grossir (by lens, etc.); exagfrer; grandir
(rare).

Mail == (cotte de} mailles (=? links) ; (post)
courrier; (m.-coach) malle-poste.

Mail avenue, mall; sledge-hammer.

Jlfai7/e=link (of mail or chain) ; stitch (in
knitting) ; mesh (of lattice) ; speck, spot
(on eye or bird's wing, etc.) ; old French
coin, whence the phrases (i) n'avoir ni
sou ni m. =not to have a penny to bless
oneself with, (ii) avoir m. a partir avec
qqnto have a bone to pick with s.o.

Mail (v.)=couvrir de mailles , revttir d'une
cotte de mailles; the mailed fist=/0 gant
de fer; envoy er par la poste.

Mai7/er=make s.t. in network : m. un
filet = weave a net; (naut.) m. la chains
ss shackle one chain to another; (naut.)
m. une z/oi/s=lace one sail to another;
(intrans.) (of vine) to bud.

Maintain = maintenir (see below);
sontenir (by food; war); conserver
(position, attitude); entretenir (corre-
spondence); (keep in food, etc.) entre-
tenir, nourrir; (claim) prttendre, affirmer,
soutenir; subvenir aux besoins de.

Maintenir = keep, maintain (in same
position), support, hold. L'appareil
maintient le membre fracture 1 = The
bandage supports [holds, keeps in
place] the fractured limb; uphold,
keep (the law).

Mattre. See after Master.

124

Major

125

Mantel(pieee)

Major =B commandant, chef d'escadron;
m.-general= general de division; (of
age) majeur ; (logic) majeure.

Major = regimental adjutant; medecin
m.= regimental medical officer (com-
mandant or captain) ; m. du camp =
camp commandant; m. de la garnison
a= garrison adjutant, town major. M.
ge"n6ral=Chief of general staff.

Malfaisant = (legal) malfeasant -f pro-
ducing or designing mischief or harm :
homme, animal, m.; harmful, injurious
to health : boissons malfaisantes.

Malice = (active ill-will) malice, mdchan-
cete; (desire to tease) malice; (law)
intention criminelle: m. prepense=pr^-
m&ditation. To bear m.=JSn vouloir a,
garder rancune d. No m., I hope =
Sans rancune.

Malice = malice; roguishness; trick;
pointed remark, dig (at s.o.). Ne pas
y entendre w.=Mean no harm by it;
do, say, it in all innocence. La belle m.!
(iron.) = I don't see anything very clever
in that. Entendre m. a Take amiss.

Malign = (of things) prtfudiciable; (of
diseases) malin.

Malin = evil, evil-disposed, malevolent,
wicked; I' Esprit m. (=le M.) = the
Devil; malicious (joy, pleasure, in
others' misfortunes) ; sly, sharp, cun-
ning* Faire le w.=Try to be clever.
(Pop.) Ce n'est pas w.=That's not
difficult.

Malignant = (of disease) malin ; nuisible,
prdjudiciable; michant, malveillant.

Malingerer = (mil. slang) carottier, tireur
auflanc.

Malingre (adj.) = sickly, puny (of persons).

Mammal =s mammifere.

Mamelle = (of woman) breast; (of
animals) udder, dug.

Manage = (tool, etc.) manier, manceuvrer ;
(conduct undertaking) conduire, diriger;
(control) gouverner, gdrer, administrer ;
(subject animals, etc., to one's control)
dompter, dresser, soumettre, mater; (gain
one's ends by flattery, etc.) enjdler,
cajoler, traiter par la persuasion, ama-
douer; (succeed) venir d bout de, rfussir
d,parvenird; (contrive) s' arranger pour,
faire en sorte que; (cope with, make
proper use of, with can) savoir, trouver
moyen de, savoir s'yprendre [mano2uyrer];
s'en tirer. Can you m. another slice? =
(fam.) Avez-vous de la place pour une
tranche de plus?

Menager husband, make good use of,
spare, save (persons and things); use
tact in dealing with (a person), humour,
study. M. la ch^vre et le chou=Run
with the hare and hunt with the hounds ;
bring about, prepare, arrange for, see
to it; (techn.) fit in, make, contrive.

Management conduite, administration (of
a matter, etc.) ; (com.) direction, gestion ;
(board of directors, etc.) direction,
administration.

Management tact, consideration; care,
precaution.

Manager = directeur, administrates,
gerant; (theatre) rggisseur; (of woman
in household affairs) m&nageve.

Manager = (adj.) economical, sparing,
thrifty; (n.f.) (i) housewife, (ii) cruet-
stand, (iii) canteen of cutlery.

Mandate ordre, injonction; (law) mandat.

Mandat authority, commission; power
of attorney; warrant (of arrest, etc.);
(post office money) order; warrant
(government money order).

Mangle = calandre.

Mangle == fruit of the mangrove [=
manglier].

Mania =manie, folie, alienation, transport,
e'garement d'esprit, dtlire; (great en-
thusiasm for) engouement (pour), manie
(de).

Manie = folly, mania; (med.) madness;
fancy, hobby, fad, crotchet, whim.
Maniaque (n.) = maniac 4- faddist,
eccentric.

Manikin =petit homme, nain, pygmee ; (lay
figure) mannequin; (anat. model) man-
nequin; (bird) manakin.

Mannequin ^mannequin.

Mannequin manikin (as above) ; (tailor's,
dressmaker's) dummy; scarecrow (to
frighten birds) ; (fig.) puppet.

Manipulate ^mampuler ; traiter habilement
(question, etc.) ; entortiller, empaumer.

Manipuler (techn.) manipulate; (fig. Jam.)
use influence, pull wires (in elections)*

Manners = (of person) manier es-r- (of a
nation) m&urs.

Manceuvre (/.) manoeuvre (naval or
military; elusive movement) -j- hand-
ling, working, operation, drill: champ
de mm. = parade-ground; (naut.)
rope; (pi.) scheming. (M.) workman,
labourer*

Manoir= manor-)- (poet.) dwelling, abode,

Mantel (piece) = manteau [dessus] de
cheminee.

Mantle

126

Market

Mantle = (lady's) manteau, mante; (gas)
manchon; (zool.) manteau.

Manteau = mantle (as above) cape, pall,
(fig.) cloak, etc.; garder les manteaux
= stand sentry : look on (while others
amuse themselves); keep look out,
during a rendezvous, etc.; m. d'Arle-
gftm&=arch of proscenium. Sows le m.
Secretly, sub rosa.

Manual (n.) = (book) manuel + (organ)
clavier.

Manuel*= manual (as above).

Manufacture (n.) = (making of things)
fabrication; (branch of industry) In-
dustrie; of English m.*=de fabrication
anglaise.

Manufacture (manu) factory, works, mill*

Manufacture (v.) = fabriquer, manufac-
turer; (depreciatory) fabriquer, inventor
de toutes pieces.

Marabout marabout -f (/am.) ugly or
deformed man; pot-bellied copper jug;
marabou (stork, feathers).

Marauder maraud; filch, pilfer (fruit,
vegetables, etc., in fields) ; (of taxi in
Paris) crawl along (in search of fares).

March (v.) =marcher (in military fashion) ;
m. past (s.o.)=dejiler (devant qqn) ;
(walk, etc.) aller, sortir, etc. (d'un pas
r6gulier, de'cide'); (trans.) faire marcher
[aller, etc.].

Marcher walk, tread (on, sur). (Fig.)
Sur quelle herbe a-t-il wawc/t^?=What
is the matter with him? Why is he so
ill-tempered? M. sur le pied de qqn
tread on s.o/s toes. II ne se laisse pas
m. sur IB pied=13.e doesn't allow him-
self to be insulted, etc., with impunity.
M. sur les pas de qqn*= Imitate, equal
s.o. M. sur les gens Treat people
contemptuously, harshly; walk, march
(of soldiers), proceed, go, go on, travel
(of train, ship, etc.) ; move, advance, go,
travel (of stars, machinery, rivers, etc.) ;
beat (of pulse); faire w.=set going,
lead; m. dans les eaux de qqn~ follow
s.o.'s opinions, back up, support, s.o.;
m. devant qqn precede s.o., (fig.) make
a way for s.o. ; faire m. qqn (i) dictate
to s.o., oblige s.o. to do what one says,
(ii) to pull s.o.'s leg, humbug s.o.

Marche march -f walking; step, stair;
treadle; running (of trains), sailing (of
ships); running, working, functioning
(of machines); progress (of illness);
(chess) way a piece moves.

To go on Shanks' s m.=

Aller a pied, prendre le train onze. M.'s
nest=sD6couverte illusoire. To find a
m.'s nest= Trouver la pie au nid. The
grey m. is the better horse *=C'est la
femme qui porte la culotte ; (bot.) m.'s-
tailpesse, queue-de-chevol ; (cloud)
cirrus, queue-de-chat.

Mare = pool, pond; pool (of blood).

Marine (n.)= marine: mercantile m.
marine marchande; (soldier) soldat
d'infanterie de marine; fusilier marin.
Tell that to the (horse) mm. = (Cote?
ca) a d'dMtres Chansons que tout cela/;
(picture) marine.

Marine = navy, admiralty, naval forces;
marine; (merchant) service; shipping;
seascape; art of navigation.

Marin = sailor, seaman, mariner.

Mariner marin t homme de mer. M.'s
card=J?0s des vents. Master m. =
Capitaine d'un navire de commerce.

Marinier** waterman, bargeman, lighter-
man*

Mark (n.) = (target) but, cible; (quality,
character) signe, marque ; (school) point f
note; (of esteem) temoignage, souvenir;
(stain, etc.) trace, marque, empreinte,
vestige; (distinction) importance, dis-
tinction, marque; symbole f caractire
(= written m.); (snowing position)
ligne, marque ; (football) coup de talon ;
(Plimsoll's) ligne; (German coin) mark ;
(naut., steering) amer. To be up to the
m. = -&" a la hauteur, atteindre le
niveau voulu. Not to be up to the m.
~Ne pas etre dans son assiette. Beside
the m.=Hor$ de propos. To be wide
of the m.^Manquer le but. (God) save
the TD..*=Passez-moi le mot. It is not
up to the m.=C/a laisse a dtsirer.
Overshoot the m.=(fig.) D6passer la
mesure. Far from the m.=Low de
la vtrite.

Marque = mark, marking, trace; stamp
(lit. or fig.) ; quality (of a commodity) ;
impress, impression; brand, stigma;
trace; tally, notch ; counter (for games) ;
(billiards) marker (article) ; (fig.) token;
distinctive character.

Mark (v.) = marquer -\- (see, notice}
observer, remarquer; (observe mentally)
considerer, faire attention a.

Market ^marche", halle; (rate of purchase
and sale) cours; (sale) d6bit; (outlet)
dibouch6; (com.) in the m. = sur la place,
en vente. There is no m. for this
material Cette etoffe n'a pas de dbit.

Marchi

127

Mastic

March6 buying and selling, marketing;
bargain; (fig.) avoir bon m. d'une per-
sonne=* easily get the better of s.o.;
faire bon m. d'une chose = to think little
of, scorn, leave out of account; price,
terms ; c'est m. donnett. is given away;
par-dessus le m. = into the bargain;
atter courir sur le m. d'un autre^ofter a
higher price : (fig.) try to supplant s.o.
M. au comptant=SalQ for cash. M. d
termeSale for the account; market,
market-place ; fair*

Marline = (nav., two-strand cord) lusin;
(three-strand) merlin; m.-spike =
epissoir.

Merlin = marline (as above); (wood)
cleaver; (butcher's) pole-axe [also
written marliri\.

[NOTE. Eng. Merlin emerillon^

Marmalade confiture d' orange.

Marmelade=ja.m, jelly; viande en m.*=
meat cooked to shreds.

Marmoset = ouistiti .

Marmouset grotesque figure (of an idol) ;
andiron, firedog; little boy, urchin;
whippersnapper.

Marmot= marmotte.

Marmot = (fern, marmotte, rare) child,
brat. (Fam . ) Croquer lem. Wait a long
time, cool one's heels.

Marmotte marmot : dormircomme une m.
= sleep like a top; (commercial travel-
ler's) skip ; (naut. formerly) match-tub.

Maroon (v.) = (intrans.) (of slave who
escapes and takes to woods) marronner;
fldner; (trans.) abandonner dans une ile
deserte.

Marron (n.) = maroon; chestnut; clan-
destinely printed work; stencil. (Adj .)
maroon (colour); fugitive, runaway
(negro; domestic animal); unlicensed
(broker, driver, printer). (V.) Marron-
ner i = (intrans.) maroon; cany on a
profession without licence.

Marquise marquise + marchioness;
marquee, awning; glass roof (over
railway platform, hotel door).

Marshal marshal (= field m.); provost
m. grand prevdt; (hist.) knight m.=
marechal du palais; maltre des cere-
monies; judge's Td.^fonctionnaire qui
accompagne un juge en qualite de secre-
taire. Marshal m. f errant = farrier ;
m. des ecuries= chief groom of the
stables; m. des logis= sergeant (in
mounted arms) ; m. des logis chef =
squadron or battery sergeant-major*

Martinet officier (maitre) severe, a cheval
sur la discipline s=(fam.) petesec.

Martinet = swift; tilt-hammer; cat (-o'-
nine-tails); peak halliard; flat candle-
stick.

Masque mask -J- (expression of the) face;
(mil.) covering, screen, shield, hood (of
gun) ; smoke-sail,

Mass=wfczss0-f(R.C. Church) messe: high
m,=/a grand'messe messe haute; low
m. messe basse.

Masse mass, lump, heap, block; crowd,
body; multitude; sum total, chief part;
whole (opp. to details) ; sum (of human
knowledge) ; stoppage, deduction (of pay
for certain purposes) ; common fund,
capital, gross assets; (phys.) mass; (in
certain trades weight or number settled
by custom) bunch, etc. : m. de plumes =
fifty feathers; (surveying) block: plan
par m.; sledge-hammer, beetle, mallet;
mace (weapon) ; mace (ceremonial) ;
(billiards) butt ; (bot.) reed-mace ; (elect.)
earth: mettre U courant & la w.=to
earth the current.

Massive massif; (of features) gros.

Massif = massive + solid : des chandeliers
d' argent m., un meuble en acajou m.;
heavy, dull (mind) : avoir V esprit m.**
be very obtuse.

Master maitre -{-pr of esseur (in secondary
schools), provisear (= head master of
lycee); (of workmen) patron, (fam.)
bourgeois (=boss); m. mariner capi-
taine (au long cours); m. of the hounds
rnaitre d"6quipage; (title of boys)
monsieur; M. of the Mint=directeur de
la Monnaie; M. of the Rolls conser-
vateur des Archives judiciaires ; M. of
the HoTseintendant des & curies ; (ser-
vant speaking) the m. is not at home=
monsieur n'y est pas.

Maitre = master; teacher, tutor; owner,
landlord, etc.; overseer; (navy) m.
d* equipage = boatswain; premier m.
chief petty officer; m. principal =
warrant officer; second m. = second-
class petty officer; m. d'hdtel= butler,
chief steward (on a liner). Lawyers
are styled Maitre (=Me).

Mastic = (resin; cement) mastic; (tree)
lentisque, tfrtbinthe; (a liquor used in
Turkey and Greece) boisson (assaisonn6e
de mastic); (colour) jaune clair.

Mastic= mastic (as above) ; m. de vitrier
putty ; m. de dentiste = dentist's
filling.

Mat

128

Mean

0/ paillasson (of straw); tapis;
essuie-pieds ; dessous (table, lamp, etc.) ;
(naut.) paillet : collision-m. = paillet
Makarov; (gardener's) abrivent.

Mat = (check) mate.

Mat = mast; pole. M. de cocagne =
greasy pole (in fairs).

Mate (v.) = (chess) faire mat, mater;
marier (two persons); se marier avec
[epouser] qqn; (of birds, etc.) s'accou-
pler; (keep company with) frayer avec,
frequenter.

Mater (in chess, as above) mate; subdue,
humble, curb; (falc.) tame; mat, make
(surface) dull*

Mdter= furnish with masts; toss (oars).

Material (n.)=* matiere; materiel: war m.
materiel de guerre; substance; (cloth)
tissUf 6toffe; (building or literary)
materiaux; (artist's) fournitures; (raw
materials) matieres premieres; writing
m.=c5 qu'il faut pour ecrire. (Adj.) =
materiel (=of matter, not form; cor-
poreal); (important, essential) impor-
tant, essentiel; se'rieux, considerable.

Materiel (n.) = material (as above) +
stock, stores, plant: m. roulant= rolling
stock. (Adj.) material ( = non-spiri-
tual) ; bodily (needs) ; sensual, coarse ;
heavy, dull.

Materialize = (represent, consider as
material) materialise? (functions of the
mind) -f (of spirits) apparaitre; faire
apparaltre; prendre corps, se realiser.

Maternity = (motherhood) maternite* -f
(motherliness) tendresse maternelle.

Maternity = maternity (as above) +
maternity hospital ; school of midwifery.

Matrice= matrix (womb; rock, etc., con-
taining gems; bioL, substance between
cells; mould for type, etc.) -{-standard
(weights and measures) ; original register
(of taxes).

Matron = matrone; femme marine; in-
flrmiere en chef; femme charge e d' as surer
les soins domestiques dans certaines
institutions publiques.

Matrone = matron; stout elderly woman
(often rather pejorative); (sometimes)
midwife.

Matter = (substance) matiere, materiaux ;
(med.) pus, matieye; (logic, phys.)
matiere; (substance of book, speech,
etc.) fond, matiere; (occasion for) cas,
lieu, sujet, motif: a hanging m. = cas
pendable; (affair, thing, etc.) chose,
affaire, question; [sometimes to be

omitted in French translation : printed
m. = imprimis; business mm. = les
affaires'] ; it is a m. for investigation
sail y a lieu de s'enque'rir; it is no
laughing m.=il n'y a pas de quoi rire;
it is a money m.=c'est une affaire
d' argent; that is a m. of habit = c'est
une question d'habitude; it is [makes]
no m. = cela n'a pas d'importance :
n'importe; it will be a m. of ten francs
=cela sera une affaire de [quelque chose
comme] 10 frs. ; for that m.= quant a
cela, d'ailleurs, pour ce qui est de ; it is
a m. of 100 francs = il s'agit de loofrs. ;
it is a m. of twenty miles c'est une
distance de vingt milles ; there is nothing
the m. with him=iJ n'a rien; what is
the m.?=^w'^ a-t-il? ; what is the m.
with him? =qu' a-t-il ?; no great m.=
peu de chose; that 's a m. of course =
cela va de soi, c'est une chose toute
naturelle; m. of i&ct=point de fait; a
m. of history =un fait historique; is
there anything the m.?=5s2-z'Z arrive
quelque chose? ; as if nothing was the
m.= comme si de rien n'e'tait.

Matiere == matter, substance, material,
stuff; subject; cause, reason, grounds,
motive; contents, theme; (philos.)
matter; mm. premie* res raw materials;
en m. de=as regards, in the matter of;
m. medicalemateris. medica.

Maturity ^maturiti-}- (of a bill) echiance.

[Meagre.] Maigre meagre 4- lean, thin,
spare, skinny; scanty; poor, sorry,
slender; (food) meatless, without meat:
faire m. = abstain from meat; slight
(reason) ; thin (column, stroke, etc.) .

Mean = (condition, etc., between two
opposite extremes) milieu [the golden
m., le juste milieu] [also middle, midst,
centre, etc.] moyen terme; (math.)
moyenne; (pi. in form, but taken often
as sing.) moyen, voie, mantire (==way of
doing s.t.) ; ways and mm.procedess=
voies et moyens, ressources financieres;
mm. of grace sacrements; (pecuniary
resources) moyens; (wealth) fortune,
ressources; by fair mm. or foul=<& gvi
ou de force ; by all (manner of) mm. =:
par tous les moyens, d toute force, a
quelque prix que ce soil; certainement,
absolument, avant tout; by mm. of=
au moyen de, moyennant; by no mm.
=aucunement, en aucune facon f nulle-
ment, etc. ; by mm. of (person, thing,
etc.) par Vinterm6diaire de, d Vaide

Moyen

129

Mercuriel

de qqch f avec Vaide de qqn t en se servant
de qqck.

Moyen = means, way, medium; possi-
bility, power; means, fortune, wealth;
abilities, talents* Un homme de tres
grands mm. A. very talented man.
Measure = mesure, dimension, capacite,
made to m.^fait sur mesure; (vessel)
mesure; the greatest common m..=le
plus grand commun diviseur; (prescribed
extent) limite, borne; beyond m. = ex-
cessivement; (mus.) mesure; (poetry)
mesure ; (plans) mesure, demarche ; hard
mm.=dur traitement; (fig.) take one's
m. juger son caractere; la portee de son
esprit; (parliamentary) projet de lot;
(printing and type-founding) justifica-
tion; (mining) gisement, assise. In a great
m.=en grande partie. In some m.
Jusqu'a un certain point. M. for m.
CEilpour ceil. (V.)mesurer, toiser ;propor-
tionner ; (solids) me'trer; (land) arpenter.

Mesure = measure (lit. and fig.), measure-
ment, dimension, capacity (lit. and fig.) ;
donner sa w. = show his value, worth;
limit, extent; proportion: au fur et a
m.=in proportion as; traduction aufur
et & m.= running translation; measure,
precaution, plan; rompre les mm. de qqn
= counter s.o.'s plans; (com.) measure;
combler la m. = (fig.) fill the cup; cette
homme n'est pas de *w.=is unequal to
his task; moderation, prudence, de-
corum; (mus.) measure, time, bar:
chanter, danser, jouer en m. [in time] ;
(verse) metre, foot, rhythm; etre en m.
defaire une chose m a position [able] to
do s.t. (V.) Mesnrer measure, weigh,
try; consider, compare, judge; regulate;
proportion, temper, (Prov.) A brebis
tondue Dieu m. le vent=God tempers
the wind to the shorn lamb.

Mechanic (n.) = ouvrier, artisan ; m6cani-
cien; (pi.) ouvriers, etc.; (scient.)
mecanique.

Mecanique = (science) mechanics; mech-
anism, machine : drap fabrique 1 a la m.
= machine-made cloth; la m. d'unjouet
= the mechanism of a toy. (Adj.)
mechanical clockwork (toy).

Mechanical (a,d}.) = mecanique; (drawing)
lindaire; m. engineer =*ing&nieur mecani-
cien; (lacking spontaneity or originality)
machinal, automatique.

Mdcanicien mechanician ; engine-driver ;
(naut.) engineer* Mecanicienne =
(sewing) -machinist.

Medaille = medal + (coster's, porter's)
badge.

Medecine in the literal sense of ' remedy '
is archaic, and means a 'purgative.'

Mediation mediation -|- (mus.) mediation ;
(astron.) culmination.

Medium = milieu; (agency) moyen;
entremise, intermediaire t agent, canal;
(spiritualism) medium.

M4dium= (voice) middle range; (spiritual-
ism) medium.

Member membre+depute= (M.P.).

Memento = (eccles.) memento + souvenir.

Memento (eccles.) memento -f note, note-
book ; examination text-book containing
synopsis or outline : m. d'histoire.

Memorandum = memorandum -{- (legal)
sommaire des articles d'un contrat;
(com.) bordereau.

Memorial = souvenir, commemoration,
monument comm6moratif ; memoir es ;
(diplom.) memorial; expose; requ&te,
petition. (Adj.) comme'moratif.

Memory = (faculty) memoive; mtmoire,
souvenir [= recollection] ; (posthumous)
reputation, renomm6e; (length of time)
within the m. of man = de m&moire
d* homme; from m.=<fe memoirs.

Mimoire (f.) memory; remembrance;
commemoration; fame; souvenir; (m.)
memorandum ; memoir (s) ; essay, paper;
bill, account. (Fam.) Un m. d'apothi-
caireAsi exorbitant bill.

Menager. See after Manage.

Mental = mental, intellectuel+(ot the chin)
du menton; (fam.) toque, timbre, loufoque.
M. home, hospital = Maison, hospice t
d'alien^s.

Mercantile = mercantile -f- m. marine
marine marchande.

Wlexcer=marchand de soieries (de drap).

Merrier = haberdasher.

Merchant ^negotiant; marchand en gros,
exportateur, importateur.

Marchand = shopkeeper, tradesman,
dealer (*=boutiquier). M. des quatre
5at5ows=Costermonger. (Fam.) M. de
s0^=Head of a boarding-school.
Mercurial (adj.)=^ Mercure; (chem.)
mercuriel, de mercure ; (of persons) vif,
ardent; plein d* entrain; a V esprit
prompt; changeant. (N.) preparation
mercurielle.

Mercuriale (n.) = (bot.) dog's mercury;
(fig) reprimand : market price-list (of
grain).
Mercuriel (adj.) (containing mercury,

Mercy

130

produced by mercury) mercurial. Pilule
mercurielle'BluQ pill.

Mercy = misfricorde, pitie*, compassion,
cUmence; discretion, grdce, merci : at the
in. of= la merci [discretion] de; (bles-
sing) bonheur> benediction; cry m.=
devaander merci [grace]. Left to the
tender mm. oi=Livre au bon vouloir de.

Merci=Dieu m.=by God's grace = thank
God; (good will) discretion, mercy: le
peuple etait tailldble et corveable a m. =
the people were taxable and liable to
forced labour at pleasure; (polite for-
mula) thanks, thank you, no, thank
you. Grand m* (nearly always iron.)
= (No,) thank you ! not me !

Meridian (circle passing through
celestial poles or poles of earth)
mfridien; (highest altitude) point cul-
minant; (fig.) ztnith* apogee; (fig.)
calculated for the m. of A.=propre
a satisfaire les gouts d'A.

Meridien= meridian (as above); sundial*

Meridienne= meridian line (= intersection
of meridian and horizon); siesta = mid-
day nap (faire sa m.) ; couch, lounge*

Merit = (quality) meriU; (pi. generally)
(thing entitling to reward or gratitude)
merite(s) ; (intrinsic rights or wrongs in
law) bien-fondt, (bon) drpit; judge s.t.
or s.o. on its (his) mm. =juger qqch (qqn)
d'apres sa valeur [son merite] intrinseque
peser le pour et le contre de.

M4rite= merit; worth, value; desert.

Meritorious = (action, deed) meritoire; (of
person) miritant*

Mess = (food) plat, mets, ragout: a m. of
pottage =un plat de lentilles ; (animals')
pdtee ; (mil. and nav. officers') mess,
table; (non-com, officers') ordinaire;
(privates') gamette; (seamen's) plat;
(state of dirt) gachis, salete, fouillis,
margouillis; (bungle, clumsy work)
difficult^, desordre, embarras, piteux itat.
To be in a TQ..~tre dans de "beaux
draps, dans le p&trin. To make a m.
otGdter, gdcher (a business), massacrer
(work, literary work). To make a m.
of itPatauger.

Mess = mess (of officers), mess-room.

Messenger = messager -j- (naut.) tournevire
(= endless chain), marguerite; (kite-
paper) postilion; courrier; gar f on de
bureau, saute-ruisseau, chasseur; (fig.)
avant-coureur.

Messager = messenger (as above); carrier;
harbinger.

Minute

erre en fusion (for making

, glass); cailloutis, macadam; ballast (for
railways); calibre (of guns); alliage;
fonte; (pi.) rails (of a railway line);
piece (gun).

Meter =compteur (gas, etc.).

Metre = metre.

Me tropole= mother country: la France a
une armee de 200,000 hommes en service
actif hors de la m. (Paris-Soir f 21 Jan.
1937); metropolis, capital; see (of arch-
bishop) .

Metropolitain = metropolitan + home : la
flotte metvopolitaine.

Meurtrir. See after Murder*

Mezzotint = (method) manidre noire;
(engravings) mezzo-tinto.

Mien (mainly litt.) = mine, air, port,
allure, maintien.

Mine (i) = countenance, face; look, air,
appearance, aspect; show, pretence*
De bonne (mauvaise) m. = Good- (ill-)
looking. Faire m. de = Feign, make
show of. Faire la m. = Make faces,
sulk. Faire des mm. = Smirk. Faire
bonne (mauvaise, froide) m. a Give a
good (bad, cold) reception. Faire bonne
m. a mauvais jeu=Put a good face on
the matter, make the best of it; (ii) (for
coal or minerals) mine, pit ; (fig.) mine,
source*

Mignonette = riseda (plant) .

Mignonnette= little darling; (type) minion
(= corps 7); coarse-ground pepper;
Indian pink (flower) ; London pride
(=/0 desespoir des peintres); small pea;
wild chicory; fine gravel (pebbles).

Mince (v.) = (cook.) mincer + not to m.
matters = parler franc, ne pas mdcher
ses mots, parler sans phrase; parler,
marcher avec affectation, marcher a pas
menus.

Mineral water = (natural) eau miner ale +
eau gazeuse.

Minor (adj.) = mineur (order of priests;
interval, key in music; term, in logic;
prophet) 4- (poet) de second ordre; in-
fe*rieur; peu important; (boy) cadet.

Minstrel (medieval) minestrel + membre
d'une bande de chanteurs (musiciens) qui
se deguisent en negres.

Minute (n.) = (time, geog., etc.) minute:
the m. that = des que, aussitdt que ;
(indef. time) moment; (pi., of a meeting)
proces - verbal. M. - hand = Grande
aiguille. M.-book= Agenda. This m.
=A r instant. I am expecting him

Minute

131

Mollify

every m.=/0 I 1 'attends d'un moment
(instant) & I'autre. Make a m. of it=
En faire une note. In a m.^Dans un
instant (from now), (presently) tout d,
I'heure.

Minute = minute (as above); (archit.)
subdivision of the unit (variable);
original (of a copy) ; (law) text (of a
judgment). (Fam.) M.I (interject.)
Gently ! Wait a bit !

Minute (v.) = minuter (= draft document)
+ckronom6trer; inscrire au proems-verbal,
dresser le proces-verbal de.

Miracle =miracle-{- (qualities and things)
merveille.

Mire=&ow0, fange.

Mire = sighting (of a gun) ; surveyor's
pole.

Miscreant = heretique ;* (vile wretch)
gredin, sc6l6rat, miserable.

Mtcrtant^ infidel, unbeliever.

Miserable (of persons) malheureux ;
(persons and things) miserable; (of
persons) inquiet, mat d I'aise, tourmente';
(of things) d&agrdable, pdnible; (condi-
tions) affreux, horrible; (paltry) pitoya-
ble, mtchant, triste, mauyais; (building)
de'labre'; (shabby) mesqnin.

Miserable (of persons) pitiable, unhappy,
miserable; (of things) distressing,
wretched ; contemptible, villainous,
despicable, degraded*

Missel *= (thrush) draine [drenne].

Missel= (R.C. liturgy) missal.

Mite = (cheese and flour) mite, ciron; (of
the widow) obole, denier; (fig.) rien, iota,
brin; (child) mioche, marmot.

Mite = mite (as above) ; clothes-moth.

Mitigate = calmer, apaiser (anger, etc.);
alttger, soulager (pain, grief)/ mitiger
(punishment) ; mode'rer, tempe'rer (heat,
cold, severity)*

Mitre = (bishop, etc.) mitre; (joint) onglet.

Mitre = mitre (as above); chimney-pot;
cowl (on chimney); shoulder (of a
knife-blade)*

Mixture (of drugs) mixtion; melange;
(pharm.) mixture; (cloth) 6toffe tissue
en chine.

Mixture = mixture (in pharmacy; of
grain) ; (organ) jeu de m. = mixture stop.

Mizen-mast=wd* d'artimon.

Mat de misaine= foremast.

Mobile = mobile, movable : flte m. =
movable feast; changeable, versatile,
fickle; detachable: carnet & feuilles
mm. loose-leaf note-book.

Mockery = moquerie -f imitation, contre-
/afon, trompe-l'ceil; derision, riste, jouet;
singerie.

Model (n.)=*modele (of things; of persons
as to conduct, etc.) ; (in relief) modete;
reduction; portrait, reproduction; re-
production en miniature; mannequin (for
fashions); modele (for artists).

Moderate = (avoiding extremes, persons,
or things) modere; (of price) mod&re;
(fairly large or good) mediocre, ordinaire,
moyen, passable.

Moderate (v.)=moderer+pr6sider (Church
of Scotland or university assembly
or examination); faire fonction de
'Moderator/

Moderation = moderation + (pi.) premier
examen (d Oxford) pour le grade de B.A .

Moderator = moderateur + arbitre,
mddiateur; president, moddrateur; exa-
minateur (for Moderations at Oxford);
censeur, reviseur (of examination
questions).

Modfrateur = moderator + regulator,
governor (of engine); m. de son =
volume-control (wireless set).

Modest = modeste (== with a humble
estimate of one's own merits) ; reserve*,
mode're', discret, timide; (of women)
chaste, pudique, honnete, modeste.

Modesty = modestie; retenue, reserve,
moderation; chastete, decence, pudeur,
honnetete, modestie.

Modify = modifier -\- adoucir (expression,
etc.).

Modiste = modiste (milliner) + couturidre
(dressmaker).

Modulate = moduler (in elocution and
music)4-o/as^r, re'gler, arranger; varier
(selon). So Modulation*

Module *= module (standard; architectural
unit) + (math.) modulus*

Moiety = (legal) demi, moitie; (loosely)
part, portion, moitie. [Moiety is com-
mon only in legal and official speech;
the ordinary equivalent is 'half* (=
moitie) : la moiti& du temps, il ne fait
n'$tt=half the time, he does nothing;
ma chere moitie =my better half; etoffe
moitU soie, moitU laine^sfaS. half silk,
half wool; faire les choses a moitie = do
things by halves, to half -do things.]

Moleskin peau de taupe + (cloth) velours
de coton; (pi.) pantalon de velours.

Moleskine = American cloth, imitation
leather.

Mollify = apaiser, adoucir, calmer.

Mollifier

132

Mortifier

Mollifier (scient.) soften, make fluid:
m. une tumeur.

Mcllir = become soft; abate (of wind);
(fig.) to begin to yield.

Moment = (time) moment, instant, din
d'ceil ; (mech.) moment; (fig.) importance,
valeur, poids. Come here this m.=
Venez tout de suite. Busy at the m.=
Occup^ en ce moment.

Moment = moment (as above); fit (of
anger); (mech.) moment; au m. 01*=*
when; du m. que(i) as soon as;
(ii) since, from the very fact that; sur
le m.=foi the moment (past time) : sur
le m., je n'ai eu V esprit de songer & rien
autre qu'au Turc (Claude Farrere,
I'Homme qui assassina) ; pour le m. =
for the moment (present time) : pour le
m. je suis tres occupe. Dans un m. =
at the end of a moment; en un m.in
the space of a moment; au m. de=Qm
the point of; ecrivain du m. writer of
the day.

Moneyed = qui a de I* argent; (help) en
argent; (interest) des capitalistes.

Monnay6= (of metal) turned into coin.

Monocle = monocle -f eye-bandage.

Monition = (eccles.) monition + avertisse-
mentf avis (of danger, etc.) ; (civil law)
citation.

Monitor = moniteur (in schools) ; (kind
of lizard) varan monitor; (ironclad)
monitor.

Moniteur = monitor (as above); adviser,
counsellor; (mil.) gymnastic instructor;
(newspaper title) Monitor.

Monopolize = (com.) monopoliser -f
accaparer (place, attention, conver-
sation, etc.).

Monument = monument, souvenir (=s.t.
which commemorates); (stone for
grave) tombeau f pierre fun$raire.

Monument monument (as above);
public building, statue, etc.

Mood = (gram. ; logic and mus. = mode)
mode+humeur, disposition. In the m. to
do = Dispose a faire, en humeur de
faire.

Moquette = (material) moquette -f- decoy
bird; droppings of roebuck (hunt.).

Moral (n.) = (teaching of fable) morale,
moralite; (pi. habits, conduct, esp.
sexual) mo3urs, morality (Adj.) moral,
de morale; m. science = la morale.

Morale = (of troops) le moral.

Moral (n.)= moral faculties; (of soldiers)
morale; discipline and confidence.

(Adj.) moral, spiritual. Le monde m.
= Spiritual world.

Moralize = (make moral reflections)
moraliser; (make persons moral)
moraliser; (point the moral of) expliquer
moralement.

Moraliser moralize (as above) -f- (trans.)
instruct s.o. (in ethics and moral
matters, lecture: S6neque moralisa
Neron; improve moral standard of:
m. les jourtiaux.

Moralist =moralisateur ; celui qui enseigne
ou etudie la morale; homme qui ne se
guide dans la vie que par un systeme
naturel d'ethique.

Moraliste= philosopher who writes on
ethics; writer who seeks to improve
men's manners and morals.

Morality = (scient.) morale; (pi.) qualites
morales; principes moraux ; (system)
morale; (moral conduct) moralite,
mceurs ; (moralizing) morale, lefon de
morale; (dramatic poem of Middle
Ages) moralite.

Moralite morality (as above), morals;
moral sense or reflection ; (of fable) moral.

Morass = marecage, marais.

Morasses final proof of a newspaper.

Morbid = (of mind, ideas, etc., sickly,
unwholesome) malsain f maladif f per-
nideux, nuisible; (of persons) qui ne
voit que les mauvais cdtes de la vie;
(med.) morbide (condition) ; morbides
(symptoms) .

Morbide = (med.) morbid; (art) soft and
delicate, mellow*

Mortal = (deadly) mortel t fatal; (battle)
meurtrier; humain, des mortels, du
corps; (enemy) implacable, mortel;
(strife) a mortf a outrance; (slang of
time) interminable, mortel : two m. hours
=deux mortelles heures; (slang very
great) in a m. hurry = tres presse"; every
m. question=20w&s les questions pos-
sibles et imaginable*; any m. thing =
tout au monde, tout ce que vous vous
voudrez. (N.) = mortel; (sometimes
facetiously for person) a hungry m.=
une personne affamee.

Mortel = mortal (as above) ; (poison,
etc.) deadly; fatal; (familiarly and
hyperbolically) excessive, very great,
very long, mortal.

Mortier = mortar -J- (French judge's,
chancellor's) mortier.

Mortifier = mortify, humiliate -{- hang up,
keep (game, etc.) until tender*

Moss

133

Meizrtrir

Moss == mousse (plant) -f (bog, etc.)
tourbiere, marais.

Mousse = (/.) moss + froth, foam, lather :
m. de la biere, de champagne, de savon\
(m.) ship's boy.

Mossy = couvert de mousse, moussu. Rose
moussue [mousseuse] moss-rose.

Mousseux= mossy; covered with moss;
sparkling (wine), frothy, effervescent.

WLote=*atome, grain de poussiere, paille,
bagatelle. (Bibl.) The m. in another's
eye = .La paille dans Vceil de son voisin.

Moat=/oss^, douve.

Motte = clod; ball of earth (round tree
or plant roots); pat (butter); knoll,
hillock.

Motif = motive; reason; motif (in art).

M.otion= motion (in a meeting), proposi-
tion -f mouvement; (manner of walk-
ing) demarche , allure; geste, signe; agi-
tation; (law) requ&e; (med.) evacuation,
sells.

Motor = moteur (= moving force) 4-
automobile, voiture.

Moteur motor -{-instigator, prime mover :
le m. d'un complot.

Mould =(i) (hollow) moule t forme; (fig. of
moral qualities) calibre, trempe; (ii) terre
ve'gdtale, terreau; (iii) (mustiness) moisi t
moisissure.

Moule (m.) = mould (as above); cast,
model ; (/.) mussel ; (various technical
meanings) netting-pin, mesh, etc. Cela
ne sejette pas en w.=That is not done
quickly, that is more easily said than
done. tre fait au m.=To be well
made (built), be well proportioned. Le
m. en est rompuYou won't see his (her,
its) like again.

Mount (v.)-Monter* The English verb is
more limited in use because we have
many substitutes, such as 'go/ 'come,'
'walk,' 'runup,' 'rise,' etc. It is mainly
used in reference to horsemanship, guns,
plays, pictures, gems.

Move (v., trans, and intrans.) has many
shades of meaning, and many equiva-
lents in French, whereas mouvoir has
only two meanings (though there are
several English words to express them) :
' set in motion ' and ' drive to action.'
With movement and mouvement the
opposite is the case; but motion (see
above) and move (n.) sometimes =*
mouvement.

Movement^ mouvement, but the French
word has many English equivalents.

such as : progress, march, impulse,
activity, life, stir, strife, rising, etc.
See Mouvement.

NOTE. English Moving (changing
residence) =Ddplacement.

Mouvement = movement; motion;
(mental) act, process; (in a meeting)
impression, emotion, agitation, sensa-
tion ; (street, stations) traffic, business ;
fit (of anger, etc.) ; burst (of eloquence) ;
impulse ; undulation (of ground) ; fold
(of drapery). De son propre m.=
proprio motu^ot his (her) own accord.
[Movement is always concrete, as of a
ship, tides, sap, goods, watch, etc.,
while motion is mainly abstract, as
mechanical, perpetual, or parallel
motion, laws of planetary motion (but
' movement ' of the planets).]

Moyen. See after Mean.

Muffle = moufle (glove); moufle (chem.
vessel); mufle (muzzle of animal).

Moufle muffle (as above); pulley block;
tie, clamp (for walls) ; (glass-maker's)
tongs*

Mufti = mufti, moufti (Mohammedan
priest) + (plain clothes) ptkin. la m.
= (of officer) en civil, (of police
inspector) en bourgeois.

Mule = (animal) mulet, mule; (hybrid)
mulet; (fig.) mule, mulet; mule-jenny.

Mule (animal) mule; slipper (heelless) ;
chilblain (on heel) ; cracked heel (of a
horse).

Mulet = (animal) mule; (naut.) iron truss
(of yard); (fish) mullet

Multiplier = multiply. Se m. (fig.) = To
seem to be everywhere at once, to be
here, there, and everywhere, to exert
oneself to the utmost: Mme Lestelle
poussa une table et se multiplia autour
(Raymond Escholier, Dansons la Trom-
peuse) =Mme Lestelle pushed up a table
and bustled about round it.

Mundane. Mondain. The French word
emphasizes the pleasures of society
and the social side of life (reunion
mondaine, society gathering), whereas
the English, word refers to the world
and worldly affairs in general.

Murder = assassiner, tuer ; (fig.) estropier t
ecorcher, massacrer : m. a language =
ecorcher une langue; m. a waltz =*
estropier une valse.

eurtrir^ bruise: coup qui meurtrit le
visage; pSches meurtries par la grele;
hammer (leather); chisel (marble); m .

Muscular

134

Mystifier

Us couleurs (paint.) =tone down colours
with a layer of varnish.

Muscular = (relating to muscles) muscu-
laire; (having many muscles) muscu-
leux [fa partie musculeuse de la jambe] ;
(of persons) muscuteux, bien muscle.
M. Christianity = Un christianisme
robuste et sans terreurs [joyeux et sain].

Muse=w^fttey, r6fl6chir t rever.

Muser= dawdle, idle, moon about, fritter
away one's time; go into rut (hunt.).
Qui refuse wwse=He that will not when
he may, when he will he shall have nay.

Musette = musette [= kind of bagpipe]
+ nose-bag (of horses) ; (schoolboy's)
satchel ; (various) bags ; (mil.) pouch,
bag, etc.; (colloq.) shrew mouse; bal
musette = dance-hall frequented by
lower classes.

Musical (of person) qui a le gout de la
musique, musicien ; (of things) 'musical,
harmonieux.

Mute (adj. and n.) = muet, silencieux ;
(mus.) sourdine; (funerals) pleureur (&
gages); (of the Sultan) muet.

Muet (adj. and n.) = dumb [the usual
English word], silent, mute; vin m.=
unfermented must.

Mutton =mouton; a leg of m. = w gigot;
as dead as m.=bel et bien mort.

Mouton = mutton 4- sheep; saut de m.
(=saute~in.)= leap-frog; fairs le m.=
make a back at leap-frog; monkey, ram
(of pile-driver) .

Mutual = mutuel -j- (improperly) common.
Our m. friend = Notre ami commun.
M. admiration society = Soci&U d'ad-
miration mutuelle.

Mystic = (relative to hidden mysteries
of faith; to occultism) mystique +
mysterieux; qui inspire la crainte [le
respect]. (N.) mystique (a person). La
mystique^ (religious) mysticism.

Mystify = mystifier; (bewilder) der outer f
troubler t embarrasser t embrouiller, rendre
perplexe; (fig.) obscurcir (=swrap up in
mystery) .

Mystifier = mystify, hoax, play on
credulity of.

N

Name (v.) = nommer, appeler -f baptiser
(ship); (parliam.) designer (un membre)
comme refractaire aux reglements; fixer,
convenir de (date, etc.).

Nasal = nasal (of the nose; of sounds) +
nasillard (voice, orator, tone, speech).

Nation =nation, peuple; body of students
in medieval universities) nation. Law
of jm.Droit des gens. Comity of nn.
*=Courtoisie Internationale.

Nation = nation (as above); (fig.) com-
munity (teachers, writers, etc.).

Nationality nationality -f- patriotisme;
nation.

Nationalize = nationaliser 4- ilever a Vital
de nation; naturaliser (person).

Native (n.) = natif (de Paris, etc.)
[=Parisien de naissance}; (Sire) origi-
naire (de), habitant; naturel, indigene
(non-European; uncivilized); (oyster)
huttre recoltee en Angleterre. (Adj.)
natif; (country) natal; (indigenous)
indigene, du pays; (language) maternel;
(artless) simple, naif; (place) natal, de
naissance; (minerals) natif \ vierge;
(politics) des nationaux; (inherent)
inne> naturel, natif.

Natif (adj.) = natal, native; primitive,
natural; (minerals) native. (N.) Les
ww.=The natives.

Nativity =(liturg.) nativite; (astrol.) horo-
scope -{-naissance, nationality, extraction.

Natural (n.) = idiot, imbecile; (mus.)
becarre. (Adj.) normal, naturel [to die
a n. death = mo urir de sa belle mort];
(unaffected, etc.) naif; reel. N. born=
Natif; (scient.) naturel.

Naturel (n.)= native; temper, disposition;
simplicity, genuineness; (characteristic)
nature. Au .=To the life, (cooking)
plain. (Adj.) natural (as above);
simple, unaffected; (wine) unadul-
terated; (of sense of words, etc.)
literal, natural.

Naturalize = naturaliser (person; plant or
animal) +rendre naturel, ddpouiller dtt
surnaturel; debarrasser des conventions;
ttudier, s'occuper de, rhistoire naturelle.

Nature = nature; kind : payer en n.=pay

in kind ; life-size (picture) ; (cooking)
plain. D'apres n. = From the life. N
morte^ Still life.

Neat = (trim and tidyof dress) propre,
soigne, bien ordonne; (of person when
dressed) elegant, tiri a quatre tpingles,
raffine"; simple et convenable; (pretty
looking) simple et joli; (of things said,
made, or done) bien [habilement,
adroitement] exprimd ou fait; (style and
language) ellgant; (wine and spirits)
pur, non dtendu d'eau, sec; (compliments)
bien tourn6,joli; (copy) nette=fair, neat,
clean; (of reply: without ambiguity)
nette; (clever) adroit.

Net = neat (as above), clean, pure,
clear, distinct; (conduct) frank; (com.)
net. Trancher n. = Speak plainly.

Nebulous =(astron.) nebuleux; (cloudlike)
ressemblant aux nuages; (hazy, vague,
etc., physically or mentally) brumeux,
vague, obscur, confus t informe, nebuhux
(of writer).

Nebuleux = cloudy, clouded; nebulous
(as above) ; careworn, gloomy (expres-
sion of face), clouded (brow); obscure
(writer).

Negation = negation 4- (gram.) negative :
deux nn. valent une affirmation = two
negatives make an affirmative.

Negotiate = negocier (treaty, peace,
marriage; bill) + conclure (treaty,
etc,); franchir, surmonter, etc. (fence,
difficulty, etc.).

Nerve = (sinew) nerf, tendon; '(generally
fig. and poet.) courage, nerf, vigueur;
effort; sang-froid; (bot.) nervure; (anat.)
nerf; (boldness) assurance, front, ' toupet.'

Nerf nerve (anat.); vigour, strength,
strong point; (binding) cording; (fig.)
sinews (of war). N. de &#w/=Lash,
scourge; (archit.) rib, fillet (of groin).

Nervous = (style) vigour eux, nerveux;
(relative to nerves) nerveux; (acting
on nerves) Servant, irritant, excitant;
(easily agitated, etc.) timide, intimidt,
g$ne, mal a I'aise; craintif, peureux.

Nerveux = strong, vigorous, wiry, sinewy,
muscular (of persons and things);

135

Net

136

Notion

nervous (system, malady, etc.]

(persons) excitable, highly strung.

Net. See after Neat

Niche =s (recess) niche; (fig.) place, coi

(as in the temple of fame) .
Niche= niche (as above); alcove; (dog's

kennel ; retreat ; hive ; trick, prank*
Night =n# (=time when men sleep) H
soir, soiree : will you come to the theatr
with me to-morrow n.? =*voulez-vous
m'accompagner au the'dtre demain soir?
Nimbus = nimbe, aureole; (rain-cloud

nimbus.

Noble (adj.) = noble; grand, illusive
magnanime; beau, superbe, magnifique
majestueux t impcsant (of building, monu
ments, etc.) ; excellent, admirable (horses
banquets, etc.); (by exaggeration
fameux, diable de, rude.
Noble noble, great, high, honourable
elevated (style, feelings) ; righteous
(anger) ; worthy (motive, modesty)
(theatre) pere n.= heavy father.
Nocturne (n.) = (mus.) nocturne -f (pi.)
nocturnal animals and insects, (A
nocturnal.

Node = noeud (of branch or root; hard
tumour on joint; nodus; astron,
junction of leaf and stem).
Nceud = knot, tie (of thread or rope);
(marine distance) knot; (poet.) bond;
le n. fatal = strangling rope; rosette;
ornament (of pearls, etc.); coils (of
serpent) ; (fig.) tie, alliance ; main point,
difficulty; (theatre) plot, knot; node (as
above) ; kernel (of fruit, etc.) ; Adam's
apple; (techn.) joint (in soldering);
(acoustics) intersection.
Nodus =nceud, difficult^, complication (of

a plot, story, etc.).
Nodus = (med.) swelling (in joints or

tendons) ; node.

Noise = (generally) bruit; (bustle) fracas;
(uproar) tapage, vacarme, tintamarre;
(ringing in one's ears) tintement, bour-
donnement; (burst) eclat; (fig.) eclat,
retentissement ; (thunder, cart, drum)
roulement.

Noise is used only in the expression
chercher n. a qqnto try to pick a
quarrel with s.o.

Noli me tangere = (ulcer) noli me tangere
+avertissement de ne pas s'approcher
(toucher) ; gravure du Christ (John xx. 1 7) .
Nominate = (now rare) nommer (call 'by
the name of) ; (for election) designer =
proposer, presenter.

Nommer = name, call; appoint, nominate.
Nomination = designation (by electors,

etc.), presentation; nomination.
Nomination = nomination; appointing,
appointment (of officers, directors, etc.).
Nonce = circonstance presente. Occurs
only in the expressions (i) 'for the n.' =
pour I' occasion, pour cette fois; (ii) n.-
word=mo eves pour la circonstance.
Nonce (papal) nuncio.
Nonsense = non-sens; betise t sottise,
absurdite: talk n.=dire des b$tises ;
n. \ =allons done!; stuff and n. ! =
turlututu !

Non-sens = meaninglessness; meaningless
word or sentence : cette phrase est un
n. (Diet, de I' A cad.) ibis sentence
makes no sense, is meaningless; la
society sans la justice est un n. (Prou-
dhon, quoted by Larousse)= society
without justice is meaningless.
Note = (mark) note; (characteristic, etc.)
marque, signe, trait distinctif, carac-
tfristique; note, distinction, reputation;
(mus.) note, son; (fig.) accent, ton;
(stigma) fle'trissure; (punctuation) point ;
(compare notes) souvenir, impression;
(letter) lettre, mot, billet; bank-n. =
billet de banque. N. of hand = Billet
& ordre.

Note =5= note, mark; distinction; (mus.)
note; note, memorandum; (hotel)
bill; notice, communication, report,
(diplomatic) note; (school) mark.
Notice = (intimation, warning) avis, in-
formation, avertissement; at short n.=
a bref delai; at a day's n.=du jour au
lendemain; (attention, etc.) connais-
sance; observation; attention, 6gards; (n.
to quit) conge; (legal) notification;
(obituary, literary, etc.) notice; (news-
paper) compte rendu (succinct). To take
n. of s.o.= Avoir des egards [provenances]
pour. Baby begins to take n.*=Bebe
commence d montrer des signes d'in-
telligence.

Votice = account, notice (biographical,
historical, etc.).

[otion= notion : he 's got no n. of time=s
il n'a pas la notion de Vheure; intention :
he has no n. of obeying =# n'a aucune
intention d'obeir; idee, conception: I
haven't a n. of what she meant *=je n'ai
pas la moindre idee de ce qu'elle a
voulu dire.

Motion = notion; smattering, elementary
knowledge : H n'a que des nn. de phy-

Notorious

137

Nurse

sique='b.e has only a smattering of
physics.

Notorious = notoire ( = well known) -|- mal
fame, d'une fdcheuse notoriety ; insigne,
fieffe: a n. scoundrel =*un fieff6 coquin.

Notoire = notorious, well known: un fait
n. a. fact known to everybody.

Nourrir = nourish 4- suckle (baby) ; (fig.)
nurse, nurture; keep, maintain; feed
(person, fire, etc.) ; ragout nourri=succu-
lent hash; caractere nourri = clarendon
[black, heavy] type ; son nourri = sound
with volume; support, provide with;
(fig.) sustain, improve (mind, etc.).

Novel (n.) = roman* (Adj.) nouveau,
etrange, original. Novelty nouveaute.

7Vouve/Ze=news, tidings; short story*

Nouveaute = novelty, what is new, new-
ness ; new literary work, new invention :
lire les ?m. read the latest books;
latest material or dress: marchand de
nn.= draper, dealer, in fancy goods.

Novelist = romancier.

Nouvelliste= short-story writer; reporter;
n. a la main = editor of ' gossip *
column of newspaper.

Nude (n.) = (art) nu : studies from the n. =
academies; (adj.) nu; (colour) chair.

Nu (adj.) = naked, bare, nude; (country)
treeless ; plain (facade) ; bare (house) ;
saddleless (horse), (style) plain, straight-
forward ; dreary (morality) ; plain
(truth) ; nue pvopriete = 'ownership
without usufruct.

Number = (arith.) nombre (pair ou impair) ;
(to distinguish) numero, (mere figure)
chiffre (as 9 or xii); (publication)
numero t livraison ; (gram.) nombre;
(poet.) (pi.) vers, accents. (Fain.) To
take care of n. one= Avoir soin de sa
petite personne. N. plate (of car) =
Plaque matricule, plaque de police,
plaque de contrdle*

Numerous =*nombreux+ multiple (voice of
the people, etc.).

Nurse (n.) = bonne d' enfant; (wet n.) nour-
rice; (sick n.) garde-malade; (hospital
n.) infirmiere; (mil.) ambulancier ; (fig.)
nourrice (of liberty, etc.) ; (forest.) arbre
plante pour proteger; monthly n. = garde
d'accouchee; (naut.) squale, requin. (V.)
= soigner, garder; allaiter, nourrir ;
bercer, dorloter (in one's arms) ; soigner
(voters) ,* menager (one's strength) ;
entretenir (arts) / couver (fire) / fomenter
(rebellion) / cherir (grievance) .

Obedience = (eccles., and of sovereign to
Pope) obedience +obeissance; soumission.

Obeissant = obedient + pliant, easily

worked (leather, wood, etc.).
Obeisance =r6verence* salut;* deference,

soumission, hommage*
Obelisk *=obelisque (monument) + (ancient

MSS.) signs ( :-); (print.) croix (f).

Obituary = necvologie, article necrologique,
(R.C. Church) obituaire.

Object (v.) (bring forward s.t. as an
objection to) objecter; (state damaging
fact against person) objecter; (dis-
approve, have dislike to) desappr 'ouver ;
trouver des inconve'nients d, s'opposer a:
I o. to his doing it=*;> m' oppose a ce
qu*il le fosse ; I should not o. to chang-
ing the hours =cela ne me ferait rien de
changer les heures.

Objecter = allege, object, reproach. On lui
objecta sa jeunesse=*They objected to
his youth.

Objection objection -f- inconvenient;
aversion.

Oblation = oblation -f- offrande f don (for
pious purposes),

Obligation = obligation -f bond, debenture.

Observable = observable + remarquable,
frappant.

Observance =(eccles.) observance, pratique
(of rites, religious rules) + rite.

Observation observance, keeping (of
laws, etc.); observation -f- rebuke^
reprimand^

Observe = observer -f (say, make remark)
faire observer [remarqaef].

[NOTE. S'observer = keep a watch
over oneself.]

Obstder = obsess + importune, pester^
annoy.

Obstinate =zob$tin& (person, cold, pursuit,
child) ; matin (schoolboy, waves) / enttti
(person) dans une opinion; tttt (don-
key); opinidtre (in ideas; zeal, fight,
defence; cold)/ acharne (dogs, fight,
person); tenace (disposition, prejudice)*

Obstruction = obstruction (parliam. ; in
pipes; med., in body) + obstacle,
empe'chement.

Obtain (v.) (trans.) = obtenir f acque"rir,
recevoir; trouver, etc.; (intrans.) $tre
en vogue, rfgner, prdvaloir, Stre courant,
avoir cours t se rdpandre.

Occasion = (juncture) occasion, cir con-
stance, occurrence, conjoncture; (reason,
ground) cause, lieu, raison, 'motif, sujet,
occasion; (incidental or immediate
cause) Episode, incident; besoin : there 's
no o. for that, to do that=*7 n'y a pas
besoin de cela, de faire cela ; (particular
o.) dvenement, rencontre, jour; rise to the
o.=stre (se montrer) a la hauteur des
circonstances. On another o. = Une
autre fois, en une autre cir Constance.
On several oo.=./4 plusieurs reprises.

Occasion = occasion (as above), oppor-
tunity; cause, reason; d'o. = second-
hand \grande o.= great bargain, job-lot,
(Theol.) L'o. prochaine = Immediate
cause*

Occasional = (verses, speeches, literary
compositions) de circonstance; (coming
now and then) qui se produit de
temps d autre [quelquefois] ; (philos.)
occasionnel.

Occupation == occupation (general term),
travail; art (of engraver); m&tier (smith,
weaver, etc.) ; 'profession, charge (lawyer,
etc.); etat (joiner); emploi (civil, as sub-
stitute) ; fonctions (prefect, etc.); (legal)
possession; (mil.) occupation.

Offence = (wounding feelings) offense,
dtplaisir, m6contentement, contrariety,
ombrage; (legal) contravention, delit,
violation, faute, crime, (N.) Offender
Dttinquant, criminal; offenseur (as
above).

Offense = insult* affront ; (theol.) offence,
trespass.

Offensive = (weapons, alliance) offensif
-f (giving offence) offensant; blessant,
choquant; (disgusting) repugnant, d&-
goutant, desagrfable, infect. (N.)
offensive.

Offer (n.) = offre, proposition; demande (en
manage) . (V.) = (as a token, etc.) offrir;
(hold out, etc.) tendre, offrir, presenter,
faire I'offre, proposer; donner (advice,

138

Offre

139

Orb

opinion) ; faire, essay er, tenter (violence,
etc.); (express readiness) faire mine de,
vouloir.

Offre (n.) = offer, tender, proposal, bidding
(at auction) ; supply (opp. to demand) .

Offrir = offer, proffer, hold out; present,
give, tender. S'o.= Offer, be willing.

Offertory = off ertoire (part of mass) ; qute.

Offer toire= offertory (as above) -f- prayers
and music (at the offertory).

Office = (kindness) service, office; devoirs^
fonctions; (post) emploi t charge, ministfre
(= government o.), portefeuille (in a
government); (room) bureau; ttude
(lawyer)*

Office (m.) = office (see above); duty,
function, service (kindness; church).
Livre d'o.= Prayer book.

Office (f.) = pantry, larder, buttery;
servants' hall*

Officer* Officier. The two words are inter-
changeable with few exceptions, such
as: police o. agent de police; sheriff's
o.=huissier; custom-house o.=*pvepos6
& la douane t douanier; o. of health =
inspecteur du service de Vhygiene.

Official (n.) = (presiding officer of an eccles.
court) official -f fonctionnaire; employe.

Official (a.dj.)=officiel+ (paper) ministre.

Officiate (v.) = (liturg.) officier -j- exercer,
remplir les fonctions de.

Officier (v.)= officiate (in church) -f (fam.)
bien o. a table ="be a good trencherman.
Un homme qui officie toujours = A man
who is always as solemn as a judge.

Officieux = obliging ; over - obliging,
officious; (of things) well-meant (lie);
semi-official (communications : news-
paper) ; unofficial*

Ogre = ogre (man-eating giant) -f (persons)
horror, terror, ruffian, brute, (Fam.)
Manger comme un o.= Stuff oneself,
eat voraciously.

Olive = olive -j- olivier (tree) ; veal oo. =
paupiettes de veau.

Ombrelle. See after Umbrella*

Onction. See after Unction,

Opacity = (scient.) opacitt + dbscariti;
nature abstruse; stupidite", incapacity
Similarly Opaque,

Operer = operate -f work (miracles);
perform, do (an addition sum, a
chemical analysis) ; make, carry out :
environ soixante arrestations ont eU
opfrees au total (Excelsior, 4 Oct. 1937)
= about sixty arrests have been made
in all; effect (a retreat).

Operation = (working) action, effet,
fonctionnement, mouvement, mise en
vigueur f execution, portee; (active pro-
cess, finance, mil., med.) operation.

Operation = operation (as above);
transaction (business),

Opiner = opine, give one's opinion. 0.
du bonnet = Nod one's assent.

Opinion =* opinion, avis, sentiment; conseil
(of a lawyer)/ outrecuidance t (grande)
confiance en soi-meme (= high o. of
oneself); (have no o. of) faire peu de
cos dene pas avoir une bonne opinion
deestimer ires peu. To be opinionated
tre ent&te dans son opinion, etre
opinidtre.

Opportunity = occasion; moment, condition
favorable.

Opportunity = seasonableness, oppor-
tuneness.

Opposition = opposition -j- (legal) caveat,

' attachment.

Oppress = (tyrannize over) opprimer;
(fig.) opprimer , oppresses; (overwhelm)
^eraser, accabler; abattre, attrister
(spirits, imagination).

Oppresser= oppress: ce souci I' oppresses
inconvenience; cause discomfort (by
making breathing difficult, etc.) ; per-
sonne oppress6e=ou.e whose breathing is
difficult; poitrine oppressee=*ch.est that
is weighed down.

Opprobre = opprobrium -}- (person)
disgrace, black sheep : il est I'o. de sa
famitte=he 's the disgrace of his family.

Optic (n.) = (facet.) ceil; (pl. t science)
optique.

Optique (n.) = (science) optics ; perspective :
o. du tkedtresta.ge perspective; per-
ception: noire o. intellectuelle; illusion
d'o. optical illusion.

Or (conj.)=0M [not always, however, since
ou is strictly alternative, whereas or is
not : he earns 5 or 6 shillings a day=#
gagne de 5 d 6 shillings par jour]. As
correlative in either * , * or the rendering
may be soit . . . soit or ou (bien) . . . ou
(bien). After 'without (either),' which
is implicitly negative, the rendering
is ni. Without (either) your or my
knowing it=Sans que ni vous ni moi
ne I'ayons su.

Or (conj.)=now: or void ce qui advint
now this is what happened.

Oratory = oratoire + eloquence, rh&torique,
art oratoire*

Qrb^orbe; (poet.) ceil, prunelle de VcB.il;

Orbe

140

Outrage

globe snrmonti d'une croix (part of
regalia); ensemble organist.

Orbe = disk, circle; plane of the orbit;
globe, celestial body.

Ordain (eccles.) ordonner; (of God, fate,
etc.) etablir, fixer, rtgler, destiner;
(decree) dtcreter, ordonner.

Ordonner = arrange, dispose, regulate;
(eccles.) ordain, order, prescribe, com-
mand.

Order (n.) = (sequence, arrangement)
ordre; (rank, etc.) classe, rang, ordre;
(mandate) ordre, instructions; regle f
riglement; (judge's) ordonnance f arr&e',
raise en demeure; (badge) decoration;
(theatre pass) billet de faveur; (money)
mandat; (com.) commande; (steps)
mesures; commandement (military).
[N.B. In some cases o* is part of a
verbal phrase which may be rendered
into French by a single word, as ' put
out of o.'de' ranger; keep (s.t.) in o.
'

Ordre = order (see above), command,
direction, mandate; class, rank, cor-
poration, order. De premier o. = First-
rate. 0. du jour Ordinary business,
agenda. Passer & I'o. dujour Reject
a resolution (in Parliament). (Mil.)
Mis & I'o. du jour = Mentioned in
dispatches.

Ordinance =ordonnance, reglement; (relig.)
rite; decret (of God).

Ordonnance = ordinance, regulation;
command, order (by authority) ; (med.)
prescription; (mil.) officier d'o. orderly
officer ; (officer's) batman ; order (to pay).

Ordnance = artillerie, canons. O. map =
Carte d* Mat-major. O. survey Service
cartographique de l'tat.

Or=gold.

Organ = organe (part of body; medium)
4- (mus. instr.) orgue.

Orient* Orient. The French word is in
common use for what English terms
'The East/ viz. the region east of
the Mediterranean. O. is poetical in
English.

Original = (not imitated; first-hand; novel
in character) original; (sin; grace;
taint) origineL

Orphan* Orphelin* The French word is
often used of a child who has lost
father only, or mother only; hence the
expression o. de pere (de mere) father-
less, motherless, boy. Mettre un enfant

aux Orphelins=^lP\acQ a child in an
orphanage.

Orthodoxe (religious) orthodox -f (facet.)
correct Mine peu o. Counterfeit
mien, artificial expression. (Fam.) Vin
o. SB Unadulterated wine.

Oscular = (math.) osculateur+ de la bouche;
des baisers.

Osculation =baiser, action d'embrasser;
(math.) osculation.

Ostensible pretendu, pritexti, pris comme
prttexte. Similarly Ostensibly = soi-
disant, en apparence t comme pretexts:
it is hardly surprising that she was . . .
burnt, ostensibly for a number of capital
crimes which we no longer punish as
such, but essentially for what we call
unwomanly and insufferable presump-
tion (G. B. Shaw, Saint Joan, Preface)
=*7 n'est gu&re etonnant qu'elle ait 6te
brdtte, soi-disant pour avoir commit un
certain nombre de crimes capitaux mais
en r6alit& . . .

Ostensible ~ avowed, manifest, pubHc,
open, patent, above-board. Similarly
Ostensiblement : les ipoux Gavotfont une
entree piteuse entre deux gendarmes et
vont s'effondrer sur le bane qui leur est
reserv^ derriere leur avocat. Mme Berlier
se retourne, et ires ostensiblement lew
serre la main (H. Bordeaux, Le Lac
noir) = . . . in the eyes of everybody,
very openly, unashamedly. II est neuf
heures du matin, /'arrive au bureau
quelques instants avant mes collabora-
teurs. Je verifie I'etat de ma caisse qui
se trouve logee dans le tiroir de ma table.
Je laisse, ostensiblement, la clef sur la
serrure (G. Buhamel, Le Journal de
Salavin) . . . I left the key in the lock
for all to see, where every one could
see it.

Outrage outrage -\-attentat f voies de fait,
violence.

Outrageous = violent, furieux, turbulent;
effarant, outre; debauche, devergonde,
impudique; atroce, farouche; odieux.

Outrage = outrage : o. a la pudeur =
outrage upon decency, public act of
indecency; o. commis par un militaire
envers un supdrieur =* act of insub-
ordination; violation : o. a la raison t
a la verite ; faire subir les derniers oo. a
une femme outrage, rape, a woman;
(poet.) les oo. du temps. I'o. des an$*=*
the ravages of time ; insult : accabler
qqn d'o. Outrageux= Insulting.

Pace = (single step) pas; (distance
p.) pas; (mode of going) pas, allure,
demarche. Put through his pp . = Faire
faire ses allures a (horse, etc.); (fig.)
faire montrer ses capacitts, etc. To keep
p. with Marcher du meme pas que qqn,
tenir pied a, suivre. To go the p.
Mener grand train, mener la vie a
grandes guides.

Pas step, pace; (kinds of) step; pace;
(marks left) step, footprint; (distance)
pace; passage, (mountain) pass, (fig.)
difficulty* Marcher ap.de loup = Walk
stealthily. A p. comptes=^Ni^. mea-
sured tread. Prendre le p. sur qqn=
Pass in front of s.o. Avoir le p. sur
0tt=Have precedence over s.o. Faire
un grand p. = (fig.) Make progress.
Faire un faux .=Make a mistake.
Un p. de clerc Awkward blunder. Se
lancer au p. de charge=Go forward at
the double. Mettre qqn au ^.=Make
s.o. obey, bring s.o. to heel. Marcher
surlesp. de qqn= Follow in s.o.'s tracks,
(fig.) imitate s.o.

Packet = paquet + (= packet-boat)
paquebot.

Pain = (bodily or mental) douleur t
souffrance, mal; (pi.) peine (= trouble;
punishment = pp. and penalties) ; under
p. of = sous peine de.

Peine = effort, trouble, labour; pains;
moral suffering, care, anxiety; punish-
ment, penalty; difficulty, A p. =
hardly, scarcely, barely. Sans p. =
Easily, willingly.

Paint (v.) = peindre (lit. and fig.);
depeindre (in words); (of ladies) se
farder; (of actors, etc.) se grimer, se
maquiller; (med.) badigeonner (bruise,
etc.).

Painter =peintre-}- (ship's rope) bosse. Cut
the p.=(fig.) se separer (of a colony).

Pair = couple (dogs, pigeons; man and
wife), deux; paire (of gloves, cuffs,
things that go together; oxen, horses;
male and female). (Fig.) Another p.
of shoes =Une autre paire de manches.
P* of drawers = Un cole f on. P. of

steps = chelle double. P. of tongs =
Pincettes.

Pair = peer (of the realm); equal; mate;
(number) even; (com. and finance) par.
Au p. = (business) At par; (no wages)
on mutual terms. Traiter qqn de p. a
compagnonIo be hail fellow well met
with s.o.

Paire = pair, couple, brace. See Pair
above.

Palace = palais. Picture p. = cinema;
bishop's p.ev&che; gi&~p.= cabaret.

Palace luxurious hotel.

Palais = palace -f- P. de Justice = law
Courts: jours de .=days when court
is sitting; $0 consacrer au .=go in for
law; palate ; (sense of) taste.

Palaver = palabre (with African natives)
+discours frivoles, cajolerie; sornettes.

Pale (n.) == (wood for fence) pieu f piquet,
pal, pale; borne (esp. fig,) limit*,
frontiere; enceinte, sphere; (herald.) pal;
go beyond the p.=dtpasser les borne s t
la mesure.

blade (of oar, of aeroplane pro-
peller) ; paddle - board ; sluice - gate ;
(chalice) veil, (paten) coven

Pallet sgyo&ii, mauvais lit.

Palette^ (paint.) palette +(techn. t number
of flat things) pallet (of potter, etc.) ;
paddle ; float ; blade ; printer's slice, etc. ;
(fig., artist's) colouring; skill, art; style*

Palm =B (tree) palmier; (branch andj^.)
palme, victoire ; (hand) panme; (anchor)
patte; (measure, 4 in.) palme. P. Sun-
day =Dimanche des Rameaux. Grease
s.o.'s p.=Grai$ser la patte a qqn.

Palme = palni branch; (fig.) palm (=
victory); p. du martyre = crown of
martyrdom; palm leaves (educational
decoration).

Paume palm (of hand) + tennis (not
lawn tennis).

Palmist = chiromancien .

Po/miste= cabbage palm.

Pa/perpalpate (med.)+tetl, finger; (fig.,
fam.) pocket, receive (money) ; p. I'eau
=hold oar motionless in water to slow
up boat.

141

Palpiter

142

Parchemin

Palpiter palpitate; quiver (with fright) ;
thrill (with joy) ; statue qui semble p.=
statue that seeins to be breathing,
lifelike 'statue.

Pamphlet = brochure, opuscule; (libellous)
pamphlet.

Pamphlet lampoon, libellous pamphlet.

Pan = (frying) potte; (earthen) terrine;
(stewing, etc.) casserole; (techn.)
bassine, bassin; cuvette (washing,
etc.) ; (soil substratum) tuf; (flint-lock)
bassinet.

Pan = lappet, tail, skirt (of dress, cloak,
etc.) ; p. de retsntt (round wood to
catch game) ; piece of wall, partition ;
face, side (of a construction with
corners ; of prism, etc.) ; & pp. coupe's

with canted or bevelled edges,
(Interj.) Bang!

Pandemonium = (demons' abode) pandt-
monium; lieu de vacarme (desordre);
confusion, tumulte.

Pane = (glass) vitre; (square) carreau;
(divisions of a pattern) panneau;
(hammer) panne.

Panel = (archit., masonry, carpent.,
saddle) panneau; (jury, medical) liste.

Panne = imitation plush; (herald.) pean;
(naut.) en p. lying (hove) to; (pop.)
$tre dans lap. to be poverty-stricken;
tester en p. =come to a standstill, break
down (of motors) ; running out of (petrol
p.seche) ; (of apig,etc.) flare, inside fat;
(build.) purlin; pane, face (of hammer).

Panneau snare, trap; panel (see above);
(ship) hatch; marble slab; face (of stone
slab) ; (gardening) glass frame.

Panier pannier (for beasts of burden,
for ladies' skirts) + basket (of various
kinds) ; pony-carriage. P. perc6= (fig.)
Spendthrift* Faire danser I'anse du p.

(fig of servants) Make secret profits
on purchase of goods. Le dessus du p.
= Most attractive side of anything. P.
salade= (fig. and pop.) Black Maria.

Pantaloon = (Italian comedy) pantalon,

(modern) plastron (= clown's butt and

abettor in pantomime); (U.S.A.)

pantalon.
Pantalon = pantaloon (as above) ; (pair of)

trousers; (ladies') knickers, drawers;

(dancing quadrille) pantalon.
Pantheism = (philos.) pantheism* -f- culte

(paien) de tons les dieux.
Pantomime = pantomime (=dumb show)

-j- (English theatre) variiti \revue\

feerique, bouffonnerie.

Paper = (substance) papier; feuille de
papier; (newspaper) journal, gazette;
(something written or read on a
subject) article, essai; etude, mgmoire;
(exams.) composition; copie, epreuye;
(leaflet) imprime; carte (of pins, nibs,
etc.); document, manuscrit; (pi.) dossier,

Papier m.ch**=papier-pierre.

Papier mdche = paper pellets (of chewed
paper as thrown by schoolboys); (fig.)
jambes en p. m.= flimsy legs; une figure
en p. M.=pale, washed-out, face.

Par pair. At p . = A u pair. Below p . =
(com.) Au-dessous dupair, (fig.) etre mal
en train, ne pas etve dans son assiette.

Pair. See after Pair*

Parabole (geom.) parabola + parable,
allegory*

Parade = (show) parade, etalage; (review)
parade, revue; (street) promenade, ter-
rasse, avenue, esplanade; (place) place
d'armeSf champ de manoeuvres.

Parade = parade (as above); display,
show; boast; burlesque scene, knock-
about turn (outside booth at fair);
(fencing) parry* (Adj.) De .=court,
official, state.

Paradis^ paradise; (theatre) 'gods/

Paraffin = (oil) petrole (lampant).

Para ffine= solid paraffin; huile de p.
(chem.)= liquid paraffin. See Petrol*

Paragraph = section, paragraphe; signe \
ou -|- (break in a page) alinda; (news-
paper) entrefilet, article; (dictating) new
p.=d la ligne.

Paraphrase paraphrase -f- long-winded
speech, writing : faire une ennuyeuse p.
quand deux mots suffiraient.

Parasite = parasite (table; plants, insects) ;
(sentences) useless words or embellish-
ments; atmospherics (wireless).

Parcel = (part) * partie, portion, parcelle,
fragment : be part and p. of faire partie
integrante de; (bundle) paquet; colis
(postal)/ (contemptibly) tas, bande;
(com.) envoi. Parcels delivery Service
de factage.

Parcelle= particle, piece, scrap, bit : payer
une somme par pp. = pay a sum of
money in small instalments. A quelque
homme que ce soit, donnez une p. dt
puissance, il en abusera (G. Duhamel,
Le Club des Lyonnais) = Dress any man
you like in a little brief authority, and
he '11 abuse it.

Parchemin=*paxchiQ.eiLt-\-(pl.) title-deeds
of nobility*

Pardon

143

Parti

Pardon (v.) = grader (criminal) ; excuser
(mistake) ; pardonner (insult, crime) ;
remettre (sin). P. me = Excusez-moi.
I beg your p. Je vous demande pardon.

Pare (v.) =peler (fruit) ; (se) couper, se faire
(nails) ; ebarber (edges of book) ; eplucher
(vegetables); (fig.) rogner; paver (hoof
of horse) .

Parer pare, trim (hoof); deck, adorn,
dress ; parry, ward off ; protect, shelter ;
avoid, avert ; (riding) stop.

Parent =pere, mere; ancetre; cause, source,
mere; p. tree=souche.

Parent = relation ; (pi.) relations, parents
(lit. a.ndfig.).

Parenthesis = (gram., signs) parenthese
+ (fig.) intermede, intervalle.

Parish = paroisse (subdivision of a
diocese) ; subdivision de comte (adminis-
tree par le bureau de bienfaisance),
commune. To be on the p.=ztre ires
pauvre, &tre a la charge de la commune.

Paroisse = parish (= ecclesiastical divi-
sion); parish church; (parishioners)
parish. Porter habit de deux pp.=*
Run with the hare and hunt with
the hounds.

Par jure (m. and /.)= perjurer; (m.) perjury.

[Park*] Pare park + cattle-pen, sheep-
fold ; pleasure grounds.

Parlour = (sitting-room of lower middle
class) salon ; (convent) parloir.

Parochial = paroissial -f- (fig., of affairs,
rivalry, politics, etc.) de docker.

Parody = parodie -j- faible imitation,
semblant, simulacre : Mrs Logan heaved
the p. of a sigh of resignation (A.
Huxley, Point Counter Point) =*Mme
Logan poussa un simulacre, semblant,
de soupir resign^.

Parole = (promise) parole (esp. -mil.) -{-mot
d'ordre (= password)*

Paroxysm = acces (of fever; laughter;
rage, etc.).

Paroxysme (med.) culminating point
(of a fit), and (fig.) height : le p. de la
douleur, de la colere, de la souffrance,
de la passion.

Parquet = parquet (= flooring) -f (law)
well of the court; public prosecutor's
offices; membres du p. = public pro-
secutor and his representatives; (stock
exchange) ring, omcial market.

Parricide = (person) parricide (see below)
-r-celui qui est coupable de haute trahison;
(crimes) parricide -{-haute trahison.

Parricide = murderer of father, mother,

ascendants; author of an unnatural
crime; (crimes of) parricide, fratricide,
regicide.

Part (n.) = (portion) partie; (of book)
livraison, fascicule ; (share) part ; (share
of duty) devoir, part; (theatre) role; (pi.,
abilities *) moyens, esprit ; (side in dis-
pute) parti : take s.o.'s p., prendre le
parti de qqn ; (place) region ; (of speech)
partie; (of town) quavtiev ; (of a dead
animal at the butcher's) morceau;
(pi., naut.) par ages. Take in good p. =
Prendre en bonne part. Form a p. of
F air e partie de. For my p.Pouy ma
part [quant a moi, pour moi]. I have
done my p.J'ai fait mon devoir. For
the most p. =Pour la plupart. All pp.
of the world = Tous les pays du monde.
In foreign pp. A I'etranger.

Part (v.) =s0 separer (of a crowd) ; (rope)
rompre; partager, separer, faire la raie
(hair); separer (fighters); p. company
with quitter; p. friends =se quitter
bons amis; (give up=p. with) se de faire
de, se dessaisiy de.

Part (n.) = share, part, portion : reclamer
sap. du gdteau= (jig.) take one's share
of profits. Faire la p. de lajeunesse=
Make allowance for youth. Avoir p. a
=Have a hand [an interest] in, be con-
cerned in. Faire p. de qqch a qqn=
Inform s.o. of s.t. A p. soi = Inwardly,
tacitly, secretly. Delap. de votre frere
On the part of, from, your brother.
Lettre (billet) de faire p. = (Birth) card,
(wedding) card, etc. Nullep.= Nowhere.
Quelque p. = Somewhere. Courir de p.
et d'autre = Run here and there. Une
personne a p. An exceptional character
= One in a thousand. A mour dp.,je . . .
= Leaving love out of consideration, I
... Je sais cela de bonne p.=I have
that from a reliable source.

Partir=(i) depart, leave, set out; faire p.
fire, send off, start; (ii) divide (in the
phrase avoir maille a p.=to have a
crow to pluck).

Parti = (group) party, company; (group
interested in the same thing) side,
cause, party; (resolve that each one
makes) choice, course, decision, counsel ;
way* Tirer p. de tout = Get advantages
from everything; match (in marriage).
Se ranger du p. de #w=Take s.o.'s side.
Prenez votre ^>.=Make up your mind=
Make your choice, Prendre p . pour qqn
= Act in s.o.'s favour. Prendre son p .

Partie

144

Passer

de qqch="Be resigned to s.t. Fair* un
mauvais p. a=* Ill-treat.

Partie = (component element of a whole)
part, portion; (book-keeping) entry,
item ; branch, role, etc. ; line, particular
branch; party (pleasure, game), match,
game; (mits., gram.) part; (law) client,
party. Faire p. <fe=Form part of.
Faire la .=Play. Faire une p. de=
Play a game of.

Partial = (unfair) partial; (liking for) qui
a de Vaffection pour, du gout pour, un
faible pour; (not complete) partieL

Partiality = (bias) partialite; (liking) pre-
dilection, tendresse ; (for things) gout.

Partial =* biased, unfair, partial (first sense
above) . Partiel (not complete) partial.

Particular (adj .) = (relating to one) indi-
viduel, determine, precis, pris d part;
(worth notice) special ; (hard to please)
exigeant, scrupuleux, d&icat, difficile; (of
friends) intime, familier; (n.pl.) details,
points, renseignements. To be p. about
the choice of one's friends tre
difficile sur le choix de ses amis.

Particulier (ad j.) = (exclusive) particular,
special; peculiar, extraordinary, charac-
teristic; individual; private (secretary,
etc.). (N.) individual (sometimes con-
temptuously). En p. = (i) In parti-
cular; (ii) separately, apart. Dans 1$
.=In private life. Chacun, en son p.,
se juge supdrieur a autrui (Larousse) =
Every one, in his own mind, thinks
himself superior to his fellows.

Partisan = (political, etc.) partisan -J-
(spear) pertuisane.

Partisan = adherent, partisan (as above)
-j- officer or soldier of irregular troops*

Partition = separation, division, portage;
cloison (between rooms).

Partition^ (mus.) score.

Partner = (games) partenaire -{- (com.)
associe; (fam.) companion, compagne;
(married) conjoint, -e; (dancing) dansenr,
-euse. (Naut.) (pi.) etambrai.

Party = (law, pleasure) partie; (mil.)
detachement, parti, troupe, colonne;
(taking sides) parti; (social gathering)
partie, societe, reunion, reception: a
dinner p. un diner; (body of persons)
troupe, bande; (facet.) individu; in-
terested p.= partie interessee; (accom-
plice) complice de. Be one of our p.
= Eire des ndtres. See Parti and
Partie.

Pas. See after Pace,

Pass (n.) = (examinations) get a p.=*etre
re$u; bring to p.=accomplir, effectuer ;
come to p.*=arriver, avoir lieu; (critical
position) passe, etat, condition, situation,
point; (permission) passeport (lit. and
fig.), laissez-passer, permis (de circula-
tion) ; (for journalists) coupe-file; (for
chief railway engineers) carte de service
(circulation); (theatre, etc.) billet de
fayeur, entrde libre; (railway, etc.) passe,
billet gvatuit; (mil.) feuille de route; per-
mission ecrite; (among mountains) gorge,
defiU, col; passage; (fencing) passe, botte ;
(mesmerism) passe (magnetique) . Pass-
word Consigne, mot de passe; p. -key
passe-partout. Before coming to that
p.=Avant d'en venir la.

Passe = pass (as above); passage, way;
(formerly in games) hoop, arch; (fig.)
etre en "bonne .=be in a good position;
p. de caisse surplus, extra (allowed to
cashier for errors; (print.) main de .=
overplus (quire of paper) ; (bonnet)
front*

Pass (v., trans, and intrans.) = (move on)
passer; (of time) passer, se passer,
s'ecouler; (occur) se passer; (finish)
finir, passer; (get through) passer, faire
passer; (accept) admettre; accepter;
adopter (resolution); voter (bill in
Parliament)/ (of coin) passer, avoir
cours; $tre recu (examination)/ approu-
ver (account, etc.); (outstrip) depasser,
surpasser, passer; (pass on) circuler,
transfer er; (let pass) recevoir (candi-
date) ; (omit) passer, omettre ; prononcer,
rendre (judgment); (med.) evacuer.

Passer = pass along, through, over, by,
etc., go along, etc., come along, etc.;
p. son chemin=go on one's way; cross
(river, etc.), go over; spend, pass (life);
(trans.) take over (river, etc.); se p.^
take place ; se p. de gqch=do without s,t
On lui passa la corde au COM = They put
the rope round his neck. P. une jambe
a qqn=Trip s.o. up, P. au crib!e=To
sieve, (fig.) sift. P. un liquide Filter a
liquid. P. du linge au bleu=Put linen
through the blue. II Us passa au fil de
I'epee'H.Q put them to the sword. P.
en compte un article =* Enter an item on
the account. P. les ecritures = Post
the entries. P. condemnation = Not
to contest a case, admit that one is in
the wrong. Je vous le passe cettefois
I '11 overlook it this time. Passe encore

Passable

145

Pattern

de bdtir, mais, etc. = Yes, build, granted
[I agree], but, etc. On ne passe pas
No admittance ! [No thoroughfare !]
P. un examenSit for an examination.
P. suv qqch=Pa.ss over s.t.=Omit.

Passable = (that can be crossed) fran-
chissable; (road) praticable; (moderate)
tolerable, passable.

Passa&/e= tolerable, middling*

Passage = (generally) passage ( passing,
transit, transition, voyage, crossing,
(right of) way; migration of fish; in
books, etc.) ; vote, adoption (of a law) ;
selle, evacuation (of the faeces); (in
mountains) col, defiU, passe, pas; (in
houses, etc.) corridor, couloir, galerie,
vestibule; (fight) passe, assaut; (inter-
change of confidences, etc., pi.} paroles
echange'es, ce qui se passe (entre eux);
detail (in art); Episode (in literature,
etc.); tenement, fait.

Passage = passage (as above), passing,
crossing, way, transit. Droit de p.=
Right of way* tre de p. dans un lieu
=To be making only a short stay in, to
be passing through, a place. Le p.
[transit] de Venus. Le p. des harengs
= Migration of herrings. Le p. de la
fumee=Qufat for smoke. Un p. d
niveau'Level crossing* Note de p.=
(mus.) Passing note.

Passenger = voyageur; (sea and air)
passager.

Passager = passenger (as above); way-
farer, traveller, person staying for only
a short time in a place : je nefais pas ma
demeure id, je n'y suis que p. (Diet, de
l'Acad.) = I'm not living, I'm only
staying, here. Les hommes ne sont que
pp : sur la terre.

Passion = passion; (of Christ) supplice,
passion; zele, amour, ardeur, passion 4-
explosion, acces : she burst into a p. of
weeping die eclata en larmes; coldre,
emportement*

Passionate = irascible* emporte', colere; (of
love) ardent, passionn6; (of language)
emporte*, animd, vehement.

Passionni = ardent, affectionate; (air,
tone) impassioned.

Paste = (dough for pastry or any soft
mixture) pate; (for sticking) colle, colle
de pdte; (jewellery) stras; p.-bpard=
carton, carte, carte de visite, billet de
chemin de fer.

Pdte = paste, dough; (paper) pulp; (print-
ing) pie ; (fig.) sort (of person) : c'est une

L

bonne p. d'homme'ho, 's a good sort, a
good soul. Pp. alimentaires=: Italian
pastes, as macaroni, vermicelli, etc.

Pastoral ~ (theatre) pastorale + lettre
pastorale, mandement.

Pasty = pdte (of venison, etc.). Patty =
petit pdte.

Pdf^=pasty, pie (in dish; printer's); blot
(of ink) ; block ( of houses ) ; terreplein
(fortif.).

Pdt4e=mash (for fowls, etc.); (fam.} food
(usually coarse) ; (pop.) volley of blows.

Pat (adj . and adv.) = (appositely)) . The
story came p.=Le conte fut debite a
propos. He has the story p.=J7 a
Vhistoire toute prete.

Pat (adj. and n.) = stalemate ijoueur qui est
p. ; eviter le p.

Pate=(colloq.) tete, caboche.

Patent (n.) = brevet, brevet d 'invention;
lettres patentes ; privilege. (Adj .) brevete ;
(plain) patent, clair; p. medicines =
specialties pharmaceutiq-ues ; p. leather,
shoes =cuir, souliers, verni(s).

Patente^ (naut.) bill of health \nette or
brute, clean or foul] ; tax (annual on
certain trades) * (Adj .) patent = obvious,
manifest.

Pathos =le pathetique.

Pathos^ bathos, bombast, rant.

Patience patience + (bot.) dock.

Patient (n.)=malade; (surg.) patient.

Patient = patient man; (surg.) patient;
sufferer; condemned man about to be
executed.

Patriotic = (persons) patriote; (things)
patriotique.

Patron = (Rom. antiq.; protector; saint)
patron; (shop) client} (of living)
nominateur.

Patron, -ne= patron (as above) ; employer,
master (mistress) ; ' boss,* ' governor ' ;
(naut.) captain, skipper; (launch) cox-
swain; model, pattern. P. a jour =
Stencil.

Patronage = patronage; clientele.

Patronage patronage + advowson;
(church) club for young people; head-
quarters of such a club.

Patten =socque.

Pa#rc=patten*-f skate (for ice) ; (carpentry)
bracket, plate, sole, sill, etc.; (techn.)
slide.

Pattern = mode'le (lit. and fig.); (sample)
ichantillon, exemple, specimen; (orna-
ment) dessin, motif; (for cutting out)
patron.

Patron

146

Penetrer

Patron (as above). See also after Patron.

Paunch venire; (pej.) panse, bedaine;
panse (of ruminants) ; (naut.) paillet.

Panse (f am.) paunch; loop (of a letter) ;
bulge (of a retort) ; shoulder (of a horse
collar) ; sound-bow (of a bell).

Pause = pause; intervalle, silence, repos,
cesure+ (mus.) point d'orgue.

Pause = pause -\-(mus.} rest.

Pavement =pavage; dallage; trottoir (side
of road) ; (tiled) carreau; (marble) pave.

Pavement = action of paving; (archaeol.,
ornate) pavement: p. en mosaique =
mosaic paving.

Pa ve= paving-block (stone); street (when
paved) ; pavement.

Pavilion = (tent; building) pavilion.

Pavilion = pavilion (as above); canopy,
tester (of a bed) ; bell (of a trumpet) ;
auricle, pinna (of the ear) ; flag, colours,
standard, ensign.

Pay (v.) = (in money matters) payer;
s'acquitter de, verser (into a bank, etc.) ;
solder (soldier) ; remunerer (for work
done). [Figuratively 'p.' is rendered
very often by rendre and faire.] P.
one's compliments Fai re ses compli-
ments. Rendre hommage. Faire une
visite. Faire attention. Presenter ses
respects. P. him back in his own coin
^Rendez-lui la monnaie de sa piece.
I '11 p. him out=/ le lui jerai pay ev-
il me paiera ca. To p. attention to (a
young lady) Faire la cour a, etc. P.
(a ship)Goudronner. P. one's way=
Joindre les deux bouts. If you flatter
her, it will p. = Si vous laflattez, vous y
trouverez votre compte. It won't p.=L0
jeu ne vaut pas la chandette, vous riy
gagnerez rien, cela ne rapportera rien;
vous en serex pour vos frais.

Payer (v. trans.) = pay; buy; reward,
requite ; give ; punish, etc. P. en mon-
naie de singe^'Let s.o. whistle for his
money. P. qqn de retour Reciprocate
s .o. *s sentiments . P. d'audace = Put on
a bold front; brazen it out. II ne paie
pas de mine='H.e is not good-looking :
he is not much to look at. P. de sa
personne Expose oneself to danger,
risk one's own skin, do one's bit. Eire
payi pour cela To have learnt that to
one's cost. Se p. un petit voyage =
Treat oneself to a trip. P. les violons
=Pay the piper. P. les pots casses=
Pay for damages, pay the piper, stand
the racket.

Payment paiement -f- recompense*

Peace = (of passions) calme; (of mind)
paix; (of body) repos ; (of soul)
tranquillite*; (public) ordre.

Peaceful = (nation) pacifique; (sleep)
paisible.

Peak=(geog.) pic, time, sommet ; (of cap)
vistire; (of saddle) bee; (ship's) coqueron;
(naut.) pic.

Pic. See after Pick.

Pedestal = (statue) piedestal + (techn.)
palier; table de nuit; (fig.) base.

Pedestrian (adj.) = pedestre, a pied -f
banal, cpmmun, prosaique, vulgaire, plat.

Peer=pair+6gal; pareil; compagnon.

Pell-mell (adv.) = ptte-mele = dans une
confusion complete +tte baiss6e [d corps
perdu t aveuglement, timirairement,
furieusement]; (adj.) confus, tumultueux.

Pell-mell (n.) pile-mile + bagarre.

Pellucid = transparent, pellucide -f- (mind)
lucide; (expression) clair.

Pen = plume (for writing); pare (for
cattle); poulailler; cage a poules; mue
(^fattening p.) Fountain p. = Porte-
plume a reservoir stylographe, (fam.)
stylo.

Penne = quill feather; feather (of an
arrow); (caulker's) brush, mop; ex-
tremity of lateen-yard.

Penalty = peine, punition; amende
(=fine); (sports) handicap, penalite;
desavantage, rancon ; dedit (for breaking
of contract) .

Pinaliti = penal law; (neol., sports)
penalty.

Pendant ornement suspendu, pendentif;
pendant (d'oreilles) ; pendeloque (ear-
rings; crystal of chandelier) ; (watch-
charm) breloque ; (naut.) = pennant \pan-
toire (=rope); (flag) flamme, guidon
(= broad pennant); (match, com-
panion) pendant, complement. (Archit.)
cul-de-lampe.

Pendant^irog (of sword-belt) ; ear-ring;
fellow, match. Ce tableau est le p.
[companion, fellow] de I'autre.

Pendent [Pendant] (adj.) = pendant,
suspendu; surplombant; en suspens;
(gram.) incomplet, qui reste en I'air.

Pendant (adj.) = pendent, pending,
hanging, dangling; overhanging;
threatening ; (legal) fruits pendants par
branches et par ratines =uu.cut crops.

Pendule = (m.) pendulum; (/.) portable
clock.

Pinitrer = penetrate + parley d'un ton

Penitentiary

147

Persomalite

in a voice full of
conviction, very positively.

Penitentiary (n.) = (eccles.) penitencerie :
(priest) penitencier ; hospice dt prosti-
tutes ; (reformatory prison) penitencier.

Pension = (income) pension, annuity;
board; board and lodging; school fee
(board and instruction); boarding-
school (pensionnat) ; boarding-house.
En p. (of a horse) = At livery.

Pensionary = (state) pensionnaire ; pen-
sionne; creature t homme a la solde
d'un grand; Grand P. Grand Pen-
sionnaire (of Holland).

Pensioner = pensionne, retraite ; invalide ;
State p. = pensionnaire de l'tat.

Pensionnaire = pensionary, pensioner (as
above) -|- boarder (school or boarding-
house). (Facet.) Eire p. du roz=To be
in prison.

Pensive =pensif+ melancolique.

People = peuple, nation; (indef.) gens,
monde; (towns, districts, etc.) habitants,
population.

Peuple= nation, people; the masses; le
petit p.= lower classes; crowd, throng*

Percer = pierce + p. se$ dents = cut one's
teeth; (intrans.) ses dents percent~1n.Q 's
cutting his teeth ; be apparent : paroles
ou perce la malveillance (Larousse) =
words in which ill will is apparent, can
be detected; le merite indigent perce
difficilement (Larousse) = worth without
money does not make its way easily; la
virile perce tdt ou tard (Diet, de I'Acad.)
=the truth is bound to come out sooner
or later; le secret ne tar da pas a p. (Diet,
de I'Acad.) =the secret was soon out; ce
jeune homme commence a p. (Diet, de
l'Acad.)=iis young man is beginning
to come to the fore.

Perceive = (generally with the eye) aper-
cevoir, voir ; (apprehend through one of
the senses, philos.) percevoir.

Percevoir = catch (sounds, etc.), perceive
(as above) ; collect, levy, receive (taxes),
charge*
Similarly Perception* Perception.

Perch =s (horizontal bar; a fish; measure)
perche; (bird's) perchoir; (carriage)
fleche; (fig.) eminence t haute position:
(slang) knock a person off his p. =
deboulonner qqn.

Perche perch (as above). Tendre la p.
A qqn=*Go to s.o.'s assistance, hold out
a helping hand to s.o. C'est une grande
. = (S)he is a lanky individual.

Percussion = percussion. P. cap=

Capsule fulminante.
Perdition = (damnation) perdition + (of a

ship) en p.=iu danger of total wreck.
Peremptory = (person) autoritaire, absolu;

(tone, etc.) decisif, peremptoire.
Peremptoire= peremptory, unanswerable :

raisons, reponse, ton, p.
Perfect = (complete, carry through)

parfaire; (improve, make perfect)

perfectionner, ameliorer* Se perfec-

tionner (abs.)=Make progress.
Perforate = perforer -f percer, transpercer ;

penetrer dans.
Performance = accomplissement, action,

exploit; (mus.) execution; (theatre)

representation t action de jouer; (work)

travail (dcrit}> ouvrage; <&ume t com-
position; (horse-racing) performance.
Performance = performance (horse-racing

and other sports).
Period = (astron., chxonoL, med., gram.)

periods (f.) ; (indef.) periods, (m,) ; (era)

epoque t siecle; (school) lecon, cours;

(planet's revolution) temps, duree, espace

de temps; (punctuation) point; (end)

terme, fin; (pi.) menstrues.
Pfriode (f.) = (geol. t astron., hist.) period;

(phrase, prose, mus.) period; (med.)

phase*
Periode (m.) = (division) period; pitch*

point, acme.
Peripatetic = (philos.) peripateticien -f

(facet.) ambulant.
Permit =permettre+ (admit of) admettre,

comporter (alteration, etc.).
Permit (n.) = permis (railway; hunting;

residence) + (customs) passavant;

laissez-passer ; congd.
Perpetuate = perpetuer -j- preserver de

I'oubli (name, etc.).
Perpetuity = perpetuitt -f annuite per-

petuelle. Travaux forces & perpetuiU

Penal servitude for life.
Persecute =. persecuter + harceler, tour-

menter, assommer (with questions, etc.).
Personal personnel, particulier, indivi-

duel. To be too p. = Faire des person-

nalite's. P. estate Biens mobiliers.
Personnel = personal 4- selfish : cet

homme est tres p.; il est d'un caract&re

tres p. (Diet, de I'Acad.).
Personality =personnalite. Personalty =

biens mobiliers.
Personnalite = personality + egoism,

selfishness: cet homme est d'une p.

insupportable (Diet, de I'Acad.).

Personne

148

POe

Personne (n.) person, individual + (as
neg.) no one.

Persuasion = (persuading, persuasive-
ness) persuasion; (belief) conviction,
croyance religieuse; secte, religion;
(facet.) race, sorte, espece.

Perturb = (rare) perturber; mettre (things)
sens dessus dessous, bouleverser; (ment-
ally) agiter, troubler.

Perverse = entetd (dans I'erreiir); (un-
reasonable) contrariant, capricteux;
(wayward, peevish) revfche, acaridtre,
hargneux; (perverted, wicked) pervers,
perverti, criminal; (judgment, verdict)
vicieux, inigue; (things) contrariant,
dtfavorable.

P~ervers= wicked, evil, criminal, perverse.

Pervert =pervertir; detourner de son but,
faire devier; devoyer, detourner de ses
croyances religieuses.

Pester = tourmenter t assommer, impor-
tuner, harceler.

Pester cowtre=Tail, rave, storm, at.

Pestilent = (deadly) mortel, funeste ; (fam.)
assommant, embStant, qui donne sur Us
nerfs.

Pestilent = contagious, infectious, plague-
carrying, pestilential [=pestilentiel\ ;
(fig.) corrupting.

Petition p&tition; (law) requite; file one's
p.*=dposer son bilan.

JPefto;2= petition; fairs une p. de principe
=beg the question.

Petrifier= petrify; (incorrectly) encrust: il
est des eaux de source qui petrifient en
quelques heures les objets qu'on y plonge
(Larousse) .

Petrol = essence (d'auto). Petrole petro-
leum, mineral oil; p. (lamp ant) =
paraffin.

Petulance = caractdre (kumeur) hargneux
(-se) ; irritability ; susceptibility ; aigreur.
Petulant = qui prend la mouche
facilement.

Petolance vehemence, impetuosity \je me
suis Aechaini contre lui. Je Vai charge
d' injures, et laiss& dans la rue t etourdi de
map. (Lesage, quoted by Lafaye).

Phrase = locution, expression; (way of
expressing) style, langage; (mus.) phrase.
A set p. =* Cliche.

Phrase = sentence ; empty talk, twaddle ;
sans p. without beating about the
bush: dire sans p. son fait a ^w=tell
s.o. exactly what one thinks of him;
(mus.) phrase.

Physic =m^deci ne (art, profession); (con-

coction) medicament, potion; (pi..
science) la physique.

Physique (f.) = physics, natural philo-
sophy; text-book on physics.

Physique (m.) = constitution, build,
physique.

Physician = medecin.

Physicien= physicist; student of physics.

Physicist ^physicien + materialiste.

Physiognomy = (art of judging character
from face) physiognomonie ; (type ef
face) physionomie.

Pick=(tool) pioche, pic; toothpick = cure-
dent; (fig.) choiXf elite: the p. of the
basket =/e dessus du panier.

Pic = pickaxe (=pioche); (mountain)
peak; woodpecker; (game of piquet)
pique; dp. perpendicular (ly) ; vaisseau
qui coula a p.= vessel that sank like a
stone; arriver, tomber, a p. = arrive,
happen, just at the right time, oppor-
tunely.

Pie = (bird) pie+ (cookery) pate, tourte (of
fruit or meat); (print.) $&ti, pdte. Eat
humble p. Filer doux.

Piece. The main distinction is that
whereas 'p.' may be used of a broken
bit or fragment, piece is rarely so used,
the words morceau, fragment, etc.,
usually being required. 'To give s.o.
a p. of one's mind ' =Dire d qqn son fait;
a p. of impudence une impertinence;
a fine p. of cricket =une belle demonstra-
tion dujeude cricket; rouleau (of paper
for decoration); (mus., litt.) morceau;
(paint.) tableau; (gun) fusil; break,
dash, tear [in, to] pp. mettre en pieces,
dechirer en morceaux.

Pitee. [The following are some expres-
sions where piece would not be used
in English.] Une p. de bceuf= Joint of
beef. Une p. de ble Field of corn.
Pp. d'un proces Documents (papers)
in a law case. Pp. a conviction =
Objects produced in evidence = material
evidence. Oranges a trois sous p.=
Three sous each. Donner la p. a qqn
~ Give s . o . a tip. Pp . de rechange Spare
parts. Maison de douze pp.= Twelve-
roomed house. Une p. de w'w=Cask
of wine.

Pile = (stake) pieu ; pilot (in building) ;
pilotis (collection of pp.) ; (of cloth)
poil; (pi., disease) htmorroides ; (heap)
tas, monceau, amas, pile (of things put
regularly or irregularly) ; (of arms)
faisceau; (of wood) bucher; funeral p. =

Pile

149

Plain

bucher fundbre; (building) construction,
grand bailment, edifice; (church)
basiliqae.

Pile = pile, heap as above); pier (of
bridge) ; (fishing) snood ; (techn.) vat
(in paper-making ; in fulling) ; (of coin)
reverse, tail : jouer a p. ou f ace = toss ',
battery (electric). (Fam.) Donner line
p. d qqn=Give s.o. a good trouncing.

Pimpernel = anagallis ; mouron .

Pimprenelle = burnet.

Pin epingle; (peg of wood) cheville; (of
a wheel) clavette; (of a pulley) essieu;
(rolling) rouleau a patisserie ; (pL, slang,
' legs ') quilles, gigues, guibolles. Hear
a p. drop *= Entendre voler une niouche.
Pp. and needles = (fam.) Fourmis.

.Pzn= pine, fir.

Pinch (v.) = (nip) pincer ; (of cold) pincer ;
(of shoes) etre ttroit, blesser : that 's
where the shoe pinches = c'est la que le
bat le blesse; extorquer (money from
s.o.); (be niggardly, etc.) se priver du
necessaire, se g$ner f se serrer le venire;
tre mesquin (avare); (stint s.o.) priver,
refuser a; (slang, steal) chiper; (slang,
arrest) pincer.

Pincer = pinch, bite, nip (see above);
squeeze; (naut.) p. le vent hug the
wind; play on (a harp, guitar, etc.).
Un air pinc6=Stiff f affected, air. Un
pince-sans-rire=One who jokes with a
serious face, dry joker. P. [Tighten]
Us levres.

Pinion = (of wing) aileron; (poet.) aile;
(wheel) pignon.

Pignon gable-end : avoir p. sur rw0=have
a house of one's own; (wheel) pinion,
cog-wheel.

Pinnacle =pinacle; (mountain) pic, cime.

Pinacle pinnacle. Mettre qqn sur le p. =
Laud s.o. to the skies.

Pipe = (tube) tuyau, conduit ; pipe ; (mus.)
pipeau f flute, chalumeau, flageolet; chant
d'oiseau; tuyau (of organ); (smoking)
pipe; (of syringe) canule; (of key)
canon; (of wine) pipe; (boatswain's)
sifflet; (of the voice; voice) gosier,
organe; voix. Put that in your, p
and smoke it=Mettez cela dans votre
sac [dans votre poche et votre mouchoir
de$sus~\.

Pique*=pique (= quarrel or fit of ill-
feeling between two or more persons)
-\-rancune, ressentiment, depit: in a fit
of p. par depit.

Pique = (weapon) pike; (cards) spade;

slight quarrel, tiff, bickering : il y a de
la p. entre eux1.ey 've had a tiff.

Piscine = piscina (eccles., Rom. antiq.) +
swimming-bath.

Piston = piston + spring-stud; hammer (of
ancient gun) ; sucker (of a pump) ;
(mus.) valve (of instrument) : cornet a
pp.= cornet; (fam.) backing, influence:
le p. fait trop souvent plus pour Vavance-
ment, que le merite personnel (Larousse)
= influence too often does more to get
people on than personal worth.

Piteux= piteous -f (often used with a touch
of scorn or mockery) sorry, woeful :
faire piteuse mine look, very woeful,
look rather sour; faire piteuse chere=s
to make a sorry meal; un p. discours
==a paltry speech; un p. 6leve=z, poor,
sorry, pupil.

Pittance = (hist.) ration suppUmentaire
(owing to bequests to charity); maigre
part, portion congrue : (fig.) petite dose.

Pitance= portion, allowance (in convent,
etc.) ; meal, 'daily bread' : la pomme de
terre est la p. du pauvre (Cruveilhier,
quoted by Larousse) = the potato is the
poor man's daily bread; relish (of fish
or flesh, opp. to bread).

Placard (poster) affiche, placard.

Placard = placard, poster, bill; (print.)
slip-proof ; panel (of door) ; cupboard
(in wall).

Place (n.)endroit (was killed at this p.;
people of the p. ; p. on the wall; finest p.
in the neighbourhood; this is the p.
where we must build); place (p. in the
sun; give p. to s.o.; occupy a large p.;
put it in its p. ; put oneself in s.o.'s p. ;
put s.o. in his p.); lieu (holy p.; p. of
safety ; unity of p. ; take p. ; avoir lieu de
=have reason to); emplacement=site.
Also = (of residence) maison, hdtel, etc.

Place place (as above); square; p. de
voitur 55= cab-stand (hence voiture de
p.= hackney-carriage); seat: louer des
pp. au thdtre=boo'k seats at the
theatre; voiture d deuxpp.=two-sea,t&i',
fortress, fortified town ; market, etc.

Plain clair, evident; simple, intelligible;
simple, sans ornament; (cuisine) bour-
geoise, au naturel; (living) ordinaire,
sans luxe; (straightforward) franc, sin-
cere; (manners, dress, etc.) simple, sans
affectation^ sans recherche; (not hand-
some) sans beauts', laid, qui ne paie pas
de mine; pur (truth); (nothing but)
pur, absolu [(adv.) (speak) plain =

Plain

150

Plaisant

franchement, dairement] ; (smooth, flat)
uni, egal, plat.

Plain. Obsolete, except in a few phrases.
De p.-pied=On a level: (fig.) un-
hindered, smoothly, P. -chant = Plain-
song.

Plaint = (law) accusation, plainte ; (poet.)
lamentation.

Plainte complaint, murmur, groan;
grievance; (law) plaint.

Plan= (drawing) plan; (way of proceed-
ing) procede, mtthode: the better p. is
to peel them after boiiing te meilleure
metkode est de les peler apres les avoir
fait cuire; (project) projet: I have no
pp. for to-morrow je n'ai pas de projets
pour demain.

Plan draught, map, plan; (fig.) plan,
outline (of litt. work); (geom.) plane,
Laisser qqn en p. = Leave s.o. in the
lurch; laisser qqch en p.= unfinished.
Au premier p. (picture) in the fore-
ground.

Plane = (level surface) plan; (tool) robot.
P. tree=*Platane, (pop.) plane.

P/orte=(tool) drawing-knife, spoke-shave;
(bot.) Norway maple, (pop.) plane.

Planetary = (scient.) planetaire -f terrestre,
du monde; errant, vagabond.

Plank =planche; ais; (heavy p.) madrier;
(item in political programme) article.

Planche = plank, board; p. A dessin =
drawing-board; p. a couper le pain
bread-board; (fig.) p. de salut sheet-
anchor; c'est sa dernier e p.=it is his
last hope; s'appuyer sur une p. pourrie
lean on. a broken reed; faire la p.
float, swim on one's back; pp. [shelves]
d'une armoire ; (theatre) boards ; bruler
les pp. = act with fire, ardour; (en-
graver's) plate; engraving; (hort.) bed;
(car) p. de bord= dashboard; (fam.)
avoir du pain sur la p. (i) have a
nest-egg; (ii) have a lot of work waiting
to be done.

Plant =plante ; vegttal ; (com.) installation
materiel et outillage; (trick) coup montd,
machination; (pose) pose, facon de se
camper; (slang) detective.

Plant plantation, grove; sapling.

Plante= plant; sole (of foot).

Plantain = plantain (plantago) -f
bananier, banane.

Plantigrade ^plantigrade-^- (person) qui a
les pieds plats.

Plaster = (mason's) pldtre; (med.)
empldtre, (poultice) cataplasme; mus-

tard p.=sinapisme; court p. taffetas
d'Angleterre.

Pldtre plaster (as above); white face-
paint (esp. of clown).

Plastron = breastplate (of armour);
plastron (fencing; tortoise) + p. de
chemise shirt - front; (techn.) drill-
plate; (fig.) butt

Plate = (to eat from) assiette; (gold, silver)
vaisselle plate; (electro-) ruolz; (en-
graving) planche f gravure; (iron) plaque,
lame t tole; (lock) platine; (for church
collection) plat, bassin ; (photo.) plaque;
(with negative) client; (railway) rails;
(glass) glace. Plateful = Assiettee.
Book-p. = Ex-libris.

Plat = dish; (weighing) scale; the flat
(part) ; (oar) blade; sheet (of glass).

P/ate=flat-bottomed boat.

Plateau = plateau H- tray, waiter, salver ;
(cookery) oven-shelf; scale, pan (of
balance) ; floor (of stage) ; rammer.

Platform = (raised level surface of bus,
etc.) plate-forme ; (railway) qnai; (fortif .)
terre-plein; (archit. and mil.) plate-
forme; (public hall) estrade, tribune;
(bridge) tablier; (fig., politics) plate-
forme, (depreciatory) tremplin (Electoral) .

Plate-forme platform (as above) ; foot-
plate (locomotive).

Platitude = platitude, twaddle; flatness
(of wine, etc.); commonplace -(-mean-
ness, baseness, mean actions.

Platoon = (infantry) section.

Peloton little ball (of wool, etc.) ; (in-
fantry) half-company; (cavalry) troop;
group (of people) : amis groupes par pp.;
cluster (of caterpillars, bees); p. de
punition= punishment squad; (racing)
main group, main body: prendre la
tete du p. =lead the field.

Plausible = (statements, arguments, etc.)
plausible; (of persons) enjdleur, ama-
doueur, aux belles paroles, aux manieres
de bon apdtre.

Plausible = plausible (applied to state-
ments, not to persons).

Plead = plaider (lit. and fig.) [generally
a legal term in both languages] +
alleguer comme excuse.

Plaider = plead + go to law : */ s'est ruine a
j&.=he ruined himself by going to law;
il y a dix ans qu'ils plaident I'un centre
I'autre (Diet, de l'Acad.)=ib.ey 've been
at law now for ten years.

Pleasant = agreable t charmant.

Plaisant may = pleasant, but, according

Plenipotentiary

151

Pocket

to the Diet, de I' A cad., 'il est peu usite
en ce sens et s'emploie surtout dans des
phrases negatives : il n'est guere p.
a avoir affaire a ces gens-Id, ' (=it 's not
very pleasant to have to deal with
people of that sort). Certain modern
writers, however, use the word in this
sense, even in affirmative sentences : il
est p. pour I'komme d' entendre qu'ilpeut,
pay un effort de volonte, prolonger sa vie
(Andre Maurois, Magiciens et Logicians) .
Les diners de Chabot sont en general
pp., meme pour un homme qui,
comme moi, joue de bon cceuv les ermites :
peu de monde, et de la meilleitre qualite,
quelques vieux amis, qui ne se voient plus
assez pour etre rassassies les uns des
autres, deux ou trois 'nouveaux* jamais
davantage, et choisis la main haute (G.
Duhamel, Le Notaire du Havre). Mon
esprit s'emerveillait, ignorant le tyaite-
ment que les confiseurs font subir a un
pied d'angelique pour le rendre p. au
palais (A. France, Le Petit Pierre) ;
funny , laughable, facetious, droll : je ne
trouve rien de p. dans votre histoire
(Diet, de I'Acad.). Au XVII* siecle,
I'emploi p. (the facetious use) du nous
' de majeste ' est frequent dans la langue
familiere. Un valet de Moliere repond
d son maitre : Oui, nous le flechirons . . .
Ah ! mon Dieu, nous verrons (Bruneau
and Heulluy, Grammaire pratique de la
langue franfaise) ; ridiculous, absurd,
impertinent (p. always precedes the
noun in this sense) : ah ! la plaisante
chose que la theorie de Vh&redite ! C'est
comme les nuages de Polonius : on peut
y voir tout ce qu'on veut (E. Jaloux, La
Fin d'un beau jour) .

Plenipotentiary = (persons) pUnipoten-
tiaire+(of power) absoltt.

Pliant pliant + folding, collapsible
(seat, etc.).

Plumb = plomb -\- ligne de sonde, fil d
plomb.

Plomb (metal) lead; plummet. Sommeil
de p. Heavy sleep.

Plume = (feather) plume; in borrowed pp.
pari des plumes du paon ; (bunch of
feathers) plumet f panache; (horsehair of
helmet) criniere.

Plume plume (as above); feather, quill;
pen* Arracher d qqn une p. de Vaile^
deprive s.o. of an advantage. II y a
laiss& des ^>.=He did not get away
unscathed, get off scot-free. Passer la

p. par le bee d qqn= Frustrate s.o.'s
hopes. Jeter lap. au vent^Trast to luck,
toss up for it. A lun de p . =Alum feather.

Plume (v.) orner de plumes; (reflex.) (of
bird) se lisser les plumes ; p. oneself on
=$ targuer de, se piquer de, s'enor-
gueittir de.

P/tzmer=pluck (birds); (fig.) fleece s.o.;
(intrans.) feather (rowing).

Plummet Aplomb de sonde, sonde.

Plumet = plume (= bunch of feathers);
(naut.) pp. de pilote= dog-vane; (pop.)
avoir son jb.=be slightly tipsy.

Plunge = (into water, liquids, and fig.
into the future, into dissipation, etc.)
plonger; (into mud) enf oncer; (into a
room) se precipiter, s'elancer, entrer
impe'tuensement; (of a ship) tanguer t
plonger dans la lame ; (of a horse) faire
le saut de mouton. (Fig.) Take the p. =
S'y elancer; (slang, gamble heavily)
jotter gros jeu, s'endetter.

Plonger plunge, dive, immerse; (fig.) le
regard plonge sur la mer=the eye looks
down into the sea; dip (materials in dye,
etc.); bury, plunge (sword); plongi
[buried] dans un profond sommeil.

Ply (v.)=manzer (tool, weapon); exercer
(trade); assaillir, harceler, presser, qqn
de (=with questions, etc.) ; presser qqn
de prendre f offrir d qqn avec insistance
(food, drink, presents, etc.); s'appliqner
a, travailler d'arrache-pied d, se livrer
activement d (one's affairs, task, etc.);
flier (the bottle); (of steamers) faire la
navette t faire le service, entre . . . et
* * *, desservir; (naut.) louvoyer, bouliner.

PUeriold; pack up; p. bagage=depaj',
fold up, shut up (fan, screen, etc.) ;
bend, bow ; strike (tent) ; (fig.) make to
yield, subdue, bring under; (intrans.)
bend; (of soldiers) give ground; (fig.)
submit, yield.

Poach pocher (eggs); (trample turf, etc.)
pietiner, fouler aux pieds; (of land)
devenir bourbeux ; (take game illegally)
braconner; chiper (one's partner's ball
at tennis).

Pocher = poach (egg); dash off (sketch).
Jzcriture pochee Blobbed handwriting.
(Fam.) CEil poch6= Black eye.

Pochard = (bird) milouin. (Pop.) Pochard
drunkard.

Pocket =poche, pochette; (billiards) blouse;
(fob) gousset; (fig.) bourse. To be out
of p.=tre en perte, y perdre, y etre de
sa poche.

Poche

152

Port

Poche= pocket, bag, pouch; ladle, (Fam.)
Mettez fa dans votre p. (et votre mou choir
dessus) = Put that in your pipe and
smoke it.

Poignant = piquant (to taste, smell);
agreablement piquant (to mind) ; violent
(hunger) ; poignant, cuisant (regret) ;
amer (sarcasm), etc.

Point (n.) = sharp end of land, of tool)
pointe; (far-off speck, spot, dot; place;
games, machinery, sciences) point;
(railway) aiguille; (engraver's tool)
poincon; (of wit) pointe, piquant;
(printing) pointure; (of death) article;
(aim) but, pointe; (of compass) air* de
vent, quart; (of horse) caracteristique ; (of
time) moment, instant, point; (extent)
point; (fig.) trait, detail, question essen-
tielle, affaire; sujet (of controversy).
In p. of fact=w fait, vrai dire.
That *s not his strong p.Ce n'est pas
son fort. Come to the p. Venez au
fait. The lowest p. pf=L0 dernier
degre* de. In p. of antiquity = Sous le
rapport de I'antiquite. Its chief p . = Son
trait distinctif. Not to put too fine a
p. upon it Pour parley sans phrase,
pour ne pas y alter par quatre chemins.
To make a p. of doing s.t.Ne pas
manquer de fairs qqch, se faire un devoir
defaire qqch. When it came to the p.,
he declined =(0w^ on vint, quand ce
fut) au fait et au prendre, il refusa. I
don't see the p.=Je ne vois pas ou vous
voulez en venir. Give p. to== Faire
valoir, mettre en valeur. There is no
p. in it^Cette plaisanterie ria pas de
sel or on n'y gagnera rien.
(V.) = (sharpen) aiguiser, affiler, rendre
pointu, donner une pointe a ; empointer ;
taitter en pointe, tailler (pencil, etc.) ;
(put stops) ponctuer; aiguiser, donner
une pointe [du piquant] a (words,
actions) ; gobeter, jointoyer (brickwork) ;
fourcher (field), remuer legerement; p.
out=montrer du doigt, indiquer ; (of a
dog) arreter; braquer, pointer (gun,
telescope, etc.); diriger (s.o.), tourner
I* attention de qqn vers; (aim at) viser;
(print., nav.) pointer; (naut.) faire une
queue-de-rat a (rope) ; mettre des garcettes
de ris a (sail).

Pointe = point (see above); top (spire,
pyramid, etc.); wire nail, sprig; (dia-
mond) cutter ; stab, shoot (of pain) ;
break (of day); flash, point, sally,
sting, touch, flavour (of wit, malice,

etc.) ; sudden spring or flight (of horse,
bird). Sur la p. des pieds = Qn tiptoe.
Avoir line p. de vin=To be a little bit
merry.

Point = (sewing; pain) stitch; (lace) point;
(of strap) hole; act, nick, moment;
(print.) full point, full stop, dot, note ;
deux pp. = colon; (school) mark; (sail)
clew; condition, state, pass; subject,
matter, head; (naut.) bearings.

Pointer mark, tick off, check; (print.)
register ; point, aim, direct (gun, etc.) ;
prick up (ears) ; stab, pierce (with
sword) ; point (needles) ; (of a plant)
sprout; (of a bird) soar*

Point-blank (adj., adv.). Fire p. = Tirer
(faire feu) d bout portant [de but en
blanc]; p. question ^question posee d
brule-pourpoint. (Fig.) I told him p.
it would not do=Je lui ai dit nettement
que cela n'irait pas. He refused it p. =
// le refusa catdgoriquement.

Pole = pole + perche (staff) ; mdt : under
bare pp. = d sec de toile; baton; echalas
(hops or vine) ; (carriage) timon ;
(telegraph) poteau.

Police = (organization and administra-
tion) police; (Scotland Yaxd) sureti;
(mounted and county) gendarmerie;
policeman = agent de police, sergent de
ville; (rural policeman) gendarme, garde
champtre= village constable; p. court
^tribunal de simple police. Taken to
the p. station = Conduit au poste. P.
trap = Souriciere.

Police = (i) (as above); (ii) (insurance)
policy ; (typ.) bill of a fount.

Polish = polir, cirer, vernir + raffiner,
degrossir; p. off=finish off quickly =
enlever, terminer rapidement; avoir vite
raison de (opponent)/ (pop.) siffler (glass
of beer) en moins de rien.

Polished =poli, verni, cire, etc. (as verb) ;
luisant; (persons) poli, elegant, cultive,
de bon ton ; (of manners) poli, distingut ;
(style) poli.

PoHte=poli; p. letters =belles-lettres.

Pompous = pompeux -f- (of persons)
suffisant, plein de son importance, vani-
teuXf qui a une haute opinion de soi.

Pontonnier = (soldier) pontoneer (-ier) +
toll-collector (bridge, ferry).

Port port (seaport, seaport town) ;
(gateway) porte; (ship) hublot (= port-
hole), sabord; (bearing) port, maintien,
train ; (naut.) bdbord; (wine) porto.

Port port (as above) ; carrying, wearing ;

Portage

153

Postilion

postage, carriage; p. de voix= glide,
portamento; bearing, port, presence;
gait, walk.

Portage portage; frais de portage, prix
de transport.

Porter = (railway, inside) facteur (paid by
railway company), porteur (of hand
luggage, paid by passenger) ; (outside)
commissionaire; (hall) concierge, portier ;
portefaix (in general sense); crocheteur
[= street p. who carries on hooks];
(R.C. Church) suisse.

Por teur = porter (as above), carrier; cheval
^>.=near horse (mounted by postilion) ;
bearer (of a bill payable) ; holder (of
security) ; bearer (of news).

Portion portion (share) ; (marriage) dot;
(fig.) destin, sort. (V.) = portionner -f
(marriage) doter*

Portion portion, share. P. congrue =
Bare living, mere pittance. P. virile
= Lawful share (of succession).

Portique = portico; porch; (gymnas.)
cross-beam.

Portmanteau =valise+ mot factice as slithy
(= lithe and slimy).

Portemanteau hat-peg, hat-stand; (naut.)
davit.

Poser pose; put, put down, place; fix,
put up (curtains, etc.) ; (of bird) alight
(reflex.) ; (arith.) put down; lay (carpet) ;
personne posee (= staid) ; lay down (s.t.
as a principle) ; lay down (arms) .

Position position-}- (logic) action de poser
(qqch en principe), assertion; principe,
doctrine, these.

Positive = positif ; (not relative) absolu;
(of persons, cocksure, etc.) convaincu,
certain, stir, affirmatif, dogmatique, in-
transigeantf ent6t&, tranchant; positif,
formel, reel, absolu, expres (terms, words,
order, etc.) ; (gram., elect., photo., alg.,
philos.) positif; (fam. t of extraordinary
happenings, etc.) c'est une vraie cata-
strophe [ni plus ni moins qu'une cata-
strophe] : c'est un assassinat, ni plus
ni moins.

Positif = (things) certain, well founded ;
practical, matter-of-fact (person) ; (opp.
to negative) positive (see above); (gram.,
opposed to comparative) positive.

Possess posseder (property, etc., secret) ;
avoir (value, etc., for s.o.) ; possess one-
self (one's mind, etc.) in patience=
maitriser, rdprimer, contenir, son impa-
tience; possessed of devil, etc. =possedt
d'un demon ; possessed by (with) idea,

etc.obsede 1 (par une idee). What
possesses you to think of such a thing?
= Qu'est-ce qui vous prend [a pvis~\ de
penser a une telle chose? To p. oneself
of^S'emparer de, se saisir de, s'appro-
prter, se rendre maitre de. To be pos-
sessed of = Eire muni [pourvu, nanti] de,
etre doud de ; avoir en sa possession.

Possederto have in one's possession, to
have in one's power ; possess (as above) ,
own, have, hold, etc.; know (carnally) ;
be master of, conversant with (lan-
guage) ; have (s.o.) to oneself. Se p.
To have self-control, have oneself in
hand, be master of one's passions, have
command over oneself : c'est un orateur
qui se possede et ne se trouble pas (Diet,
de I' A cad.) he 's a speaker who always
has himself in hand and does not get
flustered.

Possibility ^possibility -f chose possible.

Possible = possible + (person) raisonnable,
intelligent, traitable; p. score nombre
de points maximum.

Possibly = (rare) possiblement+peut-etre.

Post (n.) = (i) poteau (upright stake of
wood); (of door) montant, dormant,
jambage; pieu (pointed for fencing);
(boundary) borne = milestone; (bed-
stead) colonne; (support) pUier; (king-
post) poinc,on; (ii) (relay system, for-
merly used in travelling, etc.) posU
(f.); (modern system of letters, etc.)
poste (f.), courrier [malle-poste=mail-
coach] ; distribution (= letters delivered).
P. -free = Franc deport; (iii).(mil.) poste
(m.) ; (employment) poste (m.), emploi,
charge; position, fort; sonnerie de
clairon; last p.=/<z retraite

Poste (f.) = (see Post (ii) above) ; post office*

Poste (m.) = (see Post (iii) above) ; station :
p. d'incendie=:fiTe station, hydrant; p.
de police = police station; p. de secours
dressing-station; wireless set: p. & 3
lampes*=$-valve set.

Post (v.) = (i) (advertise) afficker, placarder t
exposer; (ii) (p. letter) mettre a la poste
(boite) ; courir la poste; (iii) poster, placer,
stationner; (iv) (book-keeping) reporter
sur grand livre; mettre au courant.

Poster station, post.

Postern=(fortif.) poterne+porte de derrie're;
petite porte (beside a large one, in mon-
astery, castle, etc.).

Postilion = postilion + messenger (of a
kite) ; (pi., fam.) sputtering, spluttering
(in speech).

Potato

154

Pregnant

Potato pomme de terre; (sweet, Spanish)
patate.

Pouch = poche; (soldier's) cartouchiere ;
(birds; marsupials) poche; (plants)
sac; (sportsman) gibeciere, carnassi&re ;
(tobacco) blague; (monkey) abajoue.

Poche. See after Pocket*

Pounce = serre, griff e (of bird of prey);
(powder used instead of blotting-paper)
poudre de sandaraque; (powder for
transfers) ponce.

Ponce = (min.) pumice ; pounce (as above) ;
marking-ink*

Practical = (shown in practice) pratique;
en rdalite (malgre les apparences) : he
has p. controllers* lui qui commands
en realite; (of person) pratique; p. joke
=*une mauvaise plaisanterie, mauvaise
farce.

Pratique (adj.) = (opp. to theoretical,
speculative) practical, experienced.
(N.)= practice, act. habit; customer;
experience; dealing; exercise, obser-
vance, practice of the law; intercourse,
society ; custom (of a shopkeeper) ;
squeaker (of puppet-showman) : Poli-
chinelle parle toujours avec une p.
(Larousse); pratique (= licence after
quarantine).

Practically =pratiquement [=(i) in prac-
tice : le pays se divisa en territoires
gouvernes chacun par un due, un comte,
un seigneur, pratiquement independant
qui se conduisait en souverain (C.
Seignobos, Histoire sincere de la nation
francaise) = . . . who was, in practice,
independent . . . ; (ii) in a practical way]
-\-virtuellement, presque.

Practice = pratique, exercice, habitude,
usage; (of a doctor, etc.) clientele;
(arith.) methode des parties aliquotes ;
exercice (of a profession); (mil.) exercice,
tir. P. makes perfect =En forgeant on
devient Jorgeron.

Practise = (do) pratiquer, mettre en
pratique ,f air e ; exercer (profession, etc.) ;
etudier, s'exercer d (piano, running,
etc.); (practise upon) abuser de, ex-
ploiter. P. what you preach = Prechez
d'exemple.

Pratiquer = practise (maxims, virtues,
etc.); make, cut (hole, door in wall,
etc.) ; frequent, have intercourse with,
deal with; s.o.

Pragmatic (al) = (hist.) pragmatique 4-
officieux, importw, qui fait I'important,
suffisant; dogmatique.

Prairie = meadow -f (American) prairie .

Preacher =predicateur; the P.l'Eccle'-
siaste.

Precheur (fam.) = sermonizer, preacher :
c'est un p. eternelliQ 's always preach-
ing.

Precarious = precaire ( held at the
pleasure of another); incertain; non
permanent, precaire + (of assumption)
qui ne repose pas sur une certitude, sans
fondement.

Precept precepte, maxime -f ordre, ecrit
(from authority); mandat, sommation.

Precinct (usu. pi.) = enceinte; environs;
limitest bornes.

Preceinte=(nav.) wale, bend.

Precious = precieux + (fam. great) fichu,
fieff4> fameux, joli, fier. P. mess =
Fameux gdchis.

Precipice precipice -f- gulf, abyss, chasm:
tomber dans un p. =fall over a precipice.

Precise = (accurate) precis, exact, defini,
strictement observe; (persons) scrupu-
leux, pointilleux, v6tilleux; formaliste,
rigoriste, collet monte.

Precis&ment = precisely -f- as it happens
(happened), as a matter of fact : je
disais p. que=a,s a matter of fact, I
was saying that.

Preconize = declarer publiquement; re-
commander publiquement, preconiser ;
convoquer, appeler; (R.C. Church)
preconiser.

Preconiser =preconize; recommend, advo-
cate; eulogize.

Precursor = avant-coureur, prdcurseur -j-
predecesseur (in ornce)*

Predicament = (logic) predicament -f
mauyaise passe, situation fdcheuse [peu
enviable].

Predicate == (logic) predicat + (gram.)
attribut.

Pre-emption = preemption + droit de
preemption.

Prefer = (choose rather) aimer mieux,
preferer = (give promotion) donner de
Vavancement d, avancer, Clever; (bring
forward) presenter, soumettre, proposer;
(charge) deposer une plainte, porter
plainte.

Ptzfix^prejixe+titre (place devant un nom
propre) (as Dr, Sir, etc.).

Pregnant = (of animals) prdgnante; (of
women) grosse, enceinte; (imaginative)
plein d'idees; inventif; (fruitful in
results) fdcond, fertile; [big (with con-
sequences)] gros (de consequences); (of

Prehension

155

Pretend

words) plein de sens, suggestif, tres
significatif; (gram.) pregnant.
Ptehznsion=prehension -f apprehension.
Prejudice^ (damage, injury, loss) preju-
dice-}- (opinion beforehand or without
examination) prejuge, prevention.
Premise = (logic) premisse(s) + (pl.) local,

locaux, maison avec ses dependances.
Preoccupy = prendre (occuper) d'avance;
s'approprier d'avance; (engross) absor-
ber, preoccuper (mind, etc.).
Preparation preparation (= preparing of
food, etc.); preparatifs (for a journey,
etc.); (school) etude; (substance) pr6-
paration.
Presage =presager -f (of persons) predire;

avoir un pressentiment de.
Prescribe =mcn>5-f-(intrans., for) indi-
quer un traitement pour une maladie,
rediger une ordo-nnance pour (un malade) .
Prescription = (command) ordre, instruc-
tion, prescription, commande; (med.)
ordonnance (more usual than prescrip-
tion) ; (law) prescription (positive or
negative}; ancienne coutume ay ant force
de loi.

Presence =: ^^ present) presence
Assistance; (place) lieu oil se tient un grand
personnage f salle d' audience (du trone),
(bearing) prestance, mine, air, maintien,
port; (of mind) presence. Saving your
p.^Saufvotre respect.
Presence =presence, attendance. Faire
acte de p.=Put in an appearance for
a few moments. Feuitte de p. Time-
sheet

Present (v.) = presenter + offrir, faire
cadeau de; (legal) deferer, soumettre (to
a court); (mil.) coucher en joue;
p.! fire! =en joue! feu I; (salute) pre-
sentez armes!

Presenter = (put s.t. before s.o. to be
taken) offer (cup, bouquet, hand, etc.) ;
present (bill, arms, compliments, etc.,
ideas (clearly), difficulties); se p.=
appear, show itself, be introduced;
exhibit, show (object for sale, etc.) ;
infi^uce (s.o. to another); se .=to
go in ^iter) for (examination). Se p.
fo'tt=To>have a good appearance. //
se presence bien=He is a man of good
address./

Presentation = presentation + p. copy =
exemplqire envoy e gratis or exemplaire
en homtoage.

Presently ^tout d I'heure. bientdt, dans un
moment. *

Prdsentementfor the moment (present),
now.

Preservation* See next entry.

Preserve = (keep safe) preserver de, garantir
de, proteger contre ; (keep alive : name,
memory) garder, conserver; sauver (life) ;
maintenir (unsullied); retenir (quality,
condition) ; (keep one's health) conserver
sa sante ; (keep up) entretenir; conserver
(fruits, meats, etc., from decomposi-
tion); (with sugar) confire.

Preserver = keep, preserve (from evil, cold,
contagion, etc.).

President = president -f chairman;
(presiding) judge.

Press (n.) = (throng, crush) presse, foule,
confusion; (hurry) presse, urgence, er
pressement ; (pressing) pression ; (* .-**'
force (de voiles) ; (machine '- --<* xaut -)
cider, etc.) pressoir ; (ma-,.: - TP e '
etc.) presse; (news or^^? 6 ' P niltlll ^

tt?^^^^ 'sailors^in

L r *JL r ~~ ^^- force or weight) presser;
ser .~, (hand); (urge s.o.) prier install-
ment, presser de, pousser a; (embrace)
itreindre; (make, compel) forcer d;
(impose) imposer d; (flatten) comprimer;
pressurer (grapes for wine); pousser
(advantage); (mech.) presser; repasser
(trousers); donner un coup de fer &
(costume) ; satiner (paper); catir (cloth);
(in war) mettre en requisition; p. sail=
faire force de voiles. (Intrans.) = se
hater, se presser; s'avancer; venir en
foule, accourir. He wants pressing =
77 se fait prier.

Presse (action) pressure, press; crowd,
crush, throng; (machine) press; (pub-
lishing) press; urgency, urge, pressure;
hurry. See Press above.
Presser (v.)= squeeze, press, crush; clasp
(in one's arms); crowd (of people at
table, of events) ; (fig.) press (of hunger) ;
pursue closely, press hard on; ply (with
questions); hasten, hurry, quicken;
(reflex.) hurry; (intrans.) be urgent.
Pressentiment = presentiment + (med.)

premonitory symptoms,
'resume = prendre la liberte (de), oser, se
permettre (de); (abs.) Stre presomptueux;
abuser de (=p. upon); (assume) presumer.
^etend (v.) = (feign) faire semblant,
feindre, faire mine, affecter; jouer (le
malade), faire (le zeU); prendre (qqch)
pourpretexte, alleguer; (claim) pretendre ;
(aspire to, lay claim to) pretendre a.

Pretendre

156

Prise

Pretendre=pTetend (as above); maintain,
assert. PreUndu^ Alleged, supposed,
so-called, would-be.

Preterition = preUrition -f (theol.) action
de ne pas mettre au nombre des elus.

Prevail = (gain victory over, against)
pyfoaloir sur t I'emporter sur t triompher
de, vaincre; (p. on s.o. to do s.t.) per-
suader (a qqn de fairs qqck), amener (qqn
a faire qqch) t decider (qqn a faire qqch);
(be current, etc.) exister, regner, etre
courant [generalement repandiz].

Pre'valoir = prevail (as above). Se p. de
qqck Seek (take) advantage from, pre-
sume on; be proud of, pride oneself on.
Prevaricate (v. intrans.) = eluder (une
question) par des faux-juyants; equivo-
quer, s ecarter de la franchise; donner
des tftynses evasives, tergiverser. Pre-
variratioi^fo-H^ ^ evasive, faux-
fuyant, equivtt> fourberie, etc.

Prevariquer = betr^, a trust or office.
Prevarication=l>efrB.y: 3^of trust or office.

Prevent = (hinder) emp&rteb ^tter, se
premunir centre. "~ --.,.__

Prevenir = anticipate, forestall, ave/T
influence, predispose; inform, warn,
Le prevemi (law) = The accused*

Preventif = (med.) preventive; (law)
on suspicion, before trial, as, detention
preventive.

Prevention = emp&chement, obstacle;
mesures preventives (med.) / p. is better
than curemieux vaut prtvenir que
guerir; Society for the P. of Cruelty
to Animals = Societi Protectnce des
Animaux.

Prevention = (legal) imprisonment on
suspicion ; prejudice, bias, prepossession.

Primacy (office of primate) primatie
-\-primautd.

Primary = (education) primaire+ (colours,
tenses, meaning of a word) primitif;
(of first importance) principal premier,
essentieL

Primate = primat f archevSque; (zool., pi.)
primates.

Prime (n.) = (perfection) comble de la per-
fection, fleur, elite, choix ; pvintemps (de
la vie] ; tout I' eclat (de la sante) ; force ;
(beginning) commencement, premiers
jours, aurore (poet.) ; (eccles.) prime ;
(fencing) prime. (V.) amorcer (gun) ;
(paint.) imprimer; (with drink) faire
boire qqch d qqn ; fournir des renseigne-
ments a, (person) ; faire des projections
d'eau (in a boiler).

Prime = (insurance) premium; (govern-
ment) bounty, bonus, subsidy; (sub-
scriber's or purchaser's) reduction;
(stocks and shares) premium; option;
indemnity (paid by defaulting buyer) ;
(R.C. liturg., fenc.) prime; (customs)
drawback; (jewel) pebble*
Primer (v.)= surpass, take the lead: la
force prime le droit=. might is right;
give a prize, bounty, etc.
Primer =celui qui amorce, qui imprime,
etc. (see Prime (v.) above); amorce;
abecedaire ; livre elementaire : a p. of
physics traite elementaire de physique.
Primeur^ early stage; newness, freshness
(\vine, books, etc.) ; early season (dans
la p.) ; early product, forced fruit or
vegetable.

Primrose primevere.
Primerose hollyhock.
Principal (n.) = (persons) chef r employeur,
patron; partie principale; (of French
college) principal; (of lycie] proviseur,
directeur ; recteur (of university) ; (com.)
commettant; (of crime) autettr principal;
^^(duel) combattants, (from seconds' point
" of view) c^^Tv-- v /^^^^/ ( m ney)
principal, capital; (main poiiT*/'^' w "
cipal; (building) poutre-maitresse*
Principe = principle + beginning, first

cause.

Private (adj.) = pnv6 (opp. to public) +
simple (soldier); p. gentleman = simple
particulier f rentier; p. member (M.P.) =
simple depute; (of dress, clothes) civil,
bourgeois; (school) libre; (staircase)
dfrobe; (sale) I' amiable, de gre a gre ;
(letter) confidentielle ; (hearing of case)
d huis clos; (deed) sous seing prive ;
(audience) particulier ; (hospital) maison
de sanU; (door) secrete; (bill, English
parliam.) d'un simple depute; (educa-
tion; carriage; lesson; pupil; house;
room; secretary) particulier ; (funeral)
funeraillesprivees; (life) privee ; (student)
qui travaille sans maitre; p. means =
fortune personnelle; p. reasons =r^^3c?/i
personnelles.

Privy = secret, cache, clandestj n > subvep-
tice; p. parts ^organes sextf 5 *' (cou n -
cil(lor), etc.) prive; p. pur$ e5== ##
royale. P. to=Initie a, iflMvuit de,
dans le secret de.

Prize (ship seized) prise, capture;
(reward) prix, recompense; flottery)
lots (fg., windfall) aubaine, tr Uv *ilU.
Prise = hold, grip; p. de bee

Prix

157

Projection

altercation; taking, seizing, capturing;
prize (ship) ; taking up (arms) ; donning
(particular costume) ; talcing (medicine) ;
dose; pinch (of snuff) ; draught (of air),
etc.; tre aux pp. (avec qqn) be at
grips (with s.o.).

Prix= price, value, worth, cost; fare, rate;
expense; reward, prize, etc.

Procedure (proceeding) procede; (mode
of conducting business) conduite, opera-
tion; (Parliament and law courts)
procedure.

Procedure. Law term only.

Proceed (v.) = (go on to a place) se rendre
d, alter d, (s')avancer vers (a place) ,
continuer, poursuivre son chemin, con-
tinner (to do s.t., or abs.); (be carried
on, take place) avoir lieu; (come forth,
issue) procdder, provenir (de) ; (law)
intenter un proces (d qqn), actionner
(qqn), pr odder (centre qqri).

Procter (d) begin, start, enter upon;
(abs.) proceed; (law) proceed (as above) ;
(p. de) arise, come from, originate;
(theol.) proceed from.

Process (n.) = (progress) cours, marche,
developpement, progres; (time) suite;
(method of proceeding) operation,
travail; (in arts and sciences) procdde;
(law) proc&s.

Process = lawsuit, case, proceedings at law,
trial.

Procession ^procession; (funeral) cortege,
convoi; (theol.) procession (du Saint-
Esprit) .

Procession procession (as above); (fig.)
any long, irregular line of people =
trail, string.

Proclaim = proclamer, annoncer; publier,
declarer, publiquement, declarer (war);
dinoncer publiquement (s.o. or s.t. as
traitor, etc.); (outlaw) mettre hors la
loi (county, district).

Proclivity = penchant, disposition, in-
clination.

Proclivit^ inclination, slope (of ground,
etc.).

Procuration = procuration (= power of
attorney) ; action de se procurer ; com-
mission (fee for obtaining loan); le
fait d'exercer le metier d' entremetteur
(-euse).

Procuration = procuration = power of
attorney. Agir par p. = Act by proxy.

Procure = procurer -f- faire V entremetteur,
-euse.

Procurer agent, celui qui procure pour un

autre ; (generally and specially) entre-
metteur, -euse, proxen&e.

Procureur=prox.y, procurator; attorney;
p. general Attorney-General; p. de 7a
rdpublique public prosecutor; bursar
(of a religious order).

Produce, Produire. The English word has
some senses unknown to the French
word, viz. ' produce a line ' (== pro-
longer) ; 'manufacture (goods) from raw
material ' (= manufacturer) ; and ' bring
before the public * ( ^presenter) . Se
pvodmvel^&A one's way (in society);
happen, occur, take place.

Production production (of document,
certificate, etc.; of wheat); (philos.)
production; (thing produced) work,
performance; (of a play) production;
(med.) growth, excrescence*

Pro fane prof ane+ qui jure, blaspheme.

Profane (as noun) = lay man, outsider, un-
initiated person : il n'appartient pas d
un p. de parler sur ce sujet (Diet, de
l'Acad.)=it is not for a layman to talk
on this subject.

Profess = professer (faith; history, etc.),
annoncer, declarer -f (boast, etc.) pre-
tendre d, se piquer de, faire parade de;
faire montre de.

Professeur professor (of a faith) ; (teacher
of any art or science) professor;
secondary schoolmaster, [' Professor '
=p. titulaire d'une chaire d'universiU^]

Profieroffrir (services, gifts, etc.).

Projerer^ utter, speak, pronounce.

Profuse prof us (occurs practically only
in the medical sueur(s) profuse(s)=p.
perspiration) -f- (of things, plentiful)
abondant; (persons) prodigue.

Progress (n.) progres. Work in p.=
Travaux en cours. Report p. = Faire un
rapport sur I'eiat de la question.

Progrfe. Le travail est en .=The work is
progressing.

Progressive progressif. Ours is a p. age=
C'est une epoque de progres que la ndtre.

Progressif = progressive; paralysie pro-
gressive = creeping paralysis; impdt p.
= graduated tax.

Projection = (action: science and art)
projection; (s.t. protruding) saillie;
(archit.) ressaut, projecture (horizontal);
(fig.) conception, projet; (alchemy)
transmutation.

Projection = projection -f lantern slide
beam (of fight) : 6clairage par p. =
flood-lighting.

Projector

158

Prove

Projector (apparatus) projecteur (=
searchlight, etc.) + faiseur de projets,
promoteur; (in a bad sense) lanceur
d'affaires vereuses; faiseur de dupes t
charlatan, chevalier d'industrie, etc.

Proletariat = proletariat + proletarianism.

Prolongation = prolongation (as to time) ;
prolongement (as to extent).

Promenade promenade, walk; walking :
la p. lui est salutaire = walking is good
for his health.

Prominent = (jutting out) preeminent,
saillant, en saittie-\- (eminent) Eminent,
distingue; (conspicuous) accentue, frap-
pantf marquant, remarquable.

Promise =promesse. Writer of p. Jim-
vain qui promet.

Promotion = (advancement, preferment)
promotion + avancement, encourage-
ment, protection, aide, de'veloppement.

Promoti on = promotion + group of people
promoted at the same time, group of
students who entered school or college
at the same time : nous sommes de la
meme p. de l'cole normals = we were
in the same year at the cole normale.

Prompt = prompt -f (com., payment) &
^ I'echeance, ponctuel, comptant; (com.,

\ f delivery) immediat.
p ' mpt prompt. L' esprit est p., mais la
h &* r e$t /^kkThe spirit is willing,
s ^he flesh is weak. Avoir I'humeur
quick-tempered. Vin p.
e which must be drunk
Get homme est p. d se

^ reuv e; (trial, test)
'

pubher (news).
Proof . (evidence)

tpremn, . experience;

photo.) epreuve; (

(distilling) preuve;
Propagate = propager ]\

frendre le champ d'activM

Proper = (astron., of motif ""?'

proprement dit: architecture

V architecture proprement dite ; (i~ Y /^

complet, joli, fameux : there *s going: ^

be a p. storm =il va y avoir un de ' j

or ages I To the p. party A qui <?'

droit.

Propre^ proper (as above) -f clean, neat
tidy, elegant*

Properly (adv.). Do it p. or not at all=
Faites-le convenablement [comme il fauf]
ou pas du tout; he very p. refused =c'est
avec raison qu'il a refuse^il a eu bien
raison de refuser; (colloq. completely)
puzzled him p.l'intrigua tout d fait
[bel et bien].

Proprement. C'est Id p. le partage des
femmes^That is really, strictly speak-
ing, a woman's lot; c'est p. un charme
=that is unmistakably a delight; a p.
parley = strictly speaking; c'est p. ce que
cela veut <fo>0=that 's exactly what it
means; ce mot s'emploie p. et figurement
=this word can be used literally and
figuratively; jouer p. du piano =to play
the piano fairly well; tenir la chambre
.=keep the room clean.

Property = propriete + (theatre) acces-
soires; p. -man = chef des accessoires.
That is my p. = Cela m'appartient.

Propose = proposer, offrir ; porter (toast)
-f (marriage, propose to) faire sa
declaration.

Proposition = proposition -|- (slang, a
usage given by N.E.D. as U.S. but
actually one which is rapidly being
adopted in England) affaire : a paying,
an easy, p. = une affaire qui rapporte,
une affaire facile.

Proprietaire= proprietor, owner, landlord.

Propriety = convenance, bienseance; pro-
priete (correctness of expression).

Propritit = property (the thing owned) ;
ownership, possession, estate (land),;
(lift.) copyright; (characteristic) pro- 1
perty; (of expression) propriety.

Prose (n.) = prose + (matter-of-fact 1
quality) realiti, prosalsme.

Prostrate (adj.) (physically exhausted)
pvosiri (a pathol. term) ; (lying, face to
ground) prostern&, etendu par terre;
(fig.) vaincu, renverse, accabU, abattu,

Protection** protection, patronage, influ-
ence.

Protest (n.) = (com.) protet+prot estation,
declaration solennelle.

Prove (v., intrans.) is often little more
than an auxiliary, which is usually
rendered by se montrer or devenir, but
these are sometimes too strong, and
etre will then be more suitable : this
proved not altogether to his taste =
ceci ne fut pas tout d fait a son gout.

Prove

159

Putrid

Prove (v., trans.) = prouver, ddmontrer,

montrer+to p. a \vi]l=^homologuer un

testament.
Providentiel = providential -f (of men)

sent by God,
Province = province -f (business, sphere)

ressort, competence. It is not within my

p.=Cela n'est pas de ma competence

[won ressort] = ce n'est pas mon

affaire.
Provision = (providing) provision, me-

sures ; precaution (centre) ; (in a deed or

legal document) clause, stipulation; (in

an Act) disposition; (pi., food, etc.)

provisions, vivres, comestibles.
Provision = provision, stock, supply,

hoard.
Pro visional = (law) provisional; (for the

time being) provisoire.
Provoquer= provoke; (of woman) make

advances (to a man); p. qqn en duel=*

challenge s.o. to a duel.
Provocant = provoking; lascivious

(glances)*
Prune pruneau. Prz27ze=plum. (Fam.)

Pour des .=For nothing : Us ne sont

pas la pour des pp. (Diet, de I' A cad.).
Prunella = (material) prunelle; (med.)

muguet; (plant) prunelle.
Prunello=pruneau de choix (made from

greengages).
Prunelle = wild plum, sloe ; pupil (of the

eye) [jouer de la .=ogle] ; (material)

prunella.
Public = public -f p.-house = cabaret, debit

de boissons; p. spirit = so uci de V inter et

general, patriotisme, civisme, devouement

& la chose publique [esprit public =p.

feeling, general opinion, mind of the

p.]; p. school = college.
Public. = public. Maison publique =

brothel; fille, femme, publique =

prostitute.
Publican = (Rom. hist.) publicain +

tenancier d'un cabaret.
Publicain = (Rom. hist.) publican; (pej.)

business man, financier, bloodsucker.
Puisne (judge) assesseur; (law) posterieur

(mortgages, etc.). Puny = chetif,

faible.

Pufn= younger, junior*
Pulse = (i) pouls -f pulsation; battement

du cceur; (fig.) entrain, enthousiasme;

rytkme t mouvement rythme (of oars,
etc.) ; vibration (sound, light) ; (ii) pois,
fives, etc., graines de plantes legumi-
neuses.

Pump=(mach.) pompe; (shoe) escarpin.

Pompe=pump (mach.); pomp; slide (mus.
instr.) ; spring (penknife or lock), (slang)
shoes.

Pump (v.) = pomper -f gonfler (tyre)/
essouffler (=put out of breath).

Punch = (drink) punch -f- (tool) emporte-
piece ; poincon ; estampe ; coup de poing;
cheval (de Suffolk); polichinelle: P. and
Judy showguignol; homme trapu.

Puncture = (surg.) piqure ; ponction ; (tyre)
crevaison: I had a p.=mon pneu a
creve.

Pomture=size (in boots or gloves) : quelle
p. chaussez-vous, gantez-vous? = what
size in boots, in gloves, do you take?;
(print.) point.

Punish =punir; (colloq.) maltraiter, rosser;
(in games) battre (a plate couture); (tax
one's powers) epuiser, mettre a Vepreuve. :
demander beaucoup [trop] a; faire une
brche dans, ne pas epargner (food, wine,
etc.).

Punishment =chdtiment (by father, etc.) ;
punition (by judge, etc.) ; peine (cor-
poral; pecuniary; capital); supplice
(eternal, final); traitement dur; breche
faite dans un plat.

Pupil = etive. Pupille == ward (at law) ;
pupil (of the eye).

Purple = (Tynan) pourpre; (fig., dignity of
emperor, cardinal) pourpre; violet
rougedtre. (Adj.) violet.

Pourpre = purple (as above) -f- crimson :
sentir le p. vous monter au visage =fQ&\
oneself getting crimson in the face.
(Adj.) crimson.

Pursue = poursuivre; suivre, exercer (pro-
fession); p. a course suivre une ligne
de conduite.

Poursuivre pursue; (attack in law court)
sue, proceed against; solicit, woo, pay
pressing attentions to (woman).

Pursuit poursuite, recherche; occupation,
profession, carriere, etc.

Poursuite = pursuit; chase; prosecution,
suit*

Putrid = (decomposed) putride; (fig.)
corrompu; (fig., slang) infecte.

Quadrille = (dance, music, card game)
quadrille -f troop of horsemen (in
tournament); diamond or square (in
embroidery, designs, etc.).

Qualifications (designation) qualification,
designation; (electoral) cens; qualiti re-
quise ; talent, capadte, titre; modification,
attenuation, adoucissement, limitation,
reserve, restriction; condition d remplir;
document attestant une capacitf. Quali-
fied (of prof essional person) -dipldm^

Qualification = attribution of title, of
designation; name, designation, title.

Qualify = (attribute quality to) qualifier
(de); (invest with qualities, make fit)
rendre propre (apte) d, rendre capable
de, prdparer pour, (fig.) mettre d mSme
de, mettre en etat, etc.; (law term)
habiliter; (intrans.) remplir les forma-
lites regimes; (statement, etc., making
less sweeping) modem, attinuer, mitiger,
adoucir; diminuer, restreindre, limiter;
(of wines and spirits) etendre.

Qiuz/t/ier=qualify (as above), entitle, call,
name, style. (Crime) qualifii Aggra-
vated.

Quart= (liquid measure) 1*1359 ^ litre.

Quart = quarter (of s.t.) ; (ship) watch ;
(compass) point; J litre.

Quarter = (district or moon) quartier;
(J) quart; (rent) terme; (3 months; pay;
school, etc.) trimestre; (side) cote; (ship)
hanche; (beef) quayfier; (heavens)
quartier, point, cdte, region; (earth)
partie, rfyion, parages, endroit, coin;
(town) quartier t partie; (= mercy)
quartier; (dwelling) logement, demeure.

Qaarfzer=quarter (as above); ward (in
town); gammon (bacon). Les bas qq.
=the slums; mettre en ^.=tear to
pieces; se mettre en qq. pour qqndo
anything to please s.o.

Quartermaster = (nav.) maitre de timo-
nerie; (mil.) intendant.

Quartier-maitre(nav.) leading seaman.

[QuayJ Quai = (naut.) quay -f wharf;
(rail.) platform.

Qu$te = quest, search, hunting : lire, se
mettre en q. de qqn, de qqch=be, go, in

quest of s.o., of s.t,; (collection of
money, money collected, in church, etc.)
collection : faire uneq. d domicile ^mo^e
a house-to-house collection; (hunt., of
dogs) scenting, tracking (the game).

Question (v., trans, or intrans.) = ques-
tionner, interroger, faire (poser) une
question; (doubt) se demander, revoquer
en doute, contester, douter de.
(N.)= question, demande, interrogation;
(parliam.) interpellation, question; (tor-
ture *) question; (doubt) doute; (matter)
affaire, question, discussion, proposition,
matiere; sujet, point, controverse, ddbat,
etc . There is no q. but that (of) = // n'y a
pas le moindre doute que (=on n'ajamais
mis en doute). Call in q.= Mettre en
doute. Beg the q. Faire une petition
de principe. It is only a q. of putting
enough coffee in=J/ ne s'agit que d'y
mettre suffisamment de cafe. The q. is
whether it would be better to walk
there// s'agit de savoir s'il vaudrait
mieux y aller a pied.

Queue = (pigtail) queue; (line of persons,
cars, etc.) queue, file.

Queue=ta.il (of animals) [quand on park
du loup on en voit la #.=talk of the
devil and he 's sure to appear] ; (of
flower) stalk, stem ; tail (of a letter) ;
handle (of a frying-pan, etc.) ; piano a
.= grand piano; piano demi-q.=>baby
grand; shank (of a button) ; train (of a
dress) ; cue (billiard) ; queue (of a line
of people, etc.) ; (fig.) d la q. leu leu=
one behind another; tail end (of a
party); couper sa $.=separate from a
party (that would compromise you);
commencer le roman par la <?.= cohabit
before marriage; faire fausse .=miss
stroke (in billiards); q. de morue =
swallow-tail (coat). Finir en q. de
- poisson. Fizzle out.

Quid pro quo = (blunder, rare) quiproquo
+ equivalent, compensation, d6dommage-
men?*

Quill = (feather) penne; tuyau (deplume);
plume d'oie ; plume ;{poicupme)piquant ;
(musical) chalumeau, flute.

160

Quille

161

Quote

Quille skittle, ninepin ; keel. Re-
cevoir qqn comme un chien dans un
jeu de qq. = Give s.o. a cold re-
ception. Abatteur de qq. = Braggart,
boaster.

Quinte (n.) = (nus.) quint; (piquet term)
quint; (fencing) quinte+fit of coughing;
fit of bad temper*

Quit (v.) renoncer a (=give up claim to) ;
q. you like men =agissez en hommes;

Idcher, abandonner, quitter (of&ce, etc.) ;

partly de, quitter (place) ; (poet., repay,

requite) payer de retour; acquitter (debt),

recompenses
Quitter = quit (as above), leave, desert,

abandon (person, thing, or place) ; give

up, resign. Ne quittez pas / = Hold the

line (telephone).
Quote (v.) (com., finance) coter -f citer

(passages from book, etc.).

Race=(i) (water current) courant rapide,\
raz de courant; lief, biez (of miU); (for
shuttle) coulisse; (horse-racing) course
(de chevaux, etc.); (fig.) carriers; (ii)
race, famille (of men and animals and
of a class) ; (herd) bande.

Race = race, species, line; ancestry,
posterity, breed, stock, blood, brood;
kind, variety, category.

Racket = (i) (game, bat, snow-shoe)
raquette; (noise) tintamarre, /races,
tapage, vacarme, brouhaha, dissipation,
etc. ; (slang) torn, vol, supercherie, etc. ;
(ordeal) tpreuve, situation penible; (ii) to
stand the r.= accepter les consequences,
payer les pots cassds, tenir le coup.

#agizette=racket (as above); battledore;
snow-shoe; (fam.) prickly pear, cochineal

fig*
Radiant = rayonnant de (joy, beauty,

etc.); (of sun, star, human face)

radieux; (scient.) radiant.
Radiant^ (scient.) radiant.
Radiate (v.)=rayonner; (trans.) imettre.
Radiation = (of heat, light) radiation; (of

joy, love, etc.) rayonnement.
Radiation = (phys>) radiation; erasure,

striking out, cancelling; cancelling

stroke*
Radius = (bone of arm; vein of insect's

wing) radius; (math., astron., scient.)

rayon; (distance) rayon.
#adms=radius (as above).
Rayon = radius (as above) -|- ray, beam;

spoke (of a wheel) ; honeycomb ; shelf ;

furrow, drill*
Raffle == loterie; (rubbish) rebut, fatras,

vieilleries; (net) rafle. (V.) mettre en

loterie, en tombola.

Rafle= grape-stalk, cob (of maize) ; round-
up, raid (by police), clean sweep ; (dice)

pair royal* (V.) Rafter (as noun) =

sweep away, etc.
Rage (a.) = (anger) fureur, rage, emporte-

ment violent; (of winds, seas, etc.)

fureur, dechainement, violence, force;

(desire; vogue) manie, fureur, vogue.

It is all the i.=Cela fait fureur [est fort

en vogue]. (V.)*=etre en colere t etre en

fureur; (battle, plague, etc.) stoir, tire

dechaine, faire rage.

162

#a6=rabies; acute pain, ache; passion,
anger, rage; mania, inveterate habit,
II fait f.=He is moving heaven and
earth. (V.) jfager^to be furious, to
fume.

Ragout = (dish) ragout+relish ; (fig.) zest,
pleasure.

Raid = (mil.) raid (esp. of a.ix-T.=raid
airien] ; perquisition, descente (of police)/
rafle.

Raid=(mil.) raid + (sports) long-distance
endurance test.

Rail (n.) fcarre horizontal; (of staurs)
rampe; (of chair) barreau; (hand-r. of
bridge, etc.) garde-fou; ridelle (on cart,
bus, etc.); (of railway) rail; (naut t>
hand-r.) rambarde; (pi., stock ex-
change) actions de chemin de fer; (rail-
way itself) chemin de fer, voie ferrb;
(bird) rdle.

Rail = (of railway) rail; r. a orni&re =
tram-rail.

Rail (v.) = (rail at, against) injurier,
invectiver, insulter; (enclose) grilfa,
fermer d'une grille.

Railler = laugh at, jeer, make game of,
rally (see Rally), chaff.

Raisin = raisin sec.

Raisin = grapes. Grappe de r. *- Bunch
of grapes, [also] grape-shot. Rr. dt
CorintheDrM currants. [Currants =
groseilles.] (Fig.) Moittifigue, moittt r,
=Half serious, half joking; half one
thing, half another.

Rally (trans.) rattier (an army);
rassembler, riunir (party, etc.) ; rappelet
(senses); reprendre (courage, gaiety);
(banter) rattler, se moquer de; (intrans.)
se rattier, se rassembler, se rinnir; se
remettre; reprendre, ses esprits, ses sens;
(of things) s'amdliorer.

Rattier (v., trans.) = rally (as above),
assemble; (nav.) rejoin: r. le bord =
rejoin one's ship; r. le t/0w*=haul to
the wind; win over (persons to youi
opinions, etc.); bring round (to).

Ramp (v.) = (of lion) se dresser sur ses
pattes de derriere d'un air menafant;
(facet.) tempfter, s'emporter, enrager;
(archit.) ramper; (mil., archit.) con-
struire en rampe.

Romper

163

Reason

Romper (v., intrans.) = creep, crawl,
crouch, crouch along; (fig.) cringe,
grovel.

Ramp (n.) = (fortif.) rampe -f (slang)
escroquerie, duperie, hausse injustifile
des prix.

Rampe=(fortif.) ramp -f slope, gradient;
banisters; footlights.

Rampant (adj.) = (herald., of lion)
rampant; violent, imperieux, effrene,
agressif; etre en faveur [vogue], faire
rage, dominant tout, sans etre reprime;
(of plants) luxuriant, vigour eux;
(archit.) rampant.

Rampant = (herald.) rampant; sloping;
creeping, crawling, etc.; low, mean
(condition in life) ; cringing, grovelling ;
(style) pedestrian.

[Rampart] Rempart= rampart (lit. and
fig. )+ wall (of fortification)*

Rank (n.) = rang, rangte (of cabs) ; cab r.
= place; rang (of soldiers) ; r. and file=
simples soldats; ordre, rang; (station in
life) rang social, classe ; distinction.

Rang TOW (trees, columns, seats, pearls) ;
line (hills); tier (theatre; galley-boat) ;
(of soldiers) rank(s) ; position, rank (in
life), place; (ships) class.

Rape = (poet.) enlevement; rapt, viol (of a
woman); navette (for sheep); colza (for
oil) / (grape refuse) marc de raisin.

Rdpe= grater; rasp, file; (med.) irregular
murmur (of the heart).

RareTaxe+pouls r.=slow pulse; un ami
qui se fait ?.=a friend who is seldom
seen, whose visits are becoming in-
frequent; r argent est fort r.= money is
very scarce.

Rarefy = (trans.) rarefier (gas or liquid) -f
(intrans.) se rarefier; purifier, raffiner
(person's nature, etc.); subtiliser, rendre
subtil (ideas, etc.).

Rate (n.) = (pace) train, rapidite, vitesse,
allure; (price) prix, raison, tarif;
(interest) taux ; (tax) taxe, impdt, con-
tribution; (due) droit; (railway) tarif;
(fig.) [only used with first, etc.] rang,
ordre, classe. At any r. = Dans tous les
cos, en tout cas, au moins, quoi qu'il en
soit. At that r.^A ce compte-la. At
the r. oi=A la vitesse de; a raison de
( price). At a great T. Grand train,
bon train, d'un train formidable, venire
d terre.

Rate= female rat; spleen; desopiler la r.
de <?w=make s.o. laugh; ne pas se
fouler la r.=take things easy.

Rate (v.) = (assign, value) evaluer, estimer,
apprecier; coter (coin, metals, on the
market) ; (assess) taxer; classer (ship) ;
(scold) gronder, gourmander, tancer
vertement; rouir (flax).

Rater '= (of gun, of shoots) misfire; miss;
(fig.) fail entirely.

Ravishment = enUvement; viol (of a
woman); ravissement ( joy, enthus-
iasm, etc.).

Ray Crayon (of light, heat; hope, etc.);
(fish) raie.

Rayon = [new word in com.] = soi*
artificielle.

Rai = shrimping-net.

jRaf (=rais)== spoke (of wheel).

Raie = line, stroke; furrow; parting (of
hair) ; (fish) ray.

Rayon. See after Radius.

Raze [Rase] = (graze, wound slightly,
rare) blesser legerement, egratigner ;
(level with the ground) raser.

Raser= shave; (fig. t fam.) bore (with long
speeches); raze (to the ground); (of
game, hare, partridge, etc.) crouch (*=se
r.) ; graze, skim over, touch lightly.
al=y&/; veritable, vrai : it 's r. leather,
and not imitation =c'est du cuir veri-
table et non pas de la moleskine; (law)
immeuble, immobilier: r. estate =biens
immeubles, biens immobiliers.
eal; off re re'elle=*ca.sh offer.

Realize = (convert into reality) realiser ;
(turn into cash) realiser; (apprehend
clearly) comprendre, concevoir, se rendre
compte de; (to picture) se figurer, se
repr&enter; (amass) gagner, amasser;
(fetch as price) rapporter, valoir.

Really ^veellement. He left this morning.
Not r. ! = II est parti ce matin. Pas
possible/

Reason = (argument, motive, cause,
justification; intellectual faculty;
sanity; sense; moderation) raison.

Raison = reason (as above); satisfaction
(for a wrong) ; (commerce) r. SQciale
style of firm; (math.) ratio [& (en) r. de
= according to, in proportion to].
L'dge de r.= Years of discretion* Avoir
r. de=Get the better of. Donner r. a
= Decide in favour of. Parler r.=
Talk sense. Mariage de r.= Marriage
of convenience. Se faire une r. =
Resign oneself to the inevitable, make
the best of a bad job. Faire r. a qqn
(i) reply to s.o.'s toast; (ii) accept s.o.'s
challenge (to duel). Faire entendre r. a

Rebound

164

Recommander

s.o. listen to reason. Comme
de y.=As is just. (Law) Pour valoir ce
que de r.=To be used as may be
thought proper. A tette fin que de r. =
To serve in case of need = As occasion
may require.

Rebound (v., intrans.) = (spring back)
rebondir ; (of effects, example, etc.)
retomber (sur), retourner (sur); avoir
un contre-coup.

Rebondir = rebound. Des joues rebondies
= Chubby cheeks. Venire rebondi
Corporation. Bourse rebondie = Well-
lined purse.

Rebut = repousser, v envoy w ; re'/uter,
r&orquer (charges, arguments, etc.).

Rebuter repulse, rebufE (person); reject,
discard (lit. and fig.), throw aside;
discourage, dishearten; disgust*

Recant = retracter, desavouer (opinion,
statement, etc.) ; (intrans.) chanter la
palinodie.

Rechanter=si&g again, repeat.

Receipt = (fact of receiving) reception;
(written acknowledgment) recu, rece-
pisse, quittance, acquit; (pL, sum
received) recette; (recipe) recette. (V.)
acquitter. R. in full= Quittance pour
solde de compte. R. on account =
Recu a compte. To acknowledge r.
of Accuser reception de.

Recette = receipts; returns; collectorship
or collector's office; medical prescrip-
tion, recipe; (cooking) recipe.

Reception = receipt, receiving; admit-
tance; welcome; at-home, audience.

Receive =Recevoir generally. The news
was received with cheers =Les nou-
velles furent accueillies par des acclama-
tions. I r. it as certain Je le regarde
comme certain. How did she r. his
offer t Comment a-t-elle accueilli son
offre? [A possible rendering might be
Par quette entremise a-t-elle re$u son
offre?] A window that has not re-
ceived a frame = Une fen&tre qui n'a
pas ete pourvue d'un chambranle. I
have received news [indirectly] that
=11 m'est reventL que t etc.

Recevoir will sometimes be best rendered
by another word than 'receive/ e.g. get,
take, have, welcome, entertain, be at
home, give audience, etc. J'ai recu
les adieux de Mr ^T.=Mr X. came to
bid me farewell. R. le blame =* Incur
the blame. tre recu a un examen
Pass an examination. tre regu a faire

qqch=Be authorized to do s.t. (Of a
dock) accommodate (ships).

Receiver = receveur (in general sense of
the verb) ; (in bankruptcy) liquidateur;
(of stolen goods) receleur; administra-
teur, sdquestre (of a property under court
jurisdiction); (receptacle) recipient,
receptacle, reservoir.

Receveur = receiver (of messages, letters,
presents, legacy, etc.); collector (of
taxes); conductor (of tram, bus).

Recipient = personne qui recoit; dona-
taire, beneficiaire.

Recipient = vessel, receptacle*

Recital = (action) recitation; (detailed
account) recit, narration ; (mus.) recital.

Recite viciter ; declamer ; inumirer.

"Reciter recite, repeat (lessons) : veux-tu
me faire r. ma lecon?=wi]l you hear my
lesson? ; memory; relate (from memory,
an, incident, etc.) .

Reclaim = (win back from vice, etc.)
r^/ormer, corriger, ramener (a la vertu,
etc.), civiliser, dresser, dompter; (lands,
etc.) amender, cultiver, rendre propre d
la culture, asstcher, d^f richer; (protest,
rare) reclamer.

Re'clamer = protest, complain, object;
claim, lay claim to, demand; implore,
beseech, entreat, crave; invoke per-
sistently (s.o. or s.t.). Se r. de qqn=*
Call on s.o. to bear witness, make use
of s.o.'s name.

Reclamation ^rfforme; dtfrichement, cul-
ture (of waste lands), asstehement.

Reclamation = protest, complaint; claim;
entreaty*

Recoil (v.) = (retreat, rare; start, spring
back) reculer ; bondir en arriere, (fig.)
se refuser a; (rebound) rebondir; (of
fire-arms) reculer; (fig.) r. upon =
retomber szzr*

Reculer recoil (as above); r. pour mieux
sauter=wait for a better occasion; (fig.)
hesitate; back out; flinch, put off;
(trans.) put (draw) back (wall, chair);
push forward, extend (frontiers) ; delay,
postpone; (p.p.) remote (past or
future)*

Recollection =m6moire> souvenir: to the
best of my r.autant que je peux me
rappeler ; I have a very favourable r.
of it^j'en ai conserve un excellent
souvenir; (relig.) recollection.

Recommander = recommend + register (a
letter). Se r. a la bonte de qqn ==
Implore s.o.*s kindness. Se r. de qqn=

Recompense

165

Reduction

Make use of s.o.'s name, refer to s.o.
Je me recommande a votre souvenir I
beg you not to forget me.

Recompense (n.) = recompense -j- com-
pensationt de'dommagement, reparation,
retribution.

Reconnaissance (mil.) reconnaissance -f-
recognition ; acknowledgment (of faults,
of sum lent, of relationship, etc.) ;
receipt, pawn ticket, etc. ; gratitude,
thankfulness*

Record (n.) = rapport, re'cit authentique;
proces-verbal ; registre offlciel, archives;
(sporting contests) record; (statesman)
actif; cosier jiidiciaire; ttmoignage
(written), document; (fig.) monument;
disque (of gramophone) . R. Office =Les
Archives.

Record (v.) = (poet., of birds) chanter
doucement; (set down for reference)
enregistrer, consigner par e'crit, inscrire;
(in books, etc., and fig.) raconter, relater,
narrer, rapporter; graver, imprimer (in
heart or memory)/ r. vote = voter.

Record= record (sports only). // detieni
(holds) le r.

Recorder retie (parcel); rope up (bale)
again; restring (racket).

Recoup = (law) dtduire; (compensate)
compenser, dedommager (de), rem-
bourser; (reflex.) se rattraper sur, se
dedommager de, se recuperer d'une perte.

Recouper = cut again (cards, crops,
bread, etc.); blend (wines).

Recover (v. f trans, and intrans.) = (regain
possession, find again, etc.) regagner,
recouvrer, retrouver, rentrer en possession
de; reprendre (senses) = reveniv a soi;
reparer (losses) ; vattraper (lost time) ;
se redresser (=r. oneself); guerir, rap-
peler a la vie, retablir (bring back to
health, etc.) [commonly as passive, as
il est rttabli]; arracher qqn a (danger,
idolatry, etc.); se consoler de (some
heavy affliction) ; remddier a (mistake) ;
annuler, re'parer les effets (of a blunder);
se releyer (from illness); (legal) avoir
[obtenir] gain de cause, obtenir jugement
contre qqn; rep&her (the body of s.o.).

Recovery (see above) recouvrement, reta-
blissement; gutrison; reprise, conquete,
gain de cause.

Recouvrer = recover, etc. (property,
health, youth, money, etc.).

Recouvrir = re-cover (umbrella, house,
etc.); cover completely (as ground
with snow).

Recouvrement = re-covering; recovery (of
health, debt, tax, etc.); (#/.) outstand-
ing debts.

Recruit (n.) = (soldier) recrue, consent;
(fig.) renfort. (V.) = recruter (soldiers,
partisans, workmen) ; (to fill vacancies
or wants) renforcer, re'parer, remplir;
maintenir (quality); restaurer, recouvrer,
accrottre (strength or health) .

Rectify = corriger, rectifier (fault, error,
statement, etc.); abolir, se debarrasser
de, redresser (abuses, grievances, ano-
malies); re'parer (omission); (chem.,
gepm.) rectifier.

Rectifier = rectify (as above) ; straighten,
make straight (line, road) ; reform,
correct (habits).

Rector =(Angl. church) cure; (some Eng.
univs.) recteur; (Scot, public schools)
principal, directeur ; (relig. orders)
directeur, supdrieur.

Recteur = (univ., academic, college de
Jesuites) rector.

Recuperate ^recouvrer la sante, se retablir;
se relever (d 'une perte) .

Recupdrer = get back (money advanced,
etc.).

Redemption =(theol.) redemption; rachat,
remboursement (of annuity, etc.); de-
gagement (of pledge, mortgage); (fin-
ance) amortissement (of debt) ; rachat,
delivrance (of prisoner).

Redoubler redouble (lit. and fig.) -f-
reline (coat).

Redound = (contribute to one's credit)
contribuer a; (come as result; recoil
upon) resulter de (pour), revenir a;
retomber (sur), rejaillir (sur), etre a
I'honneur de.

Redonder=to be in excess, superabound.

Redress (v.) =redresser, re'parer, porter
remede d, (wrong, damage, etc.);
dedommager (de), soulager, secourir (vic-
tims of injustice, etc.); gutrir (wound,
etc.).

Redresser set upright again; (fig.)
raise up; make straight (line, walk,
nail, person) ; correct, reform, amend
(wrongs, mistakes, ideas).

Reduce [generally] =reduire; (get, make
thin) s'amaigrir, amaigrir; (r. to writing)
mettre par e'crit, ridiger; (r. to the ranks)
digrader, casser; (r. to rules) ramener a
des regies, soumettre ; be in reduced cir-
cumstances etre dans la gene, avoir
subi des revers de fortune.

Reduction = (of taxes) degrevement.

Rlduire

166

Rafraichir

R&duire [generally] = reduce; arrange
(for the piano) ; (cooking) boil down ;
(reflex.) amount*

Reduction = (of tilings in general)
reduction + (of a country) conquest,
bringing about submission*

Redundant = superfiu, excessif; abondant,
exuberant, luxuriant; (of speaking and
writing) redondant. So Redun-
dance (cy).

Redondant = (in speaking and writing)
pleonastic, redundant.

Refection = (food) repas, collation,
refection.

R4fection= repairing, restoring, restoration
(of house, wall, etc.), remaking (of road) ;
refection (in religious community) .

Refer =attribuer a, rapporter d, referer d;
referer (quotation to text, etc.); ren-
voyer, adresser (s.o. to s.o.); assigner
(date); (appeal to) s'en rtfdrer, s'en
rapporter, s'en remettre, d; r. to = con-
suiter (book, etc.); $' adresser d (s.o.);
(of things) se rapporter, avoir rapport
[traif] d; faire allusion d (s.t.).

Referee = arbitre .

R^ferd= (legal) summary procedure.

Reference (n.) reference (as verb) ; renyoi
(to s.o. for decision, etc.); mandat (wide
or limited, of a committee of inquiry) ;
(relation, etc.) rapport, 6gard [in regard
to=d regard de, d propos de]; allusion,
mention; (direction in book, etc., or
mark) renvoi, (com. or persons) refe-
rence; (pi., information) renseignements,
recommandations; (those giving informa-
tion) rfyondants. On r. to =71 s'adres-
sant a, en consultant. R. mark= Point
de repere. -

Reference (action) referring, reference;
(as to character) references; book of
samples or patterns.

Refinement = (of liquids) Duration; (of
metals) affinage; (of sugar, etc.) raffi-
nage; (of feelings, tastes, manners)
delicatesse, distinction, gtegance; (subtle
or ingenious manifestation, elaborate
arrangement) raffinement (of cruelty,
voluptuousness, cleanliness, language,
taste, etc.); (subtle reasoning) argutie,
distinction fine [d&icate].

Raffi,nement= refinement (as above); over-
refinement, afiectedness : la delicatesse
du langage ne doit point alter jusqu' au r.
(Larousse) = refinement in language
should not be carried to the point of
affectedness.

Reflect = (physics) reflechir, refleter ; (fig.)
(faire) retomber (sur), (faire) rejaillir
(sur), faire tort d; veflechir, mediter,
s'interroger (sur); se rappeler, con-
sidtrer (que> comment), songer d. (N.)
Reflection = (as verb); critique, censure,
blame, etc.

Refl&hir = throw back (light, sound,
image) : le son a, comme la lumiere t la
proprUU de se r. (Diet, de I'Acad.);
(gram.) verbes riflechis = reflexive;
reflect, meditate. (N.) Reflexion = (as
verb).

Refl&er = throw back (light, image,
colour); (fig.) reflect (a characteristic).
La purete de son time se reflete sur son
visage (Dannesteter) = The purity of
his mind is reflected in his face. (N.)
#e/Ie=flash, reflection.

Reflex (adj.) = (optics, rare; physiol.)
veflexe + (bot.) r&flechi, recourbe;
(introspective) recueilli; (of influence)
retombant sur.

Reform (v.) = reformer; moraliser
(criminal). Re-form reformer. (N.)
= reforme, reformation.

Reformer = reform; (mil.) discharge,
invalid (soldiers) ; scrap (stores)* (N.)
Rdforme = reform, reformation; dis-
charge \conge de r.=sick leave], scrap-
ping (of ammunition, etc.) .

Reformer ^form again (a broken line of
troops, etc.); reblock (hat).

Refract = rifracter (light) + (chem.)
analyser (nitre).

Rtfracter^xefTzct (light). (Med.) Dose
refractee= Repeated dose.

Refrain = (recurring line) refrain + (fig.)
old story, the same topic, same tune*

Refrain (v.)=se retenir de; s'empScher de
(=help) ; (avoid) se ga-rder de; (abstain)
s'abstenir de.

Refrener curb (fig.) .

Refresh = rafraichir (the memory) ;
(revive, of food, drink, etc.) redonner
des forces a, refaire, remettre; d&lasser,
reposer; ranimer, restaurer; r&creer.

Refreshing^ (as v.) ; r. innocence nalveti
delicieuse.

Refresher = (as verb) and specially (irt
law) supplement d'honoraires.

Rafraichir=cool: Ah! Vheureux temps!
I'heureuse ville ! Des hallebardes qui ne
coupaient pas; des prisons d'tat oh
Von mettait le vin d r. (A. Daudet,
Lettres de mon moulin) ; freshen
(painting); renovate (picture), revive,

Refuse

167

stir up (mortar) ; recultivate (soil) ;
trim (hair, beard) ; prune (tree-roots) ;
refresh, revive (memory).

Refuse (n.) = (lit. and fig.) rebut (general
term), dockets, ordures, debris.

Refu$=* refusal, denial; want (of milk in
a wet-nurse) ; (techn.) jusqu'a r. (when
pile, etc., is driven) as far as possible ;
thing refused : ne point vouloir du y.
d'un autre=not to want another's
leavings, what another has refused.
Ce n'est pas de r. = I can't say no to
that, I accept with pleasure.

Refuse (v.)=refuser (consent, obedience,
to obey, money) ; rejeter (candidate,
offer, advice, request) ; nier (request) ;
refuser de donner (information); (at
cards) ne pas fournir la couleur de-
mands' e. Re-fuse=/cw^y de nouveau.

Refuser = refuse (as above); decline
(invitation) ; deny, refuse to admit : Us
refusent a leurs ennemis leurs moindres
qualites (Larousse)=they refuse to see
the slightest good in their enemies,
deny that their enemies have any
qualities at all; (in examinations)
reject, 'plough* [II a iti refuse = 'H.e
did not pass]. Se refuser: il ne se
refuse rien=he denies himself nothing;
se r. a qqch demur to. Un navire qui
refuse = A ship that does not obey the
helm. (Prov.) Qui refuse muse = He
who will not when he may, when he will
he shall have nay.

Regain = (consciousness) reprendre f
retrouver (ses sens, ses esprits) t revenir
a soi; regagner (place, ground).

Regagner= regain (as above), reach again;
r. le dessus du vent=to get to windward,
get the weather gage; regain, recover
(esteem, confidence), win back (hearts) ;
recover (money lost).

R6gale=(eccles. hist.) regale + (organ) vox
humana stop*

Regard (v.) =regarder+ avoir egard a, faire
cos de t tenir compte de : he doesn't r. my
advice =il ne tient aucun compte de mes
conseils. Regarding (prep.)^concernant,
quant a, au sujet de.
(N.) = (gaze) regard, coup d'ceil;
(respect) egard, consideration, defe-
rence ; estime t amitie, affection ; rapport,
relation, sujet: with r. to=en ce qui
concerne, sous le rapport de ; (heed, etc.)
soin, attention, circonspection ; (pi. in
correspondence) compliments. [But
this varies according to the degree

of intimacy existing.] My kindest rr.
Mille amities (de ma part) a. With
the author's kind xr.Avec les com-
pliments (hommages) de I'auteur. Give
him my kind rr. = Faites-lui mes
amities, vappeUz-moi a son bon sou-
venir.

Regard (n.) = (mental) contemplation,
consideration, look, reflection; eye(s)
(fi&-) (physical) look, gaze, glance. En
r. = Opposite: Edition de Virgile avec
traduction en r. = . . . with text and
translation on opposite pages. Un r.
d'ggout, etc. = Peep-hole, air-hole, man-
hole*

Regarder = (consider mentally) contem-
plate, consider, look upon; pay atten-
tion, -mind, reflect; concern (s.o.); (gaze
at with eye) look at, gaze at (on),
behold, regard (see above) ; se faire r.
= attract attention; point to, face:
I* aiguille aimantee regarde toujours le
nord (Diet, de l'Acad.)=the magnetic
needle always points north; chaumiere
qui regarde un chateau^ a cottage facing
a mansion.

Regent = regent +r. de la Banque de France
=one of the 15 governors of the Bank
of France.

Regime = (form of government; system,
or method) regime + diet, regimen;
(gram.) object; normal functioning,
normal running (of engine); flow (of
water in pipe); cluster, bunch* (of
bananas, dates, etc.). Eire au r.=
To be on diet

Register (n.) = (book, etc.) registre; (of
voters) liste Elector ale ; (of oven damper)
registre; (U.S.A.) bouche de chaleur; (of
organ, compass of voice; printing)
registre; (recording instrument) in-
dicateur.

Regorger=TQgoTge, vomit; (fig.) disgorge
(ill-gotten gains, etc.) ; overflow (of
liquids) ; (of vessel) brim over ; (fig.) be
crowded (of streets) with people, etc.

Regret = regret -f expression of regret;
passing-bell.

Regular regulier; (steady) regie; (indue
form) en vlgle ; (usual) ordinaire; (down-
right) fieffe 1 , franCf veritable.

R6gler= (mark with lines) rule : (fig.) etre
rigU comme du papier a musique=lea,d.
a regular life, be as regular as clock-
work. (Fig.) regulate (life; ceremony;
clock) ; se r. sur qqn= regulate one's life
by s.o. = take s.o. as an example =

Rein

168 Remark

follow s.o/s example; tous se rlglent sur
lui = all copy him, go by him, are
guided by him; settle (business, salary) ;
adjust (account, dispute) ; moderate
(zeal).

Rein=ttfe, vine; (pi., fig.) vines; draw
r. = arreter son cheval ; give the horse the
T. ldcher la bride au cheval, lui laisser
la bride sur le cou; (fig.) to give r. to
one's imagination donner libre coizrs,
carriere t a son imagination.
JRem=kidney; (pi.) loins; back. (Fig.)
Avoir Us rr. solides = Be rich, powerful.
Reject = rejeter (food, of the stomach;
advice, offer, request) ; repousser (re-
quests, offers, eulogies); refuser (money;
crown; candidate, suitor; literary con-
tribution); ^carter (suspicions; request;
application); abolir (custom); exclure
(s.t. not in harmony, s.t. incompatible);
econduire (suitor).

Rejeter = throw back, return (ball or any
object thrown) ; cast (blame on others) ;
throw up (of the sea on shore), throw
back (into s.t.) ; reject (as above), refuse,
repulse; carry on (word to next line) ;
transfer (notes to the end of volume) ;
dismiss (appeal).

Rejoice = (trans.) rejouir, faire grand

plaisir a [usually passively : I am

rejoiced to hear that = Cela me fait

grand plaisir d'apprendre que, etc.];

(intrans.) etre bien aise (content) de (que);

se rejouir de; avoir le bonheur d' avoir

(=r. in), jouir de; faire des rtfouissances*

Rejoin (unite again) rejoindre; (join

- company, etc.) rejoindre; (answer)

repondre f repartir, repliqaer.
Rejoindre = (see above) rejoin, reunite,
join again; catch up, overtake, rejoin.
Relapse (n.) =rechute; ricidive (into crime) .
Relaps apostate; backslider*
Relate = (narrate) raconter, conter (idle
stories, fables, anecdotes); (have refer-
ence to) se rapporter d, concerner t avoir
trait d; related to = parent de; (by
marriage) allie; s' adapter: how parts
r. to parts comment certaines parties
s'adaptent d d'autres.
Relater= state, mention: on a relate cette
piece dans I'inventaire (Diet. del 1 A cad.);
relate.

Relation = (of story) narration, recit,
relation; (connexion or correspondence
between persons and things) rapport,
relation; (kinship) parent^ famille,
alliance; (person) parent, -e; (inter-

course, pi.) relations, rapports; (com.)
relation.

Relative (adj.) = relatif, generally;
different yet r. designs = des dessins
differents, ayant toutefois des rap-
ports. What are the r. merits of the
two?=Quels sont comparativement les
merites des deux choses ? He made the
next attempt with r. coolness =// jit
I'essai suivant avec plus de sang-froid.
The supply is r. to the demand =L'offre
est proportionne'e d la demande. (Loosely)
I wrote to him r. to renewal of the lease
= Je lui ai ecrit a propos du renouvelle-
ment du bail.

Relax = (se) reldcher, (se) detendre: his
features relaxed ses traits se deten-
dirent; affaiblir, debiliter : this place
has a relaxing climate =c02 endroit a un
climat debilitant ; se delasser, se distraire.

Relaxer(law) set (prisoner) at liberty,
release.

Relaxation = (generally) reldchement;
relaxation (of muscles, etc.) + repos,
recreation.

Relaxation == (law) release (of prisoner);
relaxation (of muscle).

Relegate = releguer (consign to inferior
position) ; exiler, bannir ; renvoyer
(matter for decision, person for in-
formation to).

Relent *=s'adoucir, s'attendrir, s'amollir;
flechir, ceder.

Ralentir = slacken (pace), make slower
(movement) ; moderate (passion, zeal),

Relief = (alleviation from pain, etc.)
soulagement, allegement, adoucissement f
delivrance; (features that relieve mono-
tony) soulagement; (assistance) secours,
aide f assistance t subvention; redressement
(of grievance), reparation, justice; (of
sentries) releve; (sculpture, architec-
ture, etc.) relief. Stand out in strong
r.= Ressor tir vigoureusement, s' accuser
fortement, saittir. (V.) Relieve =
soulager, etc.

Relief = (sculpture, coins, etc.) relief,
relievo, embossing; (fig.) prominence,
distinction; (pi.) table-scraps.

Religious = religieux ; r. book = livre de
piete.

Relume=rallumer (torch; fig. anger, war,
etc.) -\-rendre son eclat a.

Remark (v.)=remarquer; remarquer (s.o.
or s.t.), faire attention a ~j- dire, faire
la remarque, faire des remarques f faire
remarquer, declarer, faire observer.

Remarguer

169

Repair

Remarquer = re-mark; observe, notice,
remark. Faire r. = Point out. Se faire
r. = Attract attention; distinguish
oneself.

Remedy = remade (generally) -f (at law)
reconrs (en justice) .

Remiss = negligent, nonchalant, insouciant;
manquant d'energie, mou, pen z&e, etc.

Remis (p.p. of remettre, see below)=put
again; put off; recovered; drawn (of a
game) ; alighted (of a bird) ; settled (of
weather), etc.

Remit= (of God) pardonner (sins), remettre
(d qqn une offense) ; remettre (une peine,
une dette) ; tenir qqn quitte (d'une obliga-
tion, etc.); reldcher (efforts), calmer
(one's anger); cesser de presser (siege);
(of pain, zeal, etc.) diminuer, faiblir,
adoucir, se detendre; (refer matter to
s.o. for decision) renvoyer ; (legal) ren-
voyer (case); (put into previous con-
dition) remettre; (postpone) remettre,
difffrer; envoyer, exptdier, faire tenir
(money).

Remettre put back, replace; se r. d table
=sit down again to table; se r. en
voituregQt into the carriage again;
set (a dislocated arm) ; put on again
(coat); se r. qqch en Ute recall s.t.; se
r. un visage recognize a face; r. qqn
recognize s.o.; r. un devoir au net =
make a clean copy of an exercise; se r.
au travail start work again; Us se sont
remis d f accord = they became friends
again; remettez vos esprits=recovtr your
composure ; remettez-vous calm your-
self; r. une piece au thedtre=r&rivz a
play; r. qqn sur le trdne restore s.o. to
the throne; hand (letter to s.o.) ; entrust
(s.t. to s.o.). S'en r. d qqn de qqch
Leave s.t. to s.o. to deal with; je veux
bien m'en r. d votre sentiment I am
prepared to fall in with your way of
thinking; pardon (d qqn une offense)]
postpone (the meeting) t adjourn, re-
mand (a law case).

[Remount] Remonter = remount (horse,
hill, ladder, etc.) [r. sur son cheval; sur
le trdne; r. une colline; (fig.) r. d [= go
back to] date, period, source] + r. dans sa
chambre=go up to one's room again; rise
(to the surface) : (fig.) r . sur I'eaugtt
back into favour; rise (of barometer,
stocks, wind) ; go up, ascend (against
[=contre] the stream : to [=jusqu'aux]
sources of river); go back (to the
crusades, further, higher up) ; carry up

again (a trunk) ; turn up (lamp-wick) ;
wind up (watch) ; stimulate, revive
(courage) ; buck up (s.o.) ; fortify (wine) ;
readjust (machine, bed, etc.) ; remount
(diamonds, etc.) ; vamp (boots) ; give (a
horseman) a remount.

Renaissance = Renaissance -f renascence,
new birth, renewal, revival.

Render = rendre + donner (reason);
interpreter (parts in acting) ;fondre (fat) ;
account rendered = facture dejd
presentee.

Rendre = return (s.t. lent or in charge) ;
r. compte=give (an account of s.t.); se
r. compte de verify; give (points to an
opponent) ; bear (witness, temoignage) ;
give back (one's word) ; r. raison d'une
chose justify s.t.; r. raison d qqn d'un
outrage givQ s.o. satisfaction; give
back, restore, return (what was taken
or stolen; health, sight, liberty, etc.) ;
give (in exchange) ; r. visile pay a visit;
produce (of land, cattle, etc.) ; give a
profit; respond (of a horse); give (of
string, billiard cushion) ; hand, hand
over (letter, etc.) ; deliver (goods) ;
proceed, go (to post, etc.) ; (abs.) open
into (somewhere); vomit, throw up
(bile, wind, food) ; faire r. gorge d qqn
force s.o. to restore ill-gotten gains
[=tp disgorge]; une orange rend [gives]
du jus ; r. le dernier soupir = give up
the ghost; utter (complaint) ; produce
(sounds) ; give forth (oracles) ; issue
(warrant) ; pronounce (sentence) ; sur-
render (town) ; (fig.) un cosur qui se
rend [yields, surrenders]; se r. yield
to fatigue; make (s.t. or s.o. white,
black, free, etc.); rendu (of person) =
worn out, knocked up. [Prov. C'est
un pveii pour un rendii Tit for
tat.]

Rent = (i) (tear) dechirure, dtchirement,
rupture; (in garments) accroc; (fissure)
fissure, fente, gorge ; (in church) schisme ;
(ii) (payment to landlord) loyer (of
house), fermage (of farm), redevance
(=any fixed charge). (V.) = prendre
. . . d loyer (d ferme) ; (let) louer.

Rente income, annuity; (government)
stock, funds; dividends; r. fcmciere =
ground rent; r. viagere=life annuity.

Renter endow : r. un hdpital, un college;
re-foot (stocking). tre bien rentt =Be
well off, well-to-do.

Repair (v., intrans.) to = (resort) se rendre
d, oiler d. (V., trans. )=reparer t faire

Reparer

170

Repudiate

de$ reparations d (house, etc.) ; raccom-
moder (clothes), radouber (ship); reparer
(wrongs, one's strength) ; rdtablir
(health).

Reparer = repair, mend, restore; atone for,
make good, redeem, redress (wrongs,
forgetfulness), make up for (lost time).
(N.) Reparation = reparation, repair -f
amends, atonement, redress ; r. par les

Repeal (n.) = abrogation, revocation.

Rappel = (re)call(ing) : r. d I'ordre
call (ing) to order; battre le r. call to
arms.

Repertoire =* repertoire + classified index ;
alphabetical list of credit customers;
official (stamped) register (in public
offices, law courts, etc.) ; (fig.) c'est
un r. vivant=*he is a walking dictionary,

Repeter = repeat + (law) claim back
(money, goods); (theat.) rehearse.

Repetition = (repeating) repetition [montre
(fusil) a repetition repeating watch,
etc.] ; (from memory) recitation; (mus.)
reprise; replique.

Repetition = repetition; (theatre) rehear-
sal : r. gen6rale = dress rehearsal ; private
lesson: donner des *r.=be a private
coach; (law) claiming back*

Replace replacer -h (take place of)
remplacer.

Replete = rempli, plein, rassasie; entier,
parfait, complet.

Replet^ stout, fat

Report (v.) = rapporter; faire un proce*s-
verbal [of meeting, etc.); to r. progress
=faire un expose de la situation ; signa-
ler, annoncer I' existence de. (Reflex.) Se
presenter.

(N.) = (common talk) bruit, rumeur, oui-
dire; (account given) rapport, compte,
recit, expose; bulletin, compte rendu,
proems-verbal; recueil des arrets et des
decisions judiciaires ; (gun) detonation.

Reporter = take (carry) back (book; war) ;
carry forward (in arith.) ; postpone (date
of event) ; (stock exchange) se faire r.=
lend on continuation* Se r. = Look back
(mentally)*

Report carrying over ; amount brought
forward; (lithog.) transfer; (stock ex-
change) contango*

Repose = repos -f (art) disposition
harmonieuse qui repose Vail; (manner)
aisance.

Repos = rest, repose, quiet; (in poetry)
pause; resting-place, seat; sleep, siesta;

le champ de r.= churchyard, God's acre;
le r. etemel=lo,st sleep; inactivity: se
tenir en r.=keep still; (phys.) equili-
brium; (fig.) peace, tranquillity, rest;
etre en r. au sujet de qqn^not to be
anxious about s.o. ; (com.) une valeur
de tout v. gilt-edged security; au r.=
(of a gun) at half cock; (mil.) r.!, stand
at ease*

Representation = representation, image,
likeness -f (theatre) performance,
impersonation; show, display, appear-
ances : etYe toujours en r.= always show-
ing off; official entertainment; (legal)
substitution ; (com.) action of travelling
for a firm; (politics) action of repre-
senting the people : la r. des minorites
=s proportional representation. La r.
nationale= Members of Parliament.

Reprise = (legal) redevance (deducted from
income of an estate); (rare) reprise (=
resumption, renewal of an action) .

Reprise = retaking, recapture, recovery,
repurchase (enemy's position; money,
land, etc.) ; ship recaptured ; (in house-
renting) premium (for fittings and
improvements) ; renewal, resumption,
revival (of hostilities, cold, lawsuit,
business, play, etc.) ; bout, round,
turn (hi boxing, fencing, etc.) ; darning,
mending, putting in a stitch; r. perdue
= invisible darn, repair; (mus.) repeti-
tion : burden (of a song) . A plusieurs
rr. Several times, repeatedly, at
intervals.

Reproach (n.) = (that brings disgrace)
objet de mepris, honte, disgrdce; des-
honneWt opprobre; (rebuke) censure,
blame, reproche. The state of the roads
is a r. to civilization L'6tat des chemins
est une honte pour la civilisation \un
peuple civilise}. That has taken away
my r.=Cela a efface mon d&honneur.
Heap rr. on^Accabler de reproches.

Reproche= reproach, blame; pricking (of
conscience)-]- (fig.) ce sont des temoins
sans r. =they are reliable witnesses.

Reprove = (rebuke person, also reprove
s.o. for, rarely sin, etc.) faire des
reproches a; bldmer.

Reprouver = condemn, reject (doctrine) ;
censure (action) ; (eccles.) reprobate, cast
off, exclude (from salvation, by God),
NOTE. Reprouver prove again.

Repudiate = repudier (wife, legally);
desavouer, nier (connexion with s.t.)/
refuser de reconnoitre (obeir a) une

R&pudier

171

Resist

obligation, une dette, etc.; (of State)
desav ouer (la dette publique).

Repudier = repudiate (as above) -f
renounce (legacy) ; (fig-) renounce
(beliefs, etc.).

Repugnance (of, between, to, -with.) =
(inconsistency) inconsequence, incom-
patibilite; contradiction, disaccord, (in
ideas); (antipathy, etc., to) antipathie,
aversion, repugnance; (among things)
opposition, contrariety

Repugnant = inconsequent, incompatible,
contradictoire; contraire, oppose, r&is-
tant, hostile, rdfractaire a; repugnant.

Repousser = repulse (as above), thrust
back, repel, drive back; spurn, reject,
etc.; work (metals) in repousse; grow
again, shoot, bud ; (of spring) recoil ; (of
gun) kick.

Reputed =repute, consider e; (passing as
. . . but probably not) r. father =pere
putatif; r. clemency = soi - disant
clemence.

Request = (act of asking; thing asked for)
demande, priere ; chose demandee : at his
T.=sur sa demande* To comply with a
r.=Se rendre a une priire. By i.~En
reponse d une demande ; (state of being
sought after) to be in great r.=trefort
recherche" [demande', en vogue, a la
mode] : he is in great r. =on se Varrache.

Requ&te = (hunt.) new search; (legal)
petition, request, instance.

Require = (order person, demand of person
to do s.t.) they r. me (=of me) [=1 am
required] to come = on exige que je
vienne; (lay down as imperative) he has
done what the Act requires =i/ a fait
ce que la hi exige; (need, depend for
success on) irony requires care in its
use=ilfaut de la prudence en se servant
de Vironie. It required all his authority
to keep them in hand=// fallait toute
son autorite pour les retenir. The court
requires you to attend =La cour requiert
que vous comparaissiez.

Jftegtzrir=beg, ask (as a favour) ; demand,
claim; qualittrequise=requisite [proper]
quality; (ask legally) r. qqn defaire qqch
= summon s.o. to do s.t.; je vous prie
et, au besoin, vous requiers de faire telle
chose (Diet, de I* A cad.).

Resent =se ressentir de; s'indigner de,
s'offenser de.

Ressentir = feel, experience, have an
impression of: elle ressent vivement cette
injure (Diet, de l'Acad.)=she feels this

insult keenly; il est egalement incapable
de r. et d'inspirer I'amitie (Diet, de
I'Acad.); se r. de = (i) feel effects of: il
se ressent encore de sa maladie (Diet, de
I'Acad.; (ii) resent: se r. de I' injure
qu'on a re$ue (Larousse).

Reservation = reserve, reservation (as v.) ;
(law, papal right) reservation -\- (mental)
restriction; (land in U.S.A.) reserve.

Reserve (n.) (s.t. for future use)
reserve; (law, mil., nav., finance)
reserve; (qualification) reserve, restric-
tion; (self-restraint) retenue, reserve,
discretion; reticence, froideur, manque
de cordialit^; suppression voulue de la
verit^

.R&erve = reserve (as above); donner une
nouvelle sous toutes rr. [=give a piece of
news with all reserve, without guaran-
teeing its accuracy] ; caution, modesty,
reserve; stock in reserve; (Indian)
reservation; (hunt.) preserve.

Reside = (dwell) resider, demeurer ; (be
inherent) reside/ + (rest or be vested
in, of power, rights, etc.) tre entre les
mains de, appartenir d*

Resident (n.) = habitant; (govt. agent)
resident. (Adj.) = residant; (school-
master) professeur logd dans Vecole.

Residence = residence, dwelling, abode;
residentship ; resident's house; resi-
dency (in India),

Residue = residu (chem.) ; reste; (of
estate) reliquat.

Resign (hand over) resigner, se demettre
de (office) ; abandonner, renoncer d
(right, claim, property, life, hope,
task); (hand over to s.o. [into the
hands of s.o.] a matter, etc.) remettre
a qqn [entre les mains de qqn] une
affaire, etc.; (r. oneself to s.t.) s' aban-
donner a (sleep, rest, etc.); (r. oneself
to the care, etc., of s.o.) s'en remettre
aux soins de qqn; r. oneself to one's
fate se resigner & son sort.

Resignadon=resignation, demission (of a
post); dcrit ou Von donne sa demission,
lettre de demission; (uncomplaining
endurance) soumission, patience, courage,
force d'dme.

Resignation = resignation (of office);
resignation (to God's will or to fate).

Resile (v.) = (of elastic bodies) rebondir;
(fig., show buoyancy) avoir du ressort,
retrouver son elan.

Resilier = cancel, annul (lease, etc.).

Resist = resister a, s'opposer a, lutter

Resolve

172

Repondre

contre; se raidir contre, se refuser d.
He cannot r. a pun=I/ ne saurait se
retenir, resister d la tentation r de faire
un calembour.

Resolve (v.) = (break up) resoudre (blood
into water, wood into ashes and smoke,
vapour into rain, a tumour) ; dissoudre
(of death, of the body (reflex.)', a
tumour, salt, sugar in -water); se
desagrdger (of rocks) ; dissiper (sun . . .
the clouds); resoudre (problem, diffi-
culty) ; se former (House resolves itself
into a committee) ; (mus.) resoudre; (
solve; clear up) expliquer, edaircir, lever
(doubts); (decide) (se) decider, (se)
determiner; (of assembly) arr&er, did-
der. (N.) Resolution = (science, med.,
mus.) resolution; decision, resolution,
fermete; proposition; certitude, assu-
rance.

Resoudre resolve, dissolve, melt, change
into (see above); solve (problem), settle
(question) ; resolve (discord) ; deter-
mine, resolve on, decide ; induce, prevail
upon, persuade ; (reflex.) make up one's
mind, decide, resolve; (law) annul,
cancel*

Resolution =* dissolving, changing ; resolu-
tion (as above); dispersal; solution (of
problem), decision, resolve, determina-
tion.

Resort (v.) = (turn to) avoir recours a,
recourir a; (go in numbers or often to) se
rendre a, alter a, hanter, frequenter
(person or place). They resorted to
him in hundreds =Ils se rendirent chez
lui par centaines. They watched the
inn to which he was known to r.=I/s
guettaient I'auberge qu'on savait qu'il
frequentait. (N .) recours ; expedient;
in the last r.=e dernier ressort; afflu-
ence, assemble* e, concours, frequentation ;
lieu de reunion: seaside T.^plage;
health r.ville d'eau, station cli-
materique.

Ressort = bounce, rebound, spring ; (fig.)
activity, energy, force, active power,
life ; spring (of a machine) ; (fig.) motive,
means ; (law) resort, recourse : cette
affaire est du r. du tribunal ^ikis case is
within the province [competence] of the
court. (Fig.) Les mceurs ne sont pas du
r. de la loi=* Morals are not within the
jurisdiction of the, law. Cela n'est pas
de mon r. = (fam.) That 's not in my line.

Ressortir come, go out again; be in
relief (of letters, carving, etc.); result

from; to be within the province of a
court : mon affaire ressortit au tribunal
de premiere instance.

Resound = resonner + faire sensation;
chanter, repeter hautement (praises of
s.o., etc.)*

Ressource resource : homme de f(y).=man
of resource. Ville de r.= Well-supplied
town. // est mine sans r.=He is irre-
trievably ruined. Faire r. de tout =
Turn everything into cash.

Respect (n.) = (relation) rapport, egard;
(heed) consideration, motif, attention;
(partiality, favour) acception (of per-
sons) : without r. of persons = sans
acception de personnes; (detail, point)
egard, rapport: in every T.=SOUS tous'
les rapports, a tous egards; (esteem)
respect, estime, consideration; (polite
messages) respects, hommages, devoirs.
In r. of=A regard de, pour ce qui est
de. In this r. = A cet egard, sous ce
rapport. With r. to = Quant d, en ce
qui concerne. In several rr.=^ plu-
sieurs points de vue, sous plusieurs
rapports.

Respect = respect, regard, reverence, awe
(for others, law, religion, the dead,
etc.); (fam.) saufvotrer. = saving your
presence, with all due deference to you.

Respectable = (worthy of respect, consi-
deration : persons or things) respectable,
estimable + (of merit or importance)
respectable, assez considerable; (social
standing) comme ilfaut, convenable, con-
siddre, honnfre; (of clothes) convenable,
presentable, propre [generally used ad-
verbially, as ' respectably dressed ' =
habilU convenablement [comme il faut,
proprement, etc.] ].

Respond = (answer) repondre a + (show
sensitiveness) Itre sensible (d), etre touchi
(par) : does not r. to kindness *=n'estpas
sensible a la bonte" ; (rarely) corresponds,
faire pendant,

Repond re = respond, answer, reply; return
(a salute) =r. au salut de qqn; corre-
spond (to), satisfy, come up to, be equal
to : il s'en faut bien que le plumage de cet
oiseau rtponde a son ramage = the
plumage of this bird is far torn being
equal [coming up] to its singing: les
deux ailes de Vedifice ne se rtpondent
pas=ths two wings of the building are
not symmetrical [do not correspond] :
la sonnette repond dans la cuisine = the
bell rings [is heard] in the kitchen; be

Respondent

173

Restrain

security for, guarantee, be answerable
for : reponds-moi d'elle et je reponds de
moi='be answerable for her, and I shall
be answerable for myself : je reponds de
son obeissance=l guarantee his obedi-
ence: je (vous) en reponds = 1 promise
you = I answer for it=I warrant you=
you may be sure of it=(/am.) and no
mistake.

Respondent = (one answering) repondant;
(law) defendewr, -deresse; intime (before
Court of Appeal)*

Rtpondant = respondent (as above);
surety, bondsman, guarantor; (refer-
ence) referee ; (church) clerk, lay-clerk.

Response = reponse, replique; (church)
reports; (fig.) 6cho : it called forth no r.
in his breast =cela ne fit naitre aucun
echo [vibrer aucune corde sensible] dans
son sein [cceur] : his efforts met with no
r.=<w n'a pas second^ ses efforts.

Reponse= response, reply; (law) decision;
(stock exchange) declaration; (mus.)
real answer (in a fugue)*

Responsible = (liable, answerable to a
person, for a thing) responsible de, qui
est charge de, a qui il incombe de;
(morally accountable, capable, etc,)
digne de confiance, qui inspire confiance,
sur qui Von peut compter [faire fond] f
solvable, honorable, capable.

Responsive (to) = facile a influencer (emou-
voir), impressionnable, sensible (a).

Responsif= (law) in reply.

Rest (v.) = (be still) se reposer; dormir,
sommeiller; dormir du sommeil kernel; (of
land) tre en jachere [friche']; (relieve)
soulager (eyes); (trans.) faire reposer;
(lean=r. on) s'appuyer (sur, contre), (of
eyes) tomber sur, se poser sur; reposer (the
eyes on) ; (bear on) porter sur, reposer sur
(question, etc.); (remain) demeurer,
r ester, etre ; (trust, rely on) se fier a,
compter sur; (r. with) dtpendre de, ne tenir
qu'd; (place for support, as r. one's arm
on table) appuyer; (fig.) baser, fonder, (as
duty) incomber d : that matter rests with
youcette affaire vous incombe; (of con-
fidence) mettre sa confiance dans (en).
Science rests on phenomena =La science
est baste sur des phenomenes. The light
rests on his face=La lumiere tombe sur
sa figure.

Pester remain., be left; dwell, live, stay,
stop, remain. Je suis rests apres leur
depart = I remained [stayed behind] after
they left. II est reste deux jours a Paris

=He stayed [remained] two days in
Paris. Restez-vous avec nous?*= Are you
staying on with us? (Fam.) Ou restez-
vous ?= Where do you live? II est reste
dans I'armeeHe remained in the army.
Us sont restes amis = They remained
friends. La chose en est restee Id =
There the matter dropped.

Rest (n.) = (sleep, absence from work or
agitation) repos, paix, sommeil, tran-
quillite, aise; (lodging place) asile, abri;
(prop) appui; support; (maulstick)
appui-main ; (lance) arret ; (knife) porte-
couteau, chevalet; (telescope) affut;
(rifle) chevalet; (mus.) silence, pause,
soupir; (poet.) repos, cesure; (re-
mainder) rest, restant, les autres.

Reste = remainder, rest, residue (of funds,
property), remnant (of nation, cloth),
last penny; (pi.) mortal remains,
leavings. En r.= In arrears* De r.=
Enough and to spare* II ne demande
pas son y.=He has had enough of it,
he 's not waiting for anything further.
// n'est jamais en y.=He is never at a
loss (for s.t. to say). Une femme qui a
encore de beaux ?r.=A woman who is
still attractive. Un r. de cheval = A
vigorous old horse.

Restoration (see v. below) = remise,
restitution; restauration ; r&ablissement;
reintegration ; reparation (of a gar-
ment)*

Restauration (see v. below) = restoration
(of ruler, buildings, pictures, literature,
art).

Restore = (give back) rendre, remettre;
restituer (things stolen); (repair) res-
taurer (buildings, pictures, dynasty,
health, art, literature) ; retablir (health,
text); ramener (confidence); reint&grer
(s.o. to (=dans) dignity or post);
rappeler (s.o. to life); rendre (s.o. to
health : life to s.o.); (put back, replace)
remettre, replacer; (put into force again)
renouveler (regulations)*

Restaurer = restore, repair, revive (see
above); r. qqn= refresh s.o. with food
and drink.

Restrain = empecher : this independence
did not r. him from writing poetry (L.
Stephen, quoted in N.E.D.) cette inde-
pendance ne I'empecha pas d'ecrire de la
poesie; contenir, retenir, maitriser, re-
primer: she could hardly r. her tears=
c'est a peine si elle put retenir ses larmes ;
r. one's impatience = contenir son

Restreindre

174

Retraite

impatience ; r. one's mirth = se retenir
de rire. \

Restreindre = restrict (privileges, author-
ity); cut down (expenses); limit
(meaning of a word) . Se r . = Retrench,
cut down one's expenses.

Resume = (get, take back (again) )
reprendre, regagner, recouvrer (spirits,
sway, habits, liberty); (r. seat) se
rasseoir; recommence? (grant); con-
tinuer, poursuivre (speech, thoughts);
renouer (relations); 'No, it is hopeless,'
he resumed = Non, c'est inutile, reprit-
il; (make a summary) rtsumer.

Re'sumer = sum up, summarize, recapitu-
late, make a resume.

Resurrection =fete de la resurrection ; (from
the dead, and sometimes fig.) resurrec-
tion + exhumation :T. man = deterreur;
i. pie=pd (fait) de restes.

Retail (v.) = vendre au detail, detailler ;
raconter en detail (a story, incident).

Retailler trim, cut again (trees, quills,
etc.).

Retain = retenir -+- garder f conserver: r.
one's composure garder, conserver son
calme; r. one's presence of mind==Cw-
server sa presence d' esprit; s* assurer les
services de (counsel in law case) ; prendre
(qqn) a son service; contenir (of a dike :
water in its bed).

Retenir =hold up (person from falling) ; se
r. d= catch hold of, clutch at, cling to
(s.t.), restrain (person) ; detain (person) ;
confine (to bed) ; keep (s.o. to (a)
dinner) ; se r. sur la boisson^=to be
moderate with drink; se r. de faire qqch
= refrain from doing s.t.; etre retenu d
faire qqch = to be detained doing
s.t.; une personne retenue = prudent,
cautious person; keep back, retain;
hold (breath, tongue), withhold (one's
weapon) ; keep back (tears) ; remember
(s.t. said) ; keep under control, restrain
(anger) ; keep (s.t. borrowed or taken) ;
deduct (discount); book (seat in
theatre) ; engage (room or servant) .

Retarder (trans.) retard, delay (depar-
ture), postpone, put off, retard, defer,
delay (marriage, etc.) -h delay (owing to
happening) ; put back (watch) ; (intrans.)
be slow (of watch)

NOTE. Retard is mainly used in
scientific language.

Retention =r Mention (action or faculty of

, retaining; med., legal); maintien en
place, faculte* de garder, de conserve^

de contenir f de soutenir, de maintenir.
See Retain,

Retention = retention (as above) ; (arith.)
carrying (in addition and subtraction).

Retire = (intrans.) se retirer, s'en aller; (of
official) prendre sa retraite f (of business
man) se retirer des affaires; (to bed) se
coucher , aller se coucher; (mil.) faire
retraite, battre en retraite, se retirer.
Retired (p.p^retire 1 ; (of places) retire,
ecarte, isole, solitaire; (from office)
retraite, en retraite; ancien, retire des
affaires (grocer, etc.); secret f cachi
(spot); r. pay= pension de retraite; r.
bttl^valeur (effet) retiree) de circulation;
(trans.) mettre (officer) d la retraite.

Retirer = take, draw (body from water) ;
withdraw (child from school) ; take out,
extract (stone from peach) ; draw
(money from the bank) ; se r. d'un
lieu= withdraw from [leave] place; se
r. de qqn = turn away from s.o. = aban-
don s.o. ; rescue (from the grave, from
error, etc) ; se r. des affair es= retire from
business; se r. dans sa chambre = retire
to one's room; une dme retiree en elle-
'meme a mind wrapped up in itself
= uncommunicative ; reap, receive (from
enterprise) ; pull away, take away (<i qqn
sa chaise) ; withdraw (one's arm) ; la
mer commence d se r.=tide is going out
[ebbing] ; on lui a retire son grade=he
has been deprived of his rank; take
back (one's word) ; (p.p.) solitary, re-
tired (life) ; secluded (neighbourhood).

Retrace = (trace back) remonter d Vorigine
de; (look over again) examiner (par-
courir) de nouveau ; (go back one's way)
revenir (retourner) sur ses pas.

Retracer = re-trace (drawing); recall,
recount. Souvenir qui se retrace tout
a coup d I 'esprit = Memory which
suddenly recurs to one.

Retreat (n.) = (going back : especially mil.)
retraite; (place) retraite; abri, lieu sur ;
asile.

#<rtrafr=shrinkage (of clay, etc.); (going
back) receding (of sea) ; withdrawal (of
money, of parliamentary bill) ; dis-
missal (from post) ; scratching jof a
horse in a race. En T. = inside
building-line*

Retraite = (mil.) retreat; withdrawal;
tattoo ; retirement (from active life) ;
retiring pension, superannuation ; (place
of retreat) haunt, privacy, hiding-place,
retreat, refuge, shelter; (= retrait)

Retrench

175

Revers

shrinkage, building-line ; (com,) redraft,
draft (on last backer; of a bill of
exchange)*

Retrench (v., trans, and intrans.) =reduire,
restreindre (expenses and things causing
expense) ; deduire (money) ; abreger
(literary work); retrancher (passage);
faire des economies, economizer, se
restreindre; (mil.) retrancher.

Retrenchment = (mil.) retranchement -f
economies, reduction de depenses.

Retrancher (v., trans.) = cut out (course
from dinner) ; cut off, suppress (what
is useless) ; subtract (one number from
another) ; cut off (from communion) ;
ser. qqch=deprive oneself of s.t.; (mil.)
retrench; (fig.) se r. dans =* take refuge
in, fall back upon.

Retranchement = (mil.) retrenchment =
sometimes entrenchment; curtailment;
suppression (of a chapter) ; stoppage.

Retribution chdtiment, vengeance.

Retribution = salary, remuneration, pay-
ment (usually a fixed amount) *

Return (n.) = (coming back) retour, r entree
(a la maison) ; (profit) revenu t rende-
mentf gain; (giving back) remboursement,
restitution; (requiting) recompense, re-
tour; (of sheriff, returning officer, etc.)
rapport; (account, details) rapport,
compte rendUf relevd f etat, statistique,
chiffres, r6sultat t liste; (putting back)
remise en place; nomination election (to
Parliament); (fencing) riposte; (com.)
recettes; retour (d'un effet) ; (match)
revanche. Quick rr. = Ventes promptes.

Retour = return (see above) -f-bend, angle,
corner, elbow; vicissitude, change (for
the worse); etre sur le y.=be on the
decline of life; il n'est point de r*=he
has not returned; reciprocity, com-
pensation; repayment*

Return (v.) = (intrans., go back) retourner;
(come back) revenir; (come back from
outside) rentrer; (= answer) rfpliquer,
rdpondre; (trans., give back) reridre;
(repay) rendre f restituer; (send back)
renvoyer, retourner (letter) ; (bring back)
rapporter; ramener; (put back) remettre;
(yield) rapporter; elire, nommer (member
to Parliament); rendre (visit, compli-
ment, salute, etc.).

Retourner = (trans.) turn over (soil, hay,
idea, omelette) ; turn (coat) ; turn upside
down, with face to the wall (a picture) ;
mix - (salad) ; turn up (a card) ; turn
round, twist (dagger in wound) ; se r.

turn round; upset s.o.; voilb de quoi il
retourne = that is the question, that's
what it's all about; s'en r.=go back
(to where one comes from); s'en r.
comme on est venu=to have come on
a useless errand; r. sur ses pas= retrace
one's steps ; la perfidie retourne sur son
auteur (La Fontaine, cited by Dannes-
teter) = perfidy recoils on its author;
le domaine est retourne a ses anciens
maitres (Darmesteter) = the property
has reverted [been restored] to its former
owners; return (to work, fight, evil
habits).

Revenge = vengeance ; (in games) re-
vanche*

Revanche= retaliation, return; (in games)
return match, revenge. En r. = in
return, to make up for it, as compensa-
tion, on the other hand.

Revenue = revenu (government or
private) ; tresor, fisc ( = treasury) ; r.
cutter =garde-cdte de la douane.

Revenu income; (State) revenue;
(hunt.) new growth (on animals).

.Revenue = new growth (of wood)*

Reverberate (v., trans. ; intrans., of sound,
heat, light) reverbdrer (heat) ; rdflechir,
renvoyer (sound and light); repercuter
(sound); (intrans.) faire e'c/w, retentir
(of sound) ; se reflichir t se rdpercuter.

"R&verbirer reverberate (heat, light).

Reverence =bow, curtsy. Tirer sa r. =
Bow (generally on leaving) = DecHne
an offer.

Reverse (n.) = (opposite) contraire t oppose,
inverse, rebours, contre-pied, retour: cer-
tain remarks which are the r. of
complimentary (C. A. Collins, quoted
in N.E.D.) = certaines remarques qui sont
loin d'etreflatteuses ; (misfortune) revers f
echec, desastre; (of material) envers;
(medal, coin) revers ; (page) revers t verso.
Quite the r. = Tout au contraire. (V.) =
(upside down) renyerser; invertir (elect,
current; image in optics); retourner
(glove); (law) infirmer, casser f annuler
(sentence); r6voquer (order, policy,
etc.) ; (car) faire marche arriere.

Revers = other side, wrong side, back (of
hand); (coin or medal) reverse; mis-
fortune, reverse, check; (fig.) dark side;
(of coat) lapel ; turn-over (of stocking).
A r. de soie=Wi'th. silk facings* Coup
de f. = Back-handed blow, back-hand
stroke (at tennis). (Mil.) R. d'une
tranchee = Outside edge of trench.

Reverser

176

Rock

Prendre a r.=Make flank (or rear)
attack on.

Reverser = pour out again; pour back;
(com.) transfer reporter.

Renverser = (see Reverse above) upset;
invert (fraction) ; turn upside down,
put in disorder; throw down, over-
throw, throw over, overturn, subvert,
destroy. Se r. sur une chaise = Tilt
one's chair back. (Mus.) Intervalle
renverse=Inverted interval.

Reversion = (biol.) r Aversion +retour (to a
habit) / survivance.

Review= (legal) revision; (mil. display)
revue; (survey of past, etc.) revue,
examen; (criticism) critique, article,
compte rendu, analyse; (periodical) revue.

Revue = survey, examination, review;
periodical, magazine, review; (mil.)
inspection ; (mil.) review. (Fam.) Nous
sommes gens de f.=We often meet or
We shall meet again.

Reviser = revise -f overhaul (car).

Revision = revision + reconsideration (of
sentence) ; overhauling (of car) ; medical
examination (of recruits). Conseil de
r.= Military appeal court; recruiting
board.

Revive (trans, and intrans.) = (come or
bring back to life, notice, etc.) rammer,
se rammer, revivre, faire revivre; rayiver,
revenir (d'un tvanouissement, fainting
fit); rappeler d la vie; reprendre ses
forces; renaltre, faire renaitre; retablir,
se retablir (arts, litt., customs)/ res-
susciter; remettre en vigueur (regulation,
law); revivifier (spiritual life); reveiller
(wish); reprendre (old play); rappeler
(to s.o. the souvenir).

Revivre (intrans.) = live again, return to
life; relive (in another); live still (in
memory of others).

Revoke = (cancel) abroger, amuler f rap-
porter (a law); rfaoquer (gift, order);
renoncer (in card games).

Revoquerr. en doutecatt. in question;
withdraw, revoke (order, gift); recall,
dismiss (officer, etc.)*

Revulsion = (med.) revulsion -f- retire-
ment, changement soudain et prononce (in
feelings, tastes, fortune, opinions) : r.
of feeling in favour of s.o.^retour
d'opinion en faveur de qqn.

Rhyme. See Rime.

Rich = (wealthy: of persons, societies,
state) riche, opulent; (abundant: of
soils, countries, periods, etc.) fcond,

luxuriant, abondant, fertile, riche; pre-
cieux, important; (of dress, furniture,
banquets) somptueux, magnifique, beau';
(of food, diet) nourrissant, exquis, de-
licieux, savoureux, succulent, stimulant,
nutritif; (of smell) odorant, exquis, de-
licieux; (of pastry) gras ; (paste) lourd;
(of sound, music) plein, etoffe, harmo-
nieux. That *s r. (fam.) = C'est impaya-
ble, tordant, rigolo; elle est bonne celle-ld.

Ricochet = ricochet. Je sais cette nouvelle
par Y . =1 have learnt the news indirectly.

Ride (n.) = promenade, course (in public
vehicle, on horseback, bicycle, person's
back) ; sentier (generally through a
wood) ; bande de recrues a cheval.

jRde= wrinkle; furrow, ripple.

Rifle (v.) = dtvaliser, voler, piller; rayer
(a gun) ; liver avec un fusil.

Rifler^ (techn.) plane (with a riflard, jack-
plane) ; file (with metal file, riflard).

Rime (n.) = [generally spelled rhyme]
rime, poeme ; (hoar frost) givre, frimas,
gelee blanche. (V.) rimer, faire des vers;
couvrir de givre; aleser (=ream).

Rime= rhyme [rime]; verse. (V.) Rimer
= rhyme; tell in verse; write verse.
(Fig.) Ces deux choses ne riment pas
ensemble = These two things don't go
together [have no connexion]. A quoi
cela rime -t-il? = What is the sense
of that?

Risible = (inclined to laugh) rieitr; (laugh-
able) risible.

*Kwet=fleuve, a large watercourse flowing
into the sea; also used figuratively, un
fleuve d' eloquence ; riviere is the general
term, but strictly speaking is applied
only to watercourses flowing into a
fleuve. La Tamise est un fleuve. Le
Missouri est une rivi&re. Un fleuve
cdtier= Small coastal r. (Fig.) Riviere
de diamants= Diamond necklace.

jRo6e=robe, dress; skin (of bean, onion) ;
(woman or child) frock, dress, gown;
(animals) coat. Les gens de r. The
legal profession.

Robin = rouge-gorge.

Robin (pej.) lawyer.

Robust = robuste (body, nature, health,
animal, plant, faith, persons) -f- qui
exige beaucoup de force.

Rock=,Roc, Roche, Rocker. Roc suggests
hardness and stability : bdtir sur un roc ;
ferme comme un roc. Roche is the general
term in mineralogy for all rr. Hence
eau de roche=r. water: clair comme de

Rocket

177

Round

I'eau de roche = as clear as crystal.
Apart from this, a roche is usually flat,
in contradistinction to rocher, which is
pointed and steep : il y a quelque an-
guille sous roche there's s.t. in the
wind, there *s a snake in the grass;
le rocher de Gibraltar.

Rocket = (firework, mil.) fusee; (bot.)
roquette.

Roquet= pug-dog.

Rogue coquin, fripon, vagabond, (law)
fourbe; (playfully of children) espiegle,
gamin, fripon t farceur ; (elephant) soli-
taire ; (horse) cheval de course ou de
chasse paresseux.

Rogue= (salted) fish-roe (cod especially).

Roll (n.)= rouleau (tobacco, music paper,
material, parchment, lead, coins (in
paper)) ; roulement (of drum, thunder,
wagon, eyes) ; roulis (of ship) ; roulade
(in singing) ; (bread) petit pain (fiiite
long r.) ; (fist) rdle ; (photo-films) bobine ;
(archives) archives; (butter) motte;
(metal) laminoir ; call the r. = faire
I'appel; strike off the rr.rayer du
role or des contrdles (mil.) or du tableau
(barristers) ; (of fat) bourrelet.

R6le=list, register; part, role; billet,
small log.

Roll (v.) = rouler (see below), se rouler ;
laminer (metal) ; (gardening) passer au
rouleau, rouler; (agric.) plomber ; (of
sea) rouler ; (of time) s'ecouler ; (of ship)
avoir du roulis, rouler, etre ballotte;
rouler (a cask). [Roll is often followed
by adverbs and prepositions like in, on,
up, etc., which usually have to be
rendered by a verb in the French. The
people are rolling in (up) = 1,0s gens
arrivent enfoule. The sailor rolls up to
her=Z. marin s'approche d'elle en se
balancant. The hedgehog rolls upLe
herisson se met en boule. I r. myself up
= Je me pelotonne. The tide rolls up=
La marie monte en deferlant. The
reckoning is rolling up = Le compte
grossit. He rolled down the slope =11
descendit la pente en roulant=Il roula
jusqu'au bos de la pente.

Rouler (v., trans, and intrans.) roll (cask;
a peach in sugar; grass, cigarette; eyes) ;
r. cam?ss0=keep a carriage; se r. a terre
=turn over and over on the ground; r.
un projet=:turn over a plan (in your
mind); (fam.) r. qqn= thrash s.o.; take
s.o. in, deceive s.o.; (intrans.) roll, roll
down; pierre qui roule n'amasse pas

mousse a rolling stone gathers no
moss; la porte roule sur ses gonds
= door turns on its hinges; la voiture
roule bien = carriage goes well; le
soleil roule dans les cieux sun moves
along in [= passes over] the heavens;
(vessel, thunder, drum) roll. Tout roule
sur ce points Ail turns on that point.

Roman = (native of Rome) Romain.
Roman novel, romance.

Roman (adj.) = remain + R. nose = nez
aquilin.

Romance = (novel) roman (d'aventures,
de chevalerie) ; (language) roman ; (mus.)
romance; poesie; mirage; attrait roma-
nesque; la magic de I'inconnu ; fable,
conte bleu : he yearned for r. and beauty
and love, and Paris seemed to oSer
them all (Somerset Maugham, Of
Human Bondage) = il soupirait apres
le romanesque, la beaute, I' amour et
Paris semblait lui offrir tout cela. Their
r. came to an abrupt Qnd=Leur idylle
pritfin tout a coup.

Romance (sentimental) song, drawing-
room ballad.

Romanesque == roman .

Romanesque (adj.) = fictional, of fiction;
romantic.

Romantic (adj.) = romantique (scenery) ;
(opposed to classic) romantique; roma-
nesque: r. giTl=jeune fille romanesque.

Rose = rose; (in stonework) rosace; (of
watering-pot) pomme (d'arrosoir). Under
the T. Sub rosaSous le manteau; (of
ribbons) rosette ; (of a pump) crepine.

RosefosQ (flower) ; (colour) pink; (archit.)
rose-window; (naut.) r. des vents
compass card. Dire la f.=Box the
compass. Une composition d I'eau de
r.=A milk-and-water production. Cela
ne sent pas la r. = It doesn't smell sweet.
Le pot aux rr. est de'couvert=The secret
is out.

Rotation = rotation + in r. = a tour de
rdle.

Round (n.)rond, cercle; (course) cours;
(turn) tour; (watchman, police, soldier)
ronde ; (of ladder) echelon; (beef) rouelle;
(walk) tournee; (techn., disk, etc.)
rondelle; (of machine, wheel) towr f re-
volution; (poet, and mus.) rondeau;
(painting and drawing) bosse; (sculp.)
ronde, bosse; (dancing) ronde; (mus-
ketry) ctecharge; (cannon) volee, salve,
decharge; (cartridge, etc.) cartouche;
(cheers, salutes) salve; (boxing) round;

JRond

178

Rut

(inspection) ronde t tournee; (fight)
assault attaque, reprise; (fig., daily
r.) occupation, affaires de chaqne jour:
the trivial r. = le train-train quotidien de
la vie. To go the rr. (fig.) = Circuler.
Golden T. = Cercle d'or, couronne.

JRond = round (as above) ; circle (on
paper) ; ring (on water when s.t.
is dropped in) ; r. de serviette napkin-
ring ; round mat [pad, cushion, etc.] ;
r. de cuir round leather cushion on
office chairs; (dancing) r. de jambe
sweep of the leg ; (pop.) je n'ai pas un r.
=1 haven't a brass farthing, (slang) I *m
stony-broke.

Ronde= round (see Round) ; a 5 lieues a la
r. =for 5 leagues round, within a radius
of 5 leagues; chanter a la r. = sing in a
circle; round dance; beat, rounds;
chemin de r. =path round a fortress;
(mus.} semibreve ; patrol ; round hand
(in writing) : ecrire en r.; (song) round;
boire a la r.= drink in turn, passing the
liquor round the table.

Route = (way taken) route, chemin; (mil.)
ordre de marche.

#ozrte== highway, road; (direction) route,
way: se tromper de y.=lose one's way,
mistake the way ; feuille de r. = way-bill ;
course (of river, sun, etc.).

Rowel =molette (of a spur); (vet.) ortie.

Rouelle = collop (veal) ; round slice
(apple, etc.).

Royal ty=royaute -\-membre de la famille
royale; (pi.) droits rdgaliens; (books,
etc.) droits d'auteur; prime, redevance
(paid to landlord by mine-worker).

Royante = (dignity of king) royalty,
monarchy.

Rubrique = red ochre, ruddle; rubric-
(publisher's) imprint*

Ruby = (gem) rubis+vin rouge; (pugilism)
sang; (type) corps f.

Rubis = ruby (as above). Faire r. sur
l'ongle=~Dra,in. to the last drop. Paver
r. sur l'ongle = I>s,y on the nail.

Rude = rude + mal eleve, impertinent, impoli
malappris, grossier, malhonne'te; (coarse,
badly made) brut, informe, grossieremeni
fait, fruste.

Rude = rough, harsh; hearty (appetite),
severe (winter), startling (shock), heavy
(blow); violent (storm); strict; steep
(ascent) ; formidable (adversary) .

Rue= (hot.) rue.

Rue=(bot.) me; street. Avoir pignon sur
r. = Have a house of one's own. (Fig.)
Cette histoire court les ?r. = This story is
known to everybody. tre vieux comme
les rr. = Be as old as the hills. Les rr.
en sont pav6es=They are as common as
blackberries.

Rue (v.)=regretteramerement, serepentir de.

Ruer = (of horse, etc.) kick. Se r. sur
= Rush at.

Ruffian = chenapan, vaurien, sctlerat,
gredin, bandit, homme vil et brutal.

Rufian = procurer, bully; dissolute fellow.

Rupture=rupture-{- (pathol.) hernie.

Rusticate (trans, and intrans.)=s0 retirer
(vivre) a la campagne ; s'habituer a la vie
champetre, devenir campagnard ; rendre
provincial; (university) r envoy er tem-
porairement; (archit.) rustiquer.

Rustiqtterto give a rustic appearance to
(building, stonework).

Rut = (lit. and fig.) orniere; (of the deer)
rut.

[N.B. In many English words initial s corresponds in French to initial es or e, as
Spirit =E$prit, Scripture =2icrizzre.]

Sabbath = sabbat (Jewish day of rest;
witches' orgy) + dimanche.

Sable = (animal and fur) zibeline; (colour
in heraldry) sable, noir ; (fig.) vStements
de deuil; antilope (from South Africa).

Sable = sable (as above) + sand, gravel.
(V.) Sabler = sand, gravel (walks, etc.) ;
(drinking) toss off*

Sack=sac : s. of com=sac de ble; give s.o.
the s. = donner d qqn son sac ; the s. of
Troy le sac de Troie ; (formerly) vin
des Canaries, vin de Xeres (= modern
' sherry ').

Sac = sack; bag : s. en papier = paper bag;
5. a main = (lady's) hand-bag; (fam.) s.
a vin= toper; homme de s. et de corde=
regular villain, gallows-bird; I' affaire
est dans le s.=the business is as good as
done, settled; vider son s.=have one's
say; prendre qqn la main dans le s.=
catch s.o. red-handed; mettez ca dans
votre 5. put that in your pipe and
smoke it; sackcloth (as penitential
garb) : le s. (or le cilice) et la cendre
sackcloth and ashes.

Safe sauf only in the phrase sain et sauf
=s. and sound. Otherwise it = en
securite, en sureU t sur, sans danger. Be
on the s. side ne pas courir de risques
inutiles, (fam.) se garder a carreau, A
s. investment = Placement de tout repos.
He 's a s. winner =// est certain de
gagner.

Sagacious = (of persons) sagace 4- (of
sayings, plans, etc.) sens6, judicieux; (of
animals) intelligent.

Sage (n.) = (bot.) sauge. (Adj. and n.) sage f
prudent. (N.) sage (of ancient times
especially).

Sage (adj.)=wise, sage, sapient, sensible,
judicious; sober, steady, chaste, well-
behaved; (of children) good, well-
behaved; (of animals) gentle, quiet*
(N.) wise man, sage.

Saint. Saint, The English word is exclu-
sively used as a noun or prefixed to a

proper name. The French word is also
used as an adjective, in which case it
is rendered by holy, sainted, sacred,
blessed, godly, righteous, sanctified, etc.

Salad = salads. S. days=X.a jeunesse
inexperimentee.

Salade=sala.d.' t (often used as synonym of)
lettuce ; (fam.) panier ds. = Black Maria.

Salary = traitement f emolument, appointe-
ment$f honoraires*

Salaire=* wages, pay (of workmen) : toute
peine merite $.=the labourer is worthy
of his hire; (fig.) recompense, reward.

Sally (n.)=soriifi (of soldiers); excursion;
llan t mouvement soudain; trait d' esprit,
boutade, saillie. (V.)=faire une sortie
(mil.); (-f- forth, out) partir ; aller se
promener, sortir.

Saillie = witticism, sally, banter; impulse,
sudden inspiration, outburst (of pas-
sion) ; jutting out, projection ; covering
(by male) ; (paint.) relief : cette figure n'a
pas assez de 5.= this figure does not
stand out enough.

Saloon is used only of public places and
not of rooms in a private house.
Smoking s. = salon fumoir ; dining s.=
salle d manger; s. car wagon salon;
s. (U.S.A.)=6<w; s. (car) conduite
interieure.

Salon= drawing-room; s. reserve^ private
room (in hotel); s. de ^=tea room.
Le Salon = Annual art exhibition in
Paris (= English Royal Academy);
hence also le S. de I' Automobile = the
(annual) Motor Show.

Salute (n.) = (gesture) salut; salutation;
(mil., nav.) salut; (artill.) salve.

Salut = salute, bow, greeting, etc. : peut-
etre meme lui feraient-ils un large s. du
chapeau (G. JDuhamel, Le Jardin des
betes sauv ages) -they might even sweep
their hats off to him; safety, welfare;
salvation; (R.C. liturgy) benediction*

Salutation = (action) bow, salute; (pi.)
kind regards: agreez [recevez] mes ss.

179

Salve

180

amicales [mes meilleures ss.] = yours
sincerely [truly, faithfully].

Salve (v.) = (smear sheep) enduire de
goudron; (soothe) calmer, adoucir, apaiser
(pride, conscience, etc.); sauvegarder,
sauver (honour) ; operer le sauvetage (of
ships at sea) ; sauver (goods from fire) .
See also Save,

Salve = onguent, pommade ; (fig.) remede,
baume.

Salvo = salve (salute of fire-arms; of
applause) + reserve, exception, restric-
tion; expedient, echappatoire (to save
reputation, to soothe pride, etc.).

Sauver = save, preserve, rescue (person,
ship, state, etc., from death, destruc-
tion, from the hands of) ; save (honour,
appearances) ; (reflex.) run away, escape,
abscond ; take refuge in : se s. dans la
cave; se s. de qqn= studiously avoid s.o.
Sauve qui peut!=The devil take the
hindmost, every man for himself. Un
sauve - qui - peut = A stampede, panic
flight.

Sanctify = sanctifies; (justify) the end
sanctifies the means =la fin justifie les
moyens.

Sanctifier= sanctify; $. lejour du dimanche
= observe the sabbath; que votre nom
soit sanctifie (in Lord's Prayer) =
hallowed be Thy name.

Sanctuary = (holy place) sanctuaire; (for
fugitives) asile, refuge, droit d'asile;
(close time for game or fish) temps
prohibe.

Sandal = (for the foot) sandale + (wood)
santal

Sane = (of sound mind) sain d' esprit, d'un
jugement sain.

Sain= sound (tree, fruit, etc.) ; sane (mind,
judgment); sound (reason, head, judg-
ment, criticism, doctrine) ; healthy
(climate) ; wholesome (food)*

Sanguine = (physical organization) san-
guin; (complexion) rubicond, vermeil;
(hopeful) optimiste, plein de vitalite,
plein de confiance (espfrance).

Sangui 72= sanguine (as above); of blood,
pertaining to blood : vaisseaux sanguins
= blood vessels.

Sanguine (n.) = (haematite) red ochre
crayon ; drawing (in red ochre) ; blood-
stone; blood-orange*

Satisfactory (theol.) satisfactoire -f
satisfaisant.

Satisfy = satisfaire, se contenter de;
acquitter debt); dissiper (doubt); (con-

Savoury

vince) assurer, convaincre, persuader;
s. the examiners = Btre recu (sans
mention) .

Sauce = sauce; (fig.) du piquant, assaison-
nement; impertinence, insolence [s.-box
un impertinent]; hunger is the best s.
=il n'est sauce que d'appetit, "What is
s. for the goose is s. for the gander=
Ce qui est bon pour I'un est bon pour
I'autve. Serve with the same s. =
Traiter de la mBme fafon.

Sauce= sauce (see above); (drawing) soft
black crayon ; (fig.) accessory : la s. vaut
mieux que le poisson=thQ accessory is
better than the principal. On le met d
toutes les ss. = He is employed as Jack
of all trades. (See Accommoder (ii).)
Vous ne sauriezfaire une bonne s. dcela=
You can't make that presentable, can't
do much with that. Faire sa s. a qqn
= Rate s.o. roundly.

Saucer = soucoupe; (painter's) godet;
(dog's) ecuelle; s. eyes = des yeux
comme des lanternes, en boules de Zofs.

Saucier = sauce-cook; saucer (of a
capstan).

Saucier e = sauce-boat.

Savage (adj. ) = (uncivilized) sauvage, bar-
bare ; (fierce, cruel) feroce, cruel, farouche,
brutal; (angry, colloq.) fdch6, furieux;
(herald.) nu.

Sauvage = savage (as above) + (persons)
shy, timid; (plants, animals) wild.

Save (v.) (see Salve) = (rescue) sauver
(de), preserver de (=from), dttivrer de,
garantir contre ( = from) ; (se) tirer (out
of a difficulty) ; sauver (les dehors) ;
(keep intact) conserver, sauver; (use
sparingly) manager; (keep . . . till)
garder . . . jusqu'a ; (spare, avoid) iviler
(d), dpargner (d) ; mettre de cdte, reserver
(money); (prevent waste) economiser,
6pargner; gagner (time, etc.); (obviate)
prtvenir, empecher; (except) reserve
faite de, sauf [s. the mark=jjossez-mot*
I' expression ; saving your presence =
sauf votre respect}. S. us ! = Dieu nous
sauve! (Fam.) To s. one's bacon=
Sauver sa peau. (N.) Savings =^parg/ze
Savings-bank =Caisse d'epargne.

Savour = saveur, gout -f (smack) teinte,
soup c; on, pointe. (V.)=savourer; (-f-of,
etc.) sentir, suggfrer, friser (heresy, im-
pertinence, etc.). To s. of heresy =
Sentir le fagot.

Savoury (adj.) = savour eux (of taste) =
exquis, delicieux, ragoutant; (of places,

Scale

181

cole

negatively) puant, empeste; (of dishes)

a la sauce piquante, sale, au gout releve :

s. omelette =* omelette aux fines herbes.
Scale =echelle ; ecaille ; plateau, bassin (of a

balance); tartre, crasse (of boiler)*
Scallop = (bivalve) petoncle, peigne =

coquille de Saint- Jacques ; (cook, and

badge) coquille ; (pi., dressmaking, etc.)

feston ; dentelure.
Escalope = collop (of veal) .
Scalp =cuir chevelu; (Red Indian sense)

scalpe ; out for ss. = (fig.) voulant a tout

prix trouver des victimes, faisant une

critique sans rime ni raison [d outrance~\ ;

sommet arrondi et nu ; partie superieure

d'une tete de baleine. (V.) scalper -f-

critiquer seve'rement, ereinter.
Scalpe. Scalper (as above).
Scan = scander '(poetry) 4- examiner,

scruter (horizon, face, etc.), toiser (s.o.).
Scandal = scandale ; (backbiting) medi-

sance.
Esclandre event causing a scandale, and

is used practically only in faire, causer,

un e. make a scene.
Scandalous = scandaleux + calomnieux,

diffamatoire.
Scandale = scandal + (Bibl.) offence ; bad

example ; pierre de s.= stumbling-block.
Scar =* cicatrice, balafre; (fig,) trace; (bot.)

hile ; (fish) scare ; rocker, falaise d pic.
Eschare =Escarre = (med. ) scab.
Scarf = (lady's) echarpe-}- (man's) cravate,

cacAe-co/+(carpent. joint) assemblage a

enture.
Scarify =(surg., agric.) scarifier; ereinter

(an author).
Scarp = (fortif.) escarpe + pente raide =

escarpement.
Escarpe scarp (as above) -f- hooligan,

rough, professional criminal.
Scene = (stage and fig.) scene ; (place where

events take place) lieu, thedtre : the s. of

the crime =le theatre du crime; the

police are already on the s.=la police

est dSjti sur les lieux ; (place of events

in drama) sctne; (part of play) scene;

(stage scenery) ddcor, decoration : behind

the ss.=dans les coulisses ; (fuss) scene;

(actual incident) incident, tenement;

paysage, perspective, spectacle.
Seine scene (as above), stage. Mise en s.

= Staging, stage setting.
Schedule = cedule (taxes) + table detaillee,

inventaire, liste, annexe.
C6dule = schedule (= classification of

taxes).

Schema = schema (= diagram) -f (Kantian
phil.) scheme,

Scheme = (systematic arrangement pro-
posed or in use) plan (of play, book,
speech, study, architect); dessin (gar-
den, etc.; archit.); disposition (of
colours, garden, etc.); colour s.=com-
binaison de colons; programme (of
lecture, fSte, etc.) ; projet (of building :
= s. generally); esquisse (of litt. work);
table (tableau) methodique (of. school
work, etc.); liste; devis (of a con-
tractor); systdme (of doing things);
dessein (= plans in general, often pL);
(in a bad sense) machination, intrigue.

Schism. Schisme* The English word is
almost entirely confined to religious
matters, whereas the French word is
often used for ' division ' and ' separa-
tion * in other things, as politics, art,
etc. : il est I'auteur du s. qui divise en ce
moment ce parti politique (Diet, de
I'Acad.) ; il y eut un s. entre -eux
(Larousse)= there was a break between
them.

Scholar = ecolier (see next entry) ;
etudiant; savant, lettre, erudit; (on a
foundation) boursier; (rhet.) disciple.
A s. and a gentleman = Un homme
cultivS et bien eleve> formerly Vhonnete
homme. (In educational circles) English,
classical, Latin, Chinese, Spanish, etc.,
s.=anglicisant (or anglici ste) , humaniste,
latiniste, sinologue, hispanisant, etc.

co/ffir= schoolboy, pupil, learner; '(fig.)
novice. Prendre le chemin des ee. =Take
the longest way = dawdle. Une faute
d'e.=A gross mistake. Papier e. =
Foolscap.

Scholastic scolastique (of the schoolmen
of the Middle Ages) +scolaire, des tcoles;
s. agency =agence (bureau) de placement
pour professeurs.

School =ecole (lit. and fig.) ; grammar s.
college; government high s. = lycee;
technical college =&0/e; (mus.) conser-
vatoire ; there will be no s. to-day = il
n'y aura pas classe aujourd'hui;
(private s.) pension, pensionnat, institu-
tion libre; (branch of study with
separate examinations at university)
brancke d'etude, section; ecole (of Plato,
etc.) ; bane (of fish).

cole = school (as above) ; (mil.) practice,
training, drill, instruction, course,
school, college: haute I. advanced
horsemanship. Faire une e. = Make a

Scorch

182

Sens

howler. Faire I'd. buissonniere = Play-
truant : saunter along. II n'a pas fait
e'. = He had no followers, no one
followed his lead.

Scorch =roussir, bruler superficiellement ;
(fig.) fletrir, mordre, cingler (of scorn,
wit, etc.).

lscorcter=flay, skin ; graze, tear, gall, fret,
peel (skin, bark, etc.) ; (fig.) grate on
(ear) ; murder (word or language) ; over-
charge, fleece. . Vanguille par la queue
=Begin at the wrong end. [N.B.
jcorcer=bark, skin.]

Score (v.) = (notch) entailler ; (mark)
marquer, tracer, souligner ; (of accounts)
porter en compte, compter ; (games) faire
. . . points; (mus.) orchestrer. [The
French use the word Score in games.]

Scorer = control (sale of fish in Channel
ports).

Scot= (lit.) impdt but is rarely used now
except in the expression ' s.-free ' =
sain et sauf, indemne.

2sco= (share of cost of meal) share, quota ;
reckoning, score ; lopped tree or branch.

Scout = [the French use this English
word only in the sense of boy scout]
eclair eur; dornestique (Oxford colleges).

Scrutiny ^investigation, examen rigour eux,
recherche minutieuse ; regard scrutateur.

Scrutin = poll, vote, method of voting,
ballot. S. convert * = Secret ballot =
(modern) S. secret. S. d' arrondissement
= Voting for one candidate. S. de liste
= Voting for number of candidates
required.

Scuttle (n.) = (nav.) ecoutitton + (coal-s.)
seau d charbon.

Search = (search for, look for) chercher,
rechercher; explorer (place); f outlier
(person or thing); (probe, lit. s^d. fig.)
sonder; examiner, scruter (book, etc.);
(of customs officer) visiter*

Chercher = seek, look for, try to find,
search for (s.o. or s.t.); try to meet,
look for; seek; fetch; try, endeavour
(-*. A).

Season, Saison. The EngHsh word is more
widely used figuratively, as ' a word in

s.' (=tm mot dit a point), 'as. of in-
action ' (=une periode d' inaction), 'for
a s.' (^pendant quelque temps), 'in s.
and out of s. J (=<t propos et hors de
propos) . (Hunt., etc.) Close s. = Temps
prohibe.

Season (v.) = acclimater, accoutamer,
aguerrir, habituer, endurcir (by habit),

secher (wood, etc.); (faire) m&rir; (make
palatable or piquant) assaisonner
(foods) ; relever (sauce, etc.); saler, con-
server (meat, vegetables, etc.); (fig.)
assaisonner, donner du piquant d;
culotter (pipe); abreuver (cask),

Secrete (v.) = (scient.) secrtter + (se) cacher t
(se) dissimuler, tenir secret.

Secreter = secrete (saliva, bile, etc.).
Secriter = dress (skins)*

Secular = (lasting an age or century)
seculaire (Rom. games, trees, bird
[ phoenix], change, acceleration, fame,
rivalry) + (non-religious) shutter,
temporel, laique, (mus.) profane.

Seculier = secular (as above) . Le bras s. =
The secular arm. Le clerge s. (opp. to
regulier, monks) = secular clergy. (N.)
Les ss. The laity.

Security = confidence, confiance, securite;
protection ; (person or thing as guaran-
tee) garantie f snrete, caution, nantisse-
ment, gage -h (share certificate) valeur.
Government ss.=La rente, fonds d'tat.

Sedentary = sedentaire (person, life,
occupation) ; (of statue or posture)
assis.

Sedentaire = sedentary (as above);
stationary (troops) ; os s. = protuber-
ance of the ischium. II est devenu,
depuis quelque temps, fort s. (Diet, de
l'Acad.)ti& has not been going out
much for some time now.

Sell (n.)=desappointement; attrape.

Selle= stool : (pop.) demeurer entre deuxss.
le cul d terreto fall between two stools;
(med.) stool; (caulker's) cradle, (wheel-
wright's) three-legged block, (cooper's)
bench; saddle (horse, bicycle).

Seminary (educational establishment,
rare) = dcole, institution de jeunes filles,
college, pension, etc.; (training college
for priests) seminaire; (fig. source
from which anything is obtained)
seminaire, pfyiniere, foyer.

Sense = (faculty) sens; (sanity or ordinary
mind, often pi.) raison, bon sens, sens ;
(moral perception) sentiment; (instinct,
insight) comprehension, intelligence, dis-
cernement; (wisdom, judgment) bon sens,
sens commun, esprit, jugement ; (mean-
ing) signification, sens; (prevailing sen-
timent) opinion, avis, sens, sentiment.
In a bad s.~En mauvaise part* To
drive s.o. out of his ss. = Faire perdre
la tete d qqn.

Sens = sense (faculty); (physical, pi.)

Sensible

183

Serve

senses, sensuality; feelings, passions
(= display of senses) ; (intelligence,
judgment, etc.) sense, mind, intelli-
gence, reason, etc.; (way of under-
standing) opinion, sentiment; meaning,
import; (way of directing) way, direc-
tion. S. unique = One-way street. S.
dessus dessous= Topsy-turvy. Abonder
dans son s.=To be wedded to one's own
opinion. J'abonde dans votre s. = I fully
agree with you.

Sensible = (that can be perceived)
perceptible, sensible, appreciable ; (aware
=s. of) qui n* ignore pas, qui a conscience
de t qui a le sentiment de t reconnaissant de;
(of good sense, etc.) sense", raispnnable.

Sensible impressionable, sensitive (to),
affected (by) ; material (world) ; tan-
gible, palpable; (acting on the feelings),
acute, sharp, tender.

Sensitive (to) = sensible (to changes,
cold, etc.), impressionnable; susceptible
(a], chatouilleux, ombrageux; dtticat
(skin, etc.); sensible (paper).

Sensitif=(scient.) of the senses; of the
feelings.

Sentence = phrase; (law) sentence,
jugement.

Sentence = maxim; (law) sentence,
judgment.

Sentiment = (mental feeling) sentiment;
(art) sentiment; (emotional weakness)
sensibilit^; (expression of ss.) pensee,
v&u, maxime, toast.

Sentiment = (action) feeling, sensation,
sense; perception, consciousness: avoir
le s. des convenances =have a sense of
what is proper; (movement of the soul)
sentiment, feelings, sensibility; (way of
appreciating) mind, opinion, idea. Au
s. de beaucoup de gens = Iu the opinion
of many people. Autant de Utes t autant
de ss. = So many men, so many
minds.

Sequence = (cards and R.C. liturg.)
sequence + suite, succession, se'rie; (mus.)
sequence; (gram.) concordance (of tenses).

Sequester = (law = sequestrate) sequestrer ;
(intrans., of widow) renoncer a sa part
de Vhtritage; (confiscate) confisquer,
s'approprier (property). Sequestered
life, spot Vie, endroit, retir(e).

Sequestrer (trans.) = (legal) sequestrate (as
above) ; (reflex.) cut oneself off from the
world; (law) shut up (s.o.) illegally; put
away (things). Dans le fond d'un
grenier on sequestra le bois (Boileau,

cited by Darmesteter)=The wood was
consigned, relegated, to an attic.

Serene (adj.) = serein (persons, sea, sky,
etc.) ; (slang) all s. ! = tout va bien /,
par fait!; (title) serenissime.

Serge = (woollen cloth) seyge; (silk s.)
sergd.

Serge = serge. Serge" = imitation serge,
for linings; a mixture (cotton, silk,
etc.).

Sergeant-major = (cavalry) mardchal des
logis chef; (company) adjudant; (bat-
talion) adjudant de bataillon.

Sergent major company quartermaster-
sergeant.

Serieux = (taking the grave, important
aspect of things, or showing a grave,
important character) serious, in earn-
est (mind, man); genuine (buyer);
serious, important (explanation, en-
gagement); sound (argument); sincere
(promise, protestation) ; sober (appear-
ance, costume) ; staid, respectable, quiet
(young girl) ; grave, serious (news, ill-
ness) ; sterling (worth, character) ; bona
fide (offer) ; marked (improvement).
tre s. comme un dne qu'on etrille = Be
ridiculously solemn.

Servant = (of some standing) serviteur;
domestique; (female) bonne, servanU.
[(N.) Servante = dinner - wagon, side -
table.] (Of railway company) agent;
cheminot. Civil s. = Fonctionnaire;
(mil.) ordonnance. (Letter formula) I
remain your obedient s. = Recevez . . .
I'assurance de ma consideration dis-
tinguee.

Servant = lay - brother (who waits) ;
gunner.

Serve = servir (two masters, the king,
country, master at table, priest, client,
mare, a gun, ball, in games, dinner; and
abs.) ; servir a, remplir (purpose, object)
=faire I' affaire; satisfaire, contenter,
suffire a (need) : it will s.cela suffira;
s'accommoder d, se conformer a (one's
wishes); that excuse will not s. you-=
cette excuse ne voi4s servir a pas ; it serves
to show the folly of it=cela sert & [suffit
pour] en montrer la folie; i Ib. serves
him for a week=ww livre lui suffit pour
une semaine ; nothing would s. (him)
but absolute submission = rien ne le
contenterait qu'une soumission absolue
[seule une soumission absolue le satis-
ferait, il ne se contenterait que d'une
soumission absolue] ; a sofa serving (him)

Servir

184

Signifier

as (for) a bed=w canape" (lui) servant
de lit; as occasion serves = I' occasion,
quand V occasion se presenter a f quand le
moment sera favorable; as memory
serves =quandje m'en souviens; the tide
serves = la maree est favorable; the
curate serves two parishes = le vicaire
dessert deux paroisses ; faire (apprentice-
ship; campaign); subir (sentence); gar-
nir,fourrer (naut., rope); (treat) tr alter,
agir envers [d I'egard de], en agir [user]
avec; s. him right !=c'es bien fait;
(Jig.) s. s.o. with the same sauce =servir
a qqn un plat de safagon ; signifier (writ,
etc.) [=s. writ on s.o.]; s. s.o. a trick
jouer un tour & qqn; I shall manage to
s, him out=je m'arrangerai pour lui
rendre la pareille~je lui revaudrai cela
il me le paiera; (of train, omnibus, etc.)
desservir (a district).

S'ervfr=(see above); wait (attend) upon
(s.o. at table, etc.); se s.= help oneself
(at table); serve up (dinner, etc.);
madame est servie dinner is served,
madam; serve, attend to (customer) ;
il m'a servi aupres du foi=he was of
service to me with the king; 5. qqn de
son crtdithelp s.o. with his influence;
sa m6moire I' a mal sem'=his memory-
played him false; (of servant) to be in
service [=out in service]; 5. un plat A
qqn= offer s.o. a dish; s. d qqn d'un plat
=help s.o. to a dish; s. d boire a qqn=*
fill s.o.'s glass; s. la wss0 = serve at
mass; que nous servira d' avoir du bien?
=what will it avail us to be wealthy? ;
rien we sert de courir=it is no good
hurrying; s. de confident a qqn=* serve
as confidant to s.o. ; se s. d'un di pour
coudre=to make use of a thimble for
sewing; se s. de qqn=smake use of s.o.
Faites s./= Bring in [Serve] dinner.

Session = (part of year when an assembly
sits) session + (meeting) seance.

Severe =* (strict, austere) severe (virtue,
face, look, master, law, punishment,
style, critic); rigoureux f dur, dpre
(weather, climate); intense, vif (pain);
grave, cruel (illness); serieux, gros
(losses); gros, fort (cold in the head);
grand (cold); austere (way of life);
violent (headache) ; stvere, concis (style) ;
(manner) grave.

Severe (showing no indulgence to faults
and weaknesses; strictly adhering to
rules, regularity, and seriousness) (sec
above); oreille s. [= strict] ; jeune 5.

strict (austere) fast; costume s. * plain
costume; ceil s.= stern eye.

Shock (n.) = (violent as of earthquake)
secousse, tremblement de terre; (mil.)
choc, assaut, attaque ; (sudden physical
or mental impression) choc, coup,
indignation, saisissement ; (electric)
commotion, secousse; (pathology) sai-
sissement, traumatisme ; (corn) tas de
gerbes, moyette; (of hair) tignasse; (fam. t
crushing news) coup de massue. (V.) =
blesser (ear); revolter (common sense);
jrapper d'horreur, indigner (person);
scandaliser, choquer; outrager (morality).
Shell-shocked = Commotionni (par un
eclatement d'obus); shell-s.=cowwo^on
(causee par un eclatement d'obus).

Shocking = ajfreux, revoltant; horrible,
abominable ; choquant, scandaleux.

Choc*= shock^ collision; clink (of glasses);
blow^ impact,

Choquer = strike against, collide; clink,
touch (glasses) ; shock, displease, im-
press unfavourably, vex, offend, jar on,
grate on*

Choquant = shocking, offensive, dis-
pleasing, improper, that gets on one's
nerves*

Siege = (mil.) siege; seat, chair (lit. and
fig.) ; (coachman's) box ; offices (of a
company, etc.) ; (eccles.) see; (judge's)
bench* (Prov.) Mon s. est fait =1 don't
intend to alter what I have written.

Sign (n.) (mark) signe; (signboard)
enseigne; (mark by which one traces
s.t. or s.o.) indice; (token or tendency)
presage, signe, miracle; s.-postpoteau
indicateur. To show ss. of donner des
signes de, faire mine de (of being about
to do s.t.). (V.)= signer; (indicate)
faire signe, indiquer.

Sfgne=sign, token, mark, badge; omen;
beck, nod; distinctive mark (on the
body) : avoir un s. au visage, sur la
main. (V.) Signer sign (name, etc.);
(techn.) stamp, mark* 50 signer IQ
cross oneself.

Signature = signature + (mus.) armature
( *= key signature) .

Signet = sceau, cachet.. S,-ring = cheva-
liere. Signet = book-marker.

Signification = meaning, signification;
(legal) notification.

Signify signifier; (intrans., be of impor-
tance) it does not s.=cela ne fait rien>
cela n'a aucune importance.

Signifier = signify, make known, notify.

Simulate

185

Sol

S. a qqn ses intentions = Inform (notify)
s.o. of one's intentions. Que signifie
ce wo*?=What does this word mean?

Simulate = simuler (ignorance, illness,
etc.) / ressembler d, prendre V aspect de.

Simuler = simulate (as above). Simule=.
fictitious, bogus (sale); pro forma
(invoice); mock (fight).

Sinecure = sinecure + tenif.ce sans
paroissiens.

Singe = brulure legere ;flambage (hair, etc.) .

Singe monkey, ape. On n'apprend pas d
un vieux s. d faire des grimaces = You
can't teach your grandmother to suck
eggs. Payer qqn en monnaie de s.=
Let s.o. whistle for his money.

Sinister = (herald.) senestre; sinistre.

Sire= (poet.) pere, aieul ; pere (of animals) ;
(voc. Your Majesty, etc.) sire.

Sire = sire (as above) ; (fam.) c'est un
pauvre 5.= he's a poor specimen.

Site = emplacement (of, for, building);
endroit, terrain.

Site (picturesque) landscape, beauty
spot.

Skeleton = squelette (shell of a body,
etc.) ; (fig.) s. in the cupboard = secret
honteux d'une famille, fait ddshonorant;
s. at the tea.st=qqch qui jette un froid;
ombre inquietante; charpente, carcasse (of
building, etc.); noyau (of a colony);
cadre (of a regiment); s. key=rossig;zo/;
(of literary work) squelette ; (thin person)
squelette.

Snobbery* Snobisme. [Larousse defines the
latter as 'Admiration factice et sotte
pour tout ce qui est en vogue'; the
Diet, de I'Acad. as ' Vanit de ceux qui
aff ectent les opinions, les manieres d'etre
et de sentir qui ont cours dans certains
milieux tenus pour distingues.' The
N.E.D. definition of 'snob* is 'one
who meanly or vulgarly admires and
seeks to imitate, or associate with,
those of superior rank or wealth; one
who wishes to be regarded as a person
of social importance ' ; that of the
Concise Oxford Diet, is 'person with
exaggerated respect for social position
or wealth and a disposition to be
ashamed of socially inferior connex-
ions, behave with servility to social
superiors, and judge of merit by
externals/ If Larousse is right, then
snob = vulgar follower of fashion, and
' snob ' admirateur et imitateur servile
des personnes riches ou de haut rang.

Guiraud's Diet, anglais-fyancais has
the following entry : ' Dans son accep-
tion la plus frequente " snob " est
intraduisible et a peu pres indefinis-
sable. Celui qui rampe devant ses
superieurs et traite ses inferieurs avec
insolence est un " snob "; celui qui est
fier de son nom, de ses relations, de sa
fortune, etc., est un " snob "; celui qui
affecte les manieres d'une classe sociale
qui n'est pas la sienne est un "snob."
Le parvenu ^se conduit souvent en
"snob." Voy. Touvrage de Thackeray :
The Book of Snobs. En France snob se
dit surtout de quiconque afiecte d'ad-
mirer une forme d'art, sans reellement
la gouter, uniquement parce qu'elle est
a la mode. Ce n'est qu'une des
nombreuses nuances du mot anglais.'

Sober = (not drunk) pas ivre, degrise;
(moderate, well-balanced, sane, sedate,
not passionate or wayward, etc.) calme,
pose*; grave, serieux; sage, retenu, sans
ambition t prosaique, moder& dans ses
ddsirs; (of colours and dress) pen voyant,
terne; (of life and things) monotone,
paisible, modere; sense", raisonnable,
rationnel; simple, strict (truth)* To
sleep oneself s. = Cuver son vin.

Sobre = temperate (in food and drink);
abstemious, sparing. Get homme est s.
en paroles (Diet, de l'Acad.)Tbis man
is a man of few words. // est s. de
louanges=He 's sparing of praise. So
Soberly, Sobrement; Sobriety. Sobriete.

Social = (living in companies) sociable:
man is a s. being =1* homme est un tire
sociable ; (referring to mutual relations
of man) social, de la soctite; mondain:
a s. function =une reunion mondaine.

Social= social (as above); (com.) of the
firm (company) : raison sociale style of
a firm; capital s. registered capital.

Society = societt + (upper classes, etc.)
monde, haute soci&t&.

Sock = chaussette ; (ancient theat.) socque ;
(inside s.) semelle intdrieure (de liege,etc.).

Socque=sock. (as above) -{-patten, clog.

Soil = (earth) sol, humus, terre vegetale,
terrain, terroir ; (native s.) sol, pays,
patrie; (stain, etc.) tache, somllure;
(manure) fumier, engrais; (feudal) gldbe;
(of the stag) take s.=battre I'eau;
(night-s.) gadoue; poudrette (prepared
for manure).

Sol sou; soil, earth; cultivated land,
ground; (herald.) field; (mus.) sol, G.

Solder

186

Sender

Solder (v.) =souder.

,SoZ<fer= settle balance (of account) ; sell off

remainder (of goods at reduced price) ;

pay (soldiers, etc.)*
Sole (n.) = (of the foot) plante; (of shoe)

semelle; (of hoof) sole; talon (of a

rudder); (fish) sole; (mining) sole.
Sole =* sole (as above); sill; (agric.) field

(under rotation).
Solicit = rechercher, chercher a obtenir

(custom, etc.)=s. s.o. for s.t.; (ask

earnestly) solliciter, importuner, engager ;

(prostitution) raccrocker*
Solicitor = (one who solicits) solliciteur ;

(lawyer) avout; (com.) notaire. S.-

Solliciter = solicit; urge on (horse); cet
animal ne quitte sa taniere que lorsqu'il
est sollicite par la f aim (Diet, de I' A cad.)
=this animal leaves its lair only when
urged by hunger; un corps sollicite par
deux forces differ entes=*& body acted
upon, attracted, by two different forces.

Solid = (not liquid) solide ; (not hollow)
plein, massif: s. tyie=pneu plein; s.
mahogany =* acajou massif; (not flimsy)
solide (foundation); (printing) plein t
sans interligne; (not plated) massif;
unanime (vote) comme tai seul homme;
fidtte, d&voui (partisan) ; to go s. for=
tore unanimement en faveur de; (real,
genuine) solide (pleasures), vrai t complet,
veritable, bienfonde'; (of persons) sfrieux,
posit rassis; (scient.) solide, cube; vif
(rock); (rain) continu, ininterrompu,

Solide = solid (as above and in science) ;
strong, durable, stout, substantial; fast
(colour) ; staunch, trustworthy (friend) .

Solitary = solitaire; unique, seul, a part,
exceptionnel (instance, example, case,
etc.) ; s. confinement = emprisonnement
cellulaire.

Solitaire = solitary (as above) ; ver s. =
taenia, tape-worm. (N.) solitaire (game,
diamond); hermit, solitary; old wild
boar*

Solvable = soluble, resoluble. Solvability
^Resolubiliti.

Solvable = (com.) solvent Solvability =
solvency*

Solvent = (having power to dissolve)
dissolvant; solvable (as above). (N.)
dissolvant.

Sophisticate =sophistiquer; falsifier (text) ;
(fig., make persons or things artificial)
donner des habitudes factices (d, qqn),
faire perdre sa simplicity (a qqn) ; rendre

artificiel (qqch). Sophisticated (= altered
from, deprived of, primitive simplicity)
= artificiel, affecte, factice. fin, malin,
ruse.

Sort = (kind, etc.) sorte, genre, esplce,
nature; (class) sorte, classe, rang, con-
dition; (print.) sorte; (pl. t temper,
health) out of ss. = mal a Vaise, indispose',
de mauvaise humeur f pas dans son assiette.
Good s. = Une bonne pdte a" homme.
Queer s. of chap=J>d/0 de corps.
Nothing of the s. = II n'en est rien. To
put out of ss. = Detraquer. In a pleasant
s. of way=D'ww/ofow plutdt agriable.
I s. of expected it=/ m'y attendais
plus ou moins.

Sort = fate, chance, lot, destiny, etc.

Sorte = manner, way; kind, species.
Ay ant parle de la s. = Having spoken in
that way. De (telle) s. que=So that.
Faites en s. d'etre pr$t=Try to be ready.
C'est un homme de ma s. = He 's a man
after my own heart, he *s just my sort.

Sortie has only the military sense.

Sortilege divination au moyen du tirage
au sort.

Sortittge= witchcraft, spell, charm.

So t = ivrogne, alcoolique .

Sot = silly person, fool. (Adj.) silly, stupid,
foolish. Un s. en trois lettres *=* A
regular fool.

Sound (n.) son (musical, of voice) ;
(noise) bruit ; (surgeon's) sonde ; (branch
of sea) ditvoit, pertuis; (part of fish)
vessie natatoire; (cuttlefish) seiche; im-
pression produite par ce qu'on entend:
I didn't like the s. of what he said=*c0
qu'il a dit ne presage rien de bon, m'a
donne une mauvaise impression.

Sound (v.) = (i) sonder (the depth of sea) ;
(med.) sonder ; (of whale) faire la sonde ;
(s. s.o. about the feelings, etc., s.o. as to
[about, on] s.t.) sonder; (ii) (intrans.)
(give forth ss.) sonner; (with reference
to impression, sound as if) faire penser
a, faire Veffet de> donner une impression
de : it sounds as if he 'd never seen any-
thing like it=ow dirait qu'il n'avait
jamais rien vu de pareil ; (trans.) sonner
(mil. charge, retreat, etc.) ; sonner de
(trumpet, horn, etc.) ; faire sonner
[re"sonner, retentir] (bell, etc.) ; sonner,
proclamer, publier, celebrer (fig., praises,
etc.); faire sonner, prononcer (words,
letters) ; (test wheels) verifier I'etat de.

Sonder sound; taste, test (cheese, ham,
etc.) ; s. le &ois=take a few shavings off

Sonner

187

Sponge

a plank to see if the colour is good;
(mil.) s. un bois explore a wood; s. le
terrain = see how the land lies, feel one's
way ; s. un precipice du regard = measure
an abyss with one's eye.

Sonner(intrans.) sound, ring. Faire s.
/Y= Pronounce the r clearly. Faire s.
un mot= Emphasize a word; strike:
midi a sonn^the clock has struck
twelve; (trans.) ring (bell, mass) ; sound
(charge, victory).

[Soup.] Soupe originally, piece of bread on
which broth was to be poured, whence
the expression tremper la s. Tremp6
comme une s.=Wet through. It is the
traditional name, in military parlance,
for the soldier's meal. La s. fait le soldat
= An ill-fed soldier is a poor soldier' An
army marches on its stomach.' 5. au
te#= Person who flares up easily : s' em-
porter comme une s. au lait. Cela vient
comme des cheveux sur la s. That
(remark) is very irrelevant, out of place.
Ivre comme une s. = As drunk as a lord.

Source source (of river); spring (water,
oil, etc.) ; origin. Couler de s. Flow
(come) without effort [naturally] :
Eloquence qui coule de s. (Naut.) La s.
du vent Wind's quarter*

Spasm = (med.) spasme+acce's (of anger,
jealousy, etc.); sursaut; quinte (of
coughing). He works in ss. = //
travaitte a bdtons rompus.

Spasmodic = spasmodique (med.) -f
irrdgulier.

Speaker celui qui parle, orateur. Loud-
speaker (wireless) Haut-parleur.

Speaker = (wireless) announcer.

Specific = (of a species, having an exclu-
sive effect) specifique (weight, medicine,
character of anything) + precis, d6fini
(name, statement, aim, etc., also per-
son)/ sp&ial, particnlier (style, cause,
centre, etc.). (N.) = (med.) sptcifique.

Spectacles = lunettes. Spectacles = plays,
shows, sights (lit. and^g.).

Speculum = (med. instr.) speculum; (of
telescope) miroir; (coloured spot on
wing of birds) miroir.

Spell (v.) = (trans.) epeler ; (intrans.) mettre
I'orthographe : I do wish you *d learn to
s.=si seulement vous appreniez a mettre
I'orthographe; (fig. of scheme, circum-
stance, etc., involve, have as result)
impliquer, signifier, e'quivaloir d; former
un mot: the letters c-a-t spell cat=Z
lettres c-a-t forwent le mot cat.

Spice epice (cloves, pepper, etc.); (fig.,
smack, dash, etc.) trace, teinte f soupcon
(of malice, etc., esp. in person's char-
acter and writings); tchantillon, speci-
men, brin, graine, idee. Spicy (adj.) =
epice; (fig.) piquant; chic, pimpant
(showy, smart) ; peu convenable, grivois :
a s. story =une histoire grivoise.

Spice spice. Pain d'6.= Gingerbread.

Spider= (trap or phaeton) spider +araigne'e.

Spider = spider (as above) -f- dicky (seat of
car).

Spire = (spiral coil) spire +fl$che de clocher;
aiguille; brin d'herbe; cime d'un arbre.

Spirit (see also Esprit) ~ (soul) dme ; (mind,
ghost, essence) esprit, fantdme, genie;
(drink) spiritueux ; (natural energy, life,
etc.) ardeur, Man, verve (of poet, orator,
artist) , courage, feu, fougue, vigueur,
entrain (of actor or individual) , vie,
animation, gaiett; (pi.) vivacite 1 , courage,
moral: to be in high ss.=#^ de tres
bonne humeur t etre en train; be in low
ss.^tre deprime t triste, dbattu [low ss.
= abattemenf] ; (of army) moral;
fougue (of horse); (wine, salt, wood) esprit.

Spirituel = (opp. to material, temporal,
and sensual) spiritual; religious : exer-
cices spirituels, lecture spirituelle ; (mus.)
sacred : concert s. ; witty, humorous.

Spiritualism = (philos.) spiritualism* -f
spiritisme (of mediums, etc.).

Spleen = (organ) rate; abattement,
melancholie, spleen; mauvaise hwneur,
michanceti; rancune.

Spleen (as above) = spleen. J'avais le s.
=1 was in low spirits.

Spoil (v.) abimer (hat by rain) ; corrompre
(taste of a nation) ; devaster, ravager (a
country) ; ddpareiller (china set) ; gdter
(child, hat by bad workmanship) ; piller
(town); endommager (crops, etc.).

Spoliation = (pillage, plunder) pillage,
spoliation; extorsion; (law) destruction,
mutilation.

Sponge = eponge [throw up the s. = jeter
le manche apres la cognee, s'avouer
vaincu] ; s.-cake = biscuit de Savoie ;
s.-fmger=&zsctt# A la cuiller; (artill.)
e'couvillon; (parasite) tcornifleur, pique-
assiette* (V.) = Sponger (table, face,
etc.); s., s. down se doucher avec une
dponge; s. out^effacer (writing, memory
of s.t., etc.); (absorb, s. up water, etc.,
with s.) Sponger ; (s. on s.o. for s.t.) vivre
aux dip ens [crochets] de qqn.

ponge= sponge: (fig.) passer Ve. sur une

Sponger

188

Stoppage

faute^y no more about it, overlook,
forget it ; boire comme une e. = drink like
a fish; rose-gall; heel (of horse-shoe);
heel (of stag).

Sponger = mop up, dab, sponge up (ink,
water, etc.) ; sponge, wipe with a sponge.

Sport = sport ; plaisanterie, moquerie : make
s. oi=se moquer de; (fam.) chic type.

Squa.d=petit nombre de recrues (assembled
for drill, etc.) ;peloton : firing s. =peloton
d' execution.

Escouade section (of infantry).

Squadron = escadron + escadre (of ships),
escadritte (of aeroplanes; flotilla of
torpedo craft).

Square carre; place; (drawing) equerre;
(of chess-board) case.

Square^ garden (in a square).

Stable =ecurie.

Stable = cow-shed.

Stage = (platform) estrade; (scaffolding)
6chaufaud(age); (mountebank) trdteaux;
(theatre) seine; profession de comedien;
(landing s.) oppontement, debarcad&re;
(fig.) arene; (microscope) platine; (step
in development) phase, periode, degre",
pas; (resting-place) etape; (change of
horses) relais. To go on the s. = Monter
sur les planches. By easy ss. =A petites
journdes.

Stage= (professions) term, probation.

Stance ^position, manure de se tenir.

Stance stanza.

State = (condition) etat, condition, situa-
tion; (colloq.) he was in quite a s.=i/
etait tout a fait bouleverse, il etait dans
tous ses etats; (political) etat; (rank)
classe, rang; (pomp) pompe, majeste;
apparat, dignite; cabine de luxes.
cabin, etc. See also Stat.

Station = (spot, place, building for
definite purpose) poste t station, place;
(position in Hfe) rang f condition f position
(in society); (occupation) poste f emploi t
charge, etat f service; (goods) depot;
(missionaries, R.C., church) station;
(surveying, nav., Indian, mil., railway)
station; (railway terminus) gare; (mil.
police) poste; (fire brigade) poste.

Station = station (as above); stay,
stoppage, stopping-place; spa; (action
of standing upright) position: s.
vevticale.

Stay = (intrans.) tester, demeurer : how long
are you staying? ^combien de temps
restez-vous? ; descendre (at hotel, with
friends) : they 're staying at the

Brighton = Us sont descendus au
Brighton; (trans.) arreter, retenir, en-
ray ev ; apaiser (hunger); (+up) etayer,
soutenir ; remettre, differer.

Stayer =sts,y (up), shore (up), support.

Sterile = sterile (lit. and fig.) -f pasteurise 1 ;
(style) decharne f sec, plat.

Stock is used in French only in the sense
of 'stock in trade/

Stomach (v.)=estomac; venire [' s.-ache '
may = mal d'estomac but is nearly
always mal de ventre, colique, the
English expression being due to the
fact that ' belly ' is no longer used in
polite conversation] ; poitrine; gout, in-
clination, envie : I have little s. to write
==; n'ai pas grande envie d'ecrire; to
turn one's s.=soulever le c&ur. (V.) =
(generally with can affirm, or neg.)
supporter, endurer, avaler, tolerer ; (fig.
usually neg.) I cannot s. that idea=^
ne saurais digerer [avaler] cette idee
[cette idee m' feature].

Estomac= stomach, belly, abdomen; chest*
Sentir son e. dans les talons =To be as
hungry as a hunter. Avoir de I'e. ~
(i) Have pluck, staying-power, tena-
city; (ii) (fam.) Be able to stand heavy
financial losses; (iii) (fam.) Have plenty
of cheek.

Estomaquer (fam.) = take (s.o/s) breath
away, give (s.o.) a disagreeable sur-
prise : une nouvelle qui Va estomaque=
a piece of news that flabbergasted him.
arreter; boucher (a hole, one's ears) ;
obturer, plomber (a tooth) ; supprimer,
suspendre (allowance, etc.) ; cesser
(visits, noise) ; empecher : you can't s.
him from doing it=t;ows ne pouvez pas
I' empecher de le faire; stopper (of
machinery) ; (intrans.) rester : to s. at
how.erester chez soi ; passer: he's
going to s. here a few days=*/ va passer
quelques jours id.

Stopper (trans, and intrans.) stop (in
speaking of a machine) : s. un navire;
au meme instant I'automobile s'arreta
presque, tourna, franchit un porche,
parcourut une grande cour deserte et
stoppa devant un perron (Pierre Louys,
Contes choisis) ; to repair by invisible
mending: favais donnd ma veste a s.
aux trois sceurs de la rue des Feuillan-
tines (G. Duhamel, Le Club des
Lyonnais).

Stoppage action d'arreter; repos, arret;
halte, pause; cessation, interruption (of

Stoppage

189

tcffe

work) ; chdmage (of works) ; obstruction,
embarras, encombrement (by obstacles,
etc.) ; retenue (of pay, salary) ; suspen-
sion, cessation (of payments by bank,
etc.).

Stoppage= in visible mending*

Store = abondance, provision, reserve ; set
s. byfaire grand cas de; (shop)
wiagasin; (of knowledge) fonds.

Store= outside blind.

Strange = (land) etr anger; (gods) inconnus;
(ground) que je, tu, etc., ne connais
pas; is s. to m.e=m'est inconnu; Strange
(story, thing); he wears the strangest
clothes = U porte des habits des plus
bizarres; it seems s.cela semble drole;
I am s. to the work ==70 ne suis pas fait
au travail; feel s.=n'tre pas dans son
assiette.

trange~ strange, odd, queer, novel.

Stranger = etr anger, inconnu. I am a s.
here=/e ne suis pas d'ici. You are
quite a s. = Vous nous faites rarement
une visits, on ne vous voit pas souvent,
vous devenez rare. He is no s. to
danger = II est familiarist avec le
danger.

t ranger = (of another country) foreigner,
alien; (of another family) stranger,
outsider; (having no connexion with
any one) stranger, alien; strange; un-
familiar, unknown; unconnected with
(a). Eire e. aux math6matiques='Ka,ve
no knowledge of mathematics.

Strict Strict. The latter is rather a
didactic term. The English word has
a wider sense, and is in commoner use.
S. orders =:ordres formels ; in s. con-
fidence en toute confiance.

Structure = (manner of construction,
lit. and fig.) structure + Edifice, bdtiment,
construction.

Study (n.) = (care, attention, pains in
getting s.t.) etude, but, objet : it shall be
my s. to please =je ferai mon etude de
plaire, je mettrai toute mon etude a
plaire. Your comfort was my s. = Mon
but a ete votre confort. Make a s. of the
English market Mettre ses soins a
accaparer le marchi anglais; (brown s.
=fit of musing) profonde rSverie; to be
in a brown s.ttre plonge dans ses
pensees ; (pursuit of a branch of learn-
ing) etude : make a s. of a subjectfaire
une etude d'\etudier, approfondir] un
sujet; (thing deserving to be studied)
his face was a s.=7 fallait voir la mine

qu'il faisait; (theatre, music, painting)
etude ; (room) cabinet de travail.

Study (v.)=etudier, travailler; faive son
(une) etude de; faire ses etudes; (s. for)
se preparer a; (be on the watch)
s'appliquer a, viser a, chercher a; (con-
sider) avoir egard a f consulter (conveni-
ences, feeling of others, one's own
interests); studies himself =s'ecoute; s.
s.o.'s manias = caresser les manies de
qqn.

Etude = study (see above); (pi.) lessons,
studies; la salle d'e. or ^'.== preparation
room in school; study time; considera-
tion, survey, examination (of human
body, of human heart, of natural
phenomena, of texts, etc.); chambers,
office, practice (of a lawyer, etc.) ; study
and practice (of a piece of music) ; mettre
d T^.=put into rehearsal (a play); elle
plait sans <.=she is attractive without
studied effect*

tudier= study, learn, practise, examine,
consider, etc. (see Etude); (reflex.) s'^.
a endeavour; s'e. a plaire d qqn =
endeavour to please s.o.

Stuff (matter, material) etoffe, matiere,
essence : 'we are such s. as dreams are
made on ' = nous sommes faits dela m&me
etoffe que les songes ; ' ambition should be
made of sterner s. '=1* ambition devrait
etve d'une plus rude etoffe. There is good
s. in him// a de I' etoffe. A s. they
call petrol =Une chose [mati&re'] qu'on
appelle essence. This book is sorry s.
=Ce livre est un fameux fair as;
mate'riaux; foodstuffs aliments f denr&s
alimentaires ; produits (of the garden);
medicaments (of the doctor); (cloth)
etoffe, drap, tissu; (trash) rebut,, came-
lote. What s. he writes! = Quelles
fadaises il ecrit 1 Smith a liar ! S. and
nonsense ! = Smith menteur I balivernes
que tout celal, allons done!, quelle b$tise! t
c'est de la blague I (Fam.) That 's the s.
to give 'em ! = Voila comment il faut les
traiter! (V.) = (s. s.t. with) remplir qqch
de, garnir qqch de (feathers, etc.) ; rem-
bourrer (furniture) de; (cram) bourrer t
gorger (a fowl) de ; farcir (dead fowl for
cooking); (dead animals for preserving)
empailler; (s. hole) boucher un trou; (s.
s.t. compactly into) fourrer, serrer t tasser
qqch dans ; (s. up) boucher. My nose is
stuffed up=/'ai le nez pris \bouche} t j*
suis enchifrene.

toffe=(techn.) material; fabric, material

toffer

190

Supplier

(wool, silk, cotton, etc.) ; (fig.) stuff : il
y a en lui Vi. d'un savantthere is the
making of a scholar in him.

toffer= stuff, furnish amply [usually as
p.p.]. V element etoffe = Ample gar-
ment. Carrosse Uen 6toffe= Luxuriously
upholstered carriage. Cheval ttoffe
Stout horse. Une voix etoffte = Rich
(full) voice.

Style = (ancient writing instr.) style;
(sundial) style ; (manner of writing and
composing) style, ton, maniere, gout;
(way of doing things) maniere, methode ;
(superior manner, breeding, etc.) Ele-
gance, grdce, cachet; (title) litre, npm;
(of com. firm) raison, raison sociale;
(kind, sort, esp. as to appearance)
espece, genre, sorte; (make, shape,
pattern) fafon, modele. Done in a
masterly s. Fait de main de maUre.
Live in first-rate s. = Mener grand
train, avoir un grand train de maison.
That 's the style I = Cest cela !, Bravo I
(V.) appeler ; donner le Hire de ; qualifier
de.

Style = style (as above).

Styler = form, tram, bring up. StyU
(well-) trained, schooled : domestique
bien style.

Suave = (bland, soothing, polite of
persons, speech, manners, wine, etc.)
aimable, affable, courtois; calmant,
adoucissant, doux, tendre.

Suave = sweet, fragrant (perfume) ;
pleasant, agreeable (music, etc.).

Submit = soumettre + alUguer, faire
observer.

Subscribe souscrire, signer. S. (to a
newspaper) = S'abonner (d, un journal).

Substance = (scient.) substance [= also
subsistance] -f- (essence, pith) fond,
mature, rialiti; (wealth) biens, fortune,
avoir, richesse.

Substantial = (scient.) substantial; (of
food) substantiel -f- (of importance or
value) materiel, sensible, essentiel, d'un
grand poids; (not flimsy) solide, fort,
gros; (wealthy) riche, qui a du bien.

Substitute (n.) = (persons) substitut,
remplafont, deldgul, suppliant; (things)
succedane, imitation, ce qui remplace.

Succeed = (follow after) succeder a,
remplacer; (have success) rtussir (d+
infin.; dans -{-noun); parvenir a; (abs.)
arriver.

Sudden = subit, soudain -\- brusque
(movement).

Sufferance = tolerance. On s. = Par
tolerance, toUre.

Souffrance = suspense, postponement:
colis en 5.= parcel awaiting collection;
effets en s.= unliquidated bills; suffer-
ing* Jour de s. = Borrowed light.

Suffisance = sufficiency, enough -}- conceit,
self-sufficiency*

Suffisant sufficient + conceited,
consequential, stuck-up, self-sufficient

Suggest = (bring to mind) suggfrer +
proposer, conseiller (plan, theory- often
that); I s. that (formula of examining
counsel, insinuating a motive) =
n* auriez-vous pas, ne serait-ce pas que.

Suggestion = suggestion ; proposition.

Suit (n.) = (petition, asking in marriage)
requite, demande, (recherche) en manage ;
pri&re, solicitation; (law) instance,
proems, action, poursuite; (cards) cou-
leur; (clothes) complet; (collection, set)
collection, assortment.

Suite = (retinue) suite; (of furniture)
ameublement (complet); mobilier; s. of
rooms =un appartemenL

Suite= (what follows) sequel, train, wake ;
(order of thing following) connexion,
consistency; retinue, suite; continua-
tion, course; succession, series; effect,
result, consequence.

Sultana * mere, femme ou fille du sultan ;
raisin sec (de Smyrne).

Szz/tane=wife of sultan; long robe (of rich
material open in front) .

Sum = (total) somme (f.) ; (problem) calcul,
probUme. To do a s. = Faire une addition.

Somme (f.) == sum. Bete de s. = Beast of
burden.

Somme (m.)=nap, sleep.

Superannuated = mis d la retraite, en
retraite ; hors d'dge, impropre au service,
decrepit, vieux, etc.

Suranne=out of date, out of fashion*

Superior (adj.) = supfrieur -\- (of persons)
pre'tentieux, qui se donne des airs; (above
giving attention to, yielding to, etc.)
trop fier (honn$te, etc.) pour cider a, qui
ne veut pas s'abaisser d.

Supernumerary = surnume'raire-i-fthea.t.)
figurant, comparse.

Supply (v.) = (furnish) pourvoir, fournir ;
(make up for) suppleer a; repondre (ct
un besoin) ; s. the place of (s.o.)
remplacer, supplier (qqn).

Supplier = supply, make up for (what is
lacking) ; supply the place of (s.o.), act
as supply for (s.o.).

Support

191

Susceptible

Support (v.) = (carry weight of) soutenir,
supporter, porter; (feed) entretenir,
nourrir, faire vivre, pourvoir aux besoins
de ; (help, second, etc.) fournir une aids
& qqn, assister qqn; soutenir, appuyer
(s.o., a cause)/ confirmer, corroborer
(evidence); affirmer, attester (fact);
Stayer (an argument); subvenir a
(financially); se rallier a (cause) ; parler
en faveur de (resolution); souscrire d,
se cotiser pour (institution, etc.); assister
d (lecture); contribuer au succes de,
sauvegarder.

Supporter = (of. s.t., pillars, etc., carrying
weight) support, keep up (building,
etc.) ; bear (expense) ; withstand, sus-
tain, bear (shock, attack, blow, etc.);
(fig.) bear, tolerate, put up with, endure
(certain food, cold, misfortune). Get
ouvrage ne supports pas Vexamen =
This work doesn't bear examination.
Navire qui ne supporterait pas la mer
=Unseaworthy vessel. Je ne saurais
s. une telle insolence = 1 can't tolerate
such insolence. II en supportera les
consequences =He must put up with the
consequences.

Suppress = (keep secret) tenir secret,
omettre, ne pas publier, supprimer
(proofs, book, memorandum, passage,
etc.); (restrain) reprimer (revolt, etc.);
etouffer (voice, sobs); moderer (sorrow)*

Supprimer = suppress (see above); do
away with, abolish.

Surcharge = surcharge -j- surtaxe (extra
charge on a letter); maj oration d'impdt.

Surcharge^ surcharge; excess weight (of
railway luggage) ; weight-handicap (in
horse - racing) ; word written over
another*

Sure = (convinced, having reason for
belief) Are you s.? = En etes-vous sur?
I am s. I didn't mean to hurt you =
Vraiment je ne voulais pas vous faire
mal. Well, to be s. {Vraiment I Pas
possible/ He would be s. to dislike
him= II le detesterait surement=ne man-
querait pas de le detester. He is s. to
come=// ne manquera pas de venir. Be
s. to wind up the clock =Ne manquez
[oubliez] pas de remonter la pendule;
(formula of concession) To be s., she is
not pretty = Elle n'est pas jolie, c'est
vrai [certain]; (exclamation of assent)
Yes, to be s.=Mais bien sur. Makes,
of =5' 'assurer de. Make s. that (of) =
Veiller [Faire attention] a ce que. (Adv.)

I said it would be and s. enough it is=
J'ai dit que cela arriverait et ma foi!
j'avais raison.

,Szzr = safe; reliable, trustworthy; sure,
certain, confident. A coup s. = For
certain, infallibly = (fam.) pour s.
Pavier a coup 5.= Make a safe bet, bet
on a certainty.

Surety =caut ion, gar ant, repondant.

Suret^ = safety. Lieu de s. = Place of
safety. Rasoir de s. = Safety-razor.
En s. de conscience = Without any mis-
giving, with an easy conscience. Sure-
ness (of hand, of judgment) ; security
(com.) ; precaution (against accident) ;
guarantee (for payment). La 5.= The
Criminal Investigation Department.

Surgeon = chirurgien. Surgeon = sucker,
shoot.

Surname =nom defamille.

Surnom = sobriquet, nickname. Con-
naitre qqn par nom et s. = Know s.o.
thoroughly.

Surprise = (take by surprise) surprendre
(person, place) ; (come on a person off
his guard) surprendre; (astonish, turn
out contrary to expectation) I am sur-
prised at you= Votre conduite m'dtonne
[choque, scandalise]. The result sur-
prised me=Le resultat ne rfpondit pas
d mon attente; (hurry a person into
doing s.t.) He surprised me into con-
senting =J7 obtint [enleva] mon con-
sentement par surprise.

Surprendre^ surprise (as above), take, in-
tercept; (obtain unfairly) on a surpris
sa signature = his signature was
obtained fraudulently* S. la bonne foi
de #w=Take advantage of s.o.'s sin-
cerity; (discover by stealth) J'ai surpris
ses soupirs=l caught his sighs. S. a
qqn un mouvement defaiblesse=Detectin.
s.o. a sign of weakening. La mort ne le
surprit point = Death did not take him
unawares* Je I'ai surpris a lire cette lettre
=1 caught him reading this letter. Le
feu a surpris cette viande (Larousse) =
The fire has caught this meat.

Survey (v.)= considerer, contempler, (fig.)
jeter un coup d'ceil sur, regarder avec
attention; scruter, examiner avec soin;
arpenter, lever le plan de (land, etc.)/
(value) expertiser; faire les etudes de
(railway),

Surveiller superintend, watch over, have
an eye on (works, workmen) .

Susceptible = (admitting of) susceptible

Susceptible

192

Systeme

(de) ; (liable to, sensitive to) predispose^
(d), sensible (a); impressionnable.

Susceptible susceptible (admitting of);
sensitive (sense of smell ; substance) ;
touchy, easily offended.

Suspect = soupconner (plot, foul play,
etc.) / (s. s.o. to be) soupconner (qqn
d'etre) ; (inclined to think) s'imaginer,
etre ports a croire (soupconner) : you, I
s., don't care = wows, je m' [/'] imagine,
n'en avez cure; (s. s.o. of doing) soup-
Conner (qqn de faire, etc.) ; (hold to be
uncertain) suspecter (truth, faithfulness ;
person) .

Suspecter. Soupconner. The former means
to treat as (a) suspect and the suspicion
is more definite and better grounded
than in soupconner, which means to
'surmise.' An honest man may be
soupconnt ; a thief is suspecte by
every one.

Suspense = incertitude, indecision, doute,
In s. = JSn suspens (persons or things).

Suspicion = soupcon ; (small quantity)
soup f on. Detention on s. Detention
preventive*

Suspicion= (law) tenir en s.=keep under
observation as a suspect*

Suspicious = (person) soupconneux ; (thing)
suspect, louche.

Sustain = soutenir, supporter (shock;

comparison) ; subir (defeat) / (of court
or authority) decider en faveur de t ad-
mettre la validity de; confirmer, justifier
(statement)/ bien jouer (a role)*

Sustenance = no urriture, subsistance.

Soutenance upholding (a thesis).

Suture = suture, seam -f- (fig.) joining
together (two parts of literary work
where part has been suppressed).

Sycophant = adulateur, flagorneur,
parasite.

Sycophante= informer, liar, knave.

Sympathetic = sympathique (anat., phy-
siol.); (person) qui eprouve (montre) de
la sympathie; s. landscape =paysage qui
emeut. S. strike = Greve de solidarity
S. sound = Son concordant.

Sympathique = sympathetic (as above);
etre, se montrer, s. d = be in sympathy
with, be favourably disposed towards;
attractive, likeable: il m'est tres 5. = !
like him very much; il ne m'est pas du
to^lt s. = I am not at all attracted by
him, I don't take to him at all, he
doesn't appeal to me.

System = (scient.) systeme -\- methode,
organisation.

Systdme = system 4- esprit de s. = ob-
stinacy, prejudice; (fam.) taper sur le s.
= get on one's nerves; (fam.) employer
le s. D \D=d6brouittard] = to wangle.

Tabernacle = (Bible and Jewish hist.)
tabernacle; (fig.) corps humain ; (liturg.)
tabernacle; (archit.) niche; stalk.

Tabernacle = tabernacle (as above);
(hydrant) chamber.

Table = table + tableau (see below);
assemble (round a t.), tablfo; t.-land=
plateau.

Tableau board: /. noir= blackboard; t.
d'annonces = notice-board; picture,
painting; (naut.) name-board; (theatre)
scene ; hoarding (for placard, etc.) ; list,
table, catalogue ; panel (of juries) ; (law)
rolls ; (horse-racing) telegraph (board) ;
game (laid out on ground for inspection
after the shoot), bag.

Tablet = (thin sheet) tablette; (plate,
memorial, etc.) plaque; (soap) pain;
(pharm.) tablette ; (wall coping) chaperon.

Tablette = tablet (as above); (board)
shelf ; cake (of chocolate, etc.) ; (pharm.)
tablet, lozenge; (archaeol.) writing-
tablet: rayez cela de vos tablettes= don't
count on that.

Tack= (nail) pointe ; semence, broquette (for
carpets); (sewing) point pour faufiler;
(food) mangeaille; (naut.) amure. To
make a t.=Courir un bord. To be on
the starboard t.= Avoir les amures a
tribord. To haul aboard the . . . t.=
A murer . . . ; (fig.) to be on the right t.
=$tre dans la bonne vote; (stickiness)
viscosit^

Tac= (sound) click, (tick-)tack. Riposter
du t. au *. Give a sharp reply, tit
for tat.

Tact = (sentiment) tact; (mus.) meszzre,
cadence.

Iact=tact, judgment; (sense of) touch,
feeling* Avoir une grande finesse de t.
=Have a delicate sense of touch.

Tail=20# (animal, letter, musical note,
violin, pigtail, kite, procession, party) ;
(end) bout, fin; (coat) pan, basque; (van)
derriere; (plough) manche; (of coin)
r evers t pile ; bos (of tile) . To turn t. =
Tourner le dos t montrer les talons. I
can make neither head nor t. of itJe

(in

n'y vois ni queue ni Ute. T. -piece

books) =Cul-de-lampe. (Fam.) Tt. =

queue-de-morue, queue-de-pie.
Taille = cutting (of stones, diamonds) ;

pruning (trees) ; cutting out (garment) ;

making (quill pen) ; sharpening (pencil) ;

(surg.) lithotomy; engraving; edge (of

sword) ; tally (stick) ; height, stature ;

size, stoutness ; il est de t. a se dtfendre =

he is capable of defending himself;

waist, figure, form: le tour de J.= waist

measurement Avoir la t, longue=

Have a long waist. Ce vetewient n'est

pas a sa *.=This garment does not

fit her.

Taint=tache, flttrissure, souillure, corrup-
tion ; infection, contagion. (V.) = gdfer ,

corrompre, infecter, vicier, souiller.
Teint complexion; dye : une etoffe bon t.

= material with fast dye.
Teinte = tint, shade, tone; touch,

suspicion : mettre dans ses paroles une

t. d'ironie.
Teinter=tmt, tinge.
Talon =griffe, serre (of bird of prey), ongle

(of lion, etc.); (cards) talon.
Talon = heel, heel-piece; shoulder (of

sword-blade); counterfoil (of postal

order or cheque).
Talus =(anat.) astragale; (club foot) pied

bot; (fortif., geol.) talus; dtiritus (=

debris of rock).
Talus = slope (of earthwork, parapet,

embankment, excavation, etc.).
Tangent To go off at a tangent S'ecarter

tout d'un coup (de la question, de la suite

de ses idees, de sa manie*re de faire).

S'&happerpar la tangente= (i) Slip away,

get out of a difficulty cleverly; (ii) To

elude a question.
Tape = ruban de fit; bolduc (for small

parcels) ; insulating t. = chatterton. Red

t. = Bureaucr atie, paperasserie. T.-worm

= Ver solitaire.
Tope=tap, slap; (techn.) cork, plug (for

gun, etc.).
Tare = vesce; ivraie; tare (weight

allowance).
Tare = tare (as above); loss of value (in

goods, owing to damage or diminution

193

Target

194

Tenor

in quantity); (fig.) defect, grave fault
(in anything).

Target= but ; cible (lit. and fig.) ; (railway)
semaphore circulate; (butchery) poi-
trine d'agneau.

Targette=Rat bolt ; leather pad (for hand) ;
small shield.*

Tassel = gland, houppe (for ornament) ;
barbe (de mais) ; (book-mark) signet;
(of night-cap) mtche.

Tasseau^ (techn.) bracket

Tattoo =batterie f sonnerie de la retraite (to
quarters), la ge'ne'rale; (indelible pat-
terns on skin) tatouage. (Vv.) battre
la ge'ne'rale; tatouer. Beat the devil's
t. = Tambouriner des doigts.

Tatou armadillo.

Tatouer = tattoo (skin). Tatouage =
Tattooing.

Tax=te#s+(fig.) fardeau, effort exig.

Temper (v.) = tremper (metal); delayer,
d&remper; delayer (mortar, etc.)/
(modify) proportionner, mesurer, accom-
moder, tempe'rer (justice, etc.); (mix)
melanger, combiner. (N.) = (mixture)
melange, juste mesure, combination;
(metals) trempe; (disposition) naturel,
caractire, humenr; (ill-humour) irrita-
tion, coUrt.

remp^rer=temper; moderate*

Temperament = temperament; (com.)
acheter d, f.=buy on the hire-purchase
system, by deferred payments.

Temperance = temperance (in eating,
drinking, sexual pleasures) + abstention
complete de boissons alcooliques : t. hotel
*=hdtel ok Von ne sert pas de boissons
alcooliques. [But ' t. society '^sociite
de temperance.]

Temperate = (of persons) tempe'rant, calme,
sage, sobre, patient, etc. ; (things) tempers'.

Temple = temple (lit. and fig.) + tempe
(of head).

Temple temple (as above) + (freemasons')
lodge; (French Protestant) church.

Temporal = temporel (opp. to eternal and
spiritual); (Greek gram.) temporel; (of
the temples) temporal.

Temporize = (generally in politics) etre
opportunists (une girouette) ; parle -
menter pour gagner du temps ; jaire un
compromis.

Temporiser = procrastinate*

Tenable tenable (of fortress, etc.) 4-
soutenable, qui pent etre dtfendu (of
theory, point, etc.).

Tenaitte= pincers, tongs; (fortif.) tenaille.

Tenant locataire, (of house, room, land);
(of farm) fermier, tenander metaye/;
(legal) occupant (of any property). T.
fanner =Cultivateur & bail.

Tenant. D'un seul t,, tout d'un t., tout en
un t. (of property) = Lying together, not
separated : la terre de chaque tenander
peut avoir les formes les plus v arises.
Elle est souvent d'un seul t. aupres de sa
maison (C. Seignobos, Hist, sincere
de la nation francaise) . Tt. et aboutis-
sants Boundaries and abuttals; (fig.)
ins and outs : les tt. et aboutissants d'une
question.

Tend (v., trans, and intrans.) =* (be apt,
conduce) tendre d> aboutir a, contribuer
a ; (lead to) tendre, se diriger ; (take care
of) garder, veiller sur, soigner; (nav.) faire
4viter.

Tendre (v., intrans.) Is&d to, tend to;
aim at.

Tender (v., trans, and intrans.) = (offer)
offrir, proposer; donner (resignation);
offrir (money in payment); dtferer
(oath); soumissionner (contract). (N.)
offre ; soumission (for contracts) ; legal
t. =monnaie liter atoire; (railway) tender;
(nav.) (navire) annexe; gardien, per-
sonne qui soigne; bar-t. =* garcon de
comptoir.

Tendre (v., *nws.)= stretch, draw, strain
(string, bow, etc.) ; stretch out, hold out
(arm, etc., hand to ask alms) ; offer,
lay bare (neck to executioner) ; offer,
present (s.t. to s.o.) : (fig., fam.) t. la
perche & ^w=help (s.o. out of a difii-
culty); set, lay (snares); (fig.) lay (a
trap, piege for s.o.) ; unfurl (sail) ; pitch
(tent) ; drape (wall) ; strain (attention) ;
tendu (of style) strained, stilted.

Tender (ad).)=*tendre+ (sensitive) sensible
(heart, conscience, place); (solicitous
of) soucieux de (good name, honour);
(afraid of doing s.t. wrong) soigneux
(soucieux, jaloux) de, qui se fait scrupule
de f qui craint de; (ticklish, requiring
careful handling) scabreux, d&licat
(subject), epineux (question).

Tendre soft, tender (of substances);
delicate (colour); tender (flower, of
horse's mouth); sensitive (to tears,
temptation); easily moved, affected;
loving, fond, affectionate; affecting,
moving (sentiment, air, avowal).

Tennis lawn tennis; tennis court.

Tennis =paume, jeu de paume.

Tenor =* (mus.) tenor; (purport) sens,

Tenuity

195

Tint

porte; (settled course of life, etc.) cours,
caractere; (law) intention, dessein; copie
exacte; (com.) echeance.

Tenuity =Mnuit+ (air, fluid) rarefaction;
(style) simplicity caracte're terre a terre.

T&nuiti tenuity (as above), thinness -f
(fig.) smallness, unimportance*

Tergiversate = ter giver ser; changer de
parti, apostasies

Term = (limit) terme, limite, borne;
(limited time) temps, espace de temps;
(university, school) trimestre; semestre;
(tribunal) session; (appointed day)
terme ; (law) terme, temps limitt ; (logic,
math.) terme; (word) expression, mot,
terme; (pl. t language) termes; (pi.,
conditions) conditions, prix; (pi., foot-
ing) relations, rapports. Beginning of t.
^Rentrte des classes* They 're no longer
on speaking tt.=Ils ne se voient plus.
On easy tt.Avecfacilites de paiements.
On intimate tt. = Sur un pied d'amitie.
On mutual i.Au pain To come to
tt. a* En venir a un arrangement. Tt.
of reference = Attributions, pouvoirs,
mandat.

Terme=tQrm (as above); (god or statue)
term ; stop, end, goal, limit (lit. and fig.) ;
quarter-day; rent; time (of accouche-
ment) ; word, expression, term; en
propres tt. =in so many words : je le lui
ai dit en propres tt.=I told him so in
so many words.

Terrace = (level place) terrasse; (row of
houses) rangie. de maisons uniformes;
terrasse, defaut (in marble slab).

Terrasse = terrace (as above), platform,
flat roof; pavement (in front of cafe
in France) : attons boire a la t. ; (paint.)
foreground.

Terrier = terrier (dog); burrow, hole*

Test (v.) = (put to the t., etc.) mettre d
Vepreuve, eprouver, essay er ; verifier,
examiner.

Tester = make a will.

Testy = irritable; susceptible.

Te'ta obstinate*

Textual textuel: possibly we have not
got the quotation exactly t. (Saturday
Review, quoted in N.E.D.) = nous
n'avons peut-etre pas cite textuettement ;
de texte, du texte; t. criticism = critique
du texte; t. errors =erreurs de texte.

Textuel=word for word : ce queje vous dis
estt.

Theatre = thedtre -f amphithe'dtre (for
lectures, etc.).

Thedtre = theatre; dramatic works of
author or nation : le t.francais=Freiich
drama; le t. de Racine = Racine's plays;
scene (of crime, accident); piece de t.
=play.

Th&me= theme, subject, text; translation
into a foreign language : un t. francais
=a French prose. (Fam. and iron.)
Fort en t. = Clever but unoriginal.
Tourner son t. de deux fagons (fig.)
Arrive at the same results by different
methods.

Tic=(med.) tic + habit, way, mannerism,
trick : il a le t. de ronger ses angles (Diet,
de l f A cad.) he has a trick, habit, of
biting his nails.

Tic tac = tick-tack (of clock especially) -f
click-clack (of a mill, etc.) ; pit-a-pat (of
heart) .

Ticket = (card giving certain rights) billet ,
carte: season t.= carte d'abonnement;
reader's t.= carte de lecteur ; (label)
etiquette; (notice to let, etc.) dcriteau;
(insurance; voting) bulletin; (omnibus)
billet, ticket; (pawn) reconnaissance; (tt.
issued in sets at swimming-baths)
cachet; (order for goods) bon; (badge)
plaque, midaille; (the proper thing)
that 's the t.voila ce qu'il faut, a la
bonne heure; c'est cela.

tiquette=laibel t ticket; etiquette.

Tile = (baked clay for various uses) tuile;
carreau (for paving, etc.); (colloq., silk
hat) tube. (Slang) Have a t. loose =*
Avoir un grain.

Tuile tile (as above); (fam.) sudden mis-
fortune, blow, mishap, II ne trouverait
pas du feu sur une *.= Nobody would
lend him a farthing.

Till (n.) =tiroir-caisse (for money in shop) ;
argile a blocaux.

TiWe=adze (of coopers, etc.); bass (bast) ;
(naut.) cuddy*

Timbre=timbre (of voice, instrument).

Timbre timbre (as above); bell, gong;
stamp (on document), stamp (ing
instrument).

Timide= timid; nerveless (style, brush).

Tin = (metal) etain ; (sheet-t.) fer-blanc;
(slang, money) galette; t. soldier =
soldat de plomb; (vessel) bidon, boite en
fer-blanc.

Tin =* (nav.) keel-block; (bot.) viorne =
viburnum = laurier-t. laurustinus.

[Tincture.] Teinture = tincture +
smattering; dyeing; dye.

Tint See Teint, after Taint

Tirade

196

Trac

* tirade ; diatribe.

Tire= (of a wheel, generally written tyre)
bande, pneu. (V.) = (i) mettre un pneu
d (une roue); (ii) fatiguer.

Tire is rarely used except in the fam
expression vol & la t.= pocket-picking.

rrer=draw, pull, haul, drag, etc.

Toast=pam grilli; (drinking) toast : give a
t. porter un toast ; personne on chose c
qui (laquelle) on boit; (slang) to have s.o.
on t.^tenir qqn & sa merci.

Tolerable = (endurable) tolerable -\-passable,

Tope = from? b I'exces (alcoholic drinks).

Toper accept bet; (fam.) agree to
proposal: tope Id, /=done! shake on
itl

Topic (n.) = sujet; (logic) lieu commun.
Topical (adj.) = d'actualite; (med.)
topique.

Topique (n.)= local remedy. (Adj.) local,
to the point.

Torque (w.)= torque; (/.)=coil (of wire);
roll (of chewing tobacco) .

Torso =torse; csuvre defectmuse, inachevte.

Touch (v.) = toucher; (meddle with) toucher
a; egaler, rivaliser avec; (fam.) taper : I
touched him for a fiver =je I'ai tape
cinq livres.

Toucher. [In many cases the English touch
will not be suitable.] Faire t. qqch du
doigt=La.y one's finger on s.t., bring s.t.
into prominence, 11 a ete toucM d
l'tpaule=13.e was hit on the shoulder.
T. le but^Hit the mark (target). //
touche au but=He has almost reached
the goal. T. la corde sensible Strike
the sensitive chord. T. l'orgue=Pla.y
the organ. Dis oil le mal te touche = Say
where the pain troubles you. Si vous
etes touches de curiosite = If you are
moved by curiosity. Je vais t. une
Strange matiere~L am going to touch on
[allude to] a peculiar matter. Elle lui
en toucha quelques wote=She dropped
him a few hints. II vous touche de
fs=He is very closely related to you.
T. a qqn dans la main Give s.o. your
hand (to conclude a bargain, etc.).
Touches /=Your hand on it. II ria
pas touche a ces wes=He has left these
dishes untasted. II ne faut jamais t.
aux droits acquisssOne must never
interfere with vested interests. II ria
pas I' air d'y =He looks as if butter
wouldn't melt in his mouth.
Touch = (sense) toucher; contact; touch$:
t. -stone fierre de touche; soupcon,

pointe: a t. of irony = une pointe
d'ironie; atteinte Ugere: a t. of fever
=un peu de fievre; trait : a t. of genius
=ww trait de gnie.

Touche touch (ing); (fenc.) hit; key (of
piano, typewriter, etc.); (pop.) look:
avoir un drdle de /.=to look a queer
bird; goad (for driving animals).

Tour voyage ; tournee: a company of
actors on t.une troupe en tournee; to
go on a t. of inspection =faire une
tournee d* inspection.

Tour (m.)= lathe; turn, circular move-
ment, revolution: roue qui fait trois
cents tt. a la minute ; faire le t. de = go
round : faire le t. du monde=go round
the world; faire le t. du jardin=vraXk
round the garden; faire un petit *.=
go for a stroll; t. de taille^vraist mea-
surement; turn: parler a son t., avant
son t. speak in one's turn, out of one's
turn; d t. de rdle=in turn; feat, trick:
t. de force = feat of strength; il m'ajoue
un mauvais tf.=he played me a nasty
trick; cela se fait en un t. de main = it
can be done in no time; a t. de bras=
with all one's might: f rapper d t. de
bras; le sang ne lui a fait qu'un *.=
he was seized with sudden anger (or it
gave him a great shock); turn (of
phrase) ; se donner un t. de reins =* twist,
strain, one's back. (F.) = tower; (sfoss)
rook, castle.

Tourniquet^ tourniquet; turnstile, swivel,
(nav.) roller ; (fishing) winch, reel. Jeu
du *. = (game played on) a sort of
roulette wheel.

Trace (v.) = (mark out) tracer; (by
transparent paper) calquer; (follow
track of, etc.) suivre la piste de, suivre
la trace de; (find position by remains)
dfohiffrer, d&ouvrir, trouver; retrouver;
(t. back to) remonter a; suivre (course;
history of a word).

Tracer (trans, and intrans.)=draw, trace
(line, etc.); (fig.) indicate; sketch, lay
down (in speech or writing) ; spread, run
about (of roots).

Trace (n.) = trace, marque, signe, vestige,
indice; (harness) trait.

Trace i= trace, vestige, sign, mark; spoor,
trail, track.

Track (n.) = trace, piste (hunting), piste,
voies; (road) chemin f route, sentier;
(railway) vote; (naut.) tillage; (of
comet) route.

Trac (f am.) = fright, funk, stage-fright;

Traduce

197

Trappe

avoir le tf.=to get the wind up. Tout
d t. = Without reflecting, thought-
lessly.

Traduce mdire de, calomnier, denigrer;
diffamer.

Traduire = translate (from one language
into another) ; interpret, show, express.

Traffic (n.) = trafic, commerce, nlgoce;
(railway, goods) trqfic ; (road) transport,
roulage; (numbers of vehicles, etc.) cir-
culation, mouvement. Through goods t.
= Transit. White slave t.=L0 traite
des blanches.

Trafic^ trading, trade; goods traffic (rail-
way); illicit traffic. Faire t. de son
honneur'BB.rtQT away one's honour.

Train (v.) = (bring up) former, eduquer,
exercer, dresser, faconner, discipliner
(person or animal) ; (techn.) dresser (un
cheval, etc.) / faire grimper, diriger, mettre
en espalier, palisser (garden trees, etc.) ;
(accustom) habituer, accoutumer;
(sports) entrainer; pointer (gun); (go
by t.) voyager (aller) par le train (en
chemin de fer).

(N.) = (railway) train, convoi; (dress)
traine, queue; (powder, fire) trainee;
(retinue) suite, cortege, procession;
(events) enchalnement, succession, serie;
(course) voie, cours.

Trainer = draw (carriage, etc.); (fig.) drag
(s.o. in the mud) ; trail (leg, wing, etc.) ;
shuffie along; (fig.) defer, delay; stand
over; lead, drag along, carry along
(person) ; bring along, take along, carry
with one, experience (embarrassing,
disagreeable things); bring (as a
result); attract; prolong, protract,
lengthen ; drawl (speech) ; draggle (of
dress) ; t. dans la rue loiter.

Tram=herd, drove (of cattle, etc.) ; file,
row, line, procession (of people, car-
riages, etc.); (railway) train; retinue,
attendants; (fig.) style (of living); (way
of going) speed, way, fashion, pace;
(fam.) bustle, row, shindy, noise; (of
wheels, etc.) going, movement; (horse)
quarters; (wood) float, raft; (carriage)
frame; (print.) carriage. A fond de t.
=At full speed* En t. <feIn the act
of. En t.= In the mood. Portent.
In the best of spirits* Pas en t. = Out of
sorts. Mener qqn grand *.=Make s.o.
act quickly* Mener qqch grand t. [d'un
t. de poste]=Do s.t. rapidly. Mener
grand *.=Live in style* Faire du t.
Make a noise, a fuss.

Traitor =traitre. [Traiteur= keeper of a
restaurant.]

Traitre traitor; (theat.) villain.

Tramway = tramway -f- tram (car) .

Trance extase t ravissement; (pathology)
lethargie, hypnose, cataltpsie ; (hypnotic)
transe.

Transe = (as above) + (usu. pi.) appre-
hension, fear, mortal anxiety.

Transaction = (business management)
gestion, conduite; (business done) affaire,
transaction.

Transaction = (business) transaction;
compromise.

Transfer =transfevt (transferring; con-
veyance of property) -^report; dtealco-
manie; soldat qu'on fait passer d'un
rdgiment dans un autre.

Transit = traversee, voyage; transport;
route; (astron.) passage; (goods abroad)
transit ; (fig.) passage de la vie d la mort.

Transit is a term referring to goods cross-
ing a country without paying duties :
marchandises en t. goods in transit.

Transitory as passager, transitoire; (law)
actionnable dans tons les pays.

Transitoire = transitory, fleeting; transi-
tional, provisional : regime t. t lois
transitoires.

Translation = (school) theme (into the
foreign tongue)/ version (into the
mother tongue)/ (conveyance from one
language into another) traduction; (of
bishop) translation; (Bibl.) enlevement
(au del).

Translation = shifting, removal; transfer
(of property) ; translation (of bishop) .

Transmutation = transmutation (of one
body into another) + (biol.) trans-
formation.

Transparent (adj.)=transparent (lit. and
fig.); (of persons) simple, franc, sans
affectation.

Transplant = transplanter (trees, etc.);
(surg.) greffer.

Transportation (removal to penal
colony) deportation; (removal to foreign
country) transportation; transport (of
persons and things anywhere).

Trap (n.) =piSge, trappe, traquenard, pan-
neau, trebuchet; (fig.) piege t attrape;
siphon (in pipe); (pi., fam.) effets,
affaires; (slang) policier t limier, (slang)
flic; petite voiture, cabriolet.

Trappe = trap (for animals); trapdoor,
sliding door, hatchway; register (of a
fireplace).

Traverse

198

Trouble

Traverse traverser; examiner, discuter (a
subject); pointer (gun); raboter dans le
sens de la largeur; (law) nier; (of com-
pass needle, etc.) pivoter; (of horse) se
traveler; (thwart) contrecarrer, tra-
verser (opinion, plan).

Traverser = cross, traverse (country);
(fig.) cross, come into (mind) ; lie across,
be athwart; (fig.) thwart, hinder; fish
(anchor); (naut.) bear (sail) to wind-
ward.

Travestir= disguise as, dress up as: t. un
enfant en marin; travesty, parody
(poem, etc.) ; jouer un rdle travesti =
(of actress) play a man's part, (of actor)
play a woman's part. Bal travesti =
Fancy-dress ball.

Travestissement = disguise; travesty,
misrepresentation. Piece & tt. = Play
with a quick-change artist*

Treasury = (place) trtsor; tresorerie,
ministere des finances. T. bench =
Sane des ministres. T. note Billet
de banque (d'une livre ou de dix
shillings).

Treat =traiter-\-offrir, payer: he treated
himself to the theatre =*il s'est pay 6
une place au theatre.

Trailer treat; call: il m'a traitt de Idche
=he called me a coward; entertain (at
table) : il traite magnifiquement ses amis ;
(reflex., com.) be sold : les bles se traitent
a 60 francs les 100 kilos.

Treatment = (way of dealing with persons
or things) traitement ; (literary) mani&re
de trailer.

Traitement treatment, salary*

Treaty =traiU ; by private t. = a I' amiable,
de gYi a gre.

7Yaft=:treaty+treatise.

Trepan (v.) = (surg.) trepaner+prendre a
un piege, tromper; entrainer (dans un
endroit) par surprise; amener (qqn a
faire qqch) par surprise ; frauder.

Trepidation ==(pathol.) trepidation; 6moi,
agitation, trouble.

Trepidation = (pathol.) trepidation;
tremor, vibration* jarring (of ground,
of steamer, motor-car).

Trespass (v.)entrer sans droit; (t. on)
abuser de (hospitality, etc.); empieter
sur (neighbours); pecker; (t. against
s.o.) offenser (Bible); transgresser, en-
freindre, violer (principle, law, etc.).
(N.) violation d'une propriett ; transgres-
sion; (law) delit.

Tr6passer=die+ Tripos

Tress =tresse; (pi.) cheveux (especially of
women).

Tresse= tress, plait (of hair); plait (of
straw, etc.), braid.

Trick = (fraudulent device) ruse, malice,
ficelle ; stratageme ; (feat) tour (de force',
etc.), true; (peculiar habit) habitude',
tic, manie; (of children) niche, farce,
espieglerie ; maniere de faire ; (of cards)
levee; (fam.) the whole bag of tt.=tout
le bataclan, tout le tremblement.

Trique= (fam.) big stick, cudgel. Donner
des coups de t. a qqn Belabour s.o.

Tripe (usu. pi.) = guts, intestines (of
animal) ; tripe (stomach, etc., as food);
ceufs a la t.= hard-boiled eggs sliced and
fried with onions*

Trfiarer= triturate; handle thoroughly : t.
les affaires ; t. la besogne de qqn = make
s.o.'s task easily, prepare s.o/s task
thoroughly.

[Triumph.] Triomphe = triumph ; V equita-
tion est son J.= horsemanship is his
strong point ; porter qqn en t. = chair s.o.,
carry s.o. shoulder high.

Trivial = (of small value) insignifiant, sans
importance, de pen de valeur; (persons)
superficie^ pen profond, Uger, in-
capable; (commonplace) trivial, banal,
commun.

Trivial = commonplace, common, hack-
neyed, humdrum, trite; vulgar, low*

Trojan = Troy en -f work like a T. =3
travailler comme un n6gre; fight like a
T.=s0 battre comme un lion*

Troop = troupe; (pi. soldiers) troupes;
(cavalry) escadron; (call of drum) le res-
semblement. Troupe=troupe (d'acteurs).

Trooper = soldat de cavalerie, cavalier;
cheval de cavalerie; (troop-ship) trans-
port. Swear like a t.^Jurer comme un
charretier. Eat like a t. = Manger comme
quatre. Lie like a t. = Mentir comme un
arracheur de dents.

Troupier (fam.) = soldier, private.

Tropical = (of the tropics) tropical + ardent,
passionne; figure, mtiaphorique.

Trotter=trotteur (of horse) + (pl-) pieds (of
pig, sheep, etc., as food).

Trouble = (affliction, etc.) peine, con-
trariete; trouble (of mind), perplexite,
inquietude; tourment, ennui, souci, cha-
grin; (labour) peine, mal; (disease)
maladie, malaise, mal; (inconvenience)
derangement, embarras.
(V.) troubler, agiter, inquieter; affliger,
chagriner, tourmenter, contrarier; in-

Trouble

199

Tyre

commoder, g$ner; donner de la peine,
embarrasser; charger (prier); (reflex.) se
der anger, s'occuper, s'inqmeter. I will t.
you to explain =Je vous defie d'expli-
quer ; or in polite requests as : may I t.
you to, etc. = veuillez or puis-je vous
prier (demander) de or auriez-vous la
bonte de . . .?

Trouble = disturbance, tumult, agitation,
disorder, dissension (in the affairs of
life) ; trouble, uneasiness, anxiety (of
mind); (pi.) troubles, disturbances,
turmoil, commotion*

rroa&fer=make muddy (cloudy) ; dim (of
air, water, eyes, mind, etc.) ; upset, dis-
turb, confuse, trouble, put out, annoy,
disconcert (mentally or physically).

Trump (v.) = (cards) couper, prendre avec
un atout; t. up = inventer, forger.

T romper cheat, deceive, etc.

Trompette (f.) trumpet; (m.) trumpeter.
Sans tambour ni t. = Secretly, mysteri-
ously, noiselessly. Avoir le nez en t.=
Have a turned-up nose. Sonner da la
t. = (fig.)- Let every one know your
deeds. Emboucher la t.=* Assume the
heroic style. A gens de village t. de bois
= Rough tools for rough work, every
one to his station.

Trunk = (of tree, body) tronc ; fut de
colonne, dd de piedestal ; (main part)
corps; (elephant) trompe; (railway) t.
line = grande ligne; (telegraph) t. line =
ligneinterurbaine ;t.-call, communication
interurbaine ; (box) matte, coffre, botte;

(techn.) auge f auget, tige; conduit,
etc.

Tronc = trunk (tree, body); stock (of
family) ; main stem (of artery) ; stump
(of a column) ; alms-box.

Truss (v.) = trousser (fowls) ; (tie up)
attacher, Her ; (archit.) soutenir avec une
ferine; saisir (of bird of prey).
(N.) = botte (hay, etc.); (roof) ferme;
(surg.) bandage herniaire; (bot.) touffe;
(nav.) drosse de vergue.

Trousser = tuck up, turn up (petticoat,
etc.). Un cheval qui t.= high-stepping
horse; truss (fowl); trousser bagage *=
depart; t. une affaire dispatch, get
through quickly, a piece of business;
(fam.) t, un article =dash ofi an article.

Trousse= bundle; truss; case, kit (of tools,
instruments, etc.) . tre aux tt. de qqn*=
Be on s.o.'s heels; courir aux tt. d'un
voleur=puTsue a thief.

Try = essay er, tdcher, tenter; (test)
eprouver ; (use) se servir de; (tire)
fatiguer; juger (a case).

Trier = sort, pick, choose, select*

Tutor =precepteur t repetiteur; (law) tuteur.

Tuteur = guardian, protector; prop, pole
(for plants) .

Type = type, model : le t. le plus parfait de
la beautd = the most perfect type of
beauty; (fam.) eccentric person, char-
acter : quel tj; (pop.) chap, bloke : c'est
un drdle de t. = he 's a queer bird;
(print.) type.

Tyre, See Tire,

u

Ulterior = ultirieur + cachi, inavoue",

dissimule* (plans, views); have u.

motives = agir dans un but inte-

Yesse.
Ultimatum (in international disputes,

etc.) ultimatum + conclusion definitive;

principe fondamentaL
Umbrella parapluie.
Om&reJ/esunshade, parasol
Uncle = oncle + (slang) mont-de-pi&tt : at

u.'s (pop.) chez ma tante. Talk to s.o.

like a Dutch u.~Sermonner (semoncer)

qqn avec bienveillance. Welsh u.=0cfe

d la mode de Bretagne.
Unction = onction; (substance) onguent;

(fig.) baume; (gush) effusion; ferveur

simvtte; (gusto) satisfaction, plaisir*
Onction = anointing, unction; balm;

impressiveness, impressive eloquence*
Union = union (of two or more things;

political, religious, trade; marriage) +

(workhouse) depot de mendicitd, asite des

indigents; accord, harmonie; (pipes)

raccord; (beer) cuve*
Urgency = instances, importunity, sol-

licitations pressantes; besoin urgent

[pressanf]; urgence.
Urgent = (persons) pressant, qui insiste,

importun; (things) urgent, pressant,
instant.

Urgent^ (things only) pressing, urgent.

Usage = traitement (of people); coutume,
habitude, usage; (law) coutume.

lftage=use> employment; way, custom,
practice, habits of society; good
manners, breeding : beaucoup de jeunes
gens manquent d'u. ; (law) user. (Fam.)
Cette ttoffe fera beaucoup d'u. = This
stuff will wear well.

Use (v.) = employer, se servir de, faire
usage de, user de; exercer (power,
influence on (over) s.o., etc.) ; (opp. to
abuse) user de; (avail oneself of)
profiter de, utiliser; (treat) traiter, en
user avec; (exhaust) e'puiser, user,
exceder, fatiguer; consommer (*=u. up).
(P.p.) accoutumS, habitue : I am not used
to tin's kind of work=s/ ne suis pas
habitue 1 & ce genre de travail ; you '11 soon
get used to it=*vous ne tarderez pas A
vous y habituer.

User (intrans. u. de) use, make use of,
employ: en u. avec qqn mal (bien) =
treat s.o. badly (well) ; (trans.) consume,
take; wear out (clotiies), injure (eyes),
exhaust (strength).

200

Vacancy = (being vacant) vide, lacune; (of
mind) vide de I'esprit; dtsceuvrement;
(post unoccupied) vacance, poste vacant.

Vacance = (post) vacancy; (pi.) vacation,
holidays, recess.

Vacant =vacant (post, place, etc.) + vide,
inoccupd (house, chair, etc.); (hours) de
loisir; (v. mentally) vide (de pensee) : the
loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind
(Goldsmith) =le rire bruyant qui Irakis-
sait V esprit vide ; (eyes, look) depourvu
d'expression, atone, vague.

Vacate (v., trans.} quitter (house, prem-
ises) ; laisser vacant (post) ; (law) annuler
(law, contract).

Vaguer (v., intrans.)=to be vacant (of
post, etc.) ; (of Parliament, law courts)
not to be sitting; v. d=attend to
(business, work, etc.).

Vacation ~le fait de laisser vacant (post);
de quitter (house, etc.); (holiday)
vacances (in schools, universities, law
courts, etc.) ; (law courts) vacations.

Vacation = (legal) attendance, session;
fees (of lawyer); (pi.) vacation (of
law courts).

Vague = vague (answer, desire, notion,
rumour, etc.) + empty, vacant, waste
(grounds) ; nerfv.=. vagus nerve; vacant
(look).

Valance [Valence] = lambrequin, canton-
nilre; (kind of) damas (de tapissier).

Valence, Valency = valence.

Valid = (sound, defensible of reasons,
objections, etc.) valable; (legal) valide.

Valide *= (of person) strong, healthy,
sound; (legal) valid.

Valeur = valour + (persons and things)
value; force (of a word, etc.), worth,
weight (fig.), importance; duration (of
musical note); (com.) share, security,
scrip* La v. d'un verre de vin About
a wine-glass of. Mettre des terres en v.
:= Develop, exploit, land.

Valuable (adj.) = precieux, de valeur;
qu'on peut evaluer.

Valve = (shell-fish; bot.) valve + soupape:
overhead w,=soupapes en Ute; clapet

(of a pump); (anat.) valvule; lampe (of

wireless set).

Vampire =* vampire; (theatre) trappe.
Van = (of an army) avant-garde; (for

goods) camionnette, tapissiere; (railway)

fourgon; voiture, voiture de dtmenage-

ment.

Vanne= sluice-gate*
Vanity =vanitt+ the w. of the Gentiles

(Jeremiah xiv. 22) =les vaines idoles des

nations.
Vapeur*= vapour + steam; steamship; (pi.)

fumes (of wine).
Vernis= varnish +v. japonais= japan; v.

au tampon="French polish ; glaze; (fig.)

gloss*

Vase=*(m.) vase; (/.) slime, mud.
Vassal = (feudal) vassal + (rhet.) esclave,

dependant pauvre.

Vault= voute + caveau (burial) +saut.
Vofite = vault -f arch ; v. du palais=rooi

of the mouth.
Vault (v.)=sauter.
Volter = (riding school) move in circle;

(fencing) make a volt.
7ofiter=furnish with (make a shape of)

a vault or arch; (reflex.) stoop, bend;

personne voutie = round-shouldered

person.
Vengeance = vengeance, vindicte (pub-

lique)+wtik a v.=en diable, farieuse-

ment; do s.t. with a v. = nepas y aller

de main morte.
Vent (&.)*= orifice, ouvertwe, trou, passage,

issue; tuyau (=flue) ; trou defaitsset (in

a beer barrel); lumttre (of a gun);

soupirail (for breathing) ; anus (zool.) ;

(fig.) libre cours, carriers (to indignation,

etc.) ; cours t sortie, passage ; expression.
Vent wind, air, breath. Donner v. a un

tonneau='kltikG a vent in a barrel.
Ventilate=:i;0fl&70f, atrer (room) ; oxygtner

(blood) + agiter, discuter publiquement

(question, etc.).

Verdure =verdure {- (fig.) fratcheur.
Verge= (brink, usually^.) bord, veille,

extrmite> limite: be on the v. of death

=etre a deux doigts, & Varticle, de la

mort; be on the v. of forty **frisef la

201

Verge

202

Vue

quarantaine; (of a forest) lisiere; (of
flower-bed) bordure en gazon; (sign of
office) verge; (techn.) verge (of watch,
etc.) ; (archit.) jut (of a column) ; rebord
(d'untoit); (hist.) ressort, juridiction.

Verge rod, cane, stick (esp. for punish-
ment). Donner des vv. pour se faire
fouetter Provide a rod for one's own
back. tre sous la v. de qqn=~Be under
s.o.'s thumb; (fig-) punishment; verge
(of a beadle) ; beam (of a balance) ; rod
(of a pendulum) ; shank (of an anchor) ;
penis ; (cookery) whisk*

Verge (v.) = (v. on = border on) approcher
de (edge of a precipice), confiner a (mad-
ness); itre prds de [d deux doigts de]
(bankruptcy, etc.).

Verger (v.)= measure land with a verge.
Papier vergt =:Laid paper. Bois vergi
Worm-eaten wood. toffe vergee
Badly dyed cloth.

Verger =(n.) bedeau.

Verger (n.)= orchard.

Verify = verifier + (law) etablir I'authen-
ticite de, Ugaliser.

Verjus verjuice -f (variety of) grape
(which is used to make verjuice). C'est
jus vert ou z;. = Six of one and half a
dozen of the other.

Vermicular = vermiculaire -f- vermicule.

Vermin = vermine -j- animaux malfaisants
(=rat, fox, mole, etc.).

Versatile =(bot., zool.) versatile; versatile
(= changeable); qui a une variet& de
talents, qui salt mettre la main a tout;
(author) capable d'aborder beaucoup de
sujets, encyclopedique.

Versatile = (of persons, character, etc.)
changeable, inconstant, unstable;
opportunist.

Verse (line) vers ; (metrical composition
in general) poesie, vers (pi.); strophe,
stance t couplet; (Bible) verset.

Verse=(of corn) laying, lodging. II pleut
av.It rains in torrents.

Version = version + (English schools)
theme latin.

Version = version; (school exercise) trans-
lation into the mother tongue.

Vertu (virtu) amour des beaux-arts, gout
artistique; articles of v.objets d'art.

Verta= virtue; (women's) chastity.

Vaisseau = vase, vessel; ship, vessel;
structure, fabric (church or theatre);
(physiol. and bot.) vessel.

Vest=(com.) gilet; (under-gannent) tricot,
gilet (deflanelle, de laine).

Veste= (short) jacket (of page-boy, waiter,

etc.) ; (pop.) failure: remporter une t;.=

to fail.
Vestige = trace, marque, signe; ombre, atome,

parcette : not a v. of evidence =sans la

moindrepreuve ; (biol. t degenerate organ)

organe atrophie*.
Vestige = footprint, mark, impression;

remains, trace (of ruins; in memory).
Vestment = (rarely) vetement; costume

(d'apparat, etc.); (church) chasuble,

soutane, etc.; parement d'auteL
V&tement garment.
Vestry sacristie (of a church); assemblde

paroissiale; salle de reunion de VassembUe

paroissiale.
Vestiaire = cloak-room, robing-room,

dressing-room.
Veteran veteran; (schools) pupil who

repeats one of the higher classes : un v.

de premiere, de philosophie.
Vexvexer, contrarier, fdcher-{- (poet, and

rhet.) agiter, tourmenter (sea, etc.);

vexed question question controversy,

discute'e.
Vexatious = vexatoire (oppressive) +

fdcheux, ennuyeux, contrariant.
Viands = mets, comestibles .

Vibration = (scient.) vibration ( also
oscillation) -f trepidation (of ground,
of motor).

Vicar = (parish priest) curd; vicaire (as
delegate or substitute).

Vicaire = curate ; vicar (as grand v., v.
general).

Vice=(i) (evil) vice] (ii) (tool) etau.

Vicious = vicieux (= vicious, faulty,
incorrect, restive (horse) ) + haineux,
mechant.

View= (survey) regard, coup d'&il; inspec-
tion, examen; (range of vision) vue;
(what is seen) vue, perspective, scene,
tableau, point de vue ; (way of consider-
ing, opinion) idee, pensee, opinion, vue t
appreciation, maniere de voir ; (purpose)
intention, dessein, but, projet, plan : with
a v. to=en vue de, dans le but [intention]
de. On v. = w montre. In v. of =En
raison de, par suite de, etant donne.

Vue = (sense) sight; eye(s) : le soleil me
donne dans la t>.=the sun is shining in
my eyes; view : chambre qui a une belle
v.', (drawings, engravings, etc.) views;
perdre qqn de v.=lose sight of s.o.; cet
enfant grandit a v. d' ceil -this child is
growing perceptibly taller. (Fig.) A v. de

Vigil

203

Vow

pays = At a cursory glance. Eire env.=
To be prominent* Un billet payable d v.
=Bill payable" at sight. (P/.)= ideas,
views, conceptions; intentions : avoir
des vv. sur qqn=(i) intend to make use
of s.o. in s.t. ; (ii) intend to marry (off)
s.o.; avoir des vv. sur qqch = have
designs on s.t., intend to acquire s.t.

Vigil = (relig.) vigile + veille (= keeping
awake) .

Vignette = (engraved illustration, in books)
vignette + (archit.) frise de feuilles de
vigne; portrait, photographie, en buste
degrade; (fig.) esquisse, etude (de carac-
tere).

Vignette = vignette (as above); ornament
of first page or chapter; engraving with
border; cover ornament of book; orna-
mental border of handkerchief; revenue
band (round cigars, boxes of matches).

Vil= vile + (formerly) low, of low birth;
cheap : acheter qqch a v. H#=buy s.t.
dirt cheap ; une chose de v. prixB. thing
not worth much.

Villain = (wicked person) sceUrat, mise-
rable, gredin ; (of a play, novel) traitre.

Vilain=(hist.) villein; knave, contempt-
ible person; naughty child, villain :Ah!
lev.t= Oh ! you naughty boy ! You little
villain !

Villainy infami e, sceUratesse.

Fi7eme=mean action, dirty trick; abuse:
dire mille vv. a qqn; sordidness,
niggardliness.

Vinaigrette =flacon de sels.

Vinaigrette = vinegar sauce; beef with
vinegar sauce : une v. de bceuf; (formerly]
kind of sedan-chair.

Vindicative = justificatif = (contributing
to vindication).

Vindictive =vindicatif=z (revengeful) .

Vineux = vinous, vina'ceous + (of
country) rich wine-growing; (of wine)
rich, fruity, strong*

Vi^lviole.

Violent violent; lay v. hands on = mal-

mener, faire violence a; (law) v. pre-

sumption = presomption tr&s grande

(forte).
Violent = violent; strong (perfume).

(Fam.) Cela est v., trop v. = That 's

beyond a joke.
Violet violet; purple : devenir v. de colere

=go purple with anger.
Viril = virile + (law) portion virile =

lawful share.

Virtual = (scient.) virtuel (focus, etc.) ;

effectif, de fait.
Visit (v.) visiter (patients, poor, sick;

sights) + faire visite, rendre visite, a;

faire un stfour chez (friends)*
Visiter = visit (as above) + examine,

inspect.
Visitation = (eccles.) visitation; (Bibl.)

recompense or chdtiment celeste ; epreuve;

(naut.) visite.
Visiteur visitor + (customs) examiner,

inspector.
Vivacious =vif t qui a de la vivacite, anime f

plein de vie; (bot.) vivace.
Vivace long-lived; inveterate (hatred,

etc.) ; (bot.) perennial, vivacious.
VivaciU vivacity -f ardour (of attack) ;

hastiness; passion, outburst of anger;

vividness, brightness (of colour, etc.).
Vocalize = (mus.) vocaliser ; articuler

(words, sounds); (phonetics) rendre

sonore : V is a vocalized F= V est un

F rendu sonore; ecrire (I'he'breu, etc.) en

indiquant les voyelles; (facet.) parler,

crier, chanter, chantonner.
Vocation = (sense of fitness for a career)

vocation + emploi, profession.
Volatile (adj.) = (scient.) volatil + (fig.)

vif f gai f plein d' entrain; (of character,

etc.) volage, inconstant.
Vole=campagnol; (cards) vole.
VoUe flight (of birds, of a projectile) ;

flight (of imagination) ; (jam.) rank,

capability (of persons) : c'est une per-

sonne de haute v.; bevy, flock (of birds) ;

chase (of a cannon) : (fig.) d la v.==

without reflecting; tirer d touts v. ~

shoot at the highest angle; swing, peal

(of bell) ; turn (of a windmill sail) ;

round (of hammer blows in forge) ;

semer a la v.=sow broadcast; cheval de

v.= leading horse (in tandem); (sports)

volley.
Voluntary (n.) = morceau d'orgue joui

avant, pendant, ou apres t I'office.
Volontaire (n.) = volunteer.
Volontaire (adj.) = voluntary, intended,

spontaneous ; self - willed, obstinate,

wayward.
Vote voter (trans, and intrans.) ; (colloq.,

pronounce) declarer, proclamer. He was

voted a "bore On s'accorda pour dire

que c'etait un raseur; (colloq.) proposer

(qua). V. down= Repousser en allant

aux voix.
Vow (n.) = (religious) vceu, serment;

(lovers, etc.) serment. (V.) = vouer,

Van

consacrer (to God, etc.); (declare
solemnly) jurer, faire v&u de; promettre.

V&u = vow (to God, etc.) ; prayer (to God,
etc.) ; wish : mes meilleuts voeux pour
1938 =my best wishes for 1938. tre
au comble de ses vceux*=To see all one's
wishes granted.

Voyage. Voyage. The English word is
rarely used except for a long journey,

204 Vulgarity

especially by sea, whereas the French

word may be used for a distance of a

few yards only ( = English journey).

'The porters at the station made two

journeys (voyages) of it.'
Vulgar = vulgaire (common, low) +

grassier; (fraction) ordinaire; (era)

chrgtienne.
Vulgarity = vulgarity ; grossierete.

w

Wages = gages; (fig.) recompense, salaire:

the w. of sin is death le salaire du

pfohe, c'est la mort.
Gages. See after Gage.
Wagon = (truck on railway) wagon -f

charrette, chariot; voiture de roulage;

(mil.) /ozzrgon, caisson.
Wagon=* wagon (= railway truck); coach

(railway) : w. -restaurant = restaurant

car; wAit = sleeping-car; w.-bar =

buffet car.
Ward = (of a lock) garde ; (a minor) pupille;

(room in hospital, etc.) salle; (of a town)

quartier; arrondissement.
Garde. See after Guard,
Warden = sentinelle* garde*; garde,

gardien> conservateur ; gouverneur;

directeur (prison); principal^ directeur.

proviseur (of college); recteur (of
university); superieur (of a convent).

Gardien. See after Guardian.

Warrant (n.) = (warranty) = autovisation,
justification; garantie; (voucher for
payment) mandat, coupon; (law for
arrest, etc.) mandat d'an&t, mandat
d'amener; (w. of attorney) procuration;
(certificate of War Office) brevet;
(com.) warrant.

Gar ant = surety, guarantor.

Warren = (for rabbits) garenne.

Garenne (f .) = (fishing) preserve; warren
(rabbits); (pop., in Paris) (m.) wild
rabbit: manger un g.; tabac en g. =
tobacco in bond in France that
has not yet had the revenue band
afiixed.

Zephyr = (wind) zephyr + (athlete's)

maillot de zephyr.
Zest= (stimulating flavour) piquant, gout,

saveur : (fig.) to give a z. to=assaisonner

[donner un vif inter &t a] (pleasure, etc.) ;

(gusto, relish, keen enjoyment) enthou-

siasme, ardeur, gout, entrain.
JJeste=lemon peel; (of a nut) skin of

kernel; thing of no value: cela ne

vaut pas un ,?.= that's not worth a

straw.
Zest (interj.) =pooh ! pshaw ! fiddlesticks 1

tre entre le zist et le ^.=Be undecided,

shilly-shally, (of things) to be neither

good nor bad, be middling.
Zizanie=bot.) zizania; (BibL) tares; (fig.)

misunderstanding, discord : semer la z.

=sow discord.

205