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LEMPtllERE'S

CLASSICAL DICTIONARY,

SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES.

CONTAINING

EVERY NAME AND ALL THAT IS EITHER IMPORTANT OR
USEFUL IN THE ORIGINAL WORK*

BOSTON: : ::>f :\ •

RICHARDSON, LORrD AND HOLBROOK.

» 1832.

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A?TOR, "LENOX AND |

10:3 ±}

Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year 1832, by

S. G. Goodrich,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts.

«T£Il£OTYP£D BT LYMAN THUBSTON A2n> CO.
BOSTON.

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3ENTERTAINING AND USEFUL BOOKS FOR YOUTH.

ILLUSTRATED BI MANY EN6RATIN6S.

Petsr Parlej'8 Stories about Ak-
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Peter Parley's Tales about Ajtciekt
Rome with aw Account of Modern It-
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Peter Parley's Tales of Remarka-
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now particularly adapted to the use of
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The First Book of History for
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\* This work is on the same plan as
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ADVERTISEMENT.

This edition contains every name m the best revised Eng-
lish edition of Lempriere's original work. It also contains all
the matter that is either important or useful for families and
young persons. The original work is full of indelicate pas-
sages, which necessarily exclude it from the multitude of
schools for young persons, to which it would otherwise be
of the greatest importance. In the present edition, all such
passages are excluded, and nothing is introduced which may
render it improper for youth of either sex. The abridgements
consist in the rejection of references to ancient authors, biblio-
graphical notices of the best editions, matter which is repeated
under several different heads, and exceptionable or. umra-
portant passages. It is obvbus therefore that the work not
only contains all that is essential in the octavo edition, (except
to merely classical scholars,) while it is free from the blem-
ishes which have hitherto^ prevented the work from being
used, in the numerous schools and academies for youth in our
country.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

CLASSICAL DICTIONARY.

ABA and Ab jb, a town of Phocis, ftmous
for an oracle of Apollo, gumamed Abeas.
The inhabitants, called Abantes, were of
Thracian origin. After the ruin of their
country by Xerxes, they migrated to Eu-
bcea, whieh from them was called Aban-
tis. Some of them passed afterwards from

Eabcea into Ionia. A city of Caria.

Another of Arabia Felix. ^A mountain

near Smyrna.

Abacezts, a country of Sicily near Mes-
sana.

Abalu*, an island in the German ocean,
where, as the ancients supposed, the amber
dropped from the trees. If a man was
drowned there, and his body never appear-
ed above the water, propitiatory sacrifices
were offered to Ills manes during a hun-
dred years.

Abana, a place of Capua.

Abantbs, a warlike people of Pelopon-
nesus, whty built a town in Phocis called
Aba, after their leader Abas, whence also
their name originated: they alterwards
went to Euboea.

Abartias, and Abanti^dss, a patrony-
mic given to the descendants of Abas king
of Argos, such as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus,
Atalanta, &c.

Abaivtidas, made himself master of Si-
cyon, alter he had murdered Glinias, the
fiiither of Aratus. He was himself soon
after assassinated, B. C. 251.

Abaittis, or Abaktias, an ancient. name
of the island of Eubosa, received from the

Abantes, who settled in it from Phocis.

Also a country of Epirus.

Abarbarba, one of the Naiades, moth-
er of iEsepus and Pedasus by Bucolion,
Laomedon's eldest son.
1*

ABARiMoir, a country of Scythia, near
mount Imaus. The inhabitants were said
to have their toes behind their heels, and
to breathe no air but that of their native
country.

Abaris, a man killed by Perseus. ^A

Rutulian killed by Euryalus. A Scy*

thian, son of Seuthes, in the age of Cra-
sus, or the Trojan war, who received a fly-
ing arrow from Apollo, with which he
gave oracles, and transported himself
wherever he pleased. He is said to have
returned to the Hyperborean countries fhmi
Athens without eating, and to have made
the Trojan Palladium with the bones of
Pelops. Some suppose that he wrote trea-
tises in Greek ; and it is reported, that
there is a Greek manuscript of hia epistles
to Phalaris in the library 'of Ausburg. But
there were probably two persons of that
name.

Abarus, an Arabian prince, who perfid-
iously deserted Crassus in his expedition
against Parthia.

Abas, a mountain in Syria, where tlie

Euphrates rises. A river of Armenia

Major, where Pompey routed the Albani

A son of Metanira, or Melaninia,

changed into a lizard for laughing at Ceres.

The 11th king of Argos, son of Belus,

some say of Lynceus and Hypermnestra,
was famous for his genius and valor. He
was fkther to Prcetus and Acrisius, by Oca-
lea, and built Abe. One of iEneas'a

companions, killed in Italy. Anothei

lost in the -storm which drove ^neas to

Carthage. A Latian chief, whoassist^

ed iEneas against Tumus, and was killed

by Lausus. A Greek, son of Euryda-

mas, killed by iEneas during the Trojan

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wwtf^ tA centaur, ftmous for his skill in

tjunting. A soothsayer, to whom the

iSpartans erected a statue in the temple of

Apollo, for bis serv.oes to Lysander

A son of Neptune.< A sophist who wrote

two treatises, one on history, the other on
rhetori&: the time in which he lived is un-
known. A man who wrote an account

of Troy.

Abasa, an island in the Red Sea, near
iEtliiopia.
Abasitip, a part of Mysia in As)a.
AsAssfiifAor Abassinia. FitLAbyaaijuau
Abamus, a town of Phrygia.
AB48T0R, one of Pluto's horses.
Abatos, an island in the lake near Mem-
phis in Ilcypt, abounding with flax and
papyrus. Osiria was buried there,

Abdalonimds^ one of the descendants
of the kings of Sidon, so poor, that to main-
tain himself, he worked in a garden. When
Alexander took Sidon, he made him king,
in the room of Strato the deposed mon-
arch, and enlarged his possessions on ac-
count of the great disinterestedness of his
conduct.
Abdeha, a town of Hispania Betica,

built by the Carthaginians « A maritime

city of Thrace, built by Hercules, in mem-
ory of Abderus, one of his favorites. The
Clazomenians and Teians beautified it.
Borne suppose that Abdera^ the sister of
Diomedes, built it. The air was so un-
wholesome, and the inhabitants of iueb a
sluggish disposition, that stupiditf was
cpmmonly called Abderitiea meng. It gare
bjrth, Ifowever, to Democritus, Protagoras,
Anaxarcbps, and Hecatsus.
Aboxri 4, a town of Spain.
Abdsritcs, a people of Peonia, obliged
to leave their country pn account of the
great number of rats and frogs which in-
fested it.

Abderus, a man of Opus in liOeriS) arm-
bearer to Hercules, torn to pijBces by the
mares of Diomedes, which the hero had
intrusted to his care when gojng to war
against the fiistones.

Abeat.c, a pe«t>(e of Acbaia, probably
the inhabitants of Abia.

Abeixa, a town of Campanis^, whose
inhabitants were called Abellani. Its nuts,
called aveUaiuBf and also its apples', were
famous.

Abslux* a noble of Saguntum, who fa-
vored the party of the Romans against
Carthage.

Abemda, a town of Caria. whose inhab*
itants were the first who raised temples to
the city of Rome.

Abia, formerly /r0, a maritime town
of Messeniajone of the seven cities prom-
ised to Achilles by Agamemnon. |t is
called after Abia, daughter of Hercules,
Vid nurse of Hyllus.

Abii, a nation between Scythia and
Thrace. They lived upon milk, v/ejfp fond
^libae^y uid enemiet to war.

A»rx.A, or AbtIa^ a moontara of Afi-ics,
in that part which is nearest to the oppo^
site mountain called Calpe, on the coast of
Spain, only eighteen miles distant. These
two mountains are called the columns of
Hercules, and were said formerly to be
united, till the hero separated them, and
made a communication between the Med-
iterranean and Atlantic seas.

Abisares, an Indian prince, who offer-
ed to surrender to Alexander.

Abisaris, a country beyond tiba Hyda»-
pes in India.

Abisontes. some inhabitants of the
Alps.
Abletes, a people near Troy.
Abnoba, a mountain of Germany.

Abobbica, a town of Lusitania.

Another in Spain.

Aboecritus, a Boeotian general, killed
with a thousand men, in a battle a^ Choe-
ronea, against the iEtolians.
Abojlani, a people of Latium, near Alba.
Abolus, a river of Sicily.
Aboniteichos, a town of Galatia.
Aboraca, a town of Sarmatia.
Abobioirss, the original inhabitants of
Italy; or, according to others, a nation
conducted by Saturn into Latium, wherer
they taught the use of letters to Evander
the kinc of the country. Their posterity
was called Latini, from Latinus, one of

their kings. The word signifies toithout

origin, or whose origrin is not knoum, and is
generally applied to the original inhabitants
of any country.
Aborbas, a rii^r of M^^^iptamia.
Abradates, a king of Susa. who, when
his wife Panthea had been taken prisoner
by Cvrus, and humanely treated, surrevh
dered himself and his troops to the con-i
qneror. He was killed in the first battle^
which he undertook in the cause of Cy-.
rus, and Mb. wife stabbed herself on hia
corpse. Cyms raised a monument oi^
their tomb.

Abrbktius, was made governor of Ta-
rentum by Annibal. He betrayed bis trust
to the enemy to gain the favors of a beau-
tiful woman, whose brolheir waa in tho
Roman army.

Abrocomas, son of Darius, was m the
army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece.,
He was killed at Thermopylc.

Abroixijstus, a name given to ParrhaT
sins the painter, on account of the sumi^-
tuotts manner of his living.

Abron, an Athenian, who wrote some
treatises on the religious festivals and sacrii
flees of the Greeks. Only the titles of his

works are preserved. A grammarian of

Rhodes, who tanght rhetoric at Rome.

Another who wrote a treatise on Theocri-
tus. A Spartan, son of Lycurgns the

orator A native of Argoe, ftmoue for

his debauchery.
AsRoivTcvs^an Atheni^n^ry servicea-

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AC -

ble to Tliemistocles in his embassy to
Sparta.

ABaoNicTs, Silo, a Latin poet in the Au-
gostaa age. He wrote some fablea.

Abhota, the wife of Nisus, the youngest
of the sons, of iEgeiis. As a moauineut
to her chastity, Nisus, after her death, or-
dered the garments which she wore to be-
come the models of fashion in Megara.

Abrotonum, the mother of Theuiisto-

cles. A town of AlHca, near the Syr-

tes.

Abrus, a city of the Saptei.

Abrypous, an ally of Rome, driven from
his possessions by Perseus, the last king
of Macedonia.

Abssus, a giant, son of Tartarus and
Terra.

Absinthii, a people on the coast of Pon-
tus, where there is also a mountain of the
same name.

Absorus, Abstrtis, ABarRTiDSs, islands
in the Adriatic, or near Istria, where Ab-
syrtiis was killed, whence their name.

Abstrtos, a river falling into the Adri-
atic sea, near which Absyrtus was mur-
dered.

Abstrtus, a son of vEetes king of Col-
chis, and Hypsea. His sister Medea, as
she fled away wiUi Jason, tore bis body to
pieces, and strewed his limbs in her fath-
er's way, t» stop his pursuit. Some say
that she murdered him in Colchis, others,
near Istria. It is said, by others, that he
was not murdered, but that he arrived safe
in Illyricum. The place where he was
killed has been called Tomos, and the
river adjoining to it, Absvrtos.

Abulites, governor of Susa, betrayed
bis trast to Alexander, and was rewarded
with a province.

Abtoetius, a disciple of Aristotle, too
much indulged by his master. He wrote
some historical treatises on Cyprus, Delos^
Arabia and Assyria.

Abydos, a town of Egypt, where was
the famous temple of Osiris.— ^-A city of
Asia, opposite Sestos in Europe, with
which, from the narrowness of the Helles-
pont, it seemed, to those who approached
it by sea, to form only one town. It was
^uiit by the Milesians, by permission of
kineGyges. It is famous for the amours
of Hero and Leander, and for the bridge
of boats which Xerxes built there across
the HelleapoBt.

Abtla. Fid, AbUa.

AsYLow, a city of Egypt.

ABrssiiTiA, a large kingdom of Africa,
in Upper ^Ethiopia, where the Nile takes
its rise. The inhabitants are said to be
of Arabian origin, and w^re little known
to the ancients.

AcAOALUs, a nymph, mother of Philan-
der and Phylacis by Apollo. These chil-
d^n were exposed to the wild beasts in
Crete j hut a goat gave them her milk, and

S reserved th€\t lives. — -A datlghccrr of
linos, mother of Cydon, by Mercury, and
of Amphiiljeinis by Apollo.

AcACfidiuM, a town of Arcadia, built by
Acacus son of Lycaori. Mercury, sur-
named Acacesius, because brought up by
Abacus as his foster-father, was worship-
ped there.

AcAcius, a rhetorician in the nge of the
emperor Julian.

Acidemia, a place near Athens, sur-
rounded with high trees, and adorned with
spacious covered walks, belonging to Aca-
demus, from whom the name is derived.—
Here Plato opened his school of Philoso-
phy, and from this, every place sacred to
learning has ever since been called Acad-
ema. To exclude from it profaneness and
dissipation, it was even forbidden to laugh
there. It was called Academia vetus, to
distinguish it from the second Academy
founded b}^ Arceailaus, who made some
few alterations in the Platonic philosophy,
and from the t/urd which was established
by Carneades.

AcADEMUft,an Athenian, who discover^
ed to Caotor and Pollux where Theseus
had concealed their sister Helen , for which
they amply rewarded him.

AcALANDRus, or AcALYNDBUs, a rlvef
foiling into the bay of Tarentum,

AcALLE, a daughter of Minos and PasU
phae.

AcAMARCHis, one of the Oceanides.

AcAMAs, son of Theseus and Pheedra,
went with Diomedes to demand Helen
from the Troians after her elopement from
Menelaus. He was concerned in the Tro-
jan war, and afterwards built the town of
Acamantium in Phrygia, and on his return
to Greece called a tnb^ after his own name

at Athens. A son of Antenor in the

Trojan war. A Thracian auxiliary of

Priam in the Trojan war,

AcAMPsis, a river of Colchis.

AcANTHA, a nymph, loved by Apollo,
and changed into the flower Acanthus.

Acanthus, a town near Mount Athos,
belonging to Macedonia, or, a/:cording to
others, to Th/ace. It was fotinded by a

colony from Andros. Another in Egypt,

near the Nile, called also Dulopolis.

AcARA, a town of Pannonia. Anoth-
er in Italy.

AcARiA, a fountain of Corinth, where
lolas cut off'the head of Enrystbeus.

AcARNATfiA, anciently Curetis, a conn-
try of Epirus, at the north of the Ionian
sea, divided from ^tolia, by the Achelous.
The inhabitants reckoned onlv six months
in the year ; they were luxurious, and ad-
dicted to pleasure. Their horses were
famous. It received its n^me ftom Acar-
nas.

AcARNAs and AMPHoTxatrsj sons of Alc-
m»on, and CallirhoQ. Alcmron being
murdered by the broUjers of Alphesiba*

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hia former wife, Callirhoe obtained from
Jupiter, that her children, who were still
in the cradle, might, by a supernatural
power, suddenly grow up to punish their
father's murderers. This was granted.

AcARNAS, and AcARivAir, stony moun-
tains of Attica.

AcASTA, one of the Oceanides.

AcASTus, son of Pelias, king of Thes-
ealy, by Anaxibia, married Astydamia, or
Hippolyte, who fell in love with Peleus,
son of iEacus, when in banishment at her
husband's court. Peleus rejecting the ad-
dresses of Hippolyte, was accused before
Acastus of attempts upon her virtue, and
soon after, at a chase, exposed to wild
beasts. Vulcan, by order of Jupiter, de-
livered Peleus, who returned to Thessaly,

and put to death Acastus and his wife.

The second archon at Athens.

AcATHANTua, a bay in the Red Sea.

AccA Laursntia, the wifeof Faustulus,
shepherd of king Numitor's flocks, who
brought up Romulus and Remus, who had
been exposed on the banks of the Tiber.
The Romans yearly celebrated certain fes-
tivals in honor of another of the same
name.

AcciA or Atia, daughter of Julia and
M. Alius Balbus, was the mother of Au-
gustus, and died about 40 years B. C.

Variola, an illustrious female, whose cause
was elegantly pleaded by Pliny.

AcciLA, a town of Sicily.

L. Accius, a Roman tragic poet, whose
roughness of style duintilian has imputed
to the- unpolished age in which he lived.
He translated some of the tragedies of
Sophocles, but of his numerous pieces only
some of the names are known. The
great marks of honor which he received at
Rome, may be collected from this circum-
stance : that a man was severely repri-
manded by a magistrate for mentioning
his name without reverence. Some few
of his verses are preserved in Cicero and
other writers. He died about 180 years

B. C. A famous oratoj of Pisaurum in

Cicero's age. Labeo, a foolish poet.

TuUius, a prince of the Volsci, very inim-
ical to the Romans. Coriolanus, when
banished by hiS countrymen, fled to him
and led his armies against Rome.

Acco, a general of the Senones in Gaul.

An old woman who fell mad on seeing

her deformity in a looking-glass.

AccuA, a town in Italy.

Ac£, a town in Phoenicia, called also
Ptolemais, now Acre. A place of Arca-
dia near MenilopoUs, where Orestes was
cured from the persecution of the furies,
who had a temple there.

AcsRATUs, a soothsayer, who remained
alone at Delphi when the approach of
Xerxes frightened away the inhabitants.

AcsRBAs, a priest of Hercules at Tyre,
who marzied Pido.

AcERiifA, a colony of theBrutii in Mag.
na Gnecia, taken by Alexander of EpL
rus.

AcfRRjE, an anci^t town of Campania,
near the river Clanhis. It still subsists,
and the frequent inundations from the riv-
er which terrified its ancient inhabitants,
are now prevented by the large drains dug
there.

AcEBBEcoMEs, a sumamc of ApoUo,
which signifies unshorn.

Aces, a river of Asia.

AcEsiA, part of the island of Lemnos,
which received this name from Philoctetes,
whose wound was cured there.

ACE9IKE9, a river of Sicily.

AcEsiNus or AcEsiNEs, a river of Per-
sia falling into the Indus. Its banks pro-
duce reeds of such an uncommon size,
that a piece of them, particularly between
two knots, can serve as a boat to cross
the water.

AcEsing, a surname of Apollo, in Elis
and Attica, as god of medicine.

AcESTA, a tQwn of Sicily, called after
king Acestes, and known also by the
name of Segesta. It was built by iEne-
as, who left here part of his crew, as he
was going to Italy.

Ac£ST£s, son of Crinisus and Egesta,
was king of the country near Drepanum
in Sicily. He assisted Priam in the Tro-
jan war, and kindly entertained ^neaa
during his voyage, and helped him to
bury his father on Mount Eryx. In com-
memoration of this, i£neas built a city
there, called Acesta, from Acestes.

AcESTiuM, a woman who saw all her
relations invested with the sacred office of
torch-bearers in the festivals of Ceres.

AcESToDoRUB, a Greek historian, who
mentions the review which Xerxes made
of his forces before the battle of Salamis.

AcESTORiDEs, au Athenian archon.——
A Corinthian governor of Syracuse.

AcETEs, one of Evander's attendants.

AcHABYTos, alofty mountain in Rhodes,
where Jupiter had a temple.

AcHjEA, a surname of Pallas, whose
temple in Daunia was defended by dogs
who fawned upon the Greeks, but fierce-
ly attacked all other persons. Ceres

was called Achsa, from her lamentations
(a;^ f a) at the loss of Proserpine.

AcH.vi, the descendants of Achffius, at
first inhabited the country near Argos,
but being driven by the Heraclids 80
years after the Trojan war, they retired
among the lonians, whose 12 cities they
seized and kept. The names of these
cities are Pelena, JEgin, iEges, Bura,
Tritaea, ^gion, Rh3m8B, Olenos, Helice,
PatrBB, Dyme, and Fharee. The inhab-
itants of these three last began a famous
confederacy. 284 years B. C. which con-
tinued formidable upwards of 130 years,
under the nune of the AcluBm league..

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and was most illustrioas whilst supported
by the splendid virtues and abilities of
Aralus and Philopoemeii. Their arms were
directed against the iEtolians for three
years, with the assistance of Philip of Mace-
don, and they grew powerful by the acces-
sion of neighboring states, and freed tlieir
country from foreign slavery, till at last
they were attacked by the Romans, and,
after one year's hostilities, the Achaean
leainie was totally destroyed, B. C. 147.
Tlie Achsans extended the borders of
their country by conquest, and even plant-
ed colonies in Magna Grscia. The

name of ^cfuei is generally applied to all
the (r reeks indiscriminately, by the poets.

Fid. Achaid. Also a people of Asia on

the borders of the Euxine.

ACH.CIUM, a place of Troas opposite Te-
nedos.

ArHJEMEXEs, a king of Persia, among
the progenitors of Cyrus the Great ; whose
descendants were called Achsmenide8,and
formed a separate tribe in Persia, of which
the kinss were members. Cambysos, son
of (Jyrus, on his death-bed, charged his
nobles, and particularly the Achsemenides,
not to suffer the Medes to recover their
fdrmer power, and abolish the empire of

Persia. A Persian, made governor of

E?ypt by XerXes, B. C. 484.

AcHf MENiA, part of Persia, called after
Achfemenes. Hence Achwmenius.

Aci{£MENiDE9, a notive of Ithaca, son
of Admmastus, and one of the compan-
ions of Ulysses, abandoned on the coast
of Sicily, where ^neas, on his voyage to
Italy, found him.

AcHx )RUM Li TTU8, a harbour in Cyprus
—in Troas— in ^Eolia— in Peloponnesus—
on the Euxlne.

AcHjKORrM Static, a place on the coast
of the Thracian Cheraonesua, where Po-
lyxena was sacrificed to the shades of
AchUles, and where Hecuba killed Polym-
np.nor, who had murdered her son Polydo-
ni!'.

AcH sus, a king of Lydia, hung by his

subjects for his extortion. A son of

XtitbuB of Thessaly. He fled, after the
aroidental murder of a man, to Peloponne-
Kiis; where the inhabitants were called
from him, Achsei. He afterwards return-
ed to Thessaly. A tragic poet of Eretria,

who wrote 43 tragedies, of which some of
the titles are preserved ; of these, only one
obtained the prize. He lived some time
afler Sophocles.— — Another of Syracuse,

author of 10 trajredies. A river which

falls into the Euxine. A relation of An-

tiochfis the Great, appointed governor of
all the king's provinces beyond Taurus.
Me aiipired to sovereign power, which he
disputed for eight years with Antiochus,
and was at last betrayed by a Cretan. His
limbs were cut off, and his body, sewed
in the skin of an ass, was exposed on a
gibbet.

Achat A, called also ffeUas, a eountry
of Peloponnesus at the north of Elis on
the bay of Corinth, which is now part
of Livadia. It was originally called MgL-
alus {shore) from its situation. The loni-
ans called it Ionia, when they settled
there ; and it received the name of Acha^
ia, from tlie Achsi, who dispossessed the

lonians. A small part of Phthiotis was

also called Acbaia, of which Alos was
tlie capital.

AcHAicuM Bellitm. Fid. Achtei.

AcHARA, a town near 6ardis.

AcHARENSEs, a people of Sicily, near
Syracuse.

AcHARN.K, a village of Attica.

Achate*, a friend of iEneas, whose fi-
delity was^o exemplary that Fidvu Acha-
tes became a proverb. A river of Sicily,

AcHELoiDEs, a patronymic given to the
Sijrens as daughter of Achelous.

AcHELoRiL'M, a river of Thessaly.

Achelous, the son of Oceanus or Sol
by Terra or Tetliys, god of the river of
the same name in Epirus. As one of
the numerous suitors of Dejanira, daugh-
ter of CEneua, he entered the lists against
Hercules, and being inferior, changed liiui'
self into a serpent, and afterwards into
an ox. Hercules broke off one of his
horns, and Achelous, being defiiated, re-
tired in disgrace into his bed of waters.
The broken horn was taken up by the
nymphs, and filled with fruits and flow-
ers ; and after it had for some time adorn-
ed the hand of the conqueror, it was
presented to the goddess of Plenty. Some
say that he was changed into a river af-
ter the victory of Hercules. This river
is in Epirus, and rises in mount Pindus,
and after dividing Acarnania from ^Eto-
lia, falls into the Ionian sea. The sand
and mud which it carries down, have
formed some islands at its mouth. This
dver is said by some to have sprung
from the earth after the deluge. A riv-
er of Arcadia falling into the Alpheus
Another flowing from Mount Sipylus

AcncRDus, a tribe of Attica.

AcHERiMi, a people of Sicily.

AcHERow, a river of Thesprotia, in
Epims, falling into the bay of Ambracia
Homer called it, from the dead appear-
ance of its waters, one of the rivers of
hell, and the fable has been adopted
by all succeeding poets, who make the
god of the stream to be the son of Ce-
res withotit a father, and say that he
concealed hloiself in hell for fear of the
Titans, and was changed inHo a bitter
stream, over which the souls of the dead
are at first conveyed. It receives, say
they, the souls- of the dead^ because a
deadly languor seizes them at the hour
of dissolution. Some make him son of
Titan, and suppose that he was plunged
into hell by Jupiter, fi^ supplying , tba

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Titans with water. The word Acheron
is bften taken for hell itself,— ^-A river

of Elis in Peloponnesus. Another on

the Ripheean mountains. Also a river

in the country of the Brutii in Italy.

AcHERONTiA, a towH of ApuUa, on a
mountain.

AcHERUsiA., a lake of Egypt near Mem-
phis, over which, as Diodorus mentions,
the bodies of the dead were conveyed,
and received sentence according to the
actions of their life. Thft boat was cal-
led Baris, and the ferryman Charon.
Hence arose the fable of Charon and the
Styx, &c. afterwards imported intb Greece
by Orpheus, and adopted in the religion

o^ the country. There was a river of

the same name in Epirus, adi another
in Italy in Calabria.

AcHERusiAs, a place or cave in Cher-
sonesus Taurica, where Hercules, as is
reported, dragged Cerberus out of hell.

AcHETus, a river of Sicily.

Achillas, a general of Ptolemy, who
murdered Pompey the Great.

Achillea, a peninsula near the mouth

of the Borystfaenes. An island at the

mouth of the Ister, where was the tomb
of Achilles, over which it is said that

birds never flew. A fountain of Mile-

us, whosp waters rise salted from the
earth, and afterwards sweeten in their
course.

AcHiLLEUs or AquiLEUB, a Roman gen-
eral in Egypt, in the reign of Diocle-
Bian, who rebelled, and for five years
maintained the imperial dignity at Alex-
andria. Dioclesian at last marched against
him ; and because he bad supported a
long siege, the emperor ordered him to
be devoured by lions.

AcHjLLsiENsis, a peoplo near Macedo-
nia.

AcHiLLEiB, a poem of Statins, in which
he describes the education and memora-
ble actions of Achilles.

Achilles, the son of Peleus and The-
tis, was the bravest of all the Greeks in
the Trojan war. During his infancy,
Thetis plunged him in the Styx, and
made every part of his body invulnera-
ble, except the heel, by which she held
him. His education was intrusted to
the centaur Chiron, who taught him the
art of war, and made him master of mu-
sic, and by feeding him with the marrow
of wild beasts, rendered him vigorous and
active. He was taught eloquence by
Phoenix, whom he ever after loved and
respected, Thetis, to prevent him from
going to the Trojan war, where she knew
he was to perish, privately sent him to
the court of Lycomedes, where he was
disguised in a female dress, and, by his
Ikmiliarity with the king's daughters, made
Deidamia mother of Neoptolerous. As
Troy could not be ^ken without the aid

of Achilles, Ulysses went to the court of
Ly come'des - in the habit of a merchant,
and exposed jewels and arms to sale.
Achilles, choosing the arms, discovered his
sex, and went to war. Vulcan, at the-
entreaties of Thetis, made him a strong
suit of armor, which was proof against
all. weapons. He was deprived by Aga-
memnon of his favorite mistress, Briseis,
who had fallen to his lot at the division
of the booty of Lyrnessus. For this af-
front, he refused to appear in the field,
till the death of his mend Patroclus re-
called him.to action, and to revenge. He
slew Hector, the bulwark of Troy, tied
the corpse by the heels to his cJiariot,
and dragged it three times round the
walls of Troy. After thus appeasing the
shades of his friend, he yielded to the
tears and entrealies of Priam, and per-
mitted the aged father to ransom and to
carry away Hector's body. In the tenth
year of the war, Achilles was charmed
with Polyxena; and as he solicited her
hand in the temple of Minerva, it is said
that Paris aimed an arrow at his vulner-
able heel, of which wound he die(|. His
body was buried at Sigieum, and divine
honors were paid \o him, and temides rais-
ed to his momory. It is said, that after
the taking of Troy, the ghost of Achilles
appeared to the Greeks, and demanded of
them Polyxena, who accordingly was sac-
rificed on his tomb by his son Keoptole-
mus. Some say that this sacrifice was
voluntary, and that Polyxena was so griev-
ed at his death that she killed herself on
his tomb. The Thessalians yearly sacri-
ficed a black and a white bull on his tomb.
It is reported that he married Helen after
the siege of Troy ; but others maintain,
that this marriage happened after his
death, in the island of Leuce, where many
of the ancient heroes lived, as in a sepa-
rate elysium. When Achilles was young,
his mother asked him, whether he prefer-
red a long life, spent in obscurity and re-
tirement, or a few years of military fame
and glory ? and that, to his honor, he made
choice of the latter. Some ages after the
Trojan war, Alexander, going to the con-
quest of Persia, offered sacrifices on the
tomb of Achilles, and admired the hero
who had found a Homer to publish his

feme to posterity. There were other

persons of the same name. The most
known were — a man who received Juno
when she fled from Jupiter's courtship —
the preceptor of Chiron the centaur—a son
of Jupiter and Lamia, declared by Pan to
be fairer than Venus — a man who institut-
ed ostracism at Athens. Tatius, a na-
tive of Alexandria, in the ape of the em-
peror Claudius, but originally a pagan,
converted to Christianity and made a bish^
op. He wrote a mixed history of great
men, a treatise on the sphere, tactics, a

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romance on the .loves of C^opfaon and
Leucippe, &c. 8ome manuscripta of his
works are preserved in the Vatican and
Palatinate libraries.

AcMiLxntJM, a town of Troas near the
tomb of Achilles, built by the Mityleneans.

AcHivi, the name of the inhabitants of
Argos and Lacedsmon before the return
of the Heraclidffi, by whom they were ex-
pelled from their possessions 80 years af-
ter the Trojan war. Being without a home,
they drove the Tonians from ^gialus, seiz-
ed their 12 cities, and called the country
Achaia. The lonians were received by
the Athenians. The appellation of ^ckioi
is indiscriminately applied by the ancient
poets to all the Greeks.

AcHLAOJEus, a Corinthian general, killed
by Aristomenes.

AcHOLos, one of the Harpies.

AciGHORius, a general with Brennus in
the expedition which the Gauls undertook
against PaBonia.

AciDALiA, a surname of Venus, from a
fountain of the same name in Boeotia, sa-
cred to her. The Graces bathed in the
fountain.

AciDASA, a river of Peloponnesus, for-
merly called Jardanus.'

Ac I LI A, a plebian family at Rome, which
tnced its pedigree up to the Trcjans.— —
The mother of Lucan.

AciLtA LEX was enacted, A. U. C. 556,
by Acilius the tribune, for the plantation
of five colonies in Itsily. Another cal-
led also Calpumia, A. U. 0. 684. which
enacted, that no person convicted of am-
bitus, or using bribes at elections, should
be admitted in the senate, or hold an of-
fice. Another concerning such as were

guilty of extortion in the provinces.

M. Acilius Balbus, was consul with
Portras Cato, A. U. C. 640. It is said,
that during his consulship, milk and blood

fell from heaven. Glabrio, a tribune of

the people, who with a legion quelled the
insurgent slaves in Etruria. Being consul
with P. Com. Scipio Nasica, A. U. C. 563,
he conquered Antiochus at Thermopyle,
for which he obtained a triumph, and three
days were appointed for public thanksgiv-
ing. He stood for the censorship against
Cato, but desisted on account of the false

measures used by his competitor. The

son of the preceding, erected a temple to
Piety, which his father had vowed to this
goddess when fighting against Antiochus.
He raised a golden statue to his father, the
first that appeared in Italy. The temple
of piety was built on the spot where once
a woman had fed with her milk her aged
father, whom the senate had imprisoned,

and excluded from all aliments. The

enactor of a law against bribery. ^A

pretor in the time that Verres was accus-
ed by C'cero.- — A man accused of extor-
tion, and twice defended byCicerp. He

was proconsul of Sicily, and lieutenant to

Cssar in the civil wars. A consul,

whose son was killed by Domitian, be-
cause he fought with wild beasts. The
true cause of this murder was, that young
Glabrio was stronger than the emperor,
and therefore envied.

AciLLA, a town of Africa, near Adnune-
tum— some read AcoUa.

Acis, a shepherd of Sicily^ son of Fau-
nus and the nymph Simiethis. Galatea
passionately loved him ; upon which, his
rival Polyphemus, through jealousy, crush-
ed him to death with a piece of a broken
roek. The gods changed Acis into a
stream which rises from mount JEtna..

AcMON, a native of Lymessus, who
accompanied JEneaa into Italy. His fa-
ther's name was Clytus.

AcMopriDEs, one of the Cyclops.

AcGBTEs, the pilot of the ship whom
crew found Bacchus asleep, and carried
him away. As they ridiculed the god,
they were changed into sea monsters, but
Accetes was preserved.

AcoNTEs, one of Lycaon's 50 sons.

AcoNTEus, a famous hunter, changed
into a stone by the head of Medusa, at the

nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda.

A person killed in the wars of iEneas and
Turnus, in Italy.

AcoNTius, a youth of Cea, who, wher
he went to Delos to see the sacrifices of
Diana, fell in love with Cydippe, a beauti-
ful virgin, and being unable to obtain her
on account of the obscurity of his origin,
\vrote these verses on an apple, which he
threw into her b(»om :

Juro tUri. aanettB per mystica sacra Diana^

Mt aM veTUMram comUem, sponsamqae fvn
tvram,
Cydippe read the verses, and being com-
pelled by the oath she had inadvertently

made, married Acontius. A mountain

of BcBotia.

AcoifTOBULus, a place of Cappadocia,
under Hippolyte queen of the Amazons.

AcoRis, a king of Egypt, who assisted
Evagoras king of Cyprus syraipst Persia.

AcRA, a town of Italy — Euboea — Cyprus
— Acarnania — Sicily — Africa — Sarmatia,

&c. A promontory of Calabria, now

Cape di Leuca.

AcRADTNA, the citadel of Syracuse, tak-
en by Marcellus the Roman consul.

AcRjE, a mountain in Peloponnesus.

AcRiBA, a daughter of the river Asterion.

A surname of Diana, from a temple

built to her by Melampus. on a mountain
near Argos. A surname of Juno.

AcRjEPHifi A, a town in BoBotia j whence
Apollo is called Acraephnius.

AcRAGALLiDiB, R dishonost nation living
anciently near Athens.

AcRAOAB. PuIvAgragas.

AcRATUs, a freed man of Nero, sent into
Asia to plunder the temples of the gods.

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AcsiAf, one of Hippodaihia's suitors.
He built Acriae, a town of Laconia.

AcRiDOPHAc:i,an iEtliiopian nation,who
fed upon locusts, and lived not beyond
tlieir 40tli year. At the approach of old
age^ ewarnis of winged lice attacked them
and gnawed their belly and breast, till the
patient^ by rubbing himself, drew blood,
which mcreased tlieir number, and ended
in his deuh.

AcRioN, a Pythagorean philosopher of
Locris.

AcRisroifxus, a patronymic applied to
the Argives, from Acrisius, one of their
ancient kings, or from Acrisione a town
of Argolis, called after a daughter of Acris-
ius of the same name.

AcRisioNiADEt, a patronymic of Perse-
us, from his grandfather Acrisius.

AcRidius, son of Abas, king of Argos,
by Ocalea, daughter of Mantineus. He
was born at the same birth as Pnetiis,
with whom it is said that he quarrelled
even in his mother's womb. He was fa-
ther of Danae, by Eurydice, daugliter of
Lacedffimon. Fid. Danae, Perseus.

AcRiTAs, a promontory of Messenia, in
Peloponnesus.

AcROATHow or AcROTHOos, a town on
the top of Mount Atlios, whose inhabi-
tants lived to an uncommon old age.

AcRocERAUNiuM, a promontory of Epi-
ru8, with mountains called Acroceraunia,
which project between tlie Ionian and A(lri-
atic seas. Tlie word comes from axQog,
Mgk, and xiQavvogjthimder; because, on
account of their great height, they were
often struck with thunder.

AcRocoRiNTHus, a lofty mountain on
the isthmus of Corinth, taken by Aratus,
B. C. 243. There is a temple of Venus on
the top, and Corinth is built at the bottom.
' AcRON, a king of Cenina, killed by Ro-
mulus in single combat, after the rape of
the Sabines. His spoils were dedicated

to Jupiter Feretrius. A physician of

Ap-igentum, B. C. 439, educated at Athens
with Empedocles. He wrote physical
treatises in the Doric dialect, and cured
the Athenians of a plague, by lighting fire

near tlie houses of the infected. One

of the friends of iEneas, killed by Mezen-
tius.

AcRopATos, one of Alexander's officers,
who obtained part of Media after the
king's death.

Acropolis, the citadel of Athens, built
on a rock, and accessible only en one side.
Minerva had a temple at the bottom.

AcROTATus, son of Cleomenes, king of
Sparta, died 'before his father, leaving a
Bon called Areus.

AcRoTHoo*. Fid. AcToathon.

AcTi or AcTE, a country of Attica.
This word signifies shore.y and is applied
to Attica, as being near the sea. It is de-

rived by some writers, from Actieus a king,
from whom the Athenians have been cal-
led Actffii.

Acta, a place near Mount Athos, on the
iEgean fcea.

AcT-tA, one of the Nereides. A sur-
name of Ceres. A daughter of Danaus.

AcT.*:oK, a famous huntsman, son of
Aristieus and Autonoe daughter of Cad-
mus, whence he is called AuU>neiiis Hcros.
He saw Diana and her attendants bathing
near Gargaphia, for which he was chang-
ed into a stag, and devoured by his owii

dogs. A beautiful youth, son of Melis-

sus of Corinth, whom Archiar, one of tlie
Heraclidie, endeavored to carry away. He
was killed in tlie struggle. JVlelissus com-
plained of the insult, and drowned him-
self; and soon after, the country being vis-
ited by a pestilence, Archias was expelled.

Acta:u», a powerful person who made
himself master of a part of Greece, which
he called Attica. His daughter Agraulos
married Cecrops, whom the Athenians cal-
led their first king, though Actmus reigned

before him. The word is of the same

signification as Atticus an inhabitant of
Attica.

AcTE, one of the Horae.

AcTiA, the mother of Augustus.

Games sacred to Apollo, in commemora<-
tion of the victory of Augustus over M>
Antony at Actium. They were celebrated
every third, sometimes fifth year, with
great pomp, and the Laced {emoniaus had

the care of them. ^A sister of Julius

CoBsar.

AcTis, son of Sol, went from Greece
into Egypt, where he tauglit astrology^
and founded Heliopolis.

AcTisANEs, a king of iCthiopia, wlio con^
quered Egypt, and expelled, king Amasis.
He was famous for his «iuity, and his se«-
vere punishment of robbers, whose noses
he cut off, and whom he banished to a
desert place, where they were in want of
all aliment, and lived- only upon crows.
- AcTiuW, wovfAziOy a town and promon-
tory of Epinis, famous for the navaJ victo*
ry which Augustus obtained over Antony
and Cleopatra, the 2d of September, B. C.
31, in honor of which the conqueror built
there the town of Nicopolis, and insti-
tuted games. A promontor>' of Cor-
ey ra.

Act I us, a surname of Apollo, from Ac-
tium, where he had a temple.

AcTius Navius, an augur who cut ft
loadstone in two with a razor, before Tar-
q'uin and the BonKin people, to convince
them of his ski4l-as an aiipir.

Actor, a companion of Hercules in hi>

expedition against the Amazons. The

father of Menoetius by iEgina, whence

Patroclus is called Actorides. A matt

calJed also Anincus. One of the friend*

of aEiieas.— — A son of Neptune by Aga-

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ine4a. A ion of Deion and Diomede.

The father of Eurytiis, and brother of

Augeas. A son of Acastus. one of the

Argonauts. — »-The father or Astyoche.

A king of Lemnos.

AcTORioEs, a patronymic given to Pa-

troclua, grandson of Actor. Also to

Erithus, son of Actor. Two brothers

so fond of each other, that in driving a
chariot, one generally held the reins, and
the other the whipj whence they are
represented with two heads, four feet,
and one body. Hercules conquered them.
AcTORis, a maid of Ulysses.
, M. AcTORius Naso, a Roman historian.
C. AcoLEo, a Roman lawyer celebrated
as much for the extent of his understand-
ing, as for his knowledge of law. He was
uncle to Cicero.

AcuPHis, an ambassador from India to
Alexander.

ACUSIL.A0S and IV^^^^'^tV) two broth-
ers of Rhodes, conquerors at the Olympic
games. The Greeks strewed flowers upon
Diagoras their father, and called him hap-
py in having such worthy sons. An

historian of Argos, often quoted by Jose-
phus. He wrote on genealogies in a style

simple and destitute of all ornament.

An Athenian who taught rhetoric at Rome
Under Galba.

M. Acu^Ticus, an ancient comic writer,
whose plays were known under the names
of Leones, Gemini, Anus, Bceotia. &c.

Ada, a sister of queen Artemisia, who
married Hidricua. After her husband's
death, she succeeded to the throne of
Caria-, but being expelled by her younger
brother she retired to Alinda, which she
delivered to Alexander, after adopting
him as her son.

Adad, a deity among the Assyrians,
supposed to be the sun.

Ad.«u9, a native - of Mitylene, who
wrote a Greek treatise on statuaries.

Adamant.ca, Jupiter's nurse in Crete,
who suspended him in his cradle to a
tree, that he might be found neither in the
earth, the sea, nor in heaven. To drown
the infant's cries, she had drums beat,
and cymbals sounded, around the tree.

A0AMA8, a Trojan prince, kiUed by
Merlon.

Adamastus, a native of Ithaca, father
of Acfatemenides.

Adaspu, a people at the foot of mount
Caucasus.
ADDEPHAOtA, a goddess of the Sicilians.
Addu4., now ^dda, a river of Cisalpine
Gaul, falling into the Po near Cremona.

AoELPHius, a friend df M. Antoninus,
whom he accompanied in his expedition
into Parthia, of which he wrote the his-
tory.

AoEMON, raised a sedition in Maurita-
nia to avengQ his master Ptolemy, whom
Caligula had put to death.
3

13 AD

AoEs, or Hasss, the god of hef) among
the Greeks, the same as the Phito of
the Latins. The word is derived from
06 and eidstVy [nffn videre] because' hell is
deprived of light. It is often used for hell
itself by the ancient poets.

ADOANDE9TRI08, a priuce of Gauf who
sent to Rome for poison to destroy Ar-
minius, and was answered by the senate,
that the Romans fought their enemies
openly, and never used perfidious meas-
ures.

AoHERBAL, son of Micipsa, and grand-
son of Masinissa, was besieged by Cirta,
and put to death by Jugurtha, after vainly
imploring the aid of Rome. B. C. 113:.

Adherbas, the husband of Dido. Kid,
Sichseus.
Adiante, a daughter of Danaus.
Adiatorix, a governor of Galatia, wlloi
to gain Antony's favor, slaughtered, iw
one night, all the inhabitants of the Ro^
man colony of Heraclea, in Pontus. Met
was taken at Actium, led in triumph by
Augustus, and strangled in prison.

Adimantus, a commander of the Athe-
nian fleet, taken by the Spartans. All the
men of the fleet were put to death, except
Adimantus, because he had opposed the
designs of his countrymen, who intended
to mutilate all the Spartans. Pausaniac
says that the Spartans had bribed him.

A brother of Plato. A Corinthian

general^ who reproached Themistocles'

with his exile. A king struck with

thunder, for saying that Jupiter deserved
no sacrifices.

Ad MET A, daughter of Eurystheus, was
priestess of Juno's temple at Argos. She
expressed a wish to possess the girdle of
the queen of the Amazons, and Hercules
obtained it for her. One of the Ocean-
ides.

Admetus, the son of Pheres and Cly-
mene, king of Pherie in Thessaly, married
Theone daughter of Thestor, and after
her death, Alceete daughter of Pelias.
Apollo, when banished from heaven, is
said to have tended his flocks for nine
years, and to have obtained from the
Parcae, that Admetus should never die,
if another person laid down his life for
him ; a proof of unbounded aflfection,
which his wife Alceste cheerfully exhib-
ited by devoting herself voluntarily to
death. Admetus was one of the Argo- ^
nauts, and was at the hunt of the Caly<
donian boar. Pelias promised his daueh-i
ter in marriage only to him who could
bring hini h chariot drawn by a lion and
a wild boar; and Admetus eflected this
by the aid of Apollo, and obtained Al-
ceste's hand. Some say that Hercules

brought him back Alceste from hell.

A king of the Molossi,.to whom Themis-
tocles fleft for protection. An oflicer of

Alexander, killed at the siege of Tyre.

Adovia, ftfltivaU In bonor of Adonis.
Urst celebrated at Bybloa in Phoenicia.
They lasted two days, the first of which
was spent in howlings and lamentations,
the second in joyful clamors, as if .Adonis
was returned to life. In some towns of
Greece and Egypt they lasted eight days ;
the one half of which was spent in la-
mentations, and the other in rejoicings.
Only women were admitted. The time
of the celebration was supposed to be
very unlucky. The fleet of Nicias sailed
from Athens to Sicily on that day, whence
many unfortunate omens were drawn.

AooNis, son of Cinyras, by his daugh-
ter Myrrha,'Tuid. Myrrka] was the favorite
of Venus. He' was fona of hunting, and
was often cautioned by his mistress not
to hunt wild beasts, for .fear of being
killed in the attempt. This advice he
slighted, and at last received a m<M:tal
bite from a wild boar which he had
wonnded, and Venus, after shedding
many tears ^t his death, changed him
into a flower called anemon^. Proserpine
is said to have restored taim to life, on
condition that he should spend six months
with her, and the rest of the year with
Venus. This implies the alternate return
of summer and winter. Adonis is often
taken for Osiris, because the festivals of
both were often begun with mournful la-
mentations^ and finished with a revival
of joy, as if they were returning to life
again. Adonis had temples raised to his
memory, and is said by some to have

been beloved by Apollo and Bacchus.

A river of Phoenicia, which falls into the
Mediterranean below Byblus.

Adramyttium, an Athenian colony on
the sea coast of Mysia, near the Caycus.

AoRANA, a river in Gennany.

Adrakum, a town of Sicily near iEtna.
with a river of the same name. The chier
deity of the place was called Adranus,
and his temple was guarded by one thou-
sand dogs.

Aorasta. one of the Oceanides who
nursed Jupiter.

Adrastia, a fountain of Sicyon. A

mountain. A country near Troy, called

Adrastus, who built there a temple to
Nemesis. Here Apollo had an oracle.

A daughter of Jupiter and Necessity.

She is called by some Nemesis, and is the
punisher of injustice. The Egyptians
placed her above the moon, whence she
looked down upon the actions of men.

A daughter of Melisseus, to whom

some attribute the nursing of Jupiter.
She is the same as Adrasta.

Aorastii Campi, a plain near the Gran-
icus, where Alexander first defeated Da-
rius.

Adrastui, son of Talaus and Lysi-
mache, was king of Argos. Polynices
being banished from Thebes by his brother

Eteocles, flad to Argos, where he manied
Argia, daujghter of Adrasfus. The king
assisted his son-in-law, and marched
against Thebes with an army headed by
seven of his most famous generals. Ail
perished in the war except Adrastus, who,
with a few men saved from slau^ter.
fled to Athens, and Implored the aid or
Theseus against the Thebans, who op-
posed the burying of the Ar^ves slain in
battle. Theseus went to his assistance,

and was victorious. Adrastus, after a

long reign, died through grief, occasioned
by the death of his son iGgialeus. A tem-
ple was raised to his memory at Sicyon,
where a solemn festival was annually

celebrated. A peripatetic philosopher,

disciple to Aristotle. It is supposed that
a copy of his treatise on harmonics is pre-
served in the Vatican. A Phrygian

prince, who having inadvertently killed
his brother, fled to Ci^us, where he was
humanely received, aVid entrusted witb
the care of his son Atys. In hunting s
wild boar. Adrastus slew the youne
prince, ana in his despair killed himself
on his grave. A Lydian, who as-
sisted the Greeks against the Persians.

A soothsayer in the Trojan war, son

of Merops. The father of Eurydice,

who married Ilus the Trojan. A king

of Sicyon, who reigned four years B. C.
1215. A son of Hercules.

Adria, Aorianum, or Adriaticum
MARE, a sea lying between Illyricum and
Italy, now ealled the gulf of Venice, first
made known to the Greeks by the discov-
eries of the Phocaeans.

Adriaropous, a town of Thrace ^n

the Hebrus. Another in ^tolia, — -

Pisidia, and Bythinia.

ADRiANUs.or Hadrianus, the fifteenth
emperor of Rome. He is represented aa
an active, learned, warlike and austere
general. He cam9>to Britain, where be
built a wall between the modem towns
of Carlisle and Newcastle eighty miles
long, to protect the Britons from the in-
cursions of the Caledonians. He killed
in battle five hundred thousand Jews who
had rebelled, and built a city on the ruins
of Jerusalem, which he called JE\i&. His ^
memory was so retentive, that he remem-
bered every incident of his life, and knew
all the soldiers of his army by name. He
was the first emperor who wore a long
beard, and this he did to hide the warts
on his ftice. His successors followed his
example not through necessity, but for
ornament. Adrian went always bare-
headed, and in long marches generally
travelled on foot. In the bei^innint; of
his reign, he followed the virtues of his
adopted father and predecessor Tmjnn ;
he remitted all arrears due to his treasury
for sixteen years, and publicly burnt the
account-books, that^hls^^ward might not

igi ize y ^ ^

JEA

15 ^D

he Biuipected. His peace with the Par-
thians proceeded from a wish of punish-
ing the other enemies of Rome, more than
from the effects of fear. The travels of
Adrian were not for the display of impe-
rial pride, but to see whether justice was
distributed impartially ; and public favor
was courted by a condescending behav-
ior, and the meaner familiarity of bath-
ing with the common people. It is said
lliai he wished to enrol Christ among the
gods of Rome ; but his apparent lenity
towards the Christians was disproved, by
the erection of a statue to Jupiter on the
«pot where Jesus rose from the dead, and
one to yenus on mount Calvary. The
weight of diseases became intolerable.
Adrian attempted to destroy himself; and
when prevented, he exclaimed, that the
lives of others were in his hands, but not
his own. He wrote an account of his
life, and publlsl^d it uader the name of
one of his domestics. He died of a dys-
entery at BaijB, July 10, A. D. 138, is the
seventy-second year of his age, after a

reign of twenty-one years. An officer

of LucuUus. A rhetorician of Tyre in

the age of M. Antoninus, who wrote
seven books of metamorphoses, besides
other treatises now lost. ,

Adrimetum, a town of Africa, on the
Mediterranean, built by the Phoenicians.

Aduataca, a town of Belgic Gaul, now
Tongres, on the Maese.

Adtjla, a mountain among the Rheetian
Alps, near which the Rhine takes its rise,
now St. Gothard.

Aditlis, a town of Upper Egypt.

AoTRMACHiDf, a maritime people of
Africa, near Egypt.

iEA, a hnntress changed into an island
^ the same name by the gods, to rescue
her from the pursuit of her lover, the river
Phasis. It had a town called Mbl, which
was the capital of Colchls.-i — -A town of

Thessaly. Of Africa ~A fountain of

Macedonia near Amydon.

JBA.OV.A, gam^a at iGgina, in honor of
^aeus,

ifiAGiDAS, a king of Epirus, son of Neo-
pColemas, and brother to Olympias. He
was expelled by his subjects for his con-
tinual wars with Macedonia. He left a
pon, Pyrrhus, only two years old, whom
Chaucus king of Illyricum educated.

iEACiD£s, a patronymic of the descend-
ants of iEacns, such as Achilles, Peleus,
Telamon, Pyrrhus, &c.

/Eacus, son of Jupiter by iGgina daugh<
ter of AsopuB, was king of the islaitd of
(Enopia, which he called by his mother's
name. A pestilence having destroyed all
his subjects, he entreated Jupiter to re-
people his kingdom ; and according to his
desire, all the ants which were in an old
oak were changed into men, and called
i>y iSaciis mjfrmidQjUf from nvqfiri^j m

ant. — JEacuB married Enddt, by whom
be had Telamon and Peleus. He after-
wards had Phocus by Psamatbe, one of
the Nereids. He was a man of such in-
tegrity that the ancients have made him
one of the judges of hell, with Minos and
Rhadamanthus.

iGjE, iEA, or ^MA, an island of Colchis,
in the Phasis.

iEiEA, a name given to Circe, because
born at JEsd.

vEanteum, a city of Troas, where Ajax

was buried. An island near the Thra-

cian Chersonesus.

iEANTiDEs, a tyrant of Lampsacus, in-
timate with Darius. He married a daugh-
ter of Hippias, tyrant of Athens. One

of the seven poets called Pleiades.

iEA.wTi8, an Athenian tribe.

iEAS, a river of Epirus falling into the
Ionian sea. In the fable of lo, Ovid de-
scribes it as falling into the Peneus, and
meeting other rivers at Tempe. This
some have supposed to be a geographical
mistake of the poet.

iEATus, son of Philip, and brother of
Polyclea, was descended from Hercules.
An oracle having said that whoever of
the two touched the land after crossing
the Achelous should obtain the kingdom,
Polyclea pretended to be lame, and pre-
vailed upon her brother to carry her across
on his shoulders. When they came near
the opposite side, Polyclea leaped ashore
from her brother's back, exclaiming that
the kingdom was her own. iEatus joined
her in her exclamation, and afterwards
married her, and reigned conjointly with
her. Their son Thessalus gave his name
to Thessaly.

^cHMAcoEAs, a son of Hercules, by
Phyllone, daughter of Alcimedon. When
the father heard that his daughter had
had a child, he exposed her and the in-
fant in the woods to wild beasts, where
Hercules, conducted by the noise of a
magpie which imitated the cries of a
child, found and delivered them.

iEcHMis, succeeded his father Polym-
nestor on the throne of Arcadia, in the
reign of Theopompus, of Sparta.

^DEPsuM, a town of Eubcea.

iEoEssA, or Edessa, a town near Pella.
Caranus king of Macedonia took it by
following goats that sought shelter from
the rain, and called it, from that circum-
stance, (aiyccgf ccfpras) iEgeas. It was
the burying-place of the Macedonian
kings ; and an oracle had said, that as
long as the kings were buried there, so
long would their kingdom subsist. Alex-
ander was buried in a different pla«e ;
and on that account, some authors have
said that the kingdom became extinct.

^DicuLA RiDicuM, a temple raised to
the god of mirth, from the following cir-
cumstance : after thfTb^jlft^tt Cannae,

■jitized b'

.^o^te"

JE&

Hannibal marcbed to Rome, whence he
was driven back by the inclemency of
the weather j which caused so much joy
in Rome, that the Romans raised a tem-
ple to the god of mirth. This deity was
worshipped at Sparta.

JQciLEf. Roman magistrates, that had
the care or ail buildings, baths and aque-
ducts, and examined the weights and
measures, that nothing might be sold
without its due value. There were three
different sorts ; the iEdiles Plebeiiy or Mi-
nores ; the Majores iGdiles, and the ^Ediles
Ceretdes. — The plebeian ediles were two,
first created with the tribunes j they pre-
sided over the more minute affairs of the
state, good order, and the reparation of
the streets. They procured all the pro-
visions of the city, and executed the de-
crees of the people. The Majores and
Cereaies had greater privileges, though
they at first shared in the labor of the ple-
beian ediles ; they appeared with more
pomp, and were allowed to sit publicly in
ivory chairs. The ofiice of an edile was
lionorable, and was always the primary
step to greater honors in the republic.
; The ediles were chosen from the ple-
beians for one hundred and twenty-seven
years, till A. U. C. 338.

iGoipsus, a town in Eubcea, now Dipso,
abounding in hot-baths.

Val. iEniT.uus, a Roman poet before
the age of Cicero, successful in amorous
poetry and epigrams.

iEooN, daughter of Pandarus, married
Zethus brother to Amphion, by whom she
had a son called Itylus. ?he was so jeal-
ous of her sister Niobe, because she had
more children than herself, that she re-
solved to murder the elder, who was ed-
ucated with Itylus. She by mistake kill-
ed her own son, and was changed into a
goldfinch as she attempted to kill herself.

Movit or Heoui, a powerful nation of
Celtic Gaul, known for their valor in the
wars of Cjesar.

iEETA, or iEETEs, king of Colchis, son
of Sol, and Perseis daughter of Oceanus,
-Q'as &ther of Medea, Absyrtus and Chal-
ciope, by Idya, one of the Oceanides. He
killed Phryxus, son of Athamas, who had
fied to his court on a golden ram. This
murder he committed to obtain the fleece
of the golden ram. The Argonauts came
against C^olcfais, and recovered the golden
fleece by means of Medea, though it was
guarded by bulls that breathed fire, and
by a venomous dragon. Their expedi-
tion has been celebrsUed by all the ancient
poets.

iGETiAs, a patronymic given to Medea,
• as daughter of iCetes.

iEoA, an island of the ^gean sea, be-
tween Tenedos and Chios.

iGoEAB, a town whose inhabitants are
called iEgeatei, [Fid. JBdessa.]

iEojE, a city of Macedonia,. the same aV

Edessa. A town in Eubcea, whence

Neptune is called iEgsus.

JSojEiE, a town and seaport' of Cilicia.

iEcfoN, one of Lycaon's fifty sons.

The son of CcbIus, or of Pontus and Ter-
ra, the same as Briareus. It is supposed
that he was a notorious pirate, chiefly re-
siding at iEga, whence his name ; and
that the fable about his hundred bonds
arises from his having one hundred men-
to manage his oars in his piratical excur-
sions.

JEqmvm mare (bow Archipelago,) part-
of the Mediterranean, dividing Greece
from Asia Minor. It is full of islduds,.
some of which are called Cyelades, others-
Sporades, &c. The word iEgwum is de-
rived by some from iEg», a town of Eu-
boea ; or from the number of islands'
which it contains, that appear above the*
sea, as aiyiq^goata ; or from the promon-
tory iEga, or from iEgea, a queen of the
Amazons ; or from iEgeus, who is sup-
posed to have drowned himself there.

iGc^us, a surname of Neptune, front

MgTR in Eubcea. A river of Corey ra.-

A plain in Phocis.

iEcALEos, or iEgajeum, a mountain of
Attica, opposite ^alamis, on which Xerxes •
sat during the engagement of his fleet
with the Grecian ships in the adjacent.
sea.

iEcAFT, the iEgean sea.

iEoA*, a place of Euboea. Another*

near Daunia, in Italy.

iEokTEs, a promontory o^^olia.

Three islands opposite Cartnage, called
Are, near which the Romans under Ca-
tulu8, in the first Punic war, defeated the
Carthaginian fleet, under Hanno, 243 B. C.

ifiloELEoif, a town of Macedonia taken
by king Attalus.

^GERiA. Vid. Egeria.

iGoEBTA, the daughter of Hippotes, and

mother of iGgestus called Acestes. An

ancient town of Sicily near mount Eryx,
destroyed by Agathocles. It was some-
times called Segesta and Acesta.

iEoEus, king of Athens, son of Pan-
dion, being desirous of having children,
went to consult the oracle, and in his re-
turn, stopped at the court of Pittheus king .
of TroBz.ene, who gave him his daughter
JFAhm in marriage. He left her pregnant,
and told her, that if she had a son, to
send him to Athens as soon as he could
lift a stone under which he had concealed
his sword. By this sword he was to be
known to iEpeus, who did not wish to
make any public discovery of a son, for
fear of his nephews, the Pallantides, who
expected his crown. iEthra became mo-
ther of Theseus, whom she accordingly
sent to Athens with his father's sword.
At that time ^gens lived with Medea!
the divorced wife ofJason. t When The-

Digitized by VjOOQltT

teni came to Athens, Medea attempted to
poison him ; but he escaped, and upon
showing iGgeus the sword he wore, dis-
covered himself to be his son. When
Theseus returned from Crete after the
death of the Minotaur, he forgot, agreea-
ble to the engagement made witii his fa-
ther, to hoist up white sails as a signal of
his success ; and iEgeus, at the sight of
black sails, concluding that his son was
dead, threw himself from a high rock into
the sea ; which, from him, as some sup-
|»8e, has been called the iEgean. iEgeus
feigned forty-eight years, and died B. C.
}3^. He ia supposed to have first intro-
daced into Greece the worship of Venus
Urania, to render the goddess propitious
|o bis wishes in having a son.

MoiAhi^iOne of Phaeton's sisters chang-
ed into poplars, and their tears into am-

^r. They are called Heliades. A

jdaughter of Adrastus, by Amphitea daugh-
ter of Pronaz. She married Diomedes.

iEoiALBA, an island near Peloponnesus,
$n the Cretan sea. Another m the Io-
nian sea, near the Echinades. The

ancient name of Peloponnesus.

iEoiALKUf , son of Adrastus by Anmhi-
tea or Demoanassa, was one of the £pi-
f oni, i e. one of the sons of those generals
who were kUled in the first Theban war.
They went against the Thebans, who bad
revised to give burial to their fathers, and
were victorious. They all returned home
safe, except iEpaleus, who was killed.
That expediti<m im called the war of the

£pisoni. The same as Absyrtus brother

to Medea.

JEoiAhva, son of Fhoroneus, was en-
trusted with the kingdom of Achaia by
king Apis going to Egypt. Peloponnesus

was called iEgialea from him. ^A man

who founded the kingdom of Sicyon 2091
before the Christian era, and reigned fifty-
two years.

iBoiALCS, a name given to part of Pelo-

innesus. An inconsiderable town of

'ontus. A city of Asia Minor. A

dty of Thrace near the Strymon. A

mountain of Galatia. A city of Pontus.

Another in iEthiopia.

iEciDEs, a patronymic of Theseus.

iBoiLA, a i^ace in Laconia, where Aris-
tomenes was taken prisoner by a crowd
of reiigioufl women whom he had at-
tacked.

.fioiLiA, an Island between Crete and
Pdoponnesufl. A place m Eubcea.

MaiMivtf an old man wlio lived, ac-
cording to Anacreon, two hundred years.
——A king of Doris, whom Hercules as-
aisted to conquer the Lapithaa.

iEoiMOBus, or ^GiMURUB, an island
near Libya, mimoaed by some to be the
Bame which Virgil mentions under the
sameof Artt.

Mqiwa, daughter of Afopua, had JEa-
8*

poi

cus by Jupiter changed intp a flame of
fire. She afterwards manled Actor, son
of Myrmidon, by whom she had some
children, who conspired against their fa-
ther. Some say that she was changed by
Jupiter into the island which bears her

name. An island formedy called CEno-

pia, and now Engia, in a part of the
iEgean sea, called Saronicus Sinus, about
twenty-4wo miles in circumference. The
inhabitants were once destroyed by a pes-
tilence, and the country was repeopled by
ants changed into men by Jupiter, at the
prayer of king iEacus. They were once
a very powerful nation by sea, but they
cowardly gave themselves up to Darius
when he demanded submission from all
the Greeks. The Athenians under Peri-
cles made war against them ; and after
taking seventy of theu: ships in a naval
battle, they expelled them from iEgina
The fugitives settled in Peloponnesus,
and after the ruin of Athens by Lysander,
they returned to their country, but never
after rose to their former power or conse-
quence.

iEoiiTBTA Paulus, a physician bom in
iEgina. He flourished in the third, or
according to others, the seventh century,
and wrote Be Re Medica^ in seven books.

^oiifETEs, a king of Arcadia, in whose
age Lycurgua instituted his famous laws.

iEoiocHus, a surname of Jupiter, from
his being brought up by the goat Amal-
thtea, and using her skin, instead of a
shield, in the war of the Titans.

iEoiPAif, a name of Pan, because he
had goat's feet.

iEoiRA, a town between iEtolia and
Peloponnesus. A town of Achaia.

iBoiROKssA, a town of iEtolia.

iEoii, the shield of Jupiter,. aTro ri;;
aiyogy a goafs sidn. This was the goat
AmalthsBa, with whose skin he covered
his shield. The goat was placed among
the constellations. Jupiter gave this shield
to Pallas, who placed upon it Medusa's
head, which turned into stones all those
who fixed their eyes npon it.

iEoisTHus, king of Argos, was son of
Thyestes by his daughter Pelopea.

iEoiTUM, a town of iEolia, on a moun-
tain eight miles from the sea.

iEoivM, a town on the Corinthian isth-
mus, where Jupiter was said to have
been fed by a goat, whence the name.

iEoLE, the youngest daughter of iEscu-
lapius and Larapetie. — A nymph, daugh-
ter of Sol and Neaera. A nymph,

daughter of Panopous, beloved by The-
seus after he had left Ariadne. One of

the Hesperides. One of the Graces.

iBoLEs, a Samian wrestler, born dumb.
Seeing some unlawful measures pursued
in a contest, he broke the string which
held his tongue, through the desire -
speaking, and ever after spoke with '■

^QLETEB, 8 Surname of Apollo.

i^GLocE, a nurse of Nero.

^ooBoLUs, a surname of Bacchus at
Potnta» in BoBotia.

iEcocERos, or Capricomus, an animal
into which Pan transformed himself wlien
4ying before T^hon in the wa^ with the
giants. Jupiter made him a constella-
tion.

iEooN, a shepherd. A promontory of

Lemnos. A name of the iEgean Sea.

A boxer of Zacynthus ; who dragged

a large bull by the heel from a mountain
into the city.

/Egos potamos, i. e. the goat*8 river, a
town in the Thracian Chersonesus, with
a river of the same name, where the
Athenian fleet, consisting of 180 ships,
was defeated by Lysander, on the J3th
Dec. B. C. 405, in the last year of tlie Fe-
loponnesian war.

i£oosAOj£, an Asiatic nation under At-
tains, with whom he conquered Asia, and
to whom he ^ve a settlement near the
Hellespont.

^GU8 and Rosciixius, two brothers
amongst the AUobroges, w^ho deserted
from Cssar to Pompey.

^GusA, the middle island of the Agates
near Sicily.

^OY, a town near Sparta, destroyed be-
cause its inhabitants were suspected by
the Spartans of fevoring the Arcadians.

iEoTPAivEs, a nation in the middle of
Africa, whose body is human above the
waist, and that of a goat below.

iGoi P8US, a town of the Gets, near the
Danube.

^OTPTA, a freedman of Cicera

iEoTPTii, the inhabitants of Egypt.

iGovPTiuM MARE, that part of the Med-
iterranean sea which is on the coast of
Bgypt.

JSoYPTUs, son of Belus, and brother to
Danaus. gave his 50 sons in marriage to
^ the 50 daughters of his brother. Danaus
who had established himself at Argos, and
was jealous of his brother, who, by follow-
ing him from Egypt into Greece, se«med
envious of his prosperity^ obliged all his
daughters to murder their husbands the
first night of their nuptials. This was ex-
ecuted ; but Hy perm nostra alone spared
her husband Lynceus. Even iBgyptus
was killed by his niece Polyxena. iEg>'p-
tus was king, after his father, of a part of
Africa, which from him has been called
^gyptus. An extensive country of Af-
rica watered by the Nile, bounded on (be
east by Arabia, and on the west by Libya.
Its name is derived from iEgyntus brother
to Danaus. Its extent, according to mod-
ern calculation, is 180 leagues from north
to south, and it measures 1^0 leagues on
the shore of the Mediterranean ; but at the
distance of 50 leagues from the sea, it di-
miniahei 30 much aq scarce to measure 7

or 8 leagues between the mountains oi»
the east and west, it is divided into low-
er, which lies near the Mediterranean, and
upper, which is towards the south. Up-
per Egypt was famous for the town of
Thebes, but Lower Egypt was the most
peopled, and contained the Delta, a num-
ber of islands, which, from their form,
have been called after the fouHh letter of
the Greek alifliabet. This country has
been the mother of arts and sciences.
The greatest part of Lower Egypt has been
formed by the mud and sand carried down
by the' Nile. The Egyptians reckoned
themselves the most ancient nation in the
universe, but some authors make them of
i£thiopiaii origin. They are remarkable
for their superstition ; they paid as much
honor to the cat, the crocodile, the bull,
and even to onions, as to Isis. Kain nev-
er or seldom falls in this country ; the
fertility of the soil originates in the yearly
inundations of the Nile, which rises about
25 feet above the surface of the earth, and
exhibits a large plain of waters, in which
are scattered here and there, the towns
and villages, as the Uyclades in the ^ge-
an sea. The air is not wholesome, but
the population is great, and the cattle very
prolific. It is said that Egypt once con-
tained 20,000 cities, the most remarkable
of which were Thebes, Memphis, Alexan-
dria, Pelusium, Coptos, Arsinoe, &c. It
was governed by kings who have im-
mortalized themselves by the pyramids
they have raised and the canals they have
opened. The priests traced the existence
of the country for many thousand years,
and fondly imagined that the gods were
their first sovereigns, and that their mon-
archy had lasted 11,340 years according to
Herodotus. The history of Egypt can be-
divided into three epochas ; the first be-
ginning with the foundation of the em-
pire, to the conquest of Cambyses ; the
second ends at the death of Alexander j
and the third comprehends the reign of
the Ptolemies, and ends at the death of

Cleopatra, in the age of Augustus. A

minister of Mausolus king of Caria. ^Thtt

ancient name of the Nile.

^oT8. Vid. JEgy.

JEovsTHVi* Vid, iEgisthus.

iGLiA, the wifb of Sy 11a.— The name
of some towns built or repaired by the
emperor Adrian.

JE.IAK LEX, enacted by ^lius Tubero the
tribune, A. U. C. 559, to send two colonies
into the country of the Brutii.- — AnoUier
A. U. C. 568, ordaining, that, in public af-
fhirs, the augurs should observe the np-
pearance of the sky, and the magistrates
be empowered to postptme the business.

Another called iElia Sexta, by ^Uu»

Sextusy A. U, C. 756, which enacted, that
all slaves who bore any marks of ponisb*
ment received ftom their masters, or wha

had been imprisoned, should be set at lib-
erty, but not rank as Roman citizens. •

^LiA Petixa, of the family of Tubero,
married Claudius Csesar, by whom she
had a son. The emperor divorced her, to
marry Messalina.

JEviATiVi Claudus, a Roman sophist
of Prajneste, in the reign of Adrian. He
first taught rhetoric at Rome ; but being
disgusted with his profession, he became
author, and published treaties on animals
in 17 books, on various history in 14 books,
&.C. in Greek, a language which he prefer-
red to Latin. In his writings be shows
himself very fond oT the marvellous, and
relates many stories which are often de-
void of elegance and purity of style. JE-
lian died in the. 60th year of his age, A. D.
140.

iELius and .^lia, a family in Rome, so
poor that 16 lived in a small house, and
were maintained by the produce of a little
£eld. Their poverty continued till Paul-
xis conquered Perseus king of Macedonia,
.•and gave his son-in-law ^1. Tubero five
pounds of gold from the booty.

iEuus Adrianus, an African, grand-

fotber to the emperor Adrian. Gallus.

a Roman knight, the first who invaded
Arabia Felix. He was very intimate with
Strabo the geographer, and sailed on the
Nfle with him to take a view of the coun-
try. Publius, one of the first questors

chosen from the plebeians at Rome. Q,.
iE. Petus, son of Sextus or Publius. As
be sat in the senate-house, a woodpecker
perclied on his head ; upon which a sooth-
sayer exclaimed) that if He preserved the
bird, his house would flourish, and Rome
decay ; and if he killed it, bhe contrary
must happen. Hearing this, JFAius, in the
presence of the senate, bit off the head of
the bird. All the youths of his family
were killed at Cannie, and the Roman
arms were soon attended with success.
— .-Satumlnus. a satirist, thrown down
from the Tarpeian roek for writing verses

atgainst Tiberius. Sextus Catus, censor

with M. Cethegus. He separated the sen-
ators from the people in the public specta-
cles. During his consulship, the ambas-
sadors of the iGtolians foimd him feasting
in earthen dishes, and ofll'ered him silver
vessels, which he refused^ satisfied with
the earthen cups, &c. which, for his vir-
tues, he had received from his father-in-
law, L. Paulas, after the conquest of

Macedonia. Spartianus, wrote the lives

of the emperors Adrian, Antoninus Pius,
and M, Aurellus. He flourished A. D. 240.

rTubero, grandson of L. Paulus^ was

austere in his morals, and a formidable
enemy, to the Gracchi. His grandson was
accused before Cesar, and ably defended

by Cicero. Venis Csesar, the name of

L. C. Commodus Verus, after Adrian had
adopted IiIib. He wan made pretor and

consul by the emperor, who was soon con-
vinced of his incapacity in the discharge
of public duty. He killed himself by
drinking an antidote ; and Antoninus sur-
named Pius, wi^ adopted in his place.
iElius was father to Antoninus Verus,
whom Pius adopted. A physician men-
tioned by Galen., L. Gallus, a lawyer,

who wrote 12 books concerning the signifi-
cation of all law words. Sextus Pietus,

a lawyer, consul at Borne A. U. C. 566.

Stilo, a native of Lanuvium, master

to N. Ter. Varro, and author of some
treatises.

iBLi.0, one of the Harpies. One of

Action's dogs.

-/Elurus, (a cat^) a deity worshipped by
the Eg>'ptians ; and after death, embalm-
ed, and buried in the city of Bubastis.^

iEMATHioK, andiGMATHiA. Fid. Eaa-
thion.

^Emilia lbx, was enacted by the dicta-
tor iEmilius, A. U. C. 309. It ordained
that the censorship, which was before qui-
quennial, should be limited to one year
and a half. Another in the second con-
sulship of -fimilius Mamercus, A. U. C.
391. It gave power to the eldest pretor to
drive a nail in the capitol cm the ides of

September. The driving of a nail was

a superstitious ceremony, by which the*
Romans supposed that a pestilence- couM
be stopped, or an impending calamity
averted.

iEMiLiANUs (C. Julius), a native of
Mauritania, proclaimed emperor after the
death of Decius. He marched against
Gallus and Valerian, but was informed
they had been murdered by their own
troops. He soon after shared tbeir fate.
One of the thirty tyrants who rebel-
led in the reign of Gallienus.

JEuiLivt. Vid. iEmylius.

jEmhestus, tyrant of Enna, was depo-
sed by Dionysius the elder.

iEMow. Vid. Haemon.

iEMoNA, a large city of Asia.

yEMONiA, a country of Greece, which
received its name from iEmon, or iEmus,
and was afterwards called Thessaly.
Achilles is called JEvumius^ as being born
there. It was also called Pyrrha, from
Pyrrha, Deucalion's wife, who reigned
tliere. — The word has been indiscriminnte-
ly applied to all Greece by some writers.

iEMorriDEs, a priest of Apollo in Italy,
killed by iEneas.

iEMus, an actor in Domitian's reign.

iEMTLiA, a noble family in Rome, de-
scended from Mamercus, son of Pythago-
ras. A vestal who rekindled the fire of

Vesta, which was extrneruished, by put-
ting her veil over it. The wife of Afri-

canus the elder, famous for her behavior
to her husband, when suspected of infi-
delity. Lepida, daughter of Lepidus,

married Drusns the younger, whom f

JEN

disgraced by her wantonness. A part

of Italy, called also Flaminia. A pub-
lic road leading from Placentia to Arimin-
um ; called after the consul iEmylius,
who is supposed to have made it.

j£mylianvs, a name of Africanus the
younger, son of P. iEmylius. In him the
families of the Scipios and iEmylii were
united. Many of that family bore the
same name.

iEMVLii, a noble family in Rome, de-
scended from iEmylius the son of Asca-
nius.

JEuruvBf a beautiful youth of Sybaris,
whose wife met with the same fate as Pro-
cris Censorinus, a cruel tyrant of Sici-
ly, who liberally rewarded those who in-
vented new ways of torturing. Patercu-
"^ lus gave him a brazen horse for this pur-
pose, and the tyrant made the first experi-
ment upon the 'donor. — Lepidus, a youth
who baud a statue in the capitoi, for saving
the life of a citizen in a battle. A trium-
vir with Octavius. Macer, a poet of

Verona in the Augustan age. He wrote
some poems upon serpents, birds, and as

some suppose, on bees. Marous Scau-

rus, a Roman who flourished about 100
years B. C. and wrote three books con-
cerning his own life. A poet in the age

of Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called

Atlieus, and destroyed himself. Sura,

another writer on the Roman year.

Mamercus, three times dictator, conquer-
ed the Fidenates, and took their city. He
limited to one year and a half, the censor-
ship, which before his time was exercised

during five years. Papinianus, son of

Hostilius Papinianus, was in favor with the
emperor Severus, and was made governor
to his sons Getd and Caracalla. Geta
was killed by his brotlier, and Papinianus
for upbraiding him, was murdered by his
soldiers. From his school the Romans
have had many able lawyers, who were

called Papinianists. Pappus, a censor,

who banished from the senate, P. Com.
Rttifinus, who had been twice consul, be-
cause he had at bistable ten pounds of sil-
ver plate, A. U. C. 478. Porcina an ele-
gant orator. Rectus, a severe governor

of Egypt, under Tiberius. Regillus,

conqueretl the general of Antiochusat sea,

and obtained a naval triumph. Scau-

nis, a noble, but poor citizen of Rome.
His father, to maintain himself, was a
coal-merchant. He was edile, and after-
wards pretor, and fought against Jugurtha.
His son Marcus was son-in-law to Sylla,
and in his edileship he built a very mag-
nificent theatre. A bridge at Rome,

called also Sublicius.

MifA.KiAj an island in the bay of Puteo-
li, abounding with cypress trees. It re-
ceived its name firom ^neas, who is sup-
posed to have landed there on his way to
tatium. It is called Pjtbecusa by the

Gre^s, and now Ischia, and was famous
once for its mineral waters.

iE^ARiuM, a forest near Olenos in
Achaia sacMM to Jupiter.

iEwAsius, one of the Ephori at Sparta.

JEtfZA or iErcxfiA, a town of Macedo-
nia, 15 miles from Thessalonica, founded
by iEneas.

JEnEAOEif a town of Chersonesus,
built by JEneoB. Cassander destroyed it,
and carried the inhabitants to Thessaloair-
ca, lately built.

jEvkadx, a name given to the flrlendSi
and companions of iEneas.

^NKA9, a Trojan prince, son of Anchi-^
ses and the goddess Venus. The opiniona:
of authors concerning his character are?
difierent. His infancy was Intrusted toi.
the care of a nymph, and at the ape of five,
he was recalled to Troy. He after wards,-
improved himself in Thessaly under Chi-
ron, a venerable sage, whose house was
frequented by the young princes and he-
roes of the age. Soon after his return
home he married Creusa, Priam's daugh-
ter, by whom he had a son called Ascani-
us. During the Trojan war, he behaved
with great valor, in defence of his conn-
try, and came to an engagement with Di-
omedes and Achilles. Yet some writers
accuse him of betraying his country to the
Greeks, with Antenor, and of preserving
his life and fortune by this treacherous
measure. He lived at variance with Pri-
am, because he received not sufficient
marks of distinction from the king and
his family. This might have provoked
him to seek revenge by perfidy.— Authors
of credit report, that when Troy was in
flames, he carried away, upon his shoul-
ders, his father Ancliises, and the statues
of his household gods, leading in his hand
his son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to
follow behind. Some say that he retired
to Mount Ida, where he built a fleet of 20
ships, and set sail in quest of a settlement.
StrabD and others maintain that JSneas
never left his country, but rebuilt Troy,
where he reigned, and his posterity after
him. Even Homer, who lived 400 years
after the Trojan war. says, that the gods
destined if^neas and his posterity to reign
over the Trojans. According to Virgil
and other Latin authors, who, to make
their court to the Roman emperors, traced
their origin up to iflneas, and described
his arrival into Italy ns indubitable, he with
his fleet first came to the Thracian Cher-*
Bonesus, where Polymnestor, one of his
allies, reigned. After visiting Delos, the
Strophades, and Crete, where he expect-
ed to find the empire promised him by the
oracle, he landed in Epinis and Drepa-
num, the court of king Acestes. in Sicily,
where he buried his father. From Sicily
he sailed for Italy, but was driven on th«
coasts of AIHca« and kindly retelved by

:ZEN

Iftio qaeem of Carthage, to whom, on his
first interview, he gave one of the gar-
ments of the beautiful Helen. X)ido being
enamored of him, wished to marry him ;
but he .left Carthage hv order of the gods.
In hi3 voyage he was clriven to Sicily, and
from thence he passed to Cumaj, where
the Sybil conducted him to hell, that he
might hear from his father the fate^ which
attended him and all his posterity. After
a voyage of seven years, and the loss of
thirteen ships, he came to the Tiber.
LatinuSjtbe king of the country, feceived
him with haspitality, and promised him
his daughter Lavinia, who had been be-
fore betrothed to king Turnus by her mo-
ther Amata. To prevent this marriage,
Turnus made war against JEneas ; and
after many battles, the war was decided
by a combat between the two rivals, in
which Turnus was killed. iEneas mar-
ried La^iQia, in whose honor he built the
town of Lavinium, and succeeded his
father-in-law. After a short reign , ^Eneas
was killed in a battle against the Etru-
rians. Some say that he was drowned in
the Numicus, and his body weighed down
T>y his armor j upon.which the Latins, not
finding their king, supposed that he had
1)een taken up to heaven, and therefore
offered him sacrifices as to a god. Some
authors suppose that iEneas, after the
sieje of Troy, fell to the share of Neo-
ptolemus, together with Andromache, and
Ihat he was carried to Thessaly, whence
he escaped to Italy. Others say, that
after he had come to Italy, he returned to
Troy, leaving Ascanius king of Latium.
^neas has been praised for his piety, and

submission to the will of the gods. A

son of iGneas and Lavinia, called Sylvius,
because his mother retired with him into
the wooc^ aft.er his father's death.. He
«ucceedea Ascanius in Latium, though
opposed by Julius the son of his predeces-
sor. An ambassador sent by the Lace-

daenxonians to Athens, to treat of peace,
in the eighth year of the Peloponnesian

war. An ancient author who wrote on

tactics, besides other treatises, which, ac-
cording to i£lian, were epitomised by

Cineas the friend of Pyrrhus. A native

of Gaza, who, from a Platonic philosopher
became a Christian,' A. D. 485, and wrote
a dialogue called Theophraatusy on the
immortality of the soul, and the resurrec-
tion.

iEifEiA, or MffXA.^ a place near Rome,

afterwards called Janiciilum. A city

of Troas. A city of Macedonia.

^ifEiDEs, a patronymic given to Asca-
nius, as son of iEneas.

^XEis, a poem of Virgil, which has for
its subject the settlement of ^Eneas in
Italy. The great merit of this poem is
well known. The author has Imitated
Homer, and, as some say, Homer is supe-

rior to him only because he is more an-
cient, and is an original. Virgil died be-
fore he had corrected it, apd at his death
desired it might be burnt. This was hap-
pily disobeyed, and Augustus saved from
the flames a poem which proved his fhm-
ily to be descended from the kings of
Troy. The iEneid had engaged the at-
tention of the poet for eleven years, and
in the first six books it seems that it was
his design to imitate Homer's Odyssey,
and in the last the Iliad. The action of^
the poem comprehends eight years, one
of which only, the last, is really taken up
by action, as the seven first are merely
episodes, such as Juno's attempts to de-
stroy the Trojans, the loves of iEneas and
Dido, the relation of the fall of Troy, &c.

iExEsiDEMUs, a brave general of Argos.

A Cretan philosopher, who wrote

eight books on the doctrine of his master'
Pyrrho.

vEnesius, a surname of Jupiter, from
mount iEnum.

iExETus, a victor at Olympia, who, in
the moment of victory, died through ex-
cess of joy.

JE,Ti\K. Vid. iEwEiA.

iEwicus, a comic writer at Athens.

iEwiocHi, a people of Asiatic Barma-
tia.

iENOBARBus, or A.iEPfowARBus, the sur-
name of Domitius. When Castor and
Pollux acquainted him with a victory, he
discredited them ; upon which they touch-
ed his chin and beard, which instantly
became of a brazen color, whence the sur-
name given to himself and his descendants .

^Enocles, a writer of Rhodes.

iEwos, now Rno^ an independent city
of Thrace, at the eastern month of the
Hebru^, confounded with iEneia,pf which
iEneas was the founder.

^NUM, a town of Thrace — of Thessaly.

A mountain in Cephallenia. A

river and village near Ossa. A city ol

Crete built by iEneas.

iEwYRA, a'town of Thasos.

iEoLiA,a name given to Arne. Sappho
is called JEolia jniella, and lyric poetry
JEolium carmen f because of Alcsus and
Sappho, natives of Lesbos.

iEoLiA, or iEoIis, a country of Asia
Minor, near the ^Egean »ea. It has Troas
at the north, and Ionia at the south. The
inhabitants were of Grecian origin, and
were masters, of many of the neighboring
islands. They had twelve, others say
thirty, considerable cities, of which Cumee
and Lesbos were the most famous. They
received their name from iEolus son of
Hellenus. They migrated from Greece

about .1124 B. C. Thessaly has .been

anciently called TEoIia. BflBotus, son of
Neptune, having settled there, called his
followers Boeotians, and their country
BoBotia.

• Digitized by VjOOQ IC

MQ, i

JEoLix and ^Eojlidxs, seven islands
between Sicily and Italy ; cftlled Lipara^
Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Phoe-
nlcusa, and Euon^mos. They were the
retreat of the winds. They sometimes
bear the name of Fulcanue and Hephtssti-
adegj and are known now among the
modems under the general appellation of
Lipari islands.

iEonDA, a city of Tenedoa. Another

near Thermopylae.

iEoLiDEs, a patronymic of Ulysses, from
JEolni; because Anticlea, his mother,
was pregnant by Sisyphus, the son of
iiilolus, when she married Laertes. It is
also given to Athamas and Misenus, as
sons of yEolus.

JEoLvsy the king of storms and winds,
was the son of Hippotas. He reigned
over iEoIia ; and because he was the in-
ventor of sails, and a great astronomer,
the poets have called him the god of the
wind. It is said that ne confined in a
bag, and gave Ulysses, all the winds that
could blow against his vessel, when he
returned to Ithaca. The companions of
Ulysses untied the bag, and gave the
winds their liberty. The name seems to
be derived from aioXog, variusy because
the winds over which he presided are

ever varying. There were two others.

a king of Etruria, father to Macareus ana
Canace, and a son of Hellenus, often con-
founded with the god of the winds. This
last married Enaretta, by whom he had
seven sons, and five daughters.

iEoRA, a festival in Athens, in honor
ofErigone. -

JEpAnvsy a king of Greece, restored to
. his kingdom by Hercules, whose son Hyl-
lus he adopted.

iEpEA, a town of Crete, called Solis, in
honor of Solon.

iEpuLo, a general of the Istrians, who
drank to excess, after he had stormed the
camp of A. Manlius, the Roman general.
Being attacked by a soldier, he fled to a
neighboring town, which the Romans
took, and killed himself for fear of being
taken.

iEpT, a town of Elis, under the domin-
ion of Nestor.

iEpTTus, king of MyceniB, son of Chres-
pbontes and Merope, was educated in
Arcadia with Cypselus, his mother's fa-
ther. To recover his kingdom, he killed
Polyphontes, who had married his mother
against her will, and ufurped the crown.

A king of Arcadia, son of Elatus.

A son of Hippothous, who forcibly enter-
ed the temple of Neptutfe, near Mantinea,
and was struck blind by the sudden erup-
tion of salt water from the altar. He was
kDIed by a serpent in hunting.

iEfiui, or iEquicoLi, a people of lAti-
Vm^ near Tybor j the^ were ip«at enemies ^

I MB

to Rome In its infant state, and were con-
quered with much difficulty.

iEquiMELiuM, a place in Rome where
the house cf Melius stood, who aspired
to sovereign power, for which crime bis
habitation wae levelled to the ground.

^Ri AS, an ancient king of Cyprus, who
built the temple of Paphos.

^Eroiw, wife of Atreus.

iEaopus, a general of Epirus, in the

reign of Pyrrhus. A person appointed

regent to Orestes, the infant son of Ar-

chelaus king of Macedonia. An officer

of king Philip, banished for bringing a

singer into his camp. A mountain of

Chaonia,

iEsAcuB, a river of Troy near Ida.

A son of Priam, by Alexirhoe ; or accord-
ing! to others by Arisba. He became
enamored of Hesperia, whom he pursued
into the woods. The nymph threw her-
self into the sea, and was changed into a
bird. iEsacus followed her example, and
was changed into a cormorant -by Tethys.

iEsAPua, a river of Mysia, in Asia, fall-
ing into the Hellespont.

iGsAR, or iEsARAs, a river of Magna
Grscia, falling into the sea near Crotona.

iEscHiNBs, an Athenian orator, who
flourished about 343 B. C; and distin-
guished himself by his rivalship with De-
mosthenes. His fkther's name was Atro-
metus, and he boasted his descent from a
noble family. The first open signs of
enmity between the rival orators appear-
ed at the court of Philip, where they were
sertt as ambassadors ; but the character
of iEschines was tarnished by the accept-
ancer of a bribe from the Macedonian
prince, whose tyranny had hitherto been
the general subject of his declamation.
When the Athenians wished to reward
the patriotic labors of Demosthenes* with
a golden crown, iEschines impeached
Cteslphon, who proposed it ; and to their
subsequent dispute we are indebted for
the two celebrated orations de corona.
ifischines was defeated by his rival's su-
perior eloquence, and banished to Rhodes j
but as he retired frofh Athens, Demos-
thenes ran after him, and nobly forced
him to accept a present of silver. In his
banishment, the orator repeated to the
Rhodians, what he had delivered against
Demosthenes ; and after receiving muchi
applause, he was desired to read the an-
swer of his antagonist. It was received
with greater marks of approbation j but,,
exclaimed iEschines, how much more
would your admiration have been raised,,
had you heard Demosthenes himself speak
it! iEschines died in the seventy-flfth
year of his age, at Rhodes, or, as sotne
suppose, at Samos. He wrote three ora-
tions, and nine epistles, which, from their
number, received the name, the first of
the graces, and the last of the mvisw^

Digitized by

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JE8

The orations alone are extant. Diogenes
mentions seven more of tlie same name.

A philosopher, disciple of Socrates,

who wrote several dialogues. A man

who wrote on oratory. An Arcadian.

A Mitylenean. A disciple of Me-

lanthins A Milesian writer. -A

statuary.

^scHKfon, a Mitylenean poet, Inti-
mate with Aristotle. He accompanied

Alexander in his Asiatic expedition.

An Iambic poet of Samos. A physician

commended by Galen. A lieutenant of

Archagathus, killed by Hanno.

iGscHrLioEs, a man who wrote a book
•on agriculture.

iGscHTLus, an excellent soldier and
poet of Athens, son of Euphorion, and
brother to Cyniegirus. He was in the
Athenian army at the battles of Mara-
thon, Salarais, and Plataea. But the most
solid ftme he has obtained, is the off-
spring less of his valor in the field of
battle than of his writings. Of ninety
tragedies, however, the fruit of his in-
genious labors, forty of which were re-
warded with the public prize, only aeven
have come safe to us : Prometheus vinctMSf
Septem duces apud Thebas, Pers^f -Aga-
memnon^ Cktephori, Eumenides^ SuppUees.
^schylus is the first who introduced two
actors on the stage, and clothed them with
dresses suitable to tiieir character. He
lilcewise removed murder from the stage.
It is said, that when he composed, his
countenance betrayed the greatest feroci-
ty ; and according to one of his scholiasts,
when his Eumenides were represented,
many children died through fear, ana
several pregnant women actually miscar-
ried in the house, at the sight of the hor-
rible masks that were introduced. The
'imagination of the poet was strong and
comprehensive^ but diA)rderly and wild :
fruitful in prodigies, but disdaining proba-
bilities. His style is obscure, and the la-
bors oi an excellent modem critic, have
pronounced him the most difficult of all
the Greek classics. »A few expressions of
impious tendency in one of his plays,
nearly proved fatal to iGschylus ; he was
condemned to death ; but his brother
Amynias, it is reported, reversed the sen-
tence, by uncovering an arm, of which
the hand had been cut off at the battle of
Salamis in the service of his country, and
the poet was pardoned. iGschylus has
been accused of drinking to excess, and
of never composing except when in a
state of intoxication. In nls old age' he
retired to the court of Hiero in Sicily.
Being informed that he was to die by the
fall of a house, he became dissatisfied with
the fickleness of his countrymen, and
withdrew from the city into the fields,
where he sat down. An eagle, with a
tortoise in her bill, flew over his bald head,

and snpposiag It to be a stone, dropped
her prey upon it to break the shell, and
iEschylus instantly died of the blow, in
the sixty-ninth year of his age, 456 B. G.
It is said that he wrote an account of the

battle of Marathon, in elegiac vexatsa.

The twelfth perpetual archon af Athens.
— A CorinUiian, brother-in-law to Tim-
ophanes, intimate with Timolecm.— ^ — A
Rhodian set over Egypt with Peuixstes of
Macedonia. A native of Cnidus, teach-
er of rhetoric to Cicero.

iEscDLAPiua, son of Ajk)IIo, by Coronis,
or as some say, by Larissa, daughter of
Phlegias, was god of medicine. He was
physician to the Argonauts, and consid-
ered so skilled in the medicnial power of
plants, that he was called the inventor as
well as the god of medicine* He restored
many to life, of which Pluto complained
to Jupiter, who struck iRsculapius with
thunder, but Apollo, angry at the death
of his son, killed the Cyclops who made
the thunderbolts. — yCsculapius received
divine honors after death, chiefly at Epi-
daurus, Pergamus, Athens, Smyrna, &c.
Goats, bulls. Iambs, and pigs, were sacri-
ficed on his altars, and the cock and the
serpent were sacred to him. Rome, A.'
U. C. 463, was delivered of a pfague, and
built a temple to the god of medicine,
who, as was supposed, had come there in
the form of a serpent, and hid himself
among the reeds in an island of the Tiber,
^sculapius was represented with a large
beard, holding in his hand a staff, round
Which was wreathed a serpent ; his other
band was supported on the head of a ser-
pent. Serpents are m9re particularly sa-
cred to him, not only as the ancient phy-
sicians used them in thefr prescriptions,
but because they were the symbols or
prudence and foresight, so necessary In
the medical profession. He married Epi-
one, by whom he had two sons, famous
for their skill m medicine, Machaon and
Podalirus ; and four daughters, of whom
Hygiea, goddess of health, is the most
celebrated. Some have supposed that he
lived » short time after the Trojan war.
Hesiod makes no mention of him. Cicero
says there were three of this name ; the
first, a son of Apollo, worshipped in Arca-
dia ; second, a brother of Mercury j third,
a man who first taught medicine.

jEsbpus, a son of Rucolion. A river.

^sERiviA, a city of the Samnites, in
Italy.

iEsioif, an Athenian, known for his
respect for the talents of Demosthenes.

iEsis, a river of Italy, which separates
Umbria from Picenum.

iEsofT, son of Cretheus, was bom at the
same birth as Pelias. He succeeded liis
father in the kinsdom of lolchos, but was
soon exiled by his brother. He married
Alcimed.. by whom HjHg^^^. wl.«e

education hft intrasted to Chiron, being
Bfraid of Pe1ia«. When Jason was grown
tip, lie demanded his father's kingdom
from his uncle, who gave him evasive an-
swers, and persuaded him t» go in quest
of the golden fleece. At his return, Jason
found his father very infirm ; and Medea,
at his request, drew the blood from ^son's
veins, und refilled them with the juice of
certain herbs which she had gathered,
and immediately the old man recovered
the Vigor and bloom of youth. Some say
that Mson killed himself by drinking
bull's blood, to avoid the persecution of

Pelias. A river oV Thessaly, with a

town of the same name.

-illsoKiDEs, a patronymic of Jason, as
being descended from iEson.

iEsopus, a Phrygian philosopher, who,
though originally a slave, procured his
liberty by the sallies of his genius. He
travelled over the greatest part of Greece
«and Egypt, but chiefly resided at the court
X)f CroBSus, king of Lydia, by whom he
was sent to consult the oracle of Delphi.
9n this commission JEsop behaved with
•great severity, and satirically compared
the Delphians to floating sticks, which
appear large at a distance, but are nothing
when brought near. The Delphians, of-
fended with his sarcastic remarks, accus-
ed him of having secreted one of the sa-
cred vessels of Apollo's temple, and threw
him down from a rock, 561 B. C. Maxi-
mus Planudes has written his life in
Oreek ; but no credit is to be given to the
biographer, who falsely asserts that the
mythologist was short and deformed,
^sop dedicated his fables to his patron
Croesus ; but what appears now under his
name, is no doubt a compilation of all the
fables and apologues of wits before and
after the age of ^sop, conjointly with his

own. Claudus, an actor on the Roman

stage, very intimate with Cicero. He
amassed an immense fortune. His son,
to be more expensive, melted precious

stones to drink at his entertainments.

An orator. An historian in the time of

Anaximenes. A river of Pontus.

An attendant of Mithridates, who wrote a
treatise on Helen, and a panegyric on his
royal master.

iBsTRiA, an island in the Adriatic.

iGsuLA, a town on a mountain between
Tybur and Praeneste.

iEsYETEs, a man from whose tomb Po-
lites spied what the Greeks did in their
ships during the Trojan war.

./itSYMrrETEs, a surname of Bacchus.

iEsTMwus, a person of Megara, who
consulted Apollo to know the best method
of governing his country.

^Ethalia, or iETHERiA, now £Z&a, an
island between Etruria and Corsica.

iETHALiDEs, a herald, son of Mercury,
to whom it was granted to be amongst the
dead and the living at stated times.

ilETMioN, a man slain at the nuptials of
Andromeda.

iExHioPiA, an extensive country of Af-
rica, at the south of Egypt, divided into
east and west by the ancients, the former
division lying near Meroe, and the latter
near the Mauri. The country, properly
now called Abyssinia, as well as the in.-
habitants, were little knoWn to the an-
cients, though Homer has styled them the
justest of men, and the favorites of the
gods. They were the first who worsbii^-
ped the gods, for which, as some Buppoee',
their country has never been invaded by
a foreign enemy. The inhabitants are of
a dark complexion. The country is in-
undated for five months every year, and
their days and nights are almost of aix
equal length. The ancients have given
, the name of iEthiopia to every country
whose inhabitants are of a black color.

iETHLius, son of Jupiter by Protogenia,
was father to Endymion.

iExHON, a horse of the syn. A horse

of Pallas, represented as shedding tears

at the death of his master. A horse of

Hector.

iExHRA, daughter of Pittheus king of
TroBzenCj had Theseus by iEgens. She
was carried away by Castor and Pollux,
when they recovered their sister Helen,
whom Theseus had stolen, and intrusted
to her care. She went to Troy with

Helen. One of the Oceanides, wife to

Atlas. She is more generally called Pie-
ion e.

-<Ethu9a, a daughter of Neptune by
Amphitrite, or Alcyone, mother by Apollo

of Eleuthere and two sons. An island

near Lilybeum.

iEriA, a poem of Callimachns, in which
he speakB of sacrifices, and of the manner
in which they were offered.

^TioN, or Eetion, the father of An-
dromache, Hector's wife. He was killed
at Thebes, with his seven sons, by the

Greeks. A famous painter. He drew

a painting of Alexander going to celebrate
his nuptials with Roxane.

iErrrA, a mountain of Sicily, now called
Gibello, famous for its volcano, which,
for about three thousand years, has thrown
out fire at intervals. It is two miles in
perpendicular height, and measures one
hundred miles round at the base, with an
ascent of thirty miles. Its crater forms a
circle about three and a half miles in cir-
cumference, and its top is covered with
snow and smoke at the same time, whilst
the sides of the mountain^ from the great
fertility of the soil, exhibit a rich scenery
of cultivated fields and blooming vine-
yards. The poets supposed that Jupiter
had confined the giants under this moun-
tain, and it was represented as the forge
of Vulcan, where his servants the Cyclops
fabricated thunderbolts, jcc.

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iSroLiA, a country innded by Epirus,
Acarnania, and Locris, supposed to be
about the middle of Greece. It received
its name from ^tolus.

iExoLus, son of Endymion of Ella and
Iphianassa, married Pronoe, by whom he
had Pleuron and Calydon. Having acci-
dentally killed Apis. soBof PhoroneuSjhe
left his country, ana came to settle in that
part of Greece which has been called, from
biin, ^tolia.

i£x, a rocky island between Tenedos
and GJmos.^— A city in the country of
the IVIarsi. The nurse of Jupiter chang-
ed into a constellation.

Afkr, an inhabitant of Africa. An

informer under Tiberius and his succes-
sors. He became also known as an ora-
tor, and as the preceptor of Ctuintilian,
and was made consul by Domitian. He
died A. D. 59.

Afrania, a Roman matron who fre-
quented the forum, forgetful of female
decency.

Luc. ArRANius, a Latin comic poet in
the age of Terence, often compared to

Menander, whose style he imitated. A

general of Pompey, conquered by Cjesar
in Spain. Q.. a man who wrote a se-
vere satire against Nero, for which he was
put to death in the Pisonian conspiracy.

Potltus, a plebeian, who said before

Caligula, that he would willingly die if
the emperor could recover from the dis-
temper he labored under. Caligula re-
covered, and Afranius was put to death
that he might not forfeit his word.

Africa, called Libya by the Greeks, one
of the three parts of the ancient world,
and the greatest peninsula of the uni-
verse, was bounded on the cast by Arabia
and the Red Sea, on the north by the
Mediterranean, south and west by the
ocean. In its greatest length it extends
four thousand three hundred miles, and
in its greatest breadth it is three thousand
five hundred miles. The ancients, through
ignorance, peopled the southern parts of
Africa with monsters, enchanters, and

chimeras. There is a part of Africa

called Propria^ which lies about the mid-
dle, on the Mediterranean, and has Car-
thage for its capital.

Africanus, a blind poet commended by
Ennius. A Christian writer, who flour-
ished A. D. 2^X In his chronicle, which
was universally esteemed, he reckoned
five thousand five hundred years from the
creation of the world to the aee of Julius

Ciesar. A lawyer, disciple to Papinian,

and intimate with the emperor Alexander.

An orator mentioned by Cluintilian.

The surname of the Scipios, from the

conquest of Africa.

Africum mare, is that part of the
Mediterranean which is on the coast of
Africa.

AoAOKUiVM roRTiE, gates at Syracuse,
near which the dead were buried.

Agalas9£s, a nation of India, conquer-
ed by Alexander.

AuALLA, a woman of Corcyra, who
wrote a treatise upon grammar.

Agamedes and Trophqnius, two ar-
chitects who made the entrance of the
temple of Delphi, for which they demand-
ed of the god, whatever gift was most
advantageous for a man to receive. Eight
days after they were found dead in tilieir
bed.

Aoamemwow, king of Mycenae and Ar-
gos, was brother to Menelaus, and son of
Plisthenes, the son of Atreus. When
Atreus was dead, his brother Thyestes
seized the kingdom of Argos, and re-
moved Agamemnon and Menelaus, who
fled to Polyphidus king of Sicyoi\, and
hence to (Eneus, king of iEtolia, where
they were educated. Agamemnon mar-
ried Clytemnestra, and Menelaus Helen,
both daughters of Tyndarus king of Spar-
ta, who assisted them to recover their
father's kingdom. When Helen was sto-
len by Paris, Agamemnon was elected
commander in chief of the Grecian forces
going against Troy ; and he showed his
zeal in the cause by furnishing one hun-
dred ships, and lending sixty more to the
people of Arcadia; The fleet was de-
tained at Aulis, where Agamemnon «ac-
riflced his daughter to appease Diana.
During the Trojan war, Agamemnon be-
haved with much valor; but his quarrel
with Achilles was fatal to the Greeks.
After the ruin of Troy, Cassandra fell to
his share, and foretold him that his wife
would put him to death. He gave no
credit to this, and returned to Argos with
Cassandra. Clytemnestra, with her adul-
terer iEgisthus, prepared to murder him ;
and as he came from the bath, to embar-
rass him, she gave him a tunic whose
sleeves were sei^d together, and while he
attempted to put it on, she brought him to
the ground with a stroke of a hatchet, and
^gisthus seconded her blows. — His death
was revenged by his son Orestes.

AoAMEMrroiTius, an epithet applied to
Orestes, a son of Agamemnon.

AoAMETOR, an athlete of Mantinea.

AoAMNEBToR, R king of Athcus.

AoANiFPE, a celebrated fountain of
Boeotia at the foot of mount Helicon.

AoAPExoR, the commander of Aga-
memnon's fleet. The son of Ancceus,
and grandson of Lycurgus, who, after the
ruin of Troy, was carried by a storm into
Cyprus, where he built Paphos.

Agar, a town of Africa.

AoAREtii, a people of Arabia. Trajan
destroyed their city, called Agarum.

Agarista, daughter of Clisthenes, wa»
courted by all the princes of Greece. She
married Megacles. -^A daughter pf

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Hippocrates, who mairied Xantippns. She
dreamed that she had brought forth a lion,
and (tome time after became mother of Per-
icles.

AoAsicLxt, king of Sparta, was son of
Archidamus, and one of the Proclide.
He used to say that a king ought to govern
his subjects as a fiither governs his chil-
dren.

Agassjk, a city of Thessaly.

AoASTHxxBs, father to Polyxenua, was,
as one of Helen's suitors, concerned in the
Trojan war. A son of Augeas, who suc-
ceeded as king of Elis.

AoASTROFHus. a Trojan .wounded by
Diomedes.

AoASTHus, an archon of Athens.

Aoisus, a harbor on the coast of Apu-
lia.

A OATH A, a town of France near Agde,
in Languedoc.

AoATHAKCMiDAs, a general of Corinth

in Uie Peloponnesian war. A Samian

philosopher and historian, who wrote a
treatise on stones, and a history of Persia
and PhcBnice, besides an account of the
Red Sea, of Europe and Asia.

AoATHARCHus, an officer in the Syracu-

san fleet. ^A painter in the age of Zeu-

xis.

Aqathiab, a Greek historian of iEolia.
A poet and historian in the age of Justini-
an, of whose reign he published the his-
toiy in five books.

Aoatho, a Samian historian, who wrote

an account of Scythia. A tragic poet,

who flourished 406 B. C.^-^A comic po-
et who lived in the same age. A son of

Priam. A governor of Babylon. A

Pythagorean philosopher. — A learned and
melodious musician, who first intruduced

songs in tragedy. A youth of Athens,

loved by Plato.

AoATHocLEA, a beautiful woman of
Egypt. One of the Ptolemies destroyed
his wife Eurydice to marry her.

AoATHocLEs, an ipoble youth, son of a
potter, who by entenng in the Sicilian ar-
my, arrived at the greatest honors, and
made himself master of Syracuse. He
died in his *72d year, B. C. S89, after a
rei^ of 2d years of mingled prosperity and

adversity. A son of Ly simachus, taken

prisoner by the Getas. He was ransomed,
tind married Lysandra daughter of Ptole-
my Lagus. His father, in his old age,
married Arsinoe, the sister of Lysander.
After her husband's death, Arsinoe, fear-
flil for her children, attempted to murder
Aqithocles. When Agathocles was dead,

S83 B. C. Lysandra fled to Seleucus.

A Grecian historian of Babylon, who
wrote an account of Cyzicus.^— A Chian

who wrote on husbandry. A Samian

writer. A physician. An Athenian

archon.

AoATHoif. Vid. Agatho.

AoATHORTHcrs wrotQ an histoiy of Per-
sia.

AoATMosTHSirBs, a poet, &c.

AoATHTLLUs, an elegiac poet of Arcadia.

AoATHTRxuM, a town of Sicily.

AoATHTRsi, an efieminate nation of
Scythia, who had their wives in common
They received their name fi*m Agathyr-
sus, son of Hercules.

Agate, daughter of Cadmus and Her-
mione, married Echion, by whom she had
Pentheus, who was torn to pieces by the
Bacchanals. She is said to have killed
her husband in celebrating the orgies of

Bacchus. One of the Nereides. A

tragedy of Statius.

AoAui, a northern nation who lived
upon milk.

Agatus, a son of Priam.

Agdestis, a mountain of Phrygla,

where Atys was buried. A surname of

Cybele.

AoELADES, a statuary of Argos.

AoELASTUs, a surname of Crassus, the
grandfather of the rich Crassiis. He orily
laughed once in his life, and this, it is said,

was upon seeing an ass eat thistles. The

wwrd is also applied to Pluto, from the sul-
len and melancholy appearance of his
countenance.

AoELAUB, a king of Corinth, son of Ixion.

One of Penelope's suitors. A son

of Hercules and Omphale, from whom

CroBSus was descended. A servant of

Priam, who preserved Paris when exposed
on mount Ida.

AoEWDicuM, now Sens, a town of Gaul,
the capital of the Senones.

AoEwoR, king of Phcenicia, was son of
Neptune and Libya, and brother to Belus.
He married Telephassa, by whom he had

Cadmus. Phoenix, Cilix, and Eiiropa.

A son or Jasus and father of Argus. A

sonof iEgyptus. A son of Phlegeus.

A son of Pleuron, father to Pbineus.- A

son of Amphion and Niobe. A king of

Argos, father to Crotopus. ^A son of An-

tenor. A Mitylen^an, who wrote a trea-

tise- on music.

AoExoRiDEs, a patronymic applied to
'Cadmus, and the other descendants of
Agenor. »

AoERiicus, a freed man of Agrippina,
accused of attempting Nero's life.

Agksawder, a sculptor of Rhodes under
Vespasian, who made a representation
of Laocoon's history, which now passes
for the best relict of all ancient sculpture.

AGB9IA8. a PlatoTtic philosopher who
taught the immortality of the soul.

AoE8iLAU», king of Sparta, of the fam-
ily of the Agidre, was son of Doryssus,
and father of Archelaus. Durinc his
reign, Lycurgus instituted his famous
laws.— ^A son of Archidamus of the fami-
ly of the Procttdae, made king in prefer-
ence to his uephewl^otyehides. Though

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ide&rmed, small of stature and lame, he
was brave, and a greatness of soul com-
pensated all the imperfections of nature.
Agesilaua died after a reign of 36 years,

382 B. C. A brother of 'Ahemistocles,

who was sent as a spy into the Persian
camp, where he stabbed Mardonius in-
stead of Xerxes. A surname of Pluto.

• — -A Greek who wrote a history of Italy.

AoEsiFOLis, 1st, king uf Lacedaemon,
son of Pausanias, obtained a great victory
over the Mantineans. He reigned 14
years, and was succeeded by his brother
CleombrotuB, B. C. 380. — Hd^ son of Cleom-
brotus, king of Sparta, was succeeded by
Cleomenes, 2d, B. C. 370.

Agesistrata, the mother of king Agis.

Agesistratcs, a man who wrote a trea-
tise intitled, De arte machinali.

Aggrammes, a cruel king of the Ganga-
rides. His father was a hair dresser.

AcGRiNJi:, a people near mount Rhodo-
pe.

Agidje, the descendants of Eurysthe-
nes, who shared the throne of Sparta with
the Proclidae ; the name is derived from
Agis son of Eurysthenes. The family be-
came extinct in the person of Cleomenes
son of Le«nidas.

AoiiiAus, king of Corinth, reigned 36
years. One of the Ephori, almost mur-
dered by the partisans of Cleomenes.

Agis, king of Sparta, succeeded his
father, Eur)'8thene8, and after a reign of
one year, was succeeded by his son Eches-

tratus, B. C. 1D58. Another king of

Sparta, who waged bloody wars against
Athens, and restored liberty to many Greek
cities. He attempted to restore the laws
of Lycurgus at Sparta, but in vain ; and

was strangled by order of the Ephori.

Another, son of Archidamus, who signal-
ized himself in the war which the Spar-
tans waged against Epidaurus. He reign-
ed 27 years. Another, son of Archida-
mus, king of Sparta, who endeavored to
deliver Greece from the empire of Mace-
donia, with the assistance of the Persians.
He was conquered in the attempt, and
slain by Antipater. Alexander's general. —
Another, son of Kudamidas, killed in a
battle against the Mantineans. An Ar-
cadian in the expeditionof Cyrus against

his brother Artaxerxes. A poet of Argos,

who accompanied Alexander into Asia,
and said that Bacchus and the sons of Le-
da would give way to his hero, when a

pod. A Lycian who followed jEneas

into Italy, where he was killed.

AcLAf A, one of the Graces, called some-
times Pasiphae. Her sisters were Euphro-
syne and Thalia, and they were all daugh-
ters of Jupiter and Eurynome.

AcLAONicE, daughter of Hegemon^ was
acquainted with astronomy and eclipses,
whence she boasted of her power to draw
the moon from heaven.

Aglaope, one of the Sirens.

Aglaophon, an excellent Greek paint-
er.

AcLAosTHtifEs, wTote an history of
Naxos.

AoLAURos, or Agraulos, dau^ter of
Erechtheus, the oldest king of Athens,
was changed into a stone by Mercury.
Some make her daughter of Cecrops. '

A GLAUS, the poorest man of Arcadia,
pronounced by the oracle more' happy
than Gyges king of Lydia.

Agna, a woman in the age of Horace,
who, though deformed, had many admi-
rers.

Agwo, one of the nymphs who nursed
Jupiter. She gave her name to a fountain
on mount Lyceus.

Agnodice, an Athenian virgin, who
disguised her sex to learn medicine. She
was taught by Hie-ophilus the art of mid-
wifery.

AonoN, son of Nicias, was present at the
taking of Samos by Pericles. In the Pe-
loponnesian war he went against Potidaea,
but abandoned his expedition through
disease. He built Amphipolis, whose in-
habitants rebelled to Brafidas, whom they
regarded as their founder, forgetful of Ag-
non. One of Alexander's officers.

AoNORiDEs, a rhetorician of Athens,
who accused Phocion of betraying the
Piraeus to Nicanor. When the people re-
collected what services Phocion had ren-
dered them, they raised him statues, and
put to death his accuser.

Agonalia and Agonia, festivals in
Rome, celebrated three times a year, in
honor of Janus, or Agonius. They were
instituted by Numa, and on the festive
days the chief priest used to offer a ram.

Agones Capitoliri, games celebrated
every fifth year upon the Capitoline hill.
— Prizes were proposed for agility and
strength, as well as for poetical and litera-
ry compositions.

Agonis, a woman in the temple of Ve-
nus, on mount Eryx.

Agonius, a Roman deity, who patron-
ized over the actions of men. Fid* Ago-
nal ia.

Agoracritus, a sculptor of Pharos, who
made a statue of Venus for the people of
Athens, B. C. 150.

Agoranomi, ten magietrateb at Athens,
who watched over the city and port, and
inspected whatever was exposed to sale.

Agora iTis, a river falling into the Gan-
ges.

AGoi[jEA, a name of Minerva at Sparta.

Agoheus, a surname of Mercury among
the Athenians, {torn his presiding over
the markets.

Agra, a place of Boeotia where the Dis-
sas dses. Diana' was called Agrea, be-
cause she hunted thece. — ^A city of Susa-*
of Arcadia, and AraURL*

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Agr^ I and Aorkitsss, a people of Ara-
bia Of iEtolia.

AoRAGAs, or AcRAOAs, a river, town,
and mountain of Sicily ; called also, Agri-
geAtum. The town was built by the
people of Gela, who were a fihodian col-
ony.

Agraria lex was enacted to distribute
among the Roman people all tlie lands
which they had gained by conquest. It
was first proposed A. U. C. 206, by the
consul Sp. Cassius Vicellinus, and reject-
ed by the senate. It was proposed a sec-
ond time A. U. C. 269, by the tribune Li-
cinius Stolo ; but with no better success.
Mutius ScsEvola, A. U. C. 620, persuaded
the tribune Tiberius Gracchus to propose
it a third time ;.and thoijgh Octavius, his
colleague in the tribuneship, opposed it,
yePTiberius made it pass into a law, after
much altercation, and commissioners were
authorized to make a division of the lands.
— This law at last proved fatal to the free-
dom of Rome under J. Cssar.

Agraule, a tribe of Athens.

AoRAULiA, a festival at Athens in hon-
or of Agraulos. The Cyprians also ob-
served these festivals, by offering human
victims. 1

Agraulos, a daughter of Cecrops. A

surname of Minerva.

Agrauomtje, a people of Illyria.

Agre, one of Actaeon's dogs.

Agri ANE8, a river of Thrace A peo-
ple that dwelt in the neighborhood of that
river.

Agri cola, the father-in-law of the his-
torian Tacitus, who wrote his life. He
was eminent for his public and private
virtues. He was governor of Britain, and
first discovered it to be an island. He
died in his fifty-sixth year, A. D. 93.

Agrigentum, now Oirventiy a town of
Sicily, eighteen stadia from the sea, on
mount Agragas. The inhabitants were
famous for their hospitality and for their
luxurious manner of living. In its flour-
ishing situation Agrigentum contained
two hundred thousand inhabitants.

Agrinium, a city of Acarnania.

Agri ONI A, annual festivals in honor of
Bacchus, celebrated generally in the night.

Agri o PAS, a man who wrote the hlsto-
ly of all those who had obtained the pub-
lic prize at Olympia.

Agri OPE, the wife of Agenor, king of
Phoenicia.

M. Agrippa ViPSAmus, a celebrated
Roman, who obtained a victory over S.
Pompey, and favored the cause of Aujjus-
tus at the battles of Actium and Philippi,
where he behaved with great valor. In
bis expeditions in Gaul and Germany he
obtained several victories, but refused the
honors of a triumph, and turned his lib-
erality towards thefptibellishing of Rome,
and the raising of magnificent buildings,

one of which, the Pantheon, still exists.
He died universally lamented at Rome in
the fifty-first year of his age, 12 B. C. and
his body was placed in the tomb which

Augustus had prepared for himself.

Sylvius, a son of Tiberinus Sylvius, king
of Latiuin. He reigned thirty-three years,
and was succeeded by his son Romulus
Sylvius. One of the servants of the mur-
dered prince assumed his name and raised

commotions. A consul who conquered

th^iEqui. A philosopher. Herodes,

a son of Aristobulus, grandson of the
Great Herod, who became tutor to the
grand-child of Tiberius, and was soon af-
ter imprisoned by the suspicious tyrant.
When Caligula ascended t|ie throne his
favorite was released, presented with a
chain of gold as heavy as that which had
lately confined him, and made king of
Judeea. He was a popular character with
, the Jews i and it is said, that while they
were flattering him with the. appellation
of god, an angel of God' struck him with
the lousy disease, of which he died, A. D.

43. Menenius, a Roman general, who

obtained a triumph over the Sabines, ap- '
peased the populace of Rome by the well-
known fable of the belly and *the limbs,
and erected the new ofiice of tribunes of
the people, A. U. C. 261. He died poor,
but universally regretted. A mathema-
tician in the reign of Domitian } he was a
native of Bithynia.

Agrippina, a wife of Tiberius. The
emperor repudiated her to marry Julia.
A daughter of M< Agrippa, and grand-
daughter to Augustus. She married Ger-
manicus, whom she accompanied in
Syria; and when Piso poisoned him, she
carried his ashes to Italy, and accused his
murderer, who stabbed himself. She fell
under the displeasure of Tiberius, who
exiled her in an island, where she died,

A. D. 26, for want of bread. ^Julia,

daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina,
married Domitius ^Enobarbus, by whom
she had Nero. After many cruelties, and
much licentiousness, she was assassinat-
ed by order of her son. She left memoirs
which assisted Tacitus in the composition
of his annals.

AoRisius. Fid. Acrisius.

AcRisoPE, the mother of Cadmus.

AoRius, son of Parthaon, drove his
brother OSneus from the throne. He was
afterwards expelled by Diomedes, the
grand-son of CEneus, upon which he kill-
ed himself. A giant. A centaur kill-
ed by Ilerrnles. A son of Ulysses by

Circe. The father of Thersites.

Agroi-as, surrounded the citadel of Ath-
ens with walls, except that part which
afterwards was repaired by Cimon.

Agron, a king of Illyria, who, after
conquering the ifltolians, drank to such
excess that he died instantly, B. C. 231.

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Agrotas, a Greek orator of Marseilles.

AnROTERA, an anniversai^ sacrifice of

goats offered to Diana at Athens, ft was

instituted by Calliinaclms the Poleniarcli.

A tenaple of ^gira in Peloponnesus,

erected to the goddess under this name.

AoyLEUs and Aoyieus, from uyvta,
a street, a surname of Apollo, because sac-
rifices were offered to him in the public
streets of Athens.

Ag^lla, a town of Etruria, founded by
a colony of Pelasgians, and governed by
Mezentius when ^Eneas came to Italy. It
was afterwards called CKre. by the Lyd-
ians, who took possession of it.

Agylljeus, a gigantic wrestler of Cleo-
nae, scarce inferior to Hercules in strength.
Agtrus, a tyrant of Sicily, assisted by
Dionysius against the Carthaginians.

Agtriuh, a town of Sicily, where Dio-
donis the historian was born. The in-
habitants were called Jl^yrinenses. ^

Agyrius, an Athenian general who
succeeded Thrasybuius.
Agtktes, a man who killed his father.

A piper.

Ah ALA, the surname of the Servihi at
fiome.
Ahewobarbus. Fid. ^Enobarbus.
Ajax, son of Telamon, was next to
Achilles the bravest of all the Greeks in
the Trojan war. He engaged Hector,
with whom at parting he exchanged arms.
After the death of Achilles, Ajax and
Ulysses disputed their claim to the arms
of the dead hero. When they were given
to the latter, Ajax was so enraged, that he
slaughtered a whole flock of sheep, sup-
posing them to be the sons of Atreus, who
had given the preference to Ulysses, and
stabbed himself with his sword. The
blood which ran to the ground from the
wound, was changed into the flower hya-
cinth. Some say that he was killed by
Paris in battle, others, that he was mur-
dered by Ulysses. His body was buried
at SietBum, some say on mount RhoBtus,
and his tomb was visited and honored by

Alexander. The son of Oileus king of

Locris, was surnamed Locrian, in contra-
distinction to the spn of Telamon. He
went with forty ships to the Trojan war,
as being one of Helen's suitors. On his
return Neptune destroyed his ship in a
storm. Ajax swam to a rock, and said
that he was safe in spite of all the gods.
Such impiety offended Neptune, who
struck the rock with his trident, and Ajax
tumbled into the sea with part of the rock
and was drowned. His body was after-
wards found by the Greeks, and black
sheep offered on his tomb. According to
Virgil's account. Minerva seized him in a
whirlwind, and dashed him against a
rock, where he expired, consumed by
thunder. The two Ajaces were, as some
suppose, placed after death in the island

of Leuce, a separate place reserved only
for the bravest heroes of antiquity.

AiuoNEUs, a surname of Pluto. — —A
king of the Molossi, who imprisoned The-
seus, because he and Pirithous attempted
to ravish his daughter Proserpine, near
the Acheron; whence arose the well-
known fable of the descent of Theseus

and Pirithous into hell. A river near

Troy. .

AiMYLrs, son of Ascanius, was, accord-
ing to some, the progenitor of the noble
family of the iEmylii in Rome.

Aru9 LocuTius, a deity to whom the
Romans erected an altar, from the follow-
ing ciicumstance : one of the common
people, called Ceditius. informed the tri-
bunes, that as he passed one night tnrough
one of the streets of the city, a voice more
thrin human, issuing from above Vesta's
temple told him that Rome would soon
be attacked by the Gauls. His informa-
tion was neglected, but his veracity was
proved by the event ; and Camillus, after
the conquest of the Gauls, built a temple
to that supernatural voice which had given
Rome warning of the approaching calam-
ity, under the name of Aius Locutius.

Alabanda, .-e, or DRUM, an inland town
of Caria, abounding with scorpions. The
name is derived from Alabandus, a deity
worshipped there.
Alabastrum, a town of EJgypt.
Alapus, a river of Sicily.
Al.«3a, a city on a mountain of Sicily.
Al.ka, a surname of Bfinerva in Pelo-
ponnesus. Her festivals are also called
Alaea.

Aljei, a number of islands in the Per-
sian gulf, abounding in tortoises.

Al.«u3, t^e father of Auge, who mar-
ried Hercules.

Alaoonia, a city of Laconia.
Alala, the goddess of war, sister to
Mare.

Alalcomen.'e, a city of BoBotia, where
some suppose that Minerva was bom.

Alalia, a town of Coreica, built by a
colony of Phocaeans, destroyed by Scipio,
562 B. C. and afterwards rebuilt by Sylla.
Alamanes, a statuary of Athens, disci-
ple of Phidias.

ALAMANifi, or Alemakni, a people of
Germany, near the Hercynian forest.
They were very powerful, and inimical to
Rome.

Alan I, a people of Sarmatia, near the
Palus MoBotis, who were said to have
twenty -six different languages.
Alares, a people of Pannonia.
Alaricus, a famous king of the Goths,
who plundered Rome in the reign of Ho-
norius. He was greatly respected for his
military valor, and during his reign he
kept the Roman empire in contmual
alarms. He died after a reign of thirteen
years, A. D. 410.

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Alabodii, a nation near Pontus.

Alastor, a 8on of Neleus and Chloris.

An arm-bearer to Sarpedon, king of

Lycia, killed by Ulysses. One of Plu-
to's horses when he carried away Proser-
pine.

Alauo jc, soldiers of one of Cesar's le-
gions in Gaul.

Alazon, a river flowing from mount
Caucasus into the Cyrus, and separating
Albania from Iberia.

Alba Stltius, son of Latinus Svlvius.
succeeded his father in the kingdom of

Latium, and reigned thirty-six years.

Longa, a city of Latium, built by Asca-
nius, B. C. 115Q, on the spot where ^neas
found, according to the prophecy of Hel-
enus, and of the god of the river, a white
sow with thirty young ones. It was call-
ed Longa because it extended along the
hill Albanus. Alba, which had long been
the powerful rival of Rome, was destroyed
by the Romans 665 B. C. and the inhabit-
ants were carried to Rome. A city of

the Marsi in Italy. Pompeia, a city of

Liguria.

Albani and Albenses, names applied
to the inhabitants of the two cities of
Alba.

Albania, a country of Asia, between
the Caspian sea and Iberia. The inhab-
itants are said to have their eyes all blue.
Some maintain that they followed Her-
cules from mount Albanus in Italy, when
he returned from the conquest of Geryon.

The Caspian sea is called ^Ibaimm,

as being near Albania.

Albanus, a mountain with a lake in
Italy, sixteen miles from Rome, near Al-
ba. It was on this mountain that the
LatijuB feruB were celebrated with great
solemnity. The word taken adjectively,
is applied to such as are natives of, or be-
long to, the town of Alba.

Albia Terentia, the mother of Otho.

Albici, a people of Gallia Aquitana.

Albietjc, a people of Latium.

Albigaunvm, a town of Liguria.

Albini, two Roman orators of Kreat
merit, m'entioned by Cicero in Brut. This
name is common to many tribunes of the
people.

AlrinoyanusCelsus. Fui. Celsus.

Pedo, a poet contemporary with Ovid.
He wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic
poetry in a style so elegant that he merit-
ed the epithet of divine.

Albintemelium, a town of Lignria.

Albinus, was born at Adrumetum in
Africa, and made governor of Britain, by
Commodus. After the murder of Perti-
nax, he was elected emperor by the sol-
diers in Britain. Albinus was slain by
order of Severus, A. D. 198. He was
famous for bis voracious appetite, and
sometimes eat for li^akfast no less than
five hundred figs, one hundxed peaches.

twenty pounds of dry raisins, ten melons,

and four huncired oysters. A pretorian

sent to Sylla, as ambassador from the
senate during the civil wars. He was

put to death by Sylla's soldiers. An

usurer. A Roman plebeian who receiv-
ed the vestals into his chariot in prefer-
ence to his family, when they fled from

Rome, which the Gauls had sacked.

A. Posthumus, consul with Lucullus, A.
U. C. 603, wrote an history of Rome in
Greek.

Albion, son of Neptune by Amphitrite,
'came into Britain, where he established a
kingdom, and first introduced astrology
and the art of building ships. He was
killed at the mouth of the RhonQ, with
stones thrown by Jupiter, because be op-
posed the passage of Hercules. The

greatest island of Europe, now called
Great Britain. The ancients compared its
figure to a long buckler, or to the iron of
a hatchet.

Albib, a river of Germany falling into
the German ocean, and now called the
Elbe.

Albius, a man, father to a fkmous

spendthrift. A name of the poet Ti-

buUuB.

Albucilla, an immodest woman.

Albula, the ancient name of the river
Tiber.

Albunea, a wood near Tibur and the
river Anio, sacred to the Muses. It re-
ceived its name from a Sibyl, called also
Albunea, worshipped as a goddess at Ti-
bur, whose temple still remains.

Alburnus, a lofty mountain of Luca-
nia, where the Tanager takes its rise.

Albus Pagus, a place near Sidon,
where Antony waitea for the arrival of
Cleopatra.

Albutiub, a prince of Celtilmria, to
whom Scipio restored his wife. A sor-
did man, father to Canidla. A rheto-
rician in the age of Seneca. An an-
cient satirist. Titus, an epicurean phi-
losopher, born at Rome j so fond of Greece
and Grecian manners, that he wished
not to pass for a Roman. It is supposed
that he died at Athens.

Alcjeus, a celebrated lyric poet, of
Mitylene in Lesbos, about six hundred
years before the Christian lera. He fled ,
from a battle, and his enemies hung irp,.
in the temple of Minerva, the armor which
he left in the field, as a monument of his
disgrace. He is the inventor of alcaic
verses. He was contemporary to the fa-
fhmous Sappho, to whom he paid his ad-
dresses. A poet of Athens, said by

Suidas to be the inventor of tragedy.

A writer of epigrams. A comie poet.

A son of Androgens, who went with

Hercules into Thrace, and was made

king of part of the country. A son of

Hercules by the maid^ of Ompliale.— — A

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son of Perseus, father of Aniphitr>-on and
Anaxo. From him Henules has been
called Alcides.

Alcamenes, one of the Ag;idie, king of
Sparta, known by his apophthegms. He
succeeded his father Teleclus, and reign-
ed thirty-seven years. The Helots re-
belled in his reign. A general of the

Achsans. A statuary, who lived 448

B. C. and was distinguished for his stat-
ues of Venus and Vulcan. The com-
mander of a Spartan fleet, put to death by
the Athenians.

Alcander, an attendant of Sarpedon,

killed by Ulysses. A Lacedsemonian

youth, who accidentally put out one of
' the eyes of Lycurgus, and was generously

forgiven by the sage. A Trojan killed

by Turn us.

Alcaxdbe, the wife of Polybius, a rich
Theban.

Alc ANOR, a Trojan of mount Ida, whose
sons Pandarus and Qitias followed JEneaB

into Italy. A son of Phorus, killed by

iEneas.

Alcathoe, a name of Megara in Attica,
because rebuilt by Alcathous son of Pelops.

Alcathol'8, a son of Pelops, who being
Buspected of murdering his brother Chry-
sippus, came to Megara, where he killed
a lion, which had destroyed the king's
son. He succeeded to the kingdom of
Megara, and, in commemoration of his
services, festivals, called Aicathoia, were

instituted at Megara. A Trojan who

married Hlppodamia, daughter of Anchi-
ses. He was killed in the Trojan war, by

Idomeneus. A son of Parthaon, killed

by Tydeus. A friend of Mnena killed

in the Rutulian war.

Alce, one of Actaeon's dogs. A tonfn

of Spain, which surrendered to Gracchus,
now JSlcazar, a little above Toledo.

Alcerob, an Argive, who along with
Chromius survived the battle between
three hundred of his countrymen and
three hundred Lacedemonians.

AxcssTE, or Alcestis, daughter of Pe-
lias and Anaxibia, married Admetua.
She, with her sisters, put to death her fa^
ther, that he might be restored to youth
and vigor by Medea, who, however, re-
fused to perform ber promise. Upon this,
the sisters fled to Aametus, who married
Alceate. They were soon pursued by an
army headed by their brother Acastus;
and A^nietus being taken prisoner, was
redeemed from death, by the generous of-
fer of his wife, who was sacrificed in his
stead to appease the shades of her fa-
ther.

Alcetas, a king of the Molossi, de-
scended from Pyrrhus, the son of Achil-
les. A general of Alexander's army,

brother to Perdiccas. The eighth king

of Macedonia, who reigned twenty-nine
years."— An historian, who wrote an

account of every thing that had been ded-
icated in the temple of Delphi. A eon

of Ar}'bas, king of Epjrus.

Alchidas, a Rhodian, who became en-
amored of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles,

Alchimachus, a celebrated painter.

Alcibiades, an Athenian general, fa-
mous for his enterprising spirit, versatile
genius, and natural foibles. He was dis-
ciple to Socrates, whose lessons and ex-
ample checked, for a while, his vicious
propensities. He died in the forty-sixth
year of his age, 404 B. C. after a life of
perpetual difliculties. If the fickleness of
his countrymen had known how to retain
among them the talents of a man who
distinguished himself, and was admired
wherever he went, they might have risen
to greater splendor, and to the sovereignty
of Greece.

Alcidahas, of Cos, father to Ctesilla,
who was changed into a dove. A cele-
brated wrestler. A philosopher and or-
ator, who wrote a treatise on death. He
was pupil to Gorglas, and flourished B. C.
434.

Alcidamea was mother of Bunus by
Mercury.

Algid AVI das, a general of the Messe-
nians, who retired to Rhegium, after the
taking of Ithome by the Spartans, B. C^
723.

Alcidamus, an Atheniait rhetorician,

Alcidas, a Lacedemonian, sent with
twenty-three galleys against Corcyra, in
the Peloponnesian war.

Alcides, a name of Hercules, from his
strcTigthy aXxogj or from his grandfather
Alceus. A surname of Minerva in Ma-
cedonia.

Alcidick, the mother of Tyro, by Sal-
moneus.

Alcimachds, an eminent painter.

Alcimeds, the mother of Jason, by
iEson.

Alcimedoit. a plain of Arcadia, With a
cave, the residence of Akimedon, whose
daughter Phillo was ravished by Hercu-
les. An excellent carver.- — A sailor,

&c.

Alcimenes, a tragic poet of Megara.
A comic writer of Athens. An at-
tendant of Demetrius. A man killed

by his brother Bellerophou.

Alcimus, an historian of Sicily, who
wrote an account of Italy. An orator,

Alcinoe, a daughter of Sthenelus son
of Perseus.

Alcixob. Fid. Alcenor.

ALciifOTjs, son of Nausithous and Peri-
bcBa, was king of Phcacia, and is praised
for his love of agriculture. He married
his niece Arete, by whom he had several
sons and a daughter Naueicaa.- — A son

of Hippocoon. A man of Plis. A

philosopher in the stcond century, who
wrote a book De doctrina riaiouis.

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Abcioifcus, a man killed by Perseus.

Alciphron, a philosopher of Magnesia,
in the age of Alexander.

Alcifpe, a daiighter of the god Mars,
by Agraulos. She waa ravished by Ila-

lirrhotius. The wife of Metion, and

mother to Cupalamus. — The daughter of
CEnomaus, and wife of Evenus, by whom
she had Marpessa.

Alcitpus, a reputed citizen of Sparta,
banished by his enemies.

Alcis, a daughter of ^Sgj'ptus.

Alcithoje, a Thehan woman who ridi-
culed the orgies of Bacchus. She was
cjianged into a bat, and the spindle and
yarn with which she worked, into % vine
and ivy.

Alcm.«o?t, was son of the prophet
Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. His father
going to the Theban war, where, accord-
&g to an oracle, he was to perish, charged
hini ,to revenge his death upon Eripliyle,
who* bad betrayed him. As soon as he
heard of his father's death, he murdered
his mother, for which crime the Furies
persecuted him till Phlegeus purified him
and gave him his daughter Alphesibxa in
marriage. AlcmiBon gave her the fatal
collar which his mother had received to
betray his father, and afterwards divorced
her, and married Callirhoe the daughter
of Achelous, to whom he promised the
necklace he had given to Alphesiboea.
When he attempted to recover it, Alphe-
siboaa's brothers murdered him on ac-
count of the treatment he had shown their
sister, and left his body a prey to dogs and
wild beasts. Alcraaeon's children by Cal-
lirhoe revenged their father's death by

killing his murderers. A son of iEgyp-

tus, th& husband of Hippomedusa. A

philosopher, disciple to Pythagoras, bom
in Crotona. He wrote on physic, and he
was the first who dissected animals to
examine into the structure of the human

frame. A son of the jwet yEschylus,

the 13th archon of Athens. A son of

Syllus, driven from Messenia with the
rest of Nestor's family, by the Heraclidie.
He came to Athens, and from him the
Alcmsonidee are descended.

ALCM.«oifiD.f:, a noble family of Ath-
ens, descended from AlcmaRon,

Alcmait, a very ahcient lyric poet,
bom in Sardinia. He wrote, in the Doric
dialect, six books of verses, besides a play
called Colymbosas. He flourished B. C.
670, and died of the lousy disease. Some
of bis verses are preserved by Atheneeus
and others.

Alcmeita, was daughter of Electryon
king ef Argos, by' Anaxo. Her father
promised his crown and his daughter to
Amphitryon, if he would revenge the
death of his sons, who had been all killed,
except Licymnius, by the Teleboans, a
people of iEtolia, While Amphitryon was

gone against the iEtolians, Jupiter intro-
duced himself into Alcmena's bed in the
8hai>e of her future husband. Alcmena
became pregnant by Jupiter and after-
wards by her husband, and was delivered
of Hercules and Iphiclus. After Amphi-
tryon's death, Alcmena married Rhada-
manthus, and retired to OcaUa in Boeotia.

Alco.v, a famous archer, who one dky
saw his son attacked by a serpent, and
aimed at hi:n so dexterously that he kill-
ed the lie :i><t without hurting his son.

A silversmith. A son of Hippocoon.

A surgeon under Claudius^ who gain-
ed much money by his profession, in cur-
ing hernias and fractures. A son of

Mars. A son of Amycus.

Alcyone, or HALcvopfE, daughter of
iEolus, married Ceyx, who was drowned
as he was going to Claros to consult the
oracle. The gods apprised Alcyone, in a
djeam, of her husband's fate ; and on the
morrow she threw herself into the sea,
and w{is with her husband changed into

birds of the same name. One of the

Pleiades, daughter of Atlas. The

daughter of Evenus, carried away by

Apollo after her marriage. The wire

of Meleager. r-A town of Thessaly,

where Philip, Alexander's father, lost one
of his eyes.

Alcyone us, a youth of exemplary vir-
tue, son to Antigonus. A giant, brother

to Porphyrion. He was killed by Hercu-
les.

Alcyona, a pool of Greece, whose
depth th3 emperor Nero attempted in vain
to find.

Aldescus, a river of European Sarma-
tia, rising from the Riphoean mountains,
and falling into the northern sea.

Alduabis. Vid. Dubis.

Alea, a surname of Minerva, from her
temple, built by Aleus, son of Aphidas at

Tegjea in Arcadia. A town of Arcadia,

built by Aleus. It had three famous tem-
ples, that of Minerva, Bacchus, and Diana
the Ephesian.

Alebab, a tyrant of Larissa, killed by
his own guards for his cruelties.

Alebion and Dercynus, sons of Nep>
tune, were killed by Hercules, for steal-
ing his oxen in Africa.

Albcto, one of the Furies, is repre-
sented with flaming torches, her head
covered with serpents, and breathing ven-
geance, war, and pestilence.

Alector, succeeded his father Anaza-
goras in the kingdom of Argos, and was
father to Iphis and Capaneus.

ALECTRYoN,ayouth whom l^fars chang-
ed into a cock, for his negligence.

Alectus, a tyrant of Britain, in Diocle-
sian's reign, &c. He died 296 A. D.

Aleihs CAMftTs, a place in Lycia,
where Bellerophon fell from the horse Pe<
gasus.

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ALEMAirif I, or Alamakki, a people of
Germany.

Alemon, the father of Myscellus. He
built Crotona in Magna Grscia.

Alemusii, inhabitants of Attica, in
whose country there was a temple of
Ceres and of Proserpine.

Ale ITS, a place in the island of Cos.

Aleon, or Ales, a river of Ionia, near
Colophon.

Alese, a town of Sicily, called after-
wards Archonidion, after the founder.

Alesia, or Alexia, now Jllisej a famous
city of the Mandubri in Gaul, founded by
Hercules as he returned from Iberia, on a
high hill. J. Caesar conquered it.

Alesiuh, a town and mountain of Pe-
loponnesus.

Aletea, a son of iEgisthus, murdered
by Orestes.

Alethes, the first of the Heraclidae,
who was king of Corinth. ' He was son

of Hippotaa. 'A companion of iEneas.

described as a prudent and venerable ola
man.

Alethia, one of Apollo's nurses.

Aletidas, certain sacrifices at Athens,
in remembrance of Erigone, who wander-
ed with a dog after her father Icarus.

Alettuum, a town of Latium, whose in-
habitants are called Aletrinates.

Aletdm, a tomb near the harbor of
Carthage in Spain.

. A1.EUADJE, a royal family of Larissa in
Thessaly, descended from Aleuas king of
that country. They betrayed their coun<
try to Xerxes.

A1.EUS, a son of Apbidas king of Arca-
dia, famous for his skill in building tem- ^
plea.

Alex, a river in the country of the
Brutii.

Alezameitus, an iEtolian, who killed
Nabis, tyrant of Lacedaemon, and was
soon after murdered by the people.

Ajlexanoer Ist, son of Amyntas, was
the tenth kin;; of Macedonia. He reign-
ed 43 years, and died 451 B. C.

Alexander 2d, son of Amyntas 2d,
king of Macedonia, was treacherously
m'lrdered, B. C. 370, by his j'ounger
brother Ptolemy, who held the kingdom
for four years, and made way for Perdic-
cas and iPhilip.

Alexander 3d^ sumamed the Great,
was son of Philip and Olympias. He
was born B. C. 355, that night on which
the famous temple of Diana at Ephesus
was burnt by Erostratus. He was pupil
to Aristotle during five years^ and he re-
ceived his learned preceptor's instructions
with becoming ileference and pleasure,
and ever respected his abilities. When
Philip went to war, Alexander, in his 15th
year, was left governor of Macedonia,
where he quelled a dangerous sedition
and soon after followed his fithei* to the I

field, and saved his life in a battle. Ha
was highly offended when Philip di-
vorced Olympias to marry Cleopatra, and
he even caused the death of Attains, the
new queen's brother. After this he re-
tired from court to his mother Olympias,
but was* recalled ; and when Philip was
assassinated, he punished his murderers ;
and, by Iris prudence and moderation,
gained the atfection of his subjects. He
conquered Thrace and Illyricum, and de-
stroyed Thebes ; and after he had been
chosen chief commander of all tlw forces
of Greece, he declare^ war against the
Persians, who under Darius and Xerxes
had laid waste and plundered the noblest
of the Grecian cities. With 32,000 foot
and 5,000 horse, he invaded Asia, and
after the defeat of Darius at the Granicus,
he conquered all the provinces of Asia
Minor. He obtained two other celebrated
victories over Darius at Issus and Arbela,
took Tyre after an obstinate siege of seven
months, and the slaughter of 2.000 of
the inhabitants in cool blood, ana made
himself master of Egypt, Media, Syria,
and Persia. His conquests were spread
over India, where he fought with Porus, a
powerful king of the country^ and after he
had invaded Scythia, and visited^e In-
dian Ocean, he retired to Babylon^oaded
with the spoils of the east. His entering
the city was foretold by the magicians aa
fatal, Und their prediction was fulfilled.
He died at Babylon the 21st of April, in
the thirty-second year of his age, after
a reign of twelve years and eight months
of brilliant and continued success, 323 B.
C. His death was so premature that some
have attributed it to the efiects of poison,
and excess of drinking. Alexander was
always forward in every engagement, and
bore the labors of the field as well as the
meanest of his soldiers. During his con-^
quest in Asia, he founded many cities,
which he called Alexandria. When he
had conquered Darius, he ordered him^
self to be worshipped as a god ; and Callis*
thenes, who refused to do it, was shame>
fully put to death. His victories and suc-
cess increased his pride ; he dressed him-
self in the Persian manner, and gave him-
self up to pleasure and dissipation. He
set on fire the town of Persepolis, in a fit
of madqess and intoxication, encouraged
by the courtesan Thais. On his death-
bed he gave his ring to Pcrdiccas, and it
was supposed that by this singular pres-
ent, he wished to make him his succes-
sor. Some time before his death, his of-
ficers asked him whom he appointed to
succeed him on the throne? an41 he an-
swered, the worthiest among you ; but I
am afraid, acUIed he, my best friends will
perform my funeral obsequies with bloody
hands. Alexander, with all his pride,
was humane and liberal, easy aJid familiar

litizedb^OOgle

witli bis fiieilds, and a great patron of
learning, iic was brave otlen to rash-
ness i he frequently lamented that his
father conquered every thing, and left him
nothing to do ; and exclaimed, in all the
pride of regal dignity, Give me kings for
competitors, and I will enter the lists at
Olympia. All his family and infant chil-
dren were put to d^th by Cassander.

A son of Alexander the Great, by

Boxane, put to death, with his mother, by
Cassander. — A man, who, after the expul-
sion of Telestes, reigned in Corinth.

A son of Cassander, king of Macedonia,
who reigned two years conjofntly with his
brother Antipater. Demetrius, the ion of

Antigonus, put him to death. A king

of Epirus, brother to Olympias, and suc-
cessor to Arybas. He was surnamed Mo-

lossus. A son of Pyrrhus, was king of

Epirus. He conquered Macedonia, from

which he was expelled by Demetrius.

A king of Syria, driven from his king-
dom by Nicanor^ son of Demetrius Soter,
and his fatlier-m-law Ptolemy Philome-

tor. A king of Syria, first called Bala,

was a merchant, and succeeded Demetri-
us. Ptolemy was one of the Ptolemean

kings in Egypt. His mother Cleopatra,
raised him to the throne, in preference to
his brother Ptolemy Lathunis, and reign-
ed coii^intly with him. Cleopatra, how-
ever, expelled him, and soon after recall-
ed him : and Alexander, to prevent being
expelled a second time, put her to death,
and for this unnatural action was himself
murdered by one of his subjects. Ptole-
my 2d, king of Eg}'pt, was son of the pre-
ceding. He was murdered by his subjects.

Ptolemy 3d, was king of Egj'pt^ after

his brother Alexander the last mentioned.
After a peaceful reign, he was banished
by his subjects, and died at Tyre, B. C. 66.

A youth, ordered by Alexander the

Great to climb the rock Aaomus, with
thirty other youths. He was killed in the

attempt. An Epicurean philosopher.

A governor of i£olia, who assembled a

multitude on pretence of showing them
an uncommon spectacle, ^nd confined
them till they had each bought their lib-
erty with a sum of money. A name

given to Paris, son of Priam. Jannteus.

n king of Jud^a, son of Hyrcanus, and
brother of Aristobulus, who reigned as a
tyrant, and died through excess of drink-
ing, B. C. 79. A Paphlagonian who

gained divine honors by his magical tricks
and impositions. He died seventy years

old. A native of Oaria, in the third

century, who wrote « commentary on the

writings of Aristotle. A peripatetic

philosopher, said to have been preceptor

to Nero. A poet of Ephesus, who wrote

a poem on astronomy and geography.r

A Thessalian, who, as he was going to en-
gage in a naval battle, gfive to liio aoldierv

a great number of missile weapons, and
ordered them to dart them continually
upon the enemy, to render their numbers

useless. A governor of Lycia, who

brought a reinforcement of troops to Alex-
ander the Great.' — ^A Spartan, killed
with two hundred of his soldiers by tM
Argives, when he endeavored to prevent
their passing through the country of Te-

gea. A cruel tyrant of Pherse, in Thes-

saly, who made war against the Macedo-
nians, and took Pelopidas prisoner. He

was murdered, B. C. 357, by his wife.

Severn s, a Roman emperor.

Alexandra, the name of some queens

of Judfea. A nurse of Nero. — A name

of Cassandra, because she assisted man-
kind by her prophecies.

Alexandri arjc, the boundaries, accor-
ding to some, of Alexander's victories,
near the Tanais.

Alexandria, the name of several cities
which were founded by Alexander, during
his conquests in Asia ; the most famous
are — A great and extensive city, built
B. C. 332, by Alexander, on the we^ern
side of the Delta. The illustrious foun-
der intended it not only for the capital of
Egypt, but of his immense conquests, and
the commercial advantages which its sit-
uation commanded continued to improve
from the time of Alexander till the inva-
sion of the Saracens in tlie seventh centu-
ry. Alexandria is famous, among other
curiosities, for the large library which the
pride or learning of the Ptolemies had col-
lected there, at a vast expense, from all
parts of the earth. It has likewise been
distinguished for its schools, not only of
theology and philosophy, but of physic.

Another in Albania, at the foot of

mount Caucasus. Another in Aracho-

sia, in India. The capital of Aria, be-
tween Hecatompylon and Bactra An-
other of Carmania, Another in Ci-

licia, on the confines of Syria. An-
other, the capital of Margiana. Another

of Troas, &c.

Alexandrina aqua, baths in Rome,
built by the emperor Alexander Sevenis.

Alexandropolis, a city of Parthia,
built by Alexander the Great.

Alexanor, a son of Machaon, who built
in Sicyon a temple to his grandfather JEa-
culapius, and received divine honors after
death.

Alexarchus, a Greek historian.

Alex AS, of Laodirea, was recommend-
ed to M. Antony by Timagenes. He was
the cause that Antony repudiated Octavia
to marry Cleopatra.

Alexia, or Alesia. Vid, Alesia.

ALExicACt79, a sumanw given to Apollo
by the Athenians, because he delivered
them from the plague during the Pelopon-
nesian war.

Als^incs, a disciple of £Iubulide« the

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Vilesian, fkmous for the acatenes9 of hia
fenius and judgment, and for his fond-
ness Cor contention and argumentation.

Alezion, a physician, intimate with
Cicero.

Alsxipfus, a physician of Alexander.

Ale&iraes, a son of Hercules by Hebe.

A place of BiBotia, where Alexiraes

was born, bears also this name.

ALfixiRHOJi, a daughtei of the river
Granicus.

A1.BXIS, a man of Samos, who endea-
vored to ascertain, by his writings, the

borders of his country. A comic poet,

33S B. C. of Thurium, who wrote two

hundred and fo/ty-five comedies. A

servant of Asinius Pollio. A statuary,

disciple to Polycletes, ei^ty-seven Olym.
A acbool-fellow of Atticus.

Alex ON, a native of Myndos, who
wrote fables.

Alfaterna, a town of Campania, be-
yond mount Vesuvius.

P. ALFEifus Varus, a native of Cremo-
na, who raised himself from his original
profession of a cobbler, to offices of trust
at Rome, and at last became consul.

Aloioum, a town of Latium near Tus-
culum, about twelve miles from Rome.
There is a mountain of the same name in
the neighborhood.

Aliacmoit and Haliacmoit, a river of
Macedonia, separating it from Thessaly.

Aliartum, a city of Boeotia, taken by
M. Lucretius.

Aliartus and Haliartus, a town of

Boeotia, near the river Perniessus.

Another in Peloponnesus, on the coast of
Messenia.

A LI CIS, a town of Laconia. A tribe

of Athens.

Aliei*U8 Cjeciiva, a questor in Bffiotia,
appointed, for his services, commander of
a legion in Germany, by Galba.

Alifje, Alifa, or Alipha, a town of
Italy, near the Vultumus, famous for the
making of cups.

Aliljei, a people of Arabia Felix.

Alimentus, C. an historian in the sec-
ond Punic war.

Alindj:, a town of Caria.

Alipheria, a town of Arcadia, situate
on a hill.

Alirrothius, a son of Neptune. Hear-
ing that his fkther had been defeated by
Minerva, in his dispute about giving a
name to Athens, he went to the citadfel,
and endeavored to cut down the olive,
which had sprung from the ground, and
given the victory to Minerva j but in the
attempt he missed his aim, and cut his
own legs so severely that he instantly ex-
pired.

T. Alledius Ssverus, aRoman knight
who married his brother's daughter to
please Agrippina.—- ^4 noted glutton in
I reign.

Allia, a river of Italy, Ihlling Into the
Tiber.

Alliewos, a pretor of 6ici}y, under
Caesar.

Allobroges, a warlike nation of Gaul
near the Rhone, in that part of the coun-
try now called Savoy, Dauphiii6, and Vi-
varais.

Allobryoes, a people of Gaul supposed
to be the same as the Allobroges.
I Allotrioes, a nation on the southern
parts of Spain.

Allutius, or Albctius, a prince of the
Celtiberi, to whom Scipio restored the
beautiful princess he had taken in battle.

Almo, a small river near Rome, falling
into the Tiber.

ALUoif, the eldest of the sons of Tyr-
rhus. He was the first Rutulian killed by
the Trojans.

Aloa, festivals at Athens- in honor of
Bacchus and Ceres, by whose beneficence
the husbandmen received the recompense
of their labors.

Alobus, a giant, son of Titan and Ter-
ra. He married Iphimedia, by whom
Neptune had the twins, Othus and Ephi-
altus. Aloeus educated them as his own,
and from that circumstance they have been
called AUtides.

Aloides and Aloidje, the sons of Alo-
eus. Vid. Aloeus.

Alope, daughter of Cercyon, king of
Eleusis, changed into a fountain by Nep-
tune. One of the Harpies.

AtoFECE, an island in the Palus Maeo^

tis. Another in the Cimmerian Bospho-

rus. Another in the iBgean sea, oppo^

site Smyrna.

Alopeces, a small village of Attica^
Socrates and Aristides were born there.

Alopius, ason of Hercules and Antiope

Alo9, a town of Achaia.

Alotia, festivals in Arcadia,' in com->
memoration of a victory gained over Lace-
dsmon by the Arcadians.

Alfe^vus, the capital of Locris, at the
north of Thermopylae.

Alpes, mountains that separate Italy
from Spain, Gaul, Rhietia, and Germany;
considered as the highest ground in Eu-
rope.

Alpheia, a surname of Diana in Elis.

A surname of the nymph Arethusa,

because loved by the Alpheus.

Alphewor, one of Niobe's sons.

Alvhenus. Vid. Alfenus.

Alphesibo:a, daughter of the river Phle-
geus, married Alcmson, son of Amphia>
raus, who had fled to ner father's court
after the murder of his mother. She re*
ceived as a bridal present, the .filmons
necklace which Polynices had given to
Eriphyle, to induce her to betray her
husband Amphiaraus. Alcmteon, being
persecuted by the manes of his mother,
left his wife by dtdor of the oracle, and

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ntired near the Acbeioos, wbose daughter
Callirhoe had two sons by him, and beg-
ged of him, as a present, the neclclace
whith was then in the hands of Alpliesi-
bcaa. HW endeavored to obtain it, and wvm
killed by Temenus and Aiiou, Alpliesi-
IxBa's brothers, who thus revenged their
«ister. who had been so innocently aban-
doned.

Alphesiboeus, a shepherd, often men-
tioned in' Virgil's eclogues.

Alfheus, now ^Ipheo^ a famous river of
Peloponnesus, which rises in Arcadia, and
after passing through Elis falls into the sea.
Hercules made use of the Alpheus to clean
the stables of Augeas.

Alphius, or Alfeus, a celebrated usu-
rer of Rome.

Alphiub Atitub, a writer in the ajre of
Sevenis, who gave an account of illustri-
ous men, and an history of the Carthagin-
ian war.

Alpinus, belonging to the Alps.

Alpinus (Cornelius,) a contemptible
poet, whom Horace ridicules for the awk-
ward manner in which be introduces the
death of Memnon in a tragedy, and the
■pitiful style with which he describes the
JShine, in an epic poem he had attempted

on the wars in Germany. ^Julius, one of

the chiefs of the Helvetii.

Alpis, a small river falling into the
Danube,

Alsium, a maritime town at the west of
the Tiber, now Statua.

Axsus, a river of Achaia in Peloponne-
sus, flowing fVom mount Sipylus. A

shepherd daring the Rutulian wars.

AvTHMAf dauf^ter of Thestius and Eu-
rythemis, married QBnttus, king of Caly-
don, by whom she had many children,
among whom was Meleager. When Al-
thaea brou^t forth Meleager, the Parcae
placed a log of wood in the fire, and said,
that as long as it was preserved, so long
would the life of the child just born be
prcdonged. The mother saved the wood
from the flames, and kept it very careful-
ly ; but when Meleager killed his two un-
cles. Althaea's brothers, Altbea, to revenge
their death, threw the log Into the fire,
-and as soon as it was burnt, Meleager ex-
pired.

Altm.cmeives, a son of Creteui king of
Crete, who ignorantly killed his own fa-
ther. When Althffimenes knew that he
had killed his father, he entreated the
gods to remove him, and the earth imme-
'diately opened, and swallowed him up.

ALTiifUM, a flourishing city of Italy
near Aquileia, famous for its wool.

Alti9, a sacred grove round Jupiter^s
temple at Olympla, where the statues of
the Olympic conquerors were placed.

Altus, a city of Pejci^onnesus.

Alurtium, a town of Sicily.

ALUS, Aluus, and Halus, a village of

Arcadia, called also the temple of iflscn-;
lapius.

Alyattes I. a king of Lydia, descend-
ed from the Heraclidae. He reipued fifty-
seven jears. — II. king of L} dia, of the fam-
ily of the Mermnada;, was father to Crce-
sus. He died when engaged in a war
against Miletus, after a reijrn of thirty -five
years). ' An eclipse of the sun terminated a
t»attle between him and Cyaxares.

Alyba, a cottiMry near Mysia.

Alycjea, a town of Arcadia.

ALYCKt's, son of Sciron, was killejl by
Theseus, A place in Me^ra received its
name from him.

Alymon, the hufiband of Circe.

Alyssus, a fountain of Arcadia, whose
waters could cur^ the btte of a mad dop.

Alyxothoe, or Alexibhoe, daughter
of Dymus, was motlier of ^sacus by
Priam.

Altzia, a« town of Acarnania on the
western mouth of the Acbelous, opposite
to the Echinadcs.

AuAoocua, a king of Thrace, defeated
by his antagonist i?euthes.

Amaoe, a queen of Farmatin, remarka-
ble for her justice and fortitude.

Amalth-ea, daughter of Melissus king

of Crete, fed Jupiter with goat's milk.

A J^ibyl of CumiE, called also Hierophile
and Demopliile. She is supposed to be the
same who brought nine books of prophe-
cies to Tarquin king of Rome.

Amaltheum, a public place which Atti-
cus had ofiened in his country-house, call-
ed Anialthea in Epirus, and provided with
every thing which could furnish enter-
tainment and convey instruction.

Amana, or Amakus, part of mount Tau-
rus in Cilicia.

Cn. Sal. Amandus, a rebel general
under Dioclesian, who assumed imperial
honors, and was at last conquered by Dio-
clesian's colleague.

Amantes, or Amatttiwi, a people of II-
lyrlcum descended from the Abantes of
Phocis.

Amanus, one of the deities worshipped

In Armenia and Cappadocia. A naoun-

tain of Cilicia.

Amaracus, an oflicer of Cinyras, chang-
ed into marjoram.

Amardi, a nation near the Caspian sea.

AuARTus, a city of Greece.

Amaryllis, the name of a country wo-
man in Virgil's eclogues.

Amartnceus, a king of the Epeans,
buried at Buprasium.

Am ART wTHcs, a village of Eubsa whence
Diana is called Amarysia, and her festi-
vals in that town Amarynthia. Euboea

is sometimes called Amarynthus.

Amas, a mountain of Laconia.

Amabenus, a small river of Latium fall-
ing into the Tyrrhene sea.

Auasia, h city of Pontoa, where Mitbri-

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dates the Great, and Strabo the feograpber,
were born.

AifAsis, a man who, from a common
soldier, became king of Egypt. When
Cambyaes came into Egypt, he ordered the
tiody of Amasis to be dug ap, and to be in-
sulted and burnt. ^A man who led the

Persians against the inhabitants of Baroe.

Amasteis, the wife of Dionyaius the
tyrant of SicUy, was Bister to Darkis, whom

Alexander conquered. Also, the wife

of Xerxes king of'Peraia. A city of

Paphlagonia, on the Euxine sea.

Amastbus, one of the auxiliaries of
Perses^ killed by Argus, son of Ph^zus.
A tHend of iEneas, killed bj Ca-
milla.

Amata, the wife of king Latinus. When
her daughter was given in marriage to
iEneas, she hung herself to avoid the sight
of her son-in-law.

Amathus, now JUsmmo, a city on the
southern side of the island of Cyprus, pv
ticulaiiy dedicated to Venus.

Amaxampxus, a fiNintain of Scythia,
whose waters embitter the stream of the
river Hypanis.

Amaxia, or AuAxiTA, an ancient town

of Troas. A place of Cilicia, abounding

with wood fit for building ships.

Amaesitss, or MAsnicsfl, a prince of
the island of Oaractus, who sailed for
some time with the Macedonians and
Nearchus in Alexander's expedition into
the east.

Amazorbs, or AMAzomDB8,anattonof
femous women who lived near the river
Thermodon in Cappadocia. All their life
was employed in wars and manly exer-
cises. They founded an extensive empire
in Asia MinOT, along the shores of the^
Euxine, and near the Thermodon. The
Amazons of Africa flonrished long before
the Trojan war, and many of their actions
have been attributed to those of Asia. It
is said, that after thev had almost subdued
all Asia, they invaded Attica, and wen
conquered by Theseus. Their most A-
moua actions. were their expedition against
Priahi, and afterwards the assistance they
gave him durhig the Trojan war; and
their invasion of Attica, to punish 'Hie*
sens, who had carried away Antiope, one
of their queens. Among their queens,
Hippolyte, Antiope, Lampeto, Marpesia,
&c. are famous. The Amazons were such
expert archers, that, to denote the good-
ness of a bow or quiver, It was usual to
call it Amazonian.

Alazonia, a celebrated mistress of the

emperor Commodus. The coun^ of

the Amaxons, near the Caspian sea.

Amazonium, b place in Attica, where
Theseus obtained a victory over the Ama-
zqns.

AvAcoHiTTi, a surname of ApoUo at

. Ambarri, a people of Oailla CelticSi oa
the Arar, related to the iEdui.

Ambaktalia, a joyful procession round
tl|p ploughed fields, in honor of Ceres tiie
goddess of com.

Ambbros, a mountain of European Sar-

Ambialitxs, a people of Gallia Celtics^

AuBiARuu, a town of Belgium, now
Andena:

Ambiathvum, a village of Germany,
where the emperor Calisula was bom.

Ambiqatus. a king of the Celts, in the
time of Tarquinius Priscus.

Ambiobix, a king of tlie Eburones in
Gaul. He was a great enemy to Rome,
and was killed in a battle with J. Cesart
in which sixtv thousand of his country-
men were slam.

Amblaoa, a town of Pisidia.

Ambbacia, a city of Epiras, near tho
Acheron, the residence oi idng Pyrrhus.
Augustus, after the battle of Aaium, call-
ed ft Nicopolis.

Ambbacius Siitqs, a bay of tlie Ionian
sea. near Amhracla, now called tin gulf
ofLarta.

AuBBi, an Indian nation.

Ambbonbs, certain nations of Gaul, who
lest their possessions by the inundation of
the 9ea, and lived upon rapine and plun>
der.

Ahbkosia, festivals observed in honor
of Bacchus, in some cities ift Greece.
They were the same as the Brumalia of

the Romans, Ode of the daushters of

Atlas, changed, into a constellation after

death. The food of the gods was called

ambrosia, and their drink nectar* The
word signifies immortal. It had the power
of giving immortality to all those who eat
it. It was sweeter than honev, and of a
most odoriferous smell. It had the power
of healing wounds. The gods used gen-
erally to perfume their hak with ambrnsia.

Akbbosius, bislK>p of Milan, obliged
tlie emperor Theodosius to make penance
for the murder of the people of Thessalon-
ica, and distinguished liimself by liis writ-
inga, especially agidnst the Arians.

Ambbtoit, a man who wrote the lilb of
Theocritus of Chios.

Ambbtssus, a city of Pliocis, which re-
ceives its name finun a hero of the same
name.

Ambttbajjb, Syrian womeri^of inimcmil
lives, who in the dissolute period of
Rome, attended festivals and assembliea
as minstrels.

Ambulli, a surname- of Castor and Pol-
lux, in Sparta.

Akelxs, a river tyf hell, whose watai*
no vessel could contain.

AMBrrAirus,ariverofSid]y,nearmoaat
ufitna, now QmdiuUo.

Am BiriDxa, a secretaiy of Darins the taiC
kingofPeraia;

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.38.

AiixKocLst, a Coiinthlan, said to be
tile first Grecian who built a ttaree-oared
falley at Samoa and Corinth.

AicKKLA, a city of Umbria, whose osiers
wexe famous for the binding of vines to
the elm trees.

Amsstratos, atown of Sicily, near the
Halesus. The Romans besieged it for
seven months, and it yielded at last after
u third siege, and the inhabitants were
sold as slaves.

Amestkis, qaeen of Persia, was wife to
Xerxes. She cruelly treatea the mother
of Artiante, her husband's mistress, and
cut off her nose, ears, lips, breast, tongue,
and eyebrows.

Ami DA, a city of Mesopotamia, besieged
and taken by Sapor, kin^ of Persia.

Amilcar, a Carthaginian general of
great eloquence and cunning, surnamed

Rhodanus. A Carthaginian, whom the

Syracusans called to their assistance
against the tyrant Agathocles, who be^
sieged their. city. He died in Syracuse,

B. C. 309. A Carthasinian, surnamed

^arcas, father to the caebrated AnnibaL
He .was killed in a batfle against (he Vet-
tones B. C. 237. He had formed the plan
of an invasion of Italy, by crossing the
Alps, wbich his son afterwards carried
into execution. His great enmity to the
Romans was the cause of the second Pu-
nic war. He used to say of his three sons,
that he kept three Kons to devour the Ro-
man power. A Carthaginian general,

who assisted the Insubres against Rome,

and was taken by Cn. Cornelius. A son

of Hanno.

Amilos, or Amilcj, a river of Mauri-
tania, where the elephants go to wash

themselves by moonshine. ^A town of

Arcadia.

Amimons, or AicTMOHB, a daughter of
Sanaue, cli^nged into a fountain which is
near Argos, and flows into the lake Lema

Amiicea, or Ammiitba, a part of Cam-
pania, where the inhabitants aro great
husbandmen. Its wine was highly es-
teemed. A place of Thessaly.

Aminias, a famous pirate, whom Anti-
jronus employed against Apoikdcans tyrant
of Cassandrea.

Amwius, a river of Arcadia.

Amikocles, a native of Corinth, who
flourished 705 B. C. &c.

AmsErTA^ a country of Cappadocia.

Amisias, a comic poet, whom -Aristo-
phanes ridiculed for his insipid verses.

Ami 88 AS, an oflicer of Megalopolis in
Alexander's army.

Amiternum, a town of Raly, wliere
Sallust was bom.

Amithaon, or Amtthaon, was father
to Melan^us the famous prophet.

Ammalo, a festival in honor of Jupiter
in Greece.

AifMiAifUfl. Ful. Marcellinus.

Ammoit and Hammoit, ft name of Ju'
piter, worshipped in Libya. The temple
of Jupiter Ammon was in the deserts of
Libya, nine days journey from Alexan-
dria. There were above one hundred
priests in the temple^ut only the elders
delivered oracles. There was also an

oracle gf Jupiter Ammon in itlthiopia.

A king of Libya, father to Bacchus, be
gave his name to the tfemple of Hammon.

Ammon and Vrothas, two brothers fa-
mous for their skill iniioxing.

Ammo If I A^ c name of Juno in Elis, as
being the wife of Jupiter Ammon.

Ammo Nil, a nation of Africa, who de-
rived their origin from the Egyptians and
iEthioI)ians.

Ammo Ni us, a Christian philosopher, who
opened a school of Platonic philosophy at

Alexandria, 2^ A. D. An Athenian

general surnamed Barcas. .

Ahmothea, one of the Nereides.

Amhias, ariver of Bithynia.

Ammsus, a port of Gnossus, at the
north of Crete, with a small river of tlie
same name.

Am(£bjeu8, an Athenian player of great
reputation.

Amqmetus, a Greek historian.

Amor, the son of Venus, was the god of
love.

Amoroes, a Persian general, killed in
Caria in the reign of Xerxes.

Amoroos, an i^and among the Cyclades,
where Simonides was bom.

Amfelds, a promontory of Samos.

A town of Crete, — Macedonia, — Lignria,
— and Cyrene.— ^A favorite of Bacchus,
son of a satvr and a nymph, made a con-
stellation after death.

Ampslusia, a promontory of Africa, in
Mauritania.

Amphea, a city of Messenia, taken by
tbe Lacedtemonians.

Amphialaus, a fkmoQB dancer in the
island of the Pbaeacians.

Amphianax, a king of Lyciaintbe time
of Acrisiusund ^ra>tu8.

Amphiaraus, son of Oicleus, or accord-
ing to others, of Apollo, by Hypermnestra,
was at the chase of the Calydoniah boar,
and accompanied the Argonauts in their
expedition. He was famous for his know-
ledge of futurity, and thence he is called
by some son of*^ Apollo. Amphiaraus re-
ceived divine honors after death, and had
a celebrated temple and oracle at Oropoa
in Attica. His statue was made of white
marble, and near his temple was a foun-
tain, whose waters were ever held sacred.
They only who had consulted his oracle,
or bad been delivered from a disease,
were permitted to bathe in it, after which
they threw pieces of gold and silver into
the stream.

Amphiaraides, a patronymic of Ale*
nueon, as being son of Amphiaraus.

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AnpfficiuTss, a historian who wrote
the Uves of Illustrious men.

AMFHicTroN, son of Deucalion and
Pyrrha, reigned at Athens after Cranaus,
and first attempted to give the interpreta-
tion of dreams, and to draw ome^s. Some
say, that the aeluge happened in his age.

The son of Helenus, who first est^-

lished the celebrated council of ttie Am-
yhictyons, composed of the wisest and most
virtuous men of some cittes of Greece.
Thi9 august assembly consisted of twelve
persons, originally sent by the following
states ; the lonians, Dorians, Perhaebians,
Bceotians, Magnesians, Phthians, Locri-
ans, Malians, Phocians, Thessalians, Do-
lopes, and the people of CEta. Other
cities in process of time sent also some of
their citizens to the council of the Am-
phictyons, and in the age of Antoninus
Pius, they were increased to the number
of thirty. They took into consideration
the matters of difierence between the
states of Greece.

Amphiclka, a town of Phocis, where
Bacchus had a temple.

Amphioaicus, a son of Alens, brother to
Lycurgus. He was of the family of the

Inachidae. One of the Argonauts.

A son of Busiris, killed by Hercules.

Amphidromia, a festival observed by
private families at Athens, the fifth day
after the birth of every child. It was cus-
tomary to run round the fire with a child
in their arms ; whence the name of the
festivals.

AMPHiosifiA, a town of Messenia in
Peloponnesus.

Amphilochus, a son of Amphiaraua and
Eriphyle. After the Trojan war he left
Argos his native country, and built Amphi-
lochus, a town of Epirus. An Athenian

philosopher who wrote upon agriculture.

Amphilttos, a soothsayer of Acarnania,
who encouraged Pisistratoa to seize the
sovereign power of Athens.

Amphima.ch£, a daughter of Amphida-
mus, wife of Eurystheus.

Ajcphimachus, one of Helen's suitors,
son of Cteatus. He went to the Trojan
war. A son of Actor and Tlieronice.

Amphimbdon, a Libyan killed by Per-
seus in the court of Cepheus. One of

Penelope's suitors killed by Telemachus.

Amphiitome, the name of one of the at-
tendants of Thetis.

AMPHiif CMOS, one of Penelope's suitors,
killed by Telemachus.

AicPHiiToMus and Aitapius, two broth-
ers, who, when Catana and the neighbor-
ing cities were in flames, by an eruption
from mount ifitna, saved their parents
upon their shoulders. The fire, as it is
said, spared' them while ^it consumed
others by their side ; and Pluto, to reward
their uncommon piety, placed them fifter
death in the island of Leace, and they re-
oetvea divine honors in Sicily.

AvPHioN, was 80^ of Jupiter, by Anti-
ope daugliter of Nycteus, who had mwi-
ried Lycus, and had been repudiated bf
him when he married Durce. Amphioa
was born at the same birth as Zethus, on
mount Citheron, where Antio{)e had fled
to avoid the resentment of Dirce ; and the
two children were exposed in the woods,
but preserved by a shepherd. When Am-
phion grew up, he cultivated poetrpr, and
made such an uncommon progress in mu-
sic, that he is said to have been the iu>-
ventor of it, and to have built the walla
of Thebes at the sound of his lyre. Mer-
cury taught him music, and ^ve him the
lyre. He was the first who raised an altof
to this god. 2^thu8 and Amphion united
to avenge the wrongs which their mother
had suffered from tlie cruelties of Dirce.
They besieged and took Thebes, put Ly-
cus to death, and tied his wife to the tail
of a wild bull, who dragged her through
precipices till she expired. The fable of
Amphion's moving stones and raising the
walls of Thebes at tlie sound of his lyre,
has been explained by supposing that he
persuaded, by his eloquence, a wild and
uncivilized people to unite together and
build a town to protect themselves against

the attacks of their enemies, A son of

Jasus king of Orcbomenoe, by Persephone
daughter of Mius. He .married NiobOb
daughter of Tantalus, by whom he had
many children, among whom was Chloris
the wife of Neleus. When Niobe boasted
herself greater, and more deserving of
immortality than Latona, all her children,
except Chloris, were destroyed by the ar-
rows of Apollo and Diana j Niobe herself
was changed into a stone, and Amphion

killed himself in a fit of despair. One

of the ArgonauU. A famous painter

and statuary, son of Acestor of Gnossus.
One of the Greek generals in the Tro-
jan war.

Amphipolbs, magistrates appointed at
Syracuse, by Timoleon, after the expul-
sion of Dionysius the younger. The office
existed for above three hundred years.

Amphipolis, a town on the Strymon,
between Macedonia and Thrace. An
Athenian colony under Agnon, son of
Nicias, dtove the ancient inhabitants,
called Edonians, from the country, and
built a city, which they called Amphipo-
lis, i. e. a town surrounded on all sides,
because the Strymon flowed all around it.
It has been also called Acra, Strymon,
Ifyrica, Eion, and tlie town of Mars. It
was the cause of many wars between the
Athenians and Spartans.

Amphiptros, a surname of Diana, be-
cause she^carrics a torch in botkher hands.

Amphirkttjs, a man of Acanthus, who
artfully escaped from pirates who had
made him prisoner.

AMrtiiRoa, one of the Oceanides.

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AaffHii, a Greek eomla poet of Athens,
•on of Amphicrates, contemporary with
rlato. Besides his comedies, he wh)te
other pieces, which are now lost.

AicpHi SB jsTTA, a two-headed serpent in
the deserts of Libya, whose bite was ven-
ojnone and deadly.

, Amphissa, or IssA, a daughter of Ma-
(carens, beloved bv Apollo. She gave her
name to a city or Lqcris near Phocis, in
which wa« a temple of Minerva.— -A
lown of the Bnitii on the east coast.

Amphisibnk, a country of Armenia.

Amphissus, a son of Dryope.

Amphistmenxs, a Lacedosmonian, whe
feu delirious in saerifiting to Diana.

Ampuistipbs, a man so naturally des*
tituCb of intellects, that he seldom remem-
bered that he ever had a father. He
wished to learn arithmetic, but never
eould comprehend beyond the figure 4.

AMPHisraATon and Rhecas, two men
of Laconia, chariotoMs to Castor and Pol-
lux.

Amphitba, the mother of ^gialeus, by
GyanippuB, and of three daughters, Ania,
Deipyle, and iEgialea, by Adrastus king
of Argos. She was daughter tb Pronax.

The wife of Autolycus, by whom she

had Anticlea, the wife of Laertes.

Ampmithxatbum, a large round or oval
buildins at Rome, where the people as-
sembled to see the combats of gladiators,
of wild beasts,, and other exhibitions.
The amphitheatres of Rome were gene-
rally built with wood : StatUius Taurus
was the first who maae one with stones,
under Augustus.

Amphithxmis, a Theban general, who
involved the liicediemonians in a war
with his country.

Ampmithoe, one of the Nereides.

Amphitritb, daughter of Oceanus and
Tethys, married Neptune, though she had
made a vow of perpetual celibacy. She
hadTby him Triton, one of the sea deities.
She had a statue at Corinth in the temple
of Neptune. She is sometimes called Sa-
latia, and is often taken for the sea Itself.
——One of the Nereides.

Amphitrtoiv, a Theban prince, son of
Alceus and Hipponome. His sister Anaxo
had married Electryon king of Mycenas,
whose sons were killed in a battle by the
Teleboans. Electryon promised his crown,
and daughter Alcmena, to him who coula
revenge the death of his sons upon the
Teleboans ; and Amphitryon offered him-
«elf, and was received, on condition that
he should not approach Alcmena before
he had obtained a victory. Jupiter, who
was captivated with the charms of Alc-
mena, borrowed the features of Amphi-
tryon, when he was gone to the war, and
introauced himself to Electryon's daugh-
ter, as li'er husband returned victorious.
Alcmena became pregnaqt of Hercules,

by Jupiter, and of Iphidus by Amphitryon,
after his retuni. When Amphitrjon re-
turned from the war, he brought back to
Electryon, the herds which the Teleboans
had taken from him. One of the cows
having strayed from the rest, Amphitry-
on, to bring them tc^ther, threw a stick,
which struck the horns of the cow, and
rebounded with such violence ujmn Elec-
tryon that he died on the spot. After
this accidenttd murder. -Sthenelus, Elec-
tryon*s brother, seized the kingdom of
Mycenee, and obliged Aihphkryon to )eave
Argolis, and' retire to Thebes with Alc-
mena. Cseon, king of Thebes, purified
him of the murder.

AicPHiTRTONiADEs, a sumame of Her-
cules, as the supposed son of Amphitryon.

AicPHiTUs, a priest of Ceres, at the
court of Cephetis.

AicpHOTXRUB was appointed command-
er of a fleet in the Hellespont by Alexan-
der. A son of Alcmteon.

Amphrtsus, a river of Thessaly, near
which Apollo, when banished firom hea-
ven, fe4 the flocks of king Admetus.
From this cirenmstance the god has been
called JtfnphryssiuSf and his priestess jSm-

pkryssia, A river of Phrygia whose

waters rendered women Iiable.to barren-
ness.

Ampia LABiBifA Lex was enacted by
T. Ampius and A. Labienus, tribunes of
the people, A. U. C. 693. It gave Pompey
the great the privilege of appearing in
triumphal robes and with a golden crown
at the Circensian games, and with a pr«-
texta and golden crown at theatrical
plays.

Ampracia. Fid. Ambracia.

Amptsides, a patronymic of Mopsq^,
aonof Ampyx.

AvpTx, a son of Pelias.

Amsactus, a lake in the country of the
Hfarpini, at the east of Capua, whose wa-
ters are so sulphureous that they infect
and destroy whatever animals come near
the place. It was through this place that
Vir^ made the fliry Alecto descend into
hell, after her visit to the upper regions.

Amduus, king of Alba, was son of Pro-
cas, and youngest brother to Numitor.
The crown belonged to Numitor by right
of birth ; but Amulius dispossessed him of
it, and even put to death his son Lausus,
and consecrated his daughter Rhea Sylvia
to the service of Vesta, to prevent her
ever becoming a mother. Yet, in spite
of all these precautions, Rhea became
pregnant by the god Mars, and brought
forth twins, Romulus and Remus. Amu-
lius, who was informed of this, ordered
the mother to be buried alive for violating
the laws of Vesta, which ei^oined per-
petual chastity, and the, two children to
be thrown into the river. They were
providentially saved by some shepherds.

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or, M others say, by a aha-wolf ; and when
they bad attained the years of loan hood,
ttiey put to death the usurper, Auiulius,
and restored the crown to their grand-
father. A celebrated painter.

Amtci Portus, a place in Pontus, fa-
mous for the death of Amycua king of the
Bebryce^ His tomb was covered with
laurels, whose boughs, as is reported,
when carried on board a ship, caused un-
common dissentions among the sailors.

Amvcla, a daughter of Niobe, who»
with her sister Melibosa, was spared by
Diana, when her mother boastea herself
greater than Diana.

Amtclx, a town of Italy between Cale-
ta and Tarracina, built by the corapanions
of Castor and Pollux. The inhabitants
were strict followers of tiw precepts of
Pythagoras, and therefore abstained from
flesh. They were killed by serpents,
which they thought impious to destroy,
though in their own defence. Once a re-
port prevailed in Amyclie, that the ene-
mies were coming to storm it ; upon which
the inhabitants made a law, that fortiade
such a report to be credited, and when
the enemy really arrived, no one mention-
ed it, or took up arms in his own defence,
and the 'town was easily taken. From
this circumstance the epithet of toette has
been given to Amycl». A city of Pelo-
ponnesus, built by Amyclas. Castor and
Pollux were born there. The country was
famous for dogs. ApoUo, called Amycloe-
us, had 9. rich and magnificent temple
there, surrounded with delightful groves,

Amtclaus, a statuary. ^A surname

of Apollo.

Amtclas, son of Lacedffimon and Spar-
ta, built the city of Amyciie. His sister
Eurydice married Acrisius king of Argos,

by whom she had Danae. .The master

of a ship in which Cssar embarked in
disguise. When Amyclas wished to put
back to avoid a violent storm,Ceaar unveil-
ing his head, discovered himself, and bid-
ding the pilot pursue his voyage, exclaim-
ed, GBsarem vehis, CtBsarisquefortunam^

Amtcus, son of Neptune, by Melia, er
Bithynis according lo others, was king of
the Bebryces. He was f^ous for his
skill in the management of the cestus.
and he challenged all strangers to a trial or
strength. When the Argonauts, in their
expedition, stopped on his coasts, he treat-
ed them with great kindness, and Pollux
accepted his challenge, and killed him
when he attempted to overcome him by
fraud.— ^— One of the companions of iGne-
as, who almost perished in a storm on the
coast of Africa. He was killed by Tur-

nus. Another likewise killed by Tur-

nus. A son of Ixion and the cloud.

Amtdoit, a city of Paeonia in Macedo-
nia, which sent auxiliaries to Priam during
the Trojan war.

4«

AjcvKONB, daughter of Danaoi and En«
ropa, married Enceladus, son of iGgyptus,
whom she murdered the first night of her
nuptials. It was said, tiiat she was the
only one of the fifty sisters who was not
condemned to fill a leaky tub with water
in hell, because she had been continually
employed, by order of her father, in sup-
plying the city of Argos with water, in a
great drought. Neptune saw her in this
employment, and was enamoured of her.
He carried her away^ and in the place
where she stood, he raised a fountain, by
striking a rock. The fountain has been
called Amymone. A fountain and rivu-
let of Peloponnesus, flowing through Ar-
golis into the lake of Lerna.

Amtittas 1st, was king of Macedonia
after his father Alcetas. His son Alexan-
der murdered the ambassadors of MegaU-
yzus, for their wanton and insolent beha-
viour to the ladies of his father's courC
Bubares, a Persian general, was sent witk
an anny to revenge the death of the am-
bassadors: but instead of making wan,
he married the king's daughter and de-
fended his possessions, >Th9 second of

that name was son of Menelaus, and king
of Macedonia, after his murder of Pau-
sanias. He was expelled by the lUyrians,
and restored by the Thessalians and Spar-
tans. He made war against the Illyrfans
and Olynthians. and lived to a great age.
His wife, Eurydice, conspired against his
life ; but her snares were seasonably dis-
covered by one of his daughters by a for-
mer wife. He had Alexander, Perdiccas,
and Philip, Alexander the Great's father,
by his first wife ; and by the other he had
Archelaus, Arida&us, and Menelaus. I^
reigned twenty- four years ; and soon aftcir
his death, his son Philip murdered all his
brothers, and ascended the throne. — >-

One of Alexander's officers. Another

oflicer who deserted to Darius, and was

killed as he attempted to seize Egypt.

•A son of Antiochus, who withdrew him-
self from Macedonia, because he hat^d

Alexander. An officer in Alexander's

cavalry. He had two brothws called Sim-
ias and Polemon* He was accused of
oonspiracy against the king, on account
of his great intimacy with Philotas, and
acqultt^ .A Bhepherd'a name in Vir-
gil's Eclogues.

AMVNTiANca, an historian in the age of
AntoninuB) who wrote- a treatise in com-
mendation of PhHip, Olympias, and Alex«
ander.

Amtn TOR, a king of Argos, son of Phra»-

tor. A son of iGgyptus, killed by Da*

mono the first night of his marriage.

Amtrib, a man of Sybaris, who con-
sulted the oracle of Delphi concerning
the probable duration of his country's
prosperity, &c. ^ „.

AM»feicui Campus, a^lain of Thessaly.

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Amtrius, a king by whom Cyms was
killed in a battle.

AuTKus, a town of Thessaly.

Amtstis, a river of India falUng into
ttae Ganges.

AurTHAoiT, a son of Cretheus king of
lolchos, by Tyro. He married Idomeoe,
by whom he had Bias and Melampus.
After his fether's death, he established
himself in Messenia, with hia brother Ne-
leus, and reestablished or regulated the

Olympic games. Melampus is called

jimytkaonika, from his father Amythaon.
A son of Hippasus, who assisted Pri-
am in the Trojan wv, and was killed by
I^ycomedes.

Amttis, a daughter of AstyagM^hom

Cyrus married. A daughter of Xerxes.

who married Megabyzus, and disgraced
Jierself by her debaucheries.

Anacss, or AvTACTBs, a name given to
Castor and Pollux among the Athenians.
Their festivals were called Anaceia.

A1M.CH ARSIS, a Scythian philosopher,
593, B. C. who on aotount of his wisdom,
tentperance, and extensive knowledge,
has been called one of the seven wise
men. . Like his countrymen, he made use
of a cart instead of a house. He was
wont to compare laws to cobwebs, widch
can stop only smaU flies, mid are unable
to rssist the superior force of large insects.
When he returned to Scythia, from
Athens, where he had spent some tllne in
vtudy, and in the friendship of Solon, he
attempted to. introduce theie the laws of
the Athenians, which so irritated his
brother, who was then on the t)irone, that
he killed him with an arrow. Anachar-
His has rendered himself fkmous among
the ancients by his writings, and his
poems on war, the laws of Scythia, &c.
Two of his letters to Croesus and Hanno
are still extant. Later authors have at-
tributed to him the invention of tinder, of
anchors, and of the potter's wheel.

AI7ACIUM, a mountain with a temple sa-
cred to the Anaces in Peloponnesus.

Anacreon, a fhmous lync poetof Teos,
In Ionia, highly favored by Polycrates
and Hipparchus son of Pisistratus. His
odes are still extant, and the uncommon
sweetness and elegance of his poetry
have been the admiration of every age
and country. He lived to his 89th year,
and after every excess of pleasure and
debauchery, choaked himself with a
grape stone and expired. Plato says, that
he was descended from an illustrious fam-
ily, and that Codms, the last king of
Atnens, was one of his progenitors. His
statue was placed in the citadel of Athens,
representing him as an old drunken man,
fsinging, with every mark of dissipation
and intemperance. Anacreon flourished
§3S B.C.

Aif ACToaiA aad AirAOTomiinc, a town

of Epirus, in a peninsula towards the

gilf of Ambracia. It was founded by a
orinthjan colony, and was the cause of
many quarrels between the Corcyreans

and Corinthians.^ Augustus carried the

inhabitants to the city of Nicopolis, after

the battle of Actium. ^An ancient name

of Miletus.

Anactokib, a woman of Lesbos, loved
by Sappho.

ANAoroiiaNSf a valuable painting of
Venus, represented as rising firom the sea,
by Apelles. Augustus bought it, and pla-
ced it in the temple of 3. Ciesar. The
lower part of it waaa little defaced, and
there were found no painters in Borne
able tg.repair it.

Anaonia, now JSnagnii a city of the
Hemici in Latium, where Antony struck
a medal when be divorced Octavia and
married Cleopatra.

An AOooiA,-« festival, celebrated by the
people of Eryx in Sicily, in honor of Ve-
nus.

AiTAOTaoirTUM, a small village of A^
tica,

Anaitis, a goddess of Armenia. The
festivals of the deity were called Sacarum
Festa ; and when they were celebrated,
both sexes assisted at the ceremony, and
inebriated themselves to such a degree,
that the whole was concluded by a scene
of the greatest intemperance. They were
first instituted by Cyrus, when he march-
ed against the Sacn, and covered tables,
with the most exquisite' dainties, that he
might detain the enemy by the novelty
and sweetness of food to which they
were unaccustomed, and thus easily de-
stroyed them. ^Diana is also worship-
ped under this name by the Lydiana.

Ananias, a Iambic poet.

Anafhb, an island that rose out of
the Cretan sea, and received this name
ftom the Aiionauts, who, in the middle
of a storm, suddenly saw the new moon.
Apollo was worshipped there, and called
Anaphcus.

Aif APHLTSTus, a small vUlage of Attica
near the sea, called after an ancient hero
of the same name, who was son of Troe-
een. A small village near Athens.

Ana PUS, a river of Epirus. Of Sicily,

Bear Syracuse.

Anartbs, a people of lower Pannonia.

Anas, a river of Spain, now called Gua-
diana.

Anatoli, one of the Hope. A moun-
tain near the Ganges, where Apollo rav-
ished a nymph called Anaxibia.

Anaucmidas, a Samian wrestler.

Anaurus, a river of Thessaly, near the
fbot of mount Pelion, where Jason lost

one of his sandals. A river of .Troas

near Ida.

Anausis, one of Medea's suitdlv, killed
by Btyrus.

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^ AN

AiTAx, a floo of CoBlag and Terra, Iktber
to Astemis, fi'om wbcMii Miletus baa been
called Anactoria.

Anaxasoras succeeded his father Me-
gapenthes on the throne of Argos. He
shared the sovereign power with Bias and
Melampus, who bad- cured the women of

Argoaof madness.^ A Clazomenian phi>

losopher, son of Hegesibulus, disciple to
Anaximenes, and preceptor to Socrates
and Euripides. He disregarded wealth
and honors, to indulge his fondness for
meditation and philosophf. He applied
himself to astronomy, was acquainted
with eclipses, and predicted that one day
a stone would fall from the sun^ which it
is said really fell into the river iEgos.
Anaxagoras travelled into Egypt fcnr im-
provement, and used to say that be pre-
ferred a grain of wisdom to heaps of gold.'
Pericles was in the numbar of bis pupils,
aad often consulted him in matters or
state : and once dissuaded bim from starv-
ing himself to death. The ideas of Anax-
agoras, concerning the heavens, were wild
and extravagant. He was accused of im-
piety, and condemned to die ; but he rid-
iculed the sentence, and said it bad long
been pronounced upon bim by nature.
Being asked whether his body should be
carried into bis own country, be answer-
ed, no, as the road that led to the other
side of the grave was as long fh>m one
place as the other. His scholar Pericles
pleaded eloquently and successfully for
him, and the sentence of death was ex-
changed for banishment. When the peo-
ple of Lampsacus asked him before his
deathj whether he wished any thing to be
done m commemoration of bim, Yes, says
he, let the boys be allowed to play on the
anniversary of my death. This was care-
fblly observed, and that time dedicated to
relaxation, was called Anoxagoraa. He
died at Lampsacus in his seventy-second
year, 408 B.C. His writings were not

mnch esteemed by bis pupil Socrates.

A statuary of ifigina.-^ — A grammarian,

disciple to Zenodotus. An orator, disci-

Irte to Socrates. A son of Echeanax,

who, with his brothers Codrus and Dlodo-
rus, destroyed Hegesias, tyrant of Ephe-
sos.

AifAXANDEK, of the fiimily of the Hera-
clidiB, was son of Eurycrates, and king of
Sparta. The second Messenian war be-
gan in bis reign, in which Aristomenes so
egregiously signalized himself. His son

was called Eurycrates. A general of

Megalopolis, taken by the Thebans.

Anaxaivdrides, son of Leon, and fktber
to Cleomenes 1st, and Leonidas, was king
of Sparta. By the order of the Ephori, be
divorced his wife, of whom be was ex-
tremely fond, on account of her barren-
ness ; and be was the first Lacedemonian
who had two wives.— -A son of Theb-

— A comic poet of Rhodes tai tbe
age of Philip and Alexander. He was of
surii a passionate disposition that be tore
to pieces all his compositions which me(
with no success. He composed about a
hundred plays, of which ten obtained the
prize. Some uagments of his poetry re>
main in Athenaeus. He was starved to
death by order of the Athenians, for satir-
izing tbBir government.

Anaxarchus, a philosopher of -Abdera.
one of the followers of Democritus, and
the friend of Alexander. When the mon-
arch bad been wounded in a battle, the
philosopher pointed to the place, adding,
that is human blood, and not the blood of
a god. The freedcsn of Anaxarchus of-
fended Nicocreon at Alexander'^ table,
and tile tyrant, in revenge, seized the phi«
losopher, and pounded him in a stone
mortar with iron bammexs. He bore this
with much resignation, and exclaimed,
" Pound the body of Anaxarchus, for thou
dost not pound ills soul." Upon this, Ni-
cocreone threatened to cut bis tongue, and
Anaxarchus bit it off with bis teeth, and

spit it out into the tyrant's face. A

Theban general.

Anaxarets, a girl of Salamis, who so
arrogantly despised the addresses of Iphis,
a youth of ignoble birth, that the lover
hung himself at her door. She saw this
sad spectfkcle without emotion or pity, and
was changed into a stone.

AiTAXEiTOR, a musician whom M. An-
tony greatly honored, and presented with
the tribute of four cities.

Anax'ias, a Theban ceneral.

AaAxiRiA, a sister of Agamemnon, mo-
ther of seven sons and two dsuighters by

Nester. A daughter of Bia^, a brother

to the physician Meiampus. She married
Pelias, king of lolcfaos, by whom she had
Acastus, and four daughters, Pisidiee,
Pelopea, Hippotlioe, and Alceste.

Anaxicrates, an Athenian archon.

Ahaxidamus, succeeded his father,
Zeuxidamus, on the throne of Sparta.

Aif AXILA8 and Anaxilaus, a Messenian,
tyrant of Rhegium. He took Zancle, and
was so mild and popular during his reign,
that when he died, 476 B. C. he left his
infant sons to the care of one of bis ser-
vants, and the citizens chose rather to
obey a slave than revolt fh)m their benev-
olent sovereign's children. A magician

of Larissa, banished from Italy by Au-
gustus. A Pythagorean philosopher.

AiiAXiLiDES wrote some treatises con-
cerning philosophers, and mentioned that
Plato's mother became pregnant by a
phantom of the god Apollo, from which
circumstance her son was called the prince
oiS wisdom.

ArfAxiMAifDSR, a Milesian philosopher,
the companion and disciple of Thales.
He was the first who constructed spheres,

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BBsertod that tli« earth was of a 6yllndri*
cal form, and taught that m^n-were bom
of earth and water mixed together, a»d
heated by the beams of the sun ; that the
earth moved, and that the moon received
light from the sun, which he considered
as a circle of fire like awheel about twen-
ty-eight times bigger than the earth. He
made the first geographical maps and sun
dials. He diea in the sixty-fourth year of
his age, B. C. 547.

Anaximxm£9, a philosopher, son of
£rasistratus, and disciple of\ Anaximan-
der, whom he succeeded in his school.
He said that the air wa? the cause of
every created being, and a self-existent
divinity, and that the sun, the moon, and
the stars, had been made from the earth.
He considered the earth as a plain, and
the heavens as a solid concave sphere, on
which the stars were fixed like nails. Ae

died 504 years B. C. A native of Lamp-

sacus, son of Aristocles. He was pupil to
Diogenes the Cynic, and preceptor to Al-
exander the great, of whose life, and that
of Philip, ha wrote the history. When
Alexander, in a fit of anger, threatened to
put to death all the injbabitants of Lamp-
sacus, because they had maintained a long
siege against him, Anaximenes was sent
by his countrymen to appease the king,
who, as soon as he saw him, swore he
would not grant the favor he was going
to ask. Upon this, Anaximenes begged
the king to destroy the city and enslave
the inhabitants, and by this artful request
the city of Lampsacus was saved from
destruction. Besides the life of Philip and
his son, he wrote an history of Greece in
twelve books, all now lost. His nephew
bore the same name, and wrote an ac-
count of ancient paintings.

Anaxipolis, a comic poet of 7*hasos.
'——A writer on agriculture, likewise of
Thasos.

Amaxippub, a comic writer, in the age
of Demetrius. He used to say, that phi-
losophers were wise only in their speech-
es, but fools in their actions.

Anaxirbjios, a daughter of Coronusi
who married Epeus.

Aif AXIS, a Boeotian historian, who wrote
an history down to the age of Philip son

of Amyntas. A son of Castor and Hi-

laira.

Anaxo, a virgin of Troezene carried

away by Theseus. A daughter of Al-

ceus, mother of Alcmene by Electryon.

ANca:u8>the son of Lyeurgus and An-
tinoe, was in the expedition of the Argo-
nauts. He was at the chase of the Caly-

donian boarj in which he perished.

The son of Neptune and Astypalsa. He
went with the Argonauts, and succeeded
Tiphis as pilot of the ship Argo. He
reigned in Ionia, where he married. He
was once told by one of hia servants,

whom he pressed with hard labor In his
vineyard, that he never would taste of
the produce of his vines. He had already
the cup in his hand, and called the pro-
phet to convince him of his falsehood ;
when the servant, yet firm in his predic-
tion, uttered this well known proverb,

UoXXa ^itra^v ntXtt xvXixog xat

j[ti?.sog axQov.
Mvita eaduTtt inter ealiceni supremaque labrtu

And that very moment Ancsus was told
that a wild boar had. entered hie vine-
yard ; upon which he threw down the
cup, and ran to drive away the wild beast.
He was killed in the attempt.

Ancalit£9, a people of .Britain near the
Trinobantes.

Ancarius, a g(|d of the Jews. Vid. An-
chialus.

Ancharia, a family of Rome. The

name of Octavia's mother.

ANtHARius, a noble jR.oman killed by
the partisans of Marius during the civil
wars with Sylla. ^

Anchemolus, son of Khoetus, king of the
Marrubii in Italy, ravished his mother-in-
law, Casperia, for which he was expelled
by his father. He fled to Tumus, and was
killed by Pallas, son of Evander, in the
wars of i£nea8 against the Latins.

Anchssites, a wind which blows from
Anchisa, a harbor of Epirus.

ANCH£9Hus,amGuntainof Attica, where
Jupiter Jlncfiesrmus has a statue.

Anchiale and Anchiala, a city on the
sea coast of Cilicia. Sardanapalns, the
last king of Assyria, built it, with Tar9U«
in its neighborhood, in one day. The
founder was buried there, and had a
statue, under which was a famous inscrip-
tion in the Syrian language, denoting the
great intemperance and dissipation which
istinguished all his life. There was a
city of the same name in Thrace, called by
Ovid the city of Apollo. There was an-
other in Epirus.

ANCHIA1.US, a famous astrologer. ^A

great warrior, father of Mentes. One

of the Pheacians.

Anchimolius, a Spartan general sent
against the Pisistratidee, and killed in the

expedition. A son of JShcetus. Fid.

Anch^molus.

Akchinoe, a daughter of Nilus, and
wife of Belus.

Anchiow. Vid. Chion.

Anchise, a city of Italy.

Anchises, a son of Capys by Themis,
daughter of 11 us. He was of such a beau-
tiful complexion, that Venus came down
from heaven on mount Ida, in the form of
a nymph, to enjoy his company. The
child which Venus brought forth, was
called iEneas ; he was educated as soon
as bom by the nymphs of Ida, and, when

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tf a proper age, was introited to t])e care
of Cbixon the^centaur. Wiben Troy waa
taken, Anchisea was become so infirm that
iEneaa, whom the Greeks pennitted to
take away whatever he esteemed most,
carried him through the flames upon his
shoulders, and thus saved bis life. He
accompanied his son in his voyage towards
Italy, and died in Sicily in the eightieth
year of his age. He was buried on mount
Eryi, by JSneas and Acestes, king of the
country, and the anniversary of his death
was afterwards celebrated by his son and
the Trojans on his tomb.

Anchuia, a mountain of Arcadia, at
the bottom of which was a monument of
Anchises.

A:fCHi9iAj>8s, a patronymic of JSneas,
as being son of Anchises.

ArfCHOB, a place near tbd mouth of the
Cepfaisus, where there is a lake of the
same name.

Ahchoiu., a fortified place in Galatia.

Anchurus, a son of Midas, king of
Phiygia, who sacrificed himself for the
good of his country, when the earth had
opened and swallowed up many build-
ings. The oracle had b^n consulted, and
gave for answer, that the gulf would never
close, if Midas did not throw into it what-
ever he had most ^cious. Though the
king had parted with many things of kn-
mense value, yet the gulf continued open,
till Anchurus, thinking himself the most
precious of his father's possessions, took a
tender leave of his wife and familv, and
leaped into the earth, which clo«iednmme-
diately over his head. Midas erected there
an attar of stones to Jupiter, and that altar
was the first object which he turned into
gold, when he bad received his fatal gift
from the gods. This unpolished lump of
gold existed still in the age of Plutarch.

Ancile and Anctlb, a sacred shield,
which, according to the Roman authors,
fell from heaven in the reign of Numa,
when the Aoman people labored under a
pestilence. Upon the preservation of this
shield depended the rate of the Roman
empire, and therefore Numa ordered eleven
of the same size and form to be made, that
if ever any attempt was made to carry them
away, the plunderer might find it difficult
to distinguish the true one. They were
made with such exactness, that the king
promised Veterios Mamurius, the artist,
whatever reward he desired. They were
kept in the temple of Vesta, and an order
of priests was chosen to watch over their
safety. These priests were called Salii.
and were twelve in number ; they carried
every year, on the first of March, the
shields in a solemn procession round the
walls of Rome, dancing and singing praises
to the god Mars. Thia sacred festival con-
tinued three days, during which every
Unportani business was stopped. It was

deemed unfortunate to be msnted onfhsia
days, or to undertake any expedition.

Aifooif and ArfcoNA, a town of Piee-
num, built by the Sicilians, with a harbor
in the form of a crescent, on the shores of
the Adriatic. Near this place is the fa-
mous ohapel of Loretto, supposed by monk<
ish historians to have been broufriit throu^
the air by angels, August 10, A. D. 1291,
from Judiea, where it was m cottage, in-
habited by the virgin Mary. The reputed
sanctity of the place has often brought one
hundred thousand pilgrim^ in one day to
Locetto.

Aifcus Martius, the fourth king of
Rome, was grandson to Numa, by his
daughter. He waged a successflil war
against the Latins, Veientes, Fidenates,
Volsci, and Sabines, and joined mount
Janiculum to the city by a bridge, and en-
closed mount Marthis and the Aventine
n^thin the walls of the city. He extended
the confines of the Roman territories to
the sea, where he built the town of Ostia.
at the mouth of the Tiber. He hiherited
the valor of Romulus with the moderation
of Numa. He died B. C. 616, after a reign
of twenty-four years^ iaad was succeeded
by Tarquin the elder.

Ahctrk, a town of Sicily. A town

ofPhrygia.

AiVDA, a city of Africa.

AifOABATas, certain gladiators who
fought blindfolded, whence the proverb,
Andabatarvm more to denote rash and in-
considerate measures.

Andah lA, a city of Arcadia, where Aris-
tomenes was educated. It received its
name from a gulf of the same name.

Andeoayia, a country of Gaul, near the
Turones and the ocean.

Andera, a town ofPhrygia.

An^DEs, a nation among the Celtas now

Anjou. A village of Italy, near Mantua,

where Virgil was born.

Andocides, an Athenian orator, son of^
Leogoras. He lived in the age of Socrates
the philosopher, and Was intimate with
the most illustrious men of his age. He
was often banished, but his dexterity al-
ways restored him to favor.

Andomatis, a river of India, fklling Into
the Ganges.

ANDR^Moif, the fkther of Thoas.— •
The son-in-law and successor of CEneus.

AiTDRAOATHiua, a tyrant, defeated by
Gratian, A. D. 383.

Andraoathus, a man bribed by Lysi-
ma£hus to betray his country.

Andreas, a statuary of Argos. A man

of Panormum, who wrote an account of
all the remarkable events that had hap-
pened In Sicily. A son of the Peneus.

Part of Boeotia, especially where Orcho-
menos was built, was called Andreis after
him.

AnoRicLUB, a mountain of Cilicia.

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A river of Troas, falling into the Sca-
mander.

Ardriscds, a man who wrote an his-
tory of Naxos. A worthless person call-
ed Pseudoj^liUippusy on account ofthe like-
ness of his features to king Philip. He
incited the Macedonians to revolt against
Rome, and was conquered and led in tri-
umph by Metellus, 152 B. C.

Androbius, a famous painter.

Androclea, a daughter of Antipcenus
of Thebes. She, with her sister Alcid^,
sacrificed herself in the service of her
country, when the oracle had promised
the victory to her countrymen, who were
engaged in a war against Orchomenos, if
any one of noble birth devofed himself for
the Kloiy of his nation. Antip<£nus re-
fusedto do It, and his daughters cheerful-
ly accepted it, and received great honors
after death. Hercules, who fought on the
side of Thebes, dedicated ^o them the
image of a lion m the temple of Diana.

Androcles, a son of Phintas, who
reigned in Messenia.^ — A man who wrote
an history of Cyprus.

Androclideb, a noble Theban, who de-
fended the democratical, against the en-
croachments ofthe oligarchical, power. He

was killed by one of his enemies. A

sophist in the age of Aurelian, who gave
an account of philosophers.

Androclus, a son of Cpdrus, who
reigned in Ionia, and took Ephesus and
6amos.

Androcydes, a physician, who wrote
the f(dlovving letter to Alexander : — Finum
potaturu-tf Rex, memento te bibere sanguinem
terra}, sicvii venenum est homini cicuta, sic
et vinum.

-Anorodamus. Fid. Andromadas.

Androdvr, a slave known and protect-
ed in the Roman circus, by a Hon whose
Yoot he had cured.

Androceos, a Greek, killed by ^neas
and his A-iends, whom he took to be bis
countrymen.

Androgeus, son of Minos and Pasiphae,
was famous for his skill in wrestling. He
overcame every antnjronist at Athens, and
became such a favorite of the people, that
JEgeus king of the country grew jealous
of his popularity, and caused him to be
assassinated as he was going to Thebes.
Some say that he was killed by the wild bull
of Marathon. Minos declared war against
Athens to revenge the death of his son,
and peace was at last reestablished on
condition that i^geus sent yearly seven
boys and seven girls from Athens to Crete
to be devoured by the minotanr. The
Athenians established festivals by order
of Minos, in honor of his son, and called
them Androgea.

AifDRooTN.T,, a, fabulous nation of Afri-
ca, beyoQd the Nasamones. Every one
of them bore the eharacteristica of the

male and female sex ; and one of their
breasts was that of • man) and the other
that of a woman.

Andromache, » daughter of Eetion,
king of Thebes in Cilicia, married Hectoir
son of Priam king of Troy, by whom she
had Astyanax. She was so fond of hei.
husband, that she even fed his horses with
her own hand. During the^ Trojan war
she remained at home employed in her
domestic concerns. Her parting with
Hector, who was going to a battle, in
which he perished, has always been
deemed the best, most tender and patlietic
of all the passages in Homer's Hiad. She
received the news of her husband's death
with eictreme sorrow ; and after the taking
of Tn^, she had the misfortune to see her
only son Astyanax, after she had saved hiok^
from the flames, thrown headlong from
the walls of the city, by the hands of the
man whose father had killed her husband.
Andromache, in the division of the pris-
oners by the Greeks, fell to the share of
Neoptolemus, who treated her as his wift^
and carried her to Epinis. He had by her
three sons, Molossiis, Piclus, and Pei^-
mus, and afterwards repudiated her. Aftec-
this divorce she married Helenus son of
Priarti, who, as herself, was a captive of
Pyrrhus. She reigned with him over part
of the country, and became mother by
him of Cestrinus.

Andromachus, an opulent person of
Sicily, father to the historian Timieus..
He assisted Timnleon in recovering the-

liberty of the Syracusans. A general

of Alexander, to whom Parmenio gave the
government of Syria. He was burnt alive
by the Samaritans. A poet of Byzan-
tium. A sophist of Naples, in the age

of Dioclesian.

Andromadas, or AirDRODAMus,a native
of Rhepium, who made laws for the Thra-
cians concerning the i)unishment of hom-
icide, &c.

ANDnoMED*,^a danjrhter of Cepheus,
king of ^Ethiopia, by Cassiope. She wn»
promised in marriage to Fhineus, her un-
cle, when Neptune drowned the kingdom,
and sent a sea-monster to ravage the
country, because Cassiope had boasted
herself fairer than Juno and the J«Jereides.
The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was con-
sulted, and nothing could stop the resent-
ment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not
exposed to the sea -monster. She was
accordingly tied ntked on a rock, and at
the moment that the monster was going
to devour her, Perseus, who returned
thtongh the air from the conquest of the
Gorgons, saw her, and was captivated
with her beauty. He promised to deliver
her and destroy the monster, if he receiv-
ed her in marriage as a reward for hie
tronble. Cepheus consented , and Persena
changed the sea-monster into a rock, by

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showing him Medusa's head, and untied
Andromeda and married her. Some say
Ihat Minerva made Andromeda a constel-
lation in heaven after her death. Accord-
ing to Pliny, it was at Joppa in Judaea that
Andromeda was tied on a rock. He men-
tions that the skeleton of the huge sea-
monster, to which she had been exposed,
^vas brought to Rome by Scauros and care-
f illy preserved. The ftible of Andromeda
and the sea-monster has been explained,
bv supposing that she was courted by the
criptain of a ship, who attempted to carry
her away, but was prevented by the inter-
position of another more faithful lover.

A5DRON-, an Argive, who travelled all
over the deiserts of Libya without drink.
A man set over the citadel of Syra-
cuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised
liiin to seize it and revolt from the tyrant,
which he refused to do. The tyrant put
him to death for not discovering that Her-
mocrates had incited him to rebellion.

A man of Halicarnassus who composed
some historical works. — '~Al native of
Ephesusy who wrote an account^ of the
seven wise men of Greece.

AxDRoNicus LiTius. FiH. Livius.

A?«DRowicu3, a peripatetit philosopher
of Rhodes, who flourished 59 years B. C.
He was the first who published and re-
vised the works of Aristotle and Theo-

pbrastus. A Latin poet in the age of

C.Tsar. A Latin grammarian, whose

life Suetonius has written. A king of

Lydia, surriamed Alpyus. One of Al-
exander's officers. An astronomer of

Athens, who built a marble octagonal
tower in honor of the eight principal
winds, on the top of which was placed a
Triton With a stick in his hand, pointing
always to the side whence the wind
blew.

ArcDRopHAOi, a savage nation of Euro-
pean Scythia.

AwDROPoMtua, a Theban who killed
Xanthus in sinsile combat liy fraud.

AxDHos, an island in the iEgean sea.
Its chief town was called Andros. It had
a harbor, near which Bacchus had a tern-
phi, with a fountain, whose waters during
the ides of January tasted like wine. It
receivetl the name of Andros from Andros
mu of Anius, one of its kings, who lived
in the time of the Trojan war.

Androsthenes, one of Alexander's
generals, sent with a ship on the coast of
Arabia. — r-A governor of Thessaly, who
favored the interest of Pompey. He was

cnnqnered by J. Casar. A statilary of

Thebes. A geographer in the age of

Alexander.

AwDROTRioiT, a Greek, who wrote a
History of Attica, and a treatise on agri-
culture.

Anelowtis, a river near Colophon.

AifjERASTus, a king of Gaul.

XiTEicoLiA, a city of Phocis, afterwarda
called Hyampolis

Anemosa, a village of Arcadia.

Awgelia, a daughter of Mercury.

Anoelion, a statuary, who made Apol-
lo's statue at Delphi.

Angelus, a son of Neptune, bom in
Chios, of a nymph whose name is un-
known.

Amgites, a river of Thrace, falling into
the Strymon.

. Angli, a people of Germany, at the
north of the Elbe, from whom, as being a
branch of the Saxons, the English have
derived their name.

Angrus, a river of Illyricum, flowing in
a northern direction.

ANouiTiA,a wobd in the cotiBtcy of the
Marsi, between the lake Fucinua and
Alba. Serpent^ it is said could not injure
the inhabitants, because they were de-
scended from Circe, whose power over
these venomous creatures has been much
celebrated.

Ania, a Roman widow, celebrated for
her beauty. One of her friends advised
her to marry again. No, said she, if I
marry a man as affectionate as my first
husband, I shall be apprehensive for his
death ; and if he is bad, why have him,
after such a kind and Indulgent one ?

Anicetus, a son of Hercules, by Hebe

the goddess of youth. A freed man who

directed the education of Nei;o, a^nd be-
came the instrument of his crimes.

Anicia, a family at Rome, whidk, in
the flourishing times of the republic, pro-
duced many brave and illustrious citizens.
A relation of Atticus.

Anicium, a town of Gaul.

Airiciua Gallvs triumphed over the II-
lyrians and their king Gentiiis, and wM

propnetor of .Rome, A. U. C, 585. A

consul with Corn. Cethegus, A. U. C. 594.
- — Probus, a Roman consul in the fourth
century, famous for his humanity.

Aniords, a river of Thessaly, where the
Centaurs washed the wounds which they
had received from Hercules, and made
the waters unwholesome. The nymphs
of this river are called Anigriades.

Arfio and Ar(riEN,now Ta«eronc, a river
of Italy, flowing through the county of
Tibur, and falling into the river Tiber,
about five miles at the north of Rome. It
receives its name, as some suppose, from
Anius, a king of Etruria, who .drowned
himself there when he could not recover
his daughter, who had been carried away.

Anitorgis, a city of Spain, near which
a battle was fought between Asdrubal and
the Scipios.

Anius, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was
king of Delos, »nd father of Andrus. He
had by Dorippe three daughters, Oeno.
Sperm^>, and Elai^, to whom Bacchus had
given the power of changinj^ whatevet

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they pleased l^to wine, corn, and oil.
Wlien Agamemnon went to the Trojan
war, he wished to carry them with him
to supply bis army with provisions; but
they complained to Bacchus, who changed
them into doves.

Anna, a goddess In whose honor the
Romans instituted festivals.' She was.
according to some, Anna the daughter or
Belus and sister of Dido, who after her
sister'd death, fled from Carthage, which
Jarbas had besieged, and came to Italy,
where Mneas met her, as he walked on
the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an
honorable reception, for the kindnesses
she had shown him when he was at Car-
thage. Lavinia, the wife of iEneas, was
jealous of the tender treatment which was
shown to Anna, and meditated her ruin.
Anna was apprized of this by her sister in
a dream, and she fled to the river Numi-
cus, of which she became a deity, and or-
dered the inhabitants of the ^country to
call her Jlnna Perennaj because she would
remain forever under the waters. Her
festivals were performed with many re-
joicings. They were introduced into
Rome, and celebrated the 15th of March.
The Romans generally sacrificed to her,
to obtain a long and happy life : and hence
the words Annare and Perennare. Some
have supposed Anna to be the moon, fuia
menaibus impleat annum i others^ call h^
Themis, or lo, the daughter of Inachus,
and sometimes Maia. Another more re-
ceived opinion maintains, that Anna was
an old industrious woman of Bovills.
who, when the Roman populace had fled
from the city to mount Sacer, brought
them cakes every day: for which kind
treatment the Romans, when peace was
reestablished, decreed immortal honors to
her whom they called Perenna, ab peren-
nitate eidtHs, and who, as they supposed,
was become one of their deities.

Anna Commena, a princess of Constan-
tinople, known to the world for the Greek
history which she wrote, of her father
Alexius emperor of the ^east.

Ann^us, a Roman family which was
subdivided into the Lucani, Senecs, Flo-
ri, &c.

Annalxs, a chronological history wliich
gives an account of all the important
events of every year in a state, without
entering into the causes which produced
them. The annals of Tacitus may be
considered in this light. In the first ages
of Rome, the writing of the annals was
one of the duties and priyileges of the
high-priest ; whence they have been call-
ed Annates Maximi, from the priest Pim-
ttfez Maximus, who consecrated them,
and gave them as truly genuine and au-
thentic.

Ankalis lkx settled the age at which,
among the Romans, a citizen could be ad- j

mltted to exercise the ottcea of the state.
This law originated in Athens, and was
introduced in Rome. No man could be a
knight before eighteen years of age, nor
be invested with the consular power be-
fore be had arrived to his twenty-fifth
year.

Annianus, a poet in the age of Trajan.

Annibal. a celebrated Carthaginian gen-
eral, son of Amilcar. He was educated in
his father's camp, and inured from his
early years to the labors of the field. He
passed into Spain when nine years old,
and at the request of his father, took a
solemn oath he never would be at peace
with the Romans. After his father's
death, he was appointed over the cavalry
in Spain ; and upon the death of Asdnibal.
he was invested with the command of all
the ar;nies of Carthage, though not yet
in the twenty-fifth year of his age. In
three years of continual success, he sub-
dued all the nations of Spain which op-
posed the Carthaginian power, and took
Saguntum after a siege of eight months.
The city was in alliance with the Romans,
and its fall was the cause of the second
Punic war, which Annibal prepared to
support with all the courage and prudence
of a consummate general. He levied
three large armies, one of which hejent
to Africa, he left another in Spain,^and
marched at the head of the third towards
Italy. He came to the Alps which were
deemed almost inaccessible, and had
never been passed over before him but by
Hercules, and after much trouble gained
the top in nine days. He defeated the
army of the consul Flaminius near the
lake Trasimenus, and soon after met the
two consuls C. Terentius and L. iEmiliua
at Cannae. His army consisted of forty
thousand foot and ten thousand horse,
when he engaged the Romans at the cele-
brated battle of Canne. The slaughter
was so great, that no less than forty than.-
sand Romans were killed, and the con-
queror made a bridge with the dead car-
casses; ajid as a sign of his victory, he
sent to Carthage three bushels of gold
rings which had been taken from five
thousand six hundred and thirty Roman
knights slain in the battle. Had Annibal,
immediately after the battle, marched his
army to .the gates of Rome, it must have
yielded amidst the general consternation :
but his delay gave the enemy spirit ana
boldness. After hovering for some time
round the city, he retired to Capua, where
the Carthaginian soldiers soon forgot to
conquer in the pleasures and riot of this
luxurious city. From that circumstance
it has been said, and with projiriety, that
Captia was a Canne to AnnibaL After
the battle of Cannie the Romans became
more cautious, and when the dictator
Fabius Maxuniu had defied the axtiflce

If well u the valor of Annlbal, they be-
gan to look for better times. Marcelius,
who succeeded Fabius in the field, first
taught the Romans that Annibal was not
Invincible. After many important de-
bates in the sedate, it was decreed, that
war should be carried into Africa, to re-
move Annibal from the gates of Roipe ;
and Scipio, who was the first proposer of
the plan, was empowered to put it into
execution. When Carthage saw the en-
emy on her coasts, she recalled Annibal
from Italy. He and Scipio met near Car-
thage, and after a parley, in which neither
would give the preference to his enemy,
they determined to come to a general en-
jragement. The battle was fought near
Zama: Scipio made a great slaughter of
the enemy, twenty thousand were killed,
and the same number made prisoners.
Soon after this decisive battle, the Ro-
mans panted peace to Carthage, on hard
conditions ; and irflerwards Annibal, who
was jealous and apprehensive of the Ro-
man power, tied to Syria, to king Antio-
chus, whom he advisea to make war
against Rome, and lead an army into the
heart of Italy. Antiochus distrusted the
fidelitv of Annibal, ai^l was conquered by
the R6mans, who panted him peace on
the condition of his delivering their mortal
enemy into their hands. Annibal, who
was apprized of this, left the court of An-
tiochas.and fled to Pnisias, king of Bithy-
nia. He encouraged him to declare war
against Rome, and even assisted him in
weakening the power of Eumenes, king
of Pergamus, who was In alliance with
the Romans. The senate received intelN-
gence that Annibal was in Bithynia, and
mimediately sent ambassadors, amongst
whom was L. Q,. Flaminius, to demand
him of Prusias. The king was unwilling
to betray Antiibal, and violate the laws of
hospitality, but at the same time he dread-
ed the pibwer of Rome. Annibal extri-
eated him from his embarrassment, and
when he heard that his house was besieg-
ed on every side, and all means of escape
fruitless, be took a dose of poison, which
he always carried with him in a ring on
his finger, and as he breathed hifUast, he
exclaimeir, "Solvamus diutarnd curd popu-
boH. Romanumf quando mortem senia expec-
tare longwn cenaet. He died in his seven-
tieth year, according to some, about 1^
years B. C. That year was famous ibr
the death aS the three greatest generals of
the age, Annibal, Scipio, and Philopoemen.

The son of the great Annibal. A

CartbagiQian general, son of Asdrubal,
above one hundred and sixty years before

the hixth of the great Annibal. A son

of eieeon, and grandson of Amilcar, sent
by the Cartfaagintans to the assistance of
vEgista, a town of Sicily. He was over-
powered by Bermocrates, an exiled Byra-
5

cusan.— — -A Carthaginian, sumamed Sen-
ior.

AivificERis, an excellent charioteer of
Cyrene, who exhibited his skill in driving
a chariot before Plato and the academy.

A^vNius Scapula, a Roman of great
dignity, put to death for conspiring against
Cassius.

Aif5oNand Han no, a Carthaginian gen-
eral conquered in Bpain by Scipio, and
sent to Rome. — t—A Carthaginian who
taught birds to sing "Annon is a god,"
after which he restored them to their na-
tive, liberty ; but the birds lost with their

slavery what they had been' taught. A

Carthaginian who wrote the account of a
voyage he had made round Africa.^

Anof^a, a mountain and road near the
river Asopus.

AirsER, a Roman poet, whom Ovid calls
bold and impertinent.

Arsibarii, a people of Germany.
. AwT.cA, the wife of Proteus, called also

Stenobiea. A goddess worshipped by

the inhabitants of Antium.

Ant^as, a king of Scythia, who said
that the neighing of a horse was far pre-
ferable to the music of Ismenias, a famous
musician who had been taken captive.

Antjecs, a giant of Libya, son of Terra
and Neptune. Hercules attacked him,
and as he received new strength from his
mother as often as he touched the ground,
the hero lifted him up in the air, ana
squeevled him to death in his arms.

ArrtAOoRAs, a man of Cos. A Rho-

dian poet, much admired by Antigonus.

Antalcidas of Sparta, son of Leon,
was sent into Persia, where he made a
peace with Artaxerxes, by which, B. C.
387, the Greek cities of Asia became trib-
utary to the Persian monarch.

Antandeb, a general of Messeniiu

against the Spartans. A brother or

Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily.

Antandbos, now St. Dimitrij a city of
Troas, inhabited by the Leleges, near
which iEneas built his fleet after the de-
struction of Troy.

Anterbrogius, an ambassador to CiBsar
from the Rhemi, a nation of Gaul.

Ante I us Publius was appointed over
Syria bv Nero. He was accused of sedi-
tion an^ conspiracy, and drank poison.

Antemnjs, a city of the Sabines be-
tween Rome and the Aoio.

Antenor, a Trojan prince related to
Priam. After the destniction of his coun-
try, Antenor migrated to ItaJy near the
Adriatic, where he built the town of Pa-
dua. A statuary. A Cretan who

wrote a history of his country.

Antenorides. a patronymic given to

le three sons or Antenor, all killed dur-

g the Trojan war.

Anteros, a son of Mara and Venus.
Cupid and Anteros are often represented

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the

Striving to seize a palm-tree from one an-
other, to teach us that true love always
endeavors to overcome by kindness and

Sratitude. A grammarian of Alexan-
ria, in the age of the emperor Claudius.
A freeman of Atticus.

Anthea, a town of Achaia. OfMes-

senia. Of Troezene.

Antheas, a son of Eumelus, killed in
attempting to sow corn from the chariot
of Triptolemus drawn by dragons.

ANTHEoort, a city of Boeotia, which re-
ceives its name from the flowery plains
tliat surround it, or Anthedon a certain
nymph. Bacchus and Ceres had there
temples. A port of Peloponnesus.

A^£LA, a town near the Asopus, near
which "Ceres and Amphictyon had a tem-
ple.

ArvTHEMis, an island in the Mediterra-
nean, the same as the Ionian Samos.

Anthemon, a Trojan.

Anthemds, a city of Macedonia at
Thermae.- — A city of Syria.

Anthemusia, the same as Samoa. — A
city of Mesopotamia. .

Anthene, a town of Peloponnesus.

AnthermUs, a Chian sculptor, son of
Micciades, and grandson to Malas. He
and his brother Biipalus made a statue of
the poet Hipponax, which caused univer-
sal laughter, on account of the deformity
of its coun;tenance. The poet was so in-
censed upon this, and inveighed with so
much bitterness against the stat^iaiies,
that they hung themselves, according to
the opinion of some authors.

Anthes, a native of Anthedon, who
first invented hymns. A son of Nep-
tune.

AwTHEspHdRiA, fostivals celebrated in
Sicily, in honor of Proserpine, who was
carried away by Pluto as she was gather-
ing flowers. Festivals of the same

name were also observed at Argos in hon-
or of Juno, who was called Antheia.

Anthesteri A, festivals in hon(»r of Bac-
chus among the Greeks. T-he slaves had
the permission of being merry and free
during these festivals : and at the end of
the-solemnity a herald proclaimed, " De-
part, ye Carian slaves, the festivals are at
an end."

Antheus, aaon of Antenor, much es-
teemed by Parfei. One of the compan-
ions of i£|ieas.

Anthia, a tister of Priam, seized by
the Greeks. She compelled the people of
Pallene to burn their shijis, and build Sci-

one. A town. A daughter of Thes-

pius, mistress to Hercules.

Anthias. Vid. Aniheas.

Anthippe, a daughter of Thestius.

Anthium, a town of Thrace, after-
wards called Apollonltt. -A city ofltaly.

Anthius, (flotncry,) a name of Bacchus
worship{>ed at Athens

AifTMo, a dau^ter of AtauliUff king of
Alba. .

ANTHORE0, a companion of Hercules,
who followed Evander, and settled in
Italy. He was killed in the war of Tur-
nus against ^Eneas.

A^THRACiA, a nymph.

Anthropinus, Tisarghus, aiid Dio<
CLXB, three persons who laid snares for
Agathocies tyrant of Sicily.

ArfTHROPoPHAGf, a people of Scythia
that fed on human flesh.

Anthylla, a city of Egypt on the Ca-
nopic mouth of the Nile.

Antia lex was made for the suppres-
sion of luxury at Rome. Its particulars
are not known.

Antianira, the mother of Echion.

Anttas, the goddess of fortune, chiefly
worshipped at Antium. A poet.

Anticlea, a daughter of Autolycus-and
Amphithea, and mother of Ulysses. It i»
said that Anticlea killeil herself when she
heard a false report of her son's death.

Anticles, an Atheni^ arcbon. A

man who conspired against Alexander

with Hermolaus. An Athenian vietor

at Olympia.

Anticlides, a Greek historian,, whose
works are now lost.

' Anticraous, a moantain of Lycia, op-
posite mount Cragcift.

Anticrates, a Spartan, who stabbed
Epaminondas, the Theban general, at the
battle of Mantinea.

Antictra, two t»wns of Greece, the
one in Phocis, and the other near mount
Oeta, both famous for the ellebore which
they produced. This plant was of infinite
service to cure diseases, and particularly
insanity ; hence the proverb ^Ttmiget j3ntir-
cyram. A mistress of Den^trius.

Antidomus, a warlike soldier of king
Philip at the siege of Perinthus.

Antidotus, an exeellent painter, pupil
of Euphranor.

Antioenes, one. of Alexander's gnt-
erals, publicly rewarded for his valor.

AivTiGEif(DAs, a famous musician of
Thebes, disciple to Philoxenus.

Antigoita, daughter of Berenice, was
wife to king Pyrrhus.

Antigoke, a daughter of Oidipus, king
of Thebes, by his mother Jocasta. She
buried by night her brother Polynices,
against the positive orders of Creon, who,
when he heard of it, ordered her to be
buried alive. She however killed herself
before ti^ sentence was executed. The
death of Antigone is the subject of one

of the tragedies of Sophocles. A daufsh-

ter of Eurytion king of Phthia in Thessaly.

A daughter of Laomedon. She was

the sister of Priam, and was changed into
a stork for comparing herself to Juno.

Antioonia. an inland town of Epirua.
One of MacedoBiAj founded hy Antl-

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gonaf , son of Gonatas. One In Syria,

OD the borders of the Orontes. Anoth-
er in Bithyaia, called also Nicaea. An-
other in Arcadia, anciently called Manti-
nea. One of Troas in Asia Minor.

Antioonus, one of Alexander's gen-
erals, universally supposed to be the ille-
gitimate son of Philip, Alexander's father.
In the division of the provinces after the
king's death, he received Pamphylia, Ly-
cia, and Phrygia. He received so many
woiinds in a battle that he could not sur-
vive them, and died in the 80th year of his
age, UOl B. C During his life, he was
master of all Asia Minor, as far as Syria,
lie discharged some of his officers because
they spent their time in taverns, and he
gave their commissions to common sol-
diers, who performed their duty with
punctuality. A certain poet called him
divine ; but the Icing despised his flattery,
and bade him go and inquire of his ser-
vants whether he was really what he sup-
posed him. Gonatas, son of Demetrius,

and grandson to Antigonus, was king of
Macedonia. The guardian of his ne-
phew, PJhilip, the son of Demetrius, who
married the widow of Demetrius, and
usurped the kingdom. He died B. C. 221,
after a reign of eleven years, leaving his
crown to the lawful possessor, Philip, who
distinguished himself by his cruelties and
the war he made against the Romans.-: —
A son of Aristobulus king of Judaea, who
obtained an army from the kingof Parthia,
by promising him one thousand talents
and five hundiied women. With these
foreigou troops he attacked his country, and
cut tbe ears of Hyrcanus to make hiih unfit
for tbe priestnood. Herod^ with the aid
of the Romans, took him prisoner, and he
was put to death by Antony. — Carystius,
an historian in the age of Pbiladelphus.
A writer on agriculture. A statua-
ry whe wrote on his profession.

AwTiLco, a tyrant of Chalcis. After
bis death, oligarchy prevailed in that city.

Antilibanus, a mountain of Syria op-
posite mount Libanus ; near which the
Orontes flows.

AwTiLocHus, a king of Messenia. The
eldest son of Nestor, by Eurydice. He
went to the Trojan war with his father,
and was killed by Memnon, the son or

Aurora. A poet who wrote a panegyric

upon Lysander, and received a hat filled
with silver.

Autimachus, a historian A Greek

poet arid musician of Ionia in the age of
Socrates. He was reckoned the next to
Homer in excellence, and the emperor
Adrian was so fond of his poetry that he
preferred him to Homer. He wrote a poem
upon the Theban war ; and before he had
brouglit his heroes to the city of Thebes,

be had filled twenty-four volumes. An-

6t]i6r poeC of the some name, saraamed

PtecaSf because he praised hfmsetf. A

Trojan whom Paris bribed to oppose the
restoring of Helen to Menelaus and Ulys-
ses, who had come as ambassadors to re-
cover her. A son of Hercules by a

daughter of Thestiua. A native of He-

li'opolis, whq wrote a poem on the crea-
tion of the world, in three thousand seven
hundred and eighty verses.

Antimenes, a son of Deiphon.

AwTiNOE, one of the daughters of Peli-
as, whose wishes to restore her father to
youthful vigor proved so fatal.

AtTTiivoEiA, annual sacrifices and quin-
quennial games in honor of Antinous, in-
stituted by the emperor Adrian at Manti-
nea.

AivTixopo^is, a town of Egypt, built in
honor of Antmous.

AsTi NOUS, a youth of Bithynia, of whom
the emperor Adrian was so extremely fond,
that at his death he erected a temple to
him and wished it to be believed that he

had been changed into a constellation.

A native of Ithaca, son of Eupeithes and
one of JPenelope's suitors. He was brutal
and cruel in his manners ; and excited his
companions to destroy Telemachus, whose
advice comforted his mother Penelope.
AifTiocHiA, the name of a Syrian

province. A city of Syria, once the

third city of the world for* beauty, great-
ness, and population. It was built by An-
tiochus and Seleucus Nicanor, partly on a
hill, and partly in a plain. A city call-
ed also Nisi bis, in Mesopotamia, built b^

Seleucus, son of Antiochus. The*tapi-

tal of Pisidia ninety-two miles at the east

of Ephesus. A citjr on mount CragHs.

Another near the river Tigris, twenty -

five leagues from Seleucia, on the west.
Another in Margiana, called Alexan-
dria and Seleucia. Another near mount

Taurus, on the confines of Syria. An-
other of Caria, on the river Meander.

A»TiocHi8, the name of the mother of

Antiochus, the son of Seleucus. A tribe

of Athens.

ANTiocHtrs, surnamed Sotcr, was son of
Seleucus, and king Of Syria and Asia. He
fell into a lingering disease, which none
of his father's physicians could cure for
some time, till it was discovered that his
pulse was more irregular tban usual, when
Stratonice his step-mother entered his
room, and that love for her was the cause
of his illness. This was told to the fa-
ther, who willingly gave Stratonice to his
son, that his ^inmioderate love might not
cause his death. He died 291 B. C. after

areign of nineteen years. ^I'he second

of that name, was son and successor
of Antiochus Soter. He put an end
feD the war which had been begun with
Ptolemy ; and, to strengthen the peace, he
married Berenice, the daughter of the
Egyptain king. This so^flbnded -his for-

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AN,

mer wife Laotnce^ by whom he had two
Bong, that she poisoned him, aiM suborn-
ed Artemon, whose features were similar

to his, to rei)resent him as king. The

third of that name, surnamed the Great,
brother to Seleucus Ceraunus, was king of
Syria and Asij;^ and reigned thirty-six
years. He conquered the greatest part of
Greece ; and Annibal, who had taken
refuge at his court, encouraged him to
make war against Italy. lie was glad to
find himself supported by the abilities of
such a genera] ; Jaut his measures were di-
latory, and not agreeable to the advice of
Annibal, and he was conquered and oblig-
ed to retire beyond mount Taurus, and
pay a yearly fine of two thousand talents
to the Romans. His revenues being una-
ble to pay the fine, he attempted to plun-
der the temple of Belus in Susiana, which
so incensed the inhabitants that they kill-
ed him with his followers, ohe hundred
and eighty-seven years before the Chris-
tian era. The fourth Antiochus, sur-
named Epiphanea, or Jllustrious. was king
of Syria, after the death of his brother Se-
leucus, and reigned eleven years. He
destroyed Jerusalem, and was so cruel to
the Jews, that they called him Epinumea,
or FuriouSf and not Epiphanes.-~-^The
fiftb| sumamed EupatoVf succeeded his
father Epiphanes on the throne of Syria,

164 B. C. The sixth, king of Syria, was

mrnamed Eutheus, or ^oble. Before he
bad been a year on the throne, Tryphon
murdered him 143 B. C. and reigned in

his place for three years.' ^The seventh,

called Sidetes^ reigned nine years. The

eighth, surnamed Qrypnsy from his a^iui-
line nese, was son of Demetrius Nica-
nor by CHeopatra. He killed Alexander
Zebina, whom Ptolemy had set to oppose
him en the throne of Syria, and was at
last assassinated B. C. 112^ after a reign
of eleven years. The nmth. surnam-
ed CyreiticiM, * from the city or Cyzicus,
where he received his education, was son
of Antiochus Sidetes, by Cleopatra. He

killed himself, B. C. 93. The tenth

was ironically surnamed Pins. After his
death, the kingdom of Syria was torn to
pieces by the factions of the royal fftmily
or usurpers, and B. C. 65, became a Ro-
man province. A philosopher of Asca^

Ion. An historian of Syracuse. A

rich king, tributary to the Romans in the

age of Vespasian. A commander of the

Athenian fleet, under Alciblades. A

writer of Alexandria. A sculptor, said

to have ma(fe the famous statue of^ Pat-
las, preserved iikthe Ludovisi gardens at
Rome.

Antiop^ , daughter of Nycteuf, king of
Thebes, by Polyxo, was beloved by Jupi-
ter, who, to deceive her, changed' himself
into a satyr.-( — A daughter oif Thespius
or Thestius, mother of Alopius by Hercu-

les. A daughter of Mars, queen of the

Amazons, taken prisoner by Hercules,

and given in marriage to Theseus. A

daughter of iEolud, mother of Bcsotus and

llellen, by Neptune. A daughter of Pi->

Ion, who married Eurytus.

Antiorus, a son of Lycurgus.

ANTIPA.R08, asmall island in the ^gean
sea, opposite Pares, from which it is about
six miles distant.

Anti PATER, son of lolaus, was soldier
under king Philip, and raised to the rank
of a general under Alexander the Great.
He has been suspected of giving poison to
Alexander, to raise himself to power. —
After Alexander's death, his generals di-
vided the empire among themselves, and
Macedonia was allotted to Antipater. At
his death, B. C. 319, Antipater appointed
Polyperchon master of all his possessions.
A son of Cassander, king of Macedo-
nia, and son-in-law of Lysimachus. He
killed his mother, because she wished hia
brother Alexander to succeed to the throne.
Alexander, to revenge the death of bis
mother, solicited the assistance of Deme-
trius ; but peace was reestablished be-
tween the two brothers by the advice of
Lysimachus, and soon after Demetrius kill-
ed Antipater, and made himself king of
Macedonia, 294 B. C. A king of Mace-
donia, who reigned only forty-five days,
277 B. C. A kingofCicilia. A pow-
erful prince, father to Herod. An Athe-
nian archon. One of Alexander's sol-
diers, who conspired against his life with

Hermolaus. A celebrated sophist of

Hleropolis, preceptor to. the children of
the emperor Severus. A Stoic philoso-
pher of Tarsus, 144 years B. C. A poet

of Sidon, who could compose a number
of verses extempore, upon any subjeot.

He flourished about 80 years B. C. A

philosopher of Phoenicia, preceptor to Cato

of Utica. A Stoic philosopher, disciple

to Diogenes of Babylon. A disciple of

Aristotle, who wrote two books of letters.

A poet of Thessalonica, in the age of

Augustus.

AiiTiPATRiA, a city of Macedonia.

Antipatridas, a governor of TelmeasuB.

Antipatriv, a city of Palestine.

Antiphanss, an ingenious statuary of

Argos. A comic poet of Rhodes, or

rather of Smyrna, who wrote above ninety
comedies, and died in the seventy-fourth
year of his age. A physician of Delos.

Antiphatks, a kingof theXtestrvgones,
descended from Lamus, who founded For-

miie. ^A son of Sarpedon.— The

grandfather of Amphiaraus. :A man

killed in the Trojan war by Leonteus.

Antiphili portus, a harbor on the Af-
rican side of the Red sea.

Antiphilvs, an Athenian- who succeed-
ed Leosthenes at the siege of Lamia
against Antipater.*<— A noble painter wji6

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

represented a youth leaning over a lire
and blowing it, from which the whole
honse seemed to be ilhiminated.

AwTiPHoif, a poet. — A native of Rham-
nusia, called Nestor, from his eloquence

and prudence. An orator who pron^ised

Philip, 1cin<; of Macedonia, that he would
set on fire the citadel of Athens, for which
he was put to death at the instigation of
Demosthenes. — A poet who Wrote on agri-
culture. An author who wrote a treatise

on peacocks. A rich man introduced

by Xenophon as disputing with Socrates.

An Athenian who interpreted dreams,

and wrote a history of his art. A fool-
ish rhetorician. A poet of Attica, who

wrote tragedies, epic poems, and orations.
Being once asked by Dionysius, what
brass was the best.^ he answered^ that
with which the statued of Harmodius and
Aristogiton are made.

AivTiPHoifut, a son of Priam, who wertt
with his father to 'the tent of Achilles to
cedeem Hector.

AHTiraus, a son of Priam, killed by

Agamemnon during the Trojan war. A

son of Thessalus, grandson to Hercules.
He went to the Trcgan war in thirty

ships. An intimate friend of Ulysses.

A brother of Ctimenus, was son of

Ganyctor the Naupactian. These two
brothers murdered the poet Hesiod. The
poet's dog discovered them, and they
were seized and convicted of the mur-
der.

AiTTirtENus, a noble Theban, whose
daughters sacrificed themselves for the
public safety.

AfTTiPoLis, a city of Gaul, bailt by the
people of Marseilles.

ArvTiREHiuif, a promontory of i£tolia,
opposite Rhiudi in Peloponnesus, whence
the name.

AiTTissA, a pity at th« north of Lesbos.
An island near it.

AiiTi9Tnsi«E8, a philosopher, bom of an
Athenian father, and of a Phrygian mo-
ther. He taught rhetoric, and had among
his pupils the famous Diogenes. He was
the head of the sect of the Cynic phi-
losophers. A disciple of Heraclitus.

An historian of Rhodes.

AirrisTius Labeo, an excellent lawyer
at Rome, who defended the liberties of his

country against Augustus. Petro of

Gabii, was the author of a celebrated trea-
ty between Rome and his country, in the
age of Tarquin the Proud.^— — C. Reginus,
a lieutenant of Ciesar in Ganl. A sol-
dier of Pompey's army, so confident of his
valor, that he challenged all (he adherents
of Caesar.

Atttitaurus, one of the branches of
mount Taurus..

AivTiTHEus, an Athenian arcl^on.

AivTiaif , a marilinie town of Italy, built
by Ascanius. It was C80 capital of the
5* »

Vqlscl. who mode war against the Ro-
mans for above two hundred years'.

Antomjsites, the last king of Corinth.
Af\ec his death, magistrates with regal
authority were chosen annually.

AsTONiA I.EX was enacted by M. An-
tony, the consul, A. U. C. 710. It abro-
gated the lex Alia^ and renewed the lez
Cornelia, by taking away from the people
the privilege of choosing priests, and re-
storing it to the college &[ priests. An-
other by the same, A. U. C. 703. It or-
dained that a new decury of judges should
be added to the two former, and that they

should be chosen from the centurions.

Another by the same. It allowed an ap-
peal to the people, to those who were con-
demned de majestatej or of perfidious meas-
ures against the state. Another by the

same J during bis triumvirate. It made it
a capital ofience to propose ever after the
election of a dictator, and for any person
to accept of the office.

AirTorriA, a daughter of M. Antony, hf
Octavia. She married Domitius iEnobar-
bus, and was mother of Nero, and two

daughters. A sister of 6erm.anioas.

A daughter of Claudius and iElia Petintf.
She was of the fhmily of the Tuberous,
and was repudiated for her levl^.— — The
wife of Drusus the son of Li via, and bro-
ther to Tiberius. She became mother of
three children, Germanicus, Caligula's fa*
ther: Claudius tlie emperor, and the de-
bauched Livia. Her husband died very
early, and she never would marry again,
but spent her time in the education of her
children. Some people suppose her grand-
son Caligula ordered her to be poisoned

A castle of Jerusalem, whicli received

this name in honor of M. Antony.

AifToxii, a patrician and plebeian fam-
ily, which were said to derive their origin
from Antones, a son of Hercules.

AwToifiWA, the wife of Belisarius.

AifTONiifus, Titus, sumamed PtiM, was
adopted by the emperor Adrian, to whom
he succeeded. This prince is remarkable
for all the virtues that can form a perfect
statesman, philosopher, and king. In his
conduct towards his subjects he behaved
with affability and humanity, and listened
with patience to every complaint brought
before him. He did not persecute the
Christians like his predecessors, but his
life was a scene of universal benevolence.
His la^ moments were easy, though pre-
ceded by a lingering illness. He diea in
the seventy-fifth year of his age, after a
reign of twenty-three years, A. D. 161.
He was succeeded by his adopted son M.
Aurelius Antoninus^ surnamed the phi-
losopher, a prince as virtuous as his father.

Rassianus Caracalla, son of the empe-

ftor Septimus Severhs, was celebrated for
his cruelties. After assuming the name
and dress of AchUJes, and styling himself

the conqueror of provinces he had never
seen, he was assassinated at Edessa by
Macrinus, April 8, in the forty- third year
of bis age, A. D. 217.

Antoniopous, a city of Mesopotamia.

M. AwTOMus Gnipho, a poet of Gaul
who taught rhetoric at Rome ; Cicero and
other illustrious men frequented his school.

An orator, grandfather to the triumvir

of the same name. He was killed in the
civil wars of Marius, and his head was

hung in the Forum. Marcus, the eldest

son of the orator of the same name^ by
means of Cotta and Cethegus, obtained
from the senate the office of managing the
corn on the maritime coasts of the Medi-
terranean with unlimited ^power. This
gave him many opportunities of plunder-
ing the prcxvinces and euriching himself.
He died of a broken heart.— -Caius, a
son of the orator of that name, who ob-
tained a troop of horse from Sylla, and

plundered Achaia. Caius, son of Anto-

nius Caius, was consul with Cicero, and
assisted him to destrov the conspiracy of

Catiline in Gaul. >Iarcu8, the triumvir,

was grandson to the orator M. Antonius,
and son of Antonius, sumamed Creteiuu,
from his wars in Crete. He was augur
and tribune of the people, in which he
distinguished himself by his ambitious
views. When Caesar was assassinated in
the senate house, his friond Antony spoke
an oration over his body f and to ingra-
tiate himself and his party with the popu-
lace, he reminded them of the liberal
treatment they had received from Ciesar.
He besieged Mutina, which had been al-
lotted to D. Brutus, for which the senate
judged him an enemy to the republic, at
the remonstration of Cicero. He was con-
quered by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa,
and by ^oung; Ciesar, who soon after join-
ed his interest witli that of Antony, and
formed the celebrated triumvirate, which
was established with such cruel proscrip-
tions, that Antony did not ipren spare his
own uncle, that he miglit strike off the
head of his enemy Cicero. The triumvi-
rate divided the Roman empire among
themselves ; Lepidus was set Over all
Italy, Augustus had the west, and Antony
returned into the east, where he enlarged
his dominions by different conquests.
During his residence in the east, he be-
came enamoured of the fair Cleopatra
queen of Egypt, and repudiated Octavia
the sister of Augustus, to marry her. Thte
divorce inceniM Augustus, who now pre-
pared to deprive Antony of all his power.
Antony, in the mean time, assembled all
the forces of the east, and with Cleopatra
marched against -Octavius Cssar. These
two enemies met at Actium, where a na-
val engagement soon began, and Cleopa-
tra, by flying with sixty sail drew Antony
''--^m the battle, and ruined his cause.

After the battle of Actium, Antony follow^
ed Cleopatra into Egypt, where he wast
soon informed of the defection of all his.
allies and adherents, and saw the con-
queror on his shores. He stabbed himself^
and Cleopatra likewise killed herself by
the bite of an asp. Antony died in tbe-

fifty-sixth year of his age, B. C. 30, .

Julius, son of Antony the triumvir, by
Fulvia, was consul with Paulus Fabiua
Maximus. He was sumamed Africanus,^
and put to death by order of Augustus.^
Some say that he killed himself. Lu-
cius, the triumvir's brother, was besieged
in Pelusium by Augustus, and oblige^ tiQi,
surrender himself with three hundred. »«i^
by famine. The conqueror snaredibJ^ life^

Felix, a freedman of CUudius, ap-

pointefl governor of Judsa.-.^^ — Flwnina. i^
Roman, condemned for extqjtion, uader
Vespasian. Q,. Merenda, a military tri-
bune, A. U. C. 332. «

AiTToaiDBS, a painter, disciple to Aris-
tippus.

Aif TKo CoKACius. Fid, Ooracius.

AiTTTiXA. Fid, Anthylla.

Anubis, an Egyptian deity, represented
mnder the form of a nuui with the head of
a dog. His worship was introduced inmt
Egypt inlo Greece and Italy.

AivxiDB, a river of Armenia, ftlling ii^tov
the Euphrates.

Anzoa, called also Tarracina, a city oT
the Volsci, taken by the Romans, A. U. C
348.

Anyta, a Greek woman, some of whos*
elegant verses are still extant.

Alt TTus, an Athenian rhetorician, who,
with Melitus and LyQon, accused Socrates
of impiety, and was the cause of his con-
demnation. One of the Titans.

Anzabb, a river near the Tigris.

A0U.IU9, a son of Romulus by Hersilia,
afterwards called Abillius.

Ac IV, a son of Neptune, who came to
EubcBa and Boeotia, from Apulia, where
he collected the inhabitants Into cities,
and reigned over them.

AoNss, the Inhabitants of AvniOy called
afterwards Boeotia. The muses have been
called Aomdes, because Aonia was more
particularly frequented by them.

AoHiA, one of the ancient nameb of
BoBotia.

AoRit, a famous hunter, son of Aras

king of Corinth. The wife of Neleni,

called more commonly Chloris.

AoKNo, AoRKVt, or AoBNis, a lofty
rock, supposed to be near the Ganges in
India, taken by Alexander.^— A place in

Epirus, with an oracle. A certain lake

near Tartessus. Another near Baia

and Futeoli. It was also called Avemus.

AoTi, a people of Thrace near the Get«^
on the ister. ^

Apaitje, a people of Asia Minor.

Apama, ^a . daj^hter of Aitaxerxes, whow

married Phamabazus eatrap of loula.-— —
A daughter of Antiochus.

Apam£, the mother of Nic6medes by

Pritsias king of Bithynia. The motlier

f>( Antiochus Soter, by Seleucus Nlcanor.

Apamia, or Apamea, a city of Fhrygia,

An the Marsyaa. A city of Bithynia —

of Medfa — Mesopotamia. Another near

(he Tiftris.

Aparni, a nation of shepherds near the
iCaspian sea.

Apaturia, a festival at Athens, was
instituted in memory of a stratagem by
which Xanthus king of Boeotia was killed
by Meianthus kins of Athens. This fes-
tival was adopted by the lonians. A

j9umanie of Minerva — of Venus.

Apbaurob, a mountain in Peloponnesus.

Apsllics, a celebrated painter of Cos,
or, as others say, of Ephesus or Oelophon,
son of .Pithius. He lived in the age of
Alexander the Great, who honored him
8o much that he forbade anyjnan but
Apelles to draliv his picture. Apelles
never put his name to any pictures but
three ; a sleeping Venus, Venus Anadyo-
mene, and an Alexander. The proverb
of JV*e sutor vUra erepidam^ is applied to
him by some.^— A tragic writer.— ^A
Macedonian general.

Apbllicoh , a Xeian Peripatetic philoso-
pher, whose fondness for books was so
great that he is accused of stealing them,
when be could not obtain them with
money. He died about eighty-six years
before Clirist.

Apcifiviirns, a ridge of high mountains
wbicb run throng the middle of Italy,
fimn Lignria to Arhninum and Ancoiia.
Tbey are joined to the Alps.

Apsm, Mabcub, a Latin orator of Gaul,
wbo distinguished himself as a politician,
as well as by his genius. He died A. D.
85.

ArxROPiA, a small island on the coast
of Argolis.

ApBstrs, Apxsas, or Apbs aittus, a moun-
tain of Peloponnesus near Lema.

Aphaoa, a town of Palestine, where Ve<
BUS was worshipped.

AniJEA, a name of Diana, who bad a
temple in iEgina. •

Aphar, the capital city of Arabia, near
the Red sea.

ArHABBTirs fell in love with Marpes-
ta, daugMer of (Enomaus, and carried her
away.

ArHABxus. a king of Meaeenia, 9on of
Perieres ana Gorgophone.—— A relation
of laocrates, who wrote thirty-seven tra-
gedi««.

Aphas, a river of Greece, which flill9
int« the bay of Ambracia.

Aphxixas, a king of Cyrene, who en-
deavored to reduce all Africa under his
power.

ArvxiAt, a mountain In Pelopoimesas.

Aphkt.v, a city of Magnesia, where the
ship Argo was launched.

Ai'hidas, a son of Areas king of Arca-
dia.

Aphidna, a part of Attica.

Aphidkus, a friend of i£neas, killjed by
Turnus.

Aphoibetus, one of the conspirators
against Alexander.

. Aphrices, an Indian prince, who de-
fended the rock Aonius with twenty thou-
sand foot and fifteen eleplmnts. He was
killed by his troops, and his head sent to
Alexander.

ApHRoDisrA, an island in the Persian
gulf where Venus is worshipped. Fes-
tivals in honor of Venus, celebrated in
different parts of Greece, but chiefly in
Cyprus.

<Aphrodi8ias, a town of Caria. sacred
to Venus. '

Aphrodisium or a, a town of Apulia
built by Diomede in honor of Venus.

Aphhodisum, a city on the eastern parts

of Cyprus, nine miles from Salamis. A

promontory with an island of the same
name on the coast of Spain.

Aphroditb, the Grecian name of Ve-
nus.

Aphttjk, or Aphttis, a city of Thrace,
near Pallena, where Jupiter Aniraon was
worshipped.

Apia, an ancient name of Peloponnesus,

which it received from king Apis.

Also the name of the earth, worshipped
aaiong the Lydians as a powerful deity.

ApiAtfus, or Apiow, was born at Oasis
in Egypt, whence be went to Alexandria,
of which he was deemed a citizen.. He
succeeded Theus in the profession of rhet-
oric in the reign of Tiberius, and wrote a
book against the Jews, which Josephus
refuted.

Apicata, married SeJaAus, by whom
she had three children. She was repu-
diated.

Apicius, • famous glutton of Rome.
There were three of the same name, all
famous for their voracious appetite.

Aj'idaivus, one of the chief rivets of
TlMHsaly, at the south of the Peneus.

ApiTfA and ApIw j, a city of Apulia, de-
stroyed with Trica, in its neighborhood,
by Diomedes.

Apiola and Apiolx, a town of Italy,
taken by Tarquin the Proud.

Apioit, a surname of Ptolemy, one of

the descendants of Ptolemy Lagus. A

grammarian.

Apib, one of the ancient kings of Pelo-
pennesus, son of Phoroneos and Laodice.
He received divine honors after death, as
be had been munificent and humane to his
subjects.- The country where he reigned
was called Apia ; and aOerwaids it re-
ceived the name of Pelasjria, Argia, or
ArgoUt, an.d at last that of Peloponnesus,

86.

from Pelops. A eon of Jason, bom In

Arcadia j he was killed by the horses of

iGtoIus. A town of Egypt on tlie lake

Mareotis. A god of the Egyptians, wor-
shipped under tlie form of au ox. The ox
that was chosen was always distingnisbed
by particular marks ; his body wjis black ;
he had a square white spot upon the fore-
bead, the figure of an eagle upon the back,
a knot under the tongue like a beetle, the
hairs of his l»il were double, and bis right
side was marked with a whitish spot, re-
sembling the crescent of the moon. With-
out the^e, an ox could not be taken as the
god Apis ; and it i8 to be iuiiigined that
tlie priests gave these disstinguishing char-
acteristics to the animal on whom their
credit and even prosperity depended. The
festival of Apis lasted seven days.

Apisaon, son of Hippasus, assisted
Priam against the Greeks, at the head of
a Paeon ian army. He was killed by Ly-
comedes. Another on the same side.

Apiti us Galba^ a celebrated buffoon in
the time of Tiberius.

Apollinares ludi, games celebrated at
Rome in honor of Apollo. The people
generally sat crowned with laurel at the
representaticm of these games, which
were usually celebrated at the option of
the pretor, tUl tJie year U. C. 545, when a
law was passed to settle the celebration
yearly on the same day about the nones of
July.

Apollittaris, C. Sul|)itius, a gramma-
rian of Cartilage, in the second century,
who ie supposed to be the author of the
verses prefixed 'to Terence's plays as ar-
guments.

Apollo RIDE 9, a Greek in the wars of
Dariirs and Alexander.

Apollinis Arx, a place at the entrance

of the Sibyl's cave. Promontorium, a

promontory of Africa. Templum, a

place in Thrace, in Lycia.

Apollo, son of Jupiter and^Latona,
called also Phoebus, is often confounded
with the sun. According to Cicero, there
were four persons of this name. The tra-
dition that the son of Latona was born in
the floating island of Delos, is taken from
the Egyptian mythology. Apollo was tbe
god of all the fine arts, of medicine, mu-
sic, poetry, and eloquence, of all which
he was deemed the inventor. He had re-
ceived from Jupiter the power of knowing
futurity, and he was the only one of the
gods whose oracles were in general repute
over the world.* He was very fond of
young Hyacinthus, whom he accidentally
killed with a quoit ; as also of Cyparissue,
who was changed into a cypress tree.
When his son iGscnlapius had been killed
with the thunders of Jupiter, for raising
the 4ead to life, Apollo, in his resentment,
killed the Cyclops who had fkbricated the
thunderbolts. Jupiter was incensed at

tlili act of violence, and he banished Apol-
lo from heaven, and deprived him 'Ofhi»
dignity. The exiled deity came to Adme-
tus king of Thessaly, and hired himself
to be one of his shepherds, in which igno-
ble employment he remained nine years :
from which circumstance he was called
the god of shepherds, and at his sacri-
fices a wolf was generally offered, as that
animal is the declared enemy of the

sheepfold. He assisted Neptune in

building the walls of Troy ; and when he
was refused the promised reward from
Laomedon, the king of the country, he
destroyed the inhabitants by a pestilence.
— As soon as he was liom, Apollo destroy-
ed with arrows the serpent Python, whom
Juno had sent to persecute Latona ; hence
he was called Pythias ; and he afterwards
vindicated the honor of his mother by put-
ting to death the children of the proud
Niobe. He was not \the inventor of the
lyre, as some have imagined, but Mercury
gave it him, and received as a reward the
fhmous caduceus with which Ap<41o was
wont to drive the flocks of Admetus.
Apollo is generally represented with long
hair, and the Romans were fond of im-
itating his figure ; and therefore in their
youth they were remarkable for their fine
head of liair, which they cut short at the
age of seventeen or eighteen ; he is always
represented as a tall beardless younj^ man
with a handsome «hape, holding in his
hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre ; his
head is generally surrounded with beams
of light. He was the deity who, accor-
ding to the notions of the ancients, inflict-
ed plagues,'and in that moment he appear-
ed surrounded with clouds. His worship
and power were universally acknowledg-
ed ; he had temples and statues in every
country, particularly in Egypt, Greece,
and Italy. His most splendid temple was
at Delphi, where every- nation and individ-
ual made considerable presents when they
consulted the oracle. He had a famous
Colossus in Rhodes, which was one of the

seven wonders of the world. One of

the ships in the fleet of iEneas. Also a

temple of Apollo upon mount Leucas,
which appeared at a great distance at
sea.

Apollocrates, a friend of Dion, sup-
posed by some to be the son of Dionysti/s.

Apollodorus, a ftmous grammarian
and mytbologist of Athens, son of Ascle*
pias, and disciple to Panetiui the Rbodl-
an philosopher. He flourished about 115
years before the Christian era. A trag-
ic poet of Cilicia, who wrote tragedies

entitled Ulysses, Thyestes, &c A

comic poet of Gela in Sicily, in tbe age of

Menander who wrote 47 plays. An

architect of Damascus, who directed tbe
building of Trajan's bridge across the
Danube.—^ — ^A discptu^f Epicurus, the

most learned of his school, and deserved*
ly sumamed the illustriofis.^'— A painter
of Athens, of whom Zeuxis was a pupil.

A rhetorician of Perganius, preceptor

and friend to Augustus, who wrote a book

on rhetoric. A tragic poet of Tarsus.

A Lemnian who wrote on husbandry.

A physician of Tarentum.—— Anoth-
er of Cytium.
Apollonia, a festival at ^gialea in

honor of Apollo and Diana. A town of

Mygdonia.— -Of Crete.— Of SicUy.— On the
coast of Asia. Minor.

AroLLoif I ASj the wife of Attains king of
Phrygia, to whom she bore four children.
Apolloniades, a tyrant of Sicily, com-
pelled to lay down his power by Timoleon.

Apollonioes, a writer of Nicea. A

physician of Cos at the court of Arta-
xerxes.

Apollo iriU9, a Stoic philosopher of
Chalcis, sent for bv Antoninus Pius, to
instruct his adopted son Marcus Antoni-
nus. A geometrician of Perge in Pam-

phylia. A poet of Naucratis in Egypt,

generally called ApoUonius of Rhodes^ be-
cause he lived for some time there. A

Greek orator, surnamed Molo, was a na-''
live of Alabanda in Caria. He opened a
school of rhetoric at Rhodes and Bome,
and had J. CsBsar and Cicero among his
pupils.— < — A Greek historian about the
age of Augustus, who wrote upon the phi-
losophy of Zenoand of his followers. A

Stoic philosopher who attended Cato of

Utica in his last moments. Thyaneus,*

a Pythagorean philosopher, well skilled in
the secret arts of magic. Being one day
haranguing the populace at Ephesus, he
suddenly exclaimed, " Strike the tyrant,
strike him ; the blow is given, he is
wounded, and fallen !" At that very mo-
ment the emperor iDomitian had been
stabbed at Bome. The magician acquired
much reputation when this circumstance
was knowp. He was courted by kings
and princes, and commanded unusual at-
tention by his numberless artifices. His
friend and companion, called Damis, wrote
his life, which two hundred years after
engaged the attention of Philostratus. In
his history the biographer relates so many
curious and extraordinary anecdotes of
his hero, that many have justly deemed it
ft romance ; yet for all this, Hieroeles had
the presumption to compare the impos-
tures of ApoUonius with the miracles of
Jesus Christ.

Apollo PH AH Es, a Stoic, who greatly
flattered king Antigonus, and maintained
that there existed but one virtue, pru-
dence.
Apomtios, a surname of Jupiter.
Aponiaiva, an island near Lilybaeum*
M. Apoifius, a governor of MoBSia, re-
warded with a triumphal statue by Otho,
for defeating nine thousand horburiani.

Apoitus, now Jlbano, a fountain, with a
village of the same name near Patavimo ,
in Italy. The waters of the fountain,
which were hot, were wholesome, ana
were supposed to have an oracular power.

Apostrophia, a surname t>f Venus in
Boeotia, who was distinguished under
these names, Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and
Apostrophia.

Apotheosis, a ceremony observed hf
the ancient nations of the world, by which
they raised their kings, heroei. and great
men, to the rank of deities. The nations
of the east were the first -who paid divine
honors to their great men, and the Romkna
followed their example, and not only dei-
fied the most prudent and humane of their
emperors, bnt also the most cruel and
profligate. Herodian has left us an ac-
count of the apotheosis of a Roman empe-
ror. After the body of the deceased \^aa
burnt, an ivory image was laid on a couch
for seven days, representing the emperor
under the agonies of disease. The. city
was in sorrow, the senate visited it in
mourning, and the physicians pronounced
it every day in a more decaying state.
When the death was announced, a younff
band of senators carried the couch and
image to the Campus Martins, where it
was deposited I on an edifice in the form
of a pyramid, where spices and combusti-
ble materials were thrown After this the
knights walked round the pile in solemn
procession, and the images of the most il-
lustrious Romans were drawn in state,
and immediately the new emperor, with
a torch, set fire to the pile, and was
assisted by the surrounding multitude.
Meanwhile an eagle was let fiy from the
middle of the pile, which was supposed to
carry the soul of the deceased to heaven,
where he was ranked among the gods.
If the deified was a female, a neacock,
and not an eagle, was sent from the
flames.—The Greeks observed ceremonies
much of the same nature.

Appia via, a celebrated road leading
from the porta Capena at Rome to Brun--
dusium, through Capua. Appius Claudius
made it as far as Capua, and it received
its name from him. It was continued and
finished by Gracchus, J. Cssar, and Au-
gustus.

Appiades, a name given to these five
deities, Venus, Pallas, Vesta, Concord,
and Peace, because a temple was erected
to them near the Appian road.

Appiaitus, a Greek historian of Alex-
andria, wbo flourished A. D. 133. His
universal history, which consisted of
twenty-four books, was a series of history
of all the nations that had been conquered
by the Romans in the order of time ; and /
in the composition, the writer displayed,
with a style simple and unadorned, a
great knowledge ofmllitaiy ^ftflWrs, and

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described bis battles in- a masterly man-
ner. This excellent tirork is greatly mu-
tilated, and there is extant now only the
account of the Panic, Syrian, Parthian,'
Mithridatic, and Spanish wars, with those
of Illyrlcum and the civil dissensions,
with a fragment of the Celtic wars.

A.PII FoRDM, now Borgo Longo, a little
village not far from Rome, built by the
consul Appius.

Appius, the pnenomen of an illustrious

family of Rome. A censor of that nama,

A. U. C. 442.

Appius Claudius, a decemvir who "ob-
tained his power by force and oppression.
He attempted the Ttrtue of Virginia, whom
her father killed to preserve her chastity.
This act of violence was the cause of a
revolution in J:he state, and the ravisber
destroyed himself when cited to appear

before the tribunal of 4»is country.

Claudius Cascus, a Roman orator, who
built the Appian way and many aque-
ducts in Rome. When Pyrrhus, who was
come to assist the Tarentines against
Rome, demanded peace of the senators,
Appius, grown old in the service of the
republic, caused himsetf to be carried to
the senate house, and, by his authority,
dissuaded them from granting a peace
which would prove dishonoriwle to the

Roman n^e. A Roman who, when

he heard*lhat ke had been proscribed by
the triumvirs, divided his riches among
his servants, and embarked with them for
Sicily. In their passage the vessel was
shipwrecked, and Appius alone saved his

life. Claudius Crasaus, a consul, who,

with Sp. Naut. Rutulius, conquered the
Celtiberians, and was defeated by Per-
seus, king of Macedonia. Claudius

Pulcher, a grandson of Ap. CI. Ceecus,
consul in the age of Sylla, retired from
grandeur to enjoy the pleasures of a pri-
vate life. Clausus, a general of the

' Sabines, who, upon being ill-treated by
his countrymen, retired to Rome with five
thousand of his friends, and was admitted
into the senate In the early ages of the

republic. Herdonius seized the capitol

with four thousand exiles, A. U. C. 292,
and was soon after overthrown. Clau-
dius Lentulus, a consul with M. Perpen-
na.

Apries and ApRiD8,oneof the kings of
Egypt in the age of Cyrus, supposed to be
the Pharaoh Hophra of scripture. He
tpok Sidon, and lived in great prosperity
till his subjects revolted to Amasis, by
whom he was conquered and strangled.

ApsinthiIj a people of Thrace: they
received their name from a river called
Apsinthus, which flowed through their
territory.

Apbinus, an Athenian sophist in the
third century, author of a work called
Prmctftor de Arte RhOorinA,

58 AQ

Avpcs, a riv^ of Macedonia falling Into
the Ionian sea between Dyrrhachium and
Apollonia.

AfTERA, an inland town of Crete.

Apulkia lex, was enacted by L. Apu-
Iclus the tribune, A. U. C. (i52^for inflict-
ing a punishment upon such as were
guilty of raising seditions, or showing vi-
olence in the city. Varilia, a grand-
daughter of Augustus, convicted or adul-
tery with a certain Manlius in the reigD
of Tiberius.

Apuleius, a learned maiK bom at Ma-
daura in Africa. He studied at Carthage,
Athens, and Rome, where he marrieff s
rich widow called Pudentilla, for which
he was accused by some of her lelation?
of using magical arts to win hej heart.
His apology was a masterly composition.
In his youth, Apuleius had been very ex-
pensive ; but he was, in a maturer age,^
more devoted to study, and learnt Latin,
without a master. The most famous of
his works extant is the Oolden A»8y in '
eleven books, kn allegorical piece replete-
with morality.

Apulia, now Puglia, a country of Italy
between Daunia and Calabria. It was
part of the ancient Magna Grscia, and
generally divided into Apulia Daunia, and
Apulia Peucetia. It was famous for its
wools, superior- to all the produce of Italy.
Some snppose that it is called ^fter Apu-
lus, an ancient king of the country before
the Trojan war.

Apuscidamus, a lake of Africa. Alt
bodies, however heavy, were said to swim:
on th6 surface of its waters.

AquARius, one of the signs of the zodi-
ac, rising in January, and setting in Feb-
ruary. Some suppose that Ganymede was
changed into this sign.

AquiLARiA, a place of ^rica.

AquiLEi A, or AquiLEci a', a town found-
ed by a Roman colony, called, from its-
grandeur, Roma secunday and situated* at
the north of the Adriatic sea, on the con-
fines of Italy. The Romans built it chiefljr
to oppose the frequent incursions of the
barbarians. The Roman emperors en-
larged and beautified it, and often made it
their residence.

AquiLius NioER, an historian. Mar-
cus, a Roman consul who had the gov-
ernment of Asia Minor. Sabinus, a

lawyer of Rome, surnamed the Cato of
his' age. He was father to Aquilia Severa,

whom Heliogabalus married. Severus,

a poet and historian in the age of Valen-
tinian.

AquiLLiA.and Aquilia, a patrician ftun-
ily at Rome, from which few illustrious
men rose.

AquiLo, a wind blowing from the north.
Its name ia derived, according to some,
from jSquUiif on account of its keenneoa
and velocity.

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59'

A401L0KIA, a city of tba HJiplnl In It-
aly.

AquiNias, a poet of moderate capacity.

AqoiNUM, a toirn of Latium, oa the
borders of the Samnites, where Juvenal
was born. A dye was invented there,
which greatly resembled the real purple,

A<iuiTANiA, a country of Gaul, bounded
on the west by Spain, north by the prov-
ince of Lugdunum, south by th^ province
called Gallia Narbonensis. Its inhabitants
are called Aquitaoi.

Ara, a constellation, consisting of seven
stars, near the tail of the scorpion.

Ara lugourensis, a place at the con-
fluence of the Arar and Rhone.

Arabarches, a vulgar person among
the Egyptians, or perhaps an usual ex-
pression for the leaders of the Arabians,
who resided in Rome.

Abasia, a large country of Asia, form-
ing a peninsula between the Arabian and
Persian gulfs. It is generally divided into
three different parts, Petrwa, Deserta, and
Felix. It is famous for its frankincense
and aromatic plants. The inhabitants
were formerly under their own chiefs, an
uncivilized people, who paid adoration to
the sun, moon, and even serpents, and who
had their wives in common, and circum-
cised their children. The country has
often been invaded, but never totally
subdued. Alexander the Great expressed
his wish to place the seat of his empire in
their territories. The soil is rocky and
sandy, the inhabitants are scarce, the
mountains nigged, and the country with-
out water. In Arabia, whatever woman
was convicted of adultery was capitally
punished. The Arabians for some time
supported the splendor of literature, which
was extinguished by the tyranny and su-
perstition which prevailed in Egypt, and
to them we are indebted for the invention
of algebra, or the application of signs and
letters to represent lines, numbers and
quantities, and also for the 'numerical
characters of 1, 2, 3, &c. first used in Eu-
rope, A. D. 1253. Also, the name of the

wife of ^gyptus.

Arabicus stnub, a sea between Egypt
and Arabia, different, according to some
authors, from the Red sea, which they
suppose to be between ^Ethiopia and In-
dia, and the Arabian gulf further above,
between Egypt and Arabia. It Ls about
forty days* sail m length, and not half a
day's in its most extensive breadth.

AiLABis, Arabiub, or Arbis, an Indian
river.

Arabs and Arabos, a son of Apollo and
Babylone, who first invented medicine,
and taught it in Arabia, which is called
after his name.

Aracca and Arecca, a city of Susi-
ana.

AaACHirz, a yrojnan of Colophon, daugh-

ter to Idnion a dyer. Bhe was eo tkUiU
m wdrking with the needle, that sh^ chal-
lenged Minerva, the goddess of the art, to
a trial of skill. But though her piece wee
perfect and jnast^ly, she was defeated by
Minerva, and hanged herself in despair,
and was changed into a spider by the god-
dess. A city of Thessaly.

Aracbosia, a city of Asia, near the
Massagetie^ It was built by Semiramis.

One 01 the Persian {Kovinces beyond

the Indus.

Arachotje and Arachoti, a people of
India, who received their name from the
river Arachotus, which flows down from
mount Caucasus.

Arachthias, one of the four capital
rivers of Epirus, near Nicopolis, falling
into the bay of Ambracia.

Aracillum, a town of Hispania Tarra-
conensis4

ARACosii,an Indian nation.

Aract NTHus, a mountain of Acamania,
between the Achelous and Evenus, not
&r from the shore, and called Actsus.

Aradus, an island near Phoenicia, joined
to the continent by a bridge.

Arje, rocks in the middle of the Medi-
terranean, between Africa and Sardinia,
where the Romans and' Africans ratified a
treaty. It was upon them that ^neas
lost the greatest part of his fleet : they are
supposed to be those islands whica are
commonly called ^Egates.

Arje Phil.cnorum, a maritime city of
Africa, on the borders of Cyrene.

Arar, now the Saone, a river of Gaul,
flowing into the Rhone, over which C«b-
sar's soldiers made a bridfre in one day.

Ara rus , a Scythian river flowingthrough
Armenia.

Arathtrea, a small province of Achaia,
afterwards called Asophis, with a city of
the same name.

Aratus, a Greek poet of Cicilia, about
277 B. C. He was greatly esteemed by
Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, at
whose court he passed much of his time,
and by whose desire he wrote a poem on
astronomy, in which he gives an account of
the situations, rising and setting, number
and motion of^the stars. Aratus wrote be>
sides, hymns and epigrams, &c. and had
among his interpreters and commentators
many of the learned men of Greece whose
works are lost, besides Cicero, Claudius,
and Germanicus Caesar, who, in their
youtb, or moments of relaxation, translat-
ed the pJuvnamena into Latin verse. The

son of Clinias and Aristodama, was bom
at Sicyon in Achaia, near the river Aso-
pus. When he was but seven years of
age, his father, who held the government
of Sicyon, was assassinated by Abantidas,
who made himself absolute. After some
revolutions, the sovereignty came into the
handf of Nicocles, whom Aratus murder-
Digitized by VjOOQ IC ^

ed, to restore bis country to liberty. He
WHS 80 Jealous of tyrannical power, that
he even destroyed a picture, which was
the representation of a tyrant. He joined
the republic of Sicynn in the Achiean
league, which he 6tren{;thened, by makihg
a treaty of alliance with the Corinthians,
and with Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was
chosen chief commander of the forces of
the Achaeans, and drove away the Macedo-
nians from Athens and Corinth. He made
war against the Spartans, but was con-
quered in a battle by their king Cleomenes.
To repair the losses he had sustained, he
solicited the assistance of king Antigonus,
and drove away Cleomenes from Sparta,
who fled to Epypt, where he killed him-
self. The iEtoliajjs soon after attacked the
Achsans ; and Aratus, to support his char-
acter, was obliged to call to hi^ aid Philip
king of Macedonia. His friendship with
this new ally did not long continue. Phi-
lip showed himself cruel and oppressive :
and put to death some of the noblest of
the Achaians, and even seduced the wife
of the son of Aratns. Aratus, who was
now advanced in years, showed his dis-
pleasure by withdrawing himself from the
society and friendship of Philip. But this
rupture was fatal. Philip dreaded the
power and influence of Aratus, and there-
fore he caused him and his son to be poi-
soned. Some days before his death, Ara-
tus was observed to spit blood ; and when
apprized of it by his friends, he replied,
*' 9uch,are the rewards which a connexion
with kings will {M-oduce." He was buried
whh great pomp, by his countrymen ; and
two solemn sacrifices were annually made
to him. the first on the day that he deliv-
ered Sicyon from tyranny, and the second
on the day of his birth. During thelse sa-
crifices, which were called Jlraieia^ the
priests wore a ribbon bespanpled with
white and purple spots, and the public
school-master walked In procession at the
head of his scholars, and was always ac-
companied by the richest and most emi-
nent senators, adorned with garlands.
Aratns died in the sixty-second year of his
age, B. C. 213. Fie wrote a historv of the
AchseaQ league, much commended by Po-
lybius.

Araxes, now Arras, a celebrated river
which separates Armenia from Media, and

falls into the Caspian sea. Another

w^ich falls into the Euphrates.-— ii^oth-
er in Europe, now called Volpa.

Arbaces, a Mede who revolted with
Belesis against Sardanapalus, and founded
the empire of Media upon the ruins of the
Assyrian power, eight hundred and twen-
ty years before the Christian era. He
reigned above fifty years, and was famous
for the greatness of his undertakings, as
well as for his valor.

Arbxla, now Irbil, a town of Por«ia,on

the river Lyciu, fhmous for a battle fought
there between Alexander and Darius, the
second of October, B. C. 331.

Arbela, a town of Sicily, whose inhab*
ita«ta were very credulous. -

Arbi0, a river on the western bounda-
ries of India.

Arbocala, a city taken by Annibal aa
he marched against Rome.

Arbuscula, an actress oh the Roman
stage, who laughed at the hisses of the
populace, while she received the applauses
of the knights.

Arcadia, a country in the middle of
Peloponnesus, surrounded on every side
by land. It received its name from Atcas
son of Jupiter, and was anciently called
Dry modes, on account of the great number
of onks (J^vc) it produced, and afterwards
Lycaonia and Pelasgia. The country has
been much celebrated by the poets, and
was famous for its mountains. The in-
habitants were for the most part all shep-
herds, who lived upon acorns^ were skil-
ful warriors, and able musicians. They
thought themselves more ancient than the
moon. Pan, the god of shepherds, chiefly

lived among them. A fortified village

of Zacynthus.

Arcaoius, eldest son of Theodosius the
Great, succeeded his father A. D. 395
Under him the Roman power was divided
into the eastern and western empire. He
made the eastern empire his choice, and
fixed his residence at Constantinople ;
while iiis brother Honorius was made
einpferor of the west, and lived in Rome.
In the reign of Arcadius, Alaricus atttack-
ed the western empire, and plundered
Rome. Arcadius married Eudoxia, a bold
ambitious woman, and died in the thirty-
first year of his age, after a reign of thir-
teen years, in which he bore the charac-
ter of an efleminate prince, who suflered
himself to be governed by favorites, and
who abandoned his subjects to the tyran-
ny of ministers^ while he lost himself in
the pleasures of a voluptuous court.

Arcanum, a villa of Cicero's near the
Minturni.

Arcas, a son of Jupiter and Callisto..
He nearly killed his mother, whom Juno
had changed into a bear. He reigned in
Pelasgia, which from him was called Ar-
cadia, and taught his subjects agriculture,
and the art of spinning wool. After his
death, Jupiter made him a constellation,
with his mother. As he was one day
hunting, he met a wood nymph, who beg-
ged his assistance, because the tr^ over
which she presided, and on whose pre-
servation her life depended, was going to
be carried away by the impetuous torrent
of a river. Arcas changed the course of
the waters, and pre8erve4 the tree, and
married the nymph, bv whom he had
three sons, Azan, Aplildtf, ud Elatus,

Digitized by VjOOQIC

Among whom he divided bis kingdom.—^
One of Actaeon's dngs.

AftcK, a daughter of Thaumas, son of
Pontus and Terra.

AitcENA, a town of Phcsnicia, where
Alexander Severns was born.

Arc ENS, a Sicilian who permitted his
son to accompany iGneas into Italy, where
he was killed by Itfezentius.

Arcbsilaus, son of Batttis, king of Gy-
rene, was driven from his kingdom in a
sedition, and died B. C. 575. Tiie second

of that name died B. C. 550 One of

Alexander's generals, who obtained Mes-
opotamia at the general division of the

provinces after the king's de^th. A

chief of Catana, which he betrayed to Di-

onysius the elder. A philosopher of

Pitane in A^^olla.^ disciple of Polemon. He
visited Sardes and Athens, and was the
founder of the middle academy, as Socra-
tes founded the ancient, and Cameades
the new one. He pretended to know
nothing, and accused others of the same
ignorance. He was very fond of Homer,
and generally divided his time among the
pleasures of philosophy, love, reading, and
the table. He died in his seventy-fifth
year, B. C. 241, or 300 according to some.

The name of two painters. A

statuary. A leader of the Boeotians dur-
ing the Trojan war. A comic and ele-
giac poet.

Arcebius, son of Jupiter, was grand-
father to Ulysses.
Arcm-ea, a city of iEoIia.
Arch^anax of Mitylene was intimate
with Pisistratus tyrant of Athens. He
fortified Si{«xeum with a wall from the
ruins of aifcient Troy.

Arch^atidas, a country of Peloponne-
sus.

ARCHAOATHas, son of Archagathns, was
slain in Africa by his soldiers, B. C. 285.
He killed his grandfather Agnthocles, ty-
rant of Svracuse. A physician at'llome,

B. C. 219.
Archander, father-in-law to Danaus.
Archaitoros, a town of Egypt.
Arghe, one of the muses, according to
Cicero.
Archboetes, a surname of Hercules.
Archelaus, a r^anie common to some
kings of Cappadocia. A king of Mace-
donia, who succeeded his father Perdiccas
the second. He patronized the poet Euri-
pides.^— A king of the .lews, surnamcd
Herod. Caisar banished him, for his cru-
elties, to Vienna, where he died. A

kuieof Lacedffimon, son of Agesilaus. — A
celebrated general of Mithridates, against

Sylla. A philosopher of Athens or Mes-

senia, son of Apollodorns, and successor
to Anaxagoras. He was preceptor to So-
crates, and was called Phtj.^icus. A

man set over Susa by Alexander, with a

eurrison of three thousand men . A

Greek philosopher, who wrote a history

of animals. A son of Electryon and

Anaxo. A sculptor of Priene. in the

age of Claudius. A writer of Thrace.

Archemachus, a Greek writer, who
pubUBhed an history of Eubcea.— ~A son
of Hercules— of Priam.

Archemorcs, or Opheltes, son of Ly-
curgus, king of Nemoea, in Thrace, by
Eurydice, waij brought up by Hypsipyle,
queen of Lemnos, who had fled to Thrace,
and was employed as a nurse jn the king's
family. Hypsipyle was met by the ar-
my of Adrastus, who was going agsinst
Thebes j and she was forced to show them
a fountain where they might quench their
thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she
put down the child on the grass, and* at
her return found him killed by a serpent.

Archepolis, a man in Alexander's ar>
my who conspired against the king with
Dymnus.

Archeptolemus, son of Iphitus, king
of Elis, went to the Trojan war, and
fought against the Greeks. As he was
fighting near Hector, he was killed by
Ajax son of Telamon.

Archestratus, a tragic poet, whose
pieces were acted during the Peloponne-

sian war. A man so small and lean,

that he could be placed in a dish without
filling it.— — A follower of Epicurus.

ARCHETiBiuB,the first philosophical wri-
ter in the age of the seven wise men of
Greece.

Archetiub, a Rutulian, killed by the
Trojans.

Archia, one of tho Oceanides, wife to
Inachus.

Archia 8, a Corinthian descended from
Hercules. He founded Syracuse B. C.

732. A poet of Antioch, intimate with

the Luculli. He obtained the rank and
name of a Roman citizen by the means of
Cicero, who defended him in an elegant
oration, when his enemies had disputed

his privileges of citizen of Rome. A

Polemarch of Thebes, assassinated in the

conspiracy of Pelopidas. A high-priest

of Athens, contemporary and intimate
with the Polemarch of the same name.

Archibiades. a philosopher of Athens,
wlio affected tne manners of the Spar-
tans.

Archibius, the son of the geographer
Ptolemy.

ARCHtBAViA, a priestess of Ceres, who,
on account of her affection for Aristo-
menes, restored him to liberty when he
had been taken prisoner by her female at-
tendants at the celebration of their festi-
vals.-~— A danghter of Cleadas, who, jipon
hearing that her countrymen the Spartans,
were debating whether they should send
away their women to Crete against the
hostile approach of Pytrhus, seized a
sword, ana ran to thrMnate house, er

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

claiming that the women were as able to
fighl as the men. Upon this the decree
was repealed.

Archidamus, son of Theopompus, king
of Sparta, died before his father. An-
other, Icing of Sparta, son of Anaxida-
mus, succeeded by Agasicles. Another,

Sandson of Leotychidas, by his son Zeux-
amus. He was called to the aid of Ta^
renUim against the Romans, and killed
there in a battle, af^er a reign of thirty-
three years.

Archidas, a tyrant of Athens, killed by
his troops.

Archidehcs. a Stoic philosopher, who
willingly exiled himself among the Par-
thians.

Archideus, a son of Amyntas, king of
Macedonia.

Archidium, a city of Crete, named af-
ter Archidius son of Tegeates.

Archioallus, the high-priest of Cybele's
temple. Vid. Galli.

Archi GENES, a physician, born at Apa-
mea, in Syria. He lived in the reign of
Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died
in the seventy-third year of his age.

Archilochus, a poet of Paros, who wrote
elegies, satires, odes, and epigrams, and
was the first who introduced iambics in
his verses. He flourished 685 B. C. and it
is said that he was assassinated. Some
fragments of his poetry remain, which
display vigor and animation, boldness and
vehemence in the highest degree ; from
which reason, perhaps, Cicero calls viru-
lent edicts, Archilochia edicta. A son

of Nestor, killed by Memnon in tlie Tro-
jan war.

Archimedes, a famous geometrician of
Syracuse, who invented a machine of
glass that faithfully represented the mo-
tion of all the heavenly bodies. When
Marcellus, the Soman consul, besieged
Syracuse, Archimedes constructed ma-
chines which suddenly raised up in the
air the ships of the enemy from the bay
before the city, and then let them fall with
such violence into the water that they
sunk. He set them also on fire with his
burning glasses. When the town was
taken, the Roman general gave strict or-
ders to his soldiers not to hurt Archimedes,
and even offered a reward to him who
should bring him alive and safe into bis
presence. All these precautions were
useless : the philosopher was so deeply
engaged in solving a problem, that he was
even ignorant that the enemy were in
possession of the town ; and a soldier,
without knowing wh(<he was, killed him,
because he refused to follow him, B. C. 212.

Archi Nus, a man t^o, virhen he was
appointed to distribute new arms among
the populace of Argos, raised a mercenary

band, and itiade himself absolute. A

rhetorician of Athens.

Archifelaovs, a part of a sea where
islands in great number are interspersed,
such as that part of the Mediterranean
which lies between Greece and Asia Mi-
nor, and is generally called Mare i£geum.

Archi FOLis, a soldier who conspired
against Alexander with Dymnus.

Archi pps, a city of the Marsi, destroy-
ed by an earthquake, and lost in the lake
of Fucinus.

Archi FPUS, a king of Italy, from wUom
perhaps the town of Archippe received its

name. A philosopher of Thebes, pupil

to Pythagoras. An archon at Athens.

A comic poet of Athens, of whose

eight comedies only one obtained the prize.
' A philosopher in the age of Trajan.

Architis, a name of Venus, worship-
ped on mount Libanua.

Archon, one of Alexander's generals,
who received the provinces of Babylon,
at the general division after the king's
death.

Archontes, the name of the chief ma-
gistrates of Athens. They were nine in
number, and none were chosen but such
as were descended from ancestors who
had been free citizens of the republic for
three generations. They took a solemn
oath, that they would observe the laws,
administer justice with impartiality, and
never suffer themselves to be corrupted.
They all had the power of punishing mal-
efactors with death. The chief among
them was called Archon, and the year took
its denomination from him. These offi-
cers of state were chosen after the death
of king Codrus ; their power was origin-
ally for life, but afterwards it was limited
to ten years, and at last to one year.

Archylub Thurius, a general of Dio-
nysius the elder.

Archttas, a musician of Mit|rlene, who

wrote a treatise on agriculture. — • The

son of HestisBus of Tarentum, was a fol-
lower of the,Pythagorean philosophy, and
an able astronomer and geometrician. He
invented some mathematical instruments,
and made a wooden pigeon Which could
fly. He perished in a shipwreck, about
three hundred and ninety-four years be-
fore the Christian era.

ARciTENEN8,an epithet applied to Apol-
lo, from his bearing a hoto.

Arctinus, a Milesian poet said to be
pupil to Homer.

Arctophylax, a star near the great
bear, called also Bootes.

Arctos, a mountain near Propontis, in-
habited by giants and monsters. ^Two

celestial constellations near the north

)le, commonly called Ursa Major and

inor.

Arcturus, a star near the tail of the
great b6ar, whose rising and setting were
generally sappoeed to portend great teio-
pests.

S?l

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AmDiXTTs, a son of Vuldfli, said to have
been the first who invented the pipe.

Ardania, a country of Egypt.

Ardaxanus, a small river of Illyricunu

Ardsa, formerly Ardua, a town of La-
tium, built by Danae, or according to some,
by a don of Ulysses and Circe. It was
the capital of the Rutuli.

Ardebicca, a small town on the Eu-
phrates, north of Babylon.

Ardi^i, a people of lUyricum, whose
capital was called Ardia.

Ardoitea, a town of Apulia.

Ardua, an ancient name of Ardea.

Arduenna, now Ardenne, a large forest
of Gaul, in the time of J. Ccesar, which
extended fifty miles from the Rhine to the
borders of the Nervii.

Arouine, the goddess of hunting among
the Gauls ;. represented with the same at-
tributes as the Diana of the Romans.

Arotetcsbs, a nation near the Rhone.

Ardts, a son of Gyges, king of Lydia,
who reigned forty-nine years, took Priene,
and made war against Miletus.

Area, a surname of Minerva, from her
temple on Mars' hill (aQ>7?) erected by
Orestes.

Arbacioje, a nation of Numidia.

Areas, a general chosen by the Greeks
against iEtolia.

Arboonis, the mother of Mopsus by
Ampyx.

Arelatum, a town of Gallia Harbonen-
sis.

Arellius, a celebrated painter of Rome,
in the age of Augustus. He painted the
goddesses in the form of his mistresses.

Aremorica, a part of Gaul, at the north
of the Loire, now called Brittany.

Arena and Areite, a city of Messenia,
in Peloponnesus.

ARBiTAcuif, a town of Germany.

ARBOPAOiTiB, the judges of the Areopa-
gus, a seat of justice on a small eminence
near Athens. The number of judges that
composed this august assembly is not
known. ' The most worthy and religious
of the Athenians were admitted as mem-
bers, and such archons as had discharged
tbeir duty with care and faithfulness.
The Areopagites took cognizance of mur-
ders, impiety, and immoral behavior, and
particularly of idleness, which they deem-
ed the cause of all vice. They watched
over the laws, and they had the manage-
ment of the public treasury ;• they had the
liberty of rewarding the virtuous, and of
inflicting severe punishment upon such
as blasphemed against the gods, or slight-
ed the celebration of the holy mysteries.
They always sat in the open air, because
they took cognizance of murder : and by
tbeir laws it was not permitted for the
murderer and his accuser to be both under i
the same roof,

Areopagus, a hill in the nelghborbood
of Athens. Vid, Areopadtv.

Arestje, a people of India, conquered
by Alexander.

Aresthanas, a countryman, whoee goat
suckled ^sculapius, when exposed by hi*
mother.

Arestorides, a patronymic given to
the hundred-eyed Argus, as son of Ares-
tor.

Areta, the mother of Aristippus the

philosopher. A daughter of Dlonysius,

who married Dion. She was thrown into
the sea. A female philosoplier of Gy-
rene, B. C. 377.

Areta, a daughter of Rhexenor, de-
scended from Neptune.

Aretjeus, a physician of Cappadocia,
very inquisitive after the operations of na-
ture.

Arbtaphila, the wife of Melanippua, a
priest of Gyrene.

Aretales, a Cnidian, who wrote an
history of Macedonia, besides a treatise
on islands.

Arete. Fid. Areta.

Aretes, one of Alexander's officers.

Arethcsa, a nyihph of Elis, dauabter
of Oceanus, and one of Diana's atwnd-
ants. ^s she returned one day from hunt-
ing, she sat near the Alpheus, and bathed
in the stream. The god of the river was
enamored of her, and he pursued her over
the mountains and all the country, when
Arethusa ready to sink under fatigue,
implored Diana, wtio changed her into a
fountain. The Alpheus immediately min-
gled his streams with hers, and Diana
opened a secret passage under the earth
and under the sea, where the waters of
Arethusa disappeared, and rose in the is-
land of Ortygia, near Syracuse in Sicily.
The river Alpheus followed her also under

the sea, and rose also in Ortygia. One

of the Hesperides. A daughter of Heri-

leus, mother of Abas, by Neptune.

One of Actaeon's dogs.— —A lake of Qpper
Armenia, near the fountains of the Tigris.
Nothing can sink under its waters.^— A
town of Thrace. Another in Syria.

Aretin uM, a Roman colony in Etruria.

Arbtus, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia.

A Trojan against the Greeks. He

was killed by Automedon. A famous

warrior, whose only weapon was an iron
club. He was treacherously killed by I»y«
curgus, king of Arcadia.

Areus, a king of Sparta, preferred Jq
the succession to Cleonymos, brother of
Acrotatus, who had made an alliance with
Pyrrhus. A king of Sparta. A phi-
losopher of Alexandria, intimate with Au-

giTstus. A poet of Laconia.

Aro.bus and Argeus, a son of Apollo

and Cyrene. A son of Perdiccas, who

succeeded his father in the kingdom of
Macedonia. A mountain of Cappado-

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dA, eovemd witli

eovemd witli perpetual gnowi.— — A
of Ptolemy, killed by his brother.

AaoALUs, a Icing of Sparta, son of Amy-
clas.

Argathoit A, a huntress of Cios in Bitby-
nia, whom Rhesus married before he went
to the Trojan war. When she heard of
bis death, she died in despair.

Aroathoitius, a kingof Tartessus, who,
according to Pliny, lived one hundred and
twenty years, and three hundred accord-
ing to ItaUcus.

A ROE, a beautiful hunttess, changed
into a stag by ApoUo.^— One of the Cy-
clops. A daughter of Thespius, by

whom Hercules had two sons.

Aroea, a place at Kome, where certain
Argives were buried.

Aro^:ath.1£, a village of Arcadia.

Aroennum, a promontory of Ionia.

Aroes, a son of Coelus and Terra, who
had only one eye in his forehead.

Aroestratus, a king of Lacedemon,
who reigned thirty-five years.

Argeus, a son of Perdiccaa, king of Ma-
cedonia, who obtained the kingdom when
Amyntas was deposed by the lllyrians.

Aroia, daugliter of Adrastus, married
Polynices, whom she loved with uncom-
mon tenderness. When he was killed in
the war, she buried his body in the night,
against the positive orders of Creon, fur
<whicli pious action she was punished with

death. A country of Peloponnesus,

called also Argolis. One of the Oceani-

des. ^The wife of Inachus, and mother

of lo. The mother of Argos by Poiybus.

A daughter of Autesion.

Aroias, a man who founded Chalcedon,
A. U. C. 148.

Aroilstum, a place at Rome, where the
tradesmen generally kept their shops.

Argilius, a favorite youth of Pausanlas,
who revealed bis master's correspondence
with the Persian king, to the Ephori.

Aroillus, a mountain of Egypt near
the Nile.

Aroilus, a town of Thrace, near the
Strymon, built by a colony of Andrians.

AROiifusjK, tl^ree small islands near the
continent, between Mitylene and Me-
thymna.

Aroiofe, a nymph of mount Parnassus.

Argiphontes, a surname given to Mer-
cury, because he killed the hundred«eyed
'Argus, by order of Jupiter.

Argippei, a nation among the Sauro-
matians, bom bald, and with j3at noses.

Aroi VA, a surname of Juno, worshipped
at Argos.

- Aroivi, the inhabitants of the city of
Argos and the neighboring country. The
word is indiscriminately applied to all the
inhabitants of Greece.

Argius, a steward of Galba, who pri-
vately interred the body of his roaster in
his gardens.

Aboo, the name of the fkmous ahip
which carried Jason- and his flfliy-four
companions to Colchis, when they re-
solved to recover the golden fleece. The
poets have made her a constellation in
heaven.

Aroolicus sinus, a bay on the coast of
Argolis.

Argolis and Aroia, a country of Pelo-
ponnesus between Arcadia and the iGgean
sea. Its chief city was called Argos.

Argon', one of the descendants of Her-
cules, who reigned in Lydia five hundred
and nve years before Gyges.

Argon AUTJE, a name given to those an-
cient heroes who went with Jason on
board, the ship Argo to Colchis, about
seventy-nine years before the taking of
Troy, or 1263 B. C. The causes of this
expedition arose from the following cir-
cumstance: — Athanias, king of Thebes,
had married Ino,the daughter of Cadmus,
whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by
whom he had two children, Phryxus and
Heile. As Nephele was subject to-certain
fits of madness, Athanias repudiated her,
and took a second time Ino, by whom he
had soon after two sons, Learchus and
Melicerta. As the children of Nephele
were to succeed to their father by right of
birth, Ino conceived an immortal hatred
against them, and she caused the eity of
Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by
poisoning all the grain which had been
sown in the earth. Upon this the oracle
was consulted ; and as it had been cor-
rupted by means of Ino, the answer was,
that Nephele's children should be immo-
lated to the gods. Phryxus was apprized
of this, and he immediately embarked
with his sister Helle, and fled to the court
of ^etes, king of Colchis, one of his near
relations. The poets have embellished the
flight of PhryxOe, by supposing that he
and Helle fled through the air on a ram
which had a golden fleece and wings, and
was endowed with the faculties of speech.
As they were going to be sacrificed, the
ram took them on his back, and instantly
disappeared in the air. On their w^ay
Helle was giddy, and fell into that part of
the sea which from her was called the
Hellespont. When Phryxus came to Col-
chis, he sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, or,
according to others, to Mars, to whom he
also dedic&ted the golden fleece. He soon
after married Chalciope the daughter of
iGetes ; but his father-in-law envied him
the possession of the golden fleece, and
therefore to obtain it he murdered him.
Pome time after this event, when Jason
the son of iEson, demanded of his uncle
Pelias the crown which he usurped, Pelias
said that he would restore it to him, pro-
vided he avenged the death of their com-
mon relation Phryxus, whoih ^etes had
basely murdered in Colchis. Jason, who

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was in fbe vigor of youth, and of an am-
bitious aoul, cheerfully undertook the ex-
pedition, and embarked with all the young
princes of Greece in die ship Argo. They
stopped at the island of Lemnos, where
they remained two years. After they had
left Lemnos, they visited Samothrace,

I where they offered sacrifices to the gods,
and thence passed to Troas and to Cyzi-

f cum. Here they met with a favorable
reception from Cyzicus the king of the
country. From Cyzicum they visited
Bebrycia, and were driven from Bebrycia
by a storm, to Salmydessa, on the coast of
Thiace, where they delivered Phineus,
king of the place, from the persecution of
the harpies. Phineus directed their course
through the Cyanean rock or the Symple-
gades, and they safely entered the Euxine
sea. They visited the country of the Ma-
riandinians, where Lycus reigned, and
lost two of their companions, Idmon, and
Tiphis their pilot. After they had left
this coast, they w«re driven upon the is-
land of Arecia, where they found the chil-
dren of PhryxuB, whom iGetes their grand-
father had sent to Greece to take pos-
session of their father's kingdom. From
this island they at last arrived safe in iEa.
the capital of Colchis. Jason explained
the causes of his voyage to iEetes ; but the
conditions on which he was to recover the
golden fleece, were so h&rd, that the Ar-
gonauts must have perished in the attempt,
bad not Medea, the king's daughter, fallen
in lore with their leader. She had a con-
ference with Jason, and after mutual oaths
of fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea
pledged herself to deliver the Argonauts
Rom her father's hard conditions, if Jason
married her, and carried her witn him to
Greece. He was to tame two bulls, which
had brazen feet and horns, and which
vomited clouds of fire and smoke, and to
tie them to a plough made of adamant
stone, and to plough a field of two acres
of ground never before cultivated. After
this he was to sow in the plain, the teeth
of a dragon, from which an armed multi-
tude were to rise up, and to be all destroy-
ed by his hands. This done, he was to
kill an ever-watchful dragon, which was
at the bottom of the tree, on which the
golden fleece was suspended. All these
labors were to be performed in one day ;
and Medea's assistance, whose knowledge
of herbs, magic, and potions, was unpa-
mlleled, easily extricated Jason from all
danger, to the astonishment and terror of
bis companions, and of JSetes, and the

rple of Colchis, who had assembled to
spectators of this wonderful action.
He obtained the golden fleece, and imme-
diately set sail with Medea. He was soon
pursued by Abayrtus, the king's son, who
eame up to them, and was seized and mur-
dered by Jason and Medea. The mangled
6*

limbs of Absyrtus were strewed In the
way through which iGetes was to pass,
that his further pursuit might be stopped.
After the murder of Absyrtus, they en-
tered the Pal us Macotis, and by pursuing
their course towards the left, according to
tiie foolish account of poets who were ig-
norant of geography, they came to the is-
land Peucestes, and to that of Circe. Af-
ter many disasters, they at last came in
sight of the promontory of Melea, in tJie
Peloponnesus, where Jason was purified
of the murder of Absyrtus, and soon after
arrived safe in Thessaly. This famous
expedition has been celebrated in the
ancient ages of the world ; many writ-
ers have given an extensive account of
its most remarkable particulars. The
number of the Argonauts is not exactly
known. Apollodorus and Diodorus say
that they were fifty-four. Tzetzes admit*
the number of fifty, but Apollodorus men-
tions only forty-five. Jason, son of JEaon^
as is well known, was the chief of the
rest. iBscul^pius was physician, and Ti-
phys was pilot.

Aroos, an ancient city, capital of Argo-
lis in Peloponnesus, about two miles from
the sea, on the bay called jfr^o2iciM sinus.
Juno was the chief deity of the place.
The kingdom of Argos was founded by
Inachus eighteen hundred and fiftv-six
years before the Christian era, and after it
had fiourished for ahout five hundred and
fifty years it was united to the crown of

Mycence. A town of Thessaly, called

Pelasgicon by the Pelas^ans. Another

in EpiruB, called Amphilochium.

Arous, a king of Argos, who reigned

seventy years. A son of Arestor,

whence he is often called Ariatorides,
As he had an hundred eyes, of which only
two were asleep at one time, Juno set him
to watch lo, Jwhom Jupiter had changed
into a heifer ; but Mercury, by order of
Jupiter, slew him, by lulling all his eyes
asleep with the sound of his lyre. Juno
put the eyes of Argus on the tail of the

peacock, a bird sacred to her^divinity.

A son m Agenor. A son of Danaus,

who built the ship Argo.-r^ — A son of Jupi-
ter and Niobe,the first child which the la-
ther of the gods had by a mortal.-»— A

son of Pyras and Callirhoe. A son of

Phryxus. A son of Polybus.- One

of Acteon's dogs. .. ■■ -A dog of Ulysses,
who knew his master after an absence
of twenty years.

ArotlluK, an ancient name of Cere, in
Etruria.

ARorsrins, a name of Venus, which
she received firom AxgynntUy a favorite
youth of Agamemnon, who was drowned
in the Cephisus.

Arotra, a nymph greatly beloved by
a shepherd called Selimnus. She was
changed into afountmp, and the shepbevd

Digitized by VjOOQIC

into a river of the same name, whose
waters make lovers forget the object of

their affections. A city of Troas.

Also the native place of Diodorus Sicu-
lus, in Sicily.

Arortaspid£9, a Macedonian legion
which received this name from their silver
helmeta.

Aroyrs, an island beyond the mouth
of the river Indus, abounding in metal.

Aroyripa, a town of Apulia, built by
Diomedes after the Trojan war, and call-
ed by Potybius Argipana.

Aria, a country of Asia, situate at the

east of Parthia. The wife of Pstus

Cecinna, of Padua, a Roman senator who
was accused of conspiracy against Clau-
dius, «nd carried to Rome by sea. She
accompanied him, and in the boat she
slabbed herself, and presented the sword
to her husband, who followed her exam-
ple.

Ariaoni!, daughter of Minos 2d, king of
Crete, by Pasiphae, fell in love with The-
seus, who was shut up in the labyrinth to
be devoured by the Minotaur, and gave
bim a clue of thread, by which he extri-
cated himself from the difficult windings
of his confinement. After he had con-
quered the Minotaur, he carrried her
away according to the promise he had
made, and married her ; but when he ar-
rived at the island of Naxos he forsook
her. Plutarch says, that Ariadne lived
many years after, and had some children
by Onanis, the priest of Bacchus.

Aar jius, an officer who succeeded to
the command of the surviving army after
the death of Cyrus the younger, after the
battle of Cunaxa.

Ariani and Arieiti, a people of Asia.

Ariantas, a Jcing of Scvthia, who year-
ly ordered every one of his subjects to
present him with an arrow.

Ariamnes, a king of Cappadocia, son
of Ariarathes 3d.

Ariarathes, the name of several kings
of Cappadocia.

■ Aribbjkus, a general mentioned by
Polyaenus.

Aricia, an Athenian princess, niece to
^geus, whom Hippolytus married after
lie had been raised from the dead by iEs-
c'ulapius. He built a city in Italy, which

he called by her name. A very ancient

town of Italy, now Atccta, built by Hip-
poly tud, son of Theseus, after he had been
raised from the dead by iEsculapius, and
transported into Italy by Diana. In a
grove in the neighbourhood of Aricia,
Theseus built a temple to Diana, where
he established the same rites as were in

the temple of that goddess in Tauris.

Egeria the favorite nymph, and invisible
protectress of Noma, generally resided in
this femous grove, which was situated on
the Appian way, beyond mount Albanus.

Ariciita« a surname of Diana, from her

temple near Aricia. The mother of

Octavius.

Aridjcus, a companion of Cyrus the
younger. An illegitimate son of Philip,
who, after the death of Alexander, was
made king of Macedonia, till Roxane^
who was pregnant by Alexander, brought
into tlie world a legitimate male successor.
He was seven years in possession of the
sovereign power, and was put to death,
with his wife £ur>'dice, by Olympias.

Arienis, daughter of Alyattes, married
Astyages king of Media.

ARIO.KUM, a town of India, which Alex-
ander found burnt, and without inhabit-
ants.

ARii,a savage people of India. Of

Arabia. Of Scythia. Of Germany.

Arima, a place of Cilicia or Syria,
where Typhoeus was overwhelbied under
the ground.

Arimarius, a god of Persia and Media.

Arimasfi, a people conquered by Alex-
ander the Great.

Arimasfias, a river of Scythia with
golden sands. The neighbouring inhabi-
tants had but one eye in the middle of
their forehead, and waged continual war
against the Griffins, monstrous animals
th^t collected the gold of the river.

Ariamsthje, a people near the Euxine
sea.

Arimazes, a<powerfuI prince of Sog-
diana, who treated Alexander with much
insolence, and eveh asked, whether he
cpuld fly to aspire to so extensive a domin-
ion. He surrendered, and was exposed
on a cross with bis friends and relations.

Arimi, a nation of Syria.

Ariminum, (now Atmini) an ancient city
of Italy, near the Rubicon.

Arimi Rus^ a river of Italy, rising in
the Appennme mountains.

Arimph£i, a people of Scythia, near
the Riphaean mountains.

Arimus, a king of Mysia.

Ariobarzanes, a man made king of
Cappadocia by the Romans, after the trou-
bles, which the false Ariarathes had rais-
ed, had subsided. He followed the inter-
est of Pompey, And fought at Pharsalia
against J. Ciesar. He and his kingdom

were preserved by means of Cicero.

A satrap of Phrygia, who, after the death
of Mithridates, invaded the kingdom of
Pontuji, and kept it for twenty-six years.

A general of Darius, who defended

the passes of Susa with fifteen thousand
foot against Alexander. After a bloody
encounter with the Macedonians, he was
killed as he attempted to seize the city of

Persepolis. A Mede of elegant stature,

and great prudence, whom Tiberius ap-
pointed to settle the troubles of Armenia.

A mountain between Parthia and the

country of the Massagets. ^A satrap,

who revolted from the Persian king.

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AsioMJLivDEs, Boaof Gobryas, was^n-
eral of Athens against the Persians.

Ariomardus, a son of Diirius, in the
army of Xerxes when he went against
Greece.

Ariombobs, a pilot of Xerxes.

Arion, a famous lyric poet and musi-
cian, son of Cycios, of Methymna, in the
island of Lesbos. He went into Italy
with Peri^nder, tyrant of Corinth, where
he obtained immense riches b^ his profes-
sion. Some time after, he wished to re-
visit his country ; and the sailors of the
ship, in which he embarked, resolved to
murder him, to obtain the riches which
he was carrying to Lesbos. Arion seeing
them inflexible in their resolutions, beg-
ged that he might be permitted to play
some melodious tune ; and as soon as he
had finished it, he threw himself into the
sea. A number of Dolphins had been at-
tracted tound the ship by the sweetness
of his mtisic ; and it is said, that one of
them carried him safe on his back to Te-
narus, whence he hastened to the court of
Periander, who ordered all the sailors to

be crucified at their return. A horse

sprung from Ceres and Neptune. It had
the power of speech, the feet on the rig^t
side like those of a man, and the rest of
the body like a horse.

Ariotistus, a king of Germany, who
professed himself a friend of Rome.
When Csesar was in Gaul, Ariovistus
marched against him, and was conquered
with the loss of eighty thousaad men.

Aris, a river of Messenia.

Aribba, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by

an earthquake. A colony of the Mity-

leneans in Troas, destroyed by the Tro-
jans before the coming of the Greeks.

The name of Priam's first wife, divorced
that the monarch might marry Hecuba.

Aristae If BTus, a writer whose epistles
have been beautifully edited by Abresch.
Zwollas, 1749.

Aristjbum, a city of Thrace at the foot
of mount Hemus.

Aristjkus, son of Apollo and the nymph
Cyrene, was born in the deserts of Lybia.
and brought up by the Seasons, and fta
upo? nectar and ambrosia. He fell in
love with Eurydice, the wife of Orpheus,
and pursued her in the fields. She was
stung by a serpent that lay in the grass,
and died, for which the ^ods destroyed all
the bees of Aristsus. In this calamity hK
applied to his mother, who directed him
tn seize the sea-god Proteus, and consult
him how he might repair the losses he had
sustained. Proteus advised him to ap-
pease the manes of Eurydice by the sac-
rifice of four bulls and four heifers : and
as soon as he had done it, and left them
in the air, swarms of bees immediately
sprang from the rotten carcasses, and re-
T Aristsus to his former prosperity.

Aristeus went to live on mount Bffimas,
where he died. He was, after death.

worshipped as a denii-god. A general

who commanded the Corinthian forces at
the siege of Potiderf.

Aristaooras, a writer who composed

an history of Egypt. A son-in-law of

Hlstiffius tyrant of Miletus, who revolted
from Darius, and incited the Athenians
against Persia, and burnt Sardis. He was
killed in a battle against the Persians,
B. C. 499.

Aristander, a celebrated soothsayer,

greatly esteemed by Alexander. An

Athenian, who wrote on agriculture.

ARI8TANDR09, R statusxy of Sparta.

Aristarche, a matron of Ephesus, who
by order of Diana sailed to the coasts of
Gaul with the Phocsans, and was made
priestess.

Aristarchus, a celebrated grammarian
of Samos, disciple of Aristophanes. He
lived the sreatest part of his life at Alex-
andria. He was famous for his critical
powers, and he revised the poems of Ho-
mer with such severity, that ever after all
severe critics were called Arutarcki, In
his old age he became dropsical, upon
which he starved himself, and died in his

72d year, B. C. 157. A tragic poet of

Tegea in Arcadia, about 454 years B. C.

A physician to tqueen Berenice, the

widow of Antiochus.'-— An orator of

Ambracia. An astronomer of Samos.

who first sui)posed that the earth turned
round its axis, and revolved round the
sun.

Aristazarbb, a noble Persian in fovor
with Artaxerxes Ochus.

Aristsas, a poet of Proconnesus, who.
as fables report, appeared seven years al-
ter his death to his countrymen, and five
hundred and forty years after to the peo*
pie of Metapontum in Italy, and com-
manded them to raise him a statue near

the temple of Apollo. A physician of

Rhodes.^— A geometriciaUf intimate with

Euclid. A poet, son of Demochares, in

the age of Croesus.

ARisTERiip, an island on the coast of
Feloponnesils.

Aristeus, a man of Argos, who excited
king Pyrrhus to take up arms against his
countrymen, the Argives.

Aristhekes, a shepherd who found
iEsculapius, when he had been exposed
in the woods by his mother Coronis.

Aristhub, an historian of Arcadia.

Aristibus, a river of Pseonia.

Aristidss, a celebrated Athenian, son
of Lysimachus, whose great temperance
and virtue procured him the surname 'ai
Just. He was rival to Tbemistocles, by
whose influence he was banished for ten
years, B. C. 484 ; but before six years of
his exile had elapsed, he was recaUed by
the Athenians. He-died so poor, that

-jitized by V^OOQIC

AR 6

axpenses of his ftaneral were defrayed at
the publie charge, and hia two daughters,
on account of their father's virtues, receiv-
ed a dowry from the public treasury when
they were come to marriageable years.

^An historian of Miletus, fonder of

dories and of anecdotes, than of truth.

An Athlete, who obtained a prize

at the Olympian, Nemean and Pythian

games. A painter of Thebes in Bcsotia,

in the age of Alexander the Great. A

Greek orator who wrote fifty orations, be-
sides other tracts. A man of Locris,

who died by the bite of a weasel. A

philosopher of Mysia, intimate with M.

Antoninus. An Athenian, who wrote

treatises on animals, trees, and agricul-
ture.

Aribtiixus, a philosopher of the Alex-
andrian school.

Ahistio, a sophist of Athens, who
■eized the government of his country,
and made himself absolute. He potsonea
himself when defeated by Bylla.

Aristippub, the elder, a philosopher of
Cvrene, disciple to Socrates, and founder

of the Cyreaaic sect. His grandson of

the same name, called Vie younger, was a
warm defender of his opinions. He flour-
ished about 363 years B. C. A tyrant

of Argos. — ^A man who wrote an histo-
Xy of Arcadia,

M. Aristics, a tribune of the soldiei's

in Gasar's army. A satirist, who wrote

a poem called Cyclops.

Ariito. Fid. Ariston.

Aristobula, a name given to Diana 1^
Themistoeles/

Aribtobulus, a name common to some
of the high priests and kings of Judcea.

A brother of Epicurus. One of

Alexander's attevdants, who wrote the
king's life, replete with adulation and un-
truth.—— —A philosopher of Judaea, B. C.
150.

Aristoclxa, a beautiful woman, seen
naked by Strato, 09 she was offenng a
sacrifice. She was passionately loved by
Callisthenes, and was equally admired by
fitrato. The two rivals so fuiiously con-
tended for her hand, that she died during
their quarrel, upon which Strato killed
himself, and Callisthenes was never seen
after.

Ari^ocles, a peripatetic philosopher of
Messenia, who reviewed, in a treatise on
philosophy, the opinions of his predeces-
sors. A granunarian of Rhodes. A

stoic of Lampsacus. An historian.

A musician. A prince of Tegaea.

This name is common to many Greeks, of
whom few or no particulars are recorded.

Aribtoclidxb, a tyrant of Orchome-
pus.

Aribtocrateb, a king of Arcadia, put
to death by his subjects for ofiering vio-
lence to the priestess of Diana. A Rho-

J AR

dian. A man who endeavored to de-
stroy th$ democratical power at Athens.
An Athenian general sent to the as-
sistance of Corey ra with twenty-five gal-
lies. A Greek historian, son of HJjjH

parchus.

ARisTocRsoif, the writer of a book on
geography.

Aristocritus, wrote a treatise conceiB-
ing Miletus.

Aristodxms, a daughter of Priam.

Aristooemus, son of AristomachuSy
was one of the Heraclidie. He, with his
brothers Temenns and Chrespontes, in-
vaded Peloponnesus, conquered it, and di-
vided the country among themselves, 1104

years before the Christian era. ^A king

of Messenia, who maintained a famous
war against Sparta. Aristodemus put hia
daughter to death for the good of his
country ; but being afterwards persecuted
in a dream by her manes, he killed him*
self, after a reign of six years and aome
months, in which he had obtained much

military glory, B. C. 724. A tyrant of

CumiB. A philosopher of JBgina. A

Spartan who taught tlie children of Pan-

sanias. A man who was preceptor to

the children of Pompey. A tyrant of

Arcadia. — ^A Carian who wrote an his-
tory of painting. A philosopher of Ny*

sa, B. C. 63.

ARiBTooxifxs, a physician of Cnidos.
— • — A Thasian who wrote twenty-four
books on medicine.

Aristooiton and Harmodiui, two cel-
ebrated friends of Athens, who, by their
joint efforts, delivered their coontry from
the tyranny of the Pisistratids, B. C. 510.
They received immortal honors from the
Athenians, and had statues raised to their

memory. An Athenian orator, siimsm-

ed Canif, for his impudence.— A statr
uaiy.

Aristolav», a painter.

Aristom ACHE, the wife of Dianysim of

Syracuse. The wife of Dioa.— — A

poetess. A daughter of Priam, who

married Critolaus.

Aribtomachds, an Athenian, who
wrote concerning the preparation of whie^
A man so excessively fond of I

that he devoted fifty-eight years of his

life in raising swarms of them. The

son of Cleodffius, and grandson of Hyllus^
whose three sons, Cresphontes, Temo-
nus, and Aristodemus, called Heraelide^

conquered Peloponnesus. A man who

laid aside his sovereign power at Argos,
at the persuasion of Aratus.

Aribtomedes, a Thessalian general in
the interest of Darius 3d.

Aribtomjsnsb, a commander of the
fleet of Darius on the Hellespont, con-
quered by the Macedonians. A famous

general of Messenia. who eneourased
his countrymen to shake off the Lacea»-

"jitizedby VjOOQIC

I yoke, under whlcb tbey had la-
bored for above thirty years. He refused
to assame tlie title of king, but wat satis-
fied with that of commander. He acquir-
ed the surname of Jiut, from his equity,
Co which he joined the true valor,, sagaci-
ty, and perseverance of a general. He

died 671 B. C. A Spartai> sent to the

assistance of Dionysius.

Aristov, the son of Agasicles, king of

Sparta. A general of iGtolia. A

sculptor. A Corinthian who assistr-

ed the Syracusans against the Athenians.

An officer in Alexander's army.

A tyrant of Methymna, who. being igno-
rant that Chios had surrendered to the
Macedonians, entered into the harbor, and
was taken and put to death. ^A philos-
opher of Chios, pupil to ^eno the stoic,
and founder of a sect which continued

but a little while. A lawyer in Trar-

jan's reign. A peripatetic philosopher

of Alexandria, who wrote concerning the

course of the Nile. A wrestler of Ar-

gos, under whom Plato {»eiformed some
exercises.— -—^A musician of Athens.

A tragic poet. A peripatetic of

Cos.-^— A niUive of PeUa, in the age of
Adrian, who wrote on the rebellion of the
Jews.
Aristohact^, a naval dock of Pellene.
Aristoxicus, son of Eumenes, by a
concubine of Ephesus, 126 B. C. invaded
Asia and the kingdom of Pergamus, which
Attains had left by his will to the Roman
people. He was conquered by the consul

Perpenna, and strangled in prison. A

musician of Olynthus. A grammarian

of Alexandria.
AaitTosuDBs, a noble statuary.
Aristoh'ui, a captain of Alexander's
cavalry.

AaisToirTHirs, a comic poet under Phi-
ladelphus, keeper of the library of Alex-
andria. One of Alexander's musicians.

Aristophareb, a celebrated comic poet
of Athens, son of Philip of Khodes. He
wrote fifty-four comedies, of which only
eleven are come down to us. He lived in
the age of Socrates, Demosthenes, and
Euripides, B. C. 434, and lashed the vices
of his age with a masterly hand. The
wit and excellence of his comedies are
well known ; but they abound sometimes
too much with obscenity, and his attack
upon the venerable character of Socrates
has been always censured, aud with jus-
tice. A grammarian of Byzantium,

keeper of the library of Alexandria under

Ptolemy Evergetes. A Greek historian

of BcBotia. A writer on agriculture.

AaisTOFHrLioEs, a king of Tareatum
in the reign of Darius son of Hystaspes.

Aribtofhon, a painter in the age of So-
crates. A comic poet in the age of Al-
exander, many of whose firagmenta are col-
lected in Athencua.

Aristor. the fkther of Argua the fauii-
dred-eyed keeper of lo.

Aristorip£s, the patronymic of Argus.

Aristutclria, festivals in honor of
Aristotle, because he obtained the restitu-
tion of his country from Alexander.

Am8totxi.es, a famous philbsopher, son
of the physician Nicomaclius by Festiada,
bom at Stagira. After his father's death
he went to Athens, to hear Plato's lec-
tures, where he soon signalized himself by
the brightness of his genius. He had been
of an inactive and dissolute disposition In
bis youth, but now he applied himself
with uncommon diligence, and after ho
had spent twenty years in hearing ttie in-
structions of Plato, he opened a school for
himself, for which he was accused of in-
gratitude and illiberality b^ his ancient
master. He was moderate in his meals ;
he slept little, and always had one arm
out of his couch with a bullet in it, which
by falling into a brazen bason underneath,
early awakened him. He was, according
to some, ten years preceptor to Alexander,
who received his instructions widi much
pleasure and deference, and always re-
spected him. Almost all his writings,
which are composed on a variety of sub-
jects, are extant : he gave them to Theo-
phrastus at his death, and they were bought
by one of the Ptolemies, and placed in the
famoas library of Alexandria. The writ-
ings of Aristotle have been compared with
those of Plato ; but the one are the efiVt-
sions of a lively and fruitful imagination,
whilst the philosopher of Stagira studied
nature more than art. and had recourse to
simplicity of expression more than orna-
ment. He died in the sixty-third year 6f
his age, B. C. 322. The people of Stagha
instituted festivals in his honor, because
he had rendered important services to
their city. There were besides seven of
the same name, — A magistrate of Athens.

A commentator on Homer's Iliad.

— -^An orator of Sicily, who answered

the panegyric of Isocrates. A friend of

ifischines. A man of Cyrene who

wrote on poetry. A schoolmaster men-
tioned in Plato's life, written by Aristo-
xenus. An obscure grammarian.

Aristotiiius, a tyrant of £li«, S71 years
B.C.

Aribtoxevus, a celebrated musician,
disciple of Aristotle, and bom at Taren-

tum. A philosopher of Cyrene.— —A

physician whose writings are quoted by
Galen. A poet of Selinus. A Pytha-
gorean philosopher.

Aristus, a Greek historian of Salamis,
who wrote an account of Alexander's ex-
pedition.

Aribtyllub, an obscure poet. An

astronomer of Alexandria, 295? B. C. ,
Arittb, a river of Gaul, and of Asia.
L The inhabitants In the neighborhood are

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called Arit- A celebrated writer, tlm
origin of the Arian controversy, that de-
nied the eternal divinity and teonsubstan-
tiality of the' word. He died the very
night he was going to enter the church of
Constantinople in triumph.

Armk nes, a son of Nabls, led in triuniph
at Rome.

Armenia, a large country of Asia, di-
vided into Upper and Lower Armenia.
The Armenians were a long time under
the dominion of the Modes and Persians,
till they were conquered, with the rest or
Asia, by Alexander and liia successors.
The Romans made it one of their pro-
vinces, and, under some of the emperors,
the Armenians had the privilege of choos-
ing their own kings, but they were after-
wards reduced.

Arms NTARi us, a Cssar in Dioelesian's
reign.

Arxillatcs, one of Domitian's favor-
ites.

Armilustrium, a festival at Rome on
the nineteenth of October. When the
sacrifices were offered, all the people ap-
peared under arms.

Arminius, a warlike general of the
Germans, who supported a bloody war
against Rome for some time, and was at
last conquered by German icus in two great
battles. He was poisoned by one of his
friends. A. D. 19, in the thirty-seventh
year of^ his ftge.

Armoric JE, cities of Celtic Gaul, femous
for the warlike, rebellious, and inconstant
disposition of the inhabitants oalled Ar-
morici. . Armorica extended Iretween th«)
rivers Liger, and Sequana, and compre-
hended those rich and populous provinces
now called Britany and Normandy.

Arns, a city of Lyeia, called afterwards

Zanthus. A town of Umbria in Italy.

A daughter of i£oIus, who gave her

name to two towns, one in Thessaly, the
other in Boeotia.

Arni, a people of Italy, destroyed by
Hercules.

ARif lEvsis, a tribe In Rome.

Arnobius, a philosopher in Dioclesian's
reign, who became a convert to Christ-
ianity. He applied for ordination, but was
refused by the bishops till be gave them a
proof of his sincerity.

Arnus, a river of Etruria, rising on, the
Appennine mountains, and falling into the
Mediterranean.

Aroa, a town of Achaia.

Aroma, a town of Caria— — ^f Cappa-
doicia.

Arpani, a people of Italy.

Arpi, a city of Apulia, built byDiome-
des after the Trojan war.

ArpinuMj a town of the Volsci, famous

for giving birth to Cicero and Marius.

A town of Magna Grecia.

Arkai, a people of Thrace.

Arbhab JCU9, the kins of a nation in tli0
neighborhood of Macedonia, who greatly
distressed Arcbelaus.
^ Arria. Fid. Aria.

Arri A Galla, a beautiful but immodest
woman in the re^ of the emperors.

Arrianus, a philosopher of Nicomedia,
priest of Ceres and Proserpine, and disci-
ple of Epictetus, called a second Xenophon
from the elegance and sweetness of his
diction, and distinguished for his ac-
quaintance with military and political
life. He flourished about the one hun-
dred and fortieth year of Christ, and was
rewarded with the consulship and gor-
ernment of Cappadocia, by M. Antoni-
nus. A Greek historian. ^An Athe-
nian who wrot« a treatise on hunting,

and the manner of keeping dogs. A

poet who wrote an epic poem in twenty-
four books on Alexander.

Arrius, a friend of Cicero. Aper, a

Roman general who murdered the em-
peror.

Arrius and Arius^ a philosopher of
Alexandria, who so ingratiated himself
with Augustus, after the battle of Acti-
um, that the conqueror declared the peo-
ple of Alexandria owed the preservation
of their city to three causes; because
Alexander was their founder, because of
the beauty of the situation, ^nd because
Arrius was a native of the place.

Arbuwtius, a Roman consul. A fh-

motts geographer, who, upon being accus*
cd of adultery and treason, under Tibe-
rius, opened his veins.

Ar>a3be8, c B".ta«ip of Armenia. Of

P^sia.

Absaces, a man of obscure origin, who,
upon seeing Seleucus defeated by the
Gauls, invaded Parthia, and conquered
the governor of the province called An^
dragoras, and laid the foundations of an
empire, 250 B. C. His son and succes-
sor bore the same name. He carried w^ar
against Antiochus the son of Seleucus.
who entered the field with one hundred
thousand foot and twenty thousand horse.
He afterwards made peace with Antio-
chus, and died B. C. 217. The third kin^

of Parthia, of the ftoiily of the Arsacidae.
bore the same name, and was also callea

Priapatius. He reigned twelve years.

A Icmg of Pontus and Armenia, in alli-
ance with the Romans. The eldest son

of Artabanus, appointed over Armenia by
his father, after the death of king Artax-
ias. A servant of Themistodes.

Arbacidjb, a name given to some of the
monarchs of Parthia, in honor of Arsaces,
the fbunder of the empire.

Arsamenes, a satrap of Persia, at the
battle of the Granicus.

Ars AMETEs, a river of Asia, near Parthia.

Arsamob ATA, a town of Armeoia Sfajor,
seventy miles uom the Euphrates.

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Absaites, the son of OchuB, and fatlier
of uodomanus.

Arsanias, a river of Armenia.

Arskna, a marsh of Armenia Major,
whose fishes are ail of the same sort.

Akses, the youngest a»n of Oclius,ivbom
Bagoajs raised to the tlirone of Persia, and
destroyed with his children, after a reign
of three years.

Arsia, a wood of Etruria, famous for a
battle between the Romans and the Vei-

entes. A small river between Illyri-

cum and latria, falling into tlie Adriatic.

^A river of Italy, flowing through

Campania.

Arsid^ u>, a son of Datames.

Arsinoe, daughter of Leucippus and
Phllodice, was mother of iGsculapius by
Apollo, according to some authors. She
Teceived divine honors after death at
Sparta. A daughter of Phlegeus, pro-
mised in marriage to Alcmseon A

fountain of Peloponnesus. The sister

and wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, wor-
shipped after death under the name of
Venus Zephyritis. A daughter of Pto-
lemy Lagus, who married Lysimachus
king of Macedonia. A younger daugh-
ter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleopa-
tra.-^— A daughter of Lysimachus. A

town of Egypt, situated near the lake of
Moeris, on the western shore of the Nile,
where the inhabitants paid the highest

veneration to the crocodiles. A town

of Cilicia of iEolia of Syria of

Cyprus— of Lycia, &c.

Arsites, a satrap of Paphlagonia.

Artabanus, son of Hystaspes, was bro-
ther to Darius the flrst. He dissuaded his
nephew Xerxes from making war against
the Greeks, and at his return, he assassi-
nated him with the hopes of ascending
the throne. Darius^ the son of Xerxes.
was murdered in a similar manner ; kna
Artaxerxes, his brother, would have shar-
ed the same fate, had not he discovered
the snares of the assassin, and punished

bira with deajth. A king of Parthia

after the death of his liephew Phraates2d.
He undertook a war a^inst a nation of

Scythia^ in which he perished. A king

of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, a^
ter the expulsion of Vonones, whom Ti-
berius bad made king there. He was ex-
pelled from his throne, which Tiridates
usurped j and some time after, he was
restored again to his ancient power, and

died A. D. 48. A king of Parthia, very

inimica] to the interest of Vespasisln.

Another king of Parthia, Who made war
against the emperoi' Caracalla, who had
attempted his life on pretence of courting
his daughter. He was murdered, and the
power of Parthia abolished, and the crown
translated to the Persian monarchs.

ArtaBAzanes or Artaiienes„ the eld-
est wm of Darius, when a private person.

He attempted to succeed to the Fenian
throne, in preference to Xerxes.

Artabasus, a son of Pharnaces, general
in the army of Xerxes. He fied from
Greece upon the ill success of Mardonius.

A general who made war against

Artaxerxes, and was defeated. He was
afterwards reconciled to his prince, and
became the familiar friend of^ Darius Sd.
An officer of Artaxerxes against Da-
tames.

Artabri and Artabritjc, a people of
Lusitania.

Artac^as, an officer in the army of
Xerxes, the tallest of all the troops, the
king excepted.

Artacjera, a cityof Asia^ near Aria.

Art AGE, a town and seaport near GyzJ-
cus. It did not exist in the age of Pliny.

A city of Phry gia. A fortified place

of Bithynia.

Artacene, a countrv of Assyria near
Arbela, where Alexander conquered Da-
rius.

Artacia, a fountain in the country of
the Lsstrygones.

Artjei, a name by which the Persiani
were called among their neighbors.

Artageras, a town of Upper Armenia.

Artageries, a general in the army of
Artaxerxes, killed by Cyrus the younger.

Artanes, a king of the southern parts
of Armenia. — -A river of Thrace flow-
ing into the later. ^A rivor of Colchis.

Artaphernes, a general whom Darius
sent into Greece with Datis. He was con-
quered at the battle of Marathon, by Mit-
tiades.

Artatus, a river of IHyria.

Artatasoes, a son of Tigranes king 0f
Upper Armenia, who wrote tragedies, and
shone as an elegant orator and Ikltfaful
historian. He was murdered. Thei crown
of Armenia was given by Tiberius to a
person of the same name, who was ex-
pelled. Augustus had also raised to the

throne of Armenia a person of the same
name.

Artaxa and Artaxiai, a general of
Antiochus the Great, who erected the

Erovince of Armenia into a kingdom, by
is reliance on the friendship of the Ro-
mans.

Ahtaxta, {orum) now Ardesh, a strongly
fortified town of Upper Armenia, the cap-
ital of the empire, where the kings gen-
erally resided.

Artaxerxes Ist, succeeded to the khig-
dom of Persia, after his fhther Xerxes.
He destroyed Artabanus who had mur-
dered Xerxes, and attempted to destroy
the royal fhmily to raise himself to the
throne. He reigned thirty-nine years, and

died B. C. 425. The 3d of that name,

king of Persia, was sumamed Mnemon,
on account of his extensive memory. His
biotliiBr Cyrus was of such an amhitloita

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disposition, that he resolved to make him-
self king, in opposition to Artaxerxes.
Having been appointed over Lydia and
the sea coasts, he assembled a large army
under various pretences, and at last
marched against his brother at the head
of one hundred thousand Barbarians and
thirteen thousand Greeks. He was op-
posed by Artaxerxes with nine hundred
thousand men, and a bloody battle was
fought at Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was
killed, and his forces routed. Artaxerxes
died of a broken heart, in consequence
of his son's unnatural behaviour, in the
ninety-fourth year of his age, after a

reign of 46. years, B. C. 358. The .3d,

Bumamed Ochus, succeeded his father
Artaxerxes 2d, and established himself on
his throne by murdering about eighty of
his nearest relations. His behaviour in
Egypt, and his cruelty towards the inhab-
itants, offended his subjects, and Bagoas
at last obliged his physician to poison
him, B. C. ^, and afterwards gave his
flesh to be devoured by cats, and made
handles for swords with his bones.

Artaxerxes or Artaxares 1st, a com-
mon soldier of Persia, who killed Artaba-
nus, A. D. 228, and erected Persia a^in
into a kingdom, which had been extinct

since the death of Darius. One of his

successors, son of Sapor, bore his name,
and reigned eleven years, during which
he distinguished himself by his cruelties.

Artaxias, son of Artavasdes, king of
Armenia, was proclaimed king by his
father's troops. He opposed Antony, by
whom he was defeated, and became so
odious that the Romans, at the request
of the Armenians, raised Tigranes to the
throne.— ^Another, son of Polemon,
whose original name wag Zeno. After
the expulsion of Venones from Armenia,
he was made king by Germanicus.

Artatctes, a Persian appointed gov-
ernor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was hung
on a cross by the Athenians for his cruel-
ties.

Artatnta, a Persian lady, whom
Xerxes gave in marriage to his son Da-
rius.

Artatntes, a Persian appointed over a
fleet in Greece, by Xerxes.

Artembares, a celebrated Mede in the
reign of Cyrus the Great.

Artemidorus, a native of Ephesus,
who wrote an history and description of
the earth, in eleven books. He flourished

about 104 years B. C. A physician in

the age of Adrian. A man in the reign

of Antoninus, who wrote a teamed work

on the interpretation of dreams. A

uian of Cnidus, son to the historian The-
opompus. As he was a friend of J. Csesar,
he wrote down an accQunt of the con-
spiracy which was formed against him.

He gave it to the dictator fVom among the
crowd as he was going to the senate, but
J . Ctesar put it with other papers which
he held in his hand, thinking it to be of
no material consequence.

Artemis, the Greek name oC Diana.
Her festivals, called Artemisia, were ce-
lebrated in several parts of Greece, par-
ticularly at Delphi. There was a solem-
nity of the same name at Syracuse.

Artemisia, daughter of Lygdamis of
Halicamassus, reigned over Halicamas-
sus and the neighboring country. It is
said that she was fond of a youth of Aby-
dos, called Dardanus, and that, to punish
hi^ disdain, she put out his eyes while he
was asleep, and afterwards leaped down

the promontory of Leucas. There was

also another queen of Caria of that name.
She was married to Mausolus, famous for
his personal beauty. She was so fond
of her husband, that at his death she
drank in her liquor his ashes after his
body had been burned, and erected to his
memory a monument, which for its gran-
deur and magnificence^ was called one
of the seven wonders of the world. This
monument she called Mausoleum, a name
which has been given from that time to
all monuments of unusual splendor.

Artemisia. Fid. Artemis.

Artemisium, a promontory of Eubcea,
where Diana had a temple. The neigli-
boring part of the sea bore the same

name. A lake near the grove Aricia,

with a temple sacred to Artemis.

Artemita, a city at the east of Seleu-

cia. An island opposite the mouth of

the Achelous.

Artehon, an historian of Pergamus.

A native of Clazomene, who was

with Pericles at the siege of Samos, where
it is said he invented the batterine-ram,
the testydOf and other equally valuable

military engines. A man who wrote a

treatise on collecting books. A native

of Magnesia, who wrote the history of

illustrious women. A physician of

Clazomense. A painter. A Syrian

whose features resembled, in the strong-
est manner, those of Antiochus.

Artimfasa, a name. of Venus among
the Scythians.

Artobarzanss, a son of Darius, who
endeavored to ascend the throne in pre-
ference to his brother Xerxes, but to no
purpose.

Artochhes, a general of Xerxes, who
married one of the daughters of Darius.

Artona, a town of the Latins, taken
by the ^qui.

Artontes, a son of Mardonius.

Artonius, a physician of Atigustus.

Artoxares, an eunuch of Paphlagonia,
in the reign of Artaxerxes 1st, cruelly put
to death by Paiysatis.

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A&Ti7RitT8, an obscure fellow, raised to
honors and wealth by his flatteries.

Arttnes, a king of Media.

Arttnia, a lake of Asia Minor.

Arttstora, a daughter of Darius.

Arua, a people of Hyrcania, where
Alexander kindly received the chief offi>-
cers of Darius.

Art ALKs, a name given to twelve priests
who celebrated the festivals called Am-
barvalia.

Aruxris, a god of the Egyptians, son
of Isis and Osiris.

Arysriti, a powerful people of Gaul,
now Jtuvergne, near the Ligeris, who
took up arms against J. Cesar. They
were conquered with great slaughter.

Aryiraous, a king.of Britain.

Aryisicm and Artisus, a promontory
of Chios, famous for its wine.

L. ARuircuLEi us Costa, an officer sent
by J. Caesar against tlie Gauls, by whom
he was killed.

Ardits, an Etrurian soothsayer in the

a«je of Marius. A soldier who' slew

Onmilla, and was killed by a dart of Di-
ana. A brother of Tarquin the Proud.

He married Tullia, who murdered him to
espouse Tarquin, who had assassinated

hi3 wife. A son of Tarquin the Proud,

A son of Porsena kin^ of Etruria,

sent by his father to take Aricia.

Aruxtics; a Roman who ridiculed the

rites of Bacchus. A man who wrote

an account of the Punic war9 in the style

of Sallust, in the reign of Augustus.

Another Latin writer.— —Paterculus, a
man who gave iGmylius Censorinud, ty-
rant of iEgesta, a brazen horse to torment
criminals. The tyrant made the first ex-
periment upon the body of the donor.
Stella, a poet descended of a con-
sular ihmily in the age of Domitian.

Arupinits, a maritime town of Istria.

Arospsx. Fid. Haruspez.

Arxata, a town of Armenia, near the
Araxes.

Artaicdbs, a Persian appointed gov-
ernor of Egypt by Cambyses. He was
{lut to death because he imitated Darius
n whatever he did, and wished to make
himself immortal.

Artbas, a native of Sidon, whose
daughter was carried away by pirates.
«-~A king of the Moloasl, who reigned
ten years.

Artptjevs, a prince of the Molossi,
who privately encouraged the Greeks
against Macedonia, and afterwards em-
braced the party of the Macedonians.

Asander, a man who separated, by a
wall, Chersonesus Taurica from the con-
tinent.

Asbbst.v and Abbtstjb, a people of
Libya above Cyrcne, where the temple
of Ammon is built. Jupiter is sometimes
called oa that account Jttbjfgtius,

AsBOLUs (Mack hair)^ one of Actaron's
dogs.

Ascalafhus^ the son of AcheroQ and
Nox ; turned into an owl by Ceres, for
informing Pluto that Proserpine had eaten
some grains of a pomegranate in hell.

AsoALoN, a town of Syri^l, near ^e
Mediterranean, about five hundred and
twenty stadia from Jerusalem, still in
being. It was anciently fiunous for its
onions.

AscAKiA, an island of the uEgean sea.
A city of Troas, built by Ascanius.

AscAifim, son of ^neas by Creusa,
was saved from the flames of Troy by
his father, whom he accompanie(f in his
voyage to Italy. He was afterwards call-
ed lulus. The descendants of Ascanius
reigned in Alba for above four hundred
and twenty years. A rivdr of Bithynia.

Ascii, a nation of India, in whose
country objects at noon have no shadow.

AscLEPiA, festivals in honor ,of Ascle-
pius, or JBsculapiut, celebrated all dver
Greece, when prizes for poetical and mu-
sical compodiuons were honorably dis-
tributed.

AscLRPiAOEs. a rhetorician in tbe age
of Eumenes, who wrote an historileal ac-
count of Alexander. A disciple of

Plato. A philosopher, disciple to

Stilpo, and very intimate with Mene-
demus. The two friends lived toge-
ther, and that they njight not be sepa-
rated when they married, Asclepiades
married the daughter, and Menedemus,
though much tlie younger, the mother.
A physician of Bithynia, B. C. 90,
who acquired great reputation at Rome,
and was the founder of a sect in physic.
An Egyptian, who wrote hymns on

the gods of his country, and a treatise on
the coincidence of all religions* ^A na-
tive of Alexandria, who gave an history

of the Athl»nian archons. A disciple

of Isocrate^. A physician in tbe age

of Pompey. A tragic poet. Another

physician of Bithynia, undet Trajan.

AscLEPioDORua. a painter in the age of
Apelles, twelve or whose pictures of the
gods were sold for three hundred mine
each, to an African prince.*— A soldier
who conspired against Alexander with
Hermolaus.

AscLEPioDOTrs, a general of Mithri-
dates.

AscLEPiUB. Fid. ^sculapius.

AscLETARroN, a mathematician in the
age of Domitian, who said that he should
be torn by dogs. The emperor ordered
him to1)e put to death, and his body care-
fully secured ; but as soon as he. was set
on the burning pile, a sudden storm arose
which put out the flames, and the dom
came and tore to pieces the mathemati-
cian's body. ^

AscLos,"u town of Italy

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AscoLi A, a festival in honor of Bacchus,
celebrated, about December, by the Athe-
nian husbandmen, who generally sacri-
ficed a goat to the god, because that ani-
mal is a great enemy to the vine.

AscoRius Lj«£o, a preceptor of Nero.
Pedia, a man intimate with Virpil
and Livy.— Another of the same fiimily
In the ace of Vespasian, who became
Mind in his old age, and lived twelve
years after.

AscaA, a town of BcBotia, built, accord-
ing to some, by the giants Qtus and Spfai-
altes, at the foot of mount H«1icon.

Aacu%pii, now Jiscoli, a town of Pioe-
num, famous for the defeat of Pyrrhus by
Curius and Fahricius. Another in Apu-
lia, near the Aufidus.

AsoauBAL, a Carthaginian, son-in-law
of Hamilcar. He distinguished himself in
nhe Numidian war, and was appointed
chief general on the death of his father-
in-law, and for ei^ht years presided with
:nuch prudence and valor over Spain,
Which submitted to his arms with cheer-
fulness. Here he bddvtfie foundation of
new Carthage, and saw it complete. He
was JkAled in the midst of his soldiers.
B. C. A, "by a slave whose master he haa

murdered. A son of Hamilcar, who

came from Spain with a large reinforce-
ment for his brother Amiibal. He crossed
the Alps and entered Italy ; "buft some of
his letters toTiknnibal having faBea into
the hands of the Somans, the consuls M.
Livius Salinator aad Claudius Neva, at-
tacked him suddenly Bear the Uetannis,
and defeated him, B. C. 907. He was
* killed in the battle, and flfty-six thousand
of his men shared his fate, and Ave thou-
sand four hundred were takea prisoners ;
about eight thousand Romans were kQIed.
— : — A Carthaginian general, snmamed
C(Uvns, appointed governor of Sardinia,

and taken prisoner by the Romans.

Another, son of Gisgon, appointed general
of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, in the
time of the great Annibal. He made head
against the Romans in Africa, with the
assistance of Scyphax, but he was soon
nfter defeated by Scipio. He died B. C.
206. Another, who advised his coun-
trymen to make peace with Rome, and
. «tf)braided Annibal for laughing in the

rarthaginian senate. A grandson of

Masintssa, murdered bi the senate-house

by th^ Qwthaginians. Another, whose

camp was destroyed in Africa by Scipio.
though at'tiie head of twenty thousand
men, in the last Punic war. He was not
of the same family as Hannibal. — A Car-
thaginian general, conquered hy L. Caecil-
ius Metellus in Sicily, in a battle in which
lie lost one hundred and thirty elephants.

AsELLio, SsHPRonius, an historian and
■military tribune, who wrote an account of
ihe actions in which he was present.

Asia, one of the three parts of the m*
cient world, separated from Europe by the
Tanais, the £uxine,iEifean. and Mediter-
ranean seas. The Nile and Egypt divide
it from Africa. It receives its name from
Asia, the dau^ter of Oceanua. This part
of the globe has given birth to many ofthe
greatest monarchies of the universe, and
to tlie ancient inhabitants o( Asia we are
indebted for most of the arts and sciences.
The soil is fruitAil, and abounds with all
the nec essar ies as well as luxuries of life.

One of the Oceanides, who married

Japetus, and gave her name to one of the

three quarters of the ancient globe.

One of the Nereides.-r-~A mountain of
Laconia.

Asia PAi.vt, a lake in Mysia.

AsiATicuB, a Qaul, in the age of Vitel-

lius. The surname of one ofthe Scl-

pios, and others, for theur conquests or
campaigns in Asia.

As I LAS, an aygur, who assisted ^Eneas
against Tumus. A Trojan officer.

AsmAMA, a festival in Sicily.

AsiiiAaios, a river of Siciljr.

Aiiifn, one of the Spcwades. An is-
land of the Adriatic ^Three towns of

Peloponnesus bore thM name, viz. in La-
conia, Argolis, and Messenia.

AsiRBi, a river of Sicily.

AsiNius Gallus, son of Asinios Pollio
the orator, married Vipsania after she had
been divorced by Tiberius. This marriage
gave rise to a secret enmity between the
emperor and Asinius, who starved him-
self to death, either voluntarily, or by or-
der of his imperial enemy. Marcellns.

grandson of Asinius Pollio, was accused

of some misdemeanors, but acquitted.

l^rilio, an excellent orator, poet, and his-
torian, intimate with Augustus. He tri-
umphed over the Dalmatians, and wrote an
account ofthe wan of Cesar and Pompey ,
in seventeen books, besides poems. He
died in the eightieth year of his age, A. D.

4. A commander of Mauritania, under

the first emperors, &c. ^An historian in

the age of Pompey. Another in the

third century. C^adratus, a man who

published the history of Paithia, Greece,
and Rome.

Atius, a son of Dvmas, brother of Hec-
uba. He assisted Pnam in the Trojan war,

and was killed by Idomeneus. A poet

of Samos, who wrote about the genealogy

of ancient heroes and heroines. A son

of Imbracus, who accompanied iBneas in-
to Italy.

Asius Campus, a place near the Cayster.

AsNAUs, a mountain of Macedonia, near
which the river Aous flows.

AsoPHis, a small country of Peloponne-
sus, near the Asopus.

AsopiA, the ancient name of Sicyon.

AsopiADEV,a patronymic of iEacos, son
of iEgina, the daughter uiAaopoM,

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

Asopis,the daughter of the Asopus.

A daughter of Thespius, mother of Men-
tor.

Aid PUS, a river of Tfaesaaiy, fallinf into
the bay of Malia, at the north of Ther-
mopylae. A river of BcBotia. A river

of Asia', flowing into the Lycus hear La-
odicea. — ^-A rive^ of Peloponnesus, paus-
ing by Sicyon. Another of Macedonia,

flowing near Heraclea. A river of Ph<B-

nicia. A son of Neptune, who gave

his name to a river of Peloponnesus.

As PA, a town of Patthia, now IgftJuan,
the capital of the Persian empire.

AsPAMiTHaKs, a favorite of Xerxes, who
ceaspined with Artabanus to destroy the
king and the royal finnily.

AsPARAOiuH. a town near Dyrrhachium.

AsPAsiA, a aaughter of Hermotimas of
Phocea, fkmous for her personal charms
and elegance. She was called Jtftlto, Ver-
mUUon, on account of the beauty of her
complexion. Another woman, daugh-
ter of Axiochus, bom at Miletus. She
came to Atliens, where slie tansfat elo-
quence, and Socrates was proud to be
among her scholars. She so captivated
Pericles, by her mental and personal ac-
eoraptishments, that he became her pupil,
and at last took her for his mistress and
wife.

AsFAsius, a peripatetic philosopher in

the second century. A soj^iist, who

wrote a panegyric on Adrian.

AsPAflTKs, a satrap of Carraaaia, sus-
pected of infidelity to his trust while Al-
exander was in the east.

AsFATHiiTxs, one of the seven noble-
men of Persia, who e<nispired against the
usurper Smerdis.

AspSfTDus, a town of PamphyUa, at tlw
mouth of the river Eurvmedon. The in-
habltaata sacrificed swfne to Venus.

AsyKAt.TiTX8, a lake. Fid. Mare Mor-
taunu

A$tt», a satrap of Chaonia, who revolt-
ed from Artaxerxes. He was reduced by
Dataraes. A city and mountain of Af-
rica. One of the Cyclades. A eity

of Macedonia.

AtPLKDOR, a son <^ Neptune. He gave
his name to a city of BoMMla, whose in-
habitants went to the Trojan war.

AsFORKif us, a mountain of Asia Minor,
near Pergamus.

AssA, a town near. mount Athoe.

AssABiirus, the Jupiter of the Arabians.

AssAaAcus, a Trojan prince, son of Tros
by Caliirhoe. He. was fkther to Capys.

the Ather to Anchiiies. ^Two friends of

Mn^m in the Rutulian war. *

AsscmiNi, a people of Sicily.

At8oau», a town of SicMy, between En-
na and Argyrium.
' Assos, a town of Lycia on the sea coast.

AssvaiA. The name of Assyria is ap-
plied to all that territory which lieB be-

tween Media Mesopotamia, Arftienia, and
Babylon. I'he Assyrian eminre is the
most ancient in the world. It was found-
ed by Ninus or Belus, B. C. 2059, and last-
ed till the reign of Sardanapolus, the ttfir-
ty-first sovereign since Ninus, B. C. 890^
In ancient authors, the As^rians are ofte;i
called Syrians, and the Syrians Assyrians.
Thfe king of Assyria generally styled him-
self king of kings, as a demonstration of
his power and greatness. The country is
now called Curdistan.

A&TA, a city in Spain.

AsTACiSiri, a people of India, near tlie
Indus.

AsTAcusi, a town of Bith^nia* f*y8ima-
chus deMroyed it, and carried the inhabit-
ants to th» town of Nicomedia, which was
then lately built.-— —A city of Acarnauia.

AsTAPA, a town of Hispania Bstica.

AsTAPus, a rivMT of JBthiopia, (klling in-
to the Nito.

ArrABTK, a powerf>il divinity of Syria,
the same as the Venus of the Greeks.
She was represented in medals with a
long habit, and a maatle over it, tucked
up on the left arm.

Asaria, a dexterous archer of Amphipo-
lis, who ofiTered his service to Ph^ip kin«
of Macedonia. Upon being slighted, lie
retired into the city, and aimed an arrow
at Philip, who pressed it with a siege.
The arrow, on which was written, " aim-
ed at Philip's ri^t eye," struck the king's
eye, and put it out ; and Philip, to return
the pleasantry, threw hack the same ar-
row, with these wor^, ** If Philip takes
the town. Aster shall be battgwl." The
conqueror kept his word.

AtTEitiA, a daughter of Ceus, one 0f the
Titans, by PhCBbe, daughter of Ccelus and
Terra. Falling under the displeasure of

Jupiter, she was changed into a quail.

A town of Greece, whose inhabitants

went to the Trojan war. One of the

daughters of Danaus, who married Chs

tus, son of iEgyptus. One of the daugh- .

ters of Atlas, moth^ of Q^omaus, king
of pifliL A mistress of 6y ges.

AsTxaioN and AsTsaius.a river of Pe- .
loponnesus, which flowed through the

country of Argolis. A son of Cometes,

who was one of the Argonauts. A

atatuarv, son of iEschylns. A son of

Minos 2d, king of Crete, by Pasiphae. He

was killed by Theseus. A mm of Ne

lens and Chloris.

AsTSKODiA, the wife of Endymion.

AsTEKOPB and Asteropj a, one of the
Pleiades, who were beloved by the gods'
and most illustrious heroes, and made

constellations after death. A daughter

of PeJias, king of lolchos. A daughter

of Delon by Diomede. ^The wife of

iEsacus.

AsTEROPJius, a king of Pconia, son of
Pelegon.

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AsTEKUstus, a mountain at the south of
Crete.— n^A town of Arabia FoJix.

AsTiNoME, the wife of Hipponous.

AsTiocHus, a general of Lacedseinon,
who conquered tJie Athenians near Cni-
dus, and tooic Phocca and Curoae, B. C.
411.

AsTRjEA, a daughter of Astrieufl, king of
Arcadia, or, according to others, of Titan,
Saturn's brother, by Aurora. She was
called JuHieSy of which virtue she was the
goddess. She lived upon the earth, as the
poets mention, during the golden age. but
the wickedness and impiety of mankind
drove her to heaven in the brazen and
iron afies, and she was placed among the
constellations of the zodiac, under the
name of Virgo.

AsTajBus, one of the Titans who made
war against Jupiter. A ilver of Mace-
donia, near Therm«.

AsTu, a Greek word which signifies
eitify generally applied by way of distinc-
tion, to Athens, which was the most capi-
tal city of Greece.

AsTUR, an Etrurian, who assisted iBneaa
against Turnus.

AsTURA, a small river and village of La-
tium, where Antony's soldiers cut off Ci-
cero's head.

AsTuass, a people of Hispania Tarraco-
nensis.

AsTTAOB, a daughter of Hypseus, who
married Periphas. by whom she bad An-
tion, the father or Ixion.

AsTTAoxs, son of Cyaxares, was the last
king of Media. He was father to Man-
dane, whom he gave in marriage to Cam-
byses, an ignoble person of Persia, be-
cause he was told by a dream, that his
daughter's son would dispossess him of
his crown. Astyages was very cruel and
oppressive ; and Harpagus, one of his of-
ficers, whose son he had wantonly mur-
dered, e4icoaraged Mandane'a son, who
was called Cyrus, to take up arms against
his grandfStner, and he conquered him

and took him prisoner, i>59 B. G. A

crammarian who wrote a commentary on

Callimachus. A man changed into a

■tone by Medusa's head.

AsTTALus, a Trojan killed by Neoptole-
mus.

AsTTAivAx, a son of Hector and An-
dromache. ^n Arcadian, who had a

statue in the temple of Jupiter, on mount
Lyceus. A son of Hercules. A wri-
ter in the age of Gallienus.

AsTYCRATiA, a daughtor of iGolus.

A daughter of Amphion and Niobe.

Aattoamas, an Athenian, pupil to Iso-
crates. He wrote two hundred and forty
tragedies, of which only fifteen obtained
the poetical prize. . A Milenian, three
times victorious at Olympia. He was fh-
nious fbr bis strength, as well as for his
voracious appetite. Two tragic writers

bore. the same name, one of whom yfna

disciple to Socrates. A comic poet of

Athens.

AsTYOAMtA, or AsTTADAMiA, daughter
of Amyntor. kliig of Orchonienos in B<fo-
tia, married Acastus, son or Pelias, who
was king of lolchos. She became en-
amored of Peleus, son of iEacus, and ac-
cused him of attempting her virtue. Acas-
tus readily believed his wife's accusatioti,
but dissembled his resentment. At last
they went in a hunting party to-mount
Pelion, where Peleus was tied to a tree,
by order of Acastus, that he might be de-
voured by wild beasts. Jupiter was n)ov-
ed at the innocence of Peleus, and sent
Vulcan to deliver him. When Peleus was
set at liberty, he marched with an army
against Acastus, whom he dethroned, and
punished with death the cmel and false

Astydamia. A daughter of Ormenus.,

carried away by Hercules.

AsTTLus, one of the centaurs, who liad

the knowledge of f^iturity. A man of

Crotona, who was victorious three suc-
cessive times at the Olympic games.

Abttmedusa, a woman whom (Edipus
married after he had divorced Jocasta.

AsTTiroHs, the daughter of Chryses the
priest of Apollo, sometimes called Ckry-
8M. She (ell to the share of Achilles, at
the division of the spoDs of Lymessus.
A daughter of Amphion, — of Talaus.

AsTTNous, a Trojan prince.

AsTTocHE and Asttochia, a daughter
of Actor, who had by Mars, Ascalaphus,
and lalmenus. who were at the Trojan
war. - A aaughter of Laomedon, by
Strymo.— — A dautehter of Amphion tind

Niobe. A daughter of the Simois, who

married Erichthonius. The wUe of

Stropbius, sister to Agamemnon.

AsTvPALJEA, one of the Cyclodes, be-
tween Cos and Carpathps, called altor As-
typalaea, the daughter of Phoenix, and mo-
ther of Ancoeus, by Neptune.

AsTYpHiLus, a soothsayer, well skilled
in the knowled^re of futurity.

AsxrHojf, a town built by the Argo-
nauts, on the coast of Illyricum.

AsTCHia,a king of E^pt, who succeed-
ed Mycerinus, and made a law, that who-
ever borrowed money, must deposit his
father's body in the hand of his creditors,
as a pledge of hjs promise of payment. He
built a magnificent pyramid.

AsTLAs, a friend of ^neas, skilled in
auguries.

AsTLLcs^ a ^diator.

AxABULua, a wind which was frequent
in Apulia.

Atabyrm, a mountain in Rhodes, where
Jupiter Imd a temple, whence he was sur-
named.

Ataoe, a town of Gaul.

Atalanta, a daughter of Schfleneus
king of Scyros. Atalanta determined to

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live in perpetual celibacy ; l^at her beauty
gained her many admirers, apd to free
herself from their importunities, she pro-
posed to run a rdce with them. Her lovers
were to start first, and whoever arrived at
the goal before her, would be made her
husband; but all those whom she over-
tiMk, were to be killed. As she was aU
meet Invincible in running, many of her
vnitoTS perished in the attempt, till Hippo-
inenes the son of Macareus, proposed him-
«elf as* her admirer. Venus had presented
iiim with three golden apples AY>m the
garden of tlie Hesperides, and as soon as
he had started in the course, he artfhlly
threw down the apples, at some distance
one ftom the other. While Atalaiita,
charmed at the sight, stopped to father
the apples, Hippomenes hastened on his
course, arrived first at the goal, and ob-
tained Atalantain marriage. — -*An island
near £ttb<Ba and Loeris.

Atarantxs, a people of Africa, ten days'
journey from the Garamantee.

ATA.aBBCHis, a town in one of Ut» is-
lands of the Delta, where Venus imd a
temple.

Ataboatis, a divinity among the Syri-
ima, represented as a Siren.

AvARif CA, a part of Mysia, opposite Les-
boa, with a small town in the neighbor-
hood of the same name.

Atas and Atras, a youth oC wonderful
velocity, who is said to have run seventy-
five miles between noon and the evening.

Atax, now jf tt/fo, a river of Gaul Nar-
bonensis, fklling into the Mediterranean
•ea.

Atk, the goddess of all evil, and daugh-
ter of Jupiter. She is the same as the Dis-
cord of the Latins.

Atella, a town of Campania, famous
for a splendid amphitheatre, where inter-
ludes were first exhibited,* and thence
called Atellans Fabule.

ATxifOMAatra, a chieftain of Graul, who
made war against the Romans.

AxHAMAifEs, an ancient people of Epi-
ras, who existed long before the Trojan
war, and still preserved their name and
customs in the age of Alexander. There
was a fountain in their territories, whose
wateirs, about the last quarter of the moon,
were to sulphureous that they could set
wood on fire.

Athamas, king of Thebes, In BoBotia,
was son of iEolns. He married Themisto,
whoni some call Nephele, and Pindar, De-
motlce, and by her he had Phryxus and
Helle. SAme time after, on pretence that
Nephele was subject to nts or madness, he
married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, by
whom he had two sons, Learchus and
Melicerta« Ino became jealous of the
children of Nephele ; because they were
to ascend their father's throne iu prefer-
ence to her own, therefore she resolved to
7*

destroy them : but they escaped ftom her
fury to Colchis, on a ^Iden ram. The
prosperity of Ino was displeasing to Juno,
and more particularly because she was de-
scended fVoni Venus. The goddess there-
fore sent Tisiphone, one of t^e furies, to
the bouse of AthiCimas, who became In-
flamed with such sudden fiiry, that he
took Ino to be a lioness, and her two chil-
dren to be whelps. In this fit of madness
he snatched: Learchus from her, and killed
him against a wall ; upon which. Ino fied
with Melicerta, and, with him in tier arnv,
she threw herself into the sea, from a high
rock, and was changed into a sea deity.
After this, Athamas recovered the use of
his ^nses ; and' as he was without chll-
dreik, he adopted Coiiontts and Aliartus,

the sons of Thersunder his nephew.

A servant of Atticus. A stage dancer.

— -A tragic poet One of the Greeks,

oontealed in the wooden horse at the siege
of Troy.

Atmamantiadxi, a patronymic of Mell*
certa, Phryxus, or Helie,children of Atha-

Athahasius, a bishop of Alexandria,
celebrated fi>r his sufferings, and the de-
termined opposition he maintained against
Arius and his doctrine. The creed which
bears his name, is supposed by some not
to be bis composition. Athanasius died
3d May, 373 A. D. after filling the archi-
episcopod chair forty-seven years, and
leading alternately a life of exile and of
triumph.

Athaitii, a man who wrote an account
of Sicily.

Athxas, a king of Bcythia, who Inv-
idored the assistance oi Philip of Mace,
donia against the Istrians, and laughed at
him when he had furnished him with bm
army.

Athbita, the name of Minerva 9mpng
the Greeks; and also among the Egyp-
tians, before Cecrops had Introduced the
worsnip of the goddess Into Greece^

ATHBifjB, a celebrated city p^ Attica,
founded about 1556 years befbre the Chris-
tian era, by Cecrops and an Egyptian
colonv. It was called Cterojria ftom its
founder, and afterwards Athma in honor
of Minerva. U was governed by seven-
teen kings; comn^uclng with Cecrops,
and ending with Codnis 1113 B. C. After
the death of Codrus, the monarchical
power was aboltehed, and the state was
governed by thirteen perpetual, and, three
hundred an^ seventeen, y.ears after, by
seven decennial, and lastly, B. C. 664,
after an annrchy of three years, by aiinufU
magistrates, called Archons. Under th^
den:K)pracy, the- Athenians signattzed
themsehres by their valor in the field,
their munificence, and the cultivation of
the fine arts. They were deemed so pow-
erful by the Peratans^that XerXea, when

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he invaded Greece, chletly directed bis
' arms aguinst Athens, which he took and
burnt. The ancients^ to distinguit>]i
Athens in a more peculiar manner, called
It Astu, one of the eyes of Greece, the
learned city, the school of the worm, tlie
common patroness of Greece. The Athe-
nians thought themselves the most an-
cient nation of Greece, and the original
inhabitants of Attica. They sometimes
wore golden grasshoppers in their hair as
badges of honor, to distinguish them from
other people of later origin and less noble
extraction, because those insects are sup-
posed to be sprung from the ground.

Athex.i^a, festivals in honor of Miner-
va, celebrated at Athens.

Athexjcum. a place at Athens, sacred
to Minerva, where the poets, philosophers,
and rhetoricians generally aeclaimed ana
repeated their compositions. A pro-
montory of Italy. A fortified place be-
tween iEtolia and Macedonia.

Athxnj:us, a Greek cosmograpber.

A peripatetic philosopher of Cilicia in the
time of Augustus.- — A Spartan sent by
his countrymen to Athens, to settle the

peace during the Peloponnesian war.

A grammarian of Naucratis. A histo-
rian, who wrote an account of Semira-

miss A brother of king Eumenes 2d,

famous for hia paternal affection. A

Roman general, in the age of Galljenus,
who is supposed to have written a book

on military engines. A physician of

Cilicia in the age of PJiny, who made
heat, co)d. wet, dry, and air, the elements,
instead or the four commonly received.

Athsnaooras, a Greek in the time of
Darius, to whom Phamabazus gave the
government of Chios,— —A writer on

agriculture. -A Christian philosopher

In the age of Aurelius. The romance of
Tbeagenes and Charia is falsely ascribed
to him.

Atmeraib, a Sibyl of Erythrssa, In the

Bge of Alexander. A daughter of the

philosopher Leontius.

Athenion, a peripatetic philosopher, 108

B. C. A general of the Sicilian slaves.

r*. — A tyrant of Athens, surnamed Arlston.
- Athenocles, a general. — i^ — A turner
of Mitylene.

Athewodoru*. a philosopher of Tar-
dus, intimate with Augustus. The em-
peror often profited by his lessons, and
was advised by him always to repeat the
twenty-four letters of the Greek alphabet,
before he gave way to the impulse of an-
ger.— A poet who wrote in the age of

Alexander. A stoic philosopher of

Cana, near Tarsus, in the age of Augus-
tas. He was intimate with Strabo. A

philosopher, disciple to Zeno, and keeper

of the royal library at Pergamus. A

marble sculptor. A man assassinated

9X Bactra for making himself absolute.

! Athcos, a sutname of DiagorRs and
TheodoruB, because they denied the ex-
istence of a deity.

Athesis, now Adige, a river of Cisal-
pine Gaul, near the Po, falling into the
Adriatic sea.

Athos, a very high mountain of Mace-
donia, one hundred and fifty miles in cir-
cumference, prpjecting into (he uSgean
sea like a promontor}'. When Xerxes in-
vaded Greece, he made a trench of a mile
and a haJf in len^h at tlie foot of the
mountain, into which he brought the sea-
water, and conveyed his fleet over it. A
sculptor, called Denocrates, offercd^Alex-
ander to cut mount Athos, and to make
with it a statue of the king holding a town
in hialeft liaud^ and in the right a spacious
basin, to receive all the waters which r
flowed Arom it. Athos is now called
Monte SantOj famous for monasteries,
said to contain some ancient and valu-
able manuscripts.

Athrulla, a town of Arabia.

Athtmbra, a city of Caria, afterwards
called Nyssa.

At I a. a city of Campania. A law

enacted A. U. C. 690, by T. Atius Labi-
en us, IJie tribune of the people. It abo-
lished the Cornelian law, and put in
full force the Lex Domitia^ by transfer-
ring the right of electing priests from the

college of uriests to the people. The

mother of Augustus. Fid. Accia. ,

Atilia lex gave thepretorand a ma-
jority of the tribunes, power of appointing
guardians to those minors who were not
previously provided for by their parents.

It was enacted about ^. U. C. 560.

Another A. U. C. 443, which gave the
people power of electing twenty tribunes
of the soldiers in four legions.

A'fiLius, a freed man, who exhibited
combats of gladiators at Fidene. The
amphitheatre, which contained the specta-
tors, fell during the exhibition, and about
fifty thousand persons were lulled or mu-
tilated.

Atilla, the mother of the poet Lucan.
She was accused of conspiracy by her
son, who expected to clear himself of the
charge.

Atina, an ancient town of the Volsci,
one of the first that began hostilities
against ^neas.

AriifAs, a friend of Tumus.

ATiif lA LEX, was enacted by the tribune
Atinius. It gave a tribune of the people
the privileges of a senator, and the right
of sitting in'the senate.

Atlantes, a savage people of Africa in
the neighborhood of Mount Atlas. .

ATLANTiADE.t.a patrouy mlc of Mercury,
as grandson of Atlas.

Atlantid^s, a people of Africa^ near
mount Atlas. They boasted of bemg in
possession of the country in which all the

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C of antiquity recei^^d dieir birth.— >
daughter* of Atlas, seven innuiuber^
Maia, Electra, Tavgeta, Asterope, Me-
rope, Alcyone, and Oeleno. They mar-
ried some. of the gods, and most illustrious
heroes, and their children were founders
of many nations and cities.

Atlartii, a celebrated island mention-
ed by the ancients. Its situation is un-
known,* and even its existence doubted by
8<Hne writers.

Atlas, one of the Titans, son of Jape-
tus and Clyraene, one of the Oceanides.
He married Pleione, daughter of Oceanus.
by whom he had seven daughters, caUea-
Atlantidesr He was kins of Mauritania,
and master of a thousand flocks of every
k'mdj as also of beautiful gardens, abonnd-
ing in every species of fniit. which he
had intrusted to the care or a dragon.
Perseus, alter the conquest of the Gor-

5 one, passed by the palace of Atlas,.and
emanded hospitality. The king rethsed
to receive him, and even offered him vio-
lence. Perseus who Was unequal in
strength, showed him Medusa's head, and
Atlas was instantly changed into a large
mountain. This mountain is so higbthat
the ancients have imagined . that the hea-
vens rested on its top, and that Atlas sup-
ported the world on his shoulders. A

river flowing fh>m mount Hemus int5 the
Ister.

Atossa, a daughter of Gyms, who was
one of the wives of Gambyses, Smerdia,
and afterwards of Darius, by whom she
bad Xerxes. She is supposed by some to
be the Vasthi of scripture.

Ateaccs, a peoptar of iEtolia, who re-
ceived tbeir name from Atrax, son of ^Eto^
lus. Tbeir country was ealled Atracia.

ATRAMTTTiirif , a town of MysiK

A-rmAPBs, an officer of Alexander, who
at the general division of the provinces,
received Media. **

Atrax, a son of iEtolus, or, according to
others, of the river Peneus. He was king
of Thessaly, and built a town which he
called Atrax or Atracia, and which became

very Ikmous. A city of Thessaly,

whence the epithet of Atracius. A

river of ^tolia, which falls into the Ionian
sea.

Atrkbatjb, a people of Britain, who
were in possession of the modern counties
of Berks, Oxford, See,

At&sbates, now ArtoiSy a people of
Gaul, who, together with the Nervii, op-
posed J. Gaesar with fifteen thousand men.
/They were conquered, and Comius, a
friend of the general, was set over them
as king. They were reinstated in their
former liberty and independence, on ac-'
count of the services of Gomius.

Arnxiri, a people of Armenia.

Atbxui, son of Pelops by Hippodamia,
daughter of GBnomaua kiig of Pisa, was

king of Mycen») and brother to Pittheos,
Tniizen, Thyestea, and Chrysippus. As
Chrysippus was an illegitimate son, and
at tlie same time a favorite of his father,
Hippodamia resolved to remove him. ^e
persuaded her sons Thyestes and Atreus
to murder him ; but their refusal exasper-
ated her more, and she executed it herself.
This murder was grievous to Pelops ; he
suspected his two sons, who fled away
from his presence. Atreus retired to the
court of Eurystheus king of Argos, his ne-
phew, and upon his death he succeeded
him on the throne. He married as some
report, iErope, his predecessor's daughter.
Thyestes had followed his brother to Ar-
gos, where he lived with him and de-
bauched his wife. ^This incestuous com-
merce offended Atreus, and Thyestes was
banished from his court. He was how-
ever soon after recalled by his brother,
who determined cruelly to revenge the
violence offered to his bed. To effect this
purpose, he invited his brother to a sumi>-
tuous feast, where Thy^tes was served^
up with the nesh of his own children. Af-
ter the repast was finished, the arms and
the heads of the murdered children were
produced, to convince Thyestes of what
he had feasted upon. This action appear-
ed so cruel and impious, that the sun is
said to have shrunk bacic in his course at
the bloody sight. Thyestes immediately
fled to the court of Thesjj^ptus, and thence
to Sicyon.

AraiDA, a patronymic given by Homer
to Agamemnon ftnd Menefaius, as being
the sons of Atreus.

Atrosius, a friend of Tumus, killed by
the Trojans.

Atropatia, a part of Media.

Atropob, one of the Pares, daughters
of Nox and Erebus. She is inexorable,
and inflexible, and her duty among the
three sisters is to cut the thread of life,
withput any regard to sex, age, or quality.

T. a. Atta, a writer of merit in the
Augustan age, who seems to have receiv-
ed this name from some deformity in his
legs or feet.

Attalia, a city of Famphylia, built by
king Attains.

Attalicus. Vid, Attalus 3d.

Attalus Ist, king of Pergamus, suc-
ceeded Eumenes 1st. He dfefeated the
Gauls who' had invaded his dominions,
extended his conquests to mount Taurus,
and obtained the assistance of the Romans
against Antiochus. He died at Pergamus
after a reitin of forty-four years, B. G. 197.

The 2d of that name, was sent on an

embassy to Rome by his brother Eumenes
the 2d, and at his return was appointed
guardian to his nephew Attains the 3d,
who was then an infant. Attalus, who
has received the name of PhiladtlvhuK,
from his fraternal love, was a munilicent

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patron of learning, and the founder of sey-
eral eities. He was poisoned by his ne-

8 hew in the eighty -second year of his age,
I. C. 138. The 3d, succeeded to the

kingdom of Pergamus, by the murder of
Attains the 2d, and made himself odious
by his cruelty to his relations, and his
wanton exercise of power. He lived In
great amity with the Komans ; and as he
died without issue by his wire Berenice,
be left in his will the words P. R. steonmi
kmrta estOy whidi the Romans interpreted
as themselves, and therefore took posses-
sion of his kingdom, B. G. 183. From this
circumstance whatever was a valuable ac-
quisition, or an ample fortune, was called
by the epithet of JtttaUau, Attalus. as
well as his jMredecessorSit made themselves
celebrated for the valuable libraries which
they collected at Pergamus, and for the
patronage which merit and virtne always
found at their court. An officer in Al-
exander's army.— ^Another very inimical
to Alexander. He was put to death by
Parmenio,aBd Alexander was accused oi

the murder. A philosopher preceptor to

Seneca. An ttlronomer of Rhodes.-

Attarsas, aa oflcer who seized thoee
that had conspired with Dymnus againM
Alexander.

ATTirus CAPiTo,a consul in the age of
Augustus, who wrote treatises on sacer-
dotal laws, public courts of Justice, and
the duty or a seottor.

ATTxa, f^ son' of Calaue c€ Phrygia.
He introduced tb* worship of f ybele
among the Lydians, and became a ureft
Ikvorite of the goddess. Jupiter was
jealous of his success, and sent a wild
boar to lay waste the country and destroy
Altes.

Atthis, a daughter of Cranaus Xlip 2d,
king of Athens, who gave her name to
Attica.

Attica, a country of Achaia or Hellas,
at the south of ficBotia, west of the ^gean
sea, north of the Saronicus Sinus, and
east of Megara. The most flimous of its
cities is called Athens, whose Inhabitants
sometimes bear the name of JlUiei.

Atticus, one of Galba's servants, who
entered bis palace with a bloody sword,
and declared he had killed Otho.— (T.
Pomponius) a celebrated Roman knight to
whom Cicero wrote a great number of let-
ters, which contained the general history
of the age.. They are now extant, and di-
vided into seventeen books. Tn the time
of Marius and Sylla, Atticus retired to
Athens, where he so endeared himself to
the citizens, that after his departure, they
erected statues to him in commemoration
of Jile muqiieence and liberality. It is
said that be refused to take aliments when
nnahle to get the better of a fever, and died
in his s#venty-seventh year, B. C. 32, af-
ter bearing the amiable character of peace-

maker among his fHends.— --Herodes, an
Athenian in the age of the Antonines, de-
scended from Miitiadea, and celebrated
for his munificence. His son of the same
name was honored with the consulship.
A consul in the age of Nero.

Attila, a celebrated king of the Huns,
a nation in the southern parts of Scythia,
who invaded the Roman empire in the
reign of Valentinian, with an army of
five hundred thousand men. He took the
town of Aquileia, and marched against
Rome I but his retreat and peace were
purchased with a large sum of money by
the feeble emperor. Attila, who boasted
in the appellation of the scourge tf Ood,
died, A. D. 453.

Attilius, a Roman consul In the first

Punic war. Fid. Regulus. Calatinus,

a Roman consul who fought the Cartha-
ginian fleet.— x-Marcus, a poet.— Regu-
lus, a Roman censor who built a temple to

the goddess of concord. The name of

Attiikis was common among the Romans,
and many of the public magistrates ate
called Attilii ; their lift however is not
fiimous for any illustrious event.

A9T11VAS, an officer set over Badriaaa
by Alexander.

Attiub Pkliokui, an officer of Cesar.

^Tullitts, the general of the Yolsci, to

whom Coriolanus fled when banished

fi-om Rome. Varus seized Auxinum in

Pompey's name, whence he was expelled.
After this he fled to Africa, which he

alienated f^om J. Cesar The family

of the Attii was descended from Atys, one
of the companions of ^aeas.

ATuaut, a river of Oaul, now the Adour,
wlkich runs at Jbe foot of the Pyrenean
mountains intolbe bay of Biscav.

Attada, the descendants of Atys the
Lydian.

Atti, an ancienjLking of Lydia, who
sent away his son rn^rrhenus. with a co-
lony of Lydians, who settled in Italy.

A son of Croesus king of Lydia. He was
forbidden the use of all weapons by his fa-
ther, who had dreamt that he had been
killed. Som^ time after this, Atys pre-
vailed on his fkther to permit him to go to
hunt a wild boar, which laid waste the
country of Mvsia, and he was killed in the
attempt by Adrastus, whom CnBSHs had
appointed guardian over his son, and thus
the apprehensions of the monarch were

realized. A Trojan, who came to Italy

with iBneas. and is supposed to be the
progenitor or the family of the Attii at

Rome. A vouth to whom Ismene the

daughter of (Edipns was promised in mar-
riage. He was killed by Tydeus before

his nuptials. A son of Limniace, the

daughter of the river Ganges, who assist-
ed Cepheus in preventing the roaniage of *
Andromeda, and was kilted by Perseus
.with a burning log of wood. ^A cela-

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brated shepherd of Phrygia, of whom the
mother of the gods, generally called Cy-

bele, became enamoured Sylvius, son

of Albius fc^ylvius, was king of Alba.

Av ARi CUM, a strong and fortifiod town
of Gaul, now called Bourges the capital of
Berry.

Ay EU.A, a town of Campania, abound-
ing in nuts, whence nuts have been called

Atbwti wus, a son of Hercules, by Rhea,
who assisted Tumus against iGneas, and

distinguished himself by his valor. A

king of Alba buried upon mount Aven-

tine. ^One of the seven hills on which

part of the city of Rome was built. It
was thirteen thousand and three hundred
feet in circumference, and was giveft to
the people to build houses upon, by king
Ancus Martius.

AvKRiTus or AvEKifA, a lake of Campa-
nia, near Baiee, whose waters were so un-
wholesome and putrid, that no birds were
seen on its banks. The ancients made it
the entrance of hell, as also one of its rivers.

Ayxsta, a book composed by Zoroaster.

AuFKiA A(iUA, called afterwards Marcia,
was the sweetest and most wholesome Wa-
ter in Rome.

AuPiDKNA, now Alfidena^ a city ofthe
Peligni in Italy.

AupiDiA LBx, was enacted by the tri-
bune Aafidius Lurco, A. U. C. 6^. It or-
dained, that if any candidate in canvass-
ing for an office, promised money to the
tribunes and failed in the performance,
be should be excused ; but u he actually
paid it, he should be compelled to pay
every tribune six thousand sesterces.

Avrioius, an effeminate person 4<
Chios.— ^Bassus, a faoKMis historiaft in
the age of duintllian, who wrote an ac-
count of Germany, and of the civil wars.

A Roman senator, fiimous for hi»

blindness and abilities. Lurco, a man

«ho enriched himself by fattening pea-
icks, and selling them for meat. Lus-

cua, a man obscurely bom, and made a
pretor of Fundi, in the age of Horace.

A0PIDU8, a river of Apulia falling into
the Adriatie sea, and now called Ofanto.
It was on its banks that the Romans were
defeated by Hannibal at Cannis. The
spot is still shown by the inhabitants, and
bears the name of the field of blood.

AT^oA and Auge and Auoea, daughter
of Aleus king of Tegea, by Neera.

AuoARiTs, an Arabian, who, for his
good offices, obtained the favors of Pom*

pey, whom he vilely deceived. A king

of Osroene, whom Caracalla imprisoned,
after he had given him solemn promises
of Ari^ndship and support.

AuoBX, atown of Laccmia. — —Another
of Locris.

AuoiAs and AuoEAs, son of Eleus, or
EliuB, was one of tho Argonauts, and af-

terwards ascended the throne of Elis.
Ue had an immense number of oxen And
gdats, and the stables in which they were
Kept had never been cleaned, so that the
task seemed an impossibility to any man
Hercules' undertook it on promise of ta-
ceiving for a reward, the tenth part ofthe
herds of Aufias, or something equivalent.
The hero cmmged the course of the river
Alpheus, or, according to others, of the
Peneus, whiclr immediately carried away
the dung and filth from the stables. Au-
gias refused the promised recompense, on
pretence that Hercules had made use of
artifice, and had not experienced any la-
bor or trouble, and he fUrther drove hia
own son Phyleus from his kingdom, be-
cause he supported the claims ofthe hero.
The refusal was a declaration of war.
Hercules conquered Elis, put to death Au-
gias, and gave the crown to Phyleus.

AooiLA, a people of Africa, who sup-
posed that there were no gods except the
manes of the dead, of whom they soui^t
oracles.

AnoiRus, a mountain of Lignria.

AuoDREs, certain officeis at Rome who
foretold fhture events. They were first
created by Romulus, to the number of
three. Servius Tullias added a fourth,
and the tribunes of the people A. U. C.
454, increased the number to nine ; and
Sylla added six more, during his dictator-
ship. They bad a particular college, and
, the chief amongst them was called magia^'
ter coUegii. Their office was honorable j
And if any one of them was convicted of
any Crime, he could not be deprived of hit
privileges ; an indulgence granted to no
other sacerdotal body at Rome.

Augusta, a name given to seventy cities
in the Roman provinces, in honor of Au-
gustus Casar.^ London, as capital of

the country of the Trinobantes, waS called
Augusta Trinobantina. Messaiina, fa-
mous for her debaucheries, was called Au-
gusta, as wife of the emperor Claudius.

AuousTALiA, a festival at Rome, in
commemoration of the day on which Au-
gustus returned to Rome, after he had es-
tablished peace over the different parts of
the empire.

AuousTiRo, bishop of Hippo^in Africa,
distinguished himself by his writings, as
well as by the austerity of his life. He
died in the seventy-sixth year of ^is age,
A. D. 430.

AuocsToouNuu, now jfaten, a town of .■
Gaul, the capital of the ancient ^dui.

AuGusTULus, the last Roman emperor
of the west, A. D. 475, conquered by Od-
oacer, king of the Heruli.

Augustus Octavianus Cjesar, second
emperor of Rome, was soil of Octavlus a
senator, and Accia daughter of Julius, and
sister to Julius Ciesar. He was adopted
by bis uncle Caesar, and inherited the

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greateirt port of bis fortiMA. .He lost his
father at the age of four ; and though only
eighteen when his oncle was murdered,
he hastened to Roni#, where he ingratiat-
ed himself with the senatis and people,
nnd received the honors of fiie cdUsulship
two years after, as the reward of hia hy-^
pocrisy. But- when he perceived thijl by
makine him fight a(pinst Aii0ny, the se-
nate wished to debilitate both anwgonists,
he changed bis views, and uniting himself
with his enemy, soon formed the second
triumvirate, in which his cruel proscrip-
tions shad the Innocent blood of three
hundred senators and two hundred
knights.^nd did not even spare the life
oMiis iriend Cicero. By the divisions
which were made among the triumvirs,
Augustus retained for himself the more
important provinces of the west, and ban*
i8h9d. as it were, his colleagues, Lepidus
and Antony, tot more distant territories.
But a» long as the murderers of Cesar
were alive, the reigning tyrants had •rea-
sons for apprehension, and therefore the
forces of the triumvirate w^re directed
against the partisans of Brutus and the
senate. The battle was decided at Phi-
lippi, where it is said that the valor and
conduct of AntcMiy alone preserved the
combined armies, and effected ifye defeat
of the republican forces. The friendship
which iiubsisted between Augustus and
Antony was broken as soop as the fears of
a third rival vanished away, and the as-
piring heir of Cesar wasteasily indused to
take up arms by the little jealousies and
resentment of Fulvia. Her death, how-
ever, retarded hostilities ; the two rivals
were reconciled ; their united forces were
successfully directed against the younger
Pompey ; and, to strengthen their friend-
ship, Antony agreed to marry Octavia, the
sister of Augustus. But as this step was
political, and' not dictated by affection,
Octuvia was slighted, and Antony resign-
ed himself to the pleasures and company
of the beautiftil Cleopatra. Augustuii was
incensed, and immediately took up arms
to avenge the wroilgs of his sister, and
p«r%ape more eagerly to remove a man
whose power and existence kept him in
continual alarms, and made him depend-
ent. Both parties met at Actium, B. C. 31 ,
to decide the fate of Rome. Antony was
supported by all the power of the east,
and Augustus by Italy. Cleopatra fled
from the battle with sixty ships, and her
flight ruined the interest of Antony, who
followed her into Egypt. The conqueror
soon after passed into Egypt, besieged
Alexandria, and honored, with a magni-
ficent funeral, the unfortunate Roman,
and the celebrate/A queen ,^ whom the fear
of being led in the victor's triumph at
Rome had driven to commit suicide. .Af-
ter he had established peace all over the
world, Augustus shut up the gates of the

temple of Janus, the year our S^aviour was
bom. He died at Nola, in the seventy-
sixth year of his age, A. D. 14. after he
had held the sovereign power duhng forty-
four years. The name of Augustus was

afterwards given to the successors of Oc-
tavianus in the Roman empire as a per-
sonal, and the name of Ccaiir, as a famih',
distinction. In a more distant period of^
the empire, the title of Augustus was
given only to the emperor, while that of
Cesar was bestowed on the second person
in the state, who was considered as pre-
sumptive heir.
, ATiDiEi«us,a rich and sordid man.

-AviDius CiMiuk, a man salutc^d em-
peror, A. D. 175. He reigned only three
months and was assassinated by a centu-
rion.

RuFus Festus Atierus, a poet in the
age of Theodosius.

AviTui, a governor of Britain under
Nero. Alcinus, a christian poet.

Atium, a city between Tyre and Sidon.

AuLBRci,.a people of Gaul, between the
Seine and the Loire.

AuLESTEa,a king of the Etrurians .when
iEn^ts came into Italy.

AuLSTEs, a general who assisted* iEneas

in Italy, with one hundred ships. The

surname of one of the Ptolemean kings,
father to Cleopatra.

Auus, a daughter of- Ogyges. A

town of BoBotia near Chalcis on the sea
coast, where all the Greeks conspired
againsi Troy.

AuLoir, a mountain of Calabria, 9Ppo-

site Tarentqra, famous for its wine.

A place of Messenia.

AuLONiuB, a surname of .£sculapius.

At7Lus, a pnenomen, common among
the Romans.

AuKAs, an European river, flowing into
the Ister fVora mount Hemus.
' AuRELiA LEX, was ^uactcd A. U. C.
653, by the pretor L. Aurelius Cotta, tol^
vest the Senatorian and Equestrian «^
ders, and the Tribuni ^rarii, with ^di-

cial power. Another, A. U. C C78,

It abrogated a clause of the Lex Cornelia,
and permitted the tribunes to bold other
offices after the expiration of the tribune-
ship.

AuRELiA, a town of Hispania Betica.

The mother of J. Cesar. A fisb

woman.

AuRELiAifus, emperor of Rome after
Flavius Claudius, was austere, and even
cruel in the execution of the lawn, and
punished his soldiers with unusual sever-
ity. He rendered himself famous for his
military character; and his expedition
against Zenobia, the celebrated queen of
Fftlmyra, gairifed him great honors. He
beautified Rome, was charitable to the
poor, and the author of many salutary
laws. He was naturally bmve : and ia
all the battles he feujdit, itiis said, 1m kill-
Digitized by VjOOQIC

ed no leas than eight hundred men with
his own hand. In his triumph he exhibit-
ed to the Romans^ people of fifteen differ-
•>QC nations, all of which he had conquer-
ed. He was the first emperor who wore
a diadera. After a glorious reign of six
years, as he n^arched against the northern
barbarians, he was assassinated' near By-
zantium, A. D. 375. A physician of the

fourth century.

AuRELius, emperor of Rome. Fid. An-
toninus Ba^sianus. A painter in the

age of Augustus. Victor, an historian

in the age of Julian. Antoninus, an

emperor. Fid. Antoninus. , .

AuRsoLDs, a general wbo assumed the
purple in the age of Gallienus.

AuRi iTi A, a prophetess held ^n great ven-
eration by the Germans.

AoRORA, a goddess, daughter of Hype-
rion and Thia or Thea, or, according to
others, of Titan and Terra. She married
.^3tneu3, by whom she had the winds, the
stars, &c. Aurora is generally represents
ed by the poets drawn in a rose coloMd
chariot, and opening with her rosy Angers
the gates of the east, pouring tbe dew upon
the earthy and making the flowers grow.
Her chariot is generally drawn by white
horses, and she is covered with a veil.
Nox and Somnus fly before her, and the
constellations of heaven disappear at her
approach.

AuRUHcs, an ancient town of Latium,
built by Auson, the son of Ulysses by Ca-
lyp^.

AuscHisjt, a people of Libya.

Arjsci. a people of Gaul.

AtrsxR, AussRis, and Aitsxa, a river of
Etruna.

AusBs, a people of AfVica, whose vir-
gins yearly fight with sticks in honor of
Minerva.

AasoN, a son of Ulysses and Calypso.

Ausoifi4j one of the ancient names of
Italy, which it received from Auson the
son of Ulysses.

Decim. MAonns Ausomus, a poet, born
at Bourdeaux in Gaul, in the fourth centu-
ry, preceptor to Gratian, son of the empe-
ror Valentinian, and made consul by the
means of his pupil. His compositioo^have
been long admired.

Auspices, a sacerdotal order at Roae,
nearly the same as the augurs.

AusTKR,one of the winds blowing from
the south, whose breath was pernicious to
flowers as well as to health. He was pa-
rent of rain.

Adstesio^, a Theban, son of Tisame-
nus. His son Theras led a colony into
an island, which, from him, was called
Thera.

AuTOBULus, a painter.

Adtochthoives, the original inhabitants
of a country who are the first possessors
of it, and who never have mingled with
other nations.

AuTocLKs, an Athi>nian, sent by bis
countrymen with a fleet to tbe assistance
of Alexander of Fbeni.

AuTocRATEtf an historian.

Automla, ft people of Mauritania, de-
scended from tbe G«tuli. Ttiey exceHed '
all their neicbbors In running.

AdtoltcIs, a son of Meieury by Chi-
one, a daughter of Dedalion. He wais one
of the Argonauts. His craft as a thief has

been greatlv celebrated. ^A ■on of

Phiyxus and Chalciope.

AuToifAtK, one of the^yclades, ealted
also Hera. A daughter of Danaus.

AuTOMZDorr, a son. of Diorena, who
went to the Trojan war with ten shlpt
He was the charioteer of Achilles.

AuToif xDUSA, a daughter of Alcafhom,
killed by Tydeus.

AuToMKirss, one of the Heraclids, kijig
of Corinth.

AuToifOLi, a nation of Ethiopia.

Auto ROE, a daughter of Cadmus, who
married Aristsus, by whom she had Ac-

teon, often called jiutoneiuB kw9. One

of tbe Danaides. One of the Nerekles.

A female servant of Penelope.

AuTOPHEAOAXcs, a satrap of Lydia, who
revolted from Artaxerxes.

AuTURA, the £itre, a liver of Gaol which
falls Into the Seine.

AvzEsiA and Damia, two virgins who
came from Crete to TrtBzene, where the
inhabitants stoned them to death in a se-
dition.

AzEifui, the ancient name of tbe Eux-
ine sea.

Axi ocHus, a philosopher, to whom Plato
dedicated % treatise concerning death.

A X I o IT, brother of Alphesiboea, murdered
Alcmaeon, her sister's husband, because
he wished to reeover from her a golden
necklace.

AxioTSA, a woman who regularly went
in a man's dress to hear the lectures of
Plato.

Atiothea, the wife of Nicocles, king
of Cyprus.

Axis, a town of Umbria.

Alius, a river of Macedonia.

AxovA, a river of Belgic Gaul, which
falls into the Seine below Paris.

AxuR and Anxur, a surname of Jupi •
ter, who had a temple at Trachis in Thes-
salv.

Axus, a town about the middle of Crete.

AzAN, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to
Cybele. A son of Areas, king of Arca-
dia, by Erato, one of the Dryades.

AziRis, a place of Libya, surrounded on
both sides by delightful hills covered with
trees, and watered by a river where Bat-
tus built a town.

AzoNAx, a man who taught Zoroaster
the vt of ma<pc.

AzoRus, one of the Argonauts.

AzoTus, now Asdod^ a large town of Sy-
ria, on the borders of the Mediterranean.

BABILIUS, a RomaD,"who, by the help
of a certain herb, is said to have pass-
ed in six days from the Sicilian sea to Al-
exandria'

BA,BiLt^, aa astrologer in Nero's age.

Fabylon, acel^brat^d city on the banfcs
of fbe iluphrates, the capital of the Assy-
rian empire. It was anciently the most
magnificent city in tlie world, and became
famous for the death of Alexander the
Great, and for the new empire which was
aflerwiards established there under the Se-
leucidee. Its gifeatness was so reduced in
succeeding ^ges, that in the time of Pliny
it nfft 4)ut a desolate wilderness j and at
present, the place where it stood is un-
known to travellers. • Its inhabitants, call-
ed Babylonii, were early acquainted with

astrology. There is also a town of the

same name near the Bubastic branch of
the Nile, in Egypt.

Babtlonia, a large province of Assyria,
of which Babylon was the capital.

BAWLoirii, the inhabitants of Babylon,
famous for their knowledge of astrology,
first divided the year into twelve months,
and the zodiac into twelve signs.

Babtrsa, a fortified castle near Artaz-
ata.

Babttace, a city of Armenia, whose in-
habitants despise gold.

Bacabasus, betrayed the snares of Ar-
tabanus, brother of Darius, against Arta-
xerxes.

Bacch^, the priestesses of Bacchus.

BAccHANXLf A, Testlvals in honor of Bac-
chus at Rome, the same as the Dionysia
of the Greeks

Bacchantes^ priestesses of Bacchus,
who are represented at the celebration of
the orgies almost naked, with garlands ^
ivy, with a thyrsus and dishevelled hair.

Bacchi, a mountain of Thrace, near
Philippi.

Bacchiadje, a Corinthian family de-
scended from Bacchia, daughter of Diuny-
sius.

Bacchides, a general who betrayed the
town of Sinope to Lucullus.

Bacchis, or Balus, king of Corinth,
succeeded his father Prumnides. His suc-
cessors were always called BacchideSy in
remembrance of tlie equity and modera-
tion of his reign.

Bacchium, a small island in the -iE^ean
sea, opposite Smyrna.

Bacchius and Bithus, two celebrated
gladiators of equal . age and strength ;
whence the proverb to express equality,
Bithus contra Bacchium. ^

Bacchus, was son of Jupiter a;;d Se-
mele, the oaughter of Cadmus. Bacchus
is the Osiris of the Egyptians, and his his-
tory is drawn from the Egyptian traditions
concerning that ancient king. In his
youth he was taken asleep in the island
of Naxos, and carried away by some mari-

ners whom he changec} into dolphins, ex-
cept the pilot, who had expressed some
concern at his misfortune. His expedition
into the east is most celebrated. He
marched, at the head of an army composed
of men, as well as of women, all-inepired
with divine fury, an^ armed with thyr-
euses, cymbals, and other musical instru-
ments. .He has received the jiame of Li-
ber, Bromius, Lyeus, Evan, Thyonseus,
Psilas, &.C. which are mostly, derived from
the places where he received adoration, or
from the ceremonies observed in his festi-
vals. As he was the god of vintage, of
wine, and of drinkers, he is gelierally
represented crowned with vine and ivy
leaves, with a thyrsus .in his hand. His
figure is that of an efifeminate young man,
to denote the joys which commonly pre
vail at feasts ; and sometimes that of an
old man, to teach us that wine taken im-
moderately will enervate us, consume oui
health, render us loquacious and childish
4ike old men, and unable to keep secrets.
He is sometimes represented like an in-
fant, holding a thyrsus and clusters of
grapes with a horn. He pften appears
naked, and riding upon the shoulders of
Pan, or in the arms of Silenus, who was
his foster ihther. He also sits upon a ce-
lestial globe, bespangled with stars, and
is then the same as the Sun or Osiris of
Egypt. The festivals of Bacchus, gene-
rally called Orgies, Bacchanalia, or Diony-
sia, were introduced into Greece from
Egypt by Danaus and his daughters. Bac-
chus married Ariadne, after she had been
forsaken by Theseus in the island of Nax-
os ; and by her he had many children.
According to some, he was the father of
HymensBus, whom the Athenians made
the god of marriage. The Egyptians sa-
crificed pigs to him, before the doors of
their houses. The fir-tree, the yew-tree,
tbe fig-tree, the ivy, and the vine, were
sacred to him ; and the goat w^s {generally
sacrificed to him, on account of the great
propensity of that animal to destroy the
vine.

Bacchtlides, a Lyric poet of Cos, ne-
phew to Simonides, who, like Pindar,
wrote the praises of Hiefo.

Bacsnis, a wood in~ Germany.

BAcfs, a fkmous soothsayer of Bceotia.

A king of Corinth, called also Bacchis.

An athlete of Troezene.

Bactra, (orum), now Balk, the capital
of Bactriana, on the river Bactros in
Asia.

Bactri and Bactriaivi, the inhabitants
of Bactriana, who lived upon plunder,
and were always under arms. They were
conquered by Alexander the Great.

BACTRiArvA, a country of Asia, firuitftal
as well as extensive. It formed once part
of the Persian empire, on the eastern parts
of whicli' it if Bitiut^.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

Bactkos, now DaAethj a river on the
borders of Asiatic Scytbia.

BACuNTias, a river of Pannonia, which
falls into the Save above Birmium.

Badaca, a town of Media.

Badia, a town of Spain.

Baditts, a Campanian, who challenged
T. CI. Crispinus. one of his friends, by
whom he was killed.

Baduhenitje, a 'place in the country of
the Frisii, where nine hundred Romans
were killed.

Bab I A VEX was enacted for the election
of four pretors every other year. An-
other law by M. Bsbius a tribune of the
people, which forbade the division of the
lands, whilst it substituted a yearly tax to
be paid by the possessors, and to be di-
vided among the people.

M. BfBius, a Roman, in whose consul-
ship the tomb of Numa was discovered.

Lucitts, a Roman pretor, who, being

surprised by the Ligurians, fled t<r Mar-
seilles, where he died three days after.

Bf Tis, a river of Spain, from which a
part of the country has received the name
of BcBtica. It now bears the name of Gua-
dalquiver.

BxToif, a Greek historian in the age of
Alexander.

Baoistame, a delightfhl country of Me*,
dia.

BAOT9TAif£9, a friend of Bessus, whom
he abandoned when he murdered Darius.

Baooas and Bagosai, an Egyptian in
the court of Artaxerxes Ochus, so power-
ful that nothing could be done without his
consent. He was at last killed^ 6. C. 335,
by Darius, whom, after raismg to the

crown, he had attempted to poison.

Another, greatly esteemed by Alexander.
^The name of Bagoas occurs very fre-
quently in the Persian history.

Baoodakes, a friend of Bessus, whom
he abandoned when he attempted the life
of Darius.

BAoopHAirxs, a governor of Babylon,
who, when Alexander approached the
city, strewed all the ^streets and burned
incense on the altars, &c.

Baokada, now Megerda, a river of Af-
rica near Utica, where Regulus killed a
serpent one hundred and twenty feet long.

Baix, a city of Campania near the sea,
founded by Bisdus, one of the companions
of Ulysses. It was fhmous for its delight-
ful situation and baths, where many of the
Roman senators had country houses.

Bala, a surname of Alexander king of
Syria.

Balacsus, an officer in Alexander's ar-
my, who took Miletus. Another officer,

who commanded some auxiliaries.

Bala If AGRA, a town of Cyrene.

Balanka, a town between Syria and
Phcenicia.

Balarus, b prince of Gaol, who aiiiited
8

the Romans in their Macedonian war,
A. U. C. 581.

Balari, a people of Sardinia.

C. Baumllus, a learned and benevolent
man, governor of Egypt, of Which he wrote
the history, under Nero.

Balbixus, an admirer of Agna. A

Roman, who, after governing provinces
with credit and honor, assassinated the
Gordians, and se^d the purple. He was
some time after murdeiawby his soldiera,
A. D. 238.

Balbui, a mountain of Africa, famous
for the retreat of Masinissa, after hn had
fought a battle against Syphaz.

iZ Balbus, a lawjer, &c. one among the

pupils of Scevola. A man killed by the

assassins of the triumvirs.

Bale ARES, three islands in the Mediter-
ranean, modernly called Mmorcat Minorca^
and Finca, on the coast of Spain.

Baletus, a son of Hippo, t(rho first
founded Corinth.

Baliu^, a horse of Achilla.

Balibta, alnountain of Liguria.

Ballonoti, a people of European Sar-
matia.

Balfteje {baths) were very numerous at
Rome, private as well as public. In the
ancient times simplicity was observed, but
in the age of the emperors they became*
expensive ; they were used after walking,
exercise, or labor, and were deemed more
necessary than luxurious. It is said, that
Dioclesian employed forty thousand of his
soldiers in buildme his baths ; and when
they were finishen, he destroyed all the*
workmen. Alexander Severus first per-
mitted the people to use them in the night,
and he himself often bathed with the com-
UMn people.

Balventics, a centurion of great valor
in Cssar*9 army, killed by Ambiorix.

Baltras, a river of Peloponnesus.

Bahuruj:, a people of Libya.

Bantia, now Sie. Maria de Foiwe, atown
of Apulia, whence Bantinus.

h. Ba If TICS, a gallant youth of Nola.
whom Annibal^ found, after the battle or
Cannie, almost dead amongst the heap of
slain. He was sent back home with great
humanity, upon which he resolved to be-
tray nis country to so generous an enemv.
Marcellus the Roman general heard of it,
and rebuked Bantius, who continued firm
and faithful to the interest of Rome.

Baphtrus, a river of Macedonia.

Bapt^e, the priests of Cotytto. A

comedy of Eupolis.

Bar-ki, a people of Cholcis and Iberia,
who burnt the bodies of their friends who
died by disease, but gave to the fowls of
the air such as fell in war.

Barathrum, a deep and obscure gulf at
Athens, where crimmals were thrown^

Barbari, a name originally applied to
those who spoke ineleganayM or witb

jitizedbyVljOOgle

harshness and difRcitlty* The Greeks
and Romans generally called all nations,
except their own, by the despicable name
of Barbarians.

Barbaria, a river of Macedonia. A

name given to Phrygia and Troy.

Bakbatus, the surname of a Roman
family.

Barbostheives. a mountain of Pelopon-
nesus, ten miles from Sparta.

Barbythacs, a city of Persia.

Barca, a friend of Cato the elder. -

Barcjei, or Barcitje, a warlike nation
of Africa, near Carthage*

Barcs) the nurse of Sichcus. A

large country of Africa. Also a city

about nine miles from the sea, founded by
the brothers of Arcesilaus king of Cyrene,
five hundred and fifteen years before the
Christian era.— ^A small village of Bac-
triana, where the people who h^ beeri
taken prisoners by Darius in Afirica, were
confined. A city of Media.

Barcha, the surname of a noble family
at Carthage, of which Annibal and Ham-
ilcar were descended.

Bardjci, a people of Illyricum, concern-
ed in the factions of Marius.

Bardi, a celebrated sacerdotal order
among the ancient Gauls, who praised
their heroes, and published their fame in
their verses, or on musical instruments.

Bardylms, an Illyrian prince, whose
daughter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus.

Bareas Soraivus, a youth killed by his
tuto'r Egnatius, a Btoic philosopher.

Bares, a naval ofllcer pf Persia, who
wished to destroy Cyrene, but was oppos-
ed by Amasis.

Bargusii, a people of Spain, at the east
of the Ibenis.

Bargylijk, a town of Caria.

Barisses, one of the seven conspirators
against the usurper Smerdis.

Barium, a town of Apulia, on the Adri-
atic, now called Bari, and remarkable.for
its fine fish.

BARiruns, a town of Macedonia,- near
Heraclea.

Barrus, a man ridiculed by Horace as
proud of his beauty.

Bars I ITS and Barsens, a daughter of
Darius, who married Alexander, by whom
she had a son called Hercules. Cassan-
der ordered her and her child to be put to
death.

Barzaeivtes, a satrap who revolted from
Alexander, &c.

Barzanes, a king of Armenia, tributary
toNinus.t

Basilea, a daughter of CobIus and Ter-
ra, who was mother of all the gods.

An island at the north of Gaul, fkmous

for its amber. An island in the Euxine

sea.

Basilidje, European Sarmatians, de-
scended from Hercules and Echidna.

BAiiLtoiks, the fother of Herodotiu, who
with others, attempted to destroy Strattesr,
tyrant of Chios.-' — A family who held an

oligarchical power at Erythrie. A priest

of mount Carmel, who foretold many mo-
mentous events to Vespasian, when he
offered sacrifices.

Basilxpotamoi, the ancient name of
the Eurotas.

Basilis, an historian who wrote con-
cerning India. A city of Arcadia, built

by Cypselus, near the river Alpbeus.

Basiuus, a river of Mesopotamia fall-
ing into the Euphrates. A celebrated

bishop of Africa, very animated against
the Arians, whoee tenets and doctrines he
refuted with warmth^ but great ability.
Erasmus has placed him in the number of
the sreatest orators of antiquity. He died
in his fifty -first year, A. D. 379.

Basilus, a generaJ who assisted Anto-
ny. An insignificant lawyer. A pre-

tor who plundered the provinces.

Bassje, a place of Arcadia, where Apol-
lo had a temple.

BAtsAifiA, a town of Macedonia near
Hlyricum.

Bassarsus, a surname of Bacchus, from
the dress or long robe, called Bagsaris,
which his priests wore.

Bassaridbs, a name given to the vota-
ries of Bacchus, and to Agave by Persius^

Bassus Aufidius. an historian in the
age of Augustus, who wrote on the Ger-
manic war. Cffisius, a lyric poet in

Nero's age, to whom Persius addressed
his sixth satire. Some of %is verses are

extant. Julius, an orator in the reigfi

of Augustus, some of whose orations have
been preserved by Seneca. A man spo-
ken of by Horace, and described tis fond
of wine and women.

Bastarnje and B astern jb, a people of
European Sarmatia, destroyed by a sud-
den storm as they pursued the Thracians.

Bastia, the wife of Metellus.

Bata, a sea-port of Asia, on the Eux-
ine, opposite Sinope.

Bata VI, a people of Germany, who in-
habited that part of the continent known
under the modem name of Holland, and
called by the ancients, Batavorum insulv.

Bathos, a river near the i^Ipheus.

Bathtcleb, a celebrated artist of Mag-
nesia.

Bathyllus, a beautiful youth of Sarnos^
greatly beloved by Polycrates the tyrant,

and by Anacreon. Mecajnas was also

fond of a youth of Alexandria, of the same

name. The poet who claimed as his

own Vlrgil*» distich, J^ocU pluit totd, ^e.
bore also the same namoi' ■ A fountain
of Arcadia.

Lbkt. Batiatus. a man of Campania,
who kept a honse nril of gladiators, who
rebelled against him.

Batia, a naiad who manrfod (Ebaliuw —

' Digitized by VjOOQ IC

A daughter of Teucer, who married Dlur-
danus.

Batina and Baxtima. Fid^ Bantia.

Batis, governor of Gaza, who, upon be-
ing, unwilling to yield, was dragged round
the city tied by the heels to Alexander's
chariot.

Bato, a Dardanian, who revolted to
Home, from king Philip.

'JATOff of Sinope wrote commentaries

, the Persian affairs. A charioteer of

A iiphiaraus.

BATRACHoifroMACHiA,a poem, describ-
ing the fight between firogs and mice, writ-
ten by Homer.

Battiades^ a patronymic of Q^llima-

chus, from his father Battus. A name

given to the people of Cyrene from king
Battus.

Battis, a girl celebrated by Philetaa the
elegiac poet.

Battus 1st, a lAcedsmonian who built
the town of Cyrene, B. C. 63a, with acol-

ony from the island of Thera. The

second of that name was grandson to Bat-
tus 1st, by Arcesilaus. A shepherd of

Pylos, who promised Mercury that he
would not discover his having stolen the
ilocks of Adinetus, which Apollo tended.
He violated his promise, and was turned

into a. pumice stone. A general of

Corinth against Athens. A huffoon of

Cesar's.

Batulum, a town of Campania, whose
inhabitants assisted Turnus against iEne-
as.

Batulus, a surname of Demosthenes,
from his effeminacy when young.

Bat vLLus, a celebrated dancer in Domi-
tian's reign.

Baubo, a woman who received Ceres
when she sought her daughter all over the
world, and gave her some water to quench
her thirst,

Baucis, a poor old woman^of Phrygia ;
who, with lier hudband, Philemon, lived
in a penurious manner in a small cottage,
and entertained Jupiter and Mercury,
wlien they travelled in disguise over Asia%
The gods were so pleased with their hos-
pitality, that they metamorphosed their
dwelling into a magnificent temple, of
which Baucis and her husband were made
priests. They both died at the same hour,
and at an extremely oid age ; and their
bodies were changed into trees before the
doors of the temple.

Batius and Mjbtius, two stupid and
malevolent poets in the age of Augustus,
who attacked the superior talents of the
contemporary writers.*

Bauli, a small tovfrn of Latium, near
Baiffi.

Baxaentes, a friend of Bessus.

BAZAaiA, a country of Asia.

Bbbius, a'fiunous informer in Vespa-
•iui's reigm

Bebriacum, ftow Caneto, a village be-
tween Cremona and Verona, where vitel-
lius overcame Otho.

Bkbryce, a daughter of Danaus,^wbo is
said to have spared her husband. Most
authors, however, attribute that character
of humanity to Hypermiiestra.

Bebbycss and Bebrycii, a nation of
Asia near Pontus^ of Thracian origin.
They were expert in the battle of the ces-
tus.

Bebrtcia^ an ancient name of Bithy-
nia, from Bebryce, the daughter of Da-
naus.

BxLEMiiTA, a town of Laconia.

BsLXfTus, a divinity of the Gauls, the
same as the Apollo of the Greeks, and the
Orus of the Egyptians.

Belephantes, a Chaldean, who^ from
his knowledge of astronomy, told Alex-
ander that his entering Babylon would be
attended with fatal consequences to him.

Belesis, a priest of Babylon, who told
Arbaces governor of Media, that he should
reign one day in the place of Sardanapa-
lus. His prophecy was verified.

Belga, a warlike people of ancient
Gaul, separated from the Celte by the riv-
ers Matrona and Sequana.

Belgica, one of the four provinces of
Gaul near the Rhine.

Belgium, the capital of Gallia Belgica.
The word is often used to express the
whole country.

Belgius, a general of Gaul, who de-
stroyed an army of Macedonians.

Belidbs, a sdrname given to the daugh-
ters of Belus.

Belides, a name applied to Palamedes,
as descended from Belus.

Belisamaj the name of Minerva among
the Gauls, signifying queen of heaven. \

Belisarius, a celebrated general in the
reign of Justinian emperor of Constanti-
nople. He died, after a life of military
glory, and the trial of royal ingratitude, in
the five hundred and sixty-fifth year of
the Christian era.

Be'listida, a woman who obtained a
prize at Olympia.
, Belitje, a nation of Asia.

Bellerofhon, son of Grlaucus king of
Ephyre, by Eurymede, was at first called
Hipponous. The murder of his brother,
whoni some call AJcimenus and Beller,
procured him the nameof Bellerophon, or
murderer of BeUer. After this murder, Bel-
lerophon fled to the court of Proetus king
of Argos. As he was of a handsome ap-.
pearance, the king's wife, called Antea
or Stenoboea, fell in love with him ; and
as he slighted her passion, she accused
him before her husband of attempts upon
her virtue. ProBtus, unwilling to violate
the laws of hospitality, by punishing Bel-
lerophon, sent him away to his fkther-in-
law Jobates king of I^ia, and gave hiir

Digitized by VjOOQIC

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a letter, in whicb he begged Che king (b
punish with death, a man who liad ao dis-
honorably treated his daughter. Jobates,
to satisfy his son-irtlaw, sent Bellerophon
to conqaer a horrible nioiititer called Clii-
mffira, in which dangerous ex{)edition Jie
hoped, and was even assured, he must
perish. But the providence of Minerva
supported him, and, with the aid of the
winged horse Pegasus, he conquered the
monster, and returned'victorioUB. Jobates
afterwards gave him his daughter in mar-,
riage, and made him his successor on the
throne of Lycia.

BELLsmuB and Bbllkr, a brother of
Hipponous. Fid. Bellerophon.

Belliknus, a Roman, whose house wasT
«et on flames at Cesar's funeral.

BsLLoirA, the goddess of war, daughter
toPhorcysandCeto. She prepared the char
riot of Mars when he was going to war ;
and she appeared in battles armed with a
whip to animate the combatants, with
dishevelled hair^ and a torch 4n her hand.
The Romans paid peat adoration to her ;
but she was held m the greatest venerar
tion bylhaCappadocians, and chieQy at
Comana, where she had above three thou-
sand priests.

BsLLoifARii, the priests of Bellona.

Beixotaci, a people of Gaul, conquered
by J. Cesar. They inhabited the modem
Beauvais in the isle of France.

Bellotesus, a king of the Celts, who,
in the reign of Tarquin Priscus was sent
at the head of a colony to Italy by his un-
cle Ambigatus.

Beloiv, a general of Alexander's. A

city and river of Hispania Betica.

Belus, one of the most ancient kings
of Babylon, about one thousand eigh^ hun-
dred years before the age of Semii-^mis,
was made a god after death, and Wbrship-
ped with much ceremony by the Assyri-
ans and Babvlonians.— — A king of Egypt,
son of Epaphus and Libya, and father or

Agenor. Another son of Phoenix the

son of Agenor, who reigned in Phoenicia.

A river of Syria, where glass was first

Invented.

Beitacui, a lake of Italy, now Logo di
Oarda, from which the Mincius flows into
thePo.

Bendidium, a temple of Diana Bendis.

BsifDrs, a name of Diana among the
Thracians and their northern neighbors.
Her festivals, called Bendidia, were intro-
duced froi|i Thrace into Athens.

BBKEVEivTuif, a town of the Hirpini,
built by Diomedes, twenty-ei^t mil^8
from Capua. It abounds in remains of
ancient sculpture above any other town in
Itafy.

BBifTasiicTME,adau||^ter of Neptune,
the nilfie of Eumolpus.

Bbpolitaitus. a youth whose life was
sayed by the aeUy of the executioner,

who wished not to stain the youth's fintf
clothes with blood.

BEienicK. a nation who destroyed their
relations when arrived at a certain age.

BsRjcA, a town of Syria, ninety miles
from the sea, and one hjiindred from the
Euphrates, now called Aleppo.

Berectkthia, a surname of Cybele.

Berenice and Beronice, a woman fa-
mous for her beauty, mother of Ptolemy

Philadelphus by Lagus. A daughter

of Philadelphus, who married Antiochus
king of Syria, after he had divorced Lao-
dice, his former wife. After the death of
Philadelphus, Laodice was recalled, and
mindful of the treatment she had receiv-
ed, she poisoned her husband, placed her
son on the vacant throne, and murdered
Berenice and her child at Antioch, where

she had fled, B. C. 248. A daughter of

Ptolemy Auletes, who usurpe^l her father's
throne for some- time, strangled her hus-
band Seleucus, and married Archelaus a
priest of Bellona. Her father regained his

power^ and put her to death, B. C. 55.

The wife of Mithridates, who, when con-
quered by LucuUus, ordered all his wives

to destroy themselves. ^The mother of

Agrippa, who shines in the history of the
Jews, as daughter-in-law of Herod the
Great. — ^ — A dauehter of Agrippa, who
married her uncle Herod, and afterwards

Polemon king of Cilicia. A wife of

king Attalus. Another, daughter of

Philadelphus and Arsinoe, who married
her own brother Evergetes, whom she
loved with much tenderness. She was

put to death by her son, B. C. 221.

This name is common to many of the
queens and princesses in the Ptolemean

family in Egypt. A city of Libya

Two towns of Arabia. One in Egypt»

on the Red sea, where the ships from In-
dia generally landed then: cargoes. r An-
other near the Syrtesy fcc.

Berenicis, a part of Africa, near the
town of Berenice.

Beroioit and Albion, two giants, sons
of Neptune, who opposed Hercules as he
attempted to cross the Rhone, and were
killed with stones from heaven.

Bergistatti, a people of Spain, at the
east of the Iberus.

BsRis and Baris, a river of Cappadocia.
A mountain of Armenia.

BERifiui,amount^n of Macedonia.

Beroe, an old woman of Epidaunxs,
nurse to Semele. Juno assumed her shape
when she [iersuaded Semele not to grant
her ftivors to Jupiter, if he did not appear

in the majesty of a god. The wife of

Dorvclus, whose form was assumed by Iris
at the instigation of Juno, when she ad-
vised the Trojan women to bum the fleet

of iEneas In Sicily. One of the Oceanl-

des, attendant upon Q^rene.

Bxrcea, a town of Thessaly.

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Bbbonics. Fid. riereni(jl6.

B£Rosx7s, a native of Babylon, priest to
Belus;

B£R«H(EA, a town of Macedonia.

Berttus, now Berutj an ancient town
of Phcenlcia, on the coast of the Mediter-

Besa, a fountain in Thessaly.

BssioiiE, a town of the Brntii.

Besippo, a town of Uispania Betica,
where Mela was bom.

Bstsi, a people of Thrace, on the left
aide of the Strymon, who lived upon rapine.

Bessus, a governor of Bactriana, who,
after the battle of Arbela, seized Darius,
his sovereign, and put him to death. Af-
ter this murder, he assumed the title of
king, and was some time after brought be-
fore Alexander, who gave him to Oxatres,
the brother of Darius. The prince or-
dered bis hands and ears to be cut off*, and
his body to be exposed on a cross, and shot
at by the soldiers.

L. Bestia, a seditious Boman, who con-
spired with Catiline a^inst his country.

Betis, a river in Spain. Fid. Boetis.

A governor of Gaza, who bravely de-

Cended himself against Alexander, for
which he was treated with cruelty by the
conqueror.

Bbturia, a country in Spain. '

BiA, a daughter of Pallas by Stvx.

Bianor, ason of Tiberius and Manto
the daughter of Tiresias, who received the
surname of Ocnus, and reigned over £t-
ruria. ^A Trojan chief killed by Agam-
emnon. A Centaur killed by Theseus.

Bias, son of Amythaon and Idomene,
was king of Argos, and brother to the fh-
mous soothsayer Melampus. He fell in
love with Perone, daughter of Neleus king
of Pylos j but the father refused to give his
daughter in marriage before he received
the oxen of Iphiclus. Melampus at his
brother's request, went to seize the oxen,
and was caught in the fkct. He, however,
one year after received his Hbertv from
Iphiclus, who presented him with his oxen
as a reward for his great services. Bias
received the oxen from his brother, and
obliged Nelens to give him his dauj^ter in

marria«e. A Grecian prince, who went

to the Trojan war. A river of Pelopon-
nesus.-; — One of the seven wise men of
Greece.

Bm AcuLvs, (M. Farius) a Latin poet, in
the age of Cicero.

BiBLiA and Billia, a Roman lady &-
mous for her chastity. She married Duil-
lius.

Biblis, a woman who became ena-
moured of her brother Caunus. and was
changed into a fountain near Miletus.

BiBLiNA, a countiy of Thrace.

BiBLUt, a city of Phcenicia.

Bi BRACTS, a large town of the iEdui in
Gaol, nfhere Ciesar often wintered.
8*

BiBVL rs, a son of M. Calpumius Bibu-
lus by Portia, Cato's daughter.— ^One of
the friends of Horace pate that name.

Bices, a marsh near the Palus Moeotis.

Bicoiv, a Greek who assassinated Athe-
nodorus, because he made Himself master
of a colony which Alexander had left at
Bactra.

BicoRNiGBR, a surname of Bacchus.

BicuRiviB, the name of Alexander among
the Arabians. «

BiFORMis, {two forms,) a surname of
Bacchus and of Janus.

Bi FRO KB, a surname of Janus, because
he was retiresented with Uoo faces among
the Romans, as acquainted with the past
and future.

BiLBiLiB, a town of Celtiberia, where
Martial was bom. A river of Spain.

BntATER, a surname of Bacchus, which
signifies that he had two mothers.

BmaiuM, a town of Germany.

BioN, a philosopher and sophist of Bo-
rysthenes in Scythia, who rendered him-
self fieimous for his knowledge of poetry,
music, and philosophy. He died 241 B. C.

A Greek poet of Smyrna, who wrote

pastorals in an elegant style. A soldier

in Alexander's army .^— -A native of Prc^

pontis in the age of Pberecydes. A

man of Syracuse, who wrote on rhetoric.
A native of Abdera, disciple to De-

mocritus. — ^A man of Soli, who compos-
ed an history of iGthlopia. Another

who wrote nine books on rhetoric.

BiRRHUs. Fid. Coelius.

Bi8ALT£,a people of Scythia, or accords
ing to some, of Thrace or Macedonia.

BisAJLTBB, a man of Abydos.

BiBALTiB, a patronymic of Theophane.

BisANTHE, a town on the Hellespont.

BiBTON, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built
Bistoma in Thrace, whence the Thracians
are often called BisUme9.

BiiToiris, a lake orThrace, near Ab-
dera.

BiTHUB. Fid. Bacchius.

BiTHv^, a certain race of women in
Scythia, whose eyes, as PUntv reports, kill-
ed those who gazed upon them for some
time.

BiTHTifi A, a country of Asia Minor, for-
merly called Bebrycia. It was bounded
by the Euxine on the north, on the south
by Phrygia and Mysia, on the west bv the
Iropontis, and tin east "by Paphlagonia.

BiTiM, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and
Hiera, brought up in a wood sacred to Ju-
piter. He followed the fortune of jfineas,
and, with his brother, was killed by the
Rutuli in Italy. One of Dido's lovers.

BiTorr. Fid. Cloebis.

BiTuiTUs, a king of the Allobroges, con-
quered by a small number of Romans.

BiTUHTOM, a town of Spain. ^ .^ ^

BiTURioBB, a people of Gaul divided
from the iEdui by the Ligeris.

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Digitized by V

B(E

BiTURincsf, a |pwn of Gaul, formerly
the capital of the Belgs.

BiziA, a citadel near Rhodope belong-
ing to the' icings of Thrace. ' Tereua was
born there.

Bljena, a fruitful country of Pontus.

Bljesii, two Romans, who killed them-
selves because Tiberius deprived them of
the priesthood.

Jon. Bljesus, a governor of Gaul. .

Blandbwowa, a place near Placentia.

VLANDUBiA,a fountain on the borders of
the country of 'the Sabines near Mandela,
Horace's country seat.

Blastoph(knic£8, a people of Lusitanla.
> Ulemmteb, a people of Africa, who, as
is fabulously reported, had no heads, but
had the eyes and mouth placed in the
breast.

Bleniita, a town of Arcadia.

Blitiub Catulinus, was banished into
the iEgean sea after Piso's conspiracy.

Blucium, a castle where king Dejotarus
kept his treasures^ in Bithynia.

BoADicsA. Fid. Boudicea.

BojE and Boea, a town of Laconia.

BoAGRiu*, a river of Locris.

Bog ALIAS, a river in the island of Sala-
mis.

BoccAR, a king of Mauritania. Applied
in a general sense to any native of Africa.

BoccHORis, a wise king and legislator
of Egypt.

BoccHus, a king of Getulia, in alliance
with Rome, who perfidiously delivered
Jugurtha to Sylla, the lieutenant of Mari-
us.

Bqduaonatus, a leader of the Nervii,
when Cssar made war against them.

BoDUNi, a people of Britain who sur-
rendered to Claudius Caesar.

Boea. Fid.BofB,

BtBBs, a^ town of Thessaly. A lake

of Crete.

BcEBEis, a lake tf Thessaly near mount
Ossa.

B(EBiA Lzx was enacted to elect four

pretors every year, Another to insure

proprietors in the possession of their lands.

Another, A. U.C. 671, against using

bribes at elections.

BoEORoifiA, an Athenian festival.

BflEOTARCHiE, the chlcf magistrates in
Boeotia.

BoBOTiA, a country of Greece, bounded
on the north by PhQpis, south by Attica,
east by Eubosa, and west by the bay or
Corinth. The inhabitants were reckon-
ed rude and illiterate, fonder of bodily
strength than of mental excellence ; ye't
their country produced many illustrious
men, such as Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch,
&c.

BaoTUi, a son of Itonus by Menalippa.

BosoROBiBTAs, a mau who made himself
absolute among the Getie, by the strictness
of his discipline.

BozTHins, a celebrated Roman, banidi-
ed and afterwards punished with death,
on a suspicion of a conspiracy, by Theo-
doric king of the Ostrogoths, A. D. 5:25.

Bumrus, a foolish poet of^Tarsus^ who

wrote a poem on the battle of Philippi.

A river of Spain, more properly called
Bcetis.

B(EU8, one of the Heraclids.

BooEs and Boeb, a Persian who des-
troyed himself and family when besieged
by the Athenians.

BoouD^ a king of Mauritania in the in-
tei'est of Caesar.

Bogus, a king of the Maurusii, present
at tlie battle of Actium.

Bon, a people of Celtic Gaul, who mi-
grated into Cisalpine Gaul, and the north
of Italy on the banks of the Po.

BojocALus, a general of the Germans
in the age of Tiberius, &.c.

BoLA, a town of tbe JEqui in Italy.

BoLANUB. Vid. Bollanus.

BoLBs, a marsh near Mygdonia.

BoLBiTiNuu, one of the mouths of the
Nile, with a town of the same name.
Naucrautis was built near it.

BoLGirsj a general of Gaul, in an expe-
dition against Ptolemy king of Macedo-
nia.

BoLiivA, a virgin of Achaia, who reject-
ed the addresses of Apollo, and threw her-
self into the sea to avoid his importunities.

BoLiiTAUs, a river near Bolina.

BoLissus,atown and island near Chios.

BoLLAiruB, a man whom Horace repre-
sents, as of the most irascible temper, and
the most inimical to loquacity.

Bolus, a king of the Cimbrl, who kill-
ed a Roman ambassador.

BouiENBEs, a people near iEtoIia.

BouiLCAR, a Carthaginian general, son
of Amilcar. He was suspected of a con*
spiracy with Agathocles, and hung in the
forum, where he had received all his dig-
nity. An African, for some time the

instrument of all Jugurtha*s cruelties.
He conspired against Jugurtha, who put
him to death.

BouoRicjE, youths that were whipt at
the altar of Diana Ortbia, during the fes-
tivals of the goddess.

Bona Dea, a name given to Ops, Vesta,
Cybele, Rhea, by the weeks t and by the
Latins, to Fauna, or Fatoa. Her feativala
were celebrated onlv In the nicht by the
Roman matrons in the houses of the high-
est officers of the state. In the latter agea
of the republic, however, the sanctity of
these mysteries was profaned.

Bononia, called also Felsina, a town
on the borders of the Rhine.

BoirosiuB, an officer of Probus, who as-
sumed the Imperial purple in Gaul.

Bonus Etentus, a Roman deity, whoao
worship Wtu9 first introduced by toe peai-
sants.

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BoosusA, (bovis eauda) a town of Cy-
prus, where Veous had an ancient temple.

Bootes, a northern constellation near
ihe Ursa Major, also called Bubulcua and
Arctophylax. . v

BooTus and Bceotus, a son of Neptune
and Menalippe, exposed by his mother,
but preserved by shepherds.

BoasA, a town taken by Sext. Pompey.

BoKEADss', the descendants of Boreas,
who long' possessed the supreme power
and the priesthood in the island of ttie
Hyperboreans.

BoKXAs, the name of the north wind
blowing from the Hyperborean mountains.
According to the poets, he was son of As-
trcus and Aurora, but others make hini
«OB of the Strymon. He was worshipped
lu a deity, and represented with wings
and wUite hair.

BoRB ASMi, a festival at Athens in honor
of Boreas.

BoKsus, a Persian.

BoKocs, a Persian who burnt himself ra-
ther than submit to the enemy.

Boaifos, a place of Thrace.

BoBsippA, a town of Babylonia, sacred
to Apollo and Diana. The inhabitants
eat bats.

BoRus, a son of Perieres, who married
Polydora the daughter of Peleus.

BoRrsTHKNKS, a large river of Scythia,
falling into the Euxine sea, now called

flie Ihtieper, There was a city of the

same name on the borders of the river,
built by a a?lony of Milesians, 655 years
before the christian era. It was also call-
ed Olba Salvia. A horse with which

the emperor Adrian used to hunt. At his
death, he was honored with a monument.

BospHORus and Bosporus, two narrow
straits, situate at the confines of Europe
and Asia. One was called Cimmerian,
and the other, Thracian Bosporus.

Botsr, a f^eedman of Claudius.

BoTTiA, a colony of Macedonians in
Thrace. The people were called Bottiai.

BoTTiJcis, a country at the north of
Macedonia, on the bay of Therma.

BouDiccA, a queen in Britain, who re-
belled upon being insulted by the Ro-
mans. She poisoned herself when con-
quered, A. D. 61.

BouiAKUM, an ancient colony of the
Samnites, at the foot of the Apennines
not far from Beneventum.

BowivLXf a town of Latium near Rome.
Another in Campania.

Bhachmarbs, Indian philosophers, who
derive their name ttom Brahma, one of
the three beings whom God, according to
their theology, created, and with whoae
assistance he mrmed the world.

BR.K8IA, a daughter of Cinyras and Me-
tharme.

Bramchialbs, « surname of Apollo.

Branchipje, a people of Asia near the

river Ojdis, put to the awmd I7 Alexan-
der. The priests of Apollo Didymeus,

who i^ave oracles in Caria.

BRANCHTixiDEs, a chl^f of the BODO-
tians. ^

Branchus, a youth of Miletus, son of
Smicrus, beloved 4)y Apollo, who gave
him the power of prophecy. He gave ora-
cles at Didyme, which became inferior to
none of the Grecian oracles, except Del-
phi.

Brasije, a town of Laconia.

Brasidas, a famous general of Lace-
dsmon, son of Tellus, who, after many
great victories over AUiens and other Gre-
cian states, died of a wound at Amphi-
polis, which Cleon, the Athenian, had be-
sieged, B. C. 422. A man of Cos.

Brasidbia, festivals at Lacedaemon, in
honor of Brasidas.

Brasilas, a man of Cos.

Braurs, a woman who assisted in the
murder of Pittacus, king of the Edoni.

Bra u RON, a town of Attica, where Di«
ana had a temple. The goddess had
three festivals called Brauronia, celebrated
once every fifth year. They sacrificed a
goat to t]ie goddess, and it was usual to
sing one of the books of Homer's Iliad.
The most remarkable that attended were
young virgins in yellow gowns, consecrat-
ed to Diana.

BRBfTiTi and Brbufti, a people of Nori-
cum.

Brennus, a general of the Galli Seno-
nes, who invaded Italy, defeated the Ro-
mans at the river AUia, and entered their
city without opposition. . The Romans
fled into the capitol^ and left the whole
city in the possession of the enemies.
The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian rock in
the night, and the capltol would have
been taken had not the Romans been
awakened by the noise of geese which
were before the doors, and immediately
repelled the enemy. Camillus, who was
in banishment, marched to the relief of
his country, and so totally defeated the
Gauls, that not one remained to carry

the news of their destruction. Another

Gaul, who made an irruption into Greece
with 150,000 men and 15,000 horse, and
endeavoured to plunder the temple of
Apollo at Delphi. He killed himself in a
fit of intoxication, B. C. 378, after being
defeated by the Delphians.

Brbrthb, a ruined city of Arcadia.

Brescia, a city of Italy, which had
gods peculiar to itself.

Brettii, a people of Italy.

Bri ARBUs, a famous giant, son of Ccelns
and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50
heads, and was called by men iEgeon,

and only by the gods Briareus. ^'^^2

clops, niade judge between Apollo and
Neptune, in their dispute about the isth-
mus and promontory of Corinth. He gave

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the former to Neptune, and the latter to
Apollo. ' ■

. JSrias, a town of Pisidia.

BRUiA?rTE8, a people in the northern
parts of Britain.

Brigantinus, a lake of Kboetla between
the Alps, now the lake of Constance. —
The town on its eastern bank is now
Bregeiltz in the Tyrol, anciently called
Brigantium.

Bril,£ssu9, a mountain of Attica.
, Brimo, (terror) a name given to Proser-
pine and Hecate.

Briseis^ a woman of Lyrnessus, call-
ed also Hippodamia. When her country
was taken by the Greeks, and her hus-
band Mines and brother killed in the
fjght, she fell to the share of Achilles, in
the division of the spoils.

Brises, a man of Lymessus, brother to
the priest Chryses. His daughter Hippo-
damia was called Briseis from him.

Briseus, a surname ofBacchus, from
his nurse Brisa, or his temple at Brisa, a
promontory at Lesbos.

Britanni, the inhabitants of Britain.

(Vid. Britannia.) lA nation in Gallia

l^elgica.

Britaitnia, an island in the Northern
ocean, the greatest in Europe, conquered
by Julius Csesar during his Gallic wars.
B. C. 55, and first known to be an islana
by Agricola, who sailed round it. - It was
a Roman province from the time of its
conquest till the 44^th year of the christian
era. The name of Britain was unknown
to the Romans before CsKtsar coqquered it.

Britanicicus, a son of Claudius Cicsar
by Messalina. Nero was raised to the
throne in preference to him, by means of
Agrippina, and caused him to be poisoned.
His corpse was buried in the night ; but
it is said that a shower of rain wa^ed
away the white paint whicli the murderer
had put over his face, so that it appeared
quite black, and discovered the effects of
poison.

Britomartis, a beautiful nymph of
Crete, daughter of Jupiter and Charme,
who devoted herself to hunting, and be-
came a great favorite of Diana. A sur-
name of .Diana.

fijisToMARus, a chief of the Galli Insu-
bres, 'conquered by iEmilius.

Britones, the inhabitants of Britain.

Brixellum, a town in Italy near Man-
tua, where Otho slew himself when de-
feated.

Brixia, a town of Italy beyond the Po,
at the north of Creraone, now Brescia.

Brizo, the goddess of dreams, worship-
ped in Delos.

Brocubelds, a governor of Syria, who
fled to Alexander, when Darius was mur-
dered by Bessus.

BaoMiua, a surname of Bacchus. A

■on of iEgyptus.

Bromus, one of the Centaurs.

Brottgcs, a river falling into thfi later.

Brontes, {thunder) one^uf the Cyclops.

Brontinus, a Pythagorean philoeoplier.

The father of Theano, the wife of

Pythagoras.

Broteas and Ammon, two men famoufl

for their skill in the cestus. One of the

Laplthfe.

Brotheus, a son of Vulcan and Miner-
va, who burned himself to avoid the ridi-
cule to which his deformity subjected him.

Bructeri, a people of Germany, inhab-
iting the country at the east of Holland.

Brum AM A, festivals celebrated at Rome
in honor.of Bacchus, about the month of
December. They were first instituted by
Romulus.

Brundusium now Bruvdiaiy an ancient
^city of Calabria, on the Adriatic sea, where
the Appian road was terminated. The
Romans generally embarked at Brundusi-
um for Greece. It is famous for the birth
of the poet Pacuvius, and the death of
Virgil, and likewise for its harbor. Little
remains of the ancient city, and even its
harbor has now been Choked up by the
negligence of the inhabitants.

Brutidius, a man dragged to prison in
Juvenal's age, on suspicion of his favoring
Sejanus.

Brutii, a people in the furthest parts of
Italy, who were originally shepherds of
the Lucanians, but reVolted, and went in
quest of a settlement.

Brutulus, a 8amnite, who killed him-
self, upon being delivered to the Romans
for violating a treaty.

Brutus, Lucius Juwius, a celebrated
Roman, son of M.^ Junius and Tarquinia;
who, on the murder of his father and bro-
ther by Tarquin the Proud, being unable to
revenge their death, pretended insanity,
which artifice saved his life. He was called
Brutus for his stupidity, which, however,
he soon afterwards showed to be feigned.
When Lucretia, to avoid the brutality of
Tarquin, killed herself, Brutus snatched
the dagger from the wound, and swore
immortal haired to the royal family. (B. C.
509.) This animated the Romans; the
' Tarquins were proscribed, and the royal
authority vested in the hand» of consuls.
Brutus made the people swear they never
would again submit to kingly authority;
but the first who violated their oaths were
his own sons, who conspired with the
Tuscans to restore the Tarqtfins. They
were tried and condemned before their
father, who attended at their execution.
Brutus was slain in a battle with Aruns,
and his body conveyed to Rome ; where
the matrons testified their grief by mourn-
ing a whole year for the father of the re-
public. Marew Junius Brutus^ who

was lineally descended from Junius Bru-
tus. He inherited the republican princi-

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plei of his great progenitors and in the
civil wars joined liimself to ttie side of
Pompey. At tlie battle of Phars^lia, Cie-
sar not only spared the life of Brutus, but
made him one of bis iiiost intimate friends.
He, however, soon forgot Uie favors of
Cesar, who was now become ambitious
and tyrannical; and he conspired with
many illustrious citizens of Rome, and
stabbed him in the senate-house. B. C.
42. Antony, whom firutus, contrary to
the opinion of his associates, refused to
seize, gained ground in behalf of his Mend
Cssar, and the murderers were soon oblig-
ed to leave Rome. Brutus retired into
Greece, where he gained himself many
friends by his arms, as well as by persua-
sion, and he was soon after pursued thither
by Antony, whom young Octavius ac-
companied*. A battle was fought at Phi-
lippi. Brutus, who commanded ttie right
wing of the republican army, defeated the
enemy; but Cassius, who had the care
of the left, was overpowered, and as he
knew not the situation of his friend, and
erew desperate, he ordered one of his
fireedmen to run him through. Brutus
deeply deplored bis fall, and in the ful-
ness of Ais grief, called him the last of
the R<Mnans. In another battle, the wing
which Brutus commanded obtained a vic-
tory ; but the other was defeated, and he
found himself surrounded by the soldiers
of Antony. He however made his es-
cape, and soon after fell upon his sword,
B. C. 43. Antony honored him with a
magnificent funeral. Brutus is not less
celebrated for his literary talents, than
his valor in the field. He married Portia,
the daughter of Gato, who killed herself,
by swallowing burning coals when she

heard the fate of her husband. ^D. Jun.

Albiniis, one of Ciesar's murderers, who.
after the battle of Mutina, was deserted
by the legions, with which he wished to
march against Antony. " He was put to
death by Antony's orders, though consul
^lect. — -nJun., one of the first tribunes of

the people. One of Carbo's generals.

' Brtas, a general of the Argives against
Sparta, put to death by a woman, to whom
he had offered vicrience.^-— A general in
the army of Xerxes.

Bar AXIS, a marble sculptor, who assist-
ed in making the Mausoleum.

BnTcn, a daughter of Danam by Po-
lyxo.

Bar OSS, a people of Tliraee, afterwards
called Phiyges.

Baroi, a people of Macedonia, conquer-
ed by Mardonius.

BartBA, a town of Laconia.

BuBACENE, a town of Asia.

Bob ACES, an eunuch of Darius, &c,

BoBARis, a Persian who married the
daughter of Amyntas, against whom he
had been sent with an army.

BuBASTiACus, one of the mouths of the
Nile.

BuBA§Ti9, a city of E^'pt, in the east-
ern parts of the Delta, where cats were
held in great veneration.

BuRAsus, a country of Caria, whence
BubasidM applied to the natives.

BuBoiv, an inland city of Lycia.

BucEFHALA, a clty of India, near the
Hydaspes, built by Alexander, in honor of
his favorite horse Bucephalus.

Bucephalus, a horse of Alexander's,
whose head resembled that of a bull.
'Alexander was the onlv one who could
mount on his back, and he always knelt
down to take up his master. He was
thirty years old when he died.

BuciMAiTus, one of Cesar's murderers.

BncoLicA, a sort of poem which treats
of the care of the flocks, and of the plea-
sures and occupations of the rural life,
with simplicity and elegance.

BucojLicuM, ene of the mouths of the
Nile.

BucojLioiT, a king of Arcadia, after La-

ias. A son of Laomedon and the

nymph Calybe. A son of Hercules and

Praxithea. A son of Lycaon, king of

Arcadia.

BuGOLus, a son of Hercules and Biarse.
A son of Hippocoon.

Bum I, a nation of Media.

BuDiiTi, a people of Scythia.

BuDORUM, a promontory of Salamis.

BuLBut, a Roman senatm*, remarkable
for his meanness.

Bums, a town of Phocis, built by a co-
lony from Doris near the sea, above the

bay of Corinth. A Spartan given up

to Xerxes, to atone for the ofience his
countrymen had done for putting the
king's messengers to death.

Bullatius, a friend of Horace.

Bulli 9, a town of Ulyricum, near the
sea, south of Apollonia.

BuMELLus, a river of Assyria.

Burrs A, a surname of Juno.

Buirus, a son of Mercury and ^Icida-
mea, who obtained the gwi^emmen^ of
Corinth when iEetes went to Colchis.

BuPALUi, a statuary of Clazomens.
Fid. Anthermus.

BupHAous, a son of Japetus and Tbor-
nax killed by Diana. A river of Aresdia
bears his name. A surname of Hercu-
les, given him on account of his gluttony.

BvPHONiA) a festival in honor of Jupi-
ter at Athens, where an ox was immo-
lated;

BuPRABiuif, a city, country, and river
of Ells.

BuRA, a daughter of Jupiter, from whom
Bura or Buris, once a flourishing city in
the bay of Corinth received its name.

BuRAicus, an epithet applied to Hercu-
les, from his temple near; Bura. A river

of Acbaia.

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BiTRRnus Afranics, a chief of the pne-

torian guards, put to death by Nero.

A brother-in-law of the emperor Com-
modus.

Bursa, the capital city of Bithynia.

BiTRsxA, a town of Babylonia.

BusA, a woman of Apulia who enter-
tained one thousand Romans after the
battle of Cannffi.

BusjE, a nation of Media.

BusiRis, a iLing of Egypt, son of Nep-
tune and Lybia, or Lysianassa, who sacri-
ficed all foreigners lo Jupiter with the
greatest cruelty. When Hercules visited
Egypt, Busiris carried him to the altar
Imund hand and foot. The hero soon
disentangled himself, and offered the ty-
rant, his son Amphidamas, and the ndn-
isters of his cruelty on the altar.

Bdta, a town of Achaia.

BuTEo, a surname of M. Fabius. A

Roman orator.

BuTEs, one of the descendants of Amy-
cus, king of tim Bebryce8,very expert in the
combat of the cestus. One of the Argo-
nauts. A Trojan slain by Camilla. — —

A son of Boreas who built Naxos.

A son of Pandion and Zeuxippe, priest
of Minerva and Neptune. He married

Chthonia, daughter of Erechtheus. An

arm-bearer to Anchises, and afterwards to
Ascanius, killed by Tumus. A gov-
ernor of Darius, besieged by Conon the
Athenian.

BUTHROTUM, now Butrinto^ a sea-port
totv^ii of Epirus opposite Corcyra, visited
by iEneas, in h\» way to Italy from Troy.

BuTHRotus, a river in Italy near Locri.

BuTHYRsuB, a noble statuary, disciple to
Myron.'

BuTOA, an Island in the Mediterranean,
near Crete.

BvToRiDSs, an historian who wrote
concerning the pyramids.

BuTos, a town of Egypt, where there

was a temple of Apollo and Diana, and
an oracle of Latona.

BuTuirruM, an inland town of Apulia.

Bdtub, a son of Pandion.'

BuzvGEB,an Athenian who ^rstlflougb-
ed with hameissed oxen. .

Byblesia and Bybassia, a country of
Caria.

Byblia, a name of Venus.

Byblii, a people of Syria.

Btblis, a daughter of Miletus and Cy-
anea«— >— A small island in the Mediterra-
nean.

BrBLus, a town of Syria, not far from
the sea, where Adonis had a temple.

Btllioives, a people of Illyricum*

Byrrhus, a robber, famous for his dissi-
pation*

Byrsa, a citadel in the middle of Car-
tB^ge, on which was the temple of ^scu-
lapms. Asdrubal's wife burnt it when
the city was taken. When Dido came to
Africa, she bought of the inhabitants as
much land as could be encompassed by a
bull's hide. After the agreement, she cut
the hide in small thongs, and enclosed a
large piece of territory, on which she built
a citadel which she called Byrsa, {Bv^aa^
a hide.)

Byzacivm, a country of Africa.

Byzantium, a town situate on the Thra-
cian Bosphorus. and chosen by Constan-
tine the Great for the capital of the east-
em Roman empire j afterwards called Con-
stantinopolis.

BYZAS,ason of Neptune, king of Thrace,
from whom it is said Byzantium received
its name.

Byzeres, a people of Pontus, between
Cappadocia and Colchis.

BrzEs, a celebrated artist In the age of
Astyages.

Btzia. a town in the possession of the
kings or Thrace, hated by swallows, on
account of the horrible crimes of Tereus.

CAANTHUS, a son of Oceanus and
Tethys. He was ordered by his fa-
ther to seek his sister Malia, whom Apollo
had carried away, and he burnt in re-
venge the ravisher's temple near the Isth-
mus. He was killed for this impiety by
the god, and a monument raised to his
memory.

Cabades, a king of Persia.

Cabala, a place of Sicily where the
Carthaginians were conquered by Diony-
■ius.

Cab ALE 8, a people of Africa, v

Cabajlii, a people of Asia Minor.

Cabaliitvi, a clear fountain on mount
Helicon, sacred to the muses, and called
also Htppoerene^ as raised from the ground
by the foot of Pegasus.

Caballinum, a town of the ^dui, now
Chalonsy on the Baone.

Cabarnoi, a deity worshipped at Faroe.
His priests were called Cabami.

Cababsus, a town of Cappadocia.^— --A
village near Tarsus.

Caballio, a town of Gaul.

Cabira, a wife of Vulcan, by whom sh«

had three sons. A town of Paphla-

gonia.

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Cabiri, certain deities held in tlie great-
est ^neration at Thebes, Lemnos^ Mace-
donia, and Phrygia, but more particularly
in the islands of Samothrace and Imbros.

Cabiria, a surnanie of Ceres. The

festivals of the Cabiri.

Cabura, a fountain of Mesopotamia.

Caburus, a chief of the Helvii.

Caca, a goddess among the Romans,
sister to Cacus. The vestals offered sa-
crifices in her temple.

C ACHATS 9, a river of Pbocis.

Cacus, a famous robber, son of Vulcan
and Medusa, represented as a three-head-
ed monster, and as vomiting flames. He
resided in Italy, and the avenues of his
cave were covered with human bones.
He was killed b^ Hercules.

Cacuthis, a nver of India flowing into
the Ganges. '

Cactparis, a river of Sicily.

Cadi, a town of Phrygia— of Lydia.

Cadmka, a citadel of Thebes, buHt by
Cadmus.

Cacmeis, an ancient name of Boeotia.

Cadmus, son of Agenor, king of Phoeni-
cia, by Telephassa or Agriope. He was
sent in search of his sister Europa, but as
his search proved fruitless, he consulted
the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to
build a city, and to call the country Bob-
otia. He obeyed the directions of the
oracle ;. and as he wished to thank the
god by a sacrifice, he sent his companions
to fetch water from a neighboring grove.
The waters were sacred to Mars, and
guarded by a dragon. Cadmus attacked
the dragon, and overcame it, and sowed
the teeth in a plain, upon which armed
men suddenly rose up from the ground.
He threw a stone in the midst or them,
and they instantly turned their arms one
ai^inst the other, till all perished except,
five, who assisted him in building his city.'
Cadmus was the first who introduced the
use of letters into Greece ; but some main-
tain, that the alphabet which he brought
from Phoenicia, was only different from
that which is used by the ancient inhabit-
ants of Greece. This alphabet consisted
only of sixteen letters, to which Palame-
des afterwards added four, and Simonides
of Melos the same number. The worship
of many of the Egyptian and Phoenician
deities was also introduced by Cadmus,
who is supposed to have come into Greece
one thousand four hundred and ninety-
three years before the Christian era, and
to have died sixty-one years after. He also

founded the city of Thebes. A son of

Pandion of Miletus, celebrated as an his-
torian in the age of Croesus, and as the
writer of an account of some cities of
Ionia, in four books. lie is called the an-
cientf in contradistinction from another of
the same name and place, son of Arche-
laufl. ^Afioman executioner.

Cadba, a hill of Asia Minor.

Caducrus, a rod intwined at one end
by two serpents, in the form of two equal
semicircles, it was the attribute of Mer-
cury and the emblem of power, and it
bad been given him by Apollo inretom
for the lyre.

Cadurci, a people of Gaul, at the east
of the Garonne.

Cadusci, a people near the Caspian sea.

Cadytis, a town of Syria.

Cjea, an island of the iEgean sea among
the Cyclades, called also Ceoa and Cea,
from Ceus the son of Titan.

C^ciAs, a wind blowing from the north.

Cjecilia, the wife of Sylla. The

mother of LucuUus. A daughter of

Atticus.

CECILIA Caia, or TAKAquiL. Vid. Ta-
naqnil.

Cjecilia uex, was proposed A. tJ. C.
G93, by CeecU. Mietellus Nepos, to remove
taxes from all the Italian states, and to
give them free exportation.-*—— Another
called also Didia, A. U. C. 656, by the
consul Q,. Ciecilius Metellus, and T. Di-
dius. It required that no more than one
single matter should be proposed to the
people in one question : and that every
law, before it was preferred, should be
exposed to public view on three market

days. Another, concerning fullers.

Another, A. U. C. 701, to restore to the
censors their original rights and privileges*
which had been lessened by P. Clodius
the tribune.— ——Another called also <«a-
binia, A.V. C. 685, a^inst usury.

Caciliands, a Latin iifriter before the
age of Cicem.

CfciLii, a plebeian fhmily at Rome,
which gave birth to many illustrious gen-
erals and patriots.

Cjecilius Claudius Isiporub, a man
who left in his will to his heirs, four thou-
sand one hundred and sixteen slaves, three
thousand six hundred yokes of oxen, two
hundred and fifty-seven thousand small
cattle, and six hundred thousand pounds

of silver. Epirus, a freednian of Atti-

cus. who opened a school at Rome, and is
said to have first taught reading to Virgil
and some other growing poets.^; — A Sici-
lian orator in the age of Augustus, who
wrote on the Servile wars, a comparison
between Demosthenes and Cicero, and
an account of the orations of Demosthenes.

-^ — Metellus. Fid. Metellus. Statius,

a comic poet, deservedly commended by
Cicero and Q,uintilian.

C.1SCINA Tuscus, a son of Nero*s nurse,

made governor of Egypt. A Roman

who wrote some physical treatises. A

citizen of Volaterr© defended by Cicero.

Cjecubum, a town of Campania in Italy,
near the bay of Caicta, famous for the ex-
cellence and plenty of its wines.

CJ6CUI.US, a son of Vulcan. He was

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called -OfBCulus, becaase bis eyes were
small. After a life spent in plundering
and rapine, he built Pneneete ; but be-
ing unable to find inhabitants, he implored '
Vulcan to show whether he really was
his father. Upou this a flame suddenly
shone among a multitude who were as-
sembled to see some spectacle, and they
were' immediately persuaded to become
the subjects of Ceculus.

a. Cfoicit'9, a consul, A. U. C. 498.

Another, A. U. C. 465. ^A military

tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted
himself to rescue the Roman army from
the Carthasinians, B. C. 354. He escaped
with his life. A friend of Tumus.

CiBLiA. L£x, was enacted A. U. C. 635,
by Cselius, a tribune. It ordained, that in
judicial proceedings before the people, in
cases of treason, the votes should be given
upon tablets contrary to the excepticm of
the Cassian law.

C.KLius, an orator, disciple to Cicero.

He died very young. A man of Tarra-

cina, found murdered in his bed. His
sons were suspected of the murder, but

acquitted. Aurelianus, a writer about

three hundred years after Christ. L.

Antipater, wrote an history of Rome.

Tubero, a roan who came to life after he

bad been carried to the burning pile.

Vibienus, a king of Etruria, who assisted

Romulus against the Cieninenses. Sa-

binus, a writer in the age of Vespasian,
who composed a treatise on the edicts of

the curule ediles. One of the seven

hills on which Rome was built.

CcMARO, a Greek, who wrote an ac-
count of India.

Cjgne, a small island in the Sicilian

sea. A town on the coast of Laconia,

whence Jupiter is called Caenius.

CENSUS, one of the Argonauts. A

Trojan killed by Tumus.

Cjenides, a patronymic of Eetioni as
descended from Caeneus.

C-BNiNA, a town of Latium near Rome.

Cjehis, a promontory of Italy, opposite
to Pelorus in Sicily.

' CiEivis, a Thessalian woman, daughter
of Elatus. In the wars of the Lapitbie
against the Centaurs, she offended Jupi-
ter, and wael' overwhelmed with a huge
pile of wood, and changed into a bird.

Q.. Sertilius CiEPio, a Roman consul,
A. U. C. 648, in the Cimbrian war. He
plundered a temple at Tolossa, for which
he was punished by divine vengeance. —
A quaestor who opposed Saturninus.

Cjebatus, a town of Crete. A river.

C^RE, Cjcres, anciently Agtixa, how
Cer-veterit a city of Etruria, once the cap-
ital of the whole couYitry. It was in be-
ing in the age of Strabo.

Ojeresi, a people of Germany.

Cjesar, a surname given to. the Julian
fiunily at Rome, either beteuse one of

them kept an et^hmtt, which bears the
same name in the Punic tongue, or be-
cause one was bom with a thick head of
hair. The twelve first R#Bian emperora
were distinguished by the surname of
Casar. In Domitian, or rather in Nero,
the family of Julius Cesar was extinguish-
ed. But after such-'a lapse of time, the
appellation of Caesar seemed inseparable
from the imperial dignity, and therefore it
was assumed by the successors of the Ju-
lian l^unily.— — C. Julius Caesar, the first
emperor of Rome, was son of L. Csesar
and Aurelia the daughter of Cotta. He
was descended, according ' to some ac-
counts, from Julus the son of ^neas.
When he reached his fifteenth year he lost
his fkther, and the year after he was made
priest of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his
ambition, and endeavored to remove him ;.
but Caesar understood his intentions, and,
to avoid discovery, changed every day his
lodgings. He was received into Bylla's
friendship some time after. His eloquence
procured him friends at Rome ; and the
generous manner in whjcb he lived, equal-
ly served to promote his interest. He ob-
tained the office of high priest, and after
he had passed through the inferior em-
ployments Of the state, he was appointed
over Spain. At his return to Rome, he
was made consul. He was appointed for
the space of five years over the Gauls, by
the interest of Pompey, to whom he had
given his daughter Julia in marriage.
Here he enlarged the boundaries of the
Roman empire by conquest, and invaded
Britain, which was then unknown to the
Roman people. ' The death of Julia and
of Crassus, the corrupted state .of the Ro-
man senate, and the ambition of Gmeat
,and Pompey, sobA became the causes of a
civil war. Caesar's petitions were receiv-
ed with coldness or indilTerence by the
Roman senate ; and, by the influence of
Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him -
of his power. Antony, who opposed it as
tribune, fled to Ciesar's camp with the
news ; and the ambitious general at once
made it a plea of resistance* On pretence
of avenging the violence which bad been
offered to the sacred office of tribune, he
crossed the Rubicon, which was the boun-
dary of his province. This was a decla-
ration of war, and Cssar entered Italy
sword in hand* Upqn thisr, Pompey, with
all the friends of liberty, left Rome, and
retired to Dyrrachium ; and Caesar, after
he had subdued all Italy, in sixty da}*s,
entered Rome, and provided himself with
money from the public treasury. He went
to Spain, where he conquered the parti-
sans of Pompey, and, at his return to
Rome, was declared dictator, and soon
after consul. VHien^ie left Rome, he went
in quest of Pompey. In. the plains of
Pharsalia, B. C. 48, tlie two liosUle gen-

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./97

erals engaged. Pompey was conquered,
and fled into Egypt, where he was mur-
dered. CaBsar, after he had made a noble
use of victory, pursued his adversary into
Egy^t, where be for some time foraot his
fame and character in the arms of Cleo-
patra. After several conquests in AfHca.
the defeat of Cato, Seipio, and Juba, ana
that of Pompe^'s sons in Spain, he entered
Rome, and triumphed over five different
nations, Oaul, Alexandria, Pontus, Africa,
and Spain, and was created perpetual dic-
tator. But now his uncommon success
created him enemies, and the chiefest of
the senators, among whom was Brutus his
most intimate ftiand, conspired against
liim, and stabbed him in the senate-house
on the ides of March. He died, pierced
with twenty- three wounds, the 15th of
March, B. C. 44, in the fifty-sixth year of
his age. Casca gave biiu the first blow,
and immediately he attempted to make
some resistance ; but when he saw Brutus
among the coMpiratore, be submitted to
his fate, and fell down at their feet, muf-
fling up his manUe, and exclaiming, Tu
qitoque BruU ! The learning of Caesar de-
serves commettdation, as well as his mili-
tary character. He reformed the calendar.
He wrote his commentaries on the Gallic
wars, on the spot where he fought his
battles : and the composition has been ad-
mired tor the elegance as well as the cor-
rectness of ita style. His qualities were
such that in every battle he could not but
be conqueror, and in every republic, mas-
ter. It was after his conquest over Phar-
naces in one day, that he made use of
these remarkable words, to express the
celerity of hia opemtions ; Feni, vidi^ via.
Conscious of the services of a man who
beautified and enriched the capital of his
eonntry with public buildinps, libraries,
and porticos, the senate permitted the dic-
tator to wear a laurel crown on his bald
head ; and itois said, that they were going
to give him the title of king all over the
Roman empire, except Italy, when he
was murdered. It is said that he con-
quered three hundred nations, took eight
handred cities, and defeated three millions
of men, one of which fell in the field of
battle. Plmy says that he could employ
at the same time, his ears to listen, his
eyes to read, bis hand to write, and his
mind to dictate. His death was preceded
by uncommon prodigies ; and immediately
after bis death, a large comet made its ap-
pearance.— ——Lucius, was fhther to the
dictator. He died suddenly, when putting
on his shoes.— ——Octavianus. Vid. Au-

rus. Caius, a tragic poet and orator,
brother C. Lucius was consul, and
followed, as well as himself, the party of
Sylla. They were both put to death by

order of Marius. Lucius^ an undo of

M*. Antony, who followed the interest of

Pompey, and was proscribed by Angustus,
for which Antony proscribed Cicero, the
friend of Augustus. His son Lucius- was

put to death by J. Cesar, in his youth.

Two sons of Agrippa bore also the name *
of CiBsors, Caius, and Lucius. Augus-
ta, a town of Spain, built by Augustus, on
the Iberus, and now called Saragossa,

Cjesabxa, a city of Cfippadocia,— of Bi-
thynia, — of Mauritania, — of Palestine.
There are many small insignificant towns
of that name.

Cjesarion, the son of J. Cesar, by queen
Cleopatra. He was put to death by Au-
gustus.

Cjesennius Pjctus, a general sent by
Nero to Armenia.

Cksbtius, a Roman who protected his
cbiUlren against Cssar.

C^tiA, a surname of Minerva. A

wood in Germany.

Cjksius, a Latin poet, whose talents

were not of uncommon brilliancy. A

lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero.

C.vso, a son of U. Cincinnatus, who re-
volted to the Volsci.

Cjesonia, an infamous woman who
married Caligula, and was murdered at
the same time with her daughter Julia.

CvsoiTjtM Maxim us, was banished from
Italy by Nero, on account of his friendship
with Seneca, &c.

Cjetulum, a town of Spain i

Caoaco, a fountain of Laconia.

Caicinus, a river of Locris.

Caicub. a companion of ^neas. A

river of Mysia, falling into th^ ^gean sea,
opposite Lesbos.

Cai£ta, a town, promontory, and bar*
bor of Campania, which received its name
from Caieta, the nurse of ^neas, wh»wa8
buried there.

Caius and CAiA,a prasnomen very com-
mon at Rome to both sexes.

Caius, a son of Agrippa by Julia.

a. Calaber, called also Smyrnaeus,
wrote a Greek poem in fourteen books, as
a continuation^ of Homer's Iliad, about the
beginning of the third century.

Calabria, a country of Italy in Magna
Griecia. It was fertile, and produced a
variety of fruits, much cattle, and excel-
lent honey.

Calabrus, a river of Calabria.

Calaourritani, a people of Spain, who
ate their wives and children, rather than
yield to Pompey.

Calais ana Zbthss. Vid. Zethes.

Calagutib, a river of Spain.

Calamis, an excellent carver.

Calamisa, a place of Samos.

Calamos, a town of Asia, near momit
Libanus. A town of Phoenicia. ^An-
other of Babylonia.

Calamus, a son of the river Mieanaer,
who was tenderly attached to Carpo.

Calaitus, a celebrated Indian philoeo-

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pher, one of the ^'mnosopliists. He fol-
iowed Alexander in his Indian expedition,
and being sick, in his eighty-third year,
he ordered a pile to be raised, upon which
he mounted, to the' astonishment of the
king and of the army. When the pile was
fired, Alexander asked him whether he
bad any thing to say : " No," said he, " I
shall meet you again in a very short time."
Alexander died three months after in Bab-
ylon.

Calaon, a river of Asia, near Colophon.

Calarib, a city of Sardinia.

Calathawa, a town of Macedonia.
, Calathion, a mountain of Laconia.

Calathus, a son of Jupiter and An-
tiope.

Calate*, a town of Thrace near To-
nus, on the Euxine sea.

CAX.ATIA, a town of Campania, oa the
Appian way. It was made a Roman col-
ony in ^e age of Julius Ceesar.

CalatijE) a people of India, who eitf
the flesh of their parents.

Calatii, a people of Campania.

Calatius, a magistrate of Capua, who
rescued. some Roman senators from death.

Calacrea and CALAURiA,an island near
TrcBzene in the bay of Argos. The tomb
of Demosthenes was seen there.

Calbis, a river of Caria.

Calce^ a city of Campania.

Oalchas, a celebrated soothsayer, son
of Thestor. He accompanied the Greeks
to Troy, in the office of high priest. He
had received the power of divination froip
Apollo. Calchas was informed, that as
soon as he found a man more skilled than
himself in divination, he must perish ;
and this happened near Colophon, after
the Trojan war. He was unable to tell
how many figs were in the branches of a
certain fig-tree ; and when Mopsus men-
tioned the exact number, Calchas died
through grief.

CALCHEDoifiA. Fid. Calchcdon.
•Calchiria, a daughter of Leucippus.
She had a son by Neptune, who inherited
his grandfather's kingdom of Sicyon.

Caldus C.KLIU8, a Roman who killed
himself when detained by the Germans.

Cale, Caleb, and Calenuh, now Ctd-
vi, a town of Campania.

Caledonia, a country at the north of
Britain, now called Scotland. The red-
dish hair and lofty stature of its inhabit-
ants seemed to denote a German extrac-
tion.

CALEifTtTM, a place of Spain, where it
is said they made bricks so light that they
swam on the surfhce of the water.

Calenub, a famous soothsayer of Etru-

rhi, in the age of Tarquin. A lieutenant

of Ciesar's army. Afler Cresar's murder,
he concealed some that had been pro-
scribed by the triumvirs, and behayed
With great honor to them.

Caleb. Vid. Cale. A city of Bitby^

nia on the Euxine. ■

Calesius, a charipteer of Axylus, killed
by Diomedes in the 'fVojan war.

Calet.«, a people of Deigic Gaul, now
Pays de CauXf in Normandy. Their town
is called Caletum.

Caletor, a Trojan prince, slain by
Ajax as he was gqing to set fire to the ship
of Protesilaus.

Calex, a river of Asia Minor, falling
into the Euxine sea.

Caliadihe, the wife of Egyptus.

Caliceni, a people of Macedonia.

M. Calidius, an orator and pretorian
who died in the civil wars, &,c. L. Ju-
lius, a man remarkable for his riches, the
excellency of his character, his learning
and poetical abilities. He was proscribe*
by Volumnius, but delivered by Atticus.

Caligula, Caesar, fourth emperor of
the Romans, was son of German icus, and
grandson of Tiberius. He was a most
cruel and tyrannical mooarch, and often
immolated innocent persons for his amuse-
ment. Wild beasts were fed in his palace
with human victims, and a favorite horse
was made high priest and consul, kept in
marble apartments, and adorned with the"
mo^ valuable trappings and pearls. He
frequently appeared in public places in
the most indecent manner, encouraging'
roguery, committing incest with his three
sisters, and establishing public places of
prostitution. He was at length murdered,
in his twenty-ninth year, by his subjects

Calipub, a mathematician of Cyzicus,
B. C. 330.

Calis, a man in Alexander^ army, tor-
tured for consftiring against the' king.

Calljebcherub, the father of Critias.

Callaici, a pcrople of Lusitania, now
OaUicia^ at the north of 3pain.

Callas, a general of Alexander. Of

Cassander against Polyperchon. A riv-
er of Ettbcea.

Callatebub, a town of Caria.

Calle, a town of ancient Spain, now
OportOf at the mouth of the Dottfo in Por-
tugal.

Callxtsria, a town of Campania.

CALLEffi, a people of Campania.

Callia, a town of Arcadia.

Calliadeb, a magistrate of Athens whev
Xerxes invaded Greece.

Calli AS, an Athenian appointed tomakft
peace between Artaxerxes and his coun-
try. A son of Temenus, who murdered

his father with the assistance of his bro-
thers. A Greek poet, son of Lysima-

chus. His compositions are lost. A

partial historian of Syracuse. An Athe-
nian greatly revered for his patriotism.
A soothsayer. An Athenian, com-
mander of a fleet against Philip, whose
ships he took. - - A rich Athenian, who-
libertted Cimon from prison} on condition

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of marrying his sister and wife Elpinice.
A historian, who wrote an explana-
tion of fhe pyeins ofAlcoBUS and Sappho.

Callibil's, a peneral in the war be-
tween Mantinea and Sparta.

Callicerus, a Greek poet, some of
whose epigrams are preserved in the An-
tholo;;ia.

Calli CHORUS, a place of Phocis, where
the orgies of Bacchus were yearly cele-
brated.

Callicles, an Athenian, whose house
was not searched on account of his recent
marriage, when an inquiry was made af-
ter the raone^ given by Ilarpalua. A

statuary cf Megara.

Callicolo5a, a place of Troy, near the
SimoiB.

CALLicaATEs, an Athenian, who seized
upon the sovereignty of Syracuse, by im-
posing upon Dion when he had lost his
popularity. He was expelled by the
sons of Dionyslus, after reigning thirteen

months. An officer intrusted with the

care of the treasures of Susa by Alexan-
der. An artist, who made, with ivory,

ants and other insects, so small that they

could scarcely be seen. An Athenian,

who, by his perfidy constrained the Athe-
nians to submit to Rome. A Syrian,

who wrote an account of Aurelian's life.

A brave Athenian killed at the battle

of Platiea.

Callicratidas, a Spartan, who suc-
ceeded Lysanfler in the command of the
fleet. He was defeated and killed near
the Arginuss, in a naval battle, B. C. 406.

One of the four ambassadors sent by

the Lacedemonians to Daflus, upon the
rupture of their alliance with Alexander.
A Pythagorean writer.

Callidius, a celebritod Roman orator,
contemporary with Cicero.

Caixidromus, a place near Thermopy-
lae.

Calmoetus, a man of Megara, received
\n his banishment by Phamabazus.

Callimachus, an historian and poet of
Oyrene. He had, in the age of Ptolemy
Philadelphus, kept a school at Alexandria,
and h&d ApolloniiM of Rhodes among his
pupi's, whose ingratitude obli.Ted Calli-
machus to lash him severely in a satirical
poem, under the name of Ibis. He wrote
a work in one hundred and twenty books
on famous men, beside;! treatises on birds ;
hitt of all his numerous compo:4itions, only
thirty-one epigrams, an elegv, and some

hymns on the ffods, arc extfint. An

Athenian general killed in the battle of
Marathon. His body was found in an
erect posture, all covered with wounds.

A ColoplKtniaii, who wrote the life of

Homer.

CALLiMEDoif,« partisan of Phocion, at
Athens, condemned by the populace.

Cai^libcklxs, a youth ordered to be kill-

ed and served up as meat by Apollodorut
of Cassandrea.

Calli ttus, an orator, who is said to have
first invented elegiac poetry, B. C. 776.
Some of his verses are to be found in Sto-

b.TUS.

^ Calliope, one of the Muses, daughter
of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided
over eloquence and heroic poetry. She is
said to be the mother of Orpheus by Apof-
loj and Horace supposes her able to play
on any musical instrument.

Calli PATiRA, daughter of Diagoras, and
wife of Callianax the alhlete, went dis-
guised in man's clothes with her son Pi-
sidorus, to the Olympic games. When
Pisidorus was declared victor, she discov-
ered her sex through excess of Joy, and
was arrested, as women were not permit-
ted to appear there on pain of death. The
victory of 'her son obtained her release ;
and a law was instantly oMIde, which
forbade any wrestlers to appear but na-
ked.

Calliphon, a painter of Samoa, fkmous

for his historical pieces. A philosopher

who made the snmmum bonum consist in
pleasure joined to the love of honesty.
This system was opposed bv Cicero.

Calli PHRoif, a celebrated dancing mas-
ter, who had Epaminondas among his pu-
pils.

Callipid.v, a people of Scythia.

Callipolis, a city of Thrace on the Htfk

lespont. A town of Sicily near JEtn&,

A city of Calabria on the coast of Ta-

rentum, now called Gallipoli.

Callipus, or Calippus, a;i Athenian,
disciple to Plato. He destroyed Dion, 4:c.

Vid. Callicrates. A Corinthian, who

wrote an history of Orchomenos. A

philosopher. A general of the Atheni-
ans when th^ Gauls invaded Oreece by
Thermopyle.

Calliptoes, a surname of Venus.

Callirhoe, a daughter of the Scaman-
der, who married Tros, by whom she had

Ilus, Ganymede, and Assaracus. A

fountain of Attica where Callirhoe killed

herself. Vid. (^oresus. A dauehter of

OCeanus and Tethys mother of Echidna,
Orthos, and Cerberus, by Chrysaor.— — A
dauehter of Lvcus tyrant of Libya, who
kindly received Diomedes at his return
from Troy. He abandoned her, upon which

she killed herself. A daughter of the

Achelous, who ^larried Alcmreon. A

daughter of Phocus the Boeotian, whose

beauty procured her many admirers. A

daughter of Piras and Nlobe.

Calliste, an island of the ^Egean sea
called afterwards Thera. Its chief town
was founded one thousand one hundred
and fiftv years before the Christian era,
by Theras.

Calliste I A, a festival at Lesbos, during
which, ail t|«^v»»n|e% |prei»t#avthcm-

100

•elves in the temide of Juno, and the fair-
est was rewarded in a public manner.

Callistbeitss, a Greek who wrote an
history of his own country in ten books.

^^ A man who with others attempted

to expel the garrison of Demetrius from

Athens. A philosopher of Olynthus,

intimate with Alexander, whom be ac-
companied in his oriental expedition, in
the cafocity of a precentor. He reftised to
pay divine honors to the king, for which
he was accused of conspiracy, mutilated,
•xppsed to wild beasts, and dragged about
in chains, till Lysimacnus gave him poison
which ended together his tortures and his

life, B. C. :S8f- A writer of Sy bans.

A freedman of Lucullus. It is said that he
gave poison to his master*

Caixisto and Calistq, called also He-
lice^ was daughter of Lycaon king of Ar-
cadia, and one of Diana's attendants.

Callistoricus, a celebrated statuary at
Thebes.

Callistratus, an Athenian, appointed
general with Timotbeus and Chabrias

against Lacedemon. An orator of

Aphidna, in the time of Epaminondas, the

most cIoQuent of his age. An Athenian

orator, witb whom Demosthenes made an
intimate acquaintance after he had heard

him plead. A Greek historian. A

comic poet, rival of Aristophanes. A

statuary.— ^— A secretary of Mithridates.
——A grammarian, who made the alpha-
bet of the Samians consist of twenty-four
letter^.

CALLikEifA, pa infamous woman of
Thessaly.

Callixsnus, a general who perished by

famine. An Athenian, Imprisoned for

passing sentence of death upon some pris-
oners.

CALoif, a statuary.

Calor, now Colore, a riverin Italy near
"^neventum.

Calps, a lofty mountain in the most
southern parts of Spain, opposite to mount
Abyla on the African coast. These two
mountains were called the pillars of Her-
'cules. Calpe is now called Gibraltar.

Calphurnia, a daughter of L. Plso,
who was Julius Csesar's fourth wife. The
night previous to her husband's murder,
she dreamed that the roof of heK house
had fallen, and that he Tiad been stabbed
in her arms ; and on that account she at-
tempted, but in vain, to detain him at
home.

Calphurrius Bxstia, a noble Roman
bribed by Jugurtha. It is said that he

murdered his wives when asleep.

Crassus, a patrician, who went with Reg-
ulus against the Massyli. He was seized
by the enemy, and was ordered to be sac-
rificed to Neptune. Bisaltia, the king's
daughter, fell in love with him, and gave
him an oppoctunity of escaping and con-

quering her father. Calphumius returned
victorious, and Bisaltia destroyed herself.
A man wl^o conspiied against the em-
peror Nerva. Galerianus, son of Piso.

Piso, condemned for using seditious

words a^inst Tit^erius. Another fer-

mous for his abstinence. Titus, a Latin

poet, born in Sicily in the age of Diocle-
sian, seven of whose eclogues are extant,
and generally found with the works of
the poets who have written on hunting.

Calpurnia, or Calpuurnia, a noble
family in Rome, derived from Calpus son
of Numa. It branched into the families
of the Pisones Bibuli, Flammae, Ccesen-
nini, Aspranates, &c.

Calpubnia and Calprurnia lsx, was
enacted A. U. C. 604, severely to punish
such as were guilty of using bribes, &c.
A daughter of Marius, sacrificed to

the gods by her«father, wjio was advised
to do it, in a dream, if he wished to con-
quer the Cimbri. A woman who killed

herself when she heard thlit her hnsband
was murdered in the civil wars of Marius.

The wife of J. Caesar; A favorite

of the emperor Claudius.-^ A woman

ruined by Agrippina on account of her
beauty.

Calvia, a female minister of Nero's
lusts.

CALTiif A, an inftimous woman of Rome.

Calvisius, a friend of Augustus.

Calumnia ^nd Impudentia, two dei-
ties worshH)ped at Athens.

CALU8IDIU8, a soldier in the army of
Germanicus. When this general wished
to stab himself with his own sword, Calu-
sidius offered him his own, observing that
it was sharper.

Calusium, a town of Etruria.

Caltus Cork. Licinmus, a famons ora-
tor, equally known for writing iambics.

Caltbx, a town of Thrace. The

mother of Bucolion by Laomedon. An

old woman priestess in the temple which
Juno had at Ardea.

Caltcadnus, a river of Cilicia.

Caltcx, a daughter of iEolus, son of
Helenus and Enaretta daughter of Dei-

machus. A Grecian gifl, who fell in

love with a youth called Evathlus. As
she was unable to gain the object of her
love, she threw herself from a precipice.

A daughter of Hecaton mother of

Cycnus.

Calvdium, a town on the Appian way.

Caltdna, an island in the Myrtoan sea.

CALrDOff,a citvof iF.tolia, where CEne-
us, the father of Meleager, reigned. Dur-
ing the reign of CEneus, Diana sent a wild
boar to ravage the country, on account of
the neglect which had been shown to her
divinity by the king. All the princes of
the age assembled to hunt this boar, which
is grq^tly celebrated by the poets, under
the name of tlie chase of Calydon, or the

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101

Calydonian boar. Meleager killed the an-
inxal with his own hand, and gave the
head to Atalanta, of whom he was en-
amored. A son of yEtolus and ProniKJ

daughter of Phorbas. He gave his name
to a town of iEtolia.

Calydonis, a name of Deianira, as liv-
ing in Calydon.

Caltdoicius, a Surname of Bacchus.

Caltmns, an island near Jjebynthos.

Calynda, a town of Caria.

Calypso, one of the Oceanides, was
goddess of silence, and reigned in the is-
land of Ogygia, whose situation-and even
existence is doubted. When Ulysses was
shipwrecked on her coasts, she received
him with great hospitality, and offered
him Lhimortality if he would remain with
her as a husband.

CAMALODuNVM,a Rouian colony in Bri-
tain, supposed Mitlden, or Colchester.

Cama:«tium, a town of Asia Minor.

Camarixa, a town of Italy. A lake

' of Sicily, with a town of the same name,
built B. C 552. It was destroyed by the
Syracusans, ami rebuilt by a certain Hij)-
ponous.

Camraules, a general of some Gauls
who invaded Greece.

Cambes, a prince of Lydia, of such vo-
racious appetite that he ate his own
wife.

Cambse, a place near Puteoli.

Cambunii, mountains of Macedonia.

Cambyses, king of Persia, was son of
Cyrus the Great. He conquered Egypt,
and was so offended at the superstition of
the Egyptians, that he killed their god
Apis, and plundered their temples. He
killed his brother Smerdis from mere sus-
picion, and flead alive a partial judge,
whose skin he nailed on the judgment
seat, and appointed his son to succeed
him, telling him to remember where be
sat. He died oC a small wound he had
given himself with his sword as he mount-
ed on horseback, five hundred and flven-
ty-one years before Christ. He left no
)ssue to succeed him, and his throne was
usurped by the magi, and ascended by Dar-

rius soon after. A person of obscure

origin, to whom king Astya^s gave his

daughter Mandane in marriage. A

river of Asia trhich flows from mount
Caucasus Into the Cyrus.

Camelani, a people of Italy.

Cakelita, a people of Mesopotamia.

Camera, a field of Calabria.

Gamerinum and CAMERTTuM,a townof
Umbria, very faithful to Rome. The in-
habitants were called Camertes.

Camerinuj, a Latin poet, who wrote a
poem on the taking of Troy by Hercules.

Some of the family of the Camerini

TVere distinguished for their zeal as citi-
zens, as well as for their abilities as schol-
ars.

Camehium, an ancient -town of Italy
near Rome, taken by Romulus.

Camertks, a friend of Turnus killed bjK
JEiwAn. Fid. Cauierinum.

Camilla, queen of the Volsci, was
dauglittM- of Metabus and Casmilla. She
was educated in the woods, inured to the
labors of hunting, and fed U|)on the milk
of mares. Her father devoted ber, when
young, to the service of Diank. When
she was declared queen, she marched at
the head of an army and accompanied by
three youthful females of equal courage as
herseff, to assist Turnus against ^neas.
She was so swift that she could run, or
rather fly over a field of corn without
bending the bk^es, and make her way
over the sea without wetting her feet.
She died by a wound she had received
from Aruns.

Cam I LI I and Camillje, the priests in-
stituted by Romulus for the service of the
gods.

Camillus, L. FuRirs,B celebrated Ro-
man, called a second Romulus, from his
services to his country. He was banished
by the people for distributing, contrary to
his vow, the spoils he ha4 obtained at
Veil. During his exile, Rome was be-
sieged by the Gauls under Brennus. In
the midst of their misfortunes, the besieg-
ed Romans elected him dictator, and he
forgot their ingratitude, ahd marched to
the relief of his country, which he deliv-
ered, after it had been for some time in
the possession of the enemy. He died in
the eightieth year of his age, B. C. 365.

A name of Mercury. An intimate

friend of Cicero.

Camiro and Clytia, two daughters of
Pandaras of Crete. Jupiter to punish
upon them the crime of their father, who
was accessary to the impiety of Tantalus^
ordered the harpies to «arry them away
and deliver them to the Airtes.

Camirus and Camira, atown of Rhode».

Camissares, a governor of part of Cili-
cia, father to Datames.

Camma, a woman of Galatia, wcho aveng-
ed the death of her husband Sinetus upon
his murderer Sinorix;-by makine him
drink in a cup. of which the liquor was
poisoned. ^

Camoen-c, a name given, to the muses
fh)m the sweetness and melody of their
songs.

* Campana lex, or Julian agrarian law,
was enacted by J. Ciesar, A. U. C. 691, to
divide some lands among the people.

Campahia, a country of Italy, of which
Capua was the capital. It is celebrated
for its deliehtftil views, and for its fertili-
ty. Capua is often called Campana urbs.

Campe, kept th« hundred-handed mon-
sters confined in Tartarus. Jupiter killed
her, because she reftised to give them their
liberty to come to (1%-assistance against
the Titans, litized by N^Ut

102

Cah»asf£ aiKl Pancaste, a beautiful
concubine of ^exander, wtioiQ the kiiig
gave to Apelles.

CaMpi Diomxois, a plain situate in
ApuHa.

Campsa, a town near Pallene.

Campus Marti us, a large plain at Rome,
witiiout the walls of the city, where the
Roman youths performed their exercises,
and learnt to wrestle and box, to throw
the discus, hurl the javelin, ride a horse,
dAve a chariot, &,c. The public assem-
blies were held there, and the officers of
state chosen, and auaience given to for-
eign ambassadors. It was adorned with
statues, columns, arches, and porticos,
and its pleasant situation made it very
frequented. It was called Martins, be-
cause dedicated to Mars.

Camuloginus, a Gaul raised to great
honors by Cesar, for his military abili>
ties.

Cahulus. a surname of Mars among the
Sabines ana Etriyians.

Car A, a city and. promontory of ^olia.

Canacs, a daughter of uSeius and £na-
retta.

Canacme, one of Action's dogs.

Caicachus, a statuary of Sicyon.

OAifiE, a city of Locris— of iEoIia.

Canarii, a people near mount Atlas in
Africa, who received this name because
they fed in common with their dogs. The
islands which they inhabited were cajled
Fortunate by the ancients, and are now
known by the name of the Canaries,

Canathus, a fountain of Nauplia.

Candace, a queen of iEthiopia, in the
age of Augustus..

Candavia, a mountain of Epirus, which
separates Illyria from Macedonia.

Candaules, or Mtrsilus, son of Myr-
8US, was the last of the Heraclidie who
sat on the throne of Lydia.

Caivdsi, a people of Arabia who fed en
serpents.

Carbiofe, a daughter of Oenopion.

Gandtba, a town of ^ycia.

CAirxifs, a nymph called also Venilia,
daughter of Janus and wife to Picus king
of the Laurentes. When Circe had chang-
ed her husband into a bird, she lamented
him so much, that she pined away, and
was changed mto a voice. She was iteck-
oned as a deity by the inhabitants.

Carephorj^, festivals at Athens in
honor of Bacchus, or, according to others,
of Diana.

Canbthum, a place of Eubea.— ; A

mountain in Boeotia.

Caiticularxs diss, certain days in the
summer, in whioh the star Canis is said
to influence the season, aad to make the
days more warm during its appearance.

Cakidia, 8 certain womtf) of Neapolis,
against whom Horace Jnveigfaed as a sor-

Canidius, a tribune, who proposed a
law to empower Ponipey to go only with
two lie tors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the
Alexandrians.

Caminefates, a people near Batavia,
where modern Holland now is situate.

C. Caninius Rebilus, a consul with J.
CsBSar, after the death of Trebonius. He
wa^ consul only for seven hours, because
his predecessor died the last day of the
year, and he was chosen only for the re-
maining part of the day. Lucius, a

lieutenant of Ciesar's army in Gaul.

Rufus, a friend of Pliny the younger.

Gallus, an intimate friend of Cicero.

Canistius, a Lacedemoniaif courier,
who ran one thousand two hundred stadia
in one day.

Cam us, a poet of Gades, cotemporary
with Martial. He was so i(|ituraUy merry

that he always laughed. A Roman

knight, who went to Sicily f6r his amuse-
ment, where, he bought gardens well
stocked with fish, which disappeared on
the morrow.

CANiTiE, a small village of Apulia, near
the Ausidus, where Hannibal conquered
the Romans. The spot where this famous
battle was fought is now shown by the
natives, and denominated the field of
blood.

Canopicuh ostium, one of the mouths
of the Nile, twelve miles from Alexan-
dria.

Cawopus, a city of Egypt, twelve miles
from Alexandria, celebrated for the tem-
ple of Serapis. It was founded by the
Spartans, and it received its name from
Canopus the pilot of the vessel of Mene-
laus, who was buried in this place. Ttad
inhabitants were dissolute in their man-
ners. The pilot of the ship of Mene-

laus, who died in Jiis youth on the coast
of Egypt, by the bite of a serpent.

Oaxitabra, a^ver falling into the In-
dus.

Cahtabri, a ferocious and warlike peo-
ple of Spain.

Cantabria lacus, a lake in Spain,
where a thunderbolt fell, and in which
twelve axes were fbund.

Cantharus, a famous sculptor of Si-
cyon. A comic poet of Athens.

Canthus, a son of Mkaa, one of the
Argonauts.

Cantium, a country in the eastern parts
of Britain, now called Kent.

Caituleia, one of the first vestals cho-

sen by Numa. A law. Fid. Cann-

leius.

C. CAifULxius, a tribune of the people
of Rome, A. U. C. 310, who made a law
to render it constitutional for the patri-
cians and plebeians tolntermarry. ,

CAffULiA, a Roman girl.

CAifVsiuM, now Canosay a town of Apu-

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

103

Carusius, a Greek historian under Pto-
lemy Auletes.

CAifUTius TiBERiifvs, R trlbunc of the
people, who, like Cicero, furiously attack-
ed Antony when declared an enemy to

the state. His satire cost him his life.

A Roman actor.

Capazveus, a noble Argive, son of Hip-
ponous and Astinome, and husband to
Evadne. He was so impious, that when
he went to the Theban war, he declared
that he would take Thebes even in spite
of Jupiter. Such contempt provoked the '
god, who struck him dead with a thun-
derbolt.

Ca FELLA, an elepiac poet in the age of

J. Cesar. Martianus, a Carthaginian,

A. D. 490, who wrote a poem on the mar-
riage of Mercury and philology, and in
praise of the iib^l arts. A gladiator.

Cape If A, a gate of Rome.

CAPBNAa, a small river of Italy.

Capbiti, a people of Etruria, in whose
territory Feronia had a grove and a temple.

Caper, a river of Asia Minor.

Cafetus, a king of Alba, who reigned
36 yean.— ~— A suitor of Hippodamia.

CAPHAEBua, a lofty mountain and pro-
montory of Euboea.

Capmt JB, a town of Arcadia.

Capio, a Roman, famous for his friend-
ship with Cato.

Capito, the uncle of Paterculus, who

joined Agrippa against Crassus. Fon-

teius, a man sent by Antony to settle his
disputes with Au^stus. A man ac-
cused of extortion m Cilicia, and severely

punished by the senate. An epic poet

of Alexandria, who wrote on love. An

historian of Lycia. A poet who wrote

on illustrious men.

Capitolini luoi, games yearly celo'^
brated at Rome in honor of Jupitor, who
preserved the capito) from the Gauls.*

Capitolinus, a surname of Jupitor,
from his temple on mount Capitolinus. —
A surname of M. Manlius, who, for bit
ambition, was thrown down from the
Tarpeian rock which he had so nobly de-
fended. A mountain at Rome, called

also Mons Tarpeius, and Mons Batumi.
The eapitol was built upon it. A con-
sal with Marcellus. Julius, an author

in Dioclesian's reigK*

CapitoliuM) a celebrated temple and
citadel at Rome on the Tarpeian rock. It
was begun by Servius TuUius, finished by
Tarquin Superbus, and consecrated by
tlie consul Horatius after the expulsion
of the Taiqiiintf from Rome. It was built
npoik four acres of ground ; the front was
adorned with three rows of pillars, and
the other sides with two. The ascent to
it frond the ground wdfe by an hundred
steps. Its thresholds were made of brass,
and its roof was gold. It was adorned
with veasehi and shields of solid silver,

with golden chariots, A:c. It was bftmt
during the civil wars of Marius, and Syl-
la rebuilt it, but died before the dedica-
tion, which was performed by Q,. Catnlus.
It was again destroyed in the troubles
under Vitellius ; and Vespasian, who en-
deavoured to repair it, saw it again in
ruins kt his death. Domitian raised it
again, for the last time, and made it more
grand and magnificent than any of his
predecessors, and spent 12,000 talents in
gilding it. The consuls and magistrates
ofiTered sacrifies there, when they first en-
tered upon their ofiices, and the proces-
sion in triumphs was always conducted
to the eapitol.

Cappadocia, a country of Asia Minor,
between the Halys, and the Euphrates,
and the Euxine. The inhabitants were
of a dull and submissive disposition, and
addicted to every vice. The kings of
Cappadocia mostly bore the name of Aria-
rathes.

Capfaoox, a river of Cappadocia.

Capraria, now Cabrera^ a mountain is-
land on the coast of €pain, famous for its
gdats.

Capreje, now Capri^ an Ssli^d on the
coast of Campania, abounding in quatts,
and famous for the residence and de-
baucheries of the emperor Tiberius, dur-
ingthe seven last years of his life.

CApRSiE Palusj a place near Rome,
where Romulus duappearsd.

Capricornus, a sign of the Zodiac, in
which appear 28 stars in the form of a
goat, when the sun enters this sign it is
the winter solstice, or the longest night
in the year.

Capri FiciALis, a day sacred to Vulcan,
on which the Athenians offered him mo-
ney.

Caprima, a town of Caria.

Capripedes, a surname of Pan, the
Fauni and the Satyrs, from their having
goats' ^eet.

Capri us, a great informer in Horace's
age.

Caprotina, a festiral celebrated at
Rome in July, in honor of Juno, at which
women only ofiiciated.

Caprus, a harbor near mount Athos.

Capsa, a town of Libya, surrounded by
vast deserts full of snakes.

Capiage, a town of Syria.

Capua, the chief city of Campania in
Italy, supposed to have been founded by
Capys, the companion of Anchises. The
city was very ancient, and 8o« opulent that
it even rivalled Rome, and was called al-
tera Roma.

Capvs, a Trojan who came with JSneas
into Italy, and founded Capua. A son of
Assaracus by a daughter of the Slmois.
He was father of Anchises by Themis.

Capt» Sylvius, a king of Alba, who
reigned twenty-eight ye^- ,

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

104

Cab, a SOB of Plioroneqs, king of Me-

gara. A son of Manes, who married

Caliirtioe, daugliter of the Mieander. Ca-
ria received its name from him,

Carabactra, a place in India.

Carabis, a town of Spain.

Caracaixa. Fid. Antoninus.

Caracates, a people of Germany,
• Caractacus, a king of the Britons, con-
quered by an officer of Claudius Ciesar,
A. D. 47.

Carjs, certain places between Susa and
the Tigris, where Alexander pitched bis
pamp. ~

Cakj:u8, a surname of Jupiter in Boeo-
tia,— in Caria.

Caralis, the chief city of Sardinia.

Carambis, now Kerempi^ a promontory
of Paphlagonia.

Caraivus, one of the Heraclide, the first
who laid thf> foundation of the Macedo-
nian empire, B. C. 814. A general of

Alexandep.-'r«— An harbor of Phoenicia.

Caravsihs, a tyxam of Britain for seven
years, A. D. 993.

Carbo, a Roman orator who killed him-
self because he could not eurD the licen-
tious manners of his countrwen.

' Cneas, a son of the orator Carbo, who
embraced the party of Marias, and after
the death of Cinna succeeded to the gov-
ernment. He was killed in Bpaia, in his

third consulship. An orator, son of

Carbo the orator, killed by tlie army when
desirous of reestablishing the ancient mil-
itary diacipline.

Carchxdoit, the Greek name of Car-
thage.

Caroinus. a tragic poet of Agrigentum,
in the age or Philip of Macedon.—— Ano-
ther of Athens. Another of Naupac-

tum. A manof Rhegium.* An Athe-
nian general, who laid waste Peloponne-
sus in the time Periclei.

Carcinus, a constellation, the same as
^he Cancer.

Pardaces, a people of Asia Minor,

Cardahtle, a town of Argos.

Caroia, a town in the Thraaian Cher-
eonesus.

CARencMi, a warlike nation of Media,
along t|}^ t)orders of the Tigris.

Cares, a nation which inhabited Caria,
and thought themselves the original pos-
sessors of that country.

Care«a, an island of tbe ^gean sea,
opposite Attica.

CARBssua, a river of Troas.

Carfiitia, an immodest woman of
Bome. ,

Caria, now .^uttneSi, a country of Asia
Minor, whose bouffilaries have be^n dif-
ferent in different ages. It was at the
south of Ionia, at the east and north of
^be leariao sea, and at the west of Phry-
pa Major and Lycia. It has been called

Phoenicia. The chief town was UaJicar-
nassus. A port of Thrace.

C arias, a town of Peloponnesus.^— A
general.

Cariate, a town of Bactriana, where
Alexander imprisoned Callistheues.

Cariixa, a town of the Piceni, destroy-
ed by Aunibal, for its great attachment to
Bome. •

Carijva, a virgin of Caria.

Carina, certain edifices at Rome, built
in the manner of ships, which were in
the temple of Tellus. Some suppose that
it was a street in whidh Pompey's house
was built.

Carine, a town near the Caicus in Asia
Minor.

Carinus, (M. Aurelius) a Roman who
attempted to succeed his father Cams as
emperor. He was famous for his de-
baucheries and cruelties. Dioclesian de-
feated him in Dalmatia, and he was kill-
ed by a soldier. A, D. 268.

Carisiacum, a town of ancient Gaul,
now Cressy in Picardy. ■

Carissanum, a place of Italy near
which Milo was killed.

Caristum, a town of Ligaria.

Cabmaxia, a country of Asia, between
Persia and India.

Carmanor, a Cretan, who purified
Apollo of slaughter.

Carme, a nymphj daughter of Eubulus
and motlipr of Bntomartis by Jupiter.
She was one of Diana's attendants.

Carmelus, a god among the inhabitant9
of mount Carmel, situate between Syria
and Judeea.

CARMBffTA and CiRMERTis, B prophet-
ess of Arcadia, mother of Evander, wit)}
whom she came to Italy, and was receiv-
ed by king Faunus, about 60 years before
the Trojan war. She was the oracle of
the people of Italy during her life, and
after death she received divine honors.
She had a temple at Rome, and the Greeks
offered her sacrifices under tlie name of
Themis.

Carmentales, festivals at Rome in ho-
nor of Carmenta, celebrated the 11th of
January, near the Porta Carmentalis, be-
low the oapitoU

Cabmentams Fobta, one of the gates
of Rome in the neighborhood of the cap-
itol. It was afterwards called Sctlerala,
because the Fabii passed through it in
going to that fatal expedition where they
perished.

Carmides, a Greek of an uneoBunon
memoiy.

Carna and CABoiifEA, a goddess at
Rome. The Romans offered her beana,
bacon, and vegetables, to represent the
simplicity of their ancestors.

Carnasius, a village of Messenia in
Peloponnesus.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

105

Carhbadbs, a phi]odM>ph0r of Cyrene in
ATrica, foander of a sect called the third
or new Acadeniv. Carneadea denied that
any thing eoold be perceived or under-
stood in the world, and he was the first
who iatroduced an universal suspension
of assent. He died in the 90th year of
liis age, B. G. 12ti. .

CAaifsiA, a festival observed in most of
the Grecian cities, but more particularlv
at Sparta, where it was first instituted,
about 675 B. C. in honor of Apollo sur-
■amed Cameus.

Cabwioii, a town of Laeonia. ^A

river of Arcadia.

CAairus, a prophet of Acamania, from
w^hora Apollo was called Cameua.

CAairaTss, a people of Celtic Gaul.

Cabpasia and CAaPAsiuM, a town of
Cyprtts.

CAaPATRus, an island in the Mediterra-
nean between Rhodes and Crete, now
called Scapantp. *'

Cabpia, an ancient namtf of Tartessus.

Carpis, a river of Mysia.

GAapo. a daughter of Zephyras, and
one of tne Seasons. She was drowned '
^ in the Maander, and was changed by
Jupiter into all sorts of fruit.

CAapopfURA, a aame of Ceres and Pro-
serpine in Tegea.

CAapoPHomas, an actor greatly estetfm-
> ad by Doraitian.

CAaajE and Carrhjc, a town of Meso-
I potamia, near which Crassua was killed.

CAaaiiTATas Sscuirons, a yeor but in-
genious rhetorician, who came from Ath-
ens to Rome, where the boldness of his
\ expreasioDS exposed him to Caligula's re-
sentment,

CAsaucA, a town of Spain.

CAassoLi, a town of the iBqui, at the
west of the lake Fucinus.

Ca»taua9, a town of Spain.

Casts I A, a town at the extremity of
Spain, supposed to be the same as Calpe«

Casts If A, a town of Mauritania, now
TeiMz, on the shores of the Mediterrar
nean^

CASTHiEA, a town in the island of Cea.

CASTHAGiiriaiffSEs, the inhabitants of
Carthage, a rich and commercial nation.

Casthaoo, a celebrated city of AiMca,
the rival of Rome, and long the capital
of the country, and mistress of Spain, Si-
cily, and Sardinia. Most writers seem to
agree that it was first built by Dido, about
869 years before the christian eia. This
citv and republic flourished for 737 years,
and the time of Its greatest glory was un-
der Annibal and Amiloar. It maintained
three famous wars against Rome, called
the Punic wars ; iji the third of which
Carthage was totally destroyed by Scipio
the seeond Africanns, B. C. 147, and only
5000 persons were found within the vyalls.
It was 33 miles in circumference, and

when it was set on fire by the Romans, it
burned incessantly during 17 days. It
was afterwards partly rebuilt by the dif-
ferent emperors. Carthage was conquer-
ed from the Romans by the arms of Gen-
seric, A. D. 439 j and it was for more than
a century the seat of the Vandal empire
in Africa, and fell into the hands of the
Saracens (n the seventh century. The Car-
thaginians were governed as a republic,
and had two persons yearly chosen among
them with regal authority. They were
very superstitious, and generally offered
human victims to their gods. They bore
the character of a faithless and treacher-
ous people, and the proverb Punica fides
is well known. Nova,' a town buUt in
Spain, on the coasts of the Mediterra-
nean, by Asdrubal the Carthaginian gene-
ral. It now bears the same of Carthagetui,
A daughter of Hercules.

CARTHAiia, a Scythian, &c.

Carthsa, a town of Cos.

Castiuus, a king of Britian, who at-
tacked Cesar's naval station by order of

Cassivelaunus, Ate. Spurius, a Roman

who made a latge image of the breast-
plates taken fk-om the Saranites, and
placed it In the capitol. The first Ro-
man whs divorced his wi^ during the
space of above 600 years.

Casus, a Roman emperor who succeed-
ed ProbiiB. He was a prudent and active
general, be conquered the Sarmatians,
and continued the Persian war which his
predecessor had commenced. He reigned
two years, and died on the banks of the
Tigris as he was going in an expedition

against Persia, A. D. 283. -One of those

who attempted to scale the rock Aornus,
by order of Alexander.

Carta, a town of Arcadia. A city

of Laeonia. Here a festival was observed
in honor of Diana Caryaiis. It was then
usual for virgins to meet at the celebra-
tion, and join in a certain dance, said
to have been first instituted by Castor and
Pollux.

Cartaitda, a town and island on the
coast of Caria, now Karacoion.

Cart^t jc, a people of Arcadia.

Cartstius Antioomus, an historian,
B. C. d48.

Cartstus, a maritime town on the
south of Eubma, still in existence, famous
for its marble.

Cartum, a place of Laeonia. where
Aristomenes pfreserved some virgins.

Casca, one of Csesar's assassns, who
gave him the first blow.

Cascellius AuLua, a lawyer of great
merit in the Augustan age.

CAsiLiifUH, a town of» Campania.—
When it was besieged by Hannibal, a
mouse sold for 900 denarii.

Casina and Casiwum, a town of Cam-

pania.

Digitized ay VjOOQIC

106

C48iu«, a mountain near the Euphrates.
. Another at the east of Pelusium,
where Pompey's tomb was raised by Adri-
an. Another in Syria, from whose top

the aun can be seen rising, though it be
still the darkfless of night at the bottom
of the mountain.'

Gasmen^, a town built by the Syracti-
sans in Bicily.

Casmilla, the mother of Camilla.

Casferia, wife of Khoetus king of the
Marrubii. A town of thift Sabines.

CASPEaiTLA, a town of*the Sabines.

Caspi-k Pobtje, certain passes of Asia,
which some place about Caucasus and the
Caspian s^a, and others between Persia
and the Caspian sea.

Caspiana, a country of Armenia.

Caspii, a Scythian nation near the Cas-
pian sea. Such as had lived beyond their
seventieth year were starved to death.
Their dogs were remarkable for their
^grceness.

Caspium MARE, or Hyrcanum, a large
pea in the form of a lal{£, which lies be-
tween the Caspian and Hyrcanian moun-
tains, at the north of Parthia, receiving in
'ts capacious bed the tribute of several
large rivers. Ancient authors assure us,
that it produced enormous serpents and
fishes, different in color and kind from
. those of all other waters.

Casfius mons, a branch of mount Tau-
rus, between Media and Armenia, at the
east of the Euphrates.

Cassandine, the motiler of Cambyses
hy Cyrus.

Cassarder, son of Antipatei', made
himself matster of Macedonia after his fa-
ther's death, where he reigned for eighteen
years. He died of a dropsy.

Cassandra, daughter of Priam and He-
cuba, was passionately loved by Apollo,
who promised to grant her whatever she
might require. She asked the power of
knowing futurity ; and as soon as she had
received it, slighted her heavenly lover.
The god, in his disappointment, wetted
her lips with his tongue, and by this ac-
tion effected that no credit or lyliance
should «rer be put upon hef predictions'^
however true or faithfVil they mi|^t be.
She wag looked upon by the Trojans a«
insane, and she was even confined, and her
predictions were disregarded. In the divi-
sion of the spoils ofTroy, Agamemnon,
who was enamored of her, |ook her as his
wife, and returned with her to Greece.
She repd'atedly foretold to him the sudden
' calamities that awaited his return ; but
he gave n» credit t(f her, and was assas-
sinated by his w)fe Clytemnestra. Cas-
saiidra 'shared his fate, and saw all her
prophecies but too truly fulfilled*

CAJSANDBtA, a* town, of the peninsula
of Pallene in Macedonia, called tlso Po-

Cassia lex was enacted by Cassius
Longinus, A. U. C. 649. By H no man
condemned or deprived of military power
was permitted to enter the senate-house.

Another enacted by C. Cass^us, the

pretor, to choose some of the plebeians to

be admitted among the patriciai\s.

Anotfter* A. U. C. 616, to make the suf-
frages or the Roman people free and inde-
pendent. It ordained that they should Le
received upon tablets.-- — Another A. U.

C. 267, to make a division of the territin
ries taken from the Hemici, half to the

Roman people, and half to the Latins.

Another enacted A. U. C. 596, to grant a
consular power to P. Anicius atid Octa-
vlus on the day they triumphed over Ma-
cedonia.

Cassiodorus, a great statesman and
writer in the sixth century. He died A.

D. 562, at the age of one hundred.
ObissioPE and Cassiopea, married Ce-

pheus, king of iBthiopia, by whom she
had Andromeda. She boasted herself to
be fairer than the Nereides j upon which,
Neptune punished the insolence of Cas-
siope, and sent a huge sea-monster to
ravage ^Ethiopia. The wrath of Neptune
could be appeased only by exposing An-
dromeda to the fury of a s^-monster j
and just as she was going to be devoured,
Perseus delivered her. Cassiope was made
a southern constellation, consisting of

thirteen stars called Cassiope. A city

pf Epirus near Thesprotia. Another in

the island of Corcyra,- The wife of

Epaphus, '

Cassyterides, islands in the western
ocean, wbere tin was found, supposed to
be the Se&ly islands, the Land's end, and
Lif ard point, of the moderns.

Cassivelaunus, a Britain invested witli
sovereign authori^ when J. Csesar made
a descent upon Britain.

O, Cassius;, a celebrated Roman, who
made, himself known by being first quaes-
tor to Crassus in his expedition against
Parthia. He married Junia the sister of
Brutus, and with him he resolved to mur-
der CsBsar on account of his oppressive
ambition. When the provinces were di-
vided among Caesar's murderers, Cassiusr
received Africa ; aAd when his party had
lo^t ground at Rome, by the superior in-
fluence of Augustus and M. Antony, he
retired to Philippi, with his friend Brutus
and theii adherents. In the battle that
was fought there, the wing which Cas-
sius commanded was defeated, and his
camp was plundered. Fearful to fall into
the enemy's hands, ha ordered one of bis
freedmett to run him through, and he per-
ished by that very sword which had given
wounds to Caesar. He was a strict fol-
lower of the doctrine of Epicurus. ^A

Roman citizen, who condemned his son
to death, on pretence of bis raising corn-
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107

motions in th6 state. ^A tribune of the

people, who made many laws tending to di-
minish the influence of the Roman nobili-
ty. One of Pompey'B officers, who, dur-
ing the civil wars, revolted to Caesar with

ten ships. A ^et of Parma, of gfeat

genius. Spurius, a Roman, put to death

on suspicion of his aspiring to tyia.nny,
after he had been three times consul, B. C.

485. Brutus, a Roman who betrayed

his country to the Latins, and fled to the
temple of Pallas, where his fatlier coa-
fin«d him, and he was starved to death.

Lons^iuus, an officer of Caesar in

Spain, much disJilced. A consul to

whom Tiberius married Drusilla, daugh-
ter of Germanicus. A lawyer whom'

Nero put to death because he bore the

name of J. Caesar's murderer. L. He-

mina, the most ancient writer of annals
at Rome. Hfe lived A. U. C. G08. Lu-
cius, a Roman lawyer; whose severity in
the execution of the law has rendered the
words Cassiant judices applicable to rigid

judges. Longinus, a critic. Lucius,

a consul with C. Marius, slain with his

army by the Gauls Senones. An officer

under Aurelius, made emperor byliis so^
diers, and murdered three months after.
Felix, a physician in the age of Tibe-
rius, who wrote on animals.— >-deverus,
an orator who wrote a severe treatise on
illustrious men and women. He died in
exile, in "his twenty-fifth year. The fam-
ily of the Cassii branched into the sur-
name of Longinus, VisceliinuSy Brutus,
&c.

Cassotii, a nymph and fountain of
Phocis.

Castabala, a city of Cilicia, whose in-
habitants made war with their do^^s.

Castabus, a town of Chersonesus.

Castalia, a town near Phocis. A

daughter of the Achelous.

Castalius foxs, or Castalia, a foun-
tain of Parnassus, sacred to the muSes.
The waters of this fountain were cool and
exrelleHt, and they bad the power of in-
spiring those that drank of them with the
Ime fire of poetry. The miise> have re-
ceived the surname of Castaiidos from tius
fountain.

CASTAffEA, a town near the Peneus,
whence the nwiea Castanea received their
name.

Castellum MZTfAriouvMy, a town of

Belgium on the Maese, now Kessel.

Morinorum, now numnt Casatly in Flan-
ders. Cattorum, now Hesse Cassel.

Casthszvei, a bay of Thrace, near By-
zantium.

CASTiAifiKA, a Tbracian mistress of
Priam, and moth^^of Gorgythion.

Castoh and Pollux, were twin broth*
ers, sons of Jupiter, by Leda, the wife of

Tyndarus, king of Sparta. Mercury,

immediately after their birth, cairled the

two brothers to Pallena, where thev wertf
educated ^ and as soon as they haa arriv-
ed to yeru-s of maturity, they embarked
with Jasun to go in quest uf the golden
fleece. In this expedition both behaved
with superior courage : Pollux conquered
and slew Amycus, in the combat of the
cestus, and was ever after reckoned the
god and patron of boxing and wrestling.
Castor distinguished himself in the man-
agement of horses. The brothers cleared
the Hellespont, and the neighboring seas,
from pirates, «ter their return from Col-
chis, from which circumstance they have
been always deemed the friends of navi-
gation. During the Argonautic expedi-
tion, in a violent storm, two dames of
fire were seen to play around the heads
of the sons of Leda, and immediately the
tempest ceased and the sea was calmed.
From this occurrence their power to pro-
tect sailors has been more firmly credited^
and the two mentioned fires, which ^are
very common in storms, have since been
known by the name of Castor and Pollux j
and when they both appeared it was a
sign of fair weather ; but if only one was
seen it prognosticated storms,, and the aid
of Castor and Pollux was consequently-
solicited.- Castor and Pollux made war
against ;he Athenians ta recover their sis-
ter Helen, whom Tlieseus had carried
away ; and from their clemency to the
conquered, they acquired the surname of
Anaces, or benefiictors. They were in-
itiated in the sacred mysteries of the Ca-
biri, and in those of Ceres of Eleusis.
They were invited to a feast when Lyn-
ceus and Icfns were going to celebrate'
theu" marriage with Phnebe and Talaira,
the daughters of Leucippus, who was-
brother to Tyndarus. Their behavior af-
ter this invitation was cruel. They be-
came enamored of the two women whose'
nupti.ils they were to celebrate, and re*
solved to carry them away and many
them. This violent step provoked Lyn-
ceus and Idas : a battle ensued, and Cas-
tor killed Lynceus, and was Rilled by
Idas. Pollux revenged the death of his
brother by killing Idas; and as he was
immortal, and tenderly attached to his
brother, he entreated Jupiter to restore
him ta Iffb, or to be deprived himself of
immortality.. Jupiter permitted Castor to
shar^ the immortali^ of bis brother ; and
consequently ^as long as the one was upon
the earth, so ibng was the other detained
in tlte infernal regions, and theyidternate-
ly lived and died every day ; or according
to others, every six aoonths. This act of
fraternal love Jupiter rewarded by making
the two brothers constellations in heaven,
under this name of Oeminiy which never
appear together, but wjjen one rises ttaa
Other sets, and sb on -alternately. They
recelTed divine houow aAcr ilMta^ ana

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108

were generally called Dioscuri^ sons of

Jupiter. An ancient physician. A

swift runner. A friend of iEneas, who

accompanied him into Italy. An ora-
tor of Rhodes, related to king Deiotarus.
He wrote two books on Babylon, and one

on the Nile. A gladiator.

Castra AxsxAifDRi, a place of Egypt

about Pelusium. Cornelia, a maritime

town of Africa, l^tween Carthage and

Utica. Anrthalis, a town of the Brutii,

BOW RocceUa. Cyri, a country of Cili-

cia, where Cyrus encamped when be
marched against Croesus.^-— Julia, a town

of Spain. Poethumiana, a place of

Spain.

Gastkatius, a governor of Placentia
iluring the civil wars of Marius.

Castrum Novum, a place on the coast
of Etruria,— — '^Truentinum, a town of

Ficenam. fnui, a town on the shores

of the Tyrrhene* sea.

Castulo, a town of Spain, where An-
nibal married one' of the natives.

Catabathmos, a great declivity near
Cyrene, fixed by Sallost as the boundary
of Africa.

Catadupa, the name of the large cata-
racts of the Nile.

CATAooot A, faetivals in honor of Venns
celebrated by the people of Eryx. Fid.
Anagogia.

Catahentel&s, a king of the Sequani,
in alliance with Rojne, &c.

Catana, a town of Sicily, at the foot of
mount ^tna, founded by a colony from
Chalcis, seven hundred and fifty-three
years before the Christian era. Ceres had
there a temple, in which noBe but women
were permitted to appev*

Caxaonia, a country above Cilicia, near
Cappadocia.
Cataract A, a City of the Samnites.
Gataractes, a river of Pamphylia, now
Dodensom.

CATXNS9, a Persian by whose means
Bessus was seized.
Gathjea, a country of India.
Gathart, certain gods of the Arcadians.
An Indian nation, where the wives
accompany their husbands to the burning
pile, and are burnt with tbenu

C a Ti A , an immodest woman, mentioned
by Horace,

Catiena, an Infamous woman in Juve-
nal's age.

Catieivus, an actor at Rome in Horace's
age.

L. Seroius Catilitta, a celebrated Ro-
man descended of a noble family. When
he had squandered away his fortune by
his debaucheries and 'extravagance, ^d
been refused the consulship, he seemly
meditated the ruin of his cauntry, and
conspired with many of the most illustri-
ous of the Romans, as dissolute as him-
self, to extirpate the senate, plunder the

treasury, and set Rome on ire. Tbiseon-
spiracy was timely discovered by the con-
sul Cicero, wbom he had resolved to mur-
der ; and Catiline, after he bad declared
his intentions in the full senate, and at-
tempted to vindicate himself, on seeing
five of his accomplices arrested, retired to
Gaul, where his partisans were assem-
bling an army; while Cicero at Rome
punished the condemned conspirators.
Petreius,the other consuls lieutenant, at-
tacked Catiline's iU disciplined troops,
and routed them. Catlike was kiUed in
the engagement, bravely fighting, abont
the middle of December, B. C. 63. His
character has been deservedly bnmded
with the foulest infiimy.
Catiu.1, a people near the river Anio.
Catilius, a pirate of Dalmatia.
Gatillos, or Catilus, a son of Ampbi-
araus, who came to Italy with his bnrtb-
ere Coras and Tiburtus, where be boiit
Tibur, and assisted Turnus againat ^ne-
as.
Catina, a town of Sicily, called also

Gatana. Another of Arcadia.

M. Catius, an epicurean philosopher of

Insubria. Vestinas, a military tribune

in M. Antony's army.

Catizi, a people of the Pygmsans, Bap-
posed to have been driven from their cotitt-
try by oanes.

Gato, a surname of the Porcian family,
rendered illustrious by M. Porcius Cato, a
celebrated Roman, afterwards called Ce»-
sorms, from his having exercised the ottce
of censor. He rose to all the honors of
the state, and- the first battle be ever saw
was against Annibal, aft the age of seven-
teen, where be l^haved with uncommon
valor. He waa remarkable for bis love of
temperance j be never drank but water,
and was always satisfied with whatever
meats were laid upon his table by bis ser-
vants, whom be never reproved with an
angry wi>rd. During bis censorship, be
behaved with the greatest rigor and im-
partiality, showed himself an enemy to all
luxury and dissipation, and even accused
his colleague of embezzling the public
money. He is famous for the great oppo-
sition which be made against the intro-
duction of the finer arts of Greece into
Italy. It appears, however, that he chang-
ed his opinion, and made Umself remark-
able for the knowledge of Greek, which
he acquired in his old age. He himself
educated his son, and inntructed him in
writing and grammar. He was univer-
sally deemed so strict in bis morals, that
Virgil makes him one of the Judges (if
hell. He repented only of three things
during his life ; to have gone b^ sea when
he could go by land, to have passed a day
inactive, and to have told a secret to bis
wife. In Cicero's age there were one
hundred and fifty oratioiw of his, besides

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tottan, and a celebrated work calTed Ori-
^mec. Cato died in an extreme old age,

about 150 Q. C. Marcus, Uie son of the

censor. He lost his sword in a battle, and
thoucfa wounded .and tired^ he went to
his triendSy and, with their assistance,
renewed the battle, and recovered his

sword. A courageous Roman, grand-

fttther to Cato the censor. Valerius, a

grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the
time of Sylla.-^—— Marcus, sumamed Uti-
censis^ from his death at utica, was great

S-andson to the 4(ensor of the same name,
e was austere in his morals, and a strict
follower of the tenets of the Stoics ; he
was careless of his drees, often appeared
barefooted in public, and never travelled
but on foot. He was such a lover of dis-
cipline, that in whatever office he was
employed, he always leformed its abu-
ses, and restored the ancient regulations.
When he was set Dver the troops in the
capacity of a commander, liis removal was
universally lamented, and deemed almost
a public loss by his affectionate soldiers.
In the conspiracy of Catiline, he support-
ed Cicero, and was the chief cause that
the conspirators were capitally punished*
WHien the first Mumvirate was formed
between CsBsar, Pompey, and CJrassus.
Cato opposed them with all his might, ana
with an independent spirit foQstold to the
Roman people all the misfortunes wl}ich
soon after followed. After repeated ap-
plications he was made pretor, but he
seemed rather to disgrace than support
the dignity of that office, by the meanness
of his dress. He applied for the consul-
ship, but could never obtain it. After the
battle of Pharsalia, Cato took the com-
mand of the Corcyrean fleet -, and when
he heard of Pompey's death, on the coast
of Africa, he Inversed the deserts of
Libya, to join himself to Scipio. When
Scipio had been defeated, partly for not
paylns regard to Cato's advice, Cato forti-
fied himself in Utica^ but, however, not
with the intentions or supporting a siege.
When Cfesar approached near the city^
Cato disdained to fly, and rathw than fall
alive into the conqueror's hands, he stab-
bed himself, after he had read Plate's
treatise on the immortality of the soul,
B. C. 46, in the fifty-ninth year of his age.
——A son of Cato of Utica. who was kill-
ed in a battle, after he Bad'acquired much
honor.

C ATRi A , a town of Crete.

Catrcus, a king of Crete, killed by his
son at Rhodes, unknowingly.

Catta, a woman who had the gift of
prophecy.

Catti, a people of Gaul and Germany.

Catuliana, a surname of Minerva, from
L. Catulus, who dedicated a standard to
her.

Catullus, C. or QL VALsaius, a poet
10

of Verona, whose eonpoaitioiui, etegmt
and simple, are the Mbiwing of a luxuri-
ant imagination. Catullas was the first
Roman who imitated with success the
Greek Vriters, and introduced their nam*
bers amon^ the Latins. Catallus died ia
the forty-sixth year of his age,-^ C. 40.

A man •umame.d UrHuBrvu^ was a

mimog^pher.

Q,. LUCTATius CatuluS) went with three
hundred sh^s during the first Punic war
against the Carthaginians, aad destroyed
six hundred of their ships under HamiK.
car, near the Agates. This celebrated
victory put an end to the war.~— An ora-
tor distinguished also as a writer of epi-
grams, and admired for the neatness, ele-
gance, and polished style of his composi-
tions. A Roman sent by his countif-

mem to eairy a preseat Xx^ the god of Del-
phi, from the spoils taken from Asdrubal.

CaturioIes, a people of Gaul, now CAor*
gea, near the source of the Durance.

Cavarss, a people of Gaul, who inhab-
ited the present provineeof Comtat in Pro-
vence.

Catarillus, a commander of some
troops of tlie ^dul in 'Cesar's army.

Cavarinus, a Gaul, made king of the
Sttiones by Ca>sar, and banishea by His
subjects.

Caucasus, a celelHrated mountain be-
tween the Euxine and Caspian seas, which
may be considered as the continuation of
the ridge of mount Taurus. Its height is
immense. It was inhabited anciently by
various savage nations who lived upon the
wild fruits of the earth. Prometheus was
tied on the top of Caucasus by Jupiter, and
continually devoured by vultures j accord*
ing to ancient authors.

CAUcoif, a son of Clinus, who Urst in^
troduced the Orgies into Messenia, from
Eleusis.

Gauoombs, a people of Pftphlagcmia.
originally inhabitants of Aroadia, or of
Scythia.

' Caudi and Caudium, a town af Uie
Samnites.

Cavii, a people of lHyricum.

Caulonia, or Cauloit, a town of Italy
near the country of the BrutU, destroyed
in the wars between Pyrrhiis and the Ro-
mans.

Caumus, a man raised to affluence from
poverty l^ Artaxerxes.

Caunus, a son of Miletus and Cyane.
I. A city of Caria, opposite Rhodes,
whcpna Protogenes was bom. The climate
was considered as unwholesome, espe-
cially in sumiper.
^ Cauros, an island in the ^gean sea.

Caurus, a wind blowing from the west.

Caus, a village of Arcadia.

Catoz, or Chauci, a nation of Ctermaj
ny, now the peeple of Friesland an<l
Groningen.

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110

Catovs, a river of Mysls.

Catstsk, or Catstrui, now MUekedt-
Meimder, a rapid river of Alia. Accord-
ing to tbe poets, the banks and neiglibor-
hood of this river were generally frequent-
ed by swans.

CsA Of Ckos, an island near Eubcea,
called also Cp.

Ceades, a Thracian, whose son Euphe-
nms was concerned in the Trojan war.

Ceba, row C«v4^ a town ot modtita
Piedmont, famous for cheese.

Ceballinu*, a man who gaveinfcnma-
tion of the snares laid against Alexander.

Cebarekses, a people of Gaul.

Cebenna mountains, now the Ceoennea.

Cbbes, a Theban j)hilosopher, one of
the disciples of Socrates, B. C. 405.

Cx BRETT, the father of Asterope.

Ckbrbnia, a country of Troas with a
town of the same name, called af&r the
river Cebraauy which is in the neighbor-
hood.

GsBKiojTxs, one of the giants conquer-
ed by Venus.— —Aa ^legitimate son of'
I^iam.

'CxKROs now Zebriso a river falling into
the Danube.

"Cecidas, an ancient dithyrambic poet.

'Cecilius. Vid. Cecilius.

Ceciiia, ariver near Volaterra, in Etra-
u^

A. CBCii»iiA,a Boman lEnight in the in-
terest of Pompey, who used to breed ^p
young swallows, and send them to carry

news to his flriends as messengers.

A scribe of OctaVhis Cssar. A consu-
lar man suspected of conspiracy, and mur-
dered hy Titus, after an Invitation to sup-
per.

CxcROPiA.the original name of Athens,
in honor of Cecrops, itA first founder.

CxcROPiDA, an ancient name of tiie
Athenians.

Cecrops, a native of fiais In Egypt, who
led a colony to Attica about 1556 years be-
fore the Christian era, and reigned over
imrt of the ceuntiv which was called from
bini Cecropia. He married the daughter
of Actsus a .Grecian prince, and was
deemed the iiTSt founder of Athens. Af-
ter a reign of 50 years, spent in regulating
his newly formed kingdom, and in polish-
ing the minds of his subjects, Cecrope died,
leaving three daughters, Agianros, Herse,

and Pandrosos. The second of that

name, was the seventh king of Athens,
and the son and successor of Erechtheus.
He reigned 40 years, and died 1307, B. C.

CxRCYPHAiiic, a place of Greece, where
the Athenians defeated the fleet of the
Peloponnesians.

Cedrxatis, the name of Diana among
the Orchomenians.

CxDOir, an Athenian general, killed in
tea engagement against the Spartans.

<<sDausii| an Indian nation.

CSOU7SA, the mother of Aaopin liy Nep-
tune.'

Cei, the inhabitants of the istandCea.

CsLADorr, n man killed by Perseus, at

Che marriage of Andromeda. A river

of Greece, flowing into the Alplieu^

Celadus, a river of Arcadia. An l»>

land of the Adriatic sea.

Celjenje, Of Cblene, a city of Phiy*
gia, of which it was once the capital.

.Ckla:zto, one of ti>e daughters of Attas,

ravished by J^ieptuiie. One of the har*

pies.-- . One of the Danaides. A

daughter of Neptune aiMl Ergea.^ A

daughter of Hyamus, xatother of Delpbui^
by Apollo.

Cejlejc, a town of Peloponnesus.

CxLxiA and Cela, a town of Noricum.

CxLBijiTBs, a people of Liguria.

CsLxifDEJE, CfiUiirDRiSf and Csleitdr-
Rii, a colony of the Samians in Cilicia,
with a harbor of the same name at the
mouth of the Selinus.

Celeneus, a Cimmerian, who fiirt
taught how persons guilty of murder
might be expiated.

Celenzta orCxLJBNA, a town ofCten-
pania, where Juno was worshipped.

CxLBR, a man who with Severus un*
dertook to rebuild .Nero*s palace after the

burning of Eome. A man called Fabi-

us, who ki^fld Remus when he leaped
over the waus of Rome, by order of Rom-
ulus. Metius, a nolile youth to whom

Statius dedicated a poem.

Cbubrxs, three hundred of the noblest
and strongest youths at Rome, chpsen by
Romulus to be his body guards, to at-
tend him wherever he went, and to pro-
tect his person.

Celbtrum, a town of Macedonia.

Celeus, a king of Eleusis, (httier to
Triptolemus by Metanini,. He gave a
kind reception to Ceres, who taught his

son the cultivation of the earth. A

king of Cephallenia.

CxLMus, a man who nursed Jupiter,
by whom he was greatly esteemed. He
was changed into a magnet stone for 8ay>
ing that Jupiter was mortal.

Celon J, a place of Mesopotamia.

Cblsus, an epicurean philosopher in

the second century. Corn, a physician,

in the age of Tiberius, who wrote eight
books on medicine, besides treatises' on
agriculture, rhetoric, and military affkirs.

Albinovanus, a friend of Horace. —

Some of his elegies have been preserved.

Juventius, a lawyer who conspired

against Domitian. Titus, a man pro-

claimed emperor, A. D. 265, against his
will, and murdered seven days after.

Celta, a name given to the nation that
inhabited the country between the Ocean
and the Palus Meeotis, more particularly
given to a part of the Gauls, whose coun-
try, called Gallia Celtica, was situate he<

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tweea the riVBn Sequana and Gafamna,
aodemly eaUed la Seate, and la Oaronne.

Celtibbm, a peofle of S^ain, descend-
ed from the Celte. Tbeir country, called
CeltiberiOf ia uow known by the name of
Aaagtta.

Cbltica, a well populated part of Gaul,
iababited by ttae Celtae.

CsLTici, a people of Spain. The pro-
Boatoiy which bora their name is now
Cape Fausterre.

CEx,rti.LU8, the father of Vercingetorix
among the Ar^emi.

CcLTORix, a people of Gaul, near the
Senoaes.

Cbltoicvthje, a northern nation of
Scythians.

CaMMCirus, a lofty mountain of Gaul.

Cbmpsi, a people of Spain at the bot-
tom of the Pyrenean mountains.

CsNABUM, or Gbhabom. Fid. Gena-
bum.

CtKMvm, a promontory of Eubma,
where Jupiter Ctuuiu had an aitar raised
by Hercules. '

Cbkchbxje, now Kenkri, % town of Pe-
lopoanesua on the isthmus of Gorintib——
A harbor of Corinth.

CBifCHanis, the wife of Cinyras kliig of
Cyprus, or «s others say, of Assyria.

Cbbcmbkus, a son of Neptune. and 8a-
lamis, or as some say of Ffrene. He
killed a large serpent at Salamls.

Gbvchriuv) a river of Ionia near Ephe-
sns, where some suppose that Latona was
washed after she had brought forth.

Cbbbpous. a town of Spain, the same
as Carthago Nova. ,

CbwbI^um, a town of Peloponnesus.

Cbnhbus. FhL Cenis.

CBictMAoiri, a people on the western
parts of Britain.

CsififfA. *Fid. CetUna.

CiifoN, atown ofltely. .

Cbn S0RB9. two magistrates of great aM-
tboiity at Rome, ftrst created, B. C. 443.
Their office was to number the people,
estimate the pomessions of every citizen,
reform and watch over the manners of the
people, and regulate the taxes. They could
loqutre into the expenses of every citizen,
and even degrade a senator from all his pri-
vileges and honors, if guilty of any extrav-
agance. The office of public censor was
originally exercised by the kings. The
emperors abolished the censors, and took
upon themselves to execute their office.

CsiisoBiifus. Ap. C\* was compelled,
after many services to the state, to assume
the imperial purple by the soldiers, by
whom he was murdered some days after,
A. D. 370,.— ~->Martius. a consul. — r— A
grammarian of the third century.

CxiTstrt, the numbering of the people at
Rome. A god worshipped at Rome,

t^e same as Consus.
CaifTAasTUs, a Ghlatlan, whtf, when

Antiochcb was killed, mounted his horse
in the greatest exultation. The horse, as
if conscious of disgrace, immediately leap-
ed down a precipice, and killed Iiimself
and hisHder.

Gentauri. a peojde of Thessaly, half
men and half horses. They were the off-
spring of Centaurus, son of Apollo, by
Stilba, daughter of the Peiieus. This fa-
ble of the existence of the Centaurs,
monsters supported upon the four legs of
a horse, arises from the ancient people of
Tiiessaly having tamed horses, and hav-
ing appeared to the neighbors mounted
on horseback, a sight very uncommon at
that time, and which, when at a dis-
tance, seems only one body, and conse-
quently one creature. Many of tlie Cen-
taurs were slain by Hercules.

Centaurus, a ship In the fleet of iEneas,
which had the figure of a, Centaur.

CsifTOBRicA, a town of Celtiberia.

GhsNTOREs, a people ofScythia.

CEHTORirA, or Cbhturipa. Fid* Cen-
turipa.

CBirtRiTxs, a river betweea Armenia
and Media. ,

Centroitbs, a people of Gaul, severely
beaten by J. Caesar when they attem()ted
to obstruct his passage. They inhabited
the modern country of TarantaiBe in Sa-
voy. There was a horde of Gauls of the
same name subject to the Nervii, now
supposed to be near Courtray in Flanders.

CBNTRoirics, a man who squandered
his immense riches on useless and whim-
sical buildings.

CEiTTUM[viRi,the members of a court of
justice at Rome. They were originally cho-
sen, three from the tliirtv-fVi^e tribes of the
people, and though,one hundred and ftve»
they were always called Centum virs. —
Tlioy were afterwards increased t» the
number of one hundred and eighty^ and
still kept their original name. The pretor
sent to their tribunal causes of the great-
est importance, as their knowledS<e of the
law was extensive. Their tribunal was
distinguished by a spear wHh an iron
head, whence a decree of thetr court was
called Haatm judidwn. Their sentences
were very impartial, and without appeal.

CEtvTuv CELLuai. a soa-port town (»f
Etruria built by Trajan, who had there a
villa. It is now Civita Feeckiaf and be-
longs to the Pope.

Cbnturia, a division of th^ people
among the Romans, consisting of a hun-
dred. The Roman people were originally
divided into three tribes, and each tribe
into ten Curift. Servius Tullius made a
census *, and when he had the place of
habitation, name, and profession of every
citizen, wfiieh amounted to eighty thou-
sand men, all able to bear arras, he divid-
ed them into six classes, and each class
into several centuries or comnonies of a

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hundred imn. Tbe first class consisted
jaf 80 centuries. Tbe word Cenbfrm is
also applied to a subdivision of one of the
Roman legions which consisted of an
hundred men, and wdi the half of a
manipulus. the sixth part of a cohort, and
the sixtieth part of a legion. The coed-
mander of a centuria was called eenCw-
rioitf and he was distinguished from the
rest by the branch of a vine which he
earried in his hand.

CiNTuaiPA, now Centorht, a town of
Sicily at the foot of Mount iEtna.

Cbos and Cba, an island, yid. Co.

CarMALAfl, a loftv promontory of Africa
near the Syrtis Major.

CsrHALBDioif, a tov^n of Sicily, near
the river Himera.

CsPMALuiif , a noble musician, son of
LampuB.

Cbphalbita, and Cbphallbnia, an
island in the Ionian sea, below Corcyra,
whose inhabitants went with Ulysses to
the Trojan war. It abounds in oil and
excellent wines. It is about 90 miles in
circumference, and from its capital Samo.
or Samoe, it has flrequently been called

Cbpmalo, an officer of Eumenes.

CXPMAJ.OBDIS and Cbphaludiuh, now
Cephaluy a town at the north of Sicily.

CxpHALoif, a Greelr of Ionia, who
wrote an history of Troy, besfdes an
epitome of universal history from the age
of Ninus to Alexander, which he divided
into nine books, inscribed with the name
ol the nine muses. He nffbcted not to
Icnow tlw plaee of hit birth, expecting it
would be disputed like Horner^. He
lived In the reign of Adrian.

Cbpralus, son of 0eioneus, king of
Thessaly, by Biomede. daughter of Xa-
thus, married Procris, daughter of Eiech*
theus, king of Athens. Aurora fell in
love with him, and carried him away;
but he reAised to listen to her addresses,
and was impatient to return to Procris.
The goddess sent him back ; and to try
the fidelity of his wife, she made him put
on a dififerent form, and he arrived at the
house of Procris in tlie habit of a mer-
chant. He found her unfaithful, and she
fl^d from her husband, and devoted her-
self to hunting in the island of Bubcea,
where she was admitted among the at-
tendants of Diana, who presented her
with a dog always sure of bis prey, and
ft dart which never missed its «im, and
always retiimed to the hands of its mis-
Cress of its own aecord. After this, Pro-
cris returned in disguise to Cephalus,
and a reconciliation was easily made be-
tween them. They loved ooe another
with more tenderness than before, and
Cephalus received from his wife the pre-
sents of Diana. As he was particularly
fond of hunting, he every morning early

repahidr to the woods, and after mach
toil and fatigue, laid himself down in the
cool shade, and eoniestly called for Aura,
or the refreshing breeze. This arahtguou«
word was mistaken for the name of a
mistress ; and some informer reported to
the Jealous Procris, that Cephalus daily
paid a visit to a mistress, whose name
was Aura. Procris too readily believed
the information, and secretly followed
her husband into the woods. According
to his daily custom, Cephalus retired to
tbe cool, and called after Aura. At tbe
name of Aura, Procris eagerly lifted up
her head to see her expected rival. Her
motion occasioned a rustling aoatong the
leaves of the bush that concealed her;
and OS Cephalus listened, he thought it to
be a wild beast, and he let fly his uner-
ring dart. Procris was struck to the heart,
and instantly expired in the arms of her
husband, confessing that ill-grounded

Jealousy was the cause of her death.

A Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Timo-
leon in regulating the republic of Syra-
cuse. A king of Epirus. An orator

firequently mentioned by Demosthenes.

CfspHEis, a name given to Andromeda
as daughter of Cepheus.

CxPHXRBs, an ancient name of the
Persians.— —A name of the iEthiopians,
from Cepheus, one of their kin^.

Cbphbus, a king of iEtbiopia, lather
of Andromeda, by Cassiope. He was
one of the Argonauts, and was changed

into a constellation after his death. ^A

son of Lycurgus present at the chase of
the Calydonian boar.

Cbphisia, a part of Attica^ through
which the Cephlsus flows.

CiPHiaiADxs, a patronymic of Eteocles.

CxPHisiDORus, a tragic poet of Athens,
in the age of .£schylus.— An histcnrian
who wrote an account of the Fhocian
war.

Cbmhsion, the commander of some
troops sent by the Thebans to assist Me-
galopolis.

Cbphisodotus, a disciple of iBocrates,
a great reviler of Aristotle, wlio wrote a
book of proverbs.

CBPMiaus and Cbphissui, a celebrated
river of Greece, which flows into the lake
Copals. The Graces were particularly
fond of this river, whence they are called
tbe goddesses or the Cephisus. There
was a river of the same name in Atti-
ca, and another in Argolis. A man

changed into a sea-monster, by Apollo,
when lamenting the death of his grand-
son.

CBPHOBif, a king of Egypt, who built
one of the fr^ramids.

Cbpio or Cjcpio, a man who by a quar-
rel with Dnisus caused a civil war at

Rome. Servilius, a Roman consul,

who put an end to the war in Spain.

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CirioN, » musieian.

CcKACA, a town of Micedonia.

CsaACATBs, a people of Germany.

Cbrambus, a man changed into a
beetle, or, according to others, into a bird,
•B mount PamaBsua, by the nymphs, be-
fore the deluge.

Cbaamicui, bow Keiwmo^ a bay of Ca-
litt near Ualicamassus, opposite Cm, re-
ceiving its name from Ceramus. A

public walk, and a place to bury those
that were killed in defence of their coun-
tjy, at Athens.

Cbbamium, a place of Rome, where
Cicero's house was built.

Cebamus, a town at the west of Asia

MJBOr.

Cbba«, a people of Cyprus metamor-
phosed into bulls.

Cbbaios, now ITerefMji, a maritime
city of Cappadocia, from wliich cherries
were first brought to Rome by Lucullus.

Another, buUt by a Greek colony from

Sinope.

Cbbata, a place near Megara.

Cbbatu>, a river of Crete.

Cbbaunia, a town of Achaiafl

CERAUifiA and CbbaV"} \ax^ moun-
tains of JSpirus, extending fiur into the
•ea^ and uirroinK a promontory which
divides the lonfain and Adriatic seas.

Mount Taurus is also called Cerau-

nius.

Cbbaukii, mountains of A«iat opposite
the Caspian sea. .

Cbbauwcs, a river of Cajmadocia.

A surname of Ptolemy the ad, from his
boidaess.

Cbrai7siui, a mountain of Arcadia.

Cbbbaluh, a river of Apulia.

Ceb^bbion, a town of the Cimmerian
Botsphonis.

Cbbrbbus, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of
Echidna's union with Typhon. He was
stationed at the entrance of hell, to pre-
vent the living from entering the infernal
legions, and the dead from escaping from
their confinement.

Cbbcaphus, a son c^ ifiolua. — >>-A son
of 8ol, of great power at lUiodes.

CBBCAsoauM, a town of Egypt, where
the Nile divides itself into the Pelusian
&nd Canopic mouths.

Cbbcbis, one of the Oceanldes.

Cbboxitb, a oountiy of Africa.

Cbbcxitxs, a son of JSgyptus and
PhfBnissa.

Cbbcidbs, a native of Megalopolis,
who wrote iambics.

CsRcii, a people of Italy.

CBBciifA and CxBoinifA, a small island
of the Mediterranean, near the smaller
Syrtis, on ttie eoast of Africa.-— A moaii-
tain of Thrace, towards Macedonia.

CBROf NiuM, a town of Macedonia.

Cbrcius and Rhbtiui, charioteeiip of
Castor and Pollux.

10*

Cbbcopii, a people of Ephesns, mtda

prisoners by Hercules. The inhabitants

of <M island Pithecusa changed into
morikles on account of their dishonesty.

Cbbcops, a Milesian, author of a nb-
ulous history, mentioned by Athencus.
A Pythagorean philosopher.

Cbbcton and CBBcyoifBt| a king of
Eleusis, son of Neptune, or, according to
others, of Vulcan. He obliged all stran-
gers to wrestle with him ; and as he wm
a dexterous wrestler, they were eafclly
conquered and put to deat^ After many
cruelties, he challenged Theseus in wrest-
ling, ana he was conquered and put to
death by bis antagonist.

Ckbctba and Cobcvba, an is^nd fn
the Ionian sea.

Cbboylium. a place near Amphipolis.

CsBiALiA, festivals in honor of Ceres.;
first instituted at Rome by Memmlus the
edlle,and celebrated on the 19th of April.

CbbbS) the goddess of com and of bar-
vests, was daughter of Saturn and Vesta.
She had a daughter by Jupiter, whom she
called Pherephata,>Viut-freartii^, and after-
wards Proserpine. This daughter was
carried awav by Pluto, as she Was gather-
ing flowers fn the plains near Enna. The
grief of Ceres for the loss of her daughter
was so great,, that Jupiter granted Proser-
pine to pass six months with her mother,
and the rest of the year with Pluto. —
The Sicilians made a yearly sacrifice to
Ceres, every man according to his abilities;
and the fountain of Cyane, through which
Pluto opened himself a passage with his
trident, whes carrying away Proserpine,
w«s publiclv howlred mitii ui offering
of hills, and the blood of the victims
was shed in the waters of tlie fountain.
Ceres was reinresented with a garland of
ears of corn on her headi^ hoUin^ in one
hand a Hghted torch,, and in the other % >
poppy, which was sacred to her.

Cbrb8su>, a place of Boeotia. ,

CsRETiK, a people of Crete.

CsftTALis Anicius, a consul elect, who
wished a temple- to be raised to Nero^ as
to a god, after the discovery of the Piso-
aian conspiracy.

Cbbii, a people of Etrurisu

Cbmlli or Cabilljb, now (^anOa^ a
town of the- Brutil near the Laus.

Cbbiixum, a place of Lucania.

CsBiifTHua, now Z^ro^ a town of £u-
boNi, whose inhabnants went to the Tro-
jan war, headed by Elphenor, son of

Chalcedon. A beautiftil youth, lone

the fhvorite of the Roma^ ladies, and
especially of Sulpitia.-^— One of the eaily
heretics from Christianity.

CsBMAifOs, a place where Romahis
was exposed by one of the servants of
Amulius. .

Cbbne, an island without the pillars of
Hercules, on the AlHoan ooast.

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114

Cxiinit, a inriest of Cybele.

Cbeov, a fountain of Histisotis, whose
waters rendered Mack all the sheep that
drank of them.

CsROFASADss, a SOU of Phraates king
of Persia, given as an hostile to Augustus.

CsHossui, a place of the lonian^eea*.

Cbhprkhsb, a king of Egypt, who is
nIppoBed to bave built the smallMit pyra-

CsaBHJBi, a people of Greece, who
profaned the temple of Delphi.

Cerrstani, a people of Spain that in-
habited the modem district of Cerdana
in Catalonia.

CsRsoBLKPTBt, a king of Thrace, con-
quered by Philip king of Macedonia.

Cbbtima, a town of Celtiberia.

Cbrton lUM, a town of Asia Minor.

CxBTAliiuf , a Roman knight wbo con-
spired with Piso against Nero.

P. CsKTiua, an officer under Verres.

Cbktcbs, a sacerdotal family at Athens.

Ckrvoics, a mountain of Boeotia.

Cbrtmica, a town of Cyiprus.

Cbrtrea, a townof Achaia^and moun-
tain of Arcadia.

CERViriTBii a river of Arcadia.

CKSBixiua Salsus, a turbulent and
avaricious Carthaginian.

CBSEHiitA. an iafBimous woman, bom
of an illustrious family at Rome.

Cbbtius, an epicurean of Smyrna, who
taught Thetoric st Rhodes, in the age of

Cicero.~~-A governor of Syria. Seve-

Tus, an Inforaier under Nero. — Proculus,
a man acquitted of an accusation of em-
bezzling the public money. A bridge

at Rope.

Cbstrin A, part of Epiras.

CESTRiifus, son of Helenus and Andro-
mache ; after his f>|ther's death he settled
in Epiras, above the river Thyamis, and
ealled the country Cestrina.

Cbtbs, a king of Egypt, the same as
Proteus.

Cethbovb, the surname of one of the
branches of the Cornelii— Marcus, a con-
sul in the second Punic war. — A tribune
at Rome, who Joined Catiline in his con-
spiracy aninst the state. He was ap-
prehended, and, with Lentnlus, put to
death by the Roman senate. — A Trojan,

killed by Turnus. P. Cora, a powerful

Roman, who embraced the party of Ma-
rius against Sylla.
,Cetii, a people of Cilicia.

Cbtius, a river of Mysia. A moun-
tain which separates Noricum from Pan-
nonia.

Cbto, a daufthter erf Pontus and Terra,
who married Ph<>reys, by whom she had
the three Gorgons.

Czus and Cjkus, a son of. CobIus and
Terra, who married Phcebe, by whom he
bad Latona and Asteria.—— The father
ofTnezan. .

Cktx, a king of Trachinia, son of Lq'
cifer, and husband of Alcyone. He was
drowned, as he went to consult the oracle
of Claros. His wife was apprized of his
misfortune in a dream, and found iiis
dead body washed on the sea shore. They
were both changed into birds called Al-
cyons.

CHABiifUB, a mountain of Arabia Ffelix.

Chabria, a village of Egypt.

Chabrias, an Athenian general and
philosopher, who chiefly signalized him-
self when he assisted the Boeotians against
Agesilaus. He at last fell a sacrifice to
his excessive courage, B. C. 376.

CHABftYis, a king of Egypt.

CHMAwnxy a people at the foot of
Caucasus. .

Chjbrbas, an Athenian, who wrote on

agriculture. An officer who murdered

Caligula, A. D. 41 An Athenian, ft^c.

CHiERxoBMUs, a brother of Epicurus.
"^ Charbmon, a comic poet, and disciple

of Socrates. A stoic, who wrote on

the Egyptian priests.

CHAREPHoif, a tragic poet of Athena,
in the ag« of Philip of Macedonia.

Chjersstrata, the mother of Epicnnia,
descended of a nme family.

Chjerinthcs, a beautiful youth.

Ch.erippus, an extortioner.

Charo, the fbunder of Chieronea.

CnjERoifiA, Ch^ronba, and Chebko-
VEA, a city of Bceotia, on the Cepbisns,
celebrated for a defeat of the Athenians,
by the Boeotians, B. C. 447, and for the
victorv which Philip of Macedonia ob-
tained theite with 33,000 men, over the
confederate army of the Thebans and
the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 men,
the 3d of August, B. C. 338. Plutarch
was born there. The town was anciently
called Arae. ,

Chaljbon, a city of Locris. A port

of BoBotia.

Chales, a herald of Busiris, pot to
death by Hercules.

Chalcaa, a town of Caria— of Hicb-
nicia.

Chalgba, an island with a town near
Rhodes. A festival at Athens.

Chalcbdon and Chalcbdoria, now
Kadi-Kenij an ancient city of Bithynia.

Chalcioene, a part of Syria, very fmit-
ful.

CHALciDBitsEs, the inhabitants of the

isthmns between Teos and Erythre.

A people near the Phasis.

Chalcidius, a commander of the Lace-
daemonian fleet killed by the Athenians,
&c

Chalcidica, a country of Thrace— of
Syria.

Chalcioicub, an epithet applied to Cu-
mie in Italy, as built by a colony fimn
Chalcis.

Qralckeus, a surname of Minerva, be-

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115

ciiuse she had a temple at Chalcis in
Euboea.

CHAx^iora, a dau|[hter of iEetes king
of Colchis, who raamed Phryzus son of
Athamas, who had fled to her father's
court for protection. She had some chil-
dren by Phryjins, and she preserved her
life from the avarice and cruelty of her
fktber, who had murdered her husband to

obtain the golden fleece. The mother

of Thessalus by Hercules. The daugh-
ter of Rhexenor, who married ^geus.

Cm ALOIS, now Egr'tpo^ the chief city of
£ub<Ba, in that part which is nearest to
Ilusotia. There were three other towns
of the same name in Thrace, Acarnania,
and Sicily, all belonging to the Corinth-
ians.

Chalcitis, a country of Ionia.

CHAix:oDon, a son of ifigyptus, by Ara-
bia. A man of Cos, who wounded Her-
cules. ^The father of Elephenor, one of

the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war.

A man who assisted Hercules in his war
against Augias.

CHALcoif, a Messenian, who reminded
Antiloehas, son of Nestor, to beware of
the iBthiopians, by whom he was to per-
isli.

CHAIX3US, a man made gpvemor of Cy-
aicus by Alexander.

Chaloaa, a country of Asia, between
the Euphrates and Tigris. Its capital is
Babylon.

Chalojci, the inhabitants of Chaldsa.

C/fAi.BSTaA, a town of Macedonia.

CHA1.0NITI8, a country of Media.

CMALraxs and Caltbss, a people of
Asia Minor, near Pontus, once very pow-
erful, and possessed of a great extent of
country, aboanding in Iron mines, where
the inhabitants worked naked.

CHALTBoif, now supposed to be Aleppo.
a town of Syria, which gave the name of
CkalfbomHis to the neighboring country.

Chaltbohitis, a country of Syria, fit-
mous for its wines.

Chaltbs, a river of Spain.

Chamami and Chamatihi, a people of
Germany.

Chahe, a river between Armenia and
Albania, fklling into the Caspian sea.

Chao{v, a mountain of Peloponnesus.
A son of Priam.

CHAOiras, a people of Epirus.

Chaori A, a mountainous part of Epirus.

Chaoivitis, a country of Assyria.

Chaos, a rude and shapeless mass of
matter, and confUsed^assemblage of inac-
tive elements, which, 'as the poets suppose.
preexisted the formation of the world, and
from which the universe was formed by
the hand and power of a superior being.
Chaos was deemed, by some, as one of
the oldest of the gods, and invoked as one
of the infemal^deities. '

CMAaAoaA, a town of Phocis

CHARAoaos, a river of Phocis, falliag
into tlie Cephisus.

Charaorus, a place of Argos, when
military causes were tried.

CharxadascAo Athenian general, sent
with twenty ships to Sicily during the Pel-
oponnesian war. He died 426, B. C.

Chajunojki, a people near Pontus.

Charax, a town of Armenia. A phi-
losopher of Pergamus, who wrote an his-
tory of Greece in forty books.

Cmabaxbs and Charaxds, a Mityle-
nean, brother to Sappho, who became pas-
sionately fond of Rhodope, upon whom he
squandered all his possessions, and reduc-
ed himself to poverty, and the^ necessity
of piratical excursions.

Charaxus, one of the centaurs.

Charss, an Athenian general. A

sLituary of Lindas, who was twelve years
employed in making the famous Colossus

at Rhodes. An historian of Mitylene,

who wrote a life of Alexander. An

Athenian who fought with Darius against
Alexander. A river of Peloponnesus.

Chariclxs, one of the thirty tyrants set

over Athens by the Lacedaemonians.

A famous physician under Tiberius.

Chari GLIDES, an officer of Dionysius
the younger, whom Dion gained to de-
throne the tyrant.

Chariclo, the mother of Tiresias, great-
ly favored by Minerva. A daughter of

Apollo, who married the centaur Chiron.

Charidkmus, a Roman exposed to wHd

beasts. An Athenian, banished by

Alexander, and killed by Darius.

Chari LA, a festival observed once in
nine years by the Delphlans.

Chasiu^us and Cmarillus, a son of
Polydectes king of Sparta, educated and
protected by bis uncle Lycurgua. He died

in the sixty- fourth year of his age. A

Spartan, who changed the monarchical
power into an aristocrAcy.

Charillus, one of the ancestors of Leu-
ty chides.

Chari iri and Cariivi, a people of Ger-
many.

Charis, a goddess among the Greeks,
surrounded with pleasures, graces, and
delight. She was the wife of Vulcan.

Charisia, a town of Arcadia. A fes-
tival in honor of the Graces, with dances
which continued all night.

Charisius, an orator at Athens.

Gharistia, festivals at Rome, celebrat-
ed on the twentieth of February, by the
distribution of mutual presents, with the
intention of reconciling friends and rela- '
tions.

Charitss and Gratis, the Graces,
daughters of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus,
are three in number, Aglaia, Thalia, and
Euphrosyne. They were the constant at-
tendants of Venus, and they were repre-
sented as three young, beautiful, and mo-

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116

dest virsiiii, all holding one another by
the hand.

Charito*, a writer of Aphrodisium, at
the latter end of the fourth century.

Chahmadas, a philosbpber of uncom-
mon memory.

Charmk and CarmBi the mother of Bri-
tomartifl by Jupiter.

Charmiokb, a Lacedaemonian, cent by

the king to qiiell seditions in Crete. A

boxer. A philosopher of the third

academy, B. C. 95.

Charminus, Ml Athenian general, who
defeated the Peloponnesians.

Charmions, a servant maid of Cleopa-
tra, who stabbed herself after the example
of her mistress.

Charm I >, a physician of Marseilles, in
Nero's age, who used cold kaths for his
patients.

Charmostna, a festival in Egypt.

Charmota*, a part of Arabia.

Charmus, a poet of Syracuse.

Charon, a Theban, who received into
bis house Pelopidas. and his (Hends, when

they delivered Thebes from tyranny.

An historian of Lampsacus, son of Py-

theus. An historian of Naucratis, who

wrote an history of his country, and of

Egypt. A Carthannlan writer, See,

A gpd of hell, son of Erebus and Nox, who
conducted the souls of the dead in a boat
iDver the river Styx and Acheron to the
infernal regions, for an obelus. This (t-
ble o/ Charon and his boat is borrowed
from the Egyptians.

CHARoifDAs, a man of Catana, who
gave laws to the people of Tfaurium, and
made a law that np man should be per-
mitted to come armea into the asiiembly.
He inadvertently broke this law, and when
told of it, he fell upon his sword, B. C.
446.

Charonka, a place of Asia, &c.
' Charonia scrobs, a place of Italy emit-
ting deadly vapors.

Charonium, a cave near Nysa, where
the sick were mipposed to be delivered
from their disorders by certain supersti-
tious solemnities.

Charops and CHARprcs, a Trojan, kill-
ed by Ulysses. A powerful Epirot

who assisted Flaminiutf when making war
against Philip the king of Macedonia.- —
rnie first decennial archcfn at Athens.

Chartbdis. a dangerous whirlpool on
the coast of Sicily, opposite another whirl-
pool called Scylla, on the coast of Italy.

Chaubi and Chauci. a people of Ger-
many, supposed to inhabit the country
now called Friesland and Bremen.

Chaula, a village of Egypt.

Chauro. Fid. Cauros.

Chsa, a town of Peloponnesus.

Chsljk, a Greek word, signifying e{aw«,
which is applied to tbe Scorpion, one of
the signs of the zodiac.

Chslks, a satrap of Seleucus .

Chklidon, a mistress of Vetres.

QHKiADoytAf a festival at Rhodes, in
which it was customary for bovs to go
begging from door to door, and singing

certain songs. The wind Favqnius was

called also Cheiidonia,

Chelidomije, now JTdtidoin, small is-
lands opposite the promontory of Taurus,
of the same name, very dangerous to sail-
ors.

Chkudoztib, a daughter of king Leoty-
chides.

CHELiDoifiuM, a promontory of mount
Taurus, projecting into the Pamphylian
sea.

Chslonk, a nymph changed into a tor-
toise by Mercury.

CHSLoiria, a daughter of Leonidas king
of Sparta, who married Cleombrotus.

Chelonophagi, a people of Carmania,
who fed upon turtle, and covered their
habitations with the shells.

Chklydoria, a mountain of Arcadfa.

Chemmis, an island in a deep lake of
Egypt.

Chena, a town of Laconia.

CHEiTjb, a village on mount (Eta.

Che It ID If, a mountain in Asia MiiKM*,
from which the ten thousand Greeks first
saw the sea.

Chenius, a mountain near Colchis.

Cheops and CHso8PEii,a king of Egypt,
after Bhampsinitus, who built famous py-
ramids.

CHEPHERSif, a brother of Cheops, who
also built a pyramid. The Egyptians in-
veterately hated these two royal brothers.

Cheremocrates, an artist who built
Diana's temple at Epnesus.

Cherisophus, a commander of eight
hundred Spartans, in tbe expedition of
Cyrus.

Cherophoit, a tragic writer of Atbenf,
in the age of Philip.

Chersias, an Orchomenlan, reconcUed
to Periander by Chilo.

CHERsroAMAs, a Trojan killed by Ulys-
ses in the Trojan war.

Chersipho, an architect.

CHERsoNEaus, a Greek word, rendered
by the Latins Peninsula.

Cherusct, a people of Germany, who
long maintained a war against Rome.

Chidnai, a people near Pontus.

Chidorus, a river of Macedonia near
Thessalonica.

Chili archu*, a great officer of state at
the court of Persia.

Chilics and CniLEui.an Arcadian who
advised the Lacedieraonians, when Xerxes
was in Greece, not to desert the common
cause of their country.

Chilo, a Spartan philosopher, w^ho baa
been called one of the se\;en wise men of
Greece. He died through excess of Joy, in
the arms of bis son, who bad obtained n

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victory at Olympia, B. C. 597.— One of
the Ephori at Sparta, B. C. 556.

CHiLoiTii, the wife of Theopompus king
of Sparta.

CHiMJBBA,a celebrated monster^ sprung
^m EchiiiDa and Typbon, which had
three heads, thaTof a lion, of a goat, and
a dragon, and continnally vomited flames.
From the union of the Chimera with Or-
thos, sprung the Sphinx, and the lion uf
Nemsa.— — One of the ships in the fleet
ofifineas.

Chimaku>, a river of Argolis.

Cmimxeium, a mountain of Phthiotis, in
Thesaaly.

Chiomaba, a woman who cut off the
head of a Roman tribune when she bad
been taken prisoner.

Chi ON, a Greek writer.

Cuioifs, a*daughter of Dedalion, of
whom Apollo and Mercury became en-
amored. Chione grew so proud that she
even preferred her beauty to that of Dia-
na, for which impiety she was killed by
the goddess, and changed into a hawk.
— ^— A daughter of Boreas and OriChyia,
who had Eumolpus by Neptune. She
threw her son into the sea, but he was
preserved by his father.

CMioiriDEt, an Athenian poet, suppoeed
by some to be the inventor of comedy.

Chiohis, a victor at Olympia.

Chios, now Scio. an islana in the Mgo-
an sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on
the coast of Asia Minor. It was well in-
habited, and could once equip a hundred
■hips ; and its chief town, called Chios,
had a beautiful harbor, which could con-
tain eighty ships. The wine of this island,
so mueh celebrated by the ancienta, is
still in general esteem. Chios was an-
ciently called iEthalia, Macris, and Pity-
asa.

CHiaoir, a centaur, half a man and half
a hone, eon of Philvra and Saturn. He
was famous for his knowledge of music,
medicine, and shooting ; and he instruct-
ed, in all the polite arts, the greatest he-
roes of his age. He was wounded in the
knee by a poisoned arrow, by Hercules,
in his pursuit at the centaurs. As the
wound was incurable, and the cause of
the most excruciating pains, Chiron beg-

S^ Japiter to deprive him of immortality,
is prayers were heard, and he was piac-
«d by the god among the constellations,
under the name of Sagittarius.

CntoB. a surname of Ceres at Athens.
Her yearly festivals, called Chloeia, were
celebrated with much mirth and rejoicing,
and a ram was always sacrificed to her.

CHboaBut, a priest of Cybele, who
came with iEneas Into Italy, and was
killed by Tumus.— —Another, &c.

CHLoaiB, the goddess of flowers, who

married Zei^yms. A daughter of Am-

phion, who named Neleua king of Pylos,

by whom she had one daughter and twelve
sons, who all, except Nestor, were killed
by Hercules.

CHLoRua, a river of Cilicia. Con-

stantine, one of the Cesars, in Dloele-
sian's age, who reigned two year* after
the emperor's abdication, and died July
25, A. D. 306.

CHOAaiiTA, a country near India, reduc-
ed by Craterus.

Choaspbb, a son of Pbasis, &c. An

Indian river. A river of Media, flow-
ing into the Tigris, and now called Jr»-
nui. Its waters are so sweet ^at the
kings of Persia drank no other.

Oho BUS, a river of Colchis.

Chcxbadbs and Phabos, two iilands op-
posite Alexandria in Egypt. Others in

the Euxine sea. An island in the Io-
nian sea, or near the Hellespont.

Chsbilus, a tragic poet of Athens, wJio
wrote one hundred and fifty tragedies, of

which thirteen obtained the prize. An

historian of Samos.-r— Two other poets,
one of whom was very intimate with He-
rodotus. The other Vi^as one of Alexan-
der's flatterers and friends, and a poor
writer.

Chixbbjb, a place of Bcsotia.

Chonitidas, a man made preceptor to
Theseus, by hia grandfather Pittheus king
of Trmzene.

Chokitphis, an Egyptian prbphet.

Ch(>«asmi, a people of Asia near the
Oxus.

Chobiskus, a man killed in the Rutn-

lian war.— Another. A priest with

i£neas.

CHOBfRBns, a man of Elis, who obtained

a prize the first olympiad. A youth of

Mygdonia, who was enamored of Cassan-
dra.

CHoaoMifjEi, a peojde subdued by Ni-
nus.

Chosbobs, a king of Persia, in Justin-
ian's reign.

Chrembs, a sordid old man, mentioned
in Terence's- Andria.

Chbbmetbs, a river of Libya.

CHRE9iPH0!f, an architect of Diana's
temple in Ephesus.

Chre(phoi«tes, a son of Aristomachusi
Vul, Aristodemha.

Ghbbstus, an approved writer of Ath-
ens.

Chromia, a daughter of Itonus.

Chromios, a son of Neleus and Cblo-
ris, who, with ten brothers, was killed in

a battle by Hercules. A son of Priam,

killed by Diomedes.

Chromib, a captain in the Trojan war.

A young shepherd. A Phrygian,

killed by Camilla. A son of Hercules.

Chromius, a son of Pterilaus. An

Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, surviv-
ed a battle between three hundred of his
countrymen and three hundred Spartans.

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118

- Chror iu«, a man wlio built a temple of
Diana at OiphomenoB. '

CHaoifos, the Greek name of Saturn, or
tiine.

Chrt ASUS, a king of Argus, descended
from Inachus.

Chkysa and Crrtss, a, town of Cilicia,
Ikmous fw a temple of Apollo Smintheus.

A daughter of Halmus, mother of

Phlegias by Mars.

CHRrsAMB, a Tbessallan, priestess of
Diana Trivia. She fed a bull with poison,
which she sent 'to the enemies of her
country, who eat the flesh and became
delirious, and were an easy conqueit.

Chrtsaictas, a man who refrained from
killing another, by hearing a dog bark.

Chrtsakthi us, a philosopher in the age
of Julian.

Cmrtsahtis, a nymph who told Cere^,
when she was at Argos with Pelasgus,
that her daughter had been earrftd away.

CHRrsAOR, a son o( Medusa by Nep-
tune. He married Callirhoe, one of the
Oeeanides, by whom he had Geryon,

Echidna, and the Chimeera. A rich

king of Iberia.~~>A son of Glaucus.

Chrtsaorkus, a surname of Jupiter,
. from his temple at Stratonice.

Chrtsaoris, a town of Cilicia.

Chrtsas, a river of Sicily.

Chrtseis, the daughter of Chryses.

Chrvsxrmus, a Corinthian, who wrote
an history of Peloponnesus, and of InUia,
besides a treatise on rivers.

Chrtses, the priest of Apollo, fkther of

Astynome, called from him Cferysew.

A daughter of Minos.

Chrtsifpe, a daughter of Danaus.

Chrtsippus,- a nuural son of Pelops,
highly favored by his fotber, for which
Hippodamia, his step-'mother, ordered her
own eons, Atreus and Thveetes, to kill
him, and to throw his body into a well,
on account of which they wove banished.

A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, who

wrote about three hundred and eleven
treatises. He died through excess of wine,
or as others say, fVem laughing too much
on seeing an ass eating tigs on a silver
plate, 907 B. C. in the eightieth year of
his age. A freedmaa of Cicero.

Chrtsis, a mistress of Demetrius.— »
A priestess (rf* Juno at-Mycenn.

Chrvsoaspides, soldiers in the armies
of Persia, whose arms were all covered
with silver.

. CHRvsoGoifnt, a flreedman of Bylla.'—
A celebrated singer in Donritian*s reign.

Chrtsolaus, a tyrant of Methymna.

CnaTsoiTDiVM, a town of Macedonia.

CHarsopoLis, a promontory and port of
Asia.

Chrtsorrhojk, a people in whose coun-
try are golden streams.

Chrtsorhoas, a river of Peloponnesus.

Chrtsostom, a bishop of Constantino-

ple, who died A. D. 407, in his fifty-4bii4
year.

Chrtsothsmis, a name given by Ho-
mer to Iphigenia, daughter of Agamem-
non and Clytemnestra. A Cretan, who

first obtained the poetical prize at the
Pythian gauges.

Cmrtxus, a leader of the Boii, grand-
son of Brennus, who took Borne.

Chthoztia, a daughter of Erechtheus^
who married Butes.-— A surname of Ce-
res, from a temple built to her by Chtho-
nia, at Hermione.

CHTHoif lus, a centaur, killed by Nestor

in a battle at the nuptials of Pirithoua.

One of the soldiers who sprang from the
dragon's teeth,' sown by Cadmus.^^A
son of iEgyptus and Calliadne.

Chitrium, a name given to part of the
town of Ciazomena). *

CiBALjB, now SvtM, a town of Panno-
nia.

CiBARiTBs, a country of Asia.

CiBVRA now HitrMii, a town of Phrygia
of Carta.

C. CicxR*iD8, a secretaiT of Bcipto Af-
ricanns, who obtained a triumph overtbo
Corsicans.

M. T. CicxRo, bom at Arpinum, was
son of a Roman knight, and^ lineally de-
scended from the ancient kings of the 8a-
bines. His mother's name was Helvia.
After displaying many promising abilities
at school, he was taught philosophy by Piso,
and law by Mutius Scevola; he was natur-
ally of a weak and delicate constitution,and
he visited Greece on account of his health ;
though, perhaps, the true cause of his ab-
sence from Rome might be attributed to
his fear of Sylla. Bin fHends were
anxious for his return ; and when at last
he obeyed their solicitations, he applied
himself with uncommon dili{[^nce to ora-
tory, and was soon distinguished above
all the speakers of his age in the Roman
forum. After he had pamed through the
offices of edile and pretor, he stood a can-
didate for the consulship, A. U. C. 691 ;
and the patricians and the plebeiahB were
eqoally anxious to raise him to that dig-
nity, against tbe efforts and bribery of
Catiline. Catiline, with many dissolute
and desperate Romans, had conspired
against their country, and combined to
murder Cicero hineeif. In this dilemma,
Cicero, in fUll senate, accused Catiline
of treason against the state ; but as bis
evidence was not clear, his efforts were
unavailing. He, however, stood upon his
guard, and bv the information of his
friends, his life was saved firom the dag-
ger of Marcius and Cethegus, whom Cat-
Dine had sent to assassinate him. After
nils, Cicero commanded Catiline, in the
senate, to leave the city ; and this despe-
rate conspirator marched out in triumph to
meet the twenty thousand men who waie

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119

uiembled to rapport hif cause. Tbelteu-
tenaot of C. Antony, the othor contul, de-
feated them in Gaul : and Cicero, at Kome,
pQiiisbed tbe rest or the conspirators with
death. After this memorable deliverance,
Cicero was styled Tlu father of kit country,
and « second founder qJT Rome. The ve-
hemence with which he had attacked
Clodius, proved uoOurlous to him; and
when his enemy was made tribune, Ci-
cero was banished from Rome, though
twenty thousand young men were sup-
iwrters of his innocence. Wherever he
went, he was received with the highest
marks of approbation and reverence ; and
wben tbe faction had subsided at Rome,
the whole senate and people were unani-
mous for his return. Alter sixteen montliB
absence, be entered Rome with universal
mtisfaction. After much hesitation dur-
ing tbe civil commotions between Cssar
and Pompey, he joined himself to the
latter, and followed him to Greece. When
victoiy had declared in fovor of Cesar, at
the battle of Pharsalia, Cicero went to
Brunduaium, and was reconciled to the
conqueror, who treated him with great
humanity. When Cesar had been stab-
bed in tbe senate, Cicero recommended a
general amnesty, and was the most earn-
est to decree the provinces to Brutus and
Tassius. But when he sayv the interest
of Cesar's murderers decrease, and Anto-
nv come into power, he retirea to Athens.
He floon after returned, but lived in per-
petual fear of assassination. Augustus
courted tbe approbation of Cicero, and ex-
pressed his wish to be his colleague in
the consulship. |*;|t^his wis]i was not
liacere : he sOon forgot hie former profes-
■ioDaof^ friendship: and wben the two
eoniQls bad been killed at Mutina. Au-
Kuatus Joined his interest to that of An-
^y, and the triumvirate was soon after
formed.. The great enmity which Cicero
owe to wAntony was Attal to him ; and
Attgtistus, Antony, and Lepidus, the tri-
umvirs, to destroy all cause of quaml,
«Dd each to dispatch his enemies, produc-
ed their list of proscription. About two
hundred were doomed to death, and Cice-
ro was among tbe number upon the list
of Antony. Augustus yielded a man to
J^om he partly owed his greatness, and
Cicero was Vu^Bued by the emissaries
of Antony, among whom was Popilius,
^bou he had defended upon an accusa-
«on of parricide. He had fled in a litter
towards the sea of Caieta ; and When the
'"WMsins came uptoliim, he put his head
'Nil of the titter, and it was severed from
the body by Herennius. This memorable
^vent happened in December, 43 B. C. af-
ter the enjoyment of life for sixty-three
yews, eleven months, and five days. The
^niiiK and the abilities of Cicero have
o^n the admiratioii of every 0ige and

coantiy, and his style has always been ac-
counted as the standard of pure latinity,

Marcus, the son of Cicero, disgraced

his father's virtues, and was fond of
drinking.— -duintos, the brother of the '
orator, was Cesar's lieutenant in Gaul,
and proconsul of Asia for three years.

CicsRORifl TiuLA, a placo nefur Pi|teoli
in Campania.

CicHvais, a town of Epirus.

Ci coif as, a people (^ Thrace near the
Hebrus.

CicoTA, an old avaricious usurer.

CiLioiA, a country of Asia Minor, on
the sea coast, at the north of Cyprus, the
south of mount Taurus, and the west of .
the Euphrates. The country w as opulent,
and was governed by kings, under some
of the Roman emperors ; but reduced into

a province by Vespasian. Part of the

country between .£olia and Troas.

C I LI as A, a town of Phrygia.

CiLix, a son of PhcBnix, who after seek-
ing in vain his sister Europe, settled in a
country to which he gave the name of
Cilicia.

CiuLA, a town of AfHca Propria.———
A town of iEolia— of Troas.

Ciixas, a general of Ptolemy, conquered
by Demetrius.

Ciixus. a charioteer of Pelope, in whose
honor a city was built.

CiLHius, the surname of Mecenas.

CiLo. Jun. an oppreaiive governor of*
Bithynia and Pontus.

CiMBaa, Tcix. one of Cesar% mur-
derers. He laid hold of the dictator's
robe, which was a signal for the rest to
strike.

CiMBKaios, a chief of the Buevi.

CiMBai, a people of Gerpaany.

CiMBRicDM BsuLDM, was bogun by the
Clmbri and Teutones, by an invasion of
the Roman territories, B. C. 109. These
barbarians were so courageous, and even
desperate, that they fastened their first
ranks each to tbe other, with cords. In
the first battle thev destroyed eighty thou-
sand Romans, under the Consuls Manlius
and Servilius Ca;pio. The war was fin-
ished by a very bloody engagement in the
consulship of Marius.

CiMi If us, now VUerbe, a lake and moun-
tain of Etruria.

CiMM£Rii, a people near the Palus Mos-
Otis, who invaded Asia Minor, and seized
upon the kingdom of Cyaxares. An-
other nation on the western coast of Italy,
generally imagined to nave lived in caves
near the sea-shore of Campania, and there,
in concealing themselves from the light or
the Sun, to have made their retreat the re»-
ceptacle of their plunder.

CiMMBRis^ a town of Troas, formerly
called Edonis.

CiMMKRiDM, now Oun, a town of Taa-
rica Chersonesua.

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120

CiMoLis and Cizrous, a town of PapV
lasonia.

CiMOLua, nov jfr^0nti«ra, an island in
the Cretan sea, producing chalk and ful-
ler's earth.

Ciuoif, an Athenian, son of Miltiades
and Hegisipyle, fkmous fur his debauche-
ries in his youth, and the reformation of
his morals when arrived to years of dis-
cretion. He tiehaved with great courage
at the battle of Salamis, and rendered
himself popular by his munificence and
valor. He died as he was besieging the
town of Citium in Cyprus, B. C. 449, in
the fifty-first year of his age. He may be
called the last of the Greeks, whose spirit
and boldness defeated the armies of the

barbarians. An Athenian, father of

Miltiades. A Roman, supported in

prison by the milk of his dau^iter.

An Athenian, who wrote an account of
the war of the Amazons against his coun-
try.

CiirjKTHoif, an ancient poet of Laeede-
mon.

CiNARADAs, one of the descendants of
Cinyras, who presided over the ceremo-
nies of Venus at Paphos.

CiNciA LKx, was enacted by M. Cinci-
us, tribune of the people, A. U. C. 5^^
By it no man was permitted to take anj^
money as a gift or a fee in judging a cause.

L. Q,. CiMciNNATus, a celebrated Ro-
man, who was informed, as he ploughed
his field, that the senate had chosen him
dictator. Upon this be left his ploughed
land with regret, and repaired to the field
of battle, where his countrymen were
closely besieged by the Volsci and ^qui.
He conquered the enemy and returned to
Rome in triumph ; and sixteen days after
his appointment, he laid down his office,
and retired back to plough his fields. He
flourished about four hundred and six^
years before Christ.

L. Ciwcius AuMEifTUi, a prtetor of Si-
cily in the second Punic war. — ^Marcus,
a tribune of the peofde, A. U. C. 549, au-
thor of the Cincia lex.

CiKKAs, a Thessalian, minister and
friend to Pyrrhus king of Epirus. He
was sent to Rome by his master to sue for
a peace, which he, however, could not

obtain. A king of Thessaly. An

Athenian, &c.

CiNEtiAs, a Greek poet of Thebes in
Bceotia.

CiNBTHoir, a Spartan, who wrote gene-
alogical poems.

CiifOA, now Cinea. a river of Spain.
.CiNOETORix, a prince of Gaul, in alli-
ance with Rome. A prince of Britain,

who attacked Cesar's camp.

CiffouLUM, now CingoU, a town of Pi-
cenum, whose inhabitants are called GbH'
gviamL

Cm I ATA« ai»lace of Galatia.

CiifiTRii, ft people of Africa.

L. Corn. Cinna, a Roman who Op-
pressed the republic with bli crueitiot,
and was banished by Oclavius, for at-
tempting to make the fugitive slavev free.
One of Cesar's murderers.- "

Ilelvius Cinna, a poet intimate With Ce-
sar. He went to attend the obsequies of
Cesar, and being mistaken by the popu-
lace for the other Cinna, be was torn to

pieces. A grandson of Pompey. He

conspired against Augustus, who pardcm-
ed him, and made him one of bis moat in-
timate fViends. A town of Italy taken

by the Romans from the Samniteo.

CiNifADoif, a Lacedemonian youth,
who resolved to put to death the Ephori,
and seize upon the sovereini power. His
conspiracy was discovered, and he was
put to death.

CitTifAMcs, a hair-dresser at Rome.

CiNNiANA, a town of l^usitania, famoua
for the valor of its citizens.

CiNxiA, a surname of Juoo, who pre-
sided over marriages.

CifiiYvt and CiifrvHus, a river, and
country of Africa near the Gararaantes,
whence Cinyphius.

' CirrvRAs, a king of Cypnis, son of Pa-
phus, who married Cencnreis, by whom
he had a daughter called Myrrha. He was
so rich that his opulence became pro-
verbial. lA son of Laodice.— — -A man

who brought a colony from Syria to Cy- ^
pnis.-— A Ligurian, wlio aisin^ iBneaa
against Tumus.

Cios, a river of Thrace. A oomner-

cial plaice of Phrygia.— — The name of
three citiecrla Bithyni^^

Cr»pu8, a nohle -Roman, wlio. as he re-
turned home victorious, was told that if
he entered the city he must reign there.
Unwilling to enslave his eountiy, he as-
sembled the senate without the walls, and
banished himself for ever from tlie city,
and retired to live up<m a single acre or
ground.

CiRCJKUM, now CircelUy a prommitory
of lAtium, near a small town called Or-
cciL at the south of the Pontine marshes.

Circe, a daughter of Sol and Varsefs,
celebrated for her knowledge of magic and
venomous herbs. She was sister to .fetes
king of Colchis, and 1*asiphao the wife of
likfinos. She married a Sarmatian prinre
of Colchis, whom she mardered to obtain
his kingdom. - She was expelled by her
subjects, and ^Carried by her fluher upon
the coasts of Italy, in an Island called

CiRCXNIEII LDDf, t .

the circus at Rome. They w«re in hnita-
tion of the Olympian lOines tmang the
Greeks, and, by wi^ <^ eminence, were
often called (be treat aamea^ The cele-
bration continued 0^0 days, beginaiag oa
the fifteenth of fieptembor, Sonia soa-

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f ^ts and skirmishes, called fay the Ro-
mtafl Naumacbiae, were aderwards ex<
hibked in the circus.

Cimcius, a part of mount Taunia. A

rapid and tempestuous wind frequent in
Gallia Narbonensis, and unlcnown in any
other country.

CiRcuM PADAifi AtfRi, the country aroand
the river Po.

CiKcus, a, large and elegant building at
Rome, where plays and shows were ex-
hibited. There were about eight at Rome ;
the first, called Mazimus Circus, was the
grandest, raised and embellished by Tar-
quin Priscus.

CiRis, the name of Scylla daughter of
NisQS, who was changed into a bird.

CiKR.«ATUM, a place near Arpinvm,
where C. Marius lived when young.

CiRBHA and CvRRHA, a town of Phocis,
at the foot of t*arna&sus, where Apollo
was worshipped.

CiRTHA and CiRTA,atown of Numidia.

CisALPiNA Gallia, a part of Gaul, call-
ed also Citerior and Togata.

CispAOANA Gallia, a part of ancient
9aul, south of the Po.

CisRHSRANi, part of the Germans who
ived nearest Some, on the west of the
Rhine.

CissA, a river of Pontua. An island

lear Istria;

Cisssis, a patronymic given to Hecuba
as daughter of Cissens.

Ciss£us, a king of Thrace, fathw to He-
cuba, according to some authors. A

son of Melampas, killed by vEneas. A

son of iGgyptus.

C I SSI A, a country of Susiana, of which
Sosa was the capital.

Oissif, some gates in Babylon. %

CissiDEs, a general of Dionysius sent
with nine gallies to assist the Spartans,
&c.

CfssoEssA, a fountain of BoBOtia.

Cissus, a mountain of Macedonia. A

city of Thrace. A man who acquainted

Alexander with the flight of flarpalus.

CissusA, a fountain where Bacchuawas
washed when young.

CisTRif A, a town of iGolia. A town

ofLycia.

CiTHJBRotT. a king who gave his name
to a mountatpi of Bflsotia, situate at the
south of Uie river Asopus, and sacred to
Japiter and the Muses.

CiTHARisTA, a promontory of Gaul.

CiTiuM, now Chitti, a town of Cyprus,
where Cimon died in his expedition against
Egypt.

CiDs, « town of Mysift.

J. CfviLis, a powerful Batavian, who
nised a sedition against Galba.

CizTCTTM, a city of Asia in the Propon-
tis, the same as Cyzicus.

Cladeus, a river of Elis.

CuuxiMt a liver falling into the later.

Clawts, a centaur killed by Thesena.

Clanius, or Cla:«is, a riVer of Campa*
nia — of £truria, now CHana.

Clarus, or Claros, a town of Ionia, fa-
mous for aa-oracle of Apollo. An is-
land of the iEgean, between Tenedos and
Scios.- ■ One of the companions of
i£neas.

Clastioium, now ScAuifetzo, a town of
Ldguria. A village of Gaul.

Claudia, a patrician family at Rome,<
descended from Clausus a king of the Sa-
bines. It gave birth to many illustrioua
patriots in the republic.

Claudia, a vestal virgin accused of in-
continence. She proved her innocence by
removing a ship which had brought the
image of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in

one of the shallow places of the river.

A step-daughter of M. Antony, whom Au-
gustus married. The wife of the poet

Statins. A daughter of Appius Clau-
dius, betrothed to Tib. Gracchus. The

wife of Metellus Celer. A town of No-

ricum. A Roman road, which led from

the Milvian bridjfe to the Flamininn way.

A tribe which received its name from

Appius Claudius. Q,Hinta, a daughter

of Appius Ckcus, whose statue in the ves-
^ulum of Cvbele's temple was unhurt
when that edifice was reduced to ashes.

Antonia, a danghterof the emperor

Claudius, killed by Nero.

Claudia lrx, the title of several laws,
De ComituSf de uswa^ de neirotiatimiey &c.

CLAUDiie A<iujE, the first water brought
to Rome by means of an aqueduct of
eleven miles, erected A. U. C. 441.

Claudia ivus, a celebrated poet of Alex*
andria in Egypt.

Claudiopolis, a town of Capnadocia.

Claudius L (Tiber. Drusus Nero) son
of Drusus, Livia*s second son, succeeded
as emperor of Rome, after the murder of
Caligula, whose memory he endeavored
US annihilate. He was at last poisoned by
his wife Agrippina, who wished to raise
her son Nero to the throne. Ue died in
the sixty-third year of his age. ■ The
second emperor of that name, was a Dal-
matian, who Succeeded Gallienus. His
character was marked with bravery, and
tempered with justice and benevolence.

Nero, a consul with Li v. Salinator,

who defeated and killed Asdnibal, near

the rtver Metaurum. Thcyfather of the

emperor Tiberius. Polios, an historian.

Pontius, a general of the Samnites,

who conquered the Romans at Furcie Cau-

diniB. Petilius, a dictator. ^yVppius,

an orator. App. Ctecus, a RomaDi cen»

sor, who built an aqueduct, A. U. C. 441,
Which brought water to Rome from Tus-
culum, at the distance of seven or eight

miles. A praetor of Sicily. PuWuis,

a great enemy to Cicero. Pulcher, a

consul, wh©, when consulting the sacreo

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122

chiekens, oidered them to be dipped in
water, because they would not eat. He
was unsuccessful In his expedition, and

disgraced on his return to Rome. The

name of Claudius is common to many Ro-
man consuls, and other officers of state ;
but nothing is recorded Qf them,, and their
name is but barely mentioned.
' Clatibhus, an obscure poet in Juve-
nal's age.

Clatiobr, a surname of Janus, from
his befng represented with a key. Hercu-
les received also that surname, as he was
armed with a eiuA.

Clausius, or Ctusius, a surname of
Janus.

Clausus, or CLAUDM71, a king of the
Sabines, who assisted Tumus against

Clazomenjb and Clazomsiva, now
Vmurlaj a city of Ionia, on the coasts of
the iEgean sea, between Smyrna and
Chios.

Clbadas, a man of Platea, who raised
tombs over those who had been killed in
the battle against Mardonius.

Clsandkb. one of Alexander's officers,
who killed Parmenio by the king's com-
mand. The first tyrant of Gela. A

soothsayer of Arcadia. A favorite of

the emperor Commodus, who was put to
death, A. D. 190.

CLEANDRiDAs,a Spartan general. A

man punished with death for bribing two
of the Ephori.

Clkai«i-R£s, a stoic philosopher of As-
Bos in Troas, successor of Zeno. Out of
respect for his virtues, the Roman senate
raised a statue to him in Assos. It it said
that he starved himself in his ninetieth
year, B. C. 940.

Clsarchus. a tyrant of Heraclea in Pon-
tuB, who was killed during the celebration
of the' festivals of Bacchus, after the en-
joyment of the sovereign power during

twelve years, 353 B. C ^The second

tyrant of Heraclea of that name, died B. C.

S^.T A Lacedaemonian sent to quiet

the Byzantines. He was recalled, but
refused to obey, and fled to Cyrus the
younger, who made him captain of thir-
teen thyusand Greek soldiers. He ob-
tauied a victory over Artaxerxes, who was
80 enraged at the defeat, that when Clear-
chos fell into his hands, by the treachery
of Tissaphemes. he put him to immediate

death. A disciple of Aristotle, who

wrote a treatise on tactics.

Clkaridss, a son of Cleonymus, gov-
ernor of Amphipolis.

C1.BMEN8 RoMANus, one of the fathers
of the chil^ch, said to be contemporary

with St. Paul. Anotjier of Alexandria.

A senator who favored the party of

Niger against Severtis.

Clemsivtia, one of the virtues to whom
the Romans paid adoration.

Cleo, a (Sicilian am&ng Alexander'!
flatterers.

Cleobis and Biton, two youths, sons
of Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos.
When oxen could not be procured to draw
their mother's chariot to the temple of
Juno, they put themselves under the yoke,
and drew it forty-five stadia to the tem-
ple, amidst the acclamations of the multi-
tude. Cydippe entreated the goddess to
reward the piety of her sons with the best
gift that could be granted to a mortal*
They went to rest, and awoke no more.

Cleobula, the wife of Amyntor. A

daughter of Boreas and^ Orithya. called

also Cleopatra. A woman, mother of a

son cijled Euripides, by Apollo. An-
other who bore Cepheus and Am{>hida-
mus to ^geus. The mother of Pithos.

Cleobulina, a daughter of Cleobulus,
remarkable for her genius, learning, judg-
ment, and courage.

Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men
of Greece. He died in the seventieth year

of his age, B. C. 564; An histraian.

One of the Ephori.

Cleochares, a man sent by Alexander
to demand Porus to surrender.

Cleocharia, the mother of Eurotas.

Cleodaus, a son of Hyllus.

Cleodamus, a Roman general under
Gallienus.

Cleodemus, a physician.

Cleodora, a nymph, mother of Parnas-
sus. One of the Danaides.

Cleodoxa, a daughter of Niobe and
Amphion, changed into a stone.

Cleooenes, a son of Silenus.

Cleolaus, a son of Hercules, by Ar-
gele.

Cleomachub, a boxer of Magnesia.

Cleomahteb, a Lacediemonian sooth-
sayer.

Cleohbrotus, son of Pausanias, a king
of Sparta, after his brother Agesipolis 1st.
He was killed in the engagement at Leuc-
tra, and his eu'my destroyed, B. C. 371.

A son-in-law of Leonidas king of

Sparta, who, for a while, usurped the
kmgdom, after tlie expulsion of his father-
in-law. A youth of Ambracia.

Cleomsdes, a famous athlete of Asty-
palaea, above Crete. Divine honors were
p^d to him after his death.

Cleomenss Ist, king of Sparta, con-
quered the Argives, and freed Athens from
the tyranny of the Pisistratide. He killed

himself in a fit of madness, 491 B. C.

The second, succeeded his brother Ai^esi-
polis Sd. He reigned ^sixty-one years in

the ^eatest tranquillity. The third,

succeeded his father Leonidas. He made
war against the Acheans, and attempted
to destroy their league. Aratus, the gen-
eral of the Acheans, who supposed him-
self inferior to his enemy, called Antigo-
nus to his assistance 3 and Cleomene^,

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when he had fought the unfortunate bat-
tle of Sellaski, B. C. 2^, retired into Egypt,
to the court of Ptolemy Evergetes. Ptole-
my received him with great cordiality;
but hia successor Soon expressed his jeal-
ousy of this noble stranger, and imprison-
ed him. Cleomenes killed himself, B. C.
219.

Clbow, an Athenian, who, though ori-
ginally a taniier, became general of the
armies of the state, by his intrigues and
eloquence. He was killed at Amphipolis,
in a battle with Brasidas the Spartan gen-
eral, 423 B. C. A general of Messenia.

A statuary. A poet who wrote a

poem on the Argonauts. An orator of

Halicarnassus. A Sicilian, one of Al-

eiander's flatterers. A tyrant of Si-

cyon A friend of Phocion.

Clbo!i.b and Cleona., a village of Pelo-
ponnesus, between Corinth and Argos.
— -A town of Phocis.

Clboive, a daughter ofAsopua.

Clsonica, a virgin of Byzantium, acci-
dentally killed by Pausanias. Cleonica
often appeared to him, and he was anx-
ious to make a proper expiation to her
manes.

CLBoificus, a fireedman of Seneca.

CLcoifNis. a Messenian, who disputed
with Aristoaemoa for the sovereign power
of his country.

CLsoifrMus, a son of Cleomenes 2d,
who called Pyrrhus to hia as&istance, be-
cause Areus hia brother's son, had been
preferred to him in the succession ; but
the measure was unpopular, and even
the women united to repel the foreign

prince. A general who assisted the

Tarentines, and was conquered by iGmyl-

iasthe Roman conaul. A person so

cowardly that CUonymo Umidior became
proverbial.

Clcopater, an officer of Aratus.

Cleopatra, the grand -daughter of At-
talus, betrothed to Philip of Macedonia,
after he had divorced Olymplas. When
Philip was murdered by Pausaniaa, Cleo-
patra was seized by order of Olymplas,
and put to death. A sister of Alexan-
der the Great. A daughter of Boreas.

——A 'daughter of Idas and Marpessa.
One of the Danaides. A daugh-
ter of Amyntas of Ephesus.^- A sister of

Mithridates. A daughtef of Tros and

Callirhoe. A daughter of .Ptolemy Phil-

ometor. A wife and sister of Ptolemy

Everi>etes. A queen of Egypt, celebrat-
ed for her beauty and her cunning. As
she had supported Brutfls, Aptony, in his
expedition to Parthia, summoned her to
appear before him. She arrayed herself
in the most magnificent apparel, and ap-
peared btffore her Judge in the most cap-
tivating attire.: Her artifice succeeded ;
Antony became enamoured of her, and
publicly married berj forgetful of liia oon-

nexlona with Octavia, the sister of Au-
gustus. This behaviour was the cause
of a rupture between Augustus and An-
tony ; and these two celebrated Romans
met at Actium, where Cleopatra, by fly-
ing with sixty sail, ruined the interest of
Antony, and he was defeated. Cleopatra
had retired to Egypt, where soon after
Antony followed her. Antony killed
himself upon the false information that
Cleopatra was dead ; and as his wound
was not mortal, he was carried to the
queen, who drew him np by a cord from
one of the windows of the monument,
where she had retired and concealed her-
self. Antony soon after died of his
wounds ; and Cleopatra destroyed her-
self by the bite of an asp, not to fall into
the conqueror's hand. Cleopatra was a
voluptuous and extravagant woman, and
in one of the feasts she gave to Antony at
Alexandria, she melted pearls into hrr
drink to render her entertainment more
sumptuous and expensive. She died B.
C. 30 years, after a reign of SM years, aged
39. Egypt became a Roman province at

her death. A daughter of Ptolemy

Epiphanes.

Clbopatbis or Arbinob, a fortified
town of Egypt on the Arabian gulf.

Clbophanes, an orator.

CLEOPHAiTTHUt, a SOU of Themistocles,
famous for his skill in riding.

Clbophbs, a queen of India.

Ci.EoPHOL.ua, a Samian who wrote an
account of Hercules.

Cleophon , a tragic poet of Athens.

Cleophylui, a man whose posterity
saved the poems of Homer.

Cleopompus, an Athenian, wbo took
Thronium, and conquered the Locriana,
&c.— ~A man who married the nymph
Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus.

Cleoptolbmub, a man of Chalcto;
whose daughter was given in marriage to
Antiochus.

Cleopus, a Son of Codrus.

Cleora, the wife of Agesilaua.

Clbostratvs, a youth devoted to be
sacrificed to a serpent, among the Thes-
pians, Set. An ancient philosopher and

astronomer of Tenedos.

Cleoxenvs, wrote an history of Persia.

CLEPtTDBA, a fountain of Messenia.

Cleri, a people of Attica.

Clesiobs, a Greek painter, about 976
years before Christ.

OLE'i'A and PHASirirA, two of the
Graces, according to some.

Clidemus, a Greek who wrote the his-
tory of Attica.

Climax, a pass of mount Taurus.

Climenus, a descendant of Hercules.

Clin I AS, a Pythagorean philosopher.

A son of Alciblades. The fhther of

Alcibiades. The ihther of Aratus, kill-
ed B. C. S»3 A friend, of Sokm.

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Clinifpioss, an Athenian general in
Leabos.

Cllncb of Cos, was ^neral of 7,000
Greeks, in the pay of king Nectanebus.
He was killed with some of his troops,
by Nicostratus and the Argives, as he
passed the Nile.

Clio, the first of the Muses, daughter
of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided
over history. She is represented crowned
with laurels, holding in one hand a trum-
pet, and a book in the other. One of

Gyrene's nymphs.

CLiBiTHsaA, a daughter of Idomeneus,
murdered by Leucus.

Clisthcnbs, the last tyrant of Sicyon.
— An Athenian of the family of Alcmie-

on. An effeminate and incontinent

person. An orator.

Clita, a people of Cilicia.— — A place
near mount Athos.

Clitarchus, a man who made himself
absolute at Eretria, by means of Philip of
Macedonia. He was ejected by Phocion.
An historian, who accompanied Al-
exander the Great.

Clit£, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung
herself when she saw her husband dead.

Clitcrivia, a town of Italy.

Clitooemus, an <incient writer.

Clitomachus, a Carthaginian philoso-
pher. An athlete of a modest counte-
nance and behavior.

Clitohtmus, wrote a treatise on Syba-
ris and Italy.

Clitophoiv, h man of Rhodes, who
wrote an history of India.

Clitor, a son of Lycaon. A son of

Azan, who founded a city in Arcadia,
called after his name.— —A river of Arca-
dia.

Clitoria, the wife of Cimon the Athe-
nian.

Clitumnus, a river of Campania, whose
waters, when drunk, made oxen white.

Coitus, a fkmiliar friend and foster-
brother of Alexander. Alexander killed
him with a javelin, in a fit of anger, at a

feast. A commander of Polyperchon's

ships, defeated by Antigonus. A Tro-
jan prince, killed by Teucer. A disci-
ple of Aristotle.

CLOAcitfA, a goddess at Rome, who
presided over the Cloacie.

Clo Air THUS, one of the companions of
/Bneas.

Clodia, the wife of LucuUas, repudi-
ated for her lasciviousness. An opulent

matron at Rome. A vestal virgin.

Another of the same family. A woman

who married Q,. Metellus, and afterwards
disgraced herself.

Clodia lex, the title of several laws,
de C3rpro, de Magistratibus, de Religione,
de Provinciis, &c.

Clodii roRcif, a town of Italy.

Pb. Clodius, a Roman descended fiom I

an illustrious family, and remarkable for
his licentiousness, avarice, and ambition.
He was an enemy to Cato, and was also
an inveterate enemy to Cicero j and by
his influence, he banished him fVom
Rome. In spite of Clodius, Cicero wa»
recalled, and all his goods restored to him.
Clodius was some time afler murdered by
-Licinius, wrote an history of

iluirinalis, a rhetorician in
Sextus, a rhetorician of

Milo.-
Rome.-
Nero*s age.-
Sfcily,

Clcelia, a Roman virgin given with
other maidens as hostages to Porsenna
king of Etruria. She escaped from l^i
couBneinent, and swam across the Tiber
to Rome. Her unprecedented virtue wav
rewarded by her countrymen, with an

equestrian statue in the Via Sacra. A

patrician family descended from Clcelius,
one of the companions of iEneas.

Cloeli.s foss.v, a place near Rome.

Clcelius- Gracchus, a general of the
Volsci and Sabines, conquered by Q,. Cin-
cinnatus. Tullus, a Roman ambassa-
dor put to death by Tolumnius king <^
the Veientes.

Clonas, a musician.

Clo HI A, the mother of Nycteus.

Clonius, a BcBotian, who went with 50
ships to the Trojan war. — A Trojan kill-
ed by Messapus in Italy. Another^

killed by Turnus.

Clotho, the youngest of the three Pnr-
cae, daughter of Jupiter and Themis, was
supposed to preside over the moment that
we are born. She held the distaff in her
hand, and span the thread of life.

Cluaciita, a name of Venus.

Cluentius, a Roman citizen, accused
by his mother of having muraefed hia
father, 54 years B C. He was ably de-
fended by Cicero.

Cluilia rossA, a place 5 miles distant
from Rome.

Clupea and Cltpea, now JSkUMa, a
town 22 miles east of Carthage.

Clusia, a daughter of an Etrurian king,
ot whom V. Torquatus the Roman gen-
eral became enamored.

Clusini pontes, baths in Etruria.

Clusium , now Chiusiy a town of Etruria.

Cldsius, a river of Cisalpine Gaul.

The surname of Janus, When his temple
was shut.

Cluvia, a noted debauchee.

Clutius Rukus, a qusstor, A. U.C. 693..
A man of Puteoli appointed by Ce-
sar to divide the lands of Gaul.

Cltmene, a daughter of Oceanus and

Tethys, who married Japetus. One of

the Nereides. A daughter of Mymas,

mother of Atalanta by Jasus. The

mother of Phaeton by Apollo.

Clymeneides, a patronymic given to
Pheton's sisters.

Cltmxiius, a kingof Orchomenos. Ha

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C(E

received a. wound from a stone thrown

by a The{)an. of which he died. One

of the descendants of Hercules. A son

of Phoroneus. A king of Elis. — ; — A

son of CBneus king of Calydon.

Cltsontmus, a son of Amphidamas,
killed by Patroclus.

Clttsmnestra, a daughter of Tynda-
rus king of Sparta, by Leda, who married
Agamemnon king of Argos. When Aga-
memnon went to the Trojan war, he left
his cousin iEgysthus to take care of his
wife, of his fiunily, and all his domestic
affairs. In the absence of Agamemnon,
yEgystbuB made his court to Clytemnes-
Cra, and publicly lived with her. Her in-
fidelity reached the ears of Agamemnon
before the walls of Troy, and he resolved
to take full revenge upon the adulterers
at his return. He was prevented from
putting his schemes into execution ; Cly-
temnestra, with her adulterer, murdered
him at his arrival, as he came out of the
bath. Cassandra, whom Agamemnon had
brought tVom Troy, shared his fate. Aft^r
this n\urder, Clytemnestrm publicly mar-
ried iEgysthus, and he ascended the
throne of Argos. Orestes, after an ab-
sence of seven years, returned to Myce-
nc, resolved to avenge his father's mur-
der. He concealed himself in the house
of his sister Electra, who had been mar-
ried to a person of mean extraction and
indigent circumstances. His death was
publicly announced ; and when iGgystbus
and Clytemnestra repahred to the temple
of Apollo, to return th&nks to the god. for
the death of the surviving son of Aga-
memnon, Orestes, who with his faithful
friend Pyiades, had concealed himself in
the temple, rushed upon the adulterers,
and killed them with his own hand.

Clttia, or Clttik, daughter of Ocean-
us and Tetbys. beloved by Apollo. She

was changed into a sun-flower. A

mother of Pelope, by Tantalus. A

' daughter of Pandarus.

Clvtius, a son of Laomedon by Btrymo.

A youth in the army of Tumus.-^-A

pant, killed by Vulcan. ^Tfae fiitber of

Pireus, who faithfully attended Telema-
chus.^^— A son of iEolus.

Clttus, a Greek in the Trojan war.

CifACApiuM, a mountain of Laconia.

CiTACALis, a mountain of Arcadia.

Cn AoiA, a surname of Diana.

CifXMUi, a Macedonian general.

Cifxos, or CvMV»i a pnenomen common
to many Itomans.

Cifix>iifiu>c,'a name given to a monu-
ment near Ephesus.

CifiDUs and Gw ibcs. a town and prom-
ontory of Doris in Cana.

Giro PUS, one of the descendants of Co-
drus, who went to settle a colony, &c.

CifOMi A, a mistress of Menelaus.

Cnosus. or Gitomus, a town of Crete.
11*

Co, Coos and Cos, now Zta, one of the
Cycladte, situate near the coasts of Asia.
Its chief town is called Cos. It was fa-
mous for its fertility.

Co AM A If I, a people of Asia.

CoASTRjK ai\4 CoACTRji, a people of
Asia.

CoBAaKs, a celebrated magician of Me-
dia. ^

CocALus, a king of Sicily, who hospita-
bly received Daedalus, when he fled be-
fore Minos.

QpccEius NaavA, a friend of Horace

aillt Mecienas. An architect of Rome.

A nephew of Otho.

CoccToius, a mountain of Peloponne-
sus.

CooiitTUM, a promontory of the Brutii,
now cape StUo.

CocLEs, Pub. Horat. a celebrated Ro-
man, who, alone, opposed the whole army
of Porsenna at the head of a bridge, while
his companions behind him were cutting
off the communieation with the other
shore. When the bridge wad destroyed,
Cocles leapt into the Tiber, and swam
across with his arms.

CocTiJc and Cottijk, certain parts ol
the Alps.

CocTTUs, a river of Epiriis. Its ety-
mology, the unwholesomeness of its wa-
ter, ano above all^ its viciiiity to the Ache-
ron, have made the poets call It one of

the rivers of hell. A river of Campa>

nia.

CoDAirus SINUS, one of the ancient
names of the Baltic.

CoDOMANus, a surname of Darius the
third, king of Persia.

CoDRiDJB, the descendants of Codrus.

CoDROFOLis, a town of lUyriium.

Codrus, the seventeenth and last king
of Athena, son of Melanthus. When the
Heradids made war against Athens, the
oracle declared that the victory would be
granted to that nation whose king was
kiUed in battle. The Heraclidv upon this

Siive strict orders to spare the life of Co-
rus ; but the patriotic king disguised him-
self, and attacked one of the enemy, by
whom he was killed. The Athenians ob-
tained the victory, and Codrus was de-
servedly called -the father of his country.

A man who killed Hegesias, tyrant of

Ephesus. A Latin poet. Another,

in the reign of Domitian, whose poverty
became a proverb.

CoeciLii/t, a centurion.

CoELA, a place in the bay of EubOBa.
A part of Attica.

CacLALBTJB, a people of Thrace.

CfELBsraiA and CsLotraiA, a country
of Syria. Its capital was Damascus.

Cosu A, the wife of Sylla. ^

CoELius, a Roman, defended by Cicero.

A generakof Carbo. An orator.

^A Ueutenant of Antony's. Cur-

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126

■or, a Roman ksight. in tlic age of Tibe-
rius. A man, wbo after spending his

all in dissipation and luxury, became a

public robber. A RMnan historian, who

flourished B. C. 121. A hill of Rome.

CfELUs, or Uranus, an ancient deity,
supposed to be the fatlier of Saturn, Ocean-
us, Hyperion, &c. He was son of Terra,
whom he afterwards married. The num-
ber of his children, according to some,
amounted to forty-five. Tbey were called
Titans.

CoBiTus, ah officer of Alexander, son-in-
law to I'armenio.

CcERAifus, a stoic philosopher.—: A

person slain bv Ulysses. A Greek cha-
rioteer to Merlon.

CoKs, a man of Mitylene, made sove-
reign master of his country, by Darius. His
countrymen stoned him to death.

CcEUs, a son of Ccelus and Terra.— ~-A
river of Messenia, flowing by Electra.

CoGAMus, a river of Lydia.

GooiDunus, a king of Britain.

CoHiBDs, a river of Asia near Pontus.

CoHORs, a division in the Roman ar-
mies, consisting of about six hundred men.
It was the sixth part of a legion.

CoLiE#fua, a king of Attica, before the
age of Cecrope.

CoLAXEs, a son of Jupiter and Ora.

CoLAXAis^ oi)e of the remote ancestors
of the Scythians.

CoLCHi, the inhabitants of Colchis.

Colchis and Colchos, a country of
Asia, famous for the expedition of the Ar->
gonauts^ and the birthplace of Medea. It
was fruitful in poisonous herbs, and pro-
duced excellent flax. The inhabitants
- were originally Eeyptians.

CoLsifDA, a town of Spain.

CoLiAs, now ./9j^ MSeolo, a promontory
of Attica.

CoLLATiA, a town on the Anio, built>by
the people orAlba. ,

L. TAR(iniiviu9 CoLLATiNus, a nephew
of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lu-
. cretia, to whom Sext. Tarquin offered vi-
olence. He, with Brutus, drove the Tar-
€[uins from Rome, and were made first
consuls.— ——One of the seven hills of
Rome.

Colli NA, one of the gates of Rome.

A goddess at Rome, who pKsided over
hills. One of the original tribes estab-
lished by Romulus.

CoLLuciA, an infamous woman.

Juir. Colo, a governor of Pontus.

Colon JE, a place of Troas.

Colons, a city of Phocis — of Erythraea —

of Thesaaly — of Messenia. A rock of

Asia, on the Thracian Bosphorus.

CoLONiA AoRippiNA, a City of Germany

on the Rhine, now Cologne. ^The name

of several towns in different parts of the
Roman empire.

CoLoifos, an eminence near Athens,

where a341pd8 retire! during his banish-
ment.

CoLoPHoit, a town of Ionia, vX a small
distance from the sea. It was one of the
cities which disputed for the hohor of
having given birth to Homer.

CoLosSE and Colossis, a large town of
Phrygia, near Loadicea. One of the first
Christian churches was established there,
and one of St. Paul's epistles was address-
ed to it.

Colossus, a celebrated brazen image at
Rhodes, which passed for one of the seven
wonders of the world. Its feet were upon
the two moles which fwmed the entrance
of the harbor, and ships passed UxW sail
brtween its legs. It was one hundred and
five feet high, and every thing in equal
proportion, and few could clasp ronnd ita
thumb. It was the work of Chares, thOi
disciple of Lysippns, and the artist was
twelve years in making it. It was begun
three hundred years before Christ ; and
after it tiad remained unhurt during fifty-
six or eighty-eight years, it was partly de^
molished by an earthquake, 234 B. C.

CoLOTxs, a Teian painter, disciida of

Phidias. A disciple of Epictetua. A

follower of Epicurus.— A sculptor, who,
made a statue of ^sculapius.

CoLPx, a city of Ionia.

CoLUBRARiA, now Jfottttf Colubre, a.
small island at the east of Spain.

CoLUMBA, a dove^e symbol of Venus
among the poets. Doves were supposed
to give oracles in the oaks, of the forest of
Dodona.

Columella, (L. Jun. Moder^us), a
native of Gades, who wrote, among other
works, twelve books on agriculture, of
which, the tenth, on gardening, is in verse.

CoLUMNJi Hkrculis, a name given te
two mountains on the extreraest parts of
Spain and Africa, at the entrance into the

Mediterranean. Protei. the boundariee

of Egypt, or the extent or the kingdom of
Proteus.

CoLUTHus, a native of Lycopolis in
Egypt, who wrote' a short poem on the
rape of Helen, in imitation or Homer*

CoLTTTus, a tribe of Athena.

CoMAOsNA, a part of Syria above CiU'
cia.

CoMAif A, a town of Pontus.— > Another
in Cappadocia, famous for a temide of
Bellona^ where there were above six thon^
sand ministers of both sexes.

CoMANiA, a country of Asia.

CoMAasA, the ancient name of e^w
Comorin In India.

CoMARi, a people of Asia.

Comarus, a port in the bay of Ambracla.

CoMASTus, a place of Persia.

CoMBABus, a favorite of Stratonice, wife
of Antiochus.

^oMBK, a daughter of Ophiua, who first
invented a brazen ault of armor.

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CoMBi, or Ombi, s city of Egypt on the
Nile.

CoMBREA, a town near Pallene.

CoMBUTis, a general under Brennus.

CoMETEs, the father of Asterion, and
one of the Argonauts. One of the Cen-
taurs, killed at the nuptials of Piritbous.

A son of Thestius, killed at the chase

of the Calydonian boar.— One of the

Magi, intimate with Cambyses Ming of
Persia. A son oC Orestes.

CoMETHo, a daughter -of Pterilaus, who
deprived her father of a golden hair in his
bead, upon which depended his fate. Bbe
was put to death by Amphitryon for' her
perfidy.

€L CoMiNius, a Roman knight Who
wrote woam illib«al verses against Tibe-
jias.

CoMiTiA, (oRirM)) an assembly of the
Soman people. The Comitium was a
large hall, which was le|t uncovered at
the top, in the first ages of the republic :
00 that the assembly was often dissolvea
in rainy weather. Tlie Comitia were call-
ed, some eoTuularia, for the election of the
consuls i others pratoria, for the election
of prstois, &c. These assemblies were
more generally known by the name of
Comiiioy Cwriata, Centuriataf and TnJbvta.
Their object was ^the electing of magis-
trates, and all the public ofiicers of state.

Comics, a man appointed king over the
Attrebates, by J. Cesar, for his servtces.

CoiiMAOBifE. Vyu Coraagena.

CoMMooui, (L. Aurelius Antoninus),
son of M. Antoninus, succeeded his father
in the Soman empire. He was naturally
cruel and licentious. H^ required divine
honors from th» senate, and they were
granted. He was wont to put such an im-
mense quantity of gold dust in h» hair^
that wbea he appeared bare-headed in the
Bun-shino, his head glittered as if sur-
nmnded with sun-beams. He was mur-'
dered in the thirty-first year of his age,
and the thirteenth of his reign, A. D.
192.

CoHMORis, a village of Cilicia.

CoMoir, a general of Messenia.

CoMPiTALiA, fesuvals,^ celebrated by the
Romans the twelfth of January and the
sixth of March, in the cross ways, in hon-
or of the household gods called Lares.

CoMTSA, now Conaa^ a town of the Hir-
pinl in Italy, at the east of Vesuvius.

CoMPSATUfl, a river of Thrace.

CoBcriMA, a town of Bithynia.

Gi»mL now Como, a town at the north
oflniWim, in the modem dutchy of Mi-
lan. It was the birth-place of the younger
Pliny. •

OoMus, the god of reveiry, feasting, and
noctumal entertainments. He was rep-
fesMited^ as a young and drunken man,
witii a CBrland of flowers on his head, a»d
a (ordi m his band* whicli seemed foiling.

CowcAifi, a people of Sfiain, who lived
chiefly on milk mixed with horses' blood.

CorrcEUDiA, a town belonging to Venice
in Italy.

Concordia, the goddess of peace and
concord at Rome, to whom Camiilus first
raised a temple in the capitol.

CoNDATE, a town of Gaul, now Remua
in Brittany.

CowDAi.u», an avaricious officer.

CoRDiYicNmf, a town of Gaul, now
Mantes in Brittany.

OoNDocHATEs, a r^vcr of India, fluwing
into the Ganges.

CoiTDRUsi, a people of Belgium, now
Condrotz in Lelge.

CoNoVLi A, a town (^Arcadia.

Gone, a small island at the mouth of
the Ister.

CowETODUwus and Cotcatus, two des-
perate Gauls, who raised their country-
men against Rome.

Co If FLUE NTEs, a town at the confluence
of the Moselle and Rhfne, now Cohlentu

Coif Fccius, a Chinese philosopher, who
died about 479 years B. C.

Coif osDCs, a river of Spain.

CoiriAci, a people of Spain.

CoNiMBRiCA, a town of Spain, now Co-
mfrra of Portugal.

Coif isALTtrs, a god worshipped at Ath-
ens,

Coifisci, a people of Spain.

CoNifioAs, the preceptor of Theseus, In
whose honor the Athenians instituted a
festival called Connideia.

Coif ON, a famous general of Athens, son
of Timotheus. By his means the Athe>
nians fortified their city with a strong
wall, and attempted to recover Ionia and
JSkAia., He was perfidiously betrayed by
a Persian, and died in prison, B. C. 393.

A Greek astronomer of Samos. He

was intimate with Archimedes, and flour-
ished 247 B. C. A Grecian mythologist,

in the age of Julius Cesar.

GfoifSENTEs, the name which the Ro-
mans gave to the twelve superior gods, the
2>tt majorum gentium. They were twelve
in number, whose names Eimius^has
briefly expressed in these lines : v

Juno, Vesta, MmeroafCer^fDUmaj VemtSy
Marsj

MercwnMa, Jam, JWptuniM, Vvlcanus, Apol-
lo. Vwrro, de R. R.

CoivsBifTiA, now Cosenia, a town in
the country of the Brutii.

CoifsiDins Mqvvty a Roman knight.
Caius, one of Pompey's adherents.

CoifsiLiifUM, a town of Italy.

CoifsTAifs, a son of Constantine. Fid.
Constantinus;

CowsTAWTiA. a grand-daughter of the
gi^at Constantine, who married this empe-
ror Grrftian. . _ ^.

CoKsTAHTiWA, a princess, wife of the

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emperor Gallus. Another of the impe-
rial family. * s

CoNSTAirTiNOPOLiB, {Stambotil) formerly
Byzantium, the capital of Thrace, a noble
and magnincent city, built by Constantino
the Great, and solemnly dedicated A. D.
330. It was the capital of the eastern Bo-
man empire, and was called, after its
foundation, Roma nova, on account of its
greatness, which seemed to rival Rome,
the beauty of its situation, with all its
conveniences, have been the admiration
of every age.

CoNSTANTiifus, Burnamed tht Qreal,
from the greatness of bis exploits, was
Boji of Constantius. As soon as he be-
came independent, he assumed the title
of AugustuSj'and made war against Licin-
ius, his brother-in-law, and colleague on
the throne, because he was cruel and ambi-
tious. He c»nquefed hint, and obliged him
to lay aside the imperial power. He after-
wards became BOle emperor, and began to
refprin the slate. He fbundled a city in a
most eligible situation, where old Byzanti-
um formerly stood, and called it by his
own name. Conatantinopolis. Thither he
transportea part of the Roman senate ;
and by keeping his court there, he niade
it the rival of Rome, in population and
magnificence. • From that time the two
imperial «ities began to look upon each
other with an eye of envy ; and soon af-
ter the age of Constantine, a separation
was made of the two empires, iind Rome
was called the capital of the western, and
Cofistantinopolis was called the capital of
the eastern dominions of Rome. The em-
peror has be^n distinguished for personal
courage, and praised for the protection he
extended to the christians. Constantine
was learned, and preached, as well as
cOQiposed, many sermons, one of which
remains. He died A. O. 337, after a reign
of thirty-one years of the greatest glory
and success. He left three sons, Constan-
tinus, Constans, and Constantius,. among

whom he divided his empire. The

name of Constantine was very common
to the emperors of the east, in a later pe-
riod. A private soldier in Britain,

raised on account of bis name to the im-
perial dignity. A general of Belisarius.

Constantius Chlokus, son of ISutropi-
us, and father of the great' Constantine.

The second son of Constantine the

Great. The father of Julian and Cal-
lus, was son of Constantius by Theodora,

and died A. D. 337. A Roman general

of Nyssa, who married Placidia, the sistei;
of Honorius, and was proclafnusd empdror,
an honor he enjoyed only seven months.
He died universally regretted, 491 A. D.
end was succeeded by his son Valentinian

in the west. One of the servants of

Attila.

CoifsuALxs LuDi, or Coifs^ALiA, festi-

vals at Rome iiT boner of Consus, the god
of counsel, whose altar Romulus discov-
ered under the ground.

CoirsuL, a magistrate at Rome, with re-
gal authority for. the space of one year.
There were two consuls, a consvlendOf
annually chosen in the Campus Martins.
Tie two first consuls were L. Jun. Brutus,
and L. Tarquiniua Collatinus, chosen A.
U. C. S44, after the expulsion of the Tar-
quins. In the first ages of the republic,
the two consuls were always chosen from
patrician families, or noblemen r but tbe
people obtained the privilege A. U. C. 388,
of electing one of the consuls from their
' own body j and sometimes both were
plebeians. The first consul among the
plebeians was L. Sextius. Ifl^'as requir-
ed that every candidate for the consulship
should be forty-three years of age, called
legUimum tentpns. He was always to ap-
pear at the election as a private man,
without a retinue ; and it was requisite
before he canvassed for the office, to have
discharged the inferior functions of qoes-
tor, edile, and pretor. Sometimes these
qualifications were disregarded. The
power of tbe consuls was unbounded, and
tbey knew no superior but the gods and
tbe laws : but after the expiration of their
office, their conduct was minutely scruti-
nized by the people, and misbehaviour
was often punished by the laws. The
badge of their office was the prmtexta, a '
robe fringed with purple, afterwards ex-
changed fur the toga pitta or pabnata.
They were preceded by twelve llctors,
carrying the fasces or bundle of sticks, in
tbe middle of which appeared an axe. The
office of consul, so dignified during the
times of the commonwealth, became a
mere title under the emperors, and retain-
ed nothing of its authority but the useiesa
ensigns of original dignity.

Consus, a deity at Rome, who presided
over ccnmcils. His temple was covered
in the Maximus Circus, tp show that coun-
cils ought to be secret and inviolable.

Cons YON A, the wife of Nicomedes king
of Bithynia, torn in pieces by dogs.

CoNTADssDus, a rlvor of Thraco.

CoNTUBiA, a town in Spain.

Coon, the eldest son of Antenor, killed
by Agamemnon.

Coos, Cos, Cba, and Co, an island of
the ^gean sea.

CopjE, a place of Greece, near the Ce-
phistts.

CopAis LACus, now Lmmey a lake of Bcb-
otia, famous for its excellent eels.

CoPHAS, asonof Artabazus.-~-Ariver
of India.

CopHoNTis, a burning mountain of Bao>
triana.

CoprA, the goddess of plen^, among
the Romans represented as bearing a liom
filled with grapes, fruits, Ace.

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Copiixns, a genenil of the Tectosags,
taken by the Romans.

C. CoroNius, a commander of the fleet
of Rhodes, at Dyracchium, in the interest
of Pompey.

CopRjLTjBs, a river of Asia, falling into
tbe Tigris.

Coras D», a son of Peiops, who -fled to
Mycens, at the death of Iphitus.

CoFTUB and Copto«,' now Kypt, a town
of Egypt, about one Aundred leagues frop
Alexandria.

Cora, a town of Latium, on the confines
of the Volsci.

CoRACBsiuM and Coracsitsium, a mari-
time town of Pampbylia.

CoRAcoif ASUS, a town of Arcadia.

CoRALETJE, a people of Scythia.

CoBAJxi, a savage people of Pontus.

CoRANus, a miser. ^

Coras, a brother of Catillus and Tybur-
tns, who fought against iEneas.

CoRAx, an ancient rhetorician of Sidly.
A mountain of iEtolia.

CoRAxi, a people of Colchis.

CoRBBUs, a Gaul, &c.

GoRRis and Orsca^ two brothers, who
Ibught for the dominion of a city, ul tlie
presence of Scipio, in Spain. '

CoRBULo, Domitius, a prefect of Bel-
gium, who, when governor of Syria, rout-
ed the Parthians. destroyed Artaxata, and
made Tigranra king of Armenia. Nero,
jealous of hu virtues, ordered him to te
murdered ; and Corbulo hearing this, feir
upon his sword, A. D. 66.

CoROTRA, an island In thb Ionian sea,
«bout twelve miles from Buthrotum, on
the coast of Epirus ; famous for the ship-
wreck of Ulysses, and the gardens of Al-
«inous. It is now called Corfu.

CoRouBA, now Cordova, a ftmous city
of Hispania Bstica.

CoRDTLA. a port of Pontus.

Cork, a (laughter of Ceres, the saae as
Proseriwne.

CoRssscs, a hill near Ephesus.

CoRBsus, a priest of Bacchus at Caly-
don in Beeotia, who was deeply enamored
of the nymph Callirhoe, who treated him
with disdain. He complained to Bacchus,
who visited the coun.try with a pestilence.
The Calydoniaas were directed by the
oracle, to appease the god by sacrificing
Callirtaoe on his altar. The nymph was
led to the altar, and Coresus, who was to
sacrifice her, nirgot his resentment, and
stabbed himself. Callirhoe, conscious of
her ingratitude to the love of Coresus,
killed herself on the brink of a fountain,
which afterwards bore her name.

CoRKTAs, a man who first gave oracles
at Delphi.

CoRFiifiuM, now SanFervM, the capi-
tal of the Pallgni.

CoRiA, a Bomame of Minerva, among
the ArcadiaDB.

CoRiivirA, a celebrated woman of Tana-
gra, near Thebes, disciple to Myrtis. It
is said, that she obtained five times a po-
etical prize, in which Pindar was her com-
petitor; but it must he acknowledged,
that her beauty greatly contributed to de-
feat her rivals. A woman of Thespis,

celebrated for her beauty. Ovid's mis-
tress was also called Corinna.

CoRiNNus, an ancient poet in the time
of (he Trojan war, on which he wrote a '
poem.

CoRiNTHiAcus sfNus, is uow callod the
gulf of Lepanto.

CoRiNTHus, an ancient city of Greece,
now called Corito, situated on the middle
of the Isthmus of Corinth, at the distance
of about sixty stadia on either side from
the sea. It was first founded by Sisyphus
son of iGolus, A. M. 2616. The inhabi-
tants were once very powerful, and had
great influence among the Greciui states.
They colonized Syracuse in Sicily, and
delivered it from the tyranny cMf its op- •
pressors, by the means of Timoleon. Co-
rinth was totally destragred by Ii»'Mum-
mius, the Roman consul, and burnt to
tfa« ground, 146 B. C. The riches which
the Romans found there, were immense.
During the conflagration, all the mfetals
which were in the city melted and mix-
ed together, and formed tliat valuable
composition of metals, which has since
b^n kno\yn by the name of CorwUmaix
JEs. J. Ceesar planted a colony at Co-
rinth, and endeavored to raise it from its
ruins, a^ restore it to its former gran>
deur. The government of Corinth was
monarchical, till 779 years B. C. when
officers called Prytanes were instituted .>
An actor at Rome.

CoRioLANus, the surname of Caius
Martins, from his victory over Corioli,
where, from being a private soldltr, he
gained great honors. After a number of
military exploits, and manv services to
hie country, he was refused the consul-
ship by the people. This raised his re-
sentment; and, when the Romans had
received a present of com from Gelo, king
of Sicily, he insisted that it should be
sold for money, and not distributed gratis.
His imprudent advice provoked the peo-
ple, who wished him to be put to death :
but this rigorous sentence was prevented
by the influence of the senators, and he
was banished. Coriolanus retired among
the Volsci to Attius Tullus, his greatest
enemy, from whom he met a friendly re-
ception. Attius advised him to declare
war against Rome, and Coriolanus march-
ed at the head of the Volsci as general.
His approach greatly alarmed the Romans, '

Sd they sent several embassies to recon-
e him to his country, and solicit his re-
turn ; but he wad deaf to aH proposals,
and bade them prepare for war. He pitcn-

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ISO

ed his camp at the distance of five miles
from tbe city j and his enmity' against his
country woaid have proved fatal, had not
his wife, Volumnia, and his mother, Ve-
turia, been prevailed upon by the Roman
matrons to ^o and appease his resentment.
Their meeting was tender and affecting ;
Coriolanus long remained inexorable ; but
their tears and entreaties at length suc-
ceeded, and be marched the troops from
the neighborhood of Rome. The conduct
of Coriolafius displeased the Volsci, ai^
he was summoned to appear before the
people at Antium ; but the clamours
which his enemies raised were so preva-
lent, that he was murdered at the place
appointed for his trial, B. C. 488.

CoRioLi and Cokiolla, a town of La-
tium on the borders of the Volsci, taken
by the Romans under C. Martins, called
fh>m thence Coriolanus.

C0RIS8U8, a town of Ionia.

CoaiTus. Vid, Corytus.

CoRMAssA, a town of Pamphylia.

CoRMus, a river near Assyria.

CoRifELiA LEX, de CimtoUf was enact-
ed A. U. C. 670, by L. Com. Sylla. It
confirmed the Sulpician law, and requir-
ed that the citizens of the eight newly
elected tribes should be divined among
the 35 ancient tribes. Other laws were
also enacted under this titte-, viz. de
JudieU* ; de Sumptibne} deMtaUdpiu} de
MagUiratibugf ^. ^e,

CoRifKLiA, a daughter of Cinna, who
was the first wife of J. Cesar. She be"
came mother of Julia,' Pompey'fl wife.-^—
A daughter or Metellus Scipio, who mar-
ried Pompey, after the death of her bos-
band P. Crassus. She has been praised

for her great virtues. A dauj^ter of

Scipio Africanus, who married Sempro>
nius Gracchus, and was the mother of
Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. Her vir-
tues have been deservedly commended,
as wen as the wholesome principles she
inculcated in her two sons. When a
Campanian lady made once a show of
her jewels at Cfomelia*s bouse, and en-
treated her to favor her with a sight of
her own, Cornelia produced her two sons,
saying. These arc my Jewels. A ves-
tal virgin, buried alive In Domitlan's age,
as guUty of incontinence.
• CoRrfSLii, an illustrious family at
Rome. — Dolobella, a friend and admirer

of Cleopatra. An-ofiicer of Sylla,

whom J. Cwsar bribed to escape the pro-
scription which threatened his life.

Cetheffus, a priest, degraded from his
oflice for want of attention. — Cn. a man
chosen by Mercellus to be his colleague

In the consulship. Balbus, a man

who hindered J. Cesar from rising im at

the 'arrival of the senators. OossiO^ a

military tribune. Balbus, a man of

Gades, intimate with Cicero.^— A freed-

man of Sylla the dictator.— —-Scipio, a
man appointed master of the horse, by

Camillus, when dictator. Gallus, an

elegiac poet. Marcellus, a man killed

in Spain, by Galba. C. Nepos, an his-
torian.— >-Merula, a consul, sent against
the Boil in Gaul. He killed 14i)0 of them.

Severuf , an JKaic poet in the age of

Augustus. Thuscils, a mischievous

person. Lentulus Cefjpeme, a consul.

Aur. Celsus, wrote eight books on

medicine, still extant. Cn. and Pabl.

Scipio. Lentulus, a high priest.

CoRNicuLtJM, a town of Latium.

CeRiTiFiciuS) a poet and general in tbe

age of Augustus. A lieutenant of J.

Cesar. ■ A friend of Cicero, and his
c<41eague in the ofilce of augur.

CoRif oisR, a surname of Bacchus.

CoRMUTus, a stoic philosopher, of Af-
rica, preceptor to Persius the satirist.

A pretor of Rome, in the age of Cicero.

A Roman, saved from the proacrip-

tion of Marius, by his servants, who
hung up a dead man in his room, and
said ic was their master.

GoROEBUB, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon
and Anaximena. He assisted Priam in
the Trojaif watr, with tbe hopes of being
rewarded with the hand of Cassandra for
his services. Cassandra advised him in
vain to retiro from the war. He was

killed by Fenaleus. A courier of fills,

killed by Neoptolemus. ^A hero of Ar-

g(4is, who killed a serpent called Paene.
sent by Apollo to avenge Argos, and
placed by some authors in the numbers
of the fUries.

Corona, a town of Messenia.

CoRoivBA, a town of Bteotia. — ^A town
of Peloponnesus— of Corinth— of Cyinras
—of Ambiaehir-of Phthiotis.

CoRoifis, a daughter of Phlegias, loved

bv Apcrflo. and mother of iEsculapius.

The daughter of Coroneus, king of Pho-
cis, changed into a crow by Minerva.

when flying before Neptune. One of

tbe daughters of Atlas and Pleione.

CoRoirtA, a town' of Acamania.

CoRoifus. a son of Apollo. — -A son of
PhoroneiM king of the Lapithc.

CoRRHAoiuM, a town or Macedonia.

C0R81, a people of Sardinia, descend-
ed from the Corsicans.

C0R8IA, a town of BcBotia.

Corsica, a mountainous island in the
Mediterranean, on the coast of Italy. Its
inhabitants wero savage, and bore the
character of robbers, liars, ahd atheists.
They lived to a great age, and fed on
honey. The Greeks called it Cymoe

CoRsoTB, a town of Armenia.

CoRsuRA, an island in the bay of Car-
thage.

CoRToNA, an ancient town of Etruria*

CoRTitru*, a name given to M. Valerius
from a croWf which assisted him wbea lia

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131

was fitting jig&inflt a Ganl. — An oiator.

Maasala,' an eloquent orator, in the

Augu4tan age, distinguished for integrity
and patriotism.

T. CoRuircANUs, the first plebeian who

was made high-priest at Rome. The

family of the Coruncani was fkmous for
the numbtr of its greai men.

CoBvs, a river of Arabia.

CoRTBAWTEs, the prlests of Cybele,
called also GalH. In the celebration oi
their festivals, they beat their cymbdls,
and behaved as if delirious.

CoKTBAS, a son of Jasus and Cybele.
A painter, disciple to Nicomachus.

CoarBAssA, a city of Mysia.

CoRTBus, a promontory of Crete.

CaarciA, a nymph, mother of Lyeoius,
by Apollo.

CoRrciDBs, the nymphs who inhabited
the foot of Parnassus.

CoRTciuB, an old man of Tarentum,
whose time was happily employed in
taking care of his bees.

CoRTcus, now Ctureo^ a lofty mountain
of Cilicia, with a town of the same name,
and ajso a cave, with a grove which pro-
duced excellent saffron. Another at

the foot of Parnassus.
^CoRTooif, a fictitious name of a shep-
herd.

ComrLA, and Cortleum, a village of
Paphlagonia.

CoRTivA, a town of Ionia.

CoRTMBiFER, a sumame of Bacchus.

CoRTifsTA and CoRTifsTss a famous
robber killed by Theseus.

CoRTPHAsiUM, a promontory of Pelo-
ponnesus.

CoRTPHB, a daughter of Oceanus.

GoRTTHEirsEs, a place of Tegea.

CoRTTHus, a king of Corinth.

CoRTTUs, a king of Etruria; father to
Jasiiu, whom Dardanus is said to have
pat to death, to obtain the kingdom. It
IS also a town and mountain of Etruria.

Cos, an island.

CosA and Co»A, or Cosjb, a town of
Etrufia.

Coscozrius, a Latin writer.— A wretch-
ed epigram writer.

CosiNOAt, a Thracian priest of Juno.

Costs, a brother to the king of Albania,
killed by Pompey.

Coufus, an effeminate Roman.

CoasEA, a part of Persia.

Co^sus, a surname given to the fkmily

of the Comelii. A Roman, who killed

Volumnius, king of Veii, and obtained
the Spoli^ Ophna, A. U. C. 317.

CoasuTii, a family at Rome, of which ■
Cossutia, Caesar's wife, was descended.
One of the family was distinguished as
an architect about 300 B. C.

Co8TOB(Ei, robbers in Gallatia.

CosrRA, a barren island in th6 African

Coirss and Cottks, a promontory of
Mauritania.

CoTHon, a small island near the citadel
of Carthage, with a convenient bay.

CoTHONEA, the mother of Triptolemus.

CoTiso, a king of the Daci.

CoTOHis.an island near the Echinadea.

CoTTA M. AuRELiua, a Roman, who
opposed Marius. He was surnamed Pon-
ticiu, because he took Heraclea of Pontus
by treachery. An orator, greatly com-
mended by Ctc«ro.— — — A aovemor of

Paphlagonia. A spendthrltl, in the age

of Nero, &.c. An officer of Ciesar, in

Gaul. A poet mentioned by Ovid.

CoiTiM Alpes, a certain part of the
Alps.

CoTTua, a giant, son of C<b1us and Ter-
ra, who had one hundred hands, and fifty
heads. A man among the iEclui, &c.

CoTTJBcif, a town of Galatia— of Phry-
gia.

CoTTLJBus, a sumame t»f.£sculaplii«.

CoTTLiua, a mountain of Arcadia.

CoTTORA, a city of Asia Minor, founded
by a colony from Sinope.

CoTTs, the father of A8ia.-~-A son of
Manes by Callirhoe, who succeeded his

father on the throne of Mffionia. A

king of Thrace. — ^A king of the Odryse.

A kin^ of Armenia Minor, who fought

a^inst Mithridates, in the age of Clau-
dius.

CoTrTTo. the goddess of all debauchery,
whose festivals were called C»e|ttia. A
festival of the same name was observed in
Sicily. The goddess Cotvtto is supposed
to be the same as Proserpine or Ceres.

Craou8, a woody mountain of Cilicla,
part of mount Taurus, sacred to Apollo.

CRAMBuaA, a town of Lycia.

Cranai, a sumame of the Athenians,
from their king Cranaus.

Cra NAPES, a Persian, &c.

Craitaus, the second king of Athens.
A city of Caria.

Crane, a nymph. — A town of Arcadia.

Cranbum, a gymnastic school at Co-
rinth.

Cra Nil, a town of Cephallenia.

Cranon and Crannon, a town of Thes-
saly, on the borders of Macedonia.

Crantor, a philosopher of Soli, among
the pupils of Plato^ B. C. 310. An ar-
mor-bearer of f eleus.

CRAaaiPEs, a sumame of the ftmily of
the Furii.

L. CRAasinus, a man who opened a
school at Rome.

Crassus, a grandfkther of Crassus the

Rich, who never laughed. ^Publ. Licin-

ius, a Roman high-priest, about 131 years
B. C. who went into Asia with an arniy
against Aristonicus, where he was killed,

aid buried at Smyrna. M. LIcinius, a

celebrated Roman, surnamed Ruh, ^J^^
tount of hifl opulence. When the gladia-

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tors, with Spartacns at their head, had
spread an universal alarm in Italy, and
defeated some of the Roman generals,
Crassus was sent against them. A battle
was fought, in which Crassus slaughtered
twelve thousand of the slaves, and by this
decisive blow, be soon put an end to the
war. He was soon after made consul
with Pompey 3 and in this high, office he
displayed his 'opulence, by entertaining
the populace at ten thousand tables. He
was afterwards censor, and farmed the
first triumvirate witli Pompey and Ctesar.
As his love of riches was more predomi-
nant than that of glory, Crassus never
imitated the ambitious conduct of his col-
leagues, but was satisfied with the pro-
vince of Syria, which seemed to promise
an inexhaustible source of wealth. He
was conquered by the general of the king
of Parthia, and his head.was cut off, B. C.
53. Publius, the son of the rich Cras-
sus, went into Parthia with his father.
When he' saw 'himself surrounded by the
enemy, and without any hope of escape,
he ordered one of his men to run him
through. L. Licinius, a celebrated Ro-
man orator. A son of Crassus the Rich,

killed in the civil wars.

Crastinus, a man in Ceesar's army,
killed at the battle of Pharsalia.

Cratais, the mother of Sylla, supposed
to be the same as Hecate.

CRATJsus,'conspired against Archelaus.
, CraYbr, a bay of Campania near Mise-
nus.

Crilterus, one of Alexander's generals.
He rendered himself conspicuous by his
literary fame, as well as by *his valor in
the field. He was killed in a battle against

Sumenes, B. C. 321. A physician of

Atticus. A painter whose pieces adorn-
ed the public buildings of Athens. An

Athenian, who collected into one body,
all the decrees which had passed in the

public assemblies at Athens. A famous

sculptor.

Crates, a philosopher of B(Botia, son of
Ascondus. and disciple of Diogenes the
Cynic, B.C. 334. He sold his estates,
and gave the money to his fellow-citizens.
He was naturally deformed, and he ren-
dered himself more hideous by sewing
sheep's skins to his mantle, and by the

singularity of ins matfners. A stoic,

who opened a school at Rome, where he

taught grammar. A native of Perga-

mus. who wrote an account of the most
striking events of every age, B. C. 165.
A philosopher of Athens. An Athe-
nian comic poet.

Cratesiclea, the mother of Cleomenes.

Cratesipolis, a qu^en of Sicyon.

Cratesipidas, a commander of the La-
cedemonian fleet.

Orate ▼ AS, a general of Cassander.

Ckateus a SOD of Minos.

Crathis, a river of Achaia, falling into

the bay of Corinth. Another in Maeiia

Graecia whose watefli/were supposed to
give a yellow color to the hair and beard
of those tliat drank them.

Cratinus, a native of Athens, celebrat-
ed for his comic writings, and his fond-
ness for drinking. He died at the age of
ninety-seven, B. C. 431 years. A wrest-
ler of an uncommon beauty, A river

of Asia.

Cratippus, a philosopher of Mitylene,
who, among others, taught Cicero's son at

Athens.^ An historian contemporary

with Thucydides.

Cratylus, a philosopher, preceptor to
Plato after Socrates.

Crausijc, two islands on the coast of
Peloponnesus.

Crausis, the father ofPhilopoemen.

Crauxidas, a man who obtained an
Olympic erown at a horse race.

Cremera, a small river of Tuscany,
falling into the Tib^. .

Cremma, a town of Lycia.

Cremmton and Crommyon, a town near
Corinth.

Cremiti and Cremnos, a commercial
place on the Palus Mceotis.

CREMorTA, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, on
the Po, near Mantua.

Crsmonis JunuM, a part of the Alps.

Cremides, a place of Bithynia.

Cremutius Cordus, an historian who
starved himself for fear of the resentment
of Tiberius, whom he had offended, by
calling Cassius the last of the Romans.

Crenis,' a nymph mentioned by Ovid.

Creoic, king of Corinth, was son of Si-
syphus. He promised his daughter Glauce
to Jason, who repudiated Medea. To re-
venge the success of her rival, Medea sent
her for a present, a gown covered with
poison. Glauce put it on, and was seized
with sudden pains. Her body took fire,
and she expired in the grektest torments.

A son of MeniPtius, father to Jocasta,

the wife and mother of (Ed ipus. At the
death of I*aius, who had married Jocas-
ta, Cieon ascended the vacant throne of
Thebes. As the ravages df the Sphinx
were intolerable, Creon offered his crewn,
and daughter in marriage, to him who
could explain the aenigmas which the mon-
ster proposed. iEdipus was happy in his
explanations, and he ascended the throne
of Thebes, and married Jocasta without
knowing that she was his mother, and by
her he had two sons, Polynices and Eteo-
cles. Creon was afterwards killed by

Theseus. The first annual archon at

Athens, 684 B. C.

Creowtiades, a son of Hercules, killed
by his father, because he had slain Lycvs.

CREOPHit.us, a Samian, who hospitably
entertained' Homer. An historian.

CursRJus PojLLio, a Roman, who spent

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133

bis all in tbe most extraragant debauch-
ety.

Ores, an inhaMtant of Crete.-: — The
first king of Crete.

C«£3A and Crbssa, a town of Caila.

Cre h us , a hUJ pf Arcadia. t

CRBAFHoifTEs, a son of Aristomachus,
who attempted to recover the PeLoponne-
sas.

Cressiv^ belonging to Crete.

Cheston, a town of Thrace, capital of
a part of the country called Oreatoma.

CREsas and Ephesus, two men who
built the temple of Diana at Ephesus.

Creta, one of the lareest islands of the
Mediterranean sea, at the sontlfof all the
Cyclades. |t was once famous for its hun-
dred' cities, and for the laws which the
wisdom of Minos establiri)ed there.

Cr£tj£09, a poet mentioned by Proper*
tins.

Cretk, the wife of Minos. A daugh-
ter of Deucalion.

Cretea, a countiy of Arcadia.

Cretes, inhabitants of Crete.

Creteus, a Trojan, distinguished as a

poet and musieian. Another, killed by

Turnus.

Cretmbis, the wife of Acastus, kinif of
lolchos, who fell in love with Peleus, son
of iCacus.

Crbtheus, a son of ^olus, fiuher of
iEsoa, by Tyro his brother*s daughter.

Crbtmoit, a so;n of Diodes, engaged in
the Trojan war on the side of Greece. He
was slain by ^neas.

CRBTict78, a certain orator. A siir-

name of M. Antony's ihther.

Crs^sas, a famous boxer.

Crbusa, a daughter of Cre<Mi kiaf of
Corinth. As she was aoing to marry Ja>
son, who had divorced Medea, she put on
a poisoned garment, which immediately
set her body on fire, and she expired in the
most excruciating torments. — ^-A daugh-
ter of Priam, king of Troy, by Hecuba.
She married ^neas, by whom she had
some children, among which was Asca-

nias A daughter of Erechtheus king

of Athena. A town of BoBotia.

Crbusis, a naval station of the Thes-
pians.

Criabos, a son of Al^os, king in Pelo-
ponnesus.

Cririppps, a general of Dionysius the
elder.

Crihis, a stoic philosopher. A priest

of Apollo. .

CRiifisus and Crimisus, now CaltabO-
lota, a river on the western parts of Sicily
near Segesta.

Griho, a daughter of Antenor. One

of the Danaides.

CRiBoif, a man^of Himera, who obtain-
ed a prize at Olympia.

Cribpina, a Roman matron.

CuBPiAct, a prtetoiriaB, who, thoagh

originally a slave in Egypt, was, after the
acquisition of riches, raised to the honors

of Roman knightliood by Domitian. A

stoic philosopher, remarkable for his lo*
quaclty.

Cribpub Sallu»tiu8. Fid, Sallnstitis.

— — -Virio, a famous orator. The second

husband of Agirippina. Flav. Jul. a son'

of the ^eat Constantine, made Ciesar by
his father, and distinguished for valor and
extensive knowledge.

CRiBBiBUB Biivus, a bay oa the coasts of
Peloponnesus, near Corinth, .now the bay
of S<Uona»

CaiTAiiA, a town of Cappadocia.

Oritheis, a daughter of Melanippus.

Crithqte, a town of the Thracian Gher-
sonesus.

Critiab, one of the thirty tyrants set
over Athens by the Spartans. He was,
Sequent and well bred, but of dangerous
principles, and he cruelly persecuted his
enemies, and put them to death. He was
killed in a battle against those citizehs

whom hto oppression had banished. A

philosopher.—: — A man who wrotb on re-
publics. Another, who addressed an

elegy to Alcibiades.

Crito, one of the discif^es of Socrates.

A physician in the age of Artaxerxes

Longimanus. An historian of Naxus.

——A Macedonian historian.

OaiTOBULOB, a general of Phocis.-~>A
physician in the age of Philip kin^ of Ma-
cedonia.— ~-~— A son of Cjlto, disciple to
Socrates.,

Crito6ehub, an ancient historian.

CRiTooiTiiTUs, a celebrated warrior of
Aleeia, when Cesar was in Oaul.

CRiToLAUs.a-citizenofTegea in Ajc»-
dia, who, wiw two broUiers, fought against
the two sons of Demostratus of Pheneus,
to put an end to a long war between their
rrapective nations. The brothers of Cri-
toRHis were both killed, and he alone re-
mauied to withstand his three bold antag.
onists. He conquered them ; and when,
at his return, his sister deplored the death
of one of his ahtagonists, to whom she
was betrothed, he killed her in a lit of r^
sentment. The offence deserved capital
punishment ; but he was pardoned, on
account of the services he had rendered
his country.— ^A peripatetic philosopher

of Athens. An fa&torian who wrote

about Epirus.

Caius, a soothsayer.— ^A man of ^gi-
na.-^— A river of Achala.

Crobialus, a town of Paphlagonia.

Crobtzi, a people of Thrace.

Crocale, one of Diana's attendants.

Crocbje, a town of Laconia.

Crocodilopoub, a town of Egyi^, near
the Nile, above Memphis.

Crocub, a beautiful youth enamored of
the nymph Smilax. He was changed into
a flower of the mme name, o« account of

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the impatieiice of bis love, and Smilax
was metamorpliosed into a yew-tree.

Crssus, the fifth and last of the Merm-
nadie, who reigned in Lydia, was son of
Alyattes, and passed for the richest of
mankind. He was the first who made the
Greeks of Asia tributary to the Lydians.
His court was the asylum of learning -, and
JEaopf the famous fable-writer, among
others, lived nnder his patronage. The
kingdom of Lydia became extinct in his
person, and the power was transferred to
Persia.

Chomi, a people of Arcadia.

Crohitis, a country of Arcadia.

CBOMMToif and Cromton, a place of
Attioe, where Hercules killed a large sow.
A town near Corinth.

Cromiva, a town of Bithynia.

CaoMca, a son of Neptune. A son of

Lycaon>.

Cronia, a festival at Athens, in bonot
of Saturn.

Crokium, a town of Elis — of Sicily.

Crophi, a mountain of Egypt, near
~ which were the sources of the Nile.

Crossaa, a country situate partly in
Thrace, and partly in Macedonia.

Crotalus, a navigable river Of Italy.

Crotoit, a man killed by Hercules.

Crotona, a town of Italy, still known
by the same name, in the bay of Taren<
tum. The inhabitants were excellent war-
riors, and great wrestlers.
' Crotoitiata, the inhabitants of Cro-
tona.

CaoToifiATiB, a part of Italy, of if hich
Crotona is the capital. ,

Crotopiades and Crotopias, patroay-
mics of Linus, grandson of Crotopus. '«

Crotopvs, a king of Argos.

Crotu9, a son of Eumene the nurse of
the Muses He devoted his life to the la-'
bors of the chase, and after death Jupiter
placed him among the constellations under
the name of Sagittarius.

Crunos, a town of Peloponnesus.

Crusis, a place near Olynthos.

Cr9stum£rium and Crustumsria, a
town of the Sabines.

Crustuminom, a town of Etruria, near
Veil, famous for pears.

Crustumium, Crustuwus and Crus-
TURNSNIU8, now Coneay a river flowing
from the Apennines, by Ariminum.

Crynis, a river of Bithynia.

Crtfta, a passage through mount Pau-
silypus.

CxKATus, one of the Grecian chiefs be-
fore Troy.

C.TBMSHi:, a town of Thessaly.

Ctenos, a harbor of Chersonesus Taa-
rica.

Ctebias, a Greek historian and physi-
cian of Cnldos, taken prisoner by Artaz-
erxes Mnemon at the battle of Cunaxa.
Be cured tbe king's wounds, and w&s his

physician for Iwveiiteen yeftrs. He \

an history of tne Assyrians and Persians.
A sycophant of AtheuB.»»~An histo-
rian of Ephesus.

. Ctssibivs, a mathematician of Alexan-
dria, who flourished 136 years B. C. He
was the inventor of the pump, and other
hydraulic instruments. He also invented
a clepsydra, or a water-clock. The modem
manner of measuring time with^Jui hour-
daes is an imitation of the clepsydra of

Utesibius. A cynic philosopher. An

historian, who flourished 254 years B. C.
and died in his hundred and fourth year.

CTS8ICI.E8, a general of Zacynthos, &c.

Cts8idemu9, a painter who had Anti-
philus for pupil.

Ctssilochus, a noble painter,' who rep-
resented Jupiter as bringing forth Bacchus.

CTssiFHo^r, an Athenian, son of Leoe-
thenes, who advised his fellow -citizens
publicly to present Demosthenes with a

¥)Iden crown for his probity and virtue,
his was opposed by the orator iEschines,
the rival of Demosthenes, who accused
Ctesiphon of seditious views. Demosthe-
nes undertook the defence of his friend,
in a celebrated oration still extant, ana
i£schines was banished. A Greek ar-
chitect, who made tbe plan of Diana's

temple at Ephesus. An elegiac poet,

whom king Attains set over his posses-
sions in ^olia. A Greek historian .

A large village of Assyria.

Ctxsipfus, a son of Chabrias. ■ . -A

man who wrote an history of Seythia.

Chie of the descendants of Hercules.

CriMEifE, the youngest daughter of La<
ertes by Anticlea.

Colaro, a town of the Allobroges in
Gaul, called afterwards QratianopoUa, and
now OrenobU.

Cum A and Cvujr, a town of iBolia, in

Asia Minor. — • A city of Campania,

near Puteoli. There was one of the Sibyls,
that fixed her residence in a cave in tbe
neighborhood, and was called the dmuKm
Sibyl.

CuMANUM, a country house of Pompey
near Gum®. Another of Varro.

Cttitaxa, a place of Assyria, five hun-
dred stadia from Babylon, famous for a
battle fought there between* Artaxerxes
and his brother Cyrus the younger B. C.
401.

Currscs, a cape of Spain, now Alffarve.

CuPATo, ason ofCycnus who assisted
iGneas against Tumus.

CuPSNTus, a friend of Tumus, killed by
^neas.

CupiDo, a celebrated deity among the
ancients, god of love, and love itself.
There are, according to the more received
opinions, two Cupids, one of whom is a
lively ingenious youth, son of Jupiter and
Venus ; whilst the other son of Nox and
Erebus, is distinguished by his debaacb^-

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ry and riotous disposition. Cupid is rep-
resented as a winged infaut, haked, drm-
ed vrith a bow and a quiver full of arrows.
On gems, and all other pieces of antiquity,
lie is represented as amusing iiimself with
Borne childish diTecsion. His power was
generally known by his riding on the back
of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to
pieces the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among
the ancients he was worshipped with the
same solemnity as his mother Venus.

CuFiENitius, a friend of Augustus, who
made himself ridiculous for the eflemina-
cy of his dress.

Cdrss, a town of the Sabines, of which
Tatius was king.

CuRBTss, a people of Crete, called also
Corybantea. They were entrusted with
the education of Jnpiter.

CuRSTiSj a name given to Crete, as be-
ing the residence of the Curetes.

Curia, a division of the Roman tribes.
Romulus originally divided the people in-
to three trilMs, and each tribe Into ten
Curie. Over each Curia was appointed
a priest, who oiliciateid at the sacrifices of
his respective assembly. The sacrifices
were called Ctarioma, and kHiB priest Ourio.
He was to be alK)ve the ase of fifty. His
morals were to be pure and unexceptiona-
ble, and his body free from all uefecta.
- — The word Cvria was also applied to
puUic edifices among the Romans. These
were generally of two sorts, divine and
civil. The Curia was solemnly consecra-
ted by thd Augurs, before a lawful assem-

bhr could be convened there. A town

of the Rhsti, now Coire^ the capital of
the Orisons.

Curia lex, de Comitm, was enacted by
M. Curias Dentatus the tribune.

Curias. Fid. Curium.

CuRiATii, a fiunily of Alba. The three
Cifriatii, who engaged the Horatii, and
lost the victory, were of this family.

Q. CvRio, an excellent orator, who call-
ed Cesar in full senate, Omnhm. mvligrum

trimm, et omnium mrarum muHereTn.

His son, C. 9criboniu8, was tribune of
the people, and an intimate friend of
Cesar.

CcRioflOLiTA, a people among the Cekis.

CoRiuM, a town of Cyprus.

CdRIUS DsNTATUf Marcus Aiviviui, a
Koman, celebrated for bis fortitude and
fnii^Uty . He was three times consul , and

was twice honored with a triumph.

A lieutenant of Ciesar's cavalry, to whom
>ix cohortk of Pompey revolted.

CoRTiA, a patrician fhmily, which mi-
gnted with Tatius to Rome.

CuRTiLLus, a celebrated epicure.

M. C<!HTiU8, a Roman yootih who de-
moted himself to the gods Manes for the
nfety of his country about 360 yeare B. C. ■
A wide gap called afterwards Curtius
Mew, had suddenly opened in the forum,

and the oracfe had said that it never
would close before Rome threw into it
whatever it had most precious. Curtius
immediately perceived that no less than a
human sacrifice was required. He armed
himself; mounted his horse, and solemn-
ly threw himself into the gulf, which in-
stantly closed over his head. Q. Rufus.

Vid. Cluintus. Nicias, a grammarian,

intimate with Pompey. MontaDus,an

orator and poet under Vespasian. Atti-
cns, a Roman knight, who accompanied

Tiberius in his retreat into Campania.;;^

Lacus, the gulf into which Curtius leaped.

Pons/ a stream which conveyed water

to Rome from the distance of forty miles,
by an aqueduct.

CuRULis Maoistratus, a state officer at
Rome, who had the privilege of sitting in
an ivory chair in public assemblies. The
dictator, the consuls, the censors, the prae-
tors, ana ediles, claimed that privilege, and
therefore were called curules magittratua,

Cuss.Ei, a nation of Asia, destroyed by
Alexander.

Cusut, a river of Hungary fhlling into
the Danube, now the Vag.

CuTiLiuM, a town of the Sabines.

Ctamosor(7s, a river of Sicily.

Ctane, a nymph of Syracuse. A

nyjnph of Sicily, who endeavtned to as-
sist Proserpine when she was carried
away by Pluto. The god changed tier in-
to a fountain now called Pi^m, a few

miles from Syracuse. A town of Lycia.

——An inkeeper.

Ctane jc, now the PavoraiUf two rugged
islands at the entrance of the Euxine sea.
about twenty Stadia from the motlth of
the Thracian Bosphorus. * They were
sometimes called Symplegadea and Planeta.

Ctaites and Ctanea, a daughter of the
Msander, mother of Byblis and Caunua,
by Miletus, Apollo's son.

Ctaneus, a large river of Colchis.

Ctakifpe, a daughter of Adrastus.

CrAHippua, a Syracusan, who derided

the orgies of'^ Bacchus. A Thessalian,

whose wife met with the same flite as
Procris.

Ctaraxes. or Ctaxares, son of Phm-
ortes, was king of Media and Persia. He
died after a reign of forty years, B. C. 685.

Another prince, supposed by some to

be the same as Darius the Mede.

CrsEBE, a name of Cybele.

Ctrele, a goddess, daughter of CobIus
and Terra, and wife of Saturn. In Pbry-
gia the festivals of Cybele were observed
with the greatest solemnity. Her priests,
called Corybantes, Galli, in the celebration
of the festivals, imitated the manners of
madmen, and filled the air with dreadful
shrieks and bowlings, mixed with the
confHised noise of drums, tabrets, bucklers
and spears. This was in commemoration
of the sorrow of CybelefoV the loss of he^

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fkvorite Atys. Cybele held keys In her
hand, and her head was crowned with
rising turrets, and sometimes with the
leaves of an oak. She sometimes appears
riding in a chariot drawn by two tame
lions ; Atys follows by her side, carr> ing
a ball in his band, and supporting himself,
lipon a fir-tree, which is sacred to the god-
dess. The Romans, by order of the Si-
bylline books, brought the .«tatue of the
goddess from Pessmus into Italy. It is
supposed that the mysteries of Cybele
were first known about 1580 years B. C.
Ctbsls and CrBsLA, a town of Phiy-

CrBBbcs, a mountain of Phrygia, where
Cybele was worshipped.

Cybira, a town of Phrygia, whence Cy-
biraticuB.

Ctbi STRIA, a town of Cappadocia.

Ctcesium, 41 town of Peloponnesus,
near Pisa.

CrcHRKUs, a son of Naptune and Sala-
mis. Alter death he was honored as a
god in Salamis sgid Attica.

CTCLADBB,a name given to certain is-
lands of the iGgean sea, those particularly
that puiround Delos. They were about
fifty-three in number.

Cyclopes, a certain race of men of gi-
gantic stature, supposed to be the sons of
Coelus and Terra. They had but one eye
in the middle of the forehead. They in-
habited the western parts of the island of
Sicily J and because they were uncivil-
ized in their manners, the poets speak of
them as men-eaters. From theu- vicinity
to mount iGtna, they have been supposed
to be the workiiien of Vulcan, and to hafe
fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupiter.*^
The most solid walls and impre^able
fortresses were said, among the ancients,
to be the work of the Cyclops. The Cy-
clops were reckoned among the {pds.
Apollo destroyed them all, because they
had made the thunderbolts of Jupiter,
with which his son iEsculapius had been
JciUed.>~>~A people of Asia.

Crcirus, a son of Mars by Pelopea, kill-
ed by Hercules. A son of Neptune, in-
vulnerable in every part of his body.
Achilles fought against him ; but when he
saw that his darts were of no effect, he
. threw him on the ground and smothered
him. He stripped him of his armor, and
saw him suddenly changed into a bird of

the same name. A son of Hyrie,

changed into a swan. A son of Sthe-

nelus, king of Liguria. , He was deeply'
afflicted at the death of his friend and re-
lation Phaeton, and metamorphosed into

a swan. A horse's name.

• CroAs, a profligate Cretan, made judge
at Rome by Antony.

CroiAS, an Athenian of great valor.

A painter who made a painting of the Ar-
fonauttk

Ctdipps, the wife of AnaxlUms.— -—

The inother of Cleobis and Bihm, ^A

girl beloved by Acontius. One of Gy-
rene's attendants.

Ctdnus, a rivet of Cilicia, near Tarsus,
where Alexander batbed when covered
with sweat. The consequences proved
almost fatal to the monarch.

Ctdon, a friend <^ Turnus against
^neas.

CrnoN and Ctdoitia,' now Consa, a
town of Crete, built by a colony from Sa-
mos.

Ctoonia, an island opposite Lesbos.

Ctorara, a city of Phrygia.

Cydrolaus, a man who led a colony to
Samos.

C YON us. Fid. Cycnus,

Cylabus, a place near Argos in Pelo-
ponnesus.

CYLBiANi,'*mountains of Phrygia where
the Cayster takea its rise.

Cylicsb, a people among the Illyrians.

CVU9DUB, a son of Phryzus and Cal-
liope.

Cyllabaris, a public place for exercises
at Argos.

Cyllabaruv, a gallant o^ the wife of
Diomedes.

Cyllarcb, the most beautiful of all
the Centaurs, passionately fond of Hylo-
nome. They perished both at the same

time. A celebrated horse of Pollux or

of Castor, according to Seneca.

Ctixbn, a son of Elatus.

Cyllekb, the mother of Lyfeaon,by Po-
lasgus. A naval station of E^\b in Pelo-
ponnesus. — A mountain of Arcadia, with
a small town on its declivity.

Cyllbneius, a sui'name of Mercury,
from his being born en the mountain Cyl-
lene.

Cylltrii, certain slaves at Syracuse.

Cylon, an Athenian, who aspired to
tyranny.

Cyma or Cymje, the largest and ^lost
beautiful townof ^olia.

Cymodocb, Cvmb, and Cymo^ one oi
the Nereides.

Cymolus and CiMoLus,'hn island of the
Cretan sea.

CYMoTHOEf one of the Nereides.

Cynara, one of Horace's favorites.

C YNJcoiRus, an Athenian, celebrated for
his extraordinary courage. He was bro-
ther to tl^e poet iGschylus.

CYif jETHiuM, a town of Arcadia.

Cynane, a daughter of Philip, king of
I4acedonla.
. Cynapes, a river falling into the Euxine.

Cynebii and Cynetjb, a nation of Eu-
rope.

Cyrbthcssa, an island in the ^geau
sea.

CvRiA, a lake of Acarnania.

Cykici, a sect of philosophers founded
hy Antisthenei the Atheniail. Tliey weie

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flimoiia for their contempt of riches, for
the negl ifgfnce of their dres3, and the length
of their beards.

Cywisca, a daughter of Archidamus
king of Sparta, ww obtained the first
prize in the chariot races at the Olympic
games. -

Cyno, a woman who preserved the life
of Cyrus.

CrrrocEPHALE, a town of Thessaly.

CriTocEPHALi, a nation in India, who
have the head of a dog.

Ctnophontis, a festival at Argos, ob-
served during the dog-days.

Ctnortas, one of the ancient kings of
Sparta.

Ctnortion, a mountain of Peloponne-
sus.

Ctnos, a town of Locris. Another

in Thessaly.

Ctwosaroes, a surname of Hercules.
A small village of Attica.

CrivoasEMA, a promontory of the Tlu-a-
cian Chersonesus.

CrwoBURA, a nymph of Ida in Crete.
She nursed Jupiter who changed her into
a star.

Ctitthia, a beautiful woman. A

surname of Diana.

CrivTHius, a surname of Apollo.

Ct If THUS, a mountain of Delos, so hieh
that it is said to overshadow the whole is-
land.

CriruREKSEs, a people of Arcadia.

Crivus, a naval station of Opuns.

CrPARissi and Ctparissia, a town of
Peloponnesus.

Oyparissus, a youth, son of Telephus
of Cea, beloved by Apollo. He was chang-
ed into a cypress tree. A town near

Delphi.

Ctphara, a fortified place of Thessaly.

CrpRiANus, a native of Carthage, who,
though born of heathen parents, became a
convert to Christianity, and the bishop of
his country. He died a martyr, A. D. 358.

Cyprus, a daughter of Antony and Cle-
opatra. A large island in the Mediter-
ranean sea. It has been celebrated for
giving birth to Venus, surnamed Cypris.

CrpssLiDEs, the name of three princes
as descendants of Cypselus, who reigned
at Corinth during seventy-three years.

CrpsELus, a king of Arcadia. A man

of Corinth, son of Eetion, and father of
Periander. He destroyed the Bacchiadse,
and seized upon the sovereign powejr,

*fcout 659 years before Christ. The

father of Miltiades.

Ctrauris, an island ofLibya.

CrRBiAif A, a province of the EljnnsBans.

CvBB, a fountain near Cyrene.

Cyreivaica, a. country of Africa, of
which Cyrene is the capital.

CvRKNi^ici. a sect of philosophers who
followed the aoctrine of Aristippus. They
placed their suntmum howum in pleasttre.
19*

CvRBRx, the daughter of the river Be-
neus, of whom Apollo became enamored.

She was the mother of Aristeus.-* A -

celebrated city of Libya, to which Ari8>
tsus, who was the chief of the colonists
settled ttiere,g3ve his mother's name. It
was situate in a beautiful and fertile plain,
about eleven miles from the Mediterra-
nean sea.

Ctriades, one of the thirty tyrants who
harassed the Roman empire, in the reign
of Gallienus. He died A. D. 259.

Ctrillus, a bishop of Jerusalem, who
died A. D. 386. A bishop of Alexan-
dria, who died A. D. 444.

CvRxs, a place of Eubcea.

CvRirus, a driver in the games which

Scipio exhibited in Africa. A man of

Argos, who founded a city in Chersone-
sus. A river tliat falls into the Caspian

sea. An island on the coast of Liguria,

the same as Corsica.

Ctrr.isi, a people of JBthiopia.

Ctrrhadje, an Indian nation.

Ctrrhes, a people of Macedonia.

CvRRHESTicA, ti country of Syria near
Cilicia.

Ctkrhus and Cyrus, a river of Iberia,
in Asia.

Cyrsilus, an Athenian, stoned to death
by his countrymen.

Cyrus, a king of Persia, son of Camby-
ses and Mapdane, daughter of Astyages,
king of Media. Cyrus subdued the east-
ern parts of Asia, and made war against
Croesus, king of Lydia,'whom he conquer-
ed, B. C. 548. He invaded the kingdom
of Assyria, and took the city of Babylon,
by drying the channels of the Euphrates,
and marching his troops through the bed
of the river, while the people were cele-
brating a grand festival. He afterwards
marched against Tomyris, the queen of the
.Massagets, a Scythian nation, and was
defeated in a Woody battle, B. C. 530.
The victorious queen, who had lost her son
in a previous encounter, was so incensed
against Cyrus, that she cut ofiT his head,
and threw it into a vessel filled with hu-
man blood, exclaiming Satia te sanguine
quern siMsti. Xenophon has written the
life of Cyrus j but his history is not per-
fectly authentic. The younger Cyrus,

was the younger son of Darius Nothus,
and the brother of Artaxerxes. He was
sent by his father^at the age of sixteen, to
assist the Lacedtemonians against Athens.
Artaxerxes succeeded- to the throne at the
death of Nothus ; and Cyrus, who was tf
an aspiring soul, attempted to assassinate
him. At last he took, the field with an
army of one hundred thousand barbarians,
and tliirteen thousand Greeks under the
^command of Clearchus. Artaxerxes met
hira with nine hundred thousand men near
Cunaxa. It is said that the two royal bro-
thers met in person, and engaged wi^**

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140

•d by the hands of one of bis flons-ln-law,
fluade his daughters Bolemnl^ promise that
they would destroy their hustNinds. They
were provided with daggers by their fa-
ther, and all, except Hypermnestra, Staiiv-
ed their hands with the blood of tlieir cou-
ains, the first night of tlieir nuptials. The
aisterS were purified of this murder by
Mercury and Minerva, by order of Jupiter;
but according to the more received opin-
ion, they* were condemned to severe pun-
ishment in hell, and were compelled to fill
with water a vessel full of holes, so that
tk# water ton out as soon as poured into
it, and therefore their labor was infinite,
and their punishment eternal.

Dan ALA, • castle of Galaltia.

Daiiai>ris, noV the ^fiepery a name given
in the middle ages to the Borysthenes.

Da2«a08, a son of Belus and Anchinoej
king of Egypt, and father of the Danaides.

Dandari and DANOARioja, certain in-
habitants near mount Caucasus.

Danoom, a man of lUyricum, who, as
Plitiy reports, lived five hundred years,

DAiruBiVB,a celebrated river, the great-
est in Europe. The Greeks called it Uter,
The Danube was generally supposed to be
the northern boundary of the lloman em-
pire in Europe.
. Daochus, an ofiicer of Philip.

Daphr.v, a town of Egypt, on one of the
mouths of the Nile.

DArHNJBus, a general of Syracuse,
against Carthage.

DArHiTs, a daughter of the river Peneus
or of the Ladon, by the goddess Terra, of
whom Apollo became enamored. This
passion had been raised by Cupid, with
whom Apollo, proud of his late conquest
over the serpent Python, had disputed the
power of his darts. Daphne heard with
horror the addresses of the god, and en-
deavored to remove herself M)m his im-
portunities by flight. Apollo pursued her;
and Daphne, fearful of being caught, en-
treated the assistance of the gods, who
changed her into a laurel. Apollo crown-
ed his head with the leaves of the laurel,
and for ever ordered that that tree should
be sacred to his divinity.— -A daughter'
of Tiresias, priestess in the temple of Del-
phi, supposed by some to be the same as
Manto. She was called Sibyl, on account
of the wildness of her looks and expres-
sions, when she delivered oracles. A

Ikmous grove near Antioch, consecrated to
voluptuousness.

Daphnkphoria^ a festival in honor of
Apollo, celebrated every.nintfa year by the
Bffiotians. It Wna then usual to adorn an
(dive boufih with garlands of laurel and
other flowers, and place on the top a brazen
globe, on which were suspended atnallar
pnes. In the middle was placed a nninbcr
0f crowns, and a globe of inferior size, and
tb9 bottom was adorned with asaAron col-

ored garment. The ^be on the top re]»e-
sented the Sun, or Apollo; that in the mid-
dle was an emblem of the moon, and the

others of the stars. The crowns, which
were 65 in number, represented the sun^s
annual revolutions. This bough was car-
ried in solemn procession by a beautifbl
youth of an Illustrious family, and whose
parents were both living. He was prece-
ded by one of hts nearest relations, bearing
a rod adorned with garlands, and behind
him f(4lowed atrain of virgins with branch-
es in their hands. In this order the pro-
cession advanced as fiir as the temple of
ApoUOj surnamed Ismenins, where supfdi-
catory hymns were sung to the god.

Daphitis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of
Mercury by a Sicilian nymph. He was
educated by the nymphs. Pan tauf^t him
to sing and pla^ upon the pipe, and the mu-
ses insphfed him with the love of poetry.
Jt is supposed he was the first who wrote
pastoral poetry, in which his successor
Theocritus so happily excelled.^— >A ser-
vant of Nicocrates, tyrant of Cyrene.

A grammarian.-*— A son of Paris and
CEbone.

Dapmitus, a river of Locris. A phym-

eian who preferred a supper to a dinner,
because he supposed that the moon assisted
digestion.

Daraba, a town of Arabia.

Darantasia, atown of BelgicGaul, call-
ed also Forum Claudii. and now Motier.

Daraps, a kin(( of the Gangaridie.

Dardani, the inhabitants of Dardania.
——Also a people of Moesia very inimical
to the neighboring power of Macedonia.

Dardania, a town or country of Troas,
iirom which the Trojans were called Dar-
dani and Dardamdm. There is also a coon-
' try of the same name near Illyricum.

Dardanipes, a name given to ./Eneas, aa
descended from Dardanus.

Dardanium, a promontory of Troas, call-
ed from the small town of DordaitiM, about
seven miles from Abydoe.

Dardantts, a son of Jupiter and Eleetra.
He built the city of Dardania, and was
reckoned the founder of the kintdmn of
Troy. A Trojan killed bv Achilles.

Dardarii, a nation near the Palus Me-
otis.

Dares, a Phrygian, who lived during the
Trojan war, of which he wrote tlie history

in Greek. One of the companion^ of

^neas, killed by Turnus in Italy.

Darstis, a country of Macedonia.

Daria, a town of Mesopotamia.

Dariatss, the name or Darius in Per-
sian,

Dariobrioum, a town of Ganl, now
Vennea in Britany.

Daritje, a people of Persia.

Dariub, a noble satrap of Pereia, son of-
Tlystaspes, who conspired with six other
noblemen to destroy Smerdis, who usurped

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141

tbe erown of Persia after the deatb of
Cambyses. On the murder of the luarper,
tile seven conspirators universally agreed,
that be whose horse beighed firs) should be
^pointed king. On the morrow before
■UD-ride, when they proceeded altogether,
tbe horse of Darius suddenly neighed; anu
at tbe same time a clap of thunder waa
beard, as if in approbation of the choice.
Darius was 39 years old when he ascended
the throne, and he soon distinguished him-
self by his activity and military accom-
plishments. He besieged Babylon; which
he took, after a siege of ^0 mpnths, by the
artifice of Zopyrus. From thence he
marched against the Scythians, and in his
way conquered Thrace. The burning bf
Sardia, which was a Grecian colony, ia-
ceoaed the Athenians, and a war was kin-
dled between Greece and Persia. Mardo-
nius, the king's son-in-law, was intrusted
with the care of the war, bat his army was
destroyed by tbe Thracians ; and Darius,
more animated by his loss, s^nt a more
considerable force, under the command of
Datis and Artaphemes. They were con-
quered at the celebrated battle of Mara-
thon, by 10,000 Athenians -, and the Per-
sians lost in that expedition no less than
206,000 men. Darius was not dishearten-
ed by this severe blow, but be resolved to
carry oq the war in person, and immedi-
ately ordered a still lanser army to be lev-
ied. He died in the midst of his prepara-
tions, B. C. 485, after a •reign of 36 years.

in the 65th year of his age. The second

king oi Persia of that name, was also call-
ed Ockut, or M'othua, because he was the
Ulegitinate son of Artaxerxes. He died

B. C. 404, after a reign of 19 years.

Tbe third of that name was tbe last king
•f Persia, surnamed Codomanus. He was
•00 of Arsanes and Sysigambis. and de-
Mended ftom Darius Nothus. The peace
of Darius was early disturbed, and Alex-
snder invaded Persia to avenge tbe injuries
wliich the Greeks had suffered from the
predecessors of Darius. The king of Per-
sia met his advecsary in person, at the head
or 600,000 men. A battle was fought near
the Granicus, in which the Persians were
easily defeated. Another was soon after
fought near Issus; and Alexander left
110,000 of the enemy dead on the field of
battle, and took among the prisoners of
war, the mother, wife, and children of Da-
"u«. These losses weakened, but discour-
&eed not Darius, he assembled another
more powerful army, and tbe last decisive
battle was fought at Arbela. The intrepid-
ly of Alexander, and the superior valor
of the Macedonians, prevailed over the ef-
feminate Persians ; and Darius, sensible of
his djgprrace and rutn, fled towards Media.

His Diiafortunes were now completed.

wjwus, the governor of Bactjiana, took
airay bis life, in hopes of succeeding him

on tbe tbfone j and Darius waa found by
the Macedonians in h'n chariot, covered
with \Vounds, and almost expiring, B. C.
331. In him the empire of Per^a was ex-
tinguished 228 years after it had been first

founded by Cyrus the Great. A son of

Xerxes, who married Artaynta, and waa
killed by Artabanus. A son of Artax-
erxes, who conspired against his father'9
life, and was capitally punished.
. Dabcon, a man who founded Camarina.

Dascylitik, a province of Persia.

Dasctlus, tbe father of Gy^s.

Das£a, a town of Arcadia.

Dasius, a chief of Salapia, who favored
Annibal.

DAMARETiE, Da8SARIT.K, DaSSAREITI. OF

Dassaritii, a people of Illyricum, Or Mac-
edonia.

Datahes, a son of Camissares, governor
of Caria, and general of the armies of Ax-
taxerxes, 3G2 B. C.

DiLTAPHXRNEs, oue of the friends of Befl-
sas. After the murder of Darius, be be-
trayed Bessus into Alexander's hands.

Datis, a general of Darius 1st, defeated
at tbe celebrated battle of Marathon, by
Miltiades, and some time after put to death
by the Spartans.

Datos, or Datok, a town of Thrace, on
a small eminence, near the Strymon.

Datara, a liill near Mount Taurus, in
Asia Minor.

Daulis, a nymph, from whom the eity
of Daulis in Phocis, anciently called Anor-
erisy received its name.

Dauri, a people on tbe eastern part of
Italy.

Daunia, a name given to the northern
parts of Apulia, on the coast of the Adri-
atic. Juturna, the sister of Tumus,

was called DauniOj after she had been made
a goddess by Jupiter.

Daunub, a son of Pilumnus, and Danae.
He came from Illyricum into Apulia, where
be reigned over part of the country.——
A river of Apulia, now CarapeUe.

Daurifer andDAURisEB, a brave gene-
ral of Darius, treacherously killed by the
Carians.

DaVub, a comic character, in tbe Andria
of Terence.

Deb£, a nation of Arabia. % ,

Decapolis, a district of Judea fnom itf
ten cities.

DscEBALiTB, a warlike king of tbe Daci,
who made a successful war against Domi-
tian, who was conquered bjr Trajan. He
destroyed himself, and his head waa
brought to Rome, and Dacia became a Ro-
man province, A. D. 103.

Deceleum, or ea. now Siala Castro, a
small village of Attica, north of Athens.

DfficEWJB, a man who informed Castor "
and Pollux, that their sister, whom The-
seus had carried away, was concealed at
Apliidns.

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142

^DicBMviKi, ten maglstrfttes of absolute
jiutbority among the Romans. Tfieir pow-
er was absolute ; all othef offices ceased
after their election, and they presided over
tbe city with regal authority. The first
decemvirs were Appius Claudius, 9*. €re-
nutius^P. Sextus, Sp. Veturius, C. Julius,
A. Manlius, Ser. Sulpitius Pluriatius, T.
Romulus, Sp. Posthumiua, A. U. C. 303.
Under them, the laws which had been ex-
posed to public view, that every citizen
might speak his sentiments, were publicly
approved of as constitutional, and ratified
by the priests and augurs in the most sol-
emn and religious manner. These laws
were ten in number, and were engraved
on tables of brass ; two were afterwards
added, and they were called the laws of
the twelve tables, leges duodecim tabularum,
and Ufes decemviriUes. In the third year
after uieir creation, the decemvirs became
odious, on account of their tyranny ; and
the attempt of Ap. Claudius to ravish Vir-
ginia, was followed by the total abolition
of the ofiice. There were other offi-
cers in Rome, called decemvirs j who were
origihally appointed, in the absence of the
prstor, to aamlnister Justice.

DxcsTiA, a town of Gaul.

Decia LEX, was enacted A. U. C 44S,
to empower the people to appoint two pro-
per persons to fit and repair the fleets.

L. Oecidius Saxa, a Celtiberian in Cie-
f«r'8 camp.

Decineus, a celebrated sootiisayer.
* Decius Mu9, a celebrated Roman coa-
sul, who, after many glorious exploits,
devoted himself to the gods Manes for the
safety of his country, in a battle against
the Latins, 338 years B. C. Kis son Deci-
Us imitated his example, and devoted him-
self in like manner in his fourth consul-
Chip, when fighting against the Gauls and
Samnites, B. C. 296.' His grandson also
did the same in the war ac^ainst Pyrrhus

and the Tarentines, B. C. 380. Brutus,

cooducted Qesar to the Senate-house tbe
day that he was murdered. (Cn. Me-
lius, Q. Trajan us) a native of Pannonia,
sent by tbe emiieror Philip, to appease a
sedition io'Mffisia. Instead of obeying his
master's command, he assumed the impe-
rial purple, and soon after marched against
him, and at his death became the only
emperor.

DacDRTo, a subaltern officer in the Ro-
man armies. He commitnded a deetaiA,
which consisted of ten men, and was the
third part of a turma, or the 30th pah of a

legio of horse. There were certain

magistrates in the provinces, called deeu-
riones munidpales.

Becumates aori, lands -in Germany.

DsDiTAMEifEB, a friend of Alexander.

Deois, a brother of Dccebalus king of
tbeDacL

Dsjasira, a daughter of CBneas, king

of ^toHa, and wife of Hercules. As t^
Janira was once travelling with her hus-
band, they were stopped by the swollen
streams of the Evenus, and the "centaur
Nessus offered Hercules to convey her
safe to the opposite shore. The hero con-
sented ; but no sooner had Nessus gained
the bank, than he attempted to carry De-
janira away in the sight of her husband.
Hercules, upon this, aimed, from tbe other
shore, a poisoned arrow at the seducer,
and mortally wounded him. Nessas, as
he expired, wished to avenge bis death
upon his murderer ; and he gave Dejanira
his tunic, which was covered with blood,
poisoned and infected by the arrow, ob-
serving, that it had the power of reclaim-
ing a husband from unlawful loves. De-
janira accepted the present: and wlien
Hercules proved faithless to her bed, she
sent him the centaur's tunic, which in-
stantly caused his death. Dejanira was
so disconsolate at the death of faer hu»-
band, which she bad ignorantly occasion-
ed, that she destroyed herself.

DEicoorv, a Trojan prince, intimate

with iGneas. ^A son of Hercules and

Megna.

Detdakia, a daughter of Lycomedes,

kin g of Scy ros. A daughter of Pyrrhus, '•

killed by the Epirots. A daughter of

Adrastus, king of Argos. ^

DEiLEoir^a companion of Hercules in
his expedition against the AroaKons.

DsiLocHus, a son of Hercules.

Deimachus, a son of Neleus and Chlo-

ris, killed by Hercules. The father of

Enarette.

Deioces, a son of Phraortes,' by whose
means the Modes ddivei^d themselves <
from the yoke of the Assyrians. - i

Deiochus, a Greek captain, killed by 't'
Paris in the Trojan war. h

Deionsi the mother of Miletus by \:
Apollo. S

DEIOIVE179. a king of Pliocis, who mar- Cn
ried Diomede, daughter of Xnthas, by i-i
whom he had Dia. He gave his daughter >i|
Dia in marriage to Ixion, who promised %■,
to make a present to his father-in-law. Hk
Deioneos accordingly visited the house of '^
Ixion, and was thrown into a large hole ^^
filled with burning coals, by his son-in- m,^
law. ^

Deiopsia, a nymph, the fbirest of aU i ;
tbe fourteen nymphs that attended upcm ^^

Juno. One of tiie attendant nymphs ot ^

Cyrene. «i!,

Deiotarus, a governor of Galatia, made f[
king of that province by the Roman people, ij^
He joined Brutus with a large army, and ^^
fhithfVilly supported the republican cause, n'
Deiotarus died in an advanced old age. }h

Deiphila. Vid. Deipyle. >»

Deifhobs, a sibyl of Cume, daughter «^
of Glaucus. C

Deiprobcs, a son of Priam and Hecubgi i^^

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143

wlM, VHoi the death of his brother Pazia,
manried Helen. HJs wife unworthily be-
trayed him, to her old husband Menelaus,
to. whom she wished to reconcile herself,

and he was shamefully killed by him.

A aoB of Hipp<^ytu8, who purified Hercu-
les after the murder of Iphitus.

DsiPHQN, the son of Triptolemos and
Megan ira ; whom Ceres loved so passion-
ately, that she wanted to make him im-
mortal, and made him pass through fire
for that purpose ; but, being disturbed by
the cries of his motter, the goddess, in a
hurry, mounted her car, and left Deiphon

to perish in the flames. The husband

of Hyrnetho, daughter of Temenus, king
of Argos.

DaiPHONTBs, a general of Temenus,
who took Epidauria.^— A general ef the
Dorians.

Deiptls, a daughter of Adrastus, who
married Tydeus, by whom she had Dio-
medes.

Bbiptlus, a son of Sthenelus, in the
Trojan war.

Dbiptbus, a Grecian chief, during the
Trojan war.

Dsi^Doir, a king of Mysia, defeated by
Crassus.

Delia, a festival celebrated every fifth
year in the island of Delos, in honor of
ApoUo.

Delia, a surname of Diana, because she
was bom in Delos.

DsLiAinis, a son of Glaucus, killed by
his brother Bellerophon.— ~— -The priest^
esses in Apollo's temple.

Delium, a temple of Apollo. A

town of BcBotia opposite Calchis.

Delius, a surname of Apollo, because
I he was born in Delos. Ctuint., an> offi-
cer of Antony, who, when he was sent to
cite Cleopatra before his master, advised
I ber to make her appearance in the most
captivating attire.

Delmatius, F1. Jul., a nephew of Con-

I Btantine the Great, honored with the title

of Cesar, and put in possession of Thrace^

I Macedonia, and Achaia. He was assas-

I linated by his own soldiers.

DsLMiiriuM, a town of Dalmatia.

Dklos, one of the Cyclades at the north
I of Naxofl, which now bears the name of
I BaiUes. The island is celebrated for the
Isativity ot Apollo and Diana ; and one of
lOie altard of^ Apollo, in the island, was
iKckoned among the seven wonders of the
liroild. The whole island of Delos was
Ikeld in the hie^est veneration.
I Delphi, now Castri, a town of Phocls,
|litnate in a valley at the south-west side

f mount Parnassus. It was also called

"^ho, because the serpent Python was

^iled there ; and it received the name of

" ' hi, from Delpbus, the son of Apollo.

3 have also called it Pamassia JW^s,

e 00^, of PBinasBUB. It was fiunous

for a temple of ApoUo, and tat an oneki.
celebrated in every age ana country.

DsLPHicus, a surname of ApolK>, firoid
the worship paid to his divinify at Delphi.

Delphinia, festivals at iGgina, in honor
of Aj^llo of Delphi.

DELPHiifiuM, a place in Bosotia, <qq;NH
site Eubo^a.

Delphis, the priestess of Delphi.

Delphus, a son of Apcdlo who buiK*^
Delphi, and consecrated it to his father.

Delphtite, a serpent which watched
over Jupiter.

Delta, a part of Egypt, which lies be-
tween the Canopian and Pelusian mouths
of the Nile.

Demadbs, an Athenian, who, ttom a
sailor, became an eloquent orator, and ob^
tained much influence in the state. He
was put to death, with hit son, on suspi-
cion of treason, B. C. 39S. One of his
orations is extant.

Demjenetus, a rhetorician of Syracuse,
enemy to Timoleon.

Demagoras, one of Alexander's flatter-
ers. An historiari who wrote concern-'

ing the foundation of Rome.

Demarata, a daughter of Hiero.

Dem ARATUB, the son and successor of^
Ariston on the throne of Sparta, B. C. 596.
A rich citizen of Corinth, of the fam-
ily of the Bacchiads. A Corinthian

exile at the court of Philip king of Mace<
donia.

Dem ARCHU8, a Syraensan, put to deatb
by Dionysius.

Dem ARETA, 4he wife of Gelon.

Dem ARiBTB, the mother of Timoleon.

Dem ATRIA, a Spartan mother, who kill-
ed her son, because he returned from a
battle without glory.

DeMetria, a festival in honor of Ceres
called by Uie Greeks Denver.

Demetrias, a town of Thesaaly.— The
name was common to other places.

Demetrius, a son of A&tigonus and
Stratonice,8umamed Poliorcetes, dsaCroyer
ofunons. At the age of twenty-two, he
was sent by his father agtflnst Ptolemy,
who invaded Syria. He was defeatea
near Gaza ; but he soon repaired his loss,
by a victory over one of the generals of
the enemy. He afterwards sailed with a
fleet of two hundred and fifty ships to
Athens, and restored the Athenians to
liberty. His uncommtm success raised
the jealousy of the successors of Alexan-
der ; and they united to destroy Antigo-
nus and his son. Their hostile armies
met at Ipsus, B. C. 301. Antigonus was
killed in the battle ; and DemetriuH, after
a severe loss, retired to Ephesua. His ill
success raised him many enemies ; and
the Athenians, who had lately adored ^
him as a god, reftised to admit him Into
their city. Demetrius died in the fifty-
Ibimb yeai of bii Age, after a oonflttement

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144

«[f three yean, In the power of his 8on-ii>*
law SeleucoB.-*— A prince who sucteed*
•d his father Antigonue on the throne of
Macedonia. He reigned eleven years,
and was succeeded by Antisonus Doson.

A son of Philip king of Mace4iDit,

delivered as an hostage to the Romans.
When be returned to Macedonia, he was
fklsely accused by his brother Perseus, who
was jealous of his popularity, and his
father too creduloaely consented to his

death, 0. C. IHO. A Magnesian.

A servant of Cassius. A son ef Deme-
trius of Cyrene. A freed man of

Pompey. A eon of Demetrius, sur-

named Slender. A prince surnamed

Soter, was son of ^eleucus Philopater, the
eon of Antiochus tlie Great, king of iSyria^
His father gave him as a hostage to the
Romans.— >— The second, surnamed JW-
tanor, or Conquerort was son of Boter, to
whom he succeeded by the assistance of
Ptolemy Philometer, after he had driven
out the usurper Alexander Bala, B. C.
146. His pride and oppression rendered
him odious, and Demetrius, unable to re-
sist the power of his enemies, fled to Pto-
lemais, which was then in the hands of
his wife Cleopatra. The gates were shut
^p against his approach, by Cleopatra;
and he was killed by order of the governor
of Tyre, whither he had fled for protec>

tion. The third, surnamed EuceruSf

was son of Antiochus Gryphus. He was
taken in a battle against the Parthians,
and died in captivity. Phalereus, a dis-
ciple of Theophrastus, who f;a|nea such
an influence over the Athenians, by hie
eloquence, and the purity of his manners,
that he was elected decennial archon, B.
€.317. He so embellished the c{ty,mid
tendered himself SO popular by his nHinlfi-
«ence, that the Athenians raised three
hundred and sixty brazen statues to his
honor. Yet in the midst of all this popu-
larity, his enemies raised a sedition against
him, and he was condemned to death, and
all his statues thrown down, after obtain-
ing the sovereign power for Jten years. He
put an end to his life by the bite of an asp,
284 B. C. According to some, Demetrius
enjoyed the confidence of Philadelphus,
and enriched bis library at Alexandria

with two hundred thousand volumes.

A Cynic philosof»her, disciple of Apollo-
nius Thyaneus, in the age of Caligula.
He died in a great old age ; and Beneca
observes, that riature had brought him forth,
to show mankind^ that an ezalted gemnu earn
live securely without being eorrupted dy the

vices cfthe surronnding world. One of

Alexander's batterers. A native of By-
zantium, who wrote on the Greek poets.
An Athenian killed at Mantinea,

when fighting against the Thebans.

A writer who published an history of the
uiuptiuM of the Gauls ioto Aeia. . A

philological writer, in the age of Cicero.

A stage phiyer. Syrus, a rhetoric

cian at Athens. A geographer, sur-
named the Calatian.

DsMo, a Sibyl of Curas.

DxHOAHASsA, the mother of ^gialens.

DsMocEDss, a celebrated physician of
Crotona, son of Calliphon, aqd intimate
with Polycrates.

Dbuocharsi, an Athenian satit with
some of his countrymen with an embassy
to Philip king of Macedonia. The mon-
arch gave them audience ; and when he
asked them what be could do to please
the people of Athens? Democliares r»-

pUed, »» Hang yourself." A poet of

i^oli. A statuary, who wished to make

a statue of mount Athos.— ^A general of
Poirtpey the younger, who died B. C. 36.

Democles, a man accused of disafiec-
tiOtt towards Dionyeins.

DsuocaoK, aniUuraJson of Priam, kill-
ed by Ulysses.

DxiiocnATEs, an architect of Alexan-
dria. A wrestler. An At^niaa who

fou^t on the side of Darius, against the
Macedonians.

DxiioaaiTas, a celebrated philosopher
of'Abdera, disciple to Leucippus. He
travelled over the greatest part of Europe,
Asia, and Africa, in quest of knowledge,
and returned home in the greatest pov-
erty. He was accused of insanity, and
Hippocrates was ordered to inquire into
the nature of his disorder. The pbysi-
cian had a confevence with the philoeo-

gher, and declared that not Democritus,
ut his enemies were insane. He contin-
ually laughed at the follies and vanity ot
mankind, who distract themselves with
care, and are at once a prey to hope and
to anxiety. He died in the one hundred
and ninth year of his age, B. C. 361.
An Bphesian, who wrote a book on Di-
ana's teuiple. A powerftil man of

Naxoa.

' Dbm ODiok, the wife of Cretheas, king
of lolchos. Some call her Biadice, or
Tyro.

Demodochus. a musician at the coart of
Alcinous.— — -A Trojan chief, who came
with iEneas into Italy, where he was
killed.— —An historian.

Demoleds, a Greek, killed by iflneas in
the Trcjan war.

Demoleoit, a centaur, killed by The-
seus at the nuptials of Pirithous.—- . — .A
son of Antenor, killed by Achilles.

Demon, an Athenian, nephew to De-
mosthenes. He was at the bead of the
government during the abeencd of his
uncle, and obtained a decree that Demos-
thenes should be recalled, and that a ship
should be sent to bring him back.

DBMoifABSA, a daughter of Amphiaiaus,
who married Thersander.

DanevAx, a celebrated DbilosoplMr of

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Crete, fci the reign of Adrian. He^ied
In his hundredth year. A man of Man-
tinea, sent to settle the government of Gy-
rene.

DEMoificA, a woman who betrayed
Epbesas to Brennus.

DfiMorHAzrxus, a general killed by An-
tigonus.

DsMopmLs, a name given to the sibyl
of Gums. I

DcMOPHiLUs, an Athenian archon.

An officer of Agathocles.

Demophon, an Athenian, who assisted
the Thebans in recovering Gadmea.

Demophoon, son of Theseus and Phae-
dra, was king of Athene, B. G. 1183, and

reigned thirty-three years. A friend of

iEneas, killed by Gamilla.

DEMOPOLis,a son of Themistocles.

Demos, a place of Ithaca.

Demosthenes, a celebrated Athenian,
SOD of a rich black-smith, called Demosthe-
nes and of Cleobule. At the age of seven-
teen he gave an early proof of bis elo-
quence and abilities against his guardians,
rrom whom he obtained the retribution
of the greatest part of bis estate. His
rising talents were however impeded tigr
weak lungs, and a difficulty of pronuncia-
tion. To correct th^ stammering of his
voice, he spoke with ^bbles in his mouth;
and removed the distortion of his features,
which acconipanied his utterance, by
watching the motions of his countenance
in a looking-glass. That his pronuncia-
tion might pe loud and full of emphasis,
be frequently ran up the steepest and most
uneven walks, where his voice acquired
force and energy ; and on the sea-shore,
when the waves were violently agitated,
he declaimed aloud, to accustom himselr
to the noise and tumults of a public as-
sembly. He also confined himself in a
BQbterraneous cave, to devote himself
more closely to studious pursuits ; and to
eradicate all curiosity of appearing in pub-
lic, he shaved one half of his head. His
abilities, as an orator, raised him to con-
sequence at Athens, and he was soon
placed at the head of the government.
His triumph and popularity, however,
were short. When Antipater made war
against Greece, he demanded that all the
orators should be delivered up into his
hands. Demosthenes with all his adher-
ents fled to the temple of Neptune in Ca-
lauria, and when he saw that all hopes of
safety were banished, he took a dose of
poison, which he always carried in a quill,
and expired on the day that the Thesmo-
phoria were celebrated, in the sixtieth
year of his age, B. G. 322. The Athen-
ians raised a brazen statue to his honor
with an Inscription tninslated into this
distich :

Si tibi par menti robur^ Vir mg.9ne^fiiis$etf

Onteia nan Miuedm tuceubuuset Kero.

B^ostfaenes ha* desenredly'been called

the prince of orators. An Athenian

general, sent to succeed Alcibiades in Si>
cily. He was put to death hy the Syra-

cuaiaas, B. G. 413. The father of the

orator Demosthenes. He was very rich.
A governor of Gesarea.

Demostratus, an Athenian orator.

Demuchus, a Trojan, son of Philetor,
killed by Achilles.

Demtlus, a tyrant who tortured the phi-
losopher Zeno.

DENSELSTiB, a pooplc of Thnce.

Deobriga, a town on the Ibenis in
Spain, now Miranda de Ebro.

Dsodatus, an Athenian who opposed
the cruel resolutions of Gleon against the
captive prisoners of Mitylene.

Deo IS, a name given to Proserpine from
her mother Geres, who was called Deo,

Derje, a place of Messenia.

Derbx, a town of Lycaonia.

DERBicxs,a people near Gaucasus, who
killed all those that had reached their
seventieth yaar. They buried such as died
a natural death.

Derce, a fountain in Spain, whose wa^
ters were said to be uncommonly cold.

DxRcxififus, an ancient king in Latium.

Dbrceto and Dxrcxtis, a goddess f!^
Syria, called also Atergads, whom some
suppose to be the same as Astarte.

Derctllidas, a general of Sparta, cele-
brated for his military exploits. He took
nine different cities in eight davs.

DxRCTLEUi, a man appointed over Attf*
ca by Antipater.

Dercyitus, a son of Neptune, killed by
Hercules.

PERfjEi, a people of Thrace.

Dbsthona, now TerUma, a town of Li-
guria.

Dertose, now Tortoaay a town of Spain
near the Iberus.

Dehusijei, a people of Persia.

DxsuDABA, a town of Media.

Dbta,b town of Britain, now CktstaTf
on the Dee.

DsucALiorr, a son of Prometheus, who
married Pyrrha, the daoghter of Epime-
theufl. He reigned over part of Thessaly,
and in his age the whole earth was over-
whelmed with a deluge. Prometheus ad-
vised his son to make himself a ship, and
by this means he saved himself and hie
wife Pyrrha. The vessel was tossed about
during nine successive jdays, and at last
stopped on the top of mount Parnassus,
where Deucalion remained till the waters
had mibsided. As soon as the waters had
retired from the surface of the earth, Deu-
calion and his wife went to consult the
oracle of Themis, and were directed to re- ^
pair the loss of mankind, by throwing be-
hind them the bonea of their grandmother.
This was nothing but the stones of the
eaith.j and atte'r sage heaitadon about

146

the ineanlng of the ox^le, they pbeyecl.
The stones thrown by Deucalion became
men, and those of Pyrrha women. The
deluge of Deucalion, so much celebrated
in ancient hi8tor>', is supposed to hi^ve

happened 1503 years B. C. One of the

Argonauts. A son of Minos. A son

of Abas.

Deucetius, a Sicilian general.

DxuooRix. one of the Cherusci, led in
triumph by German icus.

Dexamene, one (if the Nereides.

Dexameitus, a man delivered by Her-
cules from the hands of his daughter's
suitors. A king of Olenus in Acliaia.

Dexipfus, a Spartan who assisted tlie
people of Agrigentum.

Dexithea, the wife of Minosi

Dexius, a Greek, father of Iphinous,
killed by Glaucus in the Trojan war.

DiA, a daughter of Deion, mother of Pi-

rithous by Ixion. An island in the

^gean sea, seventeen miles from Delos.

it is the same as Naxos. Anotlier on

the coast of Crete. A city of Thrace —

Euboea — Peloponnesus — Lusitania — Italy
— i^cythia — Caria — Bithynia — and Thes-
saly.

DiAcrosiDEs. one of Agarista's suitors.

The fathe/of Eurydame, the wife of

Leatychides.

DiiEus, of Megalopolis, a general of the
Achffians, who killed himself when his
bffairs became desperate. ^

DiADUMERiANUf, a SOU of Macrlnus,
who enjoyed the title of Cssar during his
father's lifetime.

Di AOON and Di AorM, a river of Pelopon-
nesus, flowing into the Alpheus, and se-
parating Pisa from Arcadia.

DiA6oifDAs,aTheban who abolished all
nocturnal sacrifices.

DiAooRAs, an Athenian philosopher.
Bis father's name was^Teleclytus. From
the greatest superstition, he became a
most unconquerable atheist; because he
flaw a man who laid a false claim to one
of his poems, and who perjured himself^
f!0 unpunished. He lived about four hun-

"dred and sixteen years before Christ.

An athlete of Rhodes, four hundred and
Htxty years before the Christian era. Pin-
•dar celebrated his merit in a beautiful ode
«till extant. He saw his three sons crown-
«d the same day at Olympia, and died
through excess of joy.

DiALi0,a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first
instituted by Numa.

DiALLua, an Athenian, who wrote an
history of all the memorable occurrences
of his age.

DiAMASTioosis, a festival at Sparta in
•honor of Diana Orthia, when boys were
whipped before the altar of the goddess.
These boys, called Bomonicte, were ori-
ginally free-born Spartans; but, in the
mora delicate ages, they were of mean

birth, and generally of 91 slavish j»rigio«
These llagellations were so severe, that
the blood gushed in profuse torrents, and
many expired under the lash of the wfifp
without uttering a groan, or betraying any
marks of fear. Such a death was reckon-
ed vary honorable, and the corpse was
buried with much solemnity, with a gar-
lafnd of flowers on its head.

DiAif A was the goddess of hunting. She
was bom at the same birth as Apollo, and
obtained from her father the permission to
live in perpetual celibacy, and to preside
over the travails of women. She devoted
herself to hunting, and obtained permis-
sion of Jupiter to have for henattendants
sixty of the Oceanldes, and twenty other
nyrtiphs, all of whom, like herself, abjur-
ed the use of marriage. She is represent-
ed with a bent bow and quiver, and at-
tended with dogs, and sometimes drawn
in a chariot by two white stags. Some-
times she appears with wings, holdiag a
Hon in one hand, and a panther in the
other, with a chariot drawn by two heif-
ers, or two horses of diflerent colors. She
was called Lucina, Ily^hia, or Juno Pro-
nuba, when invoked by women in child-
bed, and Trivia when worshipped in the
cross- ways where her statues were gene-
rally erected. She was supposed to be
the same as the moon, and Proserpine or
Hecate, and from that circumstance she
was called Triformis. The most famous
of her temples was that of Ephesus, which
was one of the seven wonders of the
world.

D1ANA8A, the mother of Lycurgus.

DiANiuM, a town and promontory of
Spain, now Cape Martin, where Diana
was worshipped.

DiAsiA, f^tivals in honor of Jupiter at
Athens.

DiBio. a town of France, now Dijon in
Burgundy.

Dicj^A and Dicsarchea, a town' of
Italy.

DicjEUB, an Athenian who was super-
naturally apprised of the defeat of the Per-
sians in Greece.

Dice, one of the Here, daughters of Ju-
piter.

DicEARcnus, a Messenian famous for
his knowledge of philosophy, history, and
mathematics.

DicEMiBus, an Egyptian philosopher in
the age of Augustus.

DicoMAi, a king of the Gete.

DicTji and DicT^us mons, a mountain
of Crete. Jupiter was called IHetiEusj be-
cause worshipped there.
* DicTAMNuM and Dicttkna, a town of
Crete, where the herb called dietamnus
chiefly grows.

Dictator, a magistrate at Rome invest-
ed with regal authority. This ofiScer was
fiittchoflOQ dariJig the Roman wars a^unst

147

.DI

tin Latins. 7)ie consnla being unable to
raise corces for the defence of the state.
because the plebeians refused to enlist, ii
they were not dischaiged from all the
debts they had contracted with the patri-
cians, the senate • found it necessary to
elect a new magistrate with absoluti; and
incontrollable power to take care of the
state. The dictator remained in office
for six months, after which he was again
elected, if the affairs of the state seemed
to be desperate ; but if tranquillity was
reestablished, he generally laid down bis
power before the time was expired. ■ He
knew no superior in the republic, and
even the laws were sufagected to him. He
was choeen only when the state was in
imminent dangers from foreign enemies
or inward seditions. The dictator, as soon
as elected, chose a aubondinate officer,
called his master of horse, magwter eguir-
Utm. TMis officer was totally subservient
to the will of the dictator.

DicTiDiENsss, certain inhabitants of
mount AthoB.

DicTTif i»A, a nymph of Crete, who first

invented hunting nets. A festival at

Sparta in honor of Diana.— A eity of

Crete.

DicTTs, a Cretan, who went with Ido-
meneus to the Trojan war. — ^-A king of
the island of Beriphus, son of Magnes and

Nays. A centaur, killed at the nuptials

of Pirithous.

DiDAS, a Macedonian who was employ-
ed by Perseus to render Demetrius sus-
pected to his father Pl^ilip.

DfOfA LEX, de SumptUmSf by Didius,
A. U. C. 606, to restrain the expenses that
attended public festivals and entertain-
ments.

DiDios, a governor of Spaii^ conquered

by Sertorius. A man who Drought CaB-

«ar the head of Pompey's eldest son. A

governor of Britain, under Claudius.

Julianas, a rich Roman, who, after the
murder of Pertinax, bought the empire
which the Pretorians had exposed to sale,
A. D. I9Q. The soldiers revolted against
bim, and put him to death, after a short
reign. .

Dido, a daughter of Belus king of Tyre,
who married Sichsus, her uncle, who
was priest of Hercules. Pygmalion, who
sncceeded to the throne of Tyre after Be-
lus, murdered Sichsus, to get possession
of the immense riches wfiich he possess-
ed ; and Dido set sail in quest of a settle-
ment, with a number of Tyrians, to whom
the cruelty of the tyrant became odious.
A storm drove her fleet on the African
coast, and she bought of the inhabitants
as much land as could be covered by a
bull's hide, cut into thongs. Upon this
piece of land she built a citadel, called
Byrsa. Her beauty, as well as the fame
of ber enterprise, gained ber many ad*

mirers ; and her subjects w(tibed to com-
pel her to marry Jarbas, king of Maurita-
, nia, who threatened them with a dreadful
war. Dido begt^d three months to give
her 4ecisive answer ; and during that
time, she erected a funeral pile, as if wish-
ing, by a solemn sacrifice, to appease the
manes of Sichseus, to whom she had pro-
mised eternal fidelity. When all was
prepared, she stabbed herself on the pile
in presence of her people. According to
Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido was
caased by the suaden departure of iEneas.
This poetical fiction represents iEneas aa
living in the age of Dido, and introduces
an anachronism of near three hundred
years.

DiDTMA, a place of Miletus. -An is-
land in the Sicilian sea.

DiDTMJEns, a surname of Apollo.

DiDYMAOif, an excellent artist.

DiDTHx, one of the Cyclades. A cky

of Sicily. One of the Lipari'isles, now

Salifu. A place near Miletus, where

the Branchidffi had their famous oracle.
' DiDTMUH, a mountain of Asia Minor.

DiDTMUs, a freedman of Tiberius. 1^

A scholiast on Homer, flourished B. C„
40.

DiEiTEcss, a Spartan, who, upon heaiv
ing, before the battle of Thermopylffi, that
the Persians were so numerous that their
airows would darkan the light of the sun,
observed, that it would be a great convene
ience, for they then should fight in the
shade.

DiESFiTER, a surname of Jupiter, as be-
ing the father of light.

DiGENTiA, a small river which watered
Horace's farm, in the country of the Sa-
bines*

DioMA, a part of the Piraeus at Athens.

Dii, the divinities of the ancient inhab-
itant^ of the earth were very numerous.
Every object which caused terror, inspired
gratitude, or bestowed affluence, received
the tribute of veneration. The Romans,
generally speaking, reckoned two classes
of the gods, the dii majorum genia^.m, or dii
coruulentesy and the dti ntinorum gentium.
The former were twelve in number, six
males and six females. In the class of
the latter, were ranked all the gods which
were worshipped in different parts of the
earth. There were also some called demi-
gods, who deserved immortality by the •
greatness of their exploits, and for their
uncommon services to mankind. In pro-
cess of time also, all the passions, and the
moral virtues, were reckoned as powerful
deities, and temples were raised to a god-
dess of concord, peace, &c. Afterwards,
not only good and virtuous men, who had
been the patrons of learning and the sup-
porters of liberty, but also thieves and pi-
rates, were admitted among the gods :
and the Roman senate courteously grantea

148

ImmoitBllty to the most ereel and aban-
doned of their emperors.

Dii, a people of Thrace, on mount Sho-
dope.

DiMASsus, an^island near Rhodes.

DiNARCHus, a Greek on^r, son of Bob-
tratua, and disciple to Theophrastus, at
Athena. He suffered himself to be bribed
by the enemies of the Athenians, 307 B.

C. A Corinthian ambassador, put to

death by Polyperchon.— — A natiVe of De-
les, who collected some faMea in Crete.

DiiTDTMus or A (onuit,) a u^ountain of
Pbrygia.

Diifi A, a town of Phrygia. A town

of Gaul, now Digne in Provence.

DiivicH£, the wife of Archidamus.

Dim AS, a general of Cassahder. A

man of Phers, who seized the supreme

power at Cranon. A man who wrote

an history of Argos.

DiifocHAR£g,an architect, who finished
the temple of Diana at Epbesus, after it
had been burnt by Erostratus.

DiNocRATEd, au architect of Macedonia,
who proposed to Alexander to ci;t mount
Athos in the form of a statue, holding a
city in one hand, and in the other a bason,
into which all the waters of the mountain

should empty themselves. A general

of Agatbocles.— — A Messenian, who be-
haved with great eifeminacy.and wanton-
ness. He defeated Philopcemen, and put
Idm to death, B. C. 183.

DiifODocHus, a swift runner.

BiNOLocHus, a Syracusan, who compos-
ed fourteen comedies.

DiHOMSNEs, a tyrant of Syracuse.

DiNoir, a governor of Damascus, under

Ptolemy. The father of Clitarchus,

who wrote an history of Persia in Alexan-
der's age.

DiivosTHEif E8, a man who made himself
a statue of an Olympian victor.

DiiTosTaATus, a celebrated geometrician
in the age of Plato.

DiocLBA, festivals in the spring at Me-
^ra, in honor of Diocles.^— — A town on
the coast of Dalmatia.

DiocLss, a general of Athens. A

ccHnic poet of Athens. An historian,

the first Grecian who ever wrote concern-
ing the origin of the Romans. One of

the four brothers placed over the citadel

of Corinth^ by Archelaus. A rich man

of Messenia. A general of Syracuse.

DiocLETiAiropoLis, atown of Tbessaly,
called so in honor of Dioctfesian.

DiQCLKTiANUB, (Calus Valerius Jovius)
A celebrated Roman Emperor, tibrn of an
obscure fhmily in Dalmatia. He was first
A common soldier, and by merit and suc-
cess he gradually rose to the ofilce of a gen-
eral, and at the death of Numerian, he
was invested with the imperial purple. —
He was bold and resolute, active and dili-
gent. Bieeraelty, however, against the

followers of Christianity fa«s been deserr-
edly branded with the appellation of un-
bounded tyranny,, and insolent wanton-
ness. After he had reigned 21 years in the
greatest prosperity, he publicly abdicated
the crown at Nicomedia, on the first of
May, ^. D. 304, and retired to a private sta-
tion at Salona. Maximian, his colleague,
followed bis example, but not from volun-
tary choice. He livjed nine years after bis
abdication in tiie greatest security And en-
joyment at Salona, and died in the e8th
year of his age. Dioclesian is the first
sovereign whOv voluntarily resigned his
power.

J)ioDoRV8, an historian, sumatned Sicu-
lua, because he was born at Argyra in Sic-
ily. He wrote an history of Egyfit, Persia,
Syria, Media, Greece, Rome, and Car-
thage, which was divided into 40 books,
of which only 1.5 are extant, with some
few fragments. This valuable compositiun
was the work of an accurate inquirer, and
it is said. that he visited all the places of
which he has made mention in his history.

It was the labor of 30 years. A disciple

of Euclid, in the age of Plato. A comic

poet. A son of Ecbeanax, who, with

his brothers Codrus and Anaxagoras, mur-
dered Hegesias the tyrant of Ephesus.

An Ephesian, who wrote an account of the

life of Anaximander. An oratorof Sar-

des, in the time of the Mithridatic war.

A stoic philosopher, preceptor to Cicero

A general of Demetrius. A writer,

surnamed Periegetus, who wrote a descrip-
tion of the earth. An African.

DiosTAB, a general of Achaia.

DiooxifEs, a celebrated Cynic philoso-
pher of Sinope, pupil of Antisthenes j re-
markable for the singularity of his man-
ners, and contempt of riches. It was his
practice to dress in the garb which distin-
guished the Cynics, and walk about the
streets with a tub over his head, which
served him as a house and a place of re-
pose. Alexander III. once condescended
to visit the philosopher in his tub ; and
asked him if there was anything in which
he could gratify or .oblige him. "Get ont
of my sunshine," was the answer of the
cynic. Such an independence of mind so
pleased the monarch, that he turned to his
courtiers, and said, "Were I not Alexan-
der, I would wish to be Diogenes." After
a life spent in the greatest indigence; he

died, in his 96th year, B. C. 334. There

was also a philosopher of this name who
attended Alexander in his Asiatic expedi-
tion, for the purpose of marking out and

delineating his march, &.c. ^A stoic of

Babylon. lUsciple of ChrysippuQ. He died
In the 68th year of his age, after a life of

the most exemplary virtue. A native

of Apollonia, celebrated for his knowledge

of philosophy and physic. ^Laeifius,

aa epicurean ptailoMpher, bom in CiUcia.

ii9

niogenes died A. D. 233. A Maeedo-

mian, who betrayed Salamis to Aratus.

DioGE?»iA, a daughter of Celeus.

A daughter of Che Cephisns, who married
Erechthens.

DiooENTjs, a man ^wbo -conspired with
Dymnus against Alexander.

DioGXETus, a philosopher who instruct-
ed Marcus Aurelius in philosophy, and in
writing dialogues.

DioMEOA, a daughter of Phorbas, whom
Achillea brought Trom Leranos, to be his

mistress after the loss of Briseit. The

wife of Deion of Amyclas.

DioMEDEs, son of Tydeus, and Deiptayie,
king of iElotla, and one of the bravest of
Che Grecian chiefs in the Trojan wzur. He
went witli Ulysses to steal the palladium
from the temple of Minerva at Troy ; and
assisted in murdering Rhesas, kmg of

Thrace, and cariying away his horses.

On his return from' the siege of Troy, he
found that his wife ^^ale h&d been un-
faithfaU He resolved to abandon his na-
tive country which was the seat of his dis-
grace . He came to that part of Ualy which
has been called Magna Gra^cia, where he
built a city called Argyrippa, and married
the daughter of Daunus, the king of the
country. He died there in extreme old

age. A king of Thrace, son of Man

and Cyrene, who fed his horses with hu-
man flesh. A friend of Alcibiades.

A grammarian.

DioMEDON, an Athenian general, put to
death for his negligence at Arginuss.

Dion, a Sy'racusan, fhmous for his pow-
ers ana abilities : he was betrayed ^nd
murdered by his friend, Callicrates, B.C.
354. His death was universally lamented
"by the Syracusans, and a monument was
raised t^ his memory. A town of Mac-
edonia. Cassius, a native of Niciea in

Hithynia. His fhther's name was Aproni-
aniis. He was raised to the' greatest offi-
ces of state in the Roman empire by Perti-
naz and his three successors. Natur^-Uy
fond of study, he Improved himself by
unwearied application, and was ten years
in collecting materials for an history of
Rome, which he made public in 80 books,
'after a laborious employment of 19 years
in composing it. IHon flourished about

the 230th year of the christian era. A

&mou8 Christian writer, sumamed Ckry-
fostom. '

DioN^A, a surname of Venus, supposed
to he the daughter of Jupiter and Dione.

BioivB, a nymph, daughter of Nereus
and Doris.

DioNYsiA, festiv^ds in honor of Bacchus
among the Greeks^ At first they were
celebrated with great simplicity, and the
time was consecrated to mirth. It was
then usual to bring a vessel of wine adorn-
ed with » vine branch, after which folldw-
ed a goat, a basket of figs, and the tfaXXoi,
13*

The worshippers Imitated in their dress
and actions the poetical fictions concerning
Bacchus. They clothed themselves in
fawn's skins, fine li^en, and mitres, they
carried thyrsi, drums, pipes, and riutes,
and crowned themselves with garlands df
ivy, vine, fir, &c. Some imitated Sileuus,
Pan, and the satyrs by the uncouth man^
ner of thflir> dress, and their fantastical
motions. Some rode upon asses, and others
drove the i^ats to slaughter for the sacri-
fice. In this manner both sexes joined in
the solemnity, and ran about the hills and
country, nodding their heads, dancing in
ridiculous postures, and filling the air with
hideous shrieks and shouts, and crying
aloud, Evoe Bacche ! lo ! lo ! Evoe ! Iac«
Che ! lobacohe ! Evohe ! With such so<
lemnities were the festivals of Bacchus
celebrated by the Greeks, pmticularly the
Athenians. The festivals of Bacchus were
almost innumerable. They were celebrat-
ed by the Greeks with great licentiousnessj^
and contributed much to the corruption or
morals among all ranks of people. They
were also introduced into Tuscany, and
from thence to Rome.

DioNTsioEs, two small islands near
Crete. — ^Festivals in honor of Bacchus,

DioifrsiAs, a fountain..

DiovTsiDEs, a tragic poet of Tarsus.

DioNTsioDORUs, a famous geometer. — ^
A Boeotian historian.— ^^— A "Tarentine,
who obtained a prize at Olympla.

DioNrsioN, a temple of Bacchus in At-
tica.

DioNTBiPOLis, a town of Thrace.

Diorrrsius Ist, a tyrant of Sicily, who
usurped the throne, and vowed eternal
enmity against Carthage. He experienced
various success in his wars against that
republic ; but his tyranny and cruelty at
home rendered him odious to his subjects ;
and he became so suspicious, that he
would not admit even his wife or chil-
dren to big private apartments, without
a previous examination of their ^rments ;
and never trusted his head to a barber,
but always burned 'his beard. He made
a subterraneous cave in a rock cut in
the form of a human ear, eighty feet in
height, and 250 in length, for the pur-
pose of hearing the discourse of his vic-
tims, who were confined la chambers
above. He died B. C. 368, at the age oK
63, after a reign of '38 years ; and was suc-
ceeded by his son, Dionysius II., who in-
herited all Ms fhther^ vices,- yet wished
to be thought a great poet ; and It is said
that he died through excess of joy, at
hearing that a tragedy of his own compo-
sition had been rewarded with a poetical

prize. An historian of Halieamassuay

who left his country and came to reside at
Rome, that he might carefully study all
the Greek and Latin writers, whose com-
positions treated of ibe JLomaU lutf^

Digitized by VjOOQ I

150

After an niiremltted appUefttion, daring
twenty-four.yeara, he gave totbe worldliis
Soman aotiquitiea in twenty books, of
which only the eleven first are now ex-
tant, neariy containlhg the account of
three hundred and twelve years. To the
merits of the elegant historian, Diony-
slus, also -added the equally respectable
character of the eloquent oratoiu the critic,
and the politician. He lived luring the
Augustan age, and came to Rome about

thirty years before the Christian era.

A ^rant of Heraclea in Pontus, in the age
of Alexander the Great. , He was of sucl!
an uncommon CMrpulence that he never
exposed his person in public. A sur-
name of Bacchus. A disciple of Che-

rempn. — A native of Chalcis, who wrote

a book entitled the origms of eiUea,

A commander of the Ionian fleet against

the Persians. A general of Antiochus

Bierax. A philosopher of Heraclea, dis-
ciple to Zeno.-^ — An epic poet of Mitylene.

A sophist of Pergamus.— A writer

In the Augustan age. The music mas-
ter of Epaminondas. A celebrated

critic. A rhetorician of Magnesia.

A Hessenian madman. A native of

Thrace, generally called the Rhodian,
because he lived there. He wrote some
nrammatical treatises and commentaries,
B. C. 64. A painter of Colophon.

DiopHANxa. a man who joined Pelopon-
nesus to the Acheean league. A rheto-
rician intimate with Tib. Gracchus.

DidPHAiTTus, an Athenian general of
tlie Greek troops in the service of Necta-

nebas of Egypt. A Greek orator of

Mitylene, preceptor to Tib. Gracchas.

~— An arithmetician of Alexandria in the
fourth century.

DioFdNus, a noble sculptor of Crete.

DioroLit, a name of Cabira, a town of
Faphlagonia.

Dioacs, a ftlend of iEneas, killed by
Tumus.

DioRTCTUB, a place of Acamania, where
a canal was cut to make Leueadia an is-
land.

DioBcoaiDis, a native of Cilicia who
was physician to Antony and Cleopatra,
or lived as some suppose in the age of Na-
re.— A man who wrote an account of the

republic af Lacedsmon. A nephew

of Antigonns. A Cyprian, blind of one

eye. A disciple of Isocrates.-— >— An

astrologer.

DtoscoaiDif iivfULA, an Island at the
aouth of the entrance of the Aiabic Gulf.

Dioscuai, or itont of Jupiter ^ a name giv-
en to Castor and Pollux.

Dioscuri AS, a town of Colchis.

DiosPAos, a town of Mesopotamia.

DiospoLis, or VwMBMy a famous city of
Ewpt.

Di oTiMB, a woman who gave lectures
upon phlHoBoplip

DioTiHVB, an Athenian skilled in mari-
time afilUrs.- — A stoic who flourished 65,
B.C.

DioTRSPHss, an Athenian officer.

DtoYippx, one of the Danaides.

Dioxippus, a soldier of Alexander.

An Athenian boxer. A Trojan kUled

by Turnns.

DipjuE, a place of Peloponnesus, where
a battle was fought between the Arcadi-
ans and BpartiMe.

DiPHiLAS, a man sent to Rhodes by the
Spartans to destroy the Athenian ihiction

there. A governor of Babylon. An

historian.

DtPHiLcs, an Athenian general, A. U. C.
311.-: — An architect so slow in finishing
his works, that Diphilo tardior became a
proverb.-»^A tragic writer. .

DiPHORioAs, one of the Ephori at Bparta.

DiPosKjE, a town Of Arcadia.

DiPOLis, B name given to Lemnos^ as
having two cities, Hephestia and M^nna.

DiPSAs, a river of Cilicia, flowing firom

mount Taurus. A profligate and incon<

tinent woman. A kind of serpent.

DiPTLoiT, one of the gates of Athens.

DiRJB, the daughters of Acheron and
Nox, who persecuted the souls of the guilty.
They are the same as the Furies, and some
suppose that they are called Furies in hell.
Harpies on earth, and Dirte in heaven.

DiRcx, a woman whom Lycus, king of
Thebes, married after he bad divorced
Antiope. She treated Antiope with great
cruelty, and was so severely punished for
it by her sons, that ther gods from pity
changed her into a fountain.

IdiRCBNirA, a cold fountain of Spain,
near Biibilis.

DiRPHTA, a surname of Juno.

Dis, a god of the Gauls, the same as
Pluto the god of hell.

DiscoBoi A, a malevolent deity, daughter
of Vox, and sister to Nemesis, the Parce
and Death. She was driven from heaven
by Jupiter, because she sowed dissentions
among the gods, and was the cause of con-
tinual quarrels.

DiTHTRAMBus, a sumamc of Bacchus.

DiTTANi, a people of Spain.

DiTi, a name chiefly apm-opriated to
those who were made gods alter death, or
the Lares, and Penates, and other domestic
gods.

DiTiTiAcuf, one of the ifidui, intimate
with Cesar.

DiuM, a town of Euboea. A promon-
tory of Crete.- — A town of Macedonia.

DiTODURUM a town of Gaul, now Meti
in Lorraim

DiTUf FiDius, a god of the Sabines.

DiTLLus, an Athenian historian. A

etatnary.

DoBBRxs, a people of Peonia.
*Dociu8, a gladiator at Rome.

DoojMus, a man of Tarentom', depriyed

151

of Ids military dignity by Pliilip, son of

Amyntas. An officer of Antigonua.

An officer of PerdiccaSjtalcen by Antigonua.

Dodo » A, a town of Thesprotia, in £pi-
nis, or according to others, in Tliessaly.
Tliere was in its neigh borliood, upon a
amall hill called Tmarus a celebrated ora-
cle of Jupiter. The town and temple of-
the god were first built by Deucalion, after
tbe universal deluge. It was supposed to
be tbe most ancient oracle of all (rreece,
aud according to the traditions of tbe
Bgyptians mentioned by Herodotus, it was
founded by a dove. •

DoDORjiUB, a surname of Jupiter from
Dodotti.

Do BO ITS, a daughter of Jupiter and Eu-
ropa. A fountain in the forest of Do-
dona.

DoDONiDxs, tbe priestesses who gave
oracles in the temple of Jupiter in Do-
dona.

Don, a people of Arabia Felix.

DoLABBSLA, P. CoRiT., a Romau who
married the daughter of Cicero. After
the death of J. Cesar, he received the
government of Syria, as his province. He
was besieged by Cassius in Jjaodicea, and
when he saw that all was lost, he killed
himself, in the twenty-seventh year of his
age. A proconsul of Africa. Anoth-
er who conquered the Gauls, Etrurians,
and Boii at the lake Vadimonis, B. C. 283.
The family of the Dolabells distin-
guished themselves at Rome.

DoLicHAOR, the father of the Hebrus.

DoLicHB, an island in the iEgean sea.
A town of Syria— of Macedonia* ^

DoLius, a faithful servant of Ulysses.

DoLOMKNA, a country of Assyria.

DoLON, a Trojan, son of Eumedet, fa-
mous for his swiftness. A poet.

DoLoirci, a people of Thrace.

Doix>PE». a people of Thessaly, near
mount Pinaus.

DoLoriA, tbe country of the Dolopes,
near Pindus.

DoLOPs, a Trojan, son of Lampus, kill-
ed by Menelaus.

DoiiDucus, a god who presided over
marriafe.

Doifi\iCA,a daughter of Petroniusy who
married the ein^ror Valens.

DoBfiTiA LKx de ReUgione, transferred
the right of electing priests from the col-
lege to the people, A. U. C. 630.

BoMiTfA LoifoiiVA, an infamous Roman
lady, wife of the emperor Domitian.

DoMiTiARUf, Titus Flavius, son of Ves-
pasian and Flavia DomatUla, made him-
self emperor of Rome, at the death of his
brother Titus, whom according to some
accounts he destroyed by poison. In the
latter part of his reign Domitian became
mispicious, and bis anxieties were increas-
ed by the stings of remorse. He was so
distrufltflil even when alone, that round

the terrace, where he usually walked, h«
built a wall with shining stone, that from
them he might perceive as in a looking-
glass whether any. body followed him.
All these precautions were unavailing,
he perished by the hand of an assassin
the eighteenth of September, A. D. 96, in
the forty-fifth year of hi^ age, and the fif-
teenth of llis reign. He was the last of
the twelve Ceesars.

DoMiTiLLA, Flavia, wife of Vespasian.
A niece of the emperor Domitian.

DoMiTius DoMiTiANus, a general of Di-
oclesian in Egypt. He assumed the im-
perial purple at Alexandria, A. D. 3^, and
supported the dignity of emperor for about

two years. He died a violent death.

Cn. iEnobarbus, a Roman consul, who
conquered Bituitus the Gaul, and left
twenty thousand of theeifemyon the field
of battle, and took three thousand prison-
ers. A grammarian in ike reign of

Adrian. ARomanwhojevolted from

Antonv to Augustus. The father of

Nero, famous for his cruelties and debauch-
eries. — A tribune of the people, who

conquered the AUobroges. A consul.

Another consul under Caligula.

A Latin poet called also Marsus in the

age of Horace. Afer. an orator, who

was preceptor to Quintilian. He was
made a consul by ^ero, and died A. D. 59.

^iBLius DozvATU8,~a grammarian who

flourished A. D. 353. A bishop of Numi-

dia, A. D. 311. A bishop of Africa.

DoiriLAUs, a prince of Gallogriecia.

DoNucA, a mountain of Thrace.

DoNTSA, one of the Cyclades.

DoaACTx, an island in the Persian gulf.

DoREs, the inhabitants of Doris.

DoRi and Dorica, a part of Achaia near
Athens.

DoRicus, an epithet applied not only to
Doris, but to all tbe Greeks in general.

DoRisNsss, a people of Crete-^— of Cy-
rene.

DoRisui, a son of Anaxandridas, who

went with a colony into Sicily. A son

of Diagoras of Rhodes.

DoRiLAs, a rich Libyan prince, killed
in the court of Cepheus.

DoRiLAus, a general of the great Mith-
i^dates.

DoRioir, a town of Thessaly.

Doris, a country of Greece, between
Phocis, Thessaly, and Acarnania. It was
called TetrapoUs, from' tbe four cities of
Pindus or Dryopis, Erineiim, Cyliniura,
Borium, which it contained. The name
of dbris has been common to many parts

of Greece. A goddess of the sea,

daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She
married her brother Nereus, by whom she

bad fifty daughters called Nereides

k woman of Locri, whom Dionysius the
elder, married the same day with Aristo-
mache. One of the flftyNweides.

Digitized by VjOOyic

162

DoRiscTJs, a place of Tbrace near the
sea, where Xerxes numbered his forces.

DoRiUM, a town of Peloponnesus.

Onq of the Danaides. *

DoRius, a mountain of Asia Minor.

DoRsKNNus, a comic poet of great merit.

DoRso, C. Fabius, k Roman, who when
Kome was in the possession of the Gauls,
issued from the capitol, whidrwas then
besieged, to go and otTer a sacrifice, which
was to be offered on mount (^uirinalis.

DoRus, a son of Deucalion, who left
Phthiotis, and went to make a settlement
near mount Ossa. The country was call-
ed Doris. A city of Phcenicia.

DoRYAsus, a Spartan, father to Agesilaua.

DoRTCLus, an illegitimate son of Priam.
A brother of Phineus king of Thrace.

DoRTL^uH and Dortljeus, a city of
Phrygia, now Egki Shehr.

Dorylas, one of the centaurs killed by
Theseus.

Dorylaus, a warlike person, intimate
with MithrMates Evergetes, and general
of the Gnossians, B. C, 125.

DoRYssus, a king of Lacediemon, killed
in a tumult.

Dosci, a people near the Euxine.

D0SIAPA8, a poet who wrote a piece of
poetry in the form of an altar which The-
ocritus has imitated.

DosiADEs, aGreek, who wrote an histo-
ry of Crete.

DosoN, a surname of Antigonus, be-
cause he promised and never performed.

DosflKNus. yid. Dorsennus.

Dot ADAS, a king of Messenia.

Do to, one of the Nereides.

DoTus, a general of the Papblagonians,
in the army of Xerx^.
. DoxANDXR, a man mentioned by ^ria-
toUe. ^

Dracanus, a mountain where Jupiter
took Bacchus from his thigh.

Dr.«.co, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens.
Wben he exercised the office of archon,
he made a code of laws, B. C. 623, which,
on account of their severity, were said to
be written in letters of blood. By them,
idleness was punished with as much se-
verity as piuraer, and death was denounc-
ed against the one as well as the other.
These laws were at first enforced, but
they were often neglected on account of
their extreme severity, and Solon totally
abMished them, except that one which
punished a murderer with death. The

popularity of Draco was very great.

A man who instructed Plato in musi£^

Dracontioes, a wicked citizen of
Athens.

Drag us, a general of the Achseans, con-
quered by Mummius.

Drances, a fViend of Latinus, remarl^-
|>le for his weakness and eloquence.

Dranoina, a province of Persia.

Dbafes, a seditious Gaul.

Dravus, a river of Noricum.

DRBPAifA and Drepanum, now TVopont,
a town of Sicily near mount Eryx, in the
form of a scythe. A promontoiy of Pe-
loponnesus.

Drilo, a river of Macedonia.

Drimachus, a famous robber of Chios.

Drinus, a small rivei falling into the
Save and Danube.

Driopides, ftD Athenian ambassador
sent to Darius when the peace with Alex-
ander had been violated.
, Drios, a mountain of Arcadia.

Droi, a people of Thrace.

Drom^us, a surname of Apollo in Crete.

Dropici, a people of Persia.

Dropior, a kins of Peonia.

Drcentius and Druentia, now JDt^
ranee, a rapid river of Gaul.

Drugeri, a people of Thrace.

Druidje, the ministers of religion
among the ancient Gauls and Britons.
They were held in the greatest venera-
tion by the people. Tbeir liAsr was aus-
tere and recluse from the world, their
dress was peculiar to themselves, and
they generally appeared / with a tunic
which reached a little below the knee.
As the chief power was lodged in their
hands, they punished as they pleased, and
could declare war and make peace (t their
option. Their power was extended not
only over private families, but they could
depose magistrates and even kings, if their
actions in any manner deviated from the
laws of the state.

Dauif A, the Drome, a river of Gaul, faU>
ing into the Rhone.

, Drusilla Ltvia, a daughter of Germa-
nicus and Agrippina, famous for ber licen-
tiousness. A daughter of Agrippa king

of Judea.

Druso, an unskilflil historian and mean
usurer. '

Drusus, a son of Tiberius and Vipsania,
who made himself famous by his intrepid-
ity and courage in the provinces </f Illyri-

cum and Pannonia. A son of Gennani-

cus and Agrippina, who enjoyed offices of
the greatest trust under Tiberius. The
emperor became suspicious of him, and
put him to death. A son of the em-
peror Claudius, who died by swallowing

a pear thrown in the air. An ambitious

Itoman, grandfather to Cato.-^— Livhis,
father of Julia Augusta, was inthnate with
Brutus, and killed himself with him tfUr

the battle of Philippi. M. Livhis, «

celebrated Roman who renewed the pro-
posals of the Agrarian laws, which had
proved fatal to thl» Gracchi. He was mur^ ■
dered as he entered his house, B. C. 190.

Nero Claudius, a son of Tiberias N©

ro and Livia, adopted by Augustus.-""— ~

Marcus, a prstor. The plebeian family

of the Drusi produced eight consuls, two
censors, and one dictf ^

Digitized by V

;?«5S5ogle

153

DsTADKs, nyjnpbs that presided pver
the woods.

Drtantiades, a patronymic of Lycur-
gaa, king of Thrace, son of Dry as.

Drtab, a son of Hippolocus. He went
with Eteocles to the The ban war, where

be perished. A son of Mars, who

went to the chase of the Calydonian boar.

A centaur at the nuptials bfPirithous,

who killed Rh<etas. A daughter of

Faiinus, who so hated the sight of men,

that she never appeared in public. A

son of Lycurgus, killed by his own father
in a fury. — ^A son of i£gyptua, murdered
by his wife Eurydice.

DarMJEA, a town of Phocia.

Drtmo, a sea nymph, one of the attend-
ants of Cyrene.

Drtmus, a town between Attica and
Bceotia.

Dhyofe, a woman of Lemnoa* A

virein of CEchalia. A nymph, mother

of Tarquitus by Faun us. A nymph of

Arcadia, mother of Pan by Mercury.

Drtopeia, an anniversary day observ-
ed at Asine in Argolis, in honor of Dry-
ops the son of Apollo.

Drtopes, a people of Greece, near
mount CEta.

Dryofis and Dryopida, a small country
at the foot of mount (Eta in Thessaty.

Dryoi^, a son of Priam. — = — A son of
Apollo. A friend of iEneas.

Drtpbtii, the younger daughter of Da-
rius.

Ddbis, or Ajlduaovbis, the Daux, a
river of Gaul.

DuBRis, a town of Britain.

DucBTiuB, a Sicilian general, who died
B. C. 440.

Duilua..Lbx, a. U. C. 304. Jtmade it
a crime to leave the Roman people with-
out its tribunes. Another, A. U. C. 393.

to regulate what interest ought to be paia
for money lent.

C. DviLLitTs Nxpos, a Roman consul,
the first who obtained a victory over the
naval power of Carthage, B. C. 260.

Ddlichium, an island of.the Ionian sea,
opposite the Achelous.

DuMRORix, a powerful chief among the
iBdui.

DuNAX, a mountain of Thrace.

DuRATiDs PicTo, R Gaul, who remained

in perpetual friendahip with the Roman
people.

DuRis-, an historian of Samoe, who flour-
ished B. €. 257.

DuRiui, a large river of ancient Spain,
now called the Duero,

DuRocAssEs, the chief residence of the
Druids in Gaul, now Drtux.

DuRoifiiu « town of the Samnites.

Bush, solne deities among the Gauls.

Duumviri, two noble patricians at
Rome, first appointed b^ Tarquin to keep
the Sybilline books, which were supposed
to contain the fate of the Roman empire.
These priests continued in their original
institution till the year U. C. 388, when a
law was proposed by the tribunes to in-
crease the number to ten, to be chosen
promiscuously from patrician and plebeian
families.

Dyaoondas, a Theban legislator, who
abolished all nocturnal sacrifices.

DvARDEif sEi, a river in the extremities
of India.
^Dyh^, a town of Achaia.
*DymjEi, a people of iEtolia.

Dymas, a Trojan, wbo jdlned himself to
iEneas when Troy was taken, and was at
last killed by his countrymen, who took
him to be an enemy because he had dress-
ed himself in the armor of one of the

Greeks he had slain. The fkther of

Hecuba.

Dymnus, one of Alexander's ofilcers.
He con^ired with many of his fellow sol-
diers against his master's life. The con-
spiracy was discovered) and Dymnus stab-
bed himself before he was brought before
•the king.

Dy NAME ITS, one of the Nereides.

Dyitaste, a daughter of Tbespius.

Dyras, a river of Trachinia.

Dyraspzs, a river of Scythia.

Dyris, the name of mount Atlas among
the inhabitants of that neighborhood.

Dyrrachium, now Duratie, a large city
of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic
sea.

Dysaulbs, a brother of Celeus, who in-
stitued the mysteries of Ceres at Ce-
le».

Dysciivetus, an Athenian arcbon.

DvsoRUM, a mountain of Thrace.

Dyspoittii, a people of Elis.

EANE8, a man supposed to have killed
Patroclus, and to have fled to Peleus
in Tbessaly.

EAiruf. the name of Janus among the
ancient Latins.

EB .

Earinus, a beautiful boy, in the service
of Domitian.

Easium, a town of Achaia In Pelopon-
nesus. - - * ,T

Ebdomb, a festival in honor of Apo»
G*

154

at Atbena on the seventh day of every lu-
nar month.
Ebon, a name given to Bacchus.

Ebora, a town of Portugal, now Evora.

Eboracum, York in England.

Ebud.e, the western ^sles of Britain,
now Hebrides. ,

Eburones, b people of Belgium, now
the CQunly of Liege.

Ebuscs, one of the Baleares, one hun-
dred miles in circumference, which pro-
duces no hurtful animals. A man en-
gaged in the Rutulian war.

Ecbataica (orum) now Hamsdan, the
capital of Media. A town of Syria.

EoBCHiRiA, the wife of Iphitus.

ficsTRA, a town of the Volsci.

EcHscRATEs, a Thessalian, who offered
violence to Phosbas the priestess of Apol-
lo's temple of Delphi.

EcHEDAMiA, a town of Phocis.

EcHELATos, a man who led a colony to
Africa.

EcHELTA, a fortified town in Sicily.

EcHBLUs, a Trojan chief., killed by Pa-

troclus. Another, son of Agenor, killed

by AchUles.

EcHEMBRdTos, att Arcadian, who ob-
tained the prize at the Pythian games.

EcHEMoif, a son of Priam, killed by Di-
omedes.

EcHEMUs, an Arcadian, who conquered
the Dorians. A king of Arcadia.

EcHENEUs, a Pheacian.

EcHEPHROK, one of Nestor's sons.

A son of Priam. — ^A son of Hercules.

EcMEPOLis, a Trojan, killed by Antilo-
chus.

EcHESTRATus, a SOU of Agis 1st, king
of Sparta, who succeeded his father, B. C.
1058.

EcHBysTHsiTsss, 8 people of Tegea in
Arcadia.

Echidna, a celebrated monster, repre-
sented as a beautiflil woman in the upper
parts of the body, but as a serpent below
the waist.

EcHiooRUs, a river of Thrace.

EcHiiTAOBs or EcHiiiJB, five small is-
lands near Acarnania, at the month of the
river Achelous.

EcHiiroN, a city of Thrace.

EcHi Nua, an island in the iE^an. A

town of Acarnania of Phthiotis.

EcHiNUSBA, an island near Eubcea.

EcHipif, one of those men who sprung
from the dragon's teeth sown by Cad-
mus. He succeeded Cadmus on the throne

of Thebes. A son of Mercury and An-

tianira, who was the herald of the Argo-
nauts. A man who often obtained a

prize in running. A musician at Rome

in Domitian's age. A statuary. A

painter. ,

EcHioNiDBs, a patronymic of Pentheus.

EcHioifius, an epithet applied to a per-
MD bom in Thebes. '

Echo, a daughter of the Air and Tellofl^
one of Juno's attendants. Her loquacity
displeased Jj|U)iter ; and she was deprived
of the power of speech by Juno. Echo
fell in love with Narcissus, and on being
despised by him, she pined away, and waa
changed into a stone.

EcNOMos, a mountain of Sicily.

Edessa and Edeia, a town of Syria.

Edbss^: portus, a harbor of Sicily, near
Pachynus.

Edbta or Lbria, a town oC Spain along
the river Sucre.

Edissa and iBosssA, a town of Mace-
donia.

Edo If, a mountain of Thrace, called also
Edonns.

Edoni or Edoites, a people of Thrace.

Edoitides, a name given to the priest*
esses of Bacchus.

Edtlius, a mountain which Sylla seized
to attack the people of Cheronaea.

Eetior, the father of Andromache, kill-
ed by Achilles. The commander of the

Athenian fleet conquered by the Macedo-
nians under -Clytus.

Egelidus, a river of Etruria.

EoERiA, a nymph of Aricia in Italy.
Egeria was courted by Numa, and accord-
ing to Ovid she became his wife.

EoESARETus, a Thcssalian of Larissa^
who favored the interest of Pqm^y du-
ring the civil wars.

Eossinus, a philosopher, pupil to Evan-
der.

EoESTA, a daughter of Hii^potes the
Trojan.

EoNATiA Maximilla, a woman who
accompanied her husband into banishment
under Nero. A town. Vid. Gnatia.

P. Eon ATI us, a crafty and perfidious Ro-
man in the reign of Nero.

EioN, a commercial place at tha mouth
of the Strymon.

Eigne 8, a village of Peloponnesus.

EioNEus, a Greek killed by Hector in

the Trojan war. A Thracian, father to

Rhesus.

Elabortas, a raver near Antioch.

Elaa, a town of iBolia. An island

in the Propontis.

El^kus, a part of Epirus. A surname

of Jupiter. A town of the Thratian

Chersonesus.

Elaoabalus, the surname of the sun at
Emessa.

Elaites, a grove near Canopus in JQgypt.

Elaius, a mountain of Arcadia.

Elafhijea, a surname of Diana In Elis.

Elaphus, a river of Arcadia.

Elaphebolia, a festival in honor of D^
ana the Huntress. In the celebration a
cake was made in the form of a deer, and
offered to the goddess.

Elaptonius, a youth who conspired
against Alexander.

155

ter« A daaghter of Orchomenus Icing
of Arcadia.

Elats A, tbe largest town of Phocis, near
the Cephisus.

Elatia, a town of Phocis— of Tbes-
saly.

Elatui, one of the first Ephori of Sparta,

B. C. 760.- — A mountain of Asia of

Zacynthus. A Mhg in the army of

Priam, killed by Agamemnon.

Elater, a river in Gaul.

Elba, a town of Campania— of iEolia.

Elbctra, one of the Oceanides.— — —A
daughter of Atlas, changed into a constel-
lation.— —One of the Danaides. A

daughter of Agamemnon king of Argos.
Her adventures and misfortunes form one
of the interesting tragedies of the poet

Sophodea. 'A sister of Cadmus. A

city and river of Messenia in Peloponne-
sus. One of Helen's female atlBndantf.

ELECTRja, a gate of Thebes.

Electridks. islands in the Adriatic sea,
which received their name from the quan-
tity of amber, (^eUctrum) whicii they pro-
duced.

Electrtoiv, a king of Argos, son of
Perseus and Andromeda. He sent his sons
a^inst the Teleboans, who had ravaged
his country, add they were all killed ex-
cept Lycimnius. Upon this Electryon
promised hia^ crown and daughter in mar-
riage to him who could undertake to pun-
ish the Teleboans for the death of his sons.
Amphitryon offered himself and succeed-
ed. Electryon inadvertently perished by
the hand of his son-in-law.

Elxi, a people of Elis in Peloponnesus.
They were formerly called EpeL

Elelbus, a surname of Bacchus.

Elbon^ a village of BoBotia. ^Another

in Phocis.

Elrovtvu^ a town of the Thracian
Chersonesus.

Elefhawtis, a poetess. A princess

by whom Danaus had two daughters.

An island in the river Nile.

ElepIiantophagi, a people of ^Ethiopia.

Elepmenor^ sonofChalcedon, was one
of Helen's suitors.

EiffipoKDs, a river of Magna Gnecia.

Ele0chia, a daaghter of Thespius.

Eleus, a city of Thrace. A river of

Media. A king of Elis.

Eleusinia, a great festival, the most
celebrated of all the religious ceremonies
of Greece, whence it is often called by
way of eminence, uvartjQiay themynteries.
This festival was sacked to Ceres and Pro-
serpine, every thing contained a mystery,
and Ceres herself was known only by the
Bame of <xj|f^^eia from the sorrow and gri^
• (0/^0$) which she suffered for the loss of _
faer daughter. The Hierophantes had three
attendants. The Eleusinianmvsteries have
been deemed the most sacrecf and lolemn

of all the festivals observed by the Greeks .
Some have supposed them to be obscene
and abominable, and that from thence pro-
ceeded all the mysterious secrecy. They
were carried from lAeusis to Rome in the
reign of Adrian, where they were observ-
ed with the same ceremonies as before,
though perhaps with more freedom and
licentiousness. They lasted about 1,800
years, and were at last abolished by Theo-
dosius the Great.

Eleusis, or Elbusiw, a town of Attica,
celebrated for the festivals of Ceres.

Eleuther, a son of Apollo. One of

the Curetes.

Eleuthera, a village of Boeotia.

Elsutheria, a festival celebrated at
Flatffia in honor of Jupiter Eleutherius, or
the assertor of liberty, by delegates from
almost all the cities of Greece. The Pla-
tseans celebrated also an anniversary festi-
val in memory of those who had lost their
lives in the famous victory obtained by the
Grecians under Pausanias over Mardonius
the Persian general. After him followed
chariots loaded with myrrh, garlands,
and a black bull, and certain free young
men. There was alto a festival of the
same name observed by the Samians in
honor of the god of Love. Slaves .also,
when they obtained their liber^, kept a
holyday which they called Eleutheria.

'Elbutho, a surname of Juno Lucina.

Eleutmerocimves, a people of Cilicia.

Eleutheros, a river of Syria.

Elicius, a surname of Jupiter.

Elieivsis and Eliaca, a sect of philoso-
phers founded by Phsedon of Elis.

Elimea, or Elimiotis, a district of Ma-
cedonia.

Elis, a country of Peloponnesus. The
capital of the country called EUs^ now
Bdvidere, became large and populous in
the age aS Demosthenes, though in the age
of Homer it did not exist. Elis was m-
mous for its horses.

Eli PH ASH, a people of Peloponnesus.

Elissa, a queen of Tyre, more common-
ly known by the name of Dido.

Elissdb, a river of Elis.

Ellopia, a town of Eubcoa. An ao*

cient name of that island.

Elorus, a river of Sicily.

Elds, a cityof Achaia.

ELOTiB. Fid. Helotae.

Elf Elf OR, one of the companions of
Ulysses, changed into a hog by Circe's
potions, and afterwards restored to his for-
mer shape.

Elpinice, a daughter of Miltiades, who
married a man that promised to release
from confinement l^er brother and hus-
band, whom the laws of Athens had made
responsible for the fine imposed on hi«
father.

Elui na, a surname of Ceres.

ELTcas, a man kiUed^by Porseua.

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ELTMAif, a country of Penift. between
the Persian gulf and Media. The capital
of the country was called Elymais, and
was famous for a rich temple of Diana.

Eltmi, a nation descended from the
Trojans.

Eltmus, a man at the court of Acestes
in Sicily.

ELTRtJs, a town of Crete.

Eltmdm and Eltsii Gampi, a place or
island in the infernal regions, where, ac-
cording to the mythology of the ancients,
the souls of the virtuous were placed after
death. There happiness was complete,
the pleasures were innocent and refined.
The air was wholesome, serene, and tem-
perate ; the birds continually warbled in
the ^oves, and the inhabitants were bless-
ed with another sun and other starts. The
Elysian fields were, according to some, in
the Fortunate islands on the coast of Af-
rica, in th^ Atlantic.

EMATHiA,a name given anciently to the
countries which formed the empires of
Macedonia and Thessaly.

Em ATHioiff, a son of Titan and Aurora,

who reigned in Macedonia. A man

killed at the nuptials of Perseus and An-
dromeda.

Emathioiv, a man killed in the wars of
Tumus.

Embatcm, a place of Asia, opposite
Chios.

Embolima, a town of India.

Emerita, a town of Bpoin, fhmous for
dying wool.

Emsssa and Emissa, a town of Phceni-
cia.

Emoda, a mountain of India.

Empedocles, a philosopher, poet, patri-
ot, and historian of Agrigentum in Sicily,
who flourished 444 B. C. It is reported
that his curiosity to visit the flames of the
crater of iEtna, proved fatal to him. Some
maintain that he wished it to be believed
that he was a fod. and that his death
might be unknown, ne threw himself into
the crater and perished in the flames.
The volcano, however, by throwing up
one of his sandals, discovered to the world
that Empedocles had perished by fire.

Emperamus. a Lacedfemonian general
in the second Messenlan war.

Empoclus, an historian.

Emporia Punic a, certain places near
the Syrtes.

Emporijb, a town of Spain in Catalonia,
now Antpuriaa.

ErrcELADVs, a son of Titan and Terra,
struck with Jupiter's thunders, and over-
whelmed under mount yEtna.— — *A son
of iEgyptus.

Erchblea, a town of Illyricum.

Endeis, a nymph, daughter of Chiron.

PONDERA, a place of iEthiopia.

Endymioit, a shepherd, son of iEtblius
and Calyce. It is said that he required of

Jupiter to gnat to him to be alwaya
young, and tp sleep as much a« he would ;
whence came the proverb of Undymionis
,«omnttmi2onittre to express a longsleep. The
fable of Endymion^s amours with Diana,
or the moon, arises from his knowledge of
astronomy, and as he passed the night on
some high mQuntalI^ to observe the hea-
venly bodies, it has been reported that he
was courted by the moon.

EifBTi, or HsifETi, a peopl^near Papb-
laffonia.

EtvoruM, now Oangi, a town of Sicily.

E N I E N8£« , a people of Greece.

Elf roPEus, a charioteer of Hector.

EiTiPBUs, a river of Thessaly, flowing
near Pharealia. A river of Elis in Pelo-
ponnesus.

EiTtBPx, a town of Arcadia.

Elf NA, now Castro Janm, a town of Si-
cily, wfib a beautiful plain.

Elf If I A, was the wife of Macro,^and af-
terwards of the emperor Caligula.*

CI. Elf Nius, an ancient poet, bom at Ru-
dir in Calabria. He obtained the name
and privileges of a Roman citizen by his

Enius and the brilliancy of his learning,
is style is rough and unpolished, but his
defects, which are more particularly at-
tributed to the age in which he lived, have
been fully compensated by the energy of
his expressions and the fire of his poetry.
He wrote in verse eighteen books of the
history of the Roman repuMic. He died
of the gout, contracted by frequent intoxi-
cation, about one hundred and sixty-nine
years before the Christian era, in the
seventieth year of his age.

EififoMUf, a Trojan prince killed by
Achilles.

Eirif on ojBUf , Cems concMwor, a Bumame
of Neptune.

Eifopx, a town of Peloponnesus, near
Pylos.

Elf opt, a shepherd loved by the nymph

Neis, by whom he had Satnius. The

father of Tbestos. A Trqjan killed by

Patroclus.

Elf OS, a maritime town of Thiace.

EifosicHTHON, a surname of Neptune.

EifOTocffiTJE, a nation whose ears are
described as hanging down to their
heels.

EifTxixA, a town of Sicily inhabited by
Campanians.

Elf TELLus, a famous athlete among the
friends of iEneas.

Elf T ALIUS, a surnane of Mara.

EifYo, a sister of Mars, called by the
Latins Bellona.

EoifE, a daughter of Thespins.
- EoROAA, a district at the west of Bftace-
donia. .

Eos, the name of Aurora amoi^g the
Greeks.

Eous, one of the horses of tlie sun.

EpAGBig^ !i^n^ pf the Cyclades.

167

Epaminondas, a famous Theban de-
scended from the ancient kings of BoBotia.
He hau3 been celebrated for his private vir-
tues ano' military accomplish me nta. He
foraged a most sacred and inviolable friend-
ship with Pelopidas, whose life he saved
in a battle. By his advice Pelopidas de-
livered Thebes from the power of Lace-
demon. This was the signal of war.
Epaminondas was set at the head of the
Theban armies, and defeated the Spartans
at the celebrated battle of Leuctra, about
371 years B. C. He was successful in a
war in Theasaly, and assisted the Eleans
against the Lacedaemonians. The hostile
armies met near Mantinea, and while
Bpaminondas was bravely fighting in the
thickest of the enemy, he receiyed a fatal
wound in the breast, and expired exclaioa-
sng, that he died unconquered, when he
ieard that the Boeotians obtained the vic-
tory, in the forty-ei|hth year of bis age,
Ihree hundred and sixty-three years before
Christ. The Thebans severely lamented
bis death. \

Epaittbmi, a people of Italy.

Epaphroditus, a freedman punished
with death for assisting Nero to destroy

himself. A freedman of Augustus sent

to spy Cleopatra. A name assumed by

Sylla.

Epaphus, a son of Jupiter and lo, who
SMinded a city in Egypt, which he called
llemphis.

EPABNActtTs, a Gaul in alliance with
^me.

Epbbolus, a soothsayer of Messenia.

Epei and Elki, a people of Feloponne-
■us.

Epxtium, now Fiscioy a town of Illyri-
cum.

Epeus, a son of Endymion. A son

of Panopeus, who was the fabricator of
the famous wooden horse which proved
the rain of Troy.

Ephesus, a city of Ionia. It is famous
for a temple of Diana, which was reckon-
ed one of the seven wonders of the world,
and was four hundred and twenty-five
f«et long and two hundred feet broad.
The roof was supported by one hundred
and twenty-seven columns, sixty feet high,
which had been placed there by s? many
kings. This celebrated building was not
totally completed till two hundred and
twenty years after its foundation. Ctesi-
phon was the chief architect.

Ephetjb, a number of magistrates at
Athens first instituted by Demophoon, the
son of Theseus. They were superior to
the Areopagites, and their privileges were
great and numerous.

Ephialtes, or EphialtuSj a giant, son
of Neptnne, who grew nine inches every

month. An Athenian famous for bis

courage and strength. — ; — ^A Trachinian
who led a detadiment of the army of
14

Xerxes by a secret path to attack the Spar-
tans at Thermopylae.

Ephori, powerful magistrates at Sparta,
who were first created by Lycurgus ; or,
according to some, by Theopompus, B» C.
760. They were five in number. They
were much the same as the tribunes of
the people at Bome, created to watch with
a jealous eye over the liberties ^d rights
of the populace.

Efhorus, an orator and historiaa afCvt-
mae in iGolia, about three hundred and
fifty -two years before Christ.

Ephtra, the ancient name of Corinth.
A city of Threspotia in Epirus An-
other in Elis— JEtolia. One of Cyrene's

attendants.

Epicaste, a name of Jocasta the mo-
ther and wife of CEdlpus. -A daughter

of iEgeus, mother of Tnestalus by Hercu-
les.

Eptcerides, a man of Cyrene, greatly
esteemed for his beneficence.

Epicharis, a woman accused of conspi-
racy against Nero.

Epicharmus, a poet and Pythagorean
philosopher of^ Sicily, who introduced
comedy at Syracuse in the reign of Hiero.

Epicles, a Trojan prince killed by A^ax.

Epicliosb, a I^icedeemonian of the fam-
ily of the Eurysthenids. He was raised
to the throne by his brother Cleomenes 3d,
against the laws and constitution of Spar-
ta.

Epioratbs, a Milesian, servant to J.

Cesar. A poetof Ambracia. The name

is applied to Pompey, as expressive of su-
preme authority.

Epictetus, a Stoic philosopher of Hie-
ropolis in Phrygia, originally the slave of
EpaphrodituSj the fteedman of Nero. His
style is concise and devoid of all orna-
ment, full of energy and useful maxims.
'The value of his compositions is well
known from the saying of the emperor
Antoninus, who thanked the gods he
could collect from the wHtings of Epicte-
tus wherewith to conduct life with honor
to himself and advantage to his country.

Epicurus, a celebrated philosopher of
Attica : who, after improving*his mind by
travel Img, visfted Athens, where he es-
tablished himself, and soon attracted a
number of followers by the sweetness and
gravity of his manners. He taught them
that thq happiness of mankind consisted
in that pleasure which arises not from
sensual ip^ttfication or from vice, but from
the enjoyments of the mind and the
sweets of Virtifle. This doctrioe was warm-
ly attacked by the philosophers of the dif-
ferent sects, and particularly by the stoics ;
bat Epicurus refuted all tlie aceusationa
of his adversaries by the purity of his mor-
als, and by his frequent attendance at
places of public worship. Of all the phi-
losophers x)t antiquity, Epicurus is tlie

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158

only one whose writings deserve attention
for their nui^ber ; tie having written no
less than three hundred volumes. Be
died at the age of seventj'-two, B. C. 270.
EpicroEs, a tyrant of Syracuse, B. C.
213.

Epioamnub, ft town of "Macedonia on
the Adriatic, nearly "opposite Bnindusium.
Epidaphne, a town of Syria, called alsp
Antioch.

Epidauhia, a festival at Athehs. A

cquntiy of Peloponnesus.

Epidxurus, a town at the north of Ar-
golis in Peloponnesus, chiefly dedicated to

the worship of iEsculapius. A town of

Dalmatia, now Ragusi yuchio—o( Laco-
nia.

Epidium, one of the western isles of
Scotland.

Epidius, a man who wrote concerning
unusual prodigies.

Epidotje, certain deities who presided
over the birth and growth of children, and
were known among the Romans by the
name of Dii averrunci. They were wor-
shipped by the Lacedflemonians, and chief-
ly invoked by those who were persecsted
by the ghosts of the dead.

Epi GENES, a Babylonian astrologer and
historian.

EpioEU8,ti Greek killed by Hector.

EpiGoiri, the sons and descendants of
the Grecian heroes who were killed in the
first Theban war.—This name has been
applied to the sons of those Macedonian
veterans who in the age of Alexander
formed connexions with the women of
Asia. '

Epioonui, a mathematician of Ambra-
cia.
* Epioranea, a fountain of BiBotia.

Epii and £pEr, a people of Elis.

EprLAKin, a daughter of Thespius.

Epimklidis, the founder of Corone.

EpiMEirSfl, a man who conspired against
Alexander's life.

EprMENiDEs. an epic poet of Crete, con-
temporary with Solon. He is reckoned
one of the seven wise men.

Epimetheus. a son of Japetns and Cly-
mene, one of tne Ocean ides, who incon-
siderately married Pandora. Epimetheus
was changed into a monkey by the gods,
and sent to the island of Pithecusa.

Epimethis, a patronymic of Pyrrha, the
daughter of Epimetheus.

Epiochus, a son of Lycurgus, who re-
ceived divine honors in Arcadia.

Bfigitx, the wife of JSsculapius.

EpiPHAifBA, a town of Cilicia. An-
other of Syria.

Epiphanes, a surname given to the An-

tiochus's, kings of Syria. A surname

of one of the Ptolemies.

Epiphanius, a bishop of Salamis, who
' waa active in refuting the writings of Ori-
gen. He died A D. 403.

Epipolje, a district of Syracuse, on tbr
north side, surrounded by a wall, by Di-
onysius.

EpfRus, a country situate between Ma-
cedonia, i^haia, and the Ionian sea.

Epistrophus, a son of Iphitus king of
Phocis, who went to the Trojan war.

Epitades, a man who first violated a
law of Lycu/gus, which forbade laws to
be made.

Epium, a town of Peloponnesus.

Epoif a, a beautiful girl.

Epopeus, a son of ^'eptune and Canace^

• A grandson to Phoibas. He reigned

at Corinth.

Eporedorix, a powerful person amone
the iEdui.

Epulo, a Butulian killed b^ Achates,

EprriDEs, a patronymic given to Perf'
phas the companion of Ascanius.

Epttcs, a kin| of Alba. A king of

Arcadia. A king of Messenia. A

herald In the Trojan war.

EquAJusTA, a town of Thessaly.

EquicoLvs, a Rutilian.

EquiRiA, festivals establisbed at Rome
in honor of Mars.

EquoTUTicuM, now Ca3td fyaneOf a.
little town of Apulia.

Eracon, an officer of Alexander.

Era: A, a city of Greece.

Erara, a small village -of Cilicia.

Erase NITS, a river of Peloponnesus.

Erasippus, a son of Hercules and Ly«

sippe.
Erai

iRAsrsTRATus, a celebrated physician,
grandson to the philosopher Aristotle.

£rato, one of the Muse's, who presided

over lyric, tender and amorous poetry.

One of the Nereides. One of the Dry-

ades, wife of Areas, king of Arcadia.

One of the Danaides who married Bromius.
A queen of the Armenians.

Eratosthenes, was a native of Cyrene,
and the second intrusted with the care or
the Alexandrian library. He dedicated bis
time to grammatical criticism and philos-
ophy, but more particularly to poetir and
mathematics. He starved himself after he
had lived to his eighty-second year, B. Q.
194.

Eratostratus, an Ephesian who, in the
hope of immortalizing his name, burnt
the famous temple or Diana, the same
night that Alexander the Great was born.

Eratus, a son of Hercules and Dynaste.
A king of Sicyon.

Erbessus, a town of Sicily.

EacnrA, a small village of Attica.

Erebus, a deity of hell, eon of Cliao*
and Darkness.

Erechtheos, son of Pandion first, wbs
the sixth king of Athens. After death h*
received divine honors at Athens. He
reigned fifty years, and died B. C. 1347.

ERECHTHfDEs, a uamo given to tb*
Attienians, from their kinf foechtbeua.

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Brsmbi, a people of Arabia.

Bremcs, a country of iflthiopia. '

IBrensa, a village of Megara.

Eressa, a town of MoliA,

Erxsus, a town of Lesbos, where The-
«phrastu8 was Irarn.

Erxtri A, a city of Eubosa on the Euri-
pus.

Eretum, a town of the Sabines.

ERsuTHALion,aman killed by Nestor.

Eroane, a river whose waters intoxi-
cate as wine. A surname of Minerva.

Ergenna, a celebrated soothsayer of
Etruria.

Eroi A8, a Rbodian who wrote a liistory
of his country. ^

ERGiifusy a king of Orchomenos, son of
Clyaienus. He obliged the Thebans to
pay him a yearly tribute of one hundred
oxeojbecause his father had been killed
by a Theban. Hercules attacked his ser-
vants, who came to raise the tribute, and
mutilated them, and he afterwards killed

Erginus. A river of Thrace. A son

of Neptune.

ERGitrnus, a man made master of the
sfaip Argo, after the death of Typhis.

Ekibcea, a surname of Juno. The

mother of Ajax Telamon.

Eribotes, a man skilled in medicine,

Ericeteb, a man of Lycaonia, killed
by Messapus in Italy.

Erichtho, a Thessalian woman famous
for ber knowledge of poisonous herbs and
medicine. ^One of the Furies.

EaicHTHorfius, the fourth king of Ath-
ens. He was very deformed, and had the

tails of serpents instead of legs. Erich-

thon was voung when he ascended the
.throne of Athens. He reigned fifty years,
and died B. C. 1437. He was made a con-
stellation after (Jc&tb under the name of
Bootes. A son of Dardanus who reign-
ed in Troy, and died 1374 B. C. after a long
reign of about seventy-five years.

Ericinium, a town of Macedonia.

EaictTSA, one of the Lipari isles, now
^lieudi,

Eridaitus, one of the largest rivers of
Italy, now called the po.

Erioone, a daughter of Icarlus. She
was made a constellation, under the name

of Virgo. A daughter of iEgisthus and

Cnvtemnestra.

Erioor EIU9, a name applied to the Dog-
star.

Eriooitus, a river of Thrace. A paint-
er.

Eriotui, one of Alexander's officers.

Erillus, a philosopher of Carthage.

ERiivosf, a river of Asia, near Parthia.

Erinna, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate^
with Sappho.

Eaiif iTTs, the Greek name of the Eume-

des. The word signifies thefinry of the

jnin^—A surname of^Ceres.

E^iopis, a daughter of Medea

Eriphaivis, a tireek woman famous tot
her poetical compositions. •

Eriphidas, a Lacedsemonian. who being
sent to suppress a sedition at Heraclea,
assembled the people, and beheaded five
hundred of tlie ringleaders.

Eriputle, a sister of Adrastus king of
Argos, who married Amphiaraus. The
treachery of Eriphyle compelled her hus-
band to go to a war in wbich it was fore-
told that he would perish \ but he charged
his son Alcmaeon to murder his mother as
soon as he was informed of his death.
Amphiaraus perished in the expedition,
and his death was no sooner known than
bis last injunctions were obeyed.

Eris, the goddess of discord among the
Greeks. She is the same,as the Discordia
of the Latins, ,

Erisicthon. a Thessalian, son of Tri-
ops, who deriaed Ceres and cut down her
groves. This impiety irritated the god-
dess, who afSicted him with continual
hunger,

Erithus, a son of Actor, killed by Per-
seus.

ERtxo, a Boman knight condemned for
having whipped his son to death.

Erochus, a town of Phocis.

Eropus or yEaoFAS, a king of Macedo-
nia. B. C. 692.

Eros, a servant, of whom Antony de-
raandeii a sword to kill himself. Eros
produced the instrument, but instead of
givin<; it to his master be killed himself in

his presence. A comedian. A son

of Chronos or Saturn, god of love.

ER0STRATU9. Vid. Eratostratus.

Erotia, a festival in honor of Eros the
god of love.

Errvca, a town of the Volsci in Italy.

Erse, a daughter of Cecrops.

Erxias, a man who wrote an history of
Colophon. * 4f

Ertalus, a Trojan chief, killed by Pa-
troclus.

Ertmas, a Trojan killed by Tumus.

Ertbium, a town at the foot of mount
Parnassus.

Ertcixa, a surname of Venus fVom
mount Eryx, where she had a temple.

Ertmanthis, a surname of Callisto.

Arcadia is also known by that name.

Ertmanthus, a mountain, river, and
town of Arcadia.

ERrMN.E, a town of Thessaly.

Ertmneus, a Peripatetic philosopher.

Ertmus, a huntsman of Cyzicus.

Ertthea, an island between Gades and
Spain. A daughter of Geryon.

Ertthiiti, a town of Paphlagonia.

BRY-THR.f:, a town of Ionia, once the
residence of a Sibyl.— —A town of Bobo-

tia ope in Libya another inLo-

cris.

Ertthrj:um mare, apart of the ocean
on the coast of Arabia.

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EtTTRRAfl, a son of Hercules. A s6n

of Perseud and Andromeda.

ERTTHRion, a son of ^thamas and The-
mistone.

Ertthros, a place of Latium.

Ertx, a son of Butes and Venus, killed

in combat, by Hercules. An Indian

killed by his subjects for opposing Alexan-
der. A mountain of Sicily now Otvii-

ano near Drepanum.

Ertxo, the mother of Battus, who art-
fully killed the tyrant Learchus.

EsERNus, a famous gladiator.

EsquiLiiB and Esqu'iLiNDs mohs, one
of the seven hills of Rome, which was
joined to the city by king Tullus.

EssEDONKs, a people of Asia.

Essui, a people of Gaul.

EsTi JEoTis, a district of Thessaly on the
river Peneus.

EsuLA, a town of Italy near Tibur.

EsTiAiA, solemn sacrifices to Vesta.

Etearchus, a king of Oaxus in Crete.

Eteoclus andPoLYirrcEs, sons of CEdi-

pus, who hated and killed each other.

A Greek, the first who raised altars to the
Graces.

Eteoclus, one of the seven chiefs of
the army of Adrastus, celebrated for his
valor, disinterestedness and magnanimity.
A son of Iphis.

Eteocrkt^, an ancient people of Crete.

^TEoKEs, a town of BcBotia.

Eteoneus, an officer at the court of Me-
nelaus.
- Eteonicus^ a Lacedaemonian general.

Etesije, winds of a gentle and mild na-
ture, very common Tor five or six weeks
in spring and autumn.

Ethalion, one of the Tyrrhene sailors,
cbanged into dolphins for carrying away
Ba«chu6.

Etheleum, a river of Asia.

Ethoda, a daughter of Amphion and
Niobe.

Ethemon, a person killed at the mar-
riage of Andromeda.

Etia«, a daughter of iEneas.

Etis, a town of Peloponnesus.

Etrusci, the inhabitants of Etrurla.

Etylus, the father of Theocles.

EvADNE, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles
of Argos, who slighted the addresses of
ApoUo, and married Capaneus one of the
aeven chiefs who went against Thebes.
-^^ — A daughter of Ne»ra.

EvAGfis, a poet famous for his genius
but not for his learning.

Etaooras, a king of Cyprus, who re-
took Salamis, which bad been taken from
his father by the Persians. He was as-
sassipated by an eunuch, 374 B. C. Eva-
goras deserves to be commended for his
sobriety, moderation, and magnanimity.

A man of Ells who obUiined a prize at

the Olympian games. A Spartan fa-
mous lor bis services to the peppl($ of Eli?'

EvAOORfi, one of the Nerei({ed<

£tan, a surname of Bacchus^

EvAi«D£R,,ason of the prophetesi Car-
mente, king of Arcadia. An accidental
murder obliged him to leave his country,
and he came to Italy. It is said that he
first brought the Greek alphabet into Italy,
and introduced there the worship of the

Greek deities. A philosopher who floa-

rished B. C. 215.

EvANGELus, a Greek historian. A

comic poet.

Etangorides, a man of Elis, who wrote
an account of all those who had obtained
a prize at Olyrapia.

EvANTHEs, a man who planted a colony

in Lticania. A celebrated Greek poet.

An historian of Miletus. A philo-
sopher of Samos.

EvARCHus, a nver of Asia Minor.

Etas, a native of Phiygia, who accom-
panied iEneas into Italy.

Etax, an Arabian pnnce.

Eubages, certain priests held in great
veneration among the Gauls and Britona.

EuBATAs, an athlete of Cyrene.

EuBius, an obscene writer.

EuBOEA, the largest island in the iEgean
sea after Crete, now called JVegropont, It
is separated from the continent of Boeotia

by the narrow straits of the Euripus.

One of the three daughters of the river
Asterion. A town of Sicily.

EuBoicus, belonging to Euboea.

EuBOTE, a aaughter of Thespius.

EuBOTEs, a son of Hercules.

EuBULE, an Athenian virgin, daughter
of Leon, sacrificed with her sisters, by
order of the oracle of Delphi.

EuBULiDEs, a philosopher of Miletus.

An historian. A fkmous statuary

of Athens.

EuBULus, an Athenian orator.-— ^A
comic poet. An historian. A philo-
sopher.

EucfiRns,^man of Alexandria.

EucHEiroR, a son of iEgyptus and Ara-
bia.

Euc^iDBs, an Athenian who went to
Delphi and returned the same day. a jour-
ney of about one hundred and seven
miles.

EucLiDEs, a native of Megara, disciple
of Socrates, B. C. 404. A mathemati-
cian of Alexandria, who flourished 300
B. C. Euclid established a school at Al-
exandria, which became very famous.

EucLus, a prophet of Cyprus.

EucRATE, one of the Nereides.

EucRATEs, the father of Procles the his-
torian.

EucTEMoN, a Greek of Cnro>e, exposed
to great barbarities An astronomer.

EucTBEsii, a people of Peloponnesus.

EuDJEMON, a general of Al^^xander.

EuDAMiDAs, a son of Archidaraus 4th,
brother to Agls 4Uu— — A 9Q<) qC Archlda-

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161

aas, king of Sparta. Tbe 'commander

4)f a garrison stationed at Troezene.

EuDAMus, a son of^Agesilaua of the
Heraclid». A learned naturalist.

EuDEMus, the physician of Livm, the
wife of Drusus. An opitorof Megalopo-
lis. An historian of Xaxos.

EuDoci A^ the wife of the emperor The-
odosius the younger.

EuDociMns, a man who appeased a mu-
tiny among some soldiers by telling thenl
that an hostile army was in sight.

EuooKA, one of the Nereides.— ——One
of the Atlantides.

EuDORus, a son of Mercury.'

EuDoxi 'Specula, a place in Egypt.

EoDoziA, the wife of Arcadius. A

daughter of Tbeodosius the younger.

fiuDoxus, a son of iCschines of Cnidus,
who distinguished himself by his know-
ledge of astrology, medicine, and geome-
try. He died in his fifty -third year, B. C.
35r2. A native of Cyzicus. A Si-
cilian , son of Agathocles. A physi-
cian.

EvsLTHOif, a king of Salamis in Cy-
prus. V

EuxMSRiDAs, an historian of Cnidus.

EvEMBRua, an ancient historian of Mes-
senia, intimate with Cassander.

EvEifoR, a painter, father of Parrhasius.

Erxivusj an elegiac poet of Paros. A

nver running through iEtoIia, and falling

into the Ionian sea. A son of Jason

and Hypsipyle, queen of Leranos.

Etephenus, a Pythagorean philosopher,
whom Dionysius condemned to death be-
cause he bad alienated the people of Me-
tapontura firom his power.

Eterss, a son of Peteralaus, the only
one of bis family who did not perish in a
battle against Electryon. A son of Her-
cules and Parthenope. The fhther of

Tiresias.

Eteroktjb^ a people of Scythia called
also Arimaspi.

Etkroxtss, a Bomame signifying ben»-
fattoTy given to Philip of Macedonia, and
to AntlgaviaB Doson, and Ptolemy of
Egypt. It was also commonly given to
^ tbe kings of Syria and Pontus, and to some
of the Roman emperors.

Etbspsrides, a people of Africa.

EuoAif SI, a people of Italy on the bor-
ders of tbe Adriatic.

EuGEoiv, an ancient historian before the
Peloponnesian war.

EuGxitius, an usurper of the imperial
tHle, A. D. 393.

EuHXMXRUs. Fid. Evemerus. ^

EuHTDROM, a town of Thessaly.

EuHTUs and £yin«, a surname 6f Bac-
chus.

Eripps, one of the Danaides, An-
other. The mother of the Pibrides.

Eripptra, a son of Thestius, killed by
bii brother Iphiclus, in tbe chase of the

Calydofllan boar A Trojan killed by

Patroclus.

EuLiMENE, one of the Nereides.

EiHjACHius, a Campjinian who wrote
an history of Annibal.

EuM.«:u9, a herdsman and steward of
Ulysses.

EUMEDES, a Trojan, who came to Italy
with iEneas.

£uM£Li9, a famous augur.

luHELus, a son of Admetus, king of
Pherae in Thessaly. He went to the Tro-
jan war,^and had the fleetest hordes in

the Grecian army. A man whose

daughter was changed into a bird. A

man contemporary with Trlpt(Uemus.

One of the followers of ^Eneas. One

of the Bacchiadffi. A king of tiie Cim'-

merian Bo^phorus, who died B.C. 304.

EuME.vEs, a Greek ofiicer in the army
of Alexander, son of a charioteer. He
was the most worthy of all tbe officers of
Alexander to succeed after the death of
his master. He conquered Paphlagonia.
and Cappadocia, of which he obtained tber
government, till the power and Jealousy
of Antigonus obliged him to retire. Ha
was put to death by Antigonus, B. C. 315.

Asking of Pergamus, B. C. 263. Ho

was a great patron of learning, and given >
much to wine. He died after a reign of

twenty-two years. The second of that

name succeeded his father Attains on the
throne of Asia and Pergamus. His king-
dom was small and poor, but he rendered
it powerful and opulent, and his alliance
with the Romans did not a little contri-
bute to the increase of his dominions. He
died B. C. 159, after a reign of thirty-eight

years. A celebrated orator of Athens.

An historical writer in Alexander.ti

army.

EuHsiriA, a city of Phfj'gia. A cfty

of Thrace— of Carla — of Hyrcania.

EuMENiDEs and Bumenes, a man men-
tioned by Ovid.

EuMENiDEs, {^name given to the Furies
by the ancients.* They sprang from the
drops of blood which flowed from the
wound which Coelus received fh)m his
son Saturn. They were supposed to be
the ministers of the vengeance of the gods,
and therefore appeared stem and inexora-
ble ; always employed in punishili^ the
guilty upon earth, as well as in the infer-
nal regions.

EuMENiDiA, festivals in honor of the
Eumenides.

EuMEMius, a Trojan killed by Camilla
in Italy.

EuMOLPx, one of the Nereides.

EuMOLFiD£, the priests of Ceres at the
celebration of her festivals of Eleusis.
The Eumolpids were descended from
Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was
made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king
of Athena. The priesthood continued in

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. EU

the family of Eumolpus for one thousand
two hundred years.

EuMoLrus, a king of Thrace, son of
Neptune and Chione.
£uMoiviDE», a Theban.
EuMiEUB, a son of Jason by Hypsipyle,
daughter of Thoas.

EeivAPius, a physician, sophist, and his-
torian, hern at Sard is.

EuiroMiA, a daughter of Juno, one of
the Hore.

EuffoMvs, a son of Prytanes, who suc-
ceeded his father on the throne of Sparta.

A famous musician of Locris. A

man liiHed by Hercules. A Thracian,

who advised Demosthenes not to be dis-
couraged by his ill success in h^^ first at-
tempts to speak in public. The father

of Lycurgus killed by a kitchen knife.

EuNDs, a Syrian slave, who inflamed the
minds of the servile multitude by pretend-
ed inspiration and enthusiasm. Oppres-
sion and misery compelled two thousand
slaves to join his cause, and he soon saw
himself at the head of fifty thousand men.
With such a force he defeated the Roman
armies, till Perpenna k)bliged him to sur-
render by famine, and exposed on a cross
the greatest part of his rollowers 3 B. C.
132.
EuoiTTMos, one of the Ltpari isles.
EuoRAs, a grove of Laconia.
EuPAGiuM, a town of Peloponnesus.
EuPALAMoif, one of the hunters of the
Calydonian boar.

EcpALAMus, the fhther of Dsdalus and
of Metiadusa.

EuPATOR, a son of Antiochus. ^The

surname of £upator was given to many of
the Asiatic princes.

EuPAToaiA, a town of Paphlagonia.

Another in Pontus, now Tehentkek.

f!uPEiTH£s, a prince of Ithaca, father to
Antinous.

EuPHAxs, succeeded Androcles on the
throne of Messenia, and died B. C. 730.

EupKANTus, a poet and historian of
Olynthus.

EuPHEMK, a woman who was nurse to
the Muses.

EuPHEMus, a son of Neptune and Euro-
pa, so swift and light that %e could run
over the sea without scarce wetting his

feet. One of the Greek captains before

Troy.

EuPHORBUs, a famous Trojan, the first
who wounded Patroclus, whom Hector

killed. A physician of Juba, king of

Mauritania. ,

EtTPHORioir, a Greek poet of Chalcis in
£u))aa, in the age of Antiochus the Great.
He Aied in his fifty-sixth year, B. C. ^0.
— -^The fa^Hnv of iEschylus bore the same
name. ^

EuPHRANOR, a ftmcKis painter and sculp-
tor of Corinth. This name was common
to many Greeks.

Euphrates, a ^isciple of Plato wlio
governed Macedonia with absolute author-

ity in the reign of Perdiccae.-. A stoic

philosopher in the aee of Adrian. A

large and celebrated river of Mesopota.-
mia.

EuPHRON, an aspiring man of Sicyon.
, EupHRosTNA^ one of the Graces.
EuPLJEA, an island of the Tyrrhene sea.
EupoL.18, a comic poet of Athens, who
flourished four hundred and thirty-fivo
years before the Christian era.
EupoMPUB, a geometrician of Mace4l(%-

nia. A painter.

EuRiANAssA, a town near Chios.
EuRiPiDEB, a celebrated tragic poet bomt
at Salamis the day on which the army of
Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks. He^
applied himself to dramatical com position ,.
and his writings became so much the ad-
miration of his countrymen, that the un-
fortunate Greeks, who had accompanied
Nicias in his expedition against Syracuse,
were freed from slavery, only by repeating
some verses from the pieces of Euripides.
Euripides retired from Athens to the court
of Archelaus king of Macedonia, where
he received the most conspicuous marks,
of royal munificence and friendship. It
is said that the dogs of Archelaus met hint
in his solitary walks, and tore his body to
pieces four hundred and seven years be-
fore the christian era, in the seventy-
eighth year of his age. Euripides wrote
seventy-five tragedies, of which only
nineteen are extant. In his person he
was noble and majestic, and his deport-
ment was always grave and serious. He
was slow in composing, and labored with
difficulty. .

EuRiPus, a narrow strait which sepa-
rates the island of Eubcea from the coast
of BoBotia.
EuRisTHENEs. Vid. Eurysthcnes.
EuROMus, a city of Cariiu
Euro PA, one of the three grand divi-
sions of the earth, kpown among the an-
cients, extending, according to modem
surveys, about three thousand miles from
north to south, and twenty-five hundred
from east to west. It is supposed to re-
ceive its name from Europa, who was car-
ried there by Jupiter. A daughter of

Agenor king of Phoenicia, and Telephassa.
She was so beautiful that Jupiterbecame
enamored of her, and assumed the shape
of a bull and mingled with the herds of
Agenor, while Europa, with her female
attendants, was gathering flowers in the
meadows. Europa caressed the beautifbl
animal, and at last had the courage to 6it
upon his back. The god precipitatelv re-
tired towards the shore, and crossed the
sea with Europa on his back, and arrived

safe in Crete. One of the Oceanides.

A part of Thrace near mount Haemus.

Eurofacb, a patronymic of Mhoios.

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EuKopt, a king of Sieyon.

EuROPus, a ^ing of Macedonia.^^-^A
town of Macedonia.

EuKOTAs, a son of Lelex, father to
Sparta, who married Lacedcmon.— ^A
river of Laconia, flowing by Sparta. Laa>
rels. reeds, myrtles, and olives grew on its

banks in great abundance. A river in

Tiiesaaly near mount Olympus.

£uaoTO,a daughter of Danaus by Polyzo.

£uRu», a wind blowing from the <

parts of the world.

EuarA!.!. a queen of the Amazons.

•^— A daughter of Minos. A dauebter

of ProBttts, king of Argos. One of the

Crorgons.

EuRTALus, one of the Peloponnesian

chiofa who went to the Trojan war.

An illegitimate son of Ulysses. A son

4>f Melas, taken prisoner by Hercules.

A Trojan who came with iEneas into

Italy. A pleasant place of SicUy near

Syracuse. A Lacedaemonian general.

EoRTSATRs, a herald in the Trojan war.
■^—^A warrior of Argos, often victorious
at th« Nemean games. One of the Ar-
gonauts.

£uRTBi4, the mother of Lucifer and all

tbe stars A daughter of Pontus and

Tarra. — -A daughter of Thespius.

EcRTBiADEs, a Spartan general. He
has been charged with want of courage,
and with ambition.

Edrtbiuh, a son of Eurytus king of
Argoa.-^-^A son of Nereus and Ghloris.

EuarcLSA, a beautiful daughter of Ops
of Itbaca.

EuaroLss, an orator of Syracuse. A

soothsayer of Athens.

EuRTCRATEs, R king of Sparta.

EuRTCRATiDAs, a SOU of Anazander.

EuRrDAKASj'aTrojan skilled in the in-
terpretation of dreams. One of Pe-
nelope's suitors.— —A wrestler of Gyrene.

EuRTDAHB, the wife of Leotychides,
king of Sparta.

EuRTDAMiDAt, R king of Lacedemon,
of the flunily of the Proclidc.

EuRToiCB, the wife of Amyntas. king
ol*Macedonia.^-^A daughter 'of Amyn-
tas, who married her uncle Arideus, the
illecitimate son of Philip. She hungher-

■elf by the order of Olympias The

wife of the poet Orpheus. Fid, Orpheus.

—A daughter of Adrastus. ^One of

the Danaides who married Dyas. ^The

wife of Lycurgus, king of Nemna in Pe-
toponnesus.

EuaroAiviA, a wife of CEdipus.

EmiruBOfr, a king of the Latins.

EuRTi.ocHus,one of the companions of
Ulysses, the only one who did not taste

the potions of Circe. A man who broke

a conduit which conveyed water into Cyrr-
he. A man who discovered the con-
spiracy which was made against Alexan-
der, by Hermolaus and others.

EuRTUACHUJ, a poweifhl Theban

One of Penelope's suitors.

EuRTM SDE, the wife of Glaucus kitg of
Ephyra.

EuRTMEDON, the father of Peribcea, by

whom Neptune had Nausitheus. A

river of Pampbylia.

EuRTMEHEs, aton of Neleus and Chio*
ris.

EcRTNOME, one of the Oceanides. A

daughter of Apollo. A woman of Lem- .

nos. The wife of Lycurgus. The

mother of Asopus by Jupiter.

EuRFNOMUs, one of the deities of hell.

EuRYoME, a daughter of Amyntas king
of Macedonia.

EuRTPOTT, a celebrated king of Sparta.

EuRTpYLE, a daughter of Thespius.

EuRTPYLus, a son of Telephus and As-

tyoche. A Grecian at the Trojan war.

A prince of Olenus. — ^A son of Te-

menus king of Messenia who conspired

against his father's life. A soothsayer

in the Grecian camp before Troy.

EuRYSTHENEs, a SOU of Aflstodemus,
who lived in perpetual dissention with his
twin brother Procles, while they both sat
on the Spartan throne. After the death
of the two brothers, the Lacedemonians
permitted two kings to sit on the thruYie,
one of each fhmily. There sat on the
throne of Sparta thirty-one kings of the
family of Eurysthenes, and only twenty-
four of the Proclidoe.

EuRYsxHEus, the son of Sthenelus,
and king of Mycens; who, at Juno's in-
stigation, set his brother Hercules twelve
difficult labors.

EuRYTE, a daughter of Hippodamus.

The mother of Hallirhotius.

EuRYTBJE, a town of Achaia.

EuRYTELB, a daughter of Thespius.

EuRYTHEMia, the wife of Thestius.

EuRYTHioiv and Eurytion, a centaur
whose insolence to Hippodamia was the
cause of the quarrel between the Lapithe
and Centaurs, at the nuptials of Pirithous.
A herdsman of Geryon killed by Her-
cules. A son of Lycaon. A silver-
smith. ^A man of Heraclea convicted

of adultery.

' EoRYTis, a patronyinic of lole.

Eurytus, a son of Mercury, among the

Argonauts. A king of (Echalia, father

to lole. Hercules conquered him, and put
him to death because he rerased him liis
daughter as the prize of his victory.-^*— A

son of Actor. A son of Augias killed

by Hercules.— ——A person killed in hunt-
ing the Calydonian boar. A son of
Htopocoon.

EusBBiA, an empress, wife to Constaa-
tius.

BusEBius, a bishop of Caesarea.

EusEBiua, a surname of Bacchus.

EuiEPus and Pedasui, the twin sons of
Bttcolion killed in the Trojan war.

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EusTATHius, a Greek commentator on

the works of Homer. A man who wrote

a very fooliih romance in Greek.

EuT^A) a town of Arcadia.

EutEMDAs, a famous statuary of Argos.
I EuTsaPE, one of the Muses, daughter
to Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided
over music, and was looked upon as the
inventress of the Hute and of all wind in-
struments. The name of the mother of

Themistocles.

EuTHTCRATEs, E sculptor of Sicyou, son
of Lysippus. He was peculiarly happy in

the proportions of his statues. A man

who betrayed Olynthus to Philip.

EcTHVDEMUs, an orator and rhetorician.

EuTHTtaus, a celebrated boxer.

EuTRAPELus, a nian described as artful

and fallacious by Horace, A hair-dres-

eer.

Edtrapelus, a friend of M. Antony.

EuTROPica, a Latin historian in the age
of Julian, under whom he carried arms.

Edtvchide, a woman who was thirty
times brought to bed.

EuTTcniDES, a learned servant of Attl«
cus. A sculptor. ,

EiTXANTHius, a daughter of Minos and
Dexithea.

EvxEifiDAS, a painter.

EuxEircs, a man who wrote a poetical
history of the fabulous ages of Italy.

EuxiNus PoNTus, a sea between Asiak
and Europe, partly at the north of Asia
Minor and at the west of Colchis. It
abounds in all varieties of fish, and re-
ceives the tribute of above forty rivers. Iti
is called the BUuk sea, from the thick dark
fogs which cover it.

EuxippE, a woman who killed herself'
because the ambassadors of Sparta had>
offered violence to hep- virtue.

Ex AD I us, one of the Lapithae at the nup-
tials of Pirithous.

ExjETHEs, a Parthian who cut off the
head of Crassus.

ExAooNus, the ambassador of a nation
in Cyprus to Rome.

ExoMATRjE, a people of Asiatic Sanna-
, tia.

FAB ARIA, festivals at Romft in hon-
or of Cftrmt wife of Janus.

Fabaris, now Farfa^ a river of Italy.

Fabia Lex, «fo ambitn^ was to circum-
scribe the number of Sectatmrea or attend-
ants which^were allowed to candidates in
canvassing for some high otiicc.

Fakia, a tribe at Rome. A ves-
tal virgin, sister to Terentia, Cicero's
wife.

Fabiani, some of the Luperci at Rome.

Fabii, a noble and powerful family at
Rome, who were once so numerous that
they took upon themselves to wage war
against the Veientes. They came to a
general engagement near the Cremera, in
which all the family, consisting of three
hundred and six men, were totally slain,
B. C. 477. There only remained one
wboBe tender age had detained him at
Rome, and from him arose the noble Fabii
in the following ages.

Pabius Maxlmus RuUianus was the first
of the Fabii who obtained the surname of
J\Saximu8^ for lessening the power of the
populace at elections. He was five times
consul, twice dictator, and once censor.
Rusticus, an historian in the age of
Claudius and Nero. He was Intilnate

with Seneca. Marcellinus, a historian

in the second century. Q.. Mazimus, a

celebrated Roman, first surnamed Verrv^
C9siig A-om a wart on his lip, and Aanicula
from his inoffensive manners. In nis first

consulship, he obtained a victory over Li-
guria,and the fatal battle of Thrasymenas
occasioned his election to the dictatorship.
In this important office he began to op-
pose Annibal, by harassing his army by
countermarches and ambuscades, for
which he received the surname of Cunc-
tator or delayer. Such operations for the
commander of the Roman armies, gave
offence to some, and Fabiua was even ac-
cused of cowardice. He died in the one
hundredth year of his age, after he had
been five times consul, and twice honored
with a triumph. The Romans were so
sensible of his great merit and services,
that the expenses of his funeral were de-
frayed from the public treasury. His

son bore the same name, and showed him-
self worthy of his noble father's vutues.

Pictor, the first Roman who wrote an

historical account of his country, ^om the
age of Romulus to the year of Rdme five

hundred and thirty-six. A loquacious

person mentioned by Horace. A Roman

consul, surnamed Ambustus, because be
was struck with lightning. A lieuten-
ant of Cesar in Gaul A chief priest at

Rome when Brennus took the city. A

Roman sent to consult th§ oracle of Del-
phi, while Annibal was in Italy. An-
other chosen dictator merely to create new
senators.

Fabratxria, a colony and town of the
Volsci.

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PAftAieiu«, a latin writer in the reign
of Nero, who employed his pen in satiriz-
ing and defaming the senators. — ■ — Caius
Luscinus, a celebrated Roman who, in
his first consulship obtained several victo-
ries over the Bamnites and Lucanians,
and was honored with a triumph. The
riches which were acquired in those bat-
tles were immense, the soldiers were lib-
erally rewar,ded by the consul, and the
treasuiy was enriched with 400 talents.
Fabricius never used rich plate at his
table : a small salt cellar, whose feet were
of ham, was the only silver vessel which
appeared in his house. He lived and died

in the greatest poverty. A bridge at

Some.

Fabulla, an infamous woman.

FACsLiif A, a small place on the north of
Sicily.

Faous, a Rutilian killed in the night by
EuryaloB.

F jBsuLJE, a town of Etrarja.

Faixsidia LSI was enacRd by the tri-
bune Falcidius^ A. U. C. 713, concexning
wills and the right of heirs.

Falskia, a town of Picen^tn.

Falxrii, now Palari, a town ofEtniria.

Falsri it a, a tribe at Rome.

Falxrnus, a fertile mountain and plain
of Cannpania, famous for its wine.

Fai^isci, a people of Etroria, originally a
Macedonian colony.

Fama, was worshipped by the ancients
as a powerful goddess, and generally re-
presented blowmg a trumpet.

Fajvuia, a woman of Minturna; who
hospitably entertained Marius in his lli^t.

Faitnia lex, de SumptibuSy by Fannius
the consul, A. U. G. 593.

Far 1*1 1, two oiators of whom Cicero
speaks.

FAiTirius, an inferior poet ridiculed by
Horace.— —Caius, an author in Trajan's
reign.

Faitum VACUNiB, a ▼illage in the coun-
try of the Sabines.

Farfarus, a river of the Sabines.

Fascelis, a surname of Diana.

Fascblliiva, a town of Sicily near Pan-
orraus.

Faitcula, a woman who privately con-
veyed food to the Roman prisoners at
Capua.
Faventia, a town of Spain— of Italy.

Favbria, a town of Istria.
\ Faula, a mistress of Hercules.

Fauna, a deity among the Romans,
daughter dt Ficus, and originally called
Jtariea.

FAUffALi A, festivals at Rome in honor
of Faunus.

Fauri, certain deities of the country,
represented as having the legs, feet, and
ears of goats, a^d the rest of the body hu-
man. They VMB called satyrt by the

FAunos, a son of Picus,, who is said to
have reigned in Italy about 1300 years B.
C. His bravery as well as wisdom have
given rise to the tradition that he was son
of Mars.

Favo, a Rbman mimic.

Fatorirus, a philosopher under Adrian.

Fausta, a daughter of Sylla. ^The

wife of the emperor Constaiuine.

Faustira, the wife of the emperor An-
toninus, famous for her debaucheries. Her
daughter, of the same name, became the

most abandoned of her sex. The third

wife of the emperor, Heliogabalus.

Faustitas, a goddess among the Bo-
mans supposed to preside over cattle.

Faustulus, a shepherd ordered to ex-
pose RcHnulus and Remus. He privately
brought them up at home.

Fau9tu») an obscure poet under the first
Roman emperors.

Februus, a god at Rome, who presided
over purifications. The Feralia, sacri-
fices which the Romans offered to the gods
Manes, were called Februa.

Feciales, a number of priests at Rome,
employed in declaring war and making
peace.

Felgiras, a Roman knight UHed by
Pompey.

Felix, M. Artorius, a freed man of
Claudius Ciesar, ihade governor of Judea,
Samaria, and Palestine.

FELTRfA, a town of Italy.

Ferestella, a Roman hlitorian in the

age of Augustus. One of the gates at

Rome.

Ferri or Firri, the inhabitants of Fin-
ningia, or Eningia, considered as Finland.

Feralia, a festival in honor of the dead,
observed at Rome the seventeenth or
twenty-first of February. It continued
for eleven days, during which time pre-
sents were carried to the graves of the de-
ceased, marriages were forbidden, and
the temples of the gods were shut.

FerertiruiT, a town of the Hemici, at
the east of Rome.

Ferertum, or Forbrtuh, a town of
Apulia.

FsRETRius, a surname of Jupiter, af&-
rmdOf because he had assisted the Ro-
mans, or a feriendo, because he had con-
quered their enemies under Romulus.

Ferijb Latin iE, fbstlvals at Rome in-
stituted by Tarquin the Proud. The
principal magistrates of fbrty-seven towns
m Latium usually assembled on a mount
near Rome, where they altogether -with
the Roman magistrates offered a bull to
Jupiter Latialis, of which they carried
home some part after the immolation, af-
ter they had sworn mutual friendship and
alliance. It continued bnt one day origin-
ally, but in process of time four days were
dedicated to its celebration. The feria
among the' Romans were certain days set

Digitizesi by VjOOQ IC

166

apart to telebrate festivals, And during
that time it was unlawful fur any person
to work. They were either jpublie or pri-
vate. The public were of four different
kinds. The /erus mrivaUg were observed
only ia families, n commemoration of
birtb days, marriages, funerals, and the
lilu.

FEaoniA, a goddess at Rome, who pre-
sided over the wolds and aroves.

FxacENNiA, a town 6f Etruria, now

f^tmufty or Fjbsulje, a town of Etruria.

FasTtrt, a IHend of Domitian. Porci-

Qs, a proconsul who succeeded Felix as
governor of Judea, under Claudius.

FiBUBims, a river of Italy.

FiCAH A, a town of Latium.

FicAKiA, a small island on the east of
Sardinia.

FicuLBA, or FicuLRXA, a town of La-
tium. %

FiDKHA, an inland town of Latium,
whose inhabitants are called Fidenates.

FioEHTiA, a town of Gaul on tbe south
ofthePo.

Fides, the goddess of faith, oaths, and
honesty, worshipped by the Romans.

FioitnTLJE, a ]dace of Italy.

Fioius Dius, a divinity by whom the
Romans generally swore. Some suppose
bim to be Hercules.

Fimbria, a Roman officer who besieged
Mithridates in Pritane. He was deserted
by his troops for his cruelty, upon which
he killed himself.

FiBMuM, now FerntOf a town of Pice-
num on the Adriatic.

M. FiRMius, a powerftil native of Se-
leucia, who proclaimed himself emperor,
and was at last conquered by Aurelian.

Fisc£u.us, a part of the Apennine
mountains in Umbria.

Flacilla AiTToiriA,aRoman matron in
Nero'« agOi

Flaccus, a consul wbomaithed against
6ylla, and was assassinated by Fimbria.

A poet. A governor of Egypt who

died A. D. 39.

FLAciLLAiGLiA, the mother of Arcadi-
us and Honorius.

Flamixia Lex agrariay by C. Flaml-
nius, the tribune, A. U. C. 525.

FLAMT4NIA VIA, a celebrated road which
led from Rome to Aciminum and Aqui-
leia A gate of Rome.

C. Flaminius, a Roman consul of a
turbulent disposition, who was drawn
into a battle near the lake of Thrasyme-
nus, by the artifice of Annibal. He was
killed in the engagement, with an im-
mense number of Ronftins, B. C. 317.

T. Q.. Flamikius, or Flamiwiwcs, a cel-
ebrated Roman raised to the consulship,
A. U. C. 556. He was trained in the art
ofwaragainstAnnib.il. He was sent at
the head of the Roman troops against

Fhilip, king of Macedonia, and in his ex-
pedition he met -with uncommon success,
and received the name of father and de-
liverer of Greece. Flaininius was found
dead in his bed, after a life spent in the
greatest glory, in wliich he had imitated
\jl\ih success the virtues of his model
Scipid. Lucius, the brother of the pre-
ceding, signalized himself in the wars of
Greece. Calp. Flamma, a tribune.

Flanaticus sinus, a bay of the Flana-
t6s,in Liburnia.

Flatia lsx agratia. by L. Flavius, A.
U. C. 693. ^

FlaviaKuk, a town of Etruria.

Flatinia, a town of Latium.

Flatids, a senator who conspired with

Piso against Nero. A tribune of the

people deposed by J. Cssar. A Roman

who ^informed Gracchus of the violent
measures of the senate against bim.

Fletus, the rights branch of tlie Rhine,
which- formed a large lake on its filing
into the sea, called FUnOj now Zvider-Zee.

Flora, the goddess of^ flowers and gar-
dens among the Romans, the same as the
Chloris of the Greeks. She was repre-
sentcfd as crowned with flowers, and hold-
ing in her hand the horn of plenty. A

celebrated woman passionately loved by
Pompey the Great.

Floralia, games, in honor of Flora at
Rome. They were observed yearly, and
exhibited a scene of the most unbounded
licentiousness. '

Florxatia, a town of Italyj now Flor-
tnce.

Florianub, a man who wore the impe-
rial purple at Some only for two month!,

FloruIb, L. AnncuB Julius, a Latin his-
torian of the same family which produced

Seneca and Lucan, A. D. 116. Julius,

a friend of Horace.

Flu ONI A, a surname of Juno Lucina.

Folia, a woman of Ariminum, famous
for hei-knowledge of poisonous herbs.

FoNs SoLis, a fountain in the province
of Cyrene, cool at mid-day and warm at
the rising and setting of the sun.

FoNTAWus, a poet.

FoNTEiA, a vestal virgin.

FoNTEius Capito, au intimate friend
of Horace. A Roman who raised com-
motions in Oerraany afler the death of
Nero. A man who conducted Cleopa-
tra into Syria by order of Antony.

FoRMi.fi, a maritime town of Campania
at the south east of Gaieta.

FoRMiANUM, a villa of Cicero, near
which the orator was assassinated.

FcRMio, now Bisanoy a river of Istria.

Fornax, a goddess at Home, who pre-
sided over the baking of bread.

Ford Appii, a people of Italy, whose
capital was railed Forum Appi.

FoRTUNA, a powerful deity amottf tho

Digitized iDyVjOOQl

167

aocientfl, daashter of Oceanns. She wu
the goddess of fortune, and from ber hand
were derived riches and poverty, pleas-
ures and misfortunes, blessings and pains.
She was worshipped in different parts of
Greece, and in Achaia her statue held the
horn of plenty in one hand, and had a
winged cupid at its feet. Her most famous
temple in Italy was at Antiura, in Latium,
where presents and ofierings were regu-
larly sent from every part of the country.

FoRTUXAT.B inguLJE, Islands at the
west of Mauritania in the Atlantic sea.
They are supposed to.be the Canary isles
of the moderns, and were represented as
the seats of the blessed, where the souls
of the virtuous were placed after death. .

FoRULi, a town of the Sabines built on
a stony place. ^

Forum — appii, a town of Latium on

the Appia via. Augustum, a place at

Rome. Allien!, a town of Italy, now

Ferrara. Many places bore -the name of
Forum wherever there was a public mar-
ket, or rather where the prxtor held his
court of justice.

Fosi, a people of Germany near the
Elbe.

Fossa, the straits of Bonifaeio between

Corsica and Sardinia. Drusi or Dnisi-

ana, a canal, opened by Drusus from the

I Rhine to the Issel. Mariana, a ca-

' nal cut by Marius from the Rhone to Mar-
' seilles.

Fossx PHIL.8ITIITJ, one of the moutlis
of the Po.

Franc I , a people of Germany ifhd Oaul,
whose country was called Francia.

Fraus, a divinity worshipped among the
Romans, daughter of Orcus and Night.

FaEoxu.A, a fiuaous town of the Vol-

BCi.

Freoxhjc, a town of Etniria.

Frxntahi, a people of Italy, near Apu-
lia.

Fretum, (the sea) is sometimes applied
by eminence to the Sicilian sea, or the
straits of Messina.

Frigidus, a river of Tuscany.

Frisii, a people of Germany near the
Rhine.

Sex. Jin*. Prontiwus. a celebrated ge-
ometrician, who made himself known by
the books he wrote on stratagems and
aqueducts, dedicated to Tiiitn.

Pronto, a preceptor of M. Antoniniu,
by whom he was veatly esteemed.

Julius, a learned Roman, who delighted
in the company of poets.

pRusiNo, a small town of the Volsci.

Pucimrs, a lake of Italy in the country
of the Marsi, at the north of the Liris,
attempted to be drained by J. Cssar and
afterwards by Claudius, but with no suc-
cess. The lake surrounded by a ridge of
high mountains is now called QeUaw*.

Furu»iu«| a wretched usurer.

Purius OcMiNus, a man greatly promo-
ted by the interest of Livia.

FuoAjLiA, festivals at Rome to celebnte
the flight of tbe-Tarquins.
PuLoi NATES, a people of Umbria.
Q,. FU1.0INUS, a brave officer in.Cfe8ar'8
legions.

PuLGORA. a goddess at Rome who pre*
sided over lightning.

Fullinum and Fulcu Vubc, a small town
of Umbria.

PuLviA LEX was proposed but rejected
A. U. C. (>a8, by Flaccus FuhriiM. It
tended to make all the people of Italy cit<
izens of Rome.

FuLTiA, a bold and ambitious woman
who married the tribune Cl<yliu8, and
afterwards Curio, and at last M. Antong^*
She took a part in all the intrigues of her
husband's triumvirate and showed herself
cruel as well as revengeful. Antony di>
vorced her to m^rry Cleopatra, and after
ineffectual attempts at revenge, she died
forty years before the Christian era.
A woman who discovered to Cicero the
designs of Catiline upon his life.
FuLvius, a Roman senator, intimate

with Augustus. A friend of C. Grac>

chus who was killed in a sedition with

his son. Flaccus Censor, a Roman who

plundered a marble temple ctf Juno, to
finish the building of one which he had

erected to Fortune. Ser. Nobllior. a

Roman consul who went to Africa after
the defeat of Regulus. After he had ac-
quired much glory against the Carthagi-
nians, he was shipwrecked at his return
with two hundred, Roman ships.
FuNDANUs, a lake near Fundi In Italy.
FuNoi, a town of Italy near Caieta.
FuRii, a family which migrated from
MeduUia in Latium and came to settle at
Rome undar Romulus.

FuRiA LEX de TeatamentiSf by C. Furiuar
the tribune. It forbade any person to
leave as a legacy mMe than a thousand
asses J except to the relations of the master
who manumitted, with a few more excep-
tions.
Purina, the goddess of robbers.
FuRius, a military trihune with Camil-

lus. A Roman slave who obtained hia

freedom. M. Bibaeulus, a Latin poet of

Cremona.
FuRNius, aman condemned of adultery..

Arist. Fuscus, a friend of Horace.

Com. a prstor sent by Domitian against
the Daci, where he perished.

FuBiA LEX de ConutHa, A. U. C. SS7,
forbade any business to be transacted at
the public assemblies on certain days,

though among the fiuti. Another, A.

U. C. 690. Ganinia, another by Camil-

lus and C. Caninius Galbus, A. U. C, 751.

Fusius, a Roman orator. A Roman,

killed in Gaul. A Roman actor, whom

Horace ridicules. ^ ,

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

168

TAB ALES, a people of Aquitain.

GabakA) a country of Asia.

Gabeixvs, now La Seccldat a river fldl-
ing into the Po.

Gabxne and Gabixnb, a coantry of
Persia.

Gabisi^ur, a friend of Augustui, he-
beaded by order of Seat. Pompey.

Gabii, a city of the VoUci, built by the
kings of Alba, but now no longer in exist-
ence. Romulus and Remus were edu-
cated there.

Gabina, the name of Juno, worshipped
at Oabil.

Gabiw|a lkx de ComiUiSf by A. Gabi-
nius, the tribune, A. U. C. 614. It re-
quired that in the public assemblies for
electing magistrates, the votes should be

given by tablets, and not viva voce.

The title of other laws De CondtUSf De Mir
litidy De Usura, &,c.

Gabinianus, a rhetorician, in the reign
of Vespasian.

Gabinius, a Roman historian. Au-

lius, a Roman consul, who made war in
Judea, and reestablished tranquillity
there. He died about forty years before

Christ, at Salona. A lieutenant of

Antony. A consul, who behaved with

uncommon rudeness to Cicero.

Gadxs, Gadis, and Gadira, a small is-
land in the Atlantic, on the Spanish coast,
twenty- five miles from the columns or
Hercules.

Gaditanus, a surname of Hercules,
from Gades.

G JE9ATJB, a people on the Rhone.

Gjetulia, a country of Libya, the favor-
ite retreat of wild beasts, and now called
BUdtUgerid,

GiETULicus, Cw. Leittulub. an officer

In the age of Tiberius. A poet who

wrote some witty but indelicate epigrams.

Gala, fother of Masinissa, was king of
Numidta.

Galabbii, a nation near Thrace.
. Galactophaoi, a people of Asiatic Scy-
thia.

Galaittris, a servant maid of Alcme-
na, whose sagacity eased the labors of
her mistress.

Galata, a town of Syria. An island

near Sicily. Attfwn of SicUy. A

mountain of Phocis.

G\LATA, the inhabitants of Galatia.

Galatjba and Galathjea, a sell nymph,
daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was
passionately loved by the Cyclops Poly-
phemus, wnom she treated with coldness
and disdain ; while Acis, a shepherd of
Sicily, enjoyed her unbounded affection.

— —The daughter of a Celtic king. A

country girl.

Galatia, or Gallogrjecia. a country
of Asia Minor, between Phrygia, the
Buzine, Cappadocia, and Bithynia.

The pame of ancient Gaul among tbe
Greeks.

Galaxia, a festival, in which they boil-
ed a mixture of barley, pulse, and milk,
called raXa^ia by the Greeks.

Galb A, a surname of the first of the Sul-
pitii, from tbe smallness of his stature.

A king among the Gauls, who made

war against J. Cesar. A brother of

the emperor Galba, who killed himself.
A mean buffoon, in the age of Tibe-
rias.; Serviusj an infamous lawyer af

Rome. Servius Sulpicius, a Roman

who rose gradually to tbe greatest offices
of the state, and exercised his power in
the provinces with equity and unremitted
diligence. He dedicated the greatest part
of his timo to solitary pursuits, chiefly to
avoid the suspicions of Nero. fWfo or-
dered him to be put to death, but he es-
caped from the hands oTtbe executioner,
and was publicly saluted emperor. When
he was seated on the throne, he suffered
himself to be governed by favorites, who
exposed to sale the goods of the citizens
to gratify their avarice. He was assassin-
ated in the seventy-third year of his age,
and in the eighth of his reigo, and Otbo
proclaimed emperor in his room, Januarir
16th, A. D. 69. A learned man, grand-
father to the emperor of tbe same name.

Sergius, a celebrated orator before the

age of Cicero.

Galsnus Claud I ui, a celebrated physi-
cian in the age of M. Antoninus and bis
successors, bom at Pergamus, the son of an
architect. He was very intimate with
Marcos Aurelius tbe emperor, after whose
death he returned to Pergamus, where he
died, in his ninetieth year, A. D. 193.

GALEOLiB, certain prophets in Sicily.

Galeria, one of the Roman tribes.

The wife of Vitellius. Faustina, the

wife of the emperor Antoninus Pius.

Galeriub, a native of Dacia, made em-
peror of Rome, by Dioclesian.

Galesus, now Oaleto. a river of Cala-
bria, flowing into the bay of Tarentum.

A rich person of Latium, killed as he

attempted to make a reconciliation be-
tween the Trojans and Rutulians.

GALiLJ£A,a celebrated country of Syria.

GALiNTHiADiA^a fcBtival at Tbebes, in
honor of Galinthias, a daughter of Prnetus.

Galli, a nation of Europe, naturally
fierce, and inclined to war. They were
very superstitious j and in their sacrifices

they often immolated human victims.

The priests of Cybele.

Gallia, a large country- of Europe, call-
ed Galatia by the Greeks. The inhabit-
ants were called OoZ/i, Celtiberif and Cd-
toscftha, by themselves Ce2<<p, by the
Greeks Otdata. Ancient Gaul was di-
vided into four different parts by the Ro-
mans, called Gallia Belgica, Narbonensis,
Aquitania, and peltii^ Jftie inhabitant*

jitized by

169

were great wiurriora ; and their Talor over-
came the Roman armies, took the cities
of Rome, and invaded ^feece, in different
ages. They spread themselves over the
greatest part of the world. They were
very superstitions.
6AU.ICA1VUS MORS, a mountahi of Cam-

Gau.iou« Aoxaj was applied to the
country between Picenum and'Ariminum.

Sinus, a part of the Mediterranean on

the coast of Gaul, now called the gulf of
* Lyons.

Gallienus Publ. LuciNins, a son of
the emperor Valerian. He reigned con-
jointly with his father for seven years,
and ascended the throne as sole emperor,
A. D. SS60. In his youth, he showed activ-
ity aiid military talent, but when he came
to t;tf#purple, he delivered himself up to
pleasure and indolence. His time was
spent in the greatest debauchery. He often
appeared with his. hair powdered with
golden dust ; and enjoyed tranquillity at
home, while his provinces abroad were
torn by oivil quarrels and seditions. His
cruelties irritated the. people and the army ;
emperors wejie dected, and no less than
thirty tyrants aspired to the imperial pur-

gle. Gallienus was assassinated at Milan
y some of hia officers, in the fiftieth year
ofhisage, A. D.268.

Gaixiitahia ^tlta, a wood near Cumc
in Italy.

GAu.fpox.xs, a fortified town of thjB Sa-
lentines.

Gaxj^oorjkcia, a countrv of Asia Minor,
near Btthynia and Cappadocia.

G. Gaclonius, a Roman knight appoint^
ed over Gades.

P. Gaixoitius, a luxurious Roman.

Gal,i.us. Fid. Alectryoa*— •— A general

of Otfao. A lieutenant of Sylla. An

officer of M. Antony. &c.->>-— rCaius, a
friend of the great Arricanus, famous ror

his knowledge of astronomy. ^iElios.

the third governor of Egypt in the age oi

Augustus. Cornelius, a Roman knight,

who tendered himself famous by his poet-
ical, as well as military talents. Vlbius

Galius, a celebrated orator of Gaul, in the
age of Augustus. A Uomftn who assas-
sinated Decius, the emperor, and raised
himself to the throne. He showed him-
self ihdolent and cruel, and was at last
assassinated by his soldiers, A. D, 5253.
Flavius Claudius Constantinus, a bro-
ther of the emperor Julian, raised to the
imperial throne under the title of Cesar,
by CoBstantius his relation. He. conspir-
ed against his benefactor, and was 'be-
headed, A. D. 354. A small river of

Phrygia.

Gamaycs, an Indian prince.

GAMax.iA, a surname of Juno. A fes-
tival privately observed at three diflbrent
The first was the celebration of a
15 '

marriage, the second was in eonunemom-
tion of a birthday, had the third was an
anniversary of the death of a person.

Ganoarits, an Indian nation.

Gakgam A, a place near the Palus Mco-
tis.

GArroAsiDJB, a powerftil people near the
mouths of the Ganges.

Gaitoes, a large river of India, falling
into the Indian ocean. It was held in the
greatest veneration b^' the inhabitants,
and this superstition is said to exist still
in some particular instances.

Gannascus, an ally of Rome,, put to
death by Corbulo, the Roman general.

GAivTMKDE.a $p>ddess, better known by
the name of Hebe.

Gakthsdss, a beautiful youth of Phry-
gia. He was taken up to heaven by Ju-
piter as he was hunting, or rather tending
his fhther's flocks on mount Ida, and he '
became the cap-bearer of the gods in the
place of Hebe. He is generally represent-
ed sitting on the back of a flying eagle in
the air.

Gakjeticum, a town of Africa.

GaIumartss, a people in the int^or
parts of Africa, now ctdled the,deserts of

Garamantis, a nymph who became
mother of larbas, Phileus, and Pilumnus,
by Jupiter.

Garam AS, a king of Libya.

Garatas, a river of Arcadia.

Gareata, a people of Arcadia.

Gareathtra, a town of Cappadocia.

Garoaitus, now St. Angdoy a lofty
mountain of Apulia.

Garoaphia, a valley near Platea, with
a fountain of the same name.

Garoaris, a king of the Curetes, who
first found |be manner of collecting ho-
ney.

Garoarus, a town and mountain of
Troas, &mous for its fertility.

Garoettus, a village of Attica.

Gargittius, a dog which kept Geryon's
flocks. He was killed by Hercules.

Garoilius Martialis, an historian.

A celebrated hunter.

Garites, a people of Aquitain, in Gaul.

Garumna, a river of Gaul, now called
Oaronne.

Gastron, a general of Lacedemon.

Gathe^Ei a town 9f Arcadia.

Gatheatas, a river of Arcadia.

GAUGAMELAjf village near Arbela be«
yond the TlgfiS.

Gaulus and Gauleor, an island in the
Mediterranean sea, Opposite Libya. It pro-
duces no venomous creatures*

Gaurus, a mountain of Campania, fh-
mous for its wines.

Gaus and Gaos, a man who followed
the interest of Artaxerxes, from whom
he revolted, and by whom he was put to
death.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

170

Gixi., a Amons town of Palestine.

OsBSRirA, a town and mountain of
Gaul.

Gbdrosia, a barren province of Persia.

GcoAifii, a family pf Alba, part of which
migrated to Rome, under Romulus.

Gkla, a town on the southern parts of
Sicily, about ten miles fh>m the sea.

GEL.AIVOR, a king of Argos.

Gelma UoavELiA LEX, iU CivitaUf by
L. Gellius and Cn. Cftmel. Lentulus, A.
U. C. 681. It enacted; that all those who
had been presented with the privilege of
citizens of Rome by Pompey, should re-
main in the possession of that liberty.

GsLLiAs, a native of Agrigentum, fa-
mous for his munificence.

Gellius, a censor. A consul who

defeated a party of Crermans, in the inte-
rest of Spartacus.

AuLua Gellivs, a Roman grammarian
in the axe of M. Antoninus, about 130
A. D. He published a v^rork which be
called J^octes Attiea, because he composed
it at Athens during the long nights of the
winter.

Geld and Gelon, a son of Dinomenes,
who made himself absolute at Syracuse,
four hundred and* ninety-one years before
the Christian era. He reigned seven years,
and his death was universally lamented

at Syracuse. A man who attempted

to poison Pyrrhus. A governor of

Bceotia.

Geloi, the inhabitants of Gela.

Gelones and Geloni, a people of Scy-
thia, inured from their youth to labor and
fatigue.

Gelds, a' port of Caria.

Gemini, a sign of the zodiac, which re-
presents Castor and Pollux, the twin sons
of Leda.

Geminius, a, Roman who acquainted
M. Antony with the situation of his affairs

at Rome. An inveterate enemy of Ma-

rius. A friend of Pompey.

6£Mirru8,an astronomer and mathema-
tician of Rhodes, B. C. 77.

Gemonije, a place at Rome where the
caitasses of criminals were thrown.

Gsif ABUM, a town of Gaul, now Orle-
ansy on the Loire.

Geivauni, a people of Vindelicia.

Obhbta, an ancient, populous, and
well fortified city in the country of the
Allobroges.

GsiTisus, a man of Cyxicus, killed by
the Argonauts.

Genius, a spirit^ or dsmon. which, ac-
cording to the ancients, presided over the
birth and life of every man.

Gbnsebic, a famous Vandal prince
who passed from Spain to Africa, where
be took Carthage.

Gentius, a king of Illyricum, who was
conquered, and ted in triumph by the Ro-
mans, B. C. 169.

Gbntta, now Oenottj a celebrated tows
of Liguria, which Annibal destroyed.

Gendcius, a tribune of th« people.

A consul.

Genusus, now SenmOf a river ^of Mace-
donia.

Gbnutia lex, de magistratilnu, by L.
Genutius the tribune, A. U. C. 411. It
ordained that no person should exercise
the same magistracy withiB ten years, or
be invested with two c^ces in one year.

Georoica, a poem of Virgil in four
books, which treats of husbandry.

Gbphtea, one of the cities of the Sele-
ucidc in Syria.

Gefhtkai, a people of Phoenicia.

Gebjestus, a port of Eubcea.

Gbrania, a mountain between Megaia
and Corinth.

GxRANTHRjE, a towu of Lacouia.

GERESTrcuB, a harbor of Teios in Ionia.

Gergithum, a town near Cumoe in
iEoIia.

Geroobia, a town of Gaul.

Gerion, an ancient augur.

Germania, an exteniive country of En-
rope, at the east of Gaul. Its inhabitants
were warlike, fierce, and uncivilized, and
always proved a watcbfid enemy against
the Romans. Cesar first entered their
country, but he rather checked their fury
than conquered them. The ancient Ger-
mans were very superstitions, and, in
many instances, their religion was the
same as that of their neighbors, the Gauls.
Their rude institutions, gradually gave
rise to the laws and manners which still
prevail in the countries of £ur<nie, which
their arms invaded or conquered.

Germanicub CfsAR, a son of Prusas
and Antonia, the niece of Augustus. He
was adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and
raised to the most important offices of the
state. He distinguished himself by his
success in the German wars, and was
rewarded with a trium{^ on his return to
Rome. He was secretly poisoned at
Daphne near Antioch by Piso, A. D. 19,
in the thirty-fourth year of his age. The
news of his death was received with the
greatest grief, iCnd the most bitter lamen-
tetions,- and Tiberius seemed to be the
only one who rejoiced in his fall. Ger-
manicus has been commended not only for
his military accomplishments, but for his

learning, humanity and benevolence.

This name was common in the age of the
emperors, not only to those who bad ob-
tained victories over the Germans, but
even to those who had entered the borders
of their country at thfe head of an army.

Gerhanii, a people of Persia.

Gerrha, a people of Scythia.

Gbrub and Gerrhus, a river of Sethis.

Geronthrje, a town of Laconia, where
a yearly festival, called Oerontkrea, wia
observed in honor of Mai8«

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111

Gerton and Gbrtottes, a celebrated
monster,' represented as having iliree bod-
ies and three heads. He was destroyed
by Hercides.

GEssATii:, a people of Gallia Togata.

Gemokiacum, a town of Gaul.

Gessus, a river of Ionia.

Geta, a man who raised seditions at

Rome in Neroli reign. Septimiiis, a

son of tiSB emperor Sevdrus, brother to
Caracftlla. After his father's death he
reigned at Rome, conjointly with his
brother ; but Caracalla, who envied his
virtues, and was jealous of his popularity,
murdered him in the arms of his mother.
Creta had not reached the twenty-third
year of his age, and the Romans had rea-
son to lament the death of so virtuous a
prince.

Getje, a people of European Scythia,
near the Daci.

GioAiTTEs, the sons of Ccelus and Ter-
ra, represented as men of uncommon
stature, with strength proportioned to
their gigantic size. Some of them, as
Cottus, Briareus, and Gyges, had fifty
heads and one hundred arms, and serpbnts
instead of legs. They were of a terrible
aspect, their hair hung loose about their
shoulders, and their beard was suffered to
grow untouched. Pallene and its neigh-
borhood was the place of their residence.
They conspired to dethrone Jupiter, who
was obliged to call Hercules to his assist-
ance. With the aid of this celebrated
hero, the giants were soon put to flight
and defeated. Some were crushed to
pieces under mountains or buried in the
sea ; and others were iiayed alive, or beat-
en to death with clubs.

GioARTUM, a town of Phoeniciat

G1G19, one of the female attendants t)f
Parvsatis, who was privy to the poisoning
of Statira.

GiLoo. a governor of Africa, in the reign
of Arcadius.

GiLLo, an infamous adulterer, in Juve-
nal's age.

GiNDArrss, a people of Libya..

GiNDEs, a river of Albania. Another

of Mesopotamia.

GiiroE. Fid. Gigis.

GiifouNUM, a mountain of Umbria.

Gippius, an infamous Roman.

Gisco, son of Hamilcon the Carthagin-
ian general, was banished frbm his coun-
try by the influence of his enemies. He
was afterwards recalled, and empowered
by the Carthaginians to punish in what
manner he pleased, those who had occa-
sioned his banishment. He was made a
general soon after, in SiciTy, against the
Corinthians, about three hundred and nine
years before the Christian era ; and by his
success and intrepidity, he obliged the
enemies of his country to sue for peace.

GijAOiATOBii LUDi, combats originally

exhibited on the grave of deceased persons
■Tit Rome. They were first introduced at
Rome by the Bruti, upon the death of their
fother, A. U. C. 4«8. Originally captives,
criminals, or disobedient slaves, Were
trained up for combat ; but when the di*
version became more frequent, and was
exhiliited on the smallest occasion, to pro-
cure esteem and popularity, many of the
Roman citizens edl^ted themselves among
the gladiators, and Nero at one show, ex-
hibited no less than four hundred senatojs
and six hundred knights. After these
cruel exhibitions had been continued for
the amusement of the Roman populace,
they were abolished by Constantine the
Great, near six hundred years after their
first institution.

GLAms, a river of Cume— of Iberia>->
of Italy.

Glai«um, a town of Gau[I, now iSe. Readf
in Provence.

Glaphtre and Glaphtra, a daughter
of Archelaus the high-priest of Beliona in
Cappadocia, celebrated for her beauty and
intrigues. Mark Antony gave the king-
dom of Cappadocia to her two sons.

Glaphyrus, an infhmous Roman.

Glauce, the wife of Acteus, daughter

of Cychrffius. A daughter of Cretheus,

mother of Telamon. — -One of the Nerei-
des.

Glaucia, a surname of th^ Servilian
family.

Glaucippe, one of the Danaides.

Glaucippus, a Greek who wrote a trea-
tise concerning the sacred rights of Athens.

Glaucow, a writer of> dialogues at
Athens.

Glauco5ome, one of the Nereides.

Glaucopis, a surname of Minerva, firam
the blueness of her eyes.

Glaucus, a son of Hippok)chns, the son
0f Bellerophon. He assisted Priam in the
Trojan war, and had the simplicity to ex-
change his golden suit of armor with Dio-
medes for an iron one, whence came the
proverb of Olauci et Diomedis permMtaUa^
to express a foolish purchase. He was

killed by Ajax. A fisherman of Anthe-

don in Boeotia, son of Neptune and Nais,
or according to others of Polybius the son
of Mercury. He leaped into the water,
and was made "a sea deity by Oceanus ana

Tet'hys, at the request of the gods. A

son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, by Me-
rope the daughter of Atlas, bom at Potnia

a village of Bceotia. A son of Minos

the 2d, and Pasiphae, who was smothered
in a cask of hpney, restored to life by" the

physician Polyidus. A son of Epytus.

who succeeded his father on the throne of

Messenia. A son of Antenor, killed by

Agamemnon. An Argonaut. A son

of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. — —A son
of Hippolytus, whose descendants reigned
in Ionia.— An athlete^of Ettboea.— ~^

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172

•on of Priam.— -A physician of Cleopa-
tra. A warrior, in the age of Phocion.

A physician exposed on a cross, be-
cause Uephlbstion died while under his

care. An artist of Chios. ^A Spartan.

^A grove of Bceotia. A bay of Caria.

-^— An historian of Rhegiuni in Italy.

A bay and river of Libya — of Pelopon-
nesus—of Colchis.

Glautias, a king of 'niyricum.

Glicon, a physician of Pansa.

Glissas, a town of BoBotia, with a small
river in the neighborhood.

Gltcera, a beautiiul woman, celebrat-
ed by Horace. A woman of Sicyon

skilful in making garlands.

Gltcerium, an infamous woman of
Thespis, who presented her countrymen
with the painting of Cupid, which Praxi-
teles had given her.

Gltcon, a man remarkable for his

strength. A physician who attended

Pansa, and was accused of poisoning his
patron's wound.

Gltmpes, a town on the borders of the
Lacedemonians and Messenians.

Gnatia, a town of Apulia.

GiTossis and Gnobsia, an epithet given
to Ariadne, because she lived, or was Iwrn
at Gnossus.

Grvoflsus, a famous city of Crete, the
residence of king Minos.

GobaMtio, a chief of the Arvemi.

GoBAft, a governor of Mesopotamia.

GoBAREs, a Persian governor.

GosRTAs, a Persian, one of the seven
noblemen who conspired against the usur-
per Smerdis. !

GoLGi, a place of Cyprus, sacred to Ve-
nus Oolgia, and to Cupid.

GoMPHi, a town of Thessaly.

GoNATAs, one of the Antigoni.

GoNiADEa, nymphs in the neighbor-
hood of the river Cytherus.

Gomppus and PANORUua, two youths of
Andania.

Goifiri and GoKocoiforLos, a town of
Thessaly.

GoNOEssA, a town of Troas.

GoifussA, a town of Sicyon.

GoRD I JE I, mountains in Armenia.

GoRi>iANus, M. Antonius Africanus, a
son of Melius Marcellus, descended from
Trajan,' by his mother's side. In the
greatest affluence, he cultivated learning,
and was an example of piety and virtue.
He applied himself to the study of poetry,
and composed a poem in thirty books upon
the virtues of Titus Antonius, and M.
Aurelius. After he had attained his 80th
year in the greatest splendor and domestic
traoquillity. he was roused from his peace-
flil occupations by the tyrannical reign of
the Maximini, and he was proclaimed
emperor by the rebellious troops of his
province. Maximinus marched against
aim \mh the greatest indignation; and

Gordian sent his son, with whom he shar*
ed the imperkil dignity, to oppose the ene-
my. Young Gprdlan was killed ; and the
father, worn out with age, and iirown des-
perate on account of his misfortunes,
strangled himself at Carthage, before he
had been six weeks at the head of the
empire, A. D. 236- M. Antonius Afri-
canus, son of Gordianus. {Je passed into
Africa, in the character of lieutenant to
his father, and seven years after he was
elected emperor, in conjunction with him.
He marched against the partisans of Maxi-
minus, his antagonist in Mauritania, and
was killed in a bloody battle on the 25th
of June, A. D. 236^ after a reijn of about
six weeks. M. Antonius Pius, grand-
son of the first Gordian, was but twelve
years old when he was honored with the
title of Cicsar. He was proclaimed em-
peror, in the sixteenth vear of his a^e,and
his election was attended with universal
marks of approbation. Gordian was as-
sassinated in the east, A. D. 244. The
senate, sensible of his merit, honored him
with a most splendid funeral.

GoRDiuM, a town of Phrygia.

G0RDIU9, a husbandman, afterwards
king of Phrygia ; remarkable for tying a
knot, on which the empire of Asia de-
pended, in so intricate a manner, that
Alexander the Great, unable to unravel it,
cut it to pieces. A tyrant of Corinth.

G0ROASTT8, a man who received divine
honors at Phene in Messenia.

Gorge, a daughter of CEneus, king of
Calydon. Her tomb was seen at Amphis-
sa in Locris. One of the Danaides.

GoRoiAfl, a celebrated sophist and ora-
tor, born at Leontium in Sicily. He lived
to his one hundred and eighth year, and

died B. C. 400. An officer of Antiocbus

Epiphanes. A Macedonian, forced to

war with Amyntas.

GoRoo, the wife of Leqnidas king of

Sparta. The name of the ship which

carried Perseus, after be had conquered
Medusa.

G0R00NB8. three celebrated sisters,
daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, whose
names were Stheno, Kuryale, and Medu-
sa, all immortal except Medusa. Accord-
ing'^to the mythologists, their hairs were
entwined with serpents, their hands were
of brass, their wings of the color of gold,
their boay was covered with Impenetrable
scales, and their teeth were as king as the
tusks of a wild boar, and they turned to
stones all those on whom they fixed their
eyes. Medusa alone had serpents in her
hair.

GoROoNiA, a surname of Pallas, because
Perseus, armed with her shield, had con-
quered the Gorgon, who had polluted her
temple with Neptune.

G0RGOKIU8, a man ridiculed bv Horace.

GoRoo PHONE, a daughter 01 Perieoa

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and Andromeda^ wbo married Periered
king of Messenia. After the death of
Per&res, she married CEbalus. She is the
first whom the mythologists mention as

having had a second husband. One of

the Daaaides.

GoRooPHonus, a son of Electryon and
Anazo.

GoRooPHoRj;, ^ Bumame of Minerva,
firom hef egis, on which was the head of
the gorgoli Medusa.

GoKGus, the son of Aristomenes the

Messenian. A son of Theron tyrant of

Agrigentum. A man whose knowledge

of metals proved very serviceable to Alex-
ander.

GoROTTHioir, a son of Priam, killed by
Teuccr.

GoRTUJE, a people of Euboea.

GoRTTN, GoRTYs, aud GoRTTifA, Rn in-
land town of Crete.

GoRTTRiA, a town of Arcadia in Pelo-
ponnesus.

GoTTHi, a celebrated nation of Germa-
ny, called also Gothones, Gutones, Gy tho-
nes, and Guttones. They were warriors
by profession, as well as all their savage
neighbors. They plundered Rome, un-
der Alaric, one of their most celebrated
kings, A. D. 410.

Gracchus, T. Sempronius, father of
Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, twice con-
sul, and once censor, was distinguished
by his integrity, as well as his prudence
and superior ability either in the senate
or at the head of the armies. He made
war in Gaul, and met with much suc-
cess in SpaiUf He married Sempronia, of
the family of the Scipio's, a woman of
great virtue, piety, and learning. Their
children, Tiberius and Caius, who had
been educated under the watchAil eye of
their mother, rendered themselves famous
for their eloquence, seditions, and an ob-
stinate attachment to the interests of the
populaee. which at last proved fotal to
them. After lives of violent dissension
with the patrician orders, they both perish-
ed by a violent death. Semnronius, a

Roman, banished to the coast \)f Africa
and assassinated by order of Tiberius,
after he had been banished fourteen years.

A general of the Sabines, taken by

Q,. Cincinnatus. A Roman consul, de-
feated by Annibal.

Gradivus, a surname of Mars among
the Romans.

Grjeci, the inhabitants of Greece.

GRiEciA, a celebrated country of Europe,
bounded on the west by the Ionian sea,
south by the Mediterranean sea, east by
the JSgean, and north by Thrace and Dal-
matia. It is generally divided into ibur
large provinces ; Macedonia, Epiras,
Achaia or Hellas, and Peloponnesus.
This country has been reckoned superior
15*

to every other part of the earth, on oe-
count of the salubrity of the air, the tem-
perature of the climate, the fertility of
tiie soil, and, above all, the fame, learning,
and arts of its inhabitants. While the
Greeks rendered themselves illustrious by
their military exploits, the arts and scien-
ces were assisted by conquest, and receiv-
ed fresh lustre from the application and
industry of their professors. The labors
of the learned were received with admi-
ration, and the merit of a composition was
determined by the applause or disappro-
bation of a multitude. Their generals
were orators ; and eloquence seemed to be
so nearly connected with the military pro-
fession, that he was despised by his sol-
diers who could not address them upon
any emergency with a spirited and well-
delivered oration. The learning, as well
as the virtues of Socrates, procured him a
name ; and the writings of Aristotle have,
perhaps, gained him a more lasting fkme
than all the conquests and trophies of his
reyal pupil. The Greeks planted several
colonies, and totally peopled the western
coasts of Asia Minor. For soma time
Greece submitted to the yoke of Alexan-
der and his saccessors ; and at last, after
a spkited though ineffectual struggle in
the Achean league, it fell under the pow-
er of Rome, and became one of its de-
pendent provinces governed by a procon-
sul.

Grjecia m aowa, a part of Italy, whdre
the Greeks planted colonies, whence the
name.

GrjbcinuA a senator put to death by.
Caligula.

Gracus, a man from whom some sup-
pose that Greece received its name.

GraiOs, an inhabitant of Greece.

GftAMPius Moifs, the Grampian moun-
tains in Scotland.

Granicus, a river of Bithynia.

Granius PsTRomuB, an officer, who
being taken by Pompey's geneials, re-
fused the life which was tendered to him :
observing that Caesar's soldiers received
not, but granted life. He killed himself.

A questor whom Sylla had ordered to

he strangled, only one day before he died

a natural death. A son of the wife of

Marius, by a former husband. — »— Q-i^in-
tus, a man intimate with Crassus and
other illustrious men of Rome, whose vices
he lashed with an unsparing hand.

Gratijc, three goddesses. Vid. Cha-
rites.

Gratiahus, a native of Pannonia, father
to the emperor Valentinian l&t. He who
became sole emperor in the sixteenth year
of his age. He soon after took, as his
imperial colleague, Theodosius, whom he
appointed over the eastern parts of the.
empire. • His enmity to the Pagan supers

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174

■titl(« of his subjects proved his rain ;
and Maximinus, who undertook the de-
fence of the worship of Jupiter and of all
the'goda, was joined by an infinite nuiu-
ber of discontented Romans, and met Gra-
tian near Paris in Gaul. Gratian was for-
saken by his'troops in the field of battle,
and was murdered Jky the rebels, A. D.
383, in the twenty-fourth year of his age.
A Roman soldier, invested with the im-

Krial purple by the rebellious army in
itain, and asi ' ' '

assassinated four months

after.

GRATiDiA.awoman at Neapolis, called
Canidia by Horace.

Gratioit, a giant killed by Diana.

Gratius Faliscus, a Latin poet, con-
temporary with Ovid.

Gratii, a people of Spain.

Graviscje:, now Eremode St. JlugtutinOy
a maritime town of Etruria.

Graviub, a Roman knight of Puteoli.

Greooriub, Theod, Thaqmaturgus, a
disciple of Origen, afterwards bishop of
Neocssarea, the place of his birlh. He
died A. D. 366,^nd it is said he left only
seventeen idolaters in his diocese, where
be had found only seventeen Christians.

Nazianzen, surnamed the Divine^

was bishop of Constantinople. His wri-
tings rival those of the most celebrated
orators of Greece, in eloquence, sublimity,
and variety. — ^-A bishop of Nyssa, author
of the Nicene creed.

Gri NHEs, a people among the Batavians.

Grophusj a man distinguished as much
for his probity as his riches.

Grcdii, a people tributary to the Ner-
vii.

GauMxirTaif^ now JtrmeiUOy an inland
town of Lucania.

Gryllus, a son of Xenophon, who kill-
ed Epaminondas, and was himself slain,

at the batUe of Mantinea, B. C. 363

One of the companions of Ulysses, chang-
ed into a swine by Circe.

Grtitkum and Grtnivm, a town near
Clazomenae, where Apollo had a temple
with an oracle.

Grtneub, one of the Centaurs.

Gtarus and Gtaros, an island In the
^gean sea, near Delos.

Gtas, one of the companions of iGneas.

A part of the territories of Syracuse^

A Rutulian, killed by iEneas in Italy.

Groans, a lake of Lydla.

Gros, ajn«UI ofParysatts.

Grasa, or Gtbs, a son of CcbIob and
Terra, represented as having fifty heads
and a hundred hands. He, with his
brothers, made war against the geds, and

was afterwards punished in Tartarus.

A Lydian, to whom Candaules, king of

the country, showed his wife naked.

A man killed by Turnus, in his wars witt
iEneas. A beautiful boy of Cnidus.

Gym FPUS, a Lacedemonian, sei|t B. C
414^ by his countr>'men to assist Sjnracuse,
against the Athenians. He obtained a
celebrated victory over Nicias and Demos-
thenes, the enemy's generals, and obliged
them to surrender. He accompanied Ly-
sander, in bis expedition against Athens
and was present at the taking of that cele-
brated town. After the fall of Athens,
he disgraced himself by embezzling pub-
lic money committted to his care. An

Arcadian in the Rutulian war.

Gymnasia, a large city near Colchis.

Gymnasium, a place among the Greeks,
where all the public exercises were per-
formed, and where not only wrestlers and
dancers exhibited, but also philosophers,
poets, and rhetoricians repeated their
compositions. The room was high and
spacious, and could contain many thou-
sands of spectators. The laborious exer-
cises of the Gymnasium were running,
leaping, throwing the quoit, wrestling,
and boxing.

GrMKEsiJi, two islands in the Mediter-
ranean, called Baleares by the Greeks.

Gymnetss, a people of ^Ethiopia, who
lived almost naked.

Gymni£, a town of Colchis.

Gymnosophistje, a certain sect of phi-
losophers in India, who according to some,
placed their svmmum bojutm in pleasure,
and their sunmum malum in pain. They
lived naked as their name implies, and
for thirty-seven years they exposed them-
selves in the open air, to the' heat of the
sun, the inclemency of the seasons, and
the coldness of the night. ■

Gyna cEAs, a woman said to have been
the wife of Faun us, and the mother of
Bacchus and of Midas.

GYNfcoTHocNAs, a name of Mars at
Tegea, on account of a sacrifice oflTered
by the women without the assistance of
the n>en.

Gyndes, now Zeindeh, a river of Assy-
ria, falling into the Tigris.

Gythxum, a seaport town of Laconia

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175

HABIS, a king of Spain, who ^rst
taught bis subjects agriculture.

Haorianopous, a town of Thrace.

Haoriaitds, <a Roman emperor. C.

Fabius, a praetor in 'Africa.

HiBMoir, a Theban youth, son of Creon,
who was so captivated with the beauty of
Antigone, that he killed himself on her
tomb.-^ — A Hutulian engagedtn the wars

of Turnus. A friend of iEneas against

Turnus.

H^uus, a high mountaih which sepa-
rates Thrace from Thessaly A stage-
player.

Haobs, a brother of king Porus who op-
posed Alexander, &c. One of Alexan-

der»s flatterers. A man of Cyzicus,

killed by Pollux.

Hagno, a nymph. A fountain of Ar-
cadia.

HAGirAooRA, asister of Aristomenes.

Halxsus and Halssus, a son of Aga-
memnon by Briseis or Clytemnestra. He

was killed by Pallas. A river in Asia

Minor.

Halala, a village at the foot of mount
Taurus.

H ALEiTTDH, a towii at the north of Sicily.

Halesa, a town of Sicily.

Halssius, a mountain and river near
iEtna.

Uai,ia,i one of the Nereides. A festi-
val at Rhodes in honor of the sun.

Haliacmon, a river which separates
Thessaly from Macedonia, and falls into
the Sinus Thermiacus.

Haliartus, a town of B<Botia, founded

by Haliartus, the son of Thersander.

A town of Peloponnesus.

HAi.iCARirA89u>, now Bodroun, a mail-
time city of Caria, in Asia Minor, where
the mausoleum was erected.

Halictjp, a town of Sicily, now Saleme.

Haucis, a town of Argolis.

Halimeos, a Nereid.

Halirrhotius, a son of Neptune and
Euryte, who offered violence to Alcippe,
daughter of Mars. This offended Mars,
and he killed the ravisher. Neptune cited
Mars to appear before the tribunal of jus-
tice to answer for the murder of his son.
The cause was tried at Athens, and the
murderer was acquitted.

Hacithbrsus, an old man, who fore-
told to Penelope's suitors the return of
Ulysses. ^ ^

Halius, a son of Alcinous, famous for

his skill in dancing. A Trojan, who

came with jGneas into ItaJv.

Halizones, a people of Paphlagonia.

Halmus, a son of Sysiphus, father to
Cbrysogone. * ^.^

HAUCTDESstTs, a town of Thrace.

Halocrates, a son of Hercules and
Olympusa.

Halo ITS, an island of Propontis, oppo-
site CyKicus.

HALoiTTfEsra, an island on the coast of
Macedonia, at the bottom of the Sinus
Thermiacus. '

Ha LOT I A, a festival in.Tegea.

Halotus, an eunuch, who used to taste
the meat of Claudius. He poisoned the
emperor's food by order of Agrippina.

Halus, a city of Jlphaia of Thessaly

of Parthia.

Halt^etus, a man changed into a bird
of the same name.

Halycus, now Platanij a river at the
south of Sicily.

Halts, now Riil-ermarkj a river of Asia
Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling

into the Euxine sea. A man of Cysi-

CUB killed by Pollux.

Halyzia, a town of Epirus near the
Achelous. ' V

HAHADRTiiDEs, nymphs who lived in
the country, and presided over trees, with
which they were said to live and die.

Hamje, a town of Campania.

Hamaxia, a city of Cilicia.-

Harcalo, a man famous for his kn6w>
l€Pdge of poisonous herbs^ &c. He touch-
ed the most venomous serpents and rep-
tiles without receiving the smallest injury.

Harmatelia, a town of the Brachma-
nes in India.

Harmatris, a town of iEolia.

Hamiixus, an infamous debauchee.

Harmodius, a friend of Aristogiton,
Who delivered his country from the ty-
ranny of the Pisistratidffi, B. C. 510.

Harmotiides, a Trojan belovefi by Ifi-
nerva.

Harpaoua, a general of Cyrus. A

river near Colchis.

Harpalion, a son of Pylasmenes king
4?f Paphlagonia who assisted frialn during
the Trojan war.

Harpalus, a man intrusted with the
treasures of Babylon by Alexander. His
hopes that Alexander would perish in his
•expedition, rendered him dissipate, negli-
gent, and vicious. When brought to jus-
tice, he escaped with impunity to Crete,
where he was at last assassinated by

Thimbro, B. C. 325. A robber who

scorired the gods. A celebrated as-
tronomer of Greece.

Harfalycx, the daughter of Harpalycus,
"king of Thrace. Her mother died when
she was biit a child, and her father fed
her with the ml!k of cows and mares, and
inured her early to sustain the fatigues of
hunting. A beautiful virgin, daugh-
ter of Clymenus and Epicaste of Argos.
She was changed into an owl. A mis-
tress of Iphiclus, son of Thestius. She
died through despair on seeing herself de-
spised by her lover.

Harpalycus, one of the companions of

^neas, killed by Camilla. ^The flither

of Harpatyce.
, Habpasa, atowB ofOaii*.

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176

BAsrAtut, a river of Caria.

HAKPocEATsa) a divinity supposed to
be the same as Orus the son of Isis,
among the figyptians. The Romans plac-
ed his statues at the entrance of their
temples.

Haepocration, a platonic philosopher

of Argos. A sophist called also iEUus.

Valerius, a rhetorician of Alexandria.

r— -Another, surnamed Caius.

Harptijc, winged monsters, who had
the face of a woman, the body of a vul-
ture, and had their feet and fingers arm-
ed with sharp claws. They were three
In number, Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno,
daughters of Neptune and Terra.

Haeud£s, a people of Germany.

Haeuspex, a soothsayer at Rome, who
drew omens by consulting the entrails of
beasts that were sacrificed. He received
the name of Aruspex^ ah oris aspiciendis,
and that of Extispexj ah extis inspiciendis.
The order of Aruspices was first estab-
lished at Rome by Romulus, and the first
•Aruspices were Tuscans by origin, as they
were, particularly famous in that branch
of divMiation. This custom of consulting '
the entrails of victims did not originate in
Tuscany, but it was in use among the
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, &c.,and
the more enlightened part of^ mankind
well knew how to render it subservient to
their wishes or tyranny,

Q„ Hateeius, a patrician and orator at

Rome under the first emperors. Agrip-

pa, a senator in the age of Tiberius.

Antoninus, a dissipated senator, supported
by Nero. * *^ ' *^*^

Haustan Es; a man who conspired with
9o88Us against Darius.

Heboolb. Fid, Ebdome.

Hebe, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno.
As she was fair, and always in the bloom
pf youth, she was called the goddess of
youth, and made by her mother cup-bearer
to all the gods.

HsBEsus, a Rutulian, killed in the night
by Euryalus.

Hebeds, now Marissa^ a river of Thrace,
which was supposed to roll its waters

upon golden sands. A youth of Lipara,

beloved by Neobnle. A man of Cyzi-

cuB, killed by Pollux. ^A friend of

JEnena son of Dolichaon, killed by Me-
dentins in the Rutulian war.

Hecals, 4t6wn of Attica.^

Hecalbsia, a festival in honor of Jupi-
ter of Hecale, instituted by Thei^eus.

Hbcamsob, a daughter of Ar^inous.

Hecata faitdm, a celebrated temple at
Btratonice in Caria.

Hbcatjeos, an historian of Miletus.

A Macedonian, intimate with Alexander.
■ , ■ ■ ■ ■ A Maceaonian brought to the army
mainst his will by Amyntas.

Hecate, a daughter of Parses and As-
l^ria, the s^e as Proserpine, or Diana.

She was called Luna In heaven, Dians
on earth, and Hecate or Proserpine in hell,
whence ner name of Diva tnformis, ttr-
gemina, triceps*

Hecatesia, a yearly festival observed
in honor of Iiecate.

Hecato, a native of Rhodes, pupil to
Pana»tius. He wrote on the duties of
man.

Hecatovboia, a festival celebrated in
honor of Juno by the Argians and people
of iEgina. There were also public games
first instituted by Archiiius, a king of Ar-
gos, in which the prize was a shield of
brass with a crown of myrtle.

Hecatumfhonia, a solemn sacrifice
ofTered by the Messenians to Jupiter,
when any of them had killed an hundred
enemies.

Hecatompolts, an epithet given to
Crete, from the hundred cities which it
once contained.

Hecatompylos, an epithet applied to
Thebes in Egypt on account of its hun-
dred gates. Also the capital of Parthia,

in the reign of the Arsacides.

HECATonifEBi, small islands between
Lesbos and Asia.

Hector, son of king Priam and Hecu-
ba^ was the most valiant of all the Trojan
chiefs that fought against the Greeks. He
married Andromache the daughter of Ee-
tion, by whom he had Astyanax. Be was
appointed captain of all the Trojan forces,,
when Troy was besieged by the Greeks :
and the valor with wliich he behaved
showed how well qualified he was totlis-
charge that important office. When Achil-
les bad driven back the Trojans towards
tlie city. Hector too great to fly, waited
the approach of his enemy near the 8cean
gates. The sight of Achilles terrified him^
and he fled before him in the plain. The
Greek pursued and Hector was killed, and
his body was dragged in cruel triumph by
the conqueror round the tomb of Fatro-

clus. A son of Parmenio drowned in

the Nile. Alexander honored 'faisremains
with a magnificent funeral.

Hbcuba, daughter of Dymas a Phry^n
prince, was the second wife of Priam
king of Trov, and proved the chastest of
women, and the inqst tender and unfortu-
nate of mothers. During the Trojan war
she saw the greatest part of her children
perish by the hands of the enemy. When
Trq^ was taken, Hepuba, as one of the
captives, fell to the lot of Ulysses, and
embarked with the conquerors for Greece.
The Greeks landed in the Thracian Cher-
sonesus to joad with fresh honors the

grave of Achilles. During their stav the
ero's ghost appeared to them, and de-
manded, to ensure the safety of- tbeir re-
turn, the sacrifice of Polyxena, Hecuba's
daughter. They complied ana Polyxena
was torn from her mother to be sacnflced.

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Hecuba was inconsolable, and her grief
was still more.inci^ased at the sight of
the body of her sou Polydorus washed on
the shore, who had been recommended by
his father to the care and humanity of
Polymneslor king of the country. She
determined to revenge the death of her
son, but was hindered from executing her
bloody purpose, and fled with the female
companions of her captivity. She after-
wards threw herself into Uie sea. Hecuba
was tBe mother of many children, among
whom were Hector, Paris, Troilus, Creu-
sa, Cassai^dra, &c. &,c,

Hecubje Skfolchrum, a promontory of
Thrace.

Hediva, a poetess of Samos.

JTedoi«.«um, a village of BoBotia.

{Iedymeles, an admired musician in
Domitian's .ige.

IIcGELocHus, a general of six thousand
Athenians sent to Mantinea. An Egyp-
tian general who flourished B. C. 128.

Ii£aEMonr,aThrasian poet in the age of

Alcibiades. Another poet, who wrote a

poem on the war of Leuc&a.

Megesiabtax, an historian of Alexan-
dria.

Hboxsius, a tyrant of Ephesus A

philosopher who ^o eloquently convinced
his auditors of their failiggs and follies,
and persuaded them that there were no
dangers after death, that many were guilty

or suicide.— —An historian. A famous

orator of Magnesid.

Heoesilochus, one of the chief ma£is>
(rates of Rhodes in the age of Alexander.

Another native of Rhodes, 171 years

before the christian era.

H£GEsiNous,aman who wrotea poem
OB Attica.

UEGEsiiftTs, a philosopher of Pergaraus,
who flourished B. C. 193.

Heoesifpos, an historian who wrote
some things upon Pallene.

Heoksiptle, the mother of Cimon.

HEOEsitTKATus, an Ephesian who con-
sulted the orade to know in what partic-
ular place he should fix his residence. He
was directed to settle where he found
peasants dancing with crowns of olives.
This was in Asia, where he founded
filea, &c.

Heoctohides, a Th|;ptaian, who, upon
seeiaf; his country besieged by the Athe-
nians, and a law forbidding any one on
pain of death to speak of peace, went to
the market place with a rope about his
neck, and boldly told his countrymen to
treat him as they pleased, provided they
saved the city from the calamities which
the continuation of thQ war seemed to
threaten The Thrasians were awakened,
the law was abrogated, and Hegetorides
pardoned.

Helesa. the most beautiful woman of
her age, daughter of Leda and Jupiter.

Her beauty was universally admired, and
her hand eagerly sought afler by all the
' young princes of Greece. Tyndarus was
rather alarmed than pleased at the sight
of such a nuaiber of illustrious suitors.
He knew that he could not prefer one
without displeasing all the rest, and from
this perplexity he was at hist drawn by
the artifice of Ulysses. This prince ad-
vised ihe king to bind, by a solemn oath,
all the suitors, that they would approve of
the uninfluenced choice which Helen
should make of one among them ; and
engage to unite together to defend her
person and character if ever any attemptsT
were made to ravish her from the arms of
her husband. The advice of Ulysses was
followed, the princes consented, and Helen
fixed her choice upon Menelaus and mar-
ried him. Hermione was the early fruit
of this union, w^bich continued for three
years with n^tual happiness. After this,
Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, came
to Laoedsmon on pretence of sacrificing
to Apollo. He , was kindly received by
Menelaus, but shamefully abused his fa-
vors, and in his absence in Crete he cor-
rupted the fidelity of his wife Helen, and
persuaded her to follow him to Troy B. C.
1198. At bis return Menelaus, highly sen-
sible of the injury he had received, assem-
bled the princes, and reminded them
of their solemn promises. They resolv-
ed to make war against the Trojans ; and
soon their combined forces assembled and
sailed for the coast of Asia. ■ The behav-
ior of Helen during the Trojan war is not
clearly known. When Paris was killed
in the ninth year of the war, she volunta-
rily married Deiphobus, one of Priam's
sons, and when Troy was taken she made
no scruple to betray him, and to introduce
the Greeks into his chamber, to ingratiate
herself with Menelau». She returned to
Sparta, and the love of Menelaus forgave
the errors which dhe had committed —
The age of Helen has been a matter of

deep inquiry among the chronologists.

A young woman of Sparta, often con-
founded with the daughter of Leda. As
she was going to be sacrificed, l)ecause
the lot had fallen upon her, an eagle came
and carried away the knife of the priest.

An island on the coast of Attica.

A daughter of the emperor Constantino

who married Julian. The mother of

Constantino.

Helenia, a festival in Laconia, in ho-
nor of Helen, who received their divine
lU)nors.

Ht:LEBroR, a Lydian prince who accom-
panied iEneas to Italy.

Heleitus, a celebrated soothsayer, son
of Priam ancjl Hecuba, greatly respected
by all the Trojans. He was the only one
of Priam's sons who survived the ruin of
his country. — A RutoUaa kiUed by PaUaa.

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Hblkkni Lvcvb, a place near Rome.

HxLss or Hales^ a river of Lucania
near Velia.

Heliadcs, the daughters of the Sun and
Clyinene. They were three in number,
Lampetie, Phaetusa, and Lampcthusa.
They were so afflicted at the death of their
brother Phaeton, that they were changed
by the gods into poplars, and their tears
into precious amber, on the banks of tiie

river Po. The first inhabitants of

Rhodes.

Heliast.c, a name given to the judges
of the most numerous tribunal at Athens.
They consisted of one thousand, and
sometimes of one tuousand 3ve hundred.

HfLicAON, a Trojun prince, son of An-
tenor.

HxLicx, a star near the north pole, ge-
nerally called Ursa major. A town of

Achaia. A daughter of Silenus, king of

iGgiale. A daughter of Lycaon, king

of Arcadia.

Hblicor, now 2^aro-Voumj a moun-
tain of BcBOtia, on the borders of Phocis.
It was sacred to the Muses, who had there
a temple. A river of Macedonia.

Helicoi«iaobs, a name given to the
Muses.

Helicoitis, a daughter of Tbespius.

Hbliodorus, one of the favorites of

Seleucus Philopator, kins of 8yria. A

Greek mathematician of Larissa. A

famous sophist and author of an entertain-
ing romance, called JEthiopica. A learn-
ed Greek rhetorician in the age of Horace.

A man who wrote a treatise on tombs.

A poet. A geographer.^— A iur-

geon at Rome in Juvenal's age.

HxuooABALua, a deity among the PhoB-
nicians.— — —M. Aureliua Antoninus, a
Roman emperor, ion of Varius Marcellus,
caHed Heliogabalua, because be bad been
priest of that divinity in Phoenicia. After
the death of Macrinus he was invested
with the imperial purple, and the senate,
bowever unwilling to submit to a youth
only fourteen years of age, approved of
hia election, anil bestowed upon him the
title of Augustus. Rome however soon
displayed a scene of cruelty and debaueb-
ery. The prince raised his horse to the
honors of the consulship, and obliged his
subjects to pay adoration to the god fieli-
ogabalus, which was no other than a large
black stone, whose figure resembled that
of a cone. His licentiousness soon dis-
pleased the populace, and Heliogabalus,
was slain by his soldiers in the eighteenth
yew of his age, after a reign of three yean,
nine months and four days. His cruelties
were as conspicuous as his licentiousness.

Heliopolis, now Matareoj a famous city
of Lower Egypt.— —— There was a small
village of the same name near Babylon.
——A town of Syria, now Balbeek.

HxListoir, a town and river of Arcadia.

Heuum, a name given to the mouth of
the Maese in Germany.

llsLivs, a celebrated fkvorite of the
emperor Nero, put to death 'by order of

Gatba, for his cruellies. The Greek

name of the sun, or Apollo.

Hemxu9, a river of Cos.

Hellamce, a sister of Clitus, who waa
nurse to Alexander.

Hellanicus, a celebrated Greek histo-
rian, bom at Mitylene. A brave officer

rewarded by Alexander. An historian

of Miletus.

Hellanocrates, a man of Larissa.

Hellas, an ancient name of Thessaly,

sometimes applied to all Greece. A

beautiful woman mentioned by Horace a»
beloved by Marius ; the lover killed her
in a fit of passion, and afterwards destroy-
ed himself.

Helue, a daughter of Athamas and Ne-
phele, sister to Phryxus. She fled from
her father's house with her brother, to
avoid the cruel oppression of her mother-
in-law, Ino. According to some accounts
she was carried through the air on a f^ld-
en ram which her mother had received
fiom Neptune, and in her passage she be-
came giddy and fell from her seat into that
part of the sea which from her received
the name of HaMespont.

HsLLEif, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha'
reigned in Phthiotis about one thousand
four hundred and ninety- fiv« years before
the Christian era, and gave the name of
Hellenians to his subjects.

Hbllbmes, the inhabitants of Greece.

Hbllbspoi«tias, a wind blowing from
the north-east.

HBiXB>'oiTtut, now the DardandUty a
narrow strait between Asia and Buropey
near the Propontis, which received its
name from Helle who was drowned there
in her voyage to Colchis. It is celebrated
fw the love and death of Leander, and
for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built

over it when he invaded Greece. The

country along the Hellespont on the Asiat-
ic coast bears the same name.

Hbelopia, a small country of Eubcea.
The people were called ffellapeg.

Hellotia, two festivals, one of which
was observed in Crete, in honor of Euro-
pa, whose bones were then carried in sol-
emn procession, with a myrtle garland no
less than twenty cubits in circumference.
The other festival was celebrated at Cor-
inth with games and races, where young
men entered the lists and generally ran
with burning torches in their hands. It
was instituted in honor of Minerva.

Hblnbs, dn ancient king of Arcadia, ice,

Heloris, a general of the people of
Rhegium, sent to besiege Messana, which
Dionysius the tyrant defended. He feU
in battle.

Hblobum and Hslokus, now JUnri Ucd^'

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a town and rwer of SicUy. A river of

Magna Grscia.

Helos, a place of Arcadia. A town

of Laconia taken and destroyed by the
Lacedsemonians under Agis the third, of
the race of the Heraclidte, because they
refused to pay the tribute which was im-
posed upon thein. The conquerors reduc-
ed the inhabitants to the lo-A^est and most
miserable slavery, a.rid made a law which
forbade their masters either to give them
their liberty, or to sell them in any other
country.

HfLOTJE and Helotss, the pQblic slaves
of Sparta. '

Hex,vetia, a vestal virgin struck dead
with lightning in Trajan's reign.

Helvstii, an ancient nation of Gaul,
conquered by J. Caesar.

HsLviA, the mother of Cicero. Riei-

na, a town of Picenum.

Heltioia, the name of a Roman fa-
mily. ,

Helvii, now Fiversy a people of Gaul,
along the Rhone.

Heltillum, a town of Umbria, now
Simula.

HELVf WA, a fountain of Aquinum.

Helvius Ginna proposed a law, which
however was not passed, to permit Caesar

to marry whatever woman he chose.

A poet.

Helch, a river of Scythia.

HEi.rMus and PArropxs, two hunters at
the court of Acestes in Sicily.

Hemathion, a son of Aurora and Ce-
phaluB, or Tithonus.

Hemithea, a daughter of Cycnus and
Proqlea, exposed with her brother Tones
by her father, and carried by the wind to
Tenftdos. Achilles offered her violence,
but the earth opened and swallowed her
after she had entreated the assistance of
the ^ds.

Henkti, a people of Paphlagonia, who
are said to have settled in Italy near the
Adriatic, where they gave the name of
f^enetia to their habNItions.

Heniochi, a people of Asiatic Sarma-
tia, near Colchis.

Hepha rriA, the capital town of Lem-

nos. A festival in honor of Vulcan at

Athens.

AEPHjEstiADEs, a oamc applied to the
iiipari isles as sacred to Viiican.

Hephjbstii, mountains in Lycia Which
are 0et on fire by the lightest touch of a
burning torch.

Hbphastio, a Greek grammarian of
Alexandria in the age of the emperor Ve-
rus.

Hephjestion, a Macedonian famous for
his iAimacy with Alexander. Alexander
often observed that Craterus was the
friend of the king, but Hephasstion the
friend of Alexander. He died at Ecbata-
na, three hundred and twenty-five years
before the Cfhristian era.

HEPTAPHoifos, a portico, which receiv-
ed this name, because the voice was re-
echoed seven times in it.

Heptapolis, a country of Egypt, which
contained seven cities.

Heptapylos, a surname of Thebes In
B(£otia. from its seven gates.

Hera, the name of Juno among the

Greeks. A daughter of Neotune and

Ceres. A town of iBolia ana of Arcar-

dia. A town of Sicily, called also

HyKa.

Hkraclba, an ancient town of Sicily,
near Agrigentum. A town of Macedo-
nia. Another in Pontus, celebrated for

its naval power. There were no less

than forty cities of that name in difllbrent
jparts of the world, all built in honor of

TIercules. A daughter irf Hiero, tyrant

of Sicily.

Heracleia, a festival at Athens cele-
brated every fifth year, in honor of Hercu-
les. The Thisbians and Thebans in Bceo-
tia, observed a festival of the same name,
in which they offered ^apples to the god.

There was afso a festival at Sicyon in

honor of Hercules. — ; — At Lindus, a so-
lemnity of the same name was also ob-
served, and at the celebration nothing was
heard but execrations and profline words.

Heracleum, a promontory of Cappado-

cia. A town of Egypt Tie port

town of Gnossus in Crete.

Heracleotes, a surname of Dionyaius

the philosopher. A philosopher of Be-

raclea, who, like his master Zeno, and aH -
the Stoics, firmly believed that pain was
not an evil. A severe illness, attended
with the most acute pains) obliged him to
repounce his principles, and at the same
time the philosophy of the Stoics, abo^t
two hundred and sixty^four yeiars beforb
the Christian era.

Heracliojb, the descendants of Hercu-
les, grealty celebrated in ancient history.
Hercules at his death left to his son Hyllas
all the rights and claims which he had
lipon the Peloponnesus. The recovery of
the Peloponnesus by the descendants of
Hercules forms an interesting epoch in an-
cient history, which is universally believ-
ed to have happened eighty years after the
Trojan war, or one thousand one hundred
and four years before the Christian era.
This conquest was totally achieved about
one hundred and twenty yean after the
Rtat attempt of Hyllus.

HEBACuDis^a philosopher of Heraclea
in Pontus, for i^ome time disciple of 8eti-,
sippus and Aristotle. He lived about
three hundred afid thirty-five years before

^the Christian era. An historian of Poiy-

tus sumamed Lemhns. who flourished B.

C. 177. A mai\who, after the retreat

of Dionysius the younger from Sicily, rais-
« ed cabals against Dion, in whose hands
' the sovereign power was lodged. He was

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pat to death by Dio»*s order. A yoatb

4^" ^rracuse ia tho battle in which Nkias
was defeated. A 0on of Agathoc|^.

Hkkaclitus, a celebrjUed Greek pbilo-
■opher of Epheaus, who flourished about
five hundred years before the Christian
era. Naturally of a melancholy disposi-
tion, he passed his time in a solitary and
unsocial manner, and received the appel-
lation of the obscure philosopher, and the
mourner, from his unconquerable custom
of weeping at the follies, frailty, and vi-
cissitaoe of human affairs. lie fixed his
residence in a dunghill, in hopes that the
continual warmth which proceeded from
it might dissipate a dropsical complaint,
and restore him to the enjoyment of his
former health. Such a remedy proved
ineffectual, and the philosopher suffered
himself to die in the sixtieth year of his
age. Some say that he was torn to pieces

by dogs. A Lyric poet. A writer

of Halicamassus, intimate with Callima-

chus. A native of Lesbos. A writer

of 8icyon.

Heraclius, a river of Greece. —A

brother of Gonstantine. A Roman em-
peror, &c.

Herjea, a town of Arcadia. Festi-
vals at Argos in hwior of Juno, who was
the patroness of that city. They were also
observed by the colonies of the Argives
which had been planted at Samos and
jEgina. There was a festival of the same
name in Elis, celebrated every fifth year,
in which sixteen matrons wove a garment

for. the goddess. There were also

others instituted by Hippodaraia, who had
received assistance from Juno when she
married Pelops. Sixteen matrons, each
attended by a maid, presided at the cele-
bration. There was also a solemn day

of mourning at Corinth which bore the
«ame name, in commemoration of Medea's
children, who were buried in Juno's Ifim-

ple. Another festival of the same name

at Pallene.

IIer^i MONTE9. a cIl^B of mouDtaius
at the north of Sicily.

IIeh^uu, a temple and grove of Juno,

situate between Argos and Mycens. A

town of Thrace.

Herbxssus, a town of Sicily.

Hekjiita, an inland town of Sicily.

Herceius, an epithet given to Jupiter.

Herculanea tia, a mound raised be-
tween the Lucrine lake and the sea, called
also Herculeum iter.

HsrculankuMj a town of Campania
swallowed ap, With Pompeii, by an earth-
quake, produced froiA an eruption of
mount Vesuvius. August d4th, A. D. 79,
in the reign of Titus. After being buried
under the lava for more than one thou-
saad six hojidred years, these famous
cities were-discovered in the beginning of
the last centuxy.

HsacuLst, a celebrated hero ; who, of.
ter death, was ranked amMig the gods,
and received divine honors. He was Ae
son of Jupiter and Alcmena ; and his birth
was attended with many supernatural
events. In his eighteenth year he deliv-
ered the neighborhood of mount Cithcron
from a huge Hon, and released his country
from the annual tribute of an hundred
oxen, which it paid to Erginus, king of
Orcbomenos. As Hercules, by the will
of -Jupiter, was subjected to the power of
Eurystheus, his brotheV, kiifg of Argos,
and obliged to obey him in every respect,
Eurystheus ordered him to appear at My-
cense, and perform whatever labors he
should impose upon him. Hercules re-
fused i but afterwards consulted the oracle
of Ap<ffio, and was told that he most be
subservient for twelve years to the wilt of
Eurystheus. He therefore repaired to My-
cense, determined to bear with fortitude
whatever gods or men imposed upon him.
Eurystheus commanded him to achieve a
number of enten>rises the most difficult
and arduous ever kflown, generally called
the Twelve Labors of Hercules ; which
were as follows :«-!. He vma to kill the
lion of Nemtca, which ravaged the coun-
try near Mycenee. The hero boldly at-
tacked him with his club, pursued him to
his den, and, after a sharp engagement,
choked him to death. He then carried
the dead beast on his shoulders to Myce-
na;.— 21 To destroy the Lernxan hydra,
which, according to Diodorus, had* one
hundred heads.— 3. To bring alive and
unhurt Into the presence of Enrysthens a
stag, famous for its incredible swiftness,
its golden horns, and brazen feet. In the
accomplishment of this task Hercules was
a whole yeaf occupied ;• but he at length
caught the Mag in a trap. — 4. To bring
alive a wild boar which ravaged the neigh-
borhood of Erymanthus. — 5. To clean the
stables of Augias, where three thousand
oxen had been confined for many years. —
6. To kill the carnivorous birds which in-
fested the countty near the lake Stympba-
lis, in Arcadia. — 7. To bring alive a pro-
digious wild boar which laid waste the
island of Crete.— 8. To obtain the mares
of Diomedes, which fed upon ^man
flesh. — 9. To obtain the girdle of thequeea
of the Amazons.— 10. To kill the nM>nster
of Geryon, king of Gades, and bring to
Argos his numerous flocks, which lived
upon human bodies. — 11. To gather ap-
ples from the garden of the Hesp^ides.—
12. This Was the last and most dangerous
of his exploits, in which he was com-
manded to bring upon earth the three-
headed dog, Cerberus. Hercules descend-
ed into hell by a cave on mount Tenants,
seized the monster, whom he carried be-
for» Eurystheus : and afterwards convey-
ed hira back. Besides these ardaous la-

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181

bora, HercnleS" achieved a number of
others, of his own accord, eqaally great
and wonderful.— Sucji are somS of the
mos^ sUiking characteristics of the life of
Hercules, vt^ho is said to have supported
for a while the weight of the heavens upon
his shoulders, and to have separated by
the force of his arm the celebrated moun-
tains which were afterwards called the
boundaries pf his labors/ He is held up by
the ancients as a true pattern of virtue and
piety I and. as his whole life had be^n
employed for the common benefit of man-
kind, he was deservedly rewarded with

immortality. A son of Alexander the

Great. A surname of the emperor Com-

modus, &.G.

Herculeum, a promontory in theiBoun-

try of the Brutii. ^Fretum, a name

given to the strait which forms a commu-
nication between the Atlantic and Medi-
terranean.

Hkrculeus, one of Agrippina's mur-
derers.

Herculeus Lacus, a lake of Sicily.

HsBcuus CoLUMiTf , tw» lofty moun-
tains, situate see on the most southern
extremities of Spain, and the other on the
opposite part of Africa. They were call-
ed by the ancients ^byla and Caipe. They
are reckoned the boundaries of the labors
of Hercules. ^Labronis vel Liburni Tor-
tus, a seaport town, now Leghorn. ' ■■ ~ "
Promoatorium, a c^e at the bottom of

Italy, now Spartivento. ^Insule, two

islands near Sardinia. Portus, a sea-
port of the Brutii, on the western coast.

Lueus, a wood in Germany sacred to

Hercules. A small island on the coast

of Spain.

Herctiva, a nymph who accompanied

Ceres as she travelled over the world.

A river of BoBOtia.

Hercthia, a celebrated forest of Gee-'
many. It contained the modern countries
of Switzerland, Basil, Spires, Transylva-
nia, and a great part of Russia.

Herookia, a small town of Apulia.

Hsrdorics, a man put to death by Tar-
quin.

Here A, a town of Arcadia on an emi-
nence, the bottom of which was watered
by the Alpheoa.

Heremnius Senecio, a Roman histo-
rian under Doraitian.— — •'An officer of
Seitorius defeated by Pomi[>ey. A cen-
turion sent in pursuit of Cicero by Anto-
ny. He cut off the orator's head.-— —
Caius, a man to whom Cicero dedicates
his beok de RhetorUA. A Samnite gen-
eral.— —Fhilo, a Phcenician who wrote a
book an Adrian's reign.

Hbreus, a son of Lycaon, who founded
a dty itt Arcadia, called Herea.

HsRitbus, a philosopher of Chalcedon.

Hehiuts, a king of Freneste, boa of the
nymph Feronla.

16^

BsRMACRus, a native of Mitylene, shoa
cessor and disciple of :&»icUnis, B. C.
267. ^

Heru^, statues of Mercury in the' city

of Athens. Two youths who attended

those who consulted the oracie of Tropho-
nius.

HERMiBA, a festival in Crete, where the
masters waited upon the servants. ,

Hermjeuh, a town of Arcadia. A

promontory at the east of Carthage, now
cape Bon.

Hermaooras Bolides, a lamous rheto- '

rician. A philosopher of Amphipolis.

A famous orator and philosopher.

Hsrmakdica, a town of the Vaccei in
Spain.

HsRHANDURi, a people of Germany. .

HERHAifNi, a people of Germany.

Hermaphroditus, a son of Venus and
Mercury, educated on mount Ida by the
Naiades.

Hebmas, an ancient father of the church,
in or near the age of the apostles.

Hermathena, a statue which repre-
sented Mercury and Minerva in the same
body. This statue was generally placed
in schools where eloquence and pbiloso-
phy were taught.

Herueas, a tyrant of Mysia. A gen-
eral of Antiochus.

Hermeias, a native of Methymna who
wrote an history of Sicily.

Hermes, the name of Mercury among

the Greeks. A famous gladiator.— —*s.

Am Egyptian i&ilosopher.

HBaMSiiiAiiAx, an elegiac poet of Colo-
phon, son of Agoneus. A native of

Cyprus, who wrote an history of Phrygia.

HsRMiAs, a Galatian philosopher in the
second cent<kry.

Hermiitius, a general of the Hermanni*

A Roman who defended a bridge with

Codes against the army of Porsenna.^— «
A Trorjan killed by Catillus in the Rutu^
lian war.

Hebmiomb, a daughter of Mars and Ve-'
nus, who married Cadmus. The gods,
except Judo, honored her nuptials with
their presence, and she received, as a pre-
sent, a rich veil and a splendid necklace
which had been made by Vulcan. She
Was chiwged into a serpent with her hus-
band Cadmus, and placed in the Elysiait

gelds. A daughter of Menelaus and

Helen. She was privately promised in
marriage to Orestes the son of Agamem-
non ; but her father gave her hand to Pyrr-
hus the son of Achilles, whose services he
had experienced In the Trojan war. Pyrr-
hus, at liis return from Troy, carried
home Hermio^e and married her. Her-
mione, tenderly attached to her cousin
Orestes, looked upon Pyrrhus with hvror
and indignation. She gave herself to
Orestes after the murder of Pyrrhus, and
received the kingdom of Sparta as a dow-

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ry.— A town of Argolis where Ceres had
a famous temple.

Hkrmionia:, a city near the Riphaean
mountaina.

HsRMioificTrs siNCB,,a bay on the coast
of Argulis near i^crinione.

Hermifpus, a fieedman, dnciple of Phi-
lo, in the reign of Adrian, by whom he
was greatly esteemed. He wrote five

books upon dreams.- Tlie son of Lysis,

who distinguished himself as a poet by

forty theatrical pieces. A Peripatetic

philosopher of Smyrna, who flourished
B. C. 210.

HsiufocRATEs, a general of Syracuse.
A sophist celebrated for his rising tal-
ents. The father-in-law of Dionysius,

tyrant of Sicily. A Rhodian emploj^'

ed by Artaxerxes to corrupt the Grecian
estates.

Hermodorus, a Sicilian, pupil to Plato.

A philosopher of Ephesus. who is said

to have assisted the Roman aecemvirs in
the composition of the ten tables of laws.

A native of Salamis. A poet who

wrote a book on the laws of different na-
tions.

HERMooErTEs, an architect of Alabanda

in Caria. A rhetorician in the second

century. He died A. D. 1(31, and tt is said
that his body was opened, and his heart
found hairy and of an extraordinary size.

A lawyer in the ape of Dioclesian.

A musician. A sophist of Tarsus,

of brilliant talents.

Hermolaus, a young Macedonian
among the attendants of Alexander. As
he was one day hunting with the king he
'killed a wild boar whieh was coming to-
wards him. Alexander, who followed
«lose behind him, was so disappointed
l>ecan8e the beast had been killed before
iie could dart at it, that he ordered Her-
molaus to be severely whipped. This
treatment irritated Hermolaus, and he con-
<«pired to take away the king's life, with
others who were displeased with the cru-
el treatment he had received. The plot
was discovered by one of the conspira-
tors, and Hermolans was put to death.

Hermopolis, two towns of Egypt, now
Jishmunein and Demtnkur.

Hermotimus, a famous prophet of Cla^
^omentf!. It is said that his soul separat-
ed itself from his body, and wandered in
«very part of the earth to explain futurity,
afler which it returned again and animat-
ed his frame.

Hermunduri, a people of Germany,
«ubdued by Aurelius. They were at the
north of the Danube.

Hermus, a river of Asia Minor, whose
sands, according to the poets, were cover-
«d with gold. It flows into the JBgevn
sea.

HERNfci, a people of Campania, cele-
brated for their inveterate eBmity to Rome.

Hero, a beautiful priestess (tf Venus a<
Sestos, greatly enamored of Leander, a.
youth of AbyiiiM. These two lovers wer©
so faithful to one another, that Leander in
the night escaped from the vigilance of
his family, and swam across the He!les>
pont, while Hero in Sestos directed hi9
course by holding a burniBg torch on the
top of a high tower. After many inter-
views of mutual affection and tenderness,
Leander was drowned in a tempestuous
night as he attempted his usual course,
and Hero in despau- threw herself down
from her tower and perished in the sea.

Herodes, surnamed the Great and j9«-
ctUonita, followed the interest of Brutus
and Cassius, and afterwards that of Anto-
ny. He was made king of Judtea by
means of Antony. He died in the seven-
tieth year of his age, after a reign' of forty
years.— —Antipas, a son of Herod the

Great, governor of Galilcea. Agrippa,

a Jew, intimate with the emperor Caligu-
la. This name was common to many of
the Jews.

Herodvaitds, a Greek historian who
flourished A. D. 247. He was bora at Al-
exandria, and he was employed among
the olficeiB of the Roman emperors. He
wrote a Roman history in eight books.

HcnoDocus, a physician surnamed Oym-

naaticy who flourished B. C. 443. A

grammarian surnamed Crateleus^ B. C. 123.

Herodotus, a celebrated historian of
Halicarnassus. To procure a lastin g fame
he publicly repeated at the Olympic games
the history- which he had composed, in
his thirty-ninth year, B. C. 445. it waa
received with universal applause. Hero-
dotus is among the historians what Homer
is among the poets, and Demosthenes

among the orators. A man who wrote

a treatise concerning Epicurus. A The-

ban wrestler of M«gara, in the age of De-
metrius, son of Antigonus. He was six

feet and a half in height. Another,

whose victories are celebrated by Pindar.

Heroes, a namfe which was given by
the ancients to such as were born from a
god, or to such as had signalized them-
selves by their actions, and seemed to de-
serve immortality by the service they had
rendered their country. According to the
notions of the stoics, they inhabited a
pure apd serene climate, situate above the
moon.

Herois, a festival, celebrated every
ninth year by the Delphians, in honor of
a heroine.

Heroh, two mathematicians, one of
whom is called the ancient and the other
the younger.

Heroopolis, a town of Egypt on the
Arabic gulf.

HsRoPHiLA, a Sybil, who, as some sup-
pose, came to Rome in the reign of Tar-
quin.

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183

HsaoPHiLuaf an impostor, in the reign
of J. Cssar, who pretended to be the
grandson of Marias. ■ - A Greek physi-
cian about five luindred and' seventy years
before tbe.vhristian era.

Heap A, a town of Cappadoclt.

IIcRSE, a daughter of Cecrops, king of
Athens, belovecf by Mercury. IlerSe be-
came mother of Cephalus by Mercury,
and after death she received divine hon-
ors at Athens. A wife of Danaus.

Herskphoria, festu'als of 'Athens in
boner of Minerva. "

Hkrsilia, one of the Sabines carried
atway by the Romans at the celebration of
the Consualia. She was given and mar-
ried to Romulus.

Hertha and Hbrta, a goddess among
the (lermaas supposed to be the same as
tiie earth. ^'

HsRULf, a savage nation in the northern
parts' of Europe.

IlEs.crrus, a mountain near Pseonia.

Hesiodus, a celebrated poet born at As-
cra, in Boeotia. He lived in the age of
Homer, and even obtained a poetical prize
in competition witli him, according to
Varro and Plutarch. His poems are called"
JThe Works and, the Days^ Theogony^ and
the Shield of Hercules ; besides these he
virrote others now lost. ' Hesiod was mur-
dered by th^ son» of Ganyctor of Naupac-
tum, and his body was thrown into the
sea. Some dolphins brought back the
body to the shore, which was immediately
known, and the murderers were discov-
ered by the poet's dogs, and thrown into
tbe sea. If Hesiod flourished in tte age
of Homer, he lived 907 B. C.

Hesio.nb, a daughter of Itaomedon,
king of Troy. It fell to her lot to be eif-
posed to a sea-monster, to whom the Tro-
jans yearly presented a marriageable vir-
gin, to appease the resentment of Apollo
and Neptune, whom Laomedon had of-
fended, but Hercules promised to deliver
her, provided he received as a reward six
beautiful horses. Laomedon consented,
and Hercules attacked the monster just as
be was going to devour Ilesione, and he
killed him with his club. Laomedon,
bowever, refused to reward the hero's
services ; and Herculetf, incensed at his
treachery, besieged Troy, and put the king
and all his family to the sword,, except
Podarces, or Priam, who had advised his
father to give the promised horses to his
sister's deliverer. The conqueror gave
Ilesione in raarriace to his friend Tela-
mon, and he established Priam upon his
father's throne. 'Paris was afterwards
sent to Greece to reclaim the po.ssessions
of Hesione, and from this incident arose
the Trojan war. The wife of \auplius.

Hesperi Ky a large island of Africa, once

the residence of Hw Amazons. A name

common both to Italy and Spaio. It is

derived from Heaper or Vesper, the setting
'sun, or the evening, whence the Greeks
called Italy Hesperia, because it was sit-
uate at the setting suo, or il^the west.^—
A daughter of the Cebrenus.

IIesperides, three celebrated nymphs,
daughters of llespcrus. They %ere ap-
pointed to guard the golden apples which
Juno gave to Jupiter on the day of their
nuptials ; and the place of their residence,
placed beyond the ocean by Hesiod, is
more universally believed to be near mount
Atlas in Africa, according to Apollodorus.
This celebrated place or garden abounded
with fruits of the most delicious kind, and
was carefully guarded by a dreadful drag-
on which never slept.

Hssperis, a town of Cyrenaica, now
Bernic or BengaiL

IIesperitis, a country of Africa.

Hesperus, a son of Japetus, brother tn»
Atlas. He came to Italy, and the coun~
tjy received the name of Hesperia from

him, according to some accounts. Tha

name of Hesperus was also applied to the
planet Venus, when it appeared after the
setting of the sun.

Hestia, one of the Hesperides.

Hestijsa, a town of Euboea.

Hesus, a deity among the Gauls, th»
same as the Mars of the Romans.

IIesychia, a daughter of Thespius.

Hesychiu*, the author of a valuable
Greek lexicon in the beginning of the third
century.

IIetriculvic, now Lattarico, a town in
the country of^ the Brutii.

Hetruria and Etruria, a celebrated
cotmtry of Italy, at the west of the Tiber.
The inhabitants were particularly famous
for their superstition, and great confidence
in omens, dreams, and auguries.

Heurippa, a surname of Diana.

Hexapylum, a gate at Syracuse.

Hi arras or Iarbas, a king of Gsetulia.

Hibcb, a name applied to a Spaniard, as
living near the river Hiberus or Iberus.

HiBERNiA and IIybernia, a large island
at the west of Britain, now called Ireland,

Hibrildes, an Athenian general.

Hi c ETA ox, a son of Laomedon, brother

to Priam. The father of Thymaetes,

who came to Italy with ^Eneas.

HiCETAs, a philosopher of Syracuse. •

A tyrant of Syracuse.

IIiEMPSAL, a king of Numidia.

HiERA, a woman who married Tele-

phns, king of Mysia, The mother of

Pandarus and Bitias, by AIcanor.-« — One
of tlie Lipari islands.

H1ERAFOL19, a town of Syria, near the
Euphrates. Another of Phrygia, fa-
mous for hot baths. Another of Crete.

HiERAx, a youth who awoke Argus to
inform him that Mercury was stealing lo.
Mercury killed him, and changed him Into
a bird of prey. Antiochus king of Syr-

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184

t», and brother to Seleueus, receiTed the
•umame of Hierax. An Egyptian phi-
losopher in the third century.

HiERicHus, the naime of Jericho in the
boly land, called the city of palm-trees.

HiERo 1st, a king of Syracuse, after his
brother Gelon, who rendered hiiq^elf odi-
ous in the beginning of his reign by his
cruelty and avarice. \ He obtained three
different crowns at the Olympic games,
two in horse races, and one at a chariot
race. In the latter part of his reign he
became the patron of learning, genius, and
merit. He died, after a reign of eighteen

years, B. C. 467. The secofldof that

name, king of Syracuse, and for fifty-nine
years a firm ally of the Romans. He died
ifl the ninety-fourtli year of his age, about
two hundred and twenty -five years before
the christian era. He liberally patronized
the learned, and employed the talents of
Archimedes for the good of his country.
■ ■ ■ An Athenian, intimate with Nicias
the general.

HisRociESARSA, a town of Lydia.

HiERooxPiA, an islaod near Paphos In
Cyprus.

HiERocLES) a persecutor of the Chris-
tians under Dioclesian. A Platonic phi-
losopher, who taught at Alexandria.— —A

general in the interest of Demetrius.

A governor of Bithynia and Alexandria,
under Dioclesian. An officer.

HiERODULUM, a town of Libya.

HiERONicA LEX, by Hiero, tyrant of Si-
cily, to settle* the quantity of corn, the
price and time of receiving it, between the
fanners of Sicily, and the collector of the
corn tax at Rome.

HiEHoNYMus, a tyrant of Sicily who
succeeded his father or grandfather Hiero,
whenonly fifteen years old. He rendered
himself odious by hia cnielty, oppression,
and debauchery. He was assassinated,
and all his family was overwhelmed in
his fall, and totally extirpated, B. G. 214.
An historian of Rhodes An Athe-
nian set over the fleet, while Conon went
to the king of Persia. A Christian wri-
ter, commonly called St. Jerome^ born in
Fannonia, and distinguished for his zeal
against heretics. He died A. D. 4i20, in
his ninety-first year.

HiEROFHiLus, a Greek physician.

HiERosoLYMA, a celebrated city of Pa-
lestine, the capital of JtidsRa, taken by
Pompey, who, on that account, is sur-
named Hierosoivmarius. Titus also took
it and destroyed it the 8th of September,
A. D. 70.

HioNATiA Via, a large road which led
fi-'Om the Ionian sea to the Hellespont.
Hcross Macedonia, about five hundred ana
thirty Qiiles.

HiLARiA, a daughter of Leucippuy and
Philodice. An she and her sister Phoebe
were going to marry their cousins LyA-

ceus and Idas, they were carried away liy

Castor and Pollux, who married them.

Festivals at Rome in honor of the mother
of the gods.

HiLARius, a bishop of Poictiers, in
France, who -^vrote several treatises, the
most famous of which 'is on the Trinity,
in twelve books. Hilary died A. D. 372,
in his eightieth year.

HiLLEVioNES, a people of Scandinavia.

HiMELLA, now ^ia, a small river in the
country of the Sabines.

HiMERA, a city of Sicily built by the
people of Zancle, and destroyed by the
Carthaginians two hundred and forty

years after. There were two rivers of

Sicily of the same name. The ancient

name of the Eurotae.

HiMi&do, a Carthaginian sent to explore

the western parts of Europe. A son of

Amilcar, who succeeded his father in the
command of the Carthaginian armies in
Sicily. He died, with his army, by a
plague, B. C. 398.

HippAOORAs, a man who wrote an ac-
count of the republic of Carthage.

HippALciMus, a son of Pelops and Hip-
podamia, who was among the Argonauts.

HippALCs, the first who sailed in open
sea from Arabia to India.

HiFFARCHiA, a woman in Alexander's
age, who became enamo^d of Crates, the
Cynic philosopher, because she heard him
discourse. She married him, though be
at first tedained her addresses, and rep-
resented his poverty and meanness.

HippARCHus, a son of Pisistratus, who
succeeded his father as tyrant of Athens,
with his brother Hippias. He patronized

toe of the learned men of the age, and
tinguished himself by his fondness for
literature. The seduction of a sister of
Harmodius raised him many enemies, and
he was at last assassinated by a desperate
band of conspirators, with Harmodius and
Aristogiton at their head, five hundred

and thhrteen years be'fore Christ. One

of Antony's ft-eedmen. Th« first person

who was banished by ostracism at Athens.
The father of Asclepiades. A cele-
brated mathematician and astronomer of
Nicjfca. He was the first who, after
Thales and Sulpicius Gallus, found out
the exact time of eclipses, of which he
made a calculation for six hundred years.
He died one hundred and twenty-five

years before the Christian era. An

Athenian who conspired against Heracli-
des, who kept Athens for Demetrius.

HipfARmus, ason ofDionysins. The

fkther of Dion.

HippARioR, one of Dion's sons.

HipPAscs, a son of Ceyx, who awlsted

Hercules against Eurytus. A pupil of

Pythagoras, htxn at Metapontum. He
sui^posed that every thing was produced
from fire.— A centaur, killed at the nnp-

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185,

tkJs of Pirltbous. ^An Illegitimate son

; ofPriam.

HippEus, a son of Hercules by Procris,

eldest of the fifty daugliters of Thestius.
Hippr, four small islands near Erythaj.
HippiA, an infamous woman. Asur-

n»aie ©f M tnerva, an d also of Ju no.

fliFPFAs, a philosopher of Elis, who
maintained that virtue consisted in not
being in want of the assistance of men.
— A son of Pisistratus, who became ty-
rant of Athens after the death of his la-
tber, with his brother Hipparchus.

Hippis, an historian ana poet of Rhegi-
■m, in the reign of Xerxes.

HippiDs, a surname of Neptune.

Hippo, a daughter of Scedasus, who,
npon being ravished by the ambassadors

of Sparta, killed herself. A celebrated

town of Africa, on the Mediterranean.-^
Also a town of Spain — of the Brutii.

HippoBOTEs, a large meadow near the
Caspian sea, wliere fifty thousand horses
could graze.

HippoBOTu», a Greek historian, who
composed a treatise on philosophers.

HippocxifTAuai, a race of monsters
who dwelt in Thessaly.

Hippocooiv, a son of CEbalus, brother to
Tyndarus. He was put to death by Her-
cules.; AfrieodofiEneas, who distin-

cuished himself in the funeral games of
Sicily.

HippocoRTSTss, a son of ^gyptus '

of Hippocoon.

UiPFocRATs, a daughter of Th^spius.

Hippocrates, a famous physician of
Cos; who delivered Athens from a dread-
ful pestilence, in the beginning of the Pe-
loponnesian war, and was publicly jb-
warded with a golden crown, and tile
privileges of a citizen. His memory Is
still venerated at Cos, and the present in-
habitants of the island show a small
bouse, which Hippocrates, as they men-
tion, once inhabited. An Athenian

general in the Peloponnesian war.

A inatheraMiclan. An officer of Chal-

eedon, killed by Alcibiades. A Syra-

cusan defeated by Marcellus -^The

father of Pisistratus. A tyrant of Gela.

HiPFocRATiA, a festival in bonor of
Neptune in Arcadia.

HippocREifs, a fountain of BoBotia, near
mouQt Helicon, sacred to the muses. It
first rose from the ground, when struck by
the feet of the horse Pegasus.

HippoDAMAs, a son of the Achelous 1

of Priam.

HiFpoDAMiA, the daughter of (Eno-
maas, who promised her in marriage to
him ^ho should outrun hun in a chariot,
on condition that the defeated should
snffer death. After thirteen had forfeited
their lives, Pelops conquered, and obtain-
ed the prize.-— <-A daughter of Adrastu^r,
king of Argoa who mtirrled Pvithoua, king
18*

of the Lapithffi. A daughter of Danavi.

A mistress of Achilles, daughter of

Brises.

HippooAUUB, a man of Miletus, who
settled a republic without any previout
knovyledge of government. A Pytha-
gorean philosopher. An Athenian ar-

chon. A man famous for his voracious

appetite.

Hi ppoDicB, one of the Danaldes.

HiPFDDRoMus, a son of Hefcules.
A Thessalian, who succeeded in a school

at Athras. A place where liorse racea

were exhibited.

HiproLA, a town of Peloponnesus.

HippoLocHUs, a son of Bellerophon.-^-«
A sou of Giaucus also bore the same name..

A son of Antimachus, slain in tbet

Trojan war.

HiFPOLYTs, a queen of the Amazons,
given in marriage to Theseus by Hercules^
who had conquered her, and taken away
her girdle by order of Eurystheus. She
had a son by Theseus, called Hippolytus.
— i—The wife of Acastus, who fell in love
with Peleus, who was in exile at her hus-
band's court, A daughter of Cretheus«.

HiPFOLYTUs, a son of Theseus and Hip-
polyte, famous fur his virtues and his mis'
fortunes. Hippolytus fled from the re>
sentment of his fether, excited by a falsa
accusation of his step-mother, and, as he
pursued his.way along the sea shore, his
horses were so frightened at the noise of
sea-calves, which Neptune had purposely
sent there, that they ran among tHe rocks
till his chariot was broken and his body
torn to pieces. Temples were raised to
his memory, particularly at Trvzene,.

where he received divine honors. A

son of Ropalus, king of Sicyon, greatly be-
loved by Apollo. A giant, killed bv

Mercury.-

-A son of iEgyptus.-

christian writer in the third century.

HippoMACHDs, a musi^an, who seveise-
ly rebuked one of his pupils because he-
was pra,ised. by the multitude, and observe
ed, that it was the greatest proof of his
ignorance.

HippoMEDON, a son of Nisimachus and
Mythidice, who Was one of the seven
chiefs who went against Thebes.

HippoMEDusA, a daughter of Dankus.

HippoMENEa, an Athenian arohon, who
exposed his daughter Liroone to be de-
voured by horses. A son of Macareus

and Merope, who married Atalanta with
the assistance of Venas. .These two

fond lovers were changed into lions.

The father of Megarens.

HippoMoLoi, a people of Scythia, who
lived upon the milk of horses.

HippoN and Hi pro, a town of Africa.

HippoNA, a goddess who presided over
hones. "

HippoiTAX, a Qreek satirist, bom at
Ephesus, 540 years before the CUnstiaa

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186

en. As be was naturally deformed, two
brothers, Buplialus aud Anthernius, made
a statue of him, WhicJb, by the derormity
of its featureyB^ exposed the poet to uni-
versal ridicule. Hipponax resolved to
avenge the injury, and be wrote such
bitter invectives and satirical lampoons
against them, that they hanged them-
selves in despair.

HiPFOiciATss, a bay iii tbe country of
the Bmtfi.

HrppoiriuBf, a city in the country of the
Brutii.

HippoNous, the father of Peribcea and
Capaneus. He was killed by thethun-
derboKs of Jupiter, before the walls of

Thebes. The first name of Bellero-

phon.-^A son of Priam.
9 HippopooES, a people of Scythia, who
have harats^ feet.

Hippo8TRA'E47s, a favorite of Lais.

H1PPOTADE8, the patronymic of ^Golns.

HippoTAs or HippoTEs, a Trojan prince,

changed into a river. ^The father of

^olus, who from thence is called Hippo-
tades.

HippoTROE, a daughter of Mestor and
Lvsidice, carried away to the islands call-
ed Echinades, by Neptune. One of

tJie Nereides. A daughter of Pelias.

HippoTHooN, a son of Neptune and
Alope, daughter of Cercyon, exposed in
the woods by his mother. Her shame
was discovered, and her father ordered
her to be put to death. Neptune changed
her into a fountain.

HippoTHooNTis, one of the twelve
Athenian tribes.

HippoTfloua, a son of tiethns, killed by

Ajax in the Troj«i war. A son of

Priam. ?*

HippoTiopc, a prince who assisted the
Trojans, and was killed by Merion.

H1PPUR19, on«of the Cyclades.

Hippus, a river falling into the Phasis.

HiPsiDEs, a Macedonian.

HiBA, a maritime town of Peloponne-
sus.

HiRfiiTi, a pec^le of the Samnites.
. Q.. HiRpiNus, %. EomaUj to whom Ho-
race dedicated two of his odes.

HiRTUs, a debauched fellow.

HiRTiA LEX de matfistrati^us, by A. Hir-
tius. It required tliat none of Pompey's
adherents should be raised to any office or
dignity in the state.

HiRTius, AuLus, a consul with Pansa,
who assisted Brutus when besieged at
Mutina by Antoiw. They defeated An-
tony, but were both killed in battle B. C.
43. An historian.

HisBON, a Rutulian killed by Pallas.

HisPALis, au ancient town of Spain,
now cdled Sevilh.

HisPAiriA or HjaPAiri;c, called by the
poets Iberia, Hegperia, and Hesperia Ultima^
a large country of Europe, separated from

Gaul by the Pyrenenn mountains, and
bounded on ,every other side by the sea.
Spain was famous for its rich mines of
silver, which employed forty thousand
workmen, and daily yielded to the Ro-
mans no less than twenty thousand
drachms. These have long since tailed.

HisFANUs, a native of Spain.

HisPELLUM, a town of Umbria.

Hi9Po, a noted debauchee.

HispuLLA, an infamous woman.

HrsTASPEs, a reIati,on of Darius IIL kill-
ed in a battle.

HisTER, a river. Fid. Ister.

HisTER P^ci vius, a man distinguished
as much by his vices as his immense
riches. '

HisTijEA, a city of Eubcea, anciently
called Talantia.

HisTi^OTis, a country of Thessaly, sit-
uate below monnt Olympus and mount

Ossa, anciently called Doris. A small

country of Euboea, of which Histiea, or
Estisa, was the capital.

HisTiiEus, a tyrant of Miletus, who ex-
cited the Greeks to take up arms against
Persia. An historian of Miletus.

H0DIU8, a herald in the Trojan war.

H0LOCR017, a mountain of Macedon.

HoMERoMASTix, a sumamo given to
Zoilus the critic.

HoMERUs, a celebrated Greek poet^ the
most ancient of all the profane writers.
The age in which he lived is not Jcnown,
though some suppose it to be about one
hundred and sixty-eight years after the
Trojan war, or, according to otbers, one
hundred and sixtv years before the found-
ation of Rome. The Arundelian Marbles
flk Ins era nine hundred and seven years
before Christ, and make him also the con-
temporary with Hesiod. No less than
seven illustrious cities disputed the right
of having given birth to the greatest of
poets, as it is well expressed in these
lines :

Smyrna, CMes, Colophon, Salofiia, Rhodasy
Argos, AthetuB, «

Orhis de patrid eertat, Homere, t»d.

He was caHed Melesiffenes, because sup-
posed to be born on the borders of the
river M^les. In his two celebrated poems
called the tliad and Odyssey, Homer has
displayed the nrast consummate know-
ledge of human nature, and rendered him-
self immortal by the sublimity, the fire,
sweetness and elegance of his poetry. He
deserves a greater share of admiratiMi
when we consider that he wrote without
a model, and that none of his poetical Im-
itators have been able to surpass, or, per-
haps, to equal their great master. Alexan-
der was so fond of Iloraer^ that he gene-
rally placed hfs compositions under hia
pillow, with his sword ; and he carefUIly
deposited tlie Iliad hi one of the richest

Digitized by VjOOQ IC -

187

and most ralaable caskets of Dariaa, ob-
serving, that the most perfect work of hu-
man genius ought to be preiserved in a bos
the tnost valuable ana precious in the
world. It is said, that Pisistratus, tyrant
of Athens, was the first who collect-
ed and arranged the Iliad and Odyssey
in the manner in which they now appear
to us I and that it is to the well-directed
pursuits Qf Lycurgus that we are Indebted
for their preservation. Besides the Iliad
and Odyssey, Homer wrote^ according to
the opinion of some authors, a poem upon
Amphiaraus's expedition against Thebes,
besides the Phoceir, the Cercopes, the
small Iliad, the Epicichlldes, and the Ba-
trachomyomachia, and many hymns to
some of the gods. One of tlie Greek

rits called Pleiades, born at Hierapolis,
C. 263. He wrote forty-five tragedies,

all lost. iTiere were seven other poets,

of inferior note, who bore the name of Ho-
mer.

HoHOLs, a lofty monntain of Thessaly,
once the residence of the Centaurs.

HoMoCBA, a mountain of Magnesia.

HoMoLippus, a son of Hercules and
Xant}iia.

HoMoLoiDEs, one of the seven gates of
Thebes.

HoMoiTADERSEs, a people of Cilieia.

Honor, a virtue worshipped at Rome.

Hoivoaiua, an emperor of the western
empire of Rome, who succeeded his fa-
ther Theodosios the Great, with his bro-
ther Arcadlus. He conquered his ene-
mies by means of his generals, and sufl^er-
ed himself and his people to be governed
by ministers, who took advantage oftbeir
imperial master's indolehce and inactivity.
He died of a dropsy in the thirty-ninth
year of his age. fifteenth of August A. D.
423. Under him and his hcother the Re-
man power was divided into two different
empires. The successors of Honorius,
who fixed their residence at Rome, were
called the emperors of the w«st, and the
successors of-Arcadius, who sat on the
throne of Constantinople, were distin-
gnished by the name of emperors of the
eastern Roman empire. This division of
power proved fatal to both empires.

HoKA, a goddess at Rome, supposed to
be Hersilia, who married- Romulus. She
was said to preside over beauty.

IIoKAciTjE, a people near Illyricum.

HoRAPoixo, a Greek writer, whose age
is unknown ; author of HierogltfpJuca, a
curious and entertainin«r book.

HoR.«, tlirec sisters, daughters of Jupi-
ter and Tliemis, called Eunomia. Dice,
and Irene. They were the same as the
seasons who presided over the spring,
summer, and winter, and were repre-
sentod by the poets as openingHhe gates
of heaven and of Olympus.

HoRATiA, the sister of the Iloratii, kilt-

'ed by her brother for mourning the death
of the Curiatil.

HORATIUS COCLE*. VU. CocleS. (X.

Flaccus, a celebrated poet, born at Venu-
sia. His father was a freedman, and,
though poor in his circumstances, he lib-
erally educated his son. His rising talents
claimed the attention of Virgil and Varius,
who recommended liim to the care of Me-
cieaas and Augustus, the most celebrated
patrons of literature. Under the fostering
patronage of the emperor and of his minis-
ter, Horace gave himself up to indolence
and refined pleasure. He was a follower
of Epicurus, and, while he libenally indulg-
ed his appetites, he neglected the calls of
ambition, and never suffered himself to
be carried away by the tide of popularity
or public employments. He even refused
to become the secretary of Augustus^ and
the emperor was not offended at his re-
fusal, lie lived at the table of his illus-
trious patrons as if he were in his own
house ; and Augustus sat at his meals with
Virgil at his right hand, and Horace at
his left. Horace was Warm in bis friend-
ship, and, if ever any ill-judged reflection
had caused offence, the poet immediately
made every concession which could effect
a reconciliation, and not destroy the good -
purposes of friendly society. Horace
died ia the fifty -seventh year of his age,
B. G. 8. In his'odes Horace is ingenious
and elegant ; in his satires and epistles,
lively and witty j in his Art of Poetry

judicious and tasteful. Three brave

Romans, bom at the same birth, who
fought against the three Curiatii, and con-
quered them about six hundred and sixty-
seven years before Christ. This celebrat-
ed fight was fought between the hostile
camps of the people of Alba and Rome,
and on their success depended the victory.

A consul, who dedicated the temple

of Jupiter Capitolinns.

HoRciAS, the general of three thousand
Macedonians, who revolted llrora Antigo*
nus in Cappadocia.

HoRESTi, a people of Britain.

HoRMisDAs, a name of some of the Per-
sian kin^.

HoRRATus, a Macedonian soldier, who
fought with another private soldier in sight
of the whole army of Alexander.

HoRTENsiA, a celebrated Roman lady,
daughter of the orator Hortensius, whose
eloquence she had inherited in the most
eminent degree.

HoRTEirsiA LET, by Q,. Hcurtensius, the
dictator, A. TI. C. 867. It ordered the
whole body of the Roman people to pay
implicit obedience to whatever was enact-
ed by the commons.

HoRTA, a divinity among the Romans,
who presided over youth.

HoRTA, or HoRTiKUM»a town of the S»-

bihes. Digitized by dOOg IC

188

Q. HoBTCHsttrs, a celebrated orotor^who
began to distinguish himself by his elo-
quence, in the Roman forum, at the age
of nineteen. His friend and successor
Ciceru speaks with great eulogium of his
oratorical powers, and mentions the un-
common extent of his memory. The af-
fected actions of Hortensius at the bar
procured him the ridiculous surname of
DwnyatA, a celebrated stage dancer at that
time. He was prstor and consul, and
died fifty years before Christ in his sixty-
third year. His orations are not extant*
'Hortensius was very rich, and not less
than ten thousand casks of Arvisian wine
were foqnd in his cellar after his death.

Corbio, a grandson of the orator of

tfte same name. A Roman, slain by

Antony on his brother's tomb. A prae-
tor, who gave up Macedonia to Brutus.
One of Sylla*s lieutenants. A Ro-
man, the first who introduced the eating
of peacocks at Rome.

RoRTonA, a town of Italy.

HoRTTs, a son of Isis, one of the deities
of tjie Egyptians. A king of Assyria.

HospiTALis, a surname of Jupiter.

HoRTiLiA L£x was enacted A. U. G.
583. By it such as were among the ene-
mies of the republic, or absent when tlie
state required their assistance, were guilty
of rapine.

HosTiuA, a large town on the Po.

HosTius HosTiLius, a warlike Roman,
presented with a crown of boughs by Ro-
mulus, for his intrepid behavior in a bat-
tle. A consul. A Jjatin poet, in the

age of J. Cesar, who composed a poem
on the wars of Istria.

Hdnni, a people of Sarmatia.

Htacinthia, an annual solemnity at
Amyelv, in Laconia, in honor of Hyacin-
thus and Apollo.

.Htacinthvs, ason of Amyclas and Dio-
mede, greatly beloved by Apollo and Ze-
phyrus. He returned the former's love, and
Zephyrus resolved to punish his rival.
As Apollo, who was intrusted with the
educati<|ii of Hyacinthus, once played at
quoit with his pupil, Zephyrils blew the
quoit, as soon as it was thrown by Apollo,
upon the head of Hyacinthus, and he was
killed with the blow.

Htadss, five daughters of Atlas, king
, of Mauritania, who were so disconsolate
at the death of their brother Hyas, who
bad been hilled by a wild boar, that they
pined away and died. They became stars
after death, and were placed near Taurus,
one of the twelve signs of the Zodiac.

HrAonis, a Phrygian, father of Marsy-
as. He invented the flute.

HrALA,acity at the mouth of the Indus.
One of Diana's attendant nymphs.

Htampolis, a city of Phocis.

HTAifTHBs, the ancient name of the
inhabitants of BoBotia, from king Hyaa.

Htantis, an ancientname of Boeotia.

HrARRTTA, a man who endeavoured to
imitate Timogenes.

Hr AS, a son of Atlas, of Mauritania, by
i£thra. His extreme fondness for shoot-
ing proved fatal to him, and, in bia at-
tempts to rob a lioness of her whelps, he
was ki>led by the enraged animal. His
sisters mourned his death with such con-
stant lamentations, that Jdpiter, in com-
passion of their sorrow, changed them
into stars.

Hybla, a mountain in Sicily, called af-
terwards Megaray where thyme and odori-
ferous flowers of all sorts grew i^ abun-
dance. It is famous for its honey. ^JEliere
is, at the foot of the mountain, a toiwil of
the same name. There is also another

near, mount .£tna. A city "of Attica

bears also the name of Hybla.

Hvbrsas, an orator of Caria.

HrBRiANEs, a people near Thrace.

HrccARON, a town of Sicily.

Htoa and Hyde, a town of Lydia.

HroARA, a town of Armenia.

Hydarnes, one of the seven noble Per-
sians who conspired to destroy the usurper
Smerdis.

Hyoaspbs, a river of Asia, flowing by

Susa. Another in India. A filend

of iEneas.

Hydra, a celebrated monster, which in-
fested the neighborhood of the lake Lema
in Peloponnesus. It had an hundred
heads, according to Diodorus; fifty, ac-
cording to Simonides: and mne, accord-
ing to the more received opinion. As soon
as one of these heads was cut off, two im-
mediately grew up, if the wound was not
stopped by fire. It was one of the labots
of Hercules to destroy this dreadful mon-
ster.

Hypraotes, a river of India, crossed by
Alexander.

Hydrophoria, a festival observed at
Athens, in commemoration of those who
perished in the deluge of Deucalion and
Ogj-es.

Hybruntum and Hydbus, a city of Ca-
labria, fifty miles south of Brundusium,
now OtraMOy an insignificant town, scarce
containing three thousand inhabitants.

Hyor0»a, a town of Attica.

Hyela, a town of Lucania.

Hyempsal, a son of Miqipsa, murdered
by Jugurttaa.

Hyettus, a town of Bceotla.

Hyoeia or Hygiea, the goddess of
health, daughter of ^sculapius, held in
great veneration among the ancients. Her
statues represented her with a veil, and
the matrons usually consecrated their locks
to her.

Hygia:va, a town of Peloponnesus.

C.Jul. Hygiitus, ^ grammarian, one of
the freed men of Augustus. He was a
Bative of Alezavdria ; 6r, accorduiK to

189

■odne, lie wa» a Spaniard, very intimate
with OVid. He was appointed librarian to
the library of mount Palatine. He wrote
a mythological history, which he called
fables, and Poeticon Jistronamicon, and se-
verafl tueatises now lost.

HtllA. and Hvlas, a river of Mysia.
A colony of Phocis.

Hylactor, one of Action's dogs.

Htlje, a small town of Bfsotia.

HvLicns, a name given to some cen-
taurs.

Htlas, a son of Thiodamas, king of
Mysia and Menodioe, stolen away by Her-
cules, and carried on board the ship Argo
to Cohdtis. On the Asiatic coast the Ar-
gonauts landed to take a supply of fresh
water, snd Hylas, foUowlng the example
of his companions, went to the fountain
with a pitcher, and fell into the water and
wa« drowned, A river of Bithynia.

HrLAX, a dog mentioned by Virgil.

Htli AS, a river of Magna Grecia.

HTU.AICUS, a part of Peloponnesus. *

HrLLUs, a son of Hercules and Dejani-
ra, who, soon after his father's death, mar-
ried lole. He, as well as his father, was
persecuted by the envy of Eurystheus, and
obliged to fly from the Peloponnesus.
Some time after be attempted to recover
the Peloponnesus with the Heraclidae, and
was killed in single combat by E«hemu3,
king of Arcadia. A x\\et of Lydia.

HrLONOME, the wife of Cyllaros.

HvLorHAGi, a people of iiJthiopia.

Htm£njeu> and Htmen, the god of maro
riage among the Greeks, was son of Bac-
chds and Venus, or according to others,
of Apollo and one of the muses. Hymen
was generally represented as crowned
with flowers, chiefly with maijoram or
roses, and holding a burning torch in one
hand, and in the other a vest of a purple
color. It was supposed that he always at-
tended at nuptials ; for, if not, matrimo-
nial connexions were fatal, and ended in
the most dreadfUl calamities; and hence
people ran about, caUiag alottd. Hymen !
Hymen !

Hymxttus, a mountain of Attica, about
two miles from Athens, still famous for Its
bees and excellent honf^. There was
also a quarry of marble there.

HrrjEPA or Ipepjb, now BarXtt, a town
a€ Lydia.

Hypjbsia, a country of Peloponnesus.

HYPAifis, a river of European Scythia,

now called Bog. A river of India.

Another of Pontus. — A Trojan who

Joined himself to ^Eneas, and was killed
by his own people.

HrpARirrus, a son of Dion. The fa-
ther of Dion.

Hypates, a river of Sicily.

Hypatha, a town of Thew^aly.

Hypatia, a celebrated native of Alex-
andria. She was assassinatei 415 A. D,

Htpenoh, a Trojan killed by Diomedes.

Htperbatus, a pretor of the Achsans,
B. C. 5B4.

HypERBius, a son of i£gyptus.

Hyperborei, a nation in the northern
parts of Europe and Asia, who were said
to live to an incredible age, even to a thou-
sand ^ears, and in the enjoyment of all
possible felicity. The sun was said to
rise and set to them but once a year.

Hyperea and Hyperia, a fountain of
Thessaly. with a town of the same napie.
Another in Messenia.

Hyperesia, a town of Achaia.

Hyperides, an Athenian orator, disciple
to Plato and Socrates, and long the rival
of Demosthenes. He distinguuhed him-
self foy his eloquence, and the active part
be took in the majiagement of the Athe-
nian republic. He was put to death by
order of Antipater, B. C. 323.

Hyperion, a son of CcbIus and Terra,
who married Thea, by whom he had Au-
rora, the SUA and moon. A son of

Priam.

Hypermnestra, one of the fifty daugh-
ters of Danaus, who married Lynceus,
son of iBgyptus. She disobeyed her fa-
ther's bloody commands, who had ordered
her to murder her husband the first night
of her nuptials, and sufifered Lynceus to

escape unhurt from the bridal bed. A

daughter of Thestius.

£irp£RocHU8, a man who wrote a poet-
ical history of Cuma.

Hyprjeus, a mountain of Campania.

Hypsa, now BeUei, a river cS Sicily.

Htpsea, a Roman matron, of the family
of the Plautii.

Hypsenor, a priest of the Scamander.

|]yp«£U8, a son of the river Penens.— —
A pleader at the Roman bar before the age
of Cicero.

Htpsicratba, the wife of AQfliridateB.

Hypsicrates. a Phcenician, who wrote
an history of his country, in the PlMsni-
cian language.

HrpsiPiDEs, a Maced(»iian in Alexan-
der's tu-my. '

Hypsipylb, a queen of Lemmis, daugh-
ter of Thoas and Myrine, celebrated for
her crimes and misfortunes.

HrRCAiriA, a large and mountainous
country of Asia, at the north of Parthia,
and at the west of Media, abounding in

serpents, and wild beasts. A town of

Lydia, destroyed by & violent earthquake
in the age of Tibenus.

HYRCANuaf MARE, a large sea, called also
Caspian.

Hyrcanus, a name common to some of
the high priests of Judea.

Hyria, a country of Bceotia, near Aulis,
with a lake, river, and -town of the same

name. A town of Isauria, on the Caly-

cadnus.

Htriuus and Hvanui, a peasant, or, as

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190

some say, a prince of Tanagra^ son of
Neptune and Alcyone, wJio kindly en-
tertained Jupiter, Neptune, and Mejrcury,
when travelling over Ikeotia. Vid. Orion.

HrRMiNA, a town of £lis, in Pelopon-
nesu.s.

Hyrneto and Hyrnetho, a daughter
of Temenus, king of Argos, who married
Deyphon, son of Celeus.

(Itrmthium, a plain of Argos, fertile
in olives.

Hybtacds, a Trojan of mount Ida, fa-
ther to Nisus, one of the companions of
^neas.

Hysia, a town of Boeotia. A village

of Argos. A city of Arcadia. Tbe

royal residence of the king of Parthia.

HvsFA, a river of Sicily.

Hyssus and Hvssi, a port and river of
Cappadocia.

Hystaspes, a noble Persian, of the fa-
mily of the Achaemenides. H^s son Dari-
iis reigned in Persia atler the murder of
the usurper Smerdis. Hystaspes was the
first who Introduced the learning and mys-
teries oC the Indian Brachmans in Persia,
and to his researches in India the sciences
were greatly indebted, particularly in Per-
sia.

1A. the daughter of Midas, who married
Atys.

Iacohus, a surname of Bacchus.

Iader, a river of Dalmatia.

Ialemus, a wretched singer, son of the
muse Calliope.

Ialmenus, a son of Mars and Astyoche,
who went to the Trojan war with his
brother Ascalaphus, with thirty ships.

Ialysus, a town of Rhodes.

Iambe, a servant maid of Metanira, Wife
of Celeus, king of Eleusis.

lAMBLictTii, a Greek author, who wrote
the life of Pythagoras, and the history of
his followers, &c. He died A. D. 363.

Iamenus, a Trojan killed by Leonteus.

Iamid^, certain prophets among the
Greeks, descended from lamus, a son of
Apollo.

Ianira, one of the Nereides.

Ianthe, a girl of Crete, who married
Iphis.

Ianthea, one of the Oceanides. One

of the Nereides.

I API 9, ?in iEtolian, who founded a city

npon the banks of the Timavus. A

Trojan favorite of Apollo.

Iapydia, a district of Illyricum, now
Camiola*

Iapyoia, a country on the confines of
Italy, called by some Messapia, Peucetia^
and Salentinum.

Iaptx, a son of Daedalus, who conquer-
ed a part of rtaly,,vvhich he called lapygia.

■ A wind which blows from Apulia,

and Is favorable to such as sailed from
Italy towards Greece.

lARfiAs, a king of Ga?tulia, from v^thora
Dido bought land to build Carthage. He
courted Dido, but the queen, rather than
marry him, destroyed herself.

Iarchas and Jarchas, a celebrated In-
dian philosopher. His seven rings are fa- ,

mous for their jiower of restoring old men
to the bloom and vigor of youth.

Iarda Nus, a Ly dian, father of Omphale.

the mistress of' Hercules. A river or

Arcadia. Another in Crete.

Iasides, a patronymic given to Palinu-
rus — also of Jasus.

Iasion and Iasius, a son of Japiter and
Electra, one of the Atlantides, who reign-
ed over part of Arcadia, where he diligent-
ly applied himself to agriculture. He mar-
ried the goddess Cybele or Ceres, and all
the gods were present at the celebration
of his nuptials. He had by Ceres two
sons, and a f!aughter, Atalanta, whom he
exposed as soon as born, saying that he
would raise only male children.

Iasis, a name given to Atalanta, daugh-
ter of Iasius.

Iasius, a son of Abas, king of Argos.
A son of Jupiter.

Iasus, a king of Argos, who succeeded
his father Triopas. A son of Argus fa-
ther of Agenor. A son of Argus and

Ismena. A son of Lycurgus of Arca-
dia. An island with a town of the same

name on the coast of Caria.

Iaxartes, now Sit or SVion, a river of
Sogdiana.

Iaziges, a people on the borders of the
Pains Maeotis.

Iberia, a country of Asia, between Col-
chis on the west, and Albania on tbe east,
governed by kings. It is now called Geor-
gia. An ancient name of Spain, deriv»-

ed from the river Iberua.

Iberus, a river of Spain, now called

Ehro. A river of Iberia in Asia. A

fabulous king of Spain.

Ibi, an Indian nation.
- Ibis, a poem of the poet Calliraachus.

Ibycus, a lyric poet of Rhegium about
five hundred and forty years before Christ. ^

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191

Be was mnrdered by robbers', and at tDe
moment of death he implored the assist-
ance of some cranes which at that mo^
ment flew over his head. Borne time after
as the murderers were in the marlcet
place, one of them observed some cranes
in the air, and said to his companions,
tMere are the birds that are conscious of the
death qf Ibyeua, These words and the re-
cent murder of Ibycus raised suspicions in
the people : the assassins were seized and
tortured, and they confessed their guilt.
The husband of Chloris, whom Ho-
race ridicules.

IcADius, a robber killed by a stone.

IcAKiA, a small island in the .£gean
sea.

IcARis and Icariotis, a name given to
Penelope as daughter of Icarlus.

IcARiuM HARE, a part of the iGgean
sea near the islands of Mycone and Gya-
ros.

IcARius, an Athenian, father of Eri-
gone. He gave wine to some peasants
who drank it with the greatest avidity,
ignorant of its intoxicating nature. They
were soon, deprived of their reason, and
the. fury and resentment of their friends
and neighbors were immediately turned
upon Icarius, who perished by their hands.
After death he was honored with public

festivals. A son of CEbalus of Lacedc-

mon. He gave his daughter Penelope in
marriage to Ulysses king of Ithaca.

Icarus, a son of Dsedalus, who, with his
father, fled with wings from Crete to es-
cape the resentment of Minos. " His flight
being too high proved fatal to him, the
siAi melted the wax which cemented his
wings, and he fell into that part of the
^geaa sea which was callea atler his
name.; A moantain of Attica.

Icciui, a lieutenant of Agrippa iu Sici-
ly One of the Rhemi in Gaul.

IcELos, one of the sons of Somnus.

IcBNi, a people of Britain who submit-
ted to the Reman power.

IcBTAs, a man who obtained the su-
preme power at Syracuse after the death
of Dion.

IcHivjE, a town of Macedonia.

IcHirusA, an ancient name of Sardinia.

IcHoifuPMis, a priest of Heliopolis.

IcHTHToPHAOi, a pooplo of iEtfaiopia,
who received this name from their eating
fishes.

IcH^Hyn, a promontory of Ells in Acha-
ia.

L. IciLius, a tribune of the people who
made a law A. U. C. 397, by which mount
Aventine was given to the Roman people

to build houses upon. A tribune who

made a law A. U. C. 261, that forbade any
man to oppose or interrupt a tribune while
he was speaking in an assembly.

Icins, a harbor in Gaul, on the modem
straits of Dover.

IcoiriirM, the capital of Lycaonia.

Ices, a small island near Eubwa.

IcTsifus, a celebrated architect, 430
years before Christ.

IcTUMULORUM VICU9, a place at the foot
of the Alps abounding in gold minea.

IcuusMA, a town of Gaul, now ^ngou'
lesme.

Ida, a nymph of Crete who went into
Phry^a, where she gave her name to a

mountain of that country. ^The mother

of Minos 2d. A celebrated mountain,

or more properly a ridge of mountains in
Troas, chieidy in the neighborhood of
Troy. It was covered with green wood,
and the elevation of its top opened a fine
extensive view- of the Hellespont and the

adjacent countries. A mountain of

Crete, the highest in the island.
. loAA, the surname of Cybele.

Id^us, a surname of Jupiter. An

arm-bearer of king Priam.-* — One> of the
attendants of Ascanius. ;

Idalis, the country round mount Ida.

Idalus, a mountain of Cyprus.

loArvTHTRSus, a powerful king of Scy-
thia, who refused to give his daughter in
marriage ta Darius the 1st, king of Persia.
I^his refusal was the cause of a war be-
tween the two nations, and Darius march-
ed against 1 dan thyrsus, at the head of
seven hundred thousand men. He was
defeated and retired to Persia, a^er an in-
glcfflous campaign.

Idarnes, an officer of Darius.

Idas." a son of Aphareus and Arane, fk-
mous for bis valor and military glory. He
was among the Argonauts, and married
Marpessa, the daughter of Evenus king of
^tolia. Marpessa was carried away by
Apollo, and Idas pursued his wife's rav-
isher with bows and arrows, and obliged

him to restore her. A sen of iEgyptus.

A Trojan killed by TumuSi

Idea, or Iojba, a daughter of Darda-

nus. The mother of Teucer by Sca-

mander.

Idsssa, a town of Iberia. • '

Idex, a small river of Italy.

Idistavisus, a plain, now Hastenbaeh,
near Oldendorp on the Weser in West-
phalia.

iDMoif, son of Apollo and Astoria, was
the prophet of th» Argonauts. He was
killed in hunting a wild boar in Bithy-

nia. A dyer of Colophon, father to

Arachne. A man of Cyzicus, killed by

Hercules.-: — A son of iEgyptus, killed by
his wife.

looMEifE, a daughter of Pheres, who
married Amythaon.

Idomeweus,- succeeded his father Deu-
calion on the tlirone of Crete, and accom-
panied the Greeks to the Trojan war, with
a fleet of ninety ships. During this cele-
brated war he rendered himself famous
by his valor, and slaughtered many of the

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enemy. At his return he made a vow to
Neptune in a dangerous tempest, that if
he escaped from the fury of the seas and
storms he would offer to the god whatever
living creature first presented itself to his
eye on the Cretan shore. This was no
other than his son, who came to congratu-
late his father upon his safe return. Ido-
meneus performed his promise to the god,

and was banished by his subjects. A

son of Priam. A Greek historian of

Lampsacus, in the age of Epicurus.

Idothea, a daughter of Proetus, king of

Argos. A daughter of the god Proteus.

One of the nymphs who educated Ju-
piter.

Idrikui, brother to Artemisia, whosuc-
teeded to Mausolus, and invaded Cyprus.

Idubeoa, a river and mountain of Spain.

Idum£ and Idumsa, a country of Syria,
famous for palm trees.

Idta, one of the Oceanides.

Igeiti, a people of Britain.

loiLiuM, now Oiglio^ an island of the
Mediterranean.

loiNATius, an officer of Crassus in his

I^rthian expedition. A bishop of An-

tioch, torn to pieces in the amphitheatre
at Rome, by lions, A. D. 107.

louTiuM, a town of Umbria, on the via
Flaminia, now Ghibio.

Ilaira, a daughter of Leucippus, carried
away With her sister Phcsbe, by the sons
of Leda.

Ilba, mors properly Ilva, an island of
the Tyrrhene sea.

Ilecagnbs and iLxcAoirKirsxs, a i>eople
of Spain.

Ileroa, now Lerida, a town of Spain.

Ilia, or Rhea, a daughter of Numitor,
king of Alba, consecrated by her uncle
Amulius to toe service of Vesta, which
required perpetual chastity. He was how-
ever disappointed; violence was offered
to Ilia, and she brought forth Romulus
and Remus, who drove the usurper from
his throne, and restored the crown to their
grandfather Numitor, its lawAil possessor.
Ilia was buried alive for violating the laws
of Vesta.

Iliaoi lttdi, games institqCed by Au-
gustus, in commemoration of the victory
he had obtained over Antony and Cle€)pa-
tra.

Iliac us, an epithet applied to such as
belong to Troy.

Iliaues, a surname given to Romulus,

as son of Ilia. A name given to the

Trojan women.

Ilias, a celebrated poem composed by
Homer upon the Tro}^ war. A sur-
name of Minerva.

Iliensss, a people of Sardinia.

Iliow, a town of Macedonia.

Ilionb, the eldest daughter of Priam.

Ilionxus, a Trpjan who came into Italy
with iEneaa — ^One of Niobe'i sons.

Ilipa, a town of Beetica.

Ilissus, a small river of Attica, falling
into the sea near the Pirsus. There was
a temple on its banks, sacred to the Miisea.

Ilithyia, a goddess called also Juno
Lucina. Some suppose her to be the same
u Diana.

Ilium, or Ilioit, a citadel of Troy, built
by Ilus, one of the Trojan kings, from
whom it received its name. It is general-
ly taken for Troy itself; and some have
supposed that the town was called Hiumy
and the adjacent country Troja.

Illiberis, a town of Gaul.

Illicx, now fUeke, a town of Spain with
a harbor and bay.

Illipula, two towns of Spain, one of
which is called Major, and the other Mi-
nor.

Illiturois, luTURois, or luBoiA, a
city of Spain.

Ilorcis, now Lorea, a town of Spain.

Illtricuh, Illtrib, and Iixtria, a
country bordering on the Adriatic sea,
opposite Italy.

Illtricus ■iHcs, that part of the Adri-
atic which is on the coast of Illyricum.

Illtriub, a son of Cadmus and Herini-
one.

Ilua, now Elba, an island in the Tyr-
rhene sea, celebrated for its iron mines.

Iluro, now OieroUy a town of Gascony
in France.

Ilus, the fourth klngof Troy, was soti
of Tros by Callirhoe. He built, or rather
embellished, the city of Ilium, called also
Troy, from his father Tros. Jiipi|er gave
him the Palladium, a celebrated statue of
Minerva, and promised that as long as it
remained in Troy, so long would the town

remain impregnable. A name of Asca.-

nius. A friend of Tumus. ^

Iltrgis, a towh of Hispania Betica.

Ihanusrtius, a king of part of Britain,
killed by Cassivelaunus.

Ihaus, a large mountain of Scythia,
which is part of mount Taurus.

Imbarus, a part of mount Taurus in
Armenia.

Imbracides, a patronymic given to
Asius, as son of Imbracus.

Imbra SIDES, a patronymic given to
Olaucus and Lades.

Imbrasus, or PARTHENiU8,ariverof Sa-

mos. The father of Pirns, the leader

of the Thracians during the Trojan war.

Im^reub, one of the Centaurs.

Imbrex, C. Licmius. a poet.

Imbrics, a Trcjan killed by Tencer, soA
of Mentor.

lMBRiviTTM,a place of Samnium.

Imbrob, now EmJbr.o, an island of the
JBgean sea, near Thince, thirty-two miles
from Samothrace, with a small river and
town of the same name.

Inachi, a name given to the Greeks,
particularly the Argiyes.

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193

fiTACHTA, a name gi^en to Peloponne-

mig, from the river Inachus. A festival

In Crete.

I.XACHiDjf:, the name of the eight first
successors of Inachus, on the throne of
Argos;

Ika^hides, a patronymic of'Epaphus
as grandson of Inachus and of Per-
seus descended ft-om Inachus.

Ittachis, a patronymic of lo, as daugh-
ter of Inachus.

Inachium, a town of Peloponnesus.

Inachus, a son of Oceanus and Te-
thys, father of lo. He founded the king-
dom of Argos, and was succeeded by
Pboroneus, B. C. 1807. ^A river of Ar-
gos. Another in Epims.

Itvamames, a river in the east of Asia.

IivARiME, an island near Campania,
with a mountain, under which Jupiter
confined the giant, Typhmu'S.

I WARDS, a town of Egypt. A tyrant

of Eg>pt, who died B. C. 456.

In-citatus, a horse of the emperor Cali-
gula, made high priest.

Iifoi A, the most celebrated and opulent
of all the countries of Asia, bounded on
one side by the Indus, from which it de-
rives its name. It is situate at the south
of the kingdoms of Persia, Parthia," &c.,
along the maritime coasts. It has always
betn reckoned famous for the riches it
contains ; and so persuaded were th6 an-
cients of its wealth, that .they supposed
that its very sand^were gold. It contain-
ed nine thousand different nations, and
five thousand remarkable cities, accord-
ing to geographers. Bacchus was the first
who conquered it.

IiTDiBiLis, a princess of Spain, betrothed
to Albutins.

Iif DioETxs, a name given to those dei-
ties who were worshipped only in some
particular places, or who were become
gods from men, as Hercules, Bacchus, &c.

IiTDioBTi, ^people of Spain.

Indus, now Sindej a large river of Asia,
from which the adjacent country has re-
ceived the name of India. A river of

Caria.

IifDUTioMARtra, a Gaul conquered by
Cesar.

IiTFBRUM MARiB, the Tuscau sea.

lire, a daughter of Cadmus and Har-
monia^ wife of Athamas, changed into a
sea-goddess by Neptune.

IwoA, festivals In memory of lao, cele-
brated yearly with sports and sacrifices at
Corinth .>— Another in Laconia, in honor
of the same.

Iif ous, a patronymic given to the god
Paleemou, as son of Ino.

In OPUS, a river of Delos.

Insdbres, the inhabitants of Insubria,
a country near the Po, supposeid to ba of
Gallic origin.

IffTAPJUAirxs, one of ttieaeVen Fenian
17

iM)blemen who eonsplred against Smwdis,
who- usurped the crown of Persia.

Intemelium, a town at the west of Li-
guria, on the seashore.

Interamita, an ancient city of Umbria.

A colony on the cpnfihes of Samfni-

nm.

Intercatia, a town of Spain.

IprrERREx, a supreme magistrate at
Home, who was intrusted with the care
of the government after the death of a
king, till the election of another. This
office was exercised by the senators alone,
and none continued in power longer than
five days, or, according to Plutarch, only
twelve hours.

Iwui CASTRUM. It received its name
from Inuus, a divinity supposed to be the
same as the Faunus of the Latins.

InrrcuB, a city of 8icily.

lo, the daughter of Inachus and Isme-
na, turned by Jupiter into a ccmr, to pre^
vent the suspicion of Juno, and worship-
ped after her death by the Egyptians,
under the name of Isis.

loBATEs and Jobates, a king of Lycia,
father of Stenobea, th« wife of Proetusj
king of Argos.

loBEs, a son ef Hercules.

IcLAiA, a festival at Thebes, the same ,
as that called Heracleia. It was institu-
ted in honor of Hercules and his friend
lolas, who assisted him in conquering the
hydra. The place where the exercises
were exhibited was called lolaion, where
there were to be seen the monument of
Amphitryon, and the cenatoph of lolas,
who was buried in Sardinia.

loLAS or loLAUs, a son of Iphlclns, king
of Thessaly. who assisted Hercules iq
conquering tne hydra. He was restored
to his youth and vigor by Heb«, at the re<
quest of his friend Hercules. Some time
afterwards, lolas assisted the Heraclidn
against Eurystbeus, and killed th^ tyrant

with his own hand. A compiler of a

PhcBnician history. A friend of iEneas.

A son of Antipater, cup-bearer to

Alexander.

loLCHos, a town of Magnesia, above
Demetrias, where Jason was bom.

Idle, a daughter of Eurytus, king of
OSchalia. Her fhther promised her in
marriage to Hercules, but He. refused to
perform bis engagements, and lole was
clirried away by force. It was to extin-
guish the love of Hercules for loIe, that
Dejanira sent him the poisoned tunic,
which caused his death.

Ion, a son of Xuthus, and Creusa, who
married Helice, the daughter of Selinua,
king of MgMe. He succeeded on the
throne of his iather-in-law, and built a
city, which he called Helice, on account

of his wife. A tragic poet of Chios.

-^ — A native of Epheeus.

loNB, one of the Neraldes.

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194

loirii, a name originally given to the
subjects of Ion, who dwelt at Helice.

Ionia, a country of Asia Minor, bound-
ed on the north by iEolia, on the west by
the >Egean and Icarian seas, on the south
by Caria, and on the east by Lydia and
part of Caria. It was founded by colo-
nies from Greece. Ionia has been always
celebrated for the salubrity of the climate,
the fruitfulness of the ground, and the

genius of its inhabitants. An ancient

name given to Hellas, or Achaia.

Ionium mare, a part of the Mediterra-
nean sea, at the bottom of the Adriatic,
lying between Sicily ^nd Greece. ^

loPAs, a king of Africa, among the suit-
ors of Dido. He was an excellent musi-
cian, poet, and philosophe*.

loPE and JoppA, now Jojiiy an ancient
and famous town of Phoenicia. It was
about forty miles from the capital of Judaea.

A daughter of Iphicles, who married

Theseus.

lopHON, a son of Sophocles.— —A poet
of Gnossus, in Crete.

Io8, now MOf an island in the Myrtoan
sea.

Iphianassa, a daughter of Proetus, king
of Argos, who, with her sisters Iphinoe

and Lysippe, ridiculed Juno. The wife

of Endymion.

Iphiclus, or Iphiclcb, a son of Amphi-
tryon and Alcmena, born at the same

birth with Hercules. A king of Pby-

lace, in Pbthiotis, son of Phylacus and
Clymene. He had bulls famous for their
bigness, and the monster which kept them.
A son of Thestius, king of Pleuron.

Iphicratss, a celebrated general of
Athens, who, though son of a shoemaker,
rose from the lowest station to the highest
offices in the state. He married a daugh-
ter of Cotys,^ing of Thrace, by whom he
had a ton called Mnestheus, and died

380 B. C. ^A sculptor of Athens.

An Athenian, sent to Darius the third,
king ef Persia.

Iphidamus, ason ofAntenorand The-
ano, killed by Agamemnon.

Ipridsmia, a Thessalian woman, rav-
ished by the Naxians.

Iphigenia, a daughter of Agamemnon
and Clytemnestra. When the Greeks,
going to the Trojan war, were detained by
<sontrary winds at Aulis, they were in-
formed by one of the soothsayers, that, to
appease the gods, they fnustjsacrifice Iphi-
genia, Agamemnon's daughter, to Diana.
Agamemnon consented to immolate his
daughter for the common cause of Greecd.
Iphigenia capie to Aulis : here she saw the
bloody preparations for the sacrifice ; she
implored the forgiveness and protection
of her father, but tears and entreaties were
unavailing. Calchas took the knife in his
hand, and, as he was going to strike the
fatal blow, Iphigenia suddenly disappear-

ed, and a goat of uncommon size and
beauty wasibund in her place for the sao
rifice. This supernatural change anima-
ted the'Greeks, the wind suddenly became
favorable, and the combined fleet set sail
from Aulis. Iphigenia's innocence had
raised the compassion of the goddess on
whose altar she was going to be sacrificed,
and she carried her to Taurica, where she
entrusted her with the care of her tem-
ple.

Iphimkdia, a daughter of Triopas, who
married the giant Al(eus.

Iphimedon, ason of Eurystheus, killed
in war.

Ipuimedusa, one of the daughters of
Danaus.

Iphinoe, one of the principal women of
Lemnos, who conspired to destroy all

the males of the island. ^One of the

daughters of Proetus.

Iphinous, one of the centaurs.

Iphis, son of Alector, succeeded his
father on the throne of Argos. A beau-
tiful youth of Salamis, of ignoble birth.
He became enamored of Anaxarete, and
the coldness and contempt he met with
rendered him so desperate that h6 hung

himself. A daughter of Thespius.

A mistress of Patroclus. A daughter of

Ligdus and Telethusa, of Crete.

IpHiTioNjanally of the Trojans, son of
Otryntheus and Nais, killed by Achilles.

Iphitu«, a son of Eurytu«, king of
(Echalia, killed by Hercules. A Tro-
jan, who survived the ruin of his country,

and fled with JEneaa to Italy. A king

of Elis, son of Praxonides, in the age of
liycurgus. He reestj^blished the Olym-
pic games three hundred and thirty-eight
years after their institution by Hercules.

Iphthime, a sister of Penelope, who
married Eumelus.

Ipsea, the mother of Medea.

Ipsus, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for
a battle which was fought there, between
Antigonus and his son, and Seleucus,
Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Caasander.

Ira, a city of Messenia. This place ia
famous in history as having supported a
siege of eleven ye^rs against the Lacede-
monians.

Irenjeus, a native of Greece, disciple of
Polycarp, and bishop of Lyons in France.
His opinions concerning the soul are cu-
rious. He suffered martj'rdom, A. D. 202.

Irene, a daughter of Cratinus the

painter. One of the seasons among the

Greeks, called by the modems Hore.

Iresub, a delightful spot in Lybia, near
Gyrene.

Iris, a daughter of Thau mas and Elec-
tra, one of the Oceanides, messenger of
the gods, and more particularly of Juno.
Her office was to cut the thrend which
seemed to detain the soul in the body of
those that were expiring. She is the same

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195

as tbe rainbov^.-— -A ri^er of Asia Minor.
A river of Pontus.

Irub, a beggar of Itbaca, who executed

the commissions of Penelope's suitors.

A moaotain of India.

Is, a small river falling into the Eo-

pbrates. A small town on the river of

the same name.

I9AOA.S, a> Spartan, who, upon seeing
the Thebans entering the city, stripped
himself naked, and, with a spear and
sword, engaged the enemy.

Is^A, one of the Nereides.

Is.cus, an orator of Cdchis, in Euboea,
who came to Athens, and became there
the pupil of Lysias, and soon after the
master of Demosthenes. Demosthenes
Imitated him in preference to Isocrates.
Another Greek orator, who came to Rome
A. D. 17.

IsAMus, a river of India.

IsANDER, a son of Bellerophon. ^

Is API 9, a river of Umbria.

IsAKand IsARA, the laore, a river of Gaul.

Another called the Oysc, which falls

iato the Seine below Paris.

IsAK and IsiEUft, a river of Vindelicia.

IsARCHus, an Athenian archon,B.C. 44.

IsAURA, the chief town of Isauria.

Ibauria, a country of Asia Minor, near
mount Taurus.

IsAURieus, a surname of P. Servilius.

Isaurus, a river of Umbria. Anoth^

er in Magna Grscia.

IscHE Ni A, an annual festival at Olympia.

IscHoLAus, a brave and prudent general
of Sparta.

IscHoMACHCs, a noble athlete of Cro-
tona.

IscHOPOLis, a town of Pontus.

IsDEOKRDEs, a king of Persia, appointed
by the will of Arcadius, guardian to The-
odoaius the second. He dfied in his thirty-
first year, A. D. 408.

Isi A, certain festivals observed in hon-
or of Ms, which continued nine days.
These festivals were adopted by the Ro-
mans, among whom they soon degenera-
ted into licentiousness.

IsiACORUM PORTU8, a harbor on the
jhore of the Euxine, near Dacia.

IsiDORus, a native of Charax, in the age
of Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote some histo-
rical treatises. A disciple of ChrysM-

tom. A Christian Greek writer, who

ItouriBbed in the seventh century.

Isis, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians,
daughter of Satam and Rhea, according to
Diodoms of Sicily. Osiris and Isis reign-
ed conjointly in Egypt ; but the rebellion
of Typhon, the brother of Osiris, proved
fatal to this sovereign. As Isis was sup-
posed to be the moon and Osiris the sun,
sh9 was represented as holding a globe in
ber hand, with a vessel fUll of ears of
com.

IsMABus, a ragged mountain of Thrace,

covered with vines and olives. Its

wines are excellent. A Theban, son of

Astacus. A son of Eumolpos. A

Lydian who accompanied iEneas to Italy.

Isms If s, a daughter of CEdipus and Jo-
easta, who, when her sistw Antigone had
been condemned to be buried alive by
Creon, for giving burial to her brother
Polynices against the tyrant's positive or-
ders, declared herself as guilty as her sis-
ter, and insisted upon 4>eing equally pun^

ished with her. A daughter of the river

Asopus.

IsMEivi AS, a celebrated musician of The-
bes. A Theban, bribed by Timocrates

of Rhodes. A Theban general, sent to

Persia with an embassy by his countrymen.
As none were admitted into the kiirg's
presence without prostrating themselves
at his feet, Ismenias had recourse to arti-
fice to avoid doing an action which would
prove disgraceful to his country. When
he was introduced he dropped his ring,
and the motion be made to recover it from
the (H'ound wVis mistaken for the most
subiQissive homage, and Ismenias had a

satisfactory audience of the monarch.

A river of Boeotia.

IsMENiDEs, an epithet applied to tb«
Theban women.

IsMENius, a surname of Apollo. .

IsMENus, a son of Apollo and Melia.

A son of Asopus and Metope.

A son of Niobe, killed by Apollo.

Isocrates, a celebrated orator, son of
Theodoras, a rich musical instrument
maker at Athens. The defeat of the
Athenians at Chernniea had such an effect
upon his spirits, that be did not survive
the disgrace of his country, but died, after
he had been four days without taking any
aliment, in the ninety-ninth year of his
age, about three hundred and thirty-eight
years before Christ. Isocrates has always
been much admired for the sweetness and
graceful simplicity of his btyle. for the
harmony of his expressions, and- tb« dig-
nfty of his language. One of the offi-
cers of the Peloponnesian fleet. One

of the disciples ofJsocrates. A rhetoric

cian of Syria.

IssA, now lM8a, an island in the Adri-
atic sea. A town of Illyricum.

IssE, a daughter of Macareus, the son
of Lycaon. She was beloved by Apollo^
who to obtain her confidence changed
himself into the form of a shepherd.

Issus, now AisBe, a town of Cilicia, on
the confines of Syria, famous for a battle
fought there between Alexander the Great
and the Persians under Darius their king,
in^ October, B. C. 333, in consequence or
which it was called JVUopolif.

IsTER and IsTRus, an historian, discir

pie to Callimachus. A large river of

Europe, called also the Danube* A son

ftfJSgyptus. ■ ,

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IsTRHiA, sacred gataies among the
Greeks, which received their name from
the isthmus of Corinth, where tliey were
observed. They were celebrated in com-
memoration of Melicerta, who was chang-
ed into a sea deity, when his mother Ino
had thrown herself into the sea with him
in her ^rms. These games were observed
every third, or rather fifth, year.

IsTHHiDs, a k'mg of Messenia.

Isthmus, a 6m^l neck of land which
joins one country to another.

IsTLjEoTis, a country of Greece, near
Ossa.

IsTEiA, a province at the west of lUyri-
cum,whoBe mhabitanta were originally pi-
rates, and lived on plunder.

IsTROPOLiB, a city of Thrace.

Itxn and Antiphus, sons of Priam, the
latter by Hecuba, and the former by a
coi^cubine. They were both killed by
Agamemnon. A city of Bcsotia.

Italia, a celebrated country of Eu-
rope, bounded by the Adriatic and Tyor-
bene seas and the Alpine mountains.
The boundaries of Italy appeared to have
been formed by natui^ itself, which seems
to have been particularly careful in sup-
p]yin|; this country with whatever may
contribute not only to the support, but also
to the pleasures and luxuries or life. It
has been called the garden of Europe.
The ancient inhabitants called themselves
AborigiTtes, offspring of the soil, and the
country was soon after peopled by colo-
nies from Greece.

Italica, a town of Italy, called also

Corfinium. A town of Spain, now Se-

viUa la Figa.

iTALfcus, a poet.

It ALUS, a son of Telegonus.— — An Ar-
cadian prince, who came to Italy, where
he established a kingdom, called after him.

" A prince whose daughter Roma is

said to have -cnfMied JEiytBM or Ascanius.

Itaroris, a river of Gennany.

Itca, a daifghter of Danaus.

Itehalxs, an old man who exposed
(Edipus on mount Citheeron.

Ithaca, a celebrated island in the Io-
nian sea, on the western parts of Greece,
with a city of the same name. It is very
rocky and mountaioMui, and is now

known by the name of Isola dd Con^^ait^
or ThiachL

Ithacesije, three islands opposite Vibo,
on the coast of the Brutii.

Ithobalus, a king of Tyre, who died
B. C. 596.

Ithome, a town of Phthicftis.-i An*

other of Messenia J

Ithomai A, a festival in which musiciand
contended, observed at Ithome, in honor
of Jupiter*

iTHTPHAU^tTS} an obscene name of Pria^
pus.

Itius PoiiTD% a town of Gaul^ bow
Wetsand, or Boulogne in Picardy.

Itoma, a surname of Minerva.

Itokus, a king of Thessaly, son «f Dett*
calion.

Ituna, a river of Britain.

Itursa, a country of Palestine, whose
inhabitants were very skilful in drawing
the bow.

Iturum, a town of Umbria.

Ittldi, a son of Zetheus, and iEdon,
killed by his mother.

Ittr^i, a people of Palestine.

Itt«, a son or Tereus king of Thrace,
by Procne, daughter of Pandion, kfaig or
Athens. He was killed by his mother
when he was about six years old, and
served up as meat before his father. He
was changed into a pheasant, his mother
into a swallow, and his father into an

owl. A Trojan who came to Italy with

iGneas.

luLUs, the name of Ascanius, the son
of iEneas. A son of Ascanius. -

IxiBATJB, a people of Pontus.

IxioN, a king of Thessaly, son of Phle-
gas. Jupiter carried him to heaven, and
introduced him at the tables of the gods.
Such a fkvor, which ought to have awak-
ened gratitude in Ixion, served only to in-
flame his lust ; he became enamored of
Juno, and attempted to seduce her. Ju-
piter struck him with his thunder, and
ordered Mercury to tie him to a wheel
in hell which continually whirls round.
The wheel was perpetually in motion,
therefore the punishment of Ixion was
eternal One of the Heraclids.

IxioNiDEs, the patronymic of Pirithom
son of Ixion.

JANICULUM and Jaiticularius mows.
one of the seven hills at Rome, joined
to the city by Ancus Martius, and made a
kind of icltadel, to protect the place apiinst
an invasion. This hill was less inhabited
than the other parts of f he city, on account
oT the grossnesfl of the air } though from its

top, the eye could have a commanding
view of the whole city. It is famous for
the burial of king Numa and the poet Itali-
cus.

Janus, the most ancient kinff who reign-
ed in Italy. He was a native of Thes-
saly, and son pf Apollo, according to i

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1^ eame to Italy, wbere be planted a col-
ony and built a small town on the river
Tiber, whicb he called Janiculum. Janus
is represented with two faces, because he
was acquainted with the past and the fu-
ture ; or, according to others, because he
was taken for the sun who opens the day
at his rising, and shuts it at his setting.
Sonae statues represent Janus with four
heads. He was chiefly worshipped among
the Romans, where he had maoy temples.
His teYnple, which was always open in
times of war, was shut Qnly three times
4]uring above seven hundfed years, under
Z*funia, 234 B. C. and under Augustus;
•and during that long period of time, the
Komans were continually employed in
■war. A street at Rome, near the tem-
ple of Janns. It was generally frequented
by usurers, money-brokers, and booksel-
lers.

Japetides, a musician at the nuptials
4>{ Perseus and Andromeda.

jAP£TU8,a8on ofCcelus or Titan, who
married Asia. The Greeks looked upon
him as the father of all mankind.

Jasoit, a celebrated hero, son of ^son,
king of lolchos, whose throne was usurp-
ed by PeliaSj and the lawful successor
driven to retirement and obscurity. Ja-
son was commanded by the oracle to visit
lolchos, his native country, and demand
the kingdom from the usurper. Pel las
consented to abdicate the crown, provid-
ed Jason would undertake an expedition
against iEetes, king of Colchis, who had
murdered their common relation, Phryx-
us. Jason accordingly embarked on board
a ship called Argo, accompanied by the
youngest and bravest of the Greeks ; and,
after a series of adventures, arrived at
Colchis. iEetes promised to restqre the

Snlden fleece, which was the cause of the
eath of Phi^xus, and of the voyage of
the Argonauts, provided they submitted to
his conditions. Jason was to tame bulls
which breathed flames, and had feet and
horns of brass, and to plough with them a
field sacred to Mars. After this he was to
BOW in the ground the teeth of a serpent,
from which armed men would arise,
whose fury would be converted against
him who ploughed the field. He was also
to kill a monstrous draeon, who watched
day and night at the Ibot of the tree on
which the golden fleece was suspended.
All these labors were to be performed in
one day ; but Medea, the king's daughter.
whose knowledge of herbs, magic, and
potions, was unparalleled, easily extricat-
ed Jason from all dangers, to the aston-
ishment and terror of his companions,
and of JEetea and the people of Colchis.
who had assembled to be spectators or
these wonderful actions. Jason tamed
the bulls with ease, ploughed the fleld,
99wed the dragon's te«>th, and, when the

armed men sinraAg from the earth, he
threw a stone in the midst of them, and
they immediately turned their weapons
one against tl^e other till they all perished.
He next went to the dragon, and, by
means of enchanted herbs, given him by
Medea, he lulled the monster to sleep, and
took from the tree the celebrated golden
fleece, which was the sole object of his
voyage. Jason then set sail fur Europe
with Medea, whom he had married ; and,
after numerous disasters, arrived safely
in Thessraly. This expedition has been
much celebrated in the ancient ages of the
world, and has employed the pens of
many writers. Some authors say that
Jason afterwards returned to Colchis,
where he reigned in great security ; others,
that, as he was one day reposing by the
side of the ship which had carried him to
Colchis, a beam fell upon his head, and he

was crushed to death. A native of Ar-

gos who wrote an history of Greece in four

books. A tyrant of Thessaly. Tral-

lia^us, a man who wrote tragedies and
gained the esteem of the kings of Parthia.

Jasosio£, a patronymic of Thoas and
Euneijs, sons of Jason and Hipsipyle.

Jekisu», a town of Syria. '

Jera, one of the Nereides.

Jericho, a city, of Palestine, besieged
and taken by the Romans under Vespa-
sian and Titus.

Jerkb, a name of Ireland.

Jeromus and JEiioNYMUs, a Greek of
Cardia, who wrote an history of Alexan-
der.— A native of Rhodes, disciple of
Aristotle.

Jerusalem, the capital of Judea. Fid.
Hierosolyme.

Jetjb, a place of Sicily.

JocASTA, a daughter of Menoecens, who
married Lains, king of Thebes, by whom
she had CEdipus. She afterwards married
her son CEdipus, without knowing who
he was. When she discovered that she
had married her own son, she banged
herself in despair.

JoRDANEs, a river of Judea, illustrious
in sacred history.

JoRWANofcs, an historian who wrote on
the Goths. He died A. O. .552.

JosEPHus, Flavius, a celebrated Jew-
ish author born at Jerusalem ; who wrote
the history of the wars of the Jews, first in
Syriac, and afterwards translated it into
Greek. He was the author, also, of seve-
ral other works on the antiquities of the
Jews ; and though, in some respects, in-
imical to the Christians, yet he has com-
mended our Saviour so warmly, that St.
Jerome calls him a Christian writer. Jo-
senhus died at the age of 56, A. D. 93.

JoviANus Flavins Claudius, a native of
Pannonia, elected emperor of Rome by the
soldiers after the death of Julian. He at
first reAised to be invested with the Im-

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198

periol purple, because his siilo'jcta follow-
ed the religious principles of the late. em-
peror; but they removed his groundless
apprehensions, and, when tliey assured
him that they were warm for Christianity,
he accepted the crown. Jovian died seven
months and twenty days after his ascen-
sion.

JuBA, a king of Numidia and Maurita-
nia, who favored the cause of Pompey
fkgainst J. Cssar. He was conquered in a
battle at Thapsus, and totally abandoned
by his subjects. He killed himself with
Petrelus, who had shared his good fortune
and his adversity. His kingdom became
a Roman province, of wbfch Sallust was

the first governor. The second of that

name was the son of Juba the first. He
was led among the captives to Rome, to
adorn the triumph of Caesar. His captivi-
ty was the source of the greatest 4ionors,
and his application to study procured him
more glory than he could have obtained
from the inheritance of a kingdom. He
gained the heart of the Romans by the
eourteousness of his manners, and Augus-
tus rewarded his fidelity by giving him in
marriage Cleopatra the daughter of Anto-
ny, and conferring upon him the title of
king, and making him master of all the
territories which his father once possess-
ed.

JuoAciLii^s, a native of Asculum, cele-
brated for his patriotism.

JuDXA, a famous country of Syria,
bounded by Arabia, Egypt, Phuenicia, the
Mediterranean sea, ana part of Syria.
The inhabitants, whose history is best col-
lected from the Holy Scriptures, were
chiefly governed, af\er the Babylonish cap-
tivity, by the bign priests.

JuQALis, a surname of Juno, because
she presided over marriage.

JuoANTss, a people of Britain.

JcoARius, a street in Home, below the
capitol.

JuouHtha, the illegitimate son of Ma-
nastabaY, the brother of Micipsa. Micipsa
and Manastabal were the sons of Masinis-
sa, king of Numidia. Micipsa, who had
inherited his father's kingdom, educated
his nephew with his two sons Adherbal
and Hiempsal ; but, as he was of an as-
piring disposition, he sent him with a body
of troops to the assistance of Scipio, who
was besieging Numantia, hoping to lose' a
youth whose ambition seemed to threaten
the tranquillity of his children. His hopes
were frustrated, Jugurtha showed himself
brave and active, and endeared himself to
the Roman general. Micipsa appointed
him successor to his kingdom with his two
sons, but the kindness of the father prov-
ed fatal to the children. Jugurtha de-
stroyed Hiempsal, and stripped AdherbiU
of his possessions, and obliged him to'fly to
Rome for safety, The Romans listened to

the welKgrounded complaints of Adher-
bal, bufe Jugurtha's gold prevailed among
the^ senators, and the suppliant monarch,
forsaken in his distress, perished by the
snares of his enemy. Coecilius Metellus
was at last sent against Jugurtha, and his
firmness and success soon reduced the
crafty Numidian, and obliged him to, fly
among his savage neighbors for support^
Marius and Sylla succeeded Metellus, an<fc
fought with equal success. Jugurtha waft
at last betrayed by his father-in-law Boc-
chus, from whom he claimed assistance,,
and he was delivered into the hands of
Sylla, after Carrying on a war of five years..
He was exposed to the view of the Roman
people, and dragged in chains to adorn th&
triumph of Marius. He was afterwards
put 'in a prison, where he died six days
after of hunger, B. C. 106. The name and
the wars of Jugurtha have been immortal-
ized by the pen of Sallust.

Julia lex, the name of several laws
passed in Rome j de ^ovindiSi de eumpti-
hu8, de civiiate, de judicibiis, de ambitu,
&c. ScCi

Julia, a daughter of J. Ciesar, by Cor-
nelia, famous for her personal charms and
for her virtues. She married Corn. Ccepio,
whom her fkther obliged her to divorce to
marry Pompey the Great. Her amiable
disposition more strongly cemented the
friendship of the father and of the son-in-
law ; but her sudden death in child- bed,
B. C. 53^ broke all ties of intimacy and re-
lationship, and soon produced a civil war.
The mother of M, Antony, whose hu-
manity is greatly celebrated in saving her
brotlierin-law J. Caesar from the cruel

prosecutions of her son.- An aunt of

J. Cssar, who married C. Marius. Her
ftineral. oration was publicly pronounced

by her nephew. The only daughter of

the emperor Augustus, remarkable for her
beauty, genius, and debaucheries. She
was starved to death, A. D. 14, by order
of Tiberius. A daughter of the empe-
ror Titus. A daughter of Julia, the

wife of Agrippa, who married Lepidus,
and was banished for her lirentiousness.

A licentious daughter of Germanicus

and Agrippina, bom in the island of Les-
bos, A. D. 17. She married k senator
called M. Vinucius, at the age of sixteen,
and was put to death about the twenty-
fourth year of her age. A celebrated '

woman, born in Phcenicia. She is also
called Domna. She applied herself to the
study of geometry and philosophy, &c.
and rendered herself conspicuotts,as much
by her mental as by her personal charms.
She came to Rome, where her learning
recommended her to all the literati of the
age. She married Septimius Severus,
who, twenty y^ars after this matrimonial
connexion, was invested with the impe-
rial purple. She stervedj^rself when her

199

unbitions views were defeated by Macri-
nu8, who aspired to the empire io prefer-
ence to her, after the death of Caracalla.
A town of Gallia Togata.

JuLiAcoM, a town of Germany, now
JmJiers.

JuLiANUs, a son of Julias Constantius,
the brother of Constantine the Great, born
at Constantinople. In his youth he was
taught the doctrines of the Christian reli-
gion, and exhorted to be modest and tem-
perate i but he soon afterwards showed
his dislike fyr Christianity, by secretly
cherishing a desire to become one of the
votaries of Paganism, and applied himself
.to the study of magic and astrology.
About the twenty-sixth year of his age,
fie was appointed by Constans over Gaul,
Kvith the title of CiBsar; and he distin-
^ished himself by his prudence, valor.
and the numerous victories he obtainea
over the enemies of Rome in Gaul and
Germany. His mildness and condescen-
sion gained him the hearts of his soldiers ;
and when Constans, to whom Julian was
become suspected, ordered him to send
him part of his forces, to be sent into the
east, the army mutinied, and refused to
obey the mandate of the emperor. They
compelled Julian to accept th# title of in-
dependent emperor and of Augustus ; and
the death of Constans, which shortly after-
wards happened, left him sole master of
the Roman empire. Julian then disclosed
bis religious sentiments, and publicly dis-
avowed the doctrines of Christianity'. Af-
ter he had made his public entry into Con-
stantinople, he determined to continue the
Persian war ; and, when he had crossed
the Tigris, he destroyed his fleet, and ad-
vanced into the enemy's coui'try. He
was, however obliged to retire ; and he
inarched up the sources of the river, de-
termined to imitate the bold return of the
ten thousand Greeks. As he advanced
throngh the country, he defeated the offi-
cers or Sapor, king of Persia ; but an en-
gagement proved fatal to him, and he re-
ceived a deadly wound while animating
his soldiers. The last moments of Julian
were spent in a conversation with a phi-
losopher concerning the immortality of the
soul ; and he died without showing any
sorrow for his fate, or the suddenness of

his death. A son of Constantine. A

maternal uncle of the emperor Julian.

A Roman emperor. A Roman who pro-
claimed himself emperor in Italy during
the reign of Dioclesian. — -A governor of
Africa^

JuLii, a family of Alba, brought to
Borne by Romulus, where tbey soon rose
to the greatest honors of the state. J.
Cesar and Augustus were of this family.

JuLioMAOus^a city of Gaul, now Angers
jn Anjou.

JuLioroLis, a town of Bithynia. '

JuLis, A town of the island of Cos,
which gave birth to Simonides, Sec. The
walls of this city were all marble.

Julius Cjesar. Vid. Cjesar.——— Agri-
cola, a governor of Britain, A. C. 80, who
first discovered that Briftiin was an island

by sailing round it. Obsequens, a Latin

writer, who flourished A. D. 214. Titi-

anus, a writer in the age of Dioclesian.
His son became famous for his oratorical
powers, and was made preceptor in the

family of Maximinus. Africanus, a

chronologer, who flourished A. D. 220.

Constantius, the father of ttie emperor

Julian. Pollux, a grammarian of Nau-

pactus, in Egypt. Canus, a celebrated

Roman, put to death by order of Caracal-
la. Proculus, a Roman, who solemnly

declared to his countrymen, after Romu-
lus had disappeared, that he had seen
him above an human shape, and that he
had orderea him to tell the Romans to
honor him as a god. L. Ctesar, a Ro-
man consul, uncle to Antony the triumvir.

Atnia lex, Saerata, by L. Junius Bru-
tus, the first tribune of the people, A. U.
C. 260. It ordained that the pierson of the
tribune should Ite held sacred and inviola-
ble. Another, A. U. C. 627, which ex-
cluded aU foreigners from enjoying the
privileges or names of Roman citizens.

JuwiA, a niece of Cato of Utica, who

married Cassius. Calviua, a beautiful

Roman lady

Junius Bl^sus, a proconsul of Africa

under the emperors. Lupus, a senator

who accused Vitellias of aspiring to the
sovereignty

Juno, the daughter of Saturn and Ops,
sister and wife of Jupiter, queen of heaven,
and goddess of marriages and births. Her
temples were numerous, the most famous
of which were at Argos, Glympia, &ic.
No woman of debauched character was
permitted to enter, or even touch them.
She protected cleanliness, patronised the
most faithful and virtuous of the sex, and
severely punished incontinence and lewd-
ness in matrons. The surnames of Juno
are various, they are derived either from
the function or things over which she pre-
sided, oc from the places where her wor-
ship was established. She is represented
sitting on a throne with a diadem on her
head, and a golden sceptre in her right
hand. Some peacocks generally sat by
het, and a cuckoo often perched on her
sceptre, while Iris behind her displayed
the thousand colors of her beautiful rain-
bow. She is sometimes carried through
the air in a rich chariot drawn by pea-
cocks. The Roman consuls, when they^'
entered upon oflice, were always obliged
to ofl^er her a solemn sacrifice. The Juno
of the Romans was called Matrona or Ro-
mana. She was generally represented as
veiled from bead to foot* .

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JuNoNALiA and JuironiA, festivals at
Rome in honor of Juno. ^

JuNONEs, a name of the protecting ge-
nii of the women timiong the Romans.
' Juno Ml, two islamis, supposed to be

among the Fortunate islands. A name

which Gracchus gave to Carthage, when
he went with six thousand Romans to re-
build it. \

JuNONioENA, a surname of Vulcan aa
son of Juno.

JuNONis, promontorium, a promontory

of Peloponnesus. Lacinis temphim, a

temple of Juno in Italy.

Jupiter, the most powerful of all the
gods of the ancients. Several of this
name are mentioned by the ancient wri-
ters. To that of Crete, who passed for the
son of Saturn and Ops, the actions of the
rest have been attributed. As soon as he
was a year old, Jupiter found himself suffi-
ciently strong to make war against the Ti-
tans, who had imprisoned his father be-
cause he had brought up male children i
The Titans were conquered, and Saturn
set at liberty by the hands of his son. Sa-
turn, However, soon after, apprehensive
of the power of Jupiter, conspired against
his life, and was, for this treachery, driven
from his kingdom, and obliged to fly for
safety into Latium. Jupiter, now become
the sole master of the empire of the world,
divided it with his brothers. He reserved
for himself the kingdom of heaven, and
gave the empire of the sea to Neptune,
and that of the infernal regions to Pluto.
The peaceful beginning of his reign was
soon interrupted by ,the rebellion of the
f iants, who were sons of the earth, and
■who wished to revenge the death of their
relations the Titans. They were so pow-
erful that they hurled rocks, knd heaped
up mountains upon mountains, to scale
heaven, so that' all the gods to avoid their
fury fled to Egypt, where they escaped
from the danger by assuming the form of
dlflbrent animals. Jupiter, however, an-
imated them, and by the assistance of
Hercules, he totally overpowered the gi-
gantic race, which .had proved such tre-
mendous enemies.' Jupiter, now freed
from every apprehension, gave himself up
to the pursuit of pleasures. The worship
of Jupiter was universal ; he was the
Ammon of the Africans, the Belus of
Babylon, the Osiris of Egypt, &c. His
surnames were numerous, many of which
he received from the place or function
over which he presided. The worship of
Jupiter surpassed that of the other gods in

solemnity. He is generally represented
as sitting upon a golden or ivory throne,
holding, in one hand, thunderbolts just
ready to be hurled, and, in the other, a
sceptre of cypress. His looks express ma-
jesty, his beard flows long and neglected,
and the eagle stands with ex|)anded w^ings
at his feet. He was represented at 01ym<.
pia with a crown like olive branches, his
mantle was variegated with different
flowers, particularly by the lily, and the
eagle perched on the top of the sceptre
which he held in his hand.

Jura, a high ridge of mountains sepa-
rating the Helvetii from the Sequani, or
Switzerland from Burgundy.

JljsTiNus M. JuNiANDSj a Latin histo-
rian in the age of Antonmus, who epito-.
mised the history of Trogus Pompeius.
This epitome is replete with many judi-
cious reflections, and animated harangues;
but the author is often too credulous, and
sometimes examines events two minutely^
while others' are related only in a few

words too often obscure. Martyr, a

Greek father formerly a Platonic phiioso*

pher, bora in Palestine. An empieix>r of

the east who reigned nine years, and died

A. D. 526. Another, who died A. D.

564, after a reign of thirty-eight years.

Another, who died 577 A. P. after a reign
of thirteen years.

JuTURrTA,a sister of Turnus, kingoft|]e
Rutuli. She heard with contempt the ad^
dresses of Jupiter, or, according to others,
she was not unfavorable to his passion^ so
that the god rewarded her love with im-
mortality.

JuvENALia, Decius Junius, a poet boHi
at Aquinum in Italy. He came early to
Rome, and. passed some time in declaim-
ing; after which he applied himself to
write satires, sixteen of which are extant.
After the death of Nero, the satirist was
sent by Domitian as governor on the fron-
tiers of Egypt. Juvenal was then in the
eightieth year of his age, and he suflfered
much from the trouble which attended his
oflice, or rather his exile. He returned,
however, to Rome and died in the reign of.
Trajan, A. D. 128. His writings are fiery '
and animated, and thev abound with hu-
mor. He may be called^ and with reason,
perhaps, the last of the Roman poets.

JuvENTAS or JuvENTus, s goddess at
Rome, who presided over youth and vi-
gor.

JuTERNA, or HiBERNiA, au Islaud at the
west of Britain, now called IreUand,

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201

LAANBER, a youth, brotlier to Nico-
crates, tyrant of Cyrene.

Laarchus, thQ guardian of Battus of
Cyrene. He usurped the sovereign power
and was assassinated.

Labaris, a king of Egypt after Sesos-
Ina.

Laboa, a daughter ot AmphJon, one of
the Bacchiadse, bom lame.

Labdacides, a name given to CEdipus,
■as descended from Labdacus.

Labdacus, a son of Polydorus by Nyc-
teis, and father to Laiua. It is unkJiown
whether he jever sat on the throne of
Thebes.

Labdalon, a promontory of Sicily.

Labzalis, a lake in Oalmatia.

liABjso, Antistitts, a celebrated lawyer
in the age of Augustus, whose views he
opposed, and whose offers of the consul-
ship he refused. His works are lost.

A tribune of the people at Rome, who
condemned the censor Metellus to be

thrown down from the Tarpeiah rock.

Q,. Fabius, a Roman consul, A. U. C. 571,
who obtained a naval victory over the fleet

of the Cretans. Actius, an obscure

poet.

LiABSRius, J. Dkcimus, a Roman knieht
famous for his poetical talents in writing
pantomimes. J. Caesar compelled him to
act one of his characters on the stage.
Laberius died ten months after the mur-
der of J. Cssar. Q,. Durus, a tribune

of the soldiers in Cssar's legions.

Lab I CUM, now CoZoAna,.a town of Italy,
called also Laoicum.

ItABiKNus, aq.^ofIicer of Cesar in the
'wars of Gaul. -^ A* Roman who followed
the interest of Brutii^ and Cassius,

Titus, an historian and orator at Rome in
the age of Augustus. The senate ordered
his papers to be burnt on account of their
seditious contents ; and Labienus, unab.Ie
to survive the loss of his writings, destroy-
ed himself.

LABiifRTus or Labtitbtus, a king of
Babylon, Stc.

liABoTAs, a river near Antioch in Syria.

A son of Echestratus, who made war

«gainst Argos.

Labradbus, a surname of Jupiter in
Caria.

Labroit, a part of Italy on the Mediter-
lanean.

Labtrinthus, a building whose nume-
rous passages and perplexing windings
render the escape from it difficult, and
almost impracticable. There were four
very famous among the ancients, one near
the city of Crocodiles or Arsinoe, another
in Crete, a third at Lemnos, and a fourth
in Italy built by Porsenna. That of Egypt
was theimost ancient, and Herodotus, who
jaw it, declares that the beauty and the
art of tho building were almost beyond
belief. Xt was built by twelve kings who

at one time leigned in Egjrpt, and it was
intended for the place of their burial, and
to commemorate the actions of their reign.

LAcasNA, an epithet applied to a female
native of Laconia.

LAC£DjiM05, a sdn of Jupiter and Tay-

Seta the daughter of Atlas. From Lace-
amon and his wife, the capital of Laconia

was called Lacedwmon and Sparta. A

noble city of Peloponnesus, the capital of
Ldiconia, called also" ^artUj and now
known by the name of Miaitnu In the
year 191, B C. Lacedeemon joined the
Achaean league, and about three years af-
ter the walls were demolished by order of
Phllopcemen. The territories of Laconia
shared the fate of the Achaean confede-
racy, and the whole was conquered by
Mummius, 147 B. C. and converted into a
Roman province. The inhabitants of
Lacedeemon have rendered themselves il-
lustrious for their courage and intrepidity,
for their love of honor and liberty, and for
their aversion to sloth and luxury. In the
affairs of Greece, the interest of the La-
cedaemonians was often powerful, and oh-
tained the superiority for five hundred
years. Their jealousy of the power and

?eatness of .the Athenians is well known,
he authority of their monarchs was
checked by the watchful eye of the Epho-
ri, who had the power of imprisoning
the kings themselves if guilty of misde-
meanors. The names of Lacedamon and
Sparta are promiscuously applied to the
capital of Laconia, and often confounded
together. The latter was applied to t^e
metropolis, and the former was reserved
for the inhabitants of the suburbs, or rath-
er of the country contiguous to the walls
of the city. The place where the city
stood is now called Paleo Chori, {the old
town,) and the new one erected on its ruins
at some distance on the west is called Jtfi-
satra. There were some festivals cele-
brated at Lacedeemon the names of which
are not known. It was customary for the
women to drag all the old bachelors round
the altars and beat them with their fists,
that the shame and ignominy to which
they were exposed mi^t induce them to
marry.

LACEDAHonrii and LAcsDJCMoifsa, the
iBhabitants of Lacedaemon.

LACSD-KMoifius, a son of Cimon by CU-
toria.

Lagerta, a rich soothsayer in Domi-
tiaa's age.

LACETArviA, a district at the north of
Spain.

Lachareb, a man who seized the su-
preme power at Athens and was banished

B. C. 396. An Athenian three times

taken prisoner. — —A son of Mithridates
king of Bosphorus. -A robber condemn-
ed' by M. Antony. An Egyptian burled

la the labyrinth near Arsinoe.

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Laches, an Athenian general in the age

of Epaminondas*. An Athenian sent

with Cartas at the head of a fleet in the
first expedition undertaken against Sicily

in the Peloponnesian war. An artist

who finished the Colossus of Rhodes.

Lachesis, one of the Parcse. She pre-
sided over futurity, and was represented
as spinning the thread of life, or accord*
ing to others, holding the spinale.

Lacidas, a Greek philosopher of Cyrene,
who flourished B. C. 241. He was greatly
esteemed hy king Attains who gave him a
carden where he spent his hours ifi study.
He died through excess of drinking.

Lac IDES, a village near Athens.

Lacinia, a surname of Juno from her'
temple at Lacinium in Italy.

Lacixiensis, a people of Liburnia.

Lacinium, ajiroinontory of Magna Gre-
ciiu now cape Colonna.

Lacmon, a part of mount Pindus.

Laco, a favorite of Galba, mean and
cowardly in his character. An inhabi-
tant of Laconia or Lacedemon.

Lacobriga, a city of Spain.

Laconia, Laconica, and LACBD^CMoif,
a country on the southern parts of Pelo-
ponnesus, having Argos and Arcadia on
the north, Messenia on the west, the Me-
diterranean on the south, and the bay of
Argos at the east, ita extent from north
tp south was about fifty miles. It is wa-
tered by the river Eurotas. The capital is
called Sparta or Laced temon.

Lacrates, a Thebao general.

Lacrines, a Lacedaemonian ambassa-
dor to Cyrus.

Lactantius, % celebrated Christian vni-
ter. The expressive purity, elegance, and
energy of his style have gained him the
name of tlie Christiati Cicero. He died
A. D. 335.

Lacter, a promontory of the island of
Cos.

Lacvdes, a philosopher.

Lacydus, an effeminate king of Argos.

Ladas, a celebrated courier of Alexan-
der, born at Sicyon.

Lade, an island of the /Bgean sea.

Lades, a son of Imbrasus, killed by
Turnus.

Ladooea, a village of Arcadia.

Ladon, a river of Arcadia falling into
the Alpheus. An'Arcadian who follow-
ed iEneas into Italy. One of Actaeon's

dogs.

Ljelaps, one of Actaeon's dogs. The

dog of Cephalus.

LiELiA, a vfstal virgin.

Ljkl'ianps, a general, proclaimed em-
peror in Gaul by his soldiers, A. D. 268,
after the death of Gallienus. His triumph
was short ; he was conquered and put to
death after a few months reign.

C. Ljelius, a Romkn consul, A. t^, C.
614, surnamed SapieM, His modesty, hu-

manity, and the manner fn which fiepal^
ronised letters, are as celebrated as hit
greatness of mind and integrity in the

character of a statesman. Another

consul. Archelaus, a famous gramma-
rian.

Lf NA and Lbjbna, the mistress of Har-

modius and Arlstogiton. A man who

was acquainted with the conspiracy form-
ed against Cssar.

Lj£nas, a surname of the Popilii at
Rome.

Ljbneus, a river of Crete.

La FA Magna, a town of Spain.

Laertes, a king of Ithaca, son of Ar-
cesius and Chalcomedusa, who married
Anticlea the daughter of Autolycus. An-
ticlea was pregnant by Sisyphus when she
married Laertes, and eight months after
her union with the king of Ithaca she
brought forth a son called Ulyss^. Ultfs-
ses was treated with parental care by La-
ertes, though not really his son, and Laer-
tes ceded to him his crown and retired into
the country, where he spent his time in
gardening. A city of Cilicia.

Laertius DioosNBs, a writer born at
Laertes.

Ljestrvgones, the most ancient inha-
bitants of Sicily. They fed on human
flesh, and when Ulysses came on their
coasts, they sunk his ships and devoured
his companions.

Ljeta, the wife of the emperor Gratian.

Ljctoria Lex ordered that proper per-
sons should be appointed to provide for
the security and the possessions of such aa
were insane, or squandered away their
estates.

Ljetus, a Roman whom Commodus con-
demned to be put to death. A general

of the emperor Severus, pot to death for
hiii treachery to the emperor.

Ljevi, the ancient inhabitants of Gallia
Transpadana.

L^viNus, a Roman consul sent against
Pyrrhus, A. U. C. 474^ and defeated.

Laoaria, a town of^ Lucania.

Laoia, a name of the island Deloa.

Laginia, a town of Caria.

Lagub, a Macedonian of mean extrao-
tlon. He received in marriage Arsinoe
the daughter of Meleager, who was then
pregnant of king Philip, and being willing
to hide the disgmce of^ his wife, he expos-
ed the child in the woods. An eagle pre-
served the life of the infant, and fed him
with her prey. This uncomiiion preserv-
ation was divulged by Lagus, who adopted
the child as his own, and called him Pto-
lemy, conjecturing that as bis life had
been so miraculously preserved, hit days
would be spent in grandeur and affluencah
This Ptolemy became king of Egypt alter
the death of Alexander. The first of the
Ptolemies is called Lagus, to distinguish
him fh>m hit succetsori of the tame niune«

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LA'

The floraame of Logides was transmitted
to iiA his descendants on the Egyptian
throne till tbe reign of Cleopatra, Antony's

mistress. A Rutulian, killed by Pallas

son of Evander.

Laousa, an island in the Pamphylian
sea.— — Another near Crete.

Laotra, a city of Taurica Chersonesus.

Ijaiad£«, a patronymic of (Edipus son
ofLaius.

Liai AS, a king of Arcadia who succeeded
bis father Cypselus. A king of Elis.

LiAis, a celebrated courtezan, daughter
nf Timandra the mistress of Alcibiades,
"bom at Hyccara in Sicily. She was car-
ried away from her native country into
Oreece, when Nicias the Athenian gen-
eral invaded Sicily.

Lai us, a son of Labdacus, who succeed-
ed to the throne of Thebes. An ora^e ia-
tbrmed him that he should perish by the
band of his son. The child as soon as
horn was given to a servant, with orders
to put him to death. The servant was
moved with compassion, and only exposed
him on mount Cithteron, where bis life
was preserved by a gfliepherd. The child
called GBdipus was educated in tbe court
of Polybus, and an unfortunate meeting
with his father in a narrow road proved
his ruin. GBdipus ordered his father to
make way for him without knowing who
he was ; Laius refused, and was instantly
murdered by his irritated son.

Lalaoe, one of Horace's favorite mis-
tresses. A woman censured for her

cruelty.

Lalassis, a river of Isauria.

Lamachds, 'a son of Xenophanes, sent
into Sicily with Nicias. He was killed
B. C. 414, hefore Syracuse. A govern-
or of Heraclea in Pontus, who betrayed
his trust to Mithridates.

Lamaluon, a large moantain of iGthio-
pia.

Lambrani, a people of Italy.

Lambrus, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, fall-
ing into the Po.

Lamia, a town of Thessaly, fanious for
a ^ege it supported after Alexander's
death. — A riverof Greece, opposite mount

GBta. A daughter of Neptune, mother

of Hierophil'e. an ancient Sibyl, by Jupiter.

Lahia and Auxssia, two deities of
Crete, whose worship was the same as at
Eleusis.

Lamiacum Bbllum happened after the
death of Alexander, when the Greeks,
and particularly the Athenians, incited by
their orators, resolved to free Greece fh)m
the garrisons of the Macedonians.

Lamije, small islands of the iEgean, op-
posite Trbaa. A celebrated family at

Home, descended from Lamus. Cer-
tain monsters of Africa, who had the face
and breast of a woman, and tbe rest of the
body like that of a seipent.

Lamias JEuv; a govenior of Syria Qn<

der Tiberius. Another, during the reign

of Domitian.

Lamirus, a son of Hercules by lole.

LAMPECto, a woman of Lacedcemon,
who was daughter, wife, sister, and mo-
ther 'of a king. She lived in the age of
Alcibiades.

Lampetia, a daughter of Apollo and
Neera. She with her sister Phietusa
guarded her father's flocks in Sicily when
Ulysses arrived on the coasts of that is-
land. These flocks it waa deemed un-
lawful and sacrilegious to touch. The
companions of Ulysses, impelled byhun-
ger, paid no regard to their sanctity, or to
the threats and entreaties of their chief;
but they carried away and killed some of
the oxen. The watchful keepers com-
plained to their father, and Jupiter, at the
request of Apollo, punished the offence of
the Greeks. The hides of the oxen ap-
peared to walk, and the flesh which was
roasting by the fire began to bellow, and
nothing was heard but dreadful noises
and loud lowings. The companions of
Ulysses embarked on board their. ships,
hut here the resentment of Jupiter follow-
ed them. A storm arose, and they all per-
ished except Ulysses, who saved himself
on the broken" piece of a mast. Accord-
ing to Ovidf lAmpetia is one of the He^
liades, who was changed into a poplar
tree at the death of her brother Phaeton.

Lampeto and Lampedo, a queen of the
Amazons, who boasted herself to be the
daughter of Mars.

Lampeus and Lampia, a mountain of
Arcadia.

Lampon, Lampos, or Lampus, one of
the horses of Diomedes — of Hector— of

Aurora. A son of Laomedon father of

Dolops. A soothsayer of Athens.

Lahponia and La'mponium, a city of

Troas. An island on the coast of

Thrace.

Lampoivius, an Athenian general.

Lampridius iELics, a Latin historian in,
the fourth century, who wrote the Uvea
of some of the Roman emperors.

Lamprus, a celebrated musician.

Lampsacus and^LAMPSAcuM, now Lam-
^aki, a town of Asia Minor on the borders
of the Propontis at the north of Abydos .
The wine of Lampsacus was famous.

Lamptera, a town of Phocjea in Ionia.

Lampterta, a festival at Pellene in
Achaia, in honor of Bacchus.

Lampus, a son of iEgyptus. A man

of Elis.

Lamus, a king of the Lwstrygones, who
is supposed by some to have founded For-
miae in Italy. The family of the Lamias
at Rome was, according to the opinion of.

some, descended from him. A son of

Hercules and Omphale A Latian chief

killed by Nisuf. A rjver of Boeotia.

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LAMTRtrs, htf^on, a surname of one of
the Ptolenies.

Lanassa, a daughter of Cleodseus, who

married Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles.

A daughter of Agathocles.

Lancsa, a fountain.

Lancia, a town of Lusitallia.

Landi, a people of Germany.

Laitoia, a river of Peloponnesus.

Langobardi, a warlike nation of Ger-
many.

Langrobrioa, a town of Lusitania.

Lanuvium, a town of Latium, about
sixteen miles from Rome on the Appian
^road. Juno had there a celebrated tem-
ple.

Laobotas, or Labotas, a Spartan king,
of the family of the Agid®, who succeed-
ed his father Echestratus, B. C. 1023. He
sat on the throne for thirty-seven-years.
. La oc CON, a son of Priam and Hecuba.
As being priest of Apollo, he was commis-
sioned by the Trojans to offer a bullock to
Neptune to render him pnipitious. During
the sacrifice two enormous serpents issued
from the sea, and attacked Laocoon's two
sons who stood next to the altar. The
father immediately attempted to defend
his sons, but the serpents falling upon
him squeezed him in thpir complicated
wreaths, so that he died in the greatest
agonies. This punishment was inflicted
upon him for his temerity in dissvading
the Trojans to bring into the city the fatal
wooden horse.

Laodamas, a son of Alcinous, king of
the Phaeacians, who offered to wrestle
with Ulysse'is, while at his father's court.

A son of Eteocles, king of Thebes.

. Laodamia, a daughter of Acastus and
Astydamia, who married Protesilaus, the
son of Iphiclus king of a part of Thessaly.
The departure of her husband for the Tro-
jan war was the source of grief to her,
■ but wjien she heard that he had fallen by
the hand of Hector her sorrow was in-
creased. She destroyed herself. A

daughter of Bellerophon by Achemone the
daughter of king lobates. She had a son
by Jupiter, called Sarpedon. She dedi-
cated herself to the service of Diana, and
-hunted with her, but her haughtiness
proved fatal to her, and she perished by

the arrows of the goddess. A daughter

of Alexander, king of Epirus, by Olympia
the daughter of Pyrrhus. She was assas-
shiated in the temple of Diana.

Laodice, a daughter of Priam and He-
cuba. Laodice threw herself down from
the top of a tower and was killed when

Troy wa» sacked by the Greeks. One

of the Oceanides. A daughter of Ciny-

ras, by whom Elatus had some children;
•—A daughter of Agamemnon. A sis-
ter of Mithridates. A queen of Cappa-

docia, put to death by her subjects for poi-
soning five of her children. A sister

and wife of Antiochas 3d. She put to
deatli Berenice, wlK)m her husband had
married. She was murdered by order of
Ptolemy Evergetes, B. C 246.

Laodicxa, now Ladik^ a city of Asia,
celebrated for its commerce, and the fine
soft and biack wool of its sheep. An-
other in Media. Another in Syria.

Another on the borders of Coelesyria.

Laodicenk, a province of Syria, which
receives its name from Laodicea, its capi-
tal.

LAODootJs, a son of Antenor, whose
form Minerva borrowed to advise Panda-
nis to break the tieaty which subsisted

between the Greeks and Trojans. An

attendant of Antilochus. A son of

Priam.

Laoooitus, a son of Bias, killed by

Achilles at the siege of Troy. A priest

of Jupiter, killed in the Trojan war.

Laogoras, a king of the Dryopes, who
accustomed his subjects to become rob-
bers.

Laogore, a dau^ter of Cinyras and
Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion. She
died in Egypt.

Laomedon, a king of Troy, killed by
Hercules for denying him his daughter
Hesione, after he had delivered her from
the sea-monster, to which she had been
exposed, on account of her father's refusal
to pay Neptune and Apollo their reward
for building the city walls. A dema-
gogue of Messina.

Laomedonteus, an epithet applied to
tlie Trojans from their king Laomedon.

Laoheoontiadje, a patronymic given to
the Trojans from Laomedon their king.

Laoitome, the wife of Polyphemus one
of the Argonauts.

Laonomeive, a daughter of Thespius,
by whom Hercules had two sons and two
daughters.

Laothoe, a daughter of Altes, who

married Priam. One of the daagbters

of Thespius, mother of Antidus, by Her-
cules.

Laous, a river of Lacedsemon.

Lapathus, a city of Cyprus.

Laphria, a surname of Diana at Patne
in Achaia, where she had a temple with %
statue ef gold and ivory, which represent-
ed her in the habit of a huntress.

Laphtstium, a mountain in Bceotia.

Lafideus, a surname of Jupiter among
the Romans.

LAPiTHiE, a people of Thessaly.

Lapitho^ a city of Cyprus.

Lapithus, a son of Apollo, by Stilbe.
He was brother to Centaurus, and" mar-
ried Orsinome, daughter of Enronymus,
by whom he had Phorbas and Peiiphas.
The name of Lapkha was given to the nu-
merous children of Phorbas and Periphas,
or rather tn the inhabitants or the country
of which th^ hs^obtained the sovereign-
Digitized by CiiOOglc

t7. The invention «f bits ^nd bridles for
hones is attributed to the Lapitbe.
LiAPiTHjfiUM, a town of Arcadia*
LtAWLAf or JaAimwDA, ene of the Naiads,
Ikmoc^s ibr her beauty and her loquacity.
liAKEirTiA and Laukbhtia, a courtezan
in the first -ages of Rome.

Ijarxs, goas of inferior power at RonM,
wbo presided over houses and families.
In process of time their power was ex-
tended not only over houses, but also over
the country and the sea. The statnes of
the Lares resembling monkeys, and eover-
ed with the skin ota dog, were placed in
a niche behind the doprs of the houses, or
around the hearths.

Ijaroa, an infamous woman in Juve-
nal's age.

LiARoos, a Latin pt>et who composed
wi th eaae and elegance. '

LiARiDss, a son of Daucus or Daunus
who assisted Turnus against ^neas.

L.ARINA, a virgin oC Italy, who accom-
panied Camilla in her war against JEneaa.
Larirum, or Larina, now Larino. a
town of the Frentani on the Tifernus be-
fore it falls into the Adriatic.

LiARissA, a daughter of Pelasgus, who
gave her name to some cities in Greece.

A city between Palestine and Egypt.

where Pompey was murdered and buriea

according to some accounts. A large

city on the banks of the Tigris. A city

of Asia Minor. Another in ifiolia,

seventy stadia from Cyme. Another

near Ephesus. Another on the borders

of the Peneus in Thessaly, the most fa-
mous of all the cities of that name. Jupi-
ter had there a famous temple, on account
of which he is called Larissaua.

Larissus, a river of Peloponnesus flow-
ing between Elis and Achaia.
Larius, a large lake of Cisalpine Gaul.
LARif OS, a smaH desolate island on the
coast of Thrace.

Laroria, a shameless courtezan in Ju-
venal's age.

Lars Tolumivius, a king of the Veientes
conquered by the Romans, and put to
death, A. U. C. 329.

T. Lartius Florus, a consul, who ap-
peased a sedition raised b^ the poorer citi-
zens, and was the first dictator ever cho-
sen at Rome, B. C. 498. Spurlus, one of

the three Romans who alone withstood
the fury of Porsenna's army at the head
of a bridge while the communication was
cutting down behind them.
Lartoljetani, a people of Spain.
Lartjc, a name given to the wicked
spirits and apparitions which, according
to the notions of the Romans, issued from
their graves in the night, and came to ter-
rify the world.

Lartmna, a town of Boeotia. An-

otber io Caria.
Lartsivm, a mountain of Laconia.
18

Lassia, an ancient name of Andros.

Laisus, or Lasus, a dithyrvnbic poet
born at Hermione in Peloponnesus, about
five hundred years before Christ, and reck-
oned among the wise men of Greece by
some.

Lasthenm, a governor of Olynthus
corrupted by Philip king of Macedonia.

A Cretan demagogue conquered by

Metellus the Roman general. A cruel

minister at the court of the Seleucidn,
kings of Syria.

Lastheitia, a woman who disguised
herself to come and hear Plato's lessons.

Lataous, a king of Pontus. One of

the companions of iBneas.

Laterarus Plautus, a Roman consnl
elect A. D. 65. A conspiracy with Piso
against the emperor Nero proved fatal to
him.

Lateriuh, the villa of Q,. Cicero at
Arpinum, near the Liris.

Latialis, a surname of Jupiter, who
was worshipped by the inhabitants of La-
tin m upon mount Albanus at stated times.

Latini, the inhabitants of Latium.

Latiitius Latiaris, a celebrated in*
former.

Latinus, a son of Fnunus by Marica,
king of the Aborigines in Italy, who from
him were called I^tini. He married Am-
ata by whom he had a son and a daugh-
ter. The son died in his infancy, and
the daughter, called Lavinia, was married
to iEneas. Latinus soon after died, and

was succeeded by his son-in-law. A

son of Sylvius ^neas surnamed also Syl- ^
vius. A son of Ulysses and Circe.

LatiCm, a country of Italy near the
river Tiber. The first inhabitants were
called Aborigines^ and received the name
of Latini from Latinus their king.

Latius, a surname of Jupiter at Rome.

Latmcs^ a mountain of Caria near Mi-
letus. It IS £unous for the residence of
Endymion.

Latorius, the god of health among the
Corinthians.

Latobrioi, a people of Belgic Gaul.

Latois, aname of Diana as being the

daughter of Latona. A country house

near Ephesus.

Latowa, a daughter of Coeus-the Titan
and Phcebe, or, according to Homer, of
Saturn. She was admired for her beauty
by Jupiter. Juno made LatoiTa the object
of her vengeance, and sent the serpent
F^thon to disturb her peace and persecute
her. At last, Latona, though persecuted
and exposed to the resentment of Juno,
became a powerfiil deity, and saw her
children receive divine honors.

Latopolis, a, city of Egypt.

Latou9,|i name given to Apollo as son
of Latona.

Latreus, one of the Centaurs, wbo,
I was slain by Census.

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Laud AMI A^ a daughter of Alexander
king of Epirus, killed by the^ enraged
populace. The wife of Protesilaus.

Laterna, the goddess of thieves and
dishonest persons at Rome. Her worship
was very popular, and the Romans raised
her an altar near one of the gates of the
city, which, from that circumstance, was

called the gate of Laverna. A place

mentioned by Plutarch, Sec.

LArERifiuH, a temple of Laverna, near
Formiae.

Laufella, an infamous woman.

Latiana, a province of Armenia Mi-
nar.

Latinia, a daughter of king Latinus
and Amata. She was betrothed to her
relation king Tiirnus, but because the
oracle ordered her father to marry her to
a foreign prince, she was given to i£ueas
after the death of Turn us.

Lavinium or Lavinum, atownof Italy,
built by iEneas, and called by that name
la honor of Lavinia the founder's wife.

Laura, a place near Alexandria in
Egypt.

Laureacum, a town at the confluence
of the Ens and the Danube, now Lorch.

Laurextaua, certain festivals celebra-
ted at Rome in honor of Laurentia, on the
last day of April and the twenty -third of
December.

Laurentes aori, the country in the
neighborhood of Laurentum.

Laurentini, the inhabitants of Lati-
um. They received this name from the
great number of laurels which grew In
the country.

Laurentius, belonging to Laurentum
or Latlum.

Laurentum, now Patemo, the capital
of the kingdom of Latium in the reign of
Latinus.

Laurion, a place of Attica, where were

Sold mines, from which the Athenians
rew considerable revenues.

Lauron, a town of Spain.

La us, now Laino^ a town on a river of
the same name, which forms the southern
boundary of Lucania.

Laus Pomfeia, a town of Italy.

Lausus, a son of Numitor, and brother
of Ilia. He was put to death by his uncle

Amulius. rA son of Mezentius, kingof

the Tyrrhenians, killed by JEneaa.

Lautium, a city of Latium.

LAUTuMiiE or liAToMix. H. pHsou at
Syracuse cut out of the solia rock by Di-
onyslus, and now converted into a subter-
raneous garden.

Leades, a son of Astacus, who killed
Eteoclus.

Leai, a nation of Pceonia, near Mace-
donia.

Leana, an infamous woman of Ath-
ens.

LxAivoES, a youth of Abydos, famous

for his amours with fiero. A Milesian

who wrote an historical comiMntary upon
his country.

Lbandre, a daughter of Amyclas, who
married Areas.

Leandrias, a Lacedaemonian refugee
of Thebes.

Leani ra, a daughter of Amyclas.

Le ARC HUB, a son of Athamas and tno^
crushed to death by his father, in a fit of
madness.

Lebadea, now Lioadias, a town of Boe-
otia, near mount Helicon.

Lebedus or Lebe0os, a town of lonia^
at the north of Colophon, where festivals
were yearly observed in honor of Bac-
chns.

Lebena, a commercial town of Crete.

Lebinthos and Lebtitthos, an island
in tha ^Egean sea.

Lech^um, now Pelago, a port of Cor-
inth.

Lectum, a promontory, now cape Baba.

Leo r THUS, a town of Euboea.

Leda, a daughter of king Thespius and
Eurythemis, who married Tyndarus, king
of Sparta. Jupiter transformed himself
into a swan to enjoy her favors, and she
brought forth two eggs, from one of which
sprang Pollux and Helena, and from the
other Castor and Clytemnestra, — ^A fa-
mous dancer in the age of Juvenal.

Ledjea. an epithet given to Hermione,
as relatea to Leda.

Ledus, now Z.ez, a river of Gaul near
the modem Montpelier.

Legio, a corps of soldiers in the Ro-
man armies, whose numbers have been
different at different times. The legion
under Romultis consisted of three thou-
sand foot and three hundred horse, and
was soon after augmented to four thou-
sand, after the admission of the Sabincs
into the city. When Annibal was in It-
aly it consisted of five thousand soldiers,
and afterwards it decreased to four thou-
sand, or four thousand five hundred.
Marius made it consist of six thousand
two hundred, besides seven hundred
horse. This was the period of its great-
ness in numbers. Each legion was divi-
ded into ten cohorts^ each cohort into three
maHipvlij and every manipulus into three
centuries or ordines. The chief com-
mander of the legion was called legatus,
lieutenant. The standards borne by the
legions were various. Sometimes a horse
or a boar was used, till the ape of Marius,
who changed all these for the eagle, being
a representation of that bird in silver,
holding sometimes a thunderbolt in its
claws.

Leitus, or Letus, a commander of the

BcBotians at the siege of Troy. One of

the Argonauts.

Lelafs, a dog that never failed to seiza
and conquer whatever animal he was oar>

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207

dered te pursue. It was given to Procris
by Diana, and- Procris reconciled herself
to her husband by presenting him with

that valuable present. One of Acta-

on's dogs.

L£L£OBs, a wandering people, compos-
ed of didTerent unconnected nations.
They were originally inhabitants of Ca-
ria, and went to the Trojan war with Al-
te« their king^ The inhabitants of Laco-
nia and Mcigara bore this name for some
time, from Lelex, one of their kings.

L<£L.£GEi», a name applied to Miletus,
because once possessed by the Leleges.

LiKLEX, an K<;yptian, who came with a
colony to Megara, wliere lie reigned about
two hundred years before the Trojan war.

A Greek, who was the first king of

Laconia in Peloponnesus.

I^ EM AXIS, a place in Britain, wher* Cm-
sar is supposed to have first landed.

L.EMAXXUS, a lake in the country of the
Allobroges. It is now called the lake of
Geneva or Lausanne.

LiEMrroa, an islarid in the ^Ggean sea,
between Tenedos, Imbros, and Samo-
thrace. It was sacred to Vulcan, called
Lemnius pater, who fell there when kicked
down from heaven by Jupiter. It was
celebrated for two horrible massacres,
that of the Lemntan women murdering
their husbands, {Vid. Hipsipyle,) and that
of the Lemnians, or Pelasgi, in killing all
the children they had had by some Athe-
nian women, whom they had carried
away to become their wives. The island
of Lemnos, now called Stalimene, was re-
duced under the power of Athens by Mil-
tiades, and the Carians, who then inhab-
ited it, obliged to emigrate.

Lemotices, a people of Gaul, now lA-
mewiin and Limoges.

LtEMovii, a nation of Germany.

Xjemures, the manes of the dead. The
aocienta supposed that the souls, after
death, wandered all over the world, and
disturbed the peace of its inhabitants.
The good spirits were called Lares famU-
iaresn and the evil ones were known by
the name of Larva! ^ or Lemurea,

Lemuria and Lemcra^ia, festivals ce-
lebrated at Rome in the month of May, in
honor of the Leraures j said to have been
instituted by Romulus.

Leiucus, a surname of Bacchus. There
was a festival called Lenma^ celebrated in
his honor, in which the ceremonies ob-
served at the other festivals of the god
chiefly prevailed. A learned gramma-
rian.

Leif TULU!i, a celebrated family at Rome,
which produced many great men in the
commonwealth. The most illustrious
were L. Corn. I^entulus, a consul, A. U.
C. 427, who dispersed some robbers who

infested Umbria. Batiatus Lentulus,

a man who trained up some gladiators at

Capua. Com. Lentulus, gumamed

Swra. He joined in Cataline's consphrar
cy, and assisted in corrupting the All(v
broges. He was convicted in full sepata
by Cicero, and put in prison,. and after-
wards executed.-^— Cn. Lentulus, sur-
named Ocetulicusy was made consul, A.D.
2d, and was, some time after, put to death

by Tiberius. P. Lentulus, a friend of

Brutus, mentioned by Cicero as a great

and consummate statesman. Besides

these, there are a few others, whose name
is only mentioned in history, and whose
life was not marked by any uncommon
event. The consulship was often 'in the
family of the Lentuli.

Leo, a native of Bysantium, who flour-
ished three hundred and fifty years before
the Christian era, famous for his philoso-
phical and political talents. A Corinth-
ian at Syracuse. A king of Sparta.

An emperor of the east, surnamed the
Thracian.

Leocorioiv, a monument and temple
erected by the Athenians to Pasithea,
Theope, and Bubule, daughters of Leos,
who immolated themselves when an ora-
cle had ordered that, to stop the raging
pestilence, some of the blood of the citi-
zens must be shed.

Leocrates, an Athenian general, who
flourished B. C. 460.

Leodamas, a son of Eteocles, one of
the seven Theban chiefs who defended

the city against the Argives. A son of

Hector and Andromache.

Leodocus, one of the Argonauts.

Leoooras. an Athenian debaachee.

Leow, a king of Sparta. A town of

Sicily, near Syracuse.

Leona, a courtezan, called also Lfena.

Leoxatus, one of Alexander's generals.
His father's name was Eunus. He dis-
tinguished himself in Alexander's con-
quest of Asia, and once saved the king's
life in a dangerous battle. Like the rist
of the generals of Alexander, he was am-
bitious of power and dominion. He pass-
e(^from Asia into Europe to assist Anti0a-
ter against the Athenians, and was killed
in a battle which was fought soon after

his arrival. A Macedonian with Pyr-

rhus in Italy against the Romans.

LEoifTDAs, a celebrated king of Lacede-
mon, of the family of the Burysthenidie,
sent by his countrymen to oppose Xerxes,
king of Persia, who had invaded Greece
with about five millions of souls. Before
the engagement Ijoonidas exhorted his
soldiers, and told them all to dine hearti-
ly, as they were to sup in the realms of
Pluto. The battle was fought at Ther-
mopyle, and the three hundred Spartans,
who alone had refused to abandon the
scene of action, withstood the enemy
with such vigor, that they n^em obliged to
retire, wearied and conquered during thioa

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■nceessive days, till Ephialtes, a Trachl-
nian, had the perfidy to conduct a detach-
ment of Persians by a secret path up the
mountains, whence they suddenly f«ll
upon the rear of the Spartans, and crush-
ed them to pieces. Only one escaped of
the three hundred j he returned home,
where he was treated with insult and re-
proaches. A king of Sparta after

Areus II. two hundred and fifty-seven

years before Christ. A preceptor to

Alexander the Great. A friend of Par-

menio. A learned man of Rhodes. "■

Leontium and Leontini, a town of
Sicily, about five miles distant from the
seashore. The country was extremely
fruitful, whence Cicero calls k the grand
magazine of Sicily. The wine which it
produced was the best of the island.

Leontium J a celebrated courtezan of
Athens who studied philosophy under
Epicurus, and became one of his most
renowned pupils.

Leoxtocsphalus, a strongly fortified
ctty of Phrygia.

Legntq-it, or Leontopous, a town of
"Egypt where lions were worshipped.

Leos, a son of Orpheus, who immolated
his three daughters for the good of Athens.

Leosthenes, an Athenian general,
>yho, after Alexander's death, drove An-
tipater to Thessaly, where he besieged
him in the town of Lamia. The success
wJiich for awhile attended his arms was
soon changed by a fatal blow which he
received from a stone thrown by the be-
sieged, B. C. 323. Another general of

Athens, condemned on account of the bad
success which attended his arms against
Peparethos.

Leotychides, a king of Sparta, son of
Menares, of the family of the Proclidae.
He was set over the Grecian fleet, and, by
his courage and valor he put an end to the
Persian war at the famous battle of My-
c^le. Leotychides was accused of a capi-
tal crime by the Ephori, and, to avoid the
punishment which his guilt seemed to de<
servo, he fled to the temple of Minerva at
Tegea, where he perished B. C. 469, after

a reign of twenty -two years. A son of

Agia, kihg of Sparta, by Timsa.

LsPHTfiuH, a city of Cilicia.

Lepida, a noble woman, accused of at-
tempts to poison her husband. She was

condemned under Tiberius. A woman

who married Scipio. Domitia, a daugh-
ter of Drusus and Antonia. She is de-
scribed by Tacitus as infamous in her
' manners, violent in her temper, and yet

celebrated for her beauty.— A wife of

Galba the emperor. A wife of Cassius.

Lepidus M. ^Emiltus, a "Roman, cele-
brated as being one of the triumvirs with
Augustus and Antony. He was of an il-
lustrious family, and, like the rest of his
conteaaporaries, he vas remarkable for

his ambition, to which was added a naf-
rowness of mjnd, and a great de^ciency
of military abilities. Augustus obliged
him to resign the power to which. he was
entitled as being a triumvir. After tliis
degrading event, he sunk into obscurity,
and so ended his days in peace, B. C. 13.

- — A Roman consul. A son of Julia,

the grand-daughter of Augustus. An

orator mentioned by Cicero. A censor.

Lepi nus, a mountain of Italy.

Lepontii, a people at the source of the
Rhine.

Lepheos, a son of Pyrgeus, who built
a town in Elis, which he called after his
own name. He laid a wager that he
would cat as much as Hercules ; upon
which he killed an ox and eat it up.

Leprium or Lepheos, a town of Elis.

Leptines, a general of Demetrius.

A son of Hermocrates, of Syracuse, broth-
er to Dionysius. He was sent by his
brother against the Carthagiqians, and
experienced so much success, that he
sunk fifty of their ship*. He was killed

in a battle tvith the Carthaginians. A

famous orator at Athens,''oppo8ed by De-
mosthenes. A tyrant of Apollonia, in

Sicily.

LsPTis, the name of two cities of Af-
rica, one of which, called Majors now
Lebidd, was near the Syrtes ; and the other,
called MinoTy now Lemta, was about
eighteen Roman miles from Adrumetum.

Leria, an island in the iEgean sea.

Lerika, or Plan ASIA, a small island In
the Mediterranean.

Lerna, a country of Argolis, celebrated
for a grove and a lake, where, according
to the poets, the Danaiaes threw the heads
of their murdered husbands. It was
there also that Hercules killed the famous

hydra. There was a festival, called

Lenuaa, celebrated there in honor of Bac-
chus, Proserpine, and Ceres.

Lero, a small island on the coast of
Gaul, called also Lerina.

liESBos, a large island in the ^gean sea,
now known by the name of Jfetefin, one
hundred and sixty-eight miles in circum-
ference. The wine which it produced
was greatly esteemed by the ancients, and
still is in the same repute among the
modems. The Lesbians ww^e celebra-
ted among the ancients for their skill in
musiQ, and their women for their beauty.

Lesbus, or Lesbos, a son of Lapithas,
grandson of iEolus.

Lesches, a Greek poet of Lesbos, who
flourished B. C. 600.

Letanum, a town of Propontis, built by
the Athenians.

Lethjbus, a river of Lydia. Anoth-
er of Macedonia of Crete.

LEtHE, one of the rivers of hell, whose
waters the souls of the dead drank after
they had been confined for a certain space

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of time In Tartarus. It had the power of
making them forget whatever they had

done, seen, or heard before. Lethe is a

river of Africa, near the Syrtes, which
runs under the ground, and sohie time

after rises again. There is also a river

of that name in Spain.

LiXTus, a mountain of Lignria.
Lev AN A, a goddess at Rome, who pre-
sided over the action of the person who
took np from the ground a newly born
child, after it had been placed there by
the midwife.

Leuca, a town of the Salentines near a

cape of the same name in Italy. A

town of Ionia— —of Crete of Argolis.

Leucas, or Leucadia, an island of the
Ionian sea now called St. Maura, near the
coast of Epirus, femous for a promoptory
called Leueate, Leucasy or Leucatesj Where
desponding lovers threw themselves into

the sea. A town of Phoenicia.

LiEucAsioN, a village of Arcadia.
Leuca9i;i9, a Lycian, one of, the com-
panions of MneBs.

Leuce, a small island in the Euxine
sea, of a triangular form, between the
mouths of the Danube ana the Borysthe-
nes. According to the poets, the souls of
the ancient heroes were placed there as in
the Elysian fields. One of the Ocean-
ides.
Leuci, a people of Gaul, between the

Moselle and the Maese. Mountains on

the west of Crete.
Leucippe, one of the Oceanides.
Lbucippides, the daughters of Leifcip-
pus.

Leucippus, a celebrated philosopher of
Abdera, about four hundred and twenty-
eight years before Christ, disciple to Zeno.
Many of his hypotheses have been adopt-
ed by the modems, with advantage. Di-

tvejtes has written his life. A brother

of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who married
Philodice daughter of Inachus, by whom
he had two daughters, Hilaira and Phcebe.
They were carried away by their cousins
Castor and Pollux, as the^ were going to
celebrate their nuptials with Lynceus and

Idas. A son of Xanthus, descended

from Bellerophon. A son of OBnomaus,

who became enamored of Daphne, and to
obtain her confidence disguised himself
in a female dress, and attended his mis-
tress as a companion. He gained the af-
fections of Daphne by his obsequiousness
and attention, but his artifice at last proved
fatal through the influence and jealousy of
his rival Apollo ; for when Daphne and
her attendants were bathing in the Ladon,
the sex of Leucippus was discovered, and
he perished by the darts of the females.

A son of Hercules by Marse, one of

the daughters of Thespius.
Leucola, a part of Cyprus.
Xjsrcovi a tyrant of Bosphorus, who
18*

lived In great intimacy with the Atheni-
ans. He was a great patron of the useful

arts. A king of Pontus killed by his

brother. A son of Athamas and The-

misto.

Leucore, a daughter of Aphidas, who
gave her name to a fountain of Arcadia.

Leucoites, a son of Hercules.

LEUcoNdE, a daughter of Lycambes.

Leucopetra, a place on the isthmus of
Corinth, where the Achsans were de-
feated by the consul Mummius. A

promontory six miles east from Rhegiuv
in Italy.

Leu'cophrts, a temple of Diana, with a
city of the same name, near the Meeander.
An ancient name of Tenedos.

Leucopolis, a town of Caria.

Leocos, a river of Macedonia near Pyd-
na.

Leucdsia, a small island in the Tyrr- .
hene sea.

Leucosyrii, a people of Asia Minor,
called afterwards Cappadocians.

Leucothoe, or Lsugothea, the wifb
of Athamas, changed into a sea deity.
She was called Matura by the Romans,
who raised her a temple, where all the
people, particularly women, offered vows
for their brothers' children. A daugh-
ter of king Orchamus by Eurynome, loved
by Apollo, who changed her into a frank-
incense tree after she had been buried alive

by order of her father. An island in

the Tyrrhene sea, near Caprese.— . A

fountain of Samos. A town of Egypt

— ^of Arabia.

LeuctrajSI village of BcBOtia, between
Platsea and Thespia, famous for the victo-
ry which Epaminondas the Theban gencr
ral obtained over the superior force of
Cleombrotus, king of Sparta, on the eighth
ofJuly,B. C. 371.

Leuctrum, a town of Laconia.

Leucus, one of the companions "of Ulys-
ses, killed before Troy.

Leucyanias,^ river of Peloponnesus.

Leutychides, a LacedtemoniaOy made
king of Sparta.

Lexotii, a people of Gaul, at the mouth
of the Seine.

LiBAwitJs, a celebrated sophist of Anti-
och in the age of the emperor Julian. He
was educated at Athens, and opened a
school at Antioch, which produced some
of the best and most of the literary char-
acters of the age. When Julian had im-
prisohed the senators of Antioch for their
impertinence, Lib^nins undertook the de-
fence of his fellow-citizens, and paid a
visit to the^mperor, in which he aston-
ished him By the boldness and indepen-
dence of hHs expressions, and the firmness
and resolution of his mind. Some of his
orations, and above one thousand six hun-r
dred of his letters are extant ; they discov-
er much aflfectatioB and obscurity of st"

210

Lib Anus, a high moQntain of Syria, f^
mouB for iU Cedars.

LiB£NTiirA, a samame of Venus, who
had a temple at Rome.

LiBKR, a surname of Bacchus, which

signifies /re«.

lilB

^iBSKA, a goddess, the same as Pros-
erpine. A name given to Ariadne.

LiBKBALiA, festivals yearly celebrated
in honor of Bacchus tlie seventeenth of
March.

Ijibxrtas,^ a goddess of Rome. She
was rapreseuted as a woman in a light
dress, holding a rod in one hand, and a
cap in the other.

LiBKTHRA, a fountain of Afignesia in
Theqsaly, or of Boeotia, sacred to the Mu-
ses.

LiBETHRiDxa, a name given to the Mu-
•es from the fountain Libethra.

LiBici, LiBEcti, or LiBRi, a peaiple of
Gaul who passed into Italy, A. U. C. 364.

LiBiTiiVA^ a goddess at Rome who pre^
sided over funerals.

Li BO, a friend of Pompey. A Ro-
man citizen.— -A friend of the first
triumvirate.

Li R oar, a Greek architect who built the
famous tdmple of Jupiter Olympius.

LiBopHCEiricEs, the inhabitants of the
country near Carthage. ^

LiBURNA, a town of Dalmatia.

LiBURNiA, now CroatiOf a coantry of
lllyricum, between Istria and Dalmatia,
whence a colony came to settle in ApuUa,
in Italy.

LiBCRNiDEs, an island on the coast of
l^burnia, in the Adriatic.

LiBuanuM mare, the sea which borders
on the coasts of Liburnia.

LiBURNus. a mountain of Campania.

LiBTA, a daughter of Epaphus and Cas-
siopea, who became mother of Agenor

and Belus by Neptune. A name given

to Africa one of the three grand divisions
of the ancient ^be. Libya, properly
speaking, is only a part of Africa, hound-
ed on the east by iGgypt, and on the west
by that part called by the moderns the
kingdom of Tripoli.

LiBTcuM MARE, that jmrt of the Medi-
terranean, which lies on the coast of Cy-
rene.

LiBTcus and Libtsti^. Fid. Libya.

LiBTs, a sailor.

Libtssa, a river of Bithynia^ with a
town of the same name.

IiicATEs, a people of Vindelicia.

LicHA, a cl^ near Lycia.

LicHAOEs, small islands near Caeneum,
a mt>montory of Euboea.

LicHAfl. a servant of H^ules who
bro«ght him the poisoned tunic from De-
janira. Ho was thrown by his master
.into the sea.

LicHxfl, an Arcadian, who found the
bones of Orestes buried at Tegea.

LiciiriA LEX, was enacted by L. Lic}>
nius Crassus, and d. Mutius, consuls,

A. U. C. 657. It ordered all the inhabi-
tants of Italy to be enrolled on, the list of

citizens in their respective cities.

Another by C. Licinius Stole the tribune.
It forbade any person to possess five hun-
dred acres of land, or keep more than one
hundred head of large cattle, or five hun-
dred of small. .'Another by P. Licinius

Varus, A. U. C. 545, to settle the day for
the celebration of the Ludi JipoUinares.
Another by P. Licinius Crassus Dives,

B. C. 110. It Was the same as the Fanni-

an law. Another de sodalitiUj by M.

Libinius the consul 690. Another called

also JBEbutia, by Licinius and ^butius the
tribunes.

LiciifiA, the wife of C. Gracchus.

A vestal virgin accused of incontinence,

but acquitted A. U. C. 636. The wife

of MaecenAB.

C. LiciNiuS|. a tribune of the people
celebrated for the consequence of his fam-
ily, for his intrigues and abilities. C.

Calvus, a celebrated orator and poet in the
age of Cicero. i-Macer, a Roman accu-
sed by Cicero when praetor. P. Crassus,

a Roman sent against Perseus king of

Macedonia. A consul sent against An-

nlbal.^: Another who defeated the rob-
bers that infested the Alps. A hi^h

priest. — ^aius Imbrex, a comic poet m
the age of Africanus. Mucianus, a Ro-
man who wrote about the history and

geography of the eastern countries.

P. Tegula, a comic poet of Rome about

two hundred years before Christ. Var-

ro Murena, a brother of Proculeius, who
conspired against Augustus with Fannius

Cepio and suffered for his crime. C.

Flavins Valerian us, a celebrated Rojiian
emperor. His father was a poor peasant
of Dalmatia, and himself a common sol-
dier in the Roman annies. Having been
raised by the favor of^^aximianus, he
married the sister of Constantine, who
was also one of the emperors. The con-
tinual successes of Licinius, increased bis
pride, and rendered him jealous of the
greatness of his brother-in-law. The per-
secutions of the Christians, whose doc-
trines Constantine followed, soon caused
a rupture, and Licinius had the mortifica-
tion to lose two battles, ohe in Pannonia,
and the other near Adrianopolis. Ill-for-
tune attended Licinius, he was conquered,
and fled to Nicomedia, where soon the
conqueror obliged him to surrender, and
ordered him to be strangled, A. D. 3^4.

LiciNua,a barber of Augustus, raised
by his master to the rank of a senator.

LicYMNics, a son of Electryon and
brother of Alcmena, accidentally killed
by Triptolemus, son of Hercules.

LioE, a mountain of Caria.

d. LiGAaiu^ a Roman pro-eoniid of

211

AfiicB, after Confldius. In the civil wars
be followed the interest of Pompey, and
became afterivards one of Cesar's mur-
derers.

JLio£R, one of the Nereides. '

L>i«ER^ a Rutulian Icilled by iEneas.

LioBR or LioKRiB, now La Loire, a large
river of Gaul.

LiaoRAfl, an officer of Antiochus king
of Syria.

LiiauRBs, the inhabitants of Lignria.

LioDRi A, a country at the west of Italy,
of which the commercial town of Genoa
was anciently and is now the capital.
Liguria was subdued by the Romans, and
its chief harbor now bears the name of

LtghoTK,

LiouRiirus, a poet. A beautiful

youth in the age of Horace.

Lious, a woman who inhabited the
Alps.

IitGusTicjB Alpbs, a part of the Alps.

LiovsTiGUM Marb, the north part of
the Tyrrhene sea, now thegnlf of Genoa.

LioTEs, a people of Asia who inhabited
the country between Caucasus and the
river Phasis.

LtiorRcmM,4i mountain of Arcadia.

LiLf A, a. town of Acliaia near the
Cephisas.

LiLTBJcoif, now Boto, a promontory of
Sicily, with a town of the same name
near the iGgates^ now MareaUa, Nothing
now remains of this once powerful city
but the ruins of temples and aqueducts.

LiMAA, a river of Lusitania.

LiMsiriA, a town of Cyprus.

LiMif JBj a fortified place on the borders
of Laconia and Messenia.-— A town of
the Thracian Chersonesas.

hiuvx^du, a temple of Diana at Lim-
ns.

LncjTATiDiA, a festival in honor of Di-
ana.

Ihmiviacb, the daughter of the Ganges,
mother of Atys.

LiHROiiiA, one of the Nereides.

LiMoir, a place of Campania between
NeapoIiB and Puteoli.

LiMOKUM, a town of Gaul, afterwards
Pictavi, Poietier».

LiMTRA, a town of Lycia at the mouth
of the Limyms.

LiivcAsii, a pe<9le of Gaul Narbonen-
Bis.

LiifDuif, a colony of Britain, now JLin-
coin.

LiiTDus, a city at the south-east part of
Rhodes. A grandson of Apollo.

LiNooifES, now Langret, a people of
Gallia Belgica, made tributary to Rome by
J. Cesar. ,

LiRTERiTA PALU8, B. lake of Campania.

LiNTBRNUM, a town of Cam|>anla.

Linus. This name is common to diffei^
ent persons whose history is confused,
and who are often taken one for the other.

One who was son of Ismenlus, and b«iii
at Thebes in BoBotia, taught moeic to Her-
cules, who in « fit of anger, struck him
on the head with his lyre aOd killed him.

A fountain in Arcadia.

Li ODES, one of Penelope's suitors, kill-
ed by Ulysses.

Li PARA, the largest of the JSolian is-
lands on the coast of Sicily, now called
t^ LiparL It had a city of the same
name. The island was celebrated for the
variety of its fruits, and its raisins are

still in general repute. A^townof £tru-

ria.

LtPARis, a river of Cilicia, whoAe wa-
ters were like oil.
LiPHxuM, a town of the .£qul.
Li PoDORus, one of the Greeks settled in
Asia by Alexander.

Lk^ubntia, now Lmenia^ a river of
Cisalpine Gaul. i
LiRCiBus, a fountain near Nemea.
LiRioPE, one of the Oceanides, mother
of Narcissus by the Cephisus. A foun-
tain of Bceotia.

LiRis, now ChrigUanOj a river of Cam-
pania, which it separates from Latium

A warrior killed by Camilla.

LisiiriAs, a town of Thessaly.
LissA, the name of a fury which Euri-
pides introduces on the stage.
LissoN, a river of Sicily.
Lissus, now Alessoy a town of Macedo-
nia on the confines of Illyricum. A

river of Thrace.
Li ST A, a town of the Sabines.
I^TABRiTM, no(v BvitragOf a towA of
Spain Tarraconensis.
LiTAiTA, a wood in Gallia Togata.
LiTATicus; one of the iEdui, who as-
sisted Cesar with ten thousand men.
LiTERNUM, a town of Campania.
LiTHOBoLiA, a festival celebrated at
Trcezene in honor of Lamia^nd Auxesia.
who came from Crete, and was sacrificea
by the fury of the seditions populace, and
stoned to death.
LiTHRus, a town of Armenia Minor.
LiTHCBiuM, a town of Liguria.
LiTTBRSAS, an illegitimate son of Midas
king of Phrygia. He made btrangers pre-
pare his harvest, and afterwards put them
to death. He was at last killed by Her-
cules.

LiTiA Drusilla, a celebrated Roman
lady, daughter of L.' Drusus Calidianus.
She married Tiberius Claudius Nero, by
w^om she had the emperor Tiberius and
Drusus Germanicus. The attachment of
l^er husband to the cause of Antony waa
the beginning of her greatness. Augustus
saw her as she fled from the danger which
threatened her husband, and he resolved
to mefrzy her. He divorced his wife Scrl-
bonia, and, with the approbation of the
augurs, he celebrated his nuptials witb
Livia. Her children^ Drusus were

lOQle

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adopted by the complying emperor j and,
that she mi|;ht make the succession of her
son Tiberius more easy, and undisputed,
liivia is accused of secnetly involving in
one common ruin, the neirs and nearest
relaitions of Augustus. Livia died in the

eighty-sixth year of her age, A. D. ?9.

Another called Horestilla Another

called also Ocellina.

LiYiA Lex, de socHs, proposed to make
all the inbabitahts of Italy free citizens of

Rome. Another by M. Livius Drusua

the tribune A. U. C. 6t)2, which required
that the judicial power should be lodged
In the hands of an equal number of knights
and senators.

LiviN^Eius, a friend of Pompey.

LiviLlA, a daughter of Drusus. A

Bister of Caligula.

Livrus Androntcus, a dramatic poet
who nourished at Rome about two hundred
and forty years before the Christian era.
He was the first who turned the personal
satires and fescennine verses, so long the
admiration of the Romans, into the form

of a proper dialogue and regular play.

JA. Salinator, a Roman consul s4fkt against

the Illyrians. ^Drusus, a tribune who

joined the patricians in opposing the am-
bitious views of C. Gracchus. An un-
cle of Cato of TJtica, Titus, a native of

Padua, celebrated for his writings. He
passed the greatest part of his life at Na-
ples and Rome, but more particularly at
the court of Augustus, who liberally pat-
ronised the learned, and encouraged the
progress of literature. Few partictilars of
his life are known, yet his fame was so
universally spread even in his lifetime,
that an mhabitant of Gades traversed
Spain, Gaul, and Italy, merely to see the
man whose writings had given him such

Pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal,
livy died at Padua, in his sixty-seventh
year, and according to some, on that same
day Rome was also deprived of another of
its brightest ornaments by the death of the
poet Ovid. A. D. 17. The name of Livy
i« renderea immortal by his history of the

Roman empire.' A governor of Taren-

tum who delivered his trust to Annibal,

&;c. A high-priest who devoted Decius

to the Dii Manes. A commander of a

Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the
Hellespont.

Lixus, a river of Mauritania with a city
of the same name. A son of iEgyptus.

LoBow, a native of Argos, who wrote a
book concefning poets.

LocEus, a man who conspired against
Alexander with Dymnus.

LocHA, a large city of Africa, taken and
plundered by Scipio's soldiers.

Lochias, a promontory and citadel of
|p:gypt,near Alexandria.

Locai, a town of Magna Grtecia in Italy.
vnr-A town of l^ocrls in Greece.

LocHifl, II conntiy of Ore«co, whose to-
habitants are known by the name of Otola
Epicnemidiij and Opuntii.

LocusTA, a celebrated woman at Roma
in the favor of Nero. 8he poisoned Clau-
dius and Britannicus, and at last attempt-
ed to destroy Nero himself, for which she
was executed.

LoLLiA Paulina, a beautiflil woman
who married C. Memmius Regulus, and
afterwards Caligula. She was divorced
and put to death by means of Agrippina.

LoLLiAffus Spurius, a general proclaim-
ed emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and
soon after murdered. A consul.

M. LoLLius, a companion and tutor of
C. Caesar the son-in-law of Tiberius.

LoNDiNUM, the capital of Britain found-
ed as some suppose between the age of
Julius Cfesar and Nerof. It has been se-
verally called Londinium^ Lundinum, &c.

LoNGAREirus, a man guilty of adultery
with Fausta, Sylla's daughter.

LoNGiMANUs, a surname of Artazerzea,

LoNGivrus, DioNTsius Cassius, a cele-
brated Greek pbilosophct and critic of
Athens. He wa« preceptor of the Greek
language, and afterwards minister, to Ze-
nobia, the famous queen of Palmyra, and
his ardent zeal and spirited activity in her
cause proved, at last, fatal to him. When
the emperor Aurelian ent«-ed victorious
the gates of Palmyra, Longinns was sac-
rificed to the fury of the Roman soldiers,
A. D. d73. Longinus rendered his name
immortal by his critical remarks on an-
cient authors. His treatise on the sub-
lime, gives the world reason to lai^ent the
loss of his other valuable compositions^

Cassius, a tribune driven out of the

senate for favoring the interest of J. Ce-
sar. A governor of Judtea. A prot

consul.- A lawyer whom Nero ordered

to be put to death.

LoirooBARDi, a nation of Germany.

LoNouLA, a town of Latium.

LoNGUivTicA, a maritime city of Spain.

Loirous, a Roman consul, Jtc. A

Greek author who wrote a novel called
the amours of Daphnis and Chloe.

LoRDi, a people of Illyricum.

LoRTMA, a town of Doris.

LoTis or Lotos, a beautiful nymph,
daughter of Neptune, changed by the gods
into a tree called LotuSy consecrated ta
Venus and Apollo.

LoTopHAOi, a people on the coast of
Africa near the Syites.

Lous or Aou«, a river of MAoedonia
near Apollonia.

LuA, a goddess at Rome, who presided
over things which were purified by lustra-
tions.

Luc A, now Lucca, a city of Emiria on
the river Arnus.

LucAous, one of the friend of Tamin
](iUed by.£neas.

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LucAivi, a people of Italy, deseended

from the Samnites, or from the Brutii.

LucAiriA, a- country of Italy between
tbe Tyrrhene and Sicilian s«a8.

Q,. Itvc Attiaa, a centurion in Cssar's
army.

LucANos^M. AiTSJBus, a native of Cor-
dttba in Spain. He waa early removed to
Rome, where hia risins talenta and more
particulariy his lavished praises and pane-

grrics, recommended him to the emperor
ero. He afterwards Joined Piso in a
conspiracy ■ against the emperor. The
whole was discovered, and the poet bad
nothing left but to choose the mann» of
his execution. He had his veins opened
in a warm bath. He died in his twenty-
sixth year, A. D. 65. Of bis compositions
none but his PharsaUa remains. This
poem, which is an account of the civil
wars of Ciesar and Pompey, is unfinished.
Ocellus or Ucellus, an ancient Pytha-
gorean philosopher.

Ldcaria or I^ucKKiA, festivals at Rome,
celebrated in a large grove between the
Via Salaria and the Tiber, where the Ro-
mans J) id themselves when besieged by
the Gauls.

L. XiuccBics, a celebrated historian,
asked by Cicero to write a history of his
consulship.

LuccBius Albiitus, a governor of Mau-
ritania after Galba's death.

LucBRTUM, a town of Spain now Mir

LncBBBs. a bodv of horse composed of
Roman kni^ts, first established by Ro>
niulus and Tatius.

LuGBBiA, a town of Apulia, famous for
wool.

LncBRius, a surname of Jupiter.

LocBTiui, a Rutulian, kiUed by Ilio-
Beus.

LuciAHcs, a celebrated writer of Samo-
•ata. The emperor M. Aurelius was sen-
sible of his merit, and appointed him re-
^ster to the Roman governor of Egypt.
He died, A. D. 180, in his ninetieth year.
«nd some of the moderns have asserted
that he waa torn to pieces by dogs for his
impiety. The works of Lucian. which
^e numerous, and written in tne Atfic
<»ial«el, consist partly of dialogues, in
which he introduces different characters
With much dramatic propriety. His style
is easy, simple, elegant, and animated,
^Qd he has stored his compositions with
many lively sentiments, and much of the
true Attic wit.

liUciFBR, the name of the planet Ve-
i^UB, or morning star.

LuciFBBi FANUM, a towH of Spain.

C. liUciLius, a Roman knight born at
Aurunca, illustrious not only for the rea-
Pcctability of his ancestors, but more de-
servedly for the uprightness and the inno-
ceoce of his own immaculate character.

Of thirty sathres which he wrote, nothing
but a few verses remain. He died at Ni»>
pies, in the forty-sixth year of his age, B.

C. 103. Lucinus, a famous Roman wJio

fled with Brutus after the battle of Phi-
lippi. He was taken, and carried to the
conquerors, whose clemency spared his

life. A tribune who attemffted in vain

to elect Pouipey to the dictatorship. A

centunon. A governor of Asia under

Tiberius. A friend of Tiberius.

LuciLLA, a dau|;hter of M. Aurelips,
celebrated for the virtues of her youth, her
beauty, debaucheries, and misfortunes.

LnciifA, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter
and Juno, or according to others, of La-
tona. As her mother brought her into the
world without pain, she became the god-
dess whom women in labor invoked, and
she presided over the birth of children.
She is called Ilythia by the Greeks, ^he
had a famous temple at Rome.

Luciud, a Roman soldier kilted at the
siege of Jerusalem, by saving in his arms
a man who jumped down from one of the

walls. A brother of M. Antony. A

Roman general who defeated the Etruri-
ans.— >nA relation of J. Caesar.- — ^A man
put to death for his incontinence. The
word Lucius is a prsnomen common to
many Romans, of whom an account ifl
given under tlieir family names.

LucRCTiA, a celebrated Roman lady,
daughter of Lucretius, and wife of Tar-
quinius Collatinus ; who stabbed herself
in consequence of the violence she receiv-
ed from Sextus, son of Tarquin the Proud.
This fatal blow was the signal for rebel-
lion. Brutus, L. J., who saw the tragical
death of Lucretia, so eloquently and ef-
fectively harangued the populace on the
barbarity and oppression of the Tarqnim,
that they were immediately expelled from
Rome, and the republican or consular go-
vernment established, B. C. ^9. — ^The
wife of Numa.

Lucretius, now LihretHj a- mountain
in the country of the Sabines.

T. LucRXTiua Carus, a celebrated Ro-
man poet and philosopher, who was early
sent to Athens, where he studied under
Zend and Phaedrus. The tenets of Epicu-
rus and Empedocles, which then prevail-
ed at Athens, were warmly embraced hy
Lucretius, and when united with the infi-
nite of Anaximander, and the atoms of 0e-
moeritus, they were explained and eluci-
dated in a poem, in six books, which ia
called De rerum naturd. It is said that he
destroyed himself in the forty-fourth year
of his age, about fifty-four years before

Christ. duintus, a Roman who killed

himself because the inhabitants of Sulmo,
over which he was appointed with a pur-
rlsou, seemed to fkvor the cause of J. Cfl»-
sar. Sp, Tricipitinus, father of Lucre-
tia, waa made consul after the death of

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BnrtM.— -An tnterres at Rome. A '

eonsul.-^-^OMlla, a Itoiuanj put to death
by Sylla.

LucRincM, a town of Apulia.

LucRiNr«, a small lake of Cninpania,
opposite Puteoli. It abounded with excel-
lent oysters.

C. LucTATirs Catclcs, a Roman con-
sul with Mariu8. He was eloquent as
well as valiant, and wrote a history of his
consuJship. C. Catulus, h consul.

LuciTLLKA, a festival established by the
Greeks in honor of Lucullus.

LucuLLi HonTi, gardens of Lucullus.

Villa, a country seat near mount Mi-

■enns.

LrcuLLUs, Lrcirs Liciwrus, a Roman
celebrated for his fondness of luxury and
for his military talents. He was born
about one hundred and fifteen years be-
fors the Christian era, and soon distin-
guished himself by his proficiency in the
liberal arts, and by his military success.
He fell into a delirium in the last part of
his life^ and died in the sixty-seventh or
sixty-eighth year of his age. The people
showed their respect for his merit, by their
wish to give him an honorable burial in
the Campus Martins; but their offers were
rejected, and he was privately buried, by
his brother, in his estate at Tusculum.
Lucullus has been admired for his many
accomplishments, but he has been censur-
ed for his severity and extravagance. The
expenses of his meals were immoderate,
his halls were distinguished by the differ
ent names of the gods; and, when Cicero
and Pompey attempted to surprise him,
they were astonished at the costKness of
a supper whicW bad been prepared upon
the word of Lucullus, who had merely
said to hh servmnt that be would sup in

the hall of ApoUo. A consul who went

to Spain. A Roman put to death by

l)0mitian.

LuQUMo, the first name of Taniuinfus
Priscus, afterwards changed into Lucius.

Lucu8, a fting of ancient Gaul. A

town of GaQl.

LuoDUNENsis Gallia, a part of Gaul,
which received its name from Lugduniuu,
the capital city of the province.

LuGDUNUM, a town of Gallia -Celtica,
built at the confluence of the Rhone, and
tbe Arar, or Saone, and now called Lyons.

Batavorum, a town on the Rhine, now

Leyden. Convenarnm, a town at the

foot of the Pyrenees, now St. Bertrand.

LuiTA, was daughter of Hyperion and
Tcrnt, and was the same, according to
some mythologists, as Diana. She was
worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of
the earth with many superptitioiis forms

and ceremonies. A maritime town of

Etruria, famous for the white marble
which it produced, and called also Lunen-
$i9 porma. It contained a fine capacious

harbor, snd abounded In wfne, dhewae,
&c.

LupA, (a she vsolf) was ^eld In great
veneration at Rome, because Romulus and
Remus, acrording to an ancient tradition .
were suckled and preserved by one or
these animals.

LuPERCAL, a place at the foot of mount
Aventine, sacred to Pan, where festivals
called Lnpercalia were yearly celebrated.

LuPERCALiA, a yearly festival observed
at Rome the fifteenth of February, in ho-
nor of the god Pan. This festival, as
Plutarch mentions, was first instituted by
tbe Romans^in honor of the she-wolf
which suckleil Romulus and Remus. It
was during the celebration of these festi-
vals that Antony ofi^ered a crown to J.
Caesar, which tbe indignation of the pop-
ulace obliged him to'refuse.

LuPERci, a number of priests at Rome,
who assisted at the celebration ««f the Ln-
percalia, in honor of the god Fan. Vid,
Lupercalia.

LuPERcus, a grammarian in the reign
of the emperor Gallienos.

LcpiAs, or LvpiA, now Lippe^ a town erf*
Germany.

Luptjs, a general of the emperor S^ev- -

ems. A governor of Britain. A

qiKBstor in the reign of Tiberius, &c. A

comic writer of Sicily. P. Rut. a Ra-
man, who, contrary to the omens, march-
ed against the Marsi, and was lulled with
his army.

LvsiTAiTiA, a part of ancient Spain,
whose extent and situation have not t>een
accurately defined by the ancients. Ac-
cording to the better descriptions, It ex-
tended from the Tagus to the ssa of Can-
tabria, «nd comprehended the modttm
kingdom of Portugal.

Lusius, a river of Arcadia.

LuaoNEs, a people of Spain, near the
Ibenia.

LusTRicus Brutianus, a Roman poet.

LuTATius Catclt's, a Roman who shot
the temple of Janus after peace had been
made with Carthage.

LuTERius, a general of the Gauls.

LuTETiA, a town of Belpic Gaul, on the
confluence of the rivers Sequana and Ma-
trona, now Paris.

C. LuTOBius Priscus, a Roman knight,
put to death by order of Tiberius.

Ltxus, a surname of Bacchus.

Ltbab, one of the companions of Ulys-
ses.

Lybta, or Ltbissa, a small village of
Bithynia.

LvcABAs, an Etrurian, who had been
banished fVom his country for murder.

Ltcabbtus, a mountain of Attica, near
Athens.

LrcjEA, festivals in Arcadia, in honor
of Pan, the god of shepherds.— —A festK
Tal M Argoi in honor of Apollo Lyevtts,

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laTCJBiTK, a celebrated place near the
banks of the Ilisaus, in Attica. It was in
this pleasant aad salubrious spot that Aris-
totle taught philosophy.

ItTceus, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred
to Jupiter. It was alse sacred to Pan,
>vho8e festivals, called Lycauy were cele-
brated there.

Ltcambes, the father of Neobule. He
promised his daughter in marriage to the
poet Archilochus, and afterwards refused
to fulfil his engagement when she had
been courted by a man whose opulence
bad more influence than the fortune of
the poet. This irritated Archilochus ; he
^vrote a bitter invective against Cycambes
a.nd his daughter, and rendered tliem both
so desperate by the satire of his composi-
tion, that they hanged thomselves.

Ltcaoiv, the first king of Arcadia, son
of Pelasgas and Melib«ea. He lived about
ope tbomand eight hundred and twenty
years before the Christian era. An-
other king of Arcadia, celebrated for his

cruelties. A son of Priam and Lao-

thoe. He was taken by Achilles and

carried to Lemnos, whence he escaped.

The father of Pandarus, killed by Di-

omedes before Troy. > A Gnossian art-
ist.

LtTCAOiri A, a country of Asia, between
Cappadocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia,)ind Phry-
gia, made a Roman province under Au-

SuBtus. Iconium was the capital. Area-
la bore also that name from Lycaon, one
of its kings. An island in the Tyber.

LrcAs, a priest of Apollo In the interest
of Turnus. Another officer of Turnus.

LrcABTK, an ancient town of Crete.

A daughter of Priam by a concubine.

LrcASTUM, a town of Cappadocia.

LrcASTus, a son of Minos I. He was
father of Minos II. by Ida, the daughter of

Corybas. A son of Minos, who sac-

ceeded his father on the throne of Arca-
dia.

LiTGB, one of the Amazons.

Ltcss, a {own of Macedonia.

ItTCHiffDUs, now Achridiuiy a city with
a lake of the same tiamc, in Illyricum.

L.YCIA, a country of Asia Minw, bound-
ed by the Mediterranean on the south, Ca-
ria on the west, Pamphylia on the east,
and Fbiygia on the north. It was an-
ciently called Milyasj and TVemiZe, from
the MilyoB or Solymi, a people of Crete,
who came ta settle there.

LtciDAS, a centanr, killed .by the lApi-
thflB.— ^A shepherd's name. A beauti-
ful youth.

IiTciMivA, a town of Peloponnesus.

IiTciMNiA, a slave, mother of Helenor
by a Lydian prince. «

Ltcihcus, an Athenian archon. A

MesMnian of the family of the iEpytida;.

-: A youth of whom Hor^e WM en- '

amored

Lrcius, a son of Hercules and Toxlcre-

ta. A son of Lycaon. An epithet

t given to Apollo. A surname of Da-

^ naus.

Lycomedks, a king of Scyjros, in the
iEgean sea. Lycomedes has rendered
himself famous for his treachery to The-
seus, who had implored his protection
when driven from the throne of Athens by

the usurper Mnestheus. An Arcadian,

who^ with five hundred chosen men, put
to ^ight one thousand Spartans, and five

hundred Argives. A seditious person

at Tegea. A Mantinean general.

An Athenian, the first who took one of
the enemy's ships at the battle of Salamis.
Ltcon, a philosopher of Troas. He died
in the seventy-fourth year of his age.-»«>
A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras.
A poet. A writer of epigrams.

LrcowE, a city of Thrace. A moun-
tain of Argolis.

Ltcophron, a son of Feriander. king of
Corinth. When the infirmities or Perian-
der obliged him to look for a successor,
Lycophron refused to come to Corinth
while his father was there, and he was in-
duced to leave Corcyra, only on promise
that Periander would come and dwell
there while he remained master of Co-
rinth. This exchange, however, was pre-
▼ented. The Corcyreans, who were ap-
prehensive of the tyranny of Periander,
murdered Lycophron before he left that

island. A brother of Thebe, the wife

of Alexander, tyrant of Pheree. A gen-
eral of Corinth, killed by Nicias.-- A

native of Cythera, son of Hastor. He

went to the Trojan war with Ajax. A

famous Greek poet and grammarian, bora '
at Chalcis, in Eubcsa.

LrcoFOLis, now Siuty atownof £gypt.

Ltcopus, an ^Etolian who assisted the
Cyreneans ag»inst Ptolemy.

Ltcorea, a town of Phocis at the top of
Pamassua «

Ltcoreus, the supposed founder of Ly-
corea, on mount Parnassus.

Lycohiab, one of the attendant nymphs
of Cyrene. /

Ltcoris, a freedwoman of the senator
Volumnius also called CythgfiSy and Vo-
lumrda, from her master. She is celebrat-
ed for her beauty and intrigues.

LrcoRHAs, a «iver of iEtolia, whose
sands were of a golden color.

Ltcortas, the father of Polybtus, who
flourished B.C. 184. He was chosen gen-
eral of the Achsan league, and he reveng-
ed the death of Philopcemen, &c.

I^rcofiuRA, a city built by Lacaon on
mount Lycieus in Arcadia.

Lyctus, a town of Crete.

LrcuRoiDss. annual days of solemnity
appointed in honor of the lawgiver of

Sparta. ^The patronymic of a floA of

Lycargas,

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LrcuRotTs, a kini{ of Nemfea, in Pelo-
ponnesus. He was raised from the dead
by ^iisculapius. A giant kiUed by Osi-
ris in Tbrace. A Icing of Tlirace, son

of Dryas. He lias been represented as
cruel and impious, on account of tbe vicf-

lence which he offered to Bacchus. An

ocator of Athens, sumamed Tbisj in the age
of Demosthenes, famous for his justice and
impartiality wiien at the head of the gov- .
ernment. He died about three hundred

and thirty years before Christ. A king

of Tegea, son of Aleus, by Nesra, the
daughter of Pereus. He married Cleo-

Ehile. called also Eurynome, by whom he
ad Amphidamas'. A telebrated law-
giver of Sparta, son of king Eunomus, and
brother to Polydectes. The integrity with
which he acted, when guardian of his
nephew Gharilaus, united with the disap-
pointment and the resentment of the
queen, raised him many enemies, and he
at last yielded to their satire and malevo-
lence, and retired to Crete. He travelled
like a philosopher, and visited Asia and
Egypt without suffering himself to be cor-
rtipted by the licentiousness and luxury
which prevailed there. The confusion
which followed his departure from Spar-
ta, now had made his presence totally ne-
cessary, and he returned home at the ear-
nest solicitations of his countrymen. The
disorder which reigned at Sparta, induced
him to reform the government ; and the
more eifectually to execute his undertak-
ing, he had recourse to the oracle of Del-
phi. He was received by the priestess of
the god with every mark of honor, his in-
tentions were warmly approved by the
divinity, and he was called the friend of
gods, and hios^elf rather god than man.
After such a iJ»ception from the most cele-
l)rated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found
no difficulty in reforming the abuses of the
tstate, and all were equally anxious in pro-
moting a revolution which had received
the sanction of heaven. This happened
eight hundred and eighty-four years before
the Christian era. After this, Lycurgus
retired from Sparta to Delphi, or accordmg
to others to Crete, and before his depar-
ture he bound all the citizens of Lacedce-
mon by a solemn oath, that neither they
nor their posterity, wpuld alter, violate,
or abolish the laws which he had estab-
lished, before his return. He soon after
put himself to death, and he ordered his
ashes to be thrown into the sea, fearful
lest if they were carried to Sparta the citi-
zens should call themselves freed from the
eath which they had taken, and empower-
ed to make a revolution.

Lycds, a king of Bceotia.— — A king'of
Libya, who sacri^ed whatever strangers

came upon his coast. A son of Neptane

by Celieno, made king of a pnrt ofy M ysia
Vj Hercules.— ~A ton of iEgyptut— of |

Mars— of Lycaon, king of Arcadia—of

Pandion, king of Athens. ^The tktHer

of Arcesilaus. One of the companions

of iEneas. A river of PhrygiA. A

river of Barmatia fhlling into the Falus

Msotis. One of the friends of iEneas,

killed by Tumus. A youth beloved

by Alceus. A town of Crete.

LrDBjthewift of the poet Antimachus.

A woman in Domitian's reign, who

pretended she could remove barrennesaby
medicines.

Ltdia, a celebrated kingdom of Asia
Minor, whose boundaries were different
at diflrecent times. It was first bounded
by Mysia Major, Carta, Pbrygia Major,
and Ionia, but in its more flourishing
times it contained the whole country
which lies between the Halys and the
iEgean sea. It was anciently called JHfteo-
nia, and received the name of Lydia from

Lydus one of its kings. A mistress of

Ik)race, &;c.
LvDiAs, a river of Macedonia.
Ltdius, an epithet applied to ibe Ty-
ber.

Ltdcs, a son of Atyi and Callithea,
kingof Msonia.
LraDAMis, or Ltodamus, a man who

made himself absolute at Naxos. A

general of the Cimmerians. An athlete

of Syracuse, the father of Artemisia the

celebrated queen of Halicarnassus. ^A

servant of the poet Propertins.
Ltgii, a nation of Germany.
'Ltoodesiia, a suniame of Diana at
Sparta.
Ltmirb, a toWn of Lyeia.
Ltmax, ariver of Arcadia.
Lthcidss, a man at the coart of Ce-
pheus.

LrivcxBTje, a noble fanfily of Macedo-
nia.
LrifcssTss, a son of Amyntas, in the

army of Alexander. Alexander, a son-

in -law of Antipater, who conspired against
Alexander, and was pnt to death.

Lyngestius, a river of Macedonia,
whose waters were of an intoxicating
quality.

LvNCEUs, son of Aphare'us, was among
the hunters of tbe Calydonian boar, and
one of the Argonauts. H^ was sq sharp
sighted that, as it is reported, he could see
through the earth, and distinguisb objects

at the distance of above nine miles. A

son of iEgyptus, who married Hypermnea-
tra, the daughter of Danaus. His life was
spared by tbe love and humanity of his

wife. One of the companions of ^neaa

killed by Tumus.

Lrifcus, Lvifcjevs, or Lvirr, a cruel
king of Scythia, or according to othera, of
Bicily, suddenly changed into a lynx, an
aniipal whicli is the emblem of perfidy
and ingratitude.
Lmcus, a town of Macedonia.

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Lth Dus, a town of Sicily.

hncMj a people of Scythia.

Lyrcjeub, a mountain of Arcadia. Fid.
Lycsua. A fountain.

Ltrcsa, a town of Peloponnesus.

Ltkcus, a king of 'Caunus in Caria.

Ltkkbssus, a city of Gilicia.

LrsAirDBR, a celebrated general of Spar-
ta, in tiie last years of tlie Peloponnesiaa
war. He drew Ephesus from the interest
of Athens, and gained the friendship of
Cyrus the younger. He gave battle toth9
Athenian fleet consisting of one hundred
and twenty siups, at iEgospotamos, and
destroyed it all, except three ships, with
which the enemy^ general fled to Evago-
ras king of Cyprus. He was famous for
his victories over the Athenians, and was
Icilled in a battle against the Thebans.
His body was recovered by his colleague,
Pausanias, and honored with a magnifi-
cent funeral. Lysauder has been com-
mended for his bravery, but his ambition
deserves the severest censure, and his
cruelty and his duplicity have greatly
stained his character.^— A Trojan chief,
wounded by Ajax son of Telamon be-
fore Troy. One of the Epborl in the

reign of Agis. A grandson of the great

Lysander.

Ltsakora, a daughter of Ptolemy La-
gus.

Ltsah lAx, a man made king of Itunaa
^ Antony.

Ltse, a daughter of ThespUis.

Ltsiadss, an Athenian, son of Ph»-

drus the philosopher. An Athenian

arcbon A tyrant of Megalopolis who

<licdB.C.226.

LrsiAiTAssA, one of the Nereides.

A daughterof Epaphus, mother of Busiris.

Ltsias, a celebrated orator, son of Ce-

gialus, a native of Syracuse. His &ther
ft Sicily and went to Athens, where Ly-
sias was born and carefully educated.
He distinguished himself by his eloquence^
and by the simplicity, correctness, and
purity of his orations. He died in the
«i«hiy-firat year of his age, three hundred
and seventy-eight years before the Chris-
tian era. An Athenian general. A

Wwn of Phrygia. Another of Syria.

■ — A tyrant of Tarsus, B. C. 267.

Ltsiclks, an Athenian sent with Chares
Into BflBotia, to stop the conquests of Phi-
lip of Macedonia. He was conquered at
Chcronna.

Lysidicb, a daughter of Felops and
Bippodamia.

Ltsimacbc, a danditer of Abai tbe son*
of Melampus. A daughter ef Priam.

Ltsimachia, now Hexamiliy a city oa
the Thiacian Chersonesu8.~-A towa of
^tolia, built by-Lysimachus.

LrsiMACMus, a son of Agathocles, who
was nmong the generals of Alexander.
After the death of that monarch, ha
made himself master of part of Thrace,
where he built a town which he cal-;
led Lysimachia. He sided with Cas-
sander auji Seleucus against Antigonus
and Demetrius, and fought with ttiem at
the celebrated battle of Ipsus. He was
kiUed in a bloody battle, two hundred and
eighty-one years before Clirist, in the
eightieth year of his age, and his body
was found in the heaps of slain only by
the fidelity of a little ic^, which had care-
fully watched near it. An Acamanian,

preceiJtor to Alexander the Great. An

historian of Alexandria. A son of Aris-

tides. A chief priest among the Jews,

about two hundred and four years before

Christ. A physician greatly attached to

the notions or Hippocrates. A govern-
or of Heraclea in Pontus.

Ltsimblia, a marsh of Sicily near Syr*
acuse.

Lrsiifos, now Aglauon, a city of Asia,
near Pamphylia.

Ltsippe, a daughter of Proetus.— ^A
daughter of Thespius.

Ltsippub, a famous statuary of Sicyon.
He was originally a white-smith, an4 af-
terwardti applied bimsejf to painting, till
his talents and inclination taught him that
he was bom to excel in sculpture. He
flourished about three hundred and twen-
ty-five years before the Christian era in
the age of Alexander the Qreat. The
monarch was so partial to the artist, that
he forbade any sculptor but Lysippus to

make his statue. A general of the

Achaean league. A comic poet, some

of whose plays are mentioned by Athe-
neuB.

Lrsis, a Pythagorean philosopher, about
three hundred and eighty-eight years her
fore the Christian era.

Ltsistkatub, an Athenian parasite.

A brother of Lysippus. He was the first
artist who ever made a statue with wax. -

Lysithous, a son of Priam.

Lyso, a friend of Cicero.

Ltstha, a town of Laconia.

LvTaiA, a daughter of Hyacinthus.

Ltzaviai, a kmg of Chalcis.

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MACJEf a people of Arabia Felix.
Tbey are placed in Africa near the
larger Syrtis by Herodotus*

Macar, a son of Criasius or Crinacus,
the first Greek who led a -colony to Les-
bos. His four sous took possession of the
four neighboring islands, Cliios, Samoe,
Cos, and Rhodes.

Macaritus, an ancient historian. A

son of iEolus, and priest of Apollo, at
Delphi.— ^^Ono' of the companions of
Ulysses, left at Caieta in Italy, where
^neas found him. A sou of Lycaon.

Mac aria, a daughter of Hercules and
Dejanira. An ancient name of Cyprus.

Macaris, an ancient name of Crete.

Mackdnus, a son of Lycaon.

Mac£do, a son of Osiris^ who had a
share in the divine honors which were

paid to his father. A man who gave

his name to Macedonia.

Macedonia, a celebrated country, situ-
ated between Thrace, Epirus, and Greece.
The inhabitants of Macedonia were nat-
urally warlike, and the Macedonian pha-
lanx, or body of soldiers, was always held
in the highest repute.

Macedo5icum bellum was undertaken
by the Romans against Philip king of Mar-
cedonia, some few months after the sec-
ond Punic war, B. C. 200. Macedonia
was finally reduced into a Roman pro-
vince, and governed by a regiilar procon*
sul, aboirt one hundred and forty-eight
years before the Christian era.

Macedowicus, a surname given to Me-
tellus, ft-om his conquests in Macedonia.

Macella, a town of Sicily, taken by
the consul Duiilius.

MACERiGMYuus, a Latin poet of Ve-
rona, intimate with Tibullus and Ovid.
He died B. C. 16. L. Claudius a pro-
praetor of Africa in the reign of Nero.

Mach.i:ra, a river of Africa.— A com-
mon crier at Borne.

Machaitioas, a man who made himself
absolute at Sparta. Ha was killed by Phi-
lopoeraen, after being defeated at Manti-
nea, B. C. 308.

Machaon^ a celebrated physician, son
of iGsculapms and brother to Podalirus.
He received divine honors after death,
and had a temple In Messenia.

Mavra, a river flowing from the Apen-
nines.

^ACRi CAMFi, aplain in Cisalpine Gaul.
A plain near Mutina.

Maori ANu's, Titus Fiilvius Julius, an
Egyptian of obscure birth, who, from a
private soldier, rose to the highest com-
mand in the army, and proclaimed him-
self emperor when Valerian bad been
made prisoner bv the Persians, A. D. 260.
He was defente^ in Illyricnm by the lieu-
tenant of O'lllienua, and put to death with
his son, at his own expressive request, A.
D.262.

Maori If us, M. Opilius Scvenia^ a i»
tive of Africa, who rose from tlie most
ignominious condition to the rank of pre-
fect of the prsetorian guards, and at last
of emperor, after the death of (Jaracalla,
whom he inhumanly sacrificed to his am-
bition, A. D. 217. The beginnfng of his
reign was popular ; the alK>lition of the
taxes, and an affable and complaisant b&
haviour, endeared him to his subjects.
These promising appearances did not long
continue, and while he affected to imiiate
the virtuous Aurelius, without possessing
the good qualities of his heart, he became
contemptible and insignificant. The pop
ulace were excited, andHeliogabalus was
pMldaimed emperor. Macriuus attempted
to save his life by flight. He was, ^low-
ever^ seized in Cappadocia, and bis head
was cut off and sent to his successor,

June 7th, A. D. 216. A friend of the

poet Persius.

Macro, a favorite of the emperor Tibe-
rius, celebrated for his intrigues, perfidy,
and cruelty. He was obliged by Caligula
to kill himself together with his wife, A.
D. 38.

Macrobii, a people of Ethiopia, cele-
brated for their justice and the innocence
of their manners. They generally lived
to their 120th year, some say to a thou-
sand.

Macrobiusj a Latin writer who died
A. D. 415. Macrobius has rendered him-
self famous for a composition called Sat-
urnalia, a miscellaneous collection of an-
tiquities and criticisms, supposed to have
been the result of a conversation of some
of the learned Romans during the cele-
bration of the Saturnalia.

Macrochib, a Greek name of Arta-
zerxes, the same as Lougimanus.

Macro NEs, a nation of Pontus.

Mactorium, a town of Sicily at the
south near Gela.

Maculonus, a rich and penurious Ro-
man.

Maoaura, a town on the borders of Nu-
midia and Gietulia.

Maqebtes, a town of Thrace.

Madbtes, a general of Darius.

Maddateni, a people of Thrace

Madtes, a Scythian prince who pursu-
ed the Cimmerians in Asia, and conquer-
ed Cyaxares, B. C. 623.

Meander, a son of Oceanus and Te-

thys. A celebrated .river of Asia Minor.

It is celebrated among the poets for its
windings, which amount to no less, than
six hundred, and from which all obliqui-
ties have received the name of Meanders,

Mjeandria, a city of Epirus.

Mjeatje, a people at the south of "Scot-
land.

M^acDi, a i)eople of Madiea, a district of
Thrace near Rhodope.

Mjclius, a Eoman, thrown down from

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219.

the l^peian rock, for aspiring to tyranny.
at Rome.

M-calACTERi A, sacrifice* offered to Ju-
piter at Athens in tlie winter month Mie-
uiacterion.

M.KWADEs, a rtame of the Bacchantes,
or priestesses of Bacchus.

Mjenala, a town of Spain.

M.*:xAT.u9, a mountain of Arcadia sa-
cred to the god Pan, and greatly frequent-
ed by shepherds. A town of Arcadia.

^A son of Lycaon. The father of

Ataiauta.

M-«wiu9. a Roman consul. A dicta-
tor accusea and honorably acquitted.

A sfjendthrift at Rome.

MjE^oTij a tyrant of Sicily, B. C. 235.

M.Krtcs, a river of Germany now called
the Maynt.

M.KONIA, a country of Asia Minor, the
same as Lydia.

MjEo?rio.c, a name given to the Muses,
because Homer was supposed to be a na-
tive of Maeonia.

MjsoifiDEs, asurnameof Homer.

The surname is also applied to Bacchus.

M .i:o!«ts, an epithet applied to Omphale
aa queen of Lydia or Mceonia.

MjeoTi, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia.

M^oTis Palus, a large lake, or part of
the sea between Europe and Asia, at the
north of the Euxine.

Mjesia Stlta, a wood ia Etruria, near
the mouth of the Tiber.

Mf tia, an immodest woman.

Mjevius, a poet of inferior note in the
Augustan age, who made himself known
by his illiberal attacks on the character of
the first writers of his time.

Magas, a king of Cyrene in the age of
Ftoleray Philadelphus. He reigned fifty
years, and died B. C. 257.

Maoella, a town of Sicily about the
middle of the island.

Magbt^, a people of Africa.

Magi, a religious sect among the east-
em nations of the world, and particularly
in Persia. They had great influence in
the political as well as religious affairs of
the state, and a monarch seldom ascended
the throne without their previous appro-
bation. Zoroaster was founder of their
sect. F"id. Zoroaster.

Magius, a lieutenant of Piso. A man

in the niterest of Pompey, grandfather to
the historian Velleius Paterculus.

Magna Gr^ecia," apart of Italy.

Maoxa Mater, a name given to Cybele. ■

Magitentius, an ambitious Roman who
distinguished himself by his cruelty and
perfidy. He conspired against the life of
Constana, and murdered him in his bed.

Maoxrh, a youn'4 man who found hlm-
«elf detained by the iron nails which were
nnder his shoes as he walked over a stone
mine. This was no other than the mag-
net, which received its name from the per-

son who had been first sensible of its pow-
er. A son of iEolus and Anaretta.

A poet and musician of Smyrna.

Magnesia, a town of Asia Minor on the
MiBander, about fifteen miles from Ephe-

sus, now called Ouzelbiiar. Another iu

Lydia destroyed by an earthqualje in the

reign of Tiberius. A country on the

eastern parts of Thessaly, at the south of
Ossa. A promontory of Magnesia.

Mago, a Carthaginian general sent
against Dionysius tyrant of Sicily. lie
obtained a victory and granted peace to
the conquered. In a battle, which soon
after followed this treaty of peace, Mago
was killed. His son of the same name
succeeded to tjie command of the Cartha-
ginian army, but he disgraced himself by
flying at tlie approach of Timoleon, who
had come to assist the Syracusans. He
was accused in the Carthaginian Senate,,
and he prevented by suicide the execu*
tion of the sentence justly pronounced
against him. His body was hung on a
gibbet, and exposed to public ignominy.

A brother of Annibal the Great. He

was present at the battle of Canns, and
was deputed by his brother to carry to
Carthage the news of the celebrated vic-
tory. He was afterwards sent to Spain,
where he defeated the two Scipios, ana
was himself, in another engagement, to-
tally ruined. He was defeated m a battle
by duintilius Varus, and died of a mortal
wound two hundred and three years be-
fore the Christian era. A Carthaginian

more known by the excellence of his wri>

tings than by his military exploits. A

Carthaginian sent by his countrymen to
assist the Romans against Pyrrhus and
the Tarentines, with a fleet of one huii>
dred anfl twenty sail.

M AGO IT, a river o£ India falling into the
Ganges.

Maoontiacum, or Maoontea, a large
city of Germany, now called Menti.

Magus, an officer of Turnus, killed by
iEneas.

Mahsrbal, a Carthaginian who was at
the siege of Saguntum, and who com-
miinded the cavalry of Annibal at the bat^
tie of Cannte.

Maia, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione,
mother of Mercury by Jupiter. SHe was

one of the Pleiades. A surname of

Cybele.

MAJESTAt, a goddess among the Romans,
daughter of Honor and Reverence.

Majorianus, Jul. Valerius, an empe-
ror of the western Roman empire, raised
to the imperial throne A. D. 457. He sig-
nalized himself by his private as well as
public virtues. He was massacred after
a reign of thirty-seven years by one of hi*
generals.

Majorca, the greatest of the island^
called Baleares, on the coast of Spain,

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Uala. Foktuna, the goddess or evil for-
tune, was worsbipped among tlie Romans.

Malea, a promontory of Lesbos.

Another in Peloponnesus, at the south of
Laconia.

Malkventum, the ancient name of Be-
neventum.

Halho or MATHo,a general of an army
of Carthaginian mercenaries, 258 B. C.

Mali A, a city of Phthiotis near mount
GBta and Thermopylae. There were in its
neighborhood some hot mineral waters.

Mali I, a people of Mesopotamia.

Mali 8, a servant maid of Omphale, be-
loved by Hercules.

Mallkolus, a man who murdered his
mother.

Mallius, a Roman consul defeated by
the Gauls.

Maliophora, a surname under which
Ceres bad a temple at Megara, because she
kad taught the inhabitants the utility of
wool, and the means of tending sheep to
advantage.

Mallos, a town of Cilicia.

Malthinus, a name under which Ho-
race has lashed some of his friends or
enemies.

Mamaus, a river of Peloponnesus.

Mamercus, a tyrant of Catana, who
surrendered to Timoleon. His attempts
to speak in a public assembly at Syracuse
were received with groans and hisses,
upon which he dashed his head against a
wall and endeavored to destroy himself.

A dictator at Rome, B. C. 437. A

consul with D. Brutus.

Mauinith£«, a Corinthian who killed
his brother's son in hopes of reigning.

Mamertiiva. a town of Campania, fa-
mous for its wmes. A name of Mes-

sana iir Sicily.

Mamertiri, a mercenary band of sol-
diers which passed from Campania into
Sicily, at the request of Agatbocles.
They made themselves masters of Mes-
aana in Sicily, and called the city Manur-
Um, from a word in their language signify-
ing toar/iis. They were destroyed by
Hiero.

Mamilia hux de UmUibugy by the tri-
bune Mamilius. It ordained, that in the
boundaries of the lands five or six feet of
land should be left uncultivated, which
no person could convert into private pro-
perty.

Mamilip, a plebeian fVimily at Rome, de-
scended from the Aborigines.

Mamilius Octatius, a son-in-law of
Tarquin, who behaved with uncommon
bravery at the battle of Regiile. He is-
alio called Manilius.

Mammea, the mother of the emperor
Severus, who died A. D. 235.

Mahurius Veturius, a worker in brass
In Numa's reign. He was ordered by the
monarch to make a number of ancylia or
•bields, like that one which had fallen

from beaten, that It might be dlAcuIt to
distiriguitih the true one from the others.
He was very successful iu his undertake
ing.

MAMURRA,a Roman knight born at For-
mie.' HjB followed the fortune of J. Cjp-
aar in Gaul, where he greatfy enriched
himself

Manabtabal, son of Masinissa.

C. MAifcirros, a Roman general, who,
though at the bead of an army of thirty
thousand men, was defeated by four thou-
sand Numantians, B. C. 138.

Maicdame, a daughter of king Astyages
married by her father to Cambyses, an ig-
noble person of Persia because a sootb-
sayer had prophesied that ber son would
dethrone him.

Manoanes, an Indian prince and philo-
sopher.

Mandela, a village in the country of the
Sabines.

Marooh IU8, a prince in Spain, who for
some time favored the cause of the Ro-
mans.

Mandrocles, a general of Artaxenea.

Mandron, a king of the Bebryces.

Mandubii, a people of Gaul.

Manoubratius, a young Briton who
came over to Cesar in Gaul.

Manouria, a city of Calabria, near Ta-
rentuifl.

Manes, a son of Jupiter and Tellus,
who reigned in Meonia.

Manes, a name generally applied by the
ancients to the souls when separated from
the body. They were worshipped with
great solemnity, particularly by the Ro-
mans. A river of Locris.

Mahetho^ a celebrated priest of Helio-
polis in Egypt, surnamed the Mendeslan,
B. C. 261. He wrote in Greek an hiBtory
of Egypt.

Mania, a goddess, supfiosed to be tho
mother of the Lares and Manes.— A fe-
male servant of queen Berenice the daugh-
ter of Ptolemy. A mistress of Deme-
trius Poliorcetes.

Manilia lex, by Manilius the tribune,
A. U. C. 678. It required that all the
forces of Lucullus and hJs province, to-
gether with Bitbynia, should be delivered
to Pompey, and that this general should,
without any delay, declare war against

Mithridates. Another which permitted

all those whose fathers had not been in-
vested with public Oiices, to be employed
in the management of affairs. A wo-
man famous for her debaucheries.

Manilius, a Roman who married the
daughter of Tarquin. He lived at Tuscu-
lum, and received his father-in-law in hia
house, when banished from Rome.
Caius, a celebrated mathematician and
poet of Antioch. Titus, a learned his-
torian in the age of Sylla and Marius.— >.
Marcus, another mentioned by Cieen,

'^"""•'^^^S^'-

Maitlia LEXjby the tribtino^Pt Manlius,
A. U. C 557. , It revived the office of
Ireviri ^tdonesj first instituted by Niima.

Manlius ToR(iUATU8, Q Celebrated Ko-
man, wJioseyooth was distinguished by a
lively and cheerful disposition. In a war
against the Gauls, he accepted the chal-
lenge of one of the enemy, whose gigantic
■statare and- ponderous arms bad rendered
iiiin terrible and almost invincible in the
eyes of the Romans. The Gaul was con-
<iaered, and Manlius stripped him of)hi8
-arms, and from the collar (^torquis) which
he took from the enemy's neck, he was
ever after surnamed Torquatus. Manlius
was the first Roman who was raised to
the dictatorship, without having been pre-
viously consul. The severity of Torqua-
tus to his son, has been deservedly censur-
ed. This father had the courage and heart
to pat to death his son, because he had
engaged one of the enemy, and obtained
an lionorabie victory, witliout his previous
permission. From the rigor of Torquatus,
all edicts, and actions of severity and Jus-
lice have been called Manliana edicta.

Marcus, a celebrated Roman, whose valor
was displayed in the field of battle, even
at the early age of sixteen. When Rome
was taken by the Gauls, Manlius with a
body of his countrjinen fled into the capi-
tol, which he defended when it was sud-
denly surprised in the night by the enemy.
This action gained him the surname of
Cupitolinus. A law which Manlius pro-
posed, to abolish the taxes on the common
people, raised the 6enat(»8 against him :
but he continued to raise factions, ana
even secretly to attempt to make himself
absolute, till at last the tribunes of the
people themselves became his accusers.
He was condemned and thrown down

from the Taroeian rock, A. U. O. 371.

Imperiosus, iHher of Manlius Torquatus.

He was made dictator. Volso, a Roman

consul who received an army of Scipio in
Asia, and made war against the Gallo-gre-
cians, whom he conquered. He was ho-
nored with a triumph at his return.

€aius, or Aulus, a senator senr'to Athens
to collect the best and wisest laws of So-
lon, A. U. C. 300. — p-Anotber, caUed also
Cincinnatus, He died of a wound he had
received in a battle. — Another, who In his

prwtorship reduced Sardinia. Another,

who was defeated by a rebel army of
slaves in Sicily.— #>A prsetpr in Gaul, who
fought against the Boii, with very little

success, Another, called Attilius, who

defeated a Carthaginian fleet. A Ro-
man appointed Judge between his son Si-
laniis and the province of Macedonia.—
A learned man In the age of Cicero.

Mahi»us, the son of Thiasto, both fa-
mous divinities among the Germans.

J. Manbvetus, a friend of Vitellius,

who entered the Roman arnuM, and left

19*

his aon^then "v^ery young, at home. Th»
son was prom(>ted by Galba, and soon
after met a detachment of the partisans
of Vitellius in which his father was^ A
battle was tbught, and Mansuetus was
wounded by the hand of his sob.

Mantinsa, a town of Arcadia in Pelo-
ponnesus. It is famous for the battHi
which was fought there between Epan^i-
nondas at the head of the Thebans. and
the combined force of LacedsmoQ, Acha-
ia, Elis, Athens, and Arcadia, about three
hundred and Kixty-three years before
Christ.

Mantineus, the fother of Ocalea, who
married Abas the son.of Lynceus and Hy-
pe rmnestra.

Mantinorum oppidubt, a town of Cor*
sica.

Mantics, a son of Melampus.

Mawto, a daughter of the prophet Tire^
*sias, endowed with the gift of prophecy,
Manto, acccording to a certain tradition,
was so struck at the misfortunes which
afflicted Thebes, her native country, that
she gave way to her sorrow, and was
turned into a fountain. She received di-
vine honors after death.

Mantua, a town of Italy beyond the
Po, founded about three hundred years be-
fore Rome, by Bianor or Ocnus, the son
of Manto. It was tlie ancient capital of
Etrnria.

Maracanda, a town of Sogdiana.

Maratha, a village of Arcadia,

Marathon, a village of Attica, ten miles
from Athens, celebrated for the victory
which the ten thousand Athenians ana
one thousand Platasans, under the com-
mand of Miltlades, gained over the Per-
sian army, consisting of one hundred'
thousand fDot aiid ten thousand hqrse.
A king of Attica, son of Epopeus,

who gave his name to a small village
there. A king of Sicyon.

Marathos, a town of* Pbcenicia.

Marcella, a daughter of Octavi^ the
sister of Augustus by Marcellus, She
married Agrippa.

Marcellinus Ammiatvus, a celebrated
historian who carried arms under Con-
stantius, Julian, and Valens, and wrote
an history of Rome fVom the reign of Do-
mitian, where Suetonius stops, to the em-
peror Valens. His style is neither elegant
nor labored, but it is greatly valuable for
it9 veracity, and in many of the actions
be mentions, the author was nearly coqp
cemed.

Marcellus, Marcub Claudius, a fli-
^ous Roman general. He was the first
Roman who obtained some advantage
over Hannibal and showed his country-
men that he was not invincible. The
troubles which were raised in Sictty by
the Carthaginians at the death of Hiero-
nymuS) alarmed the Romans, and Marcel^

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luB, fn Ills third coiMulablp, was sent with
a powerfiil force against Syracuse. He
attacked it by sea and land, but his opera-
tions proved ineffectual, and the inven-
tion and industry of a philosopher ( Fid.
Archimedes,) were able to baffle all the
efforts, and to destroy all the great and
stupendous machines and military engipes
of the Romans during three successive
years. The perseverance of Marcellus at
last obtained the victory. After the con-
quest of Syracuse, Marcellus was called
upon by bis country to oppose a second
time Annibal. In this campaign he be-
haved with greater vigor than before ; but
was not sufficiently vigilant against the
snares of his adversary. He imprudently
separatatt himself from his camp, and was
killed in an ambuscade in the sixtieth year
of his age, in his fifth c<Risulship, A. U. C.
546. His body was ho«ored with a mag-
nificent funeral by the conqueror, and hi^
ashes were conveyed in a silver urn to his
gon.-»— One of his descendants, who bore
the same name, signalized himself in the
civil wars of Cesar and Pompey, by his
firm attachment to the latter. — The grand-
son of Pompey 's friend rendered himself
popular by his universal benevolence and
affability. The suddenness of his death,
at the early age of eighteen, was the cause
of much lamentation at Rome, and Virgil
procured himself great favors by celebrat-
ing the virtues of this amiable prince.

The son of the great Marcellus who took
Syracuse, was caught in the ambuscade
which proved fatal to his father, but he
forced his way from the enemy and es-
caped. He received the ashes of his fa-
ther from the conqueror. The husband

of Oetavia the sister of Augustas. A

conqueror of Britain. A colleague of

Cato in the quaestorship. A native of

Pamphylia, who wrote an heroic poem on
physic, divided into forty-two books.! — ^
A Roman drowned in a storm.

Ma«cia lbx, by Marcius Censorinns.
It forbade any man to be invested with
the office of censor more than once.

Marcia, the wife of Begulus, when she
heard that her husband had been put to
death at Carthage in the most excruciat-
ing manner, retorted the punishment, and
shut up some Carthaginian prisoners in a
barrel, which she had previously filled
with slHurp nails. - The senate was obliged

to stop her wantonness and cruelty. A

favorite of the emperor Com modus, wh<»n

"be poisoned. A vestal virgin, punished

for her incontinence.^ A daughter of

Philip, who married Cato the censor. '

An ancient name of the island of Rhodes.

A daughter of Cato of Utica.—— A

stream of water.

Marciana, a sister of the emperor Tra-
jan, who, on account of her public and
private Tirtue» and her amiable qisposi-

tion, was declared Augwta and empresa
brher brothfr. She died A. ». 113.

Marciaivopoi.18, the capital cf ILower
Mcesia in Greece.

Marcianus, a native of Thrace, bom oC
an obscure family. After he had for some
time served in the army as a common sol-
fier, he was made private secretary to one
of the officers of Tbeodosius. His win-
ning address and uncommon talents rais-
ed him to higher stations; and on the
death of Tbeodosius the 2d, A. D. 450, he
was invested with the imperial purple in
the east. 'In the midst of universal popu-
larity Marcianus died, after a reign of six
years, in the sixty-ninth year of his age,
as be was making warlike preparations
against the barbarians that had invaded
Africa.

M. Marcius SABiifvs, was the progenia
tor of the Marcian family at Rome. His
son, who married a daughter of Numa,
was made high priest by his father-in-law.

He was father of Ancus Martius. A

Roman consul, defeated by the Samnites.
Another consul, who obtained a vic-
tory over the Etrurians. A man whom

Catiline hired to assassinate Cicero.

Marciu* SitTus, a place in Liguria.

Marcohanni. a people of Germany,
who originally dwelt on the banks of the
Rhine and the Danube.

Marcus, a praenomen common to many

of tfie Romans. Carynensis, a general

of the Achasan league, 9S5 B. C.

%[ardi, a people of Persia, on the con-
fines of Media. They were very poor,
and generally lived upon the flesh of wild
beasts.

Mardia, a place of Thrace, flimoaB for
a battle between Constantine and lacini-
us, A. D. 315.

Maroomus, a general of Xerxes, who,
after the defeat of his master at Thermo-
pylae and Salamis. was left in Greece with
an army of three hundred thousand cho-
sen men, to subdue the country, and
reduce it under the power of I^ersia.
His operations were rendered useless by
the courage and vigilance of the Greeks ;
and, in a battle at Platsa, Mardonius was
defeated and left among the slain, B. C.
479.

Mabdus, a river of Media, falling into
the Caspian sea.

Mars Mobtuum, called also, from the
bitumtn, it throws up, the lake JtsphaJtUes.
is situate in Judaea, and near one hundred
miles long and twenty-five broad.

Mareotis, now SttraA, a lake in Egypt,
near Alexandria. Its neighborhood is fii^
mous for wine.

IbfARGiNiA and Maroiania, a town and
country near the river Oxus, at the east
of Hyrcania, celebrated for its wines.

Margites, a man against whom, as
si)ine suppose. Homer wrote A poem, to

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22S

ridicule his sapericial kiiowl#dge/Bnd to
expose hia affectation.

Maroua, a river of Moesia falling into
the Danube. ^

Mariaba, a eity in Arabia, near the Red
Sea.

Makia lbx, by C. Marius, the tribane.
A. U. C. 634. It ordered the planlss caned
pontes, on which the people stood up to
give their votes in the cdmitiay to be nar-
rower, that no other might stand there to
hinder the proceedings of the assembly by

appeal, or other disturbances. Another,

called aleo Porciay by L. Marius and Por-
ciiis, tribunes, A. U. C. 691. It fined a
certain sum of money such commanders
as gave a false account to the Roman sen-
ate, of the number of slaip in a battle.

Mariamra, a Jewish woman, who mar-
ried Hexodes.

Maria rrjB fossjc, a town of Gaul Nar-
bonensis.

Maria If DTNtTM, a place near Bitbvnia
where the poets feign that Hercules drag-
ged Cerberus out of hell.

Marianus, a surname jpven to Jupiter,
from a temple built to his honor by Ma-
rius.

Marica, a nymph of the river Liris,
near Mintums. A city of Campania bore
her name. Some suppose her to be the

same as Circe. A wood on the borders

of Campania.

Maricu», a Gaul thrown to lioiu, in the
reign- of Vitellius, Who reflised to devour
tiim.

Mariita, a daughter oi Arcadius.

Marirus, a friend of Tiberius, pal to
death.

Marion, a kingof Tyre, in the age of
Alexander the Great.

Marissa, an opulent town of Judffia.

Marts, a rivsf of Scythia. A son of

Arm}sod<Yea, who assisted Priam against
the GreeKs, and was killed by Antilo-
cbus.

Marisus, a river of Dacia.

Marius, C, a celebrated Roman, born
at Arpinum, of obscure and illiterate pa-
rents. He nrst wgnalized himself under
Scipio at the siege of Numantia ; and next
passed into Africa against Jugurtha, king
of Numidia, whom he defeated. Marius
then returned to Rome, where new honors
and fresh tnpbies awaited him. The pro-
vinces were suddenly invaded by an array
of three hundred thousand barbarians, and
Marius was the only man whose activity
and boldness could resist so powerful an
enemy. He was, thereft^^, elected con-
sul, tfbd sent against tfaen^ ; two battles
were fought ; and two hundred thousand
of the enemy were slain, and ninety thou-
sand made prisoners. The following year
was also marked by.the total overthrow
of >the Cimbri, another horde of barba-
rians, in which one hundred and forty

thousand were slaughtered by the Ro-
mans, and sixty thousand taken prison-
ers. After these glorious victories, Ma-
rius, wi£h his colleague, Catulus, entered
Rome in triumph ; but his restless ambi-
tion began to raise seditions, and to op-
pose the power of Sylla. This produced
a cif il war. Sylla refused to deliver up
the command of the forces with which he
was empowered to prosecute the Mithri-'
datic war, and resolved to oppose the au-
thors of a demand which he considered
arbitrary and improper. He advanced to-
wards Rome, and Marius was obliged to
save his life by flight. He escaped to
Campania, but was discovered by the
emissaries of Sylla, and dragged to the
neighboring town of Minturne, where the
magistrates passed sentence of death on
their magnanimous prisoner. The inhab-
itants of Minturns, however, fearful of
putting so great a man to death, released
him from prison, and favored his escape
to Africa, where he joined his son Marius,
who had been exciting the princes of the
country in his cause. He then set sail to
assist his friend Cinna, who had favored
his interest at Rome, at the head of only
one thousand men ; but his army gradual-
ly increased, and he entered the city like
« conqueror. His enemies were inhu-
manly sacrificed to his fury ; Rome was
filled with blood, and he who bad been
once called the father of his country,
marched through the streets attended by
a number of assassins, who immediately
slaughtered all those whose salutat^oa
were not answered by their leader. VWien
he had sufAciently gratified his rewnt-
ment. he again made himself consul ; but
he did not long enjoy this dignity: he
was worn out with age and infirmities,
and he died sixteen days afterwards, aged

seventy. B. C. 86. His son, QaiusMa-

riu8y was as cmel as his father, and shared
his good and adverse fortune. He made
himself consul in his twenty-fiflh year,
and murdefed all those senators who op-
posed his views. He was defeated by
Sylla, and fled to Praeneste, where he kill-
ed himself. — — M. Aurellus, a native of
Gaul, who. from the mean employment of
a blacksmith, became one of the generals
of Gallienus, and at last caused himself to
be saluted emperor. Three days after this
elevation, a man who had shared his pov-
erty without partaking of his more pros-
perous fortune, publicly assassinated him.
Maximus, a Latin writer, who pub-
lished an account of the Roman emperohi

from Trajan to Alexander, now lost.

Celsus, a friend of Galba, saved ftt)m
death by Otho. Sextus, a rich Span-
iard, thrown down from the Tarpeian
rock, 0(t account of his riches.
Marmacus, the father of Pythagoras,
Marmarenses, a people of Lycia.

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224

Marmarica. Fid. Marmarids.

Marmarioje, the inhabitants of that part
of Lybia called Marmariea, between Gy-
rene and Egypt. They werp swift in run-
ning, and pretended to possess some drugs
or secret power to destroy the poisonou^s
effects of the bite of serpents.

Marmarion, a town of Euboea.

Marobooui, a nation of Germany.

Maron, a son of Evanthes, high priest
of Apollo, in Africa, when Ulysses touch-
ed upon the coast. An Egyptian who

' accompanied Osiris in bis conquests.

Maroitsa, a city of the Cicones, in
Thrace, near the Hebrus, of which Bac-
chus is thei chief deity. The wine has al-
ways been rectBoned excellent.

Marpesia, a celebrated, queen of the
Amazons, who waged a successful war
against the inhabitants of mount Cauca-
sus. >

Marfessa. a daughter of the Evenus,
who marriea Idas, by whom she had Cle-
opatra, the wife of Meleager. Marpessa
was tenderly' loved by her husband ; and
when Apollo endeavored to carry her
away, Idas followed him with a bow and
arrows, resolved on revenge. Apollo and
Idas were separated by Jupiter, who per-
mitted Marpessa to go with tnat of the
two lovers whom she most approved of.
She returned to her husband.

Marpbsu», a town of JVfysia. A

mountain of Paros, abounding in white
marble.

M ARRES, a king of Egypt, wlio had a
crow which conveyed his letters wherever,
be pleased.

Marrucini, a people of Picenum.

Marruvium, or Marrubium, now San
Benedetto^ a place near the Liris, in Italy.

Mar9, the god of war among the an-
cients, was the son of Jupiter and Juno.
Th^ education of Mars was intrusted by
Juno to the god Priapus, who instructed
him in dancing and every manly exercise.
The worship of Mars was not very uni-
versal among the ancients ; his temples
"were not numerous in Greece, but in Rome
he received the most unbounded honors.
His most celebrated* temple at Rome was
built by Augustus after the battle of Phi-,
lippi. His priests among the Romans were
called Salii ; they were first instituted by
Numa, and their chief office was to guard
the sacred Ancylia, one of which, as was
supposed, had fallen down from heaven.
Mars was generally represented in the
naked figure of an old man, armed with a
helmet, a pike, and a shield. Sometimes
he appeared in a military dress, and with
along flowing beard, and sometimes with-
out. He generally rode in a chariot drawn
by furious horses which the poets called
Flight and Terror. His altars were stain-
ed with the blood of the horBe, on account
of his warli|:e spirit, and of the wolf, on

\Bu;couDt of his ferocity. 'JVlagpies and vul-
tures were also offered to him, on ac-
count of their greediness and voracity.
The Scythians generally o/fered him asses,
and the people of Caria dogs. He presid-
ed over gladiators, and was the god of
hunting, and of whatever exercises or
amusements 'have something manly and
warlike.

Marsala, a town of Sicily.

MARsiEus, a Roman ridiculed by Ho-
race.

Marse, a daughter of Thespius.

MARsi,a nation of Germany, who after-
wards came to settle near the lake Fuci-
nus in Italy, in a country chequered with
forests abounding with wild boars, and
other ferocious animals.

Marsioni, a people of Germany.

Marsus Domitius, a Latin poet.

Marbtaba, a town cf Arabia.

Marstas, a celebrated piper of CelaeniB,
in Phrygia, son of Olympus, or of Hy-
agnis, or CEagrus. He was so skilful in
playing on the flute, that he is generally
deemed the inventor oHt. Marsyas was
enamored of Cybele, and he travelled with
her as far as Nysa, where he had the im-
prudence to challenge Apollo to a trial of
his skill as a musician. The god accepted
the challenge, and it was mutually agreed
that he who was defeated should be flayed
alive by the conqueror. The Muses, or
according to Diodorus, the inhabitants of
Nysa, were appointed umpires. Each ex-
erted his utmost skill, and the victory,
with much difllculty, was adjudged to
Apollo. The god, upon this, tied his an-
tagonist to a tree, and flayed him alive.

The sources of the Marsyas were near

those of the Msander, and those two riv-
ers had their confluence a little below the
town of Celaenc- A writer, who pub-
lished a history of Macedonia, from the
first origin and foundation of that empire
till the reign of Alexander, in which he

lived. An Egyptian who commanded

the armies of Cleopatra against her bro-
ther Ptolemy Physcon. A man put to

death by Dionysius, the n-rant of Sicily.

Martha, a celebrated prophetess of
Syria.

Martia, a vestal virgin, put to death
for her incontinence.

Martia aqua, water at Rome, cele-
brated for its clearness and salubrity.

Martiales ludi, games celebrated at
Rome in honor of Mars.

Martialib, Marcus Valerius, a native
of Bilbilis, in Spain, who came to Rome
about the twentieth year of his age,
where he recommended himself to notice
by his poetical geniu?. As he was the
panepyrist of the emperors, he gained the
greatest honors, and was rewarded iJi the
most liberal manner. Domitian gave him
the tribuueship. Trajan treated tbe poet

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with coldness J and Martial, after he had
passed thirty-five years in the' capital of
the world, in the greatest splendor and af-
fluence, retired to his native couiitry,
where he had tbe mortification to be the
object of malevolence, satire, and ridicule.
Martial died about the one hundred and
fourth year of the Christian era, in tiie
seventy-fifth year of his age. He is now
well known by the fourteen books of epi-
grams which he wrote. A friend of

Otho. A oaan who conspired against

Caracalla. ^

Marti na, a woman skilled in the know-
ledge of poisonous herbs.

MAftTiNiAifua, an officer, put to death
by order of Constantine.

Marti US, a surname of Jupiter in Atti-
ca. A Roman consul sent against Per-
seus, &c. A consul against the Dalma-
tians, &c. Another who defeated the

Privemates. ^

Marullus, a tribune of the people, who
tore the garlands which had been placed
upon Ceesar's statues, and who ordered
those that had saluted him king to be im-
prisoned. A governor of Judaea. A

Latin poet in the age of M. Aurelius.
Marus, {the Morava) a river of Germany.
Mass A Bjeb, an informer at the court of
Donaitian.

Masjestlii, a people of Libya, where
Syphax reigned.

Masiitissa, son a( Gala, was king of a
small part of Africa, and assisted tbe Car-
thaginians in their wars against Rome.
He pioved a most indefatigable and cour-
ageous ally, but an act of generosity ren-
dered him amicable to the interests of
Rome. After the defeat of Asdrubal,
Scipio, tbe first Africai.us who had ob-
tained the victory, found, among tbe pris-
oners of war, one of the nephews of Ma-
sinissa. He sent him back to his uncle
loaded with presents, and conducted him
with a detachment for the safety and pro-
tection of his persdn. Masinissa was
struck with the generous action of the
Roman general, he forgot all former hos-
tilities, and joined his troops to those of
Scipio. This change of sentiments was
not the effect of a wavering or unsettled
mind, but Masinissa showed himself the
most attached and the firmest ally the
Romans ever had. At his death Masinis-
sa showed the confidence he had in the
Romans, and the esteem he entertained
for the rising talents of Scipio vEmilianus,
by intrusting him with the care of his
kingdooi, and impowering him to divide
it among.bis sons. Masinissa died in the
ninety-seventh year of his age, after a
reism of above sixty years, one hundred
and Ibrty-nine years before the Christian
era.

Mabo, a name common to several per-
1008 mentioned by Cicero.

Massaoa, a town of India, taken by
Alexander the Great.

Massao£Tje, a people of Scythia who
dwelt in tents. They had no temples^
but worshipped the sun, to whom they of-
fered horses on account of their swiftness.

Massaki, a nation at the mouth of the
Indus.

Massicus, a mountain of Campania,

near Minturne^ famous for its wine.

An Etrurian prmce, who assisted Aneas
against Turnus with one thousand men.

Massilia, a maritime town of Gaul Nar-
bonensis, now called Marseilles., founded
B. C. .539, by the people of Phocca, in
Asia. It is celebrated for its laws, iu fidel-
ity for the Romans, and for its being long
the seat of literature.

Mass TLA, an inland part of Mauritania
near mount Atlas. When the inhabitants,
called Massyliy went on horseback, they
never used saddles or bridles, but only
sticks. Their character was warlike, and
their love of liberty unconquerable.

Mastramela, a lake near Marseilles.

Masdrids, a Roman knight under Tibe-
rius, learned but poor.

Masub Domitids, a Latin poet.

Mat HO, an infamous informer, patron-
ised by Domitian.

Matieni, a people in the neighborhood
of Armenia.

Matinu*, a mountain of Apulia^ a<<
bounding in yew-trees and bees.

Matisco, a town of the ^dui, in Gaul,
now called Jtfocon.

Matralia, a festival at Rome, in honor
of Matuta or Ino. Only matrons and free-
bom women were admitted.

Matron A, a river of Gaul, now called

the MarMy falling into the Seine. One

of tbe surnames of Juno.

Matronal! A, festivals at Rome in hon-
or of Mars, celebrated by married women,
in commemoration of the rape of tbe 8a-
bines.

Mattiaci, a nation of Germany, now
Marpurg in Hesse. The Mattxaca aqtuBf
was a small town, now fVislfaden opposite
Mentz.

Matuta, a deity among the Romans.
She was originally Ino, who was changed
into a sea deity, and she was worshipped
by sailors as such, at Corinth in a temple
sacred to Neptune.

Matorb, a name of Mars.

Mavortia, an epithet applied ,to every
country whose inhabitants were warlike.

Mauri, the inhabitants of Mauritania.
This name is derived fh>m their black
complexion. ' '

Mauritania, a country on the western
part of Africa, which forms the modem
kingdom of J^lez and Morocco.

Maurub, a man who flourished in the
reign of Trajan, or according to others, of
the Antonini. He wa8|overnor of 6yene,

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in Upper E^rpt. He wrote a Latin poem
upon tbc rules of poetry and versification.

'Maurusii, the people of Maurusia, a
country near the columns of Ilercules. It
is aUo called Mauritania.

Mausulus, a king ofCaria. His wife
Artemiiiia was so disconsolate at his death,
which happened B. C. 3o;!, that she drank
up his anhes, and resolved to erect one
of the (grandest and noblest monuments
of antiquity, to celebrate the memory of a
husband whom she tenderly loved. This
famous monument, which passed for one
of the seven wonders of the world, wm
called Mausoleum^ and from it all other
maj;ni(icent sepulchres and tombs have re-
ceived the same name. It was built by
four different architects. The expenses
of this edifice were immense, and this
gave an occasion to the philosopher Afiaz-
agoras to exclaim, when he saw it, ^010
tnueh money ehanffed into stones !

Maxkntius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius,
a son of the emperor Maximianus Hercules;
The voluntary abdication of Dioclesian,
and of his father, raised him in the state,
and he declared himself independent em-
peior, or Augustus, A. D. 30B. Constan-
tine undertook to dethrone him. He gave
his adversary battle near Rome, and, after
he had lost the victory, he fled back to the
city. The bridge over which he crossed
the Tiber was in a decayed situation, and
he fell into the river and was drowned, on
the twenty-fourthof September, A. D. 312.
The cowardice and luxuries of maxentius
are as conspicuous as his cruelties.

Corn. Maximiliaiva, a vestal virgin
buried alive for incontincncy, A. D. 92.

Maximianus, Herculius Marcus Anre-
lius Valerius, a native of Sirminm, in
Pannonia, who served as a common sol-
dier in the Roman armies, and was made
by Dioclesian his colleague in the empire.
Dioclesian abdicated the imperial puqile,
*nd obliged Maximianus to follow his ex-
ample, on the first of April, A. D. 304.
Maximianus reluctantly complied with
the command of a man to whom he owed
his greatness ; but, before the first year
of his resignation had elapsed, he was
roused from his indolence and retreat by
the ambition of his son Maxentius. He
reassomed the imperial dimity, and
showed his ingratitude to bis son by
wishing him to resign the sovereignty,
and to sink into a private person. This
proposal was not only rejected with
the contempt it deserved, but the troops
mutinied against Maximianus, and he fled
for safety to Gaul, to the court of Constan-
tine, to whom he gave his daughter Faus-
tina in marriage. Here he again acted a
conspicuous character, and reassumed
the imperial power, which his misfortunes
had pbliged him to relinquish. He base-
ly attempted to murder Coostantine, who

resolved to destroy a man so inimical to
his nearest relations. Maximianus was
allowed to choose his own death. He
strangled himself at Marseilles, A. D. 31l',

in the sixtieth year of bis ape. Gale-

rius Valerius, a native of Dacia, who in
the first years of his life, wad employed in
keeping his father's flocks. lie entered
the army, where his valor and bodily
strength recommended him to the notice
of his superiors, and particularly to Dio-
clesian who invested him with the impe-
rial purple in the east, and gave liini hia
daughter Valeria in marriage. Dioclesian
afterwards himself dreaded his power,
and even, it is said, abdicated the impe-
rial dignity by means of his threats. As
soon as Dioclesian had abdicated, Galerius
was proclaimed Augustus, A. D. 304, but
his cruelty soon rendered him odious, and
the Roman people raised Maxentius to
the imperial dipnity the following year.
Galerius was obliced to yield to tl»e tor-
rent of his unpopularity, and to fly l>efore
his more fortunate adversary. He died
In the greatest agonies, A. D. 31-1.

Maximinur, Caius Julius Verus, the son
of a peasant in Thrace. He was origin-
ally a shepherd, and, by heading his coun-
trymen acrainst the frequent attacks of the
neighboring barbarians and robbers, he
inured himself to the labors and to the fa-
tigues of a camp. He entered the Roman
armies, where he gradually rose to the
first offices ; and on the death of Alexan-
der Severus he caused himself to be pro-
claimed emperor, A. D. 235. The jHtpu-
larity which he had gained when general
of the armies, was at' an end when he as-
cended the throne. He was delighted
with acts of the greatest barbarity, and
no less than four hundred persons lost
their lives on the false suspicion of having
conspired against the emperor's life. His
bloody machinations were stopped, and
his soldiers, ashamed of accomiianying a
tyrant whose cruelties had procured him
the name of Busiris, Cyclops, and Phala-
ris, assassinated him in' his tent before the
walls of Aquileia, A. D. 236, in the sixty-
fifth year of hia age. The news of his
death was received with the greatest re>-
joicings at Rome, public thanksgiviaga
were offered, and whole hecatombs flamed
on the altars. Maximinus has been repie-
sented by historians as of a gigantic sta-
ture, immense strength, and remarkabl*
voracity. Maximinus made hia son, of
the same name, emperor, as soon as be
was invested with the purple, and his
choice was unanimously approved by the
senate, by the people, and by the army.

Galerius Valerius,' a shepherd of

.Thrace, whi^ was raised to the imperial
dignity by Dioclesian, A, D. SOii. He de-
clared war against Licinius, his colleague
on the throne, but a defeat, which soon

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227

aft«r followed, on the 30th of April , A. D.
S]^ between Heraclea and Adrianopolis,
left bini without resources and without
. friend*. He expired in the greatest ago-
nies, of a di-eadful distemper which con>
sumed him day and night with inexpressi-
ble pains, and reduced him to a mere ske-
leton. A minister of the emperor Va-
lerian. One of the ambassadors of

young Theodosiut^ to Attila king of the
Huns.

Maximus, Magnus, a native of Spain,
who proclaimed himself emperor, A. D.
383. The unpopularity of Gratian favor-
ed his usurpation, and he was acknow-
ledt^ed by his troops. Gratian marched
against him, but he was defeated, and
soon after assassinated. Mazimus refus-
ed the honors of a burial to the remains
of Gratian ; and, when he had made him-
self master of Britain, GaitL and Spain,
lie sent ambassadors into the east, and
demanded of the emperor Theodosius to
acknowledge him as his associate on the
throne. Theodosius endeavored to amuse
and delay him^ but Maximus resolved to
support his claim by arms, and crossed the
Alps. Italy was laid desolate, and Rome
opened her gates to the conqueror. Max-
imus was betrayed by his soldiers to The-
odosius, and the conqueror, moved with
compassion at the sight of his fallen and
dejected enemy, panted him life, but the
multitude refusea him mercy, and instant-
ly strack off bis head, A. D. 388 Pe-

tronins, a Roman, descended of an illus-
trious family. He caused Valentinian
III. to be assassinated, and ascended the
throne ; and was stoned to death by his
soldiers, after a reign of seventy -seven

days. Pupianus. Fid. Pupianus. A

celebrated cynic philosopher and magi-
cian of Ephesos. He instructed the em-
peror Julian in magic ; and, according to
the opinion of some historians, it was in
the conversatfon and company of Maxi-
mus that the apostacy of Julian originated.
The emperor not only visited the philoso-
pher, but he even submitted his writings
to his inspection and censure. He was
accused of magical practices before the
emperor Valens, and beheaded at Epbe-
Bus, A. D. 366. Tyrius, a platonic phi-
losopher, in the reign of M. Aurelius.

One of the Greek fathers of the seventh

century. Paulus Fabhis, a consul with

M. Antony's son. Horace speaks of him,
as of a gay handsome youth^ fond of plea-
sure, yet industrious and indefatigable.

An epithet applied to Jupiter. A

native of Sirniiuni, in Papnonia. He was
originally a gardener, but, by enlisting in
the Roman army, he became one of the
military tribunes, and his marriage with
a woman of rank and opulence soon ren-
dered him independent. A general of

Trajaii, killed in the eosterD provinces.

— «— A phjtosopher, native of Byzantioaii

in the age of Julian the emperor.

Mazaca, a large city of Cappadocia, the
capital of the province.

Mazaces, a Persian governor of Mem-
phis. He made a sally against the Gre-
cian soldiers of Alexander, and killed
great numbers of them.

Maz jius, a satrap of Gilicia. A gov-
ernor of Babylon.

Mazares, a satrap of Media, who reduc-
ed Priene under the power of Cyru^

Mazazes, a people of Africa, famous for
shooting arrows.

Maxeras, a river of Hyrcania, falling
into the Caspian sea.

Mazices and Mazyges, a people of
Libya, very expert in the use of missile
weapons. '

Mecjenas or Mec(ena8, C. Cilnius, a
celebrated Roman knight, descended from
the kings of Etruria. He has rendered
himself immortal by his liberal patronage
of learned men and of letters ; and to his
prudence and advice Augustus acknow-
ledged himself indebted for the security he
enjoyed. To the interference of Mecce-
nas, Virgil owed the restitution of his
lands, and Horace was proud to boast that
his learned friend had obtained his for-
giveness from the emperor, for joining
the cause of Brutus at the battle of Pbi-
lippi. Mecoanas was himself fond of lite-
rature, and, according to the jnost receiv-
ed opinion, he wrote an history of ani-
malSj a journal of the life of Augustus, a
treatise on the different natures and kinds
of precious stones, besides the two trage-
dies of Octavla ana Prometheus, and other
things, all now lost. He died eight years
before Christ ; and, on his death-bed he
particularly recommended his friend Ho-
race to the care and confidence of Augus-
tus.

MECHAtTEus,'asurnameof Jupiter, from
bis patronising undertakings.
Mecisteus, son of Echius or Talaus,

was one of the companions of Ajax. «

A son of Lycaon. '

Mecrida, the wife of Lysimachus.
Medea, a celebrated magician, daugh-
ter of iEetes, king of CoUhis. She was
the niece of Circe. When Jason came to
Colchis in quest of the polden fleece, Me-
dea became enamored of him, and it was
to her well-directed labors that the Argo-
nauts owed their preservation. ( Fid. Ja-
son.)

Medesicaste, a daughter of Priam,
who married Imbrius son of Mentor.

Media, a celebrated country of Asia,
"bounded on the north by the Caspian
sea, west by Armenia, south by Persia,
and east by Parthia and Hyrcania. TJie
Medes were warlike in the primitive ages
of their power ; they encouraged polyga-
my, and were remark^e for the homage

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which they^id to their sovereigns, who
were styled Kings of kings.

BftEDiAs, a tyrant of Mysia.

Medmus, a prince of Lariasa, in Thes-
saly.

MEOI.0LAI7TJM, HOW MUan^ the Capital

of Insubria at the mouth of the Po.

Aulercorum. a town of Gaul, now Evreux,

in Normanay Santonum, another,

now Saintesy in Guienne.

Meoiomatricks, a nation that lived on
the borders of the Rhine, now JHeti.

Meditebraneum mare, a sea which
divides Europe and Asia Minor from Afri-
ca. It receives its name from its sitaa-
tion, medio terra, situate in the micUae of
the land.

Meditkiita, the goddess of medicines,
whose festivals, called MeditrinaUa, were
celebrated at Rom6 the last day of Sep-
tember.

Medoacus or Meduacus, a river in the
country of the Veneti, falling into the
Adriatic sea.

Medobithtni, a people of Thrace.
. Medobrioa, a town of Lusitania, now
destroyed.

MEooif, son of Codrus the 17th and last
king of Atlfcns, was the first Archon that
iras appowted with regal authority, B. G.
J070. His successors were called from
kiva..Medontid(B. and the office of Archon
remained for above two hundred years in
the family of Codrus under twelve per-
petual archons. A man killed in the

Trojan war. A statuary of LacedcB-

mon. One of the Centaurs. One of

the Tyrrhene sailors changed into dol-
phins by Bacchus. A river of Pelopon-
nesus.

Medowtias, a woman of-Abydos, with
ivilom Alcibiftdes cohabited as with a wife.

Meduacus, two rivers, falling near Ve-
nice into the Adriatic sea.

M;£DUAiTA, a river of Gaul.

Medullina, an infamous courtezan in
Juvenal's age.

Meous, now Kur, a river of Media, fall-
ing into the Araxes. Some take Medus
adjectively, as applying to any of the great

rivers of Media. A son of ^geus and

Medea, who gave his name to a country
of Asia. Medus, when arrived to years
of maturity, went to seek his mother,
whom the arrival of Theseus in Athens
had driven away. He came to Colchis,
where he was seized by his uncle Perses,
who usurped the throne of iEetes, his
mother's father, because the oracle had
declared that Perses sbould be murdered
by one of the grandsons of iEetes. Me-
dus assumed another name, and called
himself Hippotes, son of Creon. Mean-
while Medea arrived in Colchis disguised
in the habit of a prieatess of Diana, and
when she heard that one of Croon's chil-
dren was imprisoned, she resolved to has-

ten the destruction of a person whoM
family she detested. To effect this with
more certainty she told the usurper, that
Hippotes was really a son of Medea, sent
by his mother to murder him. She beg-
ged Perses to give her Hippotes, that she
might sacrifice him to her resentment.
Perses consented. Medea discovered that
it was her own son, and she instantly
armed him with the dagger Which she
had prepared against his life, and ordered
him to stab the usurper. He obeyed, and
Medea discovered who he was, and made
her son Medus sit on his grandfather's
throne.

Medusa, one of the three Gorgons,
daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was
the only one of the Gorpns who was
subject to mortality. She is celebrated for
her personal charms and the beauty of her
locks. The locks of Medusa were chan-
ged into serpents by Minerva, whose tem-
ple she had profaned. According to Apol-
lodorus and others. Medusa and her sis-
ters came into the world with snakes on
their heads, instead of hair^ with yellow
wings and brazen hands. Their body
was also covered with impenetrable
scales, and their very looks had the pow>

er of killing or turning to stones. A

daughter of PHam. A daughter of

Sthenelus.

MsoABizf, certain priests in Diana's
temple at Ephesus.

Megabtzub, one of the noble Persians
who conspired against the usurper Smer-
dis. A son of Zopyrus, satrap to Dari-
us. He conquered Egypt. A satrap of

Artaxerxes. He was discarded and after-
wards reconciled to the monarch by means
of his mother. He died in the 76th year
of his age, B. C. 447, greatly regretted.

Megacles, an Athenian archon who
involved the greatest part' of the Atheni-
ans in the sacrilege which was committed

in the conspiracy of Cylon. A brother

of Dion. A son of Alcmieon, who re-
volted with some Athenians after the de-
parture of Solon from Athens. A na-
tive of Messana in Sicily, famous for his
inveterate enmity to AgatMocles, tyrant of

Syracuse. A man who destroyed the

leading men of Mitylene, because he bad
been punished. ^

Meoaclipes, a peri))atetic philosopher
in the age of Protagora^.

Megjkra, one of the furies, daughter of
Nox and Acheron.

Mi^gale, the Greek name of Cybele,
the mother of the gods, whose festivals
were called Megalesia.

Meg ALE AS, a seditious person of Cor-
inth. He was seized for his treachery to
king Philip of Macedonia, upon which he
destroyed himself to avoid punishment.

Megalesia, games in honor of Cybele
instituted by the Phrygians, and introduc-

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td at Rome in the second Punic war,
when the statue of the goddesst was
brought from Persinus.

Megalia, a small island of Campania,
near Neapolis.

Meoalopolis, a town of Arcadia in Pe-
loponnesus, built by Epaminondas.

MsGAMEDE, the wife of The^tius, moth-
«r by him of fifty daughters.

Meoanira, the wife of Celeus, king of
Eleusis in Attica. She was mother to
Triptolemus, to whom Ceres, as -she trav-
«llcd over Attica, taught s^griculture.
She received divine honors after death.
The wife of Areas.

Megapewthes, an » illegitimate son of
Menelaus, who was married to a daugh-
ter of Alector, a native of Sparta. His
mother's name was Teridae, a slave of
Alenielaus.

Meoara, a daughter of Creon, king of
Thebes, given in marriage to Hercules,
because he had delivered the Thebans
from the tyranny of the OrcHomenians.
She was killed, with her three children,
by her husband, in a fit of madness.

Meoara, a city of Achaia, the capital
«f a country called Mecraris^ founded about
1131 B. C. It is situate nearly at an
equal distance from Corinth and Athens,
on the Sinus Saronicus. It was built
tpon two rocks, and is still in being, and

preaeryes its ancient name. A town of

Sicily.

Meoare09, the fkther of Hippomenes.
A son of Apollo.

Megaris, a small country of Achaia,
between Phocis on the west and Attica on
the east.

Meoarstjs, a town of Sicily — of Cilicia.
A river of India.

Meoastmenes, a Greek historian in the
ageof Seleucus Nicanor, about three hun-
dred years before Christ. He wrote about
the oriental nations, and particulavly the
Indians.

Meoes, one of Helen's suitors, who
went with forty ships to the Trajan war.

Ms GILL A, a native of Locris, remarka-
ble for beauty.

Megista, an island of Lycia, with an
harbor of the same name.

Mboistias, a soothsayer who told the
Spartans that defended Thermopylae, thai
they all shodid perish. A river.

Mela BoMPotrrus, a Spaniard who flou-
rished about the forty-fifth year of the
Christian era, and distinguished himself
by his geography divided into three books,
and written with elegance, with great
perspicuity and brevity.

McLiENje, a village of Attica.

Melampus, a celebrated soothsayei; and

Jhysiqian of Argos, son of Amythaon and
domenea, or Dorippe". He lived at Pylos
in Pelbponnesus. The tyranny of his un-
cle Neletts, king of Pylos, obliged him to

feave his native country, and proBtus gave
him part of his kingdom, over whicli^ he
established himself About tlii!^ time the
personal charms of Pero, the daughter of
Neleus, had gained miinv admirers, but
the father promised his daughter only to
him who brought into his hands the oxen
of Iphiclus. This condition displeased
many ; but Bias, who was also one of hej^
admirers, engaged his brother Melampus
to steal the oXen, and deliver them to him.
Melampus was caught in the attempt, and
imprisoned, and nothing but his services
as a soothsayer and physician to Iphiclus
would have saved him from death. A
severe distemper, whicJi had rendered the
women of Argos insane, was totally re-
moved by Melampus, and Aiiaxagoras,
who then sat on the throne, rewarded his
merit by givinjr him part of his kingdom
He received divine honors after death,
and temples were raised to his memory.

■^ — The father of Cisseus and Gyas.

A son of Priam. -One of ActaBoa's

dogs.

Melampyoes, a surname of Hercules,
from the black and hairy appearance of
his back.

Melanch.bte's, one of Actwoji's dogs.

Melanchl-isni, a people near the Cim-
merian Bosphorus.

Melanchrus, a tyrant of Lesbos, who
died about 619 B. C.

Melane, the same as Samothrace.

Melaneus, a son of Eurytus, from
whom Eretria has been called Melaneis.
A centaur.

Melanida, a surname of Venus.

Melanion, the same as Hippomenes,
who married Atalanta.

Melanippe, a daughter of iEolus who
had two children by Neptune, for which
her father put out both her eyes, and con-
fined her in a prison. Her' children de-
livered her from confinement, and Nep-
tune restored her to her eye-sight.—; — A
nymph who married Itoi^us, son of Am-
phictyon.

Melanippides, a Greek poet about five
hundred and twenty years before Christ.

Melanippus, a priest of Apollo, at Cy-
rene, killed by the tyrant Nicocrates. — ^
A son of Asta'cus one of the Theban
chiefs who defended the gates of Thebes
against the army of Adrastus king of Ar-
gos. He was killed by Amphiaraus.

A son of Mars, who became enamored of
Cometbo,>a priestess of Diana Triclaria.

A Trojan killed by Antilochus in the

Trojan war. Another killed by Patro-

clus.

Melawost'ri, a people of Syria.

Melawthii, rocks near the island of
Samos.

Melantrius, a man who wrote art his- '

tory of Attica. A famous painter of

Sicyon. Atragiepoet in the age r

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Phocion.-^A Trojan killed by Eoiyp^lus

in the Trojan war. A goat herd killed

by Telemachus after the return of Ulys-
ses.

Melahtho, ^ daughter of Proteus.

One of Penelope's women, sister to Me-
lanthius.

Melanthus, McLANTHEd, or Melan-
THius, a son of Andropompus, whfise an-
cestors were kings of Pylos. He was
driven from his paternal kingdom by the
HeracUdse, and came to Athens, where bis
family, surnamed the J^eleida^ sat on the
throne till the age of Codrus.

Melas, a r!»er of Peloponnesus — of
Thrace, at the west of the Thracian Cher-

sonesus. Another in Sicily — in Achaia

— in Bceotia — in Thessaly. A son of

Neptune. Another, son of Proteus.

A son of PhryxuB who was among the Ar-
gonauts.

Meldjc, a city of Gaul.

Meleaoer, a celebrated hero of anti-
quity, son of (Eneus, king of iEtolia by
Althtea, daughter of Thestius. The
Parcae were present at the moment of his
birth; and Atropos declared that he should
live as long as that tire-brand, which was
on the fire, remained entire and ancon-
Bumed. Altheea no sooner heard this,
than she snatched the ^tick from the fire,
and kept it with the most jealous care, as
the life of her son was destined to depend
upon its preservation. The fame of Mele-
ager increased with his years ; he signal-
ized himself in the Argonautic expedi-
tion, and afterwards delivered his country
from the neighboring inhabitants, who
made war against his father, at the insti-
gation of Diana, whpse altars OBneus had
neglected. No sooner were they destroy-
ed than Diana punished the negligence of
CEneus by a greater calamity. She sent
a h'hge wild boar, which laid waste all the
eountrj-^, and seemed invincible on account
of its immense size. It became soon a
public concern, all tlie neighboring princes
assembled to destroy this terrible animal,
and nothing became more fhmous in my-
thological historj', than the hunting 6f the
Calydonian boar. This troop of armed
-men attacked the boar with unusual fury,
and it was at last killed by Meleager.
The conqueror gave the skin and the head
to Ataianta, who had first wounded the
animal. Thifl partiality to a woman irri-
tated the others, and particularly Toxeus
and Plexippus, the brothers of Althaea,
and they en^Jeavored to rob Ataianta of
^he honorable present. Meleager defend-
ed a woman, of whom he was enamored,
and killed his uncles in the attempt.
When Althjpa was informed that her broth-
er had been killed by Meleager, in the mo-
ment of resentment, she threw into the fire
the fatal stick on which her son's life de-
pended, and Meleager died as soon as it

was consumed. A general, who sup-
ported Aridieus when he had been made
king after the death of his brother Alex-
ander the Great. A brother of Ptolemy,

made king of Macedonia B. C. 280 years.

A Greek poet in the reign of Seleucus

the last of the Seleucidse. He was bom
at Tyre and died at Cos. It is to his well-
directed labors that we are indebted for
the a^iolo^^ia, or collection of Greek epi-
grams, which he selected from forty-six
of the best and most esteemed poets.

Meleagrioes, the sisters of Meleager
daughters of CEneus and Althea. They
were so disconsolate at the death of their
brother. Meleager, that they refused all ali-
ments, and were, at the point of death,
changed into birds called Meleagridea,
\vrhose feathers and egp, as it is supposed,
are of a different color.

Melesander, an Athenian general who
died B. C. 414.

Meles, a river of Asia Minor, in Ionia
near Smyrna* Some of the ancients sup-
posed that Homer was born on its banks..

^A beautiful Athenian youth, greatly

beloved by Timagoras, whose afiTections
he repaid with the greatest coldness and

indifference. A king of Lydia, who

succeeded his father Alyattes, about seven
htmdred and forty seven years before
Christ.

Melesigenes or Melesiosiva, a name
given to Homer.

Melia, a daughter of Oceanus, who

married Inachus. A nymph. A

daughter of Oceanus, sister to Caanthus.

One of the Nereides. :A daughter

of Agenor.

Melibaea, a daughter of Oceanus, who

married Pelasgus. A daughter of Am-

phion and Niobe. A maritime town of

Magnesia in Thessaly. Also an island

at the mouth of the Orontes in Syria.

Melibo^us, a shepherd introduced in
Virgil's eclogues.

Melicerta, Melioertes, or Melicer-
Tus, a son of Athamas and Ino, changed
into a sea deity by Neptune. Neptune had
compassion on the misfortunes of Ino and
her son, and changed them both into sea
deities.

MELiGUNia, one of the iEolian islands
Jiear Sicily.

Melina, a daughter of Thespius, mo- !
ther of Laoipedon, by Hercules. ^

Melisa, a town of Magna Grfccia.

Melissa, a daughter of Melissus, king
of Crete, who with her sister Amalthtea,

fed Jupiter with the milk of goats.

One of the Oceanides. A daughter of

Procles, who married Periander, the son '

of CypseluSj'by whom she was killed.

A woman of Ctu-inth, who refused to ini-
tiate others in the festivals of Ceres, after
she had received admission. She was |
torn to pieces upon this disobedience, and ^

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231

the goddess made a swarm of bees rise
from lier body.

Melissus, a king of Crete, father to

Melissa and Amallhaa. An admiral of

the Saraian fleet B. C. 441, defeated by

Pericles. A philosopher of Samos, about

four hundred and- forty years before the

Christian era. A freedman of Mecaj-

nas.

Melita, an island in the Libyan sea, be-
tween Sicily and Africa now called Malta.

Another on the coast of Illyricuni in

the Adriatic, now Melede. An ancient

name o^ Saraothrace. One of the Ne-
reides.

Melitene, a province of Armenia.

Melitus, a poet and orator of Athens,
who became one of the principal accusers
of Socrates.

Sp. Melius, a Roman knight accused of
aspiring to tyranny, on account of his un-
common liberality to the populace. He
was put to death by Ahala, the master of
horse.

Melizaitdkus, a Milesian, who wrote
an account of the wars of the Lapithae
and Centaurs.

Mella or Mela, a small river of Cisal-
pine Gaul.

Mella Anw^us, the father of Lucan.
He was^ accused of being privy to Piso's
conspiracy against Nero, upon which he
opened hm veins.

MELOBosid, one of the Oceanides.

MELd If, an astrologer, who feigned mad-
ness and burnt his house that he might not
go to an expeditidn, which he knew would

be attended with great calamities. An

interpreter of king Darius.

Melos, now MilOj an island between
Crete and Peloponnesus, about twenty-
four miles from Scyllasum, about sixty
miles in circumference, and of an oblong
figure.

McLPEs, now Melpa, a river of Lucania,
falling into the Tyrrh'ene sea.

Melpia, a village of Arfcadia.

Melpomene, qne of the muses, daugh-
ter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She pre-
sided ov^r tragedy. Her garments were
splendid ; she wore a* buskin, and held a
dagger in one hand'aod in the other a
flceptre and crowns.

Memaceni, a powerful nation of Asia.

Memmia Sclpitia, a woman who mar-
ried the emperor Alexander Sftverus.

Memmia Lex, ordained that no one
should be entered on the calendar of cri-
minals who was absent on the public ac-
counts.

Memmius, a Roman citizen accused of
amhitus. A Roman knight, who render-
ed himself illustrious for his eloquence

and poetical talents. The femily of thb

Memmii were plebeians.

Mburoit, a king of iEthiopia, son of
Tithonua «iid Aurora. He came with a

body of ten thousand men to assist his un-
cle Priam, during the Trojan- war, where
he behaved with great courage, and killed
Antilochus, Nestor's son. The aged fa-
ther challenged the iGthiopian monarch,
but Metnnon refused it on account of the
' venerable age of Nestor, and accepted that
of Achilles. He was killed in the combat
in the sight of the Grecian and Trojan ar-
mies. The ^Ethiopians or Egyptians, over
whom Memnon reigned, erected a cele-
brated statue to the ho*or of their mon-
arch. This statue hadnhe wonderful pro-
perty of utterins a melodious sound every
day, at sun-rising, like that'which is heard
at the breaking of the* string of a harp
when it is wound up. This was effected
by the rays of the sun when they fell upon
it. This' celebrated statue was disman-
tled by order of Cambyses, when he con-
quered Egypt, and its ruins still astonish
modem travellers by their grandeur and

Beauty. A general of thfe Persian forces,

when Alexander invaded Asia. He de-
fended Miletus against Alexander, and
died in the midst of his successful enter-
prises, B. C. 333.

Memphis, a celebrated town of Egypt,
on the western banks of the Nile, above
the Delta. It once contained many beau-
tiful temples, particularly those of the god
Apis, whose worship was observed with
the greatest ceremonies. It was in the
neighborhood of Memphis' that those fa-
mous pyramids were built, wliose grand-
eur and beauty still astonish the modern

traveller. A nymph daughter of the

Nile, who married Epiiesus, by whom she
had Libya. The wife of Danaus.

Memphitis, a son 6f Ptolemy Physcon
king of Egypt, put to death by his father.

Mena, a goddess worshipped at Rome.

Mexa or Menes, the first king of Egypt,
according to some accounts.

Menalcas, a shepherd in Virgil's ec-
logues.

Menalcidas, an Intriguing liacedae-'-
monian in tha time of the famous Achaean
league.

Mexalip^, a sister of Antiop^, queen
of the Amazons, taken by Hercules \vhen
that hero made war against this celebrat-
ed nation. She was ransomed, and Her-
cules received in exchange the arms and

belt of the queen. A daughter of the

centaur Chiron, beloved by ^olus, son
of Hellen. She became a constellation
after death, called the horse.

Mewawder, a celebrated comic poet of
Athens, educated under Theophrastus.
He was universally esteemed by the
Greeks, and ' received the appellation
of Prince of the New Comedy. Of one
hundred and eight comedies which be
wrote, nothing remains but a few fVag-
ments. It is said that Menaivder drowned
himself In the fifty-secpndyear of his age,

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B. C. 293. A man who wrote an ac-'

count of embassies, &c. A king of Bac-

tria, whose ashes were divided among his

subjects. An historian of Ephesira.

Another of Pergamus.

Ms !f API I, a people of Belgic Gaul, near
the Mosa.

Mbnapis, a Persian exile made satrap
of Hyrcania, by Alexander.

Mena9, a freedman of Pompey the
Great who distinguished himself by the
active and perfidious part he took in the
civil wars which were kindled between
the younger Pompey and Augustus.

MEifCHBRss, the twelfth king of Mem-
phis. «

MsivDss, a city of Egypt, near Lycopo-
lis, on one of the mouths of the Nile,
called the Mendesian mouth. Pan under
the form of a goat was worshipped there
with the greatest solemnity.

Menecl£9, an orator of Alabanda in
Caria, who settled at Rhodes.

Meiveclidcs, 8 detractor of the charac-
ter of Epaminondas.

Mewecrates, a physician of Syracuse,
famous for his vanity and arrogance. He
was generally accompanied by some of
his patients whose disorders he had cured.
He disguised one in the habit of Apollo,
and the other in that of iGsculapius. while
he reserved for himself the title and name
of Jupiter, whose power was extended
over those inferior deities. He lived about
three hundred and sixty years before the

Christian era. One of the generals of

Seleucus. An historian.

Meitcdemu*, an officer of Alexander
killed by the Dahf-e. A Socratic philo-
sopher of Eretria, Who was originally a
tent maker, an employment which he left
for the profession of arms. It is said that
he died through melancholy when Anti-
,gonus, one of Alexander's generals had
made himself master of his country, B.

C. 301, in the seventy-fourth year of his

age. A Cynie philosopher of Lampsa-

cus. An officer of LucuUus.

Meweoetas, a boxer or wrestler in Phi-
lip of Afacedon's army.

Menelai portus, an harbor onfne coast
of Africa, between Gyrene and Egypt.—*—
Mons, a hill near Sparta.

M£NELAiA,a festival celebrated at The-
rapne in Laconia, in honor of Mene-
laus.

MEifELAU«, a king of Sparta, brother to
Agamemnon. His father's name was
Atreus. Like the rest of the Grecian prin-
ces he solicited the marriage of Helen the
daughter of king Tyndarus. By the arti-
fice and advice ftf Ulysses, Helen was per-
mitted to choose a husband, and she fixed
her eyes upon Menelaus and married him.
As soon as the nuptials were celebrated,
Tyndarus resigned the crown to his son-
in-law, and Iheir happiness was complete.

Tlie absence of Menelaus in Crete ^va
opportunities to the Trojan prince Pans to
corrupt the fidelity of Helen. This action
was highly resented by Menelaus ; he re-
minded the Greek princes of their oath and
solemn engagements and immediately all
Greece took up arms to defend bis cause.
In the tenth year of the Trojan war,
Helen, as it is reported, obtained the for-
giveness and the good graces of Menelaus
by introducing him with Ulysses, the night
that Troy was reduced to ashes, into the
chamber of Deiphobus whom she had mar-
ried after the death of Paris. This per-
fidious conduct totally reconciled her to
her first husband ; and she returned
with him to Sparta, during a voyage of
eight years. He died some time after his

return. A lieutenant of Ptolemy set

over Salamis. A city of Egypt. A

mathematician in the age of the emperor
Trajan.

Menemus Aorippa, a celebrated Ro-
man who appeased the Roman populace
in the infancy of the consular government
by repeating the well known fable of the
belly and limbs. He flourished 495, B. C.
A Roman consul. An insane per-
son in the age of Horace.

Ms NEPHRON, a man changed into a wild
beast for his unnatural wickedness.

Menes, the first king of Egypt. Ete
built the town of Memphis.

Menestmsi PoRTUft, a town of Hispania
Betica.

Menestsus, or Menestheus, or Mifss-
THEU8, a son of Pereus, who so insinuat-
ed himself into the favor of the people of
Athens, that, during the long absence of
Theseus, he was elected king. He went
to the Trojan war, and died in his return

in the island of Melos. A son of Iphi-

crates who distinguished himself in the
Athenian iirmies.

Menesthius, a Greek killed by Paris
in the Trojan war.

Menetas, a man set governor over Bab-
ylon by Alexander.

M£!fiirx,orLoTOPHAOiTi8 INSULA, now
Zerbij an island on the coast of Africa,
near the Syrtis Minor.

Menippa, one of the Amazons who as-
sisted iEetes.

Menippides, a son of Hercules.

Menippus, a Cynic philosopher of Phoe-
nicia. He .wrote thirteen books of satires

which have been lost. 'A native of Stra-

tonice who was preceptor to Cicero for
some time.

Menics, a plebeian consul at Rome.
He was the first who made the rostrum at
Rome with the beaks of the enemy's

ships. A son of Lycaon, killed by the

same thunderbolt which destroyed his fk-
ther.

Mennis, a town of Assyria abounding
in bitumen.

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233

Mewodotus, a physician. A Samian

historian.

Menosceus, a Theban, father of Hippo-

nome, Jocasta, and Creoii. A young

Theban, son of Creon. He offered him-
self to death, when Tiresias ordered the
Thebans to sacrifice one of the descend-
ants of tliose who sprang from the dra-
gon's teeth.

Menostes, the pilot of the ship of Gyas,
at the naval games exhibited by ifEneaa at
the anniversary of his father's death.

Me:«cetiade3. Fid. MencBtius.

Men(etius', a son of Actor and /Egina,
one of the Arffonauts.

Menon, a Tliessalian commander in the
expedition of Cyrus the younger against
his brrtther Arta.terxes. — ' — A Thessalian
refused the freedom of Athens, though he
furnishtd a number of auxiliaries to the

people. The husband of Semiramis.

A sophist in the age of Socrates.

Me^tophilus, an ennuch to whom Mith-
ridates, when conquered by Pompey, in-
trusted the care of his daughter. Meno-
philus murdered the princess for fear of
her falling into the enemy's hands.

Mentes, a king of the Taphians in
iEtolJa.

Mentissa, a town of Spain.

Mento, a R,6man consul;

Mentor, a faithftil friend of Ulysses.

A son of Hercnies. A king of Sido-

nia. An excellent artist in polishing

cups and engraving flowers on them. *

Mentllus, a Macedonian set over the
garrison which Antipater had stationed at
Athens.

Mera, a priest of Venus. A dog of

Icarius, who by his cries showed Erigone
where her murdered father had been
thrown.

Mera, or M^era, one of the Atlantides
who married Tegeates son of Lycaon.

Mercurii Promontoritth, a cape of
Africa, near Clypea.

Mercurius, a celebrated god of antiqui-
ty, called Hermes by the Greeks. There
were no less than 'five of this name, to
which some add a sixth. To the son of
Jupiter and Maia, the actions of 'all the
others have been probably attributed, as
he is the most fomous, and the best
known. Mercury was the messenger of
the gods, and of Jupiter in particular ; he
was the patron ef travellers and of shepJ
herds ; he conducted the souls of the dead
into the infernal regions, and not only'pre-
■ided over orators, merchants, declaim-
ere, but he was also the god of thieves,
pifkpockets, and all dishonest persons.
His name is derived a mercibuny because
he was the god of merchandise among the
Latins. Jupiter took him as his mesaen-
per, interpreter, and cup-bearer in the as-
Bembly of the god^. This last office he
discharged tiU the promotion of Gany-

mede. He was presented by the king of
heaven with a winged cap called petasus,
and with wings for his feet called talaria.
He had also a shoK sword called kerpe,-
which he lent to Perseus. With tliese he
was enabled to go into whatever part of
the universe he pleased with the greatest
celerity, and besides he was permitted tu
make- himself invisible, and to 'assume
whatever shape he pleased. His wor-
ship was well established, particularly in
Greece, Egypt, and Italy. Sometimes
Mercury appears on monuments with a
large cloak roand his arm, or tied under
his chin. The chief ensigns of his power
and offices are his caduceus, his petasusy
and his talaria. Sometimes he is like a
young man without a beard, holding in
one hand a purse, as being a tutelary god
of merchants, with a cock on his wrists as
an emblem of vigilance, and at his feet a
goat, a scorpion, and a fly. Sometimes he
rests his foot upon a tortoise. Somethned '
his statues represent him as without arms,
because, according to some, the power of
speech can prevail over every thing even
without the assistance of arms. Mercury

has many surnames and epithets.

Trismegistus, a priest and philosopher of
Egypt who taught his countrymen how
to cultivate the olive, and measure their
lands, and to understaitd hieroglyphics.
He lived in the age of Osiris, and wrote
forty books.

Meretrix, a name under which Venus
was worshipped at Abydos and at Samos.

MsRioNEs, a charioteer of Idomeneus

king of Crete duriiL^the Trojan war.

A brother of Jason^n of iGson, famous
for his great opulence and for his avarice.

Mermeros, a ceataur. A Trojan

killed by Antilochus.-^— A son of Jason
and Medea.

Mermnadje, a race of kings in Lydia
of which Gygea was the first. They were
descendants of the Heraclidae.

Merge y now JV^to^ia, an island of iEthi-
opia, with a town of the same name, cele-
brated for bis wines.

Me&ofe, one of the Atlantides. She
marriln Sisyphus son of iSolus, and, like
her sisters, was cHanged into a constella-
tion after death. A daughter of Cypse-

lus who married Cresphontes king of Mes-
senia, by whom she had three children.

A daughter, of CEnopion beloved by

Orion. 'A daughter of the Cebrenus

who married iEsacus the son of Priam.

Merops^ a king of the island of Cos,
who married Clymene. one of- the Ocean-
ides. He wasr changed into an eagle and
placed among the constellations. A ce-
lebrated soothsayer of Percosus in Troas,
who foretold the death of his sons Adraa-
tus and Amphius, who were engaged in
the Trojan war. One of the compan-
ions of iEneas.

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234

ME!

Msitoi, a mountain of India, sacred to .
Jupiter.'

Merula Corn, a Roman who fought
against the Gaul», and was made consuf
by Octavius in the place of Cinna.

MssABATSB, an eunuch in Persia, flayed
alive by order of Parysatia.

Mbsabius, a mountain of Boeotia.

Mesapia, an ancient name of Bcsotia.

Mesaubius, a (servant of Eumeeus the
steward of Ulysses.

Mesembria, now Meseuria, a maritime

city of Thrace. Another at the mouth

of the Lissus.

MssENE, an island in theJTigris.

Mesomedes, a lyric poet in the age of
the emperor Antoninus.

Mesopotamia, a country of Asia, be-
tween the rivers Tigris and Euphrates.

Mbssala, a name of Valerius Corvinus,
from his Having conquered Messana in Si-
cily. Another consul. The father

of Valeria who married the difetattor Sylla.

A tribune in one of the Roman legions

during the civil war between Vespasian

and Vitellius. A consul with Domitius.

A painter at Rome, who flourished

B. C. 235.

Messaliica Valeria, a daughter of Mes-
sala Barbatus. She married the emperor
Claudiu9, and disgraced herself by her cru-
elties and incontinence. Another call-
ed also Statilia. Bhe was descended of a
consular family, and married the consul
Atticus Vistin'us whom Nero murdered.
She received with great marks of ten-
derness' her husband's murderer and mar-
ried him.

MKssALiifus M. VAf^R. a Roman o^cer

in the reign of Tiberius. One of Domi-

tlan's ihformers. A flatterer of the em-
peror Tiberius.

MsasAifA, an ancient and celebrated
town of Sicily on the straits which sepa-
rate Italy from Sicily. It was anciently
called ZttneUy and was founded one thou-
sand six hundred years before the Chris-
tian era. The straits of Messana have
always been looked upon as very danger-
ous, especially by the ancients, on ac-
count of the rapidity of the currents, and
the irregular and violent flowing and ebb-
ing of the sea.

MEsfeAPiA, a country of Italy, between
Tarentum and Brundusium. It 4s the
eame as Calabria.

Messatis, a town of Achaia.

Messe, a town in the island of Cithera.

Messeis, a fountain of Thessaly.

Messe NE, a daughter of Triopas, king
of Argos, who married Polycaon son of
Lelex, king of Laconia. Slie encouraged
her husband to, levy troops, and to seize a
part of Peloponnesus, which, after it had
been conquered, received her name.

Messeive, or Messena, now Maura-Ma*
tra^ a city in the Peloponnesus, the capital . .

of the country called Messenia. The in-^
habitants have rendered themselves fa<^
nious for the war which they carried on
against the Spartans, and which received
the appellatioa of tiie Messeniau war.

Messenia, a province of Peloponnesus,
situate between Laconia, Elis, Arcadia,
and the sea. Its chief city is Messena.

Mestor, a son of Perseus and Andro-
meda, who married Lysidice, daughter of

Pelops, by whom he had Hippotlioe. A

son of Pterilaus — of Priam.

Mesulaj a town of Italy, in the country
of the Sabines.

Metabus, a tyrant of the Privernates.
He was father of Camilla.

Metaritnia, a festival in honor of
Apollo, celebrated bv the inhabitants oT
Melite, who migrated to Attica.

Metanira, the wife of Celeus, king or
Eleusis, who first taught mankind agri-v
culture.

Metapontum, a town of Lucania in,
Italy, founded about 1269 years B. C. by
Metabus, the father of Camilla, or Epeus,
one of the companions of Nestor. A few-
broken pillars of marble are now the only
vestiges of Metapontum.

Metapontus, a son of Sisyphus, who
married Theana.

Metaurus, now Jlf<;tro, artown with a
small river of the same name in the coun-
try of the Brutii.

Metella, the wife of Sylla.

Metelli, the surname of the family of
the Cfecilii at Rome, the most known of
whom were — A general who defeated the
Achsans, took Thebes, and invaded Ma-
cedonia.— —a. Cscilius, who rendered
himself illustrious by his successes against
Jugurtha the Numidian king, from which
he was surnamed Jifitmidieus. He was ac-
cused of extortion and ill management by
his lieutenant Marius, who was appointed
successor to finish the Numidian war.

Metellus was acquitted. L. Cecilius,

another, who saved from the fiamoR the
palladium, when Vesta's temple was on
fire. He was honored with the dictator-
ship, and the ofiice of master of horse. •

CI. Ciecilius Celer, another who distin-
guished himself by bis spirited exertions
against patiline. He died fifty-seven years

before Christ. L. Cspcilius, a tribune in

the civil wars of J. Caesar and Pompey.
He favored the cause of Pompey, and op-
posed Cesar when he entered Rome with

a victorious army. Q.. Caecilius, the

grandson of the high priest, who saved
the palladium from the flames, was a war-
like general, who, f>om his cdnquest of
Crete and Macedonia, was surnamed Ma-
cedonicus. Nepos, a consul. An-
other, who> as tribune, opposed the am-
bition of Julius Ceesar. A general of

the Roman armies against the Sicilians
and Carthaginians. ^Lucius Cecilius, or

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235

iluiiitus, surnamDil Creticics, from liis con-
quest In Crete, li. C. GU, is supposed by
some to be tlie son of Mc telliis JNIucedoni-

cua. Ciniber, one of the conspirators

against J. OiEsar. Pius, a genenal iu

Spain, against t^ertorius, ou wJiose head
he set a price of one hundred talents, and

twenty thousand acres of land. A con-

Bul who commanded in Africa.

MsTHARMA, a daughter of Pi'graalion,
king of Cyprus, and mother of Adonis by
Cinyras.

Methion, the father of Phorbas.
Methodius, a bishop of Tyre, who
•maintained a controversy against Por-
phyry.

Methone, a town of Peloponnesus.

A town of Macedonia, south of Pella,

In the seige of which Philip lost his right

^ye. Another in Magnesia.

Methtdrium, a town of Peloponnesus,
liear Megalopolis.

Methymna, (now Porto Petero), a town
of tha island of Lesbos, which receives its
Dame from a daughter of Macareus. It is
the second city of the island in greatness,
population, and opulence, and its territory
IS fruitful, »nd the wines it produces, ex-
cellent.

Metiadusa, a daughter of Eupalamus,
who married Cecrops. •

Metilia lex, was enacted A. U. C.
536, to settle the power of the dictator an4
of his master of horse.

Metilii, a patrician family brought
firom Alba to Rome, by Tullus Hostilius.

Metilics, a man who accused Fabius
Maximus, before the senate.

Metiochus, a son of Miltiades, who
was taken by the PhcBuicians, and given
to Darius king of Persia.

Metioit, a son of Erechtheus, king of
Athens and Praxithea. His sons drove
Fandion from the throne of Athens, and
were afterwards expelled by Pandion's
children.

Metis, one of the Oceanides. She was
Jupiter's first wife, celebrated for her great
prudence and sagacity above the rest of
the gods. Jupiter, who was afraid lest
she should bring forth into the world a
child more cunning and greater than him-
self, devoured her Some time after this
adventure the god had his head opened,
from which issued Minerva armed from
head to foot.
Metiscus, a charioteer to Turnus.
M«Tius CcRTiua, one of the Sabines
who fought against the Romans on ac-'

count of the stolen virgins. S«ffetiU8,

a dictator of Alba, in the reign of Tullus
Hostilius. He fought against the Romans,
and at last, finally to settle their disputes,
he proposed a single combat between the
Horatii'and Curiatii. For his treachery
to the Romans Tullus ordered Melius to
be tied between two chariots, which were

drawn by four horses two diflferent ways,
and his limbs were torn away from his
body, about six hundred and sixty-nine

Vears before the christian era. A critic.

^Carus, a celebrated informer under

Domitian.

Metoccia, festivals instituted by The-
seus.

Meton, an astrologer and mathemati-
cian of Athens. A native of Tarentum,

who pretended to be intoxicated that he

miglu draw the attention of his country- '

men, when he wished to dissuade them

from making an alliance with king Pyr-

rhus.

- Metope, the wife of the river Sanca-

rius. She was mother of Hecuba. "nia

daughter of Ladon, who married the Aso-
pus. A river of Arcadia.

Metra, a daughter of Erisichthon, a
Thessalian prince, beloved by Neptune.

Metrag^yrte, one of the names of Tel-
lus or Cybele.

Metrobius, a player greatly favored by
Sylla.

Metrocles, a pupil of Theophrastus,
who had the cttre of the education of Cle-
ombrotus and Cleomenes. He suffocated
himself when old and infirm.

Metrooorus, a physician of Chios, B.
C. 444. He was disciple of Democritus,
and had Hipi)ocrates ^mong his pupHs.

A painter and philosopher of Strato-

nice, B. C. 171. A ft-iend of Mithri-

dates; sent as ambassador to Tigranes,
king of Armenia. He was remarkable for
his learning, ihoderation, humanity, and

justice. Anoth^^of a very retentive^

memory. ^^

Metrophanes^ an olhcer of Mithri-
dates, who invaded Euboea.

Metropolis, a towtt of Phrygia.

Another of Thessaly near Pharsalia.

Mettius, a chief of the Gauls, impris-
oned by J. CaBsar.

Metulum, a town of Liburnia.

Mevania, now Bevngna^ a town of Um-
bria, on the Clitumnus.

Metius, a wretched poet.

Mezentids, a king of the Tyrrhenians
when iEneas came into Italy. He w-as re-
markable for his cruelties, and ptit his
subjects to death by slow tortures. He
was killed by iBneas, wKh his sou Lau-
sus.

MicEA, a virgin of EUs, daughter of
Philodemus, murdered by a soldier called
Lucius.

MiciPSA, a king of Numidia, son of Ma-
sinissa.

MicTTHUs, a youth, through whom Di-
oraedon made an attempt to bribe Epami-

nondas. A slave of Anaxilaus, of Rhe-

gium.

MiDAs, a king of Phrygia, son of Gor-
dius or Gorgias. The hospitality he show-
ed to Silenus, the preceptor of Bacchus.

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236

who bad been brought to him by some'

Seasants, waa liberally rewjrrded : and
lldas, when he conducted the old man
back to the god, was permitted to choose
whatever recompense he pleased. He had
the imprudence and Ihe avarice to demand
of the god that whatever he touched might
be turned into gold. His prayer was
granted, but he was soon convinced of his
injudicious choice ; and he begeed Bac-
chus to take away a present which must
prove so fatal to the receiver. He was or-
dered to wash himself in the river Pacto-
lus, whose sands were turned into gold by
the touch of Midas. Sometime after this
adventure Midas had the imprudence lo
support that Pan was superior to Apollo in
singing and in playing ufMin the flute, for
which rash opinion the offended god
changed his ears into those of an ass, to
show his ignorance and stupidity.

MiDEA, a town of Argolis of Lycia

of Bceotia, drowned by the inunda-
tions of the lake Copais. A nymph

who had Aspledon by Neptune.

MiLANioN, a youth who became enam-
ored of Atalanta.

MiLEsii, the inhabitants of Miletus.

MiLEsioRUM MURus, a place of Egypt
at the entrance of one of the modths of the
NUe.

MiLEsios, a surname of Apollo A

native of Miletus.

MiLETiA^ one of the daughters of Sce-
dasus, ravished with her sister by some
young Thebans.

MiLETiuM, a town of Calabria, built by

the people of MilettMof Asia. A town

of Crete. ^

Miletus, a son of Apollo, w^ho fled
from Crete to avoid the wrath of Minos,
whom he meditated to dethrone. He came
to Caria, where he built a city which he

called by his own name. A celebrated

town of Asia Minor, the Ciipttal of all
Ionia. The inhabitants early applied
themselves to navigation, and planted no
less than eighty colonies, or, according to
Beneca, three hundred and eighty, in dif-
ferent parts of the world.

Mi LI AS, a part of Lycia. \

MiLicHus, a freed man who discovered
Piso's conspiracy against Nero.

MiLiNus, a Cretan king, &c.

MiLioNrA,atownofthe Bamnites taken
by the Romans. .

MiLo, a celebrated athlete of Crotona in
Italy. It is said that he carried on his
shoulders a young bullock four years old,
for above forty yards, and afterwards kill-
ed it with one blow of his fist, and eat it
up in one day. He was seven times
crowned at the Pythian games, and six
at Olympia. He presented himself a
sev^enth time, but no one hfid the conrage
or boldness to enter tUe lists ^giynst him.
In his old age M!lo at(empted to pull up a

tree by the roots and break it. He partly
^fleeted it, but his strength being gradu-
alljj exhausted^ the tree when half cleft re-
united, and his hands remained pinched
in the body of the tree. He was then
alone, and being unable to disentangle
hunself, he was eaten up by the wild
beasts of the place, about Ave hundred

years before the Christian era. T. An-

nius, a native of Lanuvium, who attempt-
ed to obtain the consulship at Rome by
intrigue and seditious tumults. Clodius
the tribune opposed l^s views, and was
slain by Milo in a chance affray. Cicero
undertook the defence of Milo^ but the
continual clpimors of the friends of Clodius,
and the sight of an armed soldiery, which
surrounded the seat of judgment, so terri-
fied the orator, that he forgot the greatest
part of his arguments, and the defence he
made wa| weak and injudicious. Milo
was conwmned and banished to Massi-
lia. It was by the successful labors of
Milo that the orator was recalled from
banishment and restored to his friends.

A general of the forces of Py rrhus.

A tyant of Pisa in Elis.

MiLoNius, a drunken buffoon at Rome,'
accustomed to dance when intoxicated.

MiLTAs, a sQpthsayer, who assisted Dion
in explaining prodigies.

Miltiades, an Athenian, son of Cypse-
lus, who obtained a victory in a chariot
race at the 01> mpic games, and led a colo-
ny of his countrymen to the Chersonesus.
He afterwards left the Chersonesus and
returned to Athens. He was present at
the celebrated battle of Marathon, in
which all the chief officers ceded their
power to him, and left the event of the
battle to depend upon his superior abili-
ties. He obtained an important victory,
(Vid. Marathon) over the more numerous
forces of his adversaries; and when he
had demanded of his fellow citizens an
olive crown as the reward of his valor in
the field of battle, he was not only refus-
ed, but severely reprimanded for presump-
tion. The only reward, therefore^ that he
received for a victory which proved so
beneficial to the interests of universal
Greece, was in itself simple and inconsid-
erable, though truly great in the opinion
of that age. He was represented in the
front of a picture among the rest of the
commanders who fought at the battle of
Marathon, and he seemed to exhort and
animate his soldiers to fight with courage
and intrepidity^ Bomc time after Milti-
ades was intrusted with a fleet of seven-
ty ships, and ordered to punish those, is-
lands which had revolted to Ahe Persians.
He was successful at first, but a sudden
report that the Persian fleet was coming
to attack him, changed his operations as
he vi^as b^siegitig Pares. He raised the
siege and returned to Athens, wbere be

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

237

was accused of treason « and particularly
of lioldin^correspondence with the eneiny»
The falsity of these accusations raigiu have
appeared, if Miltiades had been able to
come into the assembly. A wound which
he had received before Paros detained
him at home) and his enemies, taking ad>
vantage of his absence, became more ea-
ger in their accusations and louder in their
clamors. He was condemned to death,
but the rigor of the sentence was retract-
ed on the recollection of his great services
to the Athenians, and he was put into
prison till he had paid a fine of fiily tal-
ents to the state. His inability to d ischarge
so great a sum detained him in confine-
ment, and soon after his wounds became
incurable, and he died about four hundred
and eighty-nine years before the Christian
era. His body was ransomed by his son
Cimon, who was obliged to boiVow and
pay the fifty talents, to give hi# father a

4ecent burial. An archon at Athens.

MfLTo, a favorite of Cyrus the younger.

MiLvius, a parasite at Rome. A

' bridge at Rome over the Tiber, now called
Pont de MolU.

MiLTAB, a country of Asia Minor b^ter
known by the name of Lycia.

MiMALLONEs^theBacchanalSjivhowhen
they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, put
horns on their heads.

Mimas, a giant whom Jupiter destroyed

with thunder. A high mountain of

Asia Minor, n^ar Colophon. A Trojan,

flon of Theano and Amycus, born on the
same night as Paris, with whom he lived
in great intimacy.

MiMRERMUs, a Greek poet and musi-
cian of Colophon in the age of Solon. He
chiefly excelled in elefeiac poetry, whence
some have attributed the invention of it to
him, and, indeed, he was the poet who
made elegy an amorous poem, instead of
a mournful and melancholy tale.

Mi!vcius, now Mincio, a river of Vene-
tia, flowing from the lake Benacus, and
falling into the Po.

Mi If darus, a commander of the Spartan
fleet during the Peloponnesian war. He
was defeated by the Athenians, and 4ied
410 B. C.

MiFTEiDEs, the daughters of Minyas or
Mineus, king of Orchomepos, in BoDotia.
They were three in number, Leuconoe.
lieucippe, and Alcithoe. Thriy derided
the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety
the god inspired them with an unconquer-
able desire of eatinsf human flesh. They
drew lots which of them should give up
her son as food to the rest. They were
changed into batif.

MrivERVA, the goddess of wisdom, war,
and all the liberal aits, was produced
from Jupiter's brain without a nlother.

Minerva came all armed an^ grown up
I ber father's brain, and immediately

from ]

was admitted into the assembly of the
gods, and made one of the most faithful
counsellors of her father. The power of
Minerva wad great in heaveu ; she could
hurl the thunders of Jupiter, prolong the
life of men, bestow the gift of prophecy,
and, indeed, she was the only one of all
the divinities whose authority and conse-
quence were equal to those of Jupiter.
The worship of Minerva was universally
established ; she had magnificent temples
in Egypt, Phoenicia, all parts of Greece,
Italy, Gai^l, and Sicily. The festivals cel-
ebrated in her honor were solemn and
magnificent. She was invoked by every
artist, and particularly such as worked in
wool, embroidery, painting, and sculp-
ture. It was the duty of almost every
member of society to implore the assist-
ance and patronage of a dt'ity who presid-
ed over sense, taste, and reason.' Miner-
va was represented in difierent ways, ac-
cording to the difiTerent ch '^acters in
which she appeared. She geii«:rally ap-
peared with a countenance more full of
masculine firmness and composure, than
of softness and grace. Most usually she
was represented with a helmet on ber
head, with a large plume nodding in the
air. In one hand she held a spear, and in
the other a shield, with the dying head
of Medusa upon it. Sometimes this Gor-
gon's head was on her breast-plate, with
living serpents writhing round it, as well
as round her shield and helmet. When
she appeared as the goddess of the liberal
arts, she was arrayed in a variegated veil,
which the ancients^ALed pttjylKin. Some
of her statues re^BR;nted her helmet
with a sphinx in the middle, supported on
either side by griffius« In some medals,
a chariot drawn by four horses, or some-
times a dragon or a serpent, with wind-
ing spires, appear at the top of her helmet.
She was partial to the olive tree ; the owl
and cock were her favorite birds, and the
dragon among reptiles was sacred to her.
The functions, offices, and actions, of Mi-
nerva, seem so numerous that they unr
doubtedly originate in more than one per-
son.

MiiiERVJB Castrum, atown of Calabria.

Promontorium, a cape at the most

southern extremity of Campania.

MiNERVALiA, festivals at Rome in hon-
or of Minerva, celebrated in the months
of March and June. During the solemni-
ty scholars obtained some relaxation from
their studious pursuits, and the present,
which it was usnal for them to offbr to
th^r masters, was called Minervaly in
honor of the goddess Minerva, who patron-
ised over literature.

MiNio, now Micrnone, a river of Etruria,

falling into the Tyrrhene sea. One

of the favorites of Antiocbus, king of
Syria.

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238

Minif jEi, a people of Arabia, on the Red
■ea.

Mi NO, a town of Sicily. A town of

Peloponnesus. A town of Crete. .

Ml HOIS, belonging to Minos. Crete is
called Minoia regna^ as being the legisla-
tor's kingdom. A patronynaic of Ari-
adne.

MiKos, a king of Crete, son of Jupiter
and Europa, who gave laws to his sub-
jects B. C. 1406, which still remained in
full force in the age of the philosoplier
Plato. His justice and moderation ftto-
cured him the appellation of the favorite
of the gods, the confident of Jupiter, the
wise legislator, in every city of Greece ;
and, according to the poets, he was re-
warded fonhia equity, after death, with
the office of supreme and absolute judge

in the infernal regions. The second

was a son of Lycastes, the son of Minos
I. and king of Crete. He increased bis
paternal dominions by the conquest of
tlie neighboring islands, but he showed
himself cruel in the war which he carried
on against the Athenians, who bad put to
death his son Androgens. He took Me-
gara by the treachery of Scylla, and. not
satisfied with a victory, he obligea the
vanquished to bring him yearly to Crete
seven chosen boys and the same number
of virgins to be destroyed by the Minotaur.
Tins bloody tribute was at last abolished
when Theseus had destroyed the monster.
Minos was put to death by Cocalus, king
of Sicily, about lUiity-five years before the
Trojan war.

MiNOTAURUs,a^Mebrated monster, half
a man and half ffPtill. The Minotaur
usually devoured the chosen young men
and maidens, which the tyranny of Minos
yearly exacted from the Athenians. The-
seus delivered his country from this shame-
ful tribute, when it had fallen to his lot to
be sacrificed to the voracity of the Mino-
taur, and, by means of Ariadne, the king's
daughter, he destroyed the monster, and
made his escape from the windings of the
labyrinth.

MiWTHB, a daughter of Cocytus, loved
by Pluto.

Mi-NTURN.c, a town of Campania,, be-
tween Sinuessa and Formic It was in
the marshes, in its neighborhood, that
Mariqs concealed himself in the mud, to
avoid the partisans of Sylla.

MiNUTiA, a vestal virgin, condemned

to be buried alive A. U. C. 418. ;— A

public way from Rome to Brundusium.

MtivuTius, Augurinus, a Roman consal

slain in a-battle against the Samnltes.

A tribune of the people who put Mielius
to death when he a.spired to the sovereign

ty of Rome. Rufus, a master of horse

to the dictator Fabius Maximus. ^is dis-
obedience to the commands of the dicta-
tor was productive of an extension of his

prerogati^, and the master of the horsa
.was declared equal in power to the dictft'
tor.— ——A Roman coysul who defended
Cor^olanus from the insults of the people.

Another, defeated by the iEqui and

disgAced by the dictator Cincinnatus.

A tribune who warmly opposed the

views of C. Gracchus. A Roman cho-
sen dictator, and obliged to lay down his
office, because, during the lime of his
election, the sudden cry of a rat was

beard. A Roman, one of the first who

were chosen quaestors. Felix, an Afri-
can lawyer, who flourished 207 A. D.

MiirY.v, a name given to the inhabi-
tants of Orchamenos, in Boeotia, from
Minyas, king of the country. The de-
scendants or the Argonauts, as well as
the Argonauts themselves, received the
name of Minyie.

MiNTAs, a king of BtBotia, son of Nep-
tune and Tritegenia, the daughter oiMo-
lus. According to Plutarch and Ovid, be
bad three daughters, who were changed
into bats.

MiNvcus, a river of Thesssly.

MiwTiA, a festival observed at Orcho-
menos in honw of Minyas, the king of the
place. A small island near Patmoe.

MiNTTva, one of Niobe's sons.

MiRACss, an eunuch tjf Parthia.

Mi8£!vus, a son of iEolus, who was pi-
per to Hector. After Hector's death he
followed iGneas to Italy, and was drown-
ed on the coast of Campania, becaHlse be
bad challenged one of the Tritons.

M18ITHEU8, a Roman^ celebrated for his:
virtues and his misfortunes. He died A^
D. 243.

MiTitRAs, a god of Persia, supposed to
beth»sun, or according to others Venus
Urania. His worship was introduced at
Rome.

MiTHnAcsNSEs, a Persian who fled to-
Alexander after the murder of Darius by
Bessus.

MiTHRADATEB, a hcrdsmau of Astyages^
ordered to put young Cyrus to death. He
refused, and educated him at home as his
own son.

MiTHR£NEs, a Persian who betrayed
gardes.

MiTHRiDATBs 1st, was (hc third kingof
Pontus. He was tributary to the crown
of Persia, and his attempts to make him-
self indepewdent proved fruitless. The

second of that name, kingof Pontus, was
grandson to Mithridates I. He reigned
about twenty-six years, and died at tbe
advanced age of eighty-four years, B. C.

302. The III. was son of the preceding

monarch. He enlarged his paternal pos-
sessions by the conquest of Cappadocia
and Paphlaconia, aqd died after a reign of

thirty -six years. The iV. succeeded

his father Ariobarz&ncs, who was the son
of Kitbridates III. The V. succeeded

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239

hisfiither Mithridates IV. and strengthen-
ed bimself on his throne by an alliance
with Amiochus the Great, whose daugh-
ter Laodice he married. He was succeed-
ed by his son Pharnaces. The VX- suc-
ceeded his father Pharnaces. He was the
first of tlie kings of Pontus who made
alliance with the Romans. He was mur-
dered B. C. 123. -^he f II. surnam-

ed EupatoTj and T/ie Great j succeeded
his father Mithridates VI. though only
at the age of eleven years. The begin-
ning of his reign was marked by am-
bition, cri^elty, and artifice. He murder-
ed his own mother, who had been left by
his father coheiress of the kingdom, ^nd
he fortified his constitution by drinking
antidotes against the poison with which
his enemies at court attempted to destroy
him. Mithridates never lost an opportu-
nity by which he might lessen the influ-
ence of his adversaries ; and the more
effectually to destroy their power in Asia,
he ordered all the Romans that were in
his dominions to be massacred. This was
done in one night, and no less than
150,000, according to Plutarch, or 80,000
Romans, as Appian mentions, Avere made,
at one blow, the victims of bis cru<4i^.
This universal massacre called aloud for
revenge. Aquitius, and soon ftfler Sylla,
marched against Mithridates with a large
army. The former was made prisoner,
but Syllaobtained a victory over the king's
generals, and another decisive engage-
ment rendered him master of all Greece,
Macedonia, Ionia, and Asia Minor, which
had submitted to the victorious arms of
the monarch of Pontus. This ill fortune
was aggravated by the loss of about
300,000 men, who were killed in the sev-
eral engagements that had been Ibught ;
and Mithridates weakened by repeated ill
success by aea and land, sued for peace
from the conqueror, which he obtained on
condition of defraying the expenses which
the Romans had incurred by the war, and
of remaining satisfied with the posses-
sions which he had received . from his
ancestors. While these negotiations of
peace were carried on, Mithridates was
not unmindful of his real interest. His
poverty, and not his inclinations, obliged
him to wish for peace. He immediately
took the field with an army of 140,000 in-
fantry, and 16,030 horse, which consisted
of his own forces and those of his son-in-
law NTigranes, king of Armenia., The
news of his warlike preparations wast no
sooner heard, than Lucullus, the consul,
marched into Asia, and without delay, he
blocked up the camp of Mlthridate9,vvho
was then besieging Cyzrqus. The Asiatic
monarch esscaped from him, and fled into*
the heart of his kingdom. Tho appoint-
ment of Glabrio to the command of the
BJoman forces, instead of Lucullus, ^aa

favorable to Mithridates, atid he recovered
the greatest part of bis dominions. The
sudden arrival of Pompey, however, soon
put aa end to his victories. A battle, in
the night, was fought near the EuphiifCes.
in Hfliich the troops of Pontus labored
under every disadvantage. An universal
overthrow ensued, and Mittiridates, bold
in his misfortunes, rushed through the
thick ranks of the enemy, at the head of
eight hundred horsemen, five hundred of
which perished in the attempt to follow
kam. He fled to Tigranes, but that mon-
arch refused an asylum to his father-in-
law, whom he had before supported with
all the collected forces of his kingdom.
Mithridates found a safe retreat. His sub-
jects refused to follow Ipm any longer,
and they revolted from him, and made
his^on Pharnaces kin^. The son show*
ed himself ungrateful to his father, and
even, according to some writers, he or-
dered him to be put to death. This
unnatural treatment broke the heart of
Mitbridates ; he obliged his wife to poison
herself, and was himself slain at his own
command about sixty-three years before
the Christian eta, in the 72d year of his
age. A king of Parthia, who took De-
metrius prisoner. A man made king of

Armenia by Tiberius. Another, king

of Armenia. A king of Pergamus.

A king of Iberia. -Another of Coma-

gena. A celebrated king of Parthia.

^Another, who murdered his father;

and made himself master of the crown.

A king of Pontus, put to death by

order of Galba. i^jnan in the armies

of Artaxerxes. He was rewarded by the
monjirch for having wounded Cyrus the
younger; but, when he boasted he had
killed him, he was cruelly put to death.

A son of Ariobarzanes, who basely

murdered Datames.

MiTHRiDATicuM Bellum, bcgun eighty-
nine years B. C. was one of the longest
and most celebrated wars ever carried on
by the Romans against a foreign power.
The ambition of Mithridates, from whom
it receives its name, may be called the
cause and origin of it.

MiTHRiDATis, a daughter of Mithrida^
tes the Great. She was poisoned by her
father.

MiTHROBARZANEs, a king of Armenia.

An officer gent by Tigranes against

Lucullus. The father-in-law of Da-
tames.

MiTYLENE and Mittlen^e, the capital
city of the i^and of Lesbos. It was
greatly commended by^ the ancients for
the stateliness of its Iniildings, and the
fruitfnlness of its soil, but more particu-
larly for the great men it produced.

MiTYs, a man whose statue fell upon
his murderer, and crushed him to death
-—A river of Macedonia.

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240

MizjBi, a people of JBlymais.

MfTASALCEs, a Greek poet, Wbo wrote
epigrams.

Mnasias, an historian of Phoenicia.

Another of Colophon. A third of Pa-

tre, in Adhaia. / «

Mil AsicLEs, a general of Thymbro.

MffASiLus, a youth who assisted Chrf>-
mi9 to tie the old Silenus, whom they
found asleep in a cave.

MivAsirpiDAs, a Lacedaemonian, who
imposed upon the credulity of the people.

MwAsirpus, a Lacedemonian, sent with
a fleet of «ixty-five ships and fifteen hun-
dred men to Corcyra, where he was kill-
ed.

MiVASff MKU8, a friend of Aratus.

Mif AsoN, a tyrant of Elatia, who gave
twelve hundred pieces of gold for twelve
pictures of twelve gods to Asclepiodonis.

JMnasyrium, a place in Rhodes.

Mnemo?(, a surname given to Artax-
erxes, on account of his retentive mem^
ory. A Rhodian.

Mn£M09tn£, a daughter of Coelus and
Terra, mother of the nine Muses, by Ju-

Eiter, who assumed the form of a shep-
erd to enjoy her company. The word
Mnemoafne signifies menwry. A cele-
brated fountain of Boeotia.

MnEaARCHUs, a celebrated philosopher
of Greece.

MNEtiDAHtJs,.an officer who conspired
against the lieutenant of Demetrius.

MiTEstLAui, a son of Pollux and Phoebe.

Mnebimache, a daughter of Dexame-
nus king of Olehtis, courted by Eurytion,
whom Hercules ki^d.

Mnesimachub, ^omic poet.

Mnestsr, a freedman of Agrippina,
who murdered himself at the death of his
mistress.

MifBBTMECs, a Trojan, who obtained
the prise given to the best sailing vessel
by iiineas, at the funeral games of Anchi-

ses, in Sicily. A son of Peteus. A

fireedman of Aurelian.

MivESTiA, a daughter of Danaus.

Mnestra, a mistress of Ciraon.

MirsTrs, a celebrated ball, sacred to the
suH4n the town of Heliopolis. He was
the emblem of Osiris.

MoAPHERifEB, the uncle of Strabo's
mother.

MoDESTus, aLatin writer*

Mod I A, a rich widow at Rome.'

MocoiA, one of the tribes at Rome.

MtEivus, now Mayne, a river of€ermany.

MoERAGETEs, /a£orum duetor, a surname
of Jupiter.

McERis, a king of India, who fled at the

approach of Alexander. A steward of

the shepherd Menalcas.— — A kinc of
Egypt. JEIe was the last of the three hun-
dred kings from Menes to Sesostris, and

reigned sixty-eight years. A celebrated

lake in Ecypt, about two hundred and

twenty miles in circnmferenee, add in>
tended as a reservoir for the superfluous
waters during the inundation of the Nile.
There were two pyramids in it, six hun-
dred feet high.

MosDi, a people of Thrace, conquered by
Philip of Macedonia.

McEorr, a Sicilian ^Aio poisoned Agatho-
clee.

M<EsiA, a country of Europe, bounded
on the south by-the mountains of Dalma-
tia, north by mount Hemus, extending
from the confluence of the Savus and the
Danube to the shores of the Euxine. It
was divided into Upper and Lower Mcb-
isia.

MoLsiA, a festival in Arcadia, in cpm-
memoration of a battle in which Lyci/rgus
obtained the victory.

MoLioN, a Trojan prince who distin-
guished himself in the defence of his coun-
try against the Greeks.

MoLtoNE, the wife of Actor, eon of
Phorbas.

MoLo, a philosopher of Rhodes, called

also Apollonius. A prince of Syria, who

revolted against Antiochus, and killed
himself when his rebellion was attended
wlln ill success.

MoLoEis, a river of BcBotia, near Pla-
taea.

MoLORCHUB, an old shepherd near Cle-
onffi, who received Hercules with great
hospitality. The hero, to r^pay the kind-
ness he received, destroyed the Nemaean
lion, which laid waste the neighboring
country.

IkloLossi, a people of Epiras, who in-
habited t^t part of the country which was
called Molossia or Molossis from king Mo-
lossus^ The dogs of the place were fa-
mous.

Molossia, or Molossis. Fid. Molossi.

MoLossus, a son of Pyrrhus and Andro-
mache. He reigned in E^rus after the
death of Helenus. A surname of Jupi-
ter in Epirus. An Athenian general.

The father of Merion of Crete.

Molpa»ia, one of the Amazons.

Molpus, an author who wrote an histo-
ry pf Lacedsmon.

MoLus, a Cretan, father of Meriones.

A son of Deucalion. Another, son

of Mars and Demonlce.

MoLTCRiojT, a town of iBolia between
the Evenus and Nau pactum.

MoMBlfPHis, a town of Egypt.

MoMus, the god of pleasantry among the
ancients, son of Nox. He was continual-
ly employed in satirizing the gods, and
whatever they did was freely turned to
ridicule. Venus herself was exposed to
his satire ; and when the sneering god had
found no fault in the body of. the naked
goddess, he observed as she retired, that
the noise of her feet was too loud, and
grpatly improi)er in the goddess of beauty.

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These illiberal reflections upon the |^ds
"Were the cause that Momus was driven
from heaven.

Mo IV A, an island between Britain and
Hibernia, anciently inhabited by a num-
l>er of Druids.

Moif jfSEs, a king of Parthia, who fa-
vored the cause of M. Antony against Au-
gustus. A Parthian in the age of Mith-

ridates.

MoivDA, a river, between the Durius and
Tagu^, in Portugal.

M(^E9U8, a general killed by Jason at
■Colchis.

MoNETi^, a surname of Juno among the
Romans. She received it because she ad-
vised them to sacrifice a pregnant sow to
Cybele, tS avert an earthquake.

MoNiMA, a beautifhi woman of Mile-
tus, whom Mithridates the Great married.
When liis affairs grew desperate, she or-
dered one of her attendants to stab her.

MoNiMDs, a philosopher of Syracuse.

MoNODUs, a son of Prusias. He had
one continued boiie instead of a row of
teeth.

MoNtEcus, now Monaco, a town and
port of Liguria, wliere Hercules taad a
temple.

Mo !« OLE us, a lake of Ethiopia.

MoNOPHAGE, sacrifices in ^gina.

MoNOPHiLus, an eunuch of Mithridates.
The king intrusted him with the care of
one of his daughters; and the eunuch,
when he saw the affairs of his mnstfir in a
desperate situation, stabbed her lest she
should (lUl into the enemy's hands.

MoNs SACER, a mountain near Rome,
where the Roman populace lietired in a
tumult, which was the cause of the elec-
tion of the tribunes.

MoNs sEVERus, a mountain near Rome.

MosTTANus, a poet who wrote in hexa-
meter and elegiac verses. An orator

under Vespasian. A favorite of Messa-

lina. One «f the senators whom Doini-

tian consulted about boiling a turbot.

MowTCHUs, a powerful giant, who could
root up trees and hurl them like a javelin.

MowTMus, a servant of Corinth, wlio,
not being permitted liy his master to fol-
low Diogenes the cynic, pretended mad-
ness and obtained his liberty.

MoPHis, an Indian prince conquered by
Alexander.

MopsiUM, a hill and town of Thessaly,
between I'euipe and Larissa.

MoP30PiA,'!in anoient name of Athens,
from Mopsus one of its kings.

Moi'suHKsTiA, or Mopaorf, a town of Ci-
licia near tlie sea.

Mopsus, a celebrated prophet, son of
Mauto and Apollo, and rival of Talchas,
son of Thesfor. Thc:;(e famous soothsay-
ers were jealous of each other's fame, and
determined on a trial of their skill in di-
vination. Caiciifls first asked his antago-
21 ^

nist how many figs a neighboring tree
bore. Mopsus replied, " Ten thousand,
except one ; and one single vessel can con-
tain them all.'^ The figs were gathered,
and his conjectures were true. Mopsus
now asked his adversary how many young
ones a certain pregnant sow would bring
forth. Calchas confessed his ignorance;
and Mopsus said, that on the morrow the
sow would litter ten, of which only one
would be male, all black. This predic-
tion was also verified ; and Calchas died
through the excess of grief which this de-
feat produced. After death, Mopsus was
ranked ahiong the gods, and had an ora-
cle at Malia. A son of Ampyx and

Chloris, often confounded with the son of
Manto. He was the prophet and sooth-
sayer of the Argonauts ; and died at Ma
return from Colchis, by the bite of a ser-
pent in Lybia. A shepherd of that

name.

MoROANTiuM (or I A,) a town of Sicily,
near the mouth of the Simethus. ,

MoRiNi, a people of Belgic Gaul, on the
shores of the British ocean. The shortest
passage to Britain was from their territo-
ries.

MoRiTASGus, a king of the Senones.

Mori us, a river of BoBotia.

Morpheus, the son and minister of the
god Somnus, who naturally imitated the
grimaces^ gestures, words, and manners,
of mankind. He is sometimes called the
god of sleep. He is generally represented
as a sleeping child of great corpulence,
and with wings.

Mors, one of the infernal deities born
of Night, without a fatlier. She was wor>
shipped by the ancients, particularly Iq^
the Lacedemonians, with great solemni-
ty. The modems represent her as a ske-
leton armed with a scythe and a scimetar.

MoRYs, a Trojan killed by Meriones dur-
ing the Trojan war,"

MosA, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into
the German ocean.

MoscHA. now Mascot, a port of Arabia
on the Red sea.

MoscHi, a people of Asia, at the west
of the Caspian sea. '

MoscHio.v, a name common to fourdif-
fbrent writers, whose compositions, char-
acter, and native place are unknown.

MoscHus, a Phifinician who wrote the
history of his country in his own mother

tonfrnorf— — A pliilosopher ©f l^idon. A

Greek Bucolic poet in the age of Ptolemy

Philadelphus. A Greek rhetorician of

Pergauuis in the i\»c of Horace.

MosjcLLA, a river of Belgic Gaul, now
called the Mosrlle.

Moses, a celebrtated legislator and gen-
eral anu)Mg the Jews, well known in sa-
cred history, flo was born in Egypt, 1S71
B. C. and after he had performed his mira-
cles before Pharaoh ,^nducted the Iinel-

jitizedbilkjOOglC

ites-tbfough the Red sea, and given them
laws and ordinances, during their peregri-
nation of forty years in the wilderness of
Arabia ; he died at the age of one hundred
and twenty.

MosYCHLUs, a mountain of Lemnos.

Mosrif .vci, a nation on the Euxine sea.

MoTHONE, a town of Magnesia, where
Philip lost one of his eyes. The word is
ofteuer spelt Methone.

MoTYA, a town of Sicily, besieged and
taken by Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse.

MuciAivus, a facetious and intriguing
general under Otho and Vitellius.

MucR.K, a village of Samnium.

MuLciB£R, a surname of Vulcan.

MuLucHA, a river of Africa, dividing
Numidia from Mauritania.

MuLviui Poirs, a bridge on the Flami<
nian way, about one n^e distant from
Rome.

L. MuMMius, a Roman consul, sent
against the Achteans, whom he conquer-
ed, B. C. 147. He destroyed Corinth,
Thebes, and Chalcis, by order of the sen-
ate, ana obtained the surname of Achair

cus from his victories. Publius, a man

commended by C. Publicius for the versa-
tility of his mind, and the propriety of his

manners. A Latin poet. M. a prjE-

tor. Spurius, a brother of Achaicus be-
fore mentioned, distinguished as an ora-
tor, and for his fondness for the stoic phi-
losophy. A lieutenant of Crassus de-
feated.

MuNATius, Plancus. a consul sent to
the rebellious army of Germanicus. He
was almost killed by the incensed sol-
diery, who suspectea that it was through
him that they had not all been pardoned
and indemnified by a decree of the sen-
ate. An orator and disciple of Cicero.

He was long Antony's favorite, but he left
him at the battle of Actium to conciliate
the favors of Octavius. Gratus, a Ro-
man knight who conspired with Piso
against Nero. A friend of Horace.

MuivoA, a small town of Hispania Bob-
tica.

MuNiTut, a son of Laodice the daugh-
ter of Priam by Acam««. He was intrust-
ed to the careof iGthra as soon as bom,
and at the taking of Troy he was made
known to his father, who saved his life,
and carried him to Thrace, where he was
killed by ttie bil» of a serpent.

MuNTCHiA, a port of Attica, between
the Pirens and the promontory of Suni-
um, called aAer king Mumjchtis, who built
. there a temple to Diana,' and in whose
honor he instituted festivals called Muny-
cMa. The port of Munychia was weli ^r-
tified, and of great consequence.

MuRA.NA, a celebrated Roman, left at
the head of the armies of the republic in
Asia by Sylla. He invaded the domin-
ions of Mltbridates with succeBa, but soon

after met with a defeat. He was honoreS

with a triumph at his return fb Rome.

A man put to death for conspiring against
Augustus, B..C. 22.

MuRcus, an enemy of the triumvirate of
J. C«sar. Statius, a man who murder-
ed Piso in Vesta's temple in Nero's reign.

MuROARTiA, a town of Samnium.

MuRRHENus, a friend of Turnus killed
by iGueas.

MuRSA, now Essek, a town of Hungary,
where the Drave falls into the Danube.

MuRTiA, or Mtrtia, a supposed sur-
name of Venus, because she presided over
the myrtle,

Mus, a Roman consul.

MuiA Antonius, a freedman and phy-
sician of Augustus. He cured his impe-
rial master of a dangerous disease under
which he labored, by recommending to
him the use of the cold bath. He was
greatly rewarded for this celebrated cure.

A daughter of Nicomedes, king of

Bithynia.

Mus.c, certain |;oddesses who presided
over poetry, music, dancing, and all the
liberal arts. They were daughters of Ju-
piter and Mnemosyne, and were nine in
number: Clio, Euterpe, Tlialia, MeIpo>-
mene, Terpsichore, Krato, Polyhymnia,
Calliope, and Urania. The palm tree, the
laurel, and all the fountains of Pindus,
Helicon, Parnassus, &c., were sacred to
the muses. They were generally repre-
sented as young, beautiful, and modest
virgins. They were fond of solitude, and
commonly appeared in different attire ac-
cording to the arts and sciences over which
they presid«d. Sometimes they were re-
presented as dancing in a chorus, to inti-
mate the near and indissoluble connexion
which exists between the liberal arts and
sciences. The worship of the muses was
universally established. No sacrifices
were ever offered to them, though no poet
ever began a poem without a solemn in-
vocation to the goddesses who presided
over verse.

MusjsuB, an ancient Greek poet, bui>-
posed to have been sun or disciple of.Li
nus or Orpheus', ana to have lived about
one thousand four hundred and ten years
before the Christian era. None of the

poet's compositions are extant. A Latin

poet whose «ohipositions were very ob-
scene. A j>oet of Thebes Who lived

durinp the Trojan war.

MusoNius RuFUs, a stoic philosopher of
Etruria in the reign of Vespasian.

MuTA, a goddess who presided over si-
lence, among the Romans.

MusTKLA, a man greatly esteemed by
Cicero. A gladiator.

MuTHULLT-s, a river of Numidia.

MuTiA, sister of Metellus Celer, and
Pompey's third wife Her incontinent
behaviour so disgustet) licr husband that

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243

at his return from the Mithridatic war, lie

divorced her. A wife of Julius Caesar

beloved by Clodius the tribune. The

mother of Augustus.

MuTiA LEX, the same as that which was
enacted by Licinius Crassus, and Q,. Mu-
titts, A. U. C. 657.

MuTicA, or MuTTCB, a town of Sicily
west of the cape Pachynus.

MuTiLiA, a woman inthnate with Livia
Augusta.

MuTiNA, a Roman colony of Cisalpine
Gaul, where M. Antony besieged D. Bru-
tus whom the cohsuls Pansa and Flirtius
delivered. Mutina is now called Modena.

MuTiNEs, one of Annibal's generals.

MuTiHs, the father-in-law of C. Marius.

A Roman who saved the life of young

Marius, by conveying him away from the
pursuits of his enemies in a load of straw.

A friend of Tiberius Gracchus by

whose means he was raised to the office

of a tribune. C. ScJEVola, surnamed

CorduSf became famous for his courage
and intrepidity. When Porsenna, king
of Etruria, had besieged Rome to reinstate
Tarquin in all his rights and privileges,
Mutius determined to deliver his country
from 80 dangerous an enemy. He dis-
guised himself in the habit of a Tuscan,
and gained an easy introduction into the
carap, and soon into the royal tent. Por-
senna sat alone with his secretary when
Mutius entered. The Roman rushed upon
the secretary and stabbed him to the heart,
mistaking him for his roy^l master. This
occasioned a noise, and Mutius, unftble to
escape, was seized and brought before the
king. He gave no answer to the inquiries
of tile courtiers, and to give them a proof
of his fortitude, he laid bis right hand
on an altar of burning coals, and sternly
looking at the king, and without uttering
a groan, he boldly told him, that three
hundred young Romans like liimself had
conspired against his life, and entered his
camp in disguise. This extiaordiimry
confession astonished Porsenna, he made
peace with the Romans and retired from
their city. CI. Scsevola, a Roman con-
sul. He obtained a victory over the Dal-
matians, and signalized himself greatly in

the Marsian war. Another appointed

proconsul of Asia, which he governed
with much popularity. He was murdered
in the temple of Vesta, eighty-two years
before Christ.

MuTDNus, or MuTiNus, a deity among
the Romans, mucl^ the same as the Fria-
pua of t|ie Greeks.

MuTusc.r^a town of Umbria.

MnzERis, a town of India, now Vizin-
druk.

Mtagrus, or Mtodes, a divinity among
the Egyptians, called also Achor. He was
entreated by the inhabitants to protect
them from flies an^ serpents.

MycaIe, a celebrated magicia^ who
boasted that he could draw down the
moon from her orb. A city and prom-
ontory of Asia Minor opposite Samos, ce-
lebrated for a battle which was fought
there between the Greeks and Persians on
the 22d of September, 479 B. C. the same
day that Mardonius was defeated at Pla-
tiea. A woman's name.

MTCALE8su9,an inland town of Boeotia,
where Ceres had a temple.

Mycen.1:, a town of Argolis, in Pelo-
ponnesus. It was situate on a small river
at the east of the Inachus, about fifty sta-
dia from Argos, and received its name
Q-om Mycene, a nymph of Laconia. The
town of MycensB was taken and laid in
ruins by the Argives B. C. 568. The word
Mycenasus is used for Agamemnon as he
was one of the kings of Mycenee.

MrcENis, a name applied to Iphigenla
as residing at Mycens.

MrcERiNus, a son of Cheops, king of
Eppt. After the death of his father he
reigned with great justice and modera-
tion.

Mtciberwa, a town of the Hellespont.-

MvciTHos, a servant of Anaxilaus, ty-
rant of Rhegium and afterwards a faithful
guardian to his children.

Mtcon, a celebrated painter who with
others assisted in making and perfecting

the Pofcile of Athens. A youth of

Athens changed into a poppy by Ceres.

Mtcowos, (or E,) one of the Cyc]ade»
between Delos apd Icaria, which received
its name from Myconus, an unknown per-
son. It is about three miles at the east of
Delos, and is thfrty-six miles in circum-
ference. It remained long uninhabited on
account of the frequent earthquakes to
which it was subject.

Mydon, one of the Trojan chiefs killed
by Antilocbus.

Myecphoris, a town in Egypt, in a
small island near Buba^tis.

Myenus, a mountain cf ^tolia.

Mygdon, a brother of Amycus, killed in

a war against Hercules. A brother of

Hecuba. ^

Mygdonia, a small province of Mace-
donia near" Thrace, between the rivers
Axius and Strymon. Cybele was called
Myffdonia, from the worship she received
m Mygdonia in Phrf gia. A sma^I pro-
vince of Mesopotamia.

Myodonus, or Mygdon, a brother of
Hecuba, Pri/im's wife, who reigned in part

of Thrace. A small river running

through Mesopotamia. ^'

Mylassa, a town of Caria.

Myle or Mylas, a small river on thtf
east of Sicily, with a town of the same

name.' Also a town of Thessaly, now

Mnlaiio.

Myles, a son of Lelex.

Mylitta, a surname of Venua.

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244

MriTDus, a maritiiue town of Caria near
Halicarnassus.

Myn£s, a prince of Lyrnessus, who
married Briseis. He was killed by Achil-
les, and his wixe became the property of
the conqueror.

Myoma, a town of Phocis.

MroNM:su9,a town and promontory of
Ionia, now Jalaiighi-Lvnan.

MvRA, a town of Lycia on a high hill,
two miles from the sea.

MraiANDRos, a town of Seleucia in
Syria.

Myrina, a maritime town of JEoVmj
called also SebastupoUsj and now Sanderlic.

A queen of the Amazons. A town

of Lemnos, now Polio Caatro. A town

of Asia, destroyed by an earthquake in

in Trajan's reign. The wife of Thoas

king of Lemnos.

Myrinus, a surname of Apollo, from
Myrina in iEolia, where he was worship-
ped. A gladiator.

MYRroB, a town of Arcadia, called also
Megalopolis.

Myrljka or Apamea, a town of Bithy-
nia.

Mtrmecides^ an artist of Miletus men-
tioned as m^kmg chariots so small that
they could be covered by the wing of a

fly.

Myrmidones, a people on the southern
borders of Thessaly, who accompanied
Achilles to the Trojan war.

Myron, a tyrant of Sicyon. A man

of i*riene, who wrote an history of Messe-

nia. A celebrated statuary pf Greece,

peculiarly happy in imitating nature. He
flourished about four hundred and forty-
two years before Christ.

Myronianus, an historian.

Myronides, an Athenian general, who
conquered the Thebans.

MrRRHA,a daughter of Cinyras, king of
Cyprus changed into a tree called myrrh.

Myrsilus, a son of Myrsus, the last of
the Heraclidae, who reigned in Lydia.

Myrsus, the father of Candaules. A

Greek historian in the age of Solon.

Myrtals, a courtezan of Rome.

Myrtea, a surname of Venus.

Mybtilus, the son of Mercury and Myr-

tho, killed by Pelops for murdering his
master, CEnomaus, king of Pisa, in a cha-
riot-race.

Myrtis, a Greek woman who distin-
guished herself by her poeilrai talents.

MvRTouM Mare, a part of the il:}gean
sea which lies between Eubwa, Attica,
and Peloponnesus, as far as cape Malea.

Myrtuntium, a name given to that part
of the sea Vvhich lies on the coast of Epi-
rus between the bay Ambracia and Leu-
cas.

Myrtusa, a mountain of Libya.

Mys, an artist famous in working and
polishing silver. He beautifully represent-
ed the battle of the centaurs and Jjapitliae,
on a shield in the hand of Minerva's sta-
tue made by Phidias.

Myscellus, or Mis^ellus, a native of
Rhypsc in Achaia, who founded Crotona
in Italy, accordingtoan oracle, which told
him to build a city where he found rain
with fine weather. The meaning of the
oracle long perplexed him, till he found a
beautiful woman all in teare in lta^r,
which' circumstance he interpreted in hm
favor.

Mys I A, a country of Asia Minor, gene-
rally divided into major and minor. The
inhabitants were once very warlike, but
they greatly degenerated ; and the words
J\fysonim vltimus were emphatically used
to signify a person of no merit. The an-
cients generally hired them to attend their

funerals as mourners. A festival in

honor of Ceres.

Myson, a native of Sparta, one of the
seven wise men of Greece.

Mystes, a son of the poet Valgius,
whose early death was so lamented b)' the
father, that Horace wrote an ode to allay
the grief of his friend.

Mythecus, a sophist of Syracuse. He
studied cookery, and when he thought
himself sufficiently skilled in dressing
meat, he went to Sparta, where he gain-
ed much practice, especially among the
younger citizens.

Mvus, a town of Ionia on the confines
of Caria, founded by a Grecian colony.
It is one of the twelve capital cities of lo
nia.

NAB AZANES, an officer of Darius 3d
at the battle of Issus.
Nabath^a, a country of Arabia, of
which the capital was' called Petra. The
word is often applied to any of the eastern
countries of the world by the poets.
Nabis, a celebrated tyrant of Lacedie- i

mon, who in all acts of crnelty and op-
pression surpassed a Phalaris or a Diony-
sius. His house wns filled with flatterers
and with spies, who were continually em-
ployed in watching the words and the ac-
tions of his subjects. When he had ex-
ercised every art in plundering the citi-

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245

xens of Sparta, he made a statue, which
in resemblance was like his wife, and was
' clothed in the most magnificent apparel,
and whenever any one refused to deliver
up his riches, the tyrant led him to the sta-
tue, which immediately, by means of se-
cret springs, seized him in its arms, and
tormented him in the moat excruciating
manner with bearded points and prickles,
hid under the clothes. He was murdered

B. C. 19:2.: A priest of Jupiter Amnion,

killed in the second Punic war.

Nabonassar, a king of Babylon after the
division of the Assyrian monarchy. From
him the J^Tabonassarean epoch received its
name, agreeing with the year of the world
3237, or 746, B. C.

Nacri campi, a place of Gallia Xogata
near Mutina.

N-«wiA, the goddess of funerals at
Rome, whose temple was without the
gates of the city. The songs which were
sung at funerals were also called nania.

Ctt» Njctius, a Latin poet in the first Pu-
nic war. His satirical disposition dis-
pleased the consul Metellus, who drove
him from Rome. He passed the rest of
his life in Utica, where he died about two
hundred and three years before the Chris-
tian era. A tribune of the people at

Rome^ who accused Scipio Africanus of
extortion. — — ^An augur in the reign of
Tarquin. To convince the king and the
Romans of his power, as an augur, he cut
a flint with a razor, and turned the ridi-
cule of the populace into admiration.

NiEvoLus, an infamous pimp in Domi-
tian's reign.

Naharvali, a people of Germany.

Naiades or Naides, certain inferior dei-
ties who presided over rivers, ' springs,
wells, and fountains. The Naiades ge-
nerally inhabited the country, and resort-
ed to the woods or meadows near the
stream over which they presided. They
are represented as young and beautiful
virgins, often leaning upon an urn, from
which flows a stream of water.

Nais, one of the Oceanides, mother of

Chiron or Glaucus, by Magnes. A

nymph, mother by Bucolion of iEgesus

and Pedasus. A nymph in an island

of the Red Sea, who by her incantations
turned to fishes all those Who approached

her residence. . — The word is used for

water by Tibullus.

Naissu* or N-Kssus, now JVma, a town
of McDsia, the birtli- place of Constantine.

Nantuates, a people of Gaul.

Nap.c£, certain divinities among the an-
cients who presided over the hills and
woods of the country.

Napata, a town of i^thiopia.

Naphilus, a river of Peloponnesus.

Nar, now ^era, a river of Umbria,
whose waters were famous for their sul-

phureous properties,

21*

Narbo Martius, now JWir&<mn«, a town
of Gaul founded by the consul Marcius,
A. U. C. 636.

Narbo XEN91S Gallia, one of the four
great divisions of ancient Gaul, was
bounded by the Alps, the Pyrenean moun-
tains, Aquitania, Be](;icuin, and the Me-
diterranean, and contained the modem
provinces of Languedoc, Provence, Dau-
phine, and Savoy.

Narcjkus, a 80n of Bacchus and Phys-
coa.

Narcea, a surname of Minerva in Elis,
from her temple J.here erected by Nar-

CffiUS.

Narcissus, a beautiful youth, son of
Cephisiis and the nymph Liriope. He
saw his image reflected in a fountain, and
became enamored of it, thinking "it to be
the nymph of tljie place. His fruitless at-
tempts to approach this beautiful object so
provoked him that he grew desperate and
killed himself. His blood was changed
into a flower, which still bears his name.
— — A freedman and secretary of Claudi-
us, who abused his trust and the infirmi-
ties of his imperial master, and plundered
the citizens of Rome to enrich himself.
Narcissus was compelled to kill himself,

A. D. 54'. A favorite of the emperpr

Nero, put to death by Galba. A wretch

who strangled the emperor Commodus.

Nargara, a town of Africa, where Han-
nibal and Scipio came to a parley.

Narisci, a nation of Germany, in the
Upper Palatinate.

Narnia or Narna, anciently JV^tnum,
now J^arni, a town of Umbria.

Naro, now JVarenta^ a river of Dalma-
tia falling into the Adriatic.

NARSEs,a king of Persia, A. D. 294, de-
feated by Maximianus Galerius, after a
reign of seven years. A Persian gene-
ral.

NartheciS) a small island near Saraos.

Narycia, or UM, or Naryx, a town of
Magna Greecia, built by a colony of Locri-
ans after the fall of Troy.

Nasamohes, a savage people of Libya
near the Syrtes, who generally lived upon
plunder.

Nascio or Natio, a goddess at Rome,
who presided over the birth of children.

Nasica, the surname of one of the Sci-
pios. Nasica was the firpt who invented
the measuring of time by water, B. C.
159. An avaricious fellow of Rome.

Nasidienus, a Roman knight, of great
luxury, arrogance, and ostentation.

L. Nasidius, a man sent by Pompey to
assist the people of Massilia. After the
battle of Pharsalia, he followed the inte-
rest of Pompey 's children, and afterwards
revolted to Antony.

Naso, one of the murderere of J. Cjc-
sar. — —One of Ovid's names.

Nassus or N^»u^^^flgo0^^[^carnania,

246

near the mouth of the Achelous. Also

a part of the towfi of Syracuse.

Nasua, a general of the Suevi, when
Caeiar was in Gaul.

Natams Antonius, a Roman knight
whoconspired against Nero with Pido. He
waa pardoned for discovering the conspi-
racy.

Natiso, now jyatisone^ a river rising in
the Alps, and falling into the Adriatic.

Natta, a man whose manner of living
was so mean that his name became almost
proverbial at Rome.

Nava, now JVapcj a river of Germany,
falling mto the Rhine at Bingen, below
Mentz.

Naubolus, a charioteer of Laius, king

of Thebes. A Phocean, father of Iphi-

tua. A son of Lernus, one of the Ar-
gonauts.

Naucles, a general of the mercenary
troops of Laced;emon against Thebes.

Naucrates, a Greek poet, who was em-
ployed by Artemisia to write a panegyric

upon Mausolus. Another poet. An

orator who endeavoured to alienate the
cities of Lycia from the interest of Bru-
tus. ^

Naucratis, a city of Egypt on the left
side of the Canopic mouth of the Nile. It
was celebrated for its commerce.

Na VI u» AcTius, a famous augur.

Naulochus, a maritime town of Sicily

near Pelorura. A town of Thrace on

the Euxine sea. A promontory of the

island of Imbros. A town of the Locri.

Naupactus or Naupactum, a city of
i£tolia, at the mouth of the Evenus, now
called Lepaato.

Nauplia, a maritime city of Peloponne-
sus, the naval station of the Argives. The
famous fountain Canathos was in its neigh-
borhood. /

Naupli ADEs, a patronymic of Palamedes
son of Nauplius.

NaiJpliuj, a son of Neptune and Amy-
mone, king of Eubuea. The death of his
son Palamedes highly irritated Nauplius,
and to revenge the injustice of the Grecian
princes, he attempted to debauch their
wives and ruin their character. When
the Greeks returned from the Trojan war,
Nauplius saw them with pleasure distress-
ed in a storm on the coasts of Eub(£a,and
was so disappointed when he saw Ulysses
and Diomedes escape from the general ca-
lamity, that he threw himself into the sea.

Nauportus, a town of Pannonia on a
river of the same name, now called Ober
or Upper Laybach.

Naura, a country of Scythia in Asia
— of India within the Ganges.

Nausicaa, -a daughter of Alcinous, king
of the Phseaceans. She met Ulysses ship-
wrecked on her father's coasts, and it waa
to her humanity that he owed the kind re-
ception he experienced from tfie king.

Nausicles, an Athenian sent to assist
the Phocians with five thousand foot.

Nausimexes, an Atiienian whose wife
lost her voice from alarm.

Nausithoe, one of the Nereides.

Nausithous, a king of the Pheaceans,
father to Alcinous. He was son of Nep-
tune and PeribcBa. The pilot of the

vessel which carried Theseus into Crete.

Naustathmus, a port of Phocsea in Io-
nia. Also a port of Cyrenaica, now

Bondaria.

NAUTEs,a Trojan soothsayer, who com-
forted iEneas when his fleet had been
burnt in Sicily. He was the progenitor
of the Nautii at Rome.
' Naxos, now called ^axittf a celebrated
island in the JSgean sea, the largest and
most fertile of all the Cyclades, about one
hundred and five miles in circumference,
and thirty broad. The capital was also
called Naxos; and near it, on the SOth
Sept. B. C. 377, the Lacedtemonians were

defeated by Chabrias. An ancient town

on the eastern side of Sicily, founded
seven hundred and fifty-nine years before

the Christian era. A town of Crete,

noted for hones. A Carian who gave

his name to the greatest of the Cyclades.

Nazianzus, a town of Oappadocia
where St. Gregory was bom.

Nea, or JWra insula^ a small island be-
tween Lemnos and the Hellespont, which
rose out of the sea during an earthquake.

Nejsra, a nymph, mother of Phaetusa

and Lampetia by the §un. A woman

mentioned in Virgil. A favorite of Ho-
race. A daughter of Pereus. ^Tbe

wife of Autolycus. — A daughter of Niobe,

and Amphion. The wife of the Stry-

mon.

Ne^thvs, now J^etOf a river of Ma^a
Graecia near Crotona.

Nealces, a friend of Tumus in his war
against JSneas.

Nealices, a painter, amongst whose
capital pieces are mentioned a painting of
Venus, a sea-fight between the Persians
and Egyptians, and an ass drinking on
the shore, with a crocodile preparing to
attack it.

Neandros, (or ia,) a town of Troas.

Neanth^s, an orator and historian of
Cyzicum, who flourished 257 years B. C.

Neapgljs, a city of Campania, ancient-
ly called Parthenope, and now known by
the name of Naples, rising like an am-
phitheatre at the back of a ^beautiful

bay thirty miles in circumference. A

town in Africa. A city of Thrace.

A town of Egypt of Palestine of

ton'm. Also a part of Syracuse.

Nearchus, an oflicer of Alexander in

Ms Indian expedition. A beautiful

youth. An old man mentioned by Ci-
cero.

NfiBo, a higU mountain near Palestine,

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247

beyon4 Jordan, from the top of which
Moses was permitted to view the promised
land.

Nebkissa, a town of Spam, now Le-
brixa.

NfiBRODxs, a mountain of Sicily, where
tlie Himera rises.

NcBRoPHoiTGs, a sott of Jason and.Hyp-
sipyle. One of Actason's dogs.

Nbbola, a name given to Nephele the
wife of Athamas.

Nbcsssitas, a divinity who presided
over the destinies of mankind, and who
was regarded as the mother of the Par-
cae.

' Nechos, a king of Egypt who attempted
to make a communication between the
Mediterranean and lied seas, B. C. 610.
No less than twelve thousand men perish-
ed in the attempt.

Necropolis, one of the suburbs of Al-
exandria.

Nectansbus and Nectanabis, a king
of Egypt, who defended his country
against the Persians, and was succeeded
ty Tachos, B. C. 363.

Nectsia, a solemnity observed by the
Greeks in memory of the dead,

Neis, the wife of Endymion.

Neleus, a son of Neptune and Tyro.
fie was brother to Pelias, with whom he
was exposed by his mother, who wished
to conceal her infirmities from her father.
They were preserved and brought to Ty-
ro, who had then married Cretheus king
of lolchos. Neleus married Chloris the
daughter of Amphion, by whom he had a
daughter and twelve sons, who were all,
except Nestor, killed by Hercules, togeth-
er with their father. A river of Eu-

boea.

Nelo, one of the Danaides.

Nemjea, a town of Argolis between
Cleons and Phlius with a wood, where
Hercules, in the sixteenth year of nis age,
killed the celebrated Neratean lion. It
was the first labor of Hercules to destroy
it ; and the hero, when he found that bis
arrows and his club were useless against ^
an animal whose skin was hard and im- "*
penetrable, seized him in his arms and
squeezed him to death. The Nemaean
games were originally instituted by Uie
Argives in honor of Archemorus, wno
died by the bite of a serpent, and Hercules
sometime after renewed them. They
were one of the four great and solemn
games, which were observed in Greece.
The conqueror was rewarded with a
crown of olive, afterwards of green par-
ley, ii\ memory of the adventure of Ar-
chemorus, whom his nurse laid down on
I ft sprig of that plant. They were celebra-
ted every tiiird, or, according to others,
every fifth year, or more properly on the
first and third year of .every Olympiad, on
the twelfth day of the Corinthian month

Panemost which corresponds to our Au-
gust. A river of Peleponnesus falling

into the bay of Corinth.

Nemausus, a town of Gaul, in Langue-
doc.

Nemesia, festivals in honor of Nemesis.

M. AuREL. Oltmp. Nemesianus, a La-
tin poet, born at Carthage, of no very bril-
liant talents, in the thira century, who
wrote poems on hunting and bird catch-
ing.

Nemesis, one of the infernal deities,
daughter of Nox. She was the goddess or
vengeance always prepared to punish im-
piety, and at the same time liberally to
reward the good and virtuous. She is
made one of the Parcie by some my tholo-
gists, and is represented with a helm and
a wheel. The people of Smyrna were
the first who made her statues with wings,
to show with what celerity she is prepared
to punish the crimes of the vf icked both by
sea and land^ as the helm and the wheel

in her hands mtimate. A mistress of

Tibullua.

Nemesius, a Greek writer.

Nbmetacum, a town of Gaul, now
Arras,

Nemetes, a nation of Germany, now
forming the inhabitants of Spire, which
was afterwards called J^omomagtLs,

Nemoralia, festivals obs^red in the
woods of Aricia, in honor of Diana, who
presided over the country and the forests,
on which account that part of Italy was
sonfttimes denominated ^emorensis ager,

Nemossuh, (or um,) the capital of the
Arverni in Gaul, now Clermont.

Neobule, a daughter of Lycambes, be-
trothed to the poet Archilochus. A

beautiful woman to whom Horace address*
ed an ode.

Neoc^saria, a town of Pontus.

Neochabis, a king of Egyjit.

Neocles, an Athenian philosopher,
father, or according to Cicero, brother \o

the philosopher Epicurus. The fother

of Themistocles.

Neogenes, a man who^made himself
absolute.

Neomoris, one of the Nereides.

Neon, a town of Phocisj There was

also another of the same name in the same
ccuintry on the top of Parnassus. It was

afterwards called TUkorea. One of the

commanders of the ten thousand Greeks
who assisted Cyrus against Artaxerxes.

Neontichos, a town of iEtolia near the
HermuB.

Neoptolemus, a kihg of Epirus, son of
Achilles and Deidamia, called Pyrrkusj
from the yellow color of his hair. He was
carefully educated under the eye of bis
mother, and gave early proofs of his
valor. He accompanied Ulysses to Lem-
nos, to engage Philoctetes to come to the
Trojan war. He greatly signalized him-

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248

■elf during the remaining time of the
siege, and he was the first Wtio entered
the wooden horse. - He was inferior to
none of tlie Grecian warriors in valor,
and L'lysaea and Nestor alone could claim
a superiority over him in eloquence, wis-
dom, and address^. His cruelty however
was as great as that of liis father. When
Troy was taken, the captives were divid-
ed among the conqiierort*, and Pyrrhus
had for his share Andromache the widow
of Hector, and Helenas the son of Priam.
Neoptoleraua lived with Andromache af-
ter his arrival in Greece, but it is un-
known whetlier he treated her as a law-
ful wife, or a concubine. He had a sun
hy this unfortunate princess called Molos-
Bus, and two others, if we rely on the «iu-
thority of Pausanias. Besides Andro-
mache he married Hermione the daughter
of Menelaus,^8 also Lanassa the daugliter
ofH^leodsBUs, one of the descendants of
Hercules. The cause of his death is va-
riously related. In the absence of Neop-
aolemus at Delphi, Hermione attempted
to murder Andromache, but she was pre-
vented by the interference of Peleus, or
according to others, of the populace.
When she saw her schemes defeated,
she determined to lay violent hands upon
herself to avoid the resentment of Neop-
tolemus. The sudden arrival of Orestes
changed her resolutions, and she consent-
ed to elope with her lover to Sparta.
Orestes at the same time, to reveng^ and
to planish his rival, caused him to be as-
sassinated in the temple of Delphi, and
he was murdered at the foot of the altar
by Machareus the priest, or by the hand
of Orestes himself. — A king of the Molos-
si, father of Olympias the mother of Alex-
ander. Another, king of Epirus.

An uncle of the celebmted Pyrrhus who
assisted the Tarentines. — ^A tragic poet
of Athens greatly favored' by Philip king
of Macedonia. — r— A relation of Alexan-
der. One of the officers of Mithridates

the Great. A tragjc writer. *

Neori-s, a large country of Asia, near
Gedrosia, almost destitute of waters.

Nepe, a constellation of the heavens,

the same as Scorpio. An Inland town

of Etruria, called also Keprte.

Nephalia, festivals In Greece, in hdhor
of Mnemosyne the mother of the Muses
and Aurora, Venus, &c.

Nephele, the first wife of Athamas
king of Thebes, and mother of Phryxus
and Helle. She was repudiated on pre-
tence of being subject to fits of insanity,
and Athamas married Ino the daughter of
Cadmus, by whom he had several child-
yen. Ino became jealous of Nephele, be-
cause her children would succeed to their
father's throne before her's, by richt of
peniority, and she resolved to destroy
lirem. Nephele w as apprized of her w i ek-

ed intentions, and she removed her chil-
dren from the reach of Ino, by giving
them a celebrated ram sprung from tlie
union of Neptune and Theophane, on
whose back they escaped to Colchis. Ne-
phele was aflerwards changed into a
cloud, whence her name is given by the

Greeks to the clouds. A mountain of

Thessaly, once the residence of the Cen-
taurs.

Nephelib, a cape of Cilicia.

Nepherites, a king of £gypt, who as-
sisted the Spartrins against Persia, when
Agf.ilaos was in Asia.

Nephui, a son of Hercules.

Nepia, a daughter of Jasus, who mar-
ried Olympus king of Mysia.

CoRPf. Nepos, a celebrated historian in
the reign of Augustus. He was born at
Hostilia, and like the rest of his learned
contemporaries, he shared the favors and
enjoyed the patronage of the emperor. He
was the intimate friend of Cicero and of
Atticus, and recommended himself to the
notice of the great and opulent by delicacy
of sentiment and a lively disposition. Of
all his valuable compositions, nothin;; re-
mains but his lives of the illustrious Greek
and Roman generals. Julius, an empe-
ror of the west, &c.

Nepotianus Flavius Popilius, a son of
Eutropia, the sister of the emperor Con-
stantine. He proclaimed himself empe-
ror after the death of his cousin Constans,
and rendered himself odious by hi^cru-
elty and oppression. He was murdered
by Anicetus, after one month*s reign.

Nepthyb, wife of Typhon.

Neptuni fakum, a place near Cen-

chreae. Another in the island of Calau-

ria. Another near Mantinea.

Neptunia, a town and colony of Magna
Grjpcia.

Neptunium, a promontory of Arabia.

Neptunius, an epithet applied to Sext.
Pompey, because he believed himself to
be god of the sea, or descended from him,
on account of his superiority in ships.

Neptukus, a god, son of Saturn ai>d
Ops, and brother to Jupiter, Pluto, and
Juno. Neptune shared with his brothers
the empn« of Saturn, and received as his
portion the kingdom of the sea. This,
however, did not seem equivalent to the
empire of heaven and earth, which Jupi-
ter had claimed, therefore he conspired to
dethrone him with the rest of the pods.
The conspiracy was discovered, and Jupi-
ter condemned Neptune to build the walls
of Troy. A reconciliation was soon after
made, and Nepfune was reinstated to all
his richts and privileges. Neptune dis-
puted with Minerva the right of giving a
name to the capital of Cecropia, but he
was defeated, and the olive which the
goddess suddenly raised from the earth
was deemed more serviceable fhr tlie good

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249

of mankind than the horse which Neptune
bad produced by striking the ground with
his trident, as that animal is the emblem
of war and slaughter. Neptune, as being
god of the sea, was entitled to more power
than any of the other gods, except Jupiter.
Not only the ocean,' rivers, and fountains,
were subjected to him, but he also ooHld
cause earthquakes at his pleasure, and
raise islands from the bottom of the sea
with a blow of his trident. The worship
of Neptune was established in almost ev-
ery part of the earth, and the Libyans in
particular veneriUed him above all other
nations, and looked upon hint as the first
and greatest' of the gods. lie was gene-
rally represented sitting in a chariot made
of a shell, and drawn by sea horses and
dolphins. Sometimes he Is drawn by
veinged horses, and holds his trident in
tiis hand, and stands up as his chariot flies
over the surface of the sea. Homer re-
presents him as issuing from the Sea, and
in three steps crossing the whole horizon.
Tire ancient* generally sacrificed a bull
and a horse on bis altars, and the Roman
soothsayers always ofiered to him the gall
of the victims, which in taste resembles
the bitterness of the sea water.

NekeioeSj ayrapfas of the sea, daugh-
ters of Nereus and Doris. They were
fifty, according to the greater number of
the mythologists. The Nereides were im-
plored as the rest of the deities ; they had
altars chiefly on the coasts of the sea,
where the piety of mankind made offer-
ings of milk, oil, and honey, and often of
the flesh of goats. When they were on
the sea shore they generally resided in
grottos and caves which were adorned
with shells, and shaded xby the branches
of vines. Their duty was to attend upon
the rabre powerful deities of the sea, and
lo be subservient to the will of Neptune.
They are represented as young and hand-
sonae virgins, sitting on dolphins, and
holding Neptune's trident in their hand,
■ or sometimes garlands of flowers.

NEREtus, a name given to Achilles, as
son of Thetis, who was one of the Nere-
ides.

Nerecs, a deity of the sea, son of Ocean-
US and Terra. He married Doris, by whom
he had fifly daughters, called the Nere-
ides. Nereua was generally represented
as an old man with a long flowing beard,
and hair of an azure color. The chief
place of his residence wjys in the /Kgean
sea, where he was surrounded by his
daughters, who often danced in choruses
• round him. He had the gift of prophecy,
and informerl those that consulted him
with the difl'erent fates that attended
them. He often evaded the importunities
of inquirers by assuming different shapes.

Nerio, or Neriewe, the wife of
Mars.

Nerifhcs, a desert island near the Thra-
cian Chers^tiesus.

Neritos, a mountain in the island of
Ithaca, as also a small island in the louiaa
sea, according to Mela.

Neritum, a town of Calabria, now call-
ed JSTardo.

Ne&ius, a silversmith- in the age of Ho-
race. An usurer in Nero*s age, who "

was so eager to get money, that he mar-
ried as often as he. could, and as soon de-
stroyed his wives by poison, to possess
himself of their estates.

Nero, Claudius Domltius Caesar, a cele-
brated Roman emperor, son of Caius Do-
mitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the
daughter of Germanlcus. He was adopt-
ed by the emperor Claudius, A. D. .50, and
four years after he succeeded to him on
the throne. The beginning of his reign
was marked by acts of the greatest kind-
ness and condescension, by affability,
complaisance, and popularity. He was
an enemy to flattery, and when the senate
had liberally commended the wisdom of
his government, Nero desired them to keep
their praises till he deserved them. Thes^
promising virtues were soon discovered to
be artificial, and Nero displayed the pro-
pensities of his nature. He delivered him-
self from the sway of his mother, and at
last ordered her to be assassinated. Ho
sacrificed to his wantonness his wife Oc-
tavia Poppsea, and the celebrated writers,
Seneca, Lucan, Fetronius, &c. The
Cliristians also did not escape his barbari-
ty, lie had heard of the burning of Troy,
and as he wished to renew that dismal
scene, he caused Rome to be set on fire
in different places. The conflagration be-
came soon universal, and during nine suc-
cessive days the fire was unextinguished.
AH was desolation, nothing was heard but
the lamentations of mothers whose chil-
dren haid perished in the flames, the groans
of the dying, and the continual fall of
palaces and buildings. Nero was the only
one who enjoyed the general consterna-
tion. He placed himself on the top of a
high tower, and he sang on his lyre the
destruction of Troy, a dreadful scene
which his barbarity had realized before his
eyes. He attempted to avert the public odi-
um from his head, by a feigned commisera-
tion of the miseries of his subjects. He
besan to repair the streets and the public
bnildfngs at his own expense. He built
himself a celebrated palace, which he call-
ed his golden house. It was profusely
adorned with gold, with precious stones,
and with whatever was rare and exqui-
site. It contained spacious fields, nitifi-
ciar takes, woods, gardens, orchards, and
whatever could exhibit beauty and grand-
eur. His profusion was not less remark-
able in all his other actions. When he
went a fishing his nets were made with

Digitized S^GoOgle

250

sold and silk. Tie never appeared twice
in the saiJie garment, and when he under-
took a voyage, ttierc were thou^and^ of
servants to take care of his wardrobe.
This continuation of debauchery and ex-
'travagance, at last, roused the resentment
of the peoplQ. Many conspiracies were
formed against the emperor, but they were
generally discovered, and Blich as were
accessary suffered the greatest punish-
ments. The most dangerous conspiracy
against Nero's life was that of Piso, from
which he was delivered by the confes-
sion of a slave. The conspiracy of Galba
proved more successful ; and the conspi-
rator, when he was informed that his plot
was known to Nero, declared himself
emperor. The unpopularity of Nero fa-
vored his cause, he was acknowledged by
all the Roman empire, and the senate con-
demned the tyrant that sat on the throne
to be dragged naked through the streets
of Rome, and whipped to death, and af-
terwards to be thrown down from the
Tarpeian rock like the meanest malefac-
tor. This, however, was not done, and
Nero, by a voluntary death, prevented the
execution of. the sentence. lie killed
himself, A. D. 68, in the thirty-second
year of his age, after a reign of thirteen

years and eight months. Claudius, a

Roman general sent into Spain to succeed
the two 8cipios. He suffered himself to
be imposed upon by Asdrubal, and was
soon after succeeded by young Scipio.
He was afterwards made consul, and in-
tercepted Asdrubal, who was passing from
Spain into Italy with a large reinforce-
ment for his brother Annibal. An-
other, who opposed Cicero when he wish-
ed to punish With death such as were ac-
cessary to Catiline's conspiracy. A son

of Gcrmanicus. DomitiaH was called

JVcro, because his cruelties surpassed those

of his predecessors. The Neros were

of the Claudian family, which, during the
republican times of Rome, was honored
with twenty-eight consulships, five dicta-
torships, six triumphs, seven censorships,
and two ovations.

Nerowia, a name given to Artaxata hy
Tiridates, who had been restored to his
kingdom by Nero.

Nekonian^ Therm-i:, baths at Rome,
made \}y the emperor Nero.

Nertobrioia., a town of Spain, on the
Bilbilis.

Nerva Cocceius, a Roman emperor
after the death of Domitian, A. D. %.
He rendered himself popular by his mild-
nessi his generosity, and the active part
be took in the management of affairs. He
suffered no statues to be raised to his
honor, and he applied Xf> the use of the
goveroment all the gold and silver statues
which fiattery bad erected to his prede-
cessor. In his civil character he was the

pattern of good prmnncFioci, of sobriety and
temperance. He died on the 27th of July,
A. D. 98, in bis seventy second year, aiid
bis successor showed his res{iect for bis
merit and his,'charactC(r by raising him al-
tars and temples in Rome, and in the prt>-
vinces, and by ranking him in the num-
ber of the gods. Nerva was the ftrst Ro-
man emperor who was of foreign extrac-
tion. -M. Cocceius, a consul in the reign

of Tiberius. He starved himself, because
he would not be concerned in the extra-
vagance of the emperor. A celebrated

lawyer, consul with the emperor Vespa-
sian. He was father to the emperor of
that name.

Nervii, a warlike people of Belgic Gaul,
who continually upbraided the neighbor-
ing nations for submitting to the power
of the Romans. They attacked J. Caesar,
and were totally defeated. Their coun-
try forms the modern province of Hai-
nault.

Nerulcm, an inland tow« of Lucania,
now Lagonegro.

Neeium, or Artabrubt, a promontory
of Spain, now cape Finisterre.

Nesactum, a town of Istria, at the
mouth of the Arsia, now Castd JShuno,

Nesjea, one of the Nereides.

Nesimachus, the father of Hippome-
don, a native of Argos, who Was one of
the seven chief9 who made war against
Thebes.

Nesis, now JVmto, an island on the
coast of Campania, famous for asparagus.
Lucan and Statius speak of its air as un-
wholesome and dangerous.

Nessus, a celebrated centaur, son of
Ixion and the Cloud. He offered violence
to Dejanira, whom Hercules had intrusted
to his care, with orders to carry beracrosa
the river Evenus.

Nestocles, a famous statuary of Greece,
rival to Phidias.

Nestor, a son of Neleus and Cbloris,
and king of Pylos. He had eleven bro^
thers, who were all killed, with bis fUther,
by Hercules. As Ring of Pylos and Mes-
senia he led bis subjects to the Trojan
war, where he distinguished himself
among the rest of the Grecian chiefs, by
eloquence, address, wisdom, justice, and
an uncommon prudence of mind. Homer
displays bis character as the most perfect
of all his heroes; and Agamemnon ex-
claims, that, if be bad ten generals like
Nestor, be should soon see the walls of
Troy reduced to ashes. After the Trojan
war, Nestor retired to Greece, where ho
enjoyed, in the bosom of bis family, the
peace and tranquillity which were due to
bis wisdom and to bis old age. The man-
ner and the time of bis death are un-
known ; the ancients are all agreed that he

lived three generations of men. A poet

of Lycaonia in th^ age of the empemr

Digitized by VjOOQIC

- 251

Severas. Onio^the body guards of

Alexander.

NssTORitrs, a bishop of Constantinople,
wfao flourished A. D. 431.

NssTUB, or Ne«»u«i now JW»to, a amid!
river of Thrace.

Nbtum, a town of Sicily ^ow called
JVoto/on the eastern coast. ^

Nxuai, a people of Sarmatia.

NiCiEA, a widow of Alexander, who

married Demetrius. A dauf^iiter of

Antipater; who married Perdiccas. A

city of India, built by Alexander on the
very spot where he had obtained a victo-
ry over king Poms. A town of Achaia.

A town of Illyricura. Another in

Corsica. Another in Thrace — in Bobo-

tia. A town of Bithynia. A town of

Lieuria.

NicAooRAs, a sophist of Athens in the
rei^n of the emperor Philip.

NicANDKR, akiug of Sparta, son of Cha-
rillus, of the family of the Proplidie. He
reigned tliirtj^nine years, and died B. C.

770. A writer of Chalcedon.^— A

Greek grammarian, poet, and physician,
of Colophon, 137 B.C.

Njc ANOR, a man who conspired against

the life of Alexander. A son of Parme-

nio, who died in Ilyrcania. — ^A surname

of Demetrius. A governor of Media,

conquered by Seleucus. A general of

the emperor Titus. A man of Stagira,

by whom Alexander the Great sent a let-
ter to recall the Grecian exiles. A gov-
ernor of Munychia, who seized the Pirfeus,
And waa at last put to death by Cassan-

der. A brother of Cassander, destroyed

by Olympias.— — A general of Antiochus,
kinff of Syria.

NicARCHus, a Corinthian philosopher in

the age of Periander. An Arcadian

chief, who deserted to the Persians at the
return of the ten thousand Greeks.

NiCARTHroBs, a man set over Persepolis
by Alexander.

NicAToR, a surname of Seleucus, king
of Syria, from his having been uncon-
quered.

Nice, a daughter of Thestius.

NiCEPHORiuM, a town of Mesopotamia,
on the Euphrates, where Venus had a
temple.

NicsPHoRius, now Khahoury a river
which flowed by the walls of Tigrano-
certa.

NicEPHORus C.csAR, R Byzautine histo-
rian. Gregoras, another. A Greek

ecclesiastical hintorinn.

Nicer, now the JVIecA-er, a river of Ger-
many.

NioERATUs, a poet who wrote a poem

in praise (^Lysander. ;— The father of

Niifias.

NicBTAs, one of the Byzantine histo-
rians.

mory of the victory which Minerva ob-
tained ove« Neptune, in their dispute
about giving a name to the capital of the
country.

NiciA, a city .r— A rivet falling into the
Po at Brixellum. It is now called Lenta.

NiciAs, an Athenian general^ celebrated
for his valor and for his misfortunes. 11^
early conciliated the good will of the peo-
ple by his liberality, and he estAblished
his military character by taking the island
of Cythera from the power of LAcediemon.
When Athens determined to make war
against Sicily, Nicia^ was appointed, with
Alcibiades and Lamachus, to conduct the
expedition, which he reprobated as impo-
litic, and as the future cause of calami-
ties to the Athenian power. This expe-
dition was unfortunate. Demosthenes was
sent with a fleet to assist him. but tlieir
oombioed forces were defeated, and the
two generals put to death. The Atheni-
ans lamented in Niciasa great and valiant
but unfortunate general. A gramma-
rian of Home, intimate with Cicero. A

man of Nica, who wrote an history of phi-
losophers. A physician of Pyrrhiis,

king of Epirus, who made an ofCer to the
Romans of poisoning his master for a sum
of money. The Roman general disdained
his oflfert, and acquainted Pyrrhus with
his treachery.- — A painter of Athens, in
the age of Alexander. He was chiefly
happy in his pictures of women.

NicippE, a daughter of Pelops, who

married Sthenelus. A daughter of

Thespius.

Nicippus, a tyrant of Cos, one of whose
sheep brought forth a lion, which was con-
sidered as portending his future greatness,
and his elevation to the sovereignty.

Nico, one of the Tarentine chiefs who

conspired asilnst the life of Annibal.^:

A celebrated architect and geometrician.

One of the slaves of Craterus. The

name of an elephant remarkable for his
fidelity to king Pyrrhus.

NicocHAREs, a Greek comic poet in the
age of Aristophanes.

NicocLEa, a familiar friend of Phocion,

condemned to death. A kin^i of Sala-

mis, celebrated for his contest with a klnjf
of Phtenicia, to prove which of the twd

was most ertl^minate A king of Atpbos

who reigned under the protection of
Ptolemy king of Egypt. He killed him-
self three hundred and ten years before

the Christian era. An ancient Greek

poet. A king of Cyprus, who succeed-
ed his father Evagoras on the throne, three
hundred and seventy- four years before

Clwist. A tyrant of Sicyon, deposed by

means of Aratus, the AchiWn.

NicocRATEs, atyrantof Cf'rene.^'-— An

author at Athens. A king of Snlamfa

in Cyprus, who made himself knowif by
NicETERiA, a festival at Athens, in me- 1 his valuable collection^ books.

' litizedbyTjOOgle

252

WiCocREow, a tyrant of Salamis, in the
•ge of Alexander the Great. He ordered
the philosopher Anaxarchus to be pound-
ed to pieces in a mortar.

NicoDBMUs, an Athenian appointed by
Conon Qver the fleet which was going to

the assistance of Artaxerxes. A tyrant

of Italy.

NicoDORus, a wrestler of Mantinea,
who studied philosophy in his old age.
——An Athenian archon.

NicooROMuft, a son of Hercales and

Nice. -An Athenian who invaded

iBgina.

NicoLAUs, a philosopher. A cele-

Urat^d Syracusan, who endeavored, in a
pathetic speech, to dissuade his country-
men from offering violence to the Athe-
nian prisoners who had been taken with
Nicias their general. His eloquence was
unavailing.

NicoMACHA, a daughtet of Themisto-
cles.

NicoMtcHus, the father of Aristotle,

whose son also bore the same name.

One of Alexander's friends, who discover-
ed the conspiracy of Dymus. An ex-
cellent painter. A Pythagorean philo-
sopher. A Lacedfiinionian general.

NicoMEDEs Ist, a kinj; of Bithynia,
about two hundred and seventy-eight
years before the Christian era. Et was by
his exertions that this part of Asia became

a monarchy.-- ^Tlie 2(1, was ironically

Burnamed pkUopatcr^ because he drove his
father Prusias from the kiiti»doni of Bithy-
nia, and caused him to be assassinated,
B. C. 149. He reigned fifty-nihe years.
— '—The 3d, son and successol- of the pre-
ceding, was dethroned by his brother So-
crates, and afterwards by the ambitious

Mithridates. — The 4th of that name,

"Was son and successor of Nicomedes 3d.
He passed his life in an easy and tranquil
manner, and enjoyed the peace which his
alliance with the Romans had procured
him. He died B. C. 75, without issue,
and left his kingdom, with all his posses-
sions, to the Roman people. A cele-
brated geometrician in the age of the phi-
losopher Eratosthenes. He made himself

known by his useful machines. An

engineer in the anny of Mithridates.

One of the preceptors of the emperor M.
Antoninus.

NicoMEDiA, (now Ts-nilcmid,) a town of
Bithynia, founded by Nicomedes 1st. It
was the capital of the country, and it has
been compared, for its beauty and great-
ness, to Rome, Antioch, or Alexandria.

NicoN, a pirate of Phiere- in PeVoponne-

8UB. -An athlete of Tf asos, fourteen

tiroes victorious at the Olympic games.
A native of Tarentum.

NicoHiA, a town of Pontus.

Nicofhanes, a . famous painter of
Greece.

NicoPRRoif, a comic poet of Alliens
some time after this age of Arietophanes.

Nicopons, a city of Lower Egypt.

A town of Armenia.—; — A town of Epirus,
built by Augustus after the battle of Acti

um. Anothen near Jefrusalem, founded

by the emperor Vespasian. Anotber,

in Moesia. Another in Thrace.

N I CO strata, a courtezan who left alt
her possessions to Sylia.

Nicostratus, a man of Argos of great
strength. He was fond of imitating Her-
cules by clothing himself in a lion's skin.
One of Alexander's soldiers. He con-
spired against the king's life, with Her-

molaus. A painter who expressed great

admiration at the sight of Helen's picture
by Zeuxis. — A dramatic actor of Ionia. —

A comic poet of Argos. An orator of

Macedonia, in the reign of the emperor M.

Antoninus. A son of Meneiaus and

Helen. A general of the AchsBans, who

defeated the Macedonians.

NICOTEI.EA, a celebrated woman of
Messenia.

NicoTELEs, a Corinthian drunkard.

Niger, a friend of M. Antony, sent to

him by Octavia. A surname of Clitus,

whom Alexander killed in a fit of drunk-
enness. C. Pescennius Justus, a cele-
brated governor in Syria, weM known by
his valor in the Roman armies, while yet
a private man. At the death of Pertinax
he was declared emperor of Rome, and
his claims to that elevated situation were
supported by a sound understanding, pru-
dence of mind, moderation, courage, arfd
virtue. He was remarkable for his fond-
ness for ancient discipline, and never
suffered his soldiers to drink wine, bnt
obliged them to quench their thirst with
water and vinegar. Severus,' who had
also been invested with the imperial pur-
ple, marched against him-^; some battles
were fought, and Niger was, at last, de-
feated, A. D. 194. His head was cut off
and fixed to a long spear, and carried in
triumph through the streets of Ronae. fie
reigned about one year.

Niger, or Nigris. a river of Africa,
which rises in if^thiopia, and falls by
three mouths into the Atlantic.

P. NiGiDius FiGULus, a celebrated phi-
losopher and astrologer at Rome, one of
the most learned men of his age. In the
civil wars he followed the interest of Pom-
pey, for which lie was banished by the
conqueror. He died in the place of hi«
banishment, 47 years B. C.

NiGRiT.v., a people of Africa, who dwell
on the banks of the Niger.

NiLEus, a son of Codrus, who conduct-
ed a colony of lonians to Asia, where he
built Ephesus, MUetns, Priene, Colophon,

Myus, Teos, Lebedos, Olazomeni^.

A philosopller who had in his possesaioa
all the writings of Aristotle.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

253

N11.VS, ft king of Thebes, who gave his
name to the river which flows through
the middle of Egypt and falls into the
Mediterranean sea. The Nile, anciently
cailed ^g^yptusy is one of the most cele-
brated rivers in the world. - Its sources
were unknown to the anciente, and the
moderns are equally ignorant of their
situation, whence an impossibility is gen-
,erally ineant by the proverb of JVi/t caput

quarere, One of the Greelt fathers who

flourished A. D. 440. .

Ni iv!viua, a tribune who opposed Clodi-
us the enemy of Cicero.

Ni?«u», a son of Belus who built a city
to which he gave his own name, and
founded the Assyrian monarchy of which
be was the first sovereign', B. C. 2059. He
weui very warlike, and extended his con-
quests from Egypt to the extremities of
India and B^ctriana. He became enam-
ored of Semiramis the wife of one of his
ofliceiiB, and he married her after her hus-
band had destroyed himself through fear
of his powerful rival. Ninus reigned fifty-
two years, and at his death he left his
kingdom to the care of his wife Semira-
mis, ftiy whom he had a son. Ninus after
death received divine honors, and became
the Jupiter of the Assyrians aiid the Her-
cules of the Chaldeans. A celebrated

city, now JVXno, the capital of Assyria,
built on the banks of the Tigris by Ninus,
and called Nin&oeh in Scripture.

NiNTAs, a son of Ninus and Semiramis,
king of Assyria, who succeeded his mo-
ther who bad voluntarily abdicated the
crown. The reign of Jfinyas is remarka-
ble for its luxury and extravagance.

NioBE, a daughter of Tantalus, king of
Lyditf by Euryanassa or Dione. She mar-
ried Amphion the son of Jasus, by whom
she had ten sons and ten daughters. The
number of her children increased her
pride, and she had the imprudence not
only to prefer herself to Latona who had
only two children, but she even insulted
her, and ridiculed the worship which was
paid to hor. This insolence provoked
Latona. She entreated her children to
punish the arrogant Niobe. Her prayers
were heard, and immediately all the sons
of Niobe expired by the darts of Apollo,
and all the daughters, except CJjloris, who
had married Neleus king of Pylos, were
equally destroyed by Diana ; and Niobe,
struck at the suddenness of her misfor-
tunes, was changed into a stone. A

daughter of Phoroneus, king of Pelopon-
nesus, by Laodice. She was beloved by
Jupiter, by whom she had a son called
Argus. ^

Ni^H^us, a man killed by horses.

NiPHATEs, a mountain of Asia, which

divides Armenia from Assyria, and from

which the Tigris takes its rise. — ■A river

of Armenia, foiling into tha Tigris.

NipRs, one of Diana's eomponlont.

NiHKDs. a king of Naxos, sol) of Clia*
rops and Aglaia, Qelebrated for his beauty.
He was one of the Grecian chiefs during
the Trojan war.

NisA, a town of Greece. ^A country

woman. A place. A celebrated

plain of Media near the Caspian sea, &-
mous for its horses.

Nis^A, a naval station on the coasts of

Megaris. A town of Parthia, called

also Nisa.

NisjE£, a sea nymph.

NissiA. Vxd. Nisus.

NisiBis, a town ef Mesopotamia built
by a colony of Macedonians on the Tigris.

Nisus, a son of Hyrtacus, bom on mount
Ida near Troy. He came to Italy with
iGneas, and signalized himself bjr his
valor against the Rutulians* He was anit-
ed in the closest friendship with Eurya-
lus, a ^oung Trojan, and with him he en-
tered, in the dead of night, the enemy's
camp. As they were returning victo-
rious, after much bloodshed, they were
perceived by the Rutulians, who attacked
Euryalus. Nisus in endeavoring to res-
cue his friend from the enemy's darts,
E;rished himself with him. A king.of
ulichium, remarkable for his probity and

virtue. A king of Megara, son of Mars,

or more probably of Pandion. He inherit-
ed his father's kingdom with his broth-
ers, and received as his portion the coun-
try of Megaris. Vid. Scylla.

NisYRos, an island in the iBgean sea,
at the west of Rhodes, with a town of
the same name.

NiTETis, a daughter of Apries, king of
Egypt, married by his successor Amasis
to Cyrus.

NiTioBRiGEs, a people of Gaul, suppos-
ed to be Agenois, in Guienne.

NiTocRis, a celebrated, queen of Baby-
lon. She ordered herself to be buried
over one of the gates of the city, uid
placed an inscription on her tomb, whfth
signified that her successors would find
great treasures within, if ever they were
m need of money, but that their labors
would l»e but ill repaid if ever they ven-
tured to open it without necessity. Cy-
rus opened it through curiosity, and was
struck to find within these words. If thy
avaric^ had not been insatiable thou never
wovMst have violated the monuments of the

dead. A queen of Egypt who built a

third pyramid.

NiTRiA, a country of Egypt with two
towns of the same name, aboive Memiihis.

NiTARiA, an island at the west of Afri-
ca supposed to be the Tenerifj one of* the
Canaries.

No AS, a river of Thrace falling Into the
Ister.

NocMoK, a Trojan killed by Tumus.

If ocTiLUfiA, a mxtftmp of Diana.

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254

MoLA, an ancient town of Campania,
whlcb becamcra Boman colony before the
llrat Punic war. Augustus died there on
hia return from Neapolis to Rome. Bells
were first invented there in the beginning
of the fifth century, from which reason
they have been called JVo2« or ConyoiuB,
in Latin.

NoMAOEs, a name given to all those nn-
eivilised people who had no fixed habita-
tion.

NoMJK, a town of Sicily.

NoMKirTANDs, an. epithet applied to L.
Cassius as a native of Nomentum. He is
mentioned b^ Horace as a mixture of lux-
ury and dissipation.

Nomentum, a town of the Sabines in
Italy, fkmouB for wine, and now called

NoMii, mountains of Arcadia.

NoMius, a surname given to Apollo,
because he fed the flocks of king Adme-
tus in Thessaly.

NoifACRis, a town of Arcadia, which
received its name from a wife of Lycaon.
There was a mountain of the same name
in the neighborhood.

Noif iu«, a Roman soldier imprisoned for

S lying respect to Galba's statues. A
Oman who exhorted his countrymen
after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, and the
flight of Pompey, by observing that eight
standards {aquiUs) still remained in the
camp, to which Cicero answered, recUf
M nobis cum graotUs beUum esset.

Noirmui Marcellds, a grammarian.

NoNivDa, a Greek writer of the fifth
•century.

Nonus, a Greel [diysician.

NopiA or Cnopia, a town of Boeotia.

Nora, now JWmr, a place of Phrygia.
—A town.

NoRAx, a eon of Mercury and Eury-
thiea.

NoRBA, a town of the Volsci. Ce-

larea a town of Spain on the Tagus.

C/. -NoRBAirns, a young and ambitious
Roman who opposed Syda. and joined his
Intorest to that of young Marius. In his
consulship he marched against Sylla, by

whom he was defeated. A friend and

f eneral of Augustus.

NoRicuM, a country of ancient Illyri-
cum, which now forms a part of modern
Bavaria and Austria. The iron th^t was
drawn from Noricum was esteemed ex-
cellent.
' NoRTHiPFcs, a Greek tragic poet.

NoftTiA, a name given to the goddess of
fortune among the Etrurians.

'NoTHus, a son of Deucalion.*^— A sur-
name of Darius lAng of Persia.

NoTiuM, a town of iGolia near the Oay-
8ter. It was peopled by the inhabitants
of Colophon.

NoTus, the south wind, called also Au-
•ter. •

NoTjB, {tdbtrnm) the new shops built ia
the forum at Rome, and adori^ed wltllthe
shields of the Cimbri.

Nov ARIA, a town of Cisalpine Gaul,
now J^ovara in Milan.

NoTATus, a man who severefy attacked
the character of Augustus^ under a ficti-
tious name.

NovBsiuM, a town of the Ubii, <hi the
west of the Rhine.

NoTioDuifUM, a town of the ^dui in
Gaul, taken by J. Ctesar.

NovioMAOcs or NEOHAona, a town of

6aul, now JVUzevz in Normandy.

Another called also ^emetes, now Spire.
Another in Batavia.

NoTiuM, a town of Spain, now JVoyo.

Noviu< Priscus, a man banished from
Rome by Nero^ on suspicion that he was

accessary to Piso*s conspiracy. A man

who attempted to assassinate the emperor
Claudius.

NoTUM CoHUM, a town of Insubria on
the lake Larinus.

Nox, one of the most ancient deities
among the heathens, daughter of Chaos.
From her union with her brother Erebus,
she gave birth to the Day and the Light.
She was also the mother of the Ftarcse,
Hesperides, Dreams, of Discord, Death,
Momus, Fraud. &c. She had a famous
statue in Diana's temple at Epbesus. She
is represented as mounted on a chariot
and covered with a veil bespangled with
stars. The constellations generally went
before her as her constant messengers.

NucERiA, a town of Campania taken by
Annibal. It now bears the nameofJVo-
eera, and contains about 30,000 inhabi-
tants. A town of Umbria at the foot

of the Appenines.

NuiTHowEs, a people of^Grermany.

Noma Marcius, a man made governor
of Rome by Tullus Hostilius.

NuMA PoMPiLius, a celebrated philoso-
pher, born at Cures, a village of the Sa-
bines, on the day that Romulus laid the
foundation of Rome. He married Tatia
the daughter of Tatius the king of the Sa-
bines, and at her death he retired into the
country to devote himself more freely to
literary pursuits. At the death of Romu-
lus, the Romans fixed upon him to be their
new king. The beginning of his reign
was popular, and he dismissed the three
hundred body guards which his predeces-
sor had kept around bis person, observing
that he did no^ distrust a people who bad
compelled him to reign over them. He
established difierent orders of priests, and
taught the Romans not to worship the
deity by images. He encouraged the re-
port which was spread of his paying regu-
lar visits to the nymph Egeria, and made
use of her name to give sanction to the
laws a^ institutions which he had intro-
duced. He established the college of the

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vestals, and told the Romans tbat the
safety of the empire depended upon the
^ preservation of the sacred aneyle or shield
which, as was generally believed, had
dropped down from heaven. He dedicat-
ed a temple to Janus, which, during his
whole reign, remained sl^ut, as a mark of
peace and tranquillity at Rom^. Numa
died after a reign of forty-three years, in
which he had given every possible en-
couragement to the useful arts, and in
which he had cultivated pisace, B. C. 673.

One of the Rutulian chiefs killed in

the night by Nisns and Euryalus.

NuMANA, a town of Picenum in Italy.

NuMANTiA, a town of Spain near the
sources of the river Durius, celebrated fbr
the war of fourteen years which, though
unprotected by walls or towers, it bravely
maintained against the Romans.

NuMANTiicA, a woman accused under
Tiberius of making her husband insane
by enchantments.

NuHAivus Remulus, a Rutulian who
accused the Trojans of effeminacy.

NnMEiTEs, a follower of the doctrines
of Plato and Pythagoras, born at Apamea
in Syiia.

NuMEjfiA, or Neomekia, a festival ob-
served by the Greeks at the beginning of
every lunar month, in honor of all the
gods, but especially of Apollo, or the Sun,
who is jusjly deemed the author of light,
and of whatever distinction is made in
the months, seasons, days, and nights.

Nume!tiu9, a philosopher who supposed
that chaos from which the world .was
created was animated by aq evil and nidl-
eficent soul. He lived in the second cen-
tury.

NuHEifTANA VIA, a road at Rome which
led to mount Baper through the gate Vimi-
nalis.

NuMERiA, a goddess at Rome who pre-
sided over numbers.

NuMERiANUB, M. Aurelius, a son of the
emperor Carus. He accompanied his fa-
ther in^ the east with the title of Cssar,
and at his death he succeeded him with
his brother Carinus; A. D. 282. His
reign was short. Eight months after his
father's death, he was murdered in his
litter by his father-in-law Arrius Aper,
who accompanied him in an expedition.
A friend of the emperor Severus.

NoMERioi?, a man who favored the es-
cape of Marius to Africa. A friend of

Pompey taken by J, Casar's adherents.

NuMiciA VIA, one of the great Roman
roads which led from the capital to the
town of Bnindusium.

NoMicus,«a small river of Latium near
Lavinium. A friend of Horace.

Numida; a surname given by Horace to
one of the generals of , Augustus, from his
conquests in Numidia.

tivuiDiAf an inland country of Africa,

which now forms the kingdom of Algiers
and Bildidgerid. The Nuitiidians were
excellent warriors, and in their expedi-
tions they always endeavored to engage
with the enemy iii the night time. Tiiey
rode without saddles or bridles, whenca.
they have been called ivfi-asni.

NuMiDius Q,UADRATus, a govcmor of
Syria under Claudius.

NuMisTRo,atown of the Brutii in Italy.

NuMiTOR, a son of Procas, king of Alba.

A son of Phorcus who fought with

Turnus against iEneas. A rich and

dissolute Roman in the age of Juvenal.

M'uMiTOBivs, a Roman who defended
Virginia, to whom Appiiis wished to offer
violence.— — Q,. PuUus, a general of Fre-
gellee.

NuNcoREUs, a son of Sesostris king of
Egypt, who made an, obelisk, some ages
after brought to Rome, and placed in the
Vatican.

NuNDiNA, a goddess whom the Romans
invoked, when they named their chil-
dren, a^

NuRBiE, a toWn of Italy.

NuRsciA, a goddess who patronised the
Etrurians.

. NuRsiA, now JVorza, a town of Picenum
whose inhabitants are called J^rsini. Its
situation was exposed, and the air consid-
ered as unwholesome.

Nutria, a town of lUyricum. '

Ntcteis, a daughter of Nycteus, who
was mother of Labdacus. A patrony-
mic of Antiopfe the daughter of Nycteus.

Nycteli/, festivals in honor of Bacchus,
observed on mount Cithieron.

Ntctelius, a surname of Bacchus, be-
cause bis orgies were celebrated in the
night.

Nycteus, a son pf Hyrieus and Clonia.

A son of Chlhbnius. A son of Nep-

tnne by Celene, daughter of Atlas, king
of Lesbos, or of Thebes according to the
more received opinion. He married a
nymph of Crete called Polyxo or Anllll-
thsea, by whom he had two daughters,
Nyctimene and Anttope.

Ntctimene, a daughter of Nycteus.

Ntctimus, a son of Lycaon, king of Ar^
cadia. He died without issue and left his
kingdom to his nephew Areas, the son of
Callisto.

Nymbjbum, a lake of Peloponnesus in
Laconia.

NrMPM.c, certain female deities among
the ancients. They were generally divid-
ed into two classes, nymphs of the land
and nymphs of the sea. Of the nymphs
of the earth, some presided over woods,
and were called Dryades^wA Hamadnjadest
others presided over mountains, and were
called Orcades, some ^presided over hills
and dales, and were called J^apauB^ &c.
Of the sea nymphs, some were called
OcwtoWm, JVereidcs, JfoiadMy Potamide*

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256

w, &c. These preildod not only
over tbe sea, but also over rivers, foun-
tains, streama and lakes. They were ge-
nerally represeAted as young and beauti-
ful virgins, veiled up to the middle, and
sometimes they held a vase, from which
they seemed to pour water. Sometimes*
they had grass, leaves, and shells instead
of vases.

NYMPH;EnM, a port of Macedonia. A

promontory of Epirus on the Ionian sea.

A place near the walls of Apol Ionia.

•acred to the nymphs, where Apollo had
also an oracle. The place was also cele-
brated for the continual flames of fire
which seemed to cise at a distance from
the plains. — ^A city of Taurica Chersone-

sus. The building at Rome where the

nymphs were worshipped bore also this
naipe.

Ntmphjeus, a man who went into Caria
at the head of a colony of Melians.

Ntmphioius, a favorite of Nero, who
said that he was descended from Caligu-
la. He was slain by the soldiers.

NrMPHrt, a native of Heraclea. who
wrote an history of Alexander's life and
actions.

NYMrHODORUB, R Writer of Amphipolis.

A Syracuaan who wrote an history of

SicUy.

NrMPHOLitTss, or Ntmvhomarbs, j»o«-
sessed by the nyntphs. This name waa
given to the inhabitants of mount Citbie-
ron, who believed that they were inspired
by the nymphs.

NYMPHorf, a native of Colophon.

Nypsics, a general of Dionysius the ty-
rant who took Syracuse, and put all the
inhabitants to the sword.

Nysa or Nyssa, a town of Ethiopia, at
the south of Eg^pt, or according to others,
of Arabia. This city, with another of ttie
same name in India, was sacred to the
god Bacchus. According to some geo-
graphers there were no less than ten

places of the name of Nysa. A city of

Thrace. Another seated on the top of

mount ParnassuS) and sacred to Bacchus.

Nysjbus, a surname of Bacchus, because

be was worshipped at Nysa. A son of

Dionysius of Syracuse.

Nysas, a river of Africa, rising in .MthL-
opia.

Nysijb poktje, a small island in Africa.

Nysiadks, a name given to the nymphs
of Nysa.

Nysiros, an island.

Nystus, a surname of Bacchus ^fl the
protecting god of Nysa.

Nyssa, a sister of Mithridates the Ckeat.

O ARSES, the original name of Artax-
erxes Meranon.

Oarus, a river of Sarmatia, falling into
the Palus Moeotis.

Oasis, a town about the middle of Libya,
at the distance of seven days' journey from
Thebes in Egypt. There were two other
cities of that name very little known.

Oaxes, a river of Crete.

Oaxus, a town of Crete. A son of

Apollo and the nymph Anchiale.

Obrinoa, now ./2Ar,a river of Germany.

OsuLTRpNius, aqueestor put to death by
Galba's orders.

OcALRA or OcALiA, a town of Boeotia.
A daughter of Mantineus, who mar-
ried Abas, son of Lynceus and Hyperm-
nestra, by whom she had Acrisius and
Froetus.

OcEiA, a woman who presided over the
•acred rites of Vesta for fifty-seven years
with the greatest sanctity.

QcfiARiDEs and OcEArfiTiBss, sea
nymphs, daughters of Oceanus, from
whom they received their name, and of the
goddess Tethys. The Oceanides, as the
rest of the inferior deities, were honored
with libations and sacrifices. Prayers
veie offered to them, and they wep6 en-

treafed to protect sailors from storms and
dangerous temp)est<i. When the sea was
calm the sailors generally offered a Iamb
or a young pig, but if it was agitated by
the winds, and rouj^h, a black bull was
deemed the most acceptable victim.

OcKAifus, a powerful deity of the sea.
son of Coelus and Terra. He married
Tethys, by whom he had the roost princi-
pal livers with a number of daughters who
are called from him Oceanides. Accord-
ing to Homer, Oceanus was the father of
all the gods, and on that account he re-
ceived frequent visits from the rest of tbe
deities. He is generally represented as an
old man with a long flowing beard, and
sitting upon the waves of the sea.

Ocellus, an ancient philosopher of Lu*
cania.

Ocelum, a town of Gaul.

OcHA, a mountain of Eubosa, and tbe

name of Euboea itself. A sister of

Ochus buried alive by bis orders.

OcHEsius, a general of w£tolia in tbe
Trojan war.

OcHUs, a surname given to Artaxerxea

the third king of Persia. A man of Cy-

zicus who was killed by tbe Arsonauts.
A prince pf Pezaia, who refuaed to

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Tfsit hifl native countiy for fear of giving

all the wqmen each a piece of gold. A

river of India, or of Bactriana. A king

of Persia.

OcNus, a son of the Tiber and of Manto,
who assisted iEneas against Turnus. He
bailt a town which lie called Mantua after

his mother's name. A man remarkable

for his industry. He had a wife as re-
markable for her profusion; she always
consumed and lavished away whatever
Che labors of her husband had earned.
He is represented as twisting a cord,
which an ass standing by eats up as soon
as he makes it.

OcaicuLUM, now Otrieolt, a town of Um-
bria near Rome.

OcaioioiT, a king of Rhodes who was
reckoned in the number of the gods after
death.

OcRisiA, a woman of Corniculum, who
5vas one of the attendants of Tanaquil the
wife of Tarquinius Priscus, mother of
Servius Tullius.

OcTAciLLius, a slave who was manu-
nittted, and who afterwards taught rbeto*
ric at Rome. ♦

OcTAViA, a Roman lady sipter to the
emperor Augustus and celebrated for her
beauty and virtues. She married Claudi-
us Marc; llus, and after his death M. Anto-
ny. Her marriage with Antony was a po-
litical step to reconcile her brother and her
husband. Antony proved for some time
attentive to her, but he soon after despised
her for Cleopatra, and when she attempt-
ed to withdraw him ftom this unlamil
amour by going to meet him at Atlien%
she was secretly rebuked and totally ht/n-
ished from his presence. This afiVont was
highly resented by Augustus. Octavia
had two daughters by* Antony, Antonia
Major and Antonia Minor.-~^A daughter
of the emperor Claudius by Messalina.
She was bethrothtC to Silanus, but by the
intrigues of Aeripiiina, she was married to
the emperor Nero in the sixteenth year of
her age. She was soon after divorced and
the emperor married Poppsea, who exer-
cised her enmity upon Octavia by causing
her to be b^nishea into Campania. She
was afterwards sla^n by order of Poppcea.
OcTATiAKUs, or OcTAviuB Casar, the
nephew of Caesar the dictator.

OcTATius, a Roman offlcer who brought
Perseus, king of Macedonia, a prisoner to
the consul. He was assassmated by Ly-
sias, who was before regent of Egypt.

The murderer was sent to Rome. A

man who opposed Metellus in the reduc-
tion of Crete by means of Pompey. A

lieutenant of Crassus in Parthia.-; A

governor of Cilicia. A tribune of the

people at Rome, whom Tib. Gracchus his

colleague deposed. A commander of

the forces of Antony against Augustus.

An officer who killed himself. A

92*

tribune of the people, who debauched a
woman of Pontus from her husband. She
proved unfaitliful to him, upon which he
murdered her. He was concfemned under

Nero. A poet in the Augustan age intl*

mate with Horace.

OcToouRus, a villaee in the modem
country of Switzerland, now called Mar^
tigrny.

OcTooBBA, a town of Spain.

OcToLoPHUic, a place of Greece.

OcYALus, one of the PbaeaclaiibB with Air
cinouB. '

OcrpsTE, one of the Harpies who in-
fected whatever she touched. The name-
signifies swift flying: A daughter of

Thaumas. A daughter of Danaus.

Oct ROE, a daughter of Chiron by Cba-

riclo, who had the gift of prophecy. A

woman daijghter of CbesiaSj carried away
by Apollo.

Oosif ATus, a celebrated prince of Pal-
myra. He early inured himself to bear fa-
tigues, and by hunting leopards and wild
beasts, he accustomed himself to the labors
of a military lifb. He was faithful to the
Romans; and Oallisnus, the then reign-
ing emperor, named Odenatus as his col-
league on the throne, and gave the title,
of Augustus to his children, and to hia
wife the celebrated Zenobia. He died at
Emessa, about the two hundred and six-
ty-seventh year of the Christian era.
Zenobia succeeded to all his titles and
honors.

OoKsaua, a tea port town at the west of
the Euxine sea in Lower M(Bski| below
the mouths of the Danube.

Odbdm, a musical theatre at Athens.

Odisus, a celebrated hero of antiquity,
who flourished about seventy years before
the Christian era, in the northern parts of
ancient Germany, or the modem kingdom
of Dehmark. He was at once a priest, a
soldier, a poet, a monarch, and a conquer-
or. When he had extended his power,
and Increased his fame by conquest, and
by persuasion, he resolved to die in a dif-
ferent manner from other men. . He as-
sembled his fViends, and with the sharp
point of a lance he made on his body nine
different wounds in the form of a circle,
and as he expired he declared he was go--
ing into Scythia, where he should beooma
one of the immortal gods.

Odites, a son of fxion.^ -A prince
killed at the nuptials of Andromeda.

OnoACER, a king of the Heroli, who
destroyed the western empire of Rome,
and called himself king of Italy, A. D.
476.

Odomarti, a people of Thrace, on the
eastem banks o(^ the Btrymon.

OooNEs, a people of Thrace.

Odrtsa, an ancient people of Tbrece,
between Abdera and the river Ister.

OopMSA, one of Homei^s epic poenu^

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(EN

te wbtoli Iw deeerlbes in twenty-fbur [
tMOks tbe adventures of Ulysses on his
letum from the Trojan war, with other
material circumstances.

Odtsskum. a promontory of Sicily, at .
the west of Pachynus.

-CEa, a city of Africa, now Tripoli.

Also a place in ^Egina.

CEaorus or (Eaoxr, tbe father of Or-

?heus by Calliope. He was king of
'brace.

CEarthb, and (Eanthia, a town of
Fhocis, where Venus had a temple.

(£ax, a son of Nauplius and Ciymene.
He was brother to Palamedes.

CEbalia, the ancient name of Laconia,
which it received from king CEbalus. — r
The same name is given to Tarentum.

GBbalus. a son of Argalus or Cynortas.
^ who was king of Laconia. He married
Gorgophone the daughter of Perseus, by
whom he had Hippocoon, Tyndarus, &c.
——A son of Telon and the nymph Sebe-
this, who reigned in the neighborhood of
J<feapoli8 in Italy.

CEbarss, a satrap of Cyrus, against the

Medes. A groom of Darius son of Hys-

taspes'.

(£cHALiA, a country of Peloponnesus
in Laconia, with a small town of the same
name. This town was destroyed by Her-
cules. A small town of Euboea.

C^LiDBs, a patronymfc of Amphiaraus
son of CEcleus.

(EcuMENius, wrote in the middle of the
tenth century a paraphrase of some of the
books of the New Testament in Greek.

(EoiFODiA, a fountain of Thebes in
BflBotia.

CEdipus, a son of Laius, king of Thebes
and Jocasta. Laius was informed on
consulting the oracle, as soon as he mar-
ried Jocasta^ that he must perish by the
bands of his son. The queen became
pregnant, and Laius ordered his wife to
destroy her child as soou as it came into
the world. The mother had not the cour-
age to obey, yet she gave the child as soon
as bom to one of her domestics, with or-
dera to expose him on the mountains,
where he was soon found by one of the
shepherds of Polybus, king of Corinth.
The shepherd carried him home ; and the
accomplishments of the infant, who Was
named CEdipus, soon became the admira-
tion of the age. His companions envied
his strength and his address ; and one of
■them, to mortify his rising ambition, told
bim he was an illegitimate child. This
raised his doubts ; and he went to consult
the oracle of Delphi, and was there told
not to return home, for if he did, he must
necessarily be the murderer of his father,
and the husband of his- mother. He
therefore resolved not to return to Corinth,
but travelled towards Phocis, and in h|8

louriM^, met in t imtow road haim oii

a cbailol wtth bis arm-bearei. Laflita
haughtily ordered OBdipus to make way
for him. ^CEdipus refused, and ft contest
ensued, in which Laius and his arm-bear-
er were both killed. CEdipus continued
his journey, and was attracted to Thebes
by the fame of the Sphynx. This terrible
monster, whom Juno had sent to lay
waste the country, resorted in ihe neigh-
bourhood of Thebes, and devoured all
those who attempted to explain, without
success, the enigmas which he proposed.
The calamity was now become an object
of public concern, and as the successful
explanation of an enigma would end in
the death of tjie sphynx, Creon, who at
the death of Laius, had ascended the
throne of Thebes, promised his crown and
Jocasta to him, who succeeded in tbe at-
tempt. (Edipus explained the enigma
and the monster dashed his head against
a rock and perished. (Edipus ascended
the throne of 'I'hebes, and married Jocasta.
by whom he had two sons Polynices ana
Eteocles, and two daughters, Ismene and
Antigone. Some years after, the Tbeban
territories were visited with a plague ;
and the oracle declared that it should
cease only when the murderer of king
Laius was banished from Boeotia. As tbe
death of Laius had never been examined,
and the circumstances that fittended it
never known, this answer of the oracle
was of the greatest concern to tbe Tbe-
bans j but CEdipus, the friend of his peo-
ple, resolved to overcome eveiy difficulty
by the most exact inquiries. His research-
es^. Were successful, and he was soon
f roved to be the murderer of bis father,
n the excess of his grief he put out bis
eyes, and banished himself from Thebes.
He retired towards Attica, led by bis
daughter Antigone, and came near Colo-
no8» where there was a. grove sacred to
the Furies. On this spol the earth opened
and CEdipus disappeared. His tomb was
near the Areopagus, in the age of PausS"
nias. Some of the ancient poets repre-
sent him in hell, as suffering the punish-
ment which crimes like his seemed to (U-
serve. ^

CEme, a daughter of Danaus, by Grino.

CErvARTiiEs, a fhvorite of young Ptole-
jny king of Egypt.

(Ens, a small town of Argolifl.

CEnea, a river of Assyria.

CEneus, a king of Calydon in iEtolia,
son of Parthaon or Porthcus, and Euryte.
He married Althsea the daughter of Thes-
tius, by whom he bad Clymenus, Melea-
ger, Gorge, and Dejanira. He exiled him-
self from Calydon, and left his crown to
his son-in-law Andremon. He died as he
was going to Argolis. His body was bu-
ried by the care of Diomedes, in a town
of Argolis which ftom bim received tbe
name of (Enoe*

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CEif lADJK^ a town of Acamanta.
CBvipsB, a patronymic of Meleager.
C£if oit, a nymph who married Sicinus,
the son of Thoaa king of Lemnos,

Two villages of Attica were also called

CEnoe. A city of Argolis. A town

of Elis in the Peloponnesus.

CEkouaus, a king of Pisa, who broke
his neck In a chariot-race with Pelops,
through the perfidy of his servant Myrti-
lus.

CEnoiv, a part of Locris on the bay of
Corinth.
CEifoNA, an ancient name of the island

jEgina. Two villages of Attica.— —A

town of Troas.

CEnone, a nymph of mount Ida, dangh-
ter of the river Cebrenus in Phrygia. As
she had received the gift of prophecy, she
foretold to Paris, whom she married be-
fore he was discovered to be the son of
Priam, that his voyage into Greece would
be attended with the most serious conse-
quences, and the total ruin of his country.
Paris, when he had received the fatal
wound, ordered his body to be carried to
QBnone, in hope« of being cured by her
assistance. He expired as he came into
her presence ; and CEnone was so struck
at the sight of his dead body, that she
bathed it with her tears, and stabbed her-
self to the heart.

(EivopiA, one of the ancient, names of
the island ^gina.
CBnopides, a mathematician of Chios.
GBnopioit, a son of Ariadne by The-
seus, or, according to othersj by Qacchus.
He married Helice, bj^whom he had a
daughter called Hero, or Merope, ofwtiom
the giant Orion became enamored. The
iather, unwilling to give his daughter to
such a lover, and afraid of provoking him
by an open refusal, evaded his applica-
tionsj and at IMt put out his eyes when he
was mtozicate€.
CEifoTKi, the inhabitants of (Enotria.
(Enotria, a part of Italy which was af-
terwards called Lueania.
^ CBnoTRiDEs, two small islands on the
^uast of Lueania, where some of the Ro-
mans were banished. by the emperors.
They were called Iscia and Pontia.

CBnothus, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia.
He passed into Magna Graecia with a colo-
ny, and. gave the name of CEnotria to that
part of the country where he settled.

CEirusjB, small islands near Chios.

Others on the coast of the Peloponnesus,
near Messenia.

(Eowus, a son of Licymnius, killed at
Sparta, where he accompanied Hercules ;
and as the hero had promised Licymnius
to bring back his son, he burnt his body,
and presented the ashes to the afflicted
lather. From this circumstance arose a
custom of burning the dead among the
ura9k8« A smul river of Loconia.

<Erob, an Island of BiBotia, formed by
the Asopus.

CEta, now Banina, a celebrated moun-
tain betw'feen Thessaly and Macedonia,
upon which Hercules burnt himself. Its
height has given occasion to the poets to
feign that the sun, moon, and stars rose
behind it.' The straits or passes of
Mount CEta are called the straits of
Thermopylae from the-hot baths and min-
eral waters which are ih the neighbor-
hood. These passes are not rnqre than

twenty-five feet in breadth. A small

town at the foot of Mount CBta near Ther-
mopyls.

(Etylus or CEttlum, a town of Laco-
nia.

OCELLUS, a man whom, though un-
polished, Horace represents as a charac-
ter exemplary for wisdom, economy, and
moderation.

Ofi, a nation of Gerinany.

OoDOLAFis, a navigable river flowing
from the Alps.

OoDOEus, a king of Egypt.

OoLosA, an island in the Tyrrhene sea,
east of Corsica, famous for wine, and now
called MmUe Christo.

Oguius, a name of Hercules among the
Gauls.

OooA, a deity of Mylassa in Caria, un-
der whose temple, as was supposed, the
sea passed.

Ogulnia lex, by Q,. and Cn. Ogulnius,
tribunes of the people, A. U. C. 453. It
increased the number of pontiflces and

augurs from four to nine. A Roman

lady as poor as she was lascivious.

OoTGEs, a celebrated monarch, the most
ancient of those that reigned in Greece.
He was son of Terra, or, as some suppose,
of Neptune, and married Thebe the daugh-
ter of Jupiter. He reigned in Bosotia,
which, from him,* is sometimes called
Ogygia^ and his power was also extended
over Attica.

OoTGiA, a name of one of the gates of
Thebes in Boeotia. One of the daugh-
ters of Niobe and Araphion, changed into
stones.— ^-^ — An ancient name of Boeotia.
-The island of Calypso.

OovRis, an island in thA Indian ocean.

OicLBUs, a son of Antiphates and Zeux-
ippe, killed by Laomedon when defend^
ing the ships which Hercules had brought
to Asia when he made war against Troy.

OiLEus, a king of the Locrians. He
married Eriope by whom he h&d Ajax,
called (Hleris from his father, to discrim-
inate him from Ajax the son of Telamon.
Oileus was one of the Argonauts.

Ola RE, one ofnhe mouths of the Po«
A mountain of Armenia.

Olanus, a town of Lesbos.

Olastra, a people of India.

Olba, or Olbus, a town of Cilicia.

Oi«Bi A^ a town of Sarmatia at tile conflu^

y Google

260

exKie of the Hj^panla and the Borysthenes.

A town of Bithynia. A town of

Gallia Narbonensis. The capital of

Sardinia. ,

Olbius, a river of Arcadia.

Olbus, one of iEeta's auxiliaries.

Olchinivh, or Olcinium, now Ihil-'
eignoj a town of DalAiatia, on the Adri-
atic.

Olkadks, a people of Spain.

Olearos, or Oliros, one of the Cv-
clades, about sixteen miles- in circumre-
rence.

Oleatrum, a town of Spain, near Sa-
guntum.

Olen, a Greek poet of Lycia, who flour-
ished some time before the age of Or-
pheus, and composed many hymns, some
of which were regularly sung at Delphi on
solemn occasions.

Olenius, a Lemnian, killed by his
wife.

Olenus, a son ofVulcaif who married
Lethea, a beautiful woman, who pre-
ferred herself to the goddesses. She and
her husband were changed into stones by

"the deities. A famous soothsayer of

Etruria.

Olenus, or Olsrum, a town of Pelo-
ponnesus between Patrs and Cyllene.

Another in iGtolia.

Oleorus, one of the Cycladei , now Jliui
Pare.

OLOAsra,a mountain of Galatia.

Oliotrtis, a town of Peloponnesus.

OLiiTTHtrs, a town of Macedonia. '

Olisifo, now Lisbon^ a town of anclrat
Spain on the Tagus, sumamed FdieUtu
JuUa.

Olitiitoi, a town of Lusitania.

Olizon, a town of Magnesia in Thes-
■ »aly.

T. Ollius, the fathet of Poptnea, de-
stroyed on account of his intimacy with
Sejanus. — A river rising in the Alps, and
falling into the Po.

Ollotico, a prince of Ganl.

Olmije, a promontory near Megara.

Olmius, a river of Boeotia, near Heli-
con, sacred to the Muses.

Ouoossoif, now Alessone, a town of
Magnesia.

Olophtxus, a town of Macedonia on
mount Athos.

Olp£, a fortified place of Epirus, now
Forte Castri.

Olus, a town at the west of Crete.

Oltmpeom, a place of Delos. Anoth-
er in Syracuse.

Oltmpia, celebrated games which re-
ceived their name either fVom Olympia
where they were observed, or from Jupiter
Olyrapius, to whom they were dedicated.
The genei^l .opinion is, that they were
first established by Hercules in honor of
Jupiter Olympitw, after a victory obtained
•ver Augiafl) B. C. iSSSt, But tbey we»

neglected after their first institution by
Hercules, and no notice was taken of
them according to many writers, till
Iphitus, in the age of the lawgiver of
Sparta, renewed them, and instituted the
celebration with greater solemnity. This
reinstitution, which happened B. C. 884,
forms a celebrated epoch in Grecian his-
tory, and is the beginning of the Olympi-
ads. They, however, were neglected for
some time after the age t>f Iphitus, till Co-
rcebus, who obtained a victory B. C. 776.
reinstltuted them to be Vegularly ana
constantly celebrated. The care and su-
perintendence of the games were intrust-
ed to the people of Elis, till they were ex-
cluded by the Pisnans B. C. 364, after the
destruction of Pisa. The preparations for
these festivals were great. No person was
permitted to enter the lists if he bad not
regularly exercised himself ten months
before the celebration at the public gym-
nasium of Ells. No unfair dealings were
allowed, and whoever attempted to bribe
his advereary, was subjected to a severe
fine. The wrestlers were appointed by
lot. Some little balls, superscribed with
a letter, were thrown into a silver urn,
and such as drew the same letter were
obliged to contend one with the other.
He who had an odd letter remained the
last, and he often had the advantage, as
he was to encounter the last who had ob-
tained the superiority over his adversary.
In these games were exhibited running,
leaping, wrestling, boxing, and the throw-
ing of the quoit. Besides these, there
were horse and chariot races, and also
contentions in poetry, eloquence, and the
fine arts. The only reward that the con-
queror obtahiedj was a crown of olive. So
small and trifling a reward stimulated
courage and virtue, and was more the
source of great honors than the most un-
bounded treasures. The statues of the
conquerors, called Olympionice, were
erected at Olympia, in the sacred wood of
Jupiter. Their return home was that of a
warlike conqueror ; they were drawn in
& chariot by four horses, and every wher#
received with the greatest acclamations.
Their entrance into their native city was
not through the gates, but, to make it
more grand and nyaxe solemn, a breach
was made in the walls. Painters and po-
ets were employed in celebrating their
names ; and indeed the victories severally
obtained at Olympia are the subjects of
the most beautiful ades of Pindar. The
Olympic games were observed after a re-
volution of four years, and in the first
month of the fifth year, and they contin-
ued for five successive days. As they
were the most ancient and the most solemn
of all the festivals of the Greeks, it will
not appear wonderftil that they drew so
many people together, not only i

Digitized by VjOOQIC

^61

of Greece, but of the neighboring islands
and countries. A town of Elis in Pe-
loponnesus, where Jupiter had a temple
with a celebrated statue fifty cubits higii^
reckoned one of the seven wonders or
the world. The Olympic games were ce-
lebrated in the neighborhood.

ObrMPiAs, a certain space of time which
elapsed between the celebration of the
Olympic games. The Olympic games were
celebrated after the expiration of four com-
plete years, whence some have said that
tliey were observed every fifth year. This
period of time was called Olympiad, and
became a celebrated era among tlie Greeks,
who computed their time by it. The
custom of reckoning time by the cejebra-
tion of the Olympic games was not intro-
duced at the, fii-st institution of these fes-
tivals, but to speak accurately, only the
year in which Coroebus obtained the prize.
This olympiad, which has always been
reckoned the first, fell, according to the
accurate and learned computations of
some of the moderns, exactly seven hun-
dred and seventy-six years before the
Christian era, in the year of the Julian pe-
riod 3938, and twenty-three years before

the building of Rome. A celebrated

w^oman who was daughter of a king of
Epinis, and who married Philip king of
Macedonia, by whom she had Alexander
the Great. Her haughtiness, and, more
probably, her infidelity, obliged Philip to
repudiate her, and to marry Cleopatra, the
niece of king Attalus. Oly mpias was sen-
sible of this injury, and Alexander show-
ed his disapprobation of his father's mea-
sures by retiring from the court to his
mother. The murder of Philip, which
soon followed this disgrace, and which
some have attributed to the intrigues of
Olympias, was productive of the greatest
extravagances. The queen paid the high-
est honor to her hlisband's murderer. She
gathered his maiicled limbs, placed a
crown of gold on his head, and laid his
ashes near those of Philip. When Alex-
ander was dead, Olympias seized the gov-
ernment of Macedonia, and, to establish
her usurpation, sht) cruelly put to death
Aridseus, with his wife Burydice, as also
Nicanor, the brother of Cassander, with
one hundred leading men of Macedon,
who were inimical to her interest. Such
barbarities did not long re^iain unpunish-
ed ; Cassander besieged her in Pydna,
where she had retired with the remains of
her family, and she was obliged tu sur-
render after an obstinate siege. The con-
queror ordered her to be accused, and to
be put to death. A fountain of Arca-
dia, which flowed for one year and the
next was dry.

Olympiodorus, a musician, who taught
Epaminondas music. — : — A native of
Thebes, in Egypt, who flourished under

Theodosius 2d, and wrote twenty-two
books of history, in (Jreek. An Athe-
nian ofiicer, present at the battle of Plan
tiea.

Oltmfius, a surname of Jupiter at
Olympia, where the |;od had a celebrated
temple and statue, which passed for one
of thd seven wonders of the world. It,

was the work of Phidias. A native of

CartUhge^ called also Nemesianus. A

favorite at the court of Honorius.

Olympus, a physician of Cleopatra,

queen of Egypt. A poet and musician

of Mysia, son of Maeon and disciple to
Marsyas. He lived before the Trojan war,
and distinguished himself by his amatory
elegies, his hymns, and particularly the
beautiful airs which he composed. An-
other musician of Phrygia. A son of

Hercules and Eubcea. A mountain of

Macedonia and Thessaly, ^ow Laeha,
The ancients supposed that it touched the
heavens with its top ; and, from that cir-
cumstance, they have placed the residence
of the gods there, and have made it the
court of Jupiter. It is about one mile and
a half in perpendicular height, and is cov-
ered with pleasant woods, caves, and

grottos. A mountain of Mysia.

Another, in El is. Another, in Arcadia.

And another, in the island of Cyprus,

now Santa Croce. A town on the coast

ofLycia.

Olymfusa, adauiditcrof Thespius.

Olynthus, a celebrated towp and re-
public of Macedonia, on the Isthmus of
the peninsula of Pallene.

Olyras, a river near Thermopylae.

Olyzon, a town of Thessaly.

Omarius, a Lacedemonian sent to Da-
rius.

Ombi and Tentyra, two neighboring
cities of Egypt, whose inhabitants were
always in discord one with another.

Omole, or HoMouE, a mountain of

Thessaly. There were some festivals

called Homoleia, which were celebrated
in BcBotia in honor of Jupiter.

OuoPHAGiA, a festival in honor of Bac-
chus.

Omphale, a queen of Lydia, daughter
of Jardanus. She married Tmolus, who,
at his death, left her mistress of his king-
dom. Omphale had been informed of the
great exploits of Hercules, and. wished to
see so illustrious a hero. Her wish was
soon gratified. After the murder of Eury-
tus, Hercules fell sick, and was ordered to
be sold as a slave, that he might recover bis
health, and the right use of his senses.
Mercury was commissioned to sell him.,
and Omphale bousrht him, and restored
him to liberty. The hero became enam-
ored of his mistress, and the queen favor-
ed his passion, ana bad a son by him,
whom some call Agelaus, and others La-

■*°"- Digitized by Google

26;^

OP ^

OMPHALoa, a place of Crete, sacred to
Jupiter, on tlie border of the river Triton.

Omfhii, a king of India, who delivered
himself up to AJexander the Great.

Off JEUM, or O.vNKUM, a promontory and
town of Dalmatia.

Onarus, a priest of Bacchur, who ia
supposed to have married Ariadne after
■be had been abandoned by Theseus.

Onasihus, a sophist of Athens.

Onatab, a famous statuary of iEgina,
■on of Micon.

Onchemites, a wind which blows frtm
Onchesmus, a harbor of Epirus, towards
Italy.

Onchestus, a town of Boeotia.

OwEiorr, a place of Arcadia.

Onesicritus,. a cynic philosopher of
^gina, who went with Alexander into
Asia, and was sent to the Indian Gymno-
sophists. He wrote an history of the Icing's
life.

Onesimus, a Macedonian nobleman,
treated with great Icindness by the Roman
^ emperors.

OiiEsi^pua, a son of Hercules.

Onesius, a king of Salamis, who re-
volted from the Persians.

Onetorides, an Athenian officer, who
attempted to murdcu- the garrison which
Demetrius had statioiiied at Athens.

OifiuM, a place or Peloponnesus, near
Corinth.

Onoba, a town near the columns of
Hercules.

OrcoBALA, a rtver of Sicily.

Onochonus, a river of Thessaly, falling
Into the Peneus.

Onomacritus, a soothsayer of Athens.
It is generally believed that the Greek
poem, on the Argonautic expedition, at-
tributed to Orpheus, was written by Ono-
macritus. He flourished about five hun-
dred and sixteen years before the Chris-
tian era. A Locrian, who wrote con-
cerning laws.

ONOMABCHua, a Phocian, son of Euthy-
crates, and brother of Philomelus, whonfi
he succeeded, as geaera) of his country-
men, in the sacred war. After exploits of
valor and perseverance, be was defeated
and slain in Thessaly by Philip of Mace-
don. He died 353 B. C. A man to

whose care Antigonus intrusted the keep-
ing of Eu men es.

Onomastorides, a Lacedmnonian am-
bassador sent to Darius.

Onohastus, a freedman of the emperor
Otho.

Onopha>, one of the seven Persians
who conspired against the usurper Smer-

dis. An officer in the expedition of

Xerxes igatnat Greece.

OrrosANDER, aOreek writer.

Ontthes, a friend of iEneas, killed by
Turnus.

Opalia, festivals celebrated by the Ro-

mans, in honor of Ops, on the 14th of the
calends of January.

Ophelas, a general of Cyrene, defeated
by Agathocles.

Opheltes, a son of Lycurgus, kifig of

Thrace. One of the companions of

Accetes, changed into a dolphin by Bac-
chus.

Ophensis, a ^own of Africa.

Ophiades, an idland on the coast of
Arabia, so called from the great number
of serpents found there.

Ophias, a patrunymic given to Combe,
as daughter of Ophius, an unknown per-
son.

Ophioneus, was an ancient soothsayer
in the age of Aristodemus. He was bom
blind.

QpHis, a small river of Arcadia, which
falls into the Alpheus.

Ophiusa, the ancient name of Rhodes.

— — A small island near Crete. A town

of Sarmatia. An island near the Ba-

leares.

OpHRYifiuM, a town of Troaa on the
Hellespont.

Opici, the ancient inhabitai^ts of Cam-
pania.

Opilius, a grammarian, who flourished
about ninety-four years before Christ.

L. Opimius, a Roman who made him-
self consul in opposition to the interest
and efforts of the Gracchi. He showed
himself * most inveterate enemy to C.
Gracchus and his adherents, and behaved,
during his consulship, like a dictator. He

died of want at Dyrrachium. A rich

usurer at Rome in the age of Horace.

Opis, a town on the Tigris, afterwards

called Antiochia. A nymph who was

among Diana's attendants. A town

near the mouth of the Tigris. One of

Cyrene's attendants.

Opiter, a Roman consul.

Opitergini, a people near Aquileia, on
the Adriatic.

Opites, a native of Argos, killed by
Hector in the Trojan war.

Oppia, a vestal virgin, buried alive fop
her incontinence.

Oppia lex, by C. Oppius, the tribune,
A. U. C. 540. It required that no woman
should wear above half an ounce of gold,
have party-colored garments, or be carried
in any city or town, or to any place with-
ip a mile's distance, unless it was to cele-
brate some sacred festivals or solemni-
ties.

Oppi Aifug, a Greek poet of Cilicia in the
second century. His father's name was
Agesilaus, and his mother's Zenodota. He
wrote some poems celebrated for their ele-
gance and sublimity. The poet died of
the plague in the thirtieth year of his age.
His cbuntrymem raised statues to his hon-
or, and engraved on his tombj that the
gods had hastenedlo^l back Oppian in

the flower of yoath, only because he had
Uready excelled all mankind.

Opfidius, a rich old man of Rome.

C. Offius, a friend of Julius Cssar, ce-
lebrated for his life of Scipio Africanun,

and of Pompey the Great. An officer

vent by the Romans against Mithridates.
He met with ill success, and was sent in
t^hains to the king.

Ofs, (opufj) a daughter of CcbIus and
Terra, the same as the Rhea of the Greeks,
who marfied Satutn, and became mother
of Jupiter. She was known among the
ancients by the different names of CybeUy
Bona Dm, Magna MatcTy Thya, TeUus,
Proserpina^ and even of Juno, and Minerva.
Tatius built her aUemple at Rome.

Optatus, one of the fathers.

Optimus Maximds, epithets given to Ju-
piter to denote his greatness, omnipotence,
and supreme goodness.

Opus, a city of Locris, on' the Asopus,
tlestroyed by an earthquake.

Ora, a town of India, taken by Alexan-
der. One of Jupiter's mistresses.

ORAcuLUM,an answer of the gods to the
questions of men^ or the place where those
answers were given. Nothing is more
famous than the ancient oracles of Egypt.
Greece, Rome, &c. They were supposed
to be the will of the gods themselves, and
they were consulted, not only upon every
important matter, but even in the affairs
of private life. To make peace or war, to
introduce a change of government, to plant
a colony, to enact laws, to raise an edifice,
to marry, were sufficient reasons to con-
-sult the will of the gods. The most cele-
brated oracles of antiquity were those of
Dodona, Delphi, Jupi(er Ammon,&c. The
temple of Delphi seemed to claim a supe-
riority over the other temples; its fame
was once more extended, and its riches
■were so great, that not only private per-
sons, but even kings and numerous ar-
mies, made it an object of plunder and of
rapine. Some have strongly believed, that
all the oracles of the earth ceased at the
birth of Christ, but the supposition is false.
It was, indeed, Ihe beginning of their da^
dine, but they remained in repute, and
were consulted, thouj^b, perhaps, not so
frequently, till the fourth century, when
Christianity began to triumph over pagan-
ism. The oracles often suffered tl^m-
selves to be bribed. Alexander did it, but
it is well known that Lysander failed in
the attempt. Demosthenes is also a wit-
ness of the corruption, and he observed,
that the oracles of Greece were servilely
subservient to the will and pleasure of
Philip, king of Macedonia. The Egyptians
showed themselves the most superstitious
of mankind, by their blind acquiescence
in the imposition of the priests, who per-
suaded them that the s^ety and happi-
ness of their life depended updn the mere

motions of an ox, or the tameness of a
crocodile.

Or.£a, a small country of Peloponnesus.
Certain solemn sacrifices of fruits of-
fered in the four seasons of the year, to
obtain mild and temperate weather.

Orasus, a man who k^ied Ptolemy, the
son of Pyrrhus. >

Oratss, a rivejr of European Scythia.

Okbslus, a mountain of Thrace or Ma>-
cedonia.

Orbilius Pupillus, a grammarian of
Beneventum, who was the first instructor
o&the poet Horace. He lived almost to his
one hundredth year, and lost his memory
sometime before his death.

Orbitaniun, a town of the Samnites.

Orbona, a mischievous goddess at
Rome, who, as it was supposed, made
children die.

Orcad£s, islands on the northern coasts
of Britain, now called the Orkneys. They
were unknown till Britain was -discovered
to be an island by Agricola, who presided
there as governor.

Orchalis, an eminence of Bceotia near
llaliartus.

Orchamus, a king of Assyria, father of
Leucothoe by Eurynome. He buried his
daughter alive for her amours with Apol-
lo.

Orchia lex, by Orchlus, the tribune,
A. U. C. 566. It was enacted to limit the
number of guests that wem to be admitted
at an entertainment.

Orchomenos, or Orchomebum, a town
of BcBOtia, at the west of the lake Copais.
There was at Orchomenos a celebrated
temple, built by Eteocles son of Cephisus,
sacred to the Graces, who were from
thence called the Orchomenian goddesses.

A town of Arcadia. A town of

Thessaly, with a river of the same name.

Orcos, one of the names of the god of
hell, the same as Pluto, though confounds
ed by some with Charon. He had a tem-
ple at Rome. ,

Orcynia, a place of Cappadocia, where
Eumenes was defeated by Antigquus.

Ordebsus, a river of Scythia, which
falls into the Ister.

Ordovices, the people of North Wales
in Britain.

Oreades, nymphs Of the mountains,
daughters of Phoroneus and Hecate. Some
call them Orestiades, and give them
Jupiter for father. They genei-ally at-
tended upon Diana.

Oreas, a son of Hertules and Chryseis.

Orest.is, a people of Epirus. They re-
ceived their name from Orestes, who fied

to Epirus when cured of his insanity.

Of Macedonia.

Orestes, a son of Agamemnon and Cly-
temnestra. When his father, was cruelly
murdered by Clytemnestra and iEgisthus,
young Orestes was s^ved from his mo

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

tiler's dagger by means of his sister Elec-
tra, called iLaodicea by Homer, and he
;was privately (conjeyed to the house of
Strophius, who was king of Fhocis, and
who had married a sister of Agamemnon.
He was tenderly treated by Strophius,
who educated him with liis son Pylades.
The two young princes soon became ac-
quainted, and, from thefr familiarity, arose
the most inviolable attachment and friend-
ship. When Orestes was arrived to years
of manhood, he visited MycenaB, and
avenged his father's death by assassinat-
ing his mother Clytemnestra,and her adul-
terer iEgisthus. Orestes, after the murder
of his mother, consulted the oracle of
Apollo at Delphi, where he was informed
that nothing could deliver him from the
persecutions of the Furies, if he did not
bring into Greece Diana's statue, which
was in the Taurica Chersonesus, and
which, as it is reported by some, had fallen
down from heaven. This was an ardu-
ous enterprise. The king of the Cherso-
nesus always sacrificed on the altars of
the goddess tfll such as entered the bor-
ders of his country. Orestes and bis friend
were both carried before Thoas, the king
of the place, and they were doomed to be
sacrificed. Iphigenia was then priestess
»f Diana's temple, and it was her ofUce to
knmolate these strangers. The intelli-
fence that they were Grecians delayed the
preparations, and Iphigenia was anxious
to leafn something about a country which
had given ^er birth. (Vid. Iphigenia.)
She even interested herself in their mis-
fortunes, and offered to sparre the life of
one of them, provided he would convey
letters to Greece from her hand. This was
a difficult trial ; ilever was friendship
more truly displayed. At last Pylades
gave way to the pressing entreaties of his
friend, and consented to carry the letters
of Iphigenia to Greece. These were ad-
dressed to Orestes himself, and, therefore,
these circumstances soon led to a total dis-
covery of the connexions of the priestess
with the man whom she was going to im-
molate. Iphigenia was convinced that he
was her brother Orestes, and, when the
causes of their journey had been explain-
ed, she resolved, vv^ith the two friends, to
fly from Chersonesus, and to carry away
the statue of Diana. Their fJiqht was dis-
covered, and Thoas prepared to pursue
them ; but Minerva interfered, and told
him, that all had been done by the will
and approbation of the gods. Some sup-
pose, that Orestes came to Cappadocia
from Chersonesus, and that there he left
the statue of Diana at Comana. Others
contradict this tradition, and, according to
Pausanias, the statue of Diana Orthia was
the same as that which had been carried
away from the Chersonesus. After these
celebrated adventures, Orestes ascended

the throne of Argos, where he reigned fn
perfect security, and married Hermione,
the daughter of Menelaus, and gave his
sister to his friend Pylades. The mar-
riage of Orestes with Hermione is a mat-
ter of dispute among the ancients. All
are agreed that she had been promised to
the son of Agamemnon, buT Menelaus had
married her to Neoptolemus, the son of
Achilles, who had shown himself so truly
interested in his cause during the Trojan
war. The marriage of Hermione with
Neoptolemus displeased Orestes ; be re-
membered that she had been early pro-
mised to him, and therefore he resolved
to recover her by force or artifice. This
he effected by causing Neoptolemus to be
assassinated J or assassinating him himself.
He then retired to his kingdom of Argos.
His old age was crowned with peace and
security, and he died in the ninetieth year
of his age, leaving his throne to his son
Tisamenes, by Hermione. The friend-
ship of Orestes and of Pylades became
Sroverbial, and the two friends received
ivine honors among the Scythians, and

were worshipped in temples. A son

of Achelous. A man sent as ambassa-
dor, by Attila, king of the Huns,, to the

emperor Theodosius. ^A governor of

Egypt under the Roman emperors. A

robber of Athens who pretended madness.
A general of Alexander.

Orsstxum, a town of Arcadia, %boat
eighteen miles from Sparta. It was found-
ed by Orestheus, a son of Lycaon.

ORESTiDic, the descendants or subjects
of Orestes, the son of Agamemnon.

AuasL. Orestijljla, a mistress of Cati-
line.

Orestis, or Orebtida, a part of Mace-
donia.

Oretje, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia,
on the Euxine sea.

Oretani, a people of Spain, whose capi-
tal was Oretuftiy now Oreto.

Oretilia, a woman who married Cali-
gula, by whom she was soon after ban-

Oreum, one of the princi^l towns of
Euboea.

Org A, or Orgas, a river of Plirygia, fall-
ing into the Meeander.

Oroesum, a town of Macedonia^

OroetorU, one of the chief men of the
Helvetii, while Caesar was in Gaul. He
formed a conspiracy against the Romans,
and when accused, he destroyed himself.

Oroia, festivals in honor of Bacchus.

Orib ASUS, a celebrated physician, great-
ly esteemed by the emperor Julian, in

whose reign he flourished. One of

Actaeon's dogs.

Oricum, or Oricub, a town of Epirus,
on tfie Ionian sea, founded by a colony
from Colchis, according to Pliny. It had
a celebrated barbor^^^^^i|ai greatly <

jitized by V "

teemed by the Romans on ftccoant of its
eituation, but it was not well defended.

Oriens, in ancient geography, is taken
for all the itiost eastern parts of the world,
such as Parthia, India, Assyria, &c.

Orioen, a Greek waiter, as much cele-
brated for the easiness of his manner, his
humility, and modesty, as for his learning
and the sublimity of his geniu^. He suf-
fered martyrdom in his sixty-ninth year,
A. C. 254." His works were excellent and
numerous, and contained a number of
homilies, commentaries on t^e holy scrip-
lures, and different treatises.

Oeioo, a courtezan in the age of iTorace.

Ottipfus, a river of Sicily.

Oriorates, a general of Darius at the
battle of Arbela.

Orion, a celebrated giant, son of Hy-
rieus, a peasant of Boeotia. Orion soon
rendered himself celebrated, an^ Diana
toofk him among her attendants. His gi-
gantic stature, however, displeased (Eno-
pion, king of Chios, whose daughter Hero
or Merope he demanded in marriage. The
king, not to deny him openly, promised to
make him his son-in-law as soon as he de-
livered his island from wild beasts. This
task, which OQnopion deemed impractica-
ble, was soon performed by Orion, who
eagerly demanded his reward. CEnopion,
on pretence of complying, intoxicated his
illustrious guest, and put out his eyes on
the sea shore, where he had laid himself
down to sleep. Orion, finding himself
Wind when he awoke, was conducted by
the sound to a neighboring forge, where
he placed one of the workmen on his back,
and, by his directions, went to a place
where the rising sun was seen with the
greatest advantage. Here he turned his
face towards the luminary, and, as it is
reported, he immediately recovered his'
eye sight, and hastened to punish the per-
fidious cruelty of CEnopion. It is said that
Orion was an excellent workman in iron j
and that he fabricated a subterraneous pa-
lace for Vulcan. Accordini|to Ovid, Orion
<lied of the bite of a scorpion, which the
earth produced, to punish his vanity in
boasting that there was not on earth any
animal which he could not conquer. Af-
ter death, Orion was placed in heaven,
where one of the constellations still bears
his name. Orion was buried in the island
of Delos, and the monument which the
people of Tanagra in Boootia showed, as
containing the remains of this celebrated
hero, was nothing but a cenotaph. The
danehters of Onon distinguished them-
selves as much as thSlr father, and, when
the oracle had declared that Bnsotia should
not be delivered from a dreadful pestilence
before two of Jupiter's children were im-
molated on the altars, they joyfully ac-
cept«'d the offer, and voluntarily'sacrificed
hemselves for thd good of their country.
23

Their names were Menippe and Metioehe.
They bad been carefully educated by Diar-
na, and Venus and Minerva had made
them very rich and valuable presents.
The deities of hell were struck at the pa-
triotism of the two females, and immedi-
ately two stars were seen to arise from the
earth, which still smoked with the blood,
and they were plaeed in the heavens in
the form of a crown.

Orissus, a princ6 of Spain, who put
Hamilcar to flight.

Orisulla Li via, a Roman matron, ta-
ken away from Piso.

Oritje, a people of India, who submit-
ted to Alexander. .

Orithtia, a daughter of Erechtheus,

king of Athena^ by Praxithea.— A

daughter of Cecrops. One of the Am-
azons. One of the Ne;-eides.

Oritias, one of the hunters of the Ca-
lydonian boar.

Oriuwdus, a river of lUyricum.

Ormekus, a king of Thessaly, son of
CercaphuB. He built a tpwn wliich was

called Ormenium. A man who settled

at Rhodes. A son of -Eurypylus, &c.

Ornea, a town of Argolis, famous for a
battle fought there between the Lacedce-
monians and Argives.

Orneates, a surname of Prtapus, at
Omea.

Omj«EU9, a centaur, son of Ixion and

the Cloud. A son of Rrechtheus, king

of Athens.

Orrithijb, a wind blowing from the
north in the spring.

Ornithoit, a town of Phoenicia, be-
tween Tyre and Sidon.

Ornitus, a friend of iGneas, killed by
Camilla in the Rutulian wars.

Ornosfades, a Parthian, driven from
his country by Aitabanus. He assisted
Tiberius, and was made governor of Ma-
cedonia.

ORNrxioN, a son of Sisyphus, king of
Corinth, father of Phocus.

Ornytus, a man of Cyzicus, killed by
the Argonauts.

Oroanda, a town of Pysidia, now Ha-
viran.

Orobia, a town of Eubffia.

Orobii, a people of Italy, near Milan.

Orodes, a prince of Parthia, who mur-
dered his brother Mithridates, and ascend-
ed his throne. It is said, that, when Oro-
des became old and infirm, his thirty chil-
dren applied to him, and disputed, ii) his
presence, their right to the succession.
I^hraates, the eldest of them,- obtained
the crown from his father, and, to hasten
him out of the world, he attempted to poi-
son him. The poisoh had no effect ; and
Phraates, still determined on his father's
death, stranjjled ^im with his own hands,
about thiriyseven years before the Chris-
tian era. Orodes had then reigned about

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266

ftfty yetn. ^Another king of Partbla,

murdered for his cruelty. A son of Ar<

tabanus, king 6f Armenia. One of tlic

friends of .dSoeas in Italy, killed by Me-
zentius.

Orcetxs, a Persian governor of Sardis, .
famous for his cruel murder of Polycrat^.
He died B. C 531.

OBOME0oif« a lofty mountain in the is-
land of Cos. A giant.

OaaivTAi, a relation of Artaxerxes, sent
to Cyprus, where he made peace with
Evagoras*

Oroittsb, a satrap of Mysia, Bi C. 385,
Who rebelled from Artaxerxes. A gov-
ernor of Armenia. A king of the Lyci-

ans during the Trojan war. A river of

filyria, falling into the Mediterranean.

OiborHBRNxs, a man who seized the
kingdom of Cappadocia. He died B. C.
054.

Oropub, a town of BcBotia, on the bor-
ders of Attica, near the Euripus, which
received its name from Oropus, a son of

Jlfacedon. A small town of Eubosa.

Another in Macedonia.

Orosiub, a Spanish writer, A. D. 416,
who published an universal history, in
seven books.

Orosfeda, a mountain of Spain.

Orphbub, a son of CEager, by the muse
Calliope. He received a lyre from Apollo,
or according to scwne, from Mercury, upon
which he played with such a masteily
hand, that even the most rapid rivers
ceased to flow, the savage beasts of the
forest forgot their wildness, and the moun-
tains moved to listen to his song. Eury-
dice was the only one who made a deep
impression on the melodious musician,
and their nuptials were celebrated. Their
happiness, however, was short ; Aristeus
became enamored of Eurydice, and, as
she fled from her pursuer, a serpent, that
was lurking in the grass, bit her foot, and
she died of the noisoned wound. Her loss
was severely felt by Orpheus, and he re-
solved to recover her, or perish in the at-
tempt. With his lyre in his hand, he en-
tered the infernal regions, and gained an
easy admission to the palace of the king
of hell. Pluto and Proserpine were mov-
ed with his sorrow, and consented to re-
store him Eurydice, provided he forebore
looking behind till he had come to the ex-
tremes! borders of hell. The conditions
were gladly accepted, and Orpheus was
already in sight of \he upper regions of
the air, when he forgot his promises and
turned back to look at his long lost Eury-
dice. He saw her, but she instantly van-
ished from his eyes. He attempted to
follow her, but be was refused admission {
and the only comfort he could And, was
to soothe his grief by the sound of his mu-
sical instrument, in grottos, or on the
mountains. Orpheus was one of the Ar-

gonauts, of which celebrated expediticm
he wrote a poetical account still extant.
According to some of the moderns, the
Argoiiauticoy and the other poems attribut-
ed to Orpheus, are the production of tli«
pen of Onomacritus, a poet who lived in
the age of Piaistratus, tyrant of Athena.
Orpheus, as- some report, after deatb re-
ceived divine honors, the muses gave, an
lionorable burial to bis remains, and bis
lyre became one of the constellations in
the heavens.

Orphica, ^ name by which the or^es
of Bacchus were called, because they bad
been introduced in Europe from Egypt by
Orpheus.

OapHifs, a nymph of the infernal re-
gions.

Orsedics, a daughter of Cinyras and
Metharme.

Orbeib, a nymph who married Hellen,

Orbillub, a Persian who fled to Alex-
ander, when Bessus murdered Darius.

Orsilochub, a son of Idomeneus, kill-
ed by Ulysses in the Trojan war. A

son of the river Alpheus. A TmjaB

killed by Camilla in the RutuUan wars.

Orbikbb, one of the officers of Darius,
at the battle of Arbela.

Orbippub. a man of Megara, who was
prevented irom obtaining a prize at the
Olympic games, because his clothes were
entangled as he ran. This circumstance
was the cause that, for the future, all the
combatants were obliged to appear naked.

M. Ortalub, a grandson of Hortensias,
who was induced to marry by a present
from Augustus, who wished that ancient
family not to be extinguished.

ORTHAooRAB,,a man who wrote a trea-
tise on India. A musician in the age

of Epaminondas. A tyrant of Sicyon.

Ohthjca, a daughter of Hyaclnthus.

Orthe, a towfn of Magnesia* \

Orthia, a surname of Diana at Sparta.
In her sacrifices it was usual for boys to
be whipped.

Ortmobi A, a town of Cart a of Phce-
nicia.'

Orthru», or Orthos, a dog which be-
longed to Geryon, from whom and the
Chimeera, sprung the sphynx and the Jie-
mffian lion. He had two heads, and was
destroyed by Hercules.

Orttoia. a grove near Ephesus. A

small island or Sicily, within the bay of
Syracuse, which formed once one of the
four quarters of that great city. It was
in this island that the celebrated fountain
Arethusa arose. Ortygia is now the only
part remaining of the once famed Syra-
cuse, about two miles in circumference,
and inhabited by 18,000 souls. An an-
cient name of the island of Delos.

Orttgiub, a Rutulian killed by ^neas.

OruBj or HoRUB, one of the gods of the
Egyptians, son of Osiris and of Isis. H«

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OS'

267

anisted his mother in avenging his father,
who had been murdered by Typhon.
Onis was skilled in medicine, he was ac-
quainted with futurity, and he made the
good and the happiness of his subjects
the sole object of his government. He
was the emblem of the sun among the
Egyptians. The first king of Troezene.

ORVAifDER, a satrap of Persia. *

Ortx, a place of Arcadia on the Ladon.

OsACEs, a^ Parthian general, who re-
ceived a mortal wound uom Cassius.

OscA, a town of Spain, no^ Jfueseaj in
Arragon.

OscHOFMoaiA, a festival observed by the
Atbeoians. Its original institution is thus
described. Theseus, at his return from
Crete, forgot to hang out the white sail by
which his father was to be apprized of his
success. This neglect was fat^l to iEge-
us, who threw himself into the sea and
perished. Theseus no sooner reached the
land, than he sent a herald to inform his
fether of his safe return, and in the mean
time he began to make the sacrifices which
he vowed when he first set sail from Crete.
The herald, o*n his entrance into the city,
found the people in great agitation. Some
lamented the king's death, while others,
«Iated at the sudden news of the victory
«f Theseus, crowned the herald with gar-
lands in demonstration of their joy. The
lierald carried back the garlands on his
fitaflT to the sea shore, and after he had
waited till Theseus had finished his sacri-
fice, he related the melancholy story of
tlie king's death. Upon this, the people
ran in crowds to the city, showing their
grief by cries and lamentations. From
that circumstance therefore, at the feast
of Oschophoria, not the herald but his
BtaflT is crowned with garlands.

Osci, a people between Campania and
the country of the Volsci, who assisted
Tumus against iEneas.

Oscius, a mountain with a river of the
same name in Thrace.

Oscns. a general of the fleet of the em-
peror Otno.

Osi, a people of Germany.

OsiNius, a king of Clusium, who assist-
ed iGneas against Turnus.

Osi RIB, a great deity of the Egyptians,
son of Jtipiter and Niobe. Ail the an-
cients greatly dififer in their opinions
concemmg this celebrated god,N[)ut they
all agree that as king of Egypt, he took
particular care to civilize his subjects, to
polish their morals, to give them good and
salutary laws, and to teach them agricul-
ture. After he had accpmpiished a reform
at home. Osiris resolved to go and spread
civilisation in the other parts of the earth.
He left his kingdom to the care of his
wife Jsls, and of her faithftil minister
Hermes or Mercury. 6n his return Osiris
found the minds of bis subjects roused

and agitated. His brother Typhon bad
raised seditions, and endef^vored to make
himself popular. Osiris,' whose senti-
ments were always of the most pacific
nature, endeavored to convince his broth-
er of his ill conduct, but he fell a sacrifice
to the attempt. Typhon murdered him in
a secret apartment, and cut his body to
pieces, which were divided among the
associates of his guilt. Typhon, accord-
ing to Plutarch, shut up his brother in a
coflTer and threw him into the Nile. This
cruelty incensed Isis ; she revenged her
husband's death, and With her son Orus,
she defeated Typhon and the partisans of
his conspiracy. She recovered the man-
gled pieces of her husband's body, which
the murderer had thrown into the sea;
and to render him all the honor which his
humanity deserved, she made as many
statues of wax as there were mangled
pieces of his body. As Osiris had particu-
larly instructed his subjects in cultivating
the ground, the priest chose the ox to rep-
resent him, and paid the most supersti-
tious veneration to that animal. Osiris,
according to the opinion of some mythol-
ogists, is the same as the sun, and the
adoration which is paid by different na-
tions to an Anubis, a Bacchus, a Dionysi-
UB, a Jupiter, a Pan, &c., is the same as
that which Osiris received in the Egyp-
tian temples. Isis also after death i-eceiv-
ed divine honors as well as her husband,
and as the ox was the symbol of the sun,
or Osiris, so the cow was the emblem of -
the moon, or of Isis. Osiris was gener-
ally represented with a cap on his head
like a mitre, with two horns ; he held a
stick in his left band, and in his right a

whip with three thongs. A Persian

general, who lived 450 B. C. A friend

of Turnus, killed in the Rutulian war.

OsisMii, a people of Gaul in Britany.

OsFHAQus, a river of Macedonia.

OsRHOEKE, a country of Mesopotamia.

OssA, a lofty mountain of Thessaly,
once the residence of the Centaurs. It
was formerly joined to mount Olympus,
but Hercules, as some report, separated
them, and made between tbem the cele-
brated valley of Tempo. Ossa was one
of those mountains which the giants, in
their wars against the gods, heaped up one
on the other to scale the heavens with
more facility. A town of Macedonia.

OaT£OD£8, an island near the Lipari
isles.

OsTiA, a town built at the mouth of the
river Tiber by Ancus Martins, king of
Rome, about sixteen miles distant from
Rome. It had a celebrated harbor, and
was so pleasantly situated that the Ro-
mans generally spent a part of the year
there as in a country seat.

OsTORiuB Scapula, a man madevgovem-
or of Britain. He died A. D, 55 An-

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Other, .who pot himself to death when ac-
cusea before Nero.

Obteacinb, a town of Egypt.

OsTMAKDTAt, a magnificent king of
Egypt in a remote perickl.

OTAcii.iuB,aRoman ccmsul sent against
the Carthaginians.

'Otakks, a noble Persian, one of the
seven who conspired against the usurper
Smerdis.

Otho, M. Saltius, a Roman- emperor
descended from the ancient kinp of £tni-
ria. He was one of Nero's favorites, and
as such he was raised to the highest offices
of the state. After Nero's death Otho
conciliated the favor of Galba the new
emperor j but when he did not gain his
point, and when Galba had refused to
adopt him as his successor, he resolved to
make himself absolute without any reeurd
to the age or dignity of his friend. The
great debts which he had contracted en-
couraged his avarice, and he caused Galba
to be assassinated, and he made himself
emperor. He was acknowledged by the
senate and the Roman people, but the sud-
den revolt of VitelMus m Germany render-
ed his situation precarious, and it was
mutually resolved that their respective
right to the empire should be decided by
arms. Otho obtained three victories over
his enemies, but in a general engagement
near Brixellum, his forces were defeated,
and he stabbed himself when all hopes oi
success were vanished, after a reign of
about three months, on the 20th of April
A. D. 69. RoBcius, a tribune of the peo-
ple, who, in Cicero's consulship, made a
regulation to permit the Roman knights at
public spectacles to have the fourteen ffrst

rows after the seats of the senators.

The father of the Roman emperor Otho
was the favorite of Claudius

OtHR7AD£s, one of the three hundred
Spartans who fought against three hun-
dred Argives, when those two nations dis-
?uted their respective right to Thyrea.
'wo Argives, Alcinor and Cronius, and
Othryades survived the battle. The Ar-
gives went home to carry the news of their
victory, but Othryades, who had been
. reckoned among the number of the slain,
on account of his wounds, recovered him-
self and carried some of the spoils of
which he had stripped the Argives, into
the camp of his countrymen ; and after he
had raised a trophy, and had/vritten with
his own blood the word vici on his shield,
he killed himself, unwilling to survive the
death of his countrymen. A patrony-
mic given to Pantheus, the Trojan priest
of i\polIo, from hisfather Othryas.

Othrtoneus, a Thracian who came to
the Trojan war in hopes of marrying Cas-
sandra. He was killed by Idomeneus.

Othrys, a mountain, or rather a chain
of mountains in Thessaly, the residence
of the Centaurs^

Otesus, a king of Phrygfer, eo» of efs-
sens, and brother to Hecuba.

Otr(eda, a small town on the confines
of Bithynia.

Otus and Ephialtes, sobs of Neptune.

Otys, a prince of Paphlagonia, who re-
volted from the Persians to Agesilaus.

Otia; a Roman lady, wife of C. Lollius.

p. Otidius Naso, a celebrated Roman
poet born at Sulmo, on the 20th of March,
about 43 B. C. As be was intended for
the bar, his father sent him early to Rome,
and removed him to Athens in the six-
teenth year bf his age. The progress of
Ovid in the study of eloquence was great,
but the father's expectations were frustrat-
ed ; his son was bori^ a poet, and nothing
could deter him from pursuing his natural
inclination, though he was often reminded
that Homer lived and died in the greatest
poverty. A lively genius and a fertile
imagination soon gained him admirers;
the learned became his friends ; Virgil,
Propertius, Tibullus, and Horace, honorea
him with their correspondence, and Au-
gustus patronised him with the most un-
bounded liberality. These favors, how-
ever, were but momentary, and the poet
was soon after banished to Tomoe on the
Euxine sea. by the emperor. The true
cause, of this sudden exile is unknown.
In his banishment, Ovid betrayed his pu-
sillanimity, and however afflicted and dis-
tressed his situation was, yet the flattery
and impatience which he showed in his
writings are a disgrace to his pen, and
expose him more to ridicule than pity.
Though he prostituted his pen and his
time to adulation, yet the emperor proved
deaf to all entreaties, and refused to listen
to his most ardent rriends at Rome, who
wished for the return of the poet. Ovid,
who undoubtedly wished for a Brutus to
deliver Rome of her tyrannical Augustus,
continued his flattery even to meanness ;
and when the emperor died, he was so
mercenary as to consecrate a temple to
the departed tyrant, on the shore of the
Euxine, where he regularly offered frank-
incense everymoming. Tiberius proved
as regardless as his predecessor, to the en-
treaties which were made for Ovid, and
the poet died in the seventh or eighth year
of his banishment, in the fifty-ninth year
of his age, A. D. 17, and was buried at
Tomos. In the year 1508 of the Christian
era, the following epitaph was found at
Stain, in the modern kingdom of Auoria

Hie situs est votes quem Dim Cessaris trc
Augusti patria cederejussit humo.

Sarpe miser voluit patriis occumbere terriSf
Sedfrustra! Hwnc Uli fata dedere loam.

This however, is an imposition to render
celebrated an obscure corner of the world,
which never contained the bones of Ov^.
The greatest part of Ovid's poems are re^

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maining. A man who accompanied his

friend Cssonias when banished from
Rome by Nero. w

Of INI A Lcx, was enacted to permit the
censors to elect and admit amons the num-
ber of the senators theibest and the wor-
thiest of the people.

Otinius, a freedman of Vatinius, the

friend of Cicero. Q,uintus, a Roman

senator, punished by Augustus, for dis-
gracing his rank in the court of Cleopatra.

OxATHEEB, a brother of Darius, greatly
honored by Alexander, and made one of

his generals. Another Persian, who

favored the cause of Alexander.

Oxidates, a Persian whom Darius con-
demned to death. Alexander took him
prisoner, and some time after made him
governor of Media. He became oppres-
sive and was removed.

OxiHxs, a people of European Sar-
matia.

OxioKJE, a nation of Germans, whom
flttperstitious traditions represented as
having the countenance human, and the
rest of the body like that of beasts.

Oxns, a lar^e river of Bactrlana, now
Oikon^ falling mto^the east of the Caspian
sea. Another in Scythia. \

Ox TARES, a king of Bactriana, who sur-
rendered to Alexander.

Ox re ANUS, an Indian prince in the age
of Alexander, &c.

OxTDRACiE, a nation of India.

OxTLDs, a leader of the HeracUde,
when they recovered the Peloponnesus.
A son of Mars and Protogenia.

OxvNTHBs, a kingof Athens, B. C. 1149.
He reigned twelve years.

OxTPORus, a sou of Cinyras and Me-
tharme.

OxTRTNCHUSf a town of Egypt on the
Nile.

OziNBs, a Persian imprisoned by Crate-
rus, because he attempted to revolt from
Alexander.

OzoLM, orOzoLi, a people who inhab-
ited the eastern parts of iStolia, which
were called Oiolea, This tract of terri-
tory lay at the north of the bay of Corinth,
and extended about twelve miles north-
ward.

PACATIANUS, Titus Julius, a gene-
ral of the Roman armies, who pro-
claimed himself emperor in Gaul, about
the latter part of Philip's reign. He was
soon after defeated, A. D. 349, and put to
death.

Paccius, an insignificant poet in the age
of Domitian.

Pachbs, an Athenian, who took Mity-
iene. *

Pachinus, or Pachtnus, now Passaroy
a promontory of Sicily.

M. pAcoNius, a Roman put to death by
Tiberius.— ^A Stoic philosopher, banish-
ed from Italy by Nero.

Pacorus, the eldest of the thirty sons
of Orodes, king of Parthia, sent against
Crasstts whose army he defeated, and
whom he took prisoner. He was killed

in a battle l^ ventidius Bassus. ^A

king of Parthia, who made a treaty of

alliance with the Romans. Another,

Intimate with king Decebalus.

PACT0I.US, a celebrated river of Lydia,
rising in mount Tmolus, and fiilling into
the Hermus after it has watered the city
of Sardes. It was in this river that Midas
washed himself when he turned into gold
whatever he touched ; and fh>m that cir-
eumstance it ever after rolled golden
•ands, and received the name of Cb^sorr-

f^cttAtfa. Lydian intrusted with the
S3*

care of the treasures of Crmsus at Sardes.
The immense riches which he could com-
mand, corrupted him, and to make him-
self independent, he gathered a large ar-
my. He laid siege to the citadel of Sar-
des, but the arrival of one of the Persian
generals soon put him to flight. He re-
tired tor Cume and afterwards to Lesbos,
where lie was delivered into the hands of^
Cyrus.

Pacttb, a town of the Thracian Cher-
sonesus.

Pactybs, a mountain of Ionia, near
Ephesus.

Pacutius^ M. a native of Brundusium
son of the sister of the poet Ennius, who
distinguished himself by his skill in paint-
ing, and by fai84)oetical talents. The poet
in his old age retired to Tarentum, where
he died in his ninetieth year, about one
hundred and thirty-one years before Christ.
Of all his compositions about four hundred
and thirty-seven scattered lines are pre-
served In the collections of Latin poets.

Padjei, an Indian nation who devour
their sick before they die.

Padinum, now BondtnOy a town on the
Po, where it begins to branch into different
channels.

Padua, a town called also Pataviuniy in
the country of the Venetians, the native
place of the historian Livy.

Faous, (now called thft Po). a river ip

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Italy, koown also by tbe name of EridO'
mu, which forms the sorthern boundary
of the territories of Italy. It rises in
mount Vesulus, one of tta« highest moun-
tains of the Alps, and discharges itself in
an eastern direction iqto the Adriatic sea.

Pa DOS A, the most Southern mouth of
• the Po, considei^d by some writers as the
Fo itself.

Pjean, a surname of Apollo, derived
from the word paanj an hymn which was
sung in his honor, because he had killed
the serpent Python, which had given
cause to the people to exclaim lo PaanJ

Pjsdaretus, a Spartan whd, on not be-
ing elected in tbe number of the three
hundred sent on an expedition, &c.. de-
clared, that instead of being mortified^ be
rejoiced that three hundred men better
than himself could be found in Sparta.

Pf oius, a lieutenant of J. Cesar in
Spain.

Pjemani, a people of Belgic Gaul, sup-
posed to dwell in the present country at
the west of Luxemburg.

P-KON, a Greek historian. A celebrat-
ed physician who cured the wounds
which the gods received during the Tro-
jan war»

PiBoiTES, a people of Macedonia who in-
habited a small part of the country called
Paonia.

PiEONiA, a country of Macedonia at the

west of the Strymon. A small town

of Attica.

PiEofriDss, a name given to the daugh-
ters of Pierus, because their mother was a
native of Pieonia.

Pjeos, a small town of ArcadiA.

P^sos, a town of the Hellespont called
also ApmsoSf situated at the north of Lamp-
■acus.

Pastum, a town of Lucania, where the
soil produced roses which blossomed twice
a year. The ancient walls of tbe town,
about three miles in extent, are still stand-
ing, and likewise venerable remains of
temples and porticoes.

Pf ToviuH, a town of Pannonia.

C^ciiriTA PiETus, the husband of Arrla.
—"—A governor of Armenia, under Nero.
A Roman who conspired with Cati-
line against his country. A man

drowned as he was going to Egypt to col-
lect money.

PAOiE, a town of Megaris— of Locris.

PAOASiE or Paoasa, a town of Magne-
sia, In Macedonia, with an hartior and a
promontory of the same name. The ship
Argo was built there, as some suppose, and
according to Propertius, the Argonauts set
sail from that harbor.

Paoasub, a Trojan killed by Camilla.

Paorjb, a town of Syria, on the borders
of Cilicia.

Pagcs, a mountain of iEolia.

Falaciuh or Paij^tiuHi a town of the

Thraeian Ghersonesna. A small vil-
lage, on the Palatine bill, where Rome was
afterwards built.

Pal3£, a town at the south of Corsica,
now St. Bon^acio.

Pa LA a, a town of Cyprus of Ce-

phallenia.

Paljbafolis, a small island on the coast
of Spain.

Pal^kmon or Palbmor, a sea deity, sod

of Athamas and Ino. A noted gratn^

marian at Rome in the age of Tiberius.

A son of Neptune, who was amongst

the Argonauts.

Paljefaphos, the ancient town of Pa-
phos in Cyprus, adjoining to the new.

Paljefharsalus, the ancient town oC
Pharsalus in Thessaly.

Pal<sphatu!i, an ancient Greek pbiloso^
pher, whose a^e is unknown, though it
can be ascertained that he flourished be<
tween the times of Aristotle and Augns^

^us. An heroic poet of Athens. A

disciple of Aristotle, bom at Abydoe.^^

An historian of £g>'pt*

Palapolis, a town of Campania, built
where Naples afterwards was erected.

Paljests, a village of Epirus near Ori-
cus, where Cesar first landed with hia
fleet.

Paljebtina, a province of Syria.

Paljestiitus, an ancient name of the
river Strymon.

Paljettrus, the ancient town of Tyre
on the continent..

PALAMEDEs.a Grecian chief, son of Nau-
plius, king of Euboea by Clymene. He
was sent by the Greek princes who were
going to the Trojan war, to bring Ulysses
to the camp, who, to withdraw himself
from the expedition, pretended insanitv \
and the better to impose upon his friends,
used to harness diflferent animals to a
plough, and sow salt instead of barley into
the furrows. The deceit was soon dis-
covered by Palamedes, and Ulysses was
obliged to attend the Greek princes to the
war. An immortal enmity arose in con-
sequence, between the two chieft. The
king of Ithaca resolved to take every op-
portunity to distress him; and when
all his expectations were frustrated, he
had the meanness to bribe one of bis
servants, and to make him dig a hole in
his master's tent, and there conceal a large
sum of money. After this Ulysses forged
a letter in Phrygian characters, which king
Priam was supposed to have sent to Pala-
medes. In the letter the Trojan king
seemed to entreat Palamedea to deliver
into his hands the Grecian army, acc(Mrd-
ing to the conditions which bad been pro*
viously agreed upon, when he received the
money. This forged fetter was carried by
means of Ulysses before the princes of the
Grecian army. Palamedes was aummoii-
ed, and he made the most ■olemn |iioteii>

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aflons of Innocence, but all was in vain,
tlie money that was discovered in Iiis tent
served only to corroborate tlie accusation.
He was found guilty by all the army and
«toned to death.

Palantia, atown of Spain.

Palatinus moks, a pelebrated bill, the
largest of the seven hills on which Rome
was built. It was upon it that Romulus
laid the first foundation of the capital of
Italy, in a quadrangular form,- and there
Also he kept his court, as well as TuUus
Ho9tilius, and Augustus, and all the suc-
ceeding emperors, from which circum-
stance the word Palatiiim has ever since
l)e<%n applied to the residence of a mon-
arch or prince. — -Apollo, who was wor-
shipped on the Palatine hill, was also call-
ed Palatinua.

Palantium, a town of Arcadia.

Palbis, or Pal^, a town in the island
«f Cephallenia.

Palbb, the goddess of sheepfolds and of
pastures among the Romans. She was
worshipped with great solemnity.

Palfuri u9 Suraj a writer removed Arorn
tbe senate by Domitian.

pAi.rBOTHRA, a city of India.

Pauci, or Palisci, two deities, sons of
Jupiter by Thalia, whom ^Eschylus calls
MtnsL, in a tragedy which is now lost, ac-
cord ing to tbe words of Macrobius. These
deities were worshipped with great cere-
monies by the Sicilians, and near their
temple were two small lakes of sulphure-
ous water, which were supposed to have
njHiing out of the earth. In a supersti-
tk>UB age, the altars of the Palici were
stained with tbe blood of human sacrifi-
ces, but this barbarous custom was soon
abolished, and the deities were satisfied
with their usual ofllbrings.

Palilia, a festival celebrated by theKo-
mans, in honorof the goddess Pales. The
ceremony consisted in burning b^aps of
straw, and in leaping over them. No sa-
crifices were offered, but the purifications
were made with the smoke of horses'
blood, and with the ashes of a calf that
had been taken from the belly of his mo-
ther, after it had been sacrificed, and with
the ashes of beans. The purification of
tbe flocks was also made with the smoRe
of sulpbuf} of the olive, the pine, the lau-
rel, and the rosemary. This festival was
observed on the twenty-first of April, arid
it was during the celebration that Romu-
lus first began to build his city.

PAi.iiruKU8, a skilful pilot of tbe ship of
JEneaa, He fell into the sea in his sleep,
and was three days exposed to ttie tem-
pests and the waves of tbe sea, and at last
eame safe to the sea shore near Velia,
where tbe cruel inhabitants of the place
murdered him to obtain bis clothes. His
body was left unboried on the sea shore,
miaMw tMonUng to tbe leligion of the

ancient Romans, no . person ^as.sulfered
to cross the Stygian lake before one hun-
dred years were elapsed, if his remains had
not been decently buried^ we find iEneas,
when he visited the mfernal regions,
speaking to Palinurus, and assuring him,
that though his bonea were deprived of a
funeral, yet the place where his body was
exposed should soon be adorned with a
monument, and bear his name, and ac-
cordingly a promontory* was called Pali-
nurus, now Palinuro.

PALiscoRUH,or Palicoruh Stagrum, a
sulphureous pool in Sicily.

Paliurus, now JVahUj a river of Africa,
with a town of the same name at its
mouth.

Pallades, certain virgins, of illustrious
parents, who were consecrated to Jupiter
by the Thebana of Egypt.

Palladium, a celebrated statue of Pal-
las. It was about three cubits high, and
represented the goddess as sitting and
holding a pike in her right hand, and in
her left a distaff and a spindle. It fell
down from heaven near the tent of Ilus.
as that prince was building tbe citadel of
Ilium. However discordant the opinions
of ancient authors ,be about this famous
statue, it is universally agreed, that on
its preservation deoended the safety of
Troy. This fatalitynsvas well known to
the Greeks during the Trojan war, and
therefore Ulysses and Diomedes were
commissioned to steal it away. They ef-
fected their purpose, and if we rely upon
the authority of some authors, they were
directed how to carry it away by Helenus
the son of Priam.

Palladiui, a Greek physician. A

learned Roman under Adrian.

Pallawteum, a town of Italy or per-
haps more properly a citadel built by Evan-
der on mount Pajatine.

Pallaktia, a town of Spain, now Pa-
leneia^ on the river Cea.

Pallantias, a patronymic of Aurora,
as being related to the giant Pallas.

Pallartides, the fiftv sons of Pallas,
the son of Pandion, and the brother of
iEgeus. They were all killed by Theseus,
the son of ^geus, whom they oppose<l
when he came to take possession of his
father's kingdom.

Pallas, a daughter of Jupiter, the sabie
as Minerva.

Pallas, a son of king Evander, sent
with some troops to assist iEneas. He
was killed by Tumus, the king of the Ru-
tali. One.of the giants, son of Tarta-
rus and Terra. He was killed by Miner-
va. A son of Crius and Eurybia, who

married the nymph Styx, by whom he had

Victory and Valor. A freedman of

Claudius, famous for the power and tbe
riches be obtained.

FAixasa, a small peninsola of Maoedcv

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nia, formerly called Phlegra^ situate above
the bay of Tbermee on the JEgetin aea, and
containing five cities, the principal of

which is called Pallene. A village of

Attica, where Minerva had a temple, and
where the Pallantides chiefly resided.

Fallens Es, a people of Cephalenia,
whose chief town was called Pala, or Pa-
lea.

Palma, a governor of Syria.

Palm ARIA, a small island opposite Tar-
racina in Latium.'

is now in ruins, and the splendor and
magnificence of its porticos, temples, and
palaces, are now daily examined by the
curious and the learned.

Palfhusius, one of the flatterers of Do-
mitian.

pALuuBiRUM, a town of Samnium.

Pamisos, a river of Thessalv. falling into

the Peneus. Another of Messenia in

Peloponnesus.

Pammeites, an Athenian general, sent
to assist Megalopolis, against the Manti-
neans, &c. An astrologer; A learn-
ed Grecian who was preceptor to Brutus.

Pammon, a son of Priam and Hecuba.

Pamfa, a villago* near Tentyra in
Thrace.

Pamfhilus, a celebrated painter of Ma-
cedonia, in the age of Philip, distinguish-
ed above his rivals by a superior know-
ledge of literature and the cultivation of
those studies which taught him to infuse
more successfully grace and dignity into

his pieces. A son of Neoclides, among

the pupils of Plato.

Pamphos, a Greek ^oet supposed to hav6
lived before Hesiod's aye.

Pamp^yla, a Greek woman, who wrote
a general histonr in thirty-three books, in
Nero's reign. This history, so much com-
mended by the ancients, is lost.

Pamphylia, a province of Asia Minor,
anciently called Mopsopia, and boundea
on the south by a part of the Mediterranean,
c^led the Pamphylian sea, west by Lycia,
north by Pisidia, and east by Cilicia. It
abounded with pastures, vines, and olives,
and was peopled by a Grecian colony.

Pan was the god of shepherds, of hunts-
men, and of all the inhabitants of the
country. He was the son of Mercury, by
Dry ope, according to. Homer. Pan was a
monster iu appearance, he had two small
horns on bis head, his complexion was
ruddy, his nose flat, and his legs, thighs,
tail, and feet, were those of a goat. The
education of Pan was intrusted to aiiymph
of Arcadia, called Sinoe, but the nurse,
according to Homer, terrified at the sight
of such a monster, fled away and left him.
He was wtapped up in the skin of beasts
by his fiither, and carried to heaven where

Jupiter and the gods long entertatned
themselves with the oddity of his appear-
ance. Bacchus was greatly pleased witli
him, and gave him the name of Pan. Ttae

Sod of shepherds chiefly resided in Arca-
ia, where the woods and the most rug-
ged mountains were his habitation. He
invented the flute with seven reeds, which
he called Syrinx, in honor of a ifeautiful
nymph of the same name. He was con-
tinually employed in deceiving the neigb-
^ boring nymphs, and often with success.
The worship of Pan was well established,
particularly in Arcadia, where he gave
oracles on mount Lycaeus. His festivals^
called by the Greeks Lycaa, were brought,
to Italy by Evander, and they were well
known at Rome by the name of the Lu-
percalia. He was worshipped with thft
greatest solemnity all over Egypt.

Panacea, a goddess, daughter of JEbcu^
lapius, who presided over health.

Panjetius, a stoic philosopher of Rhodes^
138 B. C. He studied at Athens for some
time, of which be refused to become a
citizen, observing, that a good and modest
man ought to be satisfied with one coun-
tiT. He came to Rome, where he xeckon-
ed among his pupils Laelius and Scipio the
second Africanus. Panetius wrote a trea-
tise on the duties of man. A tyrant oP

Leontini in Sicily, .B. C. 613.

Panjetolicm, a general assembly of the
uStolians.

Panarei, a general of Crete, defeated
by MetelluB.

Panaribte, one of the waiting women
of Berenice, the wife of king Antiochus.

Panathenjea, festivals In honor of Mi-
nerva the patroness of Athens. They
were first instituted by Erichtheus or Or-
pheus, and called Athenaia, but Tlfeseas
afterwards renewed them, and caasecl
them to be celebrated and observed b^ sH
the tribes of Athens, which he had united
into one, and from which reason the festi-
vals received their name. Some suppose
that they are the same as the Roman
Qiunfitatria, as they are often called by
that name among the Latins. In the first
years of the institution, they were o^nr-
ed only during one day, but afterwards the
time was prolonged, and the celebration
was attended with greater pomp and solem-
nity. The festivals were two ; the great Ptk*
nath^rueay which were observed every fifth
year, beginning on the twenty-second of
the month called H^eatombaon, or seventh
of July, and the Usaer PcmaJthauBa^ which
were kept ^very third year, or rather an-
nually, beginning on the twenty-first or
twentieth of the month called ThargtUon.
corresponding to the fifth or sixth day of
the month of May. In the lesser festivals
there were three games conducted by ten
presidents chosen ftom the ten tribes of
Alliens, who ^oa^iied fiHur yein in of-

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fice. The necessariea for this and eve>y
other festival were prepared in a public
hall erected fur that purpose, between the
Pirican gate and the temple of Ceres. It
was usual to set all prisoners at liberty,
and to present golden crowns to such as
had deserved well of their country. Some
persons were also chosen to sing some of
Hoiner*8 poems, a custom which was first
introduced by Hipparchus the son of Pi-
sistratus. It was also customary in this
festival and every other quinquennial fes-
tival, to pray for the prosperity of the Pla-
taisaas, whose services had been so con-
spicuous at the battle of Mara^on.

Panch.«a, Panchea., or Pakchaia, an
island of Arabia Felix, where Jupiter Tri-

phylius had a magnificent temple. A

part of Arabia Felix, celebrated fur the
myrrh, frankincense, and perfumes which
it produced.

Panda, two deities at Rome, who pre-
sided one over the openings of roads, and
the other over the openings of towns.

Panoama, a girl of India favored by
Hercules.

Paitparia, or Pandataria, a small is-
land of the Tyrrhene sea.

Panoarus, a son of Lycaon, who assist-
ed the Trojans in their war against the
Greeks. He went to the war without a
chariot, and therefore he generally foueht
on foot. He broke the truce which had
been agreed upon between the Greeks and
TrojaRff, and wounded Menelaus and Dio-
medes, and showed himself brave and un-
usually courageous. He was at last killed

by Diomedes. A son of Alcanor killed

with his brother Bitias by Turnus. A

native of Crete punished with death for
being accessary to the theft of Tantalus.
What this theft was is unknown. Pan-
darus had two daughters, Camlro and
Clytia, who were deprived of their mother
by a sudden death, and left without friends
or protectors. Venus had compassion upon
them, and she fed them with milk, hone}^
and wine. The goddesses were all equal-
ly interested in their welfare. Juno gave
them wisdom and beauty, Diana a hand-
some figure and regular features, and Mi-
nerva instructed them in whatever do-
mestic accomplishments can recommend
a wife. Venus wished still to make their
happiness more complete ; and when they
were come to nubile years the goddess
prayed Jupiter to grant them kind and
tender husbands. But in her absence the
Harpies carried away the virgins and de-
livered them to the Eumenides to share
the punishment which their father suf-
fered.

Pahdarus, or Paitdareus, a man who
had a daughter called Philomela. She
was changed into a nightingale, after she
bad killed, by mistake, her son Itylus,
whose death she mourned in the greatest
nshwehol/.

Pardataria, an island on the coast of
Lncania, now called Smiia Maria.

Pakdatjss, a friend of Datames at the
court of Artaxerxes.

Pa!(oemia, a surname of Venus, ex*
pressive of her great power over the afiTec-
tions of mankind.

pAifDEMus, one of the surnames of the
god of love, amon| the Egyptians and the
Greeks, who distmguished two Cupids,
one of whom was the vulgar called Pan-
|emus, and another of a purer, and more
celestial origin.

Pa Noi A, a festival at Athens established
by Pandion, from whom it received its
name.

Panoioit, a kin^ of Athens, son of
Erichthon and Pasithea, who succeeded
his father, B. C. 1437. He became father
of Procne and Philomela, Brechtheus, and
Butes. During his reign there was such
an abundance of corn, wine, and oil, that
it was publicly reported that Bficchus and
Minerva had personally visited Attica.
The treatment which Philomela received
from her brother-in-law, Tereus, was the
source of infinite grief to Pandion, and he
died through excess of sorrow, after a
reign of forty years. There was also an-
other Pandion, son of Oecrops 2d, by Me-
tiaduca, who succeeded to his father, B.

C. 130. A son of Pbineus and Cleopd^

tra, deprived of his eye-sight by his fa-
ther. A son of iEgyptus and Hepheesti-

na. A king of the Indies in the age of

Augustus.

Pandora, a celebrated woman, made
with clay by Vulcan, at the request of
Jupiter, who wished to punish the impiety
and artifice of Prometheus, by giving him
a wife. When this woman of clay had
been made by the artist, and received life,
all thtf gods vied in making her presents.
Venus gave her beauty and the art of
pleasing ; the Graces gave her the power
of captivating ; and Minerva gav© her the
most rich and splendid ornaments. Jupi-
ter after this gave her a beautiful box,
which she was ordered to present to the
man who married her ; and by the com>
mission of the god, Mercury conducted her
to Prometheus. The artful mortal was
sensible of the deceit, and sent away Pan-
dora without suffering himself to be cap-
tivated by her charms. His brother Epl-
metheus was not possessed of the same
prudence and sagacity. He married Pan-
dora, and when he opened the box which
she presented to him, there issued from it
a multitude of evils and distempers, which
dispersed themselves all over the world,
and which, from that fatal moment, have
never ceased to afflict the human race.
Hope was the only one who remained at
the bottom of the box, and it is she alone
who has the wonderful power of easing
the labors of man, and of rendering bia

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tnmblog and hli sorrows less painful in

life. A daughter of Erechtbeus king

of Athens. She was sister to Protogenia,
who sacrificed herself for her country at the
beginning of the Boeotian war.

Paivdorub, a son of £rechtheus, king
of Athens.

Pandosia, a town in the country of the
Brutii, situate on a mountain.*»~A town
of Epirus.

Paitdrobos, a daughter of Cecrops,king
of Athens, sister to Aglauros and Hesse.
She was the only one of the sisters, who
had not the fktal curiosity to open a bas-
ket which Minerva had intrusted to their
care, for which sincerity a temple was
raised to her, near that of Minerva, and a
festival instituted in her honor, called
Fandrosia.

Pakerus, or Paivjeub, a celebrated paint-
er, who was for some time engaged in
painting the battle of Marathon. *

pAifGJEUB, a mountain of Thrace, an-
ciently called Mons CaraminuSi and Joined
to mount Rfaodope near the sources of the
river Nestas. It was inhabited by four
different nations.

Pani A8ii,a man who wrote a poem upon
Hercules.

PArfioNivM,a place at the foot of mount
Mycale, near the town of Ephesus in Asia
Minor, sacred to Neptune of Helice* It
was in this place that all the states of Io-
nia assembled, either to consult for their
own safety and prosperity, or to celebrate
festivals, or to offer a sacrifice for the good
of all the nation.

Paiviub, a place at Ccelo-Syria, where
Antiochus defeated Scopas, B. C. 198.

Pan NO If I A, a large country of Europe,
bounded on the east by Upper Mcesia,
south by Dalmatia, west by Noricum,and
north by the Danube. It was divided by
the ancients into Lower and Upper Pan-
nonia. The inhabitants were of Celtic
origin, and were first invaded by J. Cib-
sar, and conquered in the reign of Tiberius.

Panolbiub, a Greek poet, mentioned by
Suidas.

Panomphjeus, a surname of Jupiter.

Panopb, or Panof£a, one of the Nere-
ides, whom sailors generally invoked in
storms. Her name signifies, giving every

eusistancef or seeing every thing, One of

the daughters of Thespms. A town of

Phocis, called also Panopeus.

Panopcb, a famous huntsman among
the attendants of Acestes, king of Sicily,
who was one of those that engaged in the
games exhibited by iEneas,

Panopeus, a son of Pbocus and Astero-
dia, who accompanied Amphitryon when
he made war ai^ainst the Teleboans. He
was father to Epeus, who made the cele-
brated wooden horse at the siege of TrOy.
— «-A town of Phocis, between Orcbome-
noa and the Cephisus.

PANOPtoN, a Roman saved from death
by the uncommon fidelity of his serTant.

Panopolib, the city of Pan, a town of
Egypt, called also Chemmis.

Panoptbs, a name of Argus, from the
power of his eyes. •

Panormus, now called Palermo^ a town
of Sicily, built by the Phcenicians, on the
north-west part of the island, with a good

and capacious harbor. A town of the

Thraciau CbersonCsus. A town of Io-
nia, near Ephesus.- Another in Crete

— in Macedonia — Achaia — Sanios. A

Messenian who insulted the religion of
the Lacedemonians.

Panotii, a people of Scythia, said to
have very ]&r^e ears.

Panba C. Vibius, a Roman consul, who.
with A. Hirtius, pursued the murderers of
J. Cesar, and was killed in a battle near
Muttna. On his death-bed he advised
young Octavius to unite his interest with
that of Antony, if he wished to revenge
the death of Julius Cesar, and from his
friendly advice soon after rose the cele-
brated second triumvirate.

Pantagnobtus, a brothipr of Polycrates,
tyrant of Samos.

Pantagvab, a small tiver on the eastern
coast of Sicily.

Pantaleon, a king of Pisa, who pre-
sided at the Olympic games, B. C. 664.

An GBtolian chief.

Pantanub lacub, the lake of Leaimi, is
situated ia Apulia at the mouth of the
Frento.

J'antauchub, a man appointed over
olia by Demetrius.

Panteub, a friend of Cleomenes, king
of Sparta.

Panthidsb, a nan who married Italia,
the daughter of Tbemistocles.

Panthea, the wife of Abradates, cele-
brated for her beauty and conjupil affec-
tion. She was taken prisoner by Cyrus,
who refused to visit her, nut to be ensnar-
ed by the power of her personal charms.
She killed herself on the body of her hus-
band, who had been slain in a battle.

The mother of Eumeus, the faithful ser-
vant of Ulysses.

Pawtheon, a celebrated temple at Rome,
built by Agrippa, in the reign of Augu8>
tus, and dedicated to all the gods. It was
struck with lightning some time after, '
and partly destroyed. Adrian rejiaired it,
and it still remains at Reuie, converted
into a Christian temple, the admiration of
the curious.

Pantheus, or Panthus, a Trojan, son
of Othryas the priest of Apollo. When
his country was burnt by the Greeks, he
followed the fortune of ^ueas, and wa*
killed.

Panthoides. a patronymic .of Euphor^ .
bus, the sou of Pantlious. Pythagoras ia
aometimes called by that name, aa be u«

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275

■erted that he was Euphorbos during the

Trojan war. A Spartan general killed

by Pericles at the battle of Tanagra.

PANTicAf.cuM, now KerckCj a town of
Taiirica Chersonesus, built by the Mile-
siana.

Pantica.<p£s, a river of European Scy-
thia.

Pantilius, a buffoon, ridiculed by Ho-
race.

Pantasis, an ancient Greek, uncle to
Ibe historian Herodotus,

Pakvasus, a river of Illyricum, faUing
into the Adriatic.

Paf.vus, a name of Jupiter among the
Scythians.

Paphakes, a king of Ambracia, killed
bx a lioness.

Paphia, a surname of Venus because
the goddess was worshipped at Paphos.
An ancient name of the island of Cy-
prus.

Paphlagoxia, now Penderachiaj a coun-
try of Asia Minor, situate at the west of
tlie river Halys. .

Paphos, now B^foj a famous city of the
island of Cyprus, founded, as some sup-
pose, about one thousand one hundred
and eighty-four years before Christ, by
AgHi>euor, at the head of a colony from
Arciidia. The goddess of beauty was par-
ticularly worshipped there, and ali male
animals were offered on her altars, which,
though one hundred in number, daily
smoked with the profusion of Arabian
frankincense.

Papkus, a son of Pygmalion, by a statue
which had been changed into a woman
by Venus.

Pa PI A LEX, de peregriniSf by Papius the
tribune, A. 17. C. 688, which required that
nil strangers should be driven away from
Rome. Another called Papia Poppaa^ be-
cause it was enacted by the tribunes, M.
Papius Mutilus, and Q,. Poppeeus Secun-
dus,who had received consular power from

the consuls for six months. Another to

empower the high priest to choose twenty
virgins for the service of the goddess Ves-
ta. Another in the age of Augustus.

It %ave the patron a certain right to the
property of his client, if he had left a spe-
• cified sum of money, or if he had not three
children.

Papiakub, a man who proclaimed him-
self emperor sometime after the Gordians.
He was put to death.

Papias, an early christian writer who
first propagated the doctrine of the Mil-
lennium.
PAPirriANUs, a writer, A. D. 212.
Pafinius, a tribune ^who conspired
against Caligula. — A man who destroyed
himself.

Papiria, the wife of Paulus ^mylius.
She was divorced.
P^riaius, a centurian engaged to mur-

der Pi s6, the proconsul of AfHca. A «

patrician, chosen rez ^oerorum, after the

expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome.

Carbo, a Roman consul who undertook
the defence ofOpimius, who was accused
of condenuiitig and putting to death a
number of citizens on mount Aventinua
without the formalities of a trial. His cli-
ent was acquitted. Cursor, a man who

first erected a sun-dial in the temple of
duirinus at Rome, B. C. 293. A dicta-
tor who ordered his master of horse to be
put to death, because be had fouglit atid
conquered the enemies of the republic
without his consent. The people inter-
fered, and the dictator pardoned him.

One of his family, surnamed PraUxtatus,
from a celebrated action of his whilst he
wore the pratexta, a certain gown for
young men.-' — Carbo, a friend of Cinna

and Marius. A consul defeated by the

armies of the Cimbri. Crassus, a dicta-
tor who triumphed over the Samnites.

A consul murdered by the Gauls, &c.

A son of Papirius Cursor who defeated
the Sanmites, and dedicated a temple to

Romulus duirinus. Maso, a Consul,

who conquered Sardinia and Corsica, ana
reduced them into the form of' a province.
At his return to Rome, he was refused a
triumph, upon which he introduced a tri-
umphal procession, and walked with his
victorious army to the capitol, wearing 8
crown of myrtle on his head. The fam-
ily of thePapirii was patrician, and long
distinguished for its services to the state.
It bore the difl^rent surnames of Crassus^
Cursor J MugUlanuSfMaaOy Preetextattts, and
PatuSf of which the three first branches
became the most illustrious.

Papiria lex, by Papirius Carbo, A. IT.
C. 621. It required that, in passing or re-
jecting laws in the oomitiaj the* votes

should be given on tablets. Another,

by the tribune Papirius,* whi(^ enacted
that no person should consecraft any edi-
fice, placet or things without the consent
and permission of the people.-^ — Another.
A. U. C. 563, to diminish the weight, ana

increase the value of the Roman as.

Another, A. U. C. 421, to give the freedom
of the city to the citizens of Acerrae.

Pappia lex was enacted to settle the
rights of husbands and wives, if they had
no children. Another, by which a per-
son less than fifty years old could not
marry another of sixty.

Pappus, a philosopher and mathemati>
cian of Alexandria, in the reign of Theo-
dosiys the Great.

PARABTSToif, a tribunal at Athens,
where causes of inferior consequence
were tried by eleven judges.

Paradisus, a town of Syria or Phoeni-
cirft In the plains of Jericho there was

a large palace, with a garden beautiflilly
planted with trees, and called Balsam Pa-

Digitized b^CiOOglC

TOdMUS^

pAMiKTACJB, or Taciri. a people be-
tween Media and Persia, where Antigonus
waa defeated by Eumenes.

Par^tonium, a town of Egypt at the
west of Alexandria, where Isis was wor-
shipped.

Parali, a division of the inhabitants of
Attica.

Paralus, a friend of Dion, by whose as-
sistance he expelled Dionysius. ^A son

of Pericles. His premature death was
greaUy lamented by his father.

PaSabia, a country at the east of Me-
dia.

PARAsiut, a son of Philonomia by a
shepherd. He was exposed on Ery man-
thus by his mother, with his twin brother
Lycastus. Their lives were preserved.

Parcje, powerful goddesses, who presid-
ed over the birth and the lifeof manlcind.
They were three in number, Clotho, La-
chesis, and Atropos, daughters of Nox
and Erebus, according/to Hesiod, or of Ju-
piter and Themis, according to the same
poet in another poem. Some make them
daughters of the sea. The power of the Far-
ce was great and extensive. According to
the more received opinions, they were the
arbiters of the life and death of mankind,
and whatever good or evil befalls us in
the world, immediately proceeds from the
Fates or Pares. Some make them mii^is-
ters of the king of hell, and represent
them as sitting at the foot of his throne ;
others represent them as placed on rodiant
thrones, amidet the celestial spheres,
clothed in robes spangled with stars, and
wearing crowns on their heads. The
Pares were generally represented as three
old women with chaplets made with wool,
and interwoven with the flowers of the
I^Iarcissus. They were covered with a
white robe, and fillet of the same color,
bound with chaplets. One of them held
a distaff, another the spindle, and the
third wastirmed with scissors, with which
she-cut the thread which her sisters had
spun. yid. Clotho, Lachesis, Atropos.

Pargntalia, a festival annually observ-
ed at Rome in honor of the%dead. -

Parbntium, a port and town of Istria.

Paris, the son of Priam king of Troy,
by Hecuba, also called Alexander. He wits
destined, even before his birth, to become
the ruin of his country ; and Priam, to
prevent so great and so alarming an evil,
ordered his slave Archelaus-to destroy the
child as soon as bom. The slave, either
touched with humanity, or influenced by
Hecuba, did not destroy him, but was
satisfied to expose him on mount Ida.
where the shepherds of the place found
him, and educated him as their own son.
YouQ^ Paris, though educated among
shepherds and peasants, gave early proofs
of courage and intrepidity, and from his
cave in protecting the flocks of mount Ida

against the rapacity of the wild beasts, h«
obtained the name of Alexander {helper or
d^evuitr). He gained the esteem of all tho
shepherds, and his graceful countenance
and manly deportment, recommended him
to the favor of CEnone, a nymph of Ida,
whom he married, and 'with whom he
lived with the most perfect tenderness.
Their conjugal peace was soon disturbed.
At the marriage of Peieus and Thetis, the
goddess of discord, who had not been in-
vited to partake of the entertainment,
showed her displeasure by throwing into
the assembly of the gods who were at
the celebration of the nuptials, a golden
apple, on which were written the words,
Detur pviekriori. All the goddesses claim-
ed it as their own, the contention at first
became general, but at last only three,
Juno, Venus, and Minerva, wished to dis-
pute their respective right to beauty. The
gods, unwilling to become arbiters in an
affair of so tender and so delicate a nature,
appointed Paris to adjudge the prize of
beauty. The goddesses appeared before
their judge without any covering or orna-
ment, and each tried by promises and en^
treaties to gain the attention of Paris, and
to influence his judgment. Juno prom-
ised hjm a kingdom ; Minerva, military
glory ; and Venus, the fairest woman in
the world for his wife. After he had
heard their several claims and promises,
Paris adjudged- the prize to Venus. This
decision of Paris drew upon the judge and
his family the resentment of the two otlier
goddesses. Priam soon after discovered
and acknowledged Paris as his son, for-
getful of the alarming dream which had
influenced him to meditate his death, and
all jealousy ceased among the brothers.
Paris did not long sufler himself to remain
inactive ; he equipped a fleet, as if willing
to redeem Hesione, his father's sister,
whom Hercules had carried away, and
obliged to marry Telamon the 800* of jEa-
cus. This was the pretended motive of
his voyage, but the causes were far dif-
ferent. Paris recollected that lie was to
be the husband of the fairest of women.
Helen was the fairest woman of the age,
and Venus had promised lier to him. On
these grounds, therefore, he visited Sparta,
the residence of Helen, who had married
Menelaus. He was received with every
mark of respect, but he abused the hospi-
tality of Menelaus, and, while the husband
was absent in Crete, persuaded Helen To
elope with him, and to fly to Asia. Helen
consented, and Priam received her into
his palace without difficulty. This afl!air
was soon productive of serious conse-
quences. When Menelaus bad married
Helen, all her suitors had bound them-
selves by a solemn oath to protect her per-
son, and to defend her from every vio-
lence, and therefoze the injfured hasband

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277

reminded them of their engagements, and
called upon them to recover Helen, l^on
this all Greece took up arms in -the cause
of Menelaus, Agamemnon was chosen
general of all the combined forces, and a
regular war was began. Paris, mean-
while, w^bo had refused Helen to the pe-
titions and embassies of the Greeks, arm-
ed himself with his brothers and subjects
to oppose the enemy ; but the success of
the war was neither hindered nor accele-
rated by his means. In a combat with
Menelaus. which he undertook at the per-
suasion or his brother Hector, Paris must
have perished, had not Venus interfered,
and stolen him from the resentment of his
adversary. He nevertheless wounded, in
another battle, Machaon, Euryphilus, and
Diomedes. and. according to some opin-
ions, he killed with one of his arrows
the great Achilles. The death of Paris is
differently related, some suppose that he
was mortally wounded by 'one of the ar-
rows of Philocletes, which had been once
in the possession of Hercules, and that
when he found himself languid on account
of his wounds, he ordered himself to be
carried to the feet of CEnone, whom he
had basely abandoned, and who, in the
years of bis obscurity, had foretold him
that he would solicit her assistance in his

dying moments. A celebrated player

at Rome.
Paribadkb, a king of Pontus in the age

of Alexander the Great. Another, king

of Bosphorus.

Parish, a people and a city of Celtic
Gaul, now called Paria^ the capital of the
kingdom of France.

Pari SUB, a river of Pannonia, fidling
into the Danube.

Parium, now Camanary a town of Asia
Minor, on the Propontis.

Parma, a town of Italy, near Cremona,
celebrated for its wool, and new for its
cheese. The poet*Cas8ius and the critic
Macroblus, were bom there. It was made
a Roman colony, A. U. C. 569.

Parmekides, a Greek philosopher of
Elis, who flourished abont five hundred
and five years before Christ. He was
son of Pyres of Elis, and the pupil of
Xenophanes, or of Anaximander, ac-
cording to some. He maintained that
there were only two elements, fire and
the earth ; and he taught that the first
generation of men was produced from the
sun. He first discovered that the earth
was round, and habitable only in the two
temperate zones, and that it was suspend-
ed in the centre of the universe, in a fluid
lighter than air, so that all bodies left to
themselves fell on its surface.

Parmeitio, a celebrated general in the

armies of Alexander, who enjoyed the

king's confidence, and was more attached

to his person as a man than as a monarch.

This friendship, so true and inviolBble,
was sacrificed to a moment of resentment
and uispicibn ; and Alexander, who had
too eagerly listened to a light and per-'
haps a false accusation, ordered Parme-
nio and his son to be put to death, as if
guilty of treason against his person. Par-
menio was in the seventieth year of his
age, B. C. 330. He died in the greatest
popularity, and it has been judiciously ob-
served, that Parmenio obtained many vic-
tories without Alexander, but Alexander
not one without Parmenio.

pARif ABsus. a mountain of Phocis, an-
ciently called Lamassos, from the hoot of
Deucalion which was carried there in the
universal deluge. The soil was barren,
but the valleys and the green woods that
covered its sides, rendered it agreeable,,
and fit for solitude and meditation. Par-
nassus is one of the highest mountains of
Europe, and it is easily seen from the cita-
del of Corinth, though at the distance of

about eighty miles. A son of Neptune,

who gave his name to a mountain of Pho-
cis.

Parn SB, a mountain of Afirlca, abound-
ing in vines.

Parhessub, a mountain of Asia near
Bactriana. '

Parni, a tribe of the Scythians, who
invaded Parthfa.

PARorr and Heraclideb, two yonths
who killed a man who had insulted their
ikther.

Paropamisub. a ridge of mountains at
the north of India, called the SUmy CHrdUf
or Indian Caucasus.

Paropus, now Caliganoy a town at the
north of Sicily, on the shores of the Tyr-
rhene sea.

Paroreia, a town of Thrace, near
mount Hsemus. A town of Peloponne-
sus. A district of Phrygia Magna.

Faros, a celebrated island among the
Cyclades. about seven miles and a ha(f
distant from Naxos, and twenty-eight
from Delos. The island of Pares was
rich and powerful, and well known for
its famous marMe, which was always
used by the besf statuaries. According
to Pliny, the quarries were so uncommon-
ly deep, that, in the clearest weather, the
workmen were obliged to use lamps, from
which circumstance the Greeks have call-
ed the marble LychnUes, worked by the
]i(;ht of lamps. Pares is also famous for
the fine cattle which it produces, and for
its p<artridge9, and wild pigeons. The
capital city was called Paros.

Parphorus, a native of Colophon, who,
at the head of a colony, built a town at .
the foot of Ida, which was abandoned for
a situation nearer his native city. ,

Parrhasia, a town of Arcadia, founded
by Parrhasius, the son of Jupiter.

PARBHiiBiUB, a famous painter, son c^

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278

Svenorof Epbenu. in the age of Zeuzis,
about four handled and fifteen yeaxa be-
fore Christ. He was a great master of his
profession, and particularly excelled in
sirongly expressing; the violent passions.
He was blessed with a great genius, and
much invention, and he was particularly
happy in his designs. Parrbasius grew so
vam of bis art, that he clothed himself in
purple, and wore a crown of gold, callinc

himself the king of painters.^ A son of

Jupiter, or, according to some, of Mara,
by a nymph called Philonomia.

Parthahisikis, a king of Armenia, in
the reign of Trajan.

pASTHAoir, a son of Agenor and Epi-
caste who married Euryte, daughter of
^Hippodamus, by whom he had many chil-
dren, among whom ^ere CEneus and Ste-

rope. A son of Peripetus and father of

Aristas.

PAaTHBNiiE and Parthbitii, a certain
number of desperate citizens of Sparta.
They joined with the Helots, and it was
mutually agreed to murder all the citizens
of Sparta, and to seize thefr possessions.
This massacre was to be done at a general
assembly, and the signal was the throw-
ing of a cap in the air. The whole, how-
ever, was discovered through the diffi-
dence and apprehensions of the Helots ;
and when the people had assembled, the
PartheniflB discovered that all was known,
by the VQfte of a crier, who proclaimed
that no man should throw up his cap.
The Parthenin, though apprehensive of
punishment, were not visibly treated with
(rreater severity j their calamitous condi-
tion was attentively examined, and the
Spartans, afraid of another conspiracy and
awed by their numbers, permitted them
to sail for Italy, with Phalantus their
ringleader at their head. They settled in
Magna Gnecia, and built Tarentum, about
seven hundred and seven years before
Christ.

Partheriab, a river of Peloponnesus.
, flowing by Elis.' — ^The ancient name or
Samos.

pARTHEifioN, a mountain of Pelopon-
nesus at the north of Tigea.

pARTHxifiUB, a river of Paphlagonia,
which, after separating Bithynia, falls into

the Euxine sea, near Sesamum. A

mountain of Arcadia, which was said to
abound in tortoises. — ■ — A favorite of the
emperor Domitian. A riv^r of Europe-
an Sarmatia. A friend of iEneas4cilled

in Italy. A Greek writer.

Parthenon, a temple of Athens, sacred
to Minerva. It was destroyed by the Per-
sians, and afterwards rebuilt by Pericles,
in a more magnificent manner. All the
circumstances which related to the birth
of 5finerva were beautifully and minutely
represented in bass relirf, on the front of
the entrance. The statue of the goddess,

twenty-six cubits high, and made^yf gold
and ivory, passed for one ai the master
pieces of Phidias. ^

PARTHKiroFiEu*, a SOU of Meleaoer and
Atalanta, or, according to some, of Mila-
nion and another Atalanta. He was one
of the seven chiefs who accompanied
Adrastus the king of Argos in his expedi-
tion against Thebes. He was killed by
Amphidicus. A son of Talaus.

Parthxnofb, one of the Sirens. A

daughter of StymphaJus. -A city of

Campania, afterwards called Neapolis, or
the new eity, when it had been beautified
and enlarged by a colony from. Eubcea. It
ia now called Naples.

Parthia, a celebrated country of Asia,
bounded on the west by Media, south by
Carmania, north bv Hyrcania, and east by
Aria, &c., containmg, according to Ptole-
my, twenty-five large cities, the moat cap-
ital of which was called Heealompylosr
ftom its hwndrtd gates. Some suppose that
the present capital of the country is built
on the ruins of Hecatompylos. Parthia
remained a kingdom till the reign of Ar-
tabanus, who was killed about the year
239 of the Christian era, and from that
time it became a province of the newly
re-established kingdom of Persia, under
Artaxerxes. The Parthians were natu-
rally strong and warlike, and were es-
teemed the most expert horsemen and
archers in the worid. The peculiar cus-
tom of discharging their arrows while they
were retiring full speed, has been greatly
celebrated by the ancients,, particularly by
the poets, who all observe that their flight
was more formidable than their attacks.

Parthini, a people of Illyricum.

Parthtbnb, a province of Parthia.

PARvaADBSj a king of Pontus, B. C. 310.

A king or the Cimmerian Bosphorusy

who flourished, 284, B. C.

Part &ATI 8, a Persian princess, wife of
Darius Ochus, by whom she had Artax-
erxes Memnon, and Cyrus the younger.
She was so extremely partial to her young-
er son, that she committed the greatest
cruelties to encourage his ambition, and
she supported him with all her interest in
his rebellion against his brother Memnon.
The death of Cyrus at the battle of Cu-
naxa, was revenged with the grossest
barbarity, and Parysatis sacrificed fo hef
resentment all such as she found concern-
ed in his fall. These cruefties offbnded
Artaxerxes, and he ordered his mother to
be confined in Babylon ; but they were
soon after reconciled, and Parysatis re-
gained all her power and influence till the
time of her death.

Pasaroaoa, a town of Persia, near
Carmania, founded by Cyrus, on the very
spot where he had conquered A8tyages>
The kings of Persia were alwaya crowned
there.

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279

Passes, a tyrant of Sicyon in Pelopon-
nesus, father to Abantidas.

Fasicl.£8, a grammarian.

Pasicratbs, a king of part of the island
of Cyprus.

Pasifhae, a daughter of the sub and of
Perseis, who married'Mlnos king of Crete.
Minoa had four sons by Pasiphae, Cas-
treus, Deacalion, Glaucus, and Androgens,
and three daughters, Hecate, Ariadne, and
JPhaedra. -

Pasithea, one of the Graces, also call-
ed jierUua.—^One of the Nereides. A

daughter of Atlas.

Pasitioris, aname given to the river
Tigris.

Passaroit, a town of Epirus, where,
after sacrificing to Jupiter, the kings swore
to govern according to law, and the people
to obey and to defend the country.

Passieitus, a Roman who reduced Nu-
midia. Paulus, a Roman knight, neph-
ew to the poet Propertius, whoae elegiac

compositions he imitated.-' Crispus, a

man distinguished as an orator, but more
as the husband of Domitia, and after-
wards of Agrippina, Nero's mother.

Pasus, a Thessalian in Alexander's
army.

PATAI.A, a harbor at the mouth of the
Indus, in an island called Patale. The
river here begins to form a Delta like the
Nile.

Patara, now PaUra, a town of Lycia,
situate on the eastern side of the mouth
of the river Xanthus, with a capacious
harbor, a temple, and an oracle of Apollo,
surnamed PtUareua, where was preserved
and shown in the age of Pausanias, a
brazen cap which had been made by the
hands of Vulcan, and presented by the
god to Telephus.

Patatium, a city of Italy, at the north
of the Po, on the shores of the Adriatic,
now called Padua^ and once said to be ca-
pable of sending 20,000 men into the field.
It is the birth place of Livy.

PATERCUL.U9, a Romau whose daughter,
8ulpicia, was pronoimced the chastest
matron at Rome. Velleiu8,an historian.

Patizithk», one of.the Persian Magi,
who raised his brother to the throne be-
cause he resembled Sfaerdis, the brother
of Cambyses, &c.

Patmos, one of the Cyclades, with a
small town of the same name, situate at
the south of Icaria. It has a large harbor,
near which are some broken columns, the
most ancient in that part of Greece.

Patrje, an ancient town at the north-
west of Peloponnesus, anciently called
Aroe.

PATRD,.a daughter of Tbestius. An

epicurean philosopher intimate with Ci-
cero.

Patroclss, an officer of the fleet of
Beleucui And Antiuchus,

PATRocLij'asmall island on the coast
of Attica.

Patroclus, one of the Grecian chiefe
during the Trojan war, son of Menoetiifs,
by Sthenele, whom some call Philomela,
or Polymela. He was the constant com-
panion of AchilleSj he lodged in the same
tent ; and when his friend refused to ap-
pear in the field of battle,' because he had
been offended by Agamemnon, Patroclus
imitated his example, and by his absence
was the cause of the overthrow of the
Greeks. But at last Nestor prevailed on
him to return to the war, and Achilles
permitted him to appear in his armof.
The valor of Patroclus, together with the
terror which the sight of the arms of
Achilles inspired, soon routed the victo-
rious armies of the Trojans, and obliged
them to fly within their walls Tor safety.
He would have broken down the walls of
the city ; but Apollo, who interested him-
self for the Trojans, placed himself to op-
pose him, and Hector, at the instigation of
the god, dismounted from his chariot to
attack him, as he attempted to strip one
of the Trojans whom he had slain. The
engagepient was obstinate, but at last Pa-
troclus was overpowered by the valor of
Hector, and the interposition of Apollo.
His body was recovered and carried to the
Grecian camp, where his funeral was ob-
served with the greatest solemnity. An

officer of Ptolemy Philadelphus. ' «

Patron, an Arcadian at the games ex-
hibited by iEneas in Sicily.

Patrous, a surname of Jupiter among
the Greeks, represented by his statues as
having three eyes.

Patolciub, a surname of Janus, which'
he received a pateo^ because the doors of
his temple were always open in the time
of war.

Paveittia, a goddess who presided over
terror at Rome, and who was invoked to
protect her votaries from its efiTects.

Paula, the first wife of the emperor
Heliogabalus. The emperor divorced her,
and Paula retired to solitude and obscurity
with composure.

Paulina, a Roman lady who married
Saturninus, a governor of Syria, in the

reign of the emperor Tiberiup. The

wife of the philosopher Seneca, who at-
tempted to kill herself when Nero had
ordered her husband to die. The empe<
ror however prevented her, and'she lived
some few years after in the greatest mel-
ancholy.— i— A sister of the emperor Adri-
an. The wife of the ehiperor Maximi-

nus. ,

PAULiiftrs PoMPEius, an officer in Ne-
ro's reign. A Roman general, the first

who crossed mount Atlas with an arm^.
He wrote a history of this expedition m

Africa, which is lost Valerius, afrlend

of Vespasian Juliip^a Batayian noble-

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280

man, put to death by Pontetas Ci^lto, od
pretence of rebellion.

pAULus iGMTLivs, a Roman, son of the
^myliiiB who fell at Cannie, was celebrat-
ed fur his victories, and received the sur-
name of Macedonieug from his conquest
of Macedonia. In his first consulship his
arms were directed against the Liguriana
whom he totally subjected. His applica-
tions for a second consulship proved abor-
tive ; but when Perseus the king of Ma-
cedonia had declared war against Rome,
the abilities of Paulus were remembered,
and he was honored with the consulship
about the sixtieth year of his age. After
- this appointment he behaved with un-
common vigor, and soon a general en-
n^ement wait fought near Pydna. The
Romans obtained the victory, and Perseus
saw hirtiself deserted by all his subjects.
In two days the conqueror made himself
master of all Macedonia, and soon after
the fugitive monarch was brought into his
presence. The riches which the Romans
derived from this conquest were immense,
' and the people were freed from all taxes
till the consulship of Hirtius and Pansa ;
but the conqueror himself was poor, and
appropriated for his own use nothing of
the Macedonian treasures except the libra-
ry of Perseus. In the office of censor, to
which he was afterwards elected, Paulus
behaved with the greatest moderation,
and at his death which happened about
one hundred and sixty-eight years before
the Christian era, not only the Romans,
but their very enemies confessed, by their
lamentations, the loss which they had

sustained. Sainosatenus, an author in

the reign of Gallienus. iGgineta, a

Greek physician. L. iEmylius, a con-
sul, who, when opposed to Ahnibal in
Italy, checked the rashness of his col-
league Varro, and recommended an imi-
tation of the conduct of the great Fabius,
by harassing and not facing the enemy in
the field. His advice was rejected, and
the battle of Cannie, so glorious to Annl-
bal, and so fatal to Rome, soon followed.
Paulus was wounded, but when he might
have escaped from the slaughter, by ac-
cepting a horse genemusly offered by one
of his officers, he disdained to fly, and

perished by the darts of the enemy.

Julius, a Latin poet in the age of Adrian
and Antoninus.

Pator, an emotion of the mind which
received divine honors among the Ro-
mans^and was considered of a most tre-
mendous povler, as the ancients swore by
her name jn the most solemn manner.

pAUflANiAs, a Spartan general, who

Keatly signalised himself at the battle of
atsa, against the Persians. He was af-
terwards set at the head of the Spartan
armies, and extended his conquests in
Asia I Dut the taaugbtinesa of his behav-

ior created him many enemies, and the
Athenians soon obtained a superiority in
the affairs of Greece^ Pausanias was dis-
satisfied with his countrymen, and he of-
fered to betray Greece to the Persians, if
he received in marriage, as the reward of
bis perfidy, the daughter of their monarch.
His intrigues were discovered by means
of a youth, who was intrusted with bis
letters to Persia, and who refused to go,
on the recollection that such as had been
employed in that office before had never
returned. The letters were given to the
Ephori of Sparta, and the perfidy of Pau-
sanias laid open. He fled for safety to a
'temple of Minerva, where he was starv-
ed to death about four hundred and se-
venty-one years before the Christian era.
A favorite of Philip king of Macedo-
nia. He accompanied the prince in an
expedition against the Illyrians, in which

he was killed. Another, at the court

of king Philip, very intimate with the pre-
ceding. A king of Macedonia, deposed

by Amyntas, after a year's reign. An-
other who attempted to seise upon the
kingdom of Macedonia, from which he
was prevented by Iphicrates the Atheni-
an. A friend of Alexander the Great,

made governor of Sardis. A physician

in the age of Alexander. A celebrated

orator and historian, who settled at Rome,
A. D. 170, where he died in a very ad-
vanced age. A Lacediemonian who

wrote a partial account of his country.
A statuary of Aptollonia, whose abili-
ties were displayed in adorning Apollo's

temple at Delphi. A king of Sparta,

of the family of the Eurysthenidae, who
died 397 B. C. after a reign of fourteen
years. ^

Pavsias, a painter of Sicyon, the first
who understood how to apply colors to
wood or ivory, by means of Are. He lived
about three hundred and fifty years before
Christ.

Padsiltpus, a mountain near Naples,
which receives its name from the beauty
of its situation. The natives show there
the tomb of Virgil, and regard it with the
highest veneration. The mountain is now
famous for a subterraneous passage near
half a mile in lengt|i, and twenty-two feet
in breadth.

Pax, an allegorical divinity among the
ancients. The Athenians raised her a
statue, which represented her as holding
Plutus the god of wealth in her lap, to in-
timate that peace gives rise to prosperity
and to opulence. She was represented
among the Romans with the horn of plen-
ty, and also carrying an olive branch in
her hand.

Paxos, a small island between Ithaca
and the Echinades in tlie Ionian sea.

PsAS, a shepherd, who, according to
some, set on fire tbe pile on wbicli Hmco-

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281

1«8 wss burnt. The hero gaye him lUa
lioD7 and arrows.

PsbAUs, an illegitimate son of Antenor.
Pbvacia, a woman of whom Horace
speaks as of a contemptible character.
PsDAifi. Fid. Pedum.
PsDAKius, a prefect of Rome, killed by
one of his slaves for having denied him
his liberty.

Pedasa, a town of Caria, near Halicar-
naa^us.

PsDAsus, a son of Bucolion, the son of
Liaomedon. His mother was one of the
Naiads. — .>— One of the four horses of

Aehilles, killed by Sarpedon. A town

near Pylos in the Peloponnesus

FsDiADis. a part of Bactriana, through
inrhich the Oxus flows.

Fed I AS, the wife of Cranaus.
Pbdius Bl^sus, a Roman accused by
the people of Cyrene, of plundering the
temple of iEsculapirs. -He was condemn-
ed under Nero.-^^ — A nephew o/ Julius
Caesar, who commanded one of his legions

in Gaul. -Poplicola, a lawyer in the age

of Horace.

PsDo, a lawyer patronised by Domitian.
Fediawui Ascohius, flourished A. D.
76.

Peditm, a town of Latium, about ten

miles from Rome, conquered by Camillus.

Fegje, a fountain at the foot of mount

Arganthus in Bithynia, into which Hylas

fell.

Peoasides, a name given to the muses
from the horsie Pegasus.

Peoasis, a name given to GBnone by
Ovid.

Peoasium Staohum, a lake near Ephe-
BUS, which arose from the earth when Pe-
gasus struck it with his foot.

Pegasus, a winged horse sprung from
the blood of Medusa, when Perseus had
cut off her head. As soon as born he left
the earth, and flew up into heaven, or
rather, according to Ovid, he fixed his re-
sidence on mount Helicon, where, by
striking the earth with his foot, he in-
stantly raised a fountain, which has been
called Htppocrene. Pegasus was placed
among the constellations by Jupiter.

Pelaoo, an eunuch, one of Nero's favo-
rites.
Pelaooit, a man killed by a wild boar.

A son of Asopus and Metope. A

Phocian, one of whose men conducted
Cadmus, and showed him where, accord-
ing to the oracle, he was to build a city.
Pelaoonia, one of the divisions of Ma-
^ cedonia at the north.

Pelaroe> a daughter of Potneus, who
reestablished ^the worship of Ceres in
BoBotia.

Pelasoi, a people of Greece, supposed

to be one of the most ancient in the world.

They first inhabited Argolis in Peloponne-

, ctts, which from thmn received the name

34*

of Pekugia, and about one thousand eight
hundred and eighty-three years before the
Christian era, they passed into iEmonia,
and were afterwards dispersed in several
parts of Greece. Some of them fixed their
habitation in Epirus, others in Crete,
others in Italy, and others in Lesbos.

PeLasgia, or Pelasoi OTIS, a country of
Greece whose inhabitants are called Pe-
lasgi or Pelasgiotoi. Every country of
Greece, and all Greece in general, is \n-
discriminately called Pelasgia, though the
name should be more particularly con-
fined to a part of Thessaly, situate be-
tween the Penous, the Aliacmon, and the
Sperchius.

Pelasgus, a son of Terra, or according
to others, of Jupiter and Niobe, who reign-
ed in Sicyon, and gave his name to Uie
ancient inhabitants of Peloponnesus.

Pelethronii, an epithet given to the
Lapithie, because they inhabited the town
of Pelethronium, at the foot of mount Pe-
lion in Thessaly. ^

Pbleus, a king of Thessaly, son of
iClacusand Endeis, the daughter of Chiron.
He married Thetis, one of the Nereids,
and was the only one among mortals who
married an immortal. He was accessary
to the death of his brother Phocus, and oi^
that account he was obliged to leave his
father's dominions. He retired to the
court of Eurytus, the son of Actor, who
reigned at Phthia, He was parified of his
murder by Eurytus, with the usual cere-
monies, and the monarch gave him his
daughter Antigone in marriage. After the
death of Antigone, Peleus courted Thetis,
of whose superior charms Jupiter hlmseli
had been enamored. Peleus became more
animated from her refusal, he offered a
sacrifice to the gods, and Proteus inform-
ed him that to obtain Thetis he must sur-
prise her while she was asleep in her grot-
to, near the shores of Thessaly. This ad'
vice was immediately followed, and Ths-'
tis, unable to escape from the grasp of Pe*
leus, at last consented to marry him.
Their nuptials were celebrated with the
greatest solemnity, and all the gods at-
tended, aifd made them each the most
valuable presents. Thfe goddess of dis-
cord was the only one of the deities who
was not present, and she punished this
seeming neglect by throwing an apple into
the midst of the assembly of the gods,
with the inscription of detur jndckriori.
From the marriage of Peleus and Thetis
was born Achilles.

Peliades, the daughters of Pelias,

PiLiAS, the twin brother of Neleus,
was son of Neptune by Tyro, by usurpa<-
tionkingof lolcos. (See Jason.) Medea,
who wished to avenge the injuries which
her husband Jason had received from fe-
llas, raised the desires of the Peliadles, by
putting an old ram to pieces, and boiling

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the flesh in a cauldron, and afterwards
turning it into a fln« youn^ Iamb. After
they had seen this successhil experiment,
the Peliades cut their father's body to
.pieces, after they had drawn all the blood
from his veins, un the assurance that Me-
dea would replenish them by her incanta-
tions. The limbs were immediately put
into a cauldron of boiling water, but Me-
dea suffered the flesh to be totally consum-
ed, and refused to give the Peiiates the
promised assistance, and the bones of Pe-

lias did not even receive a burial. A

Trojan chief wounded by Ulysses during
the Trojan war. The ship Argo is call-
ed Pelias arbor y built of the trees of mount
Pelion. The spear of Achilles.

Pelides, a patronymic of Achilles, and
of Pyrrhus.

Pklig!*!, a people of Italy, who dwelt
near the Sabines and Marsi, and had Cor-
finum and Sulmo for their chief towns.

Pelionus, a friend of the em^peror Clau-
dius, made governor of Cappadocia.

pELiificus, a mountain of Chios.

Pelin;(£UM, or Pelinka, a town of
Macedonia.

Pelion and Pelios, a celebrated monn-
tain of Thessaly, whose top is covered
with pine trees. In their wars against
the gods, the giants, as the poets mention,
plaeed ^mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale
the heavens with more facility.

Pelium, a town of Macedonia.

PsLLA, a celebrated town of Macedonia,
on the Ludias not far from the sinus Ther-
malcus which became the capital of the
country after the ruin of Edessa.

PELLjrrfE, a town of Laconia with a
fountain whose waters have a subterrane-
ous communication with the ^waters of
another fountain.

Peklepte, a town of Achaia, in the Pe-
loponnesus,' at the west of Sicyon, famous
for its wool.

Pelopea, or Pelopia, a daughter of
Thyestes the brother of Atreus.

Pelopeia, a festival observed by the
people of El is in honor of Pelops.

Pelopia, a daughter of Niobe A

daughter of Pelias. The mother of

Cycnus.

Pblopidas, a celebrated general of
Thebes, son of Hippoclus. He* was de-
scended «f an illustrious family, and was
remarkable for his immense possessions,
which he bestowed with great liberality
to the poor and necessitous. Many were
the objects of his generosity ; but when
Epaminondas had refused to accept his
presents, Pelopidaa disregarded all his
wealth, and preferred before it the enioy-
ment of his friend's conversation and of
his poverty. From their friendship and
intercourse the Thebans derived the most
considerable advantages. - No sooner had
the interest of Sparta prevailed at Thebes,

and the friends of liberty and national in-
dependence been banished from the city,
than Pelopidas, who was in the number
of the exiles, resolved to free his country
from fureirm slavery. His plan was bold
and animated, and his deliberations, were
nsIow. Meanwhile Epaminondas, who had
been left by the tyrants at Thebes^ as
being in appearance a worthless and in-
significant philosopher, animated the
youths of the city, and at last Pelopidas,
with eleven of his associates, entered
Thebes, and easily massacred the friends
of the tyranny, and freed the country
from foreign masters. After this succcme-
ful enterprise, Pelopidas was unanimously
placed at the head of the government, and
BO coniident were the Thebans of bis abilf-
ties as a general and a magistrate, that
they successively reelected him thirteen
times to fill the honorable office of gover-
nor of Bceotia. Epaminondas shared with
him the sovereign power, and it was to their
valor and prudence that the Thebans were
indebted for a celebrated victory at the
battle of Leuctra. In a war which Thebes
carried on against Alexander, tyrant of
Pheras, Pelopidas was appointed com>
mander; but his imprudence in ^sting
himself unarmed into the enemy Vcamp
nearly proved fatal to him. He was taken
prisoner, but Epaminondas restored htm
to libertSr The perfidy of Alexander irri-
tated hfin, and he was killed bravely fight-
ing in a celebrated battle in which his
troops obtained the victory, B. C 364
years.

pELOPONncsiAcuM Bellum, a celebrat-
ed war which continued for twenty-eeven
years between the Athenians and the in-
habitants of Peloponnesus with their res-
pective allies. It is the most famous and
the most interesting of all the wars which
have happened between the inhabitants
of Greece, and it has been minutely des-
cribed by Thucydides a6d Zenopbon.

Pelopoivnesus, a celebrated peninsula
which comprehends the most southern
parts of Greece. It received its name
from Pelops. It had been called before
Jirgia, Pelaagia, and ArgoHs^ and in its
form, it has been observed by the mod-
erns, highly to resemble the leaf of the
plane tree. Its present name is Morta.
The Peloponnesus scarce extended two
hundred miles in length, and one hundred
and forty in breadth and about five hun-
dred and sixty-three miles in circumfe-
rence. It was separated from Greece by
the narrow isthmus of Corinth.

Pelopea moeiti a, is applied to the cities
of Greece, but more particularly te My-
cenie and Argos, where the descendants •
of Pelops reigned.

Pelops, a celebrated prince, son of Tan*
talus king of Phrygia. He was murdeied
by his father, who^iabed jto t^ the di>

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283

vinity of the gods who had visited Phry-
na, by placing on their table tlie limbs of
hia son. The gods perceived his perfidi-
ous (^-uelty, and they refused to touch the
meat except Ceres, whom the recent loss
of her daughter had rendered melancholy
and inattentive. She eat one of the
shoulders of Pelops, and therefore when
Jupiter had compassion on his fate, and
restored him to life, he placed a shoulder
of ivory instead of that which Ceres had
devoured. This shoulder had an uncom-
mon power, and it could heal by its very
touch, every complaint, and remove every
diporaer. Some time after, the kingdom
of Tantalus was invaded by Tros, king of
Troy, on pretence that he had carried
away his'son -Ganymedes. This rape had
been committed by Jupiter himself; the
war, nevertheless, was carried on, and
Tantalus, defeated and ruined, was
obliged to fly with his son Pelops, and to
seek a shelter in Greece. Pelops came to
Pisa, where he became one of the suitors
of Hippodamia, the daughter of king
CEnomaus, and he entered the lists against
the father, who promised his daughter
only to hira, who could outrun him in a
chariot race. He previously bribed Myrti-
1ns, t^e charioteer of CEnomaus, and
therefore he easily obtained the victory.
He married Hippodamia, and threw head-
long into the sea Myrtilus, when be claim-
ed the reward of his perfidy, fjfnen he
had established himself on the throne of
Pisa, Hippodamia's possession, he extend-
ed bis conquests over the neighboring
countries, and from him the peninsula, of
which he was one of the monarchs, re-
ceived the name of Peloponnesus. Pe-
lops, after death, received divine honors,
and he was as much revered above all the
other heroes of Greece, as Jupiter was
above the rest of the gods. He had a
temple at Olympia, near that of Jupiter,
where Hercules consecrated to hira a
small portion of land, and offered to him
a sacrifice. The children of Pelops by
Hippodamia^were Pitheus, Troezen, Atre-
us, Thyestes, ice. The time of his death
is unknown, though it is universally
aereed that he survived for some time
Hippodaopia. Some suppose that the Pal-
ladium of the Trojans was made with the
bones of Pelops.

Pelor, one of the men tvho sprung from
the teeth of the dragon killed by Cad-
mus.

PsLoaiA, a 4 festival observed by the
Thessalians, in commemoration^ of* the
news which they received by one Pelo-
rius, that the mountains of Tempo had
been separated by an earthquake, and that
the waters of the lake which lay there
stagnated, bad found a passage into the
Alpheus, and left behind a vast, pleasant,
and most delightful iMain.

Pel.or(7s, now cape FarOj one of the

three great promontories of Sktiyt om
whose top Is erected a tower to direct the
sailor on his voyage. It lies near the coast
of Italy, and received its name from Pe-
lorus, the pilot of the ship which carried
away Annibal from Italy. This celebrat-
ed general, as it is reporteil, was carried
by the tides into the straits of Cbaryb-
dis, and as he was ignorant of the coast,
he asked the pilot of his ship the name of
the prdnontory, which appeared at a dis-
tance. The pilot told him, it was one of
the capes of Sicily, but Annibal gave no
credit to his information, and murdered
him on the spot.

Pelt ji, a town of Phrygia.

Pelusiuu, now Tineh, a town of Egypt,
situate at the entrance of one of the
mouths of the Nile, called from it Pelu-
sian. It was the key of Egypt on the side
of Phoenicia, as it was impossible to enter "'
the Egyptian territories without passing
by Pelusium, and therefore on that ac-
count it was always well fortified and gar-
risoned, as it was o^* such importance for
the security of the country. It is now in
ruins.

Penates, certain inferior deities among
the Romans, who presided over bouses
and the domestic afiairs of families. They
were called Penates ^ because they were
generally placed in the innermost and
most secret parts of the house. Accord-'
ing to some, the gods Penates were divid-
ed into four classes : the first comprehend-
ed all the celestial, the second the sen-
gods, the third the gods of hell, and the
last all such heroes sua had received divine
honors -after death. The statuei^ of the>
Penates were generally made with wax.
ivory, silver, or earth, according to the
affluence of the worshipper, and the only
offerings they received were wine, in-
cense, fruits, and sometimes the sacrifice
of lambs, sheep, goats, ice. When offer-
ings were made to them, their statues were
crowned with garlands, poppies, or gar-
lic, and besides nie monthly day that was
set apart for their worship, their festivals
were celebrated during the Saturnalia.
Some have confounded the Lares and the
Penates, but they were different.

Pendalium, a promontory of Cyprus.

Peneia or Peneis, an epithet applied
to Daphne, as daughter of Peneus.

Perelius, one of the Greeks killed in «

the Trojan war. A son of Hippalmus,

among the Argonauts.

Penelope, a celebrated princess of
Greece, dau^ter of Icarius, and wife of
Ulysses, king of Ithaca. Her marriage
with Ulysses was celebrated about the
same tifhe that Menelaus married Helen,
and she retired with her husband to Itha- .
ca, against the inclination of her father,
who virished to detain her at Sparta, her
native country. She soon after became
mother of Telemachus, sad ww oblir

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284

to [Wit with great reloetaneo fh>m her
^asband, whom the Greeks obliged to go
to the Trojan war. (Fid. Palamedes.)
The continuation of hostilities for ten
yean made her sad and melancholy ; but
when Ulysses did not return like the other
princes of Greece at the conclusion of the
war, her fears and her anxieties were in-
ereased. As she received no intelligence
of his situation, she was soon beset by a
number of importuning suitors. fShe re-
ceived their addresses with coldness and
disdain ; but as she was destitute of pow>
er, and a prisoner as it were in their
hands, she yet flattered them with hopes
and promisesj^and declared that she would
make choice of one of them, as soon as she
had finished a piece of tapestry, on which
she was employed. The work was done
in a dilatory manner, and she baffled their
eager expectations, by undoing in the night
what she had done in the day-time. This
artifice of Penelope has given rise to the
proverb of Penelope's web, which is applied
to whatever labor Ofn never be ended.
The return of Ulysses, after an absence
of twenty years, however, delivered her
from fears and from her dangerous suitors.
After the return of Ulysses, Penelope had
a daughter, who was called Ptoliporthe ;
but if we believe the traditions that were
long preserved at Mantinea, Ulysses repu-
diated his wlfB for her incontinence dur-
ing his absence, and Penelope fled to Spar-
ta, and afterwards to Mantinea, where she
died aiid wasliuried.

PxifKus, a river of Thessaly, rising on
mount Pindus, and fklling into the Ther-
mean gulf, after a wandering course be-
tween mount Ossa and Olympus, through

the plains of Tempo. Also a small river

of Elis in Peloponnesus, better known un-
der the name of Araxes.

Ps Iff DAS, one of Alexander's friends,
who went to examine Scythta under pre-
tence of an embassy.

Pbivnimx AI4PKS, a certain part of the

AIM. «

PsifTAPOLis, a ttfwn of Imlia.-<«*< — A

part of AfVioa near Cyrene. -Also part

of Palestine, containing the five cities of
Gaza, Gath, Ascalon, Azotus^nd Ekron.

Pkntelicus, a mountain of Attica,
wlyere were found Quarries of beautiful
marble.

PEifTHssiLSi., a queen of the Amazons,
daughter of Mars, by Otrera, or Orlthya.
She came to assist Priam in the last years
of the Trojan war, and fought against
Achilles, by whom she was slain. The
hero was so struck with the beauty of
Penthesilea, when he 8trip^ed her of her
arms, that he even shed tears for having
too violently sacrificed her to his fury.
Thersites laughed at the partiality of the
hero, for which ridicule he was instantly
Killed.

PsifTRsus, con of Echton and Agave *
was king of Thebes in Bceotia. His refti-
sal to acknowledge the divinity of Bae-
chus was attended with the most fatal
consequences. He forbade his subjects to
pay adoration to this new god ; and when
the Theban women had gone out of the
city to celebrate the orgies of Bacchus,
Pentheus ordered the god himself, who
conducted the religious multitude, to he
seized. His orders were obeyed with re-
luctance, but when the doors of the prison
in which Bacchus had been confined,
opened of their own accord, Pentheus be-
came more Irritnted, and commanded hit
soldiers to destroy the whole band of the
Bacchanals. This, however, was not ex- |

ecuted, for Bacchus inspired the monarch
with the ardent desire of seeing the cele-
bration of the orgies. Accordingly he hid
himself in a wood on mount Cithaeron, 1
from whence he could see all the ceremo- ^
nies unperceived. But here his curiosity
soon proved fatal, he was descried by the
bacchanals, and they all rushed upon him.
His mother was the first who attacked
him, and her example was instantly fol-
lowed by her two sisters, Ino and Auto-
noe, and his body was torn to pieces.

PfiifTHiLus, a son of Orestes by Eri-
gone, the daughter of iGgysthus, who
reigned conjointly with his brother Tiaa-
menus at Argos. ^

FfiifTRTLUs, a "prince of Paphoe, who
assisted Xerxes with twelve ships.

Pkparxthos, a small island of the ^ge-
an sea, on the coast of Macedonia, about
twenty miles in circumference. It abound-
ed in olives.

Pefhn OS, a town of Laconia,

Pephredo, a sea nymph, daughter of
Pborcys and Ceto.

PERiEA, or Bekjea, a country of Judea,

near Egypt. A part of Caria, opposite

to Rhodes A colony of the Mityle. *

neans in ^olia.

PsRAsippDs, an ambassador sent to Dft»
rius by the Laeediemonians.

Percope, a city which aaaisted Priam
during the Trojan war.

Percosius, a man acquainted with fti-
turity. He attempted in vain to dissuade
his two sons to go to the Trojan war, by
telling them that they should perish there.

Percote, a town on the Hellespont, be-
tween Abydos and Lampsacus, near the , ,
sea shore.

Perdiccas, the fourth king of Macedok-
nia, B. C. 729, was descended from Te-
inenus. He increased his dominions by
conquest, and in the latter part of bis lifi»,
he showed his son Argeus where he wish- *
ed to be buried, and told htm that as long
as the bones of his des^ndants and suc-
cessors on the throne of Macedonia were
laid in the same grave, so long would the
crown remain in tboir family. These in-

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junctions were observed till the time of
Alexander, who was buried out of Mace-
donia. Another, king of Macedonia,

son of Alexander. He behaved with great
courage on the throne, and died B. C. 413.

Another, king of Macedonia, who waa

supported on his throne by Iphicrates the
Athenian, against the intrusions of Pau-

sanias. He was killed B. C. 360. One

of the friends and favorites of Alexander
the GreaX. At the king's death he wished
to make himself absolute ; and the ring
which he had received from the hand of
the dying Alexander, seemed in some
measure to favor his pretensions. His
ambitious views were easily discovered
by Antigonus, and the rest of the generals
of Alexander. Antipater, Craterus, and
Ptolemy, leaded with Antigonus against
tillB, and after mnch bloodshed on both
aides, Perdiccas was totally ruined, and at
last assassinated in his tent in Egypt, by
his own officers, about three hundred and
twentyrone years before the Christian era.

Perdix, a young Athenian, son of the
sister of Daedalus. He invented the saw,
and seemed to promise to become a greater
artist than had ever been known. His
unde was jealous of his rising fame, and
he threw him down from the top of a
tower, and put him to death.

PERErrms^ a favorite of the emperor
Commodus, put to death for aspiring to the
empire.

Perkus, a son of Elatus and Laodice,
irrandson of Areas. He left only one
daughter called Neiera, who was mother
of Auge and of Cepheus and Lycurgus.

Perga, a town of Pamphylia.

Peroamus, Pergama, (p2ur.) the citadel
of the city of Troy. The word is often
used for Troy. It was situated in the
most elevated part of the town, on the
shores of the river Scamander.

Peroamus, now BerffamOj a town of
Mysia, on the banks of the Caycus. It
was the capital of a celebrated empire
called the kingdom of Pergamus, which
was founded by Phileterus, an eunuch,
whom Lysimachus, after the battle of
Ipsus, had intrusted with the treasures
which he had obtained in the war. The
capital of the kingdom of Pergamus was
famous for a library of two hundred thou-
sand volumes, which had been collected
by the different monarchs who had reign-
ed there. This noble collection was af-
terwards transported to Egj'pt by Cleopa-
tra, with the permission of Antony, and
It adorned and enriched the Alexandrian li-
brary, till it was most fatally destroyed by
the Saracens. A. D. 642. Parchment was
first invented and made use of, at Perga-
mus, to transcribe books, as Ptolemy king
of Egypt had forbidden the exportation of
papyrus from his kingdom, in order to pre-
Tfint Bumenes ftom making a library as

valuable and as choice as that of Alexaa<

dria. A son of Neoptolemus and An^^

dromache, who, as some suppose, foundecT
Pergamus in Asia.

p£ROE, a town of Pamphylia, where
Diana had a magnificent temple, whence
her surname of Pergrea.

Perqus, a lake of Sicily near Enna,*
where Proserpine was carried away by
Pinto.

Periander, a tyrant of Corinth, son of
Cypselus. The first years of his govern-
ment were mild and popular, but he soon
learned to become oppressive, when he had
consulted the tyrant of Sicily about the
surest way of reigning. He received no
other answer but whatever explanation
he wished to place on the Sicilian tyrant's
having, in the presence of his messenger,
plucked in a field, all the ears of corn
which seemed to tower above the rest.
Periander understood the meaning of
this answer. 'He immediately surround-
ed himself with a numerous guard, and
put to death the richest and most power-
ful citizens of Corinth. He was not only
cruel to his subjects, but his family also
were objects of his vengeance. Periander
died about five hundred and eighty-five
years before the Christian era, in his
eightieth year, and by the meanness of
his flatterers, he was reckoned one of the

seven wise men of Greece. A tyrant

of Ambracia, whom some rank with the
seven wise men of Greece, and not tho
tyrant of Corinth. A man distinguish-
ed as a physician, but contemptible as a
poet.

Periarchus, a naval commander of
Sparta conquered by Conon.

Peribcea, the second wife of QBneus,
kingof Calydon, was daughter of Hippo-
nous. She became mother of Tydeu's.

A daughter of Alcathous, sold by her

father on suspicion that she was courted
by Telamon son of iEacus, king of iGgina.
She was carried to Cyprus, where Tela-
mon the founder of Salamis married her,

and she became mother of Ajax., The

wife of Polybua, king of Corinth^ who ed-
ucated CEdipus as her own child. A

daughter of Eurymedon, who became mo-
ther of Nausithous by Neptune. The

mother of Penelope.

Peribomiui, a notetl debauchee.

Pericles, an Athenian of a noble fami-
ly, son of Xanthippus and Agariste. He
was naturally endowed with great powers,
which he improved by attending the lec-
tures of Damon, of Zeno, and of Anaxago-
ras. Under these celebrated masters he
became a commander, a statesman, and
an orator, and gained the affections of the
people by his uncommon address and well ,
directed liberality. When he took a share
in the administration of public aflhirs, he
rendered himself popular by opposing Ci-

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mon, who was tbe fkvorUe of the nobility,
and to remove every obstacle wliich stood
in the way of his ambition, he lessened
the dignity and the power of the court of
the Areopagus, whicn the people had been
taught for ages to respect and to venerate,
^e also attacked Cimon, and caused him
to be banished by the ostracism. Thucy-
dides also, who had succeeded Cimon on
his banishment, shared the same fate, and
Pericles remained for fifteen years tl^
sole minister, and as itmay be said the
absolute sovereign of a republic which al-
ways showed itself so jealous of its liber-
ties, and which distrusted so much the
honesty of her magistrates. In his minis-
terial capacity Pericles did not enrich him-
self, but the prosperity of Athens was the
object of his administration. He made
war against the Lacedemonians, and re-
stored the temple of Delphi to the care of
the Phocians, who had been illegally de-
prived of that honorable trust. He ob-
tained a victory over the Sicyonians near
Nemsa, and waged a successful war
against the inhabitants of Samos at the
request of his favorite mistress Aspasia.
The Feloponnesian war was fomented by
his ambitious views, and when he had
warmly represented the flourishing state,
the opulence, and actual power of his
'country, the Athenians did not hesitate a
moment to undertake a war against the
most powerful republics of Greece, a war
which continued for twenty-seven years,
and which was concluded by the destruc-
tion of their empire, and the demolition of
their walls. The arms of the Athenians
were for some time crowned with success ;
but an unfortunate expedition raised cla-
mors against Pericles, and the enraged
populace attributed all their losses to him,
and to make atonement for their ill suc-
cess, they condemned him to pay fifYy
talents. This loss of popular favor by re-

fublican caprice, did not so much affect
ericles as tbe recent death of all his chil-r
dren, and when the tide of unpopularity
was passed by, he condescended to come
into the public assembly, and to view with
secret pride the contrition of his fellow
citizens, who universally begged his for-
giveness for the violence which they^ad
offered to his ministerial character. He
was again restored to all his honors, and
if possible invested with mor^ power and
more authority than before, but the dread—
ful pestilence which had diminished the
number of his family, proved fatal to him,
and about four hundred and twenty-nine
y«ars before Christ, in his seventieth year,
he fell a sacrifice to that terrible malady,
which robbed Athens of so many of her
citizens.

PERieLTMENUs, ouo of the twelvo sons
of Neleus, brother to Nestor, killed by
Hercules, He was one of the Argonauts,

and bad received from Neptune his graad^
father the power of changing himself into
whatever shape he pleased.

P£ RID I A. a Theban woman, whose son
was killed by Turn us in the Eutulian
war.

P£RIEG£T£S DlORTSlUS, a pOCt.

p£Ri£R£8, a son of jEoIus, or according
toothers of Cynortas.—>— The charioteec
of Menaeceus.

P£Rio£iT£s, an officer of Ptolemy, &c

p£RiGONE, a woman who had a son
called Melanippus, by Theseus. She was
daughter of Synnis tiie famous robber^
whom Theseus killed.

p£RiLAU<, an officer in the army of AleZ'
ander the Great.— —A tyrant of Argos.

Perileus, asqn of Icarius and Peribcea.

P£Riu.A, a daughter of Ovid the poet.
She was extremely fond of poetry and
literature.

Perilous, an ingenious artist at Athens,
who made a brazen bull for Phnlaris, ty-
rant of Agrigentura. This machine was
fabricated to put criminals to death by
burning them alive, and it was such that
their cries were like the ToaLting of a bull.
When Perillus gave it to Phalaiis, the ty-
rant made the first experiment upon the

donor. A lawyer and usurer in the age

of Horace.

Perimedb, a daughter of ^olus, who

married Achelous. The wife of L.i-

cymnius. A woman skilled In the

knowledge - of herbs and of enchant-
ments.

P£RiMELA, a daughter of Rippodamas,
thrown into the sea for receiving the ad-
dresses of the AcfaQlous. She was chang-
ed into an island in tbe Ionian sea.

Perinthia, a play of Menander's.

Perinthus, a town of Thrace, on tl^e
Propontis, anciently surnamed Mygdoni-
ca.

Peripatetic I, a sect of philosophers at
Athens, disciples to Aristotle. The Peri-
jmtetics acknowledged the dignity of hu-
man nature, and placed their summum bo-
num not in the pleasures of passive sensa-
tion, but in the due exercise of the moral
and intellectual faculties.

Perifhas, a man who attempted, with

Pyrrhus, Priam's palace. A son of

JEgyptuBf who married Aetna. One

of the Lapithee. ^One of the first kings

of Attica.

Periphates, a robber of Attica, son of
Vulcan, destroyed by Theseus.

Periphemcs, an ancient hero of Greece.

Perisades, a people of Illyricum.

Peristhenes, a son of iGgyptus, who
married Blectra.

Peritanus, an Arcadian.

Perttas, a favorite dog of Alexander
the Great, in whose honor the monarch
built i city.

PsRiToificM, a town of Eg^pt^ on tbQ

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287

western side of the Nile, esteemed of great
importance, as being one of the keys of
the country.

Pkrmessus, a river of Bceotia, risinc
in mount Helicon, and flowing all roun4

Pxao. or PxRoifs, a daughter of Neleus,
king or Pylos, by Ohloris. Her beauty
drew many admirers, but she married
Bias son of Amythaon, because be had by
the assistance of his brother Melampiis,
and according to her father's desire, re-
covered some oxen which Hercules had
stolen away, and she %ecame mother of
Talaus. A daughter of Cimon, remark-
able for her filial affection. When her
father bad been sent to prison, where his
Judges had condemned him to starve, she
supported his life by giving htm the milk
of her breasts, as to her own child.

Peroe, a fountain of Boeotia.

Perola, a Roman who meditated the
death of Hannibal in Italy.

Perpeitha, M. a Roman who conquered
Aristonicus in Asia, and took him prison-
er. He died B. G. 130. Another who

Joined the rebellion of Sertorius, and op-
posed Pompey. He afterwards assassinat-
ed Sertorius. He fell into the hands of
Pompey, who ordered him to be put to
death. A Greek who obtained the con-
sulship at Some.

Perpbreke, a place of Pbrygia, where,
as some suppose, Paris adjudged Uie prize
of beauty to Venus.

PBREAffTHxi, a hill of Epirui<,near Am-
bracia.

Perrhjebia, a part of Th'essaly situate
on the borders of the Peneus, extending
between the town of Atrax and the vale
of Terope.

Persa, or Pbrsbis, one of the Ocean-
ides.

Pbrsjb, the inhabitants of Persia.

Per9.«us, a philosopher intimate with
Antigonus, by whom he was appointed
xprer the Acrocorinth. He flourished B. C.

Pbrsee, a fountain near Mycene, in
Peloponnesus.

PiRSEis, one of the Oceanides. A

patronymic of Hecate as daughter of Per-
«e«.

PbAsxphorx, a daughter of Jupiter and
Ceres, called also Proserpine. The mo-
ther of Amphion by Jasus.

Perse PoLis, a celebrated city, the capi-
tal of the Persian empire. It was laid in
ruins by Alexander after the conqtiest of
Darius. The reason of this ia unknown.
The ruins of Persepolis, now Estakar^ or
TeheUMittar, still astonish the modem
traveller by their grandeur and ipagnifi-
cence.

Persba, a son of Perseus and Andro-
meda. From bim the Persians, who were
originally called Cq>AereW| received their

name. A king of Macedonia. FldL

Perseus.

Perseus, a son of Jupiter and Danlie,
the daughter of Acrisius. As Acrisius
had confined his daughter In a brazen
tower to prevent her becoming a mother,
because he was to perish, according to the
words of an oracla^ by the hands of his
daughter's son, Perseus was no sooner
born than he was thrown into the sea.
with his mother Danae. The hopes of
Acrisius were frustrated ; the slender boat
which carried Danae and her son was
driven by the winds upon the coasts of the
island of Seriphos, one of the Cyclades,
where they were found by a fisherman
called Dictys, and carried to Polydectes
the king of the place. They were treat-
ed with great humanity, and Perseus was
intrusted to the care of the priests of Mi-
nerva's temple. His rising genius and
manlv courage, however, soon displeased
Polydectes, and the monarch, who wish-
ed to oflTer violence to'Danae^ feared the
resentment of her son. Yet Polydectes
resolved to remove every obstacle. He
invited all his friends to a sumptuous en-
tertainment, and it was requisite that all
such as came, should present the monarch
with a beautiftil horse. Perseus was in
the number of the invited, and the more
particularly so, as Polydectes knew that
be could not receive from him the present
which he expected ttom all the rest. Nev-
ertheless Perseus, who wished not to ap-
pear inferior to the others in magnificence,
told the king that as be could not ^vehim
a horse, he would bring him the head of
Medusa, the only one of the Gorgons who
was subject to mortality-. The offer was
doubly aneeable to Polydectes, as It would
remove Perseus from 3el-iphos, and on
account of its seeming impossibility, the
attempt might perhaps end* in his ruin.
But the innocence of Perseus was patron-
ised by the gods. Pluto lent him his hel-
met, which had the wonderful power of
making its bearer invisible j Minerva gave
him her buckler, which was as resplend-
ent as glass ; and he received from Mer-
cury wings and the talaria, with a short
daeger made of diamonds, and called harpe^
With these arms Perseus began his ex-
pedition, and traversed the air, conduct-
ed by the goddess Minerva. When he
had received every necessary information.
Persons flew to'the habitation of the Gor-
gons. He found these monsters asleep,
and as be knew that if he fixed his eyes
upon them, he should be instantly chang-
ed into a stone, he continually looked on
his shield, which reflected all the objects
as clearly as the best of glasses. He ap-
proached them, and with a courage which
the goddess Minerva supported, he cut
off Medusa's head with one blow. The
noise awoke the two Inunortal aiitioif,

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288

bnt Pinto's helmet rendered Perseus in-
visible, and the attempts of the Gorgons
to revenge Medusa's deatb proved fruit-
less, the conqueror made his way through
the air, and from tlie blood w^ich drop-
ped from Medusa's head sprang all those
innumerable serpents which have ever
tAnce infested the sandy deserts of Libya.
Meantime Perseus had continued his joui^
ney across the deserts of Libya, but the
approach of night obliged him to alight in
the territories of Atlas, king of Maurita-
nia. He went to the monarch's palace,
where he hoped to find a kind reception,
but he not only refused Perseus the hos-
pitality he demanded, but even offered vi-
olence to his person. Perseus finding
himself infericnr to his powerful enemy,
showed 4iim Medusa's head, and instant-
ly Atlas was changed into a large moun-
tain which bore the same name in the
deserts of Africa. On the morrow Perseus
continued his flight, and as he passed
across the territories of Libya, he discov-
ered, on the coasts of i£thiopia, the naked
Andromeda, exposed to a sea-monster.
He was struck at the sightr, and offered
her father Cepheus to deliver her from in-
stant death if he obtained her in mar-
riage as a reward of his labors. Cepheus
consented, and immediately Perseus rais-
ing himself ih the air. flew towards the
monstar* which was advancing to devour
Andromeda, and he plunged his dagger in
his right shoulder, and destroyed it. This
liappy event was attended with the great-
est rejoicings, and the nuptials were cele-
hrated. After other celebrated ei^ploits,
Perseus expressed a wish to return to his
native country, and accordingly he em-
barked for the Peloponnesus, with his
mother and Andromeda. When he reach-
ed the Peloponnesian coasts he was in-
formed that Teutamias, king of Larissa,
was then celebrating Aineral games in
honor of his father. This intelligence
drew him to Larissa to signalize himself
in throwing the quoit, of which, accord-
ing to some, he was the inventor. But
here he was attended by an evil fate, and
had the misfortune to^ill a man with a
quoit which he had thrown in the air.
This was no other than his grandfather
- Acrisius, who, on the first intelligence
that his grandson had reached the Pelo-
ponnesus, fled from his kingdom of Argos
to the court of his friend and ally Teuta-
mias, to prevent the fulfilling of the ora-
cle which had. obliged him to treat his
daughter with <eo much barbarity. Thjs
unfortunate murder greatly depressed the
spirits of Perseus : by the death of Acriai-
118 he was entitled tathe throne of Argos,
but he refused to reign there; and to re-
morve himself from a place which remind-
ed hiTh of the parricide he had unfortu-
nately committed, he exchanged his king-

dom for that of Tivjmthus, and the msiU
time coast of Argolis, where Megapentnes
the son of Proetus then reigned. 'When
he had finally settled in this part of the
Peloponnesus, be determined to lay the
foundations of a new city, which he made
the capital of his dominions, and which
he called Afycena, because the pommel of
his sword, called by the Greeks myces had
fallen there. The time of his death is
unknown, yet it is universally agreed that
he received divine honors like the rest of
the ancient heroes. A writer who pub-
lished a treatise o* the republic of Spar-
ta. A philosopher, disciple to Zeno.

PsRssus, or PsBsss, a son of Philip
king of Macedonia. He distinguished
himself like his fiuher, by his enmity
to the Bqmans, and when he had made
sufficieiU preparations, he declared war
against them. When Paulus was aiqpoint-
ed to the command of the Roman armies
in Macedonia, Perseus showed his inferi-
ority by his imprudent encampments, and
when be had at last yielded to the advice
of his officers, who recommended a gene-
ral engagement, and drawn up his forces
near the walls of Pydna, B. G. 168, he
was the first who ruined his own cause,
and by flying as soon as the battle was be-
gun, he left the enemy masters of the
field. He was carried to Rome and drag-
ged along the streets of the city to 'adorn
the triumph of the conqueror. Perseus
died in prison, or according to some, he
was put to a shameful death the £rst year
of his captivity.

Peksia, a celebrated kingdom of Asia,
which in its ancient state extended from
the Hellespont to the Indus, above 9800
miles, and from Pontiis to the shores of
Arabia above 2000 miles. As a province,
Persia was but small, and according to
the description of Ptolemy, it was bound-
ed on the north by Media, west by Susia-
na, south by the Persian Gulf, and east
by Carmania. The empire of Persia, or
the Persian monarchy, was first found-
ed by Gyrus the Great, about five hun-
dred and fifty-nine years before the Chris-
tian era, and under the succeeding mon-
arcbs it became one of the most consider-
able and powerful kingdoms of the earth.
The destruction of the Persian monarchy
by the Macedonians was easily effected,
and from that time Persia became tributa-
ry to the Greeks. Seleucus Nicanor made
himself master of the Persian provinces,
till the revolt of the Partbians introduced
new revolutions in the feast. Persia was
partly re-conquered from the Greeks, and
remained tributery to the Partbians for
near five hundred years. After this the
sovereignty was again placed into the
hands of the Persians, by the revolt of
Artaxerxes, a common soldier, A. D. 239.
who became the founder of the aecond

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289

Persian monarchy, which proved so inimi-
cal to the power of the Roman emperors.
In their national character, the Persians
were warlike, they were early taught to
ride, and to handle the bqw, and by the
manly exercises of hunting, they were in-
ured to bear the toils and fatigues of a mil-
itary life. Their national valor, however,
soon degenerated, and their want of em-
ployment at home soon rendered them un-
fit for war.

Pebsicuii Mars, or Persicus Sinus, a
part of the Indian ocean on the coast of
Persia and Arabia, now called the gulf of
Balgora,

Psaais, a province of Persia bounded
by Media, Carmania, Susiana, and the
Persian gulf. It is often taken for Per-
sia itself.

AuLVs p£Rsiu8 Flaccus, a Latin poet
of Volaterrs. He was of an equestrian
family, and he made himself Icnown by
his intimacy with the most illustrious
Romans of the age. At the age of sixteen
he was removed to Rome, where he stu-
died philosophy under Cornutus the cele-
brated stoic. He also received the in-
structions of Palemon the grammarian,
and Virginius the rhetorician. Naturally
of a mild disposition, his character was
unimpeached, his modesty remarkable,
and his benevolence universally admired..
He distinguished himself by his satirical
humor, and made the faults of the orators
and poets of his age the subject of his po-
ems, rie did not even spare Nero, and
the more effectually to expose the empe-
ror to ridicule, he introduced into his
satires some of his verses. Persius died
in the thirtieth year of his age, A. D. 62.
and left all his books, which consisted of^
seven hundred vcHumes, and a large sum
of money, to his preceptor, but Cornutus
only accepted the books, and returned the
money to the sisters and friends of the
deceased. The satires of Persius are six
in nttmber, blamed by some for obscurity

of style and of language. A man

whose quarrel with Rupilius, is mention-
ed in a ridiculous manner by Horace.

Pertinax, Publius Helvius, a Roman
emperor after the death of Commodus.
He was descended from an obscure and
poor family, but his indigence did not pre-
vent him from receiving a liberal educa-
tion, and indeed he was for some time
employed in teaching a number of pupils
the Greek and the Roman languages in
Etruria. He left this laborious profession
for a military life, and by his valor and
intrepidity he gradually rose to offices of
the highest trust in the army, and was
made consul by M. Aurelius for his emi-
nent services. When Commodus was
murdered, Pertinax was universally se-
lected to succeed to the imperial throne,
and hit refusal, and the plea of old ag«
"25

and increasing infirmities, did not prevent
his being saluted emperor, and Augustus*
His patriotic administration gained him
the affection of the worthiest and most
discerning of his subjects, but the extrav-
agant and luxurious raised their clamors
against him, and when Pertinax attempt-
ed to introduce among the pretorian guardd
that discipline which was so necessary to
preserve the peace and tranquillity of
Rome, the flames of rebellion were kin-
dled, and the minds of the soldiers totally
alienated. Pertinax was apprized of this
mutiny, but he refused to fly at the hour
of danger. He was slain by the soldiers, his
head was cut off and carried upon the point
of a spear as in triumph to the camp. This
happened on the 28th of March A. D, 193<
Pertinax reigned only eighty-seven days.

Pertunda, a goddess at Rome, who
presided over the consummation of mar-
riage. Her statue' wa^ generally placed
in Rie bridal chamber.

Perusia, now Pentgia, an ancient town
of Etruria on the Tiber, built by Ocnus.

Pescettivius. Fid. Niger. A man in-
timate with Cicero.

Fessi kus, a town of Phrygia. It is par-
ticularly famous for a temple and a statue
of the goddess Cybele.

Pet ALIA, a town of Euboea.

Petalus, a man killed by PerseuA al
the court or Cepheus.

Petelia, or PxTEixiA, a town. Fid*
Petilia.

Petslinus Lacus, a lake near one ot
the gates of Rome.

Pete our, a town of Bceotia.

Peteus. a son of Orneus. and grandson
of Erechtheus. He reigned in Attica, and
became father of Menestheus, who went
with the Greeks to the Trojan war.

Petilia, now StrongoU, a town of Mag<-
na Gnecia, the capital of Lucania.

Petilia "lex was enacted- by Petiliud
the tribune, to make an* inquiry and to
know how much money had been obtain-
ed from the conquests over king Antio>>
chus.

Petilii, two tribunes who accused S<ii'-
pio Africanua of extortion. He was ac«
quitted.

Petilius, a iH-ffitor who persuaded t)M
people of Rome to bum the bookd which
had been found in Numa's tomh. about
four hundred years after his deatn. His
advice was followed. A plebeian de-
cemvir, &c.-^A governor of the capitol^
who stole away the treasures intrasted to
his care. , *

Petosiris, a celebrated mathematician
of Egypt.

Petra, the capital town of Arabia Pe-

traea. A town of Sicily, near Hybla.

whose inhabitants are called Petrmi and

Petrenaes, A town of Thrace.

Another of Pietia in Macedonia.— *-Ai»

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290

elevated place near Dyrrbachium.' <~

Another in Elis. Another near Co-
rinth.

PsTRjcA, one of the Oceanides. A

put of Arabia, which has Syria at the east,
Egypt on the west, Palestine on the north,
and Arabia FeHx at the south. This part
of Arabia waa roeJiy, wlience it has re-
ceived its name.

Petreius, a Roman soldier who killed
his tribune during the Cimbrlan wars, be-
cause he hesitated to attack the enemy.
» He was rewarded for his valor with a
crown of grass.— — A lieutenant of C. An-
tonius who defeated »lje troops of Cati-
line. He took the jMirt of Pompey against
Julius Cssar. When CiEsar had been
victorious in every part of the world, Pe-
treius, who had retired into Africa, at-
tempted to destroy himself by fighting
with his friend kingJubain single com-
bat. Juba was killed first, and Petreius
obliged one of his slaves to run him

thiouph. A centurion in Caesar's army

in Gaul, &c. Some read Petronius.

Petri rruM, a town of Campania.

Petrocorii, the inhabitants of the mo-
dern town of Perigord in France.

Petronia, the wife of Vitellius.

Pbtroriu*, a governor of Egypt ap-
pointed to succeed Gallus. He behaved
with great humanity to the Jews, and
made war against Candace que^ of Ethi-
opia. A favorite of Nero, put to death

by Galba.-. — A governor of Britain.

A tribu'ne killed in Parthla with Crassus.

A man banished by Nero to the Cy-

clades, when Piso*s conspiracy was dis-
covered. A governor of Britain in Ne-
ro's reign. He was put to death by Gal-
ba's orders. Maximus, a Roman empe-
ror. Arbiter, a favorite of the emperw

Nero, and one of the ministers and asso-
ciatee of all his pleasures and his debauch-
ery. He indulged himself in all the de-
lights and gaieties of life, but though he
was the most voluptuous of the age. yet
he moderated his pleasures, and wished
to appear curious and refined in luxury
and extravagance. Tigellinus, likewise
one of Nera!*8 favorites, jealous of his
fame, accused him of conspiring against
the emperor's life. The accusation was
credited, and Petronius immediately re-
solved to withdraw himself from Nero's
punishment by a voluntary death. This
was perfomed in a manner altogether un-
precedented, A. D. 66. Petronius ordered
his veins to be opened, but without the
eagerness of terminating his agonies he
had them closed at intervals. Sometine af-
ter they were opened, and as if he wished
to die In the same careless and unconcern-
ed manner as he had lived, he passed his
time in discoursing with his friends upon
trifles, and listened with the greatest avid-
ity to love verses, amusing stories, or

laughable epigrams. Bometlraet he man«
amitted his slaves or punished them'witii
stripes. In this ludicrous manner he spent
his last moments, till nature was exhaust-
ed.

Pettius, a friend of Horace, to whom
the poet addressed his eleventh ejiode.

Petus, arj architect.

Peuce, a small island at the nrouth of
the Danube.

Peucestes, a Macedonian set over

Egj'pt by Alexander. An island which

was visited by the Argonauts at their re-
turn from tlie conquest of the golden
fleece.

Peucetia, a part of Magna Grscia, in
Italy, at the north of the bay of Tarentum.

Peucini, a nation of Germany, called
also Basterna:.

Pklcolaus, an officer who conspired
with Dymnus against Alexander's life.
Another, set over Sogdiana.

Pexodorus, a governor of Caria, who
oflered to )!ive his daughter in niatriago
to AridKus the illegitimate son of Philip.

Phacium, a town of Tbessaly.

Phacusa, a town of Egypt, on the east-
ern mouth of the Nile.

Phjea, a celebrated sow which infested
the neighborhood of Cromyon. It was de-
stroyed by Theseus as he was travelling
from TriBzene to^Athens to make himself
known to his father.

Phjeacia, an island of the Ionian sea,
near the coast of Epirus, anciently called
Scheriat and afterwards Corcyra. The in-
habitants, called PluBoeeSy were a luxuri-
ous and dissolnte people, from which rea-
son a glutton was generally stigmatized by
the epithet of Phteax.

Phjeax, an inhabitant of the island of
Pheacia. A man who sailed with The-
seus to Crete. An Athenian who op-
posed Alcibiades in his administration.

Fhjbcasia, one of the Sporades in the
^gean.

Phjedihus, one of Niobe's children.

A Macedonian general who betrayed Eu-
menes to Antigonu8.--^A celebrated cou-
rier of Greece. •

Ph^don , an Athenian put to death by
the thirty tyrants. A disciple of Socra-
tes. He had been seized by pirates in
his younger days, and the philosopher,
who seemed to discover something uncom-
mon and promising in his countenance,
bought his liberty for a sum of money, and
ever after esteemed him. Phcdon. after
the death of Socrates, returned to Elis bis
native country, where hie founded a sect
of philosophers called Elean. — Anarchon
at Athens, when the Athenians were di-
rected by the oracle to remove the bones
of Theseus to Attica.

Ph.cdra, a daughter of Muios and Pasi-
phae, who inarried Theseus, by whom
she became mother of Acamas and Demoo

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291

phoon. Phffidra was buried at Trcezene,
where her tomb was still seen in the'age
of the geographer Pausanias, near the tem-
ple of Venus, which she had built to ren-
der the goddess favorable to her incestu-
ous passion for Hippolytus, There was
near her tomb a myrtle, whose leaves were
all full of small holes, and it was reported,
that Phndra had done this with a hair pin.
when ,the vehemence of her passion bad
rendered her melancholy and almost des-
perate. She was represented in a paint-
ing in Apollo's temple at Delphi, as sus-
pended by a cord, and balancing herself
in the air, while her sister Ariadne stood
near to her, and fixed her eyes upon her ;
a delicate idea, by which the genius of
the artist intimated her melancholy end.
Phjedri A, a viHage of Arcadia.
Ph-«drus, one of the disciples of Socra-
tes. An Epicurean philosopher. A

Thracian who became one of the freed-
inen of the emperor Augustus. He trans-
lated into iambic verses, the fables of
iEsop, in the reign of the emperor Tibe-
rius. They are divided into five books,
valuable for their precision, purity, ele-
gance, and simplicity. They remained
long buried in oblivion, till they were dis-
covered in the library of St. Remi, at
Rheims, and published by Peter Pithou, a*
Frenchman, at the end of the sixteenth
century.

Ph«dt»a, a daughter of Otanes, who
first discovered that Smerdis, who had as-
cended the throne of Persia at the death
cf Camhyses, was an impostor.
Phjemonoe, a priestess of Apollo.
Phjenarete, the mother of the philoso-
pher Socrates.

Pnicif IA9, a peripatetic philosopher, dis-
ciple of Aristotle. He wrote an history of
tyrants.

pH-iitwA, one of the two Graces wor-
shipped at Sparta, together with her sigter
Clita.

Phjeititis, a famous prophetess in the
age of Antiochus.
Phjcsana, a town of Arcadia.

Phjistcm, a town of Crete. Another

of Macedonia.

Phaeton, a son of the sun, or PhoBbus,
and Clymene, one of the Oceanides,
Phaeton was naturally of a livelv disposi-
tion, and a handsome figure. Venus be-
came enamored of him, and intrusted him
with the care of one of her temples. This
distinguishing favor of the goddess ren-
dered him vain and aspiring; and when
Epaphus, the son of lo, had told him, to
cherk his pride, that he was not the son
of Phmbus, Phaeton resolved to know his
tnie origin, and, at the instigation of his
mother, he visited the palace of the sun.
He besged Phoebus, that if he really were
bis father, he would give him incontcsti-
ble proofs pf hii paternal tenderness, and

convince the world of his legitimacy.
Phiebus swore by the Styx, than he would
grant him whatever he required, and no
sooner was the oath uttered, than Phaeton
demanded of him to drive his chariot for
one day. Phoebus represea^d the impro-
priety of such a request, and the dangers
to which it would e^tpose him ; but in
vain ; and, as the oath was inviolable, and
Phaeton unmoved, the father instructed
his son how he was to proceed in his way
through the regions of the air. His ex-
plicit directions were forgotten,, or little
attended to ; and no sooner had Phaeton
received the reins from his father, than
he' betrayed his ignorance and incapacity
to guide the chariot. The flying horses
became sensible of the confusion of their
driver, and immediately departed from,
the usual track. Phaeton repented too
late of his rashness, and already heaven,
and earth were threatened with an univep-
sal conflagration, when Jupiter, who had
perceived the disorder of the horses of the
sun, struck the rider wHh one of his thun-
derbolts^ and hurled him headlong from
heaven into the river Po. His body, con-
sumed with fire, was fodnd by the
nymphs of the place, and honored with a
decent burial. His sisters mourned his
unhappy end, and were changed into pop-
lars by Jupiter.

PhaETOKTIAOES, or PHAETOnTIDES,the

sisters of Phaeton, who were changed
into poplars by Jupiter.

Phaetusa, one of the Heliades changed
into poplars, after the death of their broth«
er Phaeton.

Ph-gus, a town of Peloponnesus.

Phaoesia, a festival among the Greeks,
observed during the celebration of the
Dionysia.

PHALACRiifE, a village of the Sabines,
where Vespasian was born.

Phalje, wooden towers at Rome, erect*
ed In the circus.

Phal^cus, a general of Phocis against
the Boeotians, killed at the battle of Che*
ronsea.

Phaljcsia, a town of Arcadia.

Phai^aitita, a town of Perrhsbia.

Phalanthus, a Lacedaemonian, who
founded Tarentum in Italy, at the head
of the Parthenife. His father's name was

Aracas. ^A town and mountain of the

same name in Arcadia.

Phalaris, a tyrant of Agrigentum; who
made use of the mo6t excruciating tor-
ments to punish his subjects on the
smallest suspicion. Perilhis made him
k bras^en bull, and when he had present-
ed it to Phalaris, the tyrant ordered the in»
venCor to be seized, and the first experi-
ment to be made on his body. These
cruelties did not long remain unreven^ed ;
the people of Agrigentum revolted in thd
tenth year of bis reign, and put him t^

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dMrth In th« tame manner as he bad tor-
tuied Perlliua and many of his subjects af-
ter hini, M. C. 5o'2.

Phalarium^ a citadel of Syracuse,
where Pbalaris's bull was placed.

Fhalarus, a river of BcBotia falling into
the Cephisus.
Pmalcidon, a town of Thessaly.
Phaleas, a philosopher and legislator.
Phajleria, a town of Thessaly.
Phalehis, a Corinthian who led a colo-
ny to EpidainYius from Corcyra.

Pmalkron, or Phalerum, or Phalera,
(orwMi,) or PhalereHsportHSf an ancient har-
bor of Athens, about twenty- hve stadia
from the city, which, for its situation and
■mallnesa, was not very fit for the recep-

tioo of many ships. A place of Thes-

•aly.

Phalerus, a son of Alcon, one of the
Argonauts.

Phalias, a son of Hercules and Helico-
nis. daughter of Thestias.

rHAixicA, festivals observed by the
Egyptians in honor of Osiris.

Phalysius, a eitizen of Naiipactum,
who recovered his sight by reading a letter
■ent him by iEsculapius.

PHAfffus, a promontory'of the island of
Chios, famous for its wines.
Phanar^a, a town of Cappadocia.
Phanas, a famous Messenian, &c. who
died B. C. 688. . '

Phanes, a man of Halicarnassua who
fled from Amasig, king of Egypt, to the
court of Cambyses, kin^of Persia, whom
be advised, when he invaded Egypt, to
paas through Arabia.
Phancta, a town of Eptrus.
Phanoclbs, an elegiac poet of Greece.
Phanodemus, an historian who wrote
on the antiquities of Attica.

Phantasia, a daughter of Nicarcbus of
Memphis, in Egypt.

Phanus, a son of Baechus, who was
mmong the Argonauits.

Phaom, a boatman of Mity4ene in Les-
bos. He received a srnaU box of ointment
from Venus, who had presented herself to
him in the form of an old woman, to be
carried over inti^ Asia, and as soon as he
had rubbed himself with what the box
contained, he became one of the most
beautiful men of his age. Many were
captivated with the charms of Phaon, and
among others, Bappho, the celebrated po*
etess. Phaon gave himself up to the
pleasures of Sappho's company, but, how-
ever, he soon conceived a disdain for her,
and Sappho, mortified at Ms coldness,
threw herself into the sea.

Phara. a town of Africa, burnt by Sci-
pio*s soldiers.

Fharacioes, a general of the Lacedie-
monian fleet, who assisted Dionysius the
^tyrant of Sicily against the Carthagini-

PjiAR.c, or Phbrje, ]> town of Crete.

Anaiber in Messenia.

pHARASMAr^xs, a king of Iberia, in the
reign of Antoninus.

Phara X, a Lacedffimonian officer, who
attempted to make himself absolute in Si-
cily. A Thessalian, whose son, called

Cyanippus, married a beautiful woman,
called Leucone, who was torn to pieces by
his dogs.

Pharis, a town of Laconia, whose in-
habitants are called Pharita. A son of

Mercury and Philodauiea, who built Pha-
r« in Messenia.

Ph^rmecusa, an island of the ^gean
sea, whei-e Julius Csesar was seized by

some pirates. Another, where was

shown Circe's tomb.

Phabnabazus, a satrap of Persia, son of
a person of the same name, B. C. 409. He
assisted the Lacedaemonians against the
Athenians, and gained their esteem by
his friendly behavior and support. His
conduct, however, towards Alcibiades, -
was of the most perfidious nature, and be
did not scruple to betray to his mortal en-
emies the man he had long honored with

his friendship. An officer under Eu-

mei^es. A king of Iberia.

Pharnace, a town of Pontus. The

mother of Cinyras, king of Pontus.

Pharnaces, a son of Mithridates, king .
of Pontus, whd favored the Romans
against his father. He revolted against
Mithridates, and even caused him to be
put to death, according ro some accounts.
It was to express the celerity of his opera-
tions in conquering Pharnaces, that Caesar
made use of these words, Veni, vidi^ rncu
- — A king of Pontus who made war with
Eumenes, B. C. 181. A king of Cappa-
docia. A librarian of Atticus.

Pharkafates, a general of Orodes, king
of Parthia, killed in a battle by the So-
mans. '

pHARrrASPxs, the fether of Cassandra,
the mother of Cambyses.

Pharnus, a king of Media, conquered
by Ninus king of Assyria.

Pharos, a small island in the bay of Al-
exandria, about seven furlongs distant
from the continent. It was joined to the
JSgyptian shore with a causeway, by Dex-
iphanes, B. C. 284, and upon it was built
a celebrated tower, in the reign of Ptole-
my Soter, and Philadelphus, by Sostratus,
the son of Dexiphanes. T'his tower,
which was called the tower of Pharos, and
which passed for one ofJthe seven w^on-
ders of the world, was built with white
marble, and could be seen at the distance

efone hundred miles. A watch-tower

near Capreae^. An island on the coast

oflllyricum, now called Lesina. ^The

emperor Claudius ordered a tower to be
built at the entrance of the port of Ostia,
fbr the benefit of sailorsi and it )i|(ewisQ

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bore the name of. Pharos, an appellation
afterwards given to every other edifice
which was raided to direct the course of
sailors, eiUier with lights, or by signals.

Pharsalus, now Farsa, a townofThes-
saly, in whose neighboiliOQd is a large
plain called PharMliaf fiunous for a battle
which was fought there between Julius
Cesar and Pompey, in which the former

obtained the victory. That poem of Lu-

can in which he gives an account of the
civil wars ofCeesar and Pompey, bears the
tsame of Pharsalla.

Pharte, a daughter of Danaus.

Phabus, a Rutulian killed by ^neas.

Pmarusii, or Phaurdsii, a people of
Africa, beyond Maurttania.

Ph art sua, a river of Macedonia, falling
into the /Egean sea.

Pharycadon, a town of Macedonia, on
Che Pcneus.

Phartge, a town of Locrls.

Phaselis, a town of Pampbytia, at the
foot of mount Taurus.

PRASiAifA, a country of Asia, near the
rh'er Phasis. The inhabitants, called Pka-
siani, are of Egyptian origin.

Phasias, a patronymic given to Medea,
as being born near the Phasis.

Phasis, a son of Phoebus and Ocyroe.

A river of Colchis, rising in the

^onntains of Armenia, now called Faaz,
and falling into the east of the Euxine.
The Phasis was reckoned by the ancients
one of the largest rivers of Asia.

P(iA98us, a son of Lycaon.

Phauda, a town of Pontus*

PHAroBiifus, a writer of a Greek Lexi-
con.

Phatllvs, atyrant of Ambracia.

The brother to Onomarchns of Phocis.

Phea, or Pbeia, a town of Elis.

Phecadcm, an inland town of Macedo-
nia.

Phxosui, or Phleoeus, a companion of

JEneas, killed by Turnns. Another,

likewise killed by Turnus. A priest

of Bacchus, the father of Alphesibcea, who
purified Alcmieon of his mother's naurder,
and gave him his daughter in marriage.
He was afterwards put to death by t^e
children of Alcmson by Callirhoe, because
he had ordered Alcmipon to be killed
when he had attempted to recover a collar
which he bad given to his daughter.

Phellia, a river of Laconia.

PhelLoe, a town of Achaia near iCSgira,
where Bacchus and Diana each had a
temple.

Phellus, a place of Attica,— —A town
of Elis, near Olympla.

Phemics. a man introduced by Homer
as a musician among Penelope's suitors.

A man, who, according to some,

wrote an account of the return of the
Greeks fVom the Trojan war.

Phkmonos. a priestess of Apollo, who
85*

is supposed to have invented heroic
verses.

Phereuh, a town of Arcadia, whose
inhabitants, called PkeneaitB, worship Mer-
cury.

Pheiteus, a town with a lake of the
same name in Arcadia, whose waters are
unwholesome in the night, and wholesome

in the daytime A son of Melas, killed

by Tydeus.

Pher^, a town of Thessaly, where the
tyrant Alexander reigned, whence he was

called Pher<BU8. A town of Attiea.

Another of Laconia in Peloponnesus.

Pherjeus, a surname of Jason, as being
a native of Pherae.

Pheraulxs, a Persian whom Cyrus rais-
ed from poverty to affluence. He after-
wards gave up all his possessions to enjoy
tranquillity and retirement.

Phersclus, one of the Greeks during

the Trojan war. A pilot of the ship

Theseus when he went to Crete.

Pherecrates, a comic poet of Athens,
in the age of Plato and Aristophanes. He
is supposed to have written twenty-one
comedies, of which only a few verses re-
main. p— Another descended from Deu-
calion.

Pherectdes, a philosopher of Scyroa,
disciple to Pittacus, one of the first who^
delivered his thoughts in prose. He was
acquainted with the periods of the moon,
and foretold eclipses with the greatest ac-'
curacy. The doctrine of the immortality
of the soul was first supported by him,
as also that of the loetempeychosis. Pytha-
goras was one of his disciples, remarka-
ble for his esteem and his attachment to
his learned master. He died B. C. 515, in
the eighty-flftlryearof his age. An his-
torian or Leros, surnamed the Athenian.
A tragic poet.

Pherenoates, a Ferdan set over Egypt
by Artaxerxes.

Pherephate, a surname of Proserpine,
Uovci the production of com.

Pheres, a son of Cretheus and Tyro,
who built Phene in Thessaly, where he
reigned. He married Clymene, by whom

he had Admetus and Lycurgus. A son

of Medea, stoned to death by the Corinth-
ians on account of his poisonous clothea
which he had given to Glauce, Creon's

daughter. A friend of .^Eneas killed by

Halesus.

Pheretias, a patronymic of Admetus,
son of Pheres.

Pheretima, the Wife of Battus, Icing of
Cyrene, and mother of Arcesilaus. After
her son's death, she recovered the king-
dom by means of Amasis king of Egypt,
and to avenge the murder of Arcesilaus.
she caused all his assassins to be tfrucifiea
round the walls of Cyrene, and she cut off
the breasts of their wives, and hung them
up OftV the bodies of their husbands.

294

Pamc^im, atown of Thesraljr.
. PH«Roir, a king of Egypt, wbo succeed-
ed Sesostria.

Phsausa, one of the Nereides.

Phials, one of Diana's nymphs, • — A

celebrateacourtezan.

Phiaua, or Phigalia, a town of Arca-
dia.

Phialcs^ a Icing of Arcadia.

Pbicorbs, a people near the Palus Mas-
otis. ^

pHfl»i«.i, a celebrated statuaiy of Athens,
who died B. C. 433. He made a statue of
Minerva, at the request of Pericles, which
was placed in the Pantheon. It was
made with ivory and cold, and measured
thirty- nine feet in height. His presump-
tion raised %im many enemies, and be
was banished from Athens by the clamor-
ous populace. He retired to Elts, where
lie determined to reven^ the ill-treatment
lie had received from his countrymen, by
makinc a statue, which should eclipse the
feme of that of Minerva. He was sucoess-
Ital te the attempt : and the statue he
made of Jupiter Olympius was always
reckoned the beet of all his pieces, and
|ia« passed iJMr ooe of the wonders of the
world.

Phimx^, a woman. Fid. Phidyle.

Phidipfidxs, a celebrated courier, who
ran from Athens toLacedaemon. about one
hundred and fifty-two English miles, in
two days, to ask of the Lacedemonians
assistance against the Persians. The
Athenians raised a temple to his mem-
ory.

Phiditia, a public entertainment at
Bparta, where much frugality was observ-
ed. Persons of all ages were admitted ;
the younger frequented it as a school or
temperance,and sobriety, where they were
trained to good manners and useful know-
ledge, by the example and discourse of the
elders.

Phidon, a man who enjoyed the sove-
reign power at Argos, and is supposed to
have invented sci^s and measures, and
coined silver at iSgina. He died B. C.
854. An ancient legislator at Corinth.

Phidylb, a female servant of Horace.

PHioAioii, a people of Peloponnesus,
near Messenia.

PHii.A,the eldest daughter of Antipater,
who married Craterus. She afterwards
married Demetrius, and when her hus-
band had lost the kingdom o( Macedonia,
the poisoned herself. A town of Mace-
donia. An island called also Phla.

Phii.adbi.vhi A, now Jllah-shery a town

of Lydia* Another in Cilitia — Arabia

t-Syria.

Philadelphus, a king of Paphlagonia,
who followed the interest of M. Antony.

< The surname of one of th* Ptolemies,

J(ilig of Egypt.

' PmuB, a fowQ ftud idand or Egypt.

Isls was worshipped there.>-~^One of t2i»
Sporades. "^

Fnii^xviy two brothers of Carthage.
When a contest arose between the Cyre-
neana and Carthaginians, about the extent
of their territories, it was mutually agreed,
that, at a stated hour, two men shoula
depart from each city, and that where-
ever they met, there they should fix the
boundaries of their country. The Philcni
accordingly departed from Carthage, and
met the Cyreneans, when they had ad-
vanced far into their territories. This
produced a quarrel, and the Cyreneana
supported, that the Phileni had left Car-
thage before the appointment, and that
therefore they must retire, or be buried in
the sand. The Philieni refused, upon
which they were overpowered by the Cy-
reneans, and accordingly buried in the
•and.

Philjeitis, or Philbris, a courtesan.

PHII.J1US. a son of AJax'by Lyside, the
'>dau||[hter or Coronus, one of the Lapithc.
Miltiadee, as some suppose, was deeeended

from him. A son of Augeas, placed

upoa bis fhther's throne by Hercules.

Philammoh, a celebrated musician, son

of Apollo and Chione. A man who

murdered Arainoe, and who was slain by
ber female attendants.

pMii.AifTHus, a son of Prolans of Elis,
killed at the Olympic games.

PHii.ARCHus,a hero who gave assistance
to the Phocians when the Persians invaded
Greece.

Philbmon, a Greek comic poet, contem-
porary with Menander. Plautus imitated
some of bis comedies. He lived to his
ninety-seventh year, and died, as it la re-
ported, of laughing on seeing an ass eat

figs, B. C. 274. His son, who bore the

same name, wrote fifty -four comedies, of

which some few fragments remain. A

poor man of Phrygia. An illegitimate

son of Priam.

Philbne, a town of Attica, between
Athens and Tanagra.

Philbbis, an immodest woman, whom,
Philocrates the poet lampooned.

Philbros, a town of Macedimia.

Philbsius, a leader of the ten thousand.
Greeks after the battle of Cunaxa.

PHiLBTa:Rus, an eunuch made governor
of Pergamus by Lysimacbus. He 4)uar-
relled with Lysimacbus, a|id made him-
self master of Pergamus, where he laid
the foundations of a kingdom called the

kingdom of Pergamus, B. C. 283. A

Cretan general who revolted from Seleu-
Gus, and Was conquered.

Philetas, a grammarian and poet of
Cos, In the reign of king Philip, and of
his son Alexander the Great. He was
made preceptor to Ptolemy Philadelpbus.
The elegies and epigrams which he wrote
have been greatly commended by tbe an-

295

eientfl, and some flragmentg of them are
still preserved in Athenieus. An histo-
rian.

Philxtius, a iUthful steward of Ulys-
see.

Phimdas, a friend of Pelopidas, who
favored the conspiracy formed to expel
the Spartans from Thebes.

Philiobs, a dealer in horses in the age
of Themistocles.

Philiitna, mother of Aridcus, by Phil-
ip the father of Alexander.

Pm| LINUS, a native of Agrigentum, who,
fought with Annibal against the Romans.
He wrote a partial history of the Punic
wars.

PhilippeI} or PHti.tppi. certain pieces
of money coined in the reign of Philip of
Macedonia, and with his image.

Philippi, a town of Macedonia, an-
ciently called Datoa, and situate at the east
of the Strymonj became celebrated for
two battles which were fought there in
October, B. Ca ^, at the interval c^ about
twenty days, between Augustus and An-
tonv, and the republican forces of Brutus
and Cassias.

P^LippioBs, a comic poet in Alexan-
der's age. A courier, called also Phi-

dippides.

Philippopoms, a town of Thrace, near
the Hebrus— — of Thessaly called Phil-
ippi.

Philippits first, son of Argeus, succeed-
ed his father on the throne of Macedonia,
and»relKned thirty-eight years, B. C. 40.

—The second of that name was the

fourth son of Amyntas, king of Macedo-
nia. He was sent to Thebes as an host-
age by his fkther, where he learned the art
of war under Epaminondas, and studied
with the greatest care the manners and
the pursuits of the Greeks. He was re-
called to Macedonia, and at the death of
his brother Perdiccas, he ascended the
throne as guardian and protector of the
youthful years of his nephew. His am-
bition, however, soon discovered itself,
and he made himself independent. The
neichboring nations, ridiculing the youth
and inexperience of the new king of Ma-
cedonia, appeared in arms, but Philip soon
convinced them of their error, Unable to
meet them as yet in the field of battle, he
suspended their fury bv presents, and soon
tamed his arms against Amphlpolis, a
colony tributary to the Athenians. Am-
phipolis was conquered, and added to the
kinnlom of Macedonia, and Philip medi-
tated no less than the clestructinn of a re-
public which had rendered itself so for-
midable to the rest of Greece, and had
even dairoed submission from the princes
of Macedonia. His designs, however,
were as yet immature, and before he
could make Athens an object of conquest,
the ThxBciaqs and the IHyriaos deioaadea

his attention. He made himself master
of a Thracian colony, to whkb he gave
the name of Philippi, and from which he
received the greatest advantages on ac-
count of the golden mines in the neigh-
borhood. In the midst of his political
prosperity, Philip did not neglect the hon-
or of his family. He married Olympias
the daughter of Neoptolemus. king of the
Molossi. Every tbin^; seemed now to con-
spire to his aggrandisement, ai;d he de-
clared his inimical sentiments against the
power of Athens and jthe independence of
Greece, by laying siege to Olynthus^ a
place, which, on account of its situation
and consequence, would prove most inju-
rious to the interests of the Athenians, and
must advantageous to the intrigues and
military operations of every Macedonian
prince. The Athenians, roused by the
eloquence of Demosthenes, sent seven-
teen vessels and two thousand men to the
assistance of Olynthus, but the money of
Philip prevailed over all their efforts. The
greatest part of the citizens sufl^red them-
selves to be bribed by the Macedonian
gold, and Olynthus surrendered to the
enemy, and was instantly redneed to ruins.
His successes were as great in every part
9i Greece, he was declared head of the
Amphictyonic council, and was intrusted
with the care of the sacred temple of Apol-
lo at Delphi. If he was recalled to Mace-
donia, it was only to add fresh laurels to
his crown, by victories over his enemies
in Illyricum* and Thessaly. In his at-
tempts to make himself master of Eubma,
Philip was unsuccessful ; and Phocion,
who despised his gold as weH as his mean-
ness, obliged him to evacuate an island
whose inhabitants were as insensible to
the charms of money, as they were un-
moved at the honors of war. From Eu-
bcea he turned his arms against the Scythi-
ans, but the advantages he obtained over
this indigent nation were inconsiderable,
and he again made Greece an object of
plunder and rapine. Hs advanced far
into BoBotia, and a general engagement
was fought at Cheeronea. The fi^t was
long and bloody, but Philip obtained the
victory. At this battle the Independence
of Greece was extinguished ; and Philip,
nnable to find new enemies in Europe,
formed new enterprises, and meditated
new conquests. He was nominated aene-
ral of the Greeks against the Persians' and
was called upon as well from inclination
as duty to revenge those injuries which
Greece had suffered from the invasions of
Darius, and of Xerxes. But he was stop-
ped in the midst of his warlike prepara-
tions ; he was stabbed by Pausaniaa as he
entered the theatre at the celebration of
the nuptials of his dau0iter Cleopatra.
The character of Philip is that of a saga-
cious, artAil, prudent, and intriguing mon-

296

arch ; he was brave in the field of battle,
eloquent and dissimalating at home, and
he possessed the wonderful art of chang-
iag his conduct according to the disposi-
tion and'caprice of mankind, witho/it ever
altering his purpose, or losing sight of his
ambitious aims. The last king of Mace-
donia, of that name, was son of Deme-
trius. His infancy, at the death of his fa-
ther, was protected by Antigonus, one of
his friends, who ascended the throne, and
reigned twelve years, with the title of in-
dependent monarch. When Antigonus
died, Philip recovered his father's throne,
though only hfteen years of age, and he
early distinguished himself by his bold-
ness and bis ambitious views. His cruel-
ty, however, to Aratus, soon displayed his
character in its true light, and to the grati-
fication of every vice, and every extrava-
gant .-propensity, he Bad the meanness to
sacrifice this faithful and virtuous Athe-
nian. Not satisfied with the kingdom of
Macedonia, Philip fepired to become the
friend of Annibal, and wished to share
with him the spoils which the distresses
and continual loss of the Romans seemed
soon to promise. But his expectations
were frustrated, the Romans discovered
bis intrigues, and though weakened by
the valor and artifice of the Carthaginian,
yet they w«re soon enabled to conquer
him in the field of battle. Philip died in
the forty-second year of his reign, one
hundred and seventy-nine years before
the Christian era.-) — M. Julius^ a Roman
emperor, of aa obscure family m Arabia,
from whonce he was sumamed Arabian.
From the lowest rank in the army he gradu-
ally rose to the highest ofiices, and when he
was'inade gei|«il of the pretorian guards
he ass^sfflnatet Gordian to make himself
emperor. His usurpation, however, was
' short, Philip was defeated by Decius, who
had proclaimed himself emperor in Pan-
nonia, an! he was assassinated by his
own Boldters near Verona, in the forty-
fifth year of his age, and the fifth of his
reign, A. D. 249. His son who bore the
same name, and who had shared with him
the imperial dignity, was also massacred

in the arms of his mother. A native of

Acamania, physician to Alexander the

Great. A son of Alexander the Great.

——A governor of Sparta. A Phrygian,

made governor of Jerusalem by Antiochus.

A brother of Alexander the Great,

called also Aridieus. A freedman of

Pompey the Great. He found his master's
body deterted on the sea shore, in Egypt,
and gave it,a decent burial. The fa-
ther-in-law of the emperor Augustus.

An oflicer made master of Bartbia. A

son of Antipater in the army of Alexan-
der. A brother of Lyslmachus. An

historian of Amphipolis* A Carthagi-

niaa.>^— A man who wrote an history of

Carla. A native "of Megara. ^ na-
tive of Pamphylia, who wrote a diflFuse
history from the creation down to his own
time. .

Philiscus, a famous sculptor^ whose
statues of Lalona, Venus, Diana, the
Muses, and a naked Apollo, were preserv-
ed in the portico belonging to Oclavia.

A Greek comic poet. An Athenian who

received Cicero when he fled to Macedo-
nia. An officer of A^taxerxes, appoint-
ed to make peace with the Greeks.
Philistion, a comic poet of iS'icjpa in

the age of Socrates. A physician of

Locris.

Philistus, a musician of Miletus.

A Syracusan, who during his bajiishnient
from his native countr>' wrote an history
of Sicily in twelve books. He was after-
wards sent against the Syracusans by
Dionysius the younger, and he Hilled him-
self when overcome by the enemy, 356
B. C.

Phillo, an Arcadian maid, by whom
Hercules had a son.

Philo, a Jewish writer of Alexandria,
A. D. 40, sent as ambassador from his na-
tion to Caligula. He was unsuccessful ia
his embassy, of which he wrote an euldT-
taining account; and the emperor, who
wished to be worshipped as a god, express-
ed his dissatisfaction with the Jews, be-
cause they refused to place his statues in

their temples. A man who fell in love

with his daughter called Proserpine, as

she was bathing. A man who wrote an

account of a journey to Arabia. A phi-
losopher who followed the doctrines of

Cameades, B. C. 100. Another philoo-

o|Aer of Athens, tutor to Cicero. A

grammarian in the first century. An

architect of Byzantium. He built a dock
at Athens, where ships were drawn in

safety, and protected from storms. A

Greek Christian writer. A dialectic

philosopher, 260 B. C.
Philobceotvs, a mountain of BcDotia.
Philochorcs, a man who wrote an his*-
tory of Athens in seventeen books, a cata-
logue of the archons, two books of olym-
piads. Sec. He died B. C. 222.

Philocles, one of the admirals of the
Athenian fleet, during the Peloponnesian
war. He recomnjenaed to his country-
men to cut off the right hand of such of
the enemies as were taken, tbat they
might be rendered unfit for service. His
plan was adopted by all the ten admirals,
except one, but their expectations were
frustrated, and instead of being conquer-
ors, tbey were totally defeatad at JEgos-
potamoa by Lysander, and Philocles, with
three thousand of his countrxinen, was
put to death, and denied the honors of a

burial. A general of Ptolemy, king of

Egypt. A comic poet. Another, who

wrote tragedies ol Athens.

297

t^HiLocRAYEs, an Athenian, famous for

his treacliery. A fvrUer who published

an history of Thesaaiy. A servant of

C. Grachus.— ^A Greek orator.

Phii.octet£9, son of Poean and Demo-
nassa, was one of the Argonauts accord-
ing to ^accus and Ilyginus, and the arm-
bearer dnd particular friend of Hercules.
He was called apon by Menelaus to ac-
company the Greeks to the Trojan war.
He immediately set sail from Meliboea with
seven ships, and repaired to Aulis, the ge-
neral rendezvous of the combined fleet.
He was here prevented from joining his
countrymen, and a wound in his foot,
obliged the Greeks, at the instigation of
Ulypses, to remove him from the camp,
and he was accordingly carried to the
island of Lemnos, or as others say to
Chryse. In this solitary retreat he was
suffered to remain for some time, till the
Greeks, on the tenth year of the Trojan
war, were informed by the oracle that
Troy could not be taken jvithout the ar-
rows of Hercules, which were then in
the possession of Philoctetes. Upon this
CJlysses, accompanied by Diomedes, was
commissioned by the rest of the Grecian
army to go to Lemnos, and to prevail upon
Philoctetes to come and finish the tedious
siege. Philoctetes recollected the ill treat-
ment he had received from the Greeks, and
particularly from Ulysses, and therefore he
not only refused to go to Troy, but he even
determined to go to Melib(Ba. As he em-
barked, the rannes of Hercules forbade him
to proceed, but immediately to repair to
the Grecian camp, where he should be
cured of his wotinds, and put an end to
the war. Philoctetes obeyed, and after he
had been restored to his former health
by iEsculapius, he destroyed an immense
number of the Trojan enemy, among
whom was Paris, the son of Priam, with
the arrows of Hercules. When by his
valor Troy had been ruined, he s^ sail
from Asia, but as he was unwiUing to visit
his native country, he came to Italy,
where, by the assistance of his ThessaPan
followers, he was enabled to build a town
in Calabria, which he called Petilia.

PHiLocrpRus, a prince of Cyprus in the
age of Solon.

Philodamea, one of the Danaides, mo-
tiier of Pbares by Mercury.

Philodemus, apoet in the age of Cicero.
~ A comic poet ridiculed by Aristo-
phanes.

Philodice, r daughter df Inachus, who
married Leucippus.

Philolaus, a' son of Minos, by the
nymph t'aria. Herisules put hi in to death,
because be had killed two of his compan-
ions. A Pythairorean philosopher of

Crotona, B. C. 374, who first supported the
diurnal motion of the earth round its axis,
aad its annual motion round the suq,

A lawgiver of Thebes. He Wd» a native
of Coriu*li, and of the family or the Bac-

chiades. A mechanic of Tarentum.

A surname of iEsculapius, who had

a temple in Laconia, near the Asopus.

Philologus, a freedman of Cicero^ He
betrayed his master to Antony, for which
he was tortured by Pomponia, the wife of
Cicero's brother, and obliged to cut off his
own flesh- by piecemeal, and to boil and
eat it up.

Philomache, the wife of Pelias, king
of lolchos. According to some writers,
she was daughter to Amphion, king of
Thebes, though she is more genemlly call-
ed Anaxibia, daughter of Bias.

Philombrotus, an arehon at Athens, in
wliose age the state was intrusted to So-
lon, when torn by factions.

Philomeous, a man who made himself
absolute in Phocsea, by promising to assist
the inhabitants.

Philomela, a daufbter of Pahdion, king
of Athens, and sister to Procne, who had
married Tereus king of/Phrace. Procne
separated from Philoyiela, to whom she
was particularly attached, spent her time
in great melancholy till she prevailed upon
her husband to go to Athens, and bring
her sister to Thrace. Tereus obeyed his
wife's injunctions, but he had no sooner
obtained Pandion's permission to conduct
Philomela to Thrace, than he became
enamored of her, and resolved to gratify
his passion. He dismissed the guards,
whom the suspicions of Pandion had ap-
pointed to Vvatcb his conduct, and he of-
fered violence to Philomela, and after-
wards cut off her tongue, that she might
not be able to discover his barbarity, and
the indignities which she had suffered.
He confined her also in a lonely castle,
and after he had taken etery precaution
to prevent a discovery, he retnrfied to
Thrace, and he told Procne that Philomela
had died by the way, and .that he had paid
the last offices to her remains. Procne, at
this sad intelligence, put on nrourning for
the loss of Philomela ; but a year had
scartely elapsed before she was secretly
informed, that her sister was not dead.
Philomela, during her captivity, described
on a piece of tapestry her misfortunes and
the brutality of Tereus, and privately con-
veyed it to' Procne. She was then going
to celebrate the orgies of Bacchus,when
she received it ; she disguised her resent-
ment, and as during the festivals of the
god of wine, she was permitted to rove
about the country, she hastened to deliver
her sister Philomela from her confine-
ment, and she concerted with her on the
best measures of punishing the^truelty of
Tereus. She murdered her son Itylua,
who was in the sixth year of his age. ana
served him up as food before her husband
during the festival. Tereus \n the midat

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298

of his re|Ni8t, called for Itylus, but Procn9
immediately informed him, that he was
then feasting on his flesh, and that instant
Philomela, by throwing on the table the
head of Itylus, convinced the monarch of
the cruelty of the scene. He drew his
sword to punish Procne and Philomela,
but as he war going to stab them to the
heart, he was changed into a hoopoe,
Philomela into a nightingale, Procne into
a swallow, and Itylus into a pheasant.
A daughter of Actor, king of the Myr-
midons.

Philomelum, ft town of Phrygia.

Philomelus, a general of Phocis, who

Slundered the temple of Delphi, and die4
I. C. 354. A rid) musician.

Phi LOR, a general of some Greeks, who
settled in Asia.

Philoivide^, a courier of Alexander,
who ran from Sicyon to Elis, one hundred
and sixty miles, in nine hours, and re-
turned the same Journey in fifteen hours.

Philoxis, a name of Chione, daughter
of Dsdalion, made immortal by Diana.

Philonoe, a daughter of Tyndarus,
king of Sparta, by Leda daughter of Thes-

tius. A daughter of lobates, king of

Lycia, who married Belterophon.

Philonome, a daughter of Nyctimus,
king of Arcadia, who threw into the Ery-
manthus two children whom she had by
Mars. The children were preserved, and
afterwards ascended their grandfather's

throne. The second wife of Cycnus,

the son of Neptune.

Philonomus, a son of Electryon, king
of Mycen® by Anaxo.

pHiLaiTcs, a village of Egypt.

Philof^tor, a surname of one of the
Ptolemies, king of Egypt.

Philophron, a general, who with five
thousand soldiers defended Pelusium
against the Greeks who invaded Egypt.

PHiLOPffi:irEN, a celebrated general of
the Achtenn league, bom at Megalopolis.
His father's name was Grangis. His edu-
cation was begun and finished under Cas-
sander, Ecdemus, and Demophanes, and
he eariy distinguished himself in the field
of battle, and appeared fond of agriculture'
and a country life. He proposed himself
Epaminondas for a model, and he was
not unsuccessful in imitating the prudence
and the simplicity, the disinterestedness
and activity of this fhmous Theban. Rais-
ed to -the rank of cluef commander, he
showed his ability to discharce that impor-
tant trust, by killing with his own hand
Mechanidas, the tyrant of Sparta ; and if
be was defeated In a naval battle by Na-
bis^ he soon after repaired his losses by
taking the capital of Laconia, B. C. 188,
and by abolish tng the laws of I.ycur«fus.
The death ofPhilnptemen, which happened
about one hundred and eighty-three years
before the Christian era, in his seventieth

year, was universally lamented. A na-
tive of Pergamus, whe died B. C. 138.
' Philostratus, a famous sophist, bom
at Lemnos, or according to some at Ath-
ens. His nephew, who lived in the

reign of Heliogabalus, wrote an account

of sophists. A philosopher in the reign

of Nero. Another in the age of Au-
gustus.

Philotas, a son of Parmenio, distin-
guished in the battles of Alexander, and
at last accused of conspiring against his
lifis. He was tortured, and stoned to
death, or. according to some, stuck through

with darts by the soldiers, B. C. 330.

An officer in the army of Alexander.

Another, who was made master of Cili-
cia, after Alexander's death. A physi-
cian in the age of Antony. He ridiculed
the expenses and the extravagance of this
celebrated Roman.

Philotera, the mother of Mylo.

Philotimus, a freedman of Cicero.

Philotis, a servant maid at Rome, who
saved her cojinlrymen from destruction.

Philoxenus, an olhcer of Alexander,
who received Cilicia, at the general di-
vision of the provinces. A son of

Ptolemy, who was given to Pelopidas as

an hostage. A dithyrambic poet of Cy-

thera, who enjoyed the favor of Diony-
sius, tyrant of Sicily, for some time, till
he offended him by seducing one of his
female singers. For this he was con-
demned to the quarries, from which he
wa& reprieved to listen to the tyrant's
verses. Philoxenus died at Ephesus, about
three hundred and eighty years before

Christ. A celebrated musician of Ionia.

A painter of Eretria. He was pupil

"■ " bo

to Nicomachus.-

-A philosopher, wb

wished to have the neck of a crane, that
hcT might enjoy the taste of bis aliments
longer, and with more pleasure.

PHTLYLLiuii, a comic poet.

Philtra, one of the Oceanides. Slio
Was metamorphosed into tlie linden tree,
called by her name among the Greeks.
The wife of Nauplius.

Philtres, a people near Pontus.

Philtrides, a patronymic of Chiron,
thesonofPhllyra.

Phineus, a son of Agenor, king of Phoe-
nicia, or according to some of Neptune,
who became king of Tiirace. He marriea
^Cleopatra the daughter of Boreas, by
Vhom he had Plexippus and PanaioR.
After the death of Cleopatra, he married
Idfea, the daughter of Dartfanus. Idea,
jealous of Cleopatra's cbildren^ accused
them of attempts upon their father's life
and crown, and they were immedialely
condemned by Phineus to be deprived of
their eyes. This cruelty was soon alW
punished by the gods, Phineus suddenly
became blind, and the Harpies were sent
by Jupiter to keep him under continual

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ularm. and to spoil the meats which were
piaeed on his table. He was sometime af-
ter delivered from these dangeroas mon-
sters by his brothers-in-law, Zetes and
Calais, who pursued them as far as the
Strophades. Phineus was killed by Her-
cules. The brother of Cepheus, king

of iEthiopia. He was going to marry his
niece Andromeda, when her fkther Ce-
pheus was obliged to give her up to bes
devoured by a sea-monster, to appease the
resentment of Neptune. She was, how-
ever, delivered by Perseus, who turned
into stone Phineus, and his companions,

by showing them tlie Gorgon's h^d.

A 86n of Melas. A son of Lycaon, king

of Arcadia.— —A son of Beius and An-
chinoe.

Phi ITT A., a king of Mesaenia.

Phinthias, a fountain where it is said
nothing could sink.

Phintia, a town of Sicily, at the mouth
of the Himera.

Phixtias, called also Pithias, Pinthias,
and Phytias, a man famous for his un-
(laralleled friendship for Damon. ^A ty-
rant of Agrlgentum, B. C. 282.

Phi If TO, a small island between Sar-
dinia and Corsica, now Figo.

Phla, a small island in the lake Tri-
tonis.

Phleoxlah, an Indian king beyond the
Hydaspes, who surrendered to Alexander.

Phleoethoiv, a river of hell.

Phleoias, a man of Cyzicus, when the
Argonauts visited it, &c.

Phlsooit, a native of Tralles in Lydia,
on« of the emperor Adrian's freedmen.
He wrote different treatises on the long
lived, on wonderful things, besides an
historical account of Sicily, sixteen books
on the olympiads, an account of the prin-
cipal places m Rome, three books of fasti,
&c. Of these some fragments remain.

One of the horses of the sun. The

word signifies burning.

Phleor'a, or Phleqrjeus campus, a
place of Macedonia, afterwards called Pal-
lene, where the giants attacked the' gods
and were defeated by Hercules.

PHL|EaYiB, a people of Thessaly. Borne
authors place them in BoBotia.

Phlsotas, a son of Mars by Ghryse,
dausbter of Halm us, was king of the La-
pitbie in Thessaly. He was father of
[xion and Coronis, to'whom Apollo offer-
ed violence. When the father heard that
his daughter had been so wantonly abus-
ed, he marched an army against Delphi,
and reduced the temple of the god to
ashes. This was highly resented, Apol-
lo killed Phlegyas and placed him in hell,
where a huge stone bangs over his head,
and keeps him in continual alarms, by its
appearance of falling every moment.

Phlias, one of the Argonauts, son of
Bacchus and Ariadne.

Fhliasia, a country of Peloponnesus,
near Sicyon, of which Phlius was the cap-
ital. •

Phlius, a town in Peloponnesus, 'now

StapMica^ in the territory of Sicyon.'

Another in Elis. Another in Argolis,

now Drepano.

PHLfEus, a surname of Bacchus, ex-
pressive of his youth and vigor.

Phobbtor, one of the sons of Somnus,
and his principal minister. His office was
to assume the shape of serpents and wild
beasts, to inspire terror in the minds of
men.

Phobos, son of Mars, and god of terror
aQK>ng the ancients, was- represented with
a lion's head, and sacrifices were offered
to him to deprecate his appearance in ar-
mies.

Phocjea^ now Foehia, a ronritime town
of Ionia, m Asia Minor, with two har-
bors, between Cumie and Smyrna, found-
ed by an Athenian Colony. .The town of
Marseilles is often distinguished b^ the
epithet of Phocaicay and its inhabitants
called Phoeaenses.

Phocenses and Phocici, the inhabit-
ants of Phocis in Greece.

Phocilides, a Greek poet and philoso-
pher of Miletus, about Ave hundred and
forty years before the Christian era.

Phocioit, an Athenian celebrated for
his virtues, private as well as-public. He
was educated in the school of Plato, and
of Xenocrates, and as soon as he appeared
among the statesmen of Athens, he dis-
tinguished himself by his prudence and
moderation, his zeal for the public good,
and his mil itary abilities. During the time
of his administration he was always in-
clined to peace, though he never suffered
his countrymen to become indolent, and
to forget the jealousy and rivalship of their
neighbors. He was forty five times ap-
pointed governor of Athens, and no greater
encomium can be passed upon his talents
fts a minister and statesman, than that he
never solicited that high, though danger-
ous office. In his rural retreat, or at the
head of the Athenian armies, he always
appeared barefooted, find without a cloak,
whence one of his soldiers had occasion
to obaorve when he saw him dressed more
warmly than usual during a severe win-
ter, that since Phocion wore his cloak it
was a sign of the most inclement wea-
ther. If he was the friend of ten^peranee
and discipline, he was not a less brilliant
example of trua heroism. Philip, as well
as his son Alexander, attempted to bribe
him, but to no purpose; and Phocion
boasted in being one of the poorest of tli0
Athenians, and in deserving the appella-
tion V)f the Good. But virtues like tliese
could not long stand against the insolence
and fickleness of an Athenian assembly.
When the Piraeus was taken, Phocion was

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accused of treason, and therefore, to avoid
the public indignation, he fled for safety
to Polyperrbon. Polyperchoil sent him
back to Athens, where he was inimedi-
.ately condemned to drink the fatal poison.
He received the indignities of the people
with uncommon composure ; and when
one of his friends lamented his fate, Pho-
cion exclaimed, This is no more them what
I expected ; this treatment the most iUuatrums
dtiiens of Athens have received btfore me.
He died about three hundred and eighteen
years before the Christian era. His body
was deprived of a Aineral by order of the
ungrateful Athenians, and if it was at last
interred, it was by stealth, under a heartli,
by the hand of a woman who placed this
inscription over his bones : Keep inviolate^
O sacred hearth^ the precious remains of a
good fluin, tiU a better day restores them to
the monuments qf their fortfatherSf when
.Athens shall be delivered of her phremy,
and shall be more wise.

Phocis, a country of Greece, bourtded
on the east by Boeotia, and by Locris on
the west. It originally extended from the
bay of Corinth to the sea of Eubaea, and
reached on the north as far as Theimopy-
le, but its boundaries were afterwards
more contracted. Parnassus was the most
celebrated of the mountains of Phocis, and
Delphi was the greatest of its towns.
Phocis is rendered famous for a vAr which
it maintained against some of the Grecian
republics, and which has received the
name of the Phoeian war.

Phocus, son of Phocion, was dissolute
in his manners, and^unworthy of the vir-
tues of his great father. He was sent to
Lacedsemon to imbibe there the princi-
ples of sobriety, of temperance, and fru-
gality. He cruelly revenged the death of
his father, whom the Athenians had put

to death. A son of iEacus by Psamathe,

killed by Telarnoii. A son of Ornytion,

who led a colony of Corinthians into Pho-
cis.

Phcebas, a name applied to the priestess
of Apollo's temple at Delphi.

Phczbe, a name given to Diana, or the
moon, on account of the brightness of that

luminary. A daughter of Leucippus

and Philodice, carried away with her sis-
ter Hilaira, by Castor and Pollux, as she
was going to marry one of the sons of
Aphareus. ^

Phoebedm, a place near Sparta.

Phoebidas, a Lacedsmoniiin general,
sent by tfle Ephori to tlie assistance of the
Macedonians against the Tbracians. He
died B. C. 377.

Phcbbioeita, a surname of iEsculapius,
&c. as being descended from Phoebus.

Phcsbus, a name given to Apollo or the
■ sun. This word expresses the brightness
and splendor of that luminary.

Pmsmos, a lake of Arcadia.

PHOijries, or Pm<eiticia, a country of
Asia, M the east of the Mediterranean,
whose boundaries have been different in
different ages. Sidon and Tyre were the
most capital towns of the country. The
inhabitants were naturally industrious,
the invention of letters is attributed to
them, and commerce and navigation were
among them in the most flourishing state.

Pmcenics, a town of Epirus.

Phcenicia. Vid. Phcenice.

Phienicus, a mountain of Boeotia.

Another iif Lycia, called also Olympus,

with a town of the same name. A port

of Erythre.

Ph(ekicusa, now Felicudi, one of the
^olian islands.

PHfENissA, a patronymic given to Dido
as a native of Fhcenlcia.

Ph<£nix, son of Amyntor king of Argos,
by Cleobule, or Hippodamia, was precept-
or to young Achilles. According to some,
Amyntor himself put out the eyes of his
son, which so cruelly provoked him, that
he meditated the death of his father.
Reason and piety, however, prevailed
over passion, and PhcBnix, not to become
a parricide, fled from Argos to the court
of Peleus, king of Phthia. Here he was
treated with tenderaess, Peleus carried
him to Chiron, who restored him to his
■eye-sight, and soon after he was made
preceptor to Achilles, his benefactor's son.
He was also presented with the govern-
ment of many cities, and made king of
the Dolopes. He accompanied bis pupil
to 'the Trojan war, cmd Achilles was ever
grateful for the instructions and precepts
which he had received from Phoenix. Af-
ter the death of Achilles, Phoenix, with
others, was commissioned l^ the Greeks
to return into Greece, to bring to the war
young Pjirrhus. This commission he per-
formed with success, and after the fall of
Troy, he returned with Pyrrhus, and died
in Thrace. He was buried at ^on, or,
according to Strabo, near Trachinia.
where a small river in the neigbborhooa

received the name of Phoenix A son

of Agenor, by a nymph who was called
Telephassa. He was, like his brothers,
Cadmus and Cilix, sent by his father in
pursuit of his sister Europa, whom Jupi-
ter had carried away under the form of a
bull, and when his inquiries proved un-
successful, he settled in a country which,
according to some, was from him called
Phanicia. From him, as some suppose,

the Carthaginians were called Pa^ni.

The father of Adonis, according to He-
siod. A Theban, delivered to Alexan-
der, &c. A native of Tenedos, who

was an oflicer in the service of Eumenes.

Pholoe, one of the horses of Admetus.

' A mountain of Arcadia, near Pisa.

A female servant, of Cretan origin, nyen
with her two sons to Sergestus by ^ne-

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301

'OS.— -A courtezan in the age of Ho-
race.

Pholus, one of the Centaurs, -tDn of
Silenus and Melia, or, .iccordinj; to others,
of Ixion and the cloud. He kindly en-
tertained Hercules when he was going
against the hoar of Erymanthus, but he
refused to give him wtne, as that which
he had belonged to the rest of the Cen-
taurs. Hercules, upon this, without cere-
mony, broke the cask and drank the wine.
The smell of the liquor drew the Cen-
taurs from the neighborhood to the house
of Pholus, but Hercules stopped them
when they forcibly entered the habitation
«of his friend, and killed tlie greatest part
of them. Phulus gave the dead a decent
funeral, but he mortally wounded himself
with one of the arrows which were poi-
soned with the venom of the hydra, and
which he attempted to extract from the
"body of one of the Centaurs. Hercules,
unable to cure him, buried him when
dead, and called the mountain where his
remains were deposited by the name of

Phulne. One of the friends of iEneas

killed by Turnus.

Phorbas, a son of Priam and Epithesia,
killed during the Trojan war, by Mene-
laus. The ^od Somnus borrowed his fea-
tures when he deceived Palinurus, and
threw him into the sea near the coast of
Italy.— —A son of Lapithus, who married
Hynnine, the daughter of Epeus, by

whom he bad Actor. A shepherd of

Polybus king of Corinth.— —A man who

profaned Apollo's temple. A king of

Argos. A native of Syrene, son of

Methion, killed by Perseus.

Phorcus, or Phorcvs, a sea deity, son
of Pontiis and Terra. One of the aux-
iliaries of Priam, killed by Ajax, during

the Trojan war. A man whose seven

sons assisted Turnus against ^neas.

Phormio, an Athenian general, whose
father's name was Asopicus. He impov-
erished himself to maintain and support
the dignity of his army. — —A genera! of

Crotona. A Peripatetic philosopher of

Ephesus. An Athenian archon. A

disciple of Plato.

Phormis, an Arcadian who acquired
great riches at the court of Gelon and Hie-
ro in Sicily.

Phoroneus, the gDd of a river of Pelo-
ponnesus of the same name, and second
king of Argos. Phoroneus taught his sub-
jects the utility of laws, and the advan-
tages of a social life, and of friendly inter-
course, whence the inhabitants of Argolis
are often called Phororusi. Phoroneus
was the first who raised a temple to Juno.
He received divine honors after death.

Phoronis, a patronymic of lo, as sister
of Phoroneus.

Pmoro ivi um, a town of Argolis.

Photiitus, an eunuch who was prime j
90

minister to Ptolemy, king of Egypt.
When Cesar triumphed over Egypt and
Alexandria, the pictures of Photinus, and
of some of the Egyptians, were carried in
the procession at Rome.

Photius, a son of Antoniua, who be-
trayed to Belisarius his wife's debauche-
ries. A patrician in Justinian's reign.

Phoxus, a general of the Phocaeans,

who burnt Lampsacus. A tyrant of

Chalcis, banished by his subjects.

Phraates 1st, a king of Parthia, who
succeeded Arsaces the 3d, called also
Phriapatius. He left many children be-
hind him, but as they were all too voung,
and unable to succeed to the tlirbne, he
appointed his brother Mithridates king, of
whose abilities, and military prudence,

he had often been a spectator. The 2d,

succeeded his father Mithridates iis king
of Parthia. He was murdered by some
Greek mercenaries, who liad been once
his captives, and who had enlisted in his

army, B. C. 129. The 3d, succeeded

his father Pacorus on the throne of Par-
thia, and gave one of his daughters in
marriage to Tipranes, the son of Tigranes
king of Armenia. Soon after he invaded
the kingdom of Armenia, to make his son-
in-law sit on the throne of his father. At
his return in Parthia, he was assassinated

by his sons Orodes and Mithridates.

The 4th, was nominated king of Parthia
by his father Orodes, whom he soon after
murdered, as also his own brothers. He
made war against M. Antony with great
success, and obliged him to retire with
much loss. He was murdered by one of
his concubines, who placed her son called
Phraatices on the throne.— A prince of

Parthia in the reign of Tiberius. A

satrap of Parthia.

Phraatices, a son of Phraates 4th. He,
with his mother, murdered his father, and
took {K>ssession of the vacant throne. His
reign was short.

Phradat£s, an officer in the army of
Darius at the battle of Arbela.

Phragand.e, a people of Thrace.

Phrahates, the same as Phraates.

Pmranicates, a general of the Parthian
armies.

PHRAORTEa succeeded his father Deio-
ces on the throne of Media. He was de-
feated and killed in a battle by the Assy-
rians, after a reign of twenty-two years,

B. C. C25. A king of India remarkable .

for his frugality.

Phrasicles, a nephew of Themistocles,
whose daughter Nicomacha he married.

Phrasimos, the father of Praxitbea.

Phrasius, a Cyprian soothsayer, sacri-
ficed on an altar by fiusiris king of Egypt.

Phr\.taph£rn£s, a general of the Mas-
sagetcB, who surrendered to Alexander.

A satrap who, after the death of D*-

rios, fled to Hyrcania.

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302

^ PBmiArATius, a king of Partbia, who
t<MttiBhed, B. C. 195.

PHRiciuif^ a town near Thermopylie.

Phuixus, a river of Argolis. There is
altfto a small town of that name in Ells,
built by the Minyte.

PitaoiTiMA, a daughter of Etearchus,
king of Crete. She was delivered to a
servant to be thrown into the sea, by order
of her father, at the instigation of bis
Mcond wife. The servant was unwilling
to murder the child, but as be was bound
by an oath to throw her into the sea, he
accordingly let her down into the water
t^ a rope, and took her out agaih unhurt.

PikaoivTrs, son at Onetor, pilot of the
«hip of Menelaus, after the Trojan war
*— One of the Argonauts.

PHauKi, a Scythian nation.

Phrtges, a river of Asia Minor.

Phuvgia, a country of Asia Minor, gen-
erally divided into Phrygia Major and
Minor. .The Phrygians, like all other na-
tions, were called barbarians by the
tSreetcs ; their music was of a grave and
solemn nature, when opposed to the brisk-
er and more cheerful Lydian airs. A

city of Thrace.

Phryite, a courtezan who flourished at
Athens about three hundred and twenty-
eight years before the Christian era.

There was also another of the same name
who was accused of impiety. When she
saw that she was going to be condemned,
she unveiled her bosom, which so influ-
enced her judges, that she was immedi-
ately acquitted.

Phrtniccs, a genei^l of Samos, who
endeavored to betray his country to the

Athenians. A flatterer at Athens.

A tragic poet of Athens, disciple to Thes-
pis. He was the first who introduced a

female character on the stage. A comic

poet.

PHRTNrs, a musician of Mitylene, the
first who obtained a musical prize at the
Panathenea at Athens. He added two
strings to the lyre, which had always been
used with seven by all his predecessors.

B. C. 438. A writer in the reign of

Commodus.

Phrtno, a celebrated general of Athena,
who died B. C. 590^

Phrtxus, a son of Athamas, king of
Tbebes, by Nephele. After the repudia-
tion of his mother, he was persecuted
with the most inveterate fliry by his step-
mother Ino. He was apprized of Ino's
intentions upon his life, by his mother
Nephele, and the better to make his es-
•ape, he secured part of his father's tij^as-
ures, and privately left Bceotia with his
sister Hell^. They embarked on board a
ship, or, according to the fabulous adeount
of the poets and mytbotogists, they mount-
ed on the back of a ram whose fleece was
of gold, and proceeded on tbeir Journey

through the air. The height to whit:&
they were carried niade Helle giddy, and
she fell into the sea. Fhryzns gave iker s
decent burial on the sea shore, and after
he had called the place Hellespont from
her name, be continued his flight, and ar-
rived safe in the kingdom of iEetes, where
he offered the ram on the altars of Mars.
The king received him with great tender-
ness, and gave him bis daughter Clml>
ciope in marriage. Some time after
he was murdered by bis father-in-law.
Phryxus was placed among the constella-
tions of heaven after death. ^A small

river of Argolis.

Phthia, a town of Phthiotis, at th«r
east of mount Othrys in Thessaly, where

Achilles was born. A nymph of

Achaia, beloved by Jupiter. A daugh-
ter of Amphion and Niobe, killed by Diana.

Phthiotis, a small province of Thes-
saly, also called Achaia.

Phta, a tall and beautiful woman of
Attica, whom Pisistratus, when he wish^
ed to re-establish himself a third time in
his tyranny, dressed like the gnddess Mi-
nerva, and led to the city on a chariot,
making the populace believe that the gcxf -
dess herself came to restore bim to pow-
er. The artifice succeeded.

Phtcus, a promontory, near Gyrene,
now called Ras-al-aem.

Phtlace, a town of Thessaly, built by

Phylacus.-, A town of Arcadia. A

town of Epirus.

Phtlacus, a son of Deion, king of Pho-
cis.

Phtlarchus, a Greek biographer, w^ho
flourished B. C. 221.

Phylas, a king of Ephyre, son of Anti-
ochuR, and grandson of Hercules.

Phtle, a well fortified village of Attica.

Phvleis, a daughter of Thespius.

PHYLEys, one of the Greek captains

during tile Trojan war. A son of Au-

geas, placed on his father's throne by Her-
cules.

Phylla, the wife of Demetrius Polior-
cetes, and mother of Stratonice, the wife
of Seleucus.

Phyllalia, a part of Arcadia. —A

place in Thessaly.

Phylleius, a mountain, country, and
town of Macedonia.

PHYLLiii, a daughter of Sitbon, or, ar-
cording to others, of Lycurgns, bine of
Thrace, who hospitably received Demo-
phoon the son of Theseus, who, at hit* re-
turn from the Trojan war, had stopped
on her coasts. She became enamored of
him, and did not find him insensible to her
.passion. After some months of mutual
tenderness and nffeotion, Demophoon set
sail for Athens, where his domestir affairs
recalled him. He promised faithfully to
return as soon as a month was expired j
but either bis dislike for Phyllis, or the

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Irreparable sitaation of his affairs, obliged
him to violate hia engagement, and the
queen threw herself down a precipice into
the sea, and perished. Her fiiends raised
a toiub over her body, where there grew
up cerf&in trees, whose leaves, at a par-
ticular season of the y^ar, suddenly be-
came wet, gs if shedding tears for the

death of Phyllis. A country woman

introduced in Virgil's eclogues. The

nurse of the emperor Domitian. A

country of Thrace near mount Pangeus.

Phvllius, a young Boeotian, uncom-
monly fond of Cygnus, the son of Hyria,
a woman of Boeotia. Cygnus slighted his
passion, and told him that, to obtain a
return of affection, he must previously de-
stroy an enormous lion, take alive two
large vultures, and sacrifice on Jupiter's
altar's a wild bull that infested the coun-
try . This he easily effected by means of
artifice, and by the advice of Hercules he
forgot his partiality for the son of Hyria.

A Spartan remarkable for the courage

with which he fought against Pyrrhus,
king of Epirus.

Phtixopoce, one of Cyrene's attend-
ant nymphs.

Phtllos, a coufttry of^Arcadia.— — A
town of Thessaly near Larissa, where
Apdilo had a temple.

Phvllus, a general of Phocis during
the Phocian or sacred war against the
Thebans. He had assumed the command
after the death of his brothers Philomelus
and Onomarchus.

PRTacELLA, a town of Bfacedonia.

PHrscioiT, a famous rock of Boeotia,
which was the residence of the Sphynx.

Phtscoa, a woman of Elis, mother of
NarcoBus, by Bacchus. *

Physcon, a surname of one of the Pto-
lemies, kinp of Egypt.

Phtscos, a town of Caria, "Opposite
Rhodes.

PHTacns, a river of Asia falliog into the
Tigris.

Phttali'des, the descendant of Phyta-
lus, a man who hospitably received and
entertained Ceres, when she visited Atti-
rca,.

Phttok, a general of the neople of
Rhegium against Dionysfus the lycant of
■Sicily. He was taken by the enemy and
tortured, B. C. 387.

Prtxium, a town of Elis.

Pi A, or Pi ALIA, festivals instituted in
honor of Adrian, by the emperor Antoni-
nus.

Pi ASUS, a general of the Pelasgi.

PicENi, the inhabitants of Picenum,
called also Picentcs.

PicEWTiA, the capital of the Picentini.

PicEWTiNi, a people of Italy, between
liucania and Campania on the Tuscan
#ea.

PicsRUM, or Picsifva aqer, a country

of Italy near the Umbrians and SaMoes,
on the borders of the Adriatic.

PicRA, a lake of Africa.

PicTJi, or PicTi, a people of Scythia.
called also AgatkjfrstB. They received
this name from their painting their bodies
with differetft c;olors, to appear mojre ter-
rible in the eyes of their enemies.

PrcTATi. or PicTONEs, a people of Gaul,
in the moclern country of PoicUm.

PicTAViuM, a town of Gaul.

FABfus PicTOR, a consul under whom
silver was first coined at Rome, A. U. C.
485.

PicDHMus, and Pilcvnus, two deities
at Rome, who presided over the auspices,
that were required before the celebration
of nuptials.

Pious, a king of Latium, son of Saturn,
who married Venilia, who is also called
Canens, by whom he had Faunus. As he
was one day hunting in the woods, he
was met by Circe, who became deeply
enamored of him, and who changed him
into a woodpecker, called by the name of
picua among the Latins.

PiDORUs, a town near mount Athos.

PiDTTEs, a man killed by Ulysses dur-
ing the Trojan war.

PiELUs, a son of Neoptolemus, Icing of
Epirus, after his father.

Pi ERA, a fountain of Peloponnesus, be-
tween Elis and Olympia.

PiERi A, a small tract of country in Thes-
saly or Macedonia. A place between

Cilicia and Syria. One of the wivea

of Danaus. The wife of Oxylus, the

son of Hsemon, and mother of iEtoiusand
Laias. The daughter of Pythas, a Mi-
lesian, &c.

PiERiDEs, a name given to the Muses,
either because they were born in Pieria,
in Thessaly, or because they were sup-
posed by some to be the daughters of Pie-
nis, a king of Macedonia, who settled in

Boeotia. Also the daughters of Pierus,

who challenged the Muses to a trial in
music, in which'they were conquered and
changed into magpies.

PiERis,a mountain of Macedonia.

Pierus, a mountain of Thessaly, sacred

to the Muses. A rich man of Thessaly, '

whose nine daughters, called Pierides,

challenged the Muses. A river of

Achaia, in Peloponnesus. A town of

Thessaly. A mountain with a lake of.

the same name in Macedonia.

PiETAS, a virtue which denotes venent-
tion for the deity, and love and tenderness
to our friends. It received divine honorv
among t^e Romans, and was made (me- of
their gods.

Piques and Mattvas, two brothers.,——*
The name of three rivers.

PioRUM MARE, a name applied to liie
Northern sea, from its being fVozen.

FiLUHNUs, the god of bakers at Rome.

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PiMVLA, a mountain of Macedonia with
a fountain of the same name, on the con-
fines of Thessaly, near Olympus, 8acre(f to
the Muses.

PiMrKAifA, a town on the Indus.

Pin ARE, an island of the ^gean sea.

A town of Syria, at the south of mount

Amanus -of Lycia.

PiNARius and Potitius, two old men.
of Arcadia, who came with Evander to
Italy. They were instructed by Hercu-
les, who visited the court of Evander,
how they were to offer sacrifices to his
divinity, in the morning, and in the eve-
rting, immediately at sunset. The morn-
ing sacrifice they punctually performed,
but on the evening Potitius was obliged to
offer the sacrifice alone, as Pinarius neg-
lected to come till after the appointed time.
This negligence ofibnded Hercules, and
he ordered, that for the future, Pinarius
and his descendants should preside over
the sacrifices, but that Potitius, with his
posterity should wait upon the priests as
servants, when the sacrifices were annu-
ally offered to him on n^ount Aventine.

M. Pinarius Rusca, apretor, who con-
quered Sardinia, and defeated the Corsi-
cans.

Pin ARCS, or Pindus, now Deltfou, a
river falling into the sea near Issus.

PiNcuu, a town of Moesia Superior.

PiNDARus, a celebrated lyric poet, of
Thebes. He was carefully trained from
his earliest years to the study of music and
poetry, and he was taught how to com-
pese verses with elegance and simplicity,
by Myrtis and Corinna. When be was
young, it is said that a swarm of bees set-
tled on his lips, and there left some honey-
combs as he reposed on the grass. This
was universally explained as a prognostic
of his future greatness and celebrity, and
indeed he seemed entitled to notice when
he had conquered Myrtis in a musical
contest. He was not however so success-
ful against Corinna, who obtained five
times, while he was competitor, a poet-
ical prize, which according to some, was
adjudged rather to the charms of her per-
son, than to the brilliancy of her genius,
or the superiority of her composition. In
the public assemblies of Greece, where
females were not permitted to contend,
Pindar was rewarded with the prize, in
preference to every other competitor ; and
as the conquerors at Olympia were the
subject of his compositions the poet was
courted by statesmen and princes. His
tiymns and pteans were repeated before
the most crowded assemblies in the tem-
ples of Greep«', and the priestess of Del-
phi declared that it was the wilt of Apol-
lo, that Pindar should receive the half of
all the first fruit offerinus that were an-
nually heaped on his altars. This was
not the only public honor i^hich be receiv-

ed i after his death, he was honored with
every mark of respect, even to adoration.
His statue was erected at Thebes ia the
public plJice where the games were ex-
hibited, and six centuries after it w^as
viewed with pleasure and admiration, by
the geographer Pausanias. U is said that
Pindar died at the advanced age of eighty-
six, B. C. 435. The greatest part of his
works have perished. He bad . written
some hymns to the gods, poems in honor
of Apollo, dithyramoics to Bacchus, and
odes on several victories obtained at the
four greatest festivals of the Greeks, the
Olympic, Isthmian, Pythian and Nemean
games. Of all these, the odes are the only
compositions extant, admired for sublimi-
ty of sentiments, grandeur of expression,
energy and magnificence of style, bold-
ness of metaphors, harmony of numbers.

and elegance of diction. A tyrant of^

Ephesus. A Theban, who wrote a

Latin poem on the Trojan war.

Pi NO ASUS, a mountain of Troas.

PiNDENissus, a town of Cilicia, on the
borders of Syria.

Pindus, a mountain, or rather a chain
of mountains, between Thessaly, Macedo-
nia, and Epirus. It was greatly celebrat-
ed as being sacred to the Muses and to

Apollo. A town of Doris in Greece,

called also Cyphas.

PiNGus, a river of Mysia, falling into the
Danube.

Pinna, a town of Italy, at the mouth of
the Matrinus, south of Picenum.

PiNTiA, a town of Spain, now supposed
to be VaUadolid.

Pi ON, one of the descendants of Hercu-
les who built Pionia, near the Caycus in
Mysia.

Pi ONE, one of the Nereides.

Pi ONI A, a town of Mysia, near the Cay-
cus.

PiRf us, or Piraeus, a celebrated har-
bor at Athens, at the mouth of the Cephi-
sus, about three miles distant from the
city. It was joined to the town by two
walls, in circumference seven miles and
a half, and sixty feet high, which The-
mistocles wished to raise in a double pro-
portion. One of these was built by Peri-
cles, and the other by Themistocles. The
towers which were raised on the walls to
serve as a defence, were turned into
dwelling-houses, as the population of
Athens gradually increased. It was the
most capacious of all the harbors of the
Athenians.

PiRANTMus, a son of Argus and Evad-
ne, brother to Jasus, Epidaurus, and Pe-
rasns.

PiRRNB, a daughter of Danaus. A

daughter of CEbalus, or according to oth-
ers, of the Acbelous. Pirene was so dis-
consolate at the death of her son Cen-
chrius, who bad been killed by Pianag

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305

that flhe pined away, and was dissolved
by bcr eontinual weeping into a fountain
of the same feame, which was still seen at
Corinth in the age of Pausanias. The
fountain Pirene was sacred to the Muses,
and jiccording to some, the horse Pegasus
was" then drinlcing some of its watera,
>vhen Bellerophon took it to go and con-
.quer the Chimera.

PiRiTMoo9,asonof Ixionand the cloud,
«r according to others, of Dia, the daugh-
ter of Deioneus. He formed an intimate
attachment to the celebrated Theseus, and
sometime after married Hippodamia, and
invited not only the heroes of his age, but
;aIso the gods themselves, and his neigh-
i)or8 the Centaurs, to celebrate his nup-
Mals. Mars was the only one of the gods
'Who was not invited, and to punish this
neglect, the god of war was determined
to raise a quarrel among the guests, and
to disturb the festivity of the entertain-
ment. Burythion, captivated with the
beauty of Hippodamia, and intoxicated
with wine, attempted to offer violence to
the bride, but he was prevented by The-
seus, and immediately killed. This irri-
tated the rest of the Centaurs, the contest
became general, but the valor of Theseus,
Pirithous, Hercules, and the rest of the
LApithe, triumphed over their enemies.
Many or the Centaurs were slain, and tiie
rest saved their lives by flight. The death
of Hippodamia left Pirithous very discon-
solate, and he resolved, with his friend
Theseus, who had likewise lost his wife,
never to marry again, except to a goddess,
or one of the daughters of the gods. This
determination occasioned the rape of
Helen by the two friends, the lot was
drawn, and it fell to the share of Theseus
to have the beautiful prize. Pirithous
upon this undertook with his •friend to
carry away Proserpine and to marry her.
They descended into the infernal regions,
bnt Pluto, who was apprized of their ma-
chinations to disturb his coQjusal peace,
stopped the two friends and conflned them
there. Phrithous was tied to his father's
wheel, or according to Hyginus, he was
delivered to the furies to be continually
tormented. His punishment, however,
was short, and when Hercules visited the
kingdom of Pluto, he obtained from Pro-
serpine, the pardon of Pirithous, and
brought him back to his kingdom safe and
unhurt. Some suppose that he was torn
to pieces by the dog Cerberus.

PiKUs, a captain of the Thracians dur-
ing the Trojan war, killed by Thoas, king
ofiEtolia.
PiKusTA, a people of lUyricnm. .
PiBA, a town of Elis on the Alpheus, at
the west of the Peloponnesus, founded by
Pisus the son of Perieres, and grandson
of JBolus. Its inhabitants accompanied
Ifattor to the Trojan war, and they en-
96*

joyed long the privilege of presiding tt
the Olympic games which were celebrated
near their city.

Pis £, a town of Etruria, built by a colo-
ny from Pisa in the Peloponnesus. The
inhabitants were called Pisani. Pisee was
once a very powerAil and flourishing city,
which conquered the Baleares, together
With Sardinia and Corsica.

PisAus, a surname of Jupiter at Pisa.

PisANDER, a son of Bellerophon killed

by the Solymi. A Trojan chief killed

by Menelaus. One of Penelope's suit-
ors, son of Polyctor. A son of Antima-

ohus, killed by Agamemnon during the

Trojan war. An admiral of the Spartan

fleet during the Peloponnesian war. He
was killed in a naval battle by Conon the
Athenian general near Cnidus, B. C. 394.
A poet of Rhodes.

PisATfis, or Pis^r, the inhabitants of
Pisa in the Peloponnesus.

PisAURUs, now FogliUf a river of Pice-
num, with a town called PisavruMy now
Pesaroy which became a Roman colony
in the consulship of Claudius Pulcher.
The town was destroyed by an earthquake
in the beginning of the reign of Augustus.

PissNOR, a son of Ixion and the cloud.

One of the ancestors of the nurse of

Ulysses.

PisEus, a king of Ctruria, about two
hundred and sixty years before the found-
ation of Rome. ^

PisiAs, a general of the Argives in the

age of Epaminondas. A statuary at

Athens celebrated for his pieces.

PisiDiA, an inland country of Asia Mi-
nor, between Phrygia, Pamphylia, Gala-
tia, and Isauria. It was' rich and fertile^

PisiDicB, a daughter of iEolus, who

married Myrmidon. A daughter of

Nestor. A daughter of Pelias The

daughter of a king of Methymna in Les-
bos. She became enamored of Achilles-
when he invaded her father's kingdom,
and she promised to delrver the city into
his hands if he would marry her. Achil-
les agreed to the proposal, but when he
became master of Afethymna, he ordered
Pisidice to be stoaed to death for her per-
fidy.

Fists, a native of Thespis, who gained
uncommon influence among the Thebans,
and behaved with great courage in the
defence of their libertiee. He was taken
prisoner by Demetrlos, who made him
governor of Thespie^

Pi8iBTRATiDJE,the desoendauts of Pisis-
tratus, tyrant of Athens.

PisisTRATiDEs, R mau Mttt as ambassa-
dor to the satraps of the king of Persia by
the Bpartans.

PisisTRATus, an Athenian, son of Hip
pocrates,- who early distinguished himself
by his valor in the field, and by his ad-
dress and eloquence at home. After ho

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bad rendered himself .the fovorite of the
populace by his liberality and by the in-
trepidity with which he had fought their
biUtles, particularly near Salamis, he re-
solved to make himself master of hla
country. Every thing seemed favorable
to hia views, but Solon alone, who was
then at the head of afihirs, and who had
lately instituted his celebrated laws, a|h
posed him and discovered his duplicity
and artful behavior before the public as-"-
eembly. Pisistratus was not disheartened
by the measures of his relation Solon, but
he had recourse to artifice. In returning
from his Country house, he cut himself in
varioua places, and after he had exposed
his mangled body to the eyes of the popu-
lace^ deplored his misfortunes, and accus-
ed his enemies of attempts upon his life,
because he was the friend of the people,
the guardian of the poor, and the reliever
of the oppressed, he claimed a chosen body
of fifty men from the populace to defend
his person in future from the malevolence
and the cruelty of his enemies. The un-
suspecting people unanimously granted bis
request, thougli Solon opposed it with all
bis influence ; and Pisistratus had no soon-
er received an armed band on whose fidel-
ity and attachment he could rely, than he
seized the citadel of Athens, and made
himself absolute. The people too late per-
ceived their credulity; yet, though the
tyrant was popular, two of the citizens,
Megacles and Lycurgus, conspired together
against him, and by their means he was
forcibly ejected from the city. His house
and all his effects were ex^Msed to sale,
hut there was found in Athens only one
man who would buy them. The private
dissensions of the friends of liberty proved
favorable to the expelled tyrant, and Me-
gacles, who ^as Jealous of liycurgus, se-
cretly promised to restore Pisistratus to all
bis rights and privileges in Athens, if he
would marry his daughter. Pisistratus
consented, and by the assistance of his
father-in-law, he was soon enabled to ex-

Bsl Lycurgus, and to reestablish himself.
y means of a woman called Phya, whose
shape was tall, and whose features were
noble and commanding, he imposed upon
the people, and created himself adberents
even among his enemies. Phya was con-
ducted through the streets of the city, and
showing herself subservient to the artifice
of Pisistratus, she was announced as Mi-
nerva, the goddess of wisdom, and the
patroness of Athens, who was come down
from heaven to reestablish her fayorite
Pisistratus, in fi power which was sanc-
tioned by the will of heaven, and favored
by the afl^ection of the people. In the
midst of his triumph, however, Pisistratus
found himself unsupported, and sometime
after, when he repudiated the daughter of
Megacles, he found that not only the citi-

zens, but cTen his very troepe were alien-
ated from him by the influence, the in-
trigues, and the bribery of his father-in-
law. He fled from Athens where he
could no longer maintain his power, and
retired to Euboea. Eleven years after, he
was drawn from his obscure retreat, by
means of hit son Hippias, and he was a.
third time received by the people of Ath-
ens as their master and sovereign. Upon
this he sacrificed to his resentment the
friends of Megacles, but he did not lose
sight of the public good ; and while be
sought the aggrandizement of his family,,
he did not neglect the dignity and the
honor of the Athenian name. He dieift
about five hundred and twenty-seven,
years before the Christian era, after he-
had enjoyed the sovereign power al Ath-
ens for thirty-three years, including the>
years of his banishment, and he was suc-
ceeded by his son Hippvchas. A lunff-

of Orchomenos, who rendered himself
odious by his cruelty towards the nobles.
He was put to death by them, and they
carried away his body from the public as-
sembly, by hiding each a piece of his flesh
under their garments, to prevent a dis-
covery fcom the people, of which he was.
a great favorite. A Theban attached

to the Soman interest, while the consul
Flaminius was in Greece. He assassin-
ated the pretor of BcBOtia, for which he
was put to death.

Pi9o, a celebrated family at Rome^
which was a branch of the Calpumians,
descended from Calpus the son of Numa.
Before the death of Augustus, eleven of
this ftimily had obtained the consulship,
and many had been honored with tri-
umphs, on account of .their victories, in
the different provinces of the Roman em-
pire. Of this family the most famous
were— Lucius Calpumius, who was tri-
bune of the people, about one bundreil
and forty-nine years before Christ, and af-
terwards consul. His frugality procured
him the surname of Frugit and he gained
the greatest honors as an orator, a lawyer,
a statesman, and an historian. He com-
posed some annals and harangues, which
were lost in the age of Cicero. His style

was obscure and inelegant. Caius, a

Roman consul, A. U. C. 687, who support-
ed the consular dignity against the tu-
mults of the tribunes, and the clamors of

the people. Cneius, another consul

under Augustus. He was one of the &•
vorites of Tiberius, by whom he was ap-
pointed governor or Syria, where he ren-
dered himself odious by his cruelty. He
was accused of having poisoned Germani-
ctts, and when he saw that he was sbnn-
ned and despised by his friends, he de-
stroyed himself, A. D. 20.-— ^Lncins, a
governor of Spain, who was assassinated
by apea8ant,aabewastiavelllngthnNig|i •

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307

tlw country .X Lucius, a private man,

accused of having uttered seditious words

against the emperor Tiberius. Lucius,

a governor of Rome for twenty years, an
o^ce which he discharged witli the great-
est justice and credit. He was greatly
honored by the friendship of Augustus, as
well as of his successor, a distinction be
deserved, both as a faithful citizen and a
man of learning. Horace dedicated his
poem de arte Poeticdy to his two sons,
whose partiality for literature had distln-
puisbed them among the rest of the Ro-
mans, and who were fond of cultivating

poetry in their leisure hours. Cneius,

a. factious and turbulent youth, who con-
;s(pired against his country with Catiline.
He was among the friends of Julius Ce-

flar. Caius, a Roman who was at the

bead of a celebrated conspiracy against
the emperor Nero. He had rendered him-
self a favorite of the people by his private,
as well as public virtues, by the generosi-
ty of his behavior, his fondness of pleasure
<with the voluptuous, and his austerity
•with the grave and the reserved. He had
been marked by some as a proper person
Co succeed the emperor > but the discovery
of the plot by a freedman, who was among
the conspirators, soon cut him off, wi^h
all his partisans. He refused to court the
affections of the people, and of the army,
when the whole had been made public, ana
instead of taking proper measures for his
preservation, either by proclaiming him-
self emperor, as his friends advised, or by
seeking a retreat in the distant provinces
of the empire, he retired to his own house,
where he opened the veins of both his

arms, and bled to death. Lucius, a

senator who followed the emperor Vale-
rian into Persia. He proclaimed himself
emperor after the death of Valerian, but
he was defeated and put to death a few

weeks after, A. D. 261, by Valens. Lu-

cinianus, a senator adopted by the empe-
ror Galba. He was put to death by Otho's

orders. A son-in-law of Cicero. A

patrician, whose daughter married Julius
Cesar. One of the thirty tyrants ap-
pointed over Athens by Lysander.

Pisotris VILLA, a place near Bale in
Campania, which the emperor Nero often
frequented.

PissiRus, ft town of Thrace, near the
river Nestus.

PisTOR, a surname given to Jupiter by
the Romans, signifying baker, because
when their city was taken by the Gauls,
the god persuaded them to throw down
loaves from the Tarpeian hill where they
were besieged, that the enemy might from
thence suppose, that they were not in want
of provisions, though in reality they were
near surrendering through famine. This
deceived the QaulSi and they soon after
isised the iiegei

FisTbRiA, now Pistoja, a town of Etm-
ria, at the footof tlte Apennines, near Flo-
rence.

Pisus, a son of Aphareus, or according
to others of Perieres.

PisuTHNEs, a Persian satrap of Lydia,
who revolted froqi Darius Nothus. His
father's name was Hystaspes.

PiTANE, a town of iEolia in Asia Minor.
The inhabitants made bricks which swam

on the surface of the water. A town of

Laconia.

PiTARATus, an Athenian archon, during
whose magistracy Epicurus died.

PiTHScusA, a small island on the coast
of Etruria, anciently called JEnaria, and
Enarina, with a town of the same name,
on the top of a mountain. The frequent
earthquakes to which it was subject,
obliged the inhabi|auts to leave it.

PiTHo, called also Suadq, the goddess
of persuasion amohg the Greeks and Ro-
mans, supposed to be the daughter of Mer-
cury and Venus. She was represented
with a diadem on her head, to intimate
her influence over the hearts of men.
One of her arms appears raised as in the
attitude of an orator, haranguing in a pub-
lic assembly, and with the other she holds
a thunderbolt and fetters, made with flow-
ers, to signify the powers of reasoning,

and the attrtictions of eloquence. A

Roman courtezan.

PiTHOLAUs and LrcoPHRow. seized
upon the sovereign power of Phera, by
killing Alexander. They were ejected by
Philip of Macedonia.

PiTHOLEOKi, an insignificant poet of
Rhodes, who mingled Greek and Latin in
his compositions.

PiTHow, one of the body guards of Al-
exander, put to death by Antiochus.

PiTHTs, a nymph beloved by Pan. Bo-
reas was also fond of her, but she slighted
his addresses, upon which he dashed her
against a rock, and she was changed into
a pine tree.

Pitt AGO 9, a native of Mitylene in Les-
bos, was one of the seven wise men of
Greece. His father's name was Cyrradi-
us. With the assistance of the sons of
Alcffius. he delivered his country from the
oppression of the tyrant Melanchrus, and
in the war which the Athenians waged
against Lesbos he appeared at the head
of his countrymen, and challenged to sin-
gle combat Phrynon the enemy's general.
As the event of the war seemed to de-
pend upon this combat, Pittacus had re-
course to artifice, and when he engaged,
he entangled his adversary in a net, which
he had concealed under his shield, and
easily despatched him. He was amply
rewarded for his victory, and his country-
men, sensible of his merit, unanimously
appointed him governor of their city with
dnlimited authority. In this capacity

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SOS

Pittacos behaved with great moderation
and prudence, and after be bad governed
bis fellow citizens with the strictest jus-
tice, and afler he had established and en-
forced the most salutary laws, he volunta-
rily resigned the sovereign power after he
bad enjoyed it for ten years, observing
that the virtues and innocence of private
life were incompatible with'the power and
influence of a sovereign. His disinterest-
edness gained him many admirers, and
when the Mityleneans wished to reward
his public services by presenting him with
an immense tract of territory, he refUsed
to accept more land than what should be
contained within the distance to which he
could throw a javelin. He died in the
eighty-sedond year of his age, about five
hundred and seventy years before Christ,
after he had spent the last ten years of his
life in literary ease, and peaceful retire-
menL A grandson of Porus king of In-
dia.

PiTTHEA, a town near Trflfezenc.

PiTTHEu», a king of Tnezene in Argo-
iis, son of Pelops and Hippodamia. He
was universally admired for his learning,
wisdom, and application.

PiTCAif ics, a mathematician in the age
of Tiberius, thrown down from the Tar-
peian rock.

Pi TULA Ni, a people of Umbria. Their
chief town was called Pitulum.

Pitt A A, a town of Asia Minor.

PittaIssus, a town of Pisidia.

PiTToNEsus, a small island en the coast
of Peloponnesus, near Epidaurus.

PiTTus, now PiteMnday a town of Col-
•chis.

PiTTusA, a small island on the coast of

Argolis. A name of Chios. ^Two

small islands in the Mediterranean, near
the coast of Spain, of which the larger
ivas called Ebusus^ and the smaller OpH-

Pics, a surname given to the emperor
Antoninus, on account of his piety and vir-
tue. A surname given to a son of Me-

tellus, because he interested himself so
warmly to have his father recalled from
banishment.

FLACEivTiA,now called Placenza, an an-
cient town and colony of Italy, at the con-
fluence of the Trebia and Po.— — Another,
near tiusitania, in Spain.

pLAciDEiANua, a gladiator in Horace's
age.

Placidta, a daughter of Tbcodosius
the Great, sister to Honorius and Arcadius.
8be married Adolpbus, king of the Groths,
and afterwards Constantius, by whom she
had Vaientinian the 3d. She died A. D.
449.

Placidius, Julius, a tribune of a cohort,
who imprisoned the emperor Vitellius.

Planasia, a small island of the Tyr-
vtiA«ie sea. Another, on the coast of

Gaul, where Tiberius ordered Agrippa, the
grandson of Augustus, to be put to death.
A town on the Rhone.

Plarcina, a woman celebrated for her
intrigues and her crimes, who married
Piso, and was accused with him of having
murdered Germanicus, in the reign of Ti-
berius. She was acquitted either by means
of the empress Livia, or on account of the
partiality of the emperor for her person^
After the death of Agrippina, Flancina was
accused of the most atrocious villaniesj
and, as she knew she could not elude jus^
tice, she put herself to death, A. D. 33.

L. Plakcus MuRATius, a Roman, who
rendered himself ridiculous by his follies
and his extravagance. He had been consul,
and had presided over a province in the
capacity of governor, but he forgot all his
dignity, and became one of the most ser<
vile flatterers of Cleopatra and Antony*
At the court of the Egyptian queen in Al-
exandria, he appeared in the character of
the meanest stage dancer. This exposed
him to the public derision, and when An-
tony had joined the rest of bis friends in
censuring him for his unbecoming beha-
vior, be deserted to Octavtus, who received
him with great marks of friendship and
attention. Horace has dedicated an ode
to him; and he certainly deserved the
honor, from the elegance of his letters,
which are still extant, written to Cicero.
He founded a town in Gaul, which he
called Lugdunum. A patrician, pro-
scribed by the second triumvirate.

Plangoit, a courtezan of Miletus, in
Ionia.

Plata A, a daughter of Asopus, kine of
Bceotia. An island on the coast of Af-
rica, in the Mediterranean. It belonged

to the Cyreneans.

Platjea, a town of Bceotla, near mount
Citbaeron, on the confines of Megaris and
Attica, celebrated for a battle fought there,
between Mardonius the commander of
Xerxes king of Persia, and Pausanias the
Lacedemonian, and the Athenians. Pla-
tsa was taken by the Thebans, after a
famous siege, in the beginning of the Pe-
loponnesian war, and destroyed by the
Spartans, B. C. 427. Alexander rebuilt it,
and paid great encomiums to the inhab-
itants, on account of their ancestors, who
had so bravely fought against the Persians
at the battle of Marathon and under Pau-
sanias.

Platawius, a river of Bceotia.

Plato, a celebrated philoeopher at
Athens,' a son of Ariston i^nd Parectonit.
As one of the descendants pf Cpdms, and
as the ofibpring of a noble, illustrtous, and
opulent family, Plato was educated with
care, his body was formed aqd invigorated
with gymnastic exercises, and his mind
was cuKi^rated and enl||litened by the
study of poetry ^d of iBometiy, fron

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309

tvblch he derived that aciiteness of Judj;-
inent, and warmth of imagination, wiiich
hive stamped his character as tlie most
fiiibtle and flowery writer of antiquity.
He first began his Jiterary career by writ-
ing poems and tragedies ; but he was
soon disgusted witli his own productions,
when, at the age of twenty, lie was intro-
duced into the presence of Socrates, and
when he was 'enabled to compare and ex-
amine, with critical accuracy, tiie merit
tif liis compositions with those of his po-
etical predecessors. During eight y|^rs
he continued to be one of the pupils of
Socrates ; and, if he was prevented by a
momentary indisposition from attending
the philosopher's last moments, yet he
collected, from the conversation of those
that were present, and from his own ac-
curate observations, the minutest and
most circumstantial accounts, which can
exhibit in their truest colors, the concern
and sensibility of the pupil, and the firm-
ness, virtues, and moral sentiments, of
tlie dying philosopher. After the death
of Socrates, Plato retired from Athens,
and, to acquire that information which
the accurate observer can derive in foreign
countries, he began to travel over Greece.
He visited Megara, Ttiebes, and Elia,
where lie met with the kindest reception
from his fellow disciples, whom the vio-
lent death of their master had likewise re-
moved from Attvca. He afterwards vis-
ited Magna Gra^cia, .attracted by the fame
of the Pythagorean philosophy, and by the
learning, abilities, and reputation, of its
professors, Philulaus, Archytas, and Eury-
tus. He afterwards passed into Sicily,
and examined the eruptions and fires of
the volcano of that island. He also visit-
ed Egypt, where then the mathematician
TheiKiorus flourished, and where he knew
that the tenets of the Pythagorean philoso-
phy <and metempsychosis had been foster-
ed and cherished. When he had finish-
ed his travels, Plato retired to the groves
of Academus, in the neighborhood of
Athens, where his lectures were soon at-
tended by a crowd of learned, noble, and
illustrious pupils ; and the philosopher, by
refusing to have a share in the adrainistrn/-
lion of affairs, rendered his name more
famous, and his school more frequented.
During forty years he presided at the
iiead of the academy, and there he de-
voted his time to the instruction of his pu-
jiils, and composed those dialogues which
have been the admiration of every age and
country. His studies however, were in-
■Cerrupted for a while, whilst he obeyed
the pressins calls and invitntions of Dio-
nysius, and whilst he persuaded the ty-
rant to become a man, the father of his
people, and the friend of liberty. Tn his
dress the philosopher was not o^tenta-
tioii0, bis maimers were eleganti but mod-

est, simple, without affectation, and the
great honors wiiich his learning deserved
were no^ paid to his appearance. When
he came to the Olympian games, Plato re-
sided, during the celebration, in a family
who were totally strangers to him. He
eat and drank with them, he partook of
their innocent pleasures and amusements ;
but, though he told them his name was
Plato, yet he never spok^ of the employ-
ment he pursued at Athens, and never in-
troduced the name of that philosopher
whose doctrines he followed^ and whose
death and virtues were favorite topics of
conversation in every part of Greece.
When he returned home, he was attend-
ed by the family which had so kindly en-
tertained him ; and,. as being a native of
Athens, he was desired to show them the
great philosopher whose name he bore :
their surprise was great when he told
them that he himself was the Plato whom
they wished to behold. In his diet he
was moderate, and indeed, to sobriety and
temperance in the use of food, and to the
want of those pleasures which enfeeble
the body and enervate the mind, some
have attributed his preservation during
the tremendous pestilence which raged
at Athens with so much fury at the be-
ginning of tlie Peloponnesian war. Plato
was never subject to any long or lingering
indisposition, and though change of cli-
mate had enfeebled a constitution natur>
ally strong and healthy, the philosopher
lived to au advanced age and was often
heard to say, when his physicians advised
him to leave his residence at Athens,
where the air was impregnated by the
pestilence, thcit he would not advance one
single step to gain the top of mount Athos,
were he assured to attain the great lon-
gevity which the inhabitants of that
mountain were said to enjoy above the
rest of mankmd. Plato died on his birth
day, in the eighty -first year of his age,
about 348 years before the Christian era.
His last moments wefe easy and without
pain, and, according to some, he expired
in the midst of an entertainment, or, ac-
cording to Cicero, as he was writing.
The works of Plato are numerous ; they
are all written in the form of a dialogue,
except twelve letters. His writings were .
so celebrated, and his ojiinion co respect-
ed, that be was called divine ; and for the
elegance, melody, and sweetness of his
expressions, he was distinguished by the
appellation of the Athenian bee. Cicero
had such an esteem for him, th^t in the .
warmth of panegyric, he exclaimed errare
meherculd malo cum Platone.^ qm'tm cum istis
vera sentire; and Quintilian said, that
when he read Plato, he seemed to hear
not a man, but a divinity, speaking. — >

A son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. -A

Greek poet, called the prince of the mid-
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310

die comedy, who flourished B. C. 445.
Some fragments remain of his pieces.

Plator. a man of Dyrrbachmm, put to
death by Piso.

Plat IS, a river of Venetia, in Italy.

Plautia lex, was enacted by M. Plau-
tius, the tribune, A. U. C. 664. It requir-
ed every tribe annually to chooee fifteen
persons of their body, to serve as judges,
making the honor common to all the three
orders, according to the majority of votes

in e^ry tribe. Another, called also

Plotia, A. U. C. 675. It punished with the
interdictio iffnis et aqutSj all persons who
were founa guilty of attempts upon the
state.

Plautiawus, Pdltius, an African of
mean birth, who was banished for his se-
ditious behavior in the years of his obscur-
ity. In his banishment, Plautlanus form-
ed an acquaintance with Severus, who
some years after ascended the imperial
throne. This was the beginning of his
prosperity. Plautianus shared the favors
of Severus in obscurity as well as on the
throne. He was invested with as much
power as his patron at Rome, and in the
provinces, and, indeed, he wanted but the
name of emperor to be his equal. To com-
plete his triumph, and to make himself
still greater, Plautianus married his favor-
ite daughter Plautilla to Caracalla, the son
of the emperor; and so eager was the em-
peror to indulge his inclinations in this,
and in every other respect, that he de-
clared he loved Plautianus so much, that
he would even wish to die before him.
The marriage of Caracalla with Plautilla
was attended with serious consequences.
The son of Severus had complied with
great reluctance, and, though Plautilla was
amiable in her manners, Commanding in
aspect, and of a beautiful countenance, yet
the young prince often threatened to pun-
ish her haughty and imperious behavior
as soon as he succeeded to the throne.
Plautilla reported the whole to her fkther,
and to save his daughter from the ven-
geance of Caracalla, Plautianus conspired
against the emperor and his son. The
conspiracy was discovered, and Severus
forgot his attachment to Plautianus, and
the favors he had heaped upon him, when
he heard of his perfidy. The wicked min-
ister was immediately put to death, and
Plautilla banished to the island of Lipari,
with her brother Plautius, where seven
years after, she was put to death by order
of Caracalla, A. D. 211.
Plautilla, a daughter of Plaiftianns,

the favorite minister of Severus. The

mother of the emperor Nerva descended
of a noble famijy.

Plautius, a Roman, who became so
disconsolate at the death of his wife, that
he threw himself upon her burning pile.
—— CaiuSf a consul sent against the Pri-

vernates. Al^lus, a governor of Britaiit,

who obtained an ovation for the conquests
he had gained there over the barbarians.

One of Otho's friends. He dissuaded

him from killing himself. M. Sylva-

nus, a tribune, who made a law to pre-
vent seditions in the public assemblies.

RubelliuB, a man accused before Nero,

and sent to Asia, where he was assassin-
ated.

Plautus, M. Accius, a comic poet, bora
at Sarsina, in Umbria. Fortune proved
unMnd to him, and, from competence, be
was reduced to the meanest poverty, by
engaging in a commercial line. To main-
tain himself, he entered into the family
of a baker as a common servant, and,
while he was employed in grinding com,
he sometimes dedicated a few moments to
the comic muse. He wrote twenty-five
comedies, of which only twenty are ex-
tant. He died about one hundred and
eighty-four years before the Cbristiaa era.
The plays of Plautus were universally
esteemed at Rome, and the purity, the en-
ergy, and the elegance of his language,
were, by other writers, considered as ob-
jects of imitation. iElianus, a bi)^

priest, who consecrated the capitol in tJie
reign of Vespasian.

Pleiades, or Vergilije, a name given
to seven of the daughters- of Atlas by Plei-
one or iEthra, one of the Oceanides.
They were placed in the heavens after
death, where they formed a constellation
called Pleiades, near the back of the bull
in the Zodiac. Their names were Alcy-
one, Merope, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Ste-
rope, and Celeno. They all, except Me-
rope, who married Sisyphus, king of Co-
rinth, had some of the immortal gods for
their suitors. On that account, therefore^
Merope's star is dim and obscure among

the rest of her sisters. Seven poeta.

. who, from their number, have received
the name of Pleiades, near the age of Phi-
ladelphus Ptolemy, king of Egyi^. Their
names were Lycophron, Theocritus, Ara-
tus, Nicander, Apollonius, Philicus, and
Homerus the younger.

Pleione, one of the Oceanides, who
married Atlas, king of Mauritania, by
whom she had twelve daughters, and a
son called Hyas. Seven of the daughten
were changed into a constellation called
Pleiades, and the rest into another called
Hyades.

Plemmtrium, now Massa OUveri, a
promontory with a small castle of that
name, in the bay of Syracuse.

Plemkeus, a king of Sicyon, son of Pe^
ratus. His children always died as sooa
as born, till Ceres, pitying his misfortune,
offered herself as a nurse to his wife, aa
she was going to be brought to bed. The
child lived by the care aod protection of
the goddess, and Piemnous was no tooa«f

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311

Hcqaainted with the dignity of his nurse,
than he raised her a temple.

Pleumosii, a people of Belgium, the in-
habitants of modern Tournay.

Pleuratus, a king of Illyricum.

FLsuROff, a son of iEtolus who married
Xantippe, the daughter of Dorus, by whom
he had Agenor. He founded a city in
^tolia on the Evenus, which bore his
nanne.

Plexaore, one of the Oceanides.

PLEXifPus, a son of Thestius, brother to
Althea, the wife of CEneus. He was
killed by his nephew Meleager, in bunt-
ing the Calydonian boar. His brother

Toxeus shared his fate. A son of Phi-

neiis and Cleopatra, brother to Pandion,
king of Athens.

C Pliwius SECUPiDus,sumamed the El-
der^ was born at Verona, of a noble fa-
mily. He distinguished himself in the
field, and, after he had been made one of
the augurs at Rome, he was appointed
governor of Spain. In his public charac-
ter he did not neglect the pleasures of lit-
erature, the day was employed in the ad-
ministration of the affairs of his province,
and the night was dedicated to study.
Every moment of time was precious to
him ; at his meals one of his servants read
to him books valuable for their informa-
tion, and from them he immediately made
copious extracts, in a memorandum book.
To a mind so earnestly devoted to learn-
ing, nothing appeared too laborious, no
undertaking too troublesome. He deemed
every moment lost which was not dedicat-
ed to study, and, from these reasons, he
never appeared at Rome but in a chariot,
and, wherever he went, he was always
accompanied by his amanuensis. But if
his literary pursuits made him forget the
public affairs, his prudence, his abilities,
and the purity and innocence of his cha-
racter, made him known and respected.
He was courted -and admired by the em-
perors Titus and Vespasian, and he re-
ceived from them all the favors which a
virtuous prince could offer, and an honest
subject receive. As he was at Misenum,
where he commanded the fleet, which
was then stationed there, Pliny was sur-
prised at the sudden appearance of a cloud
of dust and ashes. He was then ignorant
of the cause which produced it, and he
immediately set sail in a small vessel for
mount Vesuvius, which he at last discov>
ed to have made a dreadful eruption. The
place was deserted by the inhabitants, but
Pliny remained there during the night, the
better to observe the mountain, which, du-
ring the obscurity, appeared to be one con-
tinual blaze. He was soon disturbed by
a dreadful earthquake, and the contrary
wind on the morrow prevented him from
returning to Misenum. The eruption of
tlie volcano increased, and, at last, the fire

approached the place wheie the pbflotfo-
pher made his observations. Pliny endea-
voured to fly before it, but though he was
supported by two of his servants, he was
unable to escape. He soon fell down, suf-
focated by the thick vapors that surround-
ed him. His body was found three days
after and decently buried by his nephew,
who was then at Misenum with the fleet.
This memorable event happened in the
seventy-ninth year of the Christian era,
and the philosopher who perished by the
eruptions of the volcano, has been called
by some the. martyr of nature. He was
then in the fifty-sixth year of his age. Of
the works which he composed none are ex-
tant but his natural history in thirty-seven
books. It is a work, as Pliny the younger
says, full of erudition, and as varied as
nature itself. It treats of the stars, the
heavens, wind, raih, hail, minerals, trees,
flowers, and plants, be^des an account of
all living animals, birds, fishes, and beasts^
a geographical description of every place
on the globe, and an history of every art
and science, of commerce and navigation^
with their rise, progress, and several im-
provements. C. Ceecilius Secundus,

suriiamed the younger^ was son of L. Cae-
cilius by the sister of Pliny the elder. He
was adopted by his uncle whose name he
assumed, and whose estates and effects lie
inherited. He received the greatest part
of his education under Quintilian, and at
the age of nineteen he appeared at the bar,
where he distinguished himself so much
by his eloquence, that he and Tacitus
were reckoned the two greatest orators of
their age. When Trajan was invested
with the imperial purple, Pliny was cre-
ated consul by the emperor. This honor
the consul acknowledged in a celebrated
panegyric which at the request of the Ro-
man senate, and in the name of the whole
empire, he pronounced on Trajan. Some
time after he presided over Pontus and
Bithynia, in the office, and with the power,
of proconsul, and distinguished himself by
his humanity towards his subjects, and hia
favor towards the Christians. If he ren-
dered himself popular in his province, he
was not less respected at Rome. He was
there the friend of the poor, the patron of
learning, great without arrogance, affable
in his behavior, and an example of good
breeding, sobriety, temperance, and mo-
desty. As a father and a husband his
character was amiable ; as a subject he
was faithful to his prince ; and as a ma-
gistrate, he was candid,' open, and com-
passionate. His native country ' shared
among the rest, his unbounded benevo-
lence ; and Comum, a small town of In-
subria which gave him birth, boasted of
his liberality in the valuable and choice
library of books which he c6llected there.
He died in the fifty -second year of his age.

D'gitized by

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312

A. D. lis. Hfc had written an history of
hit own times, whicli is lost. He atso
wrote poetry, but his verses Iiave all per-
ished, and nothing of his learned works
remains, but his panegyric oo the emperor ,
Trajan, and ten books of letters, which be
himself collected and prepared for the pub-
lic, from a numerous and respectable cor-
respondence.

Pi.1 If THINK, a town of Egypt on the Me-
diterranean.

Flistarchus, son of Leonidas of the fa-
mily of the Eurysthenidie, succeeded on
the Spartan throne at the death of Cleom-
brotus. A brother of Cassander.

Plisthanus, a philosopher of Elis who
succeeded in the school of Phedon.

PLisTHfiNKS, a son of Atreus king of
Argos, father of Menelaus and Agammem-
non according to Hesiod and others.

PLisTiivua, a brother of Faustulus the
shepherd, who saved the life of Romulus
and Remus. He was killed in a scuffle
which happened between the two broth-
ers.

Plistoanax and Plistonax, son of
Pausanias, was general of the Lacedemo-
nian armies in the Peloponnesian war.
He reigned fifty-eight years. He had suc-
ceeded Plistarchus.

Pjlistus, a river of Pbocis falling into
the bay of Corinth.

Plotjs, a small island on the coast of
iEtolia, called also Strophades.

Plot IN A Pompsia, a Roman lady who
married Trajan while he was yet a private
man. She entered Rome in the proces-
aion with her husband when he was salut-
ed emperor, and distinguished herself by
the affability of her behavior, her humani-
ty, and liberal offices to the poor and
friendless. She accompanied Trajan in
the east, and at his death she brought back
his ashes to Rome, and still enjoyed all
the honors and titles of a Roman empress
under Adrian, who, by her means, had
succeeded to the vacant throne. At her
death, A. D. 123, she was ranked among
the gods, and received divine honors.

Plotinopolib, a town of Thrace built
by the emperor Trajan, and called after

Plotina, the founder's wife. Another in

Dacia.

Plotinus, a Platonic philosopher of Ly-
copolis in Egypt. He was for eleven years
a pupil of Ammonius the philosopher, and
after he had profited by all the instruc-
tions of his learned preceptor, he deter-
mined to improve his knowledge and to
visit the territories of India and Persia to
receive information. He accompanied
Gordian in his expedition into the east,
but the day which proved fatal to the em-
peror, nearly terminated the liOe of the
philosopher. He saved himself by flight,
and the following year he retired to R6me,
where he publicly taught philosophy. He

was the favorite of all the Romans ; aad
while he charmed the populace by the
force of his eloquence, and the senate by
his doctrines, the emperor Gallienus court-
ed him, and admired the extent of his
learning. The philosopher, at last, be-
come helpless and infirm, returned to
Campania, where the liberality of his
friends for a while maintained him. He
died A. D. 270, in the sixt} -sixth year of
his age.

Plotiui Cribpinus, a stoic philosopher
and poet, whose verses were very inele-
gant, and whose disposition was morose^

Gallus, a native of Lugdunum, who

taught grammar at Rome, and had Cicero

among his pupils. Griphus, a man made

senator by Vespasian. A centurion in

Cesar's army. Tucca, a friend of Hor-
ace and of Virgil, who made him his heir.

Lucius, a poet in the age of the great

Marius, whose exploits he celebrated in
his verses.

Plusios, a surname of Jupiter at Sparta,
expressive of his power to grant riches.

Plutarchus, a native of ('heronea, de-
scended of a respectable family. His fa-
ther, whose name is unknown, was dis-
tingtiished for his learning and virtues,
and his grandfather, called Lamprias, was
also as conspicuous for his eloquence and
the fecundity of his genius. Under Am-
monius, a reputable teachf^r at Delphi,
Plutarch was made acquainted with phi-
losophy and mathematics, and so well es-
tablished was his character, that he was
appointed by his countrymen, while yet
very young, to go to the Roman pro-con-
sul, in their name, upon an aflair of the
most important nature. This commission
he executed with honor to himself, and
with success for his country. He after-
wards travelled in quest of knowledge,
and after he had visited, like a philosopher
and an historian, the territories of Ep>'pt
and Greece, he retired to Rome, where lie
opened a school. His reputatation made
his school frequented. The emperor Tra-
jan admired his abilities, and honored him
with the office of consul, and appointed
him governor of lUyricum. Alter the
death of his imperial "benefactor, Plutarch
removed from Rome to Cha'ronea, where
he lived in the greatest tranquillity, res-
pected by his fellow citizens, and raised
to all the honors which his native town
could bestow. In this peaceful and soli-
tary retreat, Plutarch closely applied him-
self to study, and wrote the greatest part
of his works, and particularly his livea.
He died in as advanced age at Chcronea,
about the one hundred and fortieth year
of the Christain era. The most esteemed,
of his works are his lives of illastrious
men, of whom he examines and deline-
ates the diflTerent characters with wonder-
fill skill and impartiality. He writes with

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313

inrecisioii and witb fidelity, and tbough
his diction is neither puire nor elegant, yet
there is energy and animation, and in
many descriptions he is inferior to no his-
torian.— ^—A native of Eretria, during the
Peloponnesian war. He was defeated by
the Macedonians.

Plutia, a town of Sicily.

Pluto, a son of Saturn and Ope, inhe-
rited his father's kingdom with his broth-
era Jupiter and Neptune, He received as
his lot the kingdom of hell, and whatever
lies under the earth, and as such he be-
came the god of the infernal regions, of
death and funerals. From his functions,
and the place be inhabited, he received
different names. He was called DiSj Ha-
des, or ^(Us, Clytopolon, Agelcmtus^ Orcus,
Sec, As the place of his r^jtUlRnce was
obscure and gloomy, all the fccmessefl re-
fused to marry him ; but he d^rmined to
obtain by force what was denied to his
aolicitations. As he once visited the is-
land of Sicily, after a violent earthquake,
he saw Proserpine, the daughter of Ceres^
gathering flowers in the plains mt Enna,
with a crowd of female attendants. He
hecame enamored of her, and immediate-
ly carried her away upon bis chariot drawn
by four horses. To make this retreat more
unknown he opened himself a passage
through the earth, by striking it with his
trident in the lake of Cyane in Sicily, or,
according to others, on the borders of the
Gephisus^ in Attica. Proserpine called
upon her attendants fhr help, but in vain,
and she became the wife of her ravisher,
and the queen of hell. Pluto is generaHy
represented as holding a trident with two
teeth, he has also keys in his hand, to inti-
mate that whoever enters his kingdom
can never return. He is looked upon as a
hard-hearted and inexorable god, with a
gcim and dismal countenance, and for that
reason no temples were raised to his ho-
nor as to the rest of the superior gods.
Black victims, and particularly a bull,
were the only sacrifices which were offer-
ed to him.

PLUToiriuu, a temple of Pluto in Lydia.

Plutus, son of Jasion or Jasius, by
Ceres, the goddess of corn, has been con-
founded by many of the mythologists with
Pluto, though plainly distinguished from
him as being the god of ricbes. He was
» brought up by the goddess of peace, and
on that account. Pax was represented at
Athens, as holding the god of wealth in
her lap.

Pi,uvius,'a surname of Jupiter as god
of rain. He was invoked by that name
among the Romans, whenever the earth
was parched up by continual heat, and
was in want of refreshen in £j showers.

pLTKTBRiA, a festival amongthe Greeks,
in honor of Aglauros, or rather of Minerva,
who received from the daughter of Ce-
37 t

cropfl the name of Agiaaros. Tlie dxy on
which it was observed was univereally
looked upon as unfortunate and inauspi-
cious.

Pnigsus, a village of Egypt, fidar Phtft-
nicia.

Pfrrx, a place of Athens, set apart by
Solon for holding assemblies.

PoBLicius, a lieutenant of Pompey In
Spain.

PoDALiRTUs, a son of iGsculapius and
Kpione. He was one of the pupils of the
Centaur Chiron, and he made himself un-
der him such a master of medicine, that
during the Trojan war, the Greeks invited
him to their camp, to stop a pestilence
which had baffled the skill of all their
physicians. At his return from the Tro-
jan war, Podalirius was shipwrecked on
the coast of Caria, where he cured of the
falling sickness and married a daughter of
DamoBtas the king of the place.* He fixed
his habitation there and built two towns,
one of which he called Syrna, by the name
of his wife. The Carians, after his death,
built him a temple, and paid him divine

honors. A Rutulian engaged in the

wars of iEneas and Turnus.

PoDAKCE, a daughter of Danaus.

PoDARCEs, a son of Iphiclus of Thespaly,

who went to the Trojan war. The first

name of Priam. When Troy was taken
by Hercules, he was redeemed from slave-
ry by his sister Hesione, and from thence
received the name of Priam.

PoDARss, a general of Mantinea, in the
age of Epaminondas.

PoDAROE, one of the Harpies, mother of
two of the horses of Achilles, by the Ze-
phyrs. The word intimates the swiftnesg
of her feet.

Pod ARGUS, a charioteer of Hector.

P(EA«, son of *rhaumacus, was among

the Argonauts. The father of Philocte-

tes.

PcEciLE, a celebrated portico at Athens.
It way there that Zeno kept his school,
and the stoics also received their lessons
ther^. The Poeeile was adorned with pic-
tures of gods and benefactors, and among
many others was that of the siese and
sacking of Troy, the battle of Theseus
against the Amazons, the fight between
the Lacedemonians and Athenians at
GSnoe in Argolis, and at Atticutf the great
friend of Athens. ^

PcENi, a name given to the Carthagini-
ans.

P(Eoi». {Vid. Fcon.y

P(EO!viA, a part of Macedonia. {Vid,
Paionia.)

P(EU8, a part of mount Pindus.

PoGotv, a harbor of the TraB7.enian8 on
the coast of the Peloponnesus.

PoLA, a city of Istria, founded by the
Colchians, and afterwards made a Roman
colony, and caUed PiftMJMat^

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314

PoLBMAKCRut, the aBsasflB of Polydo-
rus Hing of Bparta.

PoLSMocRATi A, aqae0B of Thrace, who
fled to Brutus after the murder of Cssar.

PoLCMoif, a youth of Athens, son of
Fhilostratus. He was much given to de>
baucbery and extravagance^ and spent the
greatest part of his life in not and drunk-
enness. He once, when intoxicated, en-
tered the school of Xenocrates, while the
iriiiloeopher was giving his pupils a lecture
upon the effects of intemperance, and he
was so struck with the eloquence of the
academician, and force of his arguments,
that from that moment be renounced
the dissipated life he had led, and applied
himself totally to the study of philosophy.
He was then in the thirtieth year of his age,
and from that time he never drank any other
liquor but water j and after the death of Xe-
nocrates he succeeded in the school where
his reformation had been effected. He
died about two hundred and seventy years
before Christ, in an extreme old age. — UA
son of Zeno the rhetorician, made king of
Pontus by Antony. He was killed by the
barbarians near the Palus Meotis, against

whom he had made war. His son of

the same name was confirmed on his fa-
ther's throne by the Roman emperors, and
the province of Cilicia was also added to

his kingdom by Claudius. An officer

in the army of Alexander, intimate with

Philotas. A rhetorician at Rome, who

wrote a poem on weights and measures,

still extant. A sc^hist of Laodicea in

Asia Miiior, in the reign of Adrian. la
the ftfty-sixth year gf his age he buried
himself alive, as be labored with the gout.

PoLXMONiuM, now VaUjaf a town of
Pontus, at the east of the mouth of the
Thermodon.

P0LIA8, a surname of Minerva, as pro-
tectress of cities.

PoLicHivA, a town of Troas on Ida.

Another of Crete.

PoLiEiA, a festival at Thebes iinhonor
of Apollo, who was represented there with
gray hair, contrary to the practice of all
other places.

PouoRCETEs, (dc««roi/er ofeitieay) a sur-
name given to Demetrius, son of Antigo-
nus.

FoLisMA, a town of Troas, on the Si-
mois.

PoLiRTRATDs, an Epicurean philosopher.

P0LITE8, a son of Priam and Hecuba,
killed by Pyrrhus in his father's presence.
His son, who bore the same name, follow-
ed jfSneas into Italy, and was one of the
friends of young Ascauius.

PoLiTORiuM, a city of the Latins de-
stroyed by the Romans, B. C. G39.

PoLLiNEA,an infamous woman.

PoLLA Argentaria, the wife of the
poet Lucaii. She assisted her husband
Ui correcting tlie three first books of his
»*'^" 'salia.

PoLLBifTiA, BOW Polenid, a town ef
Liguria injjtaly, famous for wooh There
was a celebrated battle fought there h»»
tween the Romans and Alaric,-^king of
the Huns, about the 403d year of the

Christian era. A town of Majorca

of Picenum.

PoLLBs, a Greek poet whose writings
were so obscure and unintelligible that
his name became proverbial.

PouLio, C. Asinius, a Roman consul,
under the reign of Augustus, who distin-
guished himself as much by his eloquence
and writings as by his exploits in the field.
He patronised, with great liberality, the
poetd Virgil and Horace, who have im-
mortalised him in their writings. He
was the first who raised a public libraFy-
at Rome, and indeed his example was
afterwards followed by- many of the em-
perors. He was greatly esteemed by- Au-
gustus when he had become one •£ his
adherents, after the ruin of Antony. Pol-
lio wrote some tragedies, oratioas, and an
history, which was divided into seven-
teen bosks. All these compositions are
lost, and nothing remains- of his writings
except a few letters to Cicero. He died
in the eightieth year of his age, A. D. 4.
He is the person in whose honor Virgil has-.

inscribed his fourth eclogue, PolHo.

Annius, a man accused of sedition before-
Tiberius, and acquitted. He afterwards

conspired against Nero. Vedios,one

of the friends of Augustus, who U8c»d to

feed his fishes with human flesh. A

man who poisoned Britannicus, at the in-
stigation of Nero. An historian in the-

age ot Constantine the Great. A soph-
ist in the age of Pompey the Great. A

friend of the emperor Vespasian.

PoLLis, a commander of the Lacede-
monian fleet defeated at Naxos, B. C. 377.

PoLLirs FiLix, a friend of the po«
Statius, to whom he dedicated his second
Sylva.

PoLLUPXz, now Final, a town of Genoa.

PoLLUTiA, a daughtei of L. Vetus, put
to death after her husband Rubellius Plau-
tus, by order of Nero.

Pollux, a son of Jnpiter by ILeda the
wife of Tyndarus. He was brother to
Castor. A Greek writer, who flourish-
ed A. D. 186, in the reign of Commodus»
and died in the 58th year of his age.

P0LTI8, a king of Thrace, in the time
of the Trojan war.

PoLus, a celebrated Grecian actor.

A sophist of Agrigentum. ,

PoLuscA, a town of Latium, formerly
the capital of the Volsci. The inhabi-
tants were called PailuaUni.

PoLTJENus, a native of Macedonia, who
wrote eight books in Greek of stratagems^
which he dedicated to the emperors An-
toninus and Verua, while they were
makiBg war agaiiut. the Paxtliiaibk il*

Digitized by-VjOOQlC

316

wrote also other books which have been
lost, among which was an history, with ai

description of the city of Thebes. A

friend of Philopoemen. An orator in

the age of Julius Cuesar. A mathemati-
cian, who afterwards followed the tenets
of Epicurus, and disregarded geometry as
a false and useless study.

PoTAi«U3, a mountain of Macedonia,
near Pindus.

Poly ARC Hus, the brother of a queen of
Cyrene.

Poly Bi DAS, a general after the death of
Agesipolis the LacedoBmonian. He reduc-
ed Olynthus.

PoLYBius, or PoLYBus, a king of Co-
rinth, wlio married Periboea, whom some
have called Meropc. He was son of
Mercury by Chthonophyle, the daughter
of Sicyon, king of Sicyon. He permitted
his wife, who had no children, to adopt
and educate as her own son, CEdipus,
who had been found by his shepherds ex-
posed in the woods. As he had no mahe
child, he left his kingdom to Adrastus,
who had been banished from his throne,
and who bad fled to Corinth for protec-
tion.

PoLYBius, a native of Megalopolis in
Peloponnesus, son of Lycortas. He was
early initiated in the duties, and made
acquainted with the qualiflcations of a
statesman, by his father, who was a strong
supporter of the Achaean league, and un-
der him Pbilopcemen was taught the art
of war. In Macedonia he distinguished
himself by his valor against the Romans,
and when Perseus ^had been conquered,
he was carried to the capital of Italy as a
prisoner of war. But he was not long
buried in the obscurity of a dungeon.
Bcipio and Fabius were acquainted with
his uncommon abilities as a warrior and
as a man of learning, and they made him
their friend by kindness and attention.
Polybius was not insensible to their mer-
it ; he accompanied Scipio in his expedi-
tions, and was present at the taking of
Carthage and Numantia. In the midst of
his pros|>erity, however, he felt the dis-
tresses of his country, which had been
reduced into a Roman province, and, like
a true patriot, he relieved its wants, and
eased its servitude by making use of the
influence which he had acquired by his
acquaintance -with the most powerful Ro-
mans. ' After the death of his friend and
benefactor Scipio, he retired from Rome,
and passed th^ rest of his days at Mega-
lopolis, v^here he enjoyed the comforts
and honors which every good man can
receive from the gratitude of his citizens,
and from the self-satisfaction which at-
tends a humane and benpvolent heart.
He died in the eiehty-second year of his
age, about one hundred and twenty-four
years bsfore Christ, of a wound which be

had received by a fall from his horse. He
wrote an universal history in Greek, di-
vided into forty books, which began with
the wars of Rome with the Cartha^nians,\
and finished with the conquest of Mace-
donia by Paul us. The greatest part of
this valuable history is lost ; the five first
books are extant, and of the twelve fol-
lowing the fragments are numerous. The
history of Polybius is admired for its au-
thenticity. A freedman of Augustus.

A physician, disciple and successor

of Hippocrates. A soothsayer of Co-
rinth, who foretold to his sons the fata
that attended them in the Trojan war.

PoLYBCEA, a daughter of Amyclas and
Diom6de, sister to Hyacinthus.

PoLYBOTEs, one of the giants who made
war against Jupiter. He was killed by
Neptune, who crushed hi;n under a part
of the island of Cos, as he was walking
across the ^Ggean.

PoLYBus, a king of Thebes in Egypt in

the time of the Trojan war. One of

Penelope's suitors. A king of Sicyon.

A king of Corinth.

PoLYCAON, a son of Lelex who succeed-
ed his brother Myles. A son of Butes,

who married a daughter of Hyllus.

PoLYCARPUs, a famous Greek writer,
born at Smyrna, and educated at the ex-
pense of a rich but pious lady. He be-
came bishop of > Smyrna, and went to
Rome to settle the festival of Easter, but
to no purpose. He was condemned to be
burnt at Smyrna, A.J). 167.

PoLYCASTE, the youngest of the daugh-
ters of Nestor.

PoLYc HARES, a Hch Messonian, said to
have been the cause of the war which
was kindled between the Spartans and his
countrymen, which was called the first
Messenian war.
- Poi.YCLEA, the mother of ThessMus.

PoLYCLEs, an Athenian in the time of

Demetrius. A famous athlete, often

crowned at the four solemn games of the
Greeks.

Po^YCLETus, a celebrated statuary of
Sicyon, abqut two hundred and thirty-
two years before Christ. He was univer-
sally reckoned the most skilful artist of
his profession among the ancients, and
the second rank was given to Phidias.

He was acquainted with architecture.

Another who lived about thirty years af-
ter. A favorite of the emperor Nero,

put to death by Galba.

PoLrcLiT(7s, an historian of Larisaa.

PoLYi'RATE,s, a tyrant of Samoa, well
known for the continual flow of good for-
tune which attended him. He had a fleet
of a hundred ships of war, and was so
universally respected, that Amasis, the
kin« of Egypt, made a treaty of alliance
with him. * The Egyptian monarch, how-
ever, terrified by his continual jprosperltv

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

816

adrised htm to chequer his enjoyments,
by relinquishing some of his most favorite
objects. Polyrrates complied, and threw
into the sea a beautiful seal, the most val-
uable of his Jewell*. The voluntary loss
of so precious a seal afflicted him for some
time, but a few days alter, he received as
a present a large fish, in whose belly the
jewel was found. Amasis no sooner
heard this, than he rejected all alliance
with the tyrant of Sanios, and observed,
that sooner or later his good fortune
would vanish. Some time after Polycra-
tes visited Magnesia on the Mecander,
where he had been invited by Oroetes, the
governor. He was shamefully put to
death, five hundred and twenty-two years
before Christ, merely because the govern-
or wished to terminate the prosperity of

Poly crates. A sophist of Athens.

An ancient statuary.

POLYCRETA, Or PoLTCRITA, a yOUUg WO-

man of Naxos, who became the wife of
Diognetus, the general of the Erythreans,

&c. Another woman of Naxos, who

died through excess of joy.

PoLYcaiTus, a roan who wrote the life
of Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily.

PoLvcToR, the husband of Stygna, one

of the Danaides. The father of Pisan-

der, one of Penelope'a suitors. An

athlete of Elis.

PoLTDJEMON, an Assyrian i^ince killed
by Perseus.

PoLYDAMAs, a Trojan, son of Antenor
by Theatio, the sister of Hecuba. He
married Lyraste, a natural daughter of

Priam. A son of Panthous, born the

same night as Hector. He was killed by
Ajax, after he had slaughtered a great

number of the enemy. A celebrated

athlete, son of Nicias, who imitated Her-
cules in whatever he did. He was one
day with some of his friends in a cave,
when on a sudden, a large piece of rock
came tumbling down, and while all fled
away, he attempted to receive the falling
fragment in his arms. His prodigious
strength, however, was insuficient, and
he was instantly crushed to pieces under

the rock. One of Alexander's officers

intimate with Parmenio.

PoLTOAMNA, a wife of Thonis, king of
Egypt. It is said that she gave Helen a
certain powder, whic^ had the wonderful
power of driving away care and melan-
choly.

P0LTDECTE8, a king of Sparta, of the
family of the Proclidte. He was son of

Euiiomus. A son of Mngnes, king of

the island of Seriphos. He received with
great kindness Danae and her son Per-
seus, who had been exposed on the sea by
Acriaius. He took particular c^re of the
education of Perseus ; but when he be-
came enamored of Danae, he removed
him from his kingdom, apprehensive of

his resentment. Some time after be paid
his addresses to Danae, and when she re-
jected him, he prepared to offer her vio-
lence. At this critical moment, Perseus
arrived, and with Medusa's head he turn-
ed into stones Polydectes, with the asso-
ciates of his guilt. A sculptor of

Greece.

PoLTDEUcEA, a fouutaiu of Laconia,
near Therapne.

PoLYpoRA, a daughter of Peleus king
of Thessaly, by Antigone, the daughter
of Eurytion. She married the river Sper-

chius, by whom she had Mnestheus.

One of the Ocsanides. A daughter of

Meleager king of Calydon, who married
Protesilaus. She killed herself when she

heard that her husband was dead. A

daughter of Perieres. An island of the

Propontis near Cyzicus.

P0LYDORU8, a son of Alcaroenes, king
of Sparta, lie put an end to the war
which had been carried on during twenty
years, between Messenia and his subjects,
and during his reign, the Lacedsemoniaiis
planted two colonies, one at Crotona, and
the other at Locri. He was universally
respected. He was assassinated by a no-
bleman, called Polemarchus. A cele-
brated carver of Rhodes, who with one
stone made the famous statue of Laocoon

and his children. A son of Hippome-

don, who went with the Epigoni to the
second Theban war. A son of Cad-
mus and Hermione, who married Nycteis,
by whom he had LAbdacus, the father of
Laius. He had succeeded to the throne
of Thebes, when his father had gone lo

Illyricum. A brother of Jason of Phe-

re, who killed bis brother, and seized

upon his possessions. A soi\ of Priam

killed by Achilles. Another son of Pri-
am by Jlecuba, or according to others by
Laothoe, the daughter of Altes, king of
Pedasus. As he was young and inexpe-
rienced when Troy was besieged by the
Greeks, his father reqnoved him to the
court qf Polymnestor, king of Thrace,
and also intrusted to the care of the n^oo-
arch a large sum of money, and the great-
est part of his treasures, till his country
was freed from foreign invasion. No
sooner was the death of Priam known in
Thrace than Polymnestor .made himself
master of the riches which were in his
possession^ and to insure them the bet-
ter, he assassinated young Polydorus, and
threw his body into the sea, where it waa
found by Hecuba.

PoLYQiue, a surname of Mercury.

PoLYGNOTiTs, a Celebrated painter of
Thasos, about four hundred and twenty-
two years before the Christian era. His
father's name was Aglaophon. He par-
ticularly excelled in giving grace, liveli>
ness, and expression to his pieces.— o^A
statuary.

y Google.

317

FoLTGowtTs and TELEGofcus, sons of
Proteus and Coronis, were killed by Her-
cules.

PoLTHTMniA, and PoLirMNiAjOneof the
Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemo-
syne. She presided over singing and rhe-
toric, and was deemed the inventress of
barinony. She was represented veiled
in white, holding a sceptre in her left
hand, and with a crown of jewels on her
head. '

PoLTiDius, a physician who brought
back to life Glaucus, the son of Minos, by
applying to his body a certain herb, with
which he had' seen a serpent restore life

to another which was dead. A son of

Hercules by one of the daughters of Thes-

tius. A Corinthian soothsayer, called

also Polybius, A dithyrambic poet,

painter, and musician.

PoLTLAUs^ son of Hercules and Crathe,
daughter of Thespius.

PoLTMED£, a daughter of Autolycus,
who married iEson, by whom she had Ja-
son.

PoLTMEDON, One of Priam's illegitimate
children.

PoLtmela, one of Diana's companions.

A daughter of iEolus, seduced by

Ulysses. A daughter of Actor.

Polymenes, an officer appointed to take
care of Egypt after it had been conquered
by Alexander.

Poltmkestes, a Greek poet of Colo-
phon. A native <ff Thera.

PoLTMNESTOR. a king of the Thracian
Chersonesus, wno married Ilione the eld-
est of Priam's daughters. When the
Greeks besieged Troy, Priam seQt the
greatest part of his treasures, together
with Polydorus, the youngest of his sons
to Thrace, where they were intrusted to
the care of Polynmestor. The Thracian
monarch paid every attention to his bro-
ther in-law ; but when he was informed
that Priam was dead, he murdered him to
become master of the riches which were
in his possession. At that time, the
Greeks were returning victorious from
Troy, foUowred by all the captives, among
whom was Hecuba, the mother of Poly-
dorus. The fleet stopped on the. coasts of
Thrace, where one of the female captives
di.^covered on the shore the body of Poly-
dorus, whom Polyranestor had thrown into
the sea. The dreadful intelligence was
imm'ediately communicated to the mother,
and Hecnha, who recollected the frightful
dreams which she had had on the preced-
ing night, did not doubt but Polymnestor
was the cruel assassin. She resolved to re-
venge her son's death, and immediately
■he called out Polymnestor, as if wishing
to impart to him a matter of the most im-
portant nature. The tyrant was drawn
into the snare, and was no sooner intro-
duced into the apartmehts of the Trojan
27*

princess, than the female captives rushed
upon him J and put out his eyes with their
pins, while Hecuba murdered his two

children who had accompanied hira. A

king of Arcadia, succeeded on the throne

by Ecmis. A young Milesian who took

a hare in running, and afterwards obtain-
ed a prize at the Olympic games.

PoLTNicES, a son of CEdipus king of
Thebes, by Jocasta. He inherited his fa-
ther's throne with his brother Eteocles,
and it was mutually agreed between the
two brothers, that they should reign each
a year alternately. Eteocles first ascend-
ed the throne by right of seniority ; but
when the year was expired, he refused to
resign the crown to his brother. Poly-
nlces, upon this, fled to Argos, where he
married Argia, the daughter of Adrastus,
the king of the country, and levied a large
army, at the head of which he marched
to Thebes. The command of this army
was divided among seven celebrated
chiefs, who were to attack the seven gates
of the city of Thebes. The battle was de-
cided by a single combat between the
two brothers, who both killed one an-
other.

PoLTNOE, one of the Nereides.

Fot.TPEMo?f, a famous thief, called also
Procrustes, who plundered all the travel-
lers about the Cephisus, and near Eleusis
in Attica. He was killed by Theseus.

PoLYPERCHOir, or POLTSPERCHOW, OUO

of the officers of Alexander. Antipater at
his death, appointed him governor of the
kingdom of Macedonia, in preference to
his own son Cassander. Polyperchon,,
though old, and a man of experience,
. showed great ignorance in the adminis-
tration of the government. He was killed
in a battle, 309 B. C.

Polyphemus, a celebrated Cyclops, king
of all the Cyclops in Sicily, and son of
Neptune and Thoosa, the daughter of
Phorcys. He is represented as a monster
of strength, of a tall stature, and one eye
in the middle of the forthead. He fed
upon human flesh, and kept his flocks on.
the coasts of Sicily, when Ulysses, at his
return from the Trojan war, was driven
there. The Grecian prince, with twelve
of his companions, visited the coast, and
were seized by the Cyclops, who confined
them in his cave, and daily devoured two
of them. Ulysses would have shared the
fate of his companions, had he not intoxi-
cated the Cyclops, and put out his eye
with a firebrand while he was asleep.
Polyphemus was awaked by the sudden
pain, he stopped the entrance of his cave,
but Ulysses made his escape by creeping
between the legs of the rams of the Cy-
clops, as they were led out to feed on the
mountains. 'Polyphemus became enamor-
ed of Galataea, biit his addresses were dis-
regarded , and the nymph shunned his p'^

318

3 of the Argonaats, ion of
EJatus and Hippea.

PoLYFHONTA, 006 of Diana's nymphs,
daughter of Hippnnus and Thraosa.

PoLTPHoNTEd, One of the Heraclida*.,
who killed Cresphontes, king of Messe-

nia, and usurped his crown. One of

the Theban generals, under Eteocles.

FoLVFffiTEs, a son of Pirithous and Hip-

podainia at the Trojan war. A son of

Apollo by Pythia. One of the Trojans

whom iKneas saw when he visited the in-
fernal regions.

PoLTsFERCHON. Vtd. Polyperchon.

PoLVBTBATus, fl, Macedonian soldier,
who found Darius after he h«ad been stab-
bed by Bessus, and who gave him water
to drink, and carried me last injunctions
of the dying monarch to Alexander.-

An epicurean philosopher who flourished
B. C. 238.
PoLYT£crrus, an artist of Colophon,

Srho married iEdon, the daughter of Pan-
arus.
* PoLTTioN, a friend of Alcibiades, with
whom he profaned the mysteries of Ce-
res.

PoLTTiMETUs, a Tiver of Sogdiana.

PoLTPHRoif, a prince killed by bis ne-
Idiew Alexander, the tyrant of pherte.

PoLrxROPos, a man sent by the Lace-
demonians with an army against the Ar-
cadians. He was killed at Orchomenus.

PdLTXENA, a daughter of Priam and
Hecuba, celebrated for her beauty and ac-
complishments. ^Achilles became enamor-
ed of her, and solicited her hand, and
their marriage would have been consum-
mated, had not Hector her brother oppos-
ed it. Polyxena, according to some au-
thors, accompanied her father when he
went to the tent of Achilles to redeem the
body of his son Hector. Sometime after
the"^recian hero came into the temple of
Apollo to obtain a sight of the Trojan
princess, but he was murdered there by
Paris ; and Polyxena, who had returned
his affection, was so afflicted at his death,
that she went and sacrificed herself op
his tomb.

PoLTXKNtDAs, a Syrian general, who
flourished B. C. 193.

PoLTXBNus, one of the Greek princes
during the Trojan war. His father's name

was Agasthenes. A son of Medea by

Jason. A young Athenian who became

blind. A general of Dionysius, from

whom he revolted.

PoLTxo, a priestess of Apollo's temple
in Lemnoa. It was by her advice that the
Lemnian women murdered all their hus-
bands. One of the Atlantides.' A

native of Argos, who married TIepolemus,
aon of Hercules. She followed him to
Rhodes, after the murder of his uncle Li-
cymnius, and when he departed for the
Trojan war with the rest of the Greek

princes, she became the sole mistress of

the kingdom. The wife of Nycteua.

One of the wives of Danaus.

PoLYZELus, a Greek poet of Rhodes.
Some of his verses are quoted by Athe-

nteus. An Athenian archon.

'Pomax.%:thr£s, a Parthian soldier, who
killed Cl^ssus according to some.

POMETIA, PoM£TII,and POMETIA SUE»-

SA, a town of the Volsci in Latium, total-
ly destroyed by the Romans, because it
had revolted.

' PoM£TiNA,'one of the tribes of the peo-
ple at Rome.

Pomona, a nymph at Rome who was
supposed to preside over gardens, and to
be the goddess of all sorts of fruit-trees.
She was generally represented as sining
on a basket full of flowers and fruit, and
holding a bough in one hand, and apples
in the other.

Pompeia, a daughter qf Sextus Pompey,
by Scribonia. She was promised to War-
cellus, as a means of procuring a recon-
ciliation between her father and the tri-
umvirs, but she married Scribonius Libo.
A daughter of Pompey the Great, Ju-
lius Cesar's third wife, and by him repu-
diated. The wife of Annwus Seneca,

was the daughter of Pompeius Paullinus.

There was a portico at Rome, called

Pompeia, much frequented by all orders of
people.

PoMPsiA LEX, by Pompey the Great, de
ambitu, A. U. C. 701. It ordained that
whatever person hftd been convicted of
the crime of amMtust should be pardoned,
provided he could impeach two others of
the same crime, and occasion the condem-
nation of one of them. Another by the

same, A. U. C. 701, which forbade the use
of latidatores in trials, or persons who gave
a good character of the prisoner then im-
peached. Another by the same, A. V.

C. G83. It restored to the tribunes their
original power and authority, of which
they had been deprived by the Cornelian

law. Another by the same, A. U. C.

701. It shortened the forms of trials. The
plaintiff was confined to two hours, and

the defendant to three. Another by the

same, A. U. C. 698. It required, that the
judges should be the richest of every cen-
tury, contrary to the usual form. An-
other of the same, A. U. C. 701. Pompey
was by this empowered to continue in the
government of Spain five years longer.

PoMPKiANL's Jupiter, a large statue of
Jupiter, near Ponipey's theatre, whence il
received its name.

PoMPEiANus, a Roman knight of An-
tioch, raised to offices of the greatest trust,
under the emperor Aurelius, whose daugh-
ter Lucilla he married. A general of

Maxentius, killed by Constantino. — -A
Roman put to death by Caracalla.^

PoMPKii, or FovpsiuM, a town of Cam-

319

nania, ballt, a» Bome suppose, by Hercu-
les, and so called because the hero there
exhibited the long procession (povipa,) of
the heads of Geryou, which he had ob-
tained by conquest. It was partly de-
molished by an earthquake, A. D. 63, and
afterwards rebuilt. Sixteen years after it
was swallowed up by another earthquake,
which accompanied one of the eruptions
of mount Vesuvius. Herculaueuni, in its
neighborhood, shared the same fate. The
people of the town were then assembled
in a theatre, where public spectacles were
exhibited.

PoMPEiopoLis, a town of Cilicia, for-
merly called Soli. Another in Paphla-

gonia.

Q,. PoMPEius, a consul who carried on
war agaiiist the Numantines, and mside a
shaihefUl treaty. He is the first of that
noble family, of whom mention is made.

Cneus, a Roman general, surnamed

SLrabo, because he squinted. He was
killed by a dash of lightning, and as he
had behaved with cruelty while in power,
the people dragged his body through tlie
streets of Rome with an iron hook, and
threw it into the Tiber. Rufus, a Ro-
man consul with Sylla. He was sent to
finish the Marsian war, but the army mu-
tinied at the instigation of Pompeius Stra-
bo, whom he was to succeed in command,
and he was assassinated by some of the
soldiers.—^ — A general who succeeded
Metellus in Spain, and was the occasion
of a war with Numantia. Another gen-
eral taken prisoner by Mithridates. .

Sextus, a governor of Spain, who cured
himself of the gout by placing himself in
corn above the knee. Rufus, a grand-
son of Sylla. A tribune of the soldiers

in Nero's reign, deprived of his office
when Piso's conspiracy was discovered.

A consul praised for his learning and

abilities. A son of Theophanes of Mity-

lene, famous for his intimacy with Pom-

pey the Great, and for his writings. A

tribune of a pretorian cohort under Galba.

A Roman knight put to death by the

emperor Claudius for his adultery with

Messalina. Cneus, surnamed the Great,

from his wonderful exploits, was son of
Pompeius Strabo and Luoilia. He early
distinguished himself in the field of battle :
and, by pleading at the bar, he displayed
his eloquence, and received the most un-
bounded applause. Pompey followed the
interest of Sylla ; and, in his twenty-sixth
year, he conquered Sicily, which was
then in the power of Marius, and regained
all the territories of Africa, which had re-
volted from Sylla. Afler the death of
Sylla, Pompey was made consul ; and, by
the influence of his friends at Rome, he
was empowered to finish the war against
Mithridates, kingof Pontus, and Tigranes,
king of Aroienia. He totally defeated tl\e

army of the king of Pontus, and that mo».
arch with difficulty escaped ; he next en<
tered Armenia, and received the submis*
sion of king Tigranes •, and, after he had
conquered the Albanians and Iberians,
visited countries which were scarcely
known to the Romans, and, like a master
of the world, disposed of kingdoms and
provinces, receiving the homage of twelve
crowned heads. He entered Syria, and
pushed his conquests as far as the Red
sea. Part of Arabia was subdued, Judaea
became a Roman province, and, when he
had nothing to fear from Mithridates^ who
had destroyed himself, Pompey returned
to Italy with all the pomp and majesty of.
an eastern conqueror. To strengthen him-
self still further, Pompey united with Cae-
sar and Crassus, and formed the first tri-
umvirate J and the provinces of the repub-
lic were arbitrarily divided between the
triumvirs. But this powerful confederacy
was soon broken by the death of Xulia.
daughter of Ca3sar, whom Pompey had
married ; and the total defeat of Crassus
in Syria. While the conqueror of Mith-
ridates was considered as a sovereign at
Rome, the adherents of Caesar were not
silent : they demanded that either the con-
sulship should be given to him, or that he
should be continued in the government of
Gaul, of which he had been deprived.
This demand was refused, and a civil war
was the consequence. Caesar collated
his forces, and crossed the Rubicon ; and,
in sixty days, all Italy acknowledged his
power. Several famous battles were
fought between these great men, 'with al-
ternate success -J at length the two armies
met and engaged on the plains of Phar-
salia, whero Pompey was obliged to give
way, overwhelmed with grief and shame.
He disguised himself, and fled to the sea-
coast, whence he passed i^nto Egypt, and
claimed protection from Ptolemy, who
basely betrayed him. A boat was sent to
fetch him on shore, and, after an affec-
tionate parting with his wife Cornelia,
Pompey disembarked, and was assassin-
ated by Achillas and Septimius. His head
was cut ofl^, and. sent to Caesar, who turn-
ed away from it with horror, and shed a
flood of tears. The body remained for
some time naked on the sea-shore, till
Philip, one of his freedmen, raised a burn-
ing pile, and deposited his ashes under a
mound of earth. The two sons of Pompey
the Great, Cneius and Sextus, after tiie
death of their father, prepared to oppose
the conqueror ; but Caesar met them with
vigor and success ; and at the battle of
Munda they were defeated, and Cneius
lea among the slain. Sextus fled to Si-
cily, and was shortly afterwards murder^
ed by order of Mark Antony.

PoMPELON, a town of Spain, ntfw Po*
pdunUf the capital of Navarre.

320

PoMFiLiU9 NuHA, the second king of

■ Rome. ( Vid. Niima.) Andronicus, a

grainmanan of Syria.

PoMPiMA, a daughter of Numa Pompi-
lius. She married Numa Martius, by
whom she had Aucus Martius, the fourth
king of Home.

PoMPiLus, a fisherman of Ionia. He
carried into Miletus, Ocyroe the daughter
of Chesias, of whom Apollo was enamor-
ed, but before he had readied the shoro,
the god clianged the boat into a rock, Pom-
pilus into a fish of the same name, and
carried away Ocyroe.

PoMPiscus, an Arcadian.

PoMPowiA, the wife or CI. Cicero, sister
to Pomponius Atticus. She punished with
the greatest cruelty Philologus, the slave
who had betrayed her husband to Antony,
and she ordered him to cut his flesh by
piecemeal, and afterwards to boil it and

eat it in her presence. A daughter of

Pomponius Grscinus, in the age of Au-
gustus. Another matron banished from

Rome by Domitian, and recalled by Nerva.

Pomponius, the father of Numaj advised
Ills son to accept the regal dignity which
the Roman ambassadors offered to him. —
A celebrated Roman intimate with Cicero.
He was surnamed Atticus, from his long

residence at Athens. FLiccus, a man

appointed governor of MoBsia and Syria by

Tiberius. A tribune of the people in

the time of Servilius Ahala the consul.
— ^-Labeo, a governor of Ma?sia, accused
of ill management in his province. He
destroyed himself by opening his veins.

Mela, a Spaniard who wrote a book on

geography. A proconsul of Africa accus-
ed by the inhabitants of his province, and

aequitted. A Roman who accused

Manlius the dictator of cruelty. He es-
caped from Rome, and the tyranny of the
triumvirs, by assuming the habit of a pne-
tor, and by travelling with his servants
disguised in the dress of liptora with their
fasces. Secundns, an olBcer in Ger-
many In the age of Nero. He was honor-
ed with a triumph for a victory over the

barbarians of Germany. A friend of C.

Gracchnsi, He was killed in attempting
to defend him. An ofticer taken pri-
soner by Mithridates. A dissolute

youth. r-Sextus, a lawyer, disciple to

Papinian.

PoMPosiAxrs, a Roman put to death by
Domitian. He had before been made con-
sul by Vespasian.

C. PoMPTiNus, a Roman officer who
conquered the Allobroges after the defbat
pf Catiline.

PoMPUs, a king of Arcadia.

P0W8 JEuvs was liuilt by the emperor
Adrian at Rome. It is Ftill to be seen, the

largest {ind most beautifiil in Rome.

ifimylius, an ancient bridge at Rome, ori-
~*nally colled SubMciuSf because built with

wood (suhliMt.) It was much tT^ured hy
the overflowing of the river, and the empe-
ror Antoninus, who repaired it^ made it all

with white marble. Aniensis was built

across the river Anio, about three miles

from Rome. Cestus was built in the

Yeiprn of Tiberius. Aurelianus was built

with marble by the emperor Antoninus.

Armoniensis was built by Augustus",

to join the Flaminian to the iGmyltan road.

Bnjanus was built at Baie'in the sea

by Caligula. Janicularis received its

name from its vicinity to mount Janicu-

luni. It is still standing. Milvius was

about one mile from Rome. Palatinus,

near" mount Palatine, was also called Se-
natoriuSf because the senators walked over
it in procession, when they went to con-
sult the Sybil line books. Tr^janus was

built by Trajan across the Danube, cele-
brated fbr its bigness and magnificenee.

Another was built by Tra/an over the

Tagus, part of which still remains.

The largest single arched bridge known
is over the river Elaver in France, called

Pons Veteris Brivatis. Suffragionim

was birilt in the Campus Martius. Ti-

rensis, a bridge of Latium between Arpi-

num and Mintumae. Triumphalis was

on the way to the capitol, and passed over

by those who triumphed. Namiensis

joined two mountains near Narnia, built
by Augustus, of stupendous height, sixty
miles from Rome : one arch of it/emains,
about one hundred feet high.

PuNTiA, a Roman matron who commit-
ted adultery with Sagitta. A mother

famous for her cruelty. A surname of

Venus at Hermione. A woman con-
demned by Nero as guilty of a conspiracy.
She killed herself by opening her veins.

An island in the Tyrrhene sea, where

Pilate, surnamed Pontms, is supposed to
have lived.

PoNTicuM MARE, tho sea of Pontus, ge-
nerally called the Euxlne.

PoNTicus, a poet of Rome, contempora-
ry with Propertius, by whom he is com-
pared to Homer. A man in Juvenal's

age, fond of boasting of the antiquity and
great actions of his family, yet without
possessing himself one single virtue.

Po?JTii»rA, or PoMPTiWA LAcrs, a lake in
the country of the Volsci, through which
the great Appian road passed. This lake
is now become verj' dangerous from the
exhalations of its stagnant water.

PoNTiNus, a friend of Cicero. A tri-
bune of the people, whoreftised to rise up
when CflEsar passed in triumphal proces-
sion. A mountain of Argolis, with a

river of the same name.

PojTTius AuFiDiANus, a Roman citizen,
who upon hearing that violence had been
offered to his daughter, punished her and

her ravisher with death. Kerennius, a

general of the Samnites, who surrounded

321

the Roman army under the consuls T« Ve-
tiirius and P. Posthumius. Pontius spared
the lives of the enemy, after he bad oblig-
ed tbem to pass under the yoke with the
greatest ignominy. He was afterwards
conquered, and siiamefully put to death

by the Romans. A Roman slave who

told Sylla in a prophetic strain, that he

brought him success from Bellona, One

of the favorites of Albucilla. Titus, a

Ronnan centurion, of uncommon strength.
PoNTus, a kingdom of Asia Minor,
bounded on the east By Colchis, west by
the Halys, north by the Euxine m^b., and
south by part of Armenia. The kingdom
of Pontus was in its most flourishing state
under Mithridates the Great. Wlien J.
Caesar had conquered it, it became a Ro-
man province. A part ol Mysia in Eu-
rope on the borders of the Euxine sea,

where Ovid was banished. An ancient

deity, father of Phorcys, Thaumas, Ne-
reus, Eurybia, and Ceto, by Terra. He is
the same as Ocean us.

PoNTus EuxiNus,a celebrated sea, situ-
ate at the west of Colchis. It is called
the Black Sea by the moderns.

M. PopiLius, a consultwho was inform-
ed, as he was offering a sacrifice, that a
sedition was raised in the city against the
senate. .(Jpon this he immediately went
to the populace in his sacerdotal robes, and
quieted the multitude with a speech. He

lived about the year of Rome 404.

Caius, a consul, who, when besieged by
tbe Gauls, abandoned his baggage to save
his army. Laenas, a Roman ambassa-
dor to Antiochus, king of Syria.- — A tri-
bune of the people who murdered Cicero,
to whose eloquence he was indebted for

his life. A prietor who banished the

friends of Tiberius Gracchus from Italy.

A Roman consul who made war

against the people of Numantia, and was
defeated by them. ■ A senator who
alarmed the conspirators against Ceesar,
by telling them that the whole plot was

discovered. A Roman emperor.

^opLicoLA, one of the first consuls.
Popp^tA Sabina, a celebrated Roman
matron, daughter of Titus Ollius. She
married a Roman knight called Rufus
Crispinus, by whom she had a son. Her
personal charms, and the elegance of her
figure captivated Otlio, vvho was then one
of Nero's favorites. He carried her away
and married her ; but Nero who had seen
her, and had often heard her accomplish-
ments extolled, soon deprived him of her
company, and sent him out of Italy, on
pretence of presiding over one of the Ro-
man provinces. Afrer he had taken this
step, Nero repudiated his wife Octavia,
on pretence of J)arrennes3, and married
Poppcea. She died of a blow which she
received from his foot about the sixty-flflh
year of the Christian era. A beautiful

woman at the court of Nero. She was
mother to the preceding.

PoppiEus Sabinus, a Roman of obscure
origin, who was made governor of some
of the Roman provinces. He destroyed

himself. Sylvanus, a man of consular

dignity, who brought to Vespasian a body

of six hundred Dalmatians. A friend

of Otho.

PopuLONiA, or PopuLANiuM, a town of
Etruria, near PisjB, destroyed in the civil
wars of Sylla.

PoRATA, a river of Dacia, now Pruth,
falling into the Danube.

PoRciA, a sister of Cato of Utica, great-
ly commended by Cicero. A daughter

of Cato of Utica, who married Bibulus,
and after his death, Brutus. She was re-
markable for her prudence, philosophy,
courage, and conjugal tenderness. When
Brutus was dead, she refpsed to survive
him, and attempted to end her life as a
daughter of Cato. Her friends attempted
to- terrify her ; but when she saw that
every weapon was removed from l^er
reach, she swallowed burning coals and
died, about forty-two years before the
Christain era.

PoRciA LEX, de dvitate^ by M. Porcius
the tribune, A. U. C. 453. It ordained
that no magistrate should punish with
death, or scourge with rods a Roman citi-
zen when condemned, but only permit
him to go into exile.

PonciNA, a surname of the orator M. '
JE. Lepidus, who lived a little before Ci-
cero's age.

M. Porcius Latro, a celebrated orator
who killed himself when laboring under

a quartan ague, A. U. C. 750. Licinius,

a Latin poet during the time of the third

Punic war.- A Roman senator who

joined the conspiracy of Catiline. A

son of Cato of Utica, given much to drinks
ing.

PoRBDORAx, oneof the forty Gauls whom
Mithridates ordered to be put to death, and
to remain unburied for conspiring against
him.

PoRiNA, a rivei of Peloponnesus.

PoRosELENB, au island near Lesbos.

PoRPHYRioK, a son of Coelus and Terra,
one of the giants who made war against
Jupiter.

PoRPHYRis, a name of the island Cy-
thera.

PoRPHTRius, a Platonic philosopher of
Tyre. He studied eloquence at Athens
under Longinns, and afterwards retired
to Rome, where he perfected himself un-
der Plotinus. His most celebrated work,
which is now lost, was against the reli-
gion of Christ. He iias been universally
called the greatest enemy which the Chris
tian religion had, and indeed his doctrines
were so pernicious, that a copy of his
book was publicly burnt by order of Theo^

Digitized b^OOgle

aotftas, A. D. 333. He died A. D. 904, at

the advanced age of seventy-one. A

Latin poet in the rejgn ofCunstantinc the
Great.

PonRiMA,one of the attendants of Car-
inente when she came from Arcadia.

Purse SNA or Pokskna, a king of Etru-
ria, who declared war against the Ro-
mans, hecaiise they refused to restore
Tarquin to hia tltrone and to his roval

Srivileges, He made a peace with the
:omans, and never after supported the
claims of Tarquin. - «

PoKTA Capk^a, a gate at Rome, which

leadd to the Appian road. Aurelia, a

pate at Ilonie, wliirh received its name

from Auxelius, a consul. Asinaria led

to mount Cfclius. Carnientalis was at

the foot of the capitol, built by Romulus.
>^^ — Januali.s was near the temple of Ja-
nus. Ksquilina was also called Metia,

Tauricuy or Libitivensis, and all criminals
who were going to be executed generally
passed through, as also dead bodies which
were carried to be burnt on mount Esqui-

linus. Flaminia, called also Flumenta-

ita, was situate between the capitol and

mount Quirinalis. Fontinalis led to the

Campus Martius. Navalis was situate.

near the place where the ships came from

Ostia. CoUatina received its name from

its leading to Collatia. Collina, called

also Quirinalis, .^ffonengis, and Salaria,
was near Quirinalis Klons. It is to be ob-
served, that at the death of Romnlus there
were only three or four gates at Rome, but
the number was increased, and in the time
of Pliny there were thirty-seven.

PoRTMos, a town of Eubcea.

PoRTL'MNALiA, fcstivals of Poftumnus
At Ron)e, celebrated on the seventeenth
of August, in a very soleuin manner.

PoRTUM.NUs, a sea deity.

PoRus, the god of plenty at Rome. Re

was son of Metis or Prudence. A king

of India, when Alexander invaded Asia.
When he was conquered and at length
prevailed upon to appear before the king,
Alexander demanded of him how he wish-
ed to be treated ; lUifi a king, replied the
Indian monarcli. This magnanimous an-
swer so pleased the Macedonian conquer-
or, that he restored him his dominions.
Porus is represented as a man of uncom-
mon stature, great strength, and propor-
tionable dignity. Another kii\^ of In-
dia in the reign of Alezander.-~>-A king
of Babylon.

PosiDBs, an eunuch and freedman of
the emperor Claudius, who rose to honors
by the favor of his master.

PowDEUM, a promontory and town of

Ionia, where Neptufte had a temple. A

town of Pyria below Libanus. A town

near the Strymon.

PosiooN, a name of Neptune among the
Qreeks.

PostDonrrA, ft town of Lucania, better
known by the name of Paestum.

PosiDoML'M, a town or temple of Nep-
tune, nearCicnis in Italy.

PosiDomrs, a philosopher of Apamea.
He lived at Rhodes for some time, and af-
terwards came to Rome, where, after cul-
tivating the friendship of Pumpey and
Cicero, he died in his eighty-fourth year.
Another philosopher, born at Alexan-
dria in Egypt.

Posio, a native of Magnesia, who wrote
an history of (he Amazons.
PoftTHuMiA, a vestal virgin, accused of

adultery and acquitted. The wife of

Servius Sulpicius. A daughter of

Sylla.

PosTHUHius ALBiiTtrs, a man who suf-
fered himself to be bribed by Jugurtha,
against whom he had been sent with an

army. A writer at Rome, whom Cato

ridiculed for composing an history in
Greek, and afterwards offering apologies
for the inaccuracy and inelegance of his

expressions. Tubero, a naaster of tiorse

to the dictator iEmilius Mamercus. He
was himself made dictator, and pun-
ished his son with death for fighting

against his orders, A. U. C. 312. Spu-

rius, a consul sent against the Samnites.
He was taken in an ambush by Pontius
the enemy's general, and obliged to pass

under the yoke with all his army.

Aulus, a dictator who defeated the Latins

and the Volsci. Tubertus, another

dictator, who defeated the if^qui and Vol-
sci. Lucius a consul sent against the

Saninites. A general who defeated the

Sabines. A general who conquered the

iEqui, and who was stoned by the army»
because he refused to divide the promised

spoils. Lucius, a Roman consul, who

was defeated by the Boii. Marcus Cras-

sus Latianns, an ofircer proclaimed em-
peror in Gaul, A. D. 260.

PosTV£RTA, a goddess at Rome, who
presided over the painful travails of wo-
men.

PosTUMiA VIA, a Roman road about the
towji of Hostilia.

PoTAMiDEs, nymphs who presided over
rivers and fountains.

PoTAMoN, a philosopher of Alexandria,
in the age of Augustus.

PoTAMos, a town of Attica near Sunt-
um.

PoTEirriA, a town of Picenum.

PoTHiwu», an eunuch tutor to Ptolemy,
king of Egypt. He stirred up commotions
in Alexandria, when Ceesar came there,
upon which the conqueror ordered taim to
be put to death.

PoTHos, one of the deities of the Samo-
thracians.

PoTiDJEA, a town of Macedonia, situate
in the peninsula of Pallene. Casscnder
repaired and enlarged it, .and called tl

Digitized by VjOOQIC

S23

a name which It stfll pr6-
serves.

PoTioANiA., a town of JEtoWsL.

PoTiWA, a goddess at Rome who presid-
ed over children's potions.

PoTiTius. (Kirf. Finaritts.)

PoTNi j£, a town of Bceotia, where Bac-
chus had a temple. There was here a
fountain whose waters^ made horses run

mad as soon as they were touched. A

tow^n of Magnesia, whose, pastures gave
madness to asses, according to Pliny.

Fractium, a town and small river of
Asia Minor, on the Hellespont.

Prjbgia, a coiirtezau at Rome, who in-
fluenced Cethegus, and procured Asia as
m consular province for Lucullus. «

Prjbivsste, a town of Latium, about
twenty-one miles from Rome. There was
a celebrated temple of Fortune there, with
two famous images, as also an oracle,
which was long in great repute.

Prjesos, a small town of Crete, destroy-
ed in a civil war by one of the neighbor-
ing cities.

Pr^sti, a nation of India.

pRjsTOR, one of the chief magistrates at
Rome. The office of proetor was first in-
stituted A. U. C. 388, by the senators,
who wished by some new honor to com-
pensate for the loss of the consulship, of
which the plebeians had clamed a share.
Only one was originally elected, and an<
other A. CJ. C. 501. In the provinces the
Praetors appeared with great pomp, six lie-
tors with the fasces walked before them,
and when the empire was increased by
conquests, they divided like the consuls
their government, and provinces were
piven them by lot. When the year of
their pnetorsbip was elapsed, they were
called proprtBt4frSj if they still continued at
the head of their province. At Rome the
Prffitors appeared also with much pomp,
and their tribunal was distinguished by a
Bword and a spear, while they administer-
ed justice. The tribunal was called prta-
tormm.

PRjBToaiA, a town of Dacia, noW Cron-
stadt. Another, now AouHy in Pied-
mont.

Prjktorius, a name ironically applied
to Af. Sempronius Rufus, because he was
disappointed in his solicitations for the
Itrstorship, as being too dissolute and lux-
urious in his manners.

Pbjbtutium, a town of Picemim.

PRASiAfTE, now Verdantf a large island
at the month of the Indus.

Prasias, a lake between Macedonia and
Thrace, where were silver mines.

PRAsir, a nation of India.

Pratei>lia lex, was enacted Ky Pra-
tellius the tribune, A. U. C. 398, to curb
and check the ambili<nis views of men
who were lately advanced in the state.

f aATi;(A9» a Greek poet of X*hUuS|,,con

tempwary with JSschylus. He was tha
first among the Greeks who composed
satires, which were represented as farces.

PraxaooRas, an Athenian writer, who
published an history of tlie kings uf his
own country.

Praxias, a celebrated statuary of
Athens,

Praxidamas, a famous athlete of ^gina.

Praxidace, a goddess among the
Greeks, who presided over the execution
of enterprises, and who punished all evil
actions.

Praxila, a lyric poetesd of Sicyon, who
flourished about four hundred tind ninety-
two years before Christ.

Praxiphanes, a Rhodian, who wrote a
learned commentary on the obscure pas-
sages of Sophocles. An historian.

Praxis, a surname of Venus at Megara.

Praxiteles, a fatnous sculptor of Mag-
na Grfficia, who flourished about three
hundred and twenty-four years before the
Christian e'ra. He chiefly worked on
Parian marble, on account of its beautiful
whiteness. He carried his art to the
greatest perfection, and was so happy in
copying nature, that his statues seemed to
be animated.

Praxithea, a daughter of Phrasimus
and Diogenea. She married Erechtheus,

king of Athens. A daughter of Thesti-

us, mother of some children by Hercules.
A daughter of Erechtheus sacrificed

by order of the oracle.

Prelius, a lake in Tuscany.

Presbon, a son of Phryxus, father of

Clymenus. A son Clytodora and Mi-

nyas, also bore the same name.

Predoenes, a son of Agenor.

pREXABPEs, a Persian who put Snierdis
to death, by order of king Cambyses.

Priam IDES, a patronymic applied to
Paris as being son of Priam.

Pri AMus, the last king of Troy, was son
of Laomedon, and husband of Hecuba.
After he bad reigned for some time in the
greatest prosperity, Priam expressed a de-
sire to recover his' sister Hesione whom
Hercules had carried into Greece, and
married to Telamon his friend. To carjy
this plan into execution, Prtem manne<l
a fleM, of which he gave the command to
his son, Paris, with orders to brluK back
Hesione. Paris, to whom the goddess of
beauty had promised the fairest woman in
the world neglected in some measure his
father's injunctions, and its if to make re-
prisals upon the Greeks, he carried away
Helen the wife of Menelans, king of Spar-
ta, dirring the absence of her l«u*lmnd.
Troy was 8oori*'besieged, frequent skirm-
ishes took place, in which )he success
was various, and the advantages on both
sides inconsiderable. The siege was con-
tinued for te^ auocessive years, and Priam
bad thq wisfottuuQ to see the a-eatoist pan

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^his children massacred by the enemy.
Hector, the eldest of these, was the only
one upon whom now the Trojans looked
for protection and support ; but he soon
fell a sacrifice to his own courage, and was
killed by Achilles. Some time after Troy
was betrayed into the hands of the Greeks
by Antenur and iEneas, and Priam upon
this resolved to die in the defence of his
country. He put on his armour and ad-
vanced to meet the Greeks, but Hecuba
by her tears and entreaties detained him
near an altar of Jupiter, whither she had
fled for protection. While Priam yielded
to the prayers of his wife, Polites one of
his sons, fled also to the altar before Ne-
opotolemus, who 'pursued him with fury.
Polites, wounded and overcome, fell dead
at the feet of his parents, and the ajjed
fhtfier, fired with indignation, vented the
most bitter invectives against the Greek,
who paid no regard to ihe sanctity of al-
tars and temples, and raising his spear
darted it upon him. The spear hurled by
the feeble hand of Priam, touched the
buckler of Neoptolemus, and fell to the
IH'Ound. This irritated the son of Achilles,
he seized the gray hairs of Priam, and,
without compassion or reverence for the
sanctity of the place, he plunged his dag-
ger into bis breast. His head was cut off,
and the mutilated body was left among
the heaps of slain.

Priapus, a deity among the ancients.
He was son of Venus by Mercury or Ado-
nis ; or according to the more received
opinion, by Bacchus. He is generally re-
presented with an human face and the
ears of a goat •, he holds a stick in his
han(}, with which be terrifies birds, as
Also a club to drive away thieves, and a
sithe to prune the trees and cut down
corn. He was crowned with the leaves of
the vine, and sometimes -with laurel, or

rocket. A town of Asia Minor near

Lampsacus, now Caraboa, Priapus was
the chief deity of the place, and from him

the town received its name. An island

near Epbesus.

Prienb, a maritime town of Asia Minor
at the foot'^of mount Mycaie, one of the
twelve independent cities of Ionia.

Prima, a daughter of Romulus and Her-
sllia.

Prion, a place at Carthage.

Friscianus, a celebrated grammarian
at Athens, in the age n( the emperor Jus-
tinian. '

Priscilla, a woman praised for her con-
jugal afiection by Stalius.

Pursers Seuviluts, a (^ctator at Rome
who defeated the Veientes and the Fide-
nates. A surname of the elder Tarquin

king of Rome. A governor of Syria,

brother to the emperor Ph'lip. A friend

of the emperor Severus. —A friend of

lbs emperor Julian.-*— Helvidius, a ques-

tor in Aehaia daring the reign of Ksm*

the emperor Adrian's iriends. A friend

of Domitian. An orator of dissipated

and luxurious manners.

PRISTI9, the name of one of the ships
that engaged in the naval combat which
was exhibited by iCneas at the anniversa-
ry of his father's death.

Priterrus, a Rutulian killed by Capys
In the wars between iGneas and Turnus.

PRivsRtvuM, now Pipemo F'eeekUj s
town of the Volsci in Italy.

Proba, the wife of the emperor Probos.

A woman who opened the gates of

Rome to the Goths.

Pro BUB, M. Aurelius Severus^ a native
of Birmium in Pannonia. His father was
original^ a gardener, who by entering the
army rose to the rank of a military tribune.
His son obtained the same office in the
twenty second year of his age, and he dis-
tinguished himself so much by his pro-
bity, his valor, his intrepidity, moderation,
and clemency, that at the death of the em-
peror Tacitus, he was invested with the
imperial punrie by the voluntary and unin-
fluenced 'choice of his soldiers. His elec;
tion was universally approved by the Ro^
man senate and the people : and Piobus,
strengthened on his throne by the afiection
and attachment of his subjects marched
against the enemies of Rome, in Gaui and
Germany. Beveral battles were fought,
and after he had left four hundred thou-
sand barbarians dead in the field, Probus
turned his arms against the Sarmatians.
Here the same success attended him, and
on his return, his triumph lasted several
days, and the Roman populace were long
entertained with shows and combats
While 'hie subjects enjoyed tranquillity,
Probus encouraged the liberal arts, he per-
mitted the inhabitants of Gaul and Illyri-
cum to plant vines in their territories, and
he himself repaired seventy cities in dif-
ferent parts of the empire which had been
reduced to ruins. He also attempted lo
drain the waters which were stagnated in
the neighborhood of Sirmium, by convey-
ing them to the sea by artificial canals.
His armies were employed in this labori-
ous ondertaking ; but as they were unac-
customed to such toils, they soon mutinied,
and feH upon the emperor as he was pass-
ing into one of the towns of Illyricum. He
flcS into an iron tower which he himself
had bnllt to observe the marshes, but as
he was alone and without arms, be was
soon overpowered and murdered in the
fiftieth year of his age, after a reign of six
years and four months, on the second of

November, after Christ 283|; .fimilius,

a grammarian in the age of Theodosius.

An oppressive prefect of the preiorian

guards, in the reign of Valentinian.

PaooAi, a king^ Alba after bis fioher

•r- — ^[^

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825

Aventinutf. He was father of Amulius
and Namitor.

Prochtta, an island of Campania in
the bay of Puteoli, now Procida.

Procilius, a Latin historian in tlie age
of Powpey the Great.

Procilla Julia, a woman of uncom-
mon virtue, killed by the soldiers of Otho.

Procillus, C. Valerius, a prince of
Gaul, intimate with Caesar.

Proclea, a daughter of Clytius, who
married Cycnus, a soif of Neptune.

Procles, a son of Aristodemus and Ar-
gia, born at the same birth as Eurysthenes.
There were continual dissensions between
the two brothers, who both sat on the

Spartan throne. A native of Andros in

the iEgean sea, who was crowned at the

Olympic games. A man who headed

the lonians when they took Samos. A

Carthaginian writer, son of Eucrates.

A tyrant of Epidaurus, put to death and

thrown into the sea. A general of the

Naxians in Sicily, who betrayed his coun-
try to Dionyaius the tyrant, for a sum of
money.

PRocLroJi, the descendaati of Procles,
.who sat on the throne of Sparta together
with the Eurysthenidae.

Proconnesus, now Marmora^ an island
of the Propontis, at the north-east of Cy-
zicus, famous for its fine marble.

Procopius, a celebrated officer of a no-
ble family in Cilicia. After he had sig-
nalized himself under Julian and his suc-
cessor, he retired from the Roman pro-
vinces among the barbarians in the Thra-
cian Chersonnesus, and some time after
he suddenly made his appearance at Con-
fltantinople, when the emperor Valens had
marched into the east, and proclaimed
himself master of the eastern empire. His
usurpation was universally acknowledged,
and his victories were so rapid, that Va-
lens would have resigned the imperial pur-
ple, had not his friends intervened. But
now fortune changed, Procopius was de-
feated in Phrygia, and abandoned by his
army. His head was out off, and carried
to Valentinian in Gaul, A. D. 366. Pro-
copius was slain in the forty-second year

of his age. A Greek historian of Cw-

earea in Palestine, secretary to th9 cele-
brated Belisarius, A. D. 534.

Procris, a daughter of Erechthens,
"king of Athens. She married Cephalus.
A daughter of Thestius.

Procrustes, A famous robber of Attica,
killed by Theseus, near the Cephisns. He
tied travellers on a be4,and if their length
exceeded that of the bed, he used to cut it
Off, but if they were shorter he had them
stretched to make their length equal to it.

Procula, an infamous woman in Juve-
nal's age.

Proculeius, a Roman knight very inti-
mate with Augustus. He is celebrated

for his humanity and fraternal kindness to
bis brothers Mursena and Scipio. He de-
stroyed himself when laboring under a

heavy disease. A debauchee ^n Nero's

reign.

Proculus Julius, a Roman who, after
the deajth of Romulus, declared that he
had seen him in his appearance more than
human, and that he had ordered him to
bid the Romans to offer him sacrifices un-
der the name of Q,uirinus. Geganius,

a Roman consul. Placitius, a Roman

who conquered the Hemici. A friend

of Vitellius. A consul under Nerva.

—A man accused of extortion. An

African in the age of Aurelius. He pub-
lished a bonk entitled de regionibu9^ or re-

ligionibus, on foreign countries, &c.

An ofiicer who proclaimed himself em-
peror in Gaul, in the reign of Probus. He
was soon after defeated, and exposed on a
gibbet.

Proctow, a star near Sirius, or the dog
star, before which it generally rises in
July.

pRODicus, a sophist and rhetorician of
Cos, about three hundred and ninety-six
y#ira before Christ. He travelled from
town to town in Greece, to procure ad-
mirers and get money. Prodicus was at
last put to death by the Athenians, on pre-
tence that he corrupted the motals of
their youth.

pROERfTA, a town of Phthiotis.

Proerosia, a surname of Ceres* Her
festivals celebrated at Athens and Eleusis
before the sowing of corn, bore the samo
name.

pRCETiDEs, the daughters of Prestos,
king of Argolis, were three in number,
Lysippe, Iphinoe, and Iphianassa. They
became insane for neglecting the worship
of Bacchus, or according to others, for pre-
ferring themselves to Juno.

Prgetus, a king of Argos, son of Abas
and Ocalea. He was twin brother to Acri-
sius, with whom he quarrelled even be-
fore their birth. After their father's death,
they both tried to obtain the kingdom of
Argos ; but the claims of Acrisius prevail-
ed, and PrcBtus left Peloponnesus and re-
tired to the court of Jobates, king of Lycia,
where he married Stenoboea. He after-
wards returned to Argolis, and by means
of his fhtber-in-law, he made himself mas-
ter of Tirynthus.

Progne, a daughter of Pandion, king of
Athens, by Zeuxippe.

Prolaus, a native of Efts, father to Phl-
lanthus and Lampus, by Lysippe.

Promachus, one of the Epigoni, son of

Parihenopffius. A son of Psophis,

daughter of Eryx, king of Sicily. An

athlete of Pallene. A son of ^son, kill-
ed by Pelias.

Promathidas, an historian of Hera^

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326

Pborathioh, a man who wrote an his-
tory of Italy.

Promcooit, a native of the island of
Naxofl, &c.

PaoMXif AA, one of the priestesses of
the temple of Dodona.

Promcthki juoum and aivtrum, a place
on the top df mount Caocaaus, in Alba-
nia.

PBoiiETHKt7s, a son of lapetuB by Cly-
mene, one of the Oceanides. He was
brother to Atlas, Mencetius, and Epime-
theus, and surpassed all mankind in cun-
ning and fraud. He ridiculed the gods,
and deceived Jupiter himself. Toposlah
Prometheus and the rest of mankind, Ju-
piter took fire away from the earth, but
the son of lapetus out-witted the father
of the gods. He climbed the heavens by
the assistance of ^inerva, and stole fire
from the chariot of the sun, which he
1>roiight down upon the earth, at the end
■of a ferula. This provoked Jupiter the
inore ; he ordered Vulcan to make a wo-
man of clay, and after he had given her
life, he sent her to Prometheus, with a
box of the richest and most valuable pre-
sents which she had received from t^e
gods. Prometheus, who suspected Jupi-
ter, took no notice of Pandora or her
box, but he made his brother Epimetheus
marry her, and the god, now more irritat-
ed, ordered Mercury, or Vulcan, accord-
ing to ifischylus, to carry this artful mor-
tal to mount Caucasus, and there tie him
to a rock, where, for 30,000 years, a vul-
ture was to feed upon his liver, which
was never diminished, though continually
devoured. He was delivered from this
painful confinement about thirty years
afterwards by Hercules, who killed the
bird of prey. According to Apollodorus,
Prometheus made the first man and wo-
man that ever were upon the earth, with
clay, which he animated by means of the
fire which he had stolen from heaven.
On this account therefore, the Athenians
raised him an^altar in the grove of Acade-
mns, w%ere they yearly celebrated games
in his honor. During these games there
was a race, and he who carried a burning
torch in his hand without extinguishing
St, obtained the prize. PrometheuA^s it
is universally credited, had received the
gift of prophecy, and all the gods, and
"even Jupiter himself consulted him as a
tnost infallible oracle. To him mankind
ture indebted for the invention of many of
the useful arts ; he taught them the use
4)f plants, with their physical power, and
from him they received the knowledge of
taming -horses and different animals, ei-
ther to cultivate the ground, or for the
purposes of luxury.

Promkthis and Proukthidxs, a pa-
tronymic applied to the children of Pro-
metheus as to Deucalion.

Prouktbus and Damasicrthor, tw«
sons of Codros, who conducted colonietf^
into Asia Minor.

Promulus, a Trojan killed by Tumus.

pRONAPiD£s, an ancient Greek poet of'
Athens, who was, according to some^
preceptor to Homer.

pRONAx, a brother of Adrastus king of
Argos, son of Talaus and Lysimache.

Pro ROE, a daughter of Fhorbiis, motb-
er of Pleuron and Calydon, by JEolua.

Proivohus, a Theban who played so
skilfully on the flute, that the invention
of that musical instrument is attributed
to him.

FRotrous, a son of Pblegeas, killed hy
the sons of Alcmaeon.

pRONUBA, a surname of Juno, because
she presided over marriages.

Propertius, (Sextus Aurelius,) a lAtin
poet born at Mevania, in Umbria. Hisr
father was a Roman knight, whom Au-
gustus proscribed, because he had follow-
ed the interest of Antony. He came to
Rome, where his genius and poetical tal-
ents soon pecommended him to the notice
of the great and powerful. Mecaenas,
Galltts, and Virgil, became his friends,
and Augustus his patron. Mecienas wish-
ed him to attempt an epic poem, of which
he proposed the emperor for hero; but
Propertius refused, observing that hia
abilities were unequal to the task. He
died about nineteen years before Christ,,
in the 40th year of his age. His works
consist of four books of elegies, which
are written with so much spirit, vivacity^
and energy, that many authors call him
the prince of the elegiac poets among the
Latins.

PROFOETiDfes, some women of Cyprus^
severely punished by Venus, whose di>
vinity they had despised.

Propontis, a sea which has a commu-
nication with the Euxine, by the Tlva-
cian Bosphorus, and with the ^gean by
the Hellespont, now called the sea of
Marmora. It is about one hundred and
seventy- five miles long and sixty- two
broad, and it received its name from its
vicinity to Pontus.

Proptlka, a surname of Diana. She
had a temple at Eleusis in Attica.

Probcltstids. a surname of Neptane,
among the Greeks.

pRosBRPiNA, a daughter of Ceres by
Jupiter, called by the Greeks Persephone.
She was so beautiful, that the father of
the gods himself became enamored of her.
Proserpine made Sicily the place of her
residence, and delighted herself with the
beautiful views, the flowery meadows,
and limpid streams, which surrouided
the plains of Enna. In this solitary re>
treat, as she amused herself with her fe-
male attendants in gathering flowers, Plu-
to carried her awt^Uito the. Infernal ra-

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827

gioiia, of which she became the queen.
Ceres was so disconsolate at the loss of
her daughter, that she travelled all over
the world, but her Inquiries were in vain,
and she never could have discoverea
whither she had been carried, had not
she found the girdle of Proserpine on the
surface of the waters of the fountafn Cy-
ane, near which the ravisher had opened
faimselfa passage to his Kingdom by strik-
ing the earth with his tndent. Ceres
soon learned from the nymph Arethusa
that her daughter had been carried away
by Pluto, and immediately she repaired to
Jupiter, and demanded of him to punish
the ravisher. Jupiter in vain attempted
to persuade the mother, that Pluto was
not unworthy of her daughter, and when
he saw that she was inflexible for the res-
titution of Proserpine, he said that she
might return on earth, if she had not
taken any aliments in the infernal regions.
Her return, however, was impossible.
Proserpine, as she walked in the Elysian
fields, had galbered a pomegranate from a
tree and eaten it, and Ascalaphus was the
«nly one who saw it, and for his discove-
ry the goddess instantly turned him into
an owl. Jupiter to appease the resent-
ment of Ceres, and sooth her grief, per-
mitted that Proserpine should remain six
months with Pluto in the infernal regions,
and that she should spend the rest of the
year with her mother on earth.

Prosopitib, an island in one of the
mouths of the Nile.

Prosper, one of the fathers who died
A. D. 466.

ProsVhna, a part of Argolis^ where
Juno was worshipped. It received its
name from a nymph of the same name,
daughter of Asterion, who nursed Juno.

Protagoras, a Greek philosopher of
Abdera in Thrace, who was originally a
porter. He became one of the disciples
of Democritus, when that philosopher bad
seen him carrying faggots on his head,
poised in a proper equilibrium. He soon
rendered himself ridiculous by his doc-
trines, and in a book which be published,
he denied the existence of a supreme be-
ing. This book was publicly burnt at
Athens and the philosopher banishfd from
the city, as a worthless and contefliptjble-
being. Protagoras visited, from Athens,
different islands in the Mediterranean,
and died in Sicily in a very advanced age,
anout four hundred years before the Chris-
tian era.— ^A king of Cyprus tributary to
<he court of Persia. Another.

PaoTAooaipxa, an historian of Cyzicus,
inrho wrote a treatise on the games of
Daphne, celebrated at AntiocM

Protbi columk^, a place in the re-
motest parts of Egypt.

Protesilai turrib, the monument of
FxotesUaus, on the Hellespont.

Protxsilaus, a king of part of Thessaly,
son of Ipbiclus, originally called lolaus,
grandson of Phylacus, and brother to Al-
cimede, the mother of Jason. He mar-
ried Laodamia, the daughter of Acastus,
and some time after he departed with the
rest of the Greeks for the Trojan war
with forty sail. He was the first of the
Greeks who set foot on the Trojan shore,
and as such he was doomed by the ora-
cle to perish, therefore he was killed, as
soon as he had leaped from his ship, by
iBneas or Hector.

Proteus, a sea deity, son of Oceanus
and Tethys, or according to some of Nep-
tune and Phceiiice. He had received the
gift of prophecy from Neptune because he
had tended the monsters of the sea, and
from his knowledge of futurity, mankind
received the greatest services. He usual-
ly resided in the Carpathian sea. and, like
the rest of the gods, he reposed himself
on the sea shore, where such as wished
to consult him generally resorted. He
was difficult of access, and when coifsult-
ed he refused to give answers, by imme-
diately assuming different shapes, and if
•ot properly secured in fetters, eluding
the grasp in the form of a tiger, or a lion,
or disappearing in a flame of fire, a whirl-
wind, or a rushing stream.

pROTHENOR, a Bffiotian who went to
the Trojan war.

Protheus, a Greek at the Trojan war.

A Spartan who endeavored to prevent

a war with the Thebans.

Prothous. a son of Lycaon of Arcadia.
A son or Agrius.

Proto, one of the Nereides.

Protooenea, a daughter of Calydon,
by iEolia the daughter of Amythaon.
She had a son called Oxillus by Mare.

Protooehes, a painter of ]l^hodes, who
flourished about three hundred and twen-
ty-eight years before Christ. He was ori-
ginally BO poor that he painted ships to
maintain himself. His countrymen were
ignorant of his ingenuity before Appelles
came to Rhodes, and ofiiered to bily all his
pieces. This opened the eyes of th0
Rhodians, they became sensible of the
ni^t of their countryman, and liberally
reArded him. Protogenes was employ-
«dWr seven years in finishing a picture of
Jalysns, a celebrated huntsman, supposed
to have been th9 son of Apollo, and the
founder of Rhodes. He was to represent
in this piece a dog panting, and with froth
at his mouth, but this he never could do
with satisfaction to himself ; and when
all his labors seemed to be without suc-
cess, he threw his sponge upon the piece
in a fit of anger. The fall of the sponge
upon the picture represented the fVoth of
the mouth of the dog in the most perfect
and natural manner, and the piece was
universally admired.^ When Demetrius

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S28

beslefed Rhodes, he reAised to 8«t fire to
n part of the dity which might have made
him master of the whole, because he
knew that Protogen'es was then working
in that quarter. When the town was
taken, the painter waa found closely em-
ployea in a garden in finishing a picture ;
and when the conqueror asked him, why
he showed not more concern at the gene-
ral calamity ; he replied that Demetrius
made war against the Rhodians, and not

against the fine arts. One of Caligula's

favorites, fomous for his cruelty and ex-
travagance.

pROTooEiviA, a daughter of Deucalion
and Pyrrha. She was beloved by Jupiter,
by whom she had ^thlius, the father of
Endymion. Another. Fid. Protogenea.

Protomedusa, one of the Nereides.

Proxenus, a Boeotian of great authority

at Thebes, in the age of Xenophon. A

writer who published historical accounts
of Sparta.

Pbudewtius (Aurellus Clemens,) a La-
^in poet who flourished A. 'D. 393, and
was successively a soldier, an advocate,
aad a judge.

PRUHifiDEs, a king of Corinth.

Prusa, a town of Bithynia, bailt Vy
king Prusias, from whom it received its
name.

Prusaus, Dion, flourished A. D. 105.

Prusias, a king of^ithynia, who flour-
ished 221 B. C. Another, surnamed

Fenator, who made an alliance with the
Romans when they waged war with An-
tiochus, king of Syria. He gave a kind
reception to Annibal, and by his advice
he made war against Eumenes, king of
Pergamus, and defeated him. Eumenes,
who was an ally of Rome as well as Pru-
sias, complained before the Romans of
the hostilities of the king of Bithynia.
CI. Flaminius vyas sent from Rome to set-
tle the disputes of the two monarchs, and
he was no sooner arrived in Bithynia,
than Prusias, to gain his favor, prepared
to deliver to him, at his request, the cele-
brated Carthaginian, to whom he was in-
debted for all the advantages he hdd ob-
tained over Eumenes; but Annibal pre-
vented it by a voluntary death. His ab-
ject behavior rendered him contemD|U)le
not only in the eyes of the Roman^out
of his subjects, and the Bithynians revolt-
ed, and placed his son Nicomedes on the
throne. . The banished monarch fled to
Nicomedia, where he was assassinated
near the altar of Jupiter, about 149 years
before Christ.

PrvMno, one ofTOe Oceanides. .

pRVTAWEs, certain magistrates at Ath-
ena who presided over the senate, and
had the privilege of assembling it when

they pleased, festivals excepted. Some

of the principal magistrates of Corinth
were also called Prytanes.

PRVTAnis, a king of Sparta, of the Btm-

ily of the Proclida;. One ot the friends

of iEneas killejd by Turnus.

P9AMATH£,one of the Nereides, mother

of Phocus by ^Eacus, king of ^gina.

A daughter of Crotopus, king of Argos.
A fountain and town of Thebes.

PsAUATHos, a' town and port of Laco-
nia.

PsAMMEifiTus, succeeded his father
Amasis on the throne of Egypt; Camby-
ses made war against him. Psammeni-
tus was twice beaten at Pelusium and in
Memphis, and became one of the prison-
ers of Carabyses, who treated him with
great humanity. Psaromenitus however
raised seditions against the Persian mon-
arch ; and attempted to make the Egyp-
tians rejjel, for which he was put to death
by drinking bull's blood. He had reign-
ed about six months. He flourished about
five hundred and twenty-five years before
the Christian era.

PsAMMETioHus, a king of Egypt. He
was one of the twelve princes who shared
the, kingdom among themselves j but as
he was more popular than the rest, he was
banished from his dominions, ana retired
into the marshes near the sea-shore. A
descent of some of the Greeks upon Egypt,
proved favorable to his cause ; he joined
the enemy, and defeated the eleven
princes who had expelled him from the
country. He rewarded the Greeks, by
whose valor he had recovered Egypt, he
allotted them some territory on the sea-
coast, patronised the liberal arts, and en-
couraged commerce among his subjects.
He made useless inquiries to find the
sources of the Nile, and he stopped, by
bribes and money, a large army of Scy-
thians that were marching against him.
He died six hundred and seventeen years
before the Christian era, and was buried

in Minerva's temple at Sais. A son of

Gordius, brother to Periander, who held
the tyranny at Corinth for three years, B.
C.584.

PsAMMis, or PsAMMUTHis, a king of
Egypt, B. C. 376.

PsAPHis, a town on the confines of At-
tica and Bceotia. There was there an ora-
cle of Amphiaraus.

PsAi^Ho, a Libyan, who taught a num-
ber of birds which he kept to say, Psapht
i9 a godf and afterwards gave them their
liberty. The birds did not forget the words
which they had been taught, and the Af-
ricans paid divine honors to Psapho.

PsECAs, one of Diana's attendant
nymphs.

PsoPHis, a town of Arcadia near the
river Erymantbus, whose name it «Mrigin-
ally bore, and afterwards that of Pftegia.
A river and town of Elis. A daugh-
ter of Eryx. A town of.Acamania.—

Another of Libya.

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PsTCHs, a nymph wbom Cupid married.
"Venus put her to death because ehe had
robbed the world of her son ; but Jupiter
at the request of Cupid, granted immor-
Cality to Psyche. The word signifies the
^ovU. Psyche is generally represented with
the wings of a butterfly to intimate the
lightness of the soul.

PsrcHRus, a river of Thrace. When
sheep drank of its waters they were said
always to bring forth Uaclc lambs.

PsTLLi, a people of Libya near the
Syrtes, very expert in curing the venom-
ous bite of serpents, which had no fatal
effect upon them.

Ptslscm. a town of Thessaly on the
borders (rf* BoBotia.

PTsaKLAus, a son of Taphlus, presented
w^ith immortality by Neptune, provided
he kept on his head a yellow lock. His
daughter cut it off, and he died. He reign-
ed at Taphos in Argos.

PtbeIa, a well fortified town of Cappa-
docia. It was in the neighborhood, ac-
coiding to some, that Crosus was defeat-
eaby Cyrus.

Ptoi.£okrma, a town of Arcadia.

Ftolemjsum, a certain place at Athens
dedicated to exercise and study.

Ptoleu^us, the name of a race of kings
of Egypt, who reigned in the following
order ; — Ptolemy the first, surnamed La-

Sis, was an illegitimate son of Philip of
acedonia, by ArsinSe, who married La-
jE^us, a man of mean extraction. Ptolemy
was educated in the court of his father,
and attended Alexander the Great as one
of his senerals, when that monarch in-
vaded Asia. Afler the conqueror's death,
in the general division of the Macedonian
empire, Ptolemy obtained as his share the
government of Egypt, with Libya, and
part of the neighboring territories of Ara-
bia. He added greatly to his Egvptian
dominions, and enriched the city of Alex-
andria with the spoils of the different na-
tions he had conquered. The second

Ptolemy was the son of the preceding, and
called Philadelphus. He showed himself
ivorthy in every respect to succeed his
great father ; and could boast of reigning
over thirty-three thousand three hundred
and thirty-nine well peopled cities. His
army consisted of two hundred thdusand
foot and forty thousand horse, besides
three hundred elephants, and two thou-
sand armed chariots. He gave every en-
couragement to commerce ; and, by keep-
ing two powerAil fleets, one in the Medi-
terranean, the other in the Red sea, made
Egypt the mart of the world. This mon-
arch was accounted the richest prince of
his ape ; and, at his death, he left in his
treasury a sum equivalent to two hundred

millions sterling. The third, surnamed

Evergetes, succeeded his fother Philadel-
phus on the Egyptian throne, and distin-
28*

gaished himself by bis clemency, modera-
tion, and prudence. Ptolemy the fourth

was surnamed Philopater \ and began hi»
reign with acts of the greatest cruelty,
sacrificing successively to his avarice hi»
mother, wife, sister, and brother. H*
made war against the Jews, and ordered
an immense number of that nation to be-
exposed on a plain, and trodden to death
under the feet of elephants. After a dis-
sipated reign of seventeen ^ears, he died,
and his death was immediately followed
by the murder of the companions of his
voluptuousness and extravagance, whpse
bodies were dragged witti ienominy

through the streets of Alexandria.

The fifth succeeded his father Philopater.
when at the age of only four years, and
was, during his minority, under the pro^
tection of Aristomenes. At fourteen, ha
was crowned at Alexandria, and recelvedi
the surname of Epiphanes, or lllustiMlia^
Young Ptolemy was no sooner delivered^
from the shackles of a superior, than h»:
betrayed the same vices which had char-
acterized his father ; the counsels of Aris<
tomenes were despised, and that minis-
ter, who for ten years had soverned the'
kingdom with equity and moderation, was
sacrificed to the caprice of the sovereign.
His cruelties raised seditions among his
subjects, and he was at length poisoned
by his ministers, after a reign of twenty-

fbur years. -The sixth was son of

the preceding, and called Philometor, on
account of the hatred he bore his mother
Cleopatra. During part of his reign, he
shared his throne equally with Ids younger
brother, Ptolemy Physcon, and they united
to expel their comoAon enemy, Antiochus,
king of Syria, who had entered Egypt with
a large army. No sooner were they de<.
livered from the impending war by the
Romans, who had checked the progress
of Antiochus, and obliged him to retire,
than Philometor and Physcon began with
mutual jealousy to oppose each other's
views. Physcon was banished by the su-
perior power of his brother, and repaired
to Rome, where he claimed the assistance
of the senate, who settled the dispute be-
tween the two royal brothers, by making
them independent of each other, and giv-
ing the government of Libya and Cyrene
to Physcon, and confirming Philometor in
the possession of Egypt and tbe>iand of
Cyprus. These terms of accommodation
were gladly accepted ; but Physcon soon
afterwards claimed the dominion of Cy^
prus, which Philometor reftising to del)->
verup,*an open rupture ensued between
the brothers. The death of Philometor,
however, left Physcon master of Egypt»
and of all the dependent provinces ; al-
though the wife and son of the deceased
monarch laid claim to the crown. Ptole*
my Physcon was stigmatized with the sp<

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330

pellRtlon of Kakergetes, or Evil- Doer ; a
gumame which he merited for his tyranny
and oppression. A series of barbarities
rendered him odious ; and he died at Al-
exandria, after a reign of twenty-nine
years, hated and despised by his subjects.
——Ptolemy the eighth, called Lathyrus,
succeeded his father Physcon on the throne
of Egypt', whence he was expelled to
Cyprus by his mother Cleopatra, who
placed the crown on the head of his bro-
ther, Ptolemy Alexander, her favorite son.
Lathyrus became king of Cyprus, appear-
ed at the head of a large army, and march-
ed against the king of Judeea, through
whose assistance and intrigue he had been
banished from Egypt by his mother. He
conquered the Jewish monarch, leaving
fifty thousand of his men dead on the
field ; and, after many vain attempts to
recover the kingdom of Egypt, retired to
Cyprus, until the death of his brother Al-
exander restored him to his native domin-
ions. Some of the cities of Egypt reftised
|o acknowledge him as their sovereign ;
Thebes, in particular, for its obstinacy,
was closely besieged for three successive
years, and, flrom a powerful and populous
city, was reduced to a heap of rums. La-
thyrus was succeeded by his only daugh-
ter, Cleopatra, whom Alexander, son of
Ptolemy Alexander the first, sooq after-
wards married and murdered. The

ninth of the Ptolemean kings of Egypt
was named Ptolemy Alexander the first,
brother of Lathyrus. He reigned con-
jointly with his mother Cleopatra, who
expelled and soon afterwards recalled
him i but Alexander, to prevent a second
expulsion, put her to death, and for this
unnatural act was hunself murdered by

one of his subjects. Ptolemy Alexander

the second, son of the preceding, suQceed-
ed. He was educated in the island of
Cos, and, falling into the hands of Mith-
ridates, king of Pontns, escaped to By 11a,
who restored him to his kingdom; but
was slain by his subjects a few days after

bis restoration. His brother, Ptolemy

Alexander the third, next ascended the
throne ; after a peaceful 'reign, he was
banished by his subjects, and died at Tyre,

leaving his kingdom to the Romans.

The twelfth was an illegitimaite son of
Ptolemy Lathyrus, and was surnamed
Auletes, from his skill in playing on the
flute. As his predecessor, by his will,
bad left the kingdom of Egypt to the Ro-
mans, Auletes knew that he could not be
firmly established without the consent of
the senate. He accordingly applied to
Cesar, who was then consul, and, on the
payment of an immense sum of money,
bis succession was acknowledged. But
these measures rendering him unpopular
nt Rome, he was obliged 4o fiy his king-
doms ana jraeX pretectioa among hia al-

lies. After a long absence from Alex-
andria, during which period his daughter
Berenice had made herself absolute, Au-
letes was replaced on his throne by the
Romans, and died four yearv after his res-
toration. He left two sons and two daugh-
ters, and directed by his will his eldest
son to marry the eldest sister, Cleopatra,
and ascend with her the vacant throne.
As these children were very young, the
dying monarch recommended them to the
care and protection of the Romans, and
Pompey the Great was appointed their
patron and guardian. The young king,
who was called Dionysius or Bacchus,
was in his thirteenth year, when his pro-
tector, after the fatal battle of Pharsalia.
came to the shores of Egypt, and clairaea
his assistance. ( Fid. Pompey the Great.)
When Cssar arrived at Alexandria, he
sat as judge to hear the various claims of
the younger brother and sister to the
throne ; and, to satisfy the people, order-
ed the will of Auletes to be read, confirm-
ed Ptolemy and Cleopatra in the posses-
sion of Egypt, and appointed the infknt
princes masters of the island of Cyprus.
But Ptolemy, who was governed by cruel
and avaricious ministers, refused to ac-
knowledge Caesar as a judge or meduitor ;
the Roman enforced his authority by arms,
and three victories were obtained over
the Egyptian forces. In attempting to save
his life by flight, Ptolemy was drowned
in the Nile: and Cleopatra became sole
mistress of Egypt ; but, as the Egyptians
were averse to female government, Caesar
obliged her to marry her youn^r brother,
then in his eleventh year. This reign
was the last of the Egyptian monarchs of
the family of Lagus ; and, at tbe death of
Cleopatra, who was queen for twenty- four
years, Egypt became a Roman province.
A nephew of Antigonus, who com-
manded an army in the Peloponnesus. He
revolted from his uncle to Cassander, and
sometime after he attempted to bribe the
soldiers of Ptolemy Lagus, king of Egypt,
who had invited him to his camp. He was
seized and imprisoned for this treachery,
and the Egyptian monarch at last ordered

him to drink hemlock. A son of Se-'

leucus, killed in the celebrated battle
which was fought at Issus, between Darius

and Alexander the Great. A son of

Juba, made king of Mauritania. A

friend of Otho.-< A favorite of Antlo-

cbus, king of Syria. He was surnamed

Macron^ A Jew, ftimous for his cruelty

and avarice. A powerful Jew during

the troubles which disturbed the peace of

Judaea, in the reign of Augustus. A

son of Antony by Cleopatra, snmamed
PhUadelphts by his father, and made mas-
ter of Phcenicia, Syria, and all the territo-
ries of Asia Minor, which were situated
between tbe iEg^an and tbe Euphrates.

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A general of Herod, king of Judiea.

A son of Cbrysermus, who visited

Cleomenes king>of Sparta, when impri-
soned in Egypt. A governor of Alexan-
dria, put to death by Cleomenea. Clau-
dius, a celebrated geographer and astrolo-
ger in the reign of Adrian and Antoninus.
In hia system of the world, he places the
earth in the centre of the universe, a doc-
trine universally believed and adopted till
the sixteenth century, when it was con-
futed and rejected by Copernicus. His
geography is valued for its learning, and
tbc very useful information which it
gives.

Ftolemais, a town of Thebais in Egypt,
called after the Ptolemies, who beautified
it. There was also another city of the
same name in the territories of Cyrene.

A city of Palestine, called also^con.

Ftoltcus, a statuary of Corcyra, pupil
to Critias the Athenian.

Ftous, a^on of Athamasand Themisto,
"wbo gave his name to a mountain of Bce-
otia, upon which he bi^ilt a temple to
Apollo, suriiamed Ptous.

PuBLicius, a Roman freedman, so much
like Pompey the Great, that they were
often confounded together.

FuBuciA LEX, forbade any persons to
play with bad or fraudulent designs.

FuBLicoLA, a name given to Publius
Valerius, on account of his great popular-
ity.

PuBLiLiA LEX, was made by Publilius
Philo the dictator, A. U. C. 445. It per-
mitted one of the censors to be elected
from the plebeians, since one of the con-
suls was chosen from that body. An-
other, by which it was ordained, that all
laws should be previously approved by the
Senators, before they were proposed to the
people.

Publius Sthus, a Syrian mimic poet,
who flourished about forty-four years be-
fore Christ. He was originally a slave
, aold to a Roman patrician, called Domiti-
us, wbo.brongbt him up with great atten-
tion, and gave him his freedom when of
age. He gained the esteem of the most
powerful at Rome, and reckoned J. Giesar
among bis patrons.

Publius, a prsnomen common among
the Romans. Caius, a man who con-
spired with Brutus against J. Ciesar. A

pretor who conquered Palspolis. He was
only a plebeian, and though neither consul
nor dictator, he obtained a triumph in spite

of the opposition of the senators. A

Roman consul who defeated the Latins,
and was made dictator. A Roman flat-
terer in the court of Tiberins. A tri-

Imne who accused Manlius.

PuoioiTiA, a goddess who, as lier name
implies, presided over chastity. She had
tiFO temples at Rome.
PuLOHXRiA, a daughter of ttt* emperor

Theodosius the Great, famous for her pie*
ty, moderation, and virtues. A daugh-
ter of Arcadius, who held the government
of the Roman empire for many years. She
was mother of Valentinian. Her piety,
and her private as well as her public vir-
tues have been universally adm.ired. She
died A. D. 452, and was interred at Ra-
venna, where her tomb is still to be seen.

A sister of Theodosius, who reigned

absolute for some time in the Roman em-
pire.

FuLCHRUH, a promontory near Cairthage,
now Rasafran.

PuLLus, a surname of Numitorius.

PuNiciiM Bellum, the ancient name of
the celebrated wars undertaken by the Ro-
mans against Carthage ; in which Annibal
and the two Scipios greatly distinguished
themselves. The first Punic war was
concluded in favor of the Romans, who
bound the Carthaginians by a very sub-
missive treaty, the conditions of which
were for some time faithfully performed ;
but, when Annibal succeeded to the com-
mand of the Carthaginian armies in Spain,
he spumed the boundaries which the jea-
lousy of Rome had set to his arms, and
war was determined on by the influence
of Annibal in the Carthaginian senate.
Without d^layj he marched a numerous
army towards Italy, and resolved to carry
on the war to the very gates of Rome.
He crossed the Rhone, the Alps, and the
AppenniSes, with uncommon celerity, and
the Roman consuls who wbre stationed to
stop his progress were severally defeated.
The battles of Trebia, Ticinus, and of the
Lake of Thrasymenus, but more particular-
ly the decisive action at CannsB, in which
forty-five thousand men were slain, caus-
ed so much bonsternation at Rome, that,
if Annibal had marched from the plains
of Cannffi to the city, he would have met
with no opposition, but have terminated a
war with glory to himself, and inestima-
ble advantages to his country. The vic-
tory of Cannae left the conqueror master
of two camps, and of an immense booty ;
and the cities which had hitherto observ-
ed a neutrality eagerly embraced the in-
terest of Carthage. In order to establish
himself more firmly in Italy, Annibal call-
ed his brdlher Asdrubal from Spain, with
a large reinforcement ; but this army was
intercepted and defeated by the Romans,
and Asdrubal slain. AfifairsL now began
to take a diflTerent ttintj and the Carthagi-
nians to experience a bitter reverse of for-
tune. The conquests of young Scipio,
surnamed Africanus, in Spain, had raised
the expectations of his countrymen ; and,
when recalled to Rome, he proposed to re-
move Annibal from the capital of Italy,
by carrying the war into the heart of Car-
thage. This was a bold and hazardous
enterprise ; and, thou|^ opposed by the

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dictator Fablas, was at length approved
, by the senate, who empowered Scipio to
sail to Africa. The successes of the
young Roman were as rapid here as in
Spain ; and tbe Carthaginians, apprehen-
sive fur the fate of their capital, recalled
Annibal from Italy. He received their or-
ders with indignation, and, with tears in
his eyes, departed from a country, where,
for sixteen years, he had known no supe-
rior in ttie field of battle. On his arrivaT
in Africa, the Carthaginian general soon
collected a large army, and met his exult-
ing adversary in the plains of Zama. The
battle was long and bloody ; the Romans
ultimately obtained the victory ; and An-
nibal, who had sworn eternal enmity to
the gods of Rome, fled from Cartilage, af-
ter advising his countrymen to accept the
terms of the conqueror ; tbe victory of Zama
was decisive of the fate of Carthage, and
concluded the second Punic war. During
the fifty years which followed, the Cartha-
ginians were employed in repairing their
losses ; but they still found in Rome a jea-
lous rival and a haughty conqueror ; they
were also sorely oppressed and harassed
by Masinissa, kmg of Numidia,the ally of
Rome, who had made himself master of
one of their provinces ; and as, by one of
the conditions of tbe treaty of Zama, the
Carthaginians were unable to make war
without the consent of Rome, they com-
plained to the senate of this injustice, and
sought its protection against the tyranny
of Masinissa. But their petitions were re-
ceived with indifference, and the king of
Numidia continued his depredations. The
Carthaginians, therefore, resolved to do
themselves that justice which the Romans
had denied them, and entered the field
against Masinissa, by whom tlley were de-
feated with immense loss. By this despe-
rate measure they had broken the treaty,
and placed their destiny entirely at the
disposal of the Romans ; jvho, in order to
prevent further hostilities, exacted from
them the most abject and submissive condi-
tions. The Carthaginians agreed to deliv-
er up three hundred hostages, all children
of senators and of the most noble and res-
. pectable families ; also, all their ships,
' their arms, engines of war, with all their
naval and military stores. The Roman
consuls next demanded, that they should
leave their ancient habitations, and retire
into the inland parts of AfVica, and found
another city, at the distance of not less than
ten miles from the sea. This was heard
with horror and indignation ; the Romans
were fixed and inexorable ; and Carthage
was filled with tears and lamentations.
But the spirit of liberty was not entirely
extinguished in the capital of Africa ; and
the Carthaginians resolved to sacrifice
their lives for the protection of their gods;
the tombs of tfaeir forefathers, and the

place which had gfven thera birth. They
covered the ramparts with stones, to com-
pensate for the weapons and instruments
of war which they had given up to their
enemies ; the town was blocked up by the
Romans, commanded by Scipio, surnamed
Africanus tbe Younger, a descendant of
the great Scipio, who finished the second
Punic war, and a regular siege was begun.
The operations of the Roman general,
however, soon baffled the extraordinary
efforts and determined resistance of the
besieged; the communications they had
with the land were cut off, and the city,
which was twenty miles in circumfe-
rence, was completely surrounded by the
enemy. Despair and famine at length
raged in the interior : Scipio gained access
to tbe walls, but his entrance into the
streets was disputed with uncommon
fury ; the houses as he advanced were set
on fire to stop bis progress, and such of
the inhabitants as disdained to be made
prisoners, perished in the flames, which
gradually consumed their habitations. —
During seventeen days Carthage continu-
ed burning; and that city, which had
once been tbe seat of commerce, the mo-
del of magnificence, the common store of
the wealth of nations, and one of tbe
most powerful states of the worid^ left be-
hind no traces of its splendor, of its pow>
er, or even of its existence. This memo-
rable event happened 147 years B. C.

PuFiA L£x de sejuttUf required that the
senate should not be assembled from tbe
eighteenth of the calends of February to
the calends of the same month, and that
before the embassies were either accepted
or rejected, the senate should be held on
no account.

PuPisNua, Marcus Claudius Maxiv^s^
a man of an obscure family, who raised
himself by his merit to the highest oiScea
in the Roman armies, and gradually be-
came a prstor, consul, prefect of Rome,
and a governor of the provinces. His fa-
ther was a blacksmith. After the death
of the Gordians, Pupienus was elected
with Balbinus to the imperial throne, and
to rid the world of the usurpation and
tyranny of the Maximini, he immediately
marched againiM these tyrants: but he
was soon informed that they had been sa-
crificed to the fury and resentment of their
own soldiers ; and therefore he retired to
Rome to enjoy the tranquillity which his
merit claimed. He soon after prepared to
make war against the Persians, who in-
sulted the majesty of Rome, but in this he
was prevented, and massacred A. D. 236.
by the prstorian guards. Balbinus shared
his fate.

Pun us, a centurion of Pompey's army,
seized by Ceesar's soldiers.

PuFPiys, a tragic poet in the age of J.
Caesar. Bis tragedies wero so pathetic,

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333

tliat wnen they were represented on the
Koniaii stage, the audience melted into
tears.

PuRPunARi-K, two islands of the Atlan-
tic on the African coast, now Lancarota
and Fortiivcntura.

PuTEOLi, a maritime Ipwn of Campania,
between Baiae and Naples, founded by a
colony from Cumae. It was much fre-
quented by the Romans, on account of
its mineral waters and hot biitb3,and near
it Cicero had a villa calFed Pateolanum,
It is now called Puiioli.

PuTicuL-K,aplaceof theEsquiline gate,
•where the meanest of the Roman popu-
lace were buried.

PvANBPsiA, an Athenian festival cele-
brated in honor of Theseus and his com-
panions.

Pyona, atown of Macedonia, originally
called Citron^ situate between the mouth
of the rivers Aliacmon and Lydius.
PvoELA, a seaport town of Ionia.
PvoM.*:i, a nation of dwarfs, in the ex-
tremest parts of India, or according to
others, in ^Ethiopia. Some authors affirm,
that they were no more than one foot high,
and that they built their houses with egg
shells. Aristotle says that they lived in
holes under the earth, and that they canid
out in the harvest time with hatchets to
cut down the corn as if to fell a forest. It
\n said that Hercules once fell asleep in
the deserts of Africa, after he had con-
quered' AntJBUs, and that he was sudden-
ly awaken,ed by an attack which had
been made upon his body, by an army of
these Liliputians, who discharged their
arrows with great fury upon his arms and
legs. TJie hero, pleased with their cour-
age, wrapped the greatest number of them
in the skin of the Nemieau lion, and car-
ried them to Eurystheus.

Pygmjeon, a surname of Adonis in Cy-
prus.

Pygmalion, a king of Tyre, son of Be-
Iu9, and brother to the celebrated Dido,
who founded Carthage. At the death or
his father, he ascended the vacant throne,
and soon became odious by his cruelty
and avarice. He sacrificed every thing to
the gratification of his predominant pas-
- sions, and be did not even spare the life
of Sicheus Dido's husband, because he
was the most powerful and opulent of all
the Phoenicians. Pygmalion died in the
lifty-sixth year of hivS age, and in the for-
ty-seventh of his reign. A celebratiid

ntatuary of the island of Cyprus. He be-
came' enamored of a beautiful statue of
marble which he had made, and at his
earnest request and prayers, according to
the mythologiste, the goddess of beauty
changed the favorite statue into a woman,
whom the artist married, and by whom
ho had a son called Paphus, who founded
the city of that name in Cyprus.

Pylades, a son of Strophius, king pf
Phocis, by one of the sisters of Agamem-
non. He was educated, together with his
cousin Orestes, with wliom he formed the
most inviolable friendship, and whom he
assisted to revenge the murder of Agam-
femnon, by assassinating Clyteinnestra and
iEgysthus. The friendship of Orestes and
Pylades became proverbial. — A celebrat-
ed Greek musician, in the age of Philopce-
men. A mimic in the reign of Augus-
tus, banished, and afterwards recalled.

Pyl.k, a town of Asia, between Cappa-
docia and Cilicia. The word Pylte which
signifies gates, was often applied by the
Greeks to any straits or passages which
opened a communication between one
country and another.

Pyl.vmenes, a Paphlagonian son of
Melius who came to the Trojan war, and

was killed by Menelaus. A king of Mae-

onia, who sent his sons, Mestes and An-

tiphus, to the Trojan war. Another son

of Nicomedes, banished from Paplilagonia
by Mithridates, and restored by Pompey.

Pylagor.«, a name given to the Ara-
phictyonic council, because they always
assembled at Pylae, near the temple of
Delphi.

Pylaon, a son of Neleus and Chloris,
killed by Hercules with his brothers.

Pylarge, a daughter of Danaus.

Pylartes, a Trman killed by Patroclus.

Pylas, a kin§ of Megara. He had the
misfortune accidentally {o kill his uncle
Bias, for which he fled away, leaving his
kingdom to Pandion, his son-in-law, who
liad been driven from Athens. '

Pylene, a town of iEtolia.

Pyleus, a Trojan chief, killed by Achil-
les. A son of Cly menus, king of Orcho-

menos.

Pylleon, a town of ThessSly.

Pylo, a daughter of Thespius, mother
of Hippotas.

Pylo 3, now JVavkrinOy a town of Mes-
senia situate on the western coast of the
Peloponnesus, opposite the island Sphac-
teria in the Ionian sea. It was also call-
ed CoryphasioH, from the promontory on
which it was erected. It was built by
Pylus, at the head of a colony from Mega-
ra. A town of Elis, at the mouth of the

river Alpheus, l^etween the Peneus and

Selleis. Another town of Elis called

TViphyliaekay from Tripbylia, a province
of Elis, where it was situate. These
three cities which bore the name of Pylos,
disputed their respective right to the honor
of having given birth to the celebrated
Nestor, son of Neleus.

Pylus, a town. {Fid.Fy\os.) Ason"

of Mars by Demonice, the daughter of
Agenor. He was present at the chase of
the Calydonian boar.

Pyra, part of mount CEta, on which the
body of Hercules was burnt.

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PriucM05, one of Vulcan*! workmen
in the forgea of mount ^tna.

PvBACMos, 11 man killed by Cteneus.

Ptr.£chmes, a king of Euboea. A

king of Psuonia during the Trojan war.

Ptkamus, a youth of Babylon, who l>e-
came enamored of Thisbe, a beautiful vir-
gin, who dwelt in the neighborhood. The
name was mutual, and the two lovers,
whom their parents forbade to^ marry,
regularly received each other's addresses
through the chink of a wall, which sepa-
rated their houses. After the most sol-
emn vows of sincerity, they both agreed
to elude the vigilance of their friends,
and to meet one another at the tomb of
Ninus, under a white mulberry tree, with-
out the walls of Babylon. Thisbe came
first to the appointed place, but the sud-
den arrival of a lioness frightened lier
away ; and as she fled into a neighboring
cave she dropped her veil, which the lion-
ess found and besmeared with blood. Py-
ramns soon arrived, he found Thisbe's
veil all bloody, and concluding that she
had been torn to pieces by the wild beasts
of the place, he stabbed himself with his
■word. Thisbe, when her fears were
vanished, returned from the cave, and at
the sight of the dying Pyramus, she fell
upon the sword which still reeked with

his blood. A river of Cilitia, rising in

mount Taurus, and falling into the Pam-
phylian sea.

PyRS!Tj£A Vbnus, a town of Gallia
Narbonesis.

Ptreita I, a mountain, or a long ridge
of high mountains, which separate Gaul
from Spain, and extend from the Atlantic
to the Mediterranean sea. They receive
their name from Pyrene the daughter of
Bebrycius. or from the fire (JtvQ) which
once raged there for several days.

PTRENiBcs, a king of Thrace, who dur-
ing a shower of rain, gave shelter in his
house to the nine muses, and attempted
to ofibr them violence. The goddesses
upon this took to their wings and flew
away. Pyrenaeus, who attempted to fol-
low them, as if he had wings, threw him-
self down from the top.of a tower and was
killMl.-

PrREifE,a daughter of Bebrycius, king

of the southern parts of Spain. A

nymph, mother of Cycnus by Mars. A

fountain near Corinth. A small village

in Celtic Gaul, near which, according to
some, the river Istt^r took its rise.

PrRoi, an ancient town of Etruria, on
the sea coast.

PrRororr, an historian who wrote on
the laws of Crete.

Ptboo, the nurse of Priam's children
who followed iEneas in his flight from
Troy.

Ptrooteles, a celebrated engraver on
gems, in the age of Alexander the Great.

Ptroits, a fortifiei'ploce of Elia in tbtf

Peloponnesus.

Pyrippe, a daughter of Tliespins.

Pyro, one of the Oceanides.

Fyrodes, n son of Cilix, said to be the
, first who discovered and applied to hu-
man purposes the fire concealed in flints.

Pyrois, one of the horses of the suu. I

Ptrokia, a surname of Diana.

Pyrbha, a daughter of Epimetheus and ,
Pandora, who married Deucalion, the son
of Prometheus, who reigned in Thessaly.
In her age all mankind were destroyed
by a deluge, and she alone, with her hus-
band, escaped from the general destruc-
tion, by saving ttiemselves in a boat
which Deucalion had made by his father's
advice. When the waters had retired
from the surface of the earth, Pyrrha.
with her husband, went to the oracle of
Themis, when- tliey were directed, to
repair the loss of mankind, to throw stones
behind their hacks. They obeyed, and
the stones which Pyrrha threw were
changed into women, and those of Deu-
calion into men. A daughter of Creon,

king of Thebes. The name which

Achilles bore when he disguised himself
in women's clothes, at the court of Lyco-

modes. A promontory of Phthiotis, on

the bay of Malia. A town of Euboea.

A town of Lesbos. A beautifol

courtezan at Rome.

Pyrrheus, a place in the city of Am-
bracia.

Ptrrhi castra, a place of Lucania.

Pyrrhi AS, a boatman of Ithaca, remark-
able for his humanity. He delivered from
slavery an old man who had been taken
by pirates, and robbed of some pots fuU
of pitch. The old man was so grateful
for his kindness, that he gave the pots to
his deliverer, after he had told him that
they contained gold under the pitch.
A general of the ^tolians, defeated by
Philip, king of Macedonia.

Pyrrhicha, a kind of dance said to be
invented and introduced into Greece by
Pyrrhus the son of Achilles.

Pyrrhicus, a free town of Laconia.

Pyrrhid^, a patronymic given to the
successors of Neoptolemus in Epinis.

Pyrrho, a philosopher of Elis, disciple
to Anaxarchus, and originally a painter.
His father's name was Plistarchus, or Pis-
tocrates. He was in continual suspense
of judgment, he doubted of every thing,
never made any conclusions, and when
he had careAilly examined a subject, and
investigated all Its parts, he concluded by
still doubting of its evidence. When Iw
walked in the streets he never looked be>
hind, or moved from the road for a char-
iot, even in its most rapid course : and,
indeed, as some authors rehiark, tnis in-
difl^erence for his safety often exposed him
to the greatest andmost immineat dan>

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335

ten, fiom which he yaa saved by the in-
terference of his friends who followed
him. ' He flourished B. C. 304, and died
at the advanced age of ninety. He left
no writings behind him. His countrymen
W0te so partial to him, that they raised
statues to liis memory, and exempted all
the philosophers of £lis from taxes.

PrRRHUs, a son of Achilles and Deida-
niia, the daughter of king Lycomedes,
who received this name from the yelloto-
uMs of his hair. He was also called Ne-
optolemus, or new warrior^ because he
came to the Trojan war in the hist year
of the celebrated siege of the capital of

Troas. A king of Epirus, descended

from Achillea, by the side of his mother,
and from Hercules by that of his father,
and son of iEacides and Phthia. He was
saved when an infknt, by the fidelity of
bis servants, from the pursuits of the ene-
mies of his father, who had been banished
from his kingdom, and he was carried to
the court of Glautias king of Illyricum,
who educated him with great tenderness.
Caasander, king of Macedonia, wished to
dispatch Mm, as he had so much to dread
from him ; but Glautias, not only refused
to deliver him up into the hands of his
enemy, but he even went with an army,
and placed him on the throne of Epirus,
though only twelve years of ue. About
five years after, the absence oiPyrrhus to
attend the nuptials of one of the daugh-
ters of Glautias, raised new commotions.
The monarch was expelled from his throne
by Neoptolemus, who had usurped it after
the death of ^acides; and being still
without resources, he applied to his broth-
er-in-law Demetrius for assistance. He
accompanied Demetrius at the battle of
Ipeus, and fought there with all the pru-
dence and intrepidity of an experienced
^neral. He afterwards passed into Egypt,
where by his marriage with Antigone the
daughter of Berenice, he soon obtained a
aafficient force to attempt the recovery of
bis throne. He was successful in the
undertaking, but to remove all causes of
quarrel, he took the usurper to share with
bim the royalty, and some time after he
put him t^ death under pretence that he
nad attempted to poison him. In the
subsequent years of his reign, Pyrrhus
engaged in the quarrels •which disturbed
the peace of the Macedonian monarchy,
he marched against Demetrius, and save
the Macedonian soldiers flresh proofs of
bis valor and activity. By dissimulation
be ingratiated himself in the minds of his
enemy's subjects, and when Demetrius
Jaliored under a momentary illness, Pyr-
rhus made an attemi^ upon the crown of
Macedonia, which, if not then successftil,
soon atter rendered him master of the
kingdom. This he shared with Lysima-
chua for seven months, till the jealousy

of the Macedonians, and the ambition of
his colleague, obliged him to retire. Pyr-
rhus waH meditating new conquests,
when the Tarentines invited him to Italy
to assist them against the encroaching
power of Rome. He gladly accepted tiie
invitation, but his passage across the
Adriatic proved nearly fatal, and he reach-
ed the shores of Italy, after the loss of the
greatest part of his troops in a storm. At
his entrance into Tarentuni, B. C. 2^0, he
began to reform the manners of the inhab-
itants, and, by introducing the strictest
discipline among their troops, to accustom
them to bear fatigue and to despise dan-
gers. In the first battle which he fouj^ht-
with the Romans, he obtained the victo-
ry, but for this he was more particularly
indebted to his elephants, whose bulk,
and uncommon appearance, astonishea
the Romans, and terrified their cavalry.
The number of the slain was equal on
both sides, and the conqueror said that
such another victory would totally ruin
him. He also sent Cineas, his chief min-
ister, to Rome, and though victorious, he
sued for peace. These offers of peace
were refused, and when Fyrrhu3 ques-
tioned Cineas about the matlners and the
character of the Romans, the sagacious
minister replied, that their senate was a
venerable assembly of kings, and that to
fieht against them wa^ to attack another
I^dra. A second battle was fought near
Asculum, but the slaughter was so great,
and the valor so conspicuous on both
sides, that the Romans and their enemies
reciprocally claimed the victory as their
own. Pyrrhus still continued the war in
favor of the Tarentines, when he was in-
vited into Sicily by the inhabitants, who
labored under the yoke of Carthage, and
the cruelty of their own petty tyrants.
His fondness of novelty soon determined
him to quit Italy, he left a garrison at
Tarentum, and crossed over to Sicily,
where he obtained two victories over the
Carthaginians, and took many of their
towns. He was for a while successful,
and formed the project of invading Afri-
ca, but soon his popularity vanished, his
troops became insolent, and he behaved
with haughtiness, and showed himself
oppressive, so that his return to Italy was
deemed a fortunate event for all Sicify.
He had no sooner arrived at Tarentum
than he renewed hostilities with the Ro-
mans with great acrimony, but when his
army of 80,000 men had been defeated by
30,000 of the enemy, under Curius, he left
Italy with precipitation, B. C. 274, asham-
ed of the enterprise, and mortified by the
victories which had been obtained, over
one of the descendants of Achilles. In Epi-
rus he began to repair his military charac-
ter, -by attacking Antigonus, who was
then on the Macedqniaa throne lis

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336

eiiied tome advantageg over his ettemy.
d was at last restored to the throne or
Macedonia. He afterwards marched
against Sparta, at the request of Cleony-
nus, but when all his vigorous operations
were insufficient to take the capital of
Laconia, he retired to Argos, where the
treachery of Aristeus invited him. The
Argives desired him to retire, and not to
interfere in the affkirs of their republic,
which were confounded by the ambition
of two of their nobles. He com|rtied with
their wishes, but in the night he marched
his forces into the town, and might have
made himself master of the place had he
not retarded his progress by entering it
with his elephants. The combat that en-
sued was obstinate and bloody, and the
monarch, to fight with more boldness,
and to encounter dangers with more facil-
itv, exchanged his dress. He was attack-
ed by one of the enemy, but ws he was
going to run him through in his own de-
fence, the mother of the Argive, who saw
her son's danger from the top of a house,
threw down a tile, and brought Pyrrhus
to the ground. His head was cut off, and
carried toAatigonus, who gave his re-
mains a magnificent funeral, and present-
fd his ashes to his son He]enus,twobun-
Ired* and seventy-two years before the
Christian era. Pyj-rhus has been deserv-
edly commended for his talents as a gene-
ral ; arid not only his friends, but also his
nemies, have been warm in extolling
.lim ; and Annibal declared, that for ex-
lerience and sagacity the king of Epirus

Was the first of commanders. A king

of Epirus son of Ptolemy . murdered by the
peo^e of Ambracia. A son of Daedalus.

Ptsts, the wife of Seleucus, taken pris-
oner by the Gauls.

Ptthagoras, a celebrated philosopher,
bom at Samos. Like his contemporaries,
he was early made acquainted with poet-
ry and music ; eloquence and astronomy
became his private studies, and in gym-
nastic exercises be often bore the palm
for strength and dexterity.. He first made
himself known in Greece, at the Olympic
games, where he obtained, in the 1 8th
year of his age, the prize for wrestling ;
and, after he had been admired for the
elegance and the dignity of his person, and
the brilliancy of his understanding, he re-
tired into the east. In Egypt ana Chal-
dea he gained the confidence of the
priests, and learned from them the art-
Ail policy, and the svmbolic writings, by
which they governed the princes as well
as the i)eopIe,and,afterhe had spent many
years in gathering all the information
which could be collected from antique
tradition concerning the nature of the
gods and the immortality of the soul, Py-
thagoras revisited his native island. The
tyninny of Polycrates at Samoa disgusted

the philosopher, who was a great advocate
for National- independence, and, though
he was the favorite of the tyrant, he re-
tired from the island, and a second time
assisted at the Olympic games. His fame
was too well known to escape notice ; ho
was saluted in the public assembly by the
name of Sopkigt, or wise man ; but he re
fused the appellation, and was eatisfied
with that of philosopher, or, the friend of
wisdom. From Olympia the philosopher
visited the republics of Elis and Sparta,
and retired to Magna Grecia, where he
fixed his habitation in the town of Croto-
na, about the 40th year of his age. Here
he founded a sect which has received the
name of the Italian^ and he soon saw him*
self surrounded by a great number of pu-
pils, which the recommendation of his
mental, as well as his personal accom-
plishments, had procured. His skill in
music and medicine, and his knowledge
of mathematics and of natural philosophy,
gained him friends and admirers, ana*
amidst the voluptuousness that prevailed
among the inhabitants of Crotona, the
Samian saee found his instructions re-
spected, and his approbation courted : the
most debauched and eflleminate were
pleased with the eloquence and the grace-
ful delivery of the philosopher, who bold-
ly upbraided them for their vices, and
called them to more virtuous and manly
pursuits. These animated harangues
were attended with rapid success, and a
reformation soon took place in the morals
and the life of the people of Crotona.
Pythagoras was admired for his venera-
ble aspect, his voice was harmonious, his
eloquence persuasive, and the reputation
he had acquired by his distant travels,
and by being crowned at the Olympic
games, was great and important. He
regularly frequented the temples of the
gods, and paid his devotion to the divin-
ity at an early hour ; he lived upon the
Surest and most innocent food, he clothed
imself like the priests of the Egyptian
gods, and by his continual purificstions,
and regular ofi^erings, he seemed to be
superior to the rest of mankind in sancti-
ty. These artful measures uni..ed to ren-
der him an object not only of reverence,
but of imitation. So great was his au-
thority amont! his pupils, that, to dispute
his word was deemed a crime, and the
most stubborn were drawn to coincide
with the opinions of their opponents when
they helped their arguments by the words
of the master said so, Rn expression which
became proverbial iii hirarr in vrrbaMa-
fristri. The great influence which the
philosopher possessed in his school was
transferred to the world : the pupils divid-
ed the applause and the approbation of
the people with their venerated master,
and in a short time, the rulers and the

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337

le^BlatoM of all the pribeipal tow^^ of
Greece, Sicily, and Italy, boasted in being
the disciples of Pythagoras. TheSamian
philosopher was the first who supported
tjie doctrine of metempsychosis ^ or trans-
migration of the soul into different bodies,
lund those notions he seemed to have im-
bibed among the priests of Egypt, or in the
volitary retreats of the Brachmans. More
•strenuously to support his chimerical sys-
tem, he declared he recollected the' differ-
ent bodies his soul had animated before
that of the son of Mnesarchus. He remem-
bered to hare been ^thalides, the son of
Mercury, to have assisted the Greeks
during the Trojan war in the character of
&uphorbus, {Vtd. Euphorbus,) to have
beeir Hermotiraus, afterwan^i a fisher-
man, and last of all Pythagoras. He for-
bade his disciples to eat fl^sh, as also beans,
because he/supposed them to have been
produced from the same putrified matter
from which, at the creation of the world,
man was formed. In his theological sys-
tem Pythagoras supported that the uni-
verse was created from a shapeless heap
of passive matter by the hands of a pow-
erful being, who himself was the mover
•nd soul of the world, and of whose sub-
•tanee the souls of mankind were a por-
tion. He considered numbers as the prin-
di^es of every thing, and perceived in the
ualverse regularity, correspondence, beau-
ty, proportion, and harmony, as inten-
tionally produced by the creator. The au-
thors that lived in, and after, the age of
Alexander, have rather tarnished than
brightened the glory of the founder of the
Pythagorean school, and they have ob-
scured his fkme by attributing to him ac-
tions which were dissonant with his char-
acter aa a man and a moralist. To give
more vireigbt to his exhortations, as some
writers mention, Pythagoras retired into a
subterraneous cave, where his mother sent
him intelligence of every thing which hap-
pened during his absence. After a cer-
t^n number of months he again reappear-
ed on the earth with a grim and ghastly
countenance, and declared, in the assem-
bly of the people, that he was returned
from hell. From similar exaggerations,
it has been asserted that he appeared at
the Olympic games with a golden thigh,
and that he could ^rite in letters of blood
whatever he pleased on a looking-glass,
and that, by setting it opposite to the
moon, when full, all the characters which
were on the glass became legible on the
moon's disc. The time and the place of
the death of this great philosopher are un-
IUU>wn ; yet many suppose that he died
at Metapontum about four hundred and
ninety- seven years before Christ ; and so

Eeat was the veneration of the people of
agnaGriecia for him, that he received
the same honon aa were paid to the im-
99

mo^rtal gods, and his house became a sa-
cred temple. Succeeding ages likewise
acknowledged his merits, and when the
Romans, A. U. €. 411, were commanded
by the'oracle of Delphi, to erect a statue
to the bravest and wisest of the Greeks,
the distinguished honor was conferred on
Alcibiades and Pythagoras. Pythagoras
had a daughter called £>amo. Pythagoras
distinguished himseR by his discoverief
in geometry, astronomy, and mathematics,
and it isto him that the world is indebt-
ed for the demonstration of the forty-
seventh proposition of the first book of
Euclid's elements, about the square of the
hypothenuse. His system of the universe,
in which be placed the sun in the centre,
and all the planets moving in elliptical
orbits round it, was deemed chimerical
and improbable, till the deep inquiries
and the philosophy of the 16th century
proved it, by the most accurate calcula-
tions, to be true and incontestable.

A soothsayer at Babylon, who foretold the
death of Alexander, and of Hephsestion.
A tyrant of Ephesus. One of Ne-
ro's wicked favorites.

Pttheas, an archon at Athens. A

native of Massilia, famous for his know-
ledge of astronomy, mathematics, philoso-
phy , and geography. He was the first who
established a distinction of climate by the
length of days and nights. He wrote differ-
ent treatises in Greek, which have been
lost, though some of them were extant in
the beginning of the fifth century. Pytheas
lived, according to some, in the age of Aris-
totle. — An Athenian rhetorician in the age
of Demosthenes, who distinguished him-
self by his intrigues, rapacity, and his op-
position to the measures of Demosthenes,
of whom ti0 observed, that his orations
smelt of the lamp. His orations were de-
void of elegance, harsh, unconnected and
diffuse, and from this circumstance he has
not been ranked among the orators of
Athens. .

Ptthes. a native of Abdem, in Thrace,
son of Andromache, who obtained a crown
at the Olympian games.

Pttheus, a Lydian, famous for his
riches in the age of Xerxes. He kindly
entertained the monarch and all his army,
when he was marching on his expedition
against Greece, and offered him to defray
the expenses of the whole war. Xerxes
thanked him with much gratitude, and
promised to give him whatever he should
require. Pytheus asked him to tjismiss
his son (torn the expedition ; upon which
the monarch ordered the young man to be
cut in two, and one half of the body to be
placed on the right hand of the way, and
the other on the left, that his army might
march between them.

Ptthia, the priestess of Apollo at Del-
phi. She delivered the answer of the r^

8^8

to such as came to consult the oracle, and
was supposed to be suddenly inspired
by the sulphureous vapors whicb issued
from the hole of a subterraneous cavity
within the temple, over which she sat
bare on a three legged stool, called a
tripod. In the stool was a small aperture,
through which the vapor was exhaled by
the priestess, and, at this divine inspira-
tion, her eyes suddenly sparkled, her hair
stood on end, and a shivering ran over all
her body. In this convulsive otate she
spoke the oracles of the god, often with
loud bowlings and cries, and her articula-
tions were taken down by the priest, and
set in order. There was originally but
one Pythia, besides subordinate priests,
and afterwards two were chosen, and
sometimes more. The most celebrated of
all these is Phemonoe, who is supposed
by some to have been the first who gave
oracles at Delphi. The oracles were al-
ways delivered in hexameter verses, a
custom which was sometime after discon-
tinued. The Pythia was consulted only
one month in the year, about the spring.
It was always required that those who
consulted the ocacle should make large
presents to ApoHo, and from thence arose
the opulence, splendor, and the magnifi-
cence of that celebrated temple of Delphi.
Sacrifices were also offered to the divinity,
and if the oniens proved unfavorable the

priestess refused to give an answer.

Games celebrated in honor of Apollo near
tlie temple of Delphi. They were first in-
stituted, according to the more received
opinion, by Apollo himself, in con^memo-
ration of the victory which he had ob-
tained over the serpent Python, from
Which they received their name ; though
others maintain that they weue first estab-
lished by Agamemnon, or Dfbmedes, or
by Amphictyon, or lastly bv the council
of the Amphiclyons, B. C. "1263. They
were originally celebrated once in nine
years, but afterwards every fifth year, on
the second year of every olympiad, ac-
cording to the number of the Parnassian
nymphs w6o congratulated Apollo after
his victory. The gods themselves were
originally among the combatants, and ac-
cording to some authors the first prizes
were won by Pollux, in boxing ; Castor,
in horse-races ; Hercules, in the pancrati-
um ; Zetes, in fighting with the armor ;
Calais, in running ; Telamon, in wrest-
ling; and Peleus, in throwing the quoit.
These illustrious conquerors were reward-
ed by Apollo himself, who was present,
with crowns and laurel. Some however
observe, that it was nothing but a musical
contention, in which he who sung best

the praises of Apollo obtaiiied the prizfft
which was presents of gold or BJIveri
which were afterwards exchanged for a
garland pf the palm tree, or of beech
leaves. It is said that Hesiod was refused
admission to these games, because be was
not able to play*upon the harp, which was
required of all such as entered the lists.

Pythias, a Pythagorean philosopher, in-
timate with Damon. A road which led

from Thessaly to Tempe. A comic

character, &.c.

Ptthion, an Athenian killed, with four
hundred and twenty soldiers, when he
attempted to drive the garrison of DemO'
trius from Athens.

Pythium, a town of Thessaly.

Pythius. a Syracusan, who defrauded
Canius, a Roman knight, to whom be had

sold his gardens. A surname of Apollo,

which he had received for hia having con-
quered the serpent Python, or because
he was worshipped at Delphi ; called also
Pytho.

Pytho, the ancient name of the town
of Delphi.

Pythocharis, a musician who assuaged
the fury of some wolves by playing on a
musical instrument.

Pythoclss, an Athenian descended
from Aratus. It is said, that on his ao^
count, and fbr his instruction, Plutarch

wrote the life of Aratus. A man put to

death with PhocioD. — r-A man who wrote
on Italy.

Pythooorus, an Athenian archoa in
the age of Thfemistocles.

Pytholaus, the brother of Theba, the
wife of Alexander tyrant of Phers.

Python^ a native of Byzantium, in the
age of Philip of Macedonia. He was a

great favorite of the monarch. One of

tlie friends of Alexander put to death by

Ptolemy Lagus. A man who killed

Cotys king of Thrace at the instigation of

the Athenians. A celebrated serpent

sprung from the mud and stagnated wa-
ters whicb remained on the surface of the
earth after the deluge of Deui^alion. ApoU
lo attacked the monster and killed bim
with his'arrows, and in commemoration
of the victory which he had obtained, be
instituted the celebrated Pythian games.

Pytho Nic£, an Athenian woman great*
ly honored by Ilarpalus, whom Alexander
sometime before had intrusted Mfith the
treasures of Babylon.

Pythonissa, a name given to the priest-
ess of Apollo's temple at Delphi.

Pytna, a part of Mount Ida.

Pyttalvs, a celebrated athlete, son of
Lam pis of Elis, who obtained a prize at
the Olympic games.

y Google

839

ai^

VUADERNA, a town of Italy.

diTADi, an ancient nation of Germany,
near the country of the Marcomanni, on
the borders of the Danube, in modern Mo-
ravia.

Q-UADRATUs, a surname given to Mer-
cury, because some of his statues were

(Square. A governor of Syria in the age

of Nero.

QUADRIFRONS, OT QUADRICRPS, a SUt-

name of Janus, because he was represent-
ed with four heads. He had a temple on
the Tarpeian rock, raised by L. Catulus.

QuAisTOBBs, two officers at Rome, first
created A. U. 0. 269. They received their
name a qmsrendoj because they collected
the revenues of the state, and had the to-
tal management of the public treasury.
The qutestorship was the first office which
could be had in the state. It was requi-
site that the candidates should be twenty-
four or twenty-five years of age, or ac-
cording to some twenty-seven. In the
year 33:2, U. C, two more were added to
the others, to attend the consuls, to take
care oC the pay of the armies abroad, and
sell the plurtder and booty which had been
•acquired by conquest. When the Ro-
mans were masters of all Italy, four more
were created, A. U. C. 439, to attend the
proconsuls and proprietors in their pro-
vinces, and to collect all the taxes and
customs which each particular district
•owed to the republic. They were called
Prtnfgnciales. Sylla the dictator created
twenty quiestors, and J. Csesar forty, to
fill up the vacant seats in the senate;
from whence it is evident that the quaes-
ton ranked as senators in the senate.

QuARi, a people of (3anl.

QuARias, a river of Bceotia.

(^UERCExa, a Kutulian who fought
against the Trojans.

duERRCETULANus, a name given to
.mount Ccelius at Rome, from the oaks
which grew there.

duiETis rAi<ruM, a temple without the
walls of the city of Rome. Q,uies was the
goddess of rest. Her temple was situate
near the Colline gate.

L. CluiErus, an officer under the em-
peror Trajan, who behaved with great
valor in the expeditions which were un-
dertaken by the army, which he com-
manded. He was put to death by Adrian.

dUIirCTIA FRATA. Kid. dUTNTIA.

Q,uiNCTiAKU9, a man who conspired
against Nero, for which he was put to
death.

duiNCTiLiA, a comedian who refused-
to betray a conspiracy which had been
formed against Caligula.

Q,c;i!TCTius, T. a Roman consul who
gained some victories over the ^qui and
the Volacl, and obtained a triumph for
lubduing Prmneste.— ~;<-Cffiflo, a maQ ac-

cused before the Roman people, and vin-
dicated by his father Cincinnatus. A

Roman celebrated for his frugality. A

master of horse. A Roman consul when

Annibal invaded Italy. A brother of

Flaminius, banished from the senate by

Cato, for lulling a Gaul. An officer

killed by the Carthaginians. An officer

under Dolabella. Another who defeat*

ed the Latins.-- — A consul who obtained

a victory over the Volsci. Vid. Hir-

pinus.

duiNDA, a town of Cilicia.

QoiNDECiMviRi, an order of priests
whom Tarquin the proud appomted to
take care of the Sibylline books. They
were originally two, but afterwards the
number was increased to ten, to whom
Sylla added five more, whence their
name.

Q.DiN(iUATRiA, a festival in hoijor of
Minerva at Rome, which continued dur-
ing five days. The beginning of the cele-
bration was the eighteenth of March. The
first day sacrifices and oblations were pre-
sented, but, however, without the effusion
of blood. On the second, third, and fourth
days, shows of gladiators were exhibited,
and on the fifth day there was a solemn
procession through the streets of the cUy.
On the days of the celebration, scholars
obtained holydays, and it was usual for
them to ofier prayers to Minerva for learn-
ing and wisdom, which the goddess pat-
ronised ; and on their return to school,
they presented their master with a gift
which has received the name ofMinervdL
They were much the same aa tl^e Paaa-
thencea of the Greeks.

Q.uiNc^uE.fNAL.Es LUDi, games celebrate
ed by the Chians in honor of Homer every
fifth year. There were also some games
among the Romans which tK>re this name.
They are the same as the Aclian games.

Q.UINTIA Prata, a place on the borders
of the Tiber near Rome, which had been
cultivated by the great Cincinnatus.

Q.UIWTILIANU3, Marcus Fabius, a ce-
lebrated rhetorician bom in Spain.—
lie opened a school of rhetoric at Rome,
and was the first who obtained a salary
from the state as being a public teacher.
After h^ had remained twenty years in
this laborious employment, and obtained
the merited applause of the most illus-
trious Romans, not only as a preceptor,
but as a pleader at the bar, Quintilian, by
the permission of the emperor Domitian,
retired to enjoy the fruits of his labors and
industry. In his retirement he assiduous-
ly dedicated his time to the study of lite-
rature, and wrote a treatise on the causes
of the corruption of eloquence. Sometime
after, at the pressing solicitations of his
friends, he wrote his instuUones oratoriuBj
the most perfect and <romptete system or
oratory extant, He^aa apoointed pre-

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eeplor to the two yodttg JMrtncei whom
Domitial destined fof his suceesaon on
the throve, but the pieasoree which the
rhetorician received from the favora and
the attention of the emperor, and from the
■ttccess which hia writings met in the
world, were embittered by the loss of his
wife, and of his two sons. It is said t|iat
Quintilian was poor in his retirement,
. and that his indifence was relieved by the
liberality of his pupil, Pliny the younger.
He died A. D. 95.

QuiRTiMUB Vakus, a Roman governor

of Syria. {Vid, Varus.) A friend of the

•mperor Alexander. A man put to

death by the emperw Sevenis.

QuiifTiLLA, a courtezan at Rome.

QuiifTiLLDs, M. Aurelius Claudius, a
brother of Claudius who proclaimed him-
self emperor, and seventeen days after
destroyed himself by opening his veins in
• bath, when he heard that Anreiian was
marching against him, about the two hun-
dred and seventieth year of the Christian
era.

Q,uiirTvt, or QviRCTins, one of the
names of Cineinnatus. Pedius, a paint-
er.

duiirruB, CuRTius Rurus, a Latin his-
torian, who flourished as some suppose
in the reign of Vespasian or Trajan. He
bas rendered himself known by his his-
tory of the reign of Alexander the Great.
This work Is admired for its elegance, the
purity, and the florid ness of the style. It
IS however blamed for great anachron-
isms, and glaring mistakes in geography,
as well as histoty. Some suppose that
the historian is the same with that Cur-
tius Rufus, who lived in the age of Clau-
dius, under whom he was made consul.
This RuAis was bom of an obscure family,
and be attended a Roman qusestor in Af-

rica, when he was met At AtSrainetuln hf
a woman above an human shape, as be
was walking under the porticos In the
middle of the day. This extraordinary
character addressed the indigent Roman,
and told him that the day should come
in which he should eovern Africa with
consular power. This strange prohecy
animated Rufus : he repaired* to Rome,
where he gained the fkvors of the em-
peror, obtained consular honors, and at
last retired as proconsul to Africa, where
he died.

duiHTDs VsRANius, a govemor of
Cappadocia.-^"— Cicero, the brother of

Cicero. Catulus, a Roman consuU

A friend of Ceesar.

QuiRiNALiA, festivals in honor orSran-
ulus, surnamed Quirinus, celebnUasd oih
the thirteenth of the calends of Bfarcb.

Qqirinalis, a hill at Rome. OESginallf
called ^gonitis, and aflerwaras CaUmuM,
The name of Quirinalis it obtained' from
the inhabitants of Cures, who settled

there under their king Tatius. One

of the gates of Rome near mount €liuriii>
alis.

QniRiRus, a surname of Mar» among
the Romans. This name was also given
to Romulus when he had been made a

god by his superstitious subjects^ Also

a surname of the god Janus. Sulpiti-

UB, a Roman consul bom at Lairavium..
Though descended of an obscure &mily,
he was raised to the greatest boners by
Augustus. He died A. D. S3.

QuiBiTEB, a name given to the Bk>man
citizens, because they admitted into their
city the Sabines, who inhabited the town
of Cures, and who on that sRcouat were
called Quirites. After this union, the two
nations were indiscriminately and premis-
cuously called by that name.

RABIRIUS, C. a Roman knight, who
lent an immense sum of money to
Ptolemy Auletes, king of Egypt. Rabirius
escaped from Egypt with difficulty, but at
his return to Rome, he was accused by
the senate of having lent money to an Af-
rican prince, for unlawful purposes. He
was ably defended by Cicero., and acquit-
ted. A Latin poet in the age of Augus-
tus. An architect in the reign of Dq-

mitian.

Raciua, the wifei of Cineinnatus.

Racilius, a tribune who complained in
the senate of the faction of Clodins.

RjBtAcsfl, an officer of Artaxerxes. He

revolted ftrom his master, and fled to
Athens.

Ramissb, a king of Egypt. Fid. Rhamses.

Ramnss, or RMAMifsiTSEt, one of the
three centuries instituted by Romnlus.

Randa, a village of Persia.

Rapo, a Rutulian chief.

Rascu>oli9, a Macedonian sent to the
assistance of Pomp^y.

Ravekn A, a town of Italy on tbe Adri-
atic, which became celebrftted under tbs
Roman emperors for its capacious harbor,
and for being for sometime the seat of tbe
western empire. It is now entirely fallen
from its former grandeur* t

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Ratola, ft belebrated debauchee.

Rauraci,' a people of Gaul, whose chief
town is now Augst on the Rhine.

Re ATS, a pleoirant town of Umbria..

Rediculus, a deity whose name is de-
rived from the word r^ircy (to return.)

RsDONEs, a nation amdng the Armori-
ci, now the people of Rennes and SU Ma-
loesj in Brittany.

Regill^j or" ReoilluMj a town in the
country of the Sabines in Kaly, about
twenty miles from Rome.

Reoilliands, Q. Nonius, a Dacian who
«ntered the Roman armies, and was raised
to the greatest honors under Valerian.
He was elected emperor by the populace,
and was soon after murdered by his sol-
diers, A. D. 262.

Reoillus, a small lake of Latinm.

Rboiivum, a town of Germany, now
•supposed Ratisbon or Regensburg.

Reoium Lepidum, a town of Modena,
now Regio, at the south of the Po.

M . Attilius Reoulus, a consul during
the first Punic war. He reduced Bnindu-
«ittm, and in his second'consulship he took
sixty-four, and sunk thirty gallies of the
Carthaginian fleet, on the coast of Sicily.
Afterwards he landed in Africa, and so
rapid was his success, that in a short time
he defeated three generals, and made him-
self master of about two hundred places
of consequence on the coast. The Car-
thaginians sued for peace, but the con-
queror refused to grant it, and soon after
he was defeased in a battle by Xanthip-
pus, and thirty thousand of his men were
left on the field of battle, and fifteen thoi*-
Band taken prisoners. Regulus was in the
number of the captives, and he was car-
ried in triumph to Carthage. He was af-
terwards sent by the enemy to Rome, to
propose an accommodation, and an ex-
change of prisoners ; and if his commis-
Bion was unsuccessful, he was bound by
the most solemn oaths to return to Car-
thage, without delay. When he came to
Rome, Re'gulns dissuaded his countrymen
from accepting the terms which the ene-
my proposed, and when his opinion had
had due influence on the senate, Regulns
retired to Carthage agreeable to his en-
gagements. The Carthaginians were told
that their offers of peace had been rejected
at Rome, by the means of Regulus, and
therefore they prepared to punish him with
the greatest severity. His eyebrows were
cut, and he was exposed for some days to
the excessive heat of the meridian sun,
and afterwards confined in a barrel, whose
sides were every where filled with large
iron spikes, till he died in the greatest
agonies. His suflferines were heard at
Rome, and the senate permitted^is widow
to inflict whatever punishment she pleas-
ed on some of the most illustrious captives
of Carthage, who were fn their hands.
29*

She confined them also In presses filled
with sharp iron points, and was so exqui-
site in her cruelty, that the senate at last
interfered, and stopped the barbarity of -
her punishments. Regulus died about two
hundred and fifty-one years before Christ.
Memipids, a Roman made governor

of Greece by Caligula. A man who con-
demned Sejanus. Roscius, a man who

held the consulship but for one day, in the «*
reign of VitelHus.

Remi, a nation of Gaul, whose principal ^
town Duricortorium, is mow Rbeiins, in
the north of Champagne.

Remmia lex de judiciis, was enacted
to punish all calumniators. The letter K
was marked on their forehead.

Remulus, a friend of Turnus, trampled

to death by his horse. A chief of

Tiber, whose arms were seized by the Ru-
tulians.

Remolus Sylvius, a king of Alba, de-
stroyed by lightning on account of his im-
piety.

Remuria, festivals established at Rome
by Romulus, to appease the manes of his
brother Remus.

Remus, the brother of Romulus, was r
exposed together with him, by the cruelty
of his grandfather. In the contest which
happened between Jhe two brothers about
building a city, Romulus obtained the pre-
ference, and Remus, for ridiculing the
rising walls, was put to death by his bro-
ther's orders, or by RomVilus himself.
-One of the auxiliaries of Turnus

against iEneas. ,

Res^iva, a town of Mesopotamia, fa-
mous for the defeat of Sapor by Gordian.

Resus, a small river of Asia Minor, fall-
ing into the Maeander.

Retiita, a village near Misenum.

Reudigni, a nation of Germany.

Rha, a large river, now the Volga j of
Russia.

Rhacia, a promontory in«thc Mediter-
ranean sea, projecting from the Pyr6nean
mountains.

Rhacius, a Cretan prince, the first of
that nation who entered Ionia with a co-
lony.

Rmacotis, an ancient name of Alexan-
dria, the capital of Egypt.

Rhadamanthus, a son of Jupiter and
Europa. He was born in Crete, which he
abandoned about the thirtieth year of his
age. He passed into some of the Cycla-
des, where he reigned with so much jus-
tice and impartiality, that the ancients
have said he became one of the judges of
hell.

Rhadamistus, a son of Phamaamanes
king of Iberia, put to death by his father
for his cruelties, about the year fifty-two
of the Christian era.

Rhadius, a son of Neleus.

Rhjsteum, a city of^hrygiaj

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342

Rfueritor R.«ti, as anoient and w«r-
like nation of Etruria.

Rhjbtia, a country at tbe north of Italy,
between the Alps and tbe Danube, which
■ow furuM the territories of the Grisons,
of Tyrol, and ptirt of Italy. Tlie Rbietiane
rendered themselves fornitdiUile by the
frequent invasions they madft upon the
Roman empire, and wereat last citiqaer-
ed by Bnisus, the brother of Tiberius,
Vid othen under the Roman emperors. -

RnAMNBs,a king and auguj, who assist-
ed Turnus againat ifineas. He was killed
in the night by Nisus.

Rhamnus, a town of Attica, famous for
« temple of Amphiaraus, and a statue of
the piddem Nemesis.

Rhamn UBiA, a name of Nemesis.
« Rhampsinitl's, an opulent king of Egypt
wlio flucceeded Proteus.

Rhambss, or Ramiibs, a powerful king
of Egypt, who with an army of seven hun-
dred thousand men, conquered iEthiopia,
Libya, Persia, and other eastern nations.

RHAtfis, one of Diana^a attendant
nymphs.

Rharos, or Rhakium, a plain of Attica,
where corn was first sown by Triptole-
mue.

Rhabcdfokis, a king of Thrace, who
Invaded the possessions of Cotys, and was
put to death by order of Tiberius.

Rhsa, a daughter of CobIus and Terra,
who married Saturn, by whom she had
Vesta, Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, &c.
Her husband, however, devoured them all
as soop as born, as be had succeeded to
the throne with the solemn promise that
lie would raise no male children. To stop
the cruelty of her husband, Rhea consult-
ed her parents, and was advised to unpose
upon him, or perhaps to fly into Crete.
Accordingly, when she brought forth, the
child was immediately concealed, and
Saturn devoured up a stone which his
wife had given him as her own child. A
year after, the child, whose name was Ju-

Eiter, became so strong and powerful, that
e drove his father from his throne.-

Sylvia, the mother of Romulus and Re-

muif. Vid. Ilia. A nymph of Italy, who

la said to have borne a son called Aventi-
nuB to Hercules.

Rhbbas, or Rhbbub, a river of Bithynia,
flowing from mount Olympus into the
Euxine sea.

Rrboium, now Eheggxo^z, town of Ita-
ly, in the country of the Brutii. This
town has always been subject to great
earthquakes, by which it has often been
destroyed. The neighborhood is remark-
dUe for its great fertility, and for its de-
ligbtAil views.

Rhboubci, a people of the Alps.

Rhbre, a small island of the ^gean,
about two hundred yards from Delos,
eighteen miles in cireumference. The

Inhabitants of De.loa always 4mried their
dead there, as their own island was con-
SiBcrated to ApoHo, where no <ttMtf bodies
were to be inhumated.

Rhbiti, a people on tlie borders of the
Rhine.

Rhshus, one of the largest rivers of
Europe, which divides Germany froa«
Gaul. It 'rises in the Rhastian Alps, an^
iklls into the German ocean. In nnodem,
geograii^'y ^^ Rhine is known as dividing-
ftself idto four large branches, the Waal.

Lech, Issel, and the Rhine. A smalt

river of Italy; foiling into the Po on the;
south, now /2isito,

Rhsomitrbs, a Persian who revolted;

from Artaxerxes.-i A Persiaa office^

killed at the battle of Issus.

Rhbbub, a king of Thrace, son of the>
Strymon and Terpsichore, who marched
ice^r

to the assistancerbf Priam, king of Troy,
against the Greeks. The Greeks entereq
his camp in the night, slew him, and ca^^
ried away his horses to their camp.

RhbtogbrbI, a. prince of Spain who
surrendered to the Romans^ and was treat-
ed with great humanity.

Rhbtico, a mountain of Rhetia.

Rhbunub, a place in Arcadia.

Rhexbnor, a son of Nausithous, king

of Pheacia. The father of Chalciope,

the wife of iEgeus, king of Athens.

A musician who accompanied Antony in
Asia.

Rhexibiub, an athlete of Opus, who
obtained a prize in the Olympic games.

Rhianus, a Greek poet of Thrace, ori-
ginally a slave. He flourished about two
hundred years before the Christian era.

Rhioaoo, a river of Hyrcania, falling
into the Caspian sea.

Rhimotacles. a king of Thrace, who
revolted from Antony to Augustus. He
boasted of his attachment to the emperor's
person at an entertainment, upon which
Augustus said, jirodttMittfn aiiM, jvrodttore*
vero odi.

RHiirocoLURA, a town on the borders
of Palestine and Egypt.

Rhion, a promontory of Acbaia, oppo-
site to Antirrnium in iEtolia, at the mouth
of the Corinthian gulf, called also the Dar-
danelles of Lepanto.

Rhipha, or Rhifhb, a town of Arcadia.

Rhifhjei, large mountains at the north
of Scythia, where, as some suppose, the*
Gorgons had fixed their residence. Tlie
name of Riphaan was applied to any cold
mountain in a northern country.

Rhiitthoiv, a Greek poet of Tarentnm,
in the age of Alexander.

Rhipheus, one of the Centaurs. A

Trojan praised for his justice. Fid. Ri-
pheus.

Rhium. FuL Rhion.

RHizoNiTiB, a people ,of Illyrieam,
whose chief town was called r" ' '

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Rhoda, -^0^ Ro$€»y a eeapftrp town of

Spain. —A town of the 8ai»ne, from

which the river received Its name. It was
ruined in Pliny >8 age.

Rhodattus, a river of Gallia Narbonen*
sis, riding in<tiie Rhtetian. Alps, and fall-
ing into the Mediterranean sea, near Mar-
^seiJles. It is one of the largort and most
rapid rivers of Europe, now Itnown by the
name of the Rhone.

Rhode, a daughter of Neptujie— — of
Danaus.

Rhooia, one of the Oceanides.— — — A
daughter of Danaus.

Rmooooyits, a daughter of Phraates,
Jcing of Parthia, who married Demetrius,
4«v/)en he was in banishment at her father's

Rhodofb, or Rhodofis, a celebrated
«courte9an or Greece, who was fellow ser-
vant with ^sop, at the court of a king of
rSamos. She was carried to Egypt by
ilXanthus, and her liberty was at last
t>ought by Charaxes of Mitylene, the bro-
ker of Sappho, who was enamored of
^er, and who married her. iElian says,
that as Rhodope w^s one day bathing, an
eagle carried away one of her sandals,
»nd dropped it near Psammetichus, king
m( Egypt, at Memphis, The monarch was
struck with the beauty of the sandal, strict
inquiry was made to find the owner, and
Bhodope, when discovered, married Psam-
metichus.— -Perizonius supposes there
were two persons of that name.

Rhodopb, a high mountain of Thrace,
extending as far as the Euxine sea, all
across the country nearly in an eastern di-
rection.

Rhodopsius, is used in the same signi-
fication as Thracian, because Rhodope
was a mountain of that country.

RHbouRiA, the top of mount (Eta.

Rhodus, a celebrated island in the Car-
pathian sea, one hundred and twenty
miles in circumference, at the south of
Caria, from which it is distant about
twenty miles. Its principal cities were
Rhodes, founded about four hundrefl and
eig^t years before the Christian era, Lin-
dus, Camisus, Jalysus. Rhodes was ftt-
moua for the siege which it supported
Against Demetrius, and for a celebrated
«tatue of Apollo. {Fid, Colossus.) The
fibodians were originally governed by
kings, and were independent, but this

Svemment was at last exchanged for a
mocracy and an aristocracy. They were
naturally given up to commerce, and dur-
inc many ages, they were the most pow-
efiul nation by sea.

Rhoebus, a horse of Mezentius, whom
ills master addresised with a determina-
tion to conquer or to die, when he saw his
eon Lausus brought lifeless from the bat-
tle.

Rsacut, one of tba Centaon, killed at

tli»iHtutiaU«r Pirithous by BaeduiB.

<foie ofll^ giants killed by BacchQs, un-
der the fonn of a lion, in the war which
these sons of th^ earth waged against Ju-
piter and the gods.

Rhoso, a nymph beloved by Apollo.

Rhoctkum, or Rhcetub, a promontory
of Troas, on the Hellespont, near which
the body of Ajax was buried.

RvaiTius, a mountain of Corsica, now
kosgo.

Rhstv;, a king of the Marnibii, wllo

married a woman called Casperia. A

Rutulian killed by {Suryalus in the night.
An iCthiopian killed by Perseus.

Rhobacbs, a Persian killed by ClHne as
he was going to stab Alexander at the bat-
tle of the Granicus.

Rhosus, a town of Syria, celebrated for
its earthen ware. ^

RHoxAi.Aivi,apeoide at the north of the
Palus Maeotis.

Rhoxaki, a nation against wh(Mn Mitb>
ridates made war.

Rhutkri and Ruthbri, a pet^le of
Gaul.

Rhyivdacus, a large rirer of Mysia, in
Asia Minor.

RHTirTHON, a dramatic writer of Syra-
cuse, who flourished at Tarentum, where
he wrote thirty-eight plays.

Rhtpje, a town of Achaia. ^

RiGODULUM, a village of Germany, now
Rigol, near Cologne.

RiPHBus, a Trojan who joined iEneas
the night that Troy was reduced to ashes,
and was at last killed after making a great

carnage of the Greeks. Oneof theCen*

taurs killed by Theseus.

RixAMARiB, a people of Illyricnm.

RoBioo,orRuBioo, a goddess at Rome,
particulariy worshipped by husbandmen,
as she presided over com. Her festivals
called RohigdHa^ were celebrated on the
twenty-fifth of April.

RoDUMif A, now Roamuy a town of the
^dui, on the Loire.

Roma, a city of Italy, the capital of the
Roman empire ; situate on the banks of
the river Tiber, at the distance of about
sixteen miles from the sea. The name of
its founder, and the manner of its found-
ation, are not precisely known. Romu-
lus, however, is universally supposed to
have laid the foundations of that celebrat-
ed city, on the twentieth of April, accord-
ing to Varro, in the year 3961 of the Julian
period, 3^1 years after the creation of the
world, 753 before the birth of Christ, and
431 years after the Trojan war. and in the
fourthyear of the sixth Olympiad. In its
original state, Rome was but a small cas-
tle on the summit of mount Palatine ; and
the founder, to give his followers the ap-
pearance of a nation, or a barbarian horde,
was obliged to erect a standard as a com-
mon asylum for every criminal, debtor.

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344

OT murderer, who fled from tbclr native
country to avoid the punishment which
attended them. From such an assem-
blage a numerous body was soon collect-
ed, and before the death of the founder,
the Romans had covered with their hab-
itations, the Palatine, Capitoline, Aven-
tine, Esquiline hills, with mount Ccelius,
and Quirinalis. After mnny successful
wars against the neighboring states, the
viewa of Romulus were directed to regu-
late a nation naturally fierce, warlike,
and uncivilized. The people were divid-
ed into classes, the interests of the whole
were linked in a common chain, and the
labors of the subject, as well as those of
his patron, tended to the same end, the
aggrandizement of the state. Under the
Buccessors of Romulus, the power of Rome
was increased, a»d the boundaries of her
dominions extended ; while one was em-
ployed in regulating the forms of worship,
and in inculcating in the minds of his sub-
jects a reverence for the deity, the other
was engaged in enforcing discipline among
the army, and raising the consequence of
the soldiers in the government of the state,
and a third made the object of his admin
istration consist in adorning his capital, in
beautifying the edifices, and in fortifying
it with towers and walls. During two
hundred and forty -four years, the Romans
were governed by kings, but the tyranny,
the oppression, and the violence of the
last of these monarchs, and of his family,
became so atrocious, that a revolution
-was effected in the state, and the demo-
cratical government was established. The
original poverty of the Romans has often
been disguised by their poets and histo-
rians, who wished it to appear, that a na-
tion who were masters of the world, had
bad better beginning, than to be a race of
shepherds and robbers. Yet it was to this
simplicity they were indebted for their
successes. Their houses were originally
destitute of every ornament, they were
made with unequal boards, and covered
with mud, and these served them rather
as a shelter against the inclemency of the
seasons than for relaxation and ease. Till
the age of Pyrrhus, they despised riches,
and many salutary laws were enacted to
restrain luxury and to punish indolence.
They observed great temperance in their
meals : young men were not permitted to
drink wine till they had attained their
thirtieth year, and it was totally forbidden
to women. Their nation'hl spirit was sup-
ported by policy ; the triumphal proces-
sion of a conqueror along the streets
amidst the applause of thousands, was
well calculated to promote emulation, and
the number of gladiators which were
regularly introduced not only in public
games and spectacles, but also at private
meetings, served to cherish their fondness

for war, wtiilst it steeled their hearts
against the calls of compassion, and when
they could gaze with pleasure upon
wretches whom they rorcibly obliged to
murder one another, they were not inaC'
tive in the destruction of those whom they
considered as inveterate foes or formida-
ble rivals in the field. In their punish-
ments, civil as well as military, the Ro-
mans were strict and rigorous ; a dfeserter-
was severely whipped and sold as a slave^
and the degradation from the rank of a
soldier and dignity of a citizen was the-
most ignominious stigma which could be-
afiixed upon a seditious mutineer. The:
trans-marine victories of the Romans prov-
ed at last fhe ruin of their innocence and
bravery. They grew fond of the luxury
of the Asiatics ; and conquered by thQi
vices and indolence of those nations whoo%
they had subdued, they became as e0emi-^
nate and as dissolute as their captives^
In their worship and sacrifices the Romans
were uncommonly superstitious, the will
of the gods was consulted on every occa-
sion, and no general marched to an expe-
dition without the revlous Assurance
from the augurs, that the omens were pro-
pitious, and his success almost indubita^
ble. Their sanctuaries were numeroas^
they raised altars not only to the gods«
who, as they supposed, presided over their
city, but also to the deities of conquered
nations, as well as to the different pas^
sions and virtues. There were no less
than foiir hundred and twenty temples at
Rome, crowded with statues, the priests
were numerous, and each divinity had a
particular college of sacerdotal servants.
Their wars were declared in the most aw-w
ful and solemn manner, and prayers were
always offered in the temples for the pros-
perity of Rome, when a defeat had been
sustained, or a victory won. The power of
fathers over their children was very exten-
sive, and indeed unlimited ; they could
sell them or put them to death at pleasure,
without the forms of trial, or the inter-
ference of the civil magistrates. Many of
their ancient families were celebrated for
the great men which they had produced,
but the vigorous and interested part they
took in the government of the republic
exposed them often to danger, and some
have observed that the Romans sunk into
indolence and luxury when the Comelii,
the Fabii, the iEmylii, the Marcelli, &c.,
who had so often supported their spirit
and led them to victory, had been extii»-
gnished in tbe bloody wars of Marilis and
of the two triumvirates. When R(nne
was become powerful, she was di.stin-
guished from other cities by the ftatteiy
of her neighbors and citizens, a form of
worship was established to her as a deity,
and temples were raised in Jber honor, not
only in the city, but in the provinces.

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345

TPbe goddess Roma was ropreseiltad like
Minerva, all armed and sitting on a rocic.
holding a pike in her l»nd, wnli her bead
'covered with a helmet, and a trophy at

her feel. A daughter of Evander. A

Trojan woman who came to Italy with
^oeas.— — A daughter of Italus and Luf
%eria.

Roma If I, the inhabitants of Rome.

RoMAirus, an officer under Theodosius.

= Another poisoned by Nero.— -A son

t>f Constans.

Rom iMus Marcsllus, a Roman centu-
rion in 6alba*8 reign.

RoMDi.A| a name given to the fig-tree
tander which Romulus and Remus were
found.

RoMULBA, a town of the SamAites.

RoMULioJB, a patronymic given to the
Roman people from Romulus their first
king, and the founder of their city.

Romulus, a son of Mars and Uia, grand-
son of Numitor king of Alba, was born at
the same birth with Remus. These two
children were thrown into the Tiber by
order of Amulius, who usurped the crown
of his brother Numitor } but they were
preserved, and according to Floras the ri-
ver stopped its course, and a she-wolf
came and fed them with her milk till they
were found by Faa8tulds,one of the king's
•hepberds, wlio educated them as his own
children. When they knew their real ori-
gin, the twins, called Romulus and Re-
mus, put Amulius to death, and restored
the crown to their grandfather Numitor.
They afterwards undertook to build a city,
and to determine which of the two broth-
ers should have the management of it,
they had recourse to omens and the flight
of birds. Remus went to mount Aven-
tine, and Romnlus to mount Palatine.
Remus saw first a flight of six vultures,
and soon after, Romulus, twelve; and
therefore, as his number was greater, he
began to lay the foundations of the city,
hopeful that it would become a warlike
and powerful nation, as the birds from
which he had received the omen were
fond of prey and slaughter. Romulus
marked with a furrow the place where he
wished to erect the walls ; but their slen-
demess was ridiculed by Remus, who
leaped over them with the greatest con-
tempt. This irritated Romulus, and Re-
mus was immediately put to death, either
by the hand of .his brother or one of the
woikmon. When the walls were built,
ihe city was without inhabitants ; but Ro-
mulus, by making an asylum of a sacred
grove, soon collected a multitude of fugi-
tives, foreigners and criminals, whom he
received as his lawOil subjects. Yet how-
ever numerous these might be, they were
despised by the neighboring inhabitants,
ana none were willing to form matrimo-
nial connexion! vith them. But Romulus

obtained by force what was denied to bis
petitions. The Romans celebrated games
in honor of the god Oonsus, and forcibly
carried away all the females who had as-
sembled there to be spectators of these un-
usual exhibitions, rhese violent mea-
sures ofiended the neighboring nations ;
they made war against ttie ravishers with
various success, till at last they entered
Rome, which had been betrayed to them
by one of the stolen virgins. A violent
engagement was begun in the middle of
the Roman forum ; but the Sabines were
conquered, or according to Ovid, the
two enemies laid down their arms when
the women had rushed between the
two armies, and by their tears and entrea-
ties raised compassion in the bosoms of
their parents and husbands. The Sabines
left their original possessions and came to
live in Rome, where Tatius, their king,
shared the sovereign power with Romu-
lus. Sometime after Romulus disappear-
ed as he was giving instructions to the se-
nators, and the eclipe of the sun, which
happened at that time, was favorable to
the rumor which asserted that the king
had been taken up to heaven, 114 B. C.
after a rei^n of thirty-nine years. A tem-
ple was raned to him, and a regular priest,
called Flamen Quirinalis, was appointed
to oflbr him sacrifices. Romulus was
ranked by the Romans among the twelve
great gods.

Romulus Stltius or Alladius, a king

of Alba. Momyllus Augustulus, the

last of the emperors of the western em-
pire of Rome. His country was conquer-
ed A. D. 476, by the Heruli, under Odoa-
cer.

RoMDs, a son of Mneas by Lavinia.

A son of iGmathion sent by Diomedes

to Italy, and supposed by some to be the
founder of Rome.

Rose I A hKx de theatris, by L. Roscius
Otho the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It requir-
ed that none should sit in the first four-
teen seats of the theatre, if thev were not
in possession of four hundred sestertia,
which was the fortune required to be a
Roman knight.

RotciANUM, the port of Thurii, now
Rosaano.

d. Riscius, a Roman actor, born at La- <
nuvium, so celebrated on the stage, that
every comedian of excellence and merit
has received his name. He was accused
on suspicion of dishonorable practices ; but
Cicero, who had been one of his pupils,
undertook his defence, and cleared him of
the malevolent aspersions of his enemies,
in an elegant oration still extant. Roscius
wrote a treatise, in which he compared
with great success and much learning, the
profession of the orator with that of the
comedian. He died about sixty years be-
fore Clirist. Sextus^ a richr citizen of

346

Amelia, mnrdered in the dictatorship of
Bylla. His son of tlie same name, was ac-
cused of the murder, and ehMiiieiitly de-
fended by Cicero, in an oration stiil ex-
tant, A. U. C 673. Lucius, a lieuten-
ant of Ciesar's army in Gaul. (.)lho, a

tribune, who made a law to discriminate
the knights from the common people at
public spectacles.

Rosix Campus, or Rosia, a beautiful
plain in the country of the Sabines, near
the lake Velinum.

RosiLLANrs ACER, a territory in Etruria.

Rosius, a harbor of Cilicia. A man

made consul only for.one day under Vltei-
lins.

Ro9ULUM,a town of Etruria, now MonU
Rosi.

RoTOMAGcrs, a town of Gaul, now Rouen.

RoxANA, a Persian woman, taken pri-
soner and married by Alexander. She be-
haved with (H'eat cruelty after Alexander's
death, and she was at last put to death by

Cassander's ofder. A wife of Mithri-

dates the Great, who poisoned herself.

RoxoLAif I, a people of European Sarma-
tia, who proved very active and rebellious
in the rei^n of the Roman emperors.

RuRE-K, the north caj7« at the north of
Scandinavia.

RcBELLius Blaivdus, a man who mar-
ried Julia, the daughter of Drusiis.

One of the descendants of Augustus,

treacherously put to death by Nero.

Pl&utus, an illustrious Roman, who dis-
graced himself by his arrogance and am-
bition.

RuBi, now Aupo, a town of Apulia.

Rubicon, now Rusone, a small river of
Italv, which it separates from Cisalpine
C^au'l.

RuBiEifus Lappa, a tragic poet in the age
of Juvenal.

RuBo, the Dwina^ which falls into the
Baltic at Ri^a.

Rubra sax a, a place of Etruria, near
Veil, at the distance of about eight miles
from Rome.

RuBRrA LEX, was enacted after the tak-
ing of Carthage, to make an equal divi-
sion of the lands in Africa.

Rubrics, a Roman knight accused of

treason under Tiberius. A friend of

Vitellius. An obscure Gaul in great fa-
vor with Domitian.

RuBRum MARE (the Red Sea,) is situate
between Arabia, Egvpt, ahd yflthiopia.
and is often called Erythricum mare, and
confounded with the Arabicus sinus, and
the Indian sea.

RuDiJE, a town of Calabria.

RuFFiNos, a general of Gaul in the reign
of Vitellius.

RuFFUs Crispinus, an officer of the

pretorian guards under Claudius. A

soldier presented with a civic crown for
nrAserving the life of a citizen,

RrriAN4, a town of Gaul, now Rujkalt
in Alsace.

KuFiLLus, a Roman ridiculed by Hor-
ace, for his t;freminacy.

Jl'l. Ruri.wiANL'3, a rhetorician.

RuFiNus, a general of Theodosius.

RuFR.v, a town of Campania.

RiKBiuM, a town of iSamnium, now
Ruvo.

Rurus, a Tiatin historian. A friend

of Commodus, famous for his avarice aud

ambition. One of the ancestors of

Sylla. A governor of Judea. A naan

who conspired agayist Dbmitian. A

poet of Ephesus in the reign of Trajan.
A Latin poet.

RuGiA, now ^ugenj an island of tbe
Baltic.

Rush, a nation of Germany.

RupiLius, an officer surnamed Rex^ for
his authoritative manners.

Rusciifo, a town of Gaul at tbe foot

of the Pyrenees. A seaport town of

Africa.

Ruscius, a town of Gaul.

Ruse ONI A, a town of Mauritania.

BnsELLJE,an inland town of Etruria de-
stroyed by the Romans.

Re SPINA, a town of Africa near Adra-
metum.

RusTicus, L. JuN. Arulsnus, a man
put to death by Domitian. He was the
friend and preceptor of Pliny the younger
A friend of M. Aurelius.

RusucuRRCM, a town of Mauritania, be-
lieved modern Algiers.

RuTENi, a people of Gaul, now R»-
verffne, in Guienne.

RuTiLA, a deformed old woman, who
lived near one hundred years. ^

RuTiLus, a rich man' reduced to beggary
by his extravagance.

P. RuTiLius RupuB, a Roman consul io
the age of Sylla, celebrated for his virtues
and writings. When Sylla had banished
him from Rome he retired to Smyrna,
amidst the acclamations and praises of the
people. During his banishment be em-
ployed his time in study, and wrote an
history of Rome in Greek, and an account
of his own life in Latin, besides many

other works. A Roman proconsul.

Lupus, a pretnr, who fled away with three

cohorts irom Tarracina. A rhetorician.

A man who' went against Jugurtha.

A friend of Nero. Claud. Numan-

tianus, a poet of Gaul, in the reign of
Honorins.

RurrBA, a river of Liguria— of Latium,
falling into the Tiber.

RvTUBus, a gladiator.

RrTULT, a people of Latium, known as
well as the Latins, .by the name of Jtbori-
g'inrs.

RuTUPJE, a seaport town on the souther^
coasts of Britain. Some suppose tliatit iff
the modern town of Dova

[ero town of^ jjovert

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347

SABA) a town of Arabia, famous for
frankincenae, myrrb, and aromatic
plants.

Sabachus, or Sabacon, a kingof ^Ethi-
opia, who invaded Egypt and reigned
there, after the expulsion of king Amasi*.
After a reign of fifty years he was terrified
by a dream, and retired into his own king-
dom.

SjLBMiy a people of Arabia.

Sab ATA, a town of Liguria with a safe
and beautiful harbor, supposed to be the
«iodern Savona. A town of Assyria.

^Sabatha, a town of Arabia, now Sanaa.

•Sabathra, a town of Syria.

<Sabatini, a people of Samnium, living
tm the banks of the Sabatus.

Sab AZIU9, a surname of Bacchus, as also
of Jupiter.

Sabbas, a king of India.

•Sabella, the nurse of the poet Horace.

Sabelli, a people of Italy, descended
from the Sabines, or according to some
from the Samnites.

Sabellub, a Latin poet in the reign of
Domitian and Nerva.

SABjirA, Julia, a Roman matron, who
married Adrian by means of Plotina the
-wife ef Trajan. She is celebrated for her
private as well as public virtues. Adrian
treated her with the greatest asperity,
though he had received from her the im-
perial purple. The behaviour of Sabina
at last -so exasperated Adrian that he poi-
6oned her, or according to some, obliged
her to destroy herself. Divine honors
were paid to her memory. She died after
she had been married thirty-eight years to
Adrian, A. D. 138.

Sabi Ni, an ancient people of Italy, reck-
oned among the Aborigines, or those in-
habitants whose origin was not known.
Some suppose that they were originally a
'Lacedaemonian colony, who settled in that
part of the country. They are celebrated
in ancient history as being the first who
took up arms against the Romans, to
avenge the rape of their females at a spec-
tacle where they had been invited. They
were at last totally subdued, about the
year of Rome three hundred and seventy-
three, and ranked as Roman citizens.

Sabiri Aifus, a general who revolted in
Africa, in the reign of Gordian, and was
defeated soon alter, A. D. 240.^ A ge-
neral of the eastern empire, &c.

Sabinus Auius, a Latin poet intimate
with Ovid. He wrote some epistles and ,
elegies. A man from whom the Sa-
bines received their name. An officer

of Cfesar's army defeated by the Gauls.

>Juliu8, an officer, who proclaimed

himself emperor in the beginning of Ves-
pasian's reign. He was soon after defeat-
ed in a battle ; and to escape from the con-
queror he hid himself in a subterraneous
cave, with two faithful domcatics, where

he continued unseen for nine successive
years. His wife found out his retreat, and
spent her time with him, till her frequent
visits to the cave discovered the place of
his concealment. He was dragged before
Vespasian, and by his orders put to death.

Corn., a man who conspired against

Caligula, and afterwards destroyed him-
self. Titius, a Roman senator shame^

fblly accused and condemned by Sejanus
Poppseus, a Roman consul, who pre-
sided above twenty-four years over Moesia,
and obtained a triumph for his victories

over the barbarians. Flavius, a brother

of Vespasian, killed by the populace.

A friend of Domitian. A Roman who

attempted to plunder the temple of the
Jews. A friend of the emperor Alex-
ander. A lawyer.

Sabis, now Sambre, a river of Belgic
Gaul.

Sabota, the same as Sabatha.

Sabrack, a powerful nation of India.

Sabrata, a maritime town of Africa,
near the Syrtes.

Sabrina, the Severn in lingland.
'Sabura, a general of Juba, king of Nu-
midia, defeated and killed in a battle.

Saburanus, an ofilcer of the pretorian
guards.

Sabvs, one of the ancient kings of the

Sabines j the same as Sabinus. A king

of Arabia.

Sacadas, a musician and poetof Argos,
who obtained three several times the
prize at the Pythian games.

Sac^:, a people of Scythia.

Sacer mons, a mountain near Rome.

Sacer LUC (78, a wood of Campania, on
the Liris.

Sacer portus, or Sacri fortus, a place
of Italy, near Prsneste.

Sacrani, a people of Latium, who as-
sisted Turnus against ^Gneas.

Sacratob, one of the friends of Tur-
nus.

Sacra via, a celebrated street of Rome.

Sacrata lex militariaf A. U. C. 411, by
the dictator Valerius Corvus, enacted that
the name of no soldier which had been
entered in the muster roll should be struck
out but by his consent, and that no person
who had been a military tribune should
execute the office of ductor ordinum.

Sacrativir, M.,a friend of C^ar, kill-
ed at Dyrrachium.

Sacrum bellum, a name given to the
wars carried on concerning the temple of

Delphi. Promontorium, a promontory

of Spain, now Cape St. Vincemt.

Sadales, a son of Cotys, king of
Thrace, who assisted Pompey with a body
of five hundred horsemen.

Sadui, a river of India.

Sadyateb, one of the Mennnadie, who
reigned in Lydia tvveli^e years after hfci
father Gyges. ^^^^^ ^y GoOglc

SA ^

348

Sjbtabis, a town of Bpain neu the Lu-
cro, famous for its fine linen.

Saoalassus, a town of Pisidia on the
borders of Plirygia..

Saoaita, a woman acquainted' with
magic and enchantments.

Sagaris, a river of Asia, rising from
mount Dindymus in Phrygia, and falling
into the Euxine.^ One of the compan-
ions of ^neas, killed by Tumus.

C. Saoitta, an officer who encouraged
Piso to rebel against the emperor Nero.
' Saora, a small river of Italy in the
country of the Brutii.

Saoubtdm, or Saguhtus, a town of
Hispania Tarraconensis at the west of the
Iberus, about one mile from the sea shore,
.now called Momedro. Saguntum is cele-
orated for the clay in its neighborhood,
but more particularly it is famous as being
the cause of the second Punic war, and
for the attachment of its inhabitants to the
interest of Rome.

Sais, now Sa, a town in the Delta of
Egypt, situate between the Canopic and
Sebennytican mouths of the Nile, and
anciently the capital of Lower Egypt.
There was there a celebrated temple ded-
icated to Minerva, with a room cut out of
one stone, which had been conveyed by
water fW»m Elephautis by the labors of
two thousand men in three years.

Sala, a town of Thrace, near the

mouths of the Hebrus. A town of

Mauritania of Phrygia. A river of

Germany falling into the Elbe, near which

are salt pits. Another falling into the

Rhine, now the Issel.

SALAcoif, a poor man who pretended
to be uncommonly rich.

Salaminia, a name giveh to a ship at
Athens, which was employed by the re-
public in conveying the officers of state
to their different administrations abroad,
&c, A name given to the island of Cy-
prus, on account of Salamis, one of its
capital cities.

Salamis, a daughter of the river Aso-
pus, by Methone.

Salamis, Salas^iivs, or Salamiwa, now
Colourif an island in the Saronicus Sinus,
on the southern coast of Attica, opposite
Eleusis, at the distance of about a league,
with a town and harbor of the same
name. It is about fifty miles in circum-
ference. It was originally peopled by a
colony of lonians, and afterwards by some
of the Greeks from the adjacent islands
and countries. It is celebrated for a battle
which was fought there between the fleets
of the Greeks and that of the Persians,
when Xerxes invaded Attica.

Salamis, or Salamin a, a town at the
east of the island of Cyprus. It was built
by Teucer, who gave it the name of the
island Salamis, from which he had been
banished about one thousand two hundred

and seventy years before the Christian
era. His descendants continued masters
of the town for abdve eight hundred
years. It was destroyed by an earth-
quake, and rebuilt in the fourth century,
and called C*nstantia.

SALAPfA,orSALAPiJE, now Solpe, atown
of Apulia, where Annibal retired after the
battle of Canne, and where he devoted
himself to licentious pleasure, forgetful
of his Aune, and of the interests of his
country.

Salara, a town of Africa propria, taken
by Scipio.

Salaria, a street and gate at Rom^
which led towards the country of the Sa^
bines. It received the name of Salarutf
because salt, («a2,) was generally convey-
ed to Rome that way. A bridge called

Salariusy was built four miles from Rome
through the Salarian gate on the river

Salassi, a people' of Cisalpine Gaul
who were in continual war with the Ro-
mans. Their country is now called Vol
X>' Aousta.

Saleius, a poet of great merit in the
age of Domitian, yet pinched by poverty ,
though bom of illustrious parents, and
distinguished by purity of manners and
integrity of mind.

Salsni, a people of Spain.

Salewtini, a people of Italy, near^ Apu-
lia, on the southern coast of Calabria.

Salernum, now Saleme. a town of the
Picentini, on the shores or the Tyrrhene
sea.

Salganeus, or Saloaivsa, a town of
Boeotia, on the Euripus.

Sali A, a town of Spain, where Pruden-
tins was bom.

Salic A, a town of Spain.

Sali I, a college of priests at Rome in-
stituted in honor of Mars, and appointed
by Numa, to take care of the sacred shields
called Ancylia, B. C. 709. They were
twelve in number, the three elders among
them had the superintendence of all the
rest 'y the first was called prmsvly the sec-
ond vatesy and the third magister. Their
number was afterwards doubled by Tul-
lus Hostilius, after he had obtained a vic-
tory over the Fidenates, in consequence
of a vow which he had made to Mars.
The Salii were all of patrician fbmilies,
and the office was very honorable. The
first of March was the day on which the
Salii observed their festivals in honor of
Mars. A nation of Germany who in-
vaded Gaul, and were conquered by the
emperor Julian.

Saliivator, a surname common to the
fkmily of the Livii, and others.

Salics, an Acarnanian at the games
exhibited by ^neas in Sicily, and Killed
in the wars with Tumus.

349

born at Amiteraum, in the country of the
Sabines. He received liis education at
Rome, and made himself knowh as a
public magistrate in the office of quaestor
and consuU His licentiousness and the
depravity of bis manners, however, did
not escape the censure of the age, and
8allust was degraded from the dignity of
a senator, B. C.' 50. A continuation of
extravagance could not long be supported
by the income of Sallust, but he extricated
liiinself from all difBcuIties by embracing
the cause of Cmsar. He was restored- to
the rank of senator, and made governor
of .\umidia. In the administration of his
province Snllust behaved with unusual
tyranny j he enriched himself by plun-
dering the Africans, and at his return to
Rome he built himself a magnificent
house, and bought gardens, which from
their delightful and pleasant situation,
still preserve the name of the gardens of
Sallust. He married Terentia, the divorc-
ed wife of Cicero; and from this circum-
stance, according to some, arose an im-
mortal hatred between the historian and
the onitor. Sallust died in the fifty-first
year of his age, thirty-five years before
the Christian era. As a writer he- is pe-
culiarly distinguished. He had composed
a history of Rome, but nothing remains
of it except a few fragments, and his only
compositions extant are his history of Cat-
iline's conspiracy, and of the wars of Ju-

gtirtha, king of Numidia. A nephew

of the historian, by whom he was adopt-
ed. He was very efl%minate and luxuri*

ous. Secundus Promotus, a native of

Gaul, very intimate with the emperor Ju-
lian. He is remarkable for his integrity,
and the soundMess of his counsels. Juli-
an made him 'prefect of Gaul. There is
also another Sallust, called 5«cuiu2iw,
whom some have improperly confounded
vrtth Promotus. Secundus was also one
of Julian's favorites, and was made by

bini prefect of the^east. A prefect of

Rome in the reign of Valentinian. An

officer in Britain.

Salmacib, a fountain of Caria, near
Ilalicarnassus, which rendered effemi-
nate all those who drank of its waters.

Palmantica, a town of Spain, now
StUamanca.

SALMorvE, a town of Elis in Peloponne-
sus, with a fountain, from which the
Enipeus takes its source, and falls in^o

the Alpheus. A promontory at the ei^t

of Crete.

Salmoneus, a king of Elis, son of Mo-
1«8 and Enarette, who married Ale idice,
hy whom he had Tyro. He wished to be
called a god, and to rproivc divine honors
from his subjects ; thoreforo to iuiitute the
thunder, he used to drive his chariot over
a brazen bridpf, and darter! buruirn; torch-
es on every sid^, as if to imitate the light-
30

ning. This impiety provoked Jupiter
Salmoneus was, struck with a thunder-
bolt, and placed in the infernal regions
near his brother Sisyphus.

Salmokis, a name given to Olympia.

The patronymic of Tyro, daughter of

Salmoneus.

Salmus, a town of Asia near the Red
sea.

Salmtdessus, a bay on the Euxine sea.

Salo, now Xalon, a river in^pain, fall-
ing into the Iberus.

Salodurum, now Soleure, a town of
the Helvetii.

Salome, a queen of Judsa.

Salofc, a tountry of Bithynia.

Salowa, or Salowa, a town of Dal/na-
tia, about ten miles distant from the coast
of the Adriatic, conquered by Pollio, who
on that account called his* son Salon inus,
in honor of the victory. A small village
of the same name preserves the traces of
its fallen grandeur. Near is Spalatro.

Salo m If A, a celebrated matron who
married the emperor Qallienus, and dis-
tinguished herself by her private as well
as public virtues. She was put to death
by the hands of the conspirators, who also
assassinated her husband and family^
about the year 268, of the Christian era.

SALoiviifus, a son of Asinius Pollio.
He received his name from the conquest

of Salone by his father. P. Licinius

Cornelius, a son of Gallienus, by Saloni-
na, sent into Gaul, there to be taught the
art of war. He remained there some time,
till the usurper Posthumius arose, and
iwoolaimed himself emperor. Saloninus
was upon this delivered up to his enemy,
and put to deatli in the tenth year of his
age-

Salonius, a friend of Cato the censor.
A tribune and centurion of the Ro-
man army hated by the populace.

Salpis, a colony of Etruria.

Salsum, a river in Spain.

Saltiakt, one of the fathers of the fifth
century.

Saltidierus, an officer of the army of
Aufrustus, betrayed by Antony, and put
to death. A Latin writer.

Salyius, a flute player saluted king by
the rebellious slaves of Sicily in the age

of Marius. A nephew of the emperor

Otho. A friend of Pompey. A man

put to death by Domitinn.

Salu^, the goddess of health at Rome.

Salves, a people of Gaul on the Rhone.

Samara, a river of Gaul, now called the
SomrMy which falls into the British chan-
nel near Abbeville.

Samaria, a city and country of Pales-
tine, famous in sacred history.

SAMARi>RnivA, a town of Gaul, now
Amiena^ in Picardy.

Sambulos, a mountain near Mesopota-
mia, where Jlercules iipas

ercules was worsbipped.

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350

Sambus, an Indian king dereated by
Alexander. A river of India.

Sams, or Samob, a small island in the
Ionian sea near Ithaca, called also Ce-

Samia, a daughter of the river Miean-

der. A surname of Juno, because she

was worshipped at Samos.

Samnitjc, or AMifiTiB, a pec^le of
Gaul. ,

Samnitbs, a people of Italy, who in-
habited the country situate between Pi-
cenum, Campania, Apulia, and ancient
Latium. Tbey distinguished themselves
by their implacable hatred against the
Romans, in the first ages of that empire,
till they were at last toully extirpated,
B. C. 372, after a war of seventy-one
years.

Samn lUM, a town and part of Italy in^
habited by the Samnites.

Samochokitbb, a small lake of Pales'
tinB.

Samonium, a promontory of Crete.

Samob, an island in the ^gean sea. on
the coast of Asia Minor, from which It is
divided by a narrow strait, with a capital
of the same name, built B. C. 986. It is
about eighty-seven miles in circumfer-
ence, and is famous for the birth of Py-
thagoras. The islands of Samothrace

and Cephallenia wer^also known by the
name of Samos.

Samosata, a town of Syria, near the
Euphrates. ,

BAMOTHaACB, or Samothracia, an is-
land in the iGgean sea, opposite the
mouth of the Hebrus, on the coast of
Thrace, from which it is distant about
thirty two miles. It was* known by the
ancient names of teucosiaj MeUtis, Elec-
tris, Leueania^ -and Dardania. It was
afterwards called Samos, and distinguish-
ed from the Samos which lies on the coast
of Ionia, by the epithet of Thracianf or by
the name of Samothrace.

Samus, a son of Ancnus and Samia,
grandson of Neptune.

Sana, a town of monnt Athos, near
which Xerxes began to make a channel
to convey the sea.

Sanaos, a town of Phrygia.

Sahchoniathon, a Phoenician histori-
an born at Berytus, or, according to oth-
ers, at Tyre. He flourished a few years
before the Trojan war, and wrote, in the
language of his country, an history in
nine books.

Sahcus. Sanoub, or SAifcrns, a deity
of the Sabines introduced among the gods
of Rome under the nanfe of Dius Fidiiu.

San DAC£, a sister of Xerxes.

Sand ALi OTIS, a name given to Sardinia
from its resemblance to a sandal.

Sandalium, a small island of the ^ge-
an, near Lesbos.—, — A port of Pisidia.

DANOAifis, a Lydian who advised Crce-

sna not to make war against the Per-
sians.

Sahoarub, a river of Thrace near Pal-
lene.

SAnDRocoTTUs, au Indian of a mean
origin. His impertinence to Alexander
was the beginning of his greatness ; the
conqueror ordered him to be seized, but
San drocottus fled away, and at last^ drop-
ped down overwhelmed with fatigue. As
he slept on the ground a lion came to him
and gently licked the sweat from hia face.
This uncommon Umeness of the animal
appeared supernatural to Sandrocottua,
and raised his ambition. He aspired to
the monarchy, and after the death of Al-
exander he made himself master of a part
of the country which was in the hands of
Seleucus.

Sans, a town of Macedonia.

Banoala, a town of India destroyed by
Alexander.

Sangariub, or Sangasib, a river of
Phrygia, rising in mount Dindymus, and
falling into the Euxine.

Sanouinius, a man condemned for ill
language.

Sanntrion, a tragic poet of Athena.

Santones, and SANTONiK, now Smui^
trnge, a people with a town of the same
name in Gaul.

Saon, an historian. A man who

first discovered the oracle of Trophonius.

Safjei, or SAPHiciy a people or Thrace,
called also Sintii.

Sapirens, an island of the Arabic gnlf.

Safib, now Savio, a river of Gaul Cis-
padana, falling into the Adriatic.

Sapor, a celebrated king of Persia who
succeeded his father Artaxerxes about the
two hundred and thirty-eighth year of the
Christian era. He was assassinated by
his subjects, A. D. 273, after a reign of
thirty -two years. He was succeeded by

his son called Hormisdas. The second

of that name succeeded his father Hor-
misdas on the throne of Persia. He was
as great as his ancestor of the same name.
Sapor died A. D. 380, after a reign of
seventy years, in which he had often
been the sport of fortune. He was suc-
ceeded by Artaxerxes, and Artaxerxes by
Sapor the third, a prince who died after a
reign of five years, A. D. 389, in the age
of Theodoeius the Great.

Sappho, or Sapho, celebrated for her
beautv, her poetical talents and her amo-
rous disposition, was born in the island of
Lesbos, about six hundred years before
Christ. She conceived such a passion for
Phaon, a youth of Mltylene, that upon his
scorning her she threw herself into the
sea from mount Leucas. She had com-
posed nine books in lyric veiaes, besides
epigrams, elegies, &c. Of all these com-
positions, nothing now remains but two
fragments of uncommon jsweetnesa an4

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351

elegance. The Lesbians were so sensi-
ble of the merit of Sappho, that ^afler her
death they paid her divine honors, and
raised her temples and altars, and stamped
their money with her image. The Sap-
phic verse has been called after her name.

Saftink, a daughter of Darius, the last
king of Persia, offered in marriage to Al-
exander.

SARACXifs, part of Arabia Petnea.

Saracoki, a people who go to war riding
on asses.

Saraitoa, a people near Caucasus.

Saraitoks, a river of India.

SARAPAifi, a people of Colchtt,

Sarafus, a surname of Pittacus, one of
the seven wise men of Greece.

Sarasa, a fortified place of Mesopota-
mia, on the Tigris.

Sarabpadss, a son of Phraates king of
Parthia.

Saratus, now the Soary a river of Bel-
gium falling into the Moselle.

Sardanafalus^ the fortieth and last
king of Assyria, celebrated for his luxury
and voluptuousness. The greatest part of
his time was spent in the company of his
eunuchs, and the monarch generally ap-
peared in the midst of his concubines dis-
guised in the habit of a female, and spin-
ning wool for his amusement. This ef-
feminacy Irritated his officers ; Belesis
and Arsaces conspired against him. and
collected a numerous force to dethrone
bim. Sardanapalus quitted his voluptu-
ousness for a whUe, and appeared at the
head of his armies. The rebels were de-
feated in three successive battles, but at
last Sardanapalus was beaten and besieged
in the city of Ninus, for two years. When
he despaired of success, he burned himself
in his palace, with all his treasures, and
the empire of Assyria was divided among
the conspirators. This famous event hap-
pened, B. C. 830, according^to Eusebius;
though Justin and others, with less proba^
bility, place it eighty years earlier. Sarda^
napalus was made a god after death.

Saroi, the inhabitants of Sardinia.

flARoiifiA, the greatest island in the
Mediterranean after Sicily, is situate be-
tween Italy and Africa, at the south of
Corsica. The air was very unwholesome
though the soil was fertile in corn, in
wfne, and oil. Neither wolves nor ser-
pents are found in Sardinia, nor any poi-
sonous herb, except one, which, when
eaten, contracts the nerves, and is attend-
ed with a paroxysm of laughter, the fore-
runner of death, hence riatu SardonieuSf or
Sardoua,

Saroica, a town Of Thrace, at the north
of mount Hemus.

Sakdib, or Saross, now Sartf a town
of Asia Minor. It was destroyed by an
earthquake in the reign of Tiberius, who
ordered it to be rebuilt. It fell into the

hands of Cyrus, B. C. 548, and was burnt
by the Athenians. B. C. 504, which be-
came the cause of the invasion of Attica
by Darius.

Sardo If ss, the people of Roussilon in
France.

Sard us, a son of Hercules, who led a
colony to Sardinia, and gave it his name.

Sarefhta, a town of Phoenicia, now
Sarfand.

Sariastsr, a son of Tigranes, king of
Armenia, who conspired against his father.

Sariphi, mountains at the east of the
Caspian.

Sarmatx, or Sauromatjc, the inhabi-
tants of Sarmatia.

Sarmatia, an extensive country at the
north of Europe and A^iai divided into
European and Asiatic. The European
was bounded by the ocean on the north,
Germany and the Vistula on the west, the
Jazyge on the south, and Tanais on the
east. The Asiatic was bounded by Hyr-
cania, the Tanais, and the Euxine sea.
The former contained the modern king-
doms of Russia, Poland, Lithuania, and
LitOe Tartary ; and the latter. Great Tar.
tary, Cireaasia, and the neighboring coun-
try. The Sarmatians were a savage un-
civilized natit^i, naturally warlike, and
famous for painting their bodies to appear
more terrible in the field of battle.

Sarmaticum Mars, a name given to
the Euxine sea, because on the coast of
Sarmatia.

SARMENTtrs, a scurrilous person men-
tioned by Horace.

Sarnius, a river of Asia, near Hyrca-
nia.

Sarnub, a river of Picenum, dividing it
from Campania, and falling into the Tus-
can sea.

Sard If, a king of Troezene, unusually
fond of hunting. He was drowned in the
sea, where he had swam for some miles
in pursuit of a stag. He was made a sea-
god by Neptune, and divine honors were
paid to him by the Trcezenians.

Saroricus Siifus, now the tru^f of En-
gia, a bay of the iEgean sea, lying at the
Bonth of AtUca, and on the north of the
Peloponnesus. The entrance into it is be-
tween the promontory of Suniura and that
ofScylleum. The Saronic bay is about
sixty-two miles in circumference, twenty-
three miles in its broadest, and twenty-
five in its. longest part, according to mod-
ern calculation.

fiARPEooif, a son of Jupiter by Europa,
the daughter of Agenor. He went to the
Trojan war to assist Priam against the
Greeks, where he was attended by his
friend and companion Glaucus. He was

at last killed by Patroclus. A son of

Neptune killed by Hercules. A learned

preceptor of Cato of Utica. A town of

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352

SA-

name in Cilicia. A promontory of

Thrace. A Syrian general who flour-
ished B. C. 143.

Sarr.4, a town of Phoenicia, the same
as T^e. It receives this name from a
small shell-fish of the same name, which
was found in the neighborhood, and with
whose blood garments were dyed.

Sarrastes, a people of Campania on the
Sarnu^

SARRoif, a king of the Celtte, famous
for his learning.

Sars, a town of Spain, near cape Fini-
sterre.

Sariitta, an ancient town of Umbria,
where the poet Plautus was born.

Sarui, a river of Cappadocia.

Sasanda, a town of Caria.

Sason, an islaiMft at the entrance of the
Adriatic sea, lying between Brupdusium
and Aulon on the coast of Greece. It is

barren aYid inhospitable. A river falling

into the Adriatic.

Satarcmje, a people, near the Palus
Msotis.

Satasfks, a Persian hung on a cross by
order of Xerxes, for offering violence to the
daughter of.Megabyzus.

Satibarsasves, a Persian made satrap
of the Arians by Alexander, from whom
he afterwards revolted.

Saticula and Saticulus, a town near
Capua. "^ *

Satis, a town of Macedonia.

S4tK-«, a people of Thrace.

Satrapeni, a people of Media, under
Tigranes.

Satricum, 'a town o( Italy, taken by
Camillus.

Satrofaces, an officer in the army of
Darius.

Satura, alake of Mtium, forming part
of the Pontine lakes.

Satdreium, or Satureum, a town of
Calabria, near Tarentum, with famous
pastures, and horses, whence the epithet
of Botureianxis in Horace,

Satureius, one of Domitian's murder-
ers.

SATURTTALrA, fcstivals in honor of Sa-
turn, celebrated the sixteenth or the se-
venteenth, or, according to others, the
eighteenth of December. They were in-
stituted long before the foundation of
Rome, in commemoration of the freedom
and equality which prevailed on earth in
the golden reign of Saturn. The Saturna-
lia were originally celebrated only for one
day, but afterwards the solemnity contin-
ued for three, four, five, and at last for
seven days. The celebration was remark-
able for the liberty which universally pre-
vailed.

Satcirnia, a name given to Italy, be-
cause Satura had reigned there during the

golden age. A name given to Juno, as

being the daughter of Saturn. An au-

eleat town of^Italy. supposed to be 'fiuilt

by Saturn, on the Tapeian rock. A

colony of Etruria.

Saturninus, P. Sempronius, a general
of Valerian, proclaimed emperor in Egypt
by his troops after lie had rendered him-
self celebrated by his victories over the
barbarians. His integrity, hia complai-
sance and affability, had gained him the
affection of the people, but bis fond-
ness of ancient discipline provoked his
soldiers, who wantonly murdered him in
the forty-third year -of his age, A. D. 2('<a.

Sextus Julius, a Gaul, intimate with

Aurelian. He was saluted emperor at Al-
exandria, and comfielled by tlie clamor-
ous army to accept of tlie purple, which he
rejected with disdain and horror. Pro-
bus, who was then emperor, marched his
forces against him, and iMssieged him in
Apaniea, where he destroyed himself
when unable to make head against his
powerful adversary. Appuieius, a tri-
bune of the people', who raised a sedition
at Rome, intimidated tiie senate, and ty-
rannised for three years. Meeting at last
with opposition, he seized the capitol, but
being induced by the hopes of a reconcilia-
tion to trust himself amidst the people,
he was suddenly torn to pieces. His se-
dition has received the name of Jippuleiana
in the Roman annals. Lucius, a sedi-
tious tribune, who supported the oppres-
sion of Macius. He was ^ last put to
death on account of his tumultuous dispo-
sition. An officer in the court of Theo-

dosius, murdered for obeying the empe-
ror's orders, &c. Pompeius, a writer in

the reign of Trajan.-- Sentins, a friend

of Augustus and' Tiberius. He succeed-
ed Agrippa in the government of the pro-
vinces of Syria and Phcenicia. Vitel-

lius, an officer among the friends of the
emperor Otho.

Saturn I us, a name given to Jupiter,
Pluto, and Neptune, as being the sons of
Saturn.

Saturnus, a son of Coelus, or Uranus,
by Terra, called also Titea, Thea, or Ti-
theia. Saturn always devoured his sons
as soon as born, till his wife Rhea, un-
willing to see her children perish, conceal-
ed from her husband the birth of Jupiter,
Neptune^ and Pluto, and instead of the
children, she gave him large stones, which
he immediately swallowed without per-
ceiving the deceit. Titan was sometime
after informed that Saturn had cchicealed
his male children, therefore he made war
against him, dethroned and imprlaoned
him with Rhea ; and Jupiter, who was
secretly educated in Crete, was no sooner
grown up, than he flew to deliver his
father, and to replace him on his throne.
Saturn, unmindful of his son's kindness,
conspired against him, when he heard that
he raised cabals against bim^ but Jupiter

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353

banished him fi-om his throne, and the
father fled fur safety into Italy, where the
country retained the name of Latiunij as
being the place of his concealment {lateo).
Janus, who was then king of Italy, re-
ceived Saturn with marks of attention, and
made him his partner on the throne ; and
the king of heaven employed himself in
civilizing th& barbarous manners of the
people of Italy, and in teaching them ag-
riculture and the usefUl and liberal arts.
His reign there was so mild and popular.
so beneficent and virtuous, that mankina
have called it the golden age^ to intimate
the happiness and tranquillity which the
earth then enjoyed. The worship o'f Sa-
turn was not so solemn or so universal as
that of Jupiter. It was usual to offer hu-
man victims on his altars, but this barba-
rous custom was abolished by Hercules,
who substituted small images of clay. In
the sacrifices of Saturn, the priest always
performed the ceremony with his head
uncovered, which was unusual at other
solemnities. The god is generally repre-
sented as an old man bent through age
and infirmity. He holds a scythe in his
right hand, with a serpent which bites its
own tail, which is an emblem of time and
of the revolution of the year. In his left
hand he holds a child, which he raises up
as if instantly to devour it.

Saturum, a town of Calabria, where
stuffii of all kinds wer^ dyed in different
colors with great success.

Sattri, demigods of the country, whose
origin is unknown. They are represented
like men, but with the feet and the legs
of goats, short horns on the head, and the
whole body covered with thick hair.

Sattrus, a king of Bosphorus, who
reigned fourteen years, k,c. His father's
name was Spartacus. — — An Atlienian
who attempted to eject the garrison of

Demetrius from the citadel. A Greek

actor. A man who assisted in murder- '

ing Timophanes. A peripatetic phi-
losopher and historian who flourished B.

C. 148. A tyrant of Heraclea, 346 B. C.

An architect who together with Petus

is said to have planned and built the cele-
brated tomb which Artemisia erected to
the memory of Mausolus.

Satera, a village of Lycaonia.

Saufeius Troous, one of Messalina's

favorites, punished by Claudius. Ap-

pius, a Roman, who died on his return
from the bath upon taking mead.

Sato, or Sato n a, a town with a small

river of the same name in Campania.

A town of Liguria.

Sauromatjb, a people in the northern
parts of Europe and Asia.

Saurui, a famous robber of Ells, killed
by Hercules.- — .\ statuary.

Satus, a river of Pannonia, rising in
IToricum, at the north of Aquileia, and
30*

falling Into the Danube.-

-A small

river of Numidia, falling into the Mediter-
raneafi.

Saxones, a people of Germany, near the
Cbersonesus Cimbrica.

Saziches, an ancient legislated of
Egypt.

Sc.«a, one of the gates of Troy, where

the tomb of Laomedon was seen. One

of the Danaides. Her husband's name

was Payphron.

ScEVA, a soldier fn Ceesar's army, who
behaved with great courage at Dyrrhachi-

um. -'Memor, a Latin poet in the reign

of Titus and Domitian. A man who

poisoned his own mother. A friend of

ilnrace. He was a Roman knight.

SriALABis, now St. IrenCy a town of an-
cient Spain. •>

ScALDis, or ScALDiuM, a river of Bel-
gium, now called The Scheld. Pons, a

town on the same river, now called Conde.

ScAMAifoER, or ScAMANDRos, a Cele-
brated river of Troas, rising at the east of
mount Ida, and falling into the sea below
Sigsum. It refbeives the Siraois in its
course, and towards its mouth it is veiy
muddy, and flows through marshes. This
river, according to Homer, was called
Xanthus by the gods, and Scamander by
men. The waters of the Scamander had
the singular property of giving a beautifUl
color to the hair or the wool of such ani-
mals as bathed in them 5 and from this
circumstance the three goddesses, Miner-
va, Juno, and Venus, bathed there before
they appeared before Paris, to obtain the
golden apple. — - — A son of Corybas and
Demodice, who brought a colony from
Crete into Phrygia, and settled at the foot
of mount Ida, where he introduced the
festivals of Cybele, and the dances of the
Corybantes. He sometime after lost the
use of his senses, and threw himself into
the river Xanthus, which ever after bore
his name.

ScABiANDRiA, a town on the Scaman-
der.

ScAHANDRius, ouc of the generals of
Priam, son of Strophius. He was killed
by Menelaus.

ScAifOARiA, a promontory in the island
of Cos.

ScANoiTTAViA, a name ^ven by the an«
cients to that tract of territory which con-
tains the modern kingdoms of Norway,
Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, Finland,
&c.

ScAWTiA Sylva, a wood of Campania,
the property of the Roman people.

ScANTiLLA, the wife of Didius Juli-
an us.

ScAPTESTLE, a towH of Thiacc. near
Abdera, abounding in silver and gold
mines, belonging to Thucydldes.

ScAPTiA, a town of Latium^

ScAPTius, an intimate friend of Brutaa.

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His brotber was a merchant of Cappado-
cia. ,

Scapula., a native of Corduba, who de-
fended that town against Ca;sar, af^er the
battle of Munda. An usurper.

ScARDon, a tQWn on the confines of
Dalmatia.

ScAHOK, a ridge of mountains of Mace-
donia.

ScASPHiA, or ScARPBE^ a town near
Tbermopylie.

ScATiNtA Lsx it pau2«eitia, by C. Scati-
nios AricinifS, the tribune.

BcAURUs, (M. iEmilius) a Roman con-
sul who distinguished himself by his elo-
quence at the bar, and by his successes in
Spain, in the capacity of commander. He
was sent against Jugtirtba, and sometime
after accused of , suffering himself to be
bribed by the Numidian prince. Scaurus
conquered the Ligurians, and in his cen-
sorship he built the Milvian bridge at
Rome, and began to pave the road, which
from him was called the iEmylian. He
was originally very poor. He wrote some
books, and among these an history of his
own life, all now lost. His son, of the
same name, made himself known by the
lar^e theatre be built during his edileship.
This theatre, which could contaih thirty
thousand spectators, was supported by
three hundred and sixty columns of mar-
ble, thirty-eight feet in height, and adorn-
ed with three thousand brazen statues.
——A Roman of consular dignity. When
the Cimbri invaded Italy, the son of Scau-
rus behaved with great cowardice, upon
which the father sternly ordered him
never to appear again in the field of bat-
• tie. The severity of this command ren-
' dered young Scaurus melancholy, and he
plunged a sword into his own heart, to

free himself from further ignominy.

Aurelius, a Roman consul, taken prisoner
by the Gauls. He was put to a cruel

death. M. iEmilius, a man in the reign

of Tiberius, accused of adulterj' with

Livia, and put to death. Mamercus, a

man put to death by Tiberius. Maxi-

mus, a man who conspired against Nero.
Terentius, a Latin grammarian.

ScEbASus, a nittire of Leuctra in Bceo-
tia, who killed himself on the tomb of his
daughters.

ScELXRATUs, a plain at Rome near the
Colline gate. One of the gates of

Rome was called Scrieroto, because three
hundred Fabii. who were killed at the
river Cremera, nad passed through it when

they went to attack the enemy. ^There

was also a street at Rome which Kceived
the name of the Scelerattts viciisy because
there Tullia ordered her postillion to drive
her chariot over the body of her father.

SoxNA. a town on the' confines of Baby-
lon. A river of Ireland, now the Shan-

ScsiriTJE, Arabians who live In tents.

Scepsis, a town of Troas where the
works of Theophrastus and Aristotle were
long concealed under ground, and dam-
aged by the wet.

ScHEDiA, a small village of Egypt.

ScHEDius, one of Helen's suitors.

ScHERiA, an ancient name of Corcyra.

ScH(EN£u», a son of Athamas. The

father of Atalanta. ^

ScM(ENU8, or ScHENo, a port of Pelo-
ponnesus on the Saronicus sinus. A

village near Thebes, with a river of the

same' name. A river of Arcadia.

Another near Athens.

SciASTss, a surname of Apollo at Lace-
demon.

SciATHis, a mountain of Arcadia.

SciATHos, an island in the ^gean sea.

SciDRos, a town of Magna Grecia.

SciLLus, a town of Peloponnesus, near
Olympia, where Xenophon wrote his his-
tory.

Sci^URUB, a king df Scythia, who had
eighty sons.

Sc IN 18, a cruel robber who tied men to
the boughs of trees, which he had forcibly
brought together, and which he afterwards
unloosened, so that their limbs were torn
in an instant fi-om their body.

SciNTHi, a people of Germany.

ScioNE, a town of Thrace, in the pos-
session of the Athenians. It was built by
a Grecian colony in their return from the
Trojan war.

SciPiAOJE, a name applied to the two
Scipios, who obtained the surname of
j^fricanus, from the conquest of Carthage.

SciPio, the name of a celebrated foniily
at Rome, who obtained the highest honors
in the republic. The most illustrious
were — 1. Cneus Scipio, surnamed Asina ;
he was father of Pubiius and Cneus Sci-
pio. Publius, in the beginning of the
second Punic war, was sent witb'an army
to Spain to oppose Annibai, by whom he
was couquereu near the Ticinus, and
would have lost his life, had not his son,
who' was afterwards called Africanus,
courageously defended him. He again
passed into Spain, and gained some mem-
orable victories over the Carthaginians.
His brother Cneus shared the supreme
command with him j but their confidence
proved their ruin. They separated their
armies; and, soon afterwards, Publius
was furiously attacked by the two Asdm-
bals and Mago, who commanded the Car-
thaginian forces. The Romans were cut
to pieces, and their commander left dead
on the field. Flushed with this success,
the Carthaginians immediately marched
against Cneus,' whom the revolt of thirty
thousand Celtiberians had weakened and
alarmed. The general, who was already
apprised of his brother's death, secured
an eminence, where be was soon sor-

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founded on all sides. After desjperate acts
of valor, he was also defeated, and left

among the slain. 2. Fublius Cornelius,

surnanied Africanus, Was son of Fublius
Scipio, who was killed in Spain. He first
distinguished himself at the battle of Tici-
nus, where he saved his father's life by
deeds of unexampled valor and boldness.
In his twenty-first year, he was made an
edile ; an honorable office, and never given
but to such as had reached their twenty-
seventh year. Sometime afterwards, the
Romans were planned by the intelligence
that the commanders of their forces in
Spain, Fublius and Cneus Scipio, had
been slaughtered ; and young Scipio was
immediately appointed to avenge the
death of his father and uncle, and to vhi-
dicate the military honor of the republic.
Cornelius soon proved how well qualified
lie was to be at the head of an army : the
various nations of Spain were conquered ;
in four years, the Carthaginians were ban-
ished from that part of the continent, and
the whole province became tributary to
Home. After these signal victories, Scipio
was recalled to {tome, which still trem-
bled at the continual alarms of Annibal,
who was then at her gates. (Fid. Puni-
cum Bell urn.) The biittle of Zama was
decisive of the fate of Carthage ; and the
conqueror .returned to Rome, where he
was received with most unbounded ap-
plause, honored with a triumph, and dig-
nified with the appellation of Africanus.
He afterwards, in the capacity of lieuten-
ant, accompanied his brother against An-
tiochus, king of Syria. In this expedition
bis arms were attended with his usual
succets, and the Asiatic monarch sub-
mitted to the conditions of the conquer-
ors. At his return to Rome, Cato, his in-
veterate rival, raised seditions against
faim ; and the Fetilli, two tribunes of the
peopIeT^ccused him of extortion in the
provinces of Asia, and of living in an in-
dolent and luxurious manner. Scipio con-
descended to answer his calumniators :
the first day was occupied in hearing the
different charges ; but, when he again ap-
peared on the second dav, he interrupted
his judges, and exclaimea, " Tribunes and
fellow-citizens, on this day, this very day,
did I conquer Annibal and tlie Cartha-
ginians. Come, therefore, with me, Ro-
mans ; let us go to the capitol, and there
return our thanks to the immortal gods
for the victories which have attended our
arms." These words had an electric ef-
fect : the tribes and all the assembly fol-
lowed Scipio, the court was deserted, and
the tribunes were left alone In the seat of
judgment. Yet, when this memorable
day was forgotten, Africanus was a third
time summoned to appear ; but he had fled
from the impending storm, to his country
bouse at Literoum. Sometime afterwards,

Scipio died, in his forty-eighth year; and
so great an aversion did he express, as he
expired, for the depravity of his country-
men, and the ingratitude of their senators,
that he desired his bone^ might not be
cbnveyed to Rome. They were accord-
ingly inhumated at Liternum ; and his
wife, iEmilia, raised a mausoleum, and

placed upon it }\is statue. 3. Lu«iua

Cornelius Scipio was brother to Africa-
nus, and accompanied him in his expedi- '
tions to Spain and Africa. He was re-
warded with the consulship for his ser-
vices to the state, and, after the defeat of
Antiochus, king of Syria, sumamed Asia-
ticus. After the death of Africanus, Cato
and the two Fetilli, his devoted favorites,
and the inveterate enemies of the family
of the Scipios, turned their fury against
Aslaticus, whom they charged with hav-
ing received six thousand pounds' weigh't
of gold, and four hundred and eighty of
silver, from the monarch against whom,
in the name of the Roman people, they
were enjoined to make war. Scipio was
Condemned, and ordered ^o pay an im-
mense fine, as were also his two lieuten-
ants and his quaestor, who were included
in the charge. Sometime afterwards, he
was appointed to settle the disputes be-
tween Eumenes and Seleucus: and, at
his return, the Romans, ashamed of their
severity towards him, rewarded his merit
with such uncommon liberality, that Asia-
tjlcus was enabled to celebrate games in
honor of l^is victory over Antiochus, for
ten successive days, at his own expense.
4. Nasica Scipio was son of Cneus

Scipio, and cousin to Scipio Africanus.
He obtained the consulship after the death
of his cousin ; in which honorable office
he conqfTered the Boii, and gained a tri-
umph. He was also successful in an ex-
pedition which he undertook to Spain.
Nasica also distinguished himself «by the
active part he took in confuting the accu-
sations against the two Scipios, Africanus

and Asiaticus. 5. Fublius iEmilianus,

son of Fauhis, the conqueror of Perseus,
was adopted by the son of Scipio Afilca-
nus. He received the same surname as
his grandfather, and was called Africanus
the Younger, on account of his victories
over Carthage. iEmilianus first appeared
in the Roman armies under his father, and
afterwards distinguished himself as a le-
gionary tribune in the Spanish provinces.
He passed into Africa to demand a rein-
forcement from king Masinissa, tl^e ally
of Rome ; and was a spectator of the long
and bloody battle fought between that
monarch and the Carthaginians, and
which produced the third Punic war.
Shortly afterwards, iBmilianns was made
edile, and next appointed consul, thougb
under the age required for that important
office. The surname he bad received from

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liMi nnndfiuher he was doomed lawfully
to Claim as bis own. He was «mpowered-
to finisli the war wi^h Carthage, the siege
<if which city had already been begun ;
but the operations of the Rumans were not
'-■ontinued with vigor. {Fid. Punicuni Bel-
luin.) Though Scipio was obliged to de-
inolvh its very walls, to obey the orders
"f the Romans, yet he wegt bitterly over
the melancholy and tragical scene. The
return of iEmiiianus to Rome was as that
f>i' another conqderor of Annibal,and, like
lilm, he was honored with a magnincent
triumph. Shortly afterwards, Scipio was
:;ppointed to finish the war wliich the Ro-
mans had hitherto carried on without suc-
cess against Numantia ; the fall of which
was nmre noble than tliat of the capital
of Africa, and the conqueror of Carthage
«tbtained the victory only when his ene-
mies bad been consumed by famine or
fielfdestruction. From his conquests in
F^pain, iEmilianus was honored with a
s»econa triumph, and received the name
of NumantinuB. Yet his popularity was
pf short duration ; for, by telling the peo-
ple that the murder of Gracchus, hU bro-
Uier-in-law. was lawful, since he was tur-
bulent^ and inimical to the peace of the
republic^ Scipio incurred the displeasure
of the tribunes, and was received by them
with great disapprobation. His authority
for a moment quelled their sedition, when
be reproached them for their cowardice ^
and he exclaimed, " Factious wretches !
do you think that your clamors can intim-
idate me ? Me, whom the furv of your
o.nemies never daunted ? Is this the gra-
litnde that you owe to my father Paulus.
who conquered Macedonia? and to mef
Without my family, you were slaves. Is
This the respect you owe to your deliver-
ers ? Is this your affection ?" This firm-
jiess silenced the murmurs of the assem-
My, but proved fatal to Scipio ; who re-
Tired to Caieta, wliere, with his friend
i^Klius, lie passed the rest of his time in
ionocent pleasure and amusement. But
titis he was not long permitted to enjoy ;
]ii3 secret enemies thirsted for his bfood,
and he wa? one morning found dead in
Ills bed, with violent marKs on his neck,
us if he had been strangled. This assas-
sination caused the utmost consternation
throughout Rome; and it was then gen-
erally believed tohavel)een committed by
the triumvirs, Papirins Carbo, C, Grac-
rhus, and Fulvius Flaccus, and by his
wire Sempronia, who was charged with
having introduced the murderers into his
room. No inquiries, however, were made
ufter the authors of his deatli ; and the
only atonement which the populace made
was to attend his funeral, and show their
roncern by loud cries and lamentations,

ScjBA, an annual solemnity observed ftt
.Athens in honor of Minerva, or, according
to others, of Ceres and Proserpine.

SoiRADivif, a promontory of Attica on
the Saronicus sinus.

SciRA«, a name ofiEgina. Minerva was
also called Sciras.

SciREssA, a mountain of Arcadia.

SciRopr, a celebrated thief in Attica,
who, plundered the inhabitants of the
country, and threw them down from the
highest rocks into the sei^, after he had
obliged them to wait upon him and to
wash Ins feet. Theseus attacked him,
and treated him as be treated travellers.
According to Ovid, the earth as well aa
the sea, refused to receive the bonea of
Sciron, which remained for some time
suspended in the air, till they were chang-
ed, into large rocks called Scironia Saxa,
situate between Megara and Corinth.

SciRus, a village of Arcadia, of which

the inhabitants are called SdriUe. A

plain and river of Attica near Megara.

ScissiR, a town of Spain.

ScoDRA, a town of lUyricum, where
Gentius resided.

ScoLUB, a mountain of B<Botia. A

town of Macedonia near Olyntbus.

ScoMBRcs, a mountain of Thrace near
Rhodope.

ScopAs, an architect and sculptor o^
Ephesus, for sometime employed in mak-
ing the mausoleum which Artemisia rais-
ed to her husband, and which was reckon-
ed one of the seven wonders of the world.
Scopas lived about four hundred and thir-
ty years before Christ. »-An AStolian

who raised some forces ^ assist Ptolemy
Epiphanes, king of Egypt, against his ene-
mies Antiochus and his alllea He after-
wards conspired against the Egyptian mo-
narch, and was put to death, B. C. 196.
An ambassador to the court of the em-
peror Domitian.

ScopiuM, a town of Thessaly.

ScoRoisci and Scordiscje, a people of
Pannonia and Thrace, well known during
the reign of the Roman emperors for their
barbarity and uncivilized manners.

ScoTi, the ancient inhabitants of Scot-
land, mentioned as different from the
Picts,

ScoTiirus, a surname of Heraclitus.

SooTussA, a town of Thessaly, at Uie
noith of Larissa and of the Peneua, de-
stroyed by Alexander of Pheras.—— An-
other in Macedonia. * .

ScRiBONfA. a daughter of Scribonius,
who married Augustus after he bad di-
vorced Claudia. Scribonia wa84mmetiine
after repudiated, that Augtistus might mar-
ry Livia. — —A woman who married Craa-

8U9,

SoRiBoiriANtJti. a man In the age of
Nero, Some of his friends wished hhan to
be competitoi* for the imperial purple
against Vespasian, which he decnned.
-. — There were also two brothers of that
na\ne who did nothing without eacH
other's consent, r^ t

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ScRiBONiii/s, a man who made himself

master of the kingdom of Bosphorus.

A physician in ttie age of Augustus and

Tiberius.-^ A man who wrote annals,

A. D. 22. A friend of Pompey.

ScuLTENx\, a river of Gaul Ctspadana,
falling into the Po, now called Punaro.

Scvi-ACEUMj a town of the Brutii, built
by Mnestbeus at the head ot' an Athenian
colony.

ScTt^AX, a geographer and mathemati-
cian of Caria, in the age of Darius, son of
Hystaspes, about five hundred and fifty
years before Christ. He was commission-
ed by Darius to make discoveries in the
east, and after a journey of thirty months
he visited Egypt. Some suppose that he
was the first who invented geographical
tables. A river of Cappadocia.

ScTLLA, a daughter of Nisus, king of
Megara, who became enamored of Minos,
as that monarch besieged her father's ca-
pital. To make him sensible of her pas-
sion, she informed him that she would de-
liver Megara into his hands if he promised
to marry her. Minos consented, and as the
prosperity of Megara depended on a gol-
den hair, which was on the head of Nisus,
Scylla cut it off as her father was asleep,
and from that moment the sallies of the
Megareans were unsuccessful, and the
enemy easily became master of the place.
Scylla was disappointed in her expecta-
tions, and Minos treated her with such
contempt and ridicule, that she threw her-
self from a tower into the sea, or accord-
ing to other accounts, she was changed
into a lark by the gods, and her father into

, a hawk. A daughter of Typlton, or, as

some say, of Phorcys, who was greatly
loved by Glaucus, one of the deities of
the sea. Scylla scorned the addresses of
Glaucn?, and the god, to render her more
propitious, applied to Circe, whose know-
ledge of herbs and incantations was uni-
versally adriiired. Circe no sooner saw
him than she became enamored of him,
and instead of giving him the required as-
sistance, she attempted to make him for-
get Scylla, but in vain. To punish her
rival, Circe poured the juice of some poi-
sonous herbs into the waters of the foun-
tain where Scylla bathed, and no sooner
had the nymph touched the place, than
she found every part of her body below
the waist, changed into frightful monsters
like dogs, which never ceased barking.
The rest of her body assumed an equally
hideous form. She found herself support-
ed by twelve feet, and she had six differ-
ent heads, each with two rows of teeth.
This sudden metamorphosis so terrified
her, that she threw herself into that part
of the sea which separates the coast of It-
aly and Sicily, where she was changed into
rocks, which continued to bear her name,
and which were universally deemed by

the ancients as very dangerous tn sailors,
aa ^ell as the whu-lpool of Charybdis on
the coast of Sicily. During a tempest tho
waves are described by modern navi galore
as roaring dreadfully when driven into tho
rough and uneven cavities of the rock.
A ship in the fleet of iEneas, com-
manded by Cloanthus.

ScYLL.«uM, a promontory of Peloponne-
sus on the coast of Argolis. A promon-
tory of the Brutii in Italy, supposed to be
the same as Scylaceum, near which was
the famous whirlpool Scylla.

ScYLLiAs, a celebrated swimmer who
enriched himself by diving after the goods
which had been shipwrecked in the Per-
sian ships near Pelium.

ScTLLis and DipcENus, statuaries of
Crete before the age of Cyrus king of Per-
sia. They were said to be sons and pupils
of Dicdalus.

ScYLLus, a town of Acfaaia, given to
Xenophon by the Lacedemonians.

ScYLURUs, a monarch who left eighty
sons. He called them to his bed-side as
he expired, and by enjoining them to break
a bundle of sticks tied together, and after-
wards separately, he convinced them, that
when altogether firmly united, their pow-
er would be insuperable, but if ever dis-
united, they would fall an easy prey to
their enemies.

ScYPPiuM, la town in the neighborhood
of Colophon.
ScYRAs, a river of Laconia.
ScYRiAs, a name applied to Deidamia as
a native of Scyros.

ScTRos, a rocky and barren island in
the iEgean, at the distance of about twen-
ty-eight miles north-east from Euboea, six-
ty miles in circumference. It was origin-
ally in the possession of the Pelasgians
and Carians.

ScYTHiE, the inhabitants of Scythia.
Fid. Scythia.

Scythes, or Scytha, a son of Jupiter
by a daughter of Tellus. Half his body
was that of a man, and the rest that of a
serpent. He became king of a country

which he called Scythia. A son of

Hercules and Echidna.

Scythia, a large country situate on the
most northern parts of Europe and Asia,
from which circumstance it is generaUy
denominated European and Asiatic. Scy-
thia comprehended the modern kingdoms
of Tartary, Russia in Asia, Siberia, Mus-
covy, the Crimea, Poland, part of Hunga-
ry, Lithuania, the northern parts of Ger-
many, Sweden, Norway, &c. The Scy-
thians were divided into several nations
or tribes, they had no cities, but continu-
ally changed their habitations. They in-
ured themselves to bear labor and fatigue ;
they despised money, and livedopon milk,
and covered tiJemselves with the skins of
their cattle. The Scythians made several

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irrnfillona npon Um mora Mathern proT-
inces of Asia, especial^ D. C. tS4, when
tta^ remained in possession of Asia Mi
nor for twenty-eight years, an^ we find
tliem at different periods extending their
conquests in Europe^and penetrating as
fiir as Egypt. Their government was
monarchical, and the deferehce which
they paid to their sovereigns was anpar-
alleled.

BcTTHiifos, a Greek poet of Tens in Io-
nia, who wrote lambici.

ScTTHOR, a man changed into a wo-
man.

ScTTHOFOLis, a towtt of Syria, said to
have been built by Bacchus.

ScTTHOTADRi, a peoplc of Cbersonesus
Taarica.

Sebasta, a town of Judiea. Another

In Cilicia. ^The name was common to

several cities, as it was in honor of Au-
gustus.

8cBASTiA, a city of Armenia.

SKBEiiirrTUK, a town of the Delta in
Egypt. That branch of the Nile which
flows neac it has been called the Seboj^
nytie.

Sebctub, a small river of Campania,
falling into the bay of Naples.

Bebubiani, or Seousiaivi, a people of
Celtic GauK

Sectarus, an Infkmoas debauchee in
the age of Horace.

SncuiTDus Julius, a man who pablished
8ome harangues and orations in the age

of the emperor Titus. A fkvorite of

Nero. ■ One of the associates of Seja-

BUS.

Seditani, or SEDEifTAifi, a people of
Spain.

Seduiti, an ancient nation of Belgie
Gaul.

Sedubh, a people of Germany near the
-Stievi.

Seoesta, a town of Sicily founded by
iEneas, or according to some, by Crinisos,

Seobstes, a German, friendly to the
Roman interest in the time of Germani-
cus. His daughter married Arminius.

Segetia, a divinity at Rome, invoked
by the husbandmen that the harvest might
be plentiful.

Segri, a people with & town of the
same name in Belgie Gaul.

Segobrica, a town of Spain near Sa-
gunturo.

SegoAax, a prince in the southern parts
of Britain; who opposed Cesar by prder of
Cassivelaunus.

SEOORTiAjOr Seguwtia, a town of HlB-
pania Tarroconensis.

Seoontiaci. a people of Belgie Gaul,
who submitted to J. Ciesar.

8EO0 7IA, a town of Spain, of great

power in the age of the Cesars. There

was aldb another of the same name in Lu-
aitania.

BsouifTtVM, a town of Britain, sappeaed
to be Carnarvon in Wales.

SsousiARi, a people of Gaul on the
Loire.

Segosio, a town of Piedmont on the
Dnrias.

iGucs Sejanus. a native of Vulsionm
in Tuscany, who aistinguisbed himself iti
the court of Tiberius. Sejanus first gain-
ed the favors of Caius Cffisitr, the .grand-
son of Augustus, but afterwards he at-
tached himself to the interest and the
views of Tilierius, who then sat on the
imperial throne. The emperor, who was
naturally of a suspicious temper, was free
and open with Sejanus, ami while he dis-
trusted others, he communicated his great-
est secrets to this fawning favorite. Se-
janus improved this confidence, and w^hen
be had found that he possessed the esteem
of Tiberiu9, he next endeavored to be-
come the favorite of the soldiers and the
darling of the senate. All the children
and grand children of Tiberius were sac-
rificed to the ambition of the favorite un-
der various pretences ; and Drusus the
son of the emperOr, by striking Sejanus,
made his destmction sure and inevitable.
Livia, the wife of Drusus, was gained by
Sejanus, and though the mother of many
children, she was prevailed upon to assist
her adulterer in the murder of her hus-
band. No sooner was. Drusus poisoned
than Sejanus openly declared his wish to
marry Li via. This was strongly opposed
by Tiberius ; and the emperor, by recom-
mending Germanicus to the senatora for
his successor, rendered Sejanus bold and
determined. He was more urgent in his
demands ; and when he could not gain
the consent of the emperor, he persuaded
him to retire to solitude from the noise of
Rome, and the troubles of the govern-
ment. Tiberius, naturally fond of ease
and luxury, yielded to his representations,
and retired to Campania, leaving Sejanus
at the head of the empire. This was
highly gratifying to the favorite, and he
was now without m master. Prudence
and moderation might have made liim
what he wished to be, but Sejanus offeiKl-
ed the whole empire when he declared
that he was emperor of Rome, and Tibe-
rius only the dependant prince of the is-
land of Caprese, where he had retired.
Tiberius was upon this fully convinced of
the designs of Sejanus, and when be had
been informed that his favorite had bad
the meanness and audacity toridicule him
by intrtfSucing him on the stage, the em-
peror ordered him to be accused before the
senate. Sejanus was deserted by all his
pretended friends, as soon as by fortune ;
and the man who aspired to tlie empire,
and who called himself the favorite of the
people^ the darling of tbeprstorian guards,
and the companion of Tiberius, was seizc

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•d without resistance, and the sajxtb day
atrani^ed in prison, A. D. 31. His re-
mains were exposed to the fury and inso-
lence of tlie populace, and afterwards
thrown into the Tiber. His children and
all his relations were involved in liis ruin,
and Tiberius sacrificed to his resentment
and suspicions, all those who were even
connected with Sejanus, or bad shared his
favors and enjoyed his confidence.

Cn. Ss^ius, a Roman wiio had a famous
horse of large size, and uncommon beauty.
He was put to death by Antony, and it was
observed, that whoever obtained posses-
sion of his horse, which was supposed to
be of the same race as the horses of Diome-
des destroyed by Hercules, and which was
called Sejamis eiptutf became unfortunate,
and lost all his property, with every mem-
ber of his family.

Seius Strabo, the father of Sejanus, was
a Roman knight, and commander of the
prsstorian guards.

Sblemntjs, a river of Achaia.

Selene, the wife of Antiochus king of
Syria, put to death by Tigranes, king of
Armenia.

Seleucena, or Seleucis, a country of
Syria, in Asia. Vid. Seleucis.

Seleucia, a town of Syria, on the sea
flhore, generally called Pier'uiy to distin-
guish it from others of the same name.
There were no less than eight other cities
which were called Seleucia, and Which
had all received their name from Seleucus
Nicator.

Sel^ucioje, a surname given to those
monarchs wlio sat on the throne of Syria,
which was founded by Seleucus the son
of Antiochus, from whom the word is de-
rived. The era of the Seleucids begins
with the taking of Babylon by Seleucus,
B. C. .312, and ends at the conquest of
Syria by Pompey, B. C. 65.

Seleucis, a division of Syria, which re-
ceived its name from Seleucus, the foun-
der of the Syrian empire, after the death
of Alexander the Great. It was also called
TetrapoUs from the four cities it contained,
called also sister cities.

Seleucus, first, one of the captains of
Alexander the Great, surnamed JVKcotor,
or Vletorums, was son of Antiochus, Af-
ter the king's death, he received Babylon
as his province. According to Arrian, Se-
leucus was the greatest and most powerful
of the princes who inherited the Macedo-
nian empire after j(he death of Alexander.
His benevolence nas been commended;
and it has been observed, that he-conquer-
ed not to enslave nations, but to make
them more happy. He founded no less
than thirty-four cities in different parts of
his empire, which he peopled with Greek
colonies, whose national industry, learn-
ing, religion, and spirit, were communi-
CBled to the indolent and luxurious inhabi^

ants of Asia* SelencfB was a great bene-
factor to the Greeks, he restored to the
Athenians the library and statues which
Xerxes had carried away from their city,
when he invaded Greece, and among
them were those of Harmodius^ and Aris-
togiton. Seleucus was murdered two hun-
dred and eighty years before the Christian
era, in the thirty-second year of his reign.
The second, surnamed CaUinicust suc-
ceeded his father Antiochus Theus on the
throne of Syria. He attempted to make
war against Ptole{Dy, king of Egypt, but his
fleet was shipwrecked in a violent storm,
and his armies soon after conquered by
his enemy. "He was at last taken prisoner
by Arsaces, an officer who made himself
powerful by the dissensions which reigned
in the house of the Seleucifls, between
the two brothers, Seleucus and Antiochus ;
and after be bad been a prisoner for some-
time in Parthia, he died of a fall from his
horse, B. C. 226, after a reign of twenty

years. The third succeeded his father

Seleucus second, on the throne of Syria,
and received the surname of Ceraunusj by
antiphrasis, as he was a very weak, timicf,
and irresolute monarch. He was murder-
ed by two of his officers after a reign of
three years, B. C. 223, and his brother An-
tiochus, though only fifteen years old, as-
cended the throne, and rendered himself
so celebrated that he acquired the name

of the Great. The fourth, succeeded

bis father Antiocbns the Great, on the
throne of Syria. He was surnamed Phi-
lopdtory or according to Josephus, Soter.
Seleucus was poisoned after a reign of
twelve years, B. C. 175. His son Deme-
trius had been sent to Rome, there to re-
ceive his education, arid he became a
prince of great abilities. The fifth, suc-
ceeded his father Demetrius Nicator on
the throne of Syria, in the twentieth year
of his age. He was put to deslth in the
first year of his reign by Cleopatra his mo-
ther, who had also sacrificed her hasband

to her ambition. The sixth, one of the

SeleucidiE, son of Antiochud Gryphus,
killed his uncle Antiochus Cyzicenus,
who wished to obtain the croWn of Syrin.
He was sometime after banished fVom his
kingdom by Antiochus Pius, son of Cy-
zicenus, and fled to Cilicia, where he was
burnt in a palace by the inhabitants, B. C.

93. ' — A prince of Syria, to whom the

Egyptians offered the crown of whicii
tbey had robbed Auletes. He was at last
murdered by Berenice, whom he bad mar

ried. A servant of Cleopatra, the last

queen of iSgypt. A mathematician inti-
mate With Vespasian the Roman emperor.
A part o'f the Alps. A Roman con-
sul.-^ — A celebrated singer. A king of

the Bosphorus, who died B. C. 429.

Seloe, a town of Pampbylia, made a
colony by the Lacedaemoaiana.

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SsLiM!vi7s, a shei$herd of ' Acbaia, who
for sometime enjoyed the favors of the
nymph Aigy-ra, without interruption.

Selinuns, or SELijius.a town on the
■outhern parts of Sicily, founded A. U. C.
127, by a colony from Megara. It receiv-
ed its name from OtXivov^ parsleyy which
grew there in abundance. The marks of its
ancient consequence are visible in the ve-
nerable ruins now found in its neighbor-
hood. A river of Elis in Peloponnesus,

which watered the town of Scillus,

Another in Achaia. Another in Sicily.

A river and town of Cilicia, where

Trajan died. Two small rivers near

Diana's temple at Ephesus. A lake at

the'entrance of the Cayster.

Sellasi A, a towft of Laconia where Cle-
omenes was defeated by the AchaBans, B.
C. 222.

Selleis, ariver of Peloponnesus falling
into the Ionian sea.

Selleta:, a people of Thrace near mount
Ifiemus.

Belli, an ancient nation of Epirus near
Dodona.

Sbltmbbia, a town of Thrace, on the
Propontis.

Semele, a dauchter of Cadmus by Her-
mione, the daughter of Mars and Venus.
She was tenderly beloved by Jupiter ; but
Juno, who was always jealous of her hus-
band's amours, and who 'hated the house
of Cadmus because they were related to
the goddess of beauty, determined to pun-
ish this successful rival. She borrowed the
girdle of Ate, which contained every wick-
edness, deceit, and perfidy, and fn the form
of Beroe, Semele's nurse, she visited the
house of Jupiter's mistress. Semele listen-
ed with attention to the artful admonitions
of the false Beroe, and was at last persuad-
ed to entreat her lover to come to her arms
with the same majesty as be approached
Juno. This rash request was heard with
horror by Jupiter j btlt as he had sworn by
the Styx to grant Semele whatever she re-
quired, he came to her bed, attended by
the clouds, the lightning, and thunder-
bolts. The mortal nature of Semele could
not endure so much majesty, and she was
instantly consumed with fire. The child,
however, of which she was pregnant, was
faved from tie flames by Mercury, or ac-
cording to others by Dlrce, one of the
nymphs of the Achelous, and Jupiter
placed him in his thigh the rest of^the
time which be ought to have been in his
mother's womb. This child was called
Bacchus, or Dionysius. Semele immedi-
ately after death was honored with im-
mortality under the name of Thyone.

Semiobrmani, a name given to the Ilel-
vetil, a people of Germany.

Semiguntus, a general of the Cberusci,
taken prisoner by Germanicus.

Bemirauis, a celebrated queen of As-

syria^ daughter of the goddess DercetOjbjr
a young Assyrian. She was exposed in a
desert^ but her life was preserved by doves
for one whole year, till Simmaii, one of
the shepherds of JNinus, found her and
brought her up as his own child. Semi-
ramis, when grown up, married Menones,
the governor of Nineveh, and accompani-
ed him to the siege of Bactra, where, by
her advice and prudent directions, she
hastened tlie king's operations and took
the city. These eminent services, but
chiefly her uncommon beauty, endeared
her to Ninus. The monarch asked her of
her husband, and offered him instead, his
daughter Sosana ; but Menones, who ten-
derly loved Semiramis, refused, and when
Ninus had added threats to entreaties, he
hung himself. No sooner was Menones
dead than Semiramia, w^ho was of an as-
piring Boul, married Ninus, by whom she
had a son called Ninyas. Ninus was so
fond of Semiramis, that at her request he
resigned the crown to her, and command-
ed her to be proclaimed queen and sole
empress of Assyria. Of this, however,
he had cause to repent: Semiramis put
him to death, the better to establish her-
self on the throne, and \yhen she had no
enemies to fear at home, she began to re-
pair the capital of her empire, and by her
means Babylon became the most superb
and magnificent city in the world. She
visited every part of her dominions, and
left every where immortal monuments of
her greatness and benevolence. She was
not less distinguished as a warrior and
conquered many of the neighboring na-
tions. It is supposed that she lived about
nineteen hundred and sixty-five years be-
fore the Christian era, and that she died
in the sixty-oecond year of her age, and
the twenty-fiflh year of her reign.

Bemnones, a people of Italy on the bor-
ders of Umbria of Germany on the

Elbe and Oder.

Semones, inferior deities of Rome, that
were not in the number of the twelve great
gods. Among these were Faunus, the
Satyrs, Priapus, Vertnmnus, Janus, Pan,
Silenus, and all such illustrious heroes as
had received divine honors after death.

Sehosanciu!!, one of the gods of the
Romans among the Indigetes, Or such as
were born and educated in their country.

Sempronia, a Roman matron, mother
of the tw<» Gracchi, celebrated for her
learning, and her private as well as public

virtues. Also a sister of the Gracchi,

who is accused of having assisted the tri-
umvirs Carbo, Gracchus, and Flaccus, to
murder her husband, Scipio Africftnus the
ynun^rr. The name of Benipronia was
common to the female descendants of the
family of the Bempronii, Gracchi, and
Scipios.

SjBMraoNiA LSI, de ouy^wbttfifrsf, bj C

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Bempronias Gracchus, the tribune. A. U.
C. 630, ordained that no person who had
been legally deprived of a magistracy for
misdemeanors, should be capaUe of bear-
ing an office again. Another, de civitate.

by the same, A. (J. C. 630. It ordained
that no capital judgment should be passed
over a Roman citizen, without the concur-
rence and authority of the senate. An-
other, de comitiis^ by the same, A. U. C.
635. It ordained that in giving their votes,
tfte centuries should be chosen by lot, ana
not give it according to the order of their

classes. Another de comUUsy by the

same, the same year, wl\ich granted to the
Latin allies of Rome, the privilege of giv-
ing their votes at elections, as if they were

Roman citizens. Another, deprovincua.

by the same, A. U. C. 630. It enacted
that the senators should be permitted be-
fore the assembly of the consular comitiaj
to determine as they pleased the particu-
lar provinces which should be proposed to

the consuls. Another, called Jlgraria

prima, by T. Sempronius Gracchus the
tribune, A. U. C. 620. It confirmed the.
lex agraria Lieiniay and enacted that all
such as were in possession of more lands
than that law allowed, should immediate-
ly resign them, to be divided among the
poorer citizens. Three commissioners
were appointed to put this law into execu-
tion, and its consequences were so vio-
lent, as it was directly made against the
nobles and senators, that it 'cost the au-
thor his life. Another, called Agrax^ia,

altera, by the same. It required that all
the ready money which was found in the
treasury of Attalus king of Pergamus, who
had left the Romans his heirs, should be
divided among the poorer citizens of

Rome. Another, frumentaria, by C.

Sempronius Gracchus. It required that a
certain quantity of corn should be distri-
buted among the people, so much to every

individual. Another, de usurd, by M.

Sempronius the tribune, A. U. C. 560. It
ordained that in lending money to the La-
tins and the allies ^of Rome, the Roman
laws should be obselrved as well as among

the citizens. Another, de ju4Ueibu8, by

the tribune G. Sempronius, A. U. G. 630.
It required that the right of judging, which
had been assigned to the Senatorian order
by.:^mu1us, should be transferred from

them to the Roman knights. Another,

milUaina, by the same, A. U. G. 630. It
enacted that the soldiers should be cloth-
ed at the public expense, without any di-
minution of their usual pay.

ScM^RONfus (A. ATRATiifus,) a senator
who opposed the Agrarian law, which was
proposed by the consul Cassius, soon af-
ter the election of the tribunes. L. At-

ratinus, a consul, A» U. G. 311. He was'
one of the first censors with his colleague
in the consalship, Pajsirius. G«littr, a

consul summoned before an assembly of
the people, because he had fought with ill

success against the Volsci. Blagsus, a

consul who obtained a triumph for some

victories gained in Sicily. Sophus, a

consul against the iGqui. He also fought
against the Ficentes, and during the en-
gagement there was a dreadful earth-
quake. The soldiers were terrified, but
Sophus encouraged them, and observed
that the earth trembled only for fear of

changing its old masters. A man who

proposed a law that no person should de-
dicate a temple or alta(, without the pre-
vious approbation of the magistrates, A.

U. G. 449. Rufus, a senator, banished

from the senate because he had killed a

crane to serve him as food. Tuditanus,

a man sent against Sardinia by the Ro-
mans. A legionary tribune. Tibe-
rius Longus, a Roman consul defeated
by the Garthaginians. He afterwards ob-
tained victories over Hanno and the Gauls.
Tiberius Gracchus, a consul who de-
feated the Garthaginians and the Gampa-
nians ; afterwards betrayed into the hands

of the Garthaginians, and killed. Den-

sus, a centurion of a pretorian cohort.

The father of the Gracchi. A censor.

A tribune of the people. An em-
peror.

Semurium, a place near Rome, where
Apollo had a temple.

Sena, or Senooallia^ a town of Um-
bria In Italy, on the Adriatic.

Senatus, the chief council of the state
among the Romans. The members of this
body, called senatorea on account of their
age^ and patres on account of their author^
ity, were of the greatest consequence in
the republic. The senate was first insti-
tuted by Romulus, to govern the city, and
to preside over the afiTairs of the state dur-
ing his absence. The senators whom
Romulus created were an hundred, to
whom he afterwards added the same num-
ber when the Sabines bad migrated to
Rome. Tarquin the ancient made the
senate consist of three hundred, and this
number remained fixed for a long time.
The number continued to fluctuate during
the times of the republic, but gradually
increased to seven hundred, and after-
wards to nine hundred under Julius Gce-
sar, who filled the senate with men of
every rank and order. Under Augustus
the senators amounted to one thousand,
but this number was 'reduced to three
hundred, which being the cause of com-
plaints, induced the emperor to limit the
number to six hundred. Only particular
families were admitted into the senate j
and when the plebeians were permitted
to share the honors of the state, it was
then required that they»h6uld be born ot
free citizens. They were to be above the
ago of twenty-five, and to have previously

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passed tbroagh the inferior offices of
Qiiestor. tribune of the people, edile, pre-
tor, and consul. The time of meeting
"WBX generally three times • month on the
calends, nones, and ides. It was requi-
site that the place where they assembled
should have been previously consecrated
■by the augurs. Rank was always re^rd-
ed in their meetings ; the chief magis-
trates of the state^ such as the consuls,
the pretors, and censors sat lirst, after
these the inferior magistrates, such as the
ediles and questors, and last of all, those
-that then exercised no office in the state.
Their opinions were originally collected,
«ach according to his age ; but when the
office of censor was instituted, the opin-
ion of tlie princeps senntus or the person
whose name stood first on the censor's
list, was first consulted, and afterwards
those who were of consular dignity, each
ia their respective order. The meeting
of the senate was often sudden, etrept
the particular times already mentioned,
upon any emergency. After the death of
J. Caesar, they were not permitted to nteet
•on the ides of March, which were called
parricidium, because on that day the dicta-
tor bad been assassinated. The sons of
senators, after they had put on the toffa
tnri/w, were permitted to come into the
senate, but this was afterwards limited,
TThe rank and authority of the senators,
which were so conspicuous in the first
ages of the republic, and which caused
the minister of Pyrrhus to declare, that the
Roman. senate was a venerable assembly
■of kings, dwindled into nothing under the
emperors. Men of the lowest character
were admitted into the senate ; the empe-
jrors took pleasure in robbing this illustri-
ous body of their privileges and authority,
and the •senators themselves by their
meanness and servility, contributed as
much as the tyranny of the sovereign to
diminish their own consequence; and toy
applauding the follies of a Nero, and the
cruelties of a Dohiitianj tjiey convinced
the world that they no longer possessed
sufficient prudence or authority to be con-
sulted on matters of weight and import-
ance. The title of ClarLssimus was given
to the senators under the emperors, and
indeed this was the only distinction they
.had in compensation for the loss of their
independence. The senate was tiholished
'by Justinian, thirteen centuries after its
•first Institution by Romulus.
. Sknecv, M. Ak!t.'eu8, a native of Cor-
<duba in Spain, who married Helvia, a
woman of Spain, by whom he had three
sons, Seneca the philosopher, Anna?us
Novatus, and Annaeus Mela, the father of
the poel Lncan. Seneca made himself
known by some declamations of which he
made a ccfllection from the most celebrated
orators of the age, and from that circum-

stance, and for distinction, be obtained
the appellation of declamator. He left
Corduba, and went to Rome, where h«
became a Roman knight. His son L. An-
nsus Seneca, who M^as born about six
years before Christ, was early distinguish^
ed by his extraordinary talents. lie was
taught eloquence by his father, and re-
ceived lessons in philosophy from the best
and most celebrated stoics of tiie age. As
one of the followers of the Pythagorean
doctrines, Seneca observed the most re-
served abstinence. In the character of a
pleader, Seneca appeared with great ad-
vantage, but the fear of Caligula, who
aspired to the name of an eloquent speak-
er, and who consequently was jealous of
his fame, deterred him from pursuing his
favorite study, and he sought a safer em-
ployment in canvassing for the honors and
offices of the state, lie was made ques-
tor, but the aspersions which were thrown
upon him removed him from Rome, and
the emperor banished him for sometime
into Corsica. During his banishment the
philosopher wrote some spirited epistles
to his mother, remarkable for elegance of
language and sublimity ; but he soon for-
got his philosophy, and disgraced himself
by his flatteries to the emperor, and in
wishing to be recalled, even at the ex-
pense of his innocence and character.
The disgrace of Messalina at Rome, and
the marriage of Agrippina with Claudius,
proved favorable to Seneca, and after he
had remained five years in Corsica, he
was recalled by the empress to take care
of the education of her son Nero, who was
destined to succeed to the empire. Sene-
ca was too well acquainted \'^ith the na-
tural disposition of Nero to think himself
secure ; he had 1)een accused of having
amassed the most ample riehes, and of
having built sumptuous houses, and adorn-
ed beautiful gardens, during the four years
in which he had attended Nero as a pre-
ceptor, and therefore he desired his impe-
rial pupil to accept of the riches, and the
possessions which his attendance on his
person had procured, and to permit him
to retire to solitude and study. Nero re-
fused with artful duplicity, and Seneca, to
avoid further suspicions, kept himself at
home for sometime as if laboring under a
disease. In the conspiracy of Piso, which
happened sometime after, and in which
some of the most noble of the Roni9.n sen-
ators were concerned, Seneca's name was
mentioned by Natalis, and Nero, who was
glad of an opportunity of sacrificing him
to his secret jealousy, ordered him to de-
stroy himself. Seneca was at table with
his wife Paulina and two of his friends,
\^hen the messenger from Nero arrived.
He heard the words which commanded
him to destroy himself, with philosophical
firmnsflf , and evsn With Joy, and obsenr-

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ed, that «uch a mandate might have long
been expected from a man who had mur-
dered his own mother, and assassinated
All his friends. As for bis wife, he at-
tempted to calm her emotions, and when
she seemed resolved to die with him, he
said he was glad to find his example follow-
ed with so much constancy. Their veins
were opened at the same moment, but the
life of Paulina was preserved, and Nero,
"Who was partial to her, ordered the blood
to be stopped. Seneca's veins bled but
slowly and it has been observed, that the
sensible and animated conversation of his
dyins moments was collected by his
friei^s, and that it has been preserved
among his works. To hasten his death
he drank a dose of poison, but it had no
efiect, and therefore he ordered himself to
be carried into a hut-bath, to accelerate
the operation of the draught, and to make
the blood flow more freely. This was at-
tended with no better success, and as the
soldiers were clamorous, he was carried
into a stove, and suffocated by the steam,
on the tweiah of April, in the sixty-6fth
year of the Christian era, inliis fifty-third
year. The compositions of Seneca are
numerous, and chiefly on moral subjects.
There are also some tragedies ascribed to
Seneca.

SsRscfo, CLA.t7DiU8, one of Nero's ^-

vo rites, Tullius, a man who conspired

against Nero, and was put to death.

A man put to death by Domitian. One

of Constantine's enemies. A man who

from a restless and aspiring disposition
acquired the surname of Qrandio.

SKiviA,a town of Libumia, now Segna.

Scif If A, or Sena, a river of Umbria.

Senones, an uncivilized nation of Gal-
lia Transalpina, who left their native pos-
sessions, and under the conduct of Bren-
Dus invaded Italy, and pillaged Rome.
■ ■.. A people of Germany near the Sua*
vus.

Sentia t.^x de 8eruUUy by 0. Senthis the
consul, A. U. G. 7^4, enacted the choos-
ing of proper persons to fill up the number
of senators.

Sewtiw UM, a town of Umbria.

Sextius Gif. a governor of Syria, under
the emperors. A governor of Macedo-
nia. Septlmius, one of the soldiers of

Pompey, who assisted the "Egyptians in

mnnierinji him. A writer in the reign

of the emperor Alexander.

Sspr AS, a cape of Magnesia in Thessaly,
now St. Geunre.

SEFLtsiA, a place of Gapua, where oint-
ments were «old.

Septem A(^T^«, 1^ portion of the lake near
Reate. Frntres, a mountain of Mauri-
tania, now Gebel JlfottA-a.—*— Maria, the
entrance of the seven mouths of the Po.

Septempkda, a town of Picenum.

fiBrTiRiair, a festlTal observed onca la

nine years at Delphi, in honor of Apol-
lo.

Seftimius, Tit. fit Soman knight dis-
tinguished by his poetical compositions,
and intimate with Augustus as well as

Horace. A centurion put to death.

A native of Africa, who distinguished-
himself at Rome as a poet.

SEPTiMnLEius, L. a friend of G. Grac-
chus. He suffered himself to be bribed by
Oplmius, and had ,tbe meanness to carry
his friend's head fixed to a pole through
the streets of Rome.

Sepyra, a town of Gilicia.

SEquANA, a river of Gaul, now called
la Seine.

SEquAiTf, a people of Gaul near the ter-
ritories of the iEdui, famous for their wars
against Rome, &c. The country which
they inhabited is now called Francho
Comptiy or Upper Burgundy.

SEquiNiuB, a native of Alba, who mar-
ried one of his daughters to Guriatius of
Alba, and the other to Horatius, a citizen
of Rome.

Serapio, a surname girentooneof the

Scipios. A Greek poet who flourished

in the age of Trajan. An Egyptian put

to death by Achillas.

Skrapis, one of the Egyptian deities,
supposed to be the same as ''Osiris. He
had a magnificent temple at Memphis, an-
other very rich at Alexandria, and a third
at Canopus. The worship of Serairta was
introduced at Rome, by the emperor An-
toninus Pius, A. D. 146.

Serdoitis, a lake between Egypt and
Palestine. t

Serena, a daughter of Theodosius who
married Stilicho. She was put to death.

SBREifTARUs,' a favorito of Gallns, the
brother of Julian. He was put to death.

Serenus Samonicub, a physician in the
age of the emparor Severus and Garacalla.
There remains a poem of his composition

on medicine. Vibins, a governor of

Spain accused of cruelty in his province,
and put to death by order of Tiberius.

Seres, a nation of Asia, according to
Ptolemy, between the Ganges and the
eastern ocean in the modem Thibet. They
were naturally of a meek disposition.
Silk, of which the fabrication was un-
known to the ancients, who imagined that
the materials were collected from the
leaves of trees, was brought to Rome from
their country, and on that account it re-
ceived the name of Scrt'cum, and thence a
garment or dress of silk is called srrica
vestit. Some suppofse that the Seres are
the snme as the Chinese.

Seroestus, a sailor in the fleet of iEne-
as, from whom the family of the Sergii at
Rome were descended.

Serota, a Roman matron. She con-
spired with others to poison their hue-
bands. The plot was discovered, and

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Berfia, wtth aome of her accomplices,
drank poison and died.

Si^Roius, one of the names of Catiline.
- . ..-A military tribune at the siege of
Veil. The family of the Sergii was patri-
cian, and branched out into the several
families of the FidnuUeSf Sili, CatUiiuBy
JfaUa^ OceUtBj and Planet,

Skroids and Ssrgiolus, a deformed
youth, greatly admired by the Roman la-
dies in Juvenal's age.

Skhiphus, an island in the ^gean sea,
Tery barren and uncultivated. The Ro-
mans generally sent their criminals there
in banSkhment.

Skrmtxwl, a town of Macedonia.

fisRoii, a general of Antiochus Epi-
phanes.

Bkrraitus, a surname given to Cincin-
natus, because he was found aomng his
fields when told that he bad been elected

dictator. One of the auxiliaries of Tur-

nus, killed in the night by Nisus. A

poet'of some merit in Domitian's reign.

Skrrhbum, a fortified place of Thrace.

QuiivTirs SxRToRius, a Roman general
son of Quintus and Rhea, born at Nursia.
W)ien Marius and Cinna entered Rome
and slaughtered all their enemies, Serto-
rins accompanied them, but he expressed
bis sorrow and concern at the melancholy
deatb of so many of his countrymen. He
afterwards fled for safety into Spain, when
Sylla had proscribed him, and in this dis-
tant province he behaved himself with so
much address and valor that he was look-
ed upon as the prince of the country. The
success of Bertorius in Spain, and his po-
pularity among the natives, alarmed Uie
Romans. They sent some troops to op*
pose him, but with Uttle success. Four
armies were found insufiicient to crush or
even hurt Sertorius; and Pompey and
Metellus, who never engaged an enemy
without obtaining the victory, were driven
with dishonour from the field. But the
favorite of the Lusitanians was exposed
to the dangers which usually attend great-
ness. Perpenna, one of his officers who
was Jealous of his fame, and tired of a su-
perior, conspired against him. At a ban-
quet the conspirators began to open their
intentions by speaking with freedom and
licentiousness in the presence of Serto-
rius, whose age and character had hither-
to claimed deference from others. Per-
penna overturned a glass of wine, as a
signal to the rest of the conspirators, and
immediately Antonius. one of his officers,
stabbed Sertorius, ana the example was
followed by all^the rest, seventy-three
years before Christ. Sertorius has been
commended for his love <^ Justice and
moderation.

BsRTxus, a man accused by Tiberius of
being privy to the conspiracy of Bejanos.

8saviAiius» a consul la the reign of

Adrian. Ha was a great fhvorlte of the
emperor Trajan.

Sertilia, a sister of Cato of Utica,
greatly enamored of J. Caesar, though taer
brother was one of the most inveterate

enemies of her lover. Another sister

of Cato, who married Silanus. A

daughter of Thrasea, put to death by or-
der of Nero, with her fatlier.

Sertilia lex de peeuniis repetundis, by

C. Serviliusthe prietor, A. U. C. 653.

Another dejtuHcibus^ by Q.. Servilius Cae-
pio, the consul, A. U. C. 648. Anoth-
er, de civitate^ by C. Servilius. An-
other, agraria, by P. Servilius Rullus, the
tribune, A. U. C. 690.

Serviliarus, a Roman consul defeated
by Viriathus, in Spain, &c.

Servilius Q,uintus, a Roman who in

his dictatorship defeated the ifUqoi.

Publius, a consul who supported the cause
of the people against the nobles, and ob-
tained a triumph in spite of the opposition
of the senate, after defeating the Volsci.
He afterwards changed his opinions, and
very violently opposed the people, because

they illiberally treated him. A in-ocon-

sul killed at the battle of Cannie hy Anni-

bal. Ahala, a master of horse to the

dictator Cincinnatus. He was raised to

the dictatorship. Marcus, a man who

pleaded in favor of Paulus JEmilius.

A man appointed to guard the sea-coast
of Pontus, by Pompey. — ^Publius, a pro-
consul of Asia during the aee of Mithri-
dates.~> — The family of the Servilil was
of patriciau rank, and came to settle at
Rome after the destruction of Alba, where
they were promoted to the highest offices
of the state. Lacus, a lake near Rome.

SkRvius TuLLius, the sixth king of
Rome, was son of Ocrisia, a slave of Cor-
niculum. Young Servlus was educated
in the palace of the monarch with great
care, and though originally a slave, he
raised himself so much to consequence,
that Tarquin gave him his daughter in
marriage. His own private merit and vir-
tues recommended him to notice not less
than the royal favors, and Servius become
the favorite of the people and the darling
of the soldiers, by his liberality and com-
plaisance, was easily raised to the throne
on the death of his father-in-law. Rome
had no reason to repent of her choice.
Servius endeared himself still more as a
warrior and as a legislator. He married
his two daughters to the grandsons of his
fkther-in-Iaw ; the elder to Tarquin, and
the younger to Arunx. The wife of
Arunx, naturally fierce and impetuous,
murdered her own huAand to unite her-
self to Tarquin, who had likewise assas-
sinated bis wife. These bloody measures
were no sooner pursued than Servius was
murdered hy his own son-in-law, and his
daughter Tullia showed hersetf ao faUmit

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SE^

oal to filial gratitude and piety, tbat she
ordered her chariot to be driven over the

mangled body of her father, B. C. 534.

Galba, a seditious person. Claudius, a

grammarian. A friend of Sylla.

Cornelius, a consul in the first ages of the

republic. Sulpitius, an orator in the

a^e of Cicero and Hortensius. A des-
picable informer in the Augustan age.

Honoratus Maurus, a learned gran-

mariao.

Sesara, a daughter of Celeus, king of
£leusis, sister to Triptolemus.

Sesostris, a celebrated king of Egypt
some a^es before the Trojan war. When
Sesostris had succeeded on his father's
throne, he became ambitious of military
fame, and after he had divided his king-
dom into thirty-six diflferent districts, he
marched at the head of a numerous arm^
to make the conquest o^ the world. Li-
bya, ^Ethiopia, Arabia, with all the islands
of the Red Sea, were conquered, and the
victorious monarch marched through Asia,
and penetrated further into the east than
the conqueror of Darius. He also invaded
Europe, and subdued the Thracians. At
his rptura home the monarch employed
his time in encouraging the fine arts, and
in improving the revenues of his kingdom.
He erected one hundred temples to the
gods for the victories he had obtained,
and mounds of earth were heaped up in
several parts of Egypt, where cities were
built for the reception of the inhabitants
during the inundations of the Nile. In his
old age Sesostris, grown infirm and blind,
destroyed himself, after a reign of forty-
four years according to some. The age of
Sesostris is so remote from every authen-
tic record, that many have supported that
the actions and conquests ascribed to this
monarch are uncertain and totally faba«
lous.

Sbbsites, now Seana, a river of Cisal-
pine Gaul, falling into the Po.

Sestias, a name applied to Hero, aa
born at Sestos.

Ssarius, a friend of Brutus, with whom
he fought at the battle of Phil ippi. Augus-
tus resigned the consulship in his favor,
though he still continued to reverence the
memory of Brutus.— ——A governor of
Syria.

Sestos, or Sestds, a town of Thrace.

Sesuvii, a people of Celtic Gaul.

Betabis, a town of Spain, ftimous for
the manufacture of linen.

Sethon, a priest of Vulcan, who made
himself king of Egypt after the death of
Anysis. He was attacked by the Assy-
rians and delivered from this powerful
enemy by an immense number of rats,
which in one night gnawed their bow
strings and thongs, so that on the morrow
their arms were found to be useless. From
this wonderful circumstance Sethon had
31*

a statue which represented hire with a
rat in his hand, with the inscription of.
Whoever fixes hia eyes upon me, lei Mm b§
pious.

Setia, a town of Latium, celebrated for
its wines..

Severa, Julia Aquilia, a Roman lady,
whom the emperor Heliogabalus married.

Valeria, the wife of Valentian, and

the mother of Gratian, Jcnown for her
avarice and ambition. Her prudent ad-
vice at last ensured her son Gratian on the

imperial throne. The wife of Philip the

Roman emperor.

Severiands, a governor of Macedonia,

father-in-law to the emperor Philip. A

general of the Roman armies in the reign
of Valentinian, defeated by the Germans.
A son of the emperor Severus.

Severus, Lucius S^ftimius, a Roman
emperor Dom at Leptis in Africa. After
the murder of Pertinax, Severus resolved
to remove Didius Julianus, who had '
bought the imperial purple ; and therefore
he proclaimed himself emperor on the
borders of Illyricuin, where he was sta-
tioned against the barbarians. He took aa
his paitner in the empire, Albinus, who
was at the bead of the Roman forces in ~
Britain, and marched towards Rome. He
was received with universal acclamationsj
Julianus was deserted by his favorites,
aQd assassinateo by his own soldiers. But
while he was victorious at gome, Seve-
rus did not forget that his competitor, Pe»-
cennius Niger, was in the east, at the
head of a powerful army. Many obstinate
battles were fought between the troops of
imperial rivals, till, on the plains of Issus,
Niger was totiilly ruined by the loss of
twenty thousand men. Severus after-
wards pillaged Byzanlium, and conquered
several nations in the east ; he then re-
turned to Rome, and resolved to destroy
his only remaining rival, Albinus, with
whom he had hitherto reluctantly sharect
the imperial power. He attempted to as-
sassinate him by his emissaries ; but when
this had failed, Severus had recourse to
arms, and the fate of the empire was.
a^ain decided on the plains of Gaul. Al-
binus was defbated. and the conqueror
was so elated, that he insulted the dead
body of his rival, and ordered it to ba
thrown into the Rhone. After enjoying a
short respite from the toils of war, Seve-
rus again marched Into the east, with hisi
two sons, Caracalla and Geta, and made
himself master of Seleucia, Babylon, and
Ctesiphon, and advanced without opposi-
tion into the Parthian territories. From
Parthia he marched towards the more
southern provinces of Asia ; and, after he
had visited the tomb of Pompey the Great,
he entered Alexandria, tq which city ha
granted a senate, and viewed with curios-
ity the moauments and rains yrhlch ttuf

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366

•ndent kingdom contained. The revolt
of Britain recalled Severus from the east :
tbith^r he directed his attention, reduced
it under hia power, and built a wall across'
the northern part of the island/ to defend
it against the frequent invasions of the
Caledonians. Severus died at York, aged
six^-six^ exclaiming, that he had been
eveiy thing man could wish, but was then
nothing. Alexander, a native of Phoe-
nicia, adopted by Heliogabalus ; at whose
death he was proclaimed emperor, by the
unanimous approval of the army and the
congratulations of the senate. Shortly
after 'he ascended the throne, the empire
was disturbed bv the incursions of the
Persians; and Alexander marched into
the east and obtained a decisive victofy
over them. At his return to Rome, he
was honored with a triumph ; but the re-
volt of the Germans called him away from
the indolence of the capital, Severus was
murdered in bis tent, in the midst of his
camp, after reigning thirteen years, A. D.

235. Flavins Valerius, a native of Illy-

ricum nominated Ciesar by Galerius, He
was put to d^ath by Maximianus, A. D.
307^ Jolius, a governor of Britain, un-
der Adrian. A general of Valens.

Libius^ a man proclaimed emperor of the
west, at Ravenna, after the death of Ma-
^orianus. He was soon after poisoned.

Lucius Comeliua, a Latin poet in the

age of Augustus. Ca£>sius, an orator

banished by Augustus, for his illiberal

language. Sulpitius, an ecclesiastical

historian, who died A. D. 420. An offi-
cer under the emperor Julian. Aqui-

Ihis, a native of Spain. An officer of

Valentinian. A prefect of Rome.

A celebrated architect employed in build-
ing Nero's golden palace at Rome, after

the burning of thafcity. A mountain of

Italy, near the Pabaris.

Sbvo, a ridge of mountains between
Norway and Sweden, now called ^U,
or Dt^e,

Skuthbi, a man who dethroned hii

monarch. A friend of Perdiccas, one

of Alexander's generals. A Thraclan

king, who encouraged his countrymen to
revolt. This name is common to several
<if the Thracian princes.

Sbxtia. a woman celebrated for her
virtue and her constancy, put to death by
Nero.

Sbxtia Licinia Lex, d« MagistraUbuSt
^y C. Licinius and L. Sextius the tribunes,

A. U. C. 386. Another, de reUgioMy by

the same, A. U. G. 385>

Sbxtia AuvXj now .4i%aplace of Ci-
salpine Gaul, where the Oflkbri were de-
feated by Marius.

Sextima, the wife of Vitellius. She
liecame mother of two children.— An-
pther in tlie same fiunily. \

ordered Marius when he landed there to
depart immediately from his province.
Marius heard this with some cdncem,
and said to the messenger. Go and tell your
master that you have seen the exiled Marius
sitting on the ruins of Carthage. A Ro-
man preceptor, who was seized and car-
ried away by pirates. One of the offi-
cers of Lucullus. Hena, a poet. An

officer sent to Germany.

SxxTius, a lieutenant of Ciesar in Gaul,
-r — A seditious tribune in the first ages
of the republic. Lucius, was remarka-
ble for his friendship with Brutus ; be
gained the confidence of Augustus, and

was consul. The first plebeian consul.

A dictator. One of^the sonsof Tar-

quin.

SxxTUs, a prienomen given to the sixth

son of a family. A son of.Pompcy the

Great. A Stoic philosopher, born at

Cheronea in Bsotia. A governor of

Syria. A philoQ.opher in the age of An-
toninus.

Sib A, a people of India.

SiBiNi, a people near the Suevi.

SiBURTius, a satrap of Arachoeia, in the
age of Alexander.

SiBTLLA, certain women inspired by
heaven, who flourished in different parts
of the worid. They were ten in number :
the most celebrated of whom was that oi
Cuma;, in Italy. Apollo became enamor-
ed of her, and ofi!ered .to ^ive her what-
ever she should ask. The Sibyl demanded
to live as many years as she had grains of
sand in her hand, but forgot to ask for the
enjoyment of the health, vigor, and bloom,
of which she was then in possession.
The god granted her request, but she re-
fused to gratify the passion of her lover,
though be promised her perpetual youth
and beauty. She became old and decrepid,
her form "decayed, and melancholy pale-
ness and haggard looks succeeded to
bloom and cheerfulness. She had already
lived about seven hundred years when
^neas went to Italy, and had three cen-
turies more to exist before her years were
as numerous as the grains of sand she had
held in her hand. Another of these Sibyls
went to the palace of Tarquin the Proud,
and offered three books for sale at a very
high price. The monarch bought the
books, and she instantly vanished, and
never afterwards appeared to the world.
They were preservea with great care by
Tarquin, and called the Sib^line verses.
A college of priests' was appointed to keep
them J and such reverence did the Ro-
mans entertain for them, that they were
consulted with the greatest solemnity, and
only when the state seemed to be in danger.

SicA, a man who showed much atten-
tion to Cicero in his banishment.

SiCAMBRi, or Sygambri, a people of
Gerruany, conquered * * *

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SiCAMBRiA, the country of the Sicam-
bri, formed the modern province of Gueld-
eriand.

SicAifi, a people of Spain, who left
their native country and passed into Italy,
and afterwards into Sicily, which they
called Sicania. They inhabited the neigh-
borhood of mount iGtna, where they built
acme cities and villages.

Sicania, an ancient name of Italy. The
n^me was more generally given to Sicily.

SiOGA, a town of Numidia, at the west
of Carthage.

SincLis, (SICKI.IDK3, plur.) an epithet
applied to the inhabitants of Sicily.

SiCHJEUs, called also Sicharbas and
Jlherbas^ was a priest of the temple of
Hercules in Phoenicia. He married Eli-
sa, the daughter of Belus, and sister of
king Pygmalion better known by the
name of Dido. He was so extremely rich,
that his brother-in-law murdered him to
obtain his possessions. This murder
Pygmalion concealed from his sister Di-
do; and he amused her by telling her,
that her husband was gone upon an affair
of importance, and that he would soon
return. This would have perhaps suc-
ceeded had not the shades of Sicheeus
appeared to Dido, and related to her the
cruelty of Pygmalion, and advised her to
fly from Tyre, after she had previously
secured some treasures, which, as he
mentioned, were concealed in an obscure
and unknown place.

SiciLi A, the largest and most celebrated
island in the Mediterranean sea, at the
bottom of Italy. It was anciently called
Sicania^ THnacria, and TViquetrd. Sicily
is about six hundred miles in circumfer-
ence, celebrated for its fertility, so much
that It was called one of the granaries of
Borne, and Pliny says that it rewards the
husbandman an hundred fold. The in-
habitants were so fond of luxury, that Si-
eultB mensa became proverbial. The rights
of eitlzens of Rome were extended to

them by M. Antony. The island of Nax-

os, in the vGgean, was called Little Sicily,
on account of its fruitfulness.

L. Siciicius DsiTTATUB, a tribune of
Rome, celebrated for his valor and the
honors he obtained in the field of battle
during the period of forty years, in whictr
be was engaged in the Roman armies.
The popularity of Sicinius became odious
to Appius Claudius, who wished to make
himself absolute at Rome, and therefore
to remove him from the capital, he sent
bim to the army, by which, soon after his
arrival, he was attacked and murdered.
Of one hundred men who were ordered to
fall upon him, Sicinius killed fifteen^ and
wounded thirty ; and according to Diony-
sius, the surviving number had recourse
to artifice to overpower him, by killing
bim with a shower of stones and darts

thrown at a distance, about four hundred
and five years before the Christian era.
For this uncommon courage Sicinius has'

been called the Roman Achilles. Vel-

lutus, one oT the first tribunes in Rome.
Sabinus, a Roman general who de-
feated the Volsci.

Siciirus, a man privately sent by TBe-
mistocles to deceive Xerxes. An is-
land.

SrcoRcs, now S«^c, a river of Hispania
Tarraconensis.

SicDLi, a people of Italy, driven from
their possessions by the Opici. They fled
into Sicania, or Sicily, where they settled
and gave their name to the island.

SicuLUM FRETUif , tho sca which sepa-
rates Sicily from Italy.

SicYON, now Basiiico, a town of Pelo-
ponnesus, the capital of Sicyouia. It is
celebrated as being the most ancient king-
dom of Greece, which began B. C. 2089,
and ended B. C. 1088.

SicroNiA, a province of Peloponnesus,
on the bay of Corinth, of which Sicyon
was the capital. It is the most eminent
kingdom of Greece.

Sio£, the wife of Ouon, thrown into
hell by Juno, for boasting herself fairer

than the goddess. ^^A daughter of Belus.

A daughter of Danaus. A town of

Pamphylia.

SiDERo, the stepmother of Tyro, killed
by Pelias.

SioiciNDM, atown of Campania, called
also Teanum.

SiDoiv, an ancient city of Phoenicia)
the capita] of the country, with a famous
harbor, now called Said. The people of
Sidon are well known for their industry,
'their skill in arithmetic, in astronomy,
and commercial affairs, and in sea voy-
ages. They however hnife the character
of being very dishonest. i

SiDorfioRDM IN9ULJE, Islands in the
Persian gulf.

Siooffis, is the country of which Sidon
was the capital, situate at the west of Sy-
ria.

?IDPWIUS CAfUS SOLLIDS APOLLIWARIS,
Ihristian writer, born A. D. 430. He
died in the fifty-second year of his age.
There are remaining of his compositions,

some letters and poems. — The epithet

of SidoTiitui is applied not only to the na-
tives of Sidon, but it is used to express the
excellence of^ any thing, especially em-
broidery or dyed garments.

SiEifA Julia, a town of Etruria.

SiOA, now J^ed-Romoj a town of Nu-
midia.

SiGiuM, or IShoEUM, now cape Ineihi-
sari, a town of Troas, on a promontory of
the same name.

SioNiA, an ancient town of Latium*
—A mountain of Phrygia.

Si ooTEssus, a prince among the Celt«B,

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368

SiGTNi, SiGcifjE,or BiaTSSMf a nation
of European Scythia.

SiLA, or Stla, a large wood in the
country of the Brutii near the Apennines,
abounding with much pitch.

Si LAN A Julia, a woman at the court
of Kero, remarkable for her licentiousness
and Innpurities.

I>. SiLANUs, a son of T. Manlius Tor-
^uatQs, accused of extortion in the man-
agement of the province of Macedonia,
The father himself desired to hear the
complaints laid against his son, and pro-
nounced him on the third day guilty of
extortion, and unworthy to be called a
citizen of Rome. He also banished him
from his presence, and so struck was the
son at the severity of his father, that he
hanged himself on ttie following night.

C. Junius, a consul under Tiberius,

accused of extortion, and banished to the

island of Citherea. Torquatus, a man

put to death by Nero. Lucius, a man

betrothed to Octavia, the daughter of
Claudius. Nero took Octavia away from
him, and on the day of her nuptials, Sila-

nu8 killed himself. An augur in the

army of the 10,000 Greeks.

SiLAJiusj a river of Picenum, rising in
the Apennine mountains, and falling into
the Tyrrhene sea. Its waters, as it is le-
ported, petrified all leaves that fell into it.

SiLENi, a people on the banks of the
Indus.

SiLEifus, a demi-god, who became the
nurse, the preceptor, and attendant of the
god Bacchus. Malea in I^esbos was the
place of his birth. After death he receiv-
^ed divine honors, and had a temple in
Ells. Silenus is generally represented as
a fat and jolly old man, riding on an ass,
crowned with flowers, and always intox-
icated. A Carthaginian historian.

An historian.

SiLicENsE, a river of Spain.

SiLicis M0N9, a town near Padua.

SiLis, a river of Veuetia in Italy, falling
into the Adriatic.

C. SiLfus Itamcus, a Latiif poet, who
was originally at the bar, where he ^r
some time distinguished himself, till he
retired from Rome more particularly to
consecrate his time to study. He was
consul the year that Nero wa^ murdered.
Silius starved himself when laboring un-
der an imposthume which his physicians
were unable to remove, in the beginning
of Trajan's reign, about the seventy-fifth
year of his age. There remains a poem
of Italicus, on the second Punic war di-
vided into seventeen bodkV; greatly com ■

mended by Martial.— Cams, a man of

consular dignity, greafly loved by Mes-
saiina for his. comely appearance and ele-
gant address. -A tribune in Caesar's

legions in Gaul. A commander in Ger-
many, put to death by Sejanus.

SiLPHiuM, a part of Libya.

SiLPiA, a town of Spain.

Silvanus, a rural deity, son of an Ita-
lian shepherd by a goat. From this cir-
cumstance he is generally represented as

half a man and half a goat. A man

who murdered his wife Apronia. One

of those who conspired against Nero.

An officer of Constantius, who revolted
and made himself emperor. He was
assassinated by his soldiers.

SiLViuM, a town of Apulia. A town

of Istria.

SiLUREs, the people of South Wales in
Britian.

SiMBBivius, or SiMBRuvius, a lake of
Latin m, formed by'^the Anio.

SiMENA, a town of Lycia near Chimse-
ra.

SiMETHUs, or Stmethus, a town and
river at the east of Sicily.

SiMiLJc, a grove at Rome where the
orgies of Bacchus were celebrated.

SiMius, one of the courtiers of Trajan.

SiMMiAS, a philosopher of Thebes who

wrote dialogues. A grammarian of

Rhodes. A Macedonian suspected of

conspiracy against Alexander.

SiMo, a comic character in Terence.

SiMois, a river of Troas which rises In
mount Ida, and falls* into the Xanthus.

SiMoisius, a Trojan prince sonof An-
themion, killed by Ajax.

Simon, a currier of Athens, whom So-
crates often visited on account of his great

sagacity and genius. '■ — Another who

wrote on rhetoric. A sculptor. The

name of Simon was common among the
Jews.

SiMONiDEs, a celebrated poet of Cos,
who flourished 538 B. C. He wrote ele-
gies, epigrams, and dramatical pieces, es-
teemed for their elegance and sweetness,
and composed also epic poems, one on
Cambyses kinp of Persia, &c. He obtain-
ed a poetical priz6 in the eightieth year of
his age., and he lived to his ninetieth year.
The people of Syracuse, who had hospi-
tably honored him when alive, erected a
magnificent monument to his memory.
Simonides, according to some, added four
letters to the alphabet of the Greeks.
Some fragments of his poetry are extant.
SiMPLicius, a Greek commentator on
Aristotle.

SiMULUs, an ancient poet who wrote
some verses on the Tarpeian rock.
SiMus, a king of Arcadia after Fbialus.
SiMYRA, a town of Phoenicia.
SiNJE, a people of India.
SiND-«, islands in the Indian Ocean,
supposed to be the J^Ticabar islands.
SiNDi, a people of European Scythia.
Sing.*: I, a people on the confines ot
Macedonia and Thrace.
SiNGARA, a city at the north of Mesopo-

*^"*^^ Digitized by Google

SiR<iin.i«, A riv»r of Spain.

SinGVBf a town of Macedonia.

Sims, a famous robber.

SiNirACKs, a Parthian of an' illustrious
family, wtio conspired against bis prince.

SiHif ACHA, a town of Mesopotamia.

Siirox, a nynipb of Arcadia, who
brought up Pan.

Si NOR, a son of Sisypbus who accom-
panied the Greelcs to the Trojan war, and
there distinguished himself by 'his cun-
ning and fraud, and his intimacy with
Ulysses. Sinon advised Priam to bring
into his citv the wooden horse which the
Greeks had left behind them, and to con-
secrate it to Minerva. His advice was
followed, and Sinon in the night, to com-

glete his perfidy, opened the side of the
orse, from which issued a number of
armed Greeks, who surprised the Trojans,
and pillaged their city.

SiN(>FK, a daughter of the Asopus, be-
loved by Apollo. A seaport town of

Asia Minor, in Pontus. The original

name of Sinuessa.

SirroRix, a governor of Gaul.

SiiTTicE, a district of Macedonia.

SiNTii, a nation of Thracians, who in-
habited Lemnos, when Vulcan fell there
from heaven.

SiNUBstA, a.maritime town of Campa-
nia, originally called Sinope. It was cele-
brated for its hot-baths and mineral wa-
ters.

Sioir, one of the hills on which Jerusa-
lem was built.

SirHifoB, now SifaJMy one of the Cy-
clades, situate at the west of Paros, 20
miles in circumference, according to Pliny,
or, according, to modern travellers, 40.
Siphnos had many excellent harbors, and
produced great plenty of delicious fruit.

SiroNTpM, Si PUS, or Sspus, a maritime
town of Apulia in Italy.

SiFTLUM and Siftlus, a town of Lydia
with a mountain of the same name near
the Meander, formerly called Cerauniua.

One of Niob«*8 children, killed by

Apollo.

BiRBo, a lake between Egypt and Pa-
lestine, now Sebaeket BartUi^,

SiRBNBs, sea-nymphs who charmed so
much with their melodious voice, that all
forgot their employments to listen with
more attention, and at last died for want
of food. They were three in number,
called Parthenope, Ligeia, and Leucoeia,
and tliey usually lived in a small island
near cape Pelorus in Sicily. Some authors
suppose that they were monsters, who
had the form of a woman.above the waist,
and the rest of the body like that of a
bird ; or rather that the whole body was
covered with feathers, and had the shape
of a bird, except the head, which was
that of a beautiful female. The Sirens
were informed by the oracle, that fts soon

as any persons passed by them without
suffering themselves to be charmed by
their songs, they should perish ; and their
melody had prevailed in calling the at-
tention of all passengers, till Ulysses, in-
formed of the power of their voice by
Circe, stopped the ears of his companions
with wax, and ordered himself to be tied
to the mast of his ship, and no attention
to be paid to his commands, should he
wish to stay and listen to the song. This
was a salutary precaution. Ulysses made
signs for his companions to stop, but they
were disregarded and the fatal coast was
passed with safety. Upon this artifice
of Ulysses, the Sirens were so disappoint-
ed, that they threw themselves into the
sea and perished.

SiREFius.£, three small rocky islands
near the coast of Campania, where the
Sirens were supposed to reside.

SiRis, a towh of Magna Grecia.

The Ethiopians gave that name to the
Nile, before itd divided streams united

into one current. A tow,n of Pieonia in

Thrace.

SiRius, or Caiticula, the dog star,
whose appearance as the ancients suppos-
ed, always caused great heat on the earth.

SiRMio, now Sermioney a peninsula in
the lake Benacus.

SiRMicM, the capital of Pannonia.

SisAMNBs, a judge fiayed alive for hia
partiality, by order of Cambyses.

SisAPHo, a Corinthian who had mur-
dered his brother because he had put hia
children to death.

SisApo, a town of Spain, famous for its
vermilion mines.

SisciA, a town of Pannonfa, now Sisseg,

SisENKs, a Persian deserter who con-
spired against Alexander.

L. SiBBtfivA, an ancient historian among

the Romans, 91 B. C The family of

the Cornelii and Apronii received the sur-
name of Sisenna.

SisioAMBis, or SisroAMBis, the mother
of Darius the last king of Persia. She
was taken prisoner by Alexander the
Great, at the battle of Issus, with the rest
of the royal family. The regard of the
queen for Alexander was uncommon, and,
indeed, she no sooner heard that he was
dead, than she killed herself, unwilling
to survive the loss of so generous an ene-
my.

SisiMiTHRA, a fortified place of Bae-
triana, fifteen stadia high, eighty in cir-
cumference, and plain at the top.

SiBocosTus, one of the fViends of Alez«
ander.

Sisyphus, a brother of Athamas and
Salmoneus, son of iGolus and Enaretta,
the most crafty prince of the heroic ages.
He married Merope the daughter of Atlas,
or according to others of Psndareus, by
whom be bad several children* After hu

Digitized^'GoOgle

370

death, Bisyphus was condemnod in hell,
to roll to tne top of a hill a large stone,
which had no sooner reached the summit
than it fell back into the plain with im-
petuosity, and rendered his punishment
eternal. The causes of this rigorous sen-
tence are variously reported. A son of

M. Antony, who wa.s bom deformed.

SiTALccs, one of Alexander's generals.
A king of Thrace, B. C. 436.

SiTHNioEs, certain nymphs of a foun-
tain in Megara.

S I TH Off, a king of Thrace. An island

in the ifigean.

SiTHoNiA, a country of Thrace between
mount Hiemus and the Danube. Sitbonia
is often applied to all Thrace.

SiTiua, a Roman who assisted Cesar
in Africa with great success.

SiToNss, a nation of Gernr\any.

SiTTACE, a town or AssyriSk

Smaraodus, a town of Egypt on the
Arabian gulf, where emer^ds were dug.

Bmeivus, a river of Laeonia.

Bmsrdis^ a son of Cyrus, put to death
by order or his brother Cambyses.

8m I LAX, a beautiful shepherdess who
became enamored of Crocus. 8he was
changed into a flower, as also her lover.

Smilis, a 8tatu!|ry of iCgina in the age
of Dffidalus.

SMirrDTRiBBs, a native of Sybaris, fa-
mous for his luxury.

Smintheub, one of the surnames of
Apolln in Phrygia, where the inhabitants
raised him a temple, because he had de-
stroyed a number or rats that infested the
country.

Smyrna, a celebrated seaport town of
Ionia in Asia Minor. It was one of the
richest and most powerful cities of Asia,
and still continues to be a very commer-
cial town. A daughter of Thias, mo-
ther of Adonis. An Amazon. The

name of a poem which Cinna, a Latin
poet, composed in nine years.

SMTRNiEus, a Greek poet odhe third
century, called also Calaber.

Soana, a river of Albania.

Soanda, a town of Armenia. ,

So A WES, a people of Colchis, near Cau-
casus, in whose territories the rivers
abound with golden sands.

Socrates, the most celebrated philoso-
pher of all antiquity, was a native of Ath-
ens. His father SophronisCus was a stat-
uary, and -his mother Phenarete was by
profession a midwife. For sometime he
followed the occupation of his father, and
some have mentioned the statues of the
Graces, admired for their simplicity and
elegance, as the work of bis own hands.
lie was called away from this meaner
employment, of which, however, he never
blushed, by Crito who admired his peniiis
and courted his friendship. Philosophy
soon became the study of Socrates, and

under Ajchelaas and Anaxagoras be \t&A
the foundation of that exemplary virtue
which succeeding ages have ever loved
and venerated. He appeared like the rest
of his countrymen in the tield of battle ;
he fought with boldness and intre(>idity,
and to his courage twaof his friends and
disciples, Xenophon and Alcibiades, owed
the preservatiofi of their life. But the
character of Socrates appears more con-
spicuous as a philosopher and moralist
than as that of ^ warrior. He spoke with
freedom on every subject religious asweli
as civil, and had the courage to condemn
the violence of his countrymen, and to
withstand the torrent of resentment, by
which the Athenian generals were capi-
tally punished for not burying the dead
at the battle of Arginusse. This inde-
pendence of spirit, and that visible supe-
riority of mind and genius over the rest
of his countrymen, created many enemies
to Socrates; but as bis character was
irreproachable, and his doctrines pure,
and void of all obscurity, the voice o*
malevolence was silent. Yet Aristopha-
nes soon undertook, at the instigation of
M^itus, in his comedy of tb« Clouds, to
ridicule the venerable character of Socra-
tes on the stage ; and when once the way
was open to calumny and defamation, the
fickle and licentious populace paid no
reverence to the philosopher whom they
had before regarded as a being of a supe-
rior order. When this had succeeded,
Melitus stood forth to criminate him, to-
gether with Anitus and Lycon, and the
philosopher was summoned before the
tribunal of the five hundred. He was ac-
cused of corrupting the Athenian youth,
of making innovations in the religion of
the Greeks, and of ridiculing the many
gods which the Athenians worshipped ;
yet false as this might appear, the accus-
ers relied for the success of their cause
upon the perjury of false^ witnesses, and
the envy of the judges whose ignorance
would readily yield to misrepresentation,
and be influenced and guided by eloquence
and artifice. In this their expectations
were not frustrated, and while the judges
expected submission from Socrates, and
that meannefsg of behavior aii4 servility
of defence which distinguished criminals,
the philosopher, i>erhap8, accelerated hia
own fall by the firmness of his minit^
and hia uncomplying integrity. In his
apolopy he spoke with great animation,
and confessed that while others boasted
that they were arquainted with CA-ery
thinff, he himstflf knew nothinp. The
whole disrourse uasfnllof simplicity and
noble prandeur, the energelic langiraiie of
offended innorence. He modestly said,
that what he possessed was applied for the
service of the Athenians : it was his wish
to make his fellow citizens happy, and It

Digitized by VjOOQIC

871

was a duty he performed by the special
command of the gods, whose avikority^
said be emphatically, to his judges, I re-
gard more than yours. Such language
from a man who was accused of a capital
crime, astonished and irritated the judg-
es. Socrates was condemned, but only
by a majority of three voices. The sol-
emn celebration of the Deli^ festivals
prevented bis execution for thirty days,
and during that time he was confined in
the prison and loaded with irons. His
friends, and particularly his disciples,
were his constant attendants ; be dis-
coursed with them upon different sub-
jects with all bis usual cheerfulness and
serenity. When the hour to drink the
poison was co^e, the executioner pre-
sented him the cup with tears in his eyes.
Socrates received it with tomposure, and
after be bad made a libation to the gods,
he drank it with an unaltered counte-
nance, and a few moments after he expir-
ed. Such was the end of a man whom
the uninfluenced answer of the oracle of
Delphi had pronounced the wisest of man-
kind. Socrates died four hundred years
before Christ, in the seventieth year of

his age. A leader of the Achsans, at

the battle of Cunaxa. He was seized and

put to death by order of Artaxerxes.

A governor of Cilicia under Alexander

the Great. A painter. A Rhodian

in the age of Augustus. He wrote an ac-
count of the civil wars. A scholiast

born A. D. 380, at Constantinople. An

island on the coast of Arabia.

ScEMiAs, (Julia) mother of the emperor
Heliogabalus, was made president of a
senate of women, which she had elected
to decide the quarrels and the affairs of
the Roman matrons. She at last provok-
«d the people by her debaucheriea, extrav-
agance, and cruelties, and was murdered
with her son and family.

SoooiANA, a country of Asia, now
known by the name of Zagatay^ or Uabec.

SooDiAKua, a son of Artaxerxes Longi-
manus, who murdered his elder brother,
king Xerxes, to make himself master or
the Persian throne. He was but seven
months in possession of the crown.

SToL, (tA« #1111,) was an object of venera-
tion among the ancients. It was particu-
larly worshipped by the Persians, under
tiie name of Mithras.

SoLiciNiuM, a town of Germany, now
SuZtz, on the Neckar.

Soli N 17 9, (0. Julius) a grammarian, at
Ihe end of the first century, who wrote a
book called Polyhistor^ which is a collec-
tion of historical remarks and geographi-
cal annotations on the most celebrated
placos of every country.

SoLia FoHs, a celebrated fountain in
Libya.

Solos or Sei.i, a town of Cyprus, built

on the borders of the Clarius by an Athe-
nian colony. A town of Cilicia dn the

sea-coast, built by the Greeks and Rhodi-
aiis.
"SoLfEis orSoLOENTiA, a promontory of

Jjibya, now cape Catidn. A town of

Sicily, between Panormus and Himera,
now Solanto.

Solon, one of the seven wise men of
Greece, was born at Salamis, and educat-
ed at Athens. After be had devoted part
of his time to philosophical and political
studies, he travelled over the greatest part
of Greece ; tfnd, at his return, found that
dissensions were kindling among his
countrymen, who fixed their eyes upon
him as their deliverer, and he was elect-
ed archon and sovereign legislator. He
made many salutary regulations in the
state, and bound the Athenians by a sol-
emn oath that they would faithfully ob-
serve his laws for the space of one hun-
dred years. Solon then resigned the
office of legislator, and travelled into
Egypt. After ten years* absence, he re-
turned to Athens ; and had the mortifi-
cation to find the greater part of his regu-
lations disregarded by the factious spirit
of his countrymen, and the usurpation of
Pisistratus, his near relation. Solon there-
fore quitted Athens in disgust, and retir-
ed to Cyprus, where he died, in the court
of king Fhilocyprus, aged eighty years.
B. C. 558.

SoLoNA, a town of Gaul Cispadana on
the Utens.

SoLomiTM, .a town of Latium on the
borders of Etr'uria.

SoLTA, a town of Noricum.

SoLD», a maritime town of Sicily. '

SoLYMA, and Soltmje, a town, of Ly-
cia. An ancient name of Jerusalem.

SoMifUK, son of Erebus and Nox, was
one of the infernal deities, and presided
over sleep. His palace, according to some
mythologists, is a dark cave, where the
sun never penetrates. At the entrance
are a number of poppies and somniferous
herbs. The god himself is represented as
asleep on a bed of leathers with black
curtains.

SoNCHis, an Egyptian priest in the age
of Solon.

BoNTiATEd, a people in Gaul.

SoPATER, a philosopher of Apamea, in
the age of the emperor Constantine.

SoPHAX, a son of Hercules, who found-
ed the kingdom of Tingis, in Mauritania.

SopH£N£, a country of Armenia, on the
borders of Mesopotamia.

Sophocles, a celebrated tragic poet of
Athens, educated in the schooKof ^schy-
lus. He distinguished himself not only
as a poet, but also as a statesman. He
commanded the Athenian armies, and in
several battles he shared the supreme
dommand with PericJ«i,sind^ exercised

872

the office of arcfaon witli credit and honor.
The first appearaaoe of Sophocles as a
poet reflects great honor on his abflities.
The Athenians had taken the island of
8cyree, aad to celebrate that memorable
event, a yearly eontest for tragedy was
instituted. Soirtiocles on this occasion
obtaiaed the prize over many competitors,
in the number of whom was iEschylus,
his friend and his master. Of one hun-
dred and twenty tragedies which Sopho-
cles composed, only seven are extant ;
AJax, £lectra, CEdipus the tyrant, Anti-
fnne, the Traebinlte, Philoctetes, and
GSApiis at Ooloaoe. The iognuitude of
the children of Sophocles is well known.
They wished to become immediate mas-
ters of their father's possessions, and
therefore tired of his long life, they accu8>
ed him before tlie Areopagus of insanity.
The only defenee the poet made wa« to
read his tragedy of CEdipus at Colonos,
which he had lately finished, and then he
asked his Judges, whether the author of
such a performance could be taxed with
insanity f The father upon this was ac-
quitted, and the children returned home
covered with shame and confusion. So-
I^ocles died in the ninety-first y^r of his
age, four hundred and s\X years before
Christ, through excess of joy, as some
authors report, of having obtained a poet-
ical prize at the Olympic games.

SoraoHisBA, a daughter of Asdrubal the
Carthaginian, celebrated for her beauty.
She married Scyphax, a prince of Numi-
dia, and. when her husband was conquer-
ed bgr the Bomam and Masinissa, she fell
a captive into tM hands of the enemy.
Masjnissa became enamored of her, and
married her. This conduct displeased the
Romans, and Sophonisba, at the bidding
of her husband, drank poison. B. C. 303.

SoPHRoif, a comic poet of Syracuse, son
of Agathocles and Damasyllis.

SoFHRONisctrt, the father of Socrates.
. SoPHRONiA, a Roman lady whom Max-
entius took by force from her husband's
bouse, and married. Sophronia killed
herself when she saw her afiTections were
abused by the tyrant.

SoPHRosTNs, a daughter of Dionysius,
by Dion's sister.

SopoLis, the father of Hermolaus. A

painter in Cicero's age.

SoRA, a town of the Volsci, of which
the inhabitants were called Sorani.
' SoRACTEs and SoRACTE, a mountain of
Etruria, near the Tiber, seen from Rome,
at the distance of twenty-six miles. Tiierc
' was, as some report, a fountain on mount
Soracte, whose waters boiled at sunrise,
and instantly killed all such birds as drank
of them.

SoRAirns, a man put to death by Nero.
— -The father of Atilia, the first wife of
Cato.

60SXX, B favorite of Syllii|.«nd (be aaa-
pan ion of his debaucheries.

SoROE, a daughter of CEneus king of
Calydon, by iEthea, daughter of Thes-
tius. She married Andremon, and was
mother of Oxilus.

SoRiTiA, a town of Spain.

SosiA Galla, a woman at the court of
Tiberins, banisfae(].

SosiBius, a grammarian of Laconia,
B. C. 255. He was a great favorite of

Ptolemy Philopator. The preceptor of

Britannicos, the son of ClaudioSk

S08ICLES, a Greek who behaved with
great valor when Xerxes invaded Greece.

SosicmATEB, a noble senator among the
Achean8,put to death because he wished
his countrymen to make peace with the
Romans.

S0S10EKE8, an Egyptian mathemati-
cian, who assisted J. Cesar in regulating
the Roman calendar. » A commander

of the fleet of Eumenes. A friend of

Demetrius Poliorcetes.

Sosii, celebrated booksellers at Borne,
in the age of Horace.

SosiLus, a Lacediemonian in the age of
Annibal. He lived in great intimacy with
the Carthaginian, taught him Greek, and
wrote the history of his life.

SosiPATER, a grammarian in the reign

of Honorius. A Syracusan magistrate.

A general of Philip king of Macedo-
nia.

Sosis, a seditious Syracusan, who rais-
ed tumults against Dion. When accused
before the people, he sav^d . himself by
flight, and thus escaped a capital punish-
ment.

SoBisTRATUs, a tyrant of Syracuse, in
the age of Agathocles. He invited Pyr-
rhus into Sicily, and afterwards revolted
from him. He was at last removed by
Hermocrates. Another tyrant.

Sosius, a consul who followed the in-
terest of Mark Antony. ^A governor

of Syria. A Roman of consular dignity,

to whom Plutarch dedicated his lives.

SoBPiTA, a surname of Juno in Latium.
Her most famous temple was at Lanu-
vium.

SosTRENES, a general of Macedonia,
who fieurished B.C. 981. He defeated
the Gauls under Brerniiis, aiid was killed
ki the battle.-^— A native of Chidoa, who
wrote an history of Iberia.

SosTRATUB, a friend of Hermolaus, put
to death for conspiring against Alexander.
A grammarian in the age of Augus-
tus. He was Strabo»9 preceptor. A

statuary. An architect of Cnidos, B. C.

284. who built the white tower of Pharoe.

in the bay of Alexandria. A priest or

Venus at Paphos, among the fkvorites of

Vespasian.— ^A favorite of Hercules.

A Greek historian, who wrote an ac-
count of £truria.--^A poet, who wrote a

Digitized by VjOOQIC

373

poem on the fxpedition of Xerxes Into
Greece.

SoTADEs, an athlete.— A Greek poet

of Thrace. He wrote verses against Phi-

ladelphus Ptolemy, for which he was

thrown into the sea in a cage of lead.

SoTER, a surname <i^ the first Ptolemy.

It was also common to other moii-

archs.

SoTERiA, days appointed foAhanksgiv-
in(^ and the offerings of sacrifices tar de-
liverance from danger.

SoTERicus, a poet and historian in the
«ge of Dioclesian. He wrote a panegyric
«n that emperor, as also, a life of ApoUo-
nius Thyanseus.

So THIS, an Egyptian name «f the con-
stellation called Sirius, which received di-
vine honors in that country.
• SoTiATEs, a people of Gaul, conquered
"by Caesar.

SoTioN, a grammatian of Alexandria,
preceptor to Seneca, B. C. 304.

SoTius, a phifofioither in the reign of
Tiberius.

Sous, a ki^g of Sparta, who made luim-
BClf known by hia valor.

SoKoMBU, an ecclesiastical historian
who died 450 A. D. His history extends
from the year 324 to 439, and is dedicated
to Theodosius the younger, being written
in a style of inelegance and mediocrity.
Spaco, the nurse of Cyrus.
Sparta, a celebrated city of Peloponne-
sus, the capital of Laconia, situate on the
Eurotas, at the distance of about thirty
miles from its mouth.

Spartacus. a king of Pontus. An-
other, king of Bosphorus, who died B. C.
433. iHis son and successor of the same

name died B. C. 407. Another, who

died 984 B. C. A Thracian shepherd,

celebrated for his abilities and the victo-
ries he obtained over the Romans. Being
one of the gladiators who were kept at
Capua in the house of Lentulus, he escap-
edTfrom the place of his confinement with
thirty of his companions, and took up
arms against the Romans. He soon found
himself with ten thousand men equally
resolute with himself, and though at first
obliged to hide himself in the woods and
solitary retreats of Campania, be soon laid
wa^te the country ; and when his follow-
ers were increased by additional numbers,
and better disciplined, and more com-
pletely armed, he attacked the Roman
generals in the field of battle. Two
consuls and other officers. were defeat-
ed with much loss ; and Spartacus, supe-
rior in counsel and abilities, appeared
more terrible, though often deserted by
his fickJe attendants. Crassus was sent
against him, but this celebrated general
at first despaired of success. ^ A bloody
battle was fought, in which, at last, the
cladtotors were defeated. Spartacus be-
32

haved with great valor ; When wounded
in the leg, he fought on bis knees, cover-
ing himself with his bqckler in one band,
and using hiii^sword .with the other; and
when at last he fell, he fell upon a heap
'of Romans, whom he had sacrificed to bis
fury, B. C. 71. In this battle no Jess than
forty thousand of the rebels were slain,
ftnd the war totally finished.

Spartj^p, or Sparti, a name given to
those men who sprang from the dragon's
teeth which Cadmus sowed.
' Spartani, or SpARTiATiE, the inhabit-
ants of Sparta.

Spechia, an ancient name of the island
of Cyprus.

SptNDius, a Campanlan deserter, who
rebelled against the Romans, and raised
tttmults, and made war against Amilcar,
the Calthaginian general. .

Spend ON, a poet of Lacedsemon.

Spbrchia, a town (rf* Thessaly on the
bank* of the Sperchius.

Sperchius, a river of Thessaly, rising
on mount GEta, and falling into the sea in
the bay of Malil^ near Anticyra.

Spermatophaoi, a people who lived in
the extremest parts of Egypt. They fed
upon the flruits that ffell from the trees*

Speusifpub, an Athenian philosopher,
nephew, as also successor, pi Plato. He

presided In Plato's school for eight years,
and disgraced himself by his extrava-
gance and debauchefy.

Sphacteri^, three small islands oppo-
site Pylos, on the coast of Messenia* They
are also called Sphagia.

Spherus, an arm-bearer of Pelops, son
of Tantalus. A Greek philosopher, dis-
ciple to Zeno of Cyprus, 243 B. C.

Sphinx, a monster which had the bead
and breasts of a woman, the body of a
dog, the tail of a serpent, the wings of a
bird, the paws of a llsn, and an human
voice. The Sphinx had been sent into
the neighborhood of Thebes by Juno, who
wished to punish the family of Cadmus,
which she persecuted with immortal ha-
tred, and it laid this part of Bceotia un-
der continual alarms by proposing enig-
mas, and devouring the inhabitants if un-
able to explain them. In the midat of
their consternation the Thebans were told
by the oracle, that the- Sphinx would de-
stroy herself as soon as one of the enigmas
she proposed was explained. In this
enigma she wished to kno^ what animal
walked on four legs in the morning, two
at noon, and three in the evening. It
was at last happily explained by CEdipus,
who observed that man walkpd on his
hands and feet when young or in the
morning of life, at the noon of life he
walked erect, and in the evening of bis

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374

days he supported his tnfTrmlties apon a \
stick. The Sphinx no sooner heard this
explanation than she dashed her heajd
against a rock, and immediately expired.

SrHoDRiAs, a Spartan, who, at the in-
atigation of Cleombrotus, attempted to
seize the Pirsus.

Sfhragidium, a retired cave on mount
Cithieron in Bceotia.

i^riciLLus, a favorite of Nero. He re-
fused to assassinate bis master, for which
he was put to death in a cruel manner.

Spina, bow Prtmaro, a town on the
most southern mouth of the Po.

SpirvTMARus, a Corinthian architect,

who huilt Apollo*s temple at Delphi.

A freedmaa of Cicero.

SpiNTHsa, a Roman consul. He was
one of Pompey*s friends.

Spio, one of the Nereides.

SprTAMEifxSf one of the otHcers of king
Darius, who conspired against the taur-
derer of Bessus, and delivered him to Al-
exander.

Spithobatki, a satrap of Ionia, son-in-
law of Darius. He was killed at the bat-
tle of the Granicus.

Spithsidatjes, a Persian killed by Cli-
tus, as he was going to strike Alexander

dead. A Persian satrap in the age of

Lysander.

Spoletium, now Spoteto, a town of Um-
bria, which bravely withstood Annibal
while he was in Italy. An inscription
over the gatta still commemorates the de-
feat of Annibal.

Sporades, a number of islands in the
^gean sea.

Spurina, a mathematician and astrolo-
^er, who told J. Cesar to beware of the
ides of March.

Spumi us, a prienomen common to many
of the Romans. One^Cssar's mur-
derers. Lartlus, a Roman who defend-
ed the bridge over the Tiber against Por-
senna's army. A friend of Otho.

L. Staberics, a friend of Porapey set
over Apollonia, which he was obliged to
yield to Ctesar, because the inhabitants
favored his cause. An avaricious fel-
low, who wished It to be known that he.
was uncommonly rich.

Stasia, a maritime town of Campania
on the bay of Puteoli.

Stabulum, a place in the Pyrenees,
where a communication was open (rom
Gaul into Spain.

Staoira, a town on the borders of Ma-
cedonia, founded six hundred and sixty-
five years before Christ. Aristotle was
born there, from which circumstance he is
called Stagiriles.

Staius, an unprincipled wretch In No-
ro's age who murdered all hie relations.

Stale Nus, a senator who sat as judge
in the trial of Cluentius.

Staphtlus, one of the Argonauts, son

of Thesens, or according to olhen, <tf

Bacchus and Ariadne.

Stasander, an officer of Alexander^
who had Aria at the general divisioii of
the provinces.

Staseas, a peripatetic philosopher, en-
gaged to instruct young M. Piso in philo-
sophy.

&TASICBATES, a statuary and architect
in the wiM^of Alexander, who offered to
make a statue of mount Athoe, which was
rejected by the conqueror.

Stasileus, an Atheiiian killed a^ the
battle of Marathon. He was qma of the
ten preCors.

Statielli, a people of Liguria, betweea
the Tsenarus and the Apennines.

Statilia, a woman who lived to a great
age, as mentioned by Seneca,

Statilius, a young Roipan celebrated
for his courage and constancy. He was
an inveterate enemy to Cesar, and when
Cato murdered himself, he attempted to
follow bis example, bat was prevented by
his friends. He was at last killed by the

army of the triumvirs. Lucius, one of

the friends of Catiline. He joined io hie

conspiracy, and was put to death. A

young general in the war which the
Latins undertooK against the Romans.
He was killed, with twenty-five thousand

of his troops. A general who fought

against Antony. Taurus, a proconsul

of Africa. He was accused of consulting
magicians, upon which he put himself to
death.

STATinai, islands on the coast of Cam-
pania, raised from the sea by an earth-
quake.

Statira, a daughter of Dariue, who
married Alexander. She was cruelly pat
to death by Roxana, after the coaqueror's

death. A sister of Darius, the last king

of Persia. A wife of Artaxerxes Mem-

non, poisoned by his mother-in-law, queen

Parysatis. A sister of Mithridates the

Great.

Statius, (Cecilius,) a comic poet in
the age of Ennius. He was a native of
Gaul, and originally a slave. His latinity
was bad, yet ha acquired great reputation
by his comedies. He died a little after

Ennius. Annsus, a physician, the

friend^of the philosopher Seneca. ^P.

Papinius, a poet born at Naples, in the
reign .of the empefor Domitian. Statius
has made himself known by two epic
poems, the Thebais in twelve books, and
the JickiUda in two books, which remain-
ed unfinished on account of his premature
death. There are besides other pieces
composed on several subjects, which are
extant, and well known under the name
of SylvcB, divided into four books. The
two epic poems of Statius are dedicated to
Domitian, wliom the poet ranks among
the gods. Thciy were vnivenoUy ad-

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375

mired in his affe at Rome, but the tts^e
of the times was corrupted, though some
of the moderns have called them inferior
to no Latin conipositions except Virgil's.
Statius died about the hundredth year of

the Christian era. Ddhiitius, a tribune

in the age of Nero, deprived of his office
when Piso's conspiracy was discovered.

A general of- the Samnites. An

officer of the pretorian guards, who con-
spired against Nero.

Stator, a suntatne of Jupiter, given
him by Romulus, because he stopped (^o)
the flight of the Romans in a battle against
the Siliines.

STELL.A.TIS, a field remarkable for its
fertility, in Campania.

Stellio, a youth turned into an elf by
Ceres, because he derided the goddess,
who dranlc with avidity when tired ana
afflicted in her vain pursuit of her daugh-
ter Proserpine.

Stbkta, a narrow passage on the moun-
tains near Antigonia, in Chaonia.
fiTEiTOBOBA. Fid. sthenobcsa.
Stsicocbates, an Athenian, who con-
spired to murder the commander of the
l^rrison which Demetrius had placed in
the citadel.

Steittor, one of the Greeks who went
to the Trojan war. His voice alone was
louder than that of fifty men together.

SrcrfTpRis L.ACU9, a lake near Enos in
Thrace.

Stepmanus, a musician of Media, upon
whose body Alexander made an experi-
ment in burning a certain sort of bitumen
called naphtha. A Greek writer of By-
zantium, known for his dictionary giving
an account of the towns and places of the
ancient world.

St s ROPE, one of the Pleiades, daugh-
ters of Atlas. A daughter of Parthaon,

pupposed by some to be the mother of the

Sirens. A daughter of Cepheus. A

daughter of Pleuron— of Acastus— of Da-
naus— of Cebrion.
Steropes, one of the Cyclops.
Stersichorus, a lyric Greek poet of
Himera, in 9icilv. His conipositions were
written in the Doric dialect, and compris-
ed in twenty-six books, all now lost ex-
cept a few fragments.

BTERTiNius, a stoio phUosopheri ridi-
culed by Horace.

Stesagoras, a brother of Miltiadefl.
Fid. Miltiades.

Stesilea, a beautiful woman of Ath^
ens.

Stesileus, abeautif\il youth of Cos, lov-
ed by Themistocles and Aristides, and
the cause of jealousy and dissension be-
tween these celebrated men.

Stmimbrotus, an historian very incon-
sistent in his narrations. He wrote an

account of Cimon's exploits. A son

pf Epaminoqdas put to death by his father,

becwise he had fought the enemy with-
out his orders. A musician of Tbasos.

Sthenele, a daughter of Acastus, wife

of Menoetius. A daughter of Danaus,

by Memphis.

Sthenelus, a king of Mycenae, ^on of
Perseus and Andromeda. He married Ni-
cippe the daughter of Peiops, by whom he
had two daughters, and a son called £u-
rystheus, who was born, by Juno's infiu-
ence, two months before the natural time,
that he might obtain a superiority over

Hercules, as being ohler. One of Jhe

SOBS of iGgyptus by Tyria. A son of

Capaneus. He was one of the Epigoni.

and of the suitors of Helen. A' son oi^

Androgens the son of Minos. Hercules

made him king of Thrace. A king of

Argos, who succeeded his fhther Croto-

pus. A son of Actor, who aceompanied

Hercules in his expedition against the
Amazons. He was killed by one of these

females. A son of Melas, killed by Ty-

deus.

Sthe iris, a statuary of Olynthus. An

orator of lliniera, in Sicily, during the
civil wars of Pompey.

S'tnENo, one of the three Gorgons.

Sthenobcea, a daughter of Jobates king
of Lycia, who married Pnetus, king of
'Argos. She became enamored of Bellero-
phon, who had taken refuge at her hus-
band's court, and according to some she
killed herself after his departure. Many
mythologists call her Antiea. "

Stilbe, or Stilbia, a daughter of Pe-
neos by Creusa, who became mother of
Centaurus and Lapithus, by Apollo.

Stilbo, aname given to the planet Mer-
cury by the ancients, for its shining ap-
pearance.

Stiucho, a general of the emperor The-
odosius the Great. He behaved with much
courage, but under the emperor Honorius
he showed himself turbulent and dis-
affected. Honorius discovered his in-
trigues, and ordered him to be beheaded,
about the year of Christ 406.

Stilfo, a celebrated philosopher of Me-
gara, who flourished three hundred and
thirty-six years before f3hrist, and was
greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Soter. It is
said that he intoxicated himself when
ready to die, to alleviate the terrors of
death. He was one of the chiefs of the
Stoics^

Stimigon, a shepherd's name.

Stiphilos, one of the Liapithe, killed
In the house of Pirithous.

Stobjsus, a Greek writer who flourish-
ed A. D. 405. His work is valuable for
the precious relics of ancient literature he
has preserved.

Stobi, a town of PcBonia in Macedonia.

Stccchades, five small islands in the
Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, BOw
I the Bi^ta, n^ar MaraeiUes.

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376

Stcbni, a people living among the Alps.

StoIci, a celebrated eect of philosophers
founded by Zeno of Citiuui. They re-
ceived the name from the portico^ foa,
where the philosopher delivered his lec-
tuns. They preferred virtue to every
thing else, and whatever was opposite to
It, they looked upon as the greatest of
evils.

Stkabo) a. name ameng the Romans,
given to those whose eyes were naturally

deformed or' distorted. A native of

Amasia, on the borders of Cappadocia,
who flourished in the age of Auffustua and
Tiberius. Me first studied under Xenar-
chus, the peripatetic, and Afterwards
warmly embraced the tenets of the Stoics.
Of all his compositions nothing remains
but his geography, divided into seventeen
books, a work justly celebrated for its ele-
gance, puritv. the erudition and universal
knowledge^i the author. It contains an
account, in Greek, of the most celebrated
places of the world, the origin, the man>
ners, reKgion, prejudices, and government
of nations ; the foundation of cities, and
the accurate history of each separate pro-
vince. Strabo travelled over great part of
the world in quest of information, and to
examine with the most critical inquiry,
not only the situation of the places, but also
the manners of the inhabitants, whose
history he meant to write. He died A.

D. 23. A Sicilian, so clear-sighted that

he could distinguish objects at the dis-
tance of one hundred and thirty miles,
\irith the same ease as if they bad been
ilear.

Stratarchab, the grandfather of the
geographer Strabo.

Strato, or Straton, a king of the is-
land Aradus, received into alliance by Al-
exander. A king of Slidon, dependent

upon Darius. Alexander deposed him,

because he reAised to surrender. A

philosopher of Lampsacus, disciple and
successor in the school of Theophrastus,
about two hundred and eighty-nine years
before the Christian era. He wrote differ-
ent treatises, all now lost. A phy-
sician. A peripatetic philosopher.

A native of Epirus, very intimate with
Brutus, the murderer of Cajsar. He killed
his friend at his own request.-— —A rich
Orchomenian who destroyed himself be-
cause Jbe could not obtain in marriage a

yonn^ woman of Flaliartus A Greek

historian, who wrote the lives of some of

the Macedonian kings. An athlete of

Achaia, twice crowned at the Olympic
• games.

Stratocleb, an Athenian general at the

battle of Cheroniea. A stage player in

Domitian's reign.

Stratov. Fid. Strata

Stkatokics, a daughter of Tbespius.
——A daughter of Pleuion,-p^^A daugl^

ter of Arlarathes, king of Cappadocfa:,
who married Eumenes, king of Pergamus,
and became mother of Attains.^ A

daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes, wha
married Seleilcus, king of Syria. ■ A
concubine of Mithridates, king of Pontus

The wife of Antigonus, mother of

Demetrius Poliorcetes. A town of

Caria, made a Macedonian colony. An-
other in Mesopotamia. And a third near

mount Taurus.

Strato ificus, an opulent person in- the
reign of Philip, and of his son Alexander,

whose riches became proverbial.- A

musician of Athens in the age of IlenioS'
thenes.

Stratoitib turrib, a city of Judaea, af-
terwards called Ccsaiea by Herod in hon-
or of Augustus.

Stratob, a city af iEolia— — of Acar-
nania.

, Strsnua, a goddess of Rome who gave
vigor and energy to the weak and indo-
lent.

STRoiroTLE, now StrtmiolOf one of the
islands called iEolides in the Tyrrhene
sea, near the coast of Sicilv. It has a vol-
cano, ten miles in circumference.

Strofhadss, two islands in the Ionian
sea, on the western coasts of the Pelopon-
nesus. The fleet of iEneas stopped near
the Strophades. The largest of these two
islands is not above Ave miles in circum-
ference.

Strophiub, a son of Crisus, king of
Phocis. He married a sister of Agamem-
non, called Anaxibia, or Astyochia, or, ac-
cording to others, Cyndragora, by whom
be had Pylades, celebrated for his friend-
ship with Orestes. Orestes was enabled
by means of Strophius, to revenge the

death of his father. A son of Pylades

by Electra the sister of Orestes.

Struthophagi, a people of .Athiopiay
who feed on sparrows.

Struthus, a general of Artaxerxes
against the Lacedemonians, B. C. 393.

Strtma, a town of Thrace, founded by
a Thracian colony.

Strtmno, a daughter of the Scamander,
who married Laomedon,

Strtmok, a river which separates
Thrace from Macedonia, and falls into a
part of the ^gean sea, which has been
called Strymonicits simis. A number of
cranes, as the poets say, resorted on its
banks in the summer time. Its eels were
excellent.

Stub ERA, a town of Macedonia, be-
tween the Axius and Erlgon.

Stura, a river of Cisalpine Gaul fklHng
into the Po.

Sturni, a town of Calabria.

Stymphalia, Stymphalib, a part of
Macedonia. A surname of Diana.

Stymphaldb, a king of Arcadia, son of
ElatusandLaodice. Hemad^vinKa^QM

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377

Pelops, and was killed in a trace.-— A

town, ^-iver, lake, and fountain of Arcadia,
wjiicn receive their name from king Stym-
phalus. Tiie. neighborhood of tlie iake
Stymphaliis was infested with a number
of voracious birds, like cranes or, storks,
which fed upon human flesh, and which
were called Sbymphalides. ^They were at
last destroyed by Hercules, with the as-
sistance of Minerva. A lofl/ mountain

of Peloponnesus in Arcadia.

8Tr!TG£, a daughter of Danaus.

Styra, a town of Eubiea.

Sttrus, a king of Albania, to whom
iBetes promised his daughter Medea in
marriage, to obtain his assistance against
ihe Argonauts.

Styx, a daughter of Oceanus and T*-
thys. She married Pallas, by whom she
had three daughters. Victory, Strength,

and Valor. A celebrated river of hell,

round which it flows nine times. Accord-
ing to some writers the Styx was a small
yiver of Nonacris in Arcadia, whose wa-
ters were so cold and venomous, that they
proved fatal to such as tasted them. They
even consumed iron, and broke all vessels.
The wonderful properties of this water
suggested the idea, that it was a river of
hell, especially, when it disappeared in the
earth a little below its fountain head.
The gods held the waters of the Styx in
such veneration, that they always swore
by them ; an oath which was inviolable.

SuADA, the goddess of persuasion, called
Pitho by the Greeks. She had a form of
worship established to her honor first by
Theseus.

SuANA, a town of Etruria.

ScARDONss, a people of Germany.

So ASA, a town of Umbrla.

SuBATRii, a people of Germany, over
whom Drusus triumphed

Sub I, a small river of Catalonia.

StTBLieius, the first bridge erected at
Rome over the Tiber.

SuBMoifTORiuM, a towH of Viudelicia.

SuBOTA, small islands at the east of
Athos.

SuBDR, a river of Mauritania. A

town of Spain.

SuBURRA, a street in Rome where all the
licentious, dissolute, and lascivious Ro-
mans resorted.

SocRo, now XvjMor, a river of Hispania
Tarraconensis, celebrated for a battle
fought there between Sertorius and Pom-
pey in which the former obtained the vic-
tory. A Rutulian killed by ^neas.

SVDKRTUM, a town of Etruria.

Sui:s9A,a town of Campania, called also
AuTunca^ to distinguish it from Suessa Po-
metia, the capital of the Volsci.

SusasiTAm, a people of Spain.

BuBBsoNsa, a powerful nation of Belgic^
Gaul, reduced by J. Ciesar.

SuEBBULA, a town of Campania.
32*

SuETosffCr*, C. Paulinus, the first Ro-
man general who crossed mount Atlas
with an army, of which expedition he

wrote an account. C; Tranquillus, a

Latin historian, son of a Roman knight of
the same name. He was favored by Adri-
an, and became his secretary, but he was
afterwards banished from the court tor
want of attention and respect to the em-
press Sabina. In his retirement Suetonius
enjoyed the friendship and correspondence--
of Pliny the younger, and dedicated his
time to study. He wrote i^n history of the
Roman kings, divided into three books ; a
catalogue of all the llkisFtrious men of
Rome, a book on the games and spectacles
of the Greeks, &c.. which are aU now lost.
The only one of his compositions extant is
the lives of the twelve first Cies«rs, and
some fragments of his catalogue of cele-
brated grammarians.

SuETRi, a people of Gaul near the Alps,

Sub VI, a people of Germany, between
the Elbe and the Vistula, who made fre-
quent excursions upon the territories of
Rome under the emperors.

SuBvius, a Latin poet in the age of Eu-
nius.

SuFBTALA, an inland town of Maurita-
nia. ^

SupFEifus, a Latin poet in the age of
Catullus. He was but of moderate abili-
ties, but puffed up with a high idea of his
own excellence, and therefore deservedly
exposed to the ridicule of bis contempo-
raries.

SurFBTius.orSoriTius. Fuf. Metlus.

SuiDAB, a Greek writer who flonrished
A. D. 1100.

Pub. Suilivb, an informer in the court
of Claudius, banished under Nero, by
means of Seneca, and sent to the Balea-

res. Cffisorinus, a guilty favorite of

Messalina.

SuioNss, a nation of Germany, suppos-
ed the modern Swedes.

SuLCHi, a town at the south of Sar-
dinia.

Si/loius, an informer whom Horace de-
scribes as hoarse with the number of de-
famations he daily gave.

SuLOA, now Sorffue^ a small river of
Gaul, falling into the Rhone.

Sulla. Fid. Sylla.

SuLMo, nofv Su^mona, an ancient town
of the Peligni, at the distance of about

ninetv miles from Rome. A Latin chief

killed in the night by Nisus, as he, was go-
ing with his companions to destroy Eurya-
lus.

SuLFiTiA, a daughter of Paterculus, who
married Fulvius Flaccus. 6be was so fa-
moos for her chastity, that she consecrated
a temple to Venus Verticordia, a goddess
wlio was implored to turn the hearts of
the Roman women to virtue. A po-
etess in the age of Domitian, against whom

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378

•ke wrote a poem, because he had banish-
ed the philosophers from Rome A

daughter of Serv. Sulpitius.^

SOLPiTiA i.Kx.fnilUariSf by C. Sulpicius
the tribune, A. U. C. 665, invested Marios
with the full power ^of the war against
Mithridates, or which Sylla was to be dc-
prived«-— ^Another, de mim^k, by Servius
Sulpicius the tribune, A. U. C. 665. It
required that no senator should owe more

than two thousand drachms. Another,

de dciuuey by P. Sulpicius the tribune, A.
U. C. 665. It ordered thai the new citi-
zens who composed the eight tribes lately
created, should be divided among the
thirty-five old tribes,, as a greater honor.
— ■ Another, called also Sempronia de
rdigion/e^ by P. Sulpicius Saverrio and P.
Seqipronius Sophus, consuls, A. U. C.
449. It forbade any person to consecrate
a temple or altar without the permission
of the senate and the majority of the tri-
bunes. Another to empower the Ro-
mans to make war against Philip of Mace-
donia.

SuLPiTics, or Sulpicius, an illustrious
family at Rome, of whom the most cele-
brated are Peticus, a man chosen die*

tator against the Gauls. His troops muti-
nied when first he took the field, but soon
after he engaged the enemy and totally

defeated them. Severrio, a consul who

gained a victory over the iEqui. C. Pa-

terculus, a consul sent against the Cartha-
ginians. Spurius, one of the three com-
missioners whom the Romans sent to col-
lect the best laws which could be found
in the dififerent cities and republics of

Greece. One of the first consuls who

received intelligence that a conspiracy was
formed in Rome to restore the Tarquins to

power. A priest who died of the plague

m the first ages of the republic at Rome.
P. Galba, a Roman consul who signal-
ized himself greatly during the war wiiich
bis countrymen waged against the Achae-

ans and the Macedonians. Severus, a

writer. Vid. Severus. Publius, one of

the associates of Marius, well knoVtrn for
his intrigues and cruelty. He became at
last so seditious, that he was proscribed
by Sylla's adherents, and immediately

murdered. A Roman consul who fought

against Pyrrbus and defeated him. C.

Longiis, a Roman consul, whb defeated the
Samnites and killed thirty thousand of

their men. Rufua, a lieutenant of Ctesar

in Gaul. One of Messalina's favorites',

put to death by Claudius. P. auirinus,

a consul in the age of Augustus. Ca-

merinus, a proconsul of Africa, under
Nero, accused of cruelty.^— —Gallus, a
celebrated astrologer in the age of Paulus.
He accompanied the consul in his expedi-
tion against Perseus, and told the Roman
army that the night before the day on
fv'hicb they were to give the enemy battle,

there would be an eclipse of the moon.
This explanation encouraged the soldiers,
which on the contrary would have intimi-
dated them, if not previously acquainted

with the causes of it. ApoUinaris, a

grammarian in th^ age of the emperor M.
Aurelius.

SuHMANua, a surname of Pluto, as prince
of the dead, summus mamwn.

SuNici, a people of Germany on tha
shores of the Rhine.

SuNiDss, a soothsayer in the amiy of
Eumenes.

SuffiuM, a promontory of Attica about;
forty-five miles distant from the Piraeus.

SuoTBTAuiiiLiA, a sacrlficc among the:
Romans, which consisted of the immola-^
tion of a sow, a sheep, and a bull .

SupsRUM MARE, R name of the Adriatic
sea, because it was situate above Italy.
The name of Mare Inferum was applied
for the opposite reasons to the sea below
Italy.

Sura, ^Emthub, a Latin writer. L.

Licinius, a favorite of Trajan, honored

with the consulship. A writer in the

age of the emperor Gallienue. A city

on the Euphrates. Another in Iberia.

A river of Germany, whose watere

fall into the Moselle.

SuREi«A,a powerful ofiicer in the armies
of Orodes king of Parthia. He was ap-

E)inted to condact the war against the
omans, ai^d to protect the kingdom of
Parthia against Crassus. who wished to
conquer it. He defeated the Roman tri-
umvir, and after he had drawn him perfi-
diously to a conference, he ordered hia
head to be cut ofi^. He afterwards return-
ed to Parthia, mimicking the triumphs of
the Romans. Orodes ordered him to be
put to death, B. C. 53.

SuRiuM, a town at the south of Colchis.

SuRRENTUM, a towu of Campania, en
the bay of Naples, famous for the wine
which was made in the neighborhood.

Suaus, one of the iGdui, who made war
against Caesar.

SusA, now StMter, a celebrated city of
Asia, the chief town of Suaiana, and the
capital of the Persian empire, built by Ti-
thonus the father of Memnon. The trea-
sures of the kings of Persia were generally
kept there, and the royal palace was built
with white marble, and its pillars were
covered with go^ and precious stones. It
had been called Jlfenmoato, or tike palace
of Memnon, because that prince reigned-
there.

SuBANA, a town of Hispania Tanracon-
ensis.

ScsARioif , a Greek poet of Megara, who
is supposed with Dolon to be the inventor
of pomedy, and to have first introduced it
at Athens on a moveable stage, B. C. 563.

Suai AN A, or Su>i8, a country of Asia, of
which the capital was called Suaa, situate

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at the east of Assyria. Lilies grow in
great abundance in Busiana.

SuaivM prLJB, narrow passes over moun-
tains, from Susiana into Persia.

SuTHUL, a town of Numidia, where the
king's treasures were kept.

SuTRiuM, a town of Etruria, about
twenty-four miles nortb-west of Rome.

Syaorus, an ancient poet, the first who
wrote on the Trojan war.

SrBARis, a river of Lucania in Italy,
whose waters were said to render men

more strong and robust. There was a

town of the same name on its banks, on
the bay of Tarentum, which had been
founded by a colony of Achsans. Sybaris
became very powerful, and in its most
Nourishing situation it had the command of
^our neighboring nations, of twenty-five
«owns, and could send an army of three
ihundred thousand men into the field. Sy-
baris was destroyed no less than five
(times, and always repaired. In a more
jecent age the inhabitants became so eflTe-
minate, that the word Sybarite became pro-
Terbiai to intimate a man devoted to plea-

flure. A friend of iEneas killed by Tur-

nua. — -A youth enamored of Lydia.

Stbarcta, an inhabitant of Sybaris.'
(Fid. Sybaris.)
Stbota, a harbor of Epirus.
Stbotab, a king of the Messenians in
the age of Lycurgus, the Spartan legisla-
tor.

SvciiviTUfl, a slave of Themistocles, sent
by his master to engage Xerxes to fight
against the fleet of the Peloponnesians.

Srcuaiutc, a town of Thessaly at the
foot of Ossa.
SrcDRA, a town of Cilicia.
Stbits, now Assuan, a town of Tbebais,
on the extremities of Egypt. It was fa-
mous for its quarries of marble.

Synesius, a Cilician who. with Labine-
tus of Babylon, concluded a peace be-
tween Alyattes, king of Lydia, and Cy-
axares, kini; of Media, while both armies
were terrified by a sudden eclipse of the
sun, B. C. 585.

Sraif IVK9IB, a satrap of Cilicia, ithen
Cyrus made war against his brother Ar-
taxerxes.

' Stlba, a daughter of Corinthus.
Stlkum, a town of Famphylia.
Stleub, a king of Aulis.
Stlla, (L. Cornelius,) a celebrated Ro-
man of a noble fkniily. The poverty of
his early years was relieved by the lib-
erality of Nicopolis, who left him heir to a
large fortune ; and with the addition of
the immense wealth of his mother-in-law,
be soon appeared one of the most opulent
of the Romans. He first entered the ar-
my under the great Marius, whom he ac-
companied in Numidia, in the capacity of
questor. The rising fame of Sylla gave
umbrage to Marius, who waa always jea-

lous of an equal, as well as of a superior ;
but the ill language which he might use,
rather inflamed than extinguished the am-
bition of Sylla. He left the conqueror of
Jugurtha,and carried arms under Catullus.
Sometime after he obtained the prietorship,
and was appointed by the Roman senate
to place Ariobarzanes on the throne of
Cappadoeia, against the views and interest
of Mithridates, king of Pontus. This he
easily effected , one battle left him victori-
ous f and before he quitted the plains of
Asia, the Roman praetor had the satisfac-
tion to receive in his camp the ambassa-
dors of tiie king of Parthia, whe wished
to make a treaty of alliance with the Ro-
mans. At his return to Rome, be was
commissioned to finish the w^r with the
Marsi, and when this was successfully
ended, he was rewarded with the consul-
ship, in the fiftieth year of his age. In
this capacity he wished to have the ad-
ministration of the Mithridatic war ; but
he found an obstinate adversary in Mari-
us, and he attained the summit of his
wishes only when he bad entered Rome
sword in hand. After he had slaughtered
all his enemies, set a price upon the head
of Marius, and put to death the tribune
Sulpitius, who had continually oppoeed
bis views, he marched towards Asia, and
disregarded the flames of discord which
he left behind him unextinguished. Mi-
thridates was already master of the great-
est part of Greece ; and Sylla, when he
reached the coast of Peloponnesus, was
delayed by the siege of Athens, and of the
Pireus. His boldness succeeded, the Pir-
aeus surrendered ; and the conqueror, as
if struck with reverence at the beautiful
porticoes where the philosophic followers
of Socrates and Plato had often disputed,
spared the city of Athens, which he had
devoted to destruction, and forgave the
living for the sake of the dead. Two ce-
lebrated battles at Cheroniea and Orcho-
raenos, rendered him master of Greece.
He crossed the Hellespont, and attack-
ed Mithridates in the very heart of his
kingdom. The artful monarch, who well
knew the valor and perseverance of his
adversary, made proposals of peace ; and
Sylla, whose interest at home was then
decreasing, did not hesitate to put an end
to a war which had rendered him master
of so much territory, atad which enabled
him to return to Rome like a conqueror,
and to dispute with his rival the sove-
reignty of the republic with a victorfous ar-
my. Mursena was left at the head of the
Roman forces in Asia^ and Sylla hastened
to Italy. In the plams of Campania be
was met by a few of his adherents, whom
the success of his rivals bad banished
ftttm the capital, and he was soon infbrm-
ed, that if he wished to contend with Ma-
rius, he must encounter fifteen generals.

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followed by twenty-five well diteiplined
legions. In these critical cifcumetances
he had recourse to artifice, and while he
proposed terms of accommodation to his
adversaries, he secretly strengthened liim-
eelf, and saw, with pleasure, liis armies
daily increase by the revolt of soldiers
whom his bribes or promises had corrupt-
ed. Pompey, who afterwards merited the
surname of Great^ embraced hia cause,
and marched to his camp with three le-
gions. Soon after he appeared in the field
with advantage ; the confidence of Mari-
us decayed with his power, and 8ylla en-
tered Rome like a tyrant and a conqueror.
The streets were daily filled with dead
bodies, and seven thousand citizens, to
whom the conqueror had promised pardon,
were suddenly massacred in the circus.
Each succeeding day exhibited a greater
number of slaughtered bodies, and wlien
one of the senators had the boldness to
ask the tyrant when he meant to stop his
cruelties, Sylla, with an air of unconcern,
answered, that he bad n«t yet determined,
but that he would take U into his consid-
eration. The slaughter was continued, a
list of such as Were proscribed was daily
stuck in the public streets. No less than
four thousand seven hundred of the most
powerful and opulent were slain, and Syl-
la wished the Romans to forget his cruel-
ties in aspiring to the title of perpetual dic-
tator. In this capacity he made new laws,
abrogated such as were inimical to his
views and changed every regulation where
his ambition was obstructed. After he had
finished whatever the most absolute sove-
reign may do, from his own will and au-
thority, Sylla abdicated the dictatorial pow •
er, and retired to a solitary retreat at Pu-
teoli, where he spent the rest of his days.
The companions of his retirement were
the most base and licentious of the popu-
lace, and Sylla took pleasure still to wal-
low in voluptuousness, though on the
verge of life, and covered with infirmi-
ties. His intemperance hastened his end,
his blood was corrupted, and an impos-
thume was bred in his bowels. He at last
died in the greatest torments about seven-
ty-eight years before Christ, in the sixtieth
year of his age, A nephew of the dic-
tator, who conspired against his country,
because he had been deprived of his con-
sulship for bribery. Another relation

who also joined in the same conspiracy.
——A man put to death by Nero at Mar-
«eifles, where be had been banisbed.-i —
A friend of Cato, defeated and killed by

•one of Cfpsar's lieutenants. A senator

i^anished from the senate for his prodigali-
ty by Tiberius.

Stllib, a nymph, mother of Zeuxippus
by Apollo.

Stloxs, a promontory of Africa.

Stlosoit, a man who gave a splendid

garment to Darius, son of Hystaapes, when
a private man.

SrLVAffus, a god of the woods. (Fid.
Silvanus.)
Sylvia, or Ilia, the mother of Romulus.

( Fid. Rhea.^ A daughter of Tyrrhenus,

whose favorite stag was wounded by As-
canius.

Sylvius, a son of ^Eneas^ by Lavinia,
from whom afterwards all the kings of
Alba vvere called Sylvii.

Syma, or Stme, a town of Asia. A

nymph, mother of Chthonius by Neptune.

SvMBOLUM, a place of Macedonia, near
Philippi on the confines of Thrace.

SYMMACHUs^an officer in the army of

Agesilaus. A celebrated orator in the

age of Theodosius the Great. His father

w'^as prefect of Rome. A writer in the

second century. He translated the bible
into Greek, of which few fVagments re-
main.

Symplegado, or Cyanje, two islands
or rocks at the entrance of the £uxiiie
sea.

SvMus, a mountain of Armenia, from
which the Araxes flows.

Stncellus, one of the Byzantine histo-
rians.

SYnEsiu9,a bishop of Gyrene in the ag»
of Theodosius the younger.as conspicuous
for his learning as his piSty. He wrote
one hundred and fifty- five epistles besides
other treatises in Greek, in a style pure and
elegant, and bordering much upon the
poetic.

Synnas, or Synwada, a town of Phry-
gia, famous for its marble quarries.

Synnalaxis, a nymph of Ionia, who
had a temple at Heraclea, in Elis.

Synms, a famous robber of Attica.
( Fid. Scinis.)

Synope, a town on the borders of the
Euxine. ( Fid. Sinope.)

Syphjeum, a town of the Brutii in Italy.

Stphax, a king of the Masesyllii in Li-
bya, who married Sophonisba, the daugh-
ter of Asdrubal, and forsook the alliance
of the Romans to join himself to the inter-
est of his father-in-law, and of Carthage.
He was conquered in a battle by Masinis-
sa, the ally of Rome, and given to Scipio
the Roman general. The conqueror car-
ried him to Rome, where he adorned his
triumph. Syphax died in prison two hun-
dred and one years before Christ, and his
possessions were given to Masinissa.

SvRACEs, one of the Sacs, who muti-
lated himself, and by pretending to be a
deserter, brought Darius, who made war
against hiscountrv, into many difficulties.

Syracosia, festivals at Syracuse, cele-
brated aiiring^ten days, in which women
were busily employed in offering sacrifices.
Another, yearly observed near the

lake of Syracuse, where as they supposed,
Pluto bad disappeared with Proserpine.

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381

STaAcpsjB, a celebrated city of Sicily,
founded about 732 yeara before the Clirist-
ian era, by Archias, a Corinthian, and
one of the Heraclidte. In its flourishing
state it extended twenty-two and a half
English miles in circumference, and was
divided into four districts, Ortygia, Acra-
dina, Tycha, and Neapolis, to which some
add a fifth division, Epipolse, a district lit
tie inhabited. These were of themselves
separate cities, and were fortified with
three citadels, and three-folded walls.
Syracuse had two capacious harbors sep-
arated from one another by the island of
Ortygia* The greatest harbor was above
five thousand paces in circumference, and
its entrance five hundred paces wide. The
people of Syracuse were very opulent and
powerful, and though subject to tyrants,
they were masters of vast possessiofis and
dependent states. The city of Syracuse
was wiiril built, its houses we're stately
and magnificent; and it has been said,
that it produced the best and most excel-
lent of men when they were virtuous, but
the most wicked and depraved when ad-
dicted to vicious pursuits.

SrRiA^ a large country of Asia, whose
boundaries are not accurately ascertained
by the ancients. Syria, generally speak-
ing, was bounded on the east by the Eu-
phrates, north by mount Taurus, west by
the Mediterranean, and south by Arabia.
It was divided into several districts and
provinces, among which were Phoenicia,
Seleucis, Judsa or Palestine, Mesopota-
mia, Babylon, and Assyria.

Striacum >fAR£, that part of the Me-
diterranean sea which is on the coa;3t of
Fhcsnicia and Syria.

SrRi^rx, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter
of the river Ladou, at her own request
clianged by the gods into a reed called Sy-
rinx by the Greeks.

Syrophcenix, a name of an inhabitant
of the mar;tinje coast of Syria.

Stros, one of the Cyclades in the '^Ege-
an sea, at the east of Delos, about twenty
miles in circumference, very fruitful in
wine and corn of all sorts. The inhabit-
ants lived to a great old age, because the
air was wholesome. A town of Syria.

Strtes, two large sand banks in the
Mediterranean, on the coast of Africa, one
of which was near Leptis, and the other
near Carthage. As they often changed
places, and were sometimes very high or
very low under the water, they were
deemed most dangerous in navigation,
and proved fatal to whatever ships touch-
ed upon them. From this circumstance,
therefore, the word has been used to de-
note any part of the sea of which the na-
vigation was attended with danger cither
from whirlpools or hidden rocks.

SYRU3,an island. (Fid. Syros.) A ,

son of Apollo, by Sinope, the daughter of
the Asopus, who gave his name to Syria.
A writer. {Fid. Publius.)

Stsigambis, the mother of Darius. ( Fid,
Sisygambis.)

Sysimethres, a Persian satrap. He
opposed Alexander with two ftiousand
men, but soon surrendered. He was
greatly honored by the conqueror.

Sysinas, the elder son of Datames, who
revolted from his father to ArtaxerXes.

Sythas, a river of Peloponnesus, flow-
ing through Sicyonia into the l)ay of Co-
rinth

TAAUTES, a Phoenician deity, the
same as the Saturn of the Latins, and
probably the Thoth or Thaut, the Mercury
•of the Egyptians.

Tabjk, a town of Pisidia.

Tabsllarijs leges, laws made by suf-
frages delivered upon tables {taheUcB) and
aot viva voce.

Tabsrnjb nova, ^a street in Rome

-where shops were built. Rhenanae, a

town of Germany on the confluence of the
Felbach and the Rhine, now Rhin-Tjihem.

^Rigun, now Bem-Castel^ on the Mo-

4iielle. Triboceorum, a town of Alsace

in France, now Saveme.

Tabor, a mountain of Palestine.

Tabraca, a maritime town of Africa,
VJD9X ^Ipjpoj made a Roman colony. The

neighboring forests abounded with mon-
keys.

Tabuda, a river of Germany, now the
Scheldt.

Taburwus, a mountain of Campania,
which abounded with olives.

Tacapb, a town of Africa.

Tacatua, a maritime town of Numi-
dia.

Tacparinas, a Numidlan who com-
manded ao army against the Romans in
the reign fif Tiberius. After he had seve-
rally defeated the officers of Tiberius,
he was at last routed and killed in the
field of battle, fighting with uncon^mon
fury, by Dolabella.

Tachampso, an island in the Nile, near
Thebaic. The Egyptians held one half of

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382

this island, aifd the rest was in the hands
of the iEthiopiana.

Tachos, ©r Tachub, a king of_Egypt,
in the leign of Artaierxes Ochus, against
whom he sustained a long war. • He was
assisted by the Greeks, but his confidence-
in Agesilaus king of Lacedsmon, proved
fatal to him.

Tacina, a river of the Brutii.

Tacit4, a goddess who presided over
silence. Pfuina, as some say, paid partic-
ular veneration to this divinity.

Tacitus, (C. Cornelius,) a celebrated
Latin historian, bom in the reign of Nero.
His father was a Roman knight, who had
been appointed governor of Belgic Gaul.
The native genius, and the rising talents
of Tacitus, were beheld with rapture by
the emperor Vespasian, and as he wished
to protect and patronise merit, he raised
the yoang historian to places of trust and
honor. The succeeding emperors were
not less partial to Tacitus, and Domitian
seemed to forget his cruelties, when vir-
tue and innocence claimed his patronage.
Tacitus was honored with the consulship,
and he gave proofs of his eloquence at the
bar, by supporting the cause of the injured
Africans against the proconsul Marius
Priscufl. and in causing him to be con-
demned for his avarice and extortion.
The frien(||y intercourse of Pliny and Ta-
citus has often been admired, and many
have observed that the familiarity of these
two great men arose from similar princi-
ples, and a perfect conformity of manners
and opinions. Yet Tacitus was as much t^e
friend of a republican government, as Pliny
was an admirer of the imperial power^nd
of the short-lived virtues of his patron Tra-
jan. Pliny gained t;be heart of his ad-
herents by affability, and all the elegant
graces which became the courtier and the
favorite, while Tacitus conciliated the es-
teem of die world by his virtuous conduct,
which prudence and lave of honor ever
guided. The time of Tacitus was not em-
ployed in trivial pursuits, the orator might
have been now forgotten if the historian
had not flourished. Tacitus wrote a trea-
tise pn tiie manners of the Germans, a
composition admired for the fidelity and
exactness with wiiich' it is executed,
though some have declared that the his-
torian delineated manners and customs
with which he was not acquainted, and
■which never existed. His life of Cn. Ju-
lius Agricola, whose daughter he had mar-
ried, is celebrated for its purity, elegance,
■ and the many excellent instructions and
important truths which it relates. His
history of the Roman emperors is imper-
fect ; of the twenty-eight years of which
it treated, that ib from the sixty ninth to
the ninety-sixth year of the Christian era,
nothing remains but the year sixty-nine
and part c^ the seventieth. His annals

were the most extensive- antl completir cT
his works. The style of Tacitns has ai'
ways been admired for peculiar beauties ;
the thoughts are great, there is sublimity,
force, weight and energy, every thing is
treated with precision and dignity, yet
many have called him obscure, because
he was fond of expressing bis ideas in
few words. His Latin is remarkable for

being pure and classical. M. Claudius,

a Roman, chosen emperor by the senate,
after the death of Aurelian. He would
have refused this important and dangerous
ofiice, but the pressing solicitations of the
senate prevailed, and in the seventieth
year of hjs age, he complied' with the wish-
es of his county men, and accepted the
purple. The time of his administration
was very popular, the good of the people-
was his care, and as a- pattern of moder-
ation, economy, temperance, regularity,
and impartiality, Tacitus found no equal.
As a warrior, Tacitus is inferior to few
of the Romans, and during a short reign
of about six months, he not only repelled
the barbarians who had invaded the terri-
tories of Rome in Asia, but he prepared
to make war against the Persians and Scy-
thians. He died in Cilicia as he was on^
his expedition, qf a violent distemper, or,,
according to some, he was destroyed by
the secret dagger of an assassin, on the-
thirteenth of April, in the two hundred
and seventy-sixth year of the Christian
era. Tacitus has been commended for
his love of learning, and it has been ob-
served, that he never passed a day with-^
out consecrating some part of his time to
reading or writing.

Tader, a river of Spain, near New Car^
thage.

TfDiA, a courtezan at Some.

TiSNARUs, now Matapan, a promontory
of Laconia, the most southern point m
Europe, where Neptune had a temple.
There was there a large and deep cavern,
whence issued a blactt and unwholesome
vapor, from which circumstance the poets
have imagined that it was one of the en-
trances of hell, through which Hercules
dragged Cerberus from the infernal re-
gions.

Tjcnias, a part of the lake Moeotis.

Tagaste, a town of Numidia.

Taoes, a son of Genius, grandson of
Jupiter, was the first who taught the
twelve nations of the Etrurians the 8cienc»
of augury and divination.

Tagonius, a river of Hispania Tarraco-
nensis.

Taous, ajriver of Spain, which ftills into
the Atlantic after it haa crossed Lusitania
or Portugal, and now bears the name of
Tajo. The sands of the Tagus, accord-
ing to the poets, were covered with gold^

A liatfon chief, killed by Nisus. 1

A Trojan killed by Tumus.

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TTalasitti. (r^. Thalosiofl.)
TAbAUi, a son ot'Bias and Pero, father
x>f Adrastus by Lysimache. He was one
of the Argonauts. '

Talayra, the sister of Phoebe. She is
alao called H'daxra.

Taletum, a temple sacred to the sun
on . mount Taygetus in Laconia. Horses
ivere generally offered there for sacrifice.

Talthybius, a herald in the Grecian
camp during the Trojan war, the particu-
lar minister and friend of Agamemnon.

Talus, a youth, son of the sister of Dae-
dalus, who infented the saw, compasses,
And other mechanical instruments. His
uncle became jealous of his growing fame,

<and murdered him privately. A son of

CBnopion. A son of Cres, the founder

of the Cretan nation. A friend of

,^neaa killed by Turnus.
Tamarisj a river of Spain.
Tamarus, a mountain of Epirus, called
4il8o Tmarus and Tomarus.

Tamasea, a beautiful plain of Cyprus,
4sacred to the goddess of beauty.

Tameris, a river of Britain, now the
Thames.

Tamos a nativ6 of Memphis, made gov-
ernor of teiHa, by young Cyrus. After the
death of Cyrus, Tamos fled into Egypt,
where be was murdered on account or

his immense treasures. A promontory

of India near the Ganges.
Tampius, a Roman historian.
Tamtrabj a river of PhoBnicia, between
Tyr^ and Sidon.
Tamyris, atiaeen. {Fid. Thomyris.)
Taitaora, a town of BcBOtia, near the
Euripus, between the Asopus and Ther-
modon, famons for fighting cocks.

Taivaorus, or Tanaoer, now JVe^rc, a
river of Luoania in Italy, remarkable for
its cascades, and the beautiful meanders
of its streams, through a fine picturesque
country*
Tanais, an eunnch, freedman to Mee-

cenas. A river of Scythia, now the Don,

A deity among the Persians and Ar-
menians, who patronised slaves ; suppos-
ed to be the si^me as Venus.

Taiva<iuii., called also Caia QBcUia, was
the wife of Tarquin the fifth king of Rome.
She was a native of Tarquinia, where she
married Lucumon, better known by the
name of Tarquin, which he assumed after
he had come to Rome at the representa-
tion of his wife, whose knowledge of aug-
ury promised him something uncommon.
Her expectations were not frustrated : her
husband was raised to the throntf. andishe
shared with him the honors of royalty.
After the murder of Tarquin, Tanaquil
raised her son-in-law Servius Tullius to
the throne, and ensured him the succes-
sion. She distinguished herself by her
liberality.
Tar AS, a llv«r of Namidlai

TANSTtrif, a town of Itaty» now TVnarfo,
in the dutchy of Modena.

TANPAifA Lucus, a sacred grove in
Germany, in the country oCthe Marsi, be>-
tween the Ems and Lippe.

Tanis, a city of Egypt, on one of the
eastern mouths of the Nile.

Tantalides, a patronymic applied to
the descendants of Tantalus.

Tantalus, a king of Lydia, son of Ju-
piter, by a nymph called Pluto. He was
father of Niobe, Pelops, &c., by Dione,.
one of the Atlantides, called by some Eu-
ryanaasa. Tantalus is represented by the
poets as punished in hell, with an insatia-
ble thirst, and placed up to the chin in th&
midst of a pool of water, which, however,
flows away as soon as he attempts to
taste it. There hangs also above his head
a bough, richly loaded with delicious
fruit; which, as soon as he attempts to
seize, is carried away from his reach by a
sudden blast of wind. The causes of this
eternal punishment are variously explain-
ed. A soQ of Thyestes, the first hus-
band of Clytemnestra. One of Niobe's

children. ,

Tanusius Gsrminus, a Latin historian
intimate with Cicero.

Taphi^, islands in the Ionian sea, be-
tween Achaia and Leucadia. They were
also called TeUboides. They received
these names from Taphius i^nd Telebous,
the sons of Neptune who reigned there.

Taphius, a son of Neptune by Hippo-
thoe the daughter of Nestor. He was king
of the Taphia;, to which he gave his name.

Taphius, or Taphiasbus, a mountain
of Locris on the confines of iEtoIia.

Taphiusa, a place near Leucas, where
a stone is found called Tapkiusms.

Taphrje, a town on the Isthmus of 4h&
Taurica Chersonesus, now Precop,

Taphros, the strait between Corsica
and Sardinia, now BoTitfacio,

Taprobane, an island in the Indian
ocean, now called Ceylon, Its inhabit-
ants were very rich and lived to a great
age.

Tapsds, a maritime town of Africa.

A small and lowly situated peninsula on

the eastern coast of Sicily. A man of

Cyzicos, killed by Pollux.

Tapyri, a people near Hyrcania.

Taraktib, a name of Jupiter among the
Gauls, to whom human sacrifices were
ofiTered.

Taras, a son of Neptune, who built Ta-
rentum as some suppose.

Tarabco, a town of Gaul, now Tarag-
con in Provence.

Taraxippus, adeity worshipped at Ells.

Tarrelli, a people of-Gaul, at the foot
of the Pyrenees.

TARCHEtius, an impious king of Alba.

Tarchow, an Etrurian chief, who as-
sisted iEneas against the Rutuii. Some

384

■appbse that Iw Ibanded Mantua. ^A

prince of Cilicia.

Tarchondimotus, a princ« of Cilicia.

Tabewtitm, Tarenttjs, or Taras, a
town of Calabria, situate on a bay of the.
same name, near the mouth of the river
Galesus. It was founded, or rather re-
paired, by ^ Lacedsemonian colony, about
seven hundred and seven years before
Christ, under the conduct of Phalanthus.
The large, beautiful, and capacious har-
bour ofTarentum is greatly commended
by ancient historians. Tarentura, now
culled l^arento, is inhabited by about
eighteen thousand souls, who still main-
tain the character of their forefathers in
idleness and effeminacy, and live chiefly
by fishing.
'Tarich-eum, a fortified town of Judaea.

Several towns on the coast of Egypt

bore this name from their picklingr fish.

TARif a:, a town mentioned by Homer.
— A fountain of Lydia, near Tmolus. —
A river of Aquitania.

Tarpa, (Spurius Metius,) a critic at
Rome in the age of Augustus. He was
appointed with four others in the temple
of Apollo, to examine the merit of every
poetical composition which was to be de-
posited in the temple of the Muses.

Tarpkia. the daughter of Tarpeius, the
governor or the citadel of Rome, promised
to open the gates of the city to the Sabines,
provided they gave her their gold brace-
lets, or, as she expressed it, what they
carried on their left hands. Tatius, the
king of the Sabines, consented, and as be
entered the gates, to punish her perfidy,
he threw not only bis bracelet but his
shield upon Tarpeia. His followers imi-
tated his example, and Tarpeia was crush-
ed under the weight of the bracelets and

shields of the Sabine army. A vestal

virgin in the reign of Numa. One of

the warlike female attendants of Camilla
in the Rutulian war.

Tarpkia lex was enacted A. U. C.269,
by Sp. Tarpeius, to empower all the ma-
gistrates of the republic to lay fines on of-
fenders.

Sp. Tarpeius, the governor of the cit-
adel of Rome, under Romulus. His de-
scendants were called MontatU and Capi-
telini.

Tarpeius mons, a hill at Rome about
eighty feet in perpendicular height, from
whence the Romans threw down their
condemned criminals. It received its
name from Tarpeia, who was buried there,
and is the same as the CapitoUne hill.

Tar^uinii, now T\irckinaj a town of
Etrnria, built by Tarchon, who assisted
^neas against Tunfus. Tarquinius Pris-
cus was born or educated there, and he
made it a Roman colony when he ascend-
ed the throne.

TARiiuifriA, a daughter of Tarquinius

Prlscus, who married Serrins Tnllius.
When her husband was murdered by
Tarquinius Superbus, she privately con-
Yeyed away his body by night, and buried
it. This preyed upon her mind, and the

following night she died. A vestal

virgin, who, as some suppose, gave the
Roman people a large piece of land, wbich
was afterwards called the Campus Har-
tius.

Tarquinius Friscus, the fifth king of
Rome, was son of Demaratus, a native of
Greece. He called himself Lucius, and
assumed the surname of Tarquinius, be-
cause born in the town of Tarquinii in
Etruria. At Rome be distinguisbed him-
self so much by his liberality and enga-
ging manners, that Ancus Martius, the
reigning monarch, nominated him at his
death, the guardian of his children. This
was insufiicient to gratify the ambition
of Tarquin ; the princes were young, and
an artful oration delivered to the people
immediately transferred the crown of tbe
deceased monarch to the head of Lucu-
mon. The people had every reason to be
satisfied with their choice. Tarquin
reigned with moderation and popularity:
He increased the number of the senate,
and made himself friends by electing one
hundred new senators from the plebeians,
whom he distinguished by the appellation
of Paired minorum gentiwa, from those of
the patrician body, who were called Par
tres majorum genUum. Tarquin was tbe
first who introduced among the Romans
tbe custom to canvass for ofilces of trust
and honor ; he distinguished the monarch,
th^ senators, and other inferior magis-
trates with particular robes and orna-
ments, with ivory chairs at spectacles,
and the hatchets carried before tbe public
magistrates, were by his order surround-
ed with bundles of sticks, to strike more
terror, and to be viewed with greater
reverence. Tarquin was assassinated by
the two sons of his predecessor, in the
eightieth year of his age, thirty-eight of
which he had eat on the throne, five bun- .
dred and seventy-eight years before Christ. ;

^The second Tarquin, surnained Sk- i

perbus, from his pride and insolence, was j
grandson of Tarquinius Friscus. He as-
cended the throne of Rome after his fa- |
ther-in-law Pervius Tullius, and was the (
seventh and last king of Rome. He mar-
ried Tullia, the daughter of Tullius, and
it was at her instigation that be murdered
his father-in-law, and seized the kingdom.
The crown which he had obtained with
violence, he endeavored to keep by a
continuation of tyranny. Unlike his royal
predecessors, be paid no regard to the de-
cisions of the senate, or the approbation
of the public assemblies, and by wishing
{o disregard both, he incurred tbe jea-

385

Other. The public treasuity was soon
exhausted by the continual extravagance
of TarquiUj and to silence the murmurs
of bis subjects, he resolved to call their
attention to war. He was successful in
his military operations, the neighboring
cities submitted ; but while the siege of
Ardea was continued, the wantonness of
the son of Tarquin at Rome, forever stop-
ped the progress of his arms ; and the Ro-
man?, whom a series of barbarity and op-
pression had hitherto provoked, no sonner
saw the virtuous Lucretia stab herself,
not to survive the loss of her honor, ( Fid.
Lucretia) than the whole city and camp
arose with indignation against the mo-
narch. The gates of Rbme were shut
against him, and Tarquin was forever
banished from his throne, in the year of
Rome 244. Unable to find support from
even one of his subjects, Tarquin retired
amorig the- Etrurians, who attempted in
vain to replace him on his throne. The
republican government was established at
Rome, and all Italy refused any longer to
support the cause of an exiled monarch
against a nation, who heard the name of
Tarquin, of king, and tyrant, mentioned
with equal horror and indignation. Tar-
quin died in th^ninetieth year of his age,
about fourteen years after his expulsion

from Rome. (CoUatinus) one of the

relations of Tarquin the proud, w^ho mar-
ried Lucretia. Sextius, the eldest of

the sons of Tarquin the proud, rendered
himself known by a variety of adventures.
When his father besieged Gabii, young
Tarquin publicly declared that he was at
variance with the monarch, and the re-
port was the more easily believed when
be came before Gabii with his body all
mangled and bloody with stripes. This
was an agreement between the father and
the son, and Tarquin had no sooner de->
Glared that this proceeded from the ty-
ranny and oppression of his father, than
the people of Gabii intrusted him witlr
the command of their armies, fully con-
vinced that Rome could never have a
more inveterate enemy. When he had
thus succeeded, he dispatched a private
messenger to his father, but the monarch
gave no answer to be returned to his son.
Sextius inquired more particularly about
his father, and when he heard from the
messenger that when the message was
delivered, Tarquin cut off with a stick
the tallest poppies in his garden, the son
followed the example by putting to death
the most noble and powerfbl citizens of
Gabii. The town soon fell into the hands
of the Romans. The violence which
sometime after Tarquinius offer6d to Lu-
cretia, was ' the cause of his father's ex-
ile, and the total expulsion of his fami-
ly from Rome. ( Fid. Lucretia.) Sextius
was 8t last killed, bravely fighting in a
33

battle during the war which the Latins
sustained against Rome in the attempt *
of reestablishing the Tarquins, on their

throne. A Roman senator who was

accessary to Catiline's conspiracy"!

TARqurxius CRE8CENs,a centurion un-
der Ciesennius Paetus. Priscus, an

officer in Africa, who accused the procon-
sul.

Tarquitus, a son of Faunus and Dry-
ope, who assisted Turn us against iEneas.
He was killed by i£neas.

Tarracina, a town of the Volsci in
Latium, between Rome and Neapolis. It
was also called Anxur.

Tarraco, now Tarragona^ a city of
Spain, situate on the shores of the Medi-
terranean, founded by the two Scipios,
who planted a Roman colony there. The
province of which it was the capital was
called Tarraconensis, and was famous for
its wines.

Tarsa, a Thracian, who rebelled under
Tiberius.

Tarsius, a river of Troas.

Tarsus, now Tarasso^ a town of Cili-
cia, on the Cydnus, founded by Triptole-
mus and a colony of Argiv^s, or, as others
say, by Sardanapalus, or by Perseus. Tar-
sus was celebrated for the great men it
produced.

Tartarits, one of the regions of hell,
where, according to the ancients, the
most impious and guiHy«mong mankin4
were punish(^d. It was surrounded with
a brazen wall, and its entrance was con-
tinually hidden from the sight by a cloud
of darkness, which is represented three
times more gloomy than the obscurest
night. The entrance is by a large and
lofty tower, whose gates are supported by
columns of adamant, which neither gods

nor men can open. A small river of

Italy, near Verona.

Tartessus, a town in Spain near the
columns of Hercules, on the Mediterrane-
an. Some suppose that it was afterwards
called Carteiuj and it was better known
by the name of Oadea, when Hercules
had set up his columns on the extremity

of Spain and Africa. A town in an is*

land near Gades in Iberia.

Taruawa, a town of Gaul, now Ter-
rouen in Artois. ,

L. Taruntius Sfurina, a matlicmdti-
cian who flourished sixty-one years B. C.

Tarus, a river of Gaul, falling into the
Po.

Tarusatbs, a people of Gaul, now Tur-
aan.

Taruscum, a town of GaMl.

Tarvisium, a town of Italy, now TVff-
viso, in the Venetian states.

Tasoetius Cornutus, a prince of
Gaul, assassinated in the age of Cesar.

Tati a n, one of the Greek fathers, A. D •

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386

TATiBKBZf, a name given to one of the
tribes of the Roman people by Romulus,
in honor of Tatius, king of the Sabines.

Tatius, (Titus,) king of Cures among
the Sabines, made war against the Ro-
- inans after the rape of the Sabines. The
gates of the city were betrayed into his
hands by Tarpeia, and the army of the
Sabines advanced as far as the' Roman
forum, where a bloody battle was fought.
The cries of the Sabine virgins at last
stopped the fury of the combatants, and
an agreement was made between the two
nations. Tatius consented to leave his
ancient possessions, and with his subjects
of Cures, to come and live in Rome,
which, as stipulated, was permitted still
to bear the name of its founder, whilst the
inhabitants adopted the name of duirites
in compliment to the new citizens. After
be had for six years shared the royal au-
thority with Romulus, in the greatest
union, he waa murdered at Lanuvium,
B. C. 742, for an act of cruelty to the am-,
bassadors of the Laarentes.

Tatta, a large lake of Phrygia, on the
confines of Pisidia.

Tavola, a river of Corsica.
' Taua, a town of the Delta in Egypt.

Taulaktii, a people of lUyricum on the
Adriatic.

Tadnus, a mountain in Germany, now
M^rieh or Hodu^ opposite Mentz.

TAURANiA, a town of Italy in the coun-
try of the Brutii.

Taurartkb, a people of Armenia, be-
tween Artaxata and Tigranocerta.

Tauri, a people vf European Sarmatia.
who inhabited Taurica Chersonesus, ana
sacrificed all strangers to Diana.

Taurica Chersonesus, a large penin-
sula of Europe, at the south-west of the
Pal us Meotis, now called the Crimea.
The inhabitants were a savage and unciv-
ilized nation.

Taurica, a surname of Diana, because
she was worshipped by the inhabitants of
Taurica Chersonesus.

Tauri N I, the inhabitants of Taurinum,
a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called TV
rtit, in Piedmont.

Tauri SCI, a people of Noricum, among
the Alps of Mysia.

Tauriscus, a sculptor. (Ftd. Apolloni-
us.)

Tauri uM, a town of the Peloponnesus.

Tacrominium, a town of Sicily, be-
tween Messana and Catana. The hills
in the neighborhood were famous for the
fine grapes which they produced, and
they surpassed almost the whole world
for the 'extent and beauty of their pros-
pects. There is a small river near it call-
ed Taur&minms. '

Taurus, the largest mountain of Asia,
as to extent. One of its extremities is in
Caria, and it extends not only as far as ,

the mo0t eastern extremities of Aste, but
it also branches in several parts, and runs
far Into the north. Mount Taurus was
known by several names, particularly in

different countries. A mountain in

Germany of Sicily. Titus Stalilius,

a consul distinguished by his inti«iacy
with Augustus, as well as by a theatre
which he built, and the triumph be ob-
tained after a prosperous campaign in

Africa. A proconsul of Africa, accused

by Agrippina, who wished him toi>e con-
demned, that she might become mistress

of his gardens. An officer of Minos,

king of Crete.

. Taxila, a large country in India, be-
tween the Indus and the Hydaspes.

Taxilus, or Taxijles, a king of Taxila,
in. the age of Alexander, called also Om-
phis. He submitted to the conqueror,
who rewarded him with great liberality.
A general of Mithridates, who assist-
ed ArchelauB against the Romans in
Greece. He was afterwards conquered
by Mursna, the lieutenant of Sylla.

Taximaquilus, a king in the south-
ern parts of Britain w}ien Cesar invaded
it.

Taygete, or Taygeta, a daughter of
Atlas and Pleione, mother of Laceda:mon
by Jupiter. She became one of the Pleia-
des, after death.

Taygetus, or Taygeta, a mountain of
Laconia, in Peloponnesus, at the west of
the river Eurotas. It hung over the city
of Lacedaemon, and it is said that once a
part of it fell down by an earthquake, and
destroyed the suburbs.

Teanum, a town of Campania, on the
Appian road, at the east of the Liris, call-
ed also Sidicinum. to be distinguished from
another town of^ the same name at the
west of Apulia, at a small distance from
the coast of the Adriatic.

Tbarus, a river of Thrace, rising in
the same rock from thirty -eight dilfer-
ent sources, some of which are boC, and
others cold.

Teatea, Teats, or Tsosatx, a town
ofLatium. '

Teches, a mountain of Pontus, from
which the 10,000 Greeks had first a view
of the sea.

Techmessa, the daughter of a Phrygian
prince called by some Teuthfas, and by
others Teleutas.

Tec)ion, a town of Epirus.

Tecnatis, a king of Egypt.

Tectamus, son of Dorus, grandson of
Hellen, the son of Deucalion, went to
Crete with the iEtolians and Pelasgians,
and reigned there.

Tectosages, or Tectosack, a people
of Gallia Narbonensis, whose capital was
the modern Toulouse. They received
the name of Tectosagce guoAsagis tegarai"
tur.

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387

TxcuM, a river of Gaul fatling from the
Pyrenees into the Mediterranean.

TsDANius, a river of Liburnia.

Tegea., or TEO.CA, now Moklia, a town
of Arcadia in the Peloponnesus, founded
by Tegeates, a son of Lycaon. The gi-
gantic bones of Orestes were found buried
there and removed to Sparta. Apollo
and Pan were worshipped there, and
there also Ceres, Proserpine, and Venus,
had each a temple.

Teodla, p. Liciit. a comic poet who
flourished B. C. 198.

Tegtra, a town of Bceotia where Apol-
lo Tegyrans was worshipped.

Teios. Fid. Teos.

Teium, a town of Paphlagonia on the
Euxine sea.

Tela, a town of Spain.

Telamon, a king of the island of Sala-
mis, son of iEacus and Endeis. He ac-
companied Jason in his expedition to Col-
chis, and was arm-bearer to Hercules,
when that hero took Laomedon prisoner,
and destroyed Troy. Telamon was re-
warded by Hercules for his services with
the hand of Hesione, whom the conquer-
or had obtained among the spoils of Troy,

and with her he returned to Greece.

A seaport town of Etruria.

Telamoniades, a patronymic given to
the descendants of Telamon.

TelchiiveSj a people of Rhodes, said to
have been originally from Crete. They
were the inventors of many useful- arts,,
and according to Diodorus, passed for the
sons of the sea.

Telchitvia, a surname of Minerva at
Teumessa in Boeotia, where she had a

temple. Also a surname of Jnno in

Rhodes, where she had a statue at laly-
sus raised by theTelchinians, who settled
there. Also an ancient name of Crete.

Telchinius, a surname of Apollo
among the Rhodians.

Telchis, a son of Europs, the son of
iEgialeus. He was one of the first kings
pf the Peloponnesus.

Telea, a surname of Juno in Bceotia.

Telbboas. a son of Ixion and the cloud.
w, — A son of Lycaon.

TELEBoiB, or Tei^eboes, a people of
^tolia, called also Taphxans.

Tei^eb'oioes, islands opposite Laucadia.

Teleoles, or Teleclus, a Lacediemo-
nian king, of the family of the Agldce, who

reigned forty years, B. C, 813. A phi-

iosQpher, disciple of Lacidas, B. C. 214.
. — <-A Milesian.

Teleclides, an Athenian comic poet
in the agb of Pericles.

Telegoitus, ason of Ulysses and Circe,
born in the island of iEsea, where he
was educated. When arrived to the years
of manhood, he went to Ithaca to make
himself known to his father, but he was
ibipwrecked uq the coast, and being des-

titute of provisions he plundered someW
the inhabitants of the island. Ulysses
and Telemachus came to defend the pro-
perty of their subjects against this un-
known invader ; a quarrel arose, and Te-
legonus killed his father without know-
ing who he was. He afterwards returned
to his native country, and according to
Hyginus he carried thither his father's
body, where it was buried. Telemachus
and Penelope also accompanied him in
his return, and soon after the nuptials of
Telegonus and Penelope were celebrated

by order of Minerva. A son of Proteus

killed by Hercules, A king of Egypt

who married lo after she had been restor-
ed to her original fbrm by Jupiter. .

Telemachus, a son of Ulysses and Pe-
nelope. He was still in the cradle when
his father went wjth the rest of the Greeks
to the Trojan war. At the end of this
celebrated war, Telemachus, anxious to
see his father, went to seek him, and as
the place of his residence, and the cause
of his long absence were then unknown,
he visited the court of Menelaus and Nes-
tor to obtain information. He afterwards
returned to Ithaca, where the suitors of
his mother Penelope had conspired to
murder him, but he avoided their snares,
and by means of Minerva, he discovered
his father, who had arrived in the island
two days before him, and w^ then in the
house of Eumeeus. After the death of his
father, Telemachus went to the island of
iEiea, where he married Circe, or accord-
ing to others Cassiphone, the daughter of
Circe, by whom he had a son called Lati-
nus. It is said, that when a child, Tele-
machus fell into the sea, and that a dol-
phin brought him safe to shore, after
he had remained sometime under wi^r.
From this circumstance Ulysses had the
figure of a dolphin engraved on the seal
which he wore on his ring.

TELEMUf, a Cyclops who was acquaint-
ed with futurity.

Telephassa, the mother of Cadmus,
Phcenix, and Cilix, by Agenor.

Telephos, a king of Mysia, son of Her-
cules and Angle, the daughter of Aleus.
He was exposed as soon as born on mount
Parthenius, but his life was preserved by
a goat, and by some shepherds. Tele-
phus, according to the more received
opinions, was ignorant of his origin, and
he was ordered by the oracle, if he wish-
ed to know his parents, to go to Iffysia.
Obedient to this injunction, he came t^
Mysia, and after various surprising ad-
ventures, married one of the daughters of
king Priam. As one of the sons of the
Trdjan monarch, Telephus prepared to
assist Priam against the Greeks, and with
heroic valor he attacked them when they
had landed on his ooasts. The carnage
wa« great, and Telephus was Tiptorioas, ^

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888

had not Bacchus, who protected the
Greeks, suddenly raised a vine from the
earth, which entangled the feet of the
nioHHrch, and laid him Hat on the ground.
Achilles immediately rushed upon him,
and wounded him so severely, that he
was carried away frnra the battle. The
wound was mortal, and Telephus was
informed by the oracle, that he alone who
had inflicted it, coulcf totally cure it. —
Achilles consented, and as the weapon
which had given the wound could alone
cure it, the hero scraped the rust from the
point of his spear, and, by applying it to

the sore, gave it immediate relief. A

friend of Horace, remarkable for his beau-
ty and the elegance of his person. He
was the favorite of Lydia, the mistress of

Horace. A slave who conspired against

Augustus. L. Verus wrote a book on

the rhetoric of Homer, as also a compari-
son of thai poet with Plato, and other
treatises, all lost.

Telxsia, atown of Campania, taken by
Annibal.

Tklesicleb, a Parian, father to the poet
Archilochus, by a slave called Enippo.

TxLEsiLLA, a lyric poet^s of Argos, who
bravely defended her country against the
Lacedtemonians, and obliged them to raise
the siege.

TELEsiificuB, a Corinthian auxiliary at
Syracuse.

TcLEsiirrs, a general of the Samnites,
who joined the interest of Marius, and

fought against the generals of Sylla. A

poet of considerable merit in Domitian's
reign.

Telesippos, a poor man of Phers, fa-
ther to the tyrant Dinias.

TsLESTAGORAs, a man of Naxos, whose
daughters wei« ravished by some of the
nobles of the island, in consequence of
which they were expelled by the direction
of Lygdamis.

Telebtas, a son of Priam. An ath-
lete of Messenia. A king of Corinth,

who died 779 B. C.

Telestm, a dithyrambic poet, who
flourished B. O; 40*2.

TxLESTo, one of the Oceanldes.

Telsthcs, a mountain in Euboea.

Telethusa, the wife of Lygdus or Lyc-
tus, a native of Crete.

TBLEURtAS, a prince of Macedonia.

Telxutias, the brother of Agesilaus
who was killed by the Olynthians.

Teleutx, a surname of Venus among
the Egyptians.

TsLLERjK, a town of Latium, now de-
stroyed.

TsLLxs, a king of Achaia, son of Tisa-

Telliab, a famous soothsayer of Elis,
in the age of Xerxes.

TxLLiB, a Greet lyric poet, the fattter
of Braaidas.

Tellvb, a divinity, the snme as the
earth, the most ancient of all the god3 af-
ter Chaos. She appeared crowned with
turrets, hpldiiis: a sceptre in one hand,
and a key in the other ; while <it her feet
was lying a tame lion without chains, as
if to intimate tlvit every part of the earth
can be made fruitful by means of cultiva-
tion. A poor man, whom Solon called

happier than ('rnesus the i^ich and ambi-
tious king of Lydia.

Telmemub, or Telmissus, a town of
Caria, whose inhabitants were skilled in
augury and the interpretation of dreams.

Another in Lycia. A third in Pi-

sidia.

T£i.o Martius, a town at the south of
Gaul, now Toulon.

Telon, a skilful pilot of Massilia, killed

during the siege of that city by Casspr.

A king of the Teleboffi, who married Se-
bethis, by whom he had GBbalus.

TxLosi a small island near Rhodes.

Telphusa, a nymph of Arcadia, daugh-
ter of the Ladon, who gave her name to a
town and fountain of that place.

Telxiope, one of the muses.

Telys, a tyrant of Sybaris.

Temathea, a mountain of Messenia.

Tt:M£NiuM, a place in Messene, where
Temenus was buried.

Temexites, a surname of Apollo.

TxMEiros, a place of Syracuse, where
Apollo, called Temenite8,'had a statue.

Temenus, the son of Aristomachus, was
the first of the Heraclidie who returned
to Peloponnesus with his brother Ctesi-
phontes in the reign of Tisamenes, king

of Argos. A son of Pelasgus, who

was intrusted with the care of Juno's in-
fancy.

Temerinda, the name of tlie Pains
Mteotis among the natives.

Temesa, a town of Cyprus. Another

in Calabria in Italy, famous for its mines
of copper, which were exhausted in the
age of Strnbo.

Temnes, a king of Sidon.

Tempos, a town of iEoIia, at the mouth
of the Hermus.

Tempe, (plur.) a valley in Thessaly,
between mount Olympus at the north,
and Ossa at the south, through which the
river Peneus flows into the ^gean. The
poets have described it as the most de-
lightful spot on the earth, with continual-
ly cool shades, and verdant walks, which
the warbling of birds rendered more plea-
sant and romantic, and which the gods
often honored with their presence.

Tenchtheri, a nation of Germany,
who frequently changed the place of their
habitation.

Tendrba, a town of Caria.

Tenia, a part of Corinth.

Tenedia securis. yid. TeQes.

Tenedos, a small and fertile island of

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tbe JEgfi&n sea, opposite Troy, at the dis-
tance of about twelve miles from Sigseiim,
and fifty-six miles north from ^sbos. It
became famous during the Tcojan war.

Tenerus, son of Apollo and Melia, re-
ceived from his father the knowledge of
futurity.

TEN£s,a son of Cy onus and Proclea. He
was exposed on the sea on the coast of
Troas, by his father, who credulously be-
lieved bis wife Philonome, who had fallen
in love with Cycnus, and accused him of
attempts upon her virtue, when he refused
to gratify her passion. Tones arrived safe
in Leucophrys, which he called Tenedos,
and of which be became the sovereign.
Sometime after, Cyenus discovered the
guilt of bis wife Philonome, and as he
wished to be reconciled to his son whom
be had so grossly injured, he went to Te-
nedos. But when he had tied his ship to
the shore, Tenes cut off the cable with a
hatchet, and suffered his father's ship to
be tossed about in the sea. From this
circumstance the hatchet of Tenes is be-
come proverbial to intimate a resentment

that cannot be pacified. A general of

three thousand mercenary Greelis sent by
the Egyptians to assist the Phoenicians.

TsifBsis, a part of Ethiopia.

TBivtvEf, a king of Sidon, who when
his country was besieged by the Persians,
burnt himself and the city together, B; C.
351.

TsififiTM, a town of iEolia.

Tcirof, a small island in the iEgean,
near Androe, called C^ktussa^ and also
ffudnueeit frora the number of its foun-
tains. It was very mountainous, bu( it
produced excellent wines, universally es-
teemed by the ancients.

TsifTTRA, iplw.) and TEnTrais, asmall
town of Egypt, on the Nile, whose inhab-
itants were at enmity with the crocodiles,
and made war against those who paia
themJidoration.

Tenttra, a place of Thrace, opposite
Samothrace.

Teos, or Teios, now Siffagiky a mhri-
time town on the coast of Ionia in Asia
]tf inor, opposite €amos. It was one of the
twelve cities of the Ionian confederacy,
and gave birth to Anacreon and Hecat&us,
who is by some deemed a native of Mile-
tus.

Tbredon , a town on the Arabian gulf.

Terektia, the wife of Cicero. She be-
came mother of M. Cieero, and of a daugh-
ter called Tulliola. Cicero repudiated her,
because she had been fbithless to his bed.
She lived to her one hundred and third,
or according to Pliny to her one hundred

and seventeenth year. ^The wife of

Scipio Africanus.— — The wife of Me-
caenas.

TsRBKTiA tex, called also Cassia, >ru^
funtennay by M. Terentius Vftrro Lucullu/s,
.^ 38*

and C. Cassius, A. U. C. 680. It ordered
that the same price should be given for all
corn bought in thejprovinces, to hinder the

exactions of the quw^tors. Another by

Terentius the tribune, A. U. C. "291, to
elect five persons to define tbe power of
the consuls, lest they should abuse the «
public confidence by violence or rapine.

Terentianus, a Roman, to whom Lon-
ginus dedicated his treatise on the sub-
lime. — ^Maurus, a writer who flourished
A. D. 240.

Terentius Pitblius, a native of Car-
thage in Africa, celebrated for the come- '
dies he wrote. He was sold as a slave to
Terentius Lucanus, a Roman senator,
who educated hiih with great care, and
manumitted him foL the brilliancy of bis
genius. He bore the name of his 'master
and benefactor, and was called Terentius.
He applied himself to the study of Greek
comedy with uncommon assiduity, and
merited the friendship and patronage of
the learned and powerful. Terence was
in the twenty-fifth year of his age, when
his first play appeared on the Roman
stage. All his compositions were received
with great applause. The talents of Te-
rence were employed rather in translation
than in the effusions of originality. It is
said that he translated one hundred and
eight of the comedies of the poet Menan-
de'r, six of which only are extant, his
Anuria, Eunuch, Heautontimotumenos,
Adelphi, Phormio, and Hecyra. Terence
is admired for the purity of his language,
and tbe artless elegance and simplicity %f
his diction, and for a continued delicacy
of sentiment. The tinae and thb manner
of his death are unknown. He left Rome
in the thirty-fifth year of his age, and never

after appeared there Culeo, a Roman

senator, taken by the Carthaginians, and

redeemed by Africanus. A tribune

who wished the number of the citizens of
Rome to be increased. — >A — Evocatus, a
man who, as it was supposed, murdered
Galba. ^Lentinus, a Roman knight con-
demned for perjury. Varro, a writer.

A consul with iEmilius Paulus at the

battle of Canns. He was the son of a
butcher, and had followed for sometime
the profession of his father. He placed
himself totally in the power of Hannibal,
by making an improper disposition of his
army. After he had been defeated, and
his colleague slain, he retired to Canu-
sium, with the remains of his slaughtered
countrymen, and sent word to the Roman
senate of his defeat. He received the
thanks of this venerable body, because he
had engaged the 'enemy, however impro- ^
perly, and not despaired of the affairs of

the republic. An ambassador sent to

Philip king of Macedonia. Massaliora,

an edile of the people. Marcus, a

friend of Sejanus, accused before the sen-

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390

■te for his intlmaey with that discarded
ftyorite.

TsRKNTDs, a place in the Campus Mar-
tius near the capital, where the infernal
deities had an altar.

Tkrevs, a kins of Thrace, son of Mars
and Bistonis. He married Progne, the
daughter of Pand ion king of Athens, whom
he bad assisted in a war against Megara.

A friend of iEneas, killed by Ca-

^nilla.

TKRas*ixEandTKROE8TUM,now Trieste^
a town of Italy on the Adriatic sea, made
a Roman colony.

Terias, a river of Sicily near Catana.

TsRiBAzus, a nobleman of Persia, sent
with 'a fleet against Evagorai, king of Cy-
prus.

Teridae, a concubine of Menelaus.

Teridates, a favorite eunuch at the
court of Artaxerzes.

Terioum, a town of Macedonia.

Terina, a town of the Brutii.

Terioli, now Tbrol^ a fortified town at
the north of Italy, in the country of the
Grisons.

TxRMEifTiA, or Termes, a town of His-
pania Tarraconensis.

Term ERA, a town of Cari^

Termerds, a robber of Peloponnesus,
who killed people by crushing their he«d
against his own. He was slain by Her-
cules.

Tbrm&sub, a river of Arcadia.

TxRMiLJB, a name given to the Ly-
cians.

TxRMiitALiA, annual festivals at Rome,
observed in honor of the god Terminus,
in the month of February. It was then
usual for peasants to assemble near the
principal landmarks which separated their
fields, and after they had crowned them
with garlands and flowers, to make liba-
tions of milk and wine, and to sacrifice a
lamb or a young pig.

Tbruinalis, a surname of Jupiter, he-
cause he presided over the boundaries and
lands of individuals, before the worship
of the god Terminus was introduced.

Terminus, a divinity at Rome who was
■upposed to preside over bounds and lim-
its, and to punish all unlawful usurpation
of land. His worship was first introduced
at Rome by Numa, who persuaded his
subjects that the limits of their lands and
estates were under the immediate inspec-
tion of heaven. His temple was on the
Tarpeian rock, and he was represented
with an human head without feet or arms,
to intimate that he never moved, y^herever
ha was placed.

Tkrmibsvs, or TcRMlsaus, a town of
Pisidia.

Terpandsr, a lyric poet and musician
of Lesbos, 675 B. C. It is said that he
appeased a tumult at Sparta by the melody
and sweetness of his notes.

Terpsichore, one of the muses, daagb-
ter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She pre-
sided over dancing, of which she was
reckoned the inventress, as her name in-
timates, and with which she delighted
her sisters.

Terpsicrats, a daughter of Thespius.

Terra, one of the most ancient deities
in mythology, wife of Umnut, and mother
of Oc^anus, the Titans, Cyclops, Giants,
Thea, Rhea, Themis, PhwbeyThetys, and
Mnemosyne.

Terracina. Fid. Tarracina.

Terrasidius, a Roman knight in Cs-
sar's army in G^aul.

Terror, an emotion of the mind which
the ancients have made a deity, and one
of the attendants of the god Mars, and of
Bellona.

Tertia, a sister of Clodius the tribune,
&c. A daughter of Paulus, the con-

aueror of Perseus. A daughter of Isi-
orus. A sister of Brutus who married

Cassius.

Tbrtius Juliahus, a lieutenant in Cie-
sar's legions.

Tertullianub, (J. Septimius Florens,)
a celebrated Christian writer of Carthage,
who flourished A. D. 196.

TETHts, the greatest of the sea-deities,
was wife of Oceanus, and daughter of
Uranus and Terra. She was mother of
the chiefest rivers of the universe.

Tetib, a river of Gaul flowing from the
Pyrenees.

Tetrapolis, a name given to the city
of Antioch, the capital of Syria, because it
was divided into four separate districts,

each of which resembled a city. ^The

name of four towns at the north afJittica.

Tetrica, a rugged mountain of the Sa-
bines near the river Fabaris.

Tetricus, a Roman senator, saluted
emperor in the reign of Aurelian. He was
led in triumph by his successflil adversary,
who afterwards heaped the most unbound-
ed honors upon him- and his son of the
same jiame.

Teucer, a king of Pbiygia, son of the
Scamander by Idea. According to some
authors, he was the first who introduced
among his subjects the worship of Cybele,
and the dancos of the Corybantes. The
country where he reigned was from him
called Teucria. and his subjects Teucri,

A son of Telamon, king of Salamis,

by Hesione the daughter of lAomedon.
He was one of Helen's suitors, and ac-
cordingly accompanied the Greeks to the
Trojan war, where he signalized himself
bv Ins valor and" intrepidity. On account
of some difiicultv with his father, he re-
tired to Cyprus, where he built a new
Salamis. He attempted to no parpose to
recover the island of Salamis, after his ft-

ther's death. One of the servants of

, Phalaris of Agrigei|tum. ,

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391

Tbucrt, a name given, to the Trojans,
from Teucer their king.

TsucRiA, a name given to Troy, from
Teucer one of Its kings.

TsucTERi, a people of Germany, at the
east of the Rhine.

Teumessds, a mountain of Boaotia with
a village of the same name, where Her-
cules, when young, killed an enormous
lion.

Teuta, a queen of Tllyricum, B. G. 331,
who ordered some Roman ambassadors
to be put to death. This unprecedented
murder was the cause of a war, which
ended in her disgrace.

Teutamiasj or TsuTAMif, a king of
Larissa. He instituted games in honor of
his father, where Perseus killed his grand-
father Acrislus with a quoit.

Teutamus, a king of Assyria, the same
as Tithonus, the father of Memnon.

Teutab, or TsuTATEi, a name of Mer-
cury among the Gauls.

Teuthrani A, a part of Mysia where the
Cayeus rises.

Teuthras, a king of Mysia on the bor-
ders of the Cayeus. He adopted as his
daughter, or according to others, married
Auge the daughter of Aleus, when she
fled away into Asia from her ather. The
fifty daughters of Teuthras, wfto became
mothers by Hercules, are called Teuthranr-

tia Utrha. A river*s name. One of

the companions of ^neas in Italy.

Tkutoburoiersis Saltgs, a forest of
Germany, between the Ems and Lippa,
where Varus and his legions were cut to
pieces.

Tecttomatvs, a prince of Gaul, among
the allies of Rome.

Tkutoni, and TEUTORBt, a people of
Germany.

Thabsitna, an inland town of Africa.

Thabusium, a fortified place of Phry-
gia.

Thais, a ftimotts courtezan of Athens,
who accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic
conquests, and gained such an ascendant
over him, that she made him burn the
royal palace of Persepolis. After Alex-
ander's death, she married Ptolemy king
of Hgypt.

Thala, a town of Africa.

THAI.AME, a town of Messenia famous
for a temple and oracle of Pasiphae.

Thalassius, a beautiful young Roman
in the reign of Romulus. At the rape of
the Sabines, one of these virgins appear-^
ed remarkable for beauty and elegance,'
and her ravisher, afraid of many competi-
tors, exclaimed as he carried her away,
that it was for Thalassius. The name of
Thalassius was no sooner mentioned, than
all were eager to preserve so beautiful a
prize for him. Be is stipposed by some to
be the same as Hyment as he was made a
deity.

TMALia, one of the seven wise men of'
Greece, bom at Miletus in Ionia. Like
the rest of the ancients, he travelled in
quest of knowledge, and for sometime
resided in Crete, Phoenicia, and Egypt.
Under the priests of Memphis he was
taught geometry, astronomy, and philoso-
phy, and enabled to measure with exact-
ness the vast height and extent of a pyra-
mid, merely by its abadow. His disco-
veries in astronomy were great (nd ingen-
ious ; he was the first who calculated with
accuracy a solar eclipse. Thales ' was
never married ; and when his mother
pressed him to choose a wife, he said he
was too young. The same exhortations
were afterwards repeated, but the philo-
sopher eluded them by observing, that he
was then too old to enter the matrimonial
state. He died in the ninety-sixth year
of his age, about five hundred and forty-
eight years before the Christian era. His
compositions on philosophical subjects

are lost. A lyric poet of Crete, intimate

with Lycurgus.

Thalestria, or Thalestris, a V^i^
of the Amazons.

Thaletes, a Greek poet of Crete, 900
B. C.

Thalia, one of the muses, }vho presided
over festivals, and over pastoral and comic
poetiy. She is represented leaning' on a
column, holding a mask in her right hand,
by which st\e is distinguished from her

sisters, as also by a shepherd's crook.

One of the Nereides. An island in the

Tyrrhene sea.

Thallo, one of the Horas or Seasons.

Thalpius, a son of Eurytus, one of
Helen's suitors.

Thalyssia, Greek festivals celebrated
in honor of Ceres.

Thamiras, a Cilician who first introduc-
ed the art of augury in Cyprus.

Thamuda, a part of Arabia FeUx.

Thamyras, or Thamyris, a celebrated
musician of Thrace. He became ena-
mored of the Muses, and challenged them
to \tnal of skill. He was conquered, and
the Muses deprived him of his eye-sight
and his melodious voice, and broke his
lyre.

Thamyris, a petty prince of the Dacae.
A queen of the Massagets. ^A Tro-
jan killed by Turnus.

Thapsacus, a city on the Euphrates.

Thapsus, a town of Africa Propria.

A town at the north of Syracuse in Si-
cily.

THAROELfA, festivals in Greece, in ho-
nor of Apollo and Diana. They lasted
two days.

Thariades, one of the generals of An-
tiochus.

Tharops, the father of (Eager, towlMM
Bacchus gave the kingdom of Thrace.

Thasius, or Thrasius, a fomous sooth-

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392

nyet of Cypnia, wbom Busirte^ kUic of
Egypt, oMwred to be seljced and sacrificed
to Juptter.—— A auroame of Hercaies,

TM4to8, or TojkfUB, a small kland in
tbe iEgean, on tbe coast of Tbcae*. Its
wine was universally esteemed, aifd its
marble quarries were also in great repute,
as well as its mines of gold and sliver.

Thasus, a son of Neptune, who built
tbe town of Tbasus in Thrace.

THA0M4CI, a town of Tkessaly on tbe
Haliac gulf.

THAVMANTiAsandTHAUitAifTii,aname
given to Iris, tbe messenger of Juno.

Thau MAS, a son of Neptune and Terra,
who married Electra. one of the Ocean-
ides.

THAQFMAf IU9, a mountain of Arcadia.

Tbka, a daughter of Uranus and Terra.
Sbe married her brother Hyperion, by
wbom she had tbe sun, the moon, Auro-
raj&c— >One of tbe Sporades.

THCAosirns, a man who made himself

master of Megara. An athlete of Tba-

aos, famous for his strength. A Theban

officer, at the battle of Cheronea. A

writer who published commentaries on
Homer*s works.

TauAans, « Groek pbilogo^r, disciple
ofBoerates.

THKAivasLA, a town of Carta,

Tbbaro, the wife of Metopontn* son
of Sisyphus.— ^— A daughter of Cisseus,
sister to Hecuba.-^ — One of tlte Dantidas.

^Tfae wife of the philosopher PytbafiK

ras. ^Tbe daughter of Pytlugoras.— -

A poetess of Locfis. A priestess of

Athens. A daofhter of Scedasus, to

whom 8omel>f the Lacednntonians offered
violence at Leuctra.~— A Trojan matron,
who became mother of Mimas by Amy-
cus, the same night that Paris was bom.

TREAiruM, atown of Italy.

Thbaeidas, a brother of Dionysius the
elder. He was made admiral of his fleet.

Tub AUDI, a surname of Apollo at Tros-
' zene,

Thxatetes, a Greek epigrammatist.-

Tmxb4, or Thbbx, a town of Cilicia.

Theb^, a celebrated city, the capital of
Boeotia, situate on the banks of the river
Isroenus, The manner of its foundation
is not precisely known. Cadmus is sup-
posed to have first .begun to found it by
building the citadel Cadmea. Tbe The-
bans were looked upon as an indolent apd
sluggish nation, and the words of T%eban
pig became proverbial to express a man
remarkable for stupidity and inattention.
The monarchical government was abolish-
ed there at the death of Xanthus, about
one thousand one hundred and ninety
years before Christ, and Thebes became a

republic. A town at tbe south of Troas,

bnilt by Hercules, and also called PUieia

and Hvaoplacia. An ancient celebrated

«ity Qf Thebais in Egypt, called also Heca-

town^Mf on account of its hundred gates,
and Diomolia, as being sacred to Jupiter.
In the tune of its splendor, it extended
above twenty-three miles, and could send
into the field by each of its hundred gates
twenty tliousand lighting men and two

hundred chariots. A town of Africa

built by Bacchus. Another in Tliessa-

ly.— Another in Pbthiotis.

Thsbais, a country in the sontbern
parts of Kgypt, of which Tbebes was the
capital.-'— There liave been some poem»
which have borne the name of Tbettais,
but of these the only one extant is the
Thebais of Statins. The poet was twelve

years in composing U. A river of

Lydja. A name given to a native of

Thebes.

Thebb, ft daughter of tbe Asmms, who
married Zethus.-< — The wife of Alexan-
der, tyrant of Phene. She was persuaded
by Pdiopidas to murder her hwband.

The I A, a goddess.

Thbiai, a son of Belus.

THELEPMASBA^be second wife of Age-
nor. called also TdaphasM.

Thex^pusa, a nymph of Arcadia.

Thelxiov, a son of Apis, who conspir^
ed against his father wlio was king of
Peloponnesus.

Thelxiopb, one of the Muses, accord-
ing to some writers.

THBMEifUB, a son of Aristomacbus, bet-
ter known by tlie name of Temenus.

Thembbion, a tyrant of Eretria.

Thbmiixab. a Trojan.

Themib^ a daughter of Cmlus and Terra
wiio married Jupiter against her own in-
clination. Her oracle was famous in At-
tica in the age of Deucalion. Among the
modems ake is represented as holding a
sword in one hana, and a pair of scales in
tbe other . A daughter of Hue who

married Capys, and became mother of
Ancbises.

T^iEMiscTKA, a town of Cappadocia.

THEurisoN, a famous physician of Lao-
dicea, disciple to Asclepiades.-^— One of
the genends and ministers of Antiochus
the GreaL

TttEMiBTA, or Thekistis, a goddess, the
same as Themis.

THEMisTrua, a celebrated philosopher
of Paphlagonia in the age of Constantius,
greatly esteemed by the Roman emperors,
and called Euphradeg^ the fine speaker,
from his eloquent and commanding deliv-
.ery. His school was greatlv frequented.

Themisto, daughter of Hypseus, was
the thi^ wife of Athamas, king of Thebes,
by wliom she had four sons» called Ptous,

Leucop, Schoeneus, and Ery throes. A

woman mentioned by Polyaenus.>^— ~The
mother of the poet Homer.

Themibtocles, a celebrated general
born at Athens. When Xerxes invaded
Gieece, TJiemistocles was at {he head of

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393

the Athenian republia^ ancf in this capa-
city the fleet was intrusted to his care. A
battle was fougbt near the idani^ of Sala-
rais, B. C. 480, in which the Greeks ob-
tained the victory, and Theniistocles the
honor of having destroyed the formidable
navy of Xerxes. The conqueror of Xerx-
«s however incurred the displeasure of
his countrymen, which had proved so fatal
to many of his illustrious predecessors.
He was banished from the city, and after
he had Bought in vain a safe retreat among
the republics of (rreece, and the barbari-
ans of Thrace, he threw himself into tbe
arms of a monarch, whose fleets he had
defeated, and whose Catber he had ruined.
Artaxerxes, the successor of Xerxes, re-
ceived the illustrious Athenian with kind-
ness ; and though he had formerly set a
price upon his head, yet he' made him one
of his greatest favorites, and bestowed
three rich cities upon him, to provide him
with bread, wine, and meat. Such kind-
nesses from a monarch, from whom he,
perhaps, expected the most hostile treat-
ment, did not alter the sentiments of The-
mistocies. He still remembered that
Athens gave him birth, and according to
«ome writers, the wish of not injuring his
country, and therefore his inability of car-
rying on war against Greece, at the re-
<iueet of Artaxerxes, obliged him to des-
troy himself by drinking bdll's blood. His
bones were conveyed to Attica and honor-
«d with a ma^niflcent tomb by the Athe-
nians, who began to repent too late of
their cruelty to the saviour of his coun-
try. Themistocles died in the sixty-fifth
year of his age, about four hundred and
forty-nine years before the Christian era.
■■ . — A writer, some of whose letters are
extant.

Themistoobnes, an historian of Syra-
cuse, in the age of Artaxerxes Memnon.

Theocles, an opulent citizen of Co-
rinth, who liberally divided his riches
among the poor. A Greek statuary.

Theoclus, a Messenian poet and sooth-
sayer, who died B. C. 671.

THEocLrMENu*, a soothsayer of Argo-
lis, descended from Melampus.

Theocritus, a Greek poet who flourish-
ed at Syracuse in Sicily, 28-2 B. C. He
lived in the' age of Ptolemy Philadelphns,
whose praises he sung and whose favors
he enjoyed. Theocritus distinsuished
himself by his poetical compositions, of
which thirty idyllia and some epigrams
are extant, written in the Doric dialect,
and admired for their, beauty, elegance,
and simplicity. Virgil', in his eclogues,

has imitated and often copied him. A

Greek historian of Chios, who wrote an
account of Libya.

Thgodaii AS, or ThioOavas, a kin? of
Mysia, in Asia Minor. He was killed by
Hercules.

Theodeotes, a Greek orator and poet
of Fhaselis in Pampbylia. He wrote fifty
tragedies besides other works now lost.
He had such a happy memory that he
could repeat with ease whatever versed
were spoken in his presence.

Theodonis, a town of Germany, now
Thionville^ on the Moselle.

Theodora^ a daughter- in-law of tbe
emperor Maximian, who married Constan-

tius. A daughter of Constantine.

The name of Theodora is common to tbe
empresses of the east in a later period.

Theodoretus, one of the Greek fathers
who flourished A. D. 425.

Theodoritus, a Greek ecclesiastical
historian.

THEODORns, a Syracusan of great au>
tbority among his countrymen, who se-
verely inveighed against the tyranny or

Dionysius. A philosopher, disciple to

Aristippus. He denied the existence of a
god. Some suppose that he was at last

condemned to death for his impiety. A

preceptor to one of the sons of Antony,
whom he betrayed to Augustus. A con-
sul in the reign of Honorius. A secre*

tary of Valens. He conspired against tha
emperor, and was beheaded. - ■ -^A man

who compiled au history of Rome. A

comic actor. ^A player on tbe flute in

tbe affe of Demetrius Poliorcetes. A

Greek poet of Colophon, whoso cemposi-

tions are lost. A sophist of Byzantium

called Loirodailon by Plato. A Greek

poet In the age of Cleopatra. An artist of
Samos about seven hundred years B. C.

A priest, father of Isocrates. A

Greek writer, called also Prodromus.

Theouosia, now Cafftt, a town in tha
Cimmerian Bosphorus.

THE0D09iopOLis,a town of Armenia.

Theodosius Flavius, a Roman empe-
ror surnamed Magnus, from the greatness
of his exploits. He was invested with
the imperial purple by Gratian, and ap-
pointed over Thrace and tbe eastern pro-
vinces, which had been In the possession
of Valentinian. The first years of his
reign were marked by different conquests
over the barbarians. His reception at
Rome was that of a conqueror ; he tri-
umphed over the barbarians, and restored
peace in every part of the empire. Hs
died of a dropsy at Milan, in the sixtieth
year of his age, after a reign of sixteen
years, the seventeenth of January, A. D.
395. Theodosius was the last of the em-
perors who was the sole master of the
whole Roman empire. He has been com-
mended by ancient writers as a prince
blessed with every virtue, and debased by
ho vicious propensitv. His zeal as a fol-
lower of Christianity has been applauded

by all tbe ecclesiastical writers. The

second IVieodoslus succeeded his father
Arcadius as emperor of the xyestern Ro-

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man •mpire, though only fn the eicfat^
year of tain *fe. He wat a warm advo-
cate for the Christian relig^ion ; and the
laws and regulations which were promul-
ffaled under him, selected from the most
useful and salutary institutions of his im-
perial predecessors, have been called the

Theodosian Code, B. C. 450. A lover

of Antonina the wife of Belisarius.— — ->
A mathematician of Tripoli, who flourish-
ed 75 B. C. A Roman general, father

of Theodosiusthe Great ; he died A. D. 376.

Theooota, a beautiful courtezan of
£lis. A Roman empress, Sec.

THBOO0TIA9, an interpreter, in the reign
of Commodus.

Theodotds. an admiral of the Rhodi-
mns, sent by bis countrymen to make a

treaty with the Romans. A native of

Chios, who as preceptor and counsellor of
Ptolemy advised the feeble monarch to

murder Pompey. A Syracusan, accused

of a conspiracy against Hieronymus the

tyrant of Syracuae. A governor of Bac-

triana in the age of Antiochus. A friend

of the emperor Julian. A Phcenician

historian.-''-One of the generals of Alex-
ander.

THEoorrsTBs, a Greek tragic poet.

Theooitis, aGreek poetof Megara, who
flourished about five hundred and forty-

nhie years before Christ. There was

also a tragic poet of the same name, whose
compositions were so lifeless and inani-
mated, that they procured him the name
of Chion or gnovt,

Thbohnestus. a rival of Nicias in the
administration or public afifb>irs at Athens.
A statuary of Sardinia. An Athe-
nian philosopher. A painter.

Theoit, a philosopher, who used fbe^
quently to walk in his sleep. An astro-
nomer of Smyrna, in the reign of Adrian.
A painter of Samos. Another philoso-
pher.^^ An infamous reviier. ,

Theonob, a daughter of Thestor, sister
to Calchas. She was carried away by sea
pirates, and sold to Icarus, kingof Carla.
A daughtOT of Proteus and a Nereid.

Tmeope, one of the daughters of Leos.

Theophaite, a daughter of Bisaltos,
whom Neptune changed into a sheep, to
remove her fVom her numerous suitors,
and conveyed to the island Crumissa.

THE0PHAifE8,aGreek historian, born at

Mitylene. His son M. Pompeius Theo-

phages was made governor of Asia.— A
Byzantine historian.

Theophania, festivals celebrated at
.Delphi in Ronor of Apollo.

Thbophilus, & comic poet of Athens.
A governor of Syria in the age of Ju-
lian. A friend of Piso. A physician.

One of the Greek fathers. The

name of Theophilus is common among the
primftive Christians. >

THEorHBASTus, a native of Eresus, in

LeiAMM,«m of a ftiBer. He Btndled undor
Plato, and afterwards under Artetotlcs,
whose friendship he gained, and whose
warmest commendations he deserved.
Tbeophrastus composed many books, and
Diogenes has enumerated the titles of
above two hundred treatises, which he
wrote with great elegance and copious-
ness. About twenty of these are extant.
He died loaded with years and infirmities
in the one hondried and seventh year of

his age,B. C. 288. An officer intrusted

with the care of the citadel of Corinth by
Antigonus.

Thbopolbmds, a man who, with his
brother Uiero, laundered Apollo's temple
at Delphi.

Thbopolis, a name given to Antioch
because the Chrisllans first received their
name there.

Thbovompitb, a king of Sparta. He
created the Ephori, and died after a long
and peaceful reign, B. C. 723. A fa-
mous Greek historian of Chios, disciple of
Isocrates, who flourished B. C. 354. All
his compositions are lost, except a few

fragments quoted by ancient writers.

An Athenian, who attempted to deliver his
countrymen from the tyranny of Demetri-
us.-— ^A comic poet in the age of Menan-
der. He wrote twenty-four plays, all lost.

A son of DeoMuratiis, who obtained se^

veral crowns at the Olympie games.- ■

Aik wator and historian of Cnidiie. A

Spartan general.— — A philosopher i^ Che>
Kon»a, in the reign of the emperor I^ilip..

THEOPHTLACTUt SiMOCATTA, B BysaU-

tbers who flourished, A. D. 1070.

Theobiub, a surname of Apollo at Troe-
zene whc«e he had a very ancient temple.
It signifies clear-sighted.

THEOTittuB, a wrestler of Elis, in the

age of Alexander. A Greek who wrote

an history oi Italy ^

Theotena, a noble lady ef Thessal^
who throw herself into the sea.

TitBOKERiA, a festival celebrated in bo^
nor of all the gods in every city of Greece^
but especially at Athens.

TusoxBNivs, a surname of Apollo.

Theaa, a daughter of Amjphion and Ni-

obe. One of the Sporades in the ^gean

sea, anciently called Callmtaj* now S^nto-
rin. A town of Caria.

Therambus, a town near Palleae.

Theramenes, an Athenian philosopher
and general in the age of Alcibiades. Ho
was one of the thirty tyrants of Athens,
but he had no share in the cruelties and
oppression which disgraced their adminia-.
tration. He was accused by Critlas, one
of his colleagnea, because he opposed their
views, and he was condenmed to drink
hemlock, about four hundred and four
years before the Christian era.

ThBBAFITE, or TsBArilE, a town of La-

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conta, trli0l« Apollo had a. temple called
PhcBbemn. It was at a very sbort distance
from Lacedsmon. ^

Theras, a son of Autesion of Lacedas-
mon, who conducted a colony to Calista.

Thskimachus, a BOO of Hercules by Me-
gara.

TasRiPPiOAS, a Lacedemonian.

Thsritas, a surname of Mars in Laco-
nia.

Thzrma, a town of Africa. -~-A town
of the Macedonia.

Thekm^., a town of Sicily, now Sdacca.

Another near Panormus, now T%er-

tnim.

Thermooon, now Termahf a (kmous ri-
ver of Gappadocia. There was also a
anaall river of the same name in BoBOtia,
near Tanagra.

THjeRM0PYLA,asmaU pass leadinsfirom
Tfaessaly into Locris and Phocis. Ther*
mopylee receives its name from the hot
iaths which are in the neighborhood. It
is celebrated for a battle which was fought
there B. C. 480, on the seventh of August,
between Xerxes and th« three hundred
Greeks.

Thermdm, a town of iEtolia, on the
Evenus.

Thermus, a man accused in the reign
of Tiberius. A man put to death by Ne-
ro. The capital of iEtolia.

TnaaoDAHAs, a king of Scythia. .

Thkrow, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who

died 473 B. C. One of Action's dogs.

A Rutulian who attempted to kill

^neas. He perished in the attempt.

A priest in the temple of Hercules at 6a<

guntum. A Theban descended from

the Spartie. A daughter of Phylas

beloved by Apollo. ' .

Therpandsr, a celebrated ,poet and
musician of Lesbos.

Thersaitobr accompanied the C^reeks
to the Trojan war, but was killed in My-

sia by Telephus.- A son of Sisyphus,

king of Corinth.— —A musician (^ Ionia.

Thkrsilochus, a leader of the Peoni-
ans in the Trojan war, killed by Achilles.

A friend of iGneaa killed by Tumus.

An athlete at Corey ra, crowned at the

Olympic games.

TRERsippaf , a son of Agrius, who drove

<Kneus from the throne of Calydon.

An Athenian author who died 954 B. C.

THBRsiTEt, an officer the most deform-
ed and illiberal of the Greeks, during the
Trojan war. He was fond of ridiculing
his fellow soldiers, particularly Achil-
les, Agamemnon, and Ulysses. Achilles
killed him with one blow of his fist, be-
cause he laughed at his mourning the
death of Penthesllea.

These iDuB, a patronymic given to the
Athenians from Theseus, one of their

Theseis, tt'poeoi written byXodras, I

containing an account of the Itfls and ao-
tions of Theseus, and now lost.

Theseus, king of Athens, and son of
iEgeus. He was educated at TroBzene in
the house of Pittheus, and as he was not
publicly acknowledged to be the' son of
the king of Athens, he passed for the son
of Neptune. When he came to years of
maturity, he was sent by his mother to
his father, and a sword was given him,
by which he might make himself known
to iEgeus in a private manner. At Alli-
ens, however, his reception was not cor-
dial. Medea lived there with iEgeus, and
as she knew that her influence would fhll
to the ground if Theseus was received in
bis father's house, she attempted to de-
stroy him before^ his arrival was made
public. iGgeus was himself to give the
cup of poiS(Mi to this unknown stranges at
a least, but the sight of his sword ou the
side of Theseus Reminded him of his
amours with iEthra. He knew him to be
hid son. The Pallantides, who expected
to succeed their uncle iEgeus on the
throne, as he apparently had no children,
attempted to assassinate Theseus, but
they fell a prey to their own barbarity,
and were all put to death by the young
prince. The bull of Marathon next en-
gaged the attention of Theseus. The
labor seemed arduous, but he caught the
animal alive, and after he had led it
through the streets of Athens, he sacri-
ficed H to Minerva, or the god of Delphi.
After this Theseus went to Crete among
the seven chosen youths'whom the Athe-
nians yearly sent to be devoured' by the
Minotaur. The wish to deliver his coun-
try fh>m so dreadful a tribute,' engaged
him to undertake this expedition. I^
was successful by means of Ariadne, the
daughter of Minos, who was enamored of
him, and after he had escaped from the
labyrinth with a clue of thread, and kill-
ed the Minotaur, he sailed from Crete
with the six boys and seven maidens,
whom his victory had equally redeemed
from death. In the island of Naxos,
where he was driven by the winds, he
had the meanness to abandon Ariadne, to
whom he was indebted for his safety.
The rejoicings which his return might
have occasioned at Athens, were inter-
rupted by the death of ^geus, who threw
himself into the sea when he «aw bin
son's ship return with black sails, which
was the signal of ill success. His ascen-
sion on his father's throne was vniversal*
ly applauded, B. C. 1335. The Athenians
were governed with mildness, and The-
sags made new regulations, and enacted
new laws. The fame which he had gain-
ed by his victories and policy made his
alliance courted ; but Pirithous, king of
the Lapithc, alone wished to gain his ^
friendship, by meetin«~huii in the field of

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tattie. He invaded the territories of At-
tica, and when Theseus had marched out
to meet him, the two enemies, struck at
the sight of each other, rushed between
tbelr two armies, to embrace one another
4n the fnost cordial and afTectiunate man-
ner, and from that time began the most
■incere and admired friendship which has
become proverbial. Sometime after The-
seus assisted his friend in procuring a
wife, and they lioth descended into tlie
Infernal ref^ions to carry away Proserpine.
Pluto, apprised of their intentions, stop-
ped them. Piritbous was placed on bis
father's wheel, and Theseus was tied to a
huge stone, on which he had sat to rest
himself. During the captivity of Theseus
in the kingdom of Pluto, Mnestheun, one
of the descendants of Erechtheus, ingra-
tiated himself into the favor of the peo-
ple of Athens, and obtained the crown in
preference to the children of the absent
monarch. At his return Theseus attempt-
ed to eject the usurper, but to no purpose.
The Athenians had forgotten his many
~ services, and he retired with great morti-
fication to the court of Lycomedes, king
of the Island of Scyros. After paying him
much attention, Lycomedes, either jea-
lous of his fame, or bribed by the presents
of Mnestheus, carried him to a high rock,
on pretence of showing him the extent of
his dominions, and threw him down a
deep precipice. Borne suppose that The-
seus inadvertently fell down thistpreci-
pice, and that he was crushed to death
' without receiving any violence from Ly-
comedes. The children of Thepens, after
the death of Mnestheus, recovered the
Athenian throne, and that the memory of
their father might not be without the
honors due to a hero, they brought his
remains from Scyros, and gave them a
magnificent burial. They also raised
him statues and a temple, and festivals
and games were publicly instituted to
commemorate the actions of a hero, who
had rendered such services to the people
of Athens. These festivals were still ce-
lebrated with original solemnity in the
age of Pansanias and Plutarch, about
twelve hundred years after the death of
Theseus.

Thssidx, a name given to the people
of Athens, because they were governed
by Theseus.

Thssides, a patronymic applied to the
children of Tjieseus.

THsaiioPHOKA, a surname of Ceres, as
law-giver, in whose honor festivals were
instituted called Thesmophoria. The great-
est part of the Grecian cities, especially
Athens, observed them with ^eat solem-
nity. The worshippers were free bom
women, whose husbands were oblitred to
defray the expenses «f the festival. There
were also certain virgins who officiated,

and were maintained mt the pablie ex-

pense.

Thksmothetje, a name given to the
last six archons among the Athenians.

THEsriA, now AVoconi;, a town of Bce-
otia, at the foot of nHMint Helicon.

Thespi AD.«:, the sons of the Tbespiades.

Thespiaoes, a name given to the fifty
daughters of Thespius. Also a sur-
name of the nine muses, because they
were held in great veneration in Theapia.

Thespis, a Greek poet of Attica, sup-
posed by some to be the inirentor of trage-
dy, five hundred and thirty-six years be-
fore Christ. lie went from town to tows
upon a cart, on which was erected a tem-
porary stage, where tw^ actors, whose
faces were daubed with the tees of wine,
entertained the audience with choral
songs.

Thespius, a king of Thespia, in Boeo-
tia, son of Krechthens.

Thesproti A, a country of Epims, bonnd-
ed on the south hy the sea. It is watered
by the rivers Acheron and Ct»cytus.

Thespbutus, a son of Lycaon, king of
Arcadia.

Thessalia, a country of Gfeece, whose
boundaries have been different at differ-
ent periods. Properly speaking, Thesaaly
was bounded on the south by the suuthern
parts uf Greece, or Grecia propria ; east,
by the iEgean ; north, by Macedonia and
Mygdonia ; and west, by lllyricum and
Epirus. Tbessaly is famous for a deluge
which happened there in the age of Deu-
calion.

TuEssALioif, a servant of Mentor, at
Sidon, in the age of Artaxerxes Ochus.

Thessaliotis, a part of Thessaly at the
south of the river Peneus.

Thcssaloivica, an ancient town of

Macedonia, first called Therma. A

daughter of Philip, kihg of JVIacedonia,
sister to Alexander the Great.

Thessalub, a son of iBmon. A son

of Hereulea and Calliope, daughter of £u-

ryphilus. A physician who invited

Alexander to a feast at Babylon to give

him poison. A physician of Lydia in

the age of Nero. A son of Cimon, who

accused Alcibiades because he imitated

the mysteries of Ceres. ^A son of Pisis-

tratus. A player in the age of Alexan-
der.

Thestalus, a scm of Hercules and £pi-
caste.

Theste, a sister of Dionysius the elder,
tyrant of Syracuse.

Thbstia, a town of ^tolia, between
the Evenus and Aclieious.-

Thsstias, a patronymic of AJthea,
daughter of Thestius.

TheStiad.v, the sonsof Thestius, Im-
eus and Plexippus.

THEiTia, a ficHintain in the coavtay of
Cyrene.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

397

Thestius, & king of Pleuroit. A

king of Thespia. The sons of Thesti-
us, called Thestiadte, were kilied by Mele-
ager at the chase of the Calydonian boar.

Thestor, a son'of Idraon and Laotlioe,
father to Calchas. From him Calchas is
often called Thtstorides.

Thesttlis, a country woman mention-
ed In Theocritus and Virgil.

Thetis, one of the sea-deities, daughter
of Nerens and Doris, often confounded
with Telhys, her grandmother. She was
courted by Neptune and Jupiter ; but when
the gods were informed that the son she
should briny forth must become great-
er than his father, their addresses were
stopped, and Peleus, the son of iEacus,
was permitted to solicit her hand. Their
nuptials were celebrated on mount Pelion.
with great pomp ; all the deities attended
except the goddess of discord, who pun-
ished the nejriigence of Peleus, by throw-
ing into the midst of the assembly a gold-
en apple, to be given to the fairest of all
the goddesses. Thetis became mother of
several children by Peleus, but all these
she destroyed by fire in attempting to see
whether they were immortal. Achilles
must have shared the same fate, if Peleus
had not snatched him from her hand as
she was going to repeat the cruel opera-
tion. She afterwards rendered him in-
vulnerable by plunging him in the waters
of the Styx, except that part of the heel
by which she held him.

Theutis, orTEUTHis,aprinceofatown
of the same name in Arcadia, who went
to the Trojan war.

Thia, the mother of the sun, moon, and

Aurora, by Hyperion. One of the Spo-

rades.

Thi AS, a Iiing of Assyria.

Thimbrow, a Lacediemonian chosen
general to conduct a war against Persia.

He died B. C. 391. A friand of Harpa-

lus.

Thiodamas, the fiither of TTylw.

Thirmida, a tawn of Numidia, where
Hiempsal was slain.

Thisbe, a beautiful woman of Babylon.
A town of Boeotia.

Tmisiab, a Sicilian writer.

Thisoa, one of the three nymphs who
fed Jupiter in Arcadia.

Thistie, a town of Boeotia.

Thoantium, a place on the seacoast at
Bhodes.

Thoas, a king of Taurica Chersoneans,
in the age of Orestes and Pylades. He
would have immolated these two celebrat-
ed strangers on Diana's altars, according
to the barbaroaa customs of the country,
Jh%d they not been delivered by Iphigenia.*

A king of Lemnos, son of Bacchus

and Ariadne the daughter of Minos, and

husband to Myrine. A son of Andre-

mon and Gorge, who went to the Trojan
34

war with fifteen or rather forty ships.——

A famous huntsman. A son of Icarius.

A son of Jason and Hipsipyle queen

of Lemnos.^: — A son of Ornytion, grand-
son of Sisyphus. A king of Assyria,

father of Adonis and Myrrha. A man

who made himself master of Miletus.

One of the friends of iEneaa. An

officer of iEtoIia.

Thoe, one of the Nereides. One of

the horses of Admetus. One, of the

Amazons.

Tholus, a town of Africa.

Thomyris, called also Tamyris, and
Tameris, was queen of the Massaj^etaB.
After her husband's death sije marched
against Cyrus, who wished to invade her
territories, cut his army to pieces, and
killed him on the spot.

THorr, an Egyptian physician.

Thonis, a courtezan of Egypt.

Thoon, a Trojan chief killed by Ulys-
ses. One of the giants who made war

against Jupiter.

THooAii., a sea nymph, daughter of
Phorcys.

Thootes, one of the Grecian heralds.

Thoranius, a general of Metellus, kill-
ed by Sertorius.

Thorax, a mountain near Magnesia in
Ionia, where the grammarian Daphitas
was suspended on a cross. A Lacedae-
monian officer who was put to death by

the Ephori. A man of Larissa, who

paid much attention to the dead body of
Antigonus.

Thoria lex, agraria, by Sp. ThoriijS,
the tribune. It ordained that no person
should pay any rent for tlie land which
lie possessed.

Thorn AX, a mountain of Argolis.

Thorsus, a river of Sardinia.

Thoth, an Egyptian deity, the same as
Mercury.

Thous, a Trojan' chief. One of Ac-

tajon's dogs.

Thrace, a daughter of Titan.— — ^A
name of Thrace.

Thraces, the inhabitants of Thrace.

Thracia, a large country of Europe, at
the south of Scythia, bounded by mount
Hsemus. The Thracians were looked
upon as a cruel and barbarous nation,
naturally brave and warlike, addicted to
drinking and venereal pleasures.

Thracidje, an illustrious family at Del-
phi.

Thracis, a town of Phocis.

Thraseas, or Thrasius, a soothsayer.

Paetus, a stoic philosopher of Patavi-

um, in the age of Nero.

Thrasioeus succeeded his ftither The-
ron as tyrant of Agrigentum. He v^as
conquered by Hiero, and soon after put to
death.

Thrasius, ft general of a mercenary
band in Sicily. A spendthrift at Rome.

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398

Thilmo, ft painter. A favorite of

Hieronymus. He was put to deatli by the

tyrant. Tlia cliaracter of a captain in

Terence.

TiiRASTBDLCs, a famous general of Ath-
ens who began the expulsion of the thirty
tyrants of his country though he was only
assieited by thirty of his friends. His
efforts were attended with success, B. C.
401, and the only reward he received for
this patriotic action was a crown made
with two twigs of an olive branch. After
he had gained many advantages, this
great man was killed in his camp by the
inhabitants of Aspendus, whom his sol-
diers had plundered without his know-
ledge, R. C. 391. A tyrant of Miletus,

B^. C. 634. A soothsayer descended

from ApOtlo. A son of Gelon, "banished

from Pyracuse, B. C. 4{H]. An Atheni-
an in the army of the Persians.

THUASTDsiua, a king of Thessaly, &,c.

THUAsyLLus^ a man of Attica, so disor-
dered in his mind that he believed all the
ships which entered the Pirseus to be bis

own. A general of the ACtienians.

A Greek Pythagorean mathematician and
philosopher.

Thrasymachts, a native of Caithape.
Though he was a public teacher at Ath-
ens, he starved for want cif bread, and at
fast hanged himself. A man who abol-
ished democracy at Cumc.

Thrasymedes, a son of Nestor. He
was one of the Grecian chiefs during the

Trojan war. Asonof Philomelus, who

jnarried a daughter of Pisistratus.

THaASYMENU-t, a lake of Itn'y near Pe-
rnsium. This lake is now called the lake
of Perugia.

TiiREiciua, of Thrace. Orpheus is
called by way of eminence Thrcicius Sa-
eerdos.

THRErssA, an epithet applied to Harpa-
lyce, a native of Thrace.

Threpsifpaa, a son of Hercules and
Pa nope.

Thriambcs, one of fhe surnames of
Bacchus.

THRornuM, a town of Phocis. An-
ther of Thesproiia.

Thbyon, a town of Messenia.

Thryus, a' town of Peloponnestis near
•Elia.

Thucydides, a celebrated Greek histo-
rian, horn at Athens. He wrot» an im-
partial history of the important events
which had beppened during the Pelopon-
nesian war and which stfll continued to
ngitate the several states of Greece. Thu-
cydides wrote in the Attic dialect, as pos
«essed of more viuor, purity, eleeance, and
energy. H6 spared neither time nor mon-
ey to procure authentic materials; and
the Athenians, as well aa their enemies,
fUrniflhed him wMl miiny vnluabic rom-
tnuaications, whicA fionuibuted to throw

great light on the different transaetions of
the war. His relations are authentic, as he
himself was interested in the events he
mentions and his impartialitv is indubita-
ble. The history of Thucydides was so ad-
mired, that l)emosthenes, to perfect him-
self as an orator, transcribed it eight differ-
ent times, and read it with such attention,
that he could almost repeat it by heart.
Thucydides died at Athens, where he had
been recalled froga his exile, in his
eightieth year, three hundred and ninety-
one years before Christ. A son of Mi-

lesias, in the age of Pericles j banished for
his opposition to the measures of Pericles.

Thuisto, one of the deities of the Ger-
mans.

Thule, an island in the most northern
parts of the German ocean, to which the
ancients gave the epithet of uUinia, Some
suppose that it is the island now called
Iceland or part of Greenland.

Thurijc, — II, or lUM, a town of Luca-
nia in Italy, built by a colony of Atheni-
ans, near tha ruins of Sybaris, B. C. 444.
A town of Messenia.

THURirvus, a name given to Augustu*
when he was young.

1'huscia, a country of Italy, the aanae
as Etruria.

Thya, a daughter of the Cephisua.

A place near Delphi.

Thyades, a name of the Bacchanals.
They received it from TAyos, daughter of
CtutaliuSf and mother of Delphus by Apol-
lo.

Thtamis, a river of Epirus falling* into
the ionian sea.

Thyana, a town of Cappadocia.

Thyatira, a town of Lydla, now JSki-
sar.

Thybarni, a people near Sardes.

Thyesta, a sister of Dionysius, the ty-
rant of Syracuse.

'i'HYESTEs, a son of Pelops and Hippo-
damia, and grandson of Tantalns, de-
bauched ^rope, the wife of his brother
Atreus, hecause he refused to take him
as his colleague on the throne of Argos.
This was no sooner known, than Atreus
divorced iErope, and banished Thyestea
from his kingdom ; but soon after the
more effectually to punish his infidelity,
he expressed a wish to be reconciled to
him, and recalled him to Argos. Thyes-
tes was received by his brother at an ele-
gant entertainment, but he was soon in-
formed that he had been feeding upon the
flesh of one of his own children. This
Atreus took care to communicate to him
by showing him the remains of his son's
body. This action appeared so barbarous,
that, according to the ancient mytholo-
gists, the sun changed his usual course,
not to be a spectator of so bloody a scene.
Thypstes escaped from his brother and
fleJ to Epirus. He died at Cythera.

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599

Thtmbra, a sinaU town of Lyi!!a, near
Sardes, celebrated for a battle which was
fought there between Cyrus and 'Croesus,

in which the latter was defeated. A

plain in Troas, through wliich a small i
river, called Thymbrius, falls in its course ■
to Che Scamander. j

TMTMB^fus, a surname of Apollb.

Thtmrris, a concubine of Jupiter, said

to be mother of Pan. A fountain and

river of Sicily .

Thtmele, a celebrated female dancer,
fkvored by Domitian.

Thtmiathis, a river of Epirus.

THTilocnAREs, an Athenian defeated in
a battle by the Lacedaemonians.

THTMoeTEi, a king of Athens. He Was
deposed because he refused to accept a
challenge sent by Xanthus kingof Boeotia,
and was succeeded by a Messenian, B. C.

1128. A Trojan prince, whose wife and

aon were put to death by order of Priam.

A son of Hicetaon, who accompanied

^neas into Italy.

Thtwi, or BiTHYwi, a people of Bithy-
«ia, bence the word Thyna merz applied
to their commodities. •

Thtoste, a name given to Semele.

Thtoneds, a surname of Bacchus from
liis Bother Semele, who was called Thy-

Tht 0TE8, a pr^st of the Cabiri, in Samo-
Chrace.

Thtrc, a town of the Messenians, fa-
mous for a battle fought there between the
Argives and the LacedoMnonians.

Thtrea^ an island on the coast of Pe-
l6ponnefliia.

Thtrsdm, atown of Acarnania.

Thtreus, a son of Lycaon, king of Ar-
cadia. A son of CEneus, king of Caly-

doa..

Thtridkb, three small islands at th»
point of Tenarus.

Thtriagetjk, a people of Sarmatia, who
live upon hunting.

Thtrsus, a river of Sardinia.

Thtssos, a town near mount Athos.

Thtot, a satrap of Paphlagonia.

TiASA^ a daughter of the Eurotas.

TiBAREvr, a people of Cappadocia.

A people of Pontus.

Tiberias, a town of Galilee, built by
Herod.

TiBERiifua,8on of Capetas, and kingof
Alba, was drowned in the river Albula,
which on that account assumed the name
of Tiberis.

TiBERis, Ttberis, Tiber, or Tibris, a
river of Italy, on whose banks the city of
Rome was built. It rises in the Appen-
nines, and falls into the Tyrrhene sea, six-
teen miles below Rome, after dividing Lsl-
tium from Etruria.

Tiberius, Claudius Drusus Nero, a

Roman emperor, successor to Augustus.

'Tbe beginning of bia reign seemed toi

profnise tranquillity to the \rorId ; but th»
real character of Tiberius soon manifested
itself. His ingratitude to his mother Li-
via, to whose intrigues he was indebted
for the purple, his cruelty to his wif»Julia,
and his tyrannicalx)ppression and murder
of many noble senators, rendered him
odious and disgusting to the people. Not
only his relations and friends, but the
great and opulent, were sacri(iced4to his
ambition or caprice : and there was scarcae
ly one family in Rome that did not re-
proach Tiberius for the loss of a brother,
a father, or a husband. He at last retired
to the island of Capres, on the coast of
Campania, where he buried himself in
unlawful pleasures. The care of the em-
pire was intrusted to favorites, among
whom Sejanus shone with great splendor.
Tiberius nominated Caius Caligula as his
successor, and died, after a reign of twen-
ty-two years, A. D. 3V. The character of
Tiberius has been examined with particu-
lar attention' by historians, and his reign
is the subject of the most perfect and ele-
gant of all the compositions of Tacitus.
Like the rest of tiie emperors, he received
divine honors after death, and even during
his life. It has been wittily observed
by Seneca, that he never was it^toxicated
but once all his life, for he continued in a
perpetual state of intoxication from the
time he gave himself to drinking till the
last moment of his life. A friend of Ju-
lius Caesar, whom he accompanied in the
war of Alexan^ia. Tiberius forgot the
favors he had received from his friend ;
and when he was assassinated, he wished
all his murderers to be publicly rewarded.

One of the Gracchi. Sempronius, a

son of Drusus and Livi&, the sister of Ger-

manicus, put to death "by Caligula. A

son of Brutus, put death by his father.

A Thracian made emperor of Rome in the
latter ages of the empire.

Ti BBS IS, a river of Scyttia.

TiBiscus, now TeissBy a river of Dacia.

TiBULA, a town of Sardinia.

TiBULLus, (Aulus Albius,) a Roman
knight celebrated for his poetical compo-
sitions. As he had espoused the cause of
Brutus, he lost his possessions- when the
soldiers of the triumvirate were rewarded
with lands ; but he might have recovered
them if he had condescended, like Virgil,
to make his eonrt to Augustus. Four
books of .elegies are the only remaining
pieces of his composition. They are un-
eomoMnly elegant and beautiful.

Tibur, an ancient town of the Sabines,
about twenty miles north of Rome, built
as some say by Tibur the son of Amphia-
raus. It was watered by the Anio, and
Hercules was the chief deity of the place,
from which circuiMtttnce it has been call-
ed Hereulei muru It waa the atat of seve-
ral of the Roma» villas.

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400

L. TiauBTiut, a centurion in CcBar's
army.

TiBURTua, the founder of Tibur.

TicHis, now Teehf a river of Spain.

TicHius, a name given to the top of
mount CEta.

Tic I DA, a Roman poet a few years be-
fore the age of Cicero.

Ticiwus, now Tesino, a river near THci-
nvm,4a small town of Italy, where the Ro-
o^ans were defeated by Annibal.

Tioiut, a man who joined Fompey.

TiEMA, a river of Laoonia.

TiFATA, a mountain of Campania, near
Capua. ^

TiFSRiTUH, a name common to three
towns of Italy.

TirERNirs, a mountain and river in the
country of the Samnitea.

TiOAsia, a son of Hercules.

TiocLLiNus, a Roman celebrated for his
intrigues and perfidy in the court of Nero.
He betrayed the emperor, and was order-
ed to destroy himself, 68 A. D.

TioELLius, a native of Sardinia, who
became the favorite of J. Cesar, of Cleo-
patra, and Augustus, by his mimicry and
facetiousness.

TioRAKEs, a king of Armenia, who
made himself master of Assyria and Cap-
padocia. He married Cleopatra, the daugh-
ter of Mithridates, and by the advicet)f his
father-in-law, he declared war against the
Romnns. He despised these distant ene-
mies, and even ordered the head of the
messenger to be cut off who first told him
that the' Roman general was boldly ad-
vancing towards his capital. His pride,
however, was soon abated, and though
be ordered the Roman consul Lucullus to
be brought alive into his presence, he fied
with precipitation from his capital, and
was soon after defeated near mount Tau-
rus. , His mean submission to Fompey,
the successor of Lucullus in Asia, and a
bribe of sixty thousand talents, insured
him on his throne, and he received a gar-
rison in his capital, and continued at
peace with the Romans. His second son
of the same name revolted against him,
and attempted to detlirone him with the
assistance, of the kinc of Parthia, whose

daughter he had married. A king of

Armenia in the reipn of Tiberius. He
was put to death. -One of the royal fam-
ily of the Cappadocians, chosen by Tiberi-
us to ascend the throne of Armenia. A

general of the Medes. A man appoints

ed king of Armenia by Nero. A prince

of Armenia in the age of Theodosius.

-TiGBANocERTA, uow Scre4j the capital
of Armenia.

TroREs, a river of Peloponnesus, called
also Harpys.

Tigris, now Basilen^a, a river of Asia,
and the eastern boundary of Mesopota-
mia.

TmcRiiTi, a warlike people among the
Helvetii, now forming the modern cantons
of Smtz, Zurich, St, OaU, and Sckaffkaur
sen.

TiLATJEi, a people of Thrace.

TiLATEMPTus, a river of Italy

TiLFossius, a mountain of Bceotia.

Also a fountain at the tomb of Tiresias.

TiLicM, a town of Sardinia, now J3r-
gentara,

TiLox, a northwest cape of Corsica.

TiLPHUMUs, a mountain of Boeotia.

TiMACus, a river of Mcesia falling into
the Danube.

TiMiEA, the wife of Agis, king of Spar-
ta.

TiMJEUs, a friend of Alexander. An

historian of Sicily, who flourished about

9(£2 B. C. All his composition* are lost.

A writer who published some treatises con-
cerning ancient philosophers. A Pytha-
gorean philosopher, born at Locri^. An

Athenian in the age of Alcibiades. A

sophist, who wrote a book called Ltxieon
vocvm PlatOTniearum.

TiMAGKirKs, a Greek historian of Alex-
andria, 54 B. C, brought to Rome by Ga-
binius, and sold as a slave to the son of
Sylla. His great abilities procured bim
his liberty, and gained the favors of tbe

great, and of Augustus. An historian

and rhetorician of Miletus. A man

who wrote an account of the life of Al-
exander. A general, killed at Cbe-

roneea.

TiMApoRAs, an Athenian, capitally pun-
ished for paying homage to Darius.

Another. Vid. Meles.

TiMAKDRA, a daughter of Leda, sister
to Helen. A mistress of Alcibia<Ms.

TiMANDRioEs, a Spartau, celebrated for
his virtues.

TiMAMTHss, a painter of SIcyon, in the
reign of Philip, the father of Alexander
the Great. In his celebrated painting of
Iphigenia going to be immolated he re-
presented all the attendants overwhelmed
wi^h grief; hut his superior genius, by
covering the face of Agamemnon, left to
the conception of the imagination the

deep sorrows of the father.-^ An athlete

of Cleone, who burnt himself when he
perceived that his strength began to foil.

TiMARCHUs, a philosopher of Alexan-
dria. A rhetorician, who hung him-
self.— A Cretan, accused before Nero of

oppression. An officer in iGtolia, who

burnt his ships to prevent the flight of his

companions. A king of Salamts.*^—

A tyrant of Miletus, in' the age of Antio-
chus.

TiMARETA, a priestess of the oracle of
Dodona.

TiMAsioN, one of the leaders of the ten
thonsand Greeks, &c.

TiMAsiTHEUs, a prince of lipara.

TiuATus, a broad river of Italy.

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401

TiMEsius, a native of Ciacomene, who
betmn to build Altdera.

TiMocHARis, an astronomer of Atoxan-
dria, 294 B. C.

TiMocLBA, a Theban lady, sister to The-
ngenea, who.was killed at Cheronspa. One
of Alexander's soldiers offered her vio-
lence, after which she led her.ravisher to
a well, find while he believed that im-
mense treasures were concealed therf,
Timoclea threw him into it.
TrMocLEa, two Greek poets of Athens.

A statuary' of Athens.

TiMocRATEs, a Greek philosopher of

uncommon austerity. A Syracuaan,

who married Arete when Dion had been
banished into Greece by Dionysius,

TiMocREON, a comic poet of Rhodes,
who otytained poetical' as well as gymnas-
tic prizes at Olympia. He lived about
four hundred and seventy-six years before
Christ.
TiMODEMus, the father of Timoleon.
TiuoLA<78, a Spartan, intimate with

Philopcemen. A son of the celebrated

!2enohia. A general of Alexander.

TiMorLBoiT, a Celebrated Coriuthian, Bon
of Timodemua and Demariste. He was
such an enemy to tyranny, that he did not
hesitate to murder his o^yn brother Timo-
phanes, when he attempted, against his
representations, to make himself absolute
in Corinth. 'When the 8yracusans, op-
pressed with the tyranny of Dionysius the
younger, and of the Carthaginians, had
solicited the assistance of the Corinthians,
all looked upon Timoleon as a proper de-
liverer, but all applications would have
been disregarded, ir one of the magistrates
had not awakened in him the sense of
natural liberty. THmoleon, says he, if you
oeeept of the command ojfikis expeditiony toe
vUl believe that you have kUled a tyrant ; but
ifnotf toe cannot but call you your brother^ s
murderer. This had due effect, and Ti-
moleon sailed for S»-acu8e in ten ships,
accompanied by about one thousand men.
The Carthaginians attempted to oppose
him, but Timoleon eluded their vigilance.
Icetas. who had the possession of the city,
was defeated, and Dionysius, who de-
spaired of success, gave himself up into
the hands of the Corinthian general. Ti-
moleon thus became master of Syracuse.
When the city was thus delivered from
tyranny, the eonqweror extended his be-
nevolence to the other states of Sicily,
and all the petty tyrants were reduced
and banished from the island. The gra-
titude of the Sicilians was shown every
where to their deliverer. Timoleon was
received with repeated applause in the
public assemblies, and though a private
man, unconnectea with the government,
he continued to enjoy his former influence
at Syracuse ; his advice was consulted on
matters of importance, and his authority
34* ■

respected. Timrjleon died at Syracuse
about three hundied and thirty -seven
years before the Christian era.

TiMOM.tcHcs, a painter of Byzantium,

in the a«re of Sylla and Marius. A

general of Athens.

TiMON, a native of Athens, called Mia-
antkropc, for his unconquerable aversion

to mankind and all society. A Greek

poet in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus.
He wrote several dramatic pieces, all now
lost. An athlete of Elis.

TiM0PHA.!7K5, a Coriutbian, brother to'
Timoleon. He attempted to make him-
self tyrant of his country, by means of the
mercenary soldiers with whom he had
fought against the Argives and Cleomenes.
Timoleon wished to convince him of the
impropriety of his measures, and when he
found him unmoved, he caused him to be
assassinated. A man of Mitylene, cele-
brated for his riches, &c.

TiMOTHEus, a poet and musician of Mi-
letus. He died about the ninetieth year
of his age, two years before the birth of

Alexander the Great. An Athenian

general, son of Conon. He signalized
himself by his valor and magnanimity,
but his ill success in one of bis expedi*
tions disgusted the Athenians, and Tirao-
theus, like the rest of his noble predeces-r
sors, was fined a large sum of money. He

retired to Chalcis, where he died, A

Greek statuary. A tyrant of Heraclea,

who murdered his father. A king or

the Sapiei.

TiMoxEifus, a governor of Sicyon, who

betrayed his trust. A general of the

Achaeans.

TiNGig^ now Tan/[Urj a maritime town
of Afi'ica m Mauritania, buil| by the giaal
Antaeus.

TiitiA, a river of Umbria.

TiPHA, a town of Boeotia.

TiFHTs, the pilot of the ship of the Ar*
gonauts.

TiPHTSA, a daughter of Thestius.

TiREsiAs, a celebrated prophet of
Thebes, son of Everus and Chariclo. He
lived to a great age, which some authofs
have called as long as seven generations
of men, others six, and others nine, dur^
ing the time that Polydorus, Labdacus,
Laiufe, CBdipus, and his sons, sat on the
throne of Thebes. He was struck with
blindness by Juno, whom he had ofiend-
ed. During his lifetime, Tiresias was an
infallible oracle to all Greece. The gen-
erals, during the I'helian war, consulted
him, and found his predictions verified.
He at last died,' after drinking the waters
of a cold fountain, which froze his blood.
Tie was buried with great pomp by the
Thebans on mount Tilphtissus, and ho-
nored as a god. His oracle at Orchome-
nos was in universal esteem.

TiBiBAixi, an ofllcer of ArtMorxei,

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402

TiKtDA, a town of Thrace.

TiBi DATES, « king of Farihia, after the

expalaion of Phraates by lun subjects.

A man made king of Parthia by Tiberius,

after the death of Phraates. A keeper

of the royal treasures at Persepolis. A

king of Armenia, in the reign of Nero.

A son of Phraates.

Tiars, a general of the Tbracians, who
opposed Antiochus.

Tiro, Tollius, a freedman of Cicero,
greatly esteemed by his master for his
learning and good qualities.

TiKrNTHiA,a name given to Alcmena.

TiRTifTHos, a town of Argolis in the
Peloponnesus.

Tis.>ECM, a mountain of Thessaly.

Tib AGO HAS, a brother of Miltiades.

TisAMEffss, or TisAMBifus, a son of
Orestes and Hermione. the daughter of
Menelaus, who succeeded on the throne

of Argos and Lacedemon. A king of

Thebes, son of Thersander, and grandson
of Polynices. A native of Elis, crown-
ed twice at the Olympic games.

Tis A If DBus, one of the Greeks concealed
with Ulysses in the wooden horse.

TiSAHCHUs, a friend of Agathocles, by
whom he was murdered.

TisDRA, a town of Africa.

TisiARus, a town of Africa.

TisiAs, an ancient philosopher of Sicily,
considered by some as the inventor of
rhetoric.

TisiPHoirx, one of the Furies, daughter
of Nox and Acheron, who was the minis-
ter of divine vengeance upon mankind,
who visited them with plagues and dis-
eases, and punished the wicked in Tar-
tarus. She was represented with a whip
in her band ; serpents hung from her head,
and were wreathed round her arms in-
stead of bracelets. A daughter of Ale-

ronon and Manto.

TisiPHoirus, a man who conspired
against Alexander, tyrant of Phene, and
feized the sovereign power.

TissA, now RandaiiOy a town of Sicily.

Tmsaphsrnbs, an officer of Darius.

A- satrap of Persia. The king ordered
bim to be put to death when he had been

conquered by Agesilaus, 395 B. G. An

officer in the army of Cyrus.
.TiTJKA, the mother of the Titans.

TiTAW, or TiTAWus, a son of Coetus and
Terra, brother to Saturn and Hyperion.
He was the eldest of the children of Cce-
Ins ; but be gave his brother Saturn the
kingdom of the world, provided he raised
no male children. Titan is a name applied
to Saturn by Orpheus and Lucian,; lo the
sun by Virgil and Ovid ; and to Prome-
theus by Juvenal.

TiTANA, a town of Sicyonia in Pelopon-
nesus. Titanus reigned there. A man

pkilled in astronomy.

TiTAifBii a QAQie given to the soni of

Coelus and Terra. They were forty-five
'in number, according to the Egyptians.
The most known of the Titans are Satam.
Hyperion, Oceanus, Japetus, Cottus, aoa
Briareus. They were all of a gigantic
stature and with pro|X)rtionalile strength.
The wars of the Titans against the gods
are very celebrated in mythology.

TiTAiTiA, a patronymic applied to Pyr-
rha.

Titan IDES, the daughters of Coelus and
Terra.

TiTANcs, a river in Peloponnesus, with
a town and mountain of the same name.

TiTAREsus, a river of Thessaly, called
also Eurotas, flowing into the Peneus.

TtTEivus, a river of Colchis, falling into
the Euxine sea.

TiTHEiTioiA, a festival of Sparta, in
which nurses conveyed male infants in-
trusted to their charge, to the temple of
Diana, where they sacrificed young pigs.
During the time of the solemnity, they
generally danced and exposed themselves
in ridiculous postures.

TiTHoiruS) a son of Laomedon, king of
Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of the Sca-
manaer. He was so beautiful that Auro-
ra became enamored of him, and carried
him away. He begged of Aurora to be
immortal, and the goddess granted it } but
as he had forgotten to ask the vigor, youth,
and beauty, which he then enjoyed, he
soon crew old, infirm, and decrepid ; and
as liiS became insupportable to him, he
prayed Aurora to remove him from the
world. As he could not die, the goddess
changed him into a cicada, or grasshop-
per.

TiTHORXA, one of the tops of Pamaa-
sus.

TiTHRAUsTEs, a Petsiau satrap, B. C.
395, ordered to murder Tissaphemes by

Artaxerxes. The name was common to

some of the superior officers of state in the
court of Artaxerxes.

TiTiA, a deity among the Milesians.

TiTiA LEX de matruftratthus^ by P. Titius,
the tribune, A. U. C. 710. It ordained
that a triumvirate of magistrates should
be invested with consular power to pre-
side over the republic for five years.

Another, de provinciisy which required
that the provincial questors should receive
their provinces by lot.

TiTiANA Flayia, the wife of the empe-
ror Pertinax, disgraced herself by her in-
continence.

TiTiANus, Attil. a noble Roman, put to
death A. D. 156, by the senate, for aspir-
ing to the purple. A brother of Otho.

TiTii, priests of Apollo at Rome.

TiTiirins. a tribune of the people in the

first ages or the republic. A friend of

Cassius, who killjed himself. One of

the slaves who revolted at Capua.

Titius Paocui.vt, a Roman knigbt, ap-

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pointed to watch Messalina. A tribune

of the people who exacted the Titian law.

Septiminua, a poet in the Augustan

age.

TiTosMiTt, a shepherd of iEtoIia called
another Herculesy on account of his prodi-
gious strength.

TiTURius, a friend of Julia Sllana, who
informed against Agrlppina. A lieuten-
ant of Caesar in Gaul.

Titus Vespasianus, son of Veapastan
and Flavia Domicilla, became ki)own by
bis valor in the Roman armies, particular-
ly at the siege of Jerusalem. In the
seventy-ninth year of the Christian era,
he was invested with the imperial pur-
ple, and the Roman people had every
reason to expect in him the barbarities
of a Tiberius, and the debaucheries of a
Nero. When raised to the throne, how-
ever, he tboogbt himself bound to be the
father of his people, the guardian of vir-
tue, and the patron of liberty ; and Titus
is, perhaps, the only monarch who, when
invested with uncontrollable power, bade
adieu to those vices, those luxuries and
indulgences, which as a private man he
never ceased to gratify. To do good to his
subjects was the ambition of Titus, and it
was at the recollection that he had done no
service, or granted no favor one day, that
he exclaimed in the memorable words of
MyfriejuLsj I have last a day ! Two of the
senators conspired against his life, but the
emperor disregarded their attempts, he
made them his friends by kindness, and
like another Nerva, presented them with
a sword to destroy him. He died the thir-
teenth of September, A. D. 81, in the for-
ty-Arst year of his age, after a reign of
two years, two months, and twenty days.
The news of his death was received with
lamentations ; Rome was filled with tears,
and all looked upon themselves as depriv-
ed of the most benevolent of fathers.
Titus Tatius, a king of the Sabines.

Livius, a celebvated historian. A

son of Junius Brutus, put to death by order
of his father, for conspiring to restore the

Tarqnins. A friend of Coriolanus.

A native of Crotona, engaged in Catiline's
conspiracy.

TiTTBus, a shepherd introduced in Vir-

j(il*B eclogues. A large mountain of

Crete.

TiTTus, a celebrated giant, son of Ter-
ra ; or, according to others of Jupiter, by
Elara, the daughter of Orchomenos. Ti-
tyus attempted to offer violence to Latona,
but the goddess delivered beraelf from his
imptNtunities, by calling to her assistance
her children, who killed the giant with
their arrows. He was placed in hell,
where a serpent continually devoured his
liver ; or, according to others, where vul-
tures perpetually fed upon iiis entrails,
whicb grew again as aeon as devoured.

TiuM, or TioN, a maritime towa of
Paphlagonia.

TLEP0LEMUs,a son of Hercules and As-
tyochia, burn at Argos. He went to the
Trojan war with nine ships, and was kill-
ed by Sarpedon. There were some festi-
vals established at Rhodes in his honor,

called Thpolemia. One of Alexander's

generals. An Egyptian general, who

fiouriahed B. C. 907.

Tmarus, a Rutulian in the wars of
iEneas. A mountain of Thesprotia.

Tmolus, a king of Lydia. The moun-
tain on which he was buried bore his

name. A town of Asia Minor. A

mountain uf Lydia. The neighbouring
country was very fertile, and produced
plenty of vines, saffron, and odoriferous
tiowers.

Tog ATA, an epithet applied to a certain
part of Gaul.

ToooNius Callus, a senator of ignoble
birth, devoted to the interest of Tiberius.

Tolbiacum, a town of Gallia Belgica,
south of Juliers.

ToLENus, a river of Latium.

TuLETUM, now Toledo, a town of Spain.

ToLisTOBoii, a people of Galatia in
Asia.

Tolls wTiwuM, a town of Picenum.

ToLMiDEB, an Athenian officer, defeat-
ed and killed in a battle in Bceotia, 447
B. C.

Tolosa, now Toulouse^ the capital of
Languedoc, a town of Gallia Narbopensis,
which became a Roman colony under Au-
gustus, and was afterwards celebrated for
the cultivation of the sciences.

Tolumnus, an augur in the army of

Tumus against ^neas. A king of

Veil.

ToLus, a man whose head was found
in digging for the foundation of the capi-
tol, in the reign of Tarquin.

ToMJEUM, a mountain of Peloponnesus.

ToMisA, a country between Cappadocia
and Taurus.

ToMos, or ToMis, a town situate on the
western shores of the Euxine sea, about
thirty-six miles from the mouth of the
Danube.

ToMEA, a solemnity observed at Samos.
It was usual to carry Juno's statue to the .
seashore, and to offer cakes before it, and
afterwards to replace it again in the tem-
ple.

ToivGiLLius, an avaricious lawyer.

Topaz OS, an island in the Arabian gulf.
The valuable stone called topaz is found-
there.

TopiRis, or Tophus, a town of Thrace.
ToRiNi, a people of Scythia.

ToBoivE, a town of Macedonia — of Epi*
rus.
ToRouATA, one of the vestal virgins.
ToB<iuATUs, a surname of Titus Man-<
Uus. Silanas, an officer put to death hjf

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404

Nero.— —A governor of Oricnm. An

officer in Sylla's army. A Roman sent

ambassador to the court of Ptolemy Pbilo-
metor of Egypt.
ToRTOF, a surname of Apollo.
ToRi'5, a mniintnjn of Sicily.
ToRy:^E, a small town near Actium.
ToxANDRi, a people of Uallia Belgica.
ToxARiDiA, a festival at Athens.
ToxECB, a son of (Eneua, killed by his
father.
ToxicRATE, a daughter of The$ipi (18.
Q,. Trabea, a comic poet at Rome in
the aee of Kegulus.

Trachalus, M. Galerius, a consul in
the reipn of Nero, celebrated for his elo-
quence as an orator, and for a majestic

and t-onimandini; aspect. One of the

friends and ministers of Otho.
Trachab, a town of Latium.
Trachima, a small country of Phthio-
tia, on the bay of Malea, near mount Oi^ta.
Trachonitib, a part of Jndspa.
Traocrium, a town of Dalmatia.
Traoub, a river of Arcadia.

TRAjAifopoLiB, a town of Thrace. A

name given to Selinus of Ciliria.

Trajanob, (M. Ulpius Crinitus,) a Ro-
man emperor, born at Italica in Ppain.
When Nerva died, the election of Trajan
to the vacant throne was confirmed by
the unanimous rejoicings of the people,
and the free concurrence of the armies on
the confines of Germany, and the banks
of the Danube. All the'actions of Trajan
showed a good and benevolent prince,
whose virtues truly merited the encomi-
ums which the pen of an elegant and
courteous paneg)-rist has paid. The bar-
barians continued quiet, and the hostili-
ties which they generally displayed at the
election of a new emperor whose military
abilities they distrusted, were now few,
and even Dacia became a province of
Rome. Trajan passed through the sub-
missive kingdom of Armenia, and by his
well-directed operations, made himself
■ master of the provinces of Assyria and
Mesopotamia. He extended his conquests
in the east, he obtained victories over un-
known nations, and when on the extremi-
ties of India, he lamented that he pos-
sessed not the vigor and youth of an Al-
exander, that he might add unexplored
provinces and kingdoms to the Roman
empire. This, however, waa but the
blaze of transient glory. Trajan had no
sooner sienified his intention of return-
ing to Italy, than the, conquered barba-
rians appeared aeain in arms, and the Ro-
man empire did not acquire one single
acre of territory from the conquests of
her sovereign in the east. The return of
the emperor towards Rome was haj^tened
by indisposition, be stopped in Cilicia, and
in the town of Selinus, which afterwards
was called Trajanopolis, be was seized

with a flux, and a few days after ex-
pired, in the beginning of August, A. D.
117, after a reign of nineteen years, six
months, and fifteen days, in the sixty-
fourth year of his age. J'he ashes of Tra-
jan were carried to Rome, and deposited
under the stately column which he had

erected a few years before. The father

of the em(ieror. A general of the empe-
ror Valens. A son of the emperor De-

cius.

Trajectus Rheni, now Utrecht, the

capital of one of the provinces of Holland.

Tralles, a town of Lydia, now Stdtan-

Msar. A people of Illyricum.

TRANSTiBERirrA, a. part of the city of
Rome one side of the Tiber.

Trapezus, a city of Pontus, built by the
people of Sinope, now called Trebi'zontL

A town of Arcadia near the Alpheus.

Trabdllus, a man who taught Tiberius
astrology at Rhodes.

Traulus Mo!vtai*u8, a Roman knight,
put to death by Claudius.
Treba, a town of the vEqui.
C. Trebatius Tebtas, a, Roman not
less distinguished for his learning than for
his integrity, his military experience, and
knowledge of law.

Trebelliaivus, (C. Annius,) a pirate
who proclaimed himself emperor of Rome,
A. D. 264.

Trebelliexcs Rdfdb, a priPtor ap-
pointed governor of the children of king

Cotys, by Tiberius. A tribune who

opposed the Gabinian law. A Roman

who numbered tbe inhabitants of Gaul.

Trebellius Pollio, a Latin historian,
who wrote an account of the lives of the
emperors. He flourished A. D. 305.

Trebia, a river of Cisalpine Gaul.

A town of Latium of Campania

of Umbria.
TREBiu8,an oflicer in Caesar's army in

Gaul. A parasite in Domitian's rei^n.

Treboria lex, de p-ovinciis, by L. Tre-
bonius the tribune, A. U. C. 698. An-
other by the same in the same year, con-
ferred the command of the provinces of
Pyria and Spain on Cnssius and Pompey,

for five years. Another by L. Trehoni-

us, the tribune, A. U. C. 305, which con-
firmed the election of the tribunes in the
hands of the Roman people.

Trebokius, a soldier remarkable for
his continence. Garuclanus, a govern-
or of Africa. A tribune who proposed

a law at Rome, and imprisoned Cato, be-
cause he opposed it. One of the adher-
ents of Marius.
Trepcla, a town of the Sabines, cele- ^

brated for cheese. Another in Campa- **

nia.
Trerus, a river of Latium.
Treb TABERN-i:, a place on tbe Appi-
an road, where travellers took refresh^
ment.

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Trktsri, a town and people of Bel-
gium. ^

TjiiABiA, a woman well known for her
cruelty.

C. Triarius, an orator, commended by

Cicero. A friend of Pompey. He was

killed in the civil wars of Pompey and
Cfesar.

Tribau.1, a people of Thrace ; or, ac-
cording to some, of Lower Moesla..

Triboci, a people of Alsace in Gaul.

Tribulium, a town of Dalmatia.

Tribuni Plebis, magistrates at Rome,
created in the year U. C. 2(51, when the
people after a quarrel with the senators
had retired to Mons Sacer. The two first
were C. Licinius, and L. Albinus, but
their number was soon after raised to
five,and ttrirty-seven years after to ten,
which remained fixed. Their office was
annual, and as the first had been created
on the fourth of the ides of December,
that day was ever afler chosen for the
election. Their power, though at first
small, and granted by the patricians to
appease the momentary seditions of the
populace, soon became formidable, and
the senators repented too late of having
consented to elect magistrates, who not
only preserved the rights of the people,
but could summon assemblies, propose
laws, stop the consultations of the senate,
and even abolish their decrees by the
word Veto. Their approbation was also
necessary to confirm the senatitS consulta,
and this was done by affixing the letter
T. under it. If any irregularity happened
in the state, their power was almost ab-
solute ; they criticised the conduct of all
the public magistrates, and even dragged
a consul to prison, ir the measures he

Sursued were hostile to the peace of
ome. The dictator alone was their
superior, but when that magistrate was
elected, the office of tribune was not, like
that of all other inferior magistrates, abol-
ished while he continued at the head of
the state. The people paid them so much
deference, that their person was held sa-
cred, and thence they were always called
Saerosancti. To strike them was a capi-
tal crime, and to interrupt them while
thty spoke in the aesemblies, called for
the immediate interference of power.
Their authority was not extended beyond

the walls of the city. There were also

other officers who bore the name of tri-
bunes, such as the tribuni miUtum or mili-
tarea, who commanded a division of the
legions. They were empowered to de-
cide all quarrels that micht arise in the
army, they took care of the camp, and
gave the watch -word. They wore a gold-
en ring, and were in office no loneer than
six mot)ths. When the consuls were
elected, it was usual to choose fourteen
tribUQes from ffie knights, who had serv-

ed five years in the army, and who werft
called j'aniuresy and ten from the people
who had been in ten campaigns, who
were called seniores.— -—There were also
some officers called tribuni militurn consu-
lari potestate, elected instead of consuls,

A. U. C. 'SIO. The tribuni cohortium

praturianarum^ were intrusted with the
person of the emperor^ which they guard-
ed and protected. The tribuni eBrariij

were officers chosen from among the peo-
ple, who kept the money which was to
be applied to defray the expenses of the

army The tribuni eelerum had the

command of the guard which Romulus

chose for the safety of his person.

The tribuni voluptatum were commission-
ed to take care of the amusements which
were prepared for the people, and that
nothing might be wanting in the exhibi-
tions. This office was also honorable.

Tricala, a fortified place at the south
of Sicily.

Tricasiss, a people of Champagne in
Gaul.

^Thicastini, a people of Gallia Narbo-
nensis.

Tricck, a town of Thessaly, where
iEsciilapius had a temple.

Trichonil'm, a town of ^fltolia.

Triclaria, a yearly festival celebrated
by the inhabitants of'three cities in Ionia,
Aroe, Messatis^ and Anthea.

TRicoaii, a people of Gaul, now Daun
phini.

Tricorythus, a town of Attica.

Tricrena, a place of Arcadia, where,
according to some. Mercury was born.

Trioentum, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, ,
now called TVent.

Trieterica, festivals In honor of Bac-
chus celebrated every three years.

TRirANUH, a place of Latium near Si-
nuessa.

TarFOLiifua, a mountain of Campania
famous for wine.

Trioehina, one of the Roman gates.

Triivacria, or Trinacris, one of the
ancient names of Sicily.

Trinium, a river of Italy fklling into
the Adriatic.

Triivob ANTES, a people of Britain.

Tkiocala, or Triocla, a town in the
southern parts of Sicily.

Triopas, or Triops, a son of Neptane

by Canace. the daughter of iEolus.

A son of Phorbas, fiither to Agenor, Jasus,
and Messene. A son of Plranthus.

Tri OPIUM, a town of Caria.

Triphvlia, one of tbe ancient names

of Elis. A mountain where Jupiter

had a temple in the island Panchaia.

Tripolis, an ancient town, of Phoeni-
cia. A town of Pontus. A district

of Arcadia of Laconia of Thessa-

Iv. A town of Lydia or Caria. A

district of Africa betw€*n the ^yrtes.

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TmirroLBMut, a son of Oceanai and
Terra, or^ according to some, of Trocbi-
lufl, a priest of Argos. He was born at
KleiisH in Attirn, and was cured in bis
yontli uf a severe illness by the care of
lVre8, wbo bad been invited into tbe
r house of Celeus by tlie monarch's chil-
dren, as she travelled over the countiy in
que.-«t of her daughter. Ceres, unable to
make him immortal, taught him agricul-
ture, and rendered him serviceable to
mankind, by instructing him how to sow
corn, and make bread.

Trk^uetha, a name given to Sicily.

Trismegi9tcs, a famous Egyptian.

Tritia, a daughter of tbe river Triton.
A town In Achaia.

Tritooenia, a surname of Pallas.

Triton, a sea-deity, son of Neptune,
by Ampbilrite. He was very powerful
among the sea-deities, and could calm the
ocean and abate storms at pleasure. He
is generally represented as blowing a
shell, his body above the waist is like

that of a man, and below a dolphin.

A river of Africa fifilling into the lake Tri-

tonis. One of the names of the Nile.

A small river of BoBotia, or Thesaaly.

Tritonis, a lake and river of Africa,
near which Minerva had a temple, whence

she is surnamed Tritonu^ or Tritonia.

Athens is also called TVttonw, because
dedicated to Minerva.

Tritonon, a town of Doris.

Trite NTi'M, a town of the Samnites.

Trivia, a surname given to Diana, be-
cause she presided over all places where
three roads met.

Trivue antrum, a place in the valley
of Aricia, where the nymph Eseria resided.

Trivia lucus, a place of Campania, in
the bay of Cums.

Trivicujj, a town in the country of tbe
Hirnini in Italy. '

Triumviri reipubliea coTuttituenday were
three magistrates appointed equally to
govern the Roman state with absolute
power. The first triumvirate, B. C. 60,
was in tbe bands of J. Ciesar, Pompey,
and CrassuSj who at the expiration of
their office kindled a civil war. The se-
cond and last triumvirate, B. C. 43, was
under Au^stua, M. Antony, and Lepidus,
and through them the Romans totally lost
their liberty. The triumvirate was in full
force at Rome for the space of about twelve

years. There were also officers who

were called triumviri capitalesj created A.
U. C. 464. They took cognizance of mur-
ders and robberies, and every thing in

which slaves were concerned. The

triumoirinocturni watched over the safety
of Rome in the night time, and in case of
fire were evf r ready to give orders, and
to take tbe most effectual measures to

extinguish it. The triumviri agrarU

had tbe care of colonies that were sept-to

settle in different parts of the empire.

Tbe triumviri monetalts were masters of
the mint, and bad tbe care of tbe coin>
henre their office was generally intimated
by the following letters, often Keen on an-
cient coins and medals ; III VI R. A. A.
A. F. F. i. e. Triumviri auro, argento, are

flandoyferiendo. The triumviri vaUtudi-

nia weroi chosen when Rome was visited
by a plague or some pestiferous distemper,
and they took particular care of the tem-
ples of health and virtue. The trium-
viri tenatus legtndi, were appointed to
name those that were most worthy to be
made senators from among tbe plebeians.
■The triumviri mensarii were chosen

in the second Punic war, to take care of
tbe coin and prices of exchange.

Triumvirorum insula, a place on the
Rhine which falls into the Po, where the
iriumvirs Antony, Lepidus, and Augus-
tus, met to divide the Roman empire after
tbe battle of Mutrna.

Troades, the inhabitants of Troas.

Troab, a country of Fhrygia in Asia
Minor, of which Troy was the capital.
Troas was anciently called Dardania.

Trochoib, a lake in the island of Delos,
near whicb Apollo and Diana were bom.

Trocmi, a people of Galatia.

Trcezene, a town of Argolis, in Pelo-
ponnesus, near tbe Saronicus Sinus.

Another town at the south of tbe Pelo-
ponnesus.

Trogilijb, three small islands near Sa-
moa.

Trooilium, a part of mount Mycale,
projecting into the sea.

Trogilus, a harbor of Sicily.

Troolodttje, a people of ^Ethiopia,
wbo dwelt in caves.

Troous Pompeius, a Latin historian,
B. C. 41, born in Gaul. Trogus wrote an
universal history of all the most important
events that bad happened from the begin-
ning of the world to the age of Augustus,
divided into forty-four books.

Troja, a city, the capital of Troas, or
according to others, a country of which
Illium was the capital. It was built on a
small eminence near mount Ida, and the
promontory of Sigfieum, at tbe distance of
about four miles rrom the seashore. Dar-
danus the first king of the country built
it, and called it Dardania.^ and from Tros
one of his successors it was called TVo/a,
and from Ilus Ilion. This city has been
celebrated , by the poems of Homer and
Virgil, and of all the wars which have
been carried on among tbe ancients, that
of Troy is the most famous. The Trojan
war was undertaken by the Greeks, to
recover Helen, whom Paris the sod of
Priam king of Troy hid carried away
from the house of Menelauf, Ail Greece
united to avenge the cause of Menelaas,
and every prince fdrnisbed a certain num-

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ber of ships and soldiers. After tUe siege
had been carried on for ten years, some
of the Trojans betrayed the city into the
hands of the enemy, and Troy was reduc-
ed to ashes. The^poets, however, 8iii>-
port, that the Greeks made themselves
masters of the place by artifice. They
secretly filled a large wooden horSe with
armed men, and led away their army from
the plains, as if to return home. The Tro-
jans broaght the«wooden horse into their
city, and in the night the Greeks that
were confined within the sides of the ani-
mal, rushed out and opened the gates to
their companions, who had returned from
the place of their concealment. The great-
est part of the inhabitants were put to
the sword, and .the others carried away
by the conquerors. This happened, ac-
cording to the Arundelian marbles, about
1184 years before the Christian era, in the
3530th year of the Julian period, on the
night between the 11th and 13th of June,
408 years before the first olympiad. Some-
time after, a new city was raised, about
thirty stadia from the ruins of the old
Troy : but though it bore the ancient
name, and rec<!ived ample donations from
Alexander the Great, when be^isited it
in his Asiatic expedition, yet it continued
to be small, and in the age of Strabo it
w^as nearly in ruins.

Trojawi and Trojuoeita, the inhabit-
ants of Troy.

Trojami ludi, games instituted by
^neas or his son Ascanius, to commem-
orate the death of Anchises, and celebrat-
ed in the circus at Rome. Boys of the
best families^ dressed in a neat manner,
and accoutred with suitable arms and
weapons, were permitted to enter the list.

TRoiLoa, a son of Priam and IJecuba,
killed by Achilles during the Trojan war.

Tromentina, one of the Roman tribes.

Trop^a, a towp of the Brutii. A

gtone monument on the Pyrenees, erected
by Pompey. Drusi, a town of Germa-
ny where Drusus died, and Tiberius was
saluted emperor by the army.

TROFHoifius, a celebrated architect son
of Erginus, king of Orchomenos in Boeo-
tia. He built Apollo's temple at Delphi,
with the assistance of his brother Agahie-
des, and when he demanded of the god a
reward for bis trouble, he wa« told by the
priestess to wait eight days, and to live
during that time with all cheerfulness and
pleasure. When the days were passed.
Trophonius and his brother were found
dead in their bed. Trophonius was ho-
nored as a god, he passed fbr the son of
Apollo, a chapel and a statue were erect-
ed to him, and sacrifices were offered to
bis divinity when consulted to give ora-
eles. There Were annually exhibited
fames in honor of Trophonius at Lebadea.

Tros, a son of Ertetbonius, king of

Troy, who married Callirhoe, the daugb«
ter of the Scamander. The capital of
Phrygia was called Troja from him, aud
the country itself Troas.

Trossuluk , a town of Etruria.

Trotilum, a town of Sicily.

Truentum, or Truentinum, a river of
Picenum, falling into the Adriatic. There
is also a town of the same name in the
neighborhood.

Trtpherus, a celebrated cook.

Trtphiodorus, a Greek poet and gram-
marian of Egypt, in the sixth century,
who wrote a poem in twenty-four books
on the destruction of Troy, from which
he excluded the u in the first book, the ^
in the second, and the y in the third, &.c.

Tryphon, a tyrant of Apamea in Syria,

put to death by Antiochus. A surname

of one of the Ptolemies. A grammarian

of Alexandria, in the age of Augustus.

TuBANTEs, a people of Germany.

Tubero, (Q,. iElius,) a Roman consul,
son-in-law of Paulus the conqueror of^
Perseus. He is celebrated for his poverty,
in which he seemed to glory as well as
the rest of his family. Sixteen of the Tu-
beros, with their wives and children, lived
in a small house, and maintained them-
selves with the produce of a little field,
which they cultivated with their own
hands. The first piece of silver plate that
entered tbe house of Tubero was a small
cup which his father-in law presented to
him, after he had conquered the king of
Macedonia. A learned man. A go-
vernor of Africa. A Roman general

who marched against the German* under
the emperors. He was accused of treason,
and acquitted.

TuBORBo, two towns of Africa, called
Major and Minor.

TuccA, Plautius, a friend of Horace and
Virgil. A town of Mauritania.

TucciA, an immodest woman in Juve-
nal's age.

TociA, a river near Rome.

TuDER, or ToDERTiA, an ancient town
of Umbria. The inhabitants were called
T^deHes.

TuDRi, a people of Germany.

TuoiA, now Toia, a town of Spain.

TuGiwi, or TuGENi, a people of Ger-
many.

TuouRiifus, Jul. a Roman knight who
conspired agamst Nero.

TuisTo, a deity of the Germans, son of
Terra, and the founder of the nation.

TuLcis, a river of Spain falling into the
Mediterranean, now Francoli.

TuLiNGi, a people of Germany between
the Rhine and the Danube.

TuLLA, one of Camilla's attendants in
the Rutulian war.

TuLLiA, a daughter of Servius Tullius,
king of Rome. She married Tarquin the
proud, after sl^^^Jgf^d(gji5^cred her first

408

husband Arnnz, and consented to see Tnl-
lius assassinated, that Tarquin might be
raised to the throne. It is said that she
ordered her chariot to be driven over the
body of her aged father, whidi had been
thrown all mangled and bloody in one of

the streets of Rome. Another daughter

of Servius Tuliius, who married Tarquin
the proud. She was murdered by her own
husband, that he might marry her ambi-
tious sifter of the same name. A

daughter of Cicero. ( Fid. TuUioIa.)

A debauched woman.

TuLLiA LEX, de senatu, by M. Tullius
Cicero, A. U. C. 689, enacted that those
who had a libera leg^atio granted them by
the senate, sliouldhold it no mure than

one year. Another de ambitu^ by the

same the same year. It forbade any person,
two years before he canvassed for an of-
fice, to exhibit a show of gladiators,, un-
less that case had devolved upon him by
will.

TuLLiATvuH, a subterraneous prison in
Borne, built by Servius Tullius.

TuLLioLA, or TuLLiA, H daughter of Ci-
cero by Terentia. She married Caius Pi-
so, and afterwards Eurius Crassipes, and
lastly P. Corn. Dotaliella. With this last
husband she had every reason to be dis-
satisfied. Dolabella was turbulent, and
consequently the cause of much grief to
Tullia and her father. TulIiA died in
childbed, about 44 years B. C.

Tullius CimbbR) the son of a freed-
man, rose to great honors and followed the
interest of Pompey. He was one of the
murderers of Cesar. Cicero, a cele-
brated orator. The son of the orator

Cicero. Servius, a king of Rome. ( Fid,

Servius.) Senecio, a man accused of

conspiracy agamst Nero with Piso. A

friend of Otbo. One of the kings of

Rome.

TuLLus HosTiLins, the third king of
Rome after the death of Numa. He was
of a warlike and active disposition, and
signalized himself by his expedition
against the people of Alba, whom he con-
quered, and whose city he destroyed, af-
ter the famous battle of the Horatii and
Curiatii. He afterwards carried his arms
against the Latins and the neighboring
fltates with success, and enforced rever-
ence for majesty among his subjects. He
died with all his family about six hun-
dred and forty years before the Christian
era, after a reign of thirty -two years. The
manner of his death is not precisely
known. A consul, A. U. C. 686.

TuwBTA, or Tunis, a town of Africa,
near which Regulus was defeated and
taken by Xanthippus.

TuiroRi, a name given to some of the
Germans, supposed to live on the banks
of the Maese. The river of the coun-
try is now the Spaw.

C. Tttrjlrivs, a Latin tragic poet 1b tlie
age of Augustus.

TuRBA, a town of GauL

Turbo, a gladiator, of a sraaU stature,
but uncommonly courageous. A gov-
ernor of Pannonia, under the emperors.

TuRDETAKi, or Turduti, a people of
Spain, inhabiting both sides of the Bstis.

TuRssis, a Thracian, who revolted from
Tiberius.

TuRiAs, a river of Spain falling into the
Mediterranean, now Ouadalaviar.

TuRicuM, a town of Gaul, now Zuricky
in Switzerland.

TuRiosA, a town of Spain.

TuRius, a corrupt judge in the Augus-
tan age.

TuRNus, a king of the Rutuli, son of
Daunus and Venilia. He made war
against iEneas, and attempted to drive
him away from Italy, that he might not
marry the daughter of Latinus, who bad
been previously engaged to him. He was
conquered and at last killed in a single
combat by iEneas.

TuRONEs, a people of Gaul, whose cap-
ital, Cassarodunum, is the modern Taurs.

TuRROs, a river of Italy falling into the
Adriatic.

TuRULLius, one of Caesar's murderers.

TuBUNTus, a river of Sarmatia, suppos-
ed to be the Dwina, or Duna.

TuscANiA and Tuscia, a large country
at the west of Rome, the same as Etru-
ria.

Tuaci, the inhabitants of Etruria.

The villa of Pliny the younger near the
sources of the Tiber.

TuscuLANUM, a country honse of Cice-
ro, near Tusculum.

TuscuLUM , a town of Latium on the de-
clivity of a hill, about twelve miles from
Rome. It is now called Frejtcdtij and is
famous for the magnificent villas in its
neighborhood.

Tuscus, belonging to Etruria. The Ti-
ber is called Tkscus amms, from its situa-
tion.

Tuscus vicus, a small village near
Rome.

TuscDH MARK, a part of the Mediterra-
nean on the coast of Etruria.

TuTA, a queen of lUyricum.

TuTiA, a vestal virgia accused of in-
continence. She proved herself to be in-
nocent.— ^A small river six miles Aom
Rome, where Annibal pitched his camp,
when be retreated from the ciQr.

TuTicuH, a town of the Hirpini.

Ttara, a town at the foot of mount
Taurus in Cappadocia, where ApoUonius
was bom.

Ttanitis, a province of Asia Minor,
near Cappadocia.

Tybris. ( Fid. Tiberis.) A Trojan

who fought in Italy with ^neas agafaist
Turnus.

y Google

409

Ttbttr, a town of Latium on the Anio.
\nd. Tjbur.)

Ttche, one of the Oceanides. A

part of the town of Syracuse.

Ttchios, a celebrated artist of Hyle in
Boeotia, who made Hector's shield.

Ttdej a town of Hispania Tarraconen-
Bis.

Ttdeus, a son of CEneus, king of Caly-
don and Peribcea. He fled from'his coan-
ti7 after the accidental murder of one of
his friends, and found a safe asylum in
the court of Adrastus, king of Argos,
whose daughter Deiphyle he married. He
was one of the seven chiefs of the army
of Adraatu^, and during the Theban war
■be behaved with great courage. Many of
the enemies expired under his blows, till
he was at last wounded' by Melanippus.
Though the blow was fatal, Tydeus had
the strength to dart at his enemy, and to
bring him to the ground, before he was
carried away from the fight by his com-
panions. He was buried at Argos, where
his monument was still to be seen in the
age of Pausanias. He was father to Dio-
medes.

Tydidbs, a patronymic of Diomedes, as
son of Tydeus.

TvLos, a town of Peloponnesus near
T»narus, now Bahrain.

Ttmbeh, a son of Daunus, who assisted
Turmis. His head was cut off in an en-
gagement by Pallas.
TrMoLus, a mountain.
Ttstpania, an inland town of Elis.
Tymphsj, a people between Epirus and
Thessaly.

Tyndartdas, a patronymic of the chil-
dren of Tyndarns. A people of Col-
chis.
TYKDARfs, a patronymic of Helen,

daughter of Tyndarus. A town of

Sicily near Pelorus, founded by a Mes-

senian colony. Horace gave this name

to one of his mistresses, as best expressive

of all female accomplishments. A

name given to Cassandra. A town

of Colchis on the Plmsis.
Tyndarus, Son of OUbaTua and Gorgo-

Ehone, or J according to some, of Perleres.
le was king of Lacedemon, and married
the celebrated Leda.
Tynnichus, a general of Herac!6a.
Typh(Eus, or Typhoh, a famous giant,
son of Tartarus and Terra, who had a
hundred heads like those of a serpent or a
dragon. He was no sooner born, than, to
avenge the death of his brother^ the gi-
ants, he made war against heaven, and so
frightened the gods, that they fled away
and assumed .different shapes. Jupiter
became a ram. Mercury an ibis, Apollo a
crow, Juno a cow, Bacchus a goat, Diana
a cat, Venus a fish, &c. The father of
the gods at last resumed courage, and
put TyphcBtts to flight with his thnnder-
35

bolts, and crushed him nnder mount
iEtna, in the island of Sicily.

Typhow, a giant whom Juno produced
by striking the earth. A brother of Osi-
ris, who mariied Nepthys. He laid snares
for his brother during his expedition, and
murdered him at his return. He was
reckoned among the Egyptians to be the
cause of every evil, and on that account
generally represented as a wolf and a
crocodile.

Tyrannion, a grammarian of Pontus,
intimate with Cicero. He was taken by
Lucullus, and restored to his liberty by
Muraena. He was extremely fond of books,
and collected a library of about thirty
thousand volumes. To his care and in-
dustry the world is indebted for the pre-
servation of Aristotle's works. There

was also one of his disciples called Dio-
des, who bore his name. He wrote sixty-
eight different volumes, in one of which
he proved that the Latin tongue was de-
rived from the Greek ; and another in
which Homer's poems were corrected.

Tyrannus, a son of Pterelaus.

Tyras, or Tyra, a river of European
Sarmatia^ falling into the Euxine sea, be^
tween the Danube and the Borysthenes,
now called the J^fUster.

Tyres, one of the companions of ^neas
in his wars against Turn us. He was
brother to Teuthras.

Tyri dates, a rich man in the age of Al-
exander.

Ttriotes, an eunuch of Darius, who
fled from Alexander's camp, to inform his
master of the queen's death.

Tyro, a beautiful nvmph, daughter of
Salmoneus, king of ^lis and Alcidice.
She married her uncle Cretheus. by whom
she had Amythaon, Pheres, and iEson.

Tyros, an island of Arabia. — A city of
Phoenicia.

TYRRHEID.E, a patrouymic given to the
sons of Tyrrheus, who kept the flocks of
Latin us.

TYRRHEtri, the inhabitants of Etruria.

Tyrrhenum mare, that part of the Me-
diterranean which lies on the coast of
Etruria.

Tyrrhenus, a son of Atys king of Ly-
dia, who came to Italy, where pari of the

country was called after him. A friend

of iEneas.

Tyrrheus, a shepherd of king Latinus,
whose stag being kilted by the companions
of Ascanius, was the first ca()ee of war be-
tween iEneas and the inhabitants of La-
tium. An Egyptian general, B. C. 91.

Tyrsis, a place in the Balearides, sup-
posed to be the palace of Saturn.

TYRTiKus, a Greek elegiac poet, born in
Attica, son of Archimbrotus. In the se-
cond Messenian war, ihe LacedemonianiT

"jitizedby VjOOQIC

410

were direeted by the oracle to apply to the
Athenian! for a general, if they wished to
finish their expedition with saccess, and
they were contemptuously presented with
Tyrtcus. Tlie poet, though ridiculed for
his many deforniitirfl, and his ignorance of
military affairs, animated the Lacedemo-
nians with martial songs. Just as they
wished to raise the siege of Ithome, and
inspired them with so much courage, that
they defeated the Messenians. For his
services, he was made a citizen of Lace-
dcmon, and treated with great attention.
Of the compositions of Tyrtsus, nothing
is ezunt but the fragments of four or five
elegief. He flourished about 684 years be-
fore Christ.

Traus, or Traot, a very ancient city of
Phflenicia, built by the Sidonians, on a
small island at the soutli of Sidon, about
two hundred stadia from the shore, and
now called Sur. It maintained its inde-

pendence till th« ace of Alejcander, wfee
took it with much difficulty, and only af-
ter he had Joined the Island to the conti-
nent by a mole, after a siege of seven
months, on the twentieth of August, B. C.
333. The Tyrians were naturally mdus-
trious; cheir city was the emporium of
commerce, and they were deemed the
inventors of scarlet and purple colors.
They founded many cities in different
parts of the world. The buildings of Tyre
were very splendid and magnificent ; the
walls were one hundred and fifty feet
high, with a proportionable breadth. Her-
cules was the cliief deity of the place. U
had two large and capacions harbors, and
a powerftil fleet ; and was built, needing
to some writers, about two thousand se-
ven hundred and sixty years before the
Christian era. A nymph, mother of Ve-
nus, according to some.
Ttsiai, a man celebrated by Cicero.

Btl. a people of Germany near the
Rnine, transported across the river
by Agrippa. Their chief town, Ubiorum
oppidum, is now Cologn$.

UCALKOOR, a Trq)an chief! remarkable
for his great age and praised for the sound-
ness of his counsels and his good inten-
tions, though accused by some of betray-
ing his country to the enemy.

UciTiA, a town of Gaul.

UcuBii, now LucuHf a town of Spain.

VvinjLj or VsjDiNUM, now 27ftM, a
town of Italy.

Uriii», a river of Italy near Tarracina.

Another river of Picenum. A

prinee who assisted Tornus against JEne-
as. He was afterwards killea by Gyas.

UrairTiiTA, a Roman tribe first created
A U. C. 435, with the tribe fUmno.

L LTiA Tbajana, a Roman colony plant-
ed in Sarmatia by Trajan.

ULPIA.MUS Domitios, a lawyer In the
reign of Alexander Severas, of whom be
became the secretary and principal minis-
t<^r. He raised a persecution against the
Christians, and was at last murdered by
th^ praetorian guards, of which he had the
command, A. D. 5126. There are some
fragments of his compositions on civil

law still extant. Marcellus, an officer

in the age of Commodas. — ^^ulianus, a
man sent to oppose Heliogabalus.

ULUBaiB, a small town of Latium,
where Augustus was educated.

Ultssbb, a king of the islands of Ithaca
-««d Onlichiom, ion of Antidea and Laer-

tas, or according to some of Sfsypfans.
He became, like the other princes of
Greece, one of the suitors of Helen, but as
he despaired of success in his applications,
on account of the great number of bis
competitors, he solicited the hand of Pe-
nelope, the daughter of Icarins. Ulysses
had no sooner obtained the hand of Pene-
lope, than he returned to Ithaca, where
his father resigned him the cmwn, and re-
tired to peace and mral solitude. The
rape of Helen, however, by Paris, did not
long permit him to remain in his kingdom,
andas he was bound to defend her against
every intruder, he was summoned to Uie
war with the other princes of Greece.
Pretending to be insane, not to leave his
beloved Penelope, he yoked a horae and a
bull together, and ploughed the seashore,
where he sowed salt instead of com.
This dissimulation was soon discovered,
and Palamedes, by placing before the
plough of Ulysses his infant son Telema-
chus, convinced the world that the ftther
was not mad who had the providence to
turn away the piough from the furrow,
not to hurt his child. Ulysses was there-
fore obliged to go to the war, but he did
not forget him who had discovered his pre-
tended insanity. During the Trojan war
the king of Ithaca was courted for his su-
perior prudence and sagacity, and lie was
not less distinguished for his activity and
valor. For his eminent services be was
universally applauded by the Gteeks, and
he was rewardsd with the arms df Achil-

Digitized by VjOOQIC

411

les, wblcb Ajax had disputed with him.
After the Trojan war Ulysses embarked
on board his ships, to return to Greece,
but he was exposed to a number of mis-
fortunes before he reached his native
country. He at length after a variety of
adventures and misfortunes found himself
safely restored to his country, after a long
absence of twenty years. He was well
informed thkt his palace was besieged by
a number of suitors, who continually dis-
turbed the peac« oi Penelope, and there-
fore he assumed the habit of a begfpr, by
the advice of Minerva, and made himself
known to his son, and his faithful shep-
herd Gumnus. With thera be took mea-
sures to reestablish himself on his throne,
he went to the palace, and was psrsonaily
convinced of the virtues and of the fideli-
ty of Peneo^pe. Before his arrival was
publicly known, all the importuning suit-
ors were put to death, and CJlvsses restor-
ed to the peace and bosom of his fkmily.
lie lived about sixteen years after his re-
turn, and was at last killed by his son
Telegonus, who had landed in Ithaca,
with the hopes of making himself known
to his father. According to some authors,
Ulysses went to consult the oracle of Apol-
lo after his return to Ithaca, and be had the
meanness to seduce £rippe, the daughter
of a king of Epirus, who had treated him
with great kindness. Erippe had a son
by him whom she called Eurvalus. When
come to years of puberty, Ruryalus was
sent to Ithaca by his mother, bu$ Fene>
lope no sooner knew who be was than
she resolved to destroy him. Therefore
when Ulysses returned, he put to imme-
diate death his unknown son, on the crim-
ination of Penelope his wife, who accused
him of attempts upon her virtue. The
adventures of Ulysses in his return to Itha-
ca fh>m the Trojan war are the subject of
Homer*s Odyssey.

Ultsskxtm, a promontory of Sicily, west
of Pachinus.

Um BXR, a lake of Umbria near the Ti-
ber.

Umbha Pompbia, a portico of Pompey at
Rome.

Umbkia, a country of Italy, separated
from Btruria by the Tiber, bounded on the
north by the Adriatic sea, east by Pice-
num, Mid the country of the Sabines, and
south by the river Nar. Umbria had many
eities of note. The Umbrians opposed the
Romans in the infbncy of their empire,
but afterwards they became their allies,
about the year U. €. 434.

Umbbioios, a soothsayer, who foretold
approaching calamities to Gaiba.

Umbmo, a navigable river of Italy.

A general who assisted Tumus against
/Bneas, and was killed during the war.

UrvcA, a samame of Minerva among the
Pbonicians and Tbebaas.

UircHJE, a town of Mesopotamia.

UiTDBCBMTiRi, magistrates at Athens,
to whom such as were publicly condemn-
ed were delivered to be executed.

UifsLu, a people of Cotantin in Gaul,
conquered by Cesar.

UivioBNA, a surname of Minerva, as
sprung of Jupiter alone.

Unxia, asurname of Juno, derived from
ungertj to anoint, because it was. usual
among the Romans tor the bride to anoint
the threshold of her husband.

Upis, the father of one of the Dianas
mentioned by the ancients, from which
circumstance Diana herself is called Upis,

Urabia, one of the Muses, daughter of
Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided
over astronomy. She was represented as
a young virgin dressed in an azure colored
robe, crowned with stars, and holding a
globe in her hands, 4ind having many ma-
thematical instruments placed round.

A surname of Venus, the same as Celestial.
Her temples in Asia, Africa, Greece, and
Italy were numerous. A town of Cy-

(WUS.

Uraitii, or Urii, a people of GauL

Urabopous, a town at the top of .
Athos. . ^

Urandi, or OesAirui, a deity, the same
as Ccelus, the roost ancient of ail the
gods. He married Tithea, or the Earth,
by whom he had several children, called
from their mother Titans. His children
conspired against him, because be con-
fined them in the bosom of the earth, and
his son Saturn mutilated him, and drove
him from his throne.

Urba, now Orbe, a town of the Helve-
til, on a river of the same name.

URBicuA, a town of Hispania Tarraco-
nensis.

Ubbicus, an actor at Rome, in Dorai-
tian's leign.

^ Urbibum, now VrbinOf a toWn of Um-
bria.

Uroo, now Oorgdnay an island in the
bay of Pisa, twenty-five miles west of
Leghorn.

Uria, a town of Calabria, btiilt by a
Cretan colony, and called also Hyria.

Uritbs, a people of Italy.

Ursbbtuk, a town of the Brutii, now
Orso.

Ursidius, an adulterer.

UscABA, a town of Macedonia.

Uscbta, a town of Africa Propria.

UacvoAMA, a town of Thrace.

UsiPBTBs, or UsiPii, a people of Ger-
many.

U»TioA, a town in an island on the
coast of Sicily, near Panormum.

UxBKg, a river of Gaul, now Montom
fblling into the Adriatic by Ravenna.

Utica, now SatcoTy a celebrated city of
Africa, on the coast of the Mediterranean,
on the same bay as Carthage, founded by

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

4t2

a Tyrian eoioay aix>ve two linndved and
eMity-seven yean before Carthage.

UxAMA, a town of Spain on the Iberus.

UxANTis, now UsJuiutf an island on the
coast of Britany.

UxELLoouNUM, a towH of Gsul defend-
ed by steep rocks, now Pueeh d? Issolu,

UxBiTTuif, a town of Calabria, now
UgnU.

Vxitf mountains of Armenfa, wiffi anff-
tion of the same name, conquered by Al-
exander. The Tigris rises in their coan-
iry.

UxifAMA, an island in the western
ocean.

UziTA, an inland town of Africa, de-
stroyed by Cesar.

VACATIONE (Ux de) waa enacted cob>
cernini the exemption from military
service, and contained this very remarka^
ble clause, atst bellum OaUuum exoriatmrf
in which case the priests themselves w^re
not exempted from service.

Vacca, a town of Numidia.— -A river
of Spain.

Vaccjei, a people at the north of Spain.

Vaccus, » general, &,c.

Vacuna, a goddess at Rome, who pre-
sided over repose and leisure. Her festi-
vals were observed in the month of De-
cember.

VADiMoifiB Lacus, now Btusanoj a lake
of Etruria, whose waters were sulphur-
eous. "

Vaoa, a town of Africa.

Vageorusa, a river of Sicily between
the towns of Camarina and Gela.

Vaoelliub, an obscene lawyer of Mu-
tina.

Vaoeni, or Vaoienwi, a people, of Li-
gnria, at the sources of the Po, whose cap-
ital was called Augusta Fagiennorum.

VahaUs, a river of modern Holland,
now called the fVaal.

Vala, (C. NuQionius,) a friend of Ho-
race.

Valeks, (Flavins,) a son of Oratian bom
in Pannonia. His brother Valentinian
took him as his colleague on the throne,
and appointed him over the eastern parts
of the Roman empire. He suffered the
Goths to make depredations upon his sub-
jects, and he was slain in a battle against
them, A. D. 378, in the fiftieth year of
his age, after a reign of fifteen years.
Valens did not possess any of the great
qualities which distinguish a great and
powerful monafch. He was illiterate, and
of a disposition naturally indolent and in-
active. Valerius, a proconsnk of Acha-'

ia, who proclainted himself emperor of
Rome, when Marcian, who had been in-
vested with the purple in the east, at-
tempted to assassinate him. He reigned
only six months, and was murdered by

bis soldiers, A. D. 261. Fabiua, a

^nd of ViteUius, whom he saluted em."

peror, in opposition to Otho.-
of the emperor Uonorius.-

— A general'

-The i

of the second Mercury, but considered as
more properly belonging to Jupiter.

Yalentia, one of the ancient names
of Borne, — -A town of Spain,, a little be-
low Sa^ntum. A town of Italy.

Another in Sardinia.

Valkktimiarus I., brother of Valens,
was raised to the imperial throne for his
merit and bravery. Ho governed the
western part of the Roman empire, and sig-
nalfaed himself by the victories he obtain-
ed ever the barbarians in the provinces of
tiaul, the deserts of Arabia, and on the
banks of the Rhine and the Danube. He
broke a blood-vessel while in the act of
speaking with much warmth against the
insolence of the Q,uadi, an ancient nation
of Germany, and expired in great agonies,

A. D. 575.^^ His son, Valentiniim //.,

was proclaimed emperor after his death,
though only five years of age. After a
peaceful reign of nine years, he was stran-
gled by one of his officers, at Vienna, a

modern toWn in France. FaUtntniian

IILy was the son of Constantius and Pla-
cidia, the daughter of Theodosius the
Great. He was created emperor when
very young, and governed by his mother,
and the intrigues of his generals and court-
iers ; and when he came to years of dis-
cretion, be disgraced himself by violence,
oppression, and incontinence ; and was
murdered in the midst of his capital, A. D.
454. Valentinian III. was the last of the

family of Theodosius. A son of the

Emperor Gratian, who died when very
young.

Vaxjsria, a sister of Ptiblicola, who ad-
vised the Roman matrons to go and depre-
cate the resentment of Coriolanus. A

daughter of Publicola, given as an hostage
to Porsenna by the Romans. A daugh-
ter of Messala, sister to Hortensius, who
married Sylla, The wife of the empe-
ror Valentinian.-^ — The wife of the empe-
ror Galerius. A road in Sicily, which

led from Messana to Lilybmum.— — A
town of Spain.

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413

-VA

VALfetttA LKXydeprovoMtioue, by P. Va-
lerius Poplicola, the sole consul, A. U. C.
S 43. It periniued tlie appeal from a ma-
gistrate to the people, and forbade the ma-
gistrate to punish a citizen for making the
appeal. Another, de deb'Uur'd>u3^ by Va-
lerius Flaccus. It required that all cred-
itors should discharge their debtors, on re-
ceiving a fourth part of the whole sum.

Another, by M. Valerius Corvinas,

A. U. C. 453, which confirmed the first

Valerian law, enacted by Poplicola.

Another, called also Horatia^ by L. Vale-
rius and M. Horatius the consuls, A. U. C.
304. It revived the first Valerian law.
Another, de MagistraUhiu^by P. Vale-
rius Poplicola, sole consul. A. U. C. 243.
It created two qaiestors to take care of the
public treasure.

VALERiAirua, (PubliuB Licinitts,) a Ro-
man, proclaimed emperor by the armies
in Rhaetia, A. D. 354. The virtues which
shone in him when a private man, were
lost when he ascended the throne. He
WAS cowardly in' his operations, and
tbeujgh acquainted with war, and the pa-
tron of science, he seldom acted with pru-
dence, or favored men of true genius and
merit. He took his son Gallienus, as his
colleague in the empire, and showed the
malevolence of his heart by persecuting
the Christians whom he had for a while
tolerated. He also made war against the
Grotbs and Scythiaos ; but in an expedi-
tion which he undertook against Sapor,
king of Persia, his arms were attended
with ill success. He was conquered in
Mesopotamia, and flayed alive by order of
the victor. His skin was tanned, and
painted in red ; and that the ignominy of
the Roman empire might be lasting, it
was nailed in one of the temples of Persia.
Valerian died in the seventy-first year of
Ills age, A. D. 360, after a reign of seven
years.—-— A grandson of Valerian the Am-
peror. He was put to death when his
father, the emperor Gallienus, was killed.

One of the generals of the usurper

Nicer. A worthy senator, put to death

by Heliogabalus.

Valerius Publius, a celebrated Roman,
snmamed PopUeoloj for bis popularity.
He was very active in assisting Brutus to
expel the Tarqiiins, and he was the first
that took an oath to support the liberty
and independence of his country. He
was afterwards honored with the consul-
ship, onlbe expulsion of OoUatinus, and
be triumphed over the Etrurians, after he
bad gained the victory in the battle in
which Brutus and the sons of Tarqnin had
fallen. Valerius died after he had been
four times consul, and enjoyed great pcm-
ularity. He was so poor, that his body

was buried at the public expense. Cor-

yinua, a tribune of the soldiers under Ca-
When the Roman wmj were
»*

challenged by one of the SeQones, remark-
able for his strength and stature, Valerius
undertook to engage him, and obtained,
an easy rictory, by means of a crow that
assisted him, and attacked the face of the
Gaul, whence his surname of Corvinus.
Valerius triumphed over the Etrurians,,
and the neighboring Slates that made war
against Rome, and was "six tiroes honored
with the consulship. He died in the 100th
year of his age, admired and regretted fur

many private and public virtues. An-

'tias, an excellent Roman historian orien
quoted, and particularly by Livy. Flac-
cus, a consul with Cato, whose friend-
ship he honorably shared. Marcus Cor-
vinus Messala, a Roman ^ made consul
with Augustuli. He distinguished him-
self by his learning as well as military vir-
tues. Soranus, a Latin poet in the age

of Julius Ceesar, put to death for betraying
a secret.— >-Maxiraus, a brother of Pbpli-

cola. A Latin historian who carried

arms under the sons of Pompey. He dedi-
cated his time to study, and wrote an ac-
count of all the most celebrated savings
and actions of the Romanfi, and other
illustrious persons, which is still extant,
and divided into nine books. It is dedi>

cated to Tiberius. Marcus, a brother of

Poplicola, who defeated the army of the
Sabines in two battles. Potitus, a ge-
neral who stirred up the people and army
against the decemvirs, and Appius Clau-
dius in particular. He was chosen con-
sul, and conquered the Volsci and ^Equi.

Flaccus, a Roman, intimate with Cato

the censor. He was consul with him,
and cut off an army of 10,000 Gauls in one

battle. A Latin poet who flourished

under Vespasian. He* wrote a poem in
eight books on the Argonautic expedition,
but it remained unfinished on account of
his prematttre death.— —Asiaticus, a cele-
brated Roman, accused of having murder-
ed one of the relations of the emperor
Claudius. He was condemned hy the in-
trigues of Messalina, though innocent, and
be opened his veins and bled to death.

A fWend of Vitellius. Fabianus, a

youth condemned under Nero, for coun-
terfeiting the will of one of his friends.
— — Lievinus, a consul who fought against
Pyrrhus during the Tarentine war. — • —
Pmconinus. a lieutenant of Cesar's army

in Gaul, slam in a skirmish. PauUnus,

a friend of Vespasian.

Valxeus, a friend of Tumus against
JEneBB.

Valoius- Rirpus, a Roman poet in the
Augustan age, celebrated for his writings.

Vandalii, a people of Germany.

VAfToioivEt, a people of Germany.
Tbeir capital, Borbetomagus, is now call-
ed Worms.

Vanivia, a town of Italy, north of tho
Po, now ealled CMU,

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

VA-

41 4

VAtfwWf a king of the Snevi, banished^
under Claudius.

VxriwKVUj a town of Gaul.

Varan Et, a name common to some of
the Persian inonarcba, in tbe age of the
Roman emperors.

Varojci, a people of Dalmatia.

Varia, a town of Latium.

Varia lsx, de majegtate^ by the tribune
L. Varius, A. U. C. I3(i2. It ordained that
all such as had assisted the confedprates
in their war against Rome, should be pub-
licly tried. Another de eivitate, by Q,.

Varius Hybrida. It punished all such as
were suspected of having assisted or sup-
ported the people of Italy in their petition
to become free citizens of Rome.

Variiti, a people of Germany.

Varisti, a people of Germany.

Lucius Varius, or Varus, a tragic poet
intimate with Horace and Virgil. He was
one of those whom Augnstus appointed to

revise VirgiPs iEneid. A man who

raised his reputation by tbe power of his

oratory. One of the friends of Antony,

surnamed Cotulon.

Varro, M. Terentius, a Roman consul
defeated at Canne, by Annibal. A La-
tin writer, celebrated for his great learning.
He wrote no less than five hundred differ-
eat volumes which are all now lost, except
a treatise de Re Rnstica^ and another de
Ling-ud Lathutf in five books, written in
his eightieth year, and dedicated to tbe
orator Cicero. He was Pompey's lieuten-
ant in his piratical wars, and obtained a
naval crown. In the civil wars he was
taken by Ocesar, and proscribed, but he
escaped. He died B. C. 28, in the eighty-
eighth year of bis age. Attacinus, a na-
tive of Gaul, in the age of J. Caesar. He
translated into Latin verse the Argonau-
tica of Apollonius Rhodius, with great
correctness and elegance.

Varronis villa, now Vieovaro, was
situate on the Anio, in the country of tbe
Sabines.

Varus, (Cluintilius,) a Roman procon.sol,
descended from an illustrious family. He
was appointed governor of Syria and after-
wards made commander of the armies in
Germany. He was surprised by the ene-
my, under Arminius, a crafty and dissim-
ulating chief, and his army was cut to
pieces. When he saw that every thing
was lost, he killed himself, A. D. 10, and
his example was followed by some of his

officers.- A son of Amarus, who married

a daughter of German icus. The father

and grandfather of Varus, who was killed
in Germany, slew themselves with their

own swords. Qnintilius, a friend of

Horace, and other great men in the Au-
gustan age. Some suppose this Varus to
be the person killed in Germany, while
others believe him to be a man who de-
""*'"' his time more to tbe muses than to

war. Lucius, an epicurean philosopher^

intimate with J. Cassar. — Alfreiiiui,a

Roman, ^ho though originally a shoe-
maker, became consul, and distinguished

himself by his abilities as an orator.-

Accius, one of the friends of Cato in Afri-
ca, *;c.- A river which falls into the

Mediterranean, to the west of Nice, after
separating Liguria from Gallia Narbonen^
sis.

Va sates, a people, of Gaul.

Vascones, a people of Spain, on the Py-
renees. They were so reduced by a fam-
ine by Metellus, that they fed on human
flesh.

Vasio, a town of Gaul in modern Pro-
vence.

Vaticanus, a hill at Rome, near the
Tiber and the Janiculum, which produced
wine of no great esteem. It was disre-
garded by the Romans on account of tbe
unwholesomeness of the air. Heliogaba-
lus was the first who cleared it of all dis-
agreeable nuisances. It is now admired
for ancient monuments and pillars, for a
celebrated public library, and for the pal-
ace of the pope.

Vatiendb, now Satemoj a river rising
in the Alps and falling into the Po.

Vatinia lex, de provinciis^ by tbe tri-
bune P. Vatiniua, A. U. C. 694. It ap-
pointed Caesar governor of Gallia Cisalpi-
na and Illyricum, for five years, without
a decree of the senate/or the usual cus-
tom of casting lots. Another by P. Va-

tinius the tribune, A. U. C. 694, de repe-
tundis, for the better management of the
trial of those who were accused of extor-
tion.

Vatiwius, an intimate friend of Cicero,
once distinguished for his enmity to the
orator. He hated the people of Rome for
their great vice? and corruption, whence
excessive hatred became proverbial in the
words VaUmantlm odium. ^A shoe -mak-
er, ridiculed for his deformities, and the
oddity of his character. He was one of
Nero's favorites.

VijcTis, the isle of Wight, south of Bri-
tain.

VEfcTius, a tfletorician.

Vectones. {Vid. Vettoncs.)

Vedius Pollio, a friend of Augustus,

very cruel to his servants. Aquila, an

oflUcer at the battle of Bebriacum.

VEGETtusj a Latin writer, who flourish-
ed B. C. 386.

VaoiA, an island on the coast of Dalma-
tia.

^ Vbia, a sorceress, ih th6 age of Ho-
race.

VxiANUs, a gladiator, in the age of Ho-
race.

Veiewtes, tHe inhabitants of Veil.

Veiewto, Fabr., a R(>man,as arrogant
as he was satirical. Nero banished him
for bid libelloufl writi|igs.

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415

Vbxi, s powerful p-ity of Etruria, at the
distance of about twelve mites from Rome.
It sustained many long wars a;;a1nst the
Romans, and -was at last taken and de-
stroyed by Camilius, at\er a siege of^ ten
years. At the time of its destruction, Veii
was larger and far more magnificent than
the city of Rome.

Vejotib, or Vejupiter, a deity of ill
omen at Rome. He had a temple on the
Capitoline hill built by Romulus.

Velabrum, a marshy piece of ground
on the side of the Tiber, between the
Aventine, Palatine, and Capitoline hills,
which Augustus drained, and where he
built houses. The place was frequented
■aa a market.

Vblanius, one of Cesar's officers in
Gaal.

Vblauni, a people of Gaul.

Velia, a maritime town of Lucania,
founded by a colony of Phoceans, about
>a\x jiundred years after the coming of
iCineas into Italy. The port in its neigh-
borhood was called Felinus portua.- — An
eminence near the Roman forum, where
Poplicoia built himself a house.

VsMC4.| or Velmca, a town of the Can*
labri.

Vei/ika, a part of the city of Rome, ad-
jt^ning mount Palatine. It was also one
of the Roman tribes.

Velinus, a lake in the country of the
Sabines, Ibrmed by the stagnant waters
of the Velinus, between some hills near
Reate.

Veliocassi, a people of Gaul.

VeLiTEaivA, or Velitr.b, ^n ancient
town of Latium on the Appian road, twen-
ty miles at the east of Rome.

VxLLARi, a people of Gaul.

VELLAVNODUNUlf, a tOWD Of thO Sc-

nones, now Beaune.

Vellbda, a woman famous among the
Germans, in the age of Vespasian, and
worshipped as a deity.

Vblleics Paterculus, a Roman histo-
rian, descended from an equestrian family
of Campania. He was at first a military
tribune in the Roman armies, and for nine
years served under Tiberius in the various
expeditions which he undertook in Gaul
and Germany. Velleius wrote an epitome
of the history of Greece, and of Rome,
and of other nations of the most remote
antiquity, bnt of this authentic composi-
tion there remain only fragments uf the
history of Greece and Roma from the con-
quest of Perseus, by Pauliia, to the seven-
teenth year of the reign of Tiberius, in

two books. Caiu8,the grandfather of

the historian of that name, was one of the
fl-lends of Livia. He killed himself when
old and unable to accompany Livia in her
flight.

VBLocASBiis, a people of Vezinj in Nor-
mftndy.

VEiTAFRt7M, a town of Campania near
Arpinum, abounding in olive trees.

Venedi, a people of Germany, near the
mouth of the Vistula, or gulf of Dant2ic.

Veneli, a people of Gallia' Celtica.

Veneti, a people of Italy in Cisalpine
Gaul, near the mouths of the Po. They
were descended from a nation of Paphla-
gonia, who settled there under Antenor
sometime after the Trojan war. A na-
tion of Gaul, at the south of Armorica, on
the westqrn coast, powerful by sea. Their
chief city is now called Vannes.

Veneti A, a part of Gaul, on the mouths
of the Po. {P'id. Veneti.)

Venetus Paulus, a centurion who con-
spired against Nero with Piso, &c. A

lake through which the Rhine passes, now
BodenseCy or Constance.

Venilia, a nymph, sister to Amata,
and mother of Turnus, by Daunus. Am-
phitrite the sea-goddess is also called Ve-
nilia.

Verivones, a people of the Rhetian
Alps.

Vbhokius, an historian, mentioned by
Cicero.

Venta Belgarum, a town of Britain,

710W Winchester. Silurum, a town of

Britain, now Caerwenty in Monmouthshire.
Icenorum, now JVonoicA.

Venti. The ancients, and especially
the Athenians, paid particular attention to
the winds, and offered them sacrifices aa
to deities, intent upon the destruction of
mankind, by continually causing storms,
tempests, and earthquakes. The winds
were represented in different attitudes
and forms. The four principal winds
were Enrus, the south-east; Auater, the
south wind j Zephyrusy the mildest of all
the winds ; and Boreas^ or the north wind.
The winds, according to some ibytholo-
gists, were confined In a largjB cave, of
which iEolus had the management and
without this necessary precaution, they
would have overturned the earth, and re-
duced every thing to its original chaos.

Ventidiub BA99U8, a uativo of Picenura.
bom of an obscure family. He displayed
valor in the Roman armies, and gradually
arose to the offices of tribune, pretor, high
prient, and consul. He made war against
the Parthians, and conquered them in
three great battles, B. C. 39. He was the
first Roman eVer honored with a triumph
over Parthia. He died greatly lamented
by all the Roman people, and was buried

at the public expense. Cumanus, a

governor of Palestine. Two brothers in

the age of Pompey who favored Carbo's
interest.

Venulrius, a wrfter in the age of the
emperoir Alexander. A friend of Verres.

Venulus, one of the Latin elders sent
into Magna Gnecia, to demand the assist*
ance of Diomedes.

Digitized by

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416

VE'

Vk:tos, one of the most celebrated dei-
ties of the ancienu. She was the goddess
of beauty, the mother of love, the queen of
laughter, aud the mistress of the graces and
of pleasures. Some mythologists speak.
of more than one Venus. Plato mentions
two, Venus Urania, the daughter of Ura-
nus, and Venus Popularia, the daughter
of Jupiter and Dione. Cicero speaks of
four, a daughter of Coelus and Light, one
sprung from the froth of the sea, a third,
daughter of Jupiter and tlte Nereid Dione,
and a fourth born at Tyre, and the same
as the Astarte of the Syrians. Of these,
however, the Venus sprung from the froth
of the sea is the most known, and of her in
particular ancient mythologists as well as
painters make mention. She arose from
the sea near the island of Cyprus, or ac-
cording to Hesiod, of Cythera, whither she
was wafted by the zephyrs, and received
on the seashore by the seasons, daughters
of Jupiter and Themis. She was soon
after carried to heaven, where all the
gods admired her beauty, and all the god-
desses became . jealous of her peraonal
charms. Jupiter attempted to gain her
affections and even wished to offer her
violence, but Venus refused, and the god,
to punish her obstinacy, gave her in mar- '
riase to his ugly and deformed son Vulcan.
This marriage did not prevent the goddess
of Love from gratifying her favorite pas-
sions, and she defiled her husband's bed,
by her amours with the gods. The power
of Venus over the heart, was supported
and assisted by a celebrated girdle, called
zens by the Greeks, and eesttu by the La-
tins. This mysterious girdle gave beauty,
grace, and elegance, when worn even by
the most deformed ; it excited love and
rekindled extinguished flames. Juno her-
self was indebted to this powerful orna-
ment, to gain the favors of Jupiter, and
Venus, though herself postessed of every
charm, no sooner put on her cestus, than
Vulcan, unable to resist the influence of
love, forgot all the intrigues and infideli-
ties of his wife, and fabricated arms even
for her illegitimate children. The contest
of Venus for the golden apple of Discord is
well known. She gained the prize over
Pallas and Juno, ( Fid. Paris, Discordia,)
bnd rewarded her impartial judge with the
hand of the fairest woman in the world.
The worship of Venus was universally
established ; statues and temples were
erected to her in every kingdom, and the
ancients were fond of paying homage to a
divinity who presided over generation,
and by whose influence alone mankind
existed. Victims were seldom offered to
her, or her altars stained with blood,
though we find Aspasia making repeated
sacrifices. No pigs however, or male ani-
mals were deemed acceptable. The rose,
the myrtle, and the apjda, wert racred ta

Venus, and among birds, the dove, tb^
swan, and the sparrow, were her favor*
ites ; and among fishes, those called the
aphya and the lycostomus. The god-
dess of beaotv was represented among the
ancients in different forms. At £]ia sbe
appeared seated on a goat, with one foot
resting on a tortoise. At SparU and Cy-
thera, sbe was represented armed like
Minerva, and sometimes wearing cbain«
on her feet. In the temple of Jupiter
Olympius, she was represented by Phidi-
as, as rising from the sea. received by love,
and crowned by the goddess of iiersuaeioa.
In Sicyon she held a poppy in one hand,
and in the other an apple, while on her
head she had a crown, which terminated
In a point, to intimate the pole. Sbe is
generally represented with her son Cupid »
on a chariot drawn by doves, or at other
times by swans or sparrows. The nr-
names of the goddess are numerons, and '
only serve to show how well establisfaed ,
her worship was all over the earth. 8he
was called Cja>ritty because particularly
worshipped in the island of Cyprus. She
received the name of Paphiay because wor-.
shipped at Paphos, where she had a tem-

J>le with an altar, on which rain never
isll, though exposed in the open air. The
Cnidians raised her temples under the
name of Venus JtertBOj of Doris, and of
Euploea, In her temple under the name
of Euploea, at Cnidos, was the most cele-
brated of her statues, being the moet per-
fect piece of Praxiteles. As goddess of
the sea, because born in the bosom of the
waters, Venus was called Poatio, ^oroia, i
LtMnegia, PdagiUf JSUgena, Tkalassia, icc^
and as rising from the sea, the name of
Anadyomcne is applied to her. and render-
ed immortal by the celebratea paintings of
Apelles, which represented her as issuing
from the bosom or the waves, and wring-
ing her tresses oh her shoulder.* ^A

planet called by the Greeks Pbospboms,
and by the Latins Lwifer^ when it rises
before the snn, but when it follows it,
Hesperus or Vesper.

Vends Pvaaif jca, a town of Spain near
the borders of Gaul.

Vbkusia, or VsHUiiuif, a town of Apa>
lia, where Hwace was born. Part of the
Roman army fled thither after the defeat
at Cannap. The town, though in ruins,
contains still many pieces of antiquity,
especially a marble bust preserved in the
great square, and said fhlsely to be an
original representation of Horace.

Vkragbi, a people between the Alps
and the Allobroges.

VsEANiA., the wifiB of Piao Liciaianus.

VsRAif ins, a governor of Briuin under
Nero. He succeeded Didius Gallus.

VsRSAirut Lacus, now JVoToro, a lake
of ruiy, from which the Ticinus Howt. It
is in tlM rnodam dutchy of M Oui.

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417

VsRBioEifUB, a village in the eountiyof
the Celtse.

Vkrbinum, a town at the north of Gaul.

Vercells:, a town on the borders of
Insubria, where Marius defeated the Cim-
brl.

VERcirfOETORix, a Chief of the Gauls,
in the trnie of Cesar. He was conquered
an<t led in triumph.

Veresis, a small river of Latium falling
into the Anio.

Vergasillaunus, one of the generals
and friends of Vercingetorlx.

Veroje, a town of the Brutii.

"VEROEbLns, a small river near Ganne,
Iklling into the Aufidus.

Vergilia, the wife of Coriolanus.

Vergilia, a town of Spain supposed to
be Murcia.

Veroilijs, seven stars called also Pleia-
des. When they set the ancients began to
BOW their corn.

Vergisius, one of the officers of the
Roman troops in Germany. A rhetori-
cian in the age of Nero, banished on ac-
count of his great fame.

Vergium, a town of Spain.

.Vergoeretus, one of the chiefs of the
^dui, in the age of Ctesar.

Veritas, {tnitb^) was not only personi-
fied by the ancients, hut al»o made a deity,
and called the daughter of Saturn and the
mother of Virtue. She was represented
like a young virgin, dressed in white ap-
parel.

Verodoctius, one of the Helvetii.

Veromandui, a people of Gaul, the mo-
dem Vermandois. The capital is now
St. Qnintin.

Verona, a town of Venetia, on the
Athesis, in Italy, founded as some sup-
pose, by Brennufl, the leader of the Gauls.

Verones, a people of Uispania Tarraco-
nensis.

Verregindm, a town in the country of
the Volsci.

C. Verres, a Romnn who governed the
province of Sicily as praetor. The oppres-
sion and rapine of which he was srtiilty
while in office, so offended the Sicilians,
that they brought an accusation against
him before the Homan senate. He was at
last killed by the soldiers of Anthony the
triumvir, about twenty-six years after his
voluntary exile from the capital.

Verritus, a general of the Frisii in the
age of Nero.

VerriIts Flaccus, a freed man and
grammarian famous for his powers in in-
strurting. He was appointed over the
grand-children of Ausrustus, and also dis-
tinsuishRd himself by his writings.

Verrics Flaccus, a Latin critic, B. C. 4.

Verrugo, a town in the country of the
Volsci.

Vbrtico, one of the Nervii, who de-
serted to Cesar *8 army.

VsRTicoRoiA, one of the surnames of
Venus.

Vertiscus, one of the Rhemi, who com-
manded a troop of horse in Cesar's army.
Vektumnus, a deity among the Romans,
* who presided over the spring and over or-
chards. He endeavored to gain the affec-
tions of the goddess Pomona ; and to ef-
fect this, he assumed the shape and dress
of a fisherman, of a soldier, a peasant, a
reaper, &c., but all 40 no purpose, till un>
der the form of an old woman, he prevail-
ed upon his mistress and married her. ^

Verul^, a toiVn of the Hemic!.

VERULAwtJs, a lieutenant under Corbu-
lo, who drove away Tiridates from Me-
dia.

Verus, (Lacius Ceionius Commodus,)
a Roman emperor, son of iElius and Do-
roitia Lucilla. He was adopted by M» An-
relius and married his daughter Luciiia.
He was sent by M. Aurelius to oppose the
barbarians in the east. His arms were at-
tended with success, and he obtained a
victory over the Parthians. He was hon-
ored with a triumph at his return home,
and soon after he marched with hisLimpe-
rial colleague atrainst the Marcomanni in
Germany. He died in this expedition of
an apoplexy, in the thirty-ninth year of his
age, after a. reign of eight years and some
months. His body was brought back to
Rome, and buried by M. Aurelius with
great pomp and solemnity. Verus has
been greatly censured for his debauche-
ries, which appeared more enormous and
disgusting, when compared to the temper-
ance, meekness, and popularity of Aure-
lius. At one entertainment alone, where
there were no more than twelve guests,
the emperor spent no less tiinn six millions
of sesterces, or about 32,200if. sterling.
His fondness for a horse has been faith-
fully recorded. The animal had a statue
of gold, he was fed with almonds and rai-
sins by the hantl of tbe emperor, he was
clad in purple, and kept in the most splen-
did of the halls of the^ palace, and when
dead, the emperor, to express his sorcow,
raised him a magnificent monument on

mount Vatican. L. Annteus, a son of

the emperor Aurelius, who died in Pales-
tine. The father of the emperor Verus.

He was adopted by the emperor Adrian,
but like his son he disgraced himself by
his debaucheries and extravaganfie.

Vesrius, or Vesorius. Fid, Vesuvius.

Vescia, a town of Campania.

Vescianum, a country house of Cicero
in Campania.

Fu. Vescularius, a Roman knight in-
timate with Tiberius.

Vesentio, a town of Gaul, now Besan-
eon.

Vesentium, a town of Tuscany.

Vebbris, a place or river near mount
Vesuvius. ^^ T

, Digitized ^<jOOgle

418

VstBTiot and Vxssrcs. Fid, Vesu-
vius.

Vksidia, a river of Tuscany.

VssoirirA., a town of Gaul, now Peri-
gueuz.

VsBrACf A, a small village of Umbria
near Nursia.

Vespasiarus, Titus Flavics, aRoman
wnperor descended from an obscure fami-
ly at Reate. He w«8 honored with the
consulship when young, and acQompanied
Nero into Greece. Vespasian was next
sent to carry on a war with the Jews ;
many of the cities of Palestine surrender-
ed, and he began the siege of Jerusalem,
which was afterwards achieved by his son
Titus. Vospasian was crowned at Alex-
andria by the unanimous approval of the
army, and by every province in the em-
pire ; and, although originally a horso-
doctor, so fitted had he become for an ex-
alted station, that he behaved, when in-
vested with the imperial purple, with all
the dignity and greatness which became a
successor* of Augustus. He reformed the
manners of the Romans, repaired the pub-
lic buildings, embellished the city, and
made the great roads more spacious and
convenient. To men of learning and
merit he was a great friend and patron ;
one hundred thousand sesterces were an-
nually paid from the public treasury to the
different professors that were appointed
to encourage and promote the arts and sci-
ences. Vespasian died of a disorder in
his bowels, aged seventy, and was the
first of the Roman emperors that died a
natural death.

VesPER, or VxBPBBus, a name applied
to the planet Venus when it was the eve-
ning star.

Vebsa, a town of Sicily.

-Vesta, a goddess, daughter of Rhea
and Saturn, sister to Geres and Juno. She
is often confounded by the mythologists
with Rhea, Ceres, Cybele, Proserpine,
Hecate, and Tellus. iGneas was the first
who introduced her mysteries into Italy,
and Numa built her a temple where no
males were permitted to go. The Palla-
dinm of Troy was supposed to be preserv-
ed within her sanctuary and a fire was
continually kept lighted by a certain num-
ber of virgins, who had dedicated them-
selves to the service of the goddess. If
the fire of Vesta was ever extinguished, it
was supposed to threaten the republic
with some sudden calamity. The virgin
by whose negligence it had been extin-
guished was severely punished, and it was
kindled apain by the ravs of the sun. The
temple of Vesta was of a round form, and
the goddess was represented in a long
flowing robe with a veil on her head, hold-
ing in one band a lamp, and in the other
a Javelin, or sometimes a Palladiam.

Vkstalsi, prieetessea among the Ro-

mans, conseerated to the service of Vesta,
as their name indicates. This office was
vety ancient, as the mother of Romulus
was one of the vestals. Plebeians &s well
as patricians were permitted to propose
themselves, but it was required that they
, should be bom of a good family, and be
witnout blemish or deformity, in every
part of their body. For thirty years they
were to remain in the greatest continence ;
tlie ten <first years were spent in learning
the duties of the order, the ten following
were employed in discharging them with
fidelity and sanctity, and the ten last in
instructing such as had entered the novi-
ciate. When the thirty years were elaps-
ed they were permitted to marry, or if
they still preferred celibacy, they waited
upon the rest of the vestals. The employ-
ment of the vestals was to take care that
the sacred fire of Vesta was not extin-
guished, for if it ever happened, it was.
deemed the prognostic of great calamities
to the state ; the offender was punished
for her negligence, and severely scourged
by the high priest. In such a case all was
consternation at Rome, and the fire was
again kindled by glasses with the rays of
the sun. Another equally particular charge
of the vestals was to keep a sacred pledge,
on which depended the very existence of
Rome, which, according to some, was the
palladium of Troy, or some of the myste-
ries of the gods of Samothrace. The pri-
vileges of the vestals were great, they had
the most honorable seats at public games
and festivals, a lictor with the fasces al-
ways preceded them when they walked
in public, they were carried in (diariots
when they pleased, and they had the
power of pardoning criminals when led to
execution, if they declared that their meet-
ing was accidental. If any or them died
while in oflice, their body was buried
within the walls of the city, an honor
granted to few. Such of the vestals as
proved incontinent were punished in tbe
most rigorous manner. Numa ordered
them to be stoned, but Tarquin the elder
dug a large hole under the earth, where a
bed was placed with a little bread, wine,
water, and oil, and a lighted lamp, and
the guilty vestal was stripped of the habit
of her order, and compelled to descend
into the subterraneous cavity, which was
immediately shut, and she was left to die
through hunger. Few of the vestals were
guilty of incontinence, and for tbe space
of one thousand years, during which the
order continued estaKUshed, from the reign
of Numa, only eighteen were ininished for
the violation of their vow. The vestals
Were abolished by Tbeodosius tbe Great,
and the fire of Vesta extinguished.

Vestalia, festivals in honor of Vesta,
observed at Rome on the ninth of June.
Banqueu tm^vn thm prepared befora the

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

419

liiraaef, and meat was tent to the veBtals
to be offered to the gods, millstones were
decked with garlands, and the asses that
turned them were led round the city cov-
ered with garlands.

Vestalium Mater, a title given by the
senate to Livia the mother of Tiberias,
with the permission to sit among the ves-
tal virgins at plays.

Vestia O^riA, a common prostitute of
Capua.

Vesticius Sepriita, an officer sent by
Otho to the borders of the Po.

Vestilius Sextos, a pretorian disgraced
by Tiberius. He killed himself.

Vbstilla, an infamous matron of a pa-
trician fhmily.

Vestiici, a people of Italy near the Sa-
bines, famous for the making of cheese.

L. VESTitfus, a Roman knight appoint-
by Vespasian to repair the capitol. A

consul put to death by Nero in the time of
Piso's conspiracy.

Vesyius. ( Fu<. Vesuvius.)

Vesulus, now Fiaoj a large mountain
of Liguria near the Alps, where the Po
takes its rise.

VBsuTitrs, a mountain of Campania,
about six miles at the east of Naples, cel-
ebrated for its volcano, and now called
Mount Soma. The first eruption of this
Tolcano was in the seventy-ninth year of
Ihe Christian era under Titus. It was ac-
companied by an earthquake, which over-
turned several cities of Campania, partic-
ularly Pompeii and Herculaneum.

Vetera castra, a Roman encamp-
ment in Germany, which became a town,
now SanUn-t near Cleves.

Vettius Sp. a Roman senator who was
made interrex at the death of Romulus,

till the election of another king. A

man who accused Ciesar of being concern-
ed in Catiline's conspiracy. Cato, one

of the officers of the allies in the Marsian
war. He defeated the Romans, and was
at last betrayed and murdered. A Ro-
man knight who became enamored of a
young female at Capita, and raiseff a tu-
mult amongst the slaves who proclaimed
him king. He was betrayed by one of his
adherents, upon which he laid violent
bands on nimself.

Vettowa, a town of TJmbrla.

Vettowbs, Vetones, or Vectowes, an
ancient nation of Spain.

Vetuuohia, one of the chief cities of
Etmria, whose hot waters were famous.

Veturia, one of the Roman tribes, di-
vided into the two branches of the Junil
and Senii. It received its name from the
Veturian family, which was originally

called VOusian. The mother of Corio-

lanus.

Veturius, a Roman artist, who made
shields for Numa. Caius, a Roman con-
sul, aecQsed before the people, and fined

because he had acted with imprudence
while in office. A Roman who con-
spired agsrinst Galba. A consul, ap-
pointed one of the decemvirs. Another

consul defeated by the Samnites, and
obliged to pass under the yoke with great
ignominy. A tribune of the people, &c.

L. Vetus, a Roman who proposed to
open a communication between the Me-
diterranean and the- German ocean, by
means of a c^al. He was put to death

by order of Nero. A man accused of

adultery.

Via iEMTLiA^ a celebrated road, made
by the consul M. iEmylius Lepidus, A. U.
C. 567. There was also another of the

same name in Etruria. Appia, was

made by the censor Appius, and led
from Rome to Capua, and from Capua
to Brundusium, at the distance of three
hundred and fifty miles, which the Ro-
mans call a five days' journey. It was
called by way of eminence regina tfiarwuy
made so strong, and the stones so well ce*
mented together, that it remained eiitire
for many hundred years. Some parts of
it are still to be seen in the neighborhood

of Naples. There was also another

road called Minucia or Numicia, which

led to Brundusium. Flaminia waa

made by the censor Flauiinius. A. U. C.
533. It led from the Campus Martius to
the modern town of Rimini, oirthe Adri-
atic. Lata, one of the ancient streets

of Rome. Valeria, led from Rome to

the country of the Marsi, through the ter-
ritories of the Sabinesi There were be-
sides many streets and roads of inferior
note, such as the Aurelia, Cassia. Campa-
nia, Ardetina, Labicana, DomitiSna, Osti-
ensis, Prnnestina, &c., all of which wero
made and constantly kept in repair at the
public expense*.

ViADRus, the classical name of the Oder,
which rises in Moravia, and falls by three
mouths into the Baltic.

ViBiDiAjOneof the vestal virgins in the
fbvorof Messalina.

ViBiDiufl, a friend of Mecenas.

VrBius, a Roman who refused to pay
any attention to Cicero when banished,
though he had received from him the

most unbounded favors. Siculus. I Fid,

Sica.) A proconsul of Spain, banished

for ill conduct. A Roman knight ac-
cused of extortion In Africa, and banish-
ed. A man who poisoned himself at

Capua. Sequester, a Latin writer.

ViBo, a town of Lucania, anciently call-
ed Hipponium and Hippo. A town of

Spain of the Brotii.

ViBULBNUs AoRiPFA, a Romau knight
accused of treason. He attempted to poi>
son himself, and was strangled in prison,
though almost dend. A mutinous sol-
dier m the army of Gennanicus.

ViBULLivs Ruru«,/a>fiiend of Pompey,

igi ize y O '

430

taken by CeHurd--~-— Apretor fn Nero*s
reign.

VIC A PoTA, a goddess at Rome who pre-
sided over victory.

VicELLius, a friend of Galba, who
brought him news of Nero's death.

VicENTiA, or VicKTiA, a town of Ci-
salpine tiaul, at the north-west of the
Adriatic.

VicL's LoRoui, a street at Rome, where
an aliar was raised to the goddess Pudici-

tia, or the inodeMty of the plebeians.

Cy prill 8, a piare on the Esquiline hill,
where tfae ^ahioes dwelt.

Victor Sext. Avrelios, a writer in
the age of Constantius. He gave the
world a concise history of the Roman em-
perors, from tlie age of Augustus to his
own time, or A. D. 3G0.

Victoria, one of the deities of the Ro-
mans, supposed to be the daughter of the
giant Pallas, or Titan and Styx. She was
greatly honored by the Greeks, particular-
ly at Athens. Sylla raised her a temple
at Rome, and instituted festivals in her
honor. She was represented with wings,
crowned with laurel, and holding the
branch oC a palm-tree in her hand.

VicTORiJc MO Its, a place of Spain at the
mouth of the Iberus.

VicTORiuB,a man of Aquitain, who, A.
D. 463, invented the paschal cycle of 532
years.

VicTORiKA, a celebrated matron who
placed herself at the head of the Roman
armies, and made war against the empe-
ror Gallienus. She was poisoned, A. D.
269.

VicTORiNus, a Christian writer, who
composed a worthless epic poem, and dis-
tinguished himself by the active part he.
took in his writings against the Arians.

VicTUMviJE, a small town of Insubria.

ViDucAssEB, a people of Normandy.

Vienna, a town of Gallia Narbonensis
on the Rhone, below Lyons.

ViLLiA Lex, annaUa or annaria, by L.
Villius, the tribune, A. U. C. 574, defined
the proper age required for exercising the
office of a magittrate, twenty-five years
for the quiestorship,, twenty-seven or
twenty-eight for the edileship or tribune-
ship, for the ofilce of pretor thirty, and
for that of consul forty -three.

Villius^ a tribune of the people, author
of the Villian law, and thence called Jin-

nalis Publius, a Roman ambassador

sent to Antiochus. He held a conference
with Ahnibal, who was at the monarch's
court.

ViMiNALis, one of the seven hills on
which Rome was built, so called from the
number of osiers (vimines) which grew
there. Servius TuUius first made it part
of the city.

ViNALiA, festivals at Rome in honor of
Jupiter and Venus.

ViifCBirTivt, one of the Chrlstiaa tt*
then.

ViNcius, a Roman knight, condemned
under Nero. An officer in Germany.

ViND ALIUS, a writer in the reign of
Constantius, who wrote ten books on ag«
riculture.

ViffDELici, an ancient people of Ger-
many, between the heads of the Rhine
and the Danube. Their country, which
was called Vindelicia^ forms now part of
Swabia and Bavaria, and their chief town
Augusta VindeUcoruM^ is now Ausburg.

ViifOEMiATOR, a constellatioa that rose
about the nones of March.

ViiroEx Juuus, a governor of Ganl,
who revolted against Nero, and determiiH
ed to deliver the Roman empire from hitf
tyranny. When he perceived that all was
lost, he laid violent hands upon himself,
68 A. D.

Viirnicius, a slave who discovered the
conspiracy which some of the moat noble
of the Roman citizens had formed to re-
store Tarquin to his throne. He was
amply rewarded, and made a citizen of
Rome.

ViifDiLi, a nation of Germany.

ViNDONiBSA, now Wendiakf a town of
the Helvetii on the Aar.

ViEficius, a Roman consul poisoned by

Messalina. A man who conspired

against Nero.

ViMDius, a miser mentioned by Ho-
race.

T. ViNiuB, a commander in the prete-
rian guards, intimate with Galba, of whom

he becaihe the first minister. A man \

who revolted from Nero.

Vi N If »o s, Asella, a servant of Horace.

ViPSANiA, a daughter of M. Agrippa,
mother of Drusus. She was the only one
of Agrippa's daughters who died a natural
death.

ViRBius, a name given to Hippolvtus,
after he had been brought back to life by
iEscuIapius at the instance of Diana, who
pitied his unfortunate end.

Puai. ViRoiLius Marc, called tkemiMct *
of the Latin poets^ was born at Andes, a
village near Mantua, about seventy years
before Christ, on the fifteenth of October.
His first years were spent at Cremo-
na, where his taste was formed, and
his risingvtalents first exercised. The dis-
tribution of the lands of Cremona to the
soldiers of Augustus, after the battle of
Philippi, nearly proved fatal to the poet,
and when he attempted to dispute the {ws-
session of his fields with a soldier, Vir-
gil was obliged to save his life, from the ^
resentment of the lawless veteran, by
swimming across a river. This was the
beginning of his greatness, he with his
father repaired to Rome, where he soon
formed an acquaintance with Mecsi^nasj
and recommended himself to the fiivors or

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

421

Augustas. The emperor restored his lands
to the poet, whose modest muse knew
so well how to pay the tribute of grati-
tude, and bis first bucolic was written to
thank the patron, as well as to tell the
world that his favors were not unworthily
bestowed. The ten bucolics were written
In about three years. Sometime after,
Virgil undertook the Oeorgics^ a poem the
modt perfect and finished of all Latin
compositions. The ^ne'id was begun as
Home suppose, at the particular request of
Augustus, and the poet, while he attempt-
ed to prove that the Julian family was
lineally descended from the founder of
Lavinium, visibly described in the pious
and benevolent character of his hero, the
amiable qualities of his imperial patron.
The great merit of this poem is well
known, and it will «ver remain nndecid-
ed, which of the two poets, either Homer
or Virgil, is more entitled to our praise,
our applause, and our admiration. The
poet died before he had revised this im-
mortal work, which had already engaged
his time for eleven successive years. He
had attempted to attend his patron in the
east, but he was detained at Naples on
account of his ill health. He, hoSvever,
went to Athens, where he met Augustus
in his returd, but he soon after fell sick at
Megara, and though indisposed, he order-
ed himself to be removed to Italy. He
landed at Brundusium, where a few days
after he expired, the twenty-second of
September Jn the fifty-first year of his age,
B. C. 19. The body of the poet, according
to his own directions, was conveyed to
Naples, and interred with much solemnity
in a monument, erected on the road that
leads from Naples to Puteoli. The fol low-
ing modest distich was engraved on the
tomb, written by the poet some few mo-
ments before he expired :

JUaiUua me gemot ; CaiaibTi rapuere ; tenet
nunc
"Parthentipe : ceeim pascuay rura, duces.

Cahis, a pretor of Sicily, who, When

Cicero was banished, refused to receive
the exiled orator, though his friend, for
fear of the resentment of Clodius.

ViRoiwiA, the daughter of the centuri-
on, L. Virginius ; of whom Appius Clau-
dius, the decemvir, became enamored,
and claimed as the daughter of a slave.
Virginius, when informed of these violent
proceedings, left the citmp, and demand-
ed to see his daughter. His request being
granted, he plunged a knife into the breast
of Virginia, to preserve her from the lust
and violence of a tyrant. Virginius then
ran to the camp with the bloody knife in
his hand ; the soldiers were astonished
and incensed against the decemvir who
was the cause of Virginia's death, and
immediately marched towards the oapital.

Appius was sei2ed, but be destroyed him-
self in prison ; Spurius Oppius, iinother
decemvir, also killed himself; and Mar-
cus Claudius, the favorite of Appius, was
put to dcijitb, and the decemviral power
abolished.

Virginius, the father of Virginia, made

tribune of the people. A tribune of the

people who accused Q.. Cieso the Son of
Cincinnatus. He inereased the number
of the tribunes to ten, and distinguished
himself by his seditions against tl^ patri-
cians. Another tribune in the age of

Camillus, fined for his opposition to a law
which proposed going to Veil. An au-
gur who died of the plague. ■ — Caius, a

prsetor of Sicily, who opposed the entrance
of Cicero into his province, though under
many obligations to the orator. A tri-
bune who encouraged Cinna to criminate

Sylla. One of the generals of Nero in

Germany. He refused all dangerous sta-
tions, and though twice offered the impe- ,
rial purple, he rejected it with disdain.
A Romin orator and rhetorician.

ViRiATHus, a mean shepherd of Lusita-
nia, <vho gradually rose to power, and by
first heading a gang of robbers, saw him-
self at last followed by a numerous army.
He made war against the Romans with
uncommon success. Many generals were
defeated, and Pompey himself was asham-
ed to find himself beaten. Cae])io was at
last sent against him. But his despair of
conquering him by force of arms, obliged
him to have recourse to artifice, and . he
had the meanness to bribe the servants of
Viriathus to murder their master, B. C. 40.

ViRiDOMARus, a young man of great
power among the ^dui. Cesar greatly
honored him, but he fought at last against
the Romans.

ViRiPLACA, a goddess among the Ro-
mans who presided over the peace of fami-
lies.

ViRRo, a fictitious name introduced in
one of Juvenal's satires.

Virtus. All virtues were made deities
among the Romans. Marcellus erected
two temples, one to Virtue and the other
to Honor. They were built in such a man;
ner, that to see the temple of Honor it
was necessary to pass through that of Vir-
tue ; a happy allegory among a nation free
and independent. The principial virtues
were distinguished, each by their attire.

VisARGis, a river of Germany now call-
ed the Weser, and falling into the German
ocean.

ViscELL^, now Wdtz, a town of Nori-
cum, between the Ens and Mure.

VisEixiA LET, was made by Visetlius
Varro, the consul, A. U. C. 776, to restrain
the introduction of improper persons into
the offices of the state.

L. VisELLius Varro, a lieutenant in
Germany under Tiberijis.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC '

422

Vistula, a river fallinc into the Baltic,
the eastern boundary of ancient Germa-
ny.

ViTBLLiA, a Roman colony on the bor-
ders of the JEqui.

ViTELLius AuLus, a Roman, descended
from an illustrious family, and created
empemr after Otho. He aid not, howev-
er, long enjoy his exalted station : his con-
tinual gluttony, intemperance, and de-
bauchery, disgusted his subjects, and they
rose against him, tied his hands behind
his bac4(, and dragged him naked through
the streets. After being for sometime
exposed to the reproaches and insults of
the populace, he was carried to the place
of execution, and put to death with re-
peated blows ; his head was then cut
oflT, and fixed on a pole, and his body
thrown into the Tiber, A. D. 69. Lu-
cius, the father of the emperor obtained
great honors by his flattery to the empe-
rors, ilis adulation to MesFalina is well
known, and he ohtninod ns a particular
favor the honoraMc office of pulling off

the Rhoes of the emprrss. A brother of

the emperor, who enjoyed his favors by

encouraging his gluttony. I'ubliiis, an

uncle of the emperor of that name. He
was 'accused under Nero of attempts to
bribe the people with money from the
treasury against the emperor. He killed

himself before his trial. One of the

flatterers of Tiberius. An officer of the

pretorians under Otho. A son of the em-
peror Vltellius, put to death by one of his

father's friends. Some of the family of

the Vitellii conspired with the Aqullii and
other illustrious Romans to restore Tar-
quin to his throne. Their conspiracy was
discovered by the consuls, and they were
severely punished.

ViTEBBUM, a town of Tuscany, where
Fanum Voltumnre stood.

ViTiA» a mother put to death by Tiberi-
us, for weeping at the death of her son.

ViTRicos, a surname of Mars.

M. ViTRUTius Pollio, a celebrated arclw
itect in the age of Augustus, born at For-
miae. He wrote a treatise on his profes-
sion, which he dedicated to Augustus, and
it is the only book on architecture now
extant written by the ancients.

ViTULA, a deity among the Romans who
presided over festivals and rejoicings.

ViTULARiA VIA, a road in the country of
Arpinum.

VocKTius, part of mount Jura.

VocoNiA LEX, de testamentus^ by d. Vo-
coniiis Saxa, the tribune, A. U. C. 584,
enacted, that no woman should be left
heiress to an estate, and that no rich per-
son should leave by his will more than the
fourth part of his fortune to a woman.

VocoNii FORUM, a town of Gaul, be-
tween Antibef and Marseilles.

VocoNius, Victor, a Latin poet.

Saxa, a tribune who mode a law. An

officer of Lucuflus in Asia.

VocowTiA, now Vasio.

Vooasus, now FaugCj a mountain of
Belgic Gaul.

Volj:, a city of the ^Equi.

VoLAOifTius, a soldier who assassinated
one of his officers.

VoLANA, a town 6f the Samnites.

VoLAHDUM, a fortified place of Arme-
nia.

VoLATERRA, an anciest town of Etmria,
famous for hot baths.

VoLC£, or VoLGJE, a people of Gaul be-
tween the Garonne and the Rhone.

VoLci, an inland town of Lucania.

A town of Etruria.

VoLOGEBEs, a name common to many
of the kings of Parthia.

VoLscENf, a Latin chief who discovered
Nisus and Euryalus as they returned from
the Rutulian camp loaded with spoils. He
killed Euryalus, and was himself immedi-
ately stabbed by Nisus.

VoLsci, or \oLci, a people of Latium,
whose territories are bounded on the south
by the Tyrrhene sea, north by the country
of the Ilernici and Marsi, west by the La-
tins and Rutulians, and east by Campania.

VoLBiNiuM, a town of Etruria in Italy,
destroyed, according to Piiny, by fire from
heaven.

VoLTiKiA, one of the Roman tribes.

VoLUBiLis, a town of Africa, supposed
Fez, the capital of Morocco.

VoLUM!»iE Fanum, a temple in Etmria,
sacred to the goddess Volumna. Viterbo
now stands on the spot.

VoLUMiHtA, the wife of Coriolahus.

The freedwoman of Volumnius Eutrape-
lus.

VoLUMWus and Volumna, two deitiea
who presided over the will. Tftey were
chiefly invoked at marriages, to preserve
concord between the husband and wife.

T. Volumnio«, a Roman famous forbia
friendship towards M. LucuUus, whom
M. Antony had put to death. He was put

to daath upon the body of his friend. A

mimic whom Brutus put to death.-' — An
Etrurian who wrote tragedies in his own
native language. A consul who defeat-
ed the Samnites and the Etrutiana.- A

friend of M. Brutus.- A prefect of Syria,

B. C. II. — ^A Roman knight put to death
by Catiline.

VoLUPTAs and VoLCrrA^ the goddess of
sensual pleasures, worshipped at Rome,
where she had a temple.

C. VoLusEKuf, a military tribune in Cae-
sar's army.

VoLusiANUB, a Roman taken as col-
league on the imperial throne, by his fa-
ther Gall us. lie was killed by his sol-
diers.

VoLusius, a poet of Patavia who wrote,
like Eoniua, the annalfl of Rome in vetse.

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423 .

»— ^Satutninus, a governor of Rome, who
died in the ninety-third year of his age,

beloved and respected, under Nero.

Caius, a soldier at the siege of Cremona.
One of Nero's officers.

VoLusus, a friend of Turnus.

VoLux, a son of Bocchus, whom the
Romans defeated. Sylla suspected his
fidelity.

VoMANUs, a river of Picenum in Italy.

VoNoNEs, a king of Parthia expelled by
his subjects, and afterwards placed on the

throne of Armenia. Another^king of

Armenia. A man made king of Parfhia

by Augustus.

Vopiscus, a native of Syracuse, A. D.
4)03, who wrote the life of Aurelian, Taci-
tus, Florianus, Probus, Firmus, Carus,
&,c.

VoRANUs, a freedman of Q,. Luctatius
Catulus, famous for his robberies as well
as his cunning.

VoTiBNUs MoNTANus, a man of learn-
ing, banished to one of the Baleares for bis
malevolent reflections upon Tiberius.

VoLCAHALiA, festivals in honor of Vul-
can, brought to Rome from Prsneste.

VcJLCANi INSULA, or VuLCANiA, a name

fiven to the islands between Sicily and
taly, now called Lipari.
VuLCASius, Terenlianus, a Latin histo-
rian, who wrote an account of the life of
tile three Gordians.

VuLCANus, a god of the ancients who
presided over Are, and was the pa:ron
of all artists who worked iron and
metals. He was son of Juno alone, who
in this wished to imitate Jupiter, who
had produced Minerva from his brains.
Accordiivg to the mors received opinion,
Vulcan was educated in heaven with the
r«st of the gods, but his father kicked him
~ down from Olympus, when he attempted
to deliver his mother, who had been fas-
tened by a golden chain for her insolence.
fie was nine days in coming from heaven
upon earth, and he fell in the i.«ijand of Lem-
nos, where, according to Lucian, the in-
habitants seeing him in the air, caught
him in their arms. He however broke his
leg by the fall, and ever after remained
lame of one foot. He fixed his residence
in Lemnos, where he built himself a pal-
ace, and raised forges to work metals.
Vulcan has been celebrated by the an-
cient poets for the ingenious works and
automatical figures which he made, and
many speak of two golden statues, which
not "only seemed animated, but which
walked by his side, and even assisted
him in the working of metals. It is said,
that at the request of Jupiter he made the
lirst woman that ever appeared on earth,
lyell known under the n^me of Pandora.

The Cyclops of Sicily were bis ministers
and attendants, and with him they fabri-
cated, not only the thunderbolts of Jupi-
ter, but also arms for the gods and the
most celebrated heroes. His forges were
supposed to be under mount iEtna, in the
island of Sicily, as well as in every part
of the earth where there were volcanoes.
The most known of the works of Vulcan
which were presented to mortals are the
arms of Achilles, those of Mne&Sy the
shield of Hercule.^, a collar given to Her-
mione the wife of Cadmus, and a sceptre,
which was in the possession of Agamem-
non king of Argos and My cense. Venus
is universally acknowledged. to have been
the wife of Vulcan ; her infidelity is well
known, as well as her at;iours with Mars,
which were discovered by Phoebus, ana
exposed to the gods by ker own husband.
The worship of Vulcan was well estab-
lished, particularly hi Egypt, at Athens,
and at Ron>e. Vulcan was represented
as covered with sweat, blowing with his
nervous arm the fires of his forges. His
breast was hairy, and his forehead was
blackened with smoke. Some represent
hini lame and deformed, holding a ham-
mer raised in the air, ready to strike ;
while with the other hand he turns, with
pincers, a thunderbolt on his anvil, for
which an eagle waits by his side to carry
it to Jupiter. The Egyptians represented
him under the fipure of a monkey.

VuLCATius, a lloman knight, who con-
spired with Piso against Nero, &c.

A senator in the reign of Dioclesian,
who attempted to write an history of all
such as had reigned at Rome, eitfler as
lawful sovereigns or by usurpation.

VuLsiNUM, a town of Etruria. (Fid.
Volsinium.)

VuLso, a Roman consul who invaded

Africa with Regulus. Another consul.

He had the provinces of Asia while in
office, and triumphed over the Qalatians.

VuLTUBA, or VuLTURARiA, a mouutjiin
on the borders of Apulia.

VuLTUREius, a man who conspired
against his country with Catiline.

VuLTURiua, a surname of Apol|o. {Fid.
Vulturnus.)

VuLTORNUM, a town of Campania, near

the mouth of the Vulturnus. Also an

ancient name of Capua.

Vulturnus, a river of Campania rising
in the Apennines, and falling into the
Tyrrhene sea, after passing by the town

of Capua. 7-The god of the' Tiber was

also known by that name. A surname

of Apollo on mount Lissus Jn Ionia, near
Ephesus.

VuLsiNUM, a town of Etruria, wberg
Sejanus was bori).

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424

LAMTHE, <m« sf the Oceanidea.

Xarthi, a people of Thrace. ^ITie

inhabitants of Xanthus in Asia.

Xaivthia Phoceus. a Roman whom
Horace addresses, and of whom be speaks
as enamored of a servant maid.

Xaivtrica, a festival observed by the
Macedonians in the month called Xantbi-
cus, the same as April. It was then usual
to make a lustration of the army with great
solemnity.

Xafithippus, a son of Melas killed by
Tydeus. (fid. Xantippus.)

Xahtho, one of Gyrene's attendant
nymphs.

Xakthus^ or Xaitthos, a river of Troas,
in Asia Minor. It is the same as the

Scamander. A river of Lycia, anciently

called Sirbea. It was sacred to Apollo,

and fell into the s^, near Patara. One

of the horses of Achilles, who spoke to
his master when chid with severity, and

told him that he must soon be killed.

One of the horses given to Juno by Nep-
tune, and afterwards to the sons of Leda.

An historian of Sardes in the reign of

Darius. A Greek historian of Lydia.

A king of Lesbos. A king of Bcbo-

tia, who made war against the Athenians.
He was killed by the artifice of Melan-

tbus. A Greek poet. A philosopher

of Samus, in whose house .Ssop lived
sometime as a servant. A town of Ly-
cia on the river of the same name, at the
distance of about fifteen miles from the
seashore. The inhabitants are celebrated
for their love of liberty and national inde-
pendence.

Xanticles, one of the leaders of the
ten thousand Greeks, after the battle of
Cunaxa.

Xantippe, a daughter of Dorus who
married Pleuron, by whom she had Age-

nor. The wife of Socrates, remarkable

for her ill humor and peevish disposition,
which are become proverbial. Some sup-
pose that the philosopher wat acquainted
with her moroseness and insolence before
he married her, and that he took her for
his- wife to try his patience, and inure
himself to the malevolent reflections of
mankind.

Xantippus, a Lacedsmouian general
who assisted the Carthaginians in the first
^unic war. He defeated the Romans,
956 B. C, and took the celebrated Regulus
prisoner. Such signal services deserved
to be rewarded, hut the Carthaginians
looked with envious jealousy upon Xan-
tipput, and be retired to Corinth after he

had saved them from destruction. An

Athenian general who defeated the Per-
sian fleet at Mycale with Leotychides. * A
statue was erected to his honor in the

citadel of Athene. A son of Pericles

who disgraced his father by his disobe-

dience, hUi ingratitude, and his extraTS-
gance. He died of the plague in the Pelo-
ponnesian war.

XEiiAGORAs, an historian. A philos-
opher who measured the height of mount
Olympus.

Xenarchus, a comic poet. A peripa-
tetic philosopher of Seleusia, who tauglit
at Alexandria and at Rome, and was inti-
mate with Augustus. A pretor of the

Achsan league who wished to favor the
interest of Perseus, king of Macedonia,
against the Romans. ' '

Xenarss, an intimate friend of Cleome-
nes king of Sparta.

Xenetus, a rich Locrian, whose daagfa*
ter Doris married Dionysius of Sicily.

Xeneus, a Chian writer who composed
an history of his country.

Xeniades, a Corinthian who went to
buy Diogenes the Cynic, when sold as a
slave. He asked him what be could do ?
upon which the Cynic answered, command
freemen.

Xenius, a surname given to Jupiter as
the god of ho^Uality.

Xehoclea, a priestess of Apollo's tem-
ple at Delphi, from whom Hercules ex-
torted an oracle by force.

Xewocles, a tragic writer, who obtain-
ed four times a poetical prize in a conten-
tion in which Euripides was competitor,
either through the ignorance or by the bri-
bery of his judges. His grandson bore
also the name of Xenocles, and excelled

in tragical compositions. A Spartan

ofl^cer in the expedition whicl\. Agesilaus

undertook against Ihe Persians. An

architect of Eleusis. A friend of Ara-

tus. One of the friends of Cicero. A

celebrated rhetorician of Adramyttium.

Xenocrates, an ancient philosopher
born at Calchedonia, and educated in the
school of Plato, whose friendship he gain-
ed, and whose approbation he merited
Though of a dull and sluggish disposition,
he supplied the defects of nature by un-
wearied attention and industry, and was
at last found capable of succeeding in the
school of Plato after Speusippus, about
three hundred and thirty-nine years before
Christ. He was remarkable as a discipli-
narian, and he required that his pupils
should be acquainted with mathematics
before they came under his care, and he
even rejected some who had not the ne-
cessary qualification, snying that they had
not yet found the key of philosophy. He
did not only recommend himself to his
pupils by pi^cepts, but more powerfully by
example, and since thtJ wonderful change
he had made upon the conduct of one of
his auditors, (Vid. Polemon,) his compa-
ny was as much shunned by the dissolute
and* extravagant, as it was courted by the
virtuous and, the benevolent. Philip of
1 Macedon attempted ti^^in his confidence

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425

with money, but with no success. Alex-
ander in this imitated his father, and sent
some of his friends with fifty talents fur the
philosopher. They were introduced, and
supped with Xenocrates. The repast was
small, frugal, and elegant, without osten-
tation. On the morrow, the officers of
Alexander wished to pay down the fifly
talents, bnt the philosopher asked them
whether they had not perceived from the
entertainment of the preceding day, that
he was not in want of money : Tell your
tnaster, said he, to keep his money, he has
more people to maintain Utan I have. Yet
not to offend the monarch, he accepted a
small sum, about the two hundredth part
of one talent. His integrity was so well
known that when he appeared in the
court as a witnesH, the judges dispensed
with his oath. He died B. C. 314, in his
eighty second year, after he had presided
in the academy for above twenty-five
years. It is said that he fell in the night
with his bead into a bason of water, and
that be was suffocated. He had written
above sixty treatises on different subjects,
all now lost. He acknowledged no other
deity but heaven, and the seven planets.

A physician in the age of Nero, not

in great esteem. — ~— An excellent paint-
er.

XcBroDAMus, an illegitimate son of Me-

nelaus, by Gnossia. An athlete of An-

tlcyra.

XsNODics, a daughter of Syleus, killed
by Hercuies.-^'A daughter of Minos and
Fasiphae.

Xenooochcs, a Messenian crowned at
the Olympic games.^-.^— A native of Car-
dia, &c.

XsNOPHAifEs, a Greek philosopher of
Colophon, disciple of Archelaus, B. C.
535. He wrote several poems and trea-
tises, and founded a sect which was call-
ed the Eleatic, in Sicily. Wild in his
opinions about astronomy, he supposed
that the stars were extinguished every
morning, and rekindled at night ; that
eclipses were occasioned by the tempora-
ry extinction of the sun ; that the moon
was inhabited, and eighteen times bigger
than the earth ; and that there were seve-
ral suhs and moons for the convenience
of the different climates of the earth. He
further imagined that God and the world
were the same, and be credited the eterni-
ty of the universe, but his incoherent opin-
ion about the divinity, raised the indigna-
tion of his countrymen, and he was ban-
ished. He died very poor when about one

hundred years old. A governor of Ol-

biis, in the age of M. Antony. One of

the ministers of Philip, who went to An-
nibal's camp and made a treaty of alliance
between Macedonia and Caitliags.

Xbitophilds, a Pythagorean philoso-
pher, who lived to his oae htuidred and
. 36*

seventieth year, and enjoyed all his facul-
ties' to the last. He wrote upon music,
and thence he was called the musician.

One of Alexander's generals . —

A robber of whom Araius hired some
troops.

Xenophon, an Athenian, celebrated as
a general, an historian, and a philosopher.
In the school of Socrates he received those
instructions and precepts which after-
wards so eminently dristinguished him.
He joined the army of Cyrus the younger
in an expedition against his brother Artax-
erxes, king of Persia, and showed he was
a true disciple of ^'ocrates, and that he had
been educated in the warlike city of
Athens. After the decisive battle in the
phiins of Cunaxa, and the fall of Cyrus,
thL' prudence and vigor of his mind were
called into action. The ten thousand
Greeks, who had followed the standard
of an ambitious prince, were now at the
distance of six hundred leagues from their
native home, in a country surrounded on
every side by a victorious enemy, without
money, without provisions, and without
a leader. Xenophon was selected from
among the officers to superintend the re-
treat of his countrymen ; and, althouj^ he
was opposed by malevolence and envy, he
rose superior to every danger. Notwith-
standing he was under continual alarma
from the sudden attacks of the Persians,
he was still enabled to cross rapid rivers,
penetrate through vast deserts, and gain
the tops of mountains, where he rested
secure for a while, and refreshed his fa-
tigued companions. This celebrated re-
treat was at length happily effected ; and
the Greeks returned home, after a march
of one thousand one hundred and fifteen
leagues, which was performed in two hun-
dred and fifteen days ; the whole particu-
lars of which had now, perhaps, been for-
gotten, had not the great philosopher who
planned it employed his pen in describing
the dangers htfhad escaped, and the diffi-
culties he had surmounted. Xenophon
afterwards gained new honors, under
Agesilaus, in Asia ; but his fame did not
escape the aspersions of jealousy, and he
was banished from Athens for accompany-
ing Cyrus against hjs brother. He retired
to Sc'illus, a small town of the Lacedse-
monians, and dedicated his time to liter-
ary pursuits, and to the composition of
those works which gained him such re*
nown in after ages. The sentiments of
Xenophon as to religion and the divinity
were the same as those of the venerable
Socrates : he supported the immortality of
the soOl, and, with all the /.eal and fer<
vour of a Christian, he exhorted his
friends to cultivate those virtues which
alone insure the happiness of mankind.
Xenophon died at the age of ninety,' B.
C. 359 .^^^^yriteQ,(t^t beginning of

the fourth "century, knovrn by his Greek
romance in five books, De AmorUms ^-
Vtut Abrocanue. A physician of the em-
peror (Claudius, l)orii in the island ufCos,
and said to be descended fiom the Ascle-
piades. He enjoyed tlie emperor's favora,
and throti^h him the people of Cos were
exempt from all taxes. He had the mean-
ness to poison his benefactor at the insti-
gation of Agrippiiia. An officer under

Adrian.

Xera, a town of Spain, now Xerexj
where the Moors pained a battle over Ko-
deric king of the Goths, and became mas-
ters of the country.

Xerolibta, a part of Africa between
Egypt and Cyrene.

Xerxeit>/, a part of Armenia.

Xerxes, the second son of Darius, suc-
ceeded his father on the throne of Persia.
He continued the watlike preparations of
his predecessor, and added the revolted
kingdom of Eg}'pt to his extensive posses-
sions. Xerxes afterwards invaded Eu-
rope, and entered Greece with an army
which, with the numerous retinue of ser-
yants, eunuchs, and women, that attend-
ed it, amounted to five million two hun-
dred and eighty-three thousand two hun-
dred and twenty souls. This multitude
was stopped at Thermopyloe by the intre-
pidity and valor of three hundred Spar-
tans, under king Leonidas. The Persian
monarch, astonished that such a handful
of men sh«Nild dare to oppose liis pro-
gress, ordered some of his soldiers to bring
them alive into his presence ; but, for three
successive days the most valiant of the
Persian troops were repeatedly defeated
iu endeavoring to execute tlie monarch's
injunctions. The heroic Spartans would
have triumphed much longer, but for the
treachery of a Trachinian, who led a de-
tachment of Persians by a secret path up
the mountains, whence they suddenly fell
upon the rear of the Spartans, and cut
them to pieces. The battle of Thermo-
pyloe was the commencement of the dis-
asters which befell Xerxes: the more he
advanced, the greater disappointments he
experienced ; his fleet was defeated at
Artemisium and Salamis ; and he found
his millions unable to conquer a nation
that was superior to his in the knowledge
of war and maritime afifairs. He therefore
hastened back to Persia, and iu thirty

days marched over all that territory which
he had before passed with such pomp and
magnificence in the space of six months.
When he arrived in his capital, Xerxes
forgot his dangers, losses, and defeats,
and gave himself up to riot and debauche-
ry. His indolence and luxurious voluptu-
ousness at length caused great discontent
among his subjects, and he was murdered
in his bed by Artabanus, the captain of
his guards, In the twenty-first year of his
reign. The second, succeeded his fa-
ther Arla.xexxes Longimanus on the throne
of Persia, 425 B. C, and was assassinated
in the first year of his reign by his brother

Sogdianus. A paincer of Heraclea,

who made a beautiful representation of
Veuus.

Xeuxes, an oflicer of Antiocfaus the
Great, king of Syria.

XiLiNE, a town of Colchis.

XiPHoNiA, a promontory of Sicily, at

the north of Syracuse, now Cnice. Also

a town near it, now Jiugitsta. -

Xois, an island formed by the mouths
of the Nile.

XuTHiA, the ancient name of tfae plains
of Leontium in Sicily.

XuTHus, a son of Hellen, grandson of
Deucalion. He was banished from Thes-
saly by his brothers, and came to Athens,
where he married Creusa, the daughter of
king Erechtheus, by whom he had Achs-
us and Ion. He retired alter the death of
his father-in-law into Achaia, where he
died. According to some, he had no chil-
dren, but adopted Ion, the son whom Cre-
usa, before her marriage, had borne to
Apollo.

Xychu», a Macedonian who told Philip
of his cruelty when he had put his son
Demetrius to death, at the instigation of
Perseus.

Xylengpolis, a town at the mouth of
the Indus, built by Alexander, supposed
to be LaJieri.

Xyline, a town of Paraphylia.

Xylopolis, a town of Macedonia.

Xynias, a lake of Thessaly, or accord-
ing to some, of BcBotia.

Xynoichiaj an anniversary day ob-
served at Athens in honor of Minerva,
and in commemoration of the time in
which the people of Attica left their coun-
try seats, and by advice of Theseus, all
united in one body.

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427

Z£

ZABATUS, a river of Media, felling
into the Tigris, near whieli tbe ten
thousand Greeks stopped in their return.
Zabdicene, a province of Persia.
Zabirna, a town of Libya, wiiere Bac-
chus destroyed a large beast that infested
the country.

Zabus. a river of Assyria, falling into
the Tigris.

Zacyntmus, a native of Beeotia, who
accompanied Hercules when he went into
Spain to destroy Geryon. At the end of
the expedition hte was intrusted with the
care of Geryon's flocks, by tlie hero, and
ordered to conduct them to Thebes. As
he went on his Journey, he was bit by a
serpent, and sometime after died. His
companions carried his body away, and
buried it in an island of the Ionian sea,
ivhich from that time was called Zaeyn-
tku8» The island of Zacynthus, now call-
ed ZaitUf is situate at the south of Cepha-
lenia, and at the west of the Peloponne-
sus. It is about sixty miles in cirumfe-

rence. A son of Dardanus.

Zadeis, a town.of Colchis.
Zaor^us, a son of Jupiter and Proser-
pine.

Zaorub, a mountain on the confines of
Media and Babylonia.

Zalat£s, an efiemiaate youth brought
to Rome from Armenia as an hostage.

Zaleucus, a lawgiver of the Locrians
in Italy, and otke of the disciples of Pyth-
agoras, 550 B. Ct He was very humane,
and at the same time very austere, ana
he attempted to enforce his laws more by
inspiring shame than dread.

Zama, or Zaoma, a town of Xumidia,
three hundred miles from Carthage, cele-
brated for the victory which Scipio obtain-
ed there over the great Annibal, B. C. 203.
■ A town of Cappadocia of Meso-
potamia.

Zameis, a debauched king of Assyria,
son of Semiramis and Ninus, as some re-
port. He reigned thirty-eight years.

Zamoltis, or Zalmoxis, a slave and
disciple of Pythagoras. He accompanied
his master in Egypt, and afterwards re>
tired into the country of the Get®, which
had given him birth. He began to civil-
ize his countrymen, and the more easily to
gain reputation, he concealed himself for
three years in a subterraneous cave, and
afterwards made them believe, that he
was Just raised from the dead. Some
place him before the age of Pythagoras.
After death be received divine honors.

ZAireLE, a town of Sicily, or the straits
which separate that island from Italy.
It received its name from its appearing
like a sithe, which was called tavxXov,
in the language of the country, or as oth-
ers say, because the sithe with whiclr
Satam mutilated his fiither fell there, or
because, as Diodorus reports, a person

named Zantlus had either built it or exer-
cised its sovereignty. Zancie fell into tbe
hands of the Samians, four hundred and
ninety-seven years before the Christian
era, and three years after it was recovered
by Anaxilaus, the Messenian tyrant of
Bhegium, who gave it the name of his na-
tive country, and called it Messmta. ^
was founded, as most chronologists 'sup-
port, about one thousand and fifty-eight
years before the Christian era, by the pi-
rates of Cumie in Italy, and peopled by
Samians, lonians and Chalcidians.

Zarax, a town of Peloponnesus. (

Zarbienus, a petty monarch of Asia,
who was gained to the interest of tbe Ro-
mans by one of the ofiicers of Lucullus.
Tigranes put him to death for his deser-
tion, and his funeral was celebrated with
great magnificence by the Roman general.

Zariaspes, a Persian who attempted to

revolt from Alexander. A river, now

Dthashy on which Bactria, the capital of
Bactriana, was built. It is caHed Bactrus
by Curtius.

Zathbs, a river of Armenia.

Zauegks, a people of Libya.

ZEBiifA, Alexander, an impostor who
usurped the throne of Syria at the instigar-
tion' of Ptolemy Pbyscon.

Zela, or ZsLfA, a town of Pontus near
the river Lycus, where Cesar defeated

Pharnaces, son of Mithridates. A town

of Troas at the foot of Ida. Another in

Lycia.

Zelasium, a promontory of Thessaly.

Zeles, a town of Spain.

Zelub, a daughter of Pallas.

Zeic o, a philosopher of Elia or Velia in
Italy, the disciple, or according to some,
the adopted son of Parmenides, and the
supposed inventor of dialectic. His opin-
ions about the universe, the unity, incom-
prehensibility, and immutability of all
things, were the same with those of Xen-
ophanerand the rest of the Elatic phi- .
losophers. It is said, that he attempted to
deliver his country from the tyranny of
Nearchus. His plot was discovered, and
he was exposed to the most excruciating
torments to reveal the name of bis accom-
plices, but this he bore with unparalleled
fortitude, and not to be at last conquered
by tortures, he cut off his tongue with his
teeth and spit it into the face of the tyrant.
Some say be was pounded alive in a mor-
tar, and that in the midst of his torments
he called to Nearchus, as if to reveal
something of importance ; the tyrant ap-
proached, and Zeno. as if wiUing to whis-
per to him, caught bis ear with his teeth

and bit it off. The founder of the sect ;'

of the stoics bom at Cltium, in the Maad i
of Cyprus. The first part of bis life was
spent in commercial pursuits, but h« wa«
soon called to more elevated employmenis, |
As he was letumlDg ^m Phflsnicis s

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I droTe his ship on tbecoast of Attica,
and he was shipwrecked near the Piraeus.
This moment of calamity he regarded as
the beginning of his fame. He entered
the house of a bookseller, and to dissipate
hifl melancholy reflectionii he began -to
read. The book was written by Xeno-
phon, and the merchant was so pleased
and captivated by the eloquence and beau-
ties of the philosopher, that from that time
be renounced the pursuits of a busy life,
and applied himself to the study of philo-
sophy. Ten years w^ere spent in frequent-
ing the school of Crates, and the same
number under Stilpo, Xenocrates, and Po-
lemon. Perfect in every branch of know-
ledge, and improved from ex(>erience as
well as observation, Zeno opened a school
at Athens, and soon saw himself attended
by the great, the learned, and the power-
ful. His followers were called Stouw, be-
cause they received the instructions of
the philosopher in the portico called coa.
He was so respected during his lifetime,
that tJie Athenians }iublicly decreed him
a brazen statue and a crown of gold, and
engraved their decree to giv^ it more pub-
licity on two columns in the academy, and
in the Lyceum. His life was an example
of soberness and moderation, his manners
were austere, and to his temperance and
regularity he was indebted for the con-
tinual flow of health which he always en-
joyed. After he had taught publicly for
forty-eight years, he died In the ninety-
sixth year of his age, B. C. 264, a stranger
to diseases, and never incommoded by a
real indisposition. He was buried in that
part of the city called Ceramicus, where
the Athenians raised him a monument.
-The founder of the stoic philosophy shone
before his followers as a pure example of
imitation. Virtne he perceived to be the
ultimate of his researches. He wished to
live in the world as if nothing was proper-
ly his own ; he loved others, and his af-
fections were extended even to his ene-
mies. He felt a pleasure in being kind,
benevolent, and attentive, and he found
that these sentiments of pleasure were re-
ciprocal. He saw a connexion and de-
Iiendence In the universe, and perceived
that fVom thence arose the harmony of
civil society, the tenderness of parents,
nnd filial gratitude. In the attainment of
virtue the goods of the mind were to be
preferred to those of the body, and when
that point was once gained, nothing could
equal our happiness and perfection, and
the stoic could view with indifference
health or sickness, riches- or poverty, pain
ond pleasure, which could neither move
nor influence the serenity of his mind,
^eno recommended resignatjon ; he knew
that the laws of the universe cannot be
changed by man, and therefore he wished
Ihftt his di«cij;»]es should not in prayer de-

precate Impending calamities, but rather
beseech Providence to grant them forti-
tude to bear the severest trials with plea-
sure and due resignation to the will of
heaven. An arbitrary command over the
passions was one of the rules of stoicism,
to assist our friends in the hour of calami-
ty was our duty, but to give way to child-
ish sensations wa^ unbecoming otir na-
ture. Pity, therefore, and anger were to
be banished from the heart, propriety and
decorum were to be the guides in every
thing, and the external actions of men
were the best indications of their inward
feelings, their secret inclinations, and
their character. It was the duty of the
stoic to study himself; in the evening he
was enjoined to review with critical accu-
racy the events of the day, and to regulate
his future conduct with more care, and al-
ways to find an impartial witness with-
in his own breast. Such were the leading
characters of the stoic philosophy, wliose
followers were so illustrious, so perfect,
and so numerous, and whose efi!eets wer«
productive of such exemplary virtues in
the annals of the human mind. Zeno in
his maxims used to say, that with virtue
men could live happy under the most

Eressing calamities. He said, that nature- i
ad given us two ears, and only one rooutli,.
to tell us that we ought to listen more
than speak. He compaiied those wbos» *
actions were dissonant with their profes-
sions to the coin of Alexandria, which ap>
peared beautiful to the eve, though made
of the basest metals. lie acknowledged
only one God, the soul of the universe. i
which he conceived to be the body, and
therefore believed that those two togetlier
united, the soul and the body, formed one
perfect animal, which was the god of the
stoics. Amongst the most illustrious fol-
lowers of his doctrine, and as the most
respectable writers, may be mentioned
EpicUtuSf Seneca^ the emperor Jlntoianus,

&,c. An Epicurean philosopher of

Sidon, who numbered among his pupils,
Cicero, Pomponins Atticus. Cotta, Pom-
pey, &c.-— -A rhetorician, rather to Pole-
mon, who was made king of Pontus.
The son of Polemon who was king of Ar-
menia, was also called Zeno. A native

of LepreoSj son of Calliteles, crowned at
the Olympic games and honored with a
statue in the grove of Jupiter and at Olym-
pia. A general of Antiochus. A phi-
losopher of Tarsus, B. C. 207. The

name of Zeno was common to some of the
Roman emperors on the throne of Con-
stantinople, in the filYh and sixth centu-
ries.

Zenobia, a queen of Iberia, wife to Rha-
damistus. She accompanied her husband
when he was banished ft-om his kingdom
by the Armenians, but as she was un^le
to follow h im' on account of her pr^nan*

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429

cy , she entreated him to murder her. Rha-
damistus long hesitated, but fearful of her
falling into the hands of his enemy, he
obeyed, and threw her body into the Arax-
es. Her clothes kept her upon the sur-
face of the water, where she was found
l)y some shepherds, and as the wound was
not mortal, her life was preserved, and
she was carried to Tiridates, whoacknow-
1ed(;ed her as queen. Septimia, a cele-
brated princess of Palmyra, who married
Odenatus, whom Gallienus acknowledged
as his partner on the Roman throne. Af-
ter the death of her husband, which ac-
cording; to some authors, she is said to
fiave hastened, ZenoMa reicned in the
cast as regent of her infant children, who
were honored with the title of Cjesars.
Slie assumed the name of Augusta, and
she appeared in imperial robes, and order-
ed herself to be styled the queen of the
eadt. The troubles which at that time
agitated the we!>tern parts of the empire,
prevented the emperor from checking the
insolence and ambition of this princess,
who boasted to be sprung from the Ptole-
mies of Egypt. Aurelian was no sooner
Invested with the imperial purple than he
marched into the east, determined to pun-
ish the pride of Zenobia. He well knew
her valor, and he was not ignorant that
in her wars against the Persians, she had
distinguished herself no less than Odena-
tus. She was the mistress of the east,
Egypt acknowledged her power, and all
the provinces of Asia Minor were subject
to her command. When Aurelian ap-
proached the plains of Syria, the Palmy-
rean queen appeared at the head of seven
hundred thousand men. She bore the
labors of the field like the meanest of her
soldiers, and walked on foot fearless of
danger. Two battles were fought ; the
courage of the queen gained the superiori-
ty, but an imjirudent evolution of the Pal-
rnyrean cavalry ruined her cause j and
while they pursued with spirit the flying
enemy, tlie Roman infantry suddenly fell
upon the main body of Zenobia's army,
and the defeat was inevitable. The queen
fled to Palmyra, determined to support a
fliege. Aurelian followed her, and after
he had almost exhausted his stores, he
proposed terms of accommodation, which
were rejected with disdain by the warlike
princess. Her hopes of victory however
soon vanished, and thoueh she harassed
the Romans night and day by continual
sallies from her walls, and the working
of her military engines, she despaired of
success when she heard that the armies
which were marching to her relief from
Armenia, Persia, and the east, had partly
been defeated and partly bribed from her
allegiance. She fled from Palmyra in the
night, but Aurelian, who was apprized of
her escape, pursued her, and she was

caught as she Wm cuMsing the river Eu-
phrates. She was brought into the pre>
sence of Aurelian, and though the soldiers
were clamorous for her death, she was re-
served to adorn the triumph of the con-
queror. She was treated with great hu-
manity, and Aurelian gave her large pos-
sessions near Tibur, where she was per-
mitted to live the rest of her days in peace,
with all the grandeur and majesty which
became a queen of the east, and a warlike
princess. Her children were patronised
by the emperor, and. marrie4 to persons of
the first distinction at Rome. Zenobia
has been admired not only for her military
abilities, but also for her literary talents.
She was acquainted with every branch of
useful learning, and spoke with fluency
the language of the Egyptians, the Greeks,
and the Latins. She composed an abridge-
ment of the history of the oriental nations^
and of Egypt, which was greatly com-
mended by the ancients. She received
no less honor from the patronage she af-
forded to the celebrated Longinus, who
was one of her favorites, and who taught
her the Greek tongue. She has also been
praised for her great chastity, and her
constancy, though she betrayed too often
her propensities to cruelty and intoxica-
tion when in the midst of her oflicers.
She fell into the hands of Aurelian about
the two hundred and seventy-third year

of the Christian era. A town of Syria,

on the Euphrates.

Zenobii itrsoLiC, small islands at the
month of the Arabian gulf.

Zenodorus, a sculptor in the 'aj^ ot
Nero. He made a statue of M«*ury, as
also a colossus for the emperor, which was
one hundred and ten or one hundred and
twenty feet high, and which was conse-
crated to the sun. The head of this co>
lossus was sometime after broken by Ves>
pasian, who placed there the head of an
Apollo surrounded with %even beams.
each of which was seven feet and a halt
long. From this famous colossus the mo-
dem coliseum, whose ruins are now so
much admired at Rome, took its name.

Zbitodotia, a town of Mesopotamia,
near Nicephorium.

ZsNoooTus, a native of Tnezene, who
wrote an history of Umbria. A gram-
marian of Alexandria, in the age of Ptole-
my Soter, by whom he was appointed to
take care of the celebrated library of Alex«
andria. He died B. C. 345.

Zenothemis, a Greek writer.

Zephtrium, a promontory of Uupok
Grecia towards the Ionian sea, whence^
according to some, the Locrians are called

Epizephyrii, A town of CiUcla.-- — A

eape of Crete, now San Ztcaae— of Pon-
tus.

Zephtrum, a promontory in the islan^
of Cyprus, where Venos had a templA

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built by Ptolemy Philadelphus, whence
•he was called Zephyria. It was in this
temple that Arsinoe made an ofieriog of
ber Iiair tu the goddess of beauty.

ZsPifrRus, one of the winds, son of As-
treus and Aurora, the same vathmFavoruus
of the Latins. He married a nymph called
Cbloris, or Flora, by whom he iiad a son
called Carpos. Zephyr was said to pro-
duce flowers and fruits by the sweetness
of his breath. He bad a temple at Athens,
where he was represented as a young man
of delicate form, with two wings on his
shoulders, and with his head covered with
all sorts of flowers. He was supposed to
be the same as the west wind.

Z£RrNTHU9, a town of Samothrace, with
a eave sacred to Hecate. The epithet of
ZtrvntMus is applied to Apollo, and also
to Venus.

Zethbs, Zetes, or Zetcs, a son of Bo-
reas, king of Thr»ce and Orithya, who
accompanied, with his brother Calais, the
Argonauts to Ccrichis. In Bithynia the
two brothers, who are represented with
wings, delivered Phineus from the contin-
ual persecution of the Harpies, and drove
these monsters as far as the islands called
Strophades, where at last they were stop-
ped by Iris, who promised them that Pbin-
eus should no longer be tormented by
them. They were both killed, as some say,
by Hercules during the Argonautic exjie-
dition,and were changed into those winds
w^ich generally blow eight or ten days
before the dog-star appears, and are called
Prodii^njj.by ^he Greeks. Their sister Cle-
opatra -(ttftr^ied Phineus kingof Birhynia.

ZETTA,a town of Africa, near Thapaus,
now Zerbi.

Zetus, or Zethus, a son of Jupiter and
Antiope, brother to Amphion. The two
brothers were born on mount Cithaeron,
where Antiope had fled to avoid the re-
sentment of her father Nycteus. When
they had attained the years of manhood,
they collected a number of their friends to
avenge the injuries which their mother
had suffered from Lycua, the successor of
Nycteus on the throne of Thebes, and his
wife Dirce. Lycus w.is put to death, and
his wife tied to the tail of a wild bull, that
dragged her over rocks and precipices till
she died. The crown of Tjiebes was
seized by the two brothers, not only as
the reward of this victory, but as their in-
heritance, and Zethus surrounded the cap-
ital of his dominions with a strong wall,
while his brother amused himself with
playing on his lyre. Music and verses
were disagreeable to Zethus, and accord-.
Ing to some, he prevailed upon his brother
no longer to pursue so unproductive a
Btudy.

ZeuqiSj a portion of Africa, in which
Carthage was. The other division was
called ^jftociitm.

Zeugma, a town of Mesopotamia, on
the western bank of the Euphrates, where
was a well known passage across the
river. It was the eastern boundary of
the Roman empire, 'and in Pliny's age a
chain of iron Was said to extend across it.
A town of Dacia.

Zeds, a name of Jupiter among the
Greeks, expressive of his being the fa-
ther of mankind, and by whom all things
live.

Zeuxidamus, a king of Sparta, of the
family of the Proclidae. He was father of
Archidamus, and grandson of Theopom-
pus, and was succeeded by his son Archi-
damus.

Zedxidas, a pr&etor sf the Achtean
league, deposed because he had proposed
to his countrymen an alliance with the
Romans.

Zeuxippa, a daughter of Eridanus,
mother of Butes, one of the Argonauts.
A daughter of Laoniedon. She mar-
ried Sicyon, who after his father-in-law's
death became king of that city of Pelo-
ponnesus, which from him has b^n caUEr
ed Sicyon.

Zeuxis, a celebrated painter, bom at
Heraclea„ which some suppose to be the
Heraclea of Sicily. He flourishetJ about
four hundred and sixty-eight years before
the Christian era, and was the disciple
of ApoIIodorus, and contemporary with
Parrhasius. In the art of painting he not
only surpassed all his contemporaries,
but also his master, and became so sensi-
ble, and at the same time so proud of the
value of his pieces, that he refused to sell
them, observing that no sum of money,
however great, was sutficient to buy them.
His most celebrated' paintings were his
Jupiter sitting on a throne^ surrounded by
the gods ; his Hercules strangling the ser-
pents in the presence of his aflrighted pa-
rents; his modest Penelope ; and his Helen,
which was afterwards placed in the tem^
pie of Juno Lacinia, in Italy. He paint-
ed grapes, and formed an idea of the good-
ness of his piece from the birds which
came to eat the fruit on the canvass. But
he soon acknowledged that the whole was
an ill executed piece, as the figure of the
man who carried the grapes was not done
with sufficient expression to terrify the
birds. According to some, Zeuxis died
from laughing at a comical picture he
had made of an old woman.

Zeuxo, one of the Oceanides,

ZiLiA,'or Zelis, a town in Mauritania,
at the mouth of a river of the same name.

ZiMARA, a town of Armenia Minor,
twelve miles from the sources of the Eu-
phrates.

ZiBQis, a promontory of ^Ethiopia, near
the entrance of the Red sea, now cape
OrfuU

ZioBSRis, a riveF>of Hyreanic

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ZirKTss, a king of Bitbynia, who died
In his seventieth year, B. G. 379.

ZiTHA, a town of Mesopotamn.

Zi«A, a town of Arabia.

ZoiLus, a sophist and grammarian of
Amphipoiis, B. C. 259. He rendered him-
self known by his severe criticisms on the
works of Isocrates and Plato, and the
poems of Homer, fur which he received
the name o{ Homeromastixj or the chaatiser
of Homer. He presented his criticisms to
Ptolemy Philadelphus, but they were re-
jected with indignation, though the au-
thor declared that he starved for want of
bread. Some say, that Zoilus was cruel-
ly Atoned to death or exposed on a cross,
by order of Ptolemy, while others support,
that he was burnt alive at Smyrna. The
name of Zoilus is generally applied to aus-
tere critics. The works of this unfortun-
ate grammarian are lost. An officer in

the army of Alexander.

Zoippus, a sonin-law of Hiero of Si-
cily.

ZoifA, a town of Africa— ——of Thrace
on the iEgean sea, where the woods
are said to have followed the strains of
Orpheus.

ZoN&KAs, one of the Byzantine histori-
ans.

ZArrRto, one of Alexander's officers
left in Greece when the conqueror was in
Asia.

ZoPTRiorr, a governor of Pontus, who
made war against Scythia.

ZoPYRos, a Persian, son of Megabyzus,
who, to show his attachment to Darius
the son of Hystaspes, while he besieged
Babylon, cut off his ears and nose, and
fled to the enemy, telling them that he had
received such a treatment from his royal
master because he bad advised him to
raise the siege, as the city was impregna-
ble. This was credited by the Babyloni-
ans, and Zopyrus was appointed com-
mander of all their forcM. When he had
totally gained their coniraence, he betray-
ed the city into the bands of Darius, for
which he was liberally rewarded. The
regard of Darius for Zopyrus could never be
more strongly expressed than in what he
used often to say, that he had rather have
Zopyrus not mutilated than twenty Baby-
Ions. — An orator of Clazomenie.

A physician in the age of Mithridates. He
gave the monarch a description of an an-
tidote which would prevail against all
sorts of poisons. The experiment was

tried upon criminals, and succeeded.

A physician in. the age of Plutarch.

An officer of Arg(»s, who cut off the head
of Pyrrhus. A man Appointed mas-
ter of Alcibiades, by Pericles.— ——A
physiognomist. — ^A rhetorician of Colo-
phon.

ZoROAzroA, a part of Tanrus, between

HesopoUmia antl Anaenia, near which
the Tigris flows.

Zoroaster,^ king of Bactcia, supposed
to have lived in the age of Ninus, king of
Assyria, sometime before the Trojan war.
According to Justin, be first invented
niagic, or the doctrines of the Magi, and
rendered himself known by his deep and
acute researches in philosophy, the origin
of the world, and the study of astronomy.
He was respected by his subjects and
contemporaries for Ms abilities as a mon-
arch, a lawgiver, and a pliilosopher, and
though many of his doctrines are puerile
and ridiculous, yet his followers are still
found in numbers in the wiids of Persia,
and the extensive provinces of India.
Like Pythagoras, Zoroaster admitted no
visible object of devotion, except dre,
which he considered as the most proper
emblem of a supreme being; which doc-
trines seem to have been preserved by
Numa, in the worship and ceremonies he
instituted in honor or Vesta. According
to some of the modems, the doctrines, the
laws, and regulations of this celebrated
Bactrian are still extant^ and they have
been lately introduced in Europe in a
Flinch translation by M. Anquetil. The
age of Zoroaster is so little known,' that
many speak of two, three, four," and even
six lawgivers of that name. Some au-
thors, who support that two persons only
of this name flourished, described the flrst
as an astronomer, living in Babylon, 3459
years B. C. whilst the era of the other, who
IS supposed to have been a native of Per*-
sia, and the restorer of the religion of tlie
Magi, is fixed 589, and by some 519 years
B.C.

ZosiMus, an officer in the reign of The-
odosius the younger, about the year 410
of the Christian era. He wrote the histo-
ry of the Roman emperors in Greek, from
the age of Augustus to the beginning of
the fifth century, of which only the five
first books and the beginning of the sixth
are extant. In the first of these he is very
succinct in his account from the time of
Augustus to the reign of Diodesian, but
in the succeeding be becomes more dif-
fuse and interesting. His composition is
written with elegance, but not much fidel-
ity, and the author showed his malevo-
lence against the Christians in his histo-
ry of Constantino, and some of his suc-
cessors.

ZosiifE, the wife of king Tigranes, led
in triumph by Pompey.

Zoster, a town, harbor, and promonto-
ry of Attica.

ZosTERiA, a surname of Minerva. She
had two statues under that name in the
city of Thebes in BoBotia. The word sig-
nified girt, or armed for battle, words syn-
onymous among the ancients.

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432

%oTAU, a place near Antiocba In Mar-
ina, where .the Margus was divided into
■mall streams.

ZoTHRAcsTvs, a lawglvor among tka
Arimaspi.

ZucHis^ a lake to tbe east of the Syrtis
Minor, with a town of the same name, fk-
mous for a purple dye, and salt fish.

ZrcARTSf, a people of Africa.

Ztoi A, a ramame of Juno, becanse the
presided over marriage. She Is the ame
as the Pi^uba of the Latins.

Zfoii, a savage nation at tbe north of
Colchis.

ZrcopoLis, a town of Cappadocia, on
tbe borders of Colchis.

ZroaiTJE, a nation of Lybia.

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