Skip to main content

Full text of "Lempriéres biographical dictionary : or, Sketches of the lives of celebrated characters in every age and nation"

See other formats 


«■* 


i 


Al.ZX.vnDBJt. 


UiXlBAZ..  I  CaKSAB. 


SUAKZCrEARZ. 


Btkow. /f 


lili 


„^ 


^VA  S  H  iK  OTOK.     /'     |j  LArATBTTE.     /'  |  ¥nAWKL!N.    /' 

^■:        I' 


Hi^ 


JL 


L> 


LEMPRIERE'S 

OR, 

SKETCHES 

OF  THE  LIVES  OF  CELEBRATED  CHARACTERS  IN 

EVERY  AGE  AND  NATION, 

EMBRACING  WAIIRIORP,  HEROES,  POETS,   PHILOSOPHERS,   HISTORIANS,    POLITICIANS,  STATESMEN, 

LAWYERS,  PHYSICIANS,  DIVINES,  DISCOVERBIRS,  INVENTORS,  AND  GENERALLY,  ALL  SUCH 

INDIVIDUALS,  AS  FROM  THE  EARLIEST  PERIODS  OF  HISTORY  TO  THE  PRESENT 

TIME,  HAVE  BEEN  DISTINGUISHED  AMONG  MANKIND; 

ABRIDGED   FROM  LEMPRIERe's  BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY,    AND  CON- 
TAINING EVERY   ARTICLE  IN  THAT  WORK,  WITH  ADDITIONS 
OF  SEVERAL  HUNDRED  MAMES,  FROM  ALLEN,  WALKER, 
JONES,  AND  OTHERS. 

TO  WHICH  IS  ADDED, 


SI  latctionafs 


PRZMCIPAI.  DIVINITIES  AMD  HEROSS 

OF 

GRECIAN  AND  ROMAN  MYTHOLOGY ; 

AND  NOTICES  OF  ONE  HUNDRED 

EMINENT  LIVING  INDIVIDUALS: 

WITH  AN  APPENDIX, 

CONTAINING  SKETCHES  OF  THE  LIVES  AND  CHARACTERS  OK 

JOHN  ADAMS  AND  THOMAS  JEFFERSON 


NEW- YORK : 
REED  AND  JEWETT. 


1826. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AA 


AB 


AA,Peter  Vander,  abooksollerof  Leydeu,who 
published  a  work  in  66  vols,  folio,  entitled 
Galerie  du  Monde,  fcc.  was  living  in  1729. 

AAGARD,  Nicholas  and  Christian,  brothers, 
born  at  VViburg,  in  Demnark,  the  eldest,  distin- 
guished for  the  aculeness  of  his  philosophical 
writings,  died  1657 ;  the  other  known  for  his 
poetical  talents,  died  1C64. 

AALAM,  an  astrologer  of  the  ninth  century, 
at  the  court  of  Adado  Daula. 

AALST,  Everard,  a  dutch  painter,  whose 
pieces  were  highly  valued,  was  born  at  Delft, 
1602,  and  died  fu  1658. 

AAllON,  elder  brother  of  Moses,  of  the  tribe 
of  Levi,  born  A.  M.  2434  ;  he  was  the  friend  and 
the  assistant  of  Moses,  was  happily  gifted  with 
the  powers  of  eloquen.'^c,  and  became  the  first 
high- priest  among  the  Hebrews.  He  died  in  his 
r23d  year. 

AARON,  Raschid,  a  caliph  of  the  Ab;issides, 
distinguished  by  his  conquests  and  the  eccentri- 
city of  his  ciiaracter,  died  A.  D.  809,  in  the  2'Sd 
year  of  his  reign. 

AARON,  Schascou,  a  rabbi  ot  Thessalonica, 
celebrated  for  his  writings. 

AARON,  a  iiritish  saint,  put  to  death  with  his 
brother  Julius,  during  Dioclescian's  persecution 
of  the  Chdstiaus. 

AARON,  a  presbyter  and  physician  of  Alex- 
andria, in  the  ei^'lith  century ;  he  wrote  30  books 
on  niedi;ine  inthe  Syriac  language,  and  is  the 
first  author  who  makes  mention  of  the  small  pox 
and  moazles,  diseases  which  were  introduced 
into  Egypt  from  Arabia,  about  640. 

AARON,  Hariscon,  a  Caraite  rabbi  who  was 
known  as  pliysician  at  Constantinople  in  1294  ; 
and  wrote  a  learned  commentary  on  the  penta 
touch,  Hebrew  grammar,  &c. 

AARON,   Hacaaron    or    Posterior,  another 
learned  Rabbi,  born  in  1346 ;  he  wrote  on  the 
law  of  Moses,  the  customs  of  his  nation,  and 
trentiso  entitled  the  Garden  of  Eden. 

AARON,  Isaac,  an  uiterpreter  of  languages 
at  Constantinople  under  the  Comeni. 

A  ARON,  Ben  Chaim,  the  chief  of  the  Jewish 
Synago;|uo,  at  Fez  and  Morocco,  iii  the  begin 
ning  of  the  17th  century;  he  wrote  commenta- 
ries on  Joshua,  the  Law,  the  Prophets,  &c. 

AARON,  Ben-ascr,  a  learned  rabbi  in  the  5th 
century,  to  whom  the  invention  of  the  Hebrew 
points  and  accents  is  attributed ;  he  wrote  a 
Hebiew  grammar,  printed  1515. 

AARON,  a  Levite  of  Barcelona,  wrote  613 
precepts  on  Moses,  printed  at  Venice,  1523 ;  he 
died  1292. 

AARSENS,  Francis,  lord  of  Scmektydt  and 
Bpyck,  one  of  the  greatest  ministers  for  negotia- 
tion that  the  United  Provinces  of  Holland  have 
at  any  time  possessed.  He  was  the  first  person 
ever  recognised  as  Dutch  ambassador  by  the 
French  court ;  the  first  of  three  extraordiiiary 
anrbas^adors  sent  to  England  in  1620 ;  and  thc- 
second  in  1<)41,  who  were  to  treat  about  the  mar- 
riage of  prince  William,  son  to  the  prince  of 
Orange.    Aarscns  died  at  an  advanced  age ;  he 


left  behind  him  very  accurate  and  judicious  me- 
moirs of  all  the  embaseies  in  which  lie  was  em- 
ployed. 

AARSENS,  or  AERSENS,  Peter,  called  by 
the  Italians  Pictro  Longo,  from  his  talluess,  a 
celebrated  painter,  born  at  Amsterdam  in  1519. 
He  excelled  very  particularly  in  pauiting  a 
kitchen  ;  but  an  altarpiece  of  his,  viz.  a  crucifix, 
representing  an  executioner  breaking  with  an 
iron  bar  the  legs  of  the  thieves,  &c.  was  prodi- 
giously admired.  This  noble  piece  v.as  destroyed 
by  the  rabble  in  the  thne  of  the  insurrection, 
1566.  He  afterwards  complained  of  this  to  the 
{Hjpulace  in  terms  of  such  severity,  that  more 
than  once  they  were  going  to  murder  him.  He 
died  in  1585. 

AARTGEN,  or  AERTGEN,  a  painter  of 
merit,  born  at  Leyden  in  1418.  It  was  a  custom 
with  this  painter  never  to  work  on  Mordays, 
but  to  devote  that  day  with  his  discipUs  to  i];e 
bottle.  He  used  to  stroll  about  the  streets-  in  the 
night,  playing  on  the  German  flute  ;  and  in  one 
of  these  frolics  was  drowned  in  1504. 

ABA,  brother-in-law  to  Stephen,  the  first 
Christian  king  of  Hungary  :  disgraced  hisiii^eif 
by  his  cracllies ;  was  conqu.-red  in  battle  by  the 
Emperor  Henry  III. ;  and  was  sacrificed  to  the 
resentment  of  his  oltended  subjects,  1044. 

AB  AFFI,  Michael,  son  of  a  magistrate  of  Her- 
manstad,  rose  by  his  abilities  and  intrigues,  to 
the  sovereignty  of  Transylvania,  in  1C61. 

ABACA,'or  ABAKA,akingof  Tartary,  con- 
quered Persia,  and  proved  a  powerful  and  formi- 
dable neighbour  to  the  Christians  at  Jerusalem, 
died  1282. 

ABANO,vid.  Apoao. 

AB  ARIS,  a  Scythian  philosopher,  the  history 
of  whose  adventures,  mentioned  by  Herodotus 
and  others,  appears  more  fabulous  than  aii- 
hentic. 

ABAS,  Schah,  seventh  king  of  Persia,  was 
brave  and  active  ;  he  took  conjointly  with  the 
English  foi;ces,  1822,  the  Island  of  Ormus,  which 
bad  been  in  the  possession  of  the  Portusuese  122 
years  ;  he  died  1G23  in  the  44th  year  of  his  leign. 

ABAS,  Schah,  the  <reat  grandson  of  the  pro- 
ceding,  succeeded  his  father  in  1642,  in  his  13th 
year ;  lie  patronised  the  Christians,  and  was  dis- 
tinguished for  his  benevolence  and  liberality ;  he 
died  Sept.  25, 1666. 

ABASSA,  an  officer  who  revolted  against 
Mustapha  I.  emperor  of  the  Turks,  and  after- 
wards was  employed  against  the  Poles,  1634,  at 
the  head  of  60,000  men.  The  cowartlice  of  his 
troops  robbetl  him  of  a  victory,  and  he  was 
.strangled  by  order  of  the  Sultan.' 

ABASSA,  a  sister  of  Aaron  Raschid,  whose 
hand  was  bestowed  by  Ijer  brother  on  Giafer; 
her  husband  was  sacrificed  by  the  tyrant,  and 
.•lie  was  reduced  to  poverty. 

ABASSON,  an  impostor,  who,  under  the 
character  of  the  grandson  of  Abas  the  great,  ob- 
tained the  patronage  of  the  court  of  France  and 
of  the  grand  seignior,  by  whose  order  he  was  at 
last  beheaded. 


AB 


AB 


ABATS,  Andrew,  a  painler  of  fruit  and  ftill 
life,  born  at  r^aples,  wiis  eini>loycd  by  the  king 
of  Spain,  and  died  in  1732. 

ABAUZIT,  Fimiin,  lM)m  at  Uze?,  lllh  Nov. 
1071),  tied  from  tlie  persecution  which  attended 
his  parents  on  account  of  tlieir  profession  of 
proiesiantisin,  and  retired  to  Geiieva,  became 
distinguished  for  hi?  superior  progress  in  every 
branch  of  polite  karninp.  but  particularly 
mathematics  and  natural  history  ;  was  flattered 
by  VoUairc,  and  complimented  by  Rotissiau; 
he  died  March  20, 17r.7. 

ABBADIE,  James,  an  eminent  Protestant  di- 
vijie,  and  dean  of  Riialoe,  born  at  Xay,  in  Berne, 
in  the  year  lf>o4  (or,  according  :o  aome  accounts, 
in  16.58,)  died  in  the  parish  oi  Mary-la-boune, 
in  London,  1727.  The  chief  of  this  author's 
works  was,  "  Trriie  de  la  Verite  de  la  Religion 
Chrciienno;  Rotterdam,  1G84."  This  has  {ione 
through  several  editions,  and  is  perhaps  the  best 
book  ever  published  on  that  subject. 

AH  AS,  Halli,  a  physician,  anil  one  of  the 
Persian  maigi,  who  followed  the  doctrines  of 
Zoroaster;  he  wrote  A.  D.  980,  a  book  called 
a  royal  work,  which  was  translated  into  Latin 
by  Stephen  of  Antioch,  1127,  and  is  now  extant. 

ABBAS,  the  uncle  of  Mahomet,  opposed  tlie 
ambitious  views  of  the  impostor ;  but  when  de- 
feated in  the  battle  of  Bedr,  was  reconciled  to 
his  nephew,  embraced  his  religion,  and  thankee! 
heaven  for  the  prosperity  and  the  gtace  he  ei\- 
joyeu  a.s  a  mussulman.  He  died  in  the  32d  year 
of  the  hegira. 

ABBASSA,\id.  Abassa. 

ABBATEGIO,  Marian  d',  an  ecclesiastic  of 
the  14ih  century,  who  rose  by  his  abilities  to  be 
governor  of  Aquila. 

ABBATISSA,  Paul,  a  famous  Sicilian  poet, 
born  at  Messina,  1570.  lie  translated  into  Italian 
verse  Homer's  Iliad  and  Odyssey,  and  Ovid's 
Metamorphoses. 

ABBIATI,  Philip,  a  historical  painter,  born 
at  Milan  IG-lQ.  died  1715. 

ABBOX,  a  monk  of  St.  Germain  des  PrSs, 
who  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Paris  by  the 
Xormans,  at  the  close  of  the  9th  century ;  lie 
wrote  an  account  of  this  event  in  1200  verses, 
in  execrable  Latin,  which  was  edited  by  Du- 
plcssis,  1753. 

ABBON,  do  Fleury,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Or- 
leans, who  became  abbot  of  Fleury,  supported 
the  rights  of  the  monastic  order  against  the  in- 
trusions of  the  bishops.  He  was  killed  in  a 
quarrel  between  the  French  and  Gascons,  1004. 

ABBOT,  Hull,  a  respectable  minister  of 
Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  published  several 
fiermons.  died  1782,  aged  80. 

ABBOT,  George,  archbishop  of  Canterbun,-, 
l»om  1562,  at  Guildford,  in  Surry.  In  1604  that 
irar.slation  of  the  Bible  now  in  use  was  begun  by 
the  direction  of  king  James,  and  I)r.  Abbot  was 
ihe  second  of  eight  divines  of  Oxford,  to  whom 
the  care  of  translating  the  whole  New  Testa- 
ment (excepting  the  Epistles)  was  committed. 
On  April  5,  1619,  Sir  Nicholas  Kempe  laid  the 
first  stone  of  the  hospital  at  Guildfoid.  The 
archbishop,  who  was  present,  afterwards  en- 
dowed it  with  lands  to  the  value  of  300/.  per 
nun.  The  archbishop,  being  in  a  declininii  state 
of  health,  used  in  the  summer  to  go  to  Hamp- 
shire for  the  sake  of  recreation  ;  and  heinr  in 
viied  by  lord  Zouch  to  hiint  in  his  park  at  Bran- 
zill,  he  met  there  with  the  greatest  misfortune 
that  ever  befell  him  ;  for  he  accidentally  killed 
his  lordship's  keeper,  by  an  arrow  from  a  cros 
bow,  which  he  shot  at  a  deer.     This  accident 


threw  iiim  into  a  deep  melancholy  ;  he  ever  af^ 
lenvards  kept  a  monthly  fast  on  Tuesday,  tlie 
day  on  which  this  faial  mischance  l.appeiicdi 
and  settled  an  annuity  of  20Z.  on  the  widow. 
Worn  out,  however,  with  cares  and  infirmities, 
he  dii'd  at  Croydon,  Aug.  5, 1C33. 

ABl'.OT,  Maurice,  youngest  brother  of  the 
archbinhr.p,  acquired  con*-equtnce  hi  comir  er- 
cial  afiairs,  was  employed  in  1624  in  establi.-h- 
ng  the  .<=e!tlement  of  Virginia,  and  was  the  first 
person  on  whom  Charles  I.  conferred  the  ho- 
nour of  knighthood.  He  was  elected  represen- 
tative lor  Loiidon,  and  in  ICIw  waj;  raise  d  to  rhe 
mayoralty  of  the  city,  and  died  Jan.  10th,  IMO. 

ABi;OT,  Robert,  D.  D.  eldest  brother  of  rhe 
two  jirec'.ding  ;  he  was  born  at  Guildford,  was 
educa;»  d  at  Ealiol  college,  and  electt  d  master 
hereot,  ]r>09.  His  eloquence  as  a  preacher  re- 
commended hiui  to  further  patronage  ;  he  was  ' 
appciiit.d  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  regius  pro- 
'  ?sor  of  divinity  at  Oxford.  He  was  coi.se  - 
crated  bishop  of  Salisbury,  161. j,  and  died  >!ar. 
2,  1617,  in  his  58th  year.  His  writings  \\  trc 
princi]  ally  controvrsial. 

ABBT,  Thomas,  the  German  translator  of 
Salliist,  and  the  admired  author  of  a  treatise 

On  nierit,"  and  of  anotjier,  "Ofdyingforon'  's 
country, "  was  born  atUlm, and  diednt  Butke- 
borg,  ]76t],  aged  28. 

AHTALCADER,  a  Persian  who  was  greatly 
reve: cd  by  the  mussulmans  for  his  learning,  his 
piety,  and  the  sanctity  of  his  manners. 

ABDALLAH,  father  of  Mahomet,  was  a 
slave;,  a.id  a  driver  cf  camels. 

AED  ALLAH,  son  of  Zobair.  was  proclaimed 
ali[i)i  o!  Mecca  and  Medina,  after  tlie  e.xpulsion 
>f  Yt-sid.  After  enjoyuig  the  sovereignty  for 
our  years,  he  was  besieged  in  Mecca,  by  the 
tuccep.sor  of  Yesid  in  Syria,  and  sacriiiced  to 
the  ambition  of  his  rival,  733. 

ABIJALLAH,  son  of  Yesid,  celebrated  as  a 
mussulman  lawyer  in  the  7lh  centurj-. 

A  CI";  ALLAH,  son  of  Abbas,  endeavoured 
to  raise  his  family  on  the  niinsof  iheOmmiades; 
he  vvas  df^fcatcd  by  his  rivalsi,  who,  afterwards, 
oreteii(l;i:g  to  be-  reconciled,  perfidiously  mur- 
dered him,  754. 

ABDALMALEK,  son  of  Marvan,  was  ."ilh 
calipii  of  the  Ommiades,  and  began  to  reign,  6P5. 
He  was  called  Abulzebab,  because  bis  breath 
was  so  f/fiensive  that  it  killed  the  very  flies  that 
settled  on  his  lips ;  he  reigned  21  years,  and  was 
uccteded  bv  Vahd,  the  eldest  of  his  16  sons. 

ABDALMALEK,  the  last  of  the  caliphs  of 
the  race  of  the  Saraanides,  was  dethroned  and 
murdered  bv  Mahmoud,  999. 

ABDALilAHJL\N,  or  ABDERAMES,  vid- 
\bderames. 

ABDAS,  a  bishop  in  Persia,  who,  by  incon- 
siderately abofishing  a  Pagan  temple  of  the 
«un,  e,\cited  the  public  mdignation  against  him- 
self and  his  religion. 

AEDEMELEK ,  king  of  Fez  and  Morocco,  was 
detl.roned  by  his  nephew,  Mahomet ;  but  by  the 
assistance  of  troops,  sent  him  by  the  sidtan 
Selini,  defeated  Sebastian,  king  of  Portugal, 
who  had  landed  in  Africa  to  support  the  usurper. 
The  tw  o  African  monarchs  and  Sebastian  fell 
on  til.-  field,  1.'578. 

ABDERAMES,  a  caUph  of  the  race  of  Om- 
miades, was  invited  into  Spain  by  the  Saracens. 
Tie  assumed  the  title  of  king  of  Corduba,  and 
the  surname  of  just;  he  died,  790,  after  reigning 
32  vears. 

ABDJ:RAMES,  a  Saracen  general  of  the  ca- 
liph Heschain,  who,  after  conquering  Spain, 


AB 

penetrated  into  Aquitain  and  Poitou,and  was  at 
Jasi  defeated  by  Charles  Martel,  near  Foitiers 
732. 

ABDER  AMES,  a  potty  prince,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Morocco.  Ko  niurdere(i  Amadin,  his  prede- 
cessor and  nophevv,  and  was  himself  assassi- 
nated by  a  chieftain,  15<J5. 

AUDI  AS,  a  native  of  Babylon,  who  pretend- 
ed to  be  one  of  the  72  disciples  of  our  Saviour 
wrote  a  legendary  treatise,  called  Historia  certa 
nienis  Apostolici,  which  was  edited  aud  trans 
latod  into  Latin,  by  Wolfgang  Lazius,  Basil 
1571. 

ABDISSI,  a  patriarch  of  Assyria,  who  paid 
homage  to  Pope  Pins  IV.  1562,  and  extended  the 
power  of  the  Romish  church  in  the  East. 

ABDOLONYMUS,  a  Sidonian  of  the  royal 
fauiily,  placed  on  the  throne  by  Alexander  the 
Great. 

ABDON,  a  Persian,  who  siiftcred  martyrdom 
under  the  persecution  of  Decius,  250. 

ABDULMUMEX,  a  man  of  obscure  origin, 
seized  the  crown  of  Morocco,  his  death  put  a 
stop  to  his  meditated  invasion  of  Spain,  1156 

ABEILLE,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Riez,  in 
Provence,  born  1048,  died  at  Paris,  1718. 

ABEILLE,  Scipio,  brother  of  the  preceding 
surgeon  in  the  regiment  of  Picardy,  died  1697. 

ABEL,  second  sou  of  Adam,  was  cruelly 
murdered  by  his  brotiier  Cain. 

ABEL,  king  of  Denmark,  son  of  Valdimar, 
II.  usurped  the  throne  1259,  and  was  killed  in 
battle  two  years  after. 

ABEL,  Frederick  Gottfried,  a  native  of  Hal- 
berstadt,  abandoned  divinity  for  the  pursuit  of 
medicine  ;  he  died  1794,  aged  80. 

ABEL,  Charles  Frederic,  whose  great  musical 
ability,  both  as  composer  and  performer,  was 
an  honour  to  the  age  in  which  he  lived.  His 
instrumental  performance,  particularly  on  the 
Viol  di  Gainba,  was  much  distinguished  for  its 
elegance  and  fine  feeling.  He  died,  at  London 
after  three  days'  sleep,  on  the  20th  of  June,  1787. 

ABELA,  John  Francis,  a  commander  of  the 
order  of  Malta,  known  by  an  excellent  work 
called  "  Malta  illustrata,"  infol.  1647. 

ABELARD,  Peter,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
doctors  of  the  12lh  century,  was  born  in  the  vil 
lage  of  Palais,  in  Brittany.  That  he  might  enjoy 
all  the  sweets  of  life,  he  thought  it  necessary  to 
have  a  mistress,  and  accordingly  fixed  his  affec- 
tions on  Heloise,  a  niece  of  a  canon  at  Paris. 
He  boarded  in  this  canon's  house,  whose  name 
was  Fulbert;  where,  pretending  to  teach  the 
young  lady  the  sciences,  he  soon  made  love  to 
his  scholar.  Abelard  now  performed  his  public 
functions  very  coldly,  and  wrote  nothing  but 
amorous  verses.  Heloise,  at  length,  being  likely 
to  become  a  mother,  Abelard  sent  her  to  a  sister 
of  his  in  Brittany,  where  she  was  delivered  of  a 
son.  To  soften  the  canon's  anger,  he  offered  to 
marry  Heloise  privately ;  Fulbert,  however,  was 
better  pleased  with  this  proposal  than  his  niece, 
who,  from  a  strange  singularity  in  her  passion, 
chose  rather  to  be  the  mistress  than  the  wife  of 
Abelard.  At  length,  however,  she  consented  to 
a  private  marriage;  but,  even  after  this,  would 
on  some  occasions  affirm  with  an  oath,  that  she 
was  still  unmarried.  Her  husband  thereupon 
sent  her  to  the  monastery  of  Argenteuil ;  where, 
at  his  desire,  she  put  on  a  religious  habit,  but  not 
the  veil.  VIeloise's  relations,  looking  upon  this  as 
a  second  piece  of  treachery  in  Abelard,  were 
transported  to  such  a  degree  of  resentment,  that 
they  hired  ruffians,  who  forcing  into  his  cham- 
ber by  night,  deprived  him  of  his  manhood.  This 


AB 

|infamous  treatment  forced  Abelard  to  a  cloister, 
,to  conceal  his  confusion^  and  he  put  on  the  habit 
jin  the  abbey  of  St.  Denis.  He  afterwards  re- 
itired  to  a  solitude  in  the  diocese  of  Troyes,  and 
jthcre  built  an  oratory,  which  he  named  the 
Paraclete,  where  great  numbers  of  pupils  re- 
sorted to  him.  Here  again  his  success  excited 
that  envy  by  which  he  had  through  life  been 
persecuted ;  and  having  been  several  times  in 
danger  of  his  life,  by  poi^son  and  otlier  artifices, 
he  was  at  length  received  by  Peter  the  Venerable 
into  his  abbey  of  Clugni,  in  which  sanctuary 
Abelard  was  treated  with  the  utmost  humanity 
and  tenderness.  At  length,  having  become  iMfirni 
from  the  prevalence  of  the  scurvy  and  other 
disorders,  he  was  removed  to  the  priory  of  St. 
Marcollus,  on  the  Saon,  near  Chalons,  where 
he  died,  April  21,  1142,  in  tlie  63d  year  of  his 
age.  His  corpse  was  sent  to  Heloise,  who  de- 
posited it  in  the  Paraclete. 

ABELL,  John,  an  En^rlish  musician  in  the 
chapel  royal  of  Charles  II.  celebrated  for  a  fine 
counter-tenor  voice,  and  for  his  skill  on  the  lute. 
He  continued  in  the  chapel  till  the  Revolu- 
tion, when  he  was  discharged  as  being  a  Papist. 
Upon  this  he  went  abroad,  and  at  Vl'"arsaw  met 
with  a  very  extraordinary  adventure.  He  was 
sent  for  to  court;  but  evading  to  go  ^y  some 
Slight  excuse,  was  commanded  to  attend.  At 
the  palace,  he  was  seated  in  a  chair  in  tlie  mid- 
dle of  a  spaciou-s  haU,  and  suddenly  drawn  up  to 
a  great  height,  when  the  king,  with  bis  attend- 
ants, appeared  in  a  gallery  opposite  to  him.  At 
the  same  instant  a  number  of  wild  bears  were 
turned  in,  when  the  king  bid  him  choose, 
whether  he  would  sing,  or  be  let  down  among 
the  bears.  Aboil  chose  the  former,  and  declared 
afterwards,  that  he  never  sung  so  weU  in  his  life. 

ABELLA,  a  female  writer  born  at  Salerne,  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  of  Anjou. 

ABELLI,  Lev.is,  a  native  of  Vexin  Francois, 
who  was  made  Bishop  of  Rhodes,  died  at  Paris 
1691,  in  his  &Sth  year. 

ABENDANA,  Jacob,  a  Spanish  Jew,  who 
died  1685,  prefect  of  the  Synagogue  in  London. 

ABENEZR  A,  Abraham,  a  Spanish  rabbi,  sui- 
named  the  wise,  great,  and  admirable,  died  1174, 
aged  about  75.  His  commentaries  are  highly 
valued. 

ABENGNEFIL,  an  Arabian  physician,  of 
the  12th  century. 

ABENMELEK,  a  learned  rabbi,  who  wrote, 
in  Hebrew,  a  commentary  on  the  Bible  ;  it  was 
published  at  Amsterdam,  1661,  in  folio. 

ABERCROMBIE,  James,  a  major  general  in 
the  British  army  in  Canada,  in  1756  :  he  display- 
ed a  want  of  talents,  and  was  superseded  by 
general  Amherst. 

ABERCROMBIE,  John,  a  horticultural  writer 
of  much  note.  His  first  work  was  published  un- 
der the  title  of  "  Mawe's  Gardener's  Calendar ;" 
the  flattering  reception  of  Avhich  led  him  to 
pursue  hia  literary  labours  on  professional  sub- 
jects, to  v/hich  he  prefixed  his  own  name.  He 
died  at  Somers'  Town,  in  1806,  in  the  80th  year 
of  his  age. 

ABERCROMBY,  Sir  Ralph,  a  brave  Britisli 
general,  born  in  Scotland  174."^,  received  his 
death-wound  (like  Wolfe)  in  the  moment  of  a 
great  victory  over  the  French,  within  four  miles 
of  Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  March  21,  1801,  and 
died  on  the  28th  of  the  seme  month. 

ABERCROMBY,  Thomas,  M.  D.  a  native  of 
Forfar,  became  physician  to  James  II.  by  re- 
nouncing the  protestant  religion;  he  died  1726, 
aged  70. 

1* 


AB 

ABEKNETHY,  John,  an  eminent  dissenting 
minister,  bor«  at  Coleraiue,  in  Ireland,  1680 
died  at  Dublin  1740.    His  best  esteemed  works 
are  a  set  of  sermons  on  the  "  Divine  and  Moral 
Attributes." 

ABGARUS,  a  king  of  Edessa,  famous  for  the 
letter  which  he  is  said  to  have  sent  to  our 
Saviour,  and  for  the  answer  he  received. 

ABGILLUS,  son  of  the  king  of  the  Frisii 
surnamed  Prester  John,  was  in  the  Holy  land 
vith  Charlemagne. 

ABIATHAR,  son  of  Abimelech,  was  the  high 
priest  of  the  Jews,  and  the  friend  and  fellow 
fcufl'erer  of  David. 

ABIGAIL,  wife  of  Nabal,  married  to  David 
after  Kabal's  death,  1057,  B.  C. 

ABU  AH,  son  of  Rehoboara,  was  king  of  Ju- 
dah  after  Ids  father,  958,  B.  C. 

ABIOSI,  John,  an  Italian  physician  and  as- 
tionoKier,  in  the  beginning  of  the  16th  centurv. 

ABLANCOURT,  vid.  Perrot. 

ABLE,  or  ABEL,  Thomas,  a  chaplain  at  the 
courtof  Henry  VHL,  was  executed  July  30, 1540. 

ABNER,  son  of  Ner,  was  Saul's  uncle,  and 
his  faithful  general,  and  was  perfidiously  slam 
Ly  Joab,  1048.  B.  C. 

ABOUBEKER,  vid.  Abubeker. 

ABOUGEHEL,  one  of  the  enemies  of  Ma- 
homet and  his  religion. 

ABOUHANIFAH,  surnamed  Alnooman,  a 
celebrated  doctor  among  the  mussulmans,  born 
in  the  80th  year  of  the  hegira. 

ABOU-JOSEPH,  a  learned  mussulman,  ap- 
pointed supreme  judge  of  Bagdat  by  the  caliphs 
Iladi  and  Aaron  Raschid. 

ABOULALNA,  a  mussulman  doctor,  cele- 
brated for  his  wit. 

ABOU-LOLA,  an  Arabian  poet,  bora  at  Ma- 
ora  in  973,  became  a  brahmin,  and  died  1057. 

ABOU-NAVAS,  an  Arabian  poet,  whose 
merit  was  protected  and  encouraged  at  the  court 
«f  Aaron  Raschid. 

ABOU-RIHAN,  a  geographer  and  astronomer, 
who  employed  40  years  of  his  life  in  travelling 
tliroi'.gh  India. 

ABRABANEL.  Isaac,  a  Jew  of  Lisbon,  em- 
ploved  in  offices  of  importance,  by  Aphonso  V. 
of  Port\iKal,  fled  into  Spain,  and  from  thence 
to  Naples,  then  to  Corfu,  and  at  last  to  Venice, 
where  he  died,  1508,  in  his  71sl  year.     " 

ABRAHAM,  the  patriarch,  was  bom  at  Ur, 
in  Chaldea,  A.  M.  2j04  ;  he  died  in  his  175tli 
year. 

ABRAHAM,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Jesuit  in 
Lorraine,  was  17  years  divinity  profes? or  at  Pont 
a  Mousson,  where  he  died,  Sept.  7,  1655,  in  his 
G6lh  vear. 

ABRAHAM,  Ben-choila,  a  Spanish  rabbi, 
skilled  in  astrology,  prophesied  that  the  coniinp 
of  the  Messiah  would  be  in  1358.    Died,  1303. 

ABRAHAM.  Usque,  a  Jew  of  Portugal.  He 
undertook,  with  Tobias  Athias,  to  translate  the 
lible  into  Spanish,  in  the  ICth  century. 

ABRAHAM,  an  emperorof  the  Moors  of  Afri- 
ca, in"  the  12fh  century,  was  dethroned  by  his 
subjects,ai]d  hiscrown  usurped  by  Abduhnumen. 
ABROSI,  John,  an  Italian  physician.    He 
wrote  a  dialogue  on  astrology,  4to  Venice,  1494. 

ABRUZZd,  Raltbasar,  a  Sicilian,  known  for 
bis  abilities  as  a  philosopher  and  a  civilian, 
died,  1665,  a^ed  64. 

AERUZZO,  Peter,  a  Neapolitan  architect  in 
the  17th  century. 

AI^SALOM,  son  of  king  David,  difrtinguished 
for  his  personal  acquirenien:s,  his  popularity, 
and  Lis  vicee,  cuurdejcd  his  trotiior,  hcRd94  8  rv- 
6 


AC  

bellion  a^'ainst  his  father,  and  was  slain  by  Joab 
about  lO^iO,  B.  C. 

ABSALOM,  archbishop  of  Lunden,  in  Den- 
mark, minister  and  friend  of  Waldemir,  dis- 
played his  abiUties  in  the  cabinet,  in  the  field, 
and  in  the  fleet,  was  humane  and  benevolent ; 
he  died  universally  regretted,  1302. 

ABSTEMIOUS,  Laurentius,  an  Italian  wri- 
ter, born  at  Maceraia,  in  La  Marca  de  Ancona, 
who  devoted  himself  early  to  the  study  of  po- 
lite literature.  He  published,  under  the  pontifi- 
cate of  Alexander  VI.  a  treatise,  entitled  "  Ile- 
caiomytliium,"  from  its  containing  100  fables, 
which"  have  been  often  printed  with  those  of 
^sop,  Phacdrus,  Gabrius,  Avienus,  &c. 

ABUBEKER,  lather-in-law  of  Mahomet,  was 
elected  his  successor.  After  a  reign  of  2  years 
and  6  months,  he  expired  in  the  62d  year  of  his 
age. 

ABUCARA,  Theodore,  the  metropolitan  of 
Caria,  obtained  a  seat  in  the  synod  held  at  Con- 
stantinople, 809  ;  he  wrote  treatises  against  the 
Jews  and  Mahometans,  which  have  been  pub- 
lished. 

ABUDHAHER,  the  father  of  the  Carmatians, 
m  Arabia,  opposed  the  religion  of  Mahoniet, 
plundered  the  temple  of  Mecca,  and  died  in  pos- 
session of  his  extensive  dominions,  953. 

ABULFARAGIUS,  Gregory,  son  of  Aaron, 
a  physician,  bom  in  1226,  in  the  city  of  Ma'.atia, 
near  the  source  of  the  Euphrates  in  Armenia* 
He  urote  in  Arabic,  a  history  which  does  ho- 
nour to  his  memory  ;  it  is  divided  into  dynasties, 
consists  of  ten  parts,  and  is  an  epitome  of  uni- 
versal history,  from  the  creation  of  the  world  to 
Iiis  own  time. 

ABULFEDA,  Ismael,  prince  of  Hamah,  in 
Syria,  but  better  known  as  author  of  Tables 
if  Geography  of  the  regions  beyond  the  river 
Oxus.  lie  began  his  reign  in  the  743d  year  of 
he  hegiia,  and  ended  it  three  years  afterwards, 
aged  72. 

ABULGASI-BAYATUR,  khan  of  the  Tar- 
ars,  reigned  20  years,  respected  at  home  sud 
abroad,  resigned  the  sovereignty  to  his  sou, 
wrote  the  onlv  Tartar  histoiy  known  in  Europe ; 
he  died  1663." 

ABULOLA,  vid.  Aboulola. 

ABU-MESLEM,  a  mussulman  governor  of 
Kliorasan,  who,  in  746,  transferred  the  dignity 
)f  caliph  from  the  family  of  the  Ommiades  to 
hat  of  the  Abbassides,  by  which  he  occasioned 
lie  death  of  600,000  men.  He  was  thrown  into 
,.he  Tigris,  754. 

ABUNDIUS,  a  bishop  of  Come,  in  Italy,  who 
assisted  at  the  council  of  Constantinople,  as  the 
ejiresentative  of  Leo,  and  died,  469. 

ABUNOW.AS,  an  Arabian  poet,  deservedly 
>a  ronized  by  Aaron  Raschid,  died  810. 

ABT^-OBEIDAH,  a  friend  and  associate  of 
Mahomet,  extended  his  conquests  over  Palestine 
md  Syria,  and  died  639. 

ABU-SAID  EEN-ALJAPTU,  a  sultan,  the 
ast  of  the  family  of  Zintis-khan,  died  1.535. 

ABUSAID-MIRZA,  a  man  of  enterprise,  who 
'lfic>ed  himself  at  the  head  of  an  army,  aiid  de- 
"lared  himself  independent ;  he  was  killed  in  an 
ambush,  1468,  aced  42 

ABUTEMAN,  a  poet  in  high  repute  among 
he  .Arabians,  bom  a  Yasem,  between  Dauias- 
ns  and  Tiberias,  about  846. 

ABYDENE.  wrote  a  history  of  Chaldea  and 

sHV'ia,  of  which  valuable  composition  only  a 
ew  fragntents  have  been  preserved  by  Eusebiue. 

ACACIUS,  surnamed  Luscus,  founder  of  tiie 
^ect  o^  the  Acaciani,  died,  365. 


AC 


ACACIUS,  patriarch  of  Constantiuople,  es- 
kablislied  the  superiority  of  his  see  over  the  east- 
ern bisliops,  was  opposed  by  Felix,  and  died  408 

ACACIUS,  a  bisiiop  of  Berea,  in  Syria,  pei- 
geciuetl  Chrysostooi  and  Cyril,of  Alexandria;  lie 
died  4.B. 

A»  ACIUS.  a  bisliop  of  Amida,  on  the  Tigrk, 
sold  the  sacred  vessels  of  his  churches  to  ran- 
som 70<J()  Peisiaa  slaves  ;  he  lived  in  the  reign 
of  Tiieodosius  the  younger. 

ACCA  LAURENTIA,  wife  of  Faustulu  , 
and  nurse  of  Ronmius  and  Remus. 

ACCA,  bishop  of  Hexham,  author  of  treatises 
on  thu  suifuriugs  of  the  saints,  died  1740. 

ACCARISi,  James,  a  professor  of  rhetoric  at 
Mantua,  div-d  16r)4. 

ACCETTO,  Reginald,  author  of  a  thesarus 
of  the  Italian  tongue,  died  1.5t50. 

ACCIAIOLI,  Donatus,  of  Florence,  distiii 
guished  by  his  learning  and  political  services  to 
his  country,  died  1478. 

ACCiAI01ir,Reuatus,  a  Florentine,  conquer- 
ed Athens,  Corinth,  and  Boeotia,  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  11th  century. 

ACCIAIOLI,  Zenobio,  a  learned  ecclesiastic 

of  FlOi-euce,  and  librarian  to  LeoX.,  died  15:57. 

ACCIAIOLI,  or  ACCIAUOLI,  Angelo,  a 

learned  cardinal,  archbishop  of  Florence,  who 

wrote  in  favour  of  Urban  VI.,  died  1407. 

ACCIAIOLI,  Magdalen,  a  Florentine,  cele- 
brated for  her  beauty,  but  more  for  the  powers 
of  her  mind,  died  1610. 

ACCIUS,  Lucius,  a  Latin  tragic  poet,  the  son 
of  a  freedoian,  was  born  in  the  year  of  Rome 
583 ;  he  did  not,  however,  confine  himself  to 
dramatic  writing ;  for  he  left  other  productions  ; 
particularly  his  "  Annals,"  mentioned  by  Ma- 
crobius,  Priscian,  Festus,  and  Nonius  Marcellus. 
Accius  was  so  much  esteemed  by  the  public, 
that,  a  comedian  was  punished  for  only  men- 
tioning his  name  on  the  stage. 

ACCIUS,  Zuchus,  an  Italian  poet  of  the  16th 
century,  paraphrased  some  of  the  fables  of 
iEsop." 

ACCOLTI,  Benedict,  a  lawyer  of  Florence, 
secreta.-y  to  the  republic,  died  1466. 

ACCOLTI,  Francis,  brother  to  Benedict,  re 
puted  for  his  judgment,  eloquence  and  know- 
ledge of  jurisprudence,  sometimes  called  Aretin, 
died,  1470  ;  vid.  Aretin. 

ACCOLTI,  Peter,  son  of  Benedict,  raised  to 
the  dignity  of  cardinal ;  died  at  Florence  1549 
His  brother  Benedict,  duke  of  Nepi,  distinguished 
him -elf  as  a  poet. 

ACCOLTI,  Benedict,  conspired  with  five 
others  to  murder  Pius  lY.,  and  sulfered  capital 
punishment,  ISsU. 

ACCORDS,  Stephen  Tabourot,  Seigneurdes 
advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Dijon,  died  1561. 

ACCURSE,  Francis,  a  native  of  Florence 
and  professor  of  law  at  Bologna,  died  12-29.  His 
son  also  distinguished  himself  as  a  lawyer  at 
Toulouse. 

ACCURSE,  Marius  Angelo,  a  native  of  A 
guila,  in  the  16th  century,  eminent  for  his  critical 
and  literary  abilities. 

ACERBO,  Francis,  a  native  of  Nocera,  pub 
lishfdsnme  poems  at  Naples,  1666. 

ACESUJS,  Bishop  of  Constant  inople,  in  the 
age  of  Constantine,  maintained,  that  those  who 
committed  any  sin  after  being  baptised,  ought 
not  to  be  again  admitted  into  the  cimrch,  though 
they  might  repent. 

ACHALEN,  a  British  sovereign  in  the  6tl 
century,  was  driven  from  iiis  donunione,  and 
took  refuge  in  Waks. 


AC 

ACHARD,  Claude  FiaiiCis,  a  p.ivcicia  ,  vas 
secretary  to  the  academy,  and  librarian  oi  the 
city  of  Marseilles;  he  died  1809. 

ACHARDS,  Eleazer  Francis  des,  distin  uish- 
ed  by  his  learning,  piety,  and  humanity,  wa? 
nominated  bishop  of  Halicarnsssus,  and  after- 
wards sent  apostoUc  vicar  to  China;  h  died  at 
Cochin,  1741. 

ACHERY,  Dom  Luc  d' ,  a  native  of  St.  Quin- 
tin  in  Picardy,  displayed  his  learning  as  an  ec- 
clesiastic and  antiquary  b>  several  publications ; 
he  died  at  Paris,  1685. 

ACIIILLINI,  Alexander,  a  Bolognese  physi- 
cian, known  by  his  publications,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  the  follower  of  Averroes, 
died  1512. 

ACIIILLINI,  Philotheus,  wrote  a  poem  to 
honour  the  memory  of  Italian  genius  and  re- 
commend morality  ;  he  died  1538. 

ACHILLINI,  Claude,  distinghished  for  his 
.knowledge  of  medicine,  theology  and  jurispru- 
dence, died,  at  Bologna,  1640. 

ACHMET  I.,  emperor  of  Turkey,  son  and 
successor  of  IMahomet  III.,  made  war  against 
the  Unngarics,  died  1617. 

ACHMET  II.  succeeded  his  brother  Solyman 
III.  on  the  throne  of  Constantinople ;  he  was  un- 
fortunate in  his  wars  against  the  Venetians  and 
Austrians,  and  died  1605. 

ACHMET  III,,  son  of  Mahomet  [V.,  was 
crowned  by  a  faction  who  deposed  his  brother 
Mustapha  "ll. ;  he  granted  an  asylum  to  Charles 
XU.,  made  war  against  the  Russians  and  Per- 
sians, ana  was  hurled  from  his  throne  by  an  in- 
surrection ;  he  died  1736. 

ACHMET  GEDUC,orACOMET,  a  celebrated 
general,  he  assisted  Bajazet  II.  in  obtaining  tho 
throne,  1432,  and  was  afterwards  inhumanly  as- 
sassinated. 

ACHjMET  Bacha,  a  general  ',  Solyman, 
'^evolted  from  his  sovereign,  1524,  and  was  soon 
a+'ier  defeated  and  beheaded. 

ACHMET,  an  Arabian  who  wrote  on  the  in- 
terpretation of  dreams  ;  the  work  was  published 
in  Greek  and  Latin,  by  Rigault,  1603. 

ACH-VAN,  or  ACHEN,  John,  a  historical 
painter,  born  at  Cologne,  died  1621. 

ACIDALIUS,  Valens,  a  native  of  Wistock 
in  Brandebourg,  distinguished  by  his  extensive 
erudition,  died  1595. 

ACKERMAN,  John  Christian,  Gottlieb,  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  at  Altdorf,  in  Francoiiia, 
died  1801. 

ACOLUTHUS,  Andrew,  a  learned  professor 
of  languages  at  Breslaw,  published  a  Latin 
translation  of  the  Armenian  version  of  Obadiah, 
at  Leipsic,  died  1704. 

ACONTIUS,  James,  a  famous  philosopher, 
civilian,  and  divine,  born  at  Trent,  in  the  16th 
century.  He  embraced  the  protestant  religion  ; 
and,  going  over  to  England  in  the  reign  of  Eli- 
zabeth, met  with  a  very  friendly  reception  from 
that  princess,  as  he  himself  has  testified  in  a 
work  dedicated  to  her.  This  work  is  his  cele- 
brated "  Collection  of  the  Stratagems  of  Satan," 
which  has  been  often  translated,  and  gone 
through  many  different  impressions 

ACOST  A,  Gabriel,  professor  of  divinity  at  Co- 
imbra,  wrote  a  Latin  commentary  on  the  Old 
Testamen* .  he  died  1616. 

ACOSTA,  Joseph,  a  provincial  of  the  Jesuits, 
in  Peru,  was  born  at  Medina  del  Campo,  and 
di';d  at  Salamanca,  1600. 

ACOSTA,  Uriel,  a  native  of  Oporto,  educated 
in  the  Romish  religion ;  he  fled  to  Judaism,  and 
shot  himeelf  1640. 


AD 

Arc-UAVIVA,  vid.  AUUA\  IVA. 

ACRON',  a  physician  of  feiciiy,  who  relieved 
Athens  duriiip;  a  ;ilague,  by  buniing  perfumes  ; 
lived  about  440  C.  C. 

ACR0NIU8,  John,  a  Mathematician  of  Fries- 
land,  who  wrote  un  the  motion  of  the  eartl), 
died  at  Basle,  loG3. 

ACRONIUS,  John,  a  Dutch  writer  of  the  17th 
century,  who  wrote  against  the  Romish  religion. 

ACROPOLITA,  George,  one  of  the  writeri 
of  the  Byzantine  history,  born  at  Constantino- 
ple, 1220.  In  his  21st  year,  he  maintained  a 
learned  dispute  with  Nicholas,  the  physician, 
concerning  the  eclipse  of  the  sun,  before  the  em- 
peror John.  Gregory  Cyprian,  a  patriarch  of 
Constantinople,  in  his  encomium  upon  him,  pre- 
fixed to  Acropolita's  history,  is  perhaps  some- 
what extravagant  in  his  praise,  when  he  says, 
that  he  was  equal  to  Aristotle  in  philosophy, 
and  to  Plato  in  the  knowledge  of  divine  things 
and  Attic  eloquence. 

ACTIOS,  or  AZZO,  Visconti,  sovereign  of 
Milan,  distinguished  by  his  valour,  and  the  in- 
tegritv  of  his'aovernnient,  died  1355 

ACTUARfUS,  a  Jew  physician,  practised  at 
Constantinople  in  the  13th  century. 

ACUNA,  Christopher,  Jesuit  of  Burgos,  em- 
ployed as  missionary  in  America,  published  an 
account  of  the  Amazon  river,  at  Madrid,  1641. 

ADAIR,  James,  an  English  lawyer  of  emi- 
nence, member  of  parliament,  died  1798. 

ADAIR,  James,  author  of  some  law  tracts, 
and  some  time  recorder  of  London,  died  July 
21, 1798. 

ADAIR,  James  Mackitbriek,  a  physician  and 
presiding  judge  of  the  courts  of  tlie  island  of 
Antigua,  W.  I.,  died  1082. 

ADALARD.or  ADEL  \RD,Pon  of  count  Ber- 
nard, and  grandson  of  Charles  Martel,  was 
made  prime  minister  of  Pepin,  king  of  Italy, 
and  died  Jan.  2,  826. 

ADALBERON,  arclibishop  of  Rheims,  and 
chancellor  of  France,  an  ecclesiastic  and  min- 
ister of  Lothaire,  died  988. 

ADALBERON,  Ascelin,  bishop  of  Leon; 
published  a  satirical  poem,  in  430  verses,  and 
died  10.30. 

ADALBERT,archbishop  of  Prague,  preached 
the  gospel  among  the  Boliemians,  and  after- 
wards to  the  Poles,  by  whom  he  was  murdered, 
April  29,  997. 

.  ADALGISE,  sen  of  Didier,  king  of  Lombar- 
dy,  opposed  the  power  of  Charlemagne,  was 
put  to  lieath  788. 

ADALOALD,  a  king  of  Lombardy,  was  de- 
posed by  his  subjects,  and  succeeded  by  Ario- 
vald  ;  he  died  629,  in  a  private  station. 

ADAM,  the  father  of  the  human  race,  lived 
930  years  after  his  expulsion  from  paradise. 

ADAM,  Lambert  Sigisbcrt,  an  ingenious 
sculptor,  born  atNanci,  died  1759,  aged  59. 

ADAM,  Nicholas,  brother  of  Lambert,  imita 
ted  and  equalled  him  ;  he  executed  the  Mau 
soleum  of  the  queen  of  Poland,  and  died  778. 

ADAM,  Francis  Gaspard,  younger  brother  of 
the  two  precedi!.g,excelled  also  as  an  artist ; 
died  at  Paris.  1757,  aged  49. 

ADAM,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  born  at 
Leeds,obtained  the  living  of  Wintringham,  Lin 
colnshire  ;  he  died  1784,  aged  83. 

ADAM,  Billaut,  a  joiner  of  Nevers,  better 
known  by  the  namr:  of  Master  Adam,  wrote  po 
etry  while  emp'nyed  at  his  tools ;  he  died  1662 

ADAM,  Alexander,  L.L.D., an  eminent  school 

master,  and  a  useful  writer,  in  Scotland,  bom 

at  Coats  of  Burgie,  county  of  Moray,  Jun*, 

8 


AD 

1741.  His  principal  works  are,  "  Roman  Anti- 
qulties,"  "  Classical  Eiograph)^"  and  "Lexi- 
con Linguae  Latinae."  He  died  ef  apoplexy 
Dec.  18, 1809. 

ADAM,  Melchior,  rector  of  a  college  at  Heid- 
elberg, where  he  pub  ished  "  Lives  of  Illustri- 
ous Men,"  in  four  vols.,  and  died  about  lCv!o. 

ADAM,  Robert,  architect,  was  born  in  1728, 
at  Kirkcaldy,  in  Fifeshire,  and  received  his  edu- 
cation at  the  university  of  Edi)iburgh.  Aftei 
his  return  from  a  visit  to  Italy,  Mr.  Adam  was 
appointed  architect  to  his  majesty  hi  the  year 
1762,  and  produced  a  total  cJiange  in  the  archi- 
tecture of  that  country.  His  fertile  genius  in 
elegant  ornament  was  not  confined  to  tlie  deco- 
ration of  buildings,  but  has  been  diffused  into 
almost  every  branch  of  nianufacture.  At  the 
time  of  his  death,  March  3,  1792,  the  new  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  other  great  public 
works,  both  in  that  city  and  in  Glasgow,  were 
erecting  from  his  desig;is,  and  under  his  direc- 
tion His  death  was  occasioned  by  the  breiiking 
of  a  blood-vessel  in  the  stomach,  and  his  remalrs 
were  interred  in  the  south  side  of  VVestminsnT 
Abbey. 

ADAM,  James,  architect,  brother  to  the  forc- 
ipomg,  died  Oct.  20,  1794.  The  Adelphi  build- 
ings and  Portland-place  are  monuments  of  his 
taste  and  abihties  in  his  profession. 

ADAM,  a  canon  of  Bremen,  in  the  17th  ren 
tury,  published  an  ecclesiastical  history  of  Bre- 
men and  Hamburgh,  edited,  1670. 

ADAM,  St.  Victor,  an  ecclesiastic  at  Paris, 
died  1177. 

ADAM,  Scotus,  a  monkish  writer,  bom  in 
Scotland,  and  taught  divinity  at  Paris,  died  1180. 

ADAM,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Bordeaux,  wrote 
several  treatises  against  the  disciples  of  Austin, 
died  1C84. 

ADAM,  d'Orleton,  of  Hereford,  became  bi- 
shop of  Winchester;  he  was  intriguing  and  tur- 
bulent. 

ADAM,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Limosin,  professor 
of  philosophy,  died  at  Bordeaux,  1684. 

ADAMS,  Sir  Thomas,  a  native  of  Wcm,  in 
Shropshire,  became  a  draper  in  London,  and 
rose  to  the  high  honour  of  Lord  Mayor  of  Lon- 
don, 1645;  he  died  1667. 

ADAMS,  Thomas,  distinguished  for  his  learn- 
ing, and  tutor  to  persons  of  rank,  in  the  time  of 
Cromwell ;  he  died  Dec.  11,  1670. 

ADAMS,  Richard,  minister  of  St.  Mildred, 
is  ejected, 166  ;  he  assisted  in  the  completiou  of 
Poole's  Annotations,  and  died  1698. 

ADAMS,Winiam,  D.  D.,  master  of  Pembroke 
College,  Oxford,  the  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  urbanity,  &c.,  died  1789. 

ADAMS,  Joseph,  a  phj-sician  of  London,  au 
thor  of  several  medical  works,  died  1818. 

ADAMS,  Andrew,  L.  L.  D.,  chief  justice  of 
Connecticut,  was  born  at  Stratford,  Ct.,  edu 
cated  at  Yale  College,  afterwards  elected 
member  of  the  council,  and  a  representative  in 
congress  ;  he  died  1799. 

ADAMS,  John,  a  clergyman  and  poet,  bom 
in  Nova  Scotia,  and  settled  at  Newport,  R.  I. ; 
he  died  1740,  much  lamented,  aged  36. 

ADAMS,  Eliphalet,  an  eminent  minister  of 
New  London,  Ct.,  died  1753,  aged  77.  He  pub- 
lished several  occasional  discourses. 

ADAMS,  Amos,  minister  of  Rojbury,  Mass., 
distinguished  for  his  learning  and  piety,  died 
at  Dorchester,  1775,  aged  48. 

ADAMS,  Joseph,  a  minister,  settled  at  N«w- 
ington,  N.  H. ;  he  died  1783.  aged  93. 

ADAMS,  Zabdiel,  rawister  ojf  Lunenburgh» 


AD 

iiuvv  Cluiiicy,  Masu.,  euainent  ad  a  praacber  of 
the  gospel  ;'died  1801,  aged  62. 

ADAMS,  Samuel,  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
•  distinguished  as  a  writer  and  a  patriot,  and  for 
bis  influence  in  forwarding  the  American  revo- 
lution ;    of  stern  integrity,  dignitied  manners, 
and  great  suavity  of  temper ;  died  1803,  aged  82. 

ADAMSON,  Patrick,  Archbishop  of  8t.  An 
drew's,  born  at  Perth,  1543.  In  the  year  1566, 
he  set  out  for  Paris,  as  tutor  to  a  young  gen- 
tleman, where  he  stayed  some  months,  and 
then  retired  to  Bourges.  He  was  in  this  city 
during  the  massacre  at  Paris;  and  lived  con 
cealed,  for  seven  months,  at  a  public  house,  the 
master  of  which,  upwards  of  70  years  of  age 
was  thrown  from  the  top  thereof,  and  had  his 
brains  dashed  out,  for  his  charity  to  heritics.  In 
1573,  he  returned  to  Scotland.  Tlie  earl  of  More- 
ton,  then  regent,  on  the  death  of  bishop  Doug- 
las, promoted  him  to  the  archiepiscopal  sec  of 
St.  Andrew's.    He  died  1591. 

ADAiXSON,  Miciiiiel,  a  French  naturalist  of 
60  much  distinction,  that  he  received  invitations 
from  different  sovereigns  of  Europe  to  reside  in 
their  states ;  he  died  1800. 

ADDISON,  LanceIot,D.D.  son  of  a  clergyman 
of  the  same  name;  he  was  born  at  Maulds  Mead 
burne  in  Westmoreland, was  preferred  to  the  liv 
ing  of  31ilston,  &c.  1683,  and  died  April  20, 1703. 

ADDISON,  Joseph,  born  May  1,  1672,  at 
Milston,  near  Ambrosbury,  Wiltshire,  of  which 
place  his  father  was  rector.  He  received  the 
first  rudiments  of  his  education  there  under  the 
reverend  Mr.  Nash  ;  but  was  removed  to  Salis- 
bury, under  the  care  of  Mr.  Taylor;  and  soon 
after  to  the  Charter-house,  where  he  studied  un- 
der Dr.  Ellis,  and  contracted  that  intimacy  with 
sir  Richaid  Steele,  which  their  joint  labours 
have  so  effectually  recorded.  In  1687  he  was 
entered  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  where,  in 
1689,  the  accidental  perusal  of  some  Latin  ver- 
ses, gained  him  the  patronage  of  Dr.  Lancas- 
ter, by  whose  recommendation  he  was  elected 
into  Magdalen  College  as  Demy.  Here  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.  A.  Feb.  14,  1693,  continued  to 
cultivate  poetry  and  criticism,  and  grew  first 
eniiiieat  by  his  Latin  compositions,  which  are 
entitled  to  particular  praise.  In  1695  he  wrote 
a  poem  to  king  William,  with  a  kind  of  rhyming 
introduction  addressed  to  lord  Somers.  In  1697 
he  wrote  his  poem  on  the  peace  of  Ryswiok, 
which  he  dedicated  to  Mr.  Montague,  (then 
chancellor  of  the  e.xchequer)  and  which  was 
called  by  Smith  "  the  best  Latin  poem  since  the 
jEneid."  Having  yet  no  public  employment, 
he  obtained,  in  1699,  a  pension  of  3001.  a  year, 
that  he  might  be  enabled  to  travel.  While  he 
was  travelling  at  leisure  in  Italy,  he  was  far 
from  being  idle ;  for  he  not  only  collected  his 
observationa  on  the  country,  but  found  time  to 
write  liis  Dialogues  on  Medals.  Here,  also,  he 
wrote  the  letter  to  Lord  Halifax,  which  is  justly 
considered  as  the  most  elegant,  if  not  the  most 
sublime,  of  his  poetical  productions.  At  his  re- 
turn he  published  his  Travels,  with  a  dedica- 
tion to  Lord  Somers.  This  book,  though  a 
wliile  neglected,  is  said  in  time  to  have  become 
so  much  the  favourite  of  the  public,  that  be- 
fore it  was  reprinted  it  rose  to  five  times  in  price. 
Tlie  victory  at  Blenheim  in  1704,spread  triumph 
and  confidence  over  the  nation:  and  lord  Go- 
dolphin,  lamenting  to  lord  Halifax  that  it  had 
not  been  celebrated  in  a  manner  equal  to  the 
subject,  desired  him  to  proposie  it  to  some  better 
poet.  HaUfax  named  Addison ;  who,  having 
undertaken  the  work,  corarounicated  it  to  the 


AD 


.  treasurer,  while  it  was  yet  advanced  no  farther 
tban  the  simile  of  the  Angel,  and  was  rewarded 
with  the  place  of  commisaioner  of  appeals.    In 
the  following  year  he  was  at  Hanover  with  lord 
Halifax;  and  the  year  after  was  made  under- 
secretary of  state.      When   the  Marquis    of 
Wharton  was  appointed  lord-lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land, Addison  attended  him  as  his  secretary,  and 
was  made  keeper  of  the  records  in  Birming- 
ham's Tower,  with  a  .salary  of  300/.  a  year. 
When  he  was  in  office,  he  made  a  law  to  him- 
self, as  Swift  has  recorded,  never  to  remit  his 
regular  fees  in  civility  to  his  friends,  "  I  may 
(said  he)  have  a  hundred  friends,  and  if  my  fee 
be  two  guineas,  I  shall,  by  relinquishing  my 
right,  lose  200  guineas,  and  no  friend  gain  more 
than  two."    He  was  in  Ireland  when  Steele, 
without  any  communication  of  his  design,  be- 
gan the  publication  of  the  Tattler  ;  but  he  was 
not  long  concealed  ;  by  inserting  a  remark  on 
Virgil,  which  Addison  had  given  Wm,  he  dis- 
covered himself.    Steele's  first  Tattler  was  pub- 
lished April  22, 1709,  and  Addison's  contribution 
appeared  May  26.    To  the  TatUer,  in  about  two 
months,  succeeded  tlie  Spectator,  a  series  of  es- 
says of  the  same  kind,  but  Vviitten  with  le^s 
levity,  upon  a  more  regular  plan,  andpubhslied 
daily.    The  next  year  1713,  in  which  Cato  came 
upon  the  stage,  was  the  grand  climacteric  of 
Addison's  reputation.     The  whole  nation  was 
at  that  time  on  fire  with  faction.    The  Whigg 
applauded  every  fine  in  which  liberty  was  men- 
tioned, as  a  satire  on  tho  Tories  ;  and  the  Tories 
echoed  every  clap,  to  show  that  the  satire  was 
unfelt.  While  Cato  was  upon  the  stage,  another 
daily  paper,  called  the  Guardian,  was  published 
by  Steele,  to  which  Addison  gave  jreat  assist- 
ance.    The  papers  of  Addison  are  marked  in 
the  Spectator  by  one  of  the  letters  in  the  name 
of  Clio,  and  in  the  Guardian  by  a  hand.  It  was 
not  known  that  Addison  had  tried  a  comedy  for 
the  stage,  till  Steele,  after  his  death,  declared 
him  the  author  of  "  The  Drummer."  This  play 
Steele  carried  to  the  Urcatre,  and  afterwards  to 
the  press,  and  sold  the  copy  for  fifty  guineas.  In 
the  midst  of  these  agreeable  employments  Mr. 
Addison  was  not  an  indifferent  siiectator  of  pub- 
lic affairs.    He  wrote,  as  different  exigencies 
required,  in  1707,  "The  present  state  of  tl>e 
War,"  &c.:  "  The  Whig  Examiner ;"  and  the 
Trial  of  Count  Tariff;"  2II  which  tracts,  be- 
ing on  temporary  topics,  expired  with  the  sub- 
jectB  which  gave  them  birth.    When  tlie  house 
of  Hanover  took  possession  of  the  throne,  it  was 
easonable  to  expoct  that  the  zeal  of  Addison 
would  be  suitably  rewarded.   Before  the  arrival 
of  king  George,  he  was  made  secretary  to  the 
regency,  and  was  required  by  his  office  to  send 
notice  to  Hanover  tliat  the  queen  was  dead,  and 
the  throne  was  vacant.      To  do  this  would  not 
have  been  difficult  to  any  man  but  Addison,who 
was  so  overwhelmed  with  the  greatness  of  the 
event,  and  so  distracted  by  choice  of  expres- 
sionn,  that  the  lords,  who  could  not  wait  for  the 
niceties  of  criticism,   called  Mr.  Southwell,  h 
clerk  in  the  house,  and  ordered  him  to  despatch 
the  message.    Southwell  readily  told  what  was 
necessary,  in  the  common  style  of  business,  and 
valued  himself  upon  having  done  what  was  too 
hanl  for  .'Addison.      He  was  better  qualified  for 
the  Freeholder,  a  paper  which  he  published 
twice  a  week,  from  Dec.  23.  1715,  to  the  middle 
of  the  next  year.    This  was  undertaken  in  de- 
fence of  the  established  government,  sometimes 
with  argument,  sometimes  with  mirth.    In  ar- 
gument he  had  many  equals,  but  bis  humour 
9 


AD 

was  singular  arid  matclilaes.  Oil  the  2d  of 
August,  1716,  he  married  the  countess  Dowa- 
ger of  Warwick,  whom  he  is  said  to  have  first 
Snown  by  becoming  tutor  to  her  «ion.  Tliis  mar- 
riage, however,  made  no  addition  to  his  happi- 
ness ;  it  neither  found  them  nor  made  chem 
equal.  She  always  remembered  lier  own  rank, 
and  thought  herself  entitled  to  trc;at  with  very 
fittle  ceremony  the  tutor  of  her  son.  The  year 
after,  1717,  he  rose  to  his  highest  elevation,  be- 
ing made  secretary  of  state ;  but  it  ij  univer- 
sally confessed  that  he  was  unequal  to  the  du- 
ties of  liis  place.  In  the  house  of  commons  he 
fiould  not  speak,  and  therefore  was  useless  to 
the  defence  of  the  government.  In  the  office 
he  could  not  issue  an  order  without  losing  his 
time  in  quest  of  fine  expressions.  What  he 
gained  in  rank  he  lost  in  credit ;  and,  findhig  by 
experience  his  own  inability,  was  forced  to  so- 
licit his  dismission,  with  a  pe.isioa  of  15001.  a 
year.  His  friends  palliated  this  relinquishment, 
of  which  both  friends  and  enemies  knew  tlie 
true  reason,  with  an  account  of  declining  health, 
and  the  necessity  of  recess  and  quiet.  He  now 
eugagod  in  a  laudable  and  escelient  work,  viz. 
a  (Jefencc  of  the  Christian  Religion;  of  which, 
part  was  published  after  his  death.  Addison 
had  for  some  time  been  oppressed  by  shortness 
of  breath,  which  was  now  aggra\'attj^  by  a  drop- 
sy ;  and,  finding  his  danger  pressing,  he  prepared 
to  die  conformably  to  his  own  precepts  and 
professions.  Lord  Warv/ick  was  a  young  man 
of  very  irreg:ilar  life,  and  perhaps  of  loose  opin-l 
ions.  Addison,  for  whom  he  did  not  waul  rs-j 
spect,  had  very  diligently  endeavoured  to  re-| 
claim  him  :  but  his  arguments  and  expostula-j 
tions  had  no  effect :  one  experiment,  however 
remained  to  he  tried.  When  he  found  his  life 
near  its  end,  he  directed  the  young  lord  to  be 
called,  and,  when  he  desired  with  great  tender- 
ness to  hear  his  last  injunctions,  told  iiiin,  "  I 
have  sent  for  you  to  see  how  a  Cliristian  can 
die."  What  elfect  tiiis  awful  scene  had  on  the 
earl's  behavioui"  is  not  known  :  he  died  himself 
in  a  sliort  time.  Having  given  directions  to  Mr. 
TickiiU  for  the  publication  of  his  works,  and 
dedicated  them,  on  his  death  bed,  to  his  friend 
Mr.  Craggs,  Addison  died  June  17, 17iy,  at  Hoi 
land  House,  leaving  no  child  but  a  daughter, 
\viio  died  at  Ri!t.->a,  in  Warwickshire,  Feb.  1797. 

ADELAIDE,  laughter  of  Rodolphus,  king  of 
Burgundy,  married  Lotharius  II.,  king  of  Italy, 
and  after  his  death  the  emperor  Otho  I. ;  she 
died  999,  aged  G9. 

ADELAIDE,  wife  of  Frederic,  prince  of  Saxo- 
ny, conspired  with  Lewis  against  her  husband's 
life,  a  id  married  the  murderer,  1055. 

ADEL/ilDE,  daughter  of  Humbert,  count  of 
Maarienne,  was  queen  of  Lewis  VI.  of  France ; 
she  died  1154. 

ADELAIDE,  wife  of  Lewis  II.  of  France, 
was  motlier  of  Charles  HI.,  suniained  the  sim- 
ple, who  was  king  833. 

ADELARD,  an  Englisli  monk,  who,  in  the 
12th  century,  visited  Egypt  and  Arabia,  and 
translated  in  Latin  Euclid's  Elejuents.  j 

ADGLBOLD,  bisliop  of  Utrecht,  and  author 
of  the  life  of  the  emperor  Henry  II.,  died  1207.  j 

ADELEU,  Curtius,  a  native  of  Kcrv,'ay,| 
served  in  the  Dutch  navy,  was  raised  to  the! 
j-ank  of  admiral,  spent  the  latter  part  of  Iiis  iifel 
at  Coiii^nhagen,  wht^ie  he  died  1G75,  aged  53.      ' 

ADELGREIFF,  John  Albretcht,  natural  son^ 

of  a  priest  near  Elbing,  pretended  to  be  the  vice-i 

gerent  of  God  on  eaitii,  was  condemned  to  death 

at  KonigsbergU  for  blasphemy,  1636-  i 

10 


AD 

ADELMAN,  a  bishop  ol  Bresci  in  tne  llth 
century,  wrote  a  letter  on  the  Eucharist  to  Be- 
renger,  pruited  at  Louvaine,  1561.  He  died  lG<i2. 

ADELPHUS,  a  philosopher  of  the  third  cen- 
tury, who  mingled  tlie  doctrines  of  Plato  with 
the  tenets  of  the  Gnostics. 

ADELUNG,  John  Christopher,  a  German 
professor  at  Erfurt,  and  author  of  a  grammati- 
cal and  critical  dictionary  of  the  German  lan- 
guage, and  other  works  ;  he  died  1806. 

ADEODATUS,  or  Godsgift,  a  Roman  priest 
elevated  to  the  papal  throne  672,  died  four  yea:-8 
afterwards. 

ADER,  William,  a  learned  physician  of  Tou- 
louse in  the  17th  century. 

ADHAB-EDDOULAT,  an  emperor  of  Persia, 
after  his  uncle  Amad-Eddoulat,  was  warlike, 
humane,  and  a  patron  of  letters ;  he  died  982, 
aged  47. 

ADHELME,  William,  nephew  to  Ina,  king 
of  the  West  Saxons,  first  bishop  of  Sherborne, 
and  said  to  be  the  first  Englishman  who  wrote 
Latin,  died  709. 

ADHEMAR,  William,  a  native  of  Provence, 
wrote  a  book  on  illustrious  ladies,  died  about 
1190. 

ADIMANTUS,  a  Manichiean  sectary  at  the 
close  of  the  1.3th  ccntuiy,  denied  the  authenii- 
city  of  the  Old  Testament. 

ADIMARI,  Raphael,  an  Italian  historian, 
born  at  Rimini  in  the  16th  centuiy. 

ADIMARI,  Alexander,  a  Florentine,  admired 
for  his  poetical  genius  ;  died  1649. 

ADLERFELDT,Gustavuy,  a  learned  Swede, 
historian  of  the  battles  of  Charles  XII.,  kiiitd, 
1709. 

ADLZREITTER,  John,  chancellor  of  Ba- 
varia, in  the  17ih  century,  wrote  annals  of  his 
country. 

ADO,  vid.  ADON. 

ADOLPHU.?,  count  of  Xa?sau,  crowned  king 
and  emperor  of  theRon)ans,  died  1238. 

ADOLPIJUS,  count  of  Cloves,  instituted  an 
order  of  chivalrv,  1380,  since  abolished. 

ADOLPHUS,"  bishop  of  Mersbuig,  opposed, 
and  afterwards  favoured  the  doctrines  of  Lu- 
ther, died  1526. 

ADOLPHUS,  Frederic  II.,  king  of  Sweden, 
founded  the  academy  of  inscriptions  and  belles 
letters  at  Torneo,  and  died  1771. 

ADOLPHUS,  duke  of  Sleswick,  refused  the 
crown  of  Denmark,  after  the  death  of  Christo- 
pher III.,  and  crowned  Christiernl.  he  died  1459. 

ADOX,  archbishop  of  Vienne,  in  Dauphine, 
who  wrote  a  useful  chronicle,  died  875. 

ADORNE,  Francis,  a  Jesuit  of  a  Genoese 
family,  who  wrote  on  ecclesiastical  discipline, 
died  1576. 

ADORNE,  Antony,  a  Genoese,  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  Doge,  1383. 

ADORNE,  Gab.*-icl,  a  Genoese,  became  Doge, 
1336 ;  he  was  afterwards  driven  from  power  by 
a  more  successful  ri%  al. 

ADORNE,  Prosper,  a  Genoese,  made  Doge, 
1  leo,  and  died  1496. 

ADORNE,  Jerome,  a  Genoese,  opposed  the 
party  of  the  Frcgoses,  in  the  age  of  Charles  V. 

ADORNI,  Catharine  Pieschi,  a  Genoese  lady, 
after  the  death  of  her  hushand,  devoted  herself 
to  acts  of  piety,  and  benevolen';e ;  she  died  1510. 

ADRETS,  Francis  Beaumont  des,  descen- 
dant of  an  ancient  family  in  Dauphin^,  em- 
braced the  cause  of  the  Huguenots;  he  died  1587. 

ADRIA,  John  James,  a  physician  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Charles  V.,  died  1560. 

ADRIAN,  or  HADRIAN,  Pubhus  Allius,  the 


M 


Roman  emperor,  born  at  Rome,  Jan  34,  in  the 
)?ear  of  Christ  76.  He  was  a  renowned  general 
and  -x  great  traveller  ;  and  in  a  visit  to  Britain, 
built  a  iamous  wall,  or  rampart,  extending  from 
the  moutli  of  the  Tyne  to  the  ^olvvay  Frith,  80 
pfiiles  in  length,  to  prevent  the  incursions  of  the 
Caledonians  into  the  northern  counties  of  Eng- 
and,  then  under  the  Roman  governmeiit.  Adri- 
lu  reigned  21  years,  and  died  at  Baiaj,  in  the  G3d 
i^ear  of  his  age.  -~ 

ADRIAN,  a  Greek  author,  in  the  5th  century, 
(vrote  an  introduction  to  tlie  Scriptures. 

ADRIAN,  a  learned  Carthusian,  author  of  a 
treatise  called  "  de  remediis  utri usque  fortunfc." 

AJ3UIAN  I.  a  Roman  patrician,  raised  to  the 
jontificate  in  1772,  died  795. 

ADRIAN  II.,  raised  to  the  popedom  in  867, 
le  was  artful  and  intriguing,  and  died  872. 

ADRIAN  III.,  elected  pope,  884,  and  died,  885. 

ADRIAN  IV.,  Pope,  the  only  Enghslnnan  that 
;ver  had  the  honour  of  sitting  in  the  papal  chair, 
[lis  name  was  Nicolas  Brekespere ;  he  was  born 
It  Lanqfley,  near  St.  Albans,  in  Hertford.shiro, 
ind,  after  many  vicissitudes  of  fortune,  suc- 
eeded  to  the  popeduni  in  1134.  lie  died  Sept. 
I,  11.59,  leaving  some  letters  and  homilies  which 
are  still  extant. 

ADRIAN  v.,  a  native  of  Genoa,  made  pope 
1276.  and  died  38  days  after. 

ADRIAN  VI.,  a  native  of  Utrecht,  was  pre- 
ceptor to  emperor  Charles  V.,  elected  pope  1522, 
and  died  1523. 

ADRIAN  DE  CASTELLO,  born  at  Cornetto 
in  Tuscany,  employed  as  paral  legate  in  Scot- 
land and  England,  and  made  bishop  of  Here- 
ford, then  of  Bath  and  Wells,  and,  conspiring 
against  Pope  Leo  X.,  was  stript  of  his  ecclesias- 
tical honours.  1518. 

ADRI ANI,  Joanni  Batista,  born  of  a  patrician 
family,  at  Florence,  in  1511.  He  wrote  a  History 
tof  his  own  Times,  in  continuation  of  Guicciar- 
Idini,  beginning  at  the  year  1536,  (a  work  exe- 
teuted  witli  great  judgment,  candour,  and  accu- 
jracy,)  and  died  at  Florence  1579. 
\  ADRIANI,  Marcellua,  a  native  of  Florence, 
left  a  written  translation  of  Plutarch,  &c. ;  he 
died  1604. 

ADRICHOMIA,  Cornelia,  a  ntm  in  Holland 
of  the  Augustine  order,  published  a  poetical  ver- 
sion of  the  Psahns  in  the  16th  century. 

ADRICHOMIUS,  Christian,  a  native  of  Delft, 
director  of  the  nuns  of  Barbara,  died  at  Cologne 
1585. 

j     ADSON,  an  abbot  of  Luxeuil  in  960,  author 
jof  the  miracles  of  St.  Vandalbert. 
I     iEDESIUS  succeeded  Jambliclms,  as  teacher 
of  Platonic  pkilosophy  in  Cappadocia,  in  the  4th 
centurv. 

i  iEGEATES,  John,  a  priest  of  the  Nestorian 
sect,  who  flourished  483,  and  w-rote  a  treatise 
against  the  council  of  Chalcedon. 

iEGIDIUS,  Peter  Albiensis,  a  writer  sent  by 
Francis  I.  to  give  an  account  of  the  celebrated 
places  of  Asia,  Greece,  and  Africa,  died  15.55. 
!  .(EGIDIUS,  Atheniensis,  a  Grecian  physician 
in  the  8rh  century,  became  a  Benedictine  monk, 
and  published  several  treatises. 

i^GIDUIS  de  Colonna,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Paris,  general  of  the  Augustines,  died  1316. 

.iEGINETA,  Paulus,  a  native  of  the  island 
.ffigina,  whence  he  has  liis  name.  According' 
to  Abulfaragius,  iie  flourished  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury. His  su-r^ic:'.i  works  are  deservedly  fa- 
mous, and  his  knowledge  of  surgery  was  very 
great.  In  short,  the  surgery  of  Paul'is  has  been 
ae  iubject  matter  of  most  of  tlie  treatises  of 


•Jiat  art  down  to  this  time.  His  book  treats  pro- 
fessedly of  disorders  incident  to  women. 

vEGINH  ARD,  a  Gcrmaii,  secretary  to  Charle- 
^nagne,  died  810. 

iELFRED,  or  ALFRED,  the  Great,  youngest 
•on  of  iEthe-lwolf,  king  of  the  West  Saxons,  was 

lorn  in  the  year  849,  ai  Wannating,  or  Wana- 

iinir,  which  is  suppofi'd  to  be  Wantage,  in 
Berkshire.  iElfred  succeeded  to  the  crown  on 
the  death  of  his  brother  ^Ethehed,  in  the  year 
671 ;  but  lir.d  scarcely  time  to  attend  the  funeral 

).'  his  brother,  before"  he  was  obliged  to  fight  for 

he  crown  he  had  so  lately  received.  A  con- 
siderable army  of  Danes,  having  landed  in  Dor- 
setshire, marched  as  far  as  Wareham;  her* 
iElfred  met  them  v/ith  all  the  forces  he  could 
e  ;  but,  not  finding  himself  strong  enough  to 
engage  them,  he  concluded  a  peace,  and  the 
Danes  swore  never  again  to  invade  his  domi- 
nions. In  877,  however,  having  obtained  new 
aids,  they  came  in  such  numbers  into  \Viltshire, 
that  the  Sa.'i^ons,  giving  them.selves  up  to  de- 
spair, would  not  make  head  against  them; 
nrany  tied  out  of  the  kingdom,  not  a  few  sub- 
mitted, and  the  rest  retired,  every  man  to  the 
place  where  he  could  be  best  concealed.  In  this 
distress,  iElfred,  conceiving  himself  no  longer 
a  king,  laid  aside  all  marks  of  royalty,  and  took 
shelter  in  the  house  of  one  who  kept  his  cattle. 
He  retired  afterwards  to  the  isle  of  .iEthelingey, 
in  Somersetshire,  where  he  built  a  fort  for  the 
security  of  himself,  his  family,  and  the  few 
faithful  servants  who  repaired  thither  to  hirn. 
When  he  had  been  about  a  year  in  this  retreat, 
having  been  informed  that  some  of  his  subjects 
had  routed  a  great  army  of  the  Danes,  killed 
their  chiefs,  and  taken  their  magical  standard, 
he  issued  his  letters,  giving  notice  were  he  was, 
and  inviting  his  nobility  to  come  and  consult 
with  him.  Before  they  came  to  a  final  deter- 
mination, jElfred,  putting  on  the  habit  of  a 
harper,  went  into  the  enemy's  camp ;  where, 
without  suspicion,  he  was  every  where  ad- 
mitted, and  had  the  honour  to  play  before  their 
princes.  Having  thus  acquired  an  exact  know- 
ledge of  their  situation,  he  returned  in  great 
secrecy  to  his  nobility,  whom  he  ordered  to  theif 
respective  homes,  there  to  draw  together  each 
man  as  great  a  force  as  he  could  ;  and  upon  a 
dav  appointed  there  was  to  be  a  genera!  rendez- 
vous at  the  great  wood  called  Selvvood,  in  Wilt- 

liirt.  This  aflfair  was  transacted  so  secretly 
and  exptditiously,  that  in  a  little  time  the  king, 
at  the  head  of  an  army,  approached  the  Danes, 
before  they  had  the  least  intelligence  of  his  de- 
sign.  ./Elfred,  taking  advantage  of  the  surprise 
and  terror  thev  were  in,  fell  upon  them,  and  to- 
tally defeated  them  at  JSthendune,  now  Edding- 
ton,  in  Wiltshire.  iEIfred  enjoyed  a  profound 
peace  during  the  last  three  years  of  his  reigB, 
which  he  chiefly  employed  in  establishing  and 

egulating  his  government  for  the  security  of 
himself  and  his  successors,  as  well  as  for  the 
ease  and  benefit  of  bis  subjects  in  general.  Al- 
though there  remain  but  few  laws  v/bich  can  be 
uositively  ascribed  to  iElfred,  yet  to  him  we  owe 
"lany  of  those  advantages  which  render  our 
constitution  so  dear  and  valuable ;  particularly 
the  institution  of  the  trial  by  jiii-y-  He  is  said  by 
some  to  have  founded  the  university  of  Oxford ; 
thus  much,  however,  is  certain,  that  iElfred  re- 
stored and  settlod  that  university,  endowed  it 
witli  revenues,  and  placed  there  the  most  famous 
professors.    Wlien  iElfred  came  to  the  crown, 

earning  was  at  a  very  low  ebb  in  this  king'lonj ; 
but,  by  his  exatuple  and  eacouxagement,  he  used 


ftis  utmort  endeavours  to  excite  a  love  for  letters 
among  his  sabjectB.  He  himself  was  a  scholar ; 
and  had  he  not  been  illustrious  as  a  king,  ■would 
have  been  famous  as  an  author  When  we 
consider  the  qualifications  of  this  prince,  and 
the  many  virtues  he  posseted,  we  need  not 
wonder  that  he  died  universally  lamented,  after 
a  reign  of  above  28  years,  on  the  28th  of  Octo- 
ber, A.  D.  im.  He  was  buried  in  the  cathedral 
of  Winchester. 

^LI AN,  Claudius,  bom  at  Praeneste,  in  Italy. 
He  taught  rhetoric  at  Rome,  imder  the  emperor 
Alexander  Severus,  and  was  surnamed  Honey- 
mouth  on  account  of  the  sweetness  of  his  style. 
His  most  celebrated  works  are,  his  "  Various 
History-,"  and  that  "  Of  Animals." 

.^LIANL'S,  Mcccius,  a  physician  before  Ga- 
len, first  used  treacle  against  the  plague. 

JE.LST,  a  Dutch  painter,  vid.  AALST. 

>EMILIAXI,  Jerome,  a  Venetian,  one  of  the 
regular  clerks  of  St.  Maicul,  in  the  16th  centur}-. 

.^MILI.'VNUS,  C.  Julius,  a  Moor,  from  the 
lowest  station,  rose  to  the  imperial  dignity,  and 
was  succeeded  bv  Valerian. 

jEMILIUS,  Paulus,  a  Roman  general,  eele 
brated  for  his  victory  over  Perseus,  king  of  Ma- 
cedonia, died  B.  C.  164. 

yEMlLIUS,  Paulus,  a  native  of  Verona,  who 
wrote  (or  rather  began  to  write)  a  Latin  history 
of  the  kings  of  France ;  but  though  he  spent 
many  years  at  it.  he  was  not  able  to  finish  the 
tenth  book,  which  was  to  include  the  beginning 
of  the  reign  of  Charles  VHI.  He  died  1529,  and 
was  buriwl  in  the  cathedral  at  Paris. 

yENEAS,  a  Trojan  prince,  meracrable  for  his 
grateful  care  of  his  aged  father  Anchiscs,  whom 
he  bore  through  the'flames  of  Troy  upon  his 
shoulders  at  the  hazard  of  his  own  life,  and  that 
of  his  son,  a  child,  who  was  obliged  to  cling  to 
his  garments  to  escape  with  them.  He  died 
1197  B.  C.    Virgil  has  immortalized  his  name. 

iENEAS,  Ga'zeus,  or  iENEAS  of  Gaza,  a 
sophist  by  profession,  was  originally  a  Platonic 
philosopher,  but  afterwards  became  a  Christian, 
and  flourishe<l  about  the  year  487.  He  wrote  a 
dialogue,  entitled  "  Theophrastus,"  concerning 
the  immortahty  of  the  soul,  and  the  resurrection 
of  the  body.  ,^^^ 

^NEAS.  Sylvius,  or  Pius  II.,  born  1405,  at 
Corsjgny,  in  Sienna,  where  his  father  lived  in 
exile.  This  pope  was  famous  for  his  wise  and 
witty  sajings,  some  of  wiiich  are  as  follow 
That  common  men  should  esteem  learning  as 
silver,  noblemen  prize  it  as  gold,  and  princes  as 
jewels  :  A  citizen  should  look  upon  his  family 
as  subject  to  the  city,  the  city  to  his  country,  the 
country  to  the  world,  and  the  world  to  God 
That  the  chief  place  with  kings  was  slippery 
That  the  tongue  of  a  sycophant  was  a  kiug's 
greatest  plasrue:  That  a  prince  who  would  trust 
nobody  was  20od  for  notliing;  and  he  who  be- 
lieved" every  body,  no  better:  That  those  who 
went  to  law  were  the  birds,  the  court  the  field 
the  judge  the  net,  and  the  lawyers  the  fowlers 
That  men  ought  to  be  presented  to  dignities,  not 
dignities  to  men:  That  a  covetous  man  never 
plea.«es  anv  lK>dv  but  by  his  death :  That  it  was 
a  slavish  vice  to  tell  lies  .  Thai,  lust  sullies  and 
stains  every  age  of  man,  but  quite  extinguishes 
olJflge. 

.(ENBA?',  Tacticns,  author  of  a  Greek  treatise 
oh  the  art  of  war,  flourished  336  B.  C. 

iEPINUS,  Francis  Marie  Ulric  Theodore,  a 

Gt'.rman  physician,  distinguished  by  his  electri 

cal  experin^cnts  and  observalionff  on  natural 

pliilosophy,  died  IdW. 

12 


^ 

^KTZEiS,  vid.  AIISEKS. 

.(ERIUS,  a  prosbjter  of  Sebastia,  who  is  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  the  founder  of  tlie  prerby- 
erians,  flourished  about  385. 

.<KSCHINES,  a  Socratic  philosopher,  the  son 
of  Charinns,  a  sausage-maker.  Phrynicus,  in 
Photius,  ranks  him  among  the  best  orators,  and 
mentions  bis  orations  as  the  standard  of  the 
pure  Attic  style. 

iESCHINES,  a  celebrated  orator,  cotcmpo- 
rary  ^ith  Demosthenes,  and  but  just  his  infe- 
rior. Being  overcome  by  Demosthenes,  he 
went  to  Rhtxles,  and  opened  a  school  there,  and 
afterwards  removed  to  Same's,  where  he  died 
at  the  age  of  75.  There  are  only  three  of  his 
orations  extant ;  which,  however,  are  so  very 
beautiful,  that  Fabricius  compares  them  to  the 
three  Graces. 

AESCHYLUS,  a  tragic  poet,  born  at  Athens 
in  the  63d  Olympiad.    He  was  the  son  of  Eu- 
phorion.  and  brother  to  Cynegirus  and  Aminias, 
who  distinguished  themselves  ui  the  baule  of 
Marathon,  and    the   seafight  of   Sainmin,  at 
which  engagement  ..Eschylua  was  lik»  wise  pre- 
sent.   To  Aminias  our  poet  was,  upon  a  par- 
ticular occasion,  obliged  for  saving  his  hie: 
jElian  relates,  that  ..Eschylus,  being  charged  by 
the  Athenians  with  cenain  blassphemous  e.x- 
pre  sions  in  some  of  his  pieces,  was  acc>is<d  of 
impiety,  and  condemned  to  be  stoned  to  death  ; 
they  were  just  going  to  put  the  sentence  in  exe- 
cution, when  Aminias,  with  a  banpy  presence   • 
of  mind,  throwing  aside  his  cloak,  showed  his 
arm  without  a  hand,  which  he  had  lost  at  the 
battle  of  Salamic,  in  defence  of  his  country. 
This  sight  made  such  an  impression  on   the 
judges,  that,  touched  with  the  remembrance  of 
his  valour,  and  the  frienlship  he  showed  for  his 
brother,  they  pardoned  .^.schylus.    He  wote  a 
great  number  of  tragedies,  of  which  there  are 
but  seven  remaining ;  and,  notwithstanding  the 
sharp  censures  of  some  critics,  he  must  bt  al-    i 
lowed  to  have  been  the  father  of  the  tragic  art.    I 
The  names  of  his  pieces  now  extant  are.  Pro-    | 
metheus  Bound ;  Seven  Chiefs  a.<:ainst  Tiitbes ;    ' 
The  Persians ;  Agamemnon  :  the  Infernal  Re-    I 
gions;  the  Furies;  and  the  Suppliants.     After   I 
having  lived  some  years  at  Gela,  we  are  told   | 
that  he  died  of  a  fracture  of  his  skull,  cau:-ed  by   j 
an  eagle's  letting  fall  a  tortoise  on  his  head,  in 
the  BQth  year  of  his  age 

.£SOP,  the  Phrigian,  lived  in  the  time  of  So- 
lon, about  the  50ih  Olj-mpiad,  under  the  reign 
of  CrcEBus,  the  last  king  of  Lydia.    St.  Jerome, 
speaking  of  him,  says,  he  was  unfortunate  in  i 
his  birth,  condition,  and  death  ;  hinting  thereby 
at  his  deformity,  servile  state,  and  tiagical  end. 
His  great  geniiu?,  however,  enabled  Jiim  to  sup- 
port his  mrsfortimes  ;  and,  in  order  to  allf  viate 
the  hardships  of  servitude,  he  composed  tlifsc 
entertajnin?  and  instructive  fables  which  have 
acquired  him  so  much  reputation ;  and  he  is 
generally  suppn.sed  to  have  bten  the  inventor  of 
that  kind  of  ^Ti'.ing.     Having  l.'ud  several  mas- 
ters, for  he  was  born  a  slave,  ..l^oj)  at  lenith 
came  under  a  philosopher  named  Xaiithus:  and 
it  was  in   his  service  that  lie  first  displayed 
his  genius  for  fabling  and  moraliving.    He  was  ', 
aftervi-ards  sold  to  Idmon,  or  ladraon,  the  phi-  j 
losopher,  who  enfranchised  him.     Alter  he  had  i 
received  his  liberty,  he  soon  acquired  a  fr.cat 
veputaiion  among  the  Greeks*  so  that,  accorditig 
to  Meziriack,  the  report  of  bis  wisdom  liavi-ig 
I  reached  Crcesits,  this  king  sent  to  inquire  aUer  > 
him,  and  engaged  him  in  his  service.    He  tra-  | 
I'veUed  through  Greece,  according  to  the  saqie 


AG 

autlior ;  but  whether  for  his  own  pleasure,  or 
upon  the  atfairs  of  Croesus,  is  uncertain.  Pass- 
ing by  Athena  soon  after  Pisistratus  had  usurped 
the  sovereign  power,  and  finding  that  the  Athe- 
nians bore  the  yoke  very  impatiently,  he  told 
them  the  fable  of  the  frogs  who  petitioned  Jupi- 
ter for  a  king.  Some  relate,  that,  in  order  to 
siiow  that  the  life  of  man  is  full  of  miseries, 
^sop  used  to  say,  that  when  Prometheus  took 
tlie  clay  to  form  man,  he  tempered  it  with  tears, 
^sop  vs^as  put  to  death  at  Delphos.  Plutarch 
tells  us,  that  he  came  there  with  a  great  quantity 
of  piold  and  silver,  being  ordered  by  Croesus  to 
offer  a  sacrifice  to  Apollo,  and  to  give  a  con- 
siderable sum  to  each  inhabitant ;  but  a  quarrel 
arising  between  him  and  the  Delphians,  he  sent 
back  the  sacrifice  and  the  money  to  Croesus ; 
for  he  thought  that  those  for  whom  the  prince 
designed  it  had  rendered  themselves  unworthy 
of  it.  The  inhabitants  of  Delphos  contrived  an 
accusation  of  sacrilege  against  him,  and,  pre- 
tending that  they  had  convicted  him,  threw  him 
headlong  from  a  rock.  They  afterwards  en- 
deavoured to  make  an  atonement  by  raising  a 
pyramid  to  his  honour. 

iESOP,  Clodius,  a  celebrated  actor,  who 
flourislied  about  the  670th  year  of  Rome.  He 
and  Roscius  were  cotemporaries,  and  the  best 
perf6rmei-s  that  ever  appeared  upon  the  Roman 
stage  ;  the  former  excelling  in  tragedy,  the  latter 
in  comedy.  Cicero  put  himself  under  their  di- 
rection to  perfect  his  action,  ^sop  lived  in  a 
most  expensive  manner ;  and  at  one  entertain- 
ment is  said  to  have  had  a  dish  which  cost  above 
800Z.  This  dish,  we  are  told,  was  rilled  with 
singing  and  speaking  birds  ;  some  of  which  cost 
near  501.  iEsop's  son  was  no  less  luxurious 
than  his  father,  for  he  dissolved  pearls  for  his 
guests  to  swallow. — Notwithstanding  his  ex 
p(nises,  however,  this  actor  is  said  to  have  died 
worth  above  160,0O0Z. 

^THRIfJS,  an  architect  in  the  6th  century, 
raised  to  the  confidence  of  Anastasius  I. 

.(ETION,  a  Grecian  painter  of  celebrity. 

STILTS,  an  able  general  under  Valentinian 
III.,  killed  454. 

iBTITJS,  a  Syrian  servant,  made  bishop  by 
Endoxns,  the  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  and 
founder  of  the  sect  of  ^Etians,  flourished  ^36. 

yETITTS,  an  ancient  physician,  and  the  first 
Christian  medical  writer,  born  at  Amida,  a 
town  of  Mesopotamia,  about  453.  His  "  Tctra- 
biblos,"  as  it  is  called,  is  a  collection  from  the 
writings  of  those  physicians  who  went  before 
him,  chiefly  from  Galen  ;  but  contains,  Tiever- 
tholess,  some  new  thmgs,  for  which  we  are  en- 
tirely indebted  to  this  author. 

AFER,  Domitius,  an  orafor,  born  at  Nismes, 
afterwards  raised  to  the  consulship;  died  59. 

APFLITTO,  M:ttthew,  an  able  civilian,  bora 
at  Nanles,  died  15.5.3. 

AFRANIUS,  a  Roman  comic  poet,  flourished 

loop..  C. 

AFRICANUS,  Julius,  wrote  a  chronicle,  be- 
sides a  letter  to  Origen,  fee. 

AGAPETIUS  I.  was  made  pope  535,  and  died 
at  Constantinople  .536.  Thesecond  of  that  name 
was  elected  pope  946,  and  died  965. 

AGAPETUS,  a  deacon  of  Constantinople, 
who  wrote  a  valuable  letter  to  the  emperor  Jus- 
tinian, on  the  <luties  of  a  Christian  prince. 

AGAPIUS,  a  Greek  monk  of  Mount  Athos, 
in  the  17th  century,  wrote  a  treatise  in  favour 
of  transubstantiation,  called  the  salvation  of 
sinners. 

AGARD,  Arthur,  a  learned  English  antiquary. 


_^ AG _^ 

bom  at  Toston,  in  Derbyshire,  1540,  and  died'2^2d 
August,  1615. 

AGATHARCIDAS,  aCnidian,  180  B.  C,  ati- 
thor  of  a  Greek  History  of  Alexander's  wars. 

AGATHARCUS,  a  Samian,  engaged  by  iEs- 
chylus  as  a  stage  painter. 

AGATHEMIR,  Orthonis,  wrote  a  Greek  con. 
pendium  of  Geography,  edited  1703. 

AGATHI  AS,  a  Greek  historian,  who  lived  in 
the  6th  century,  and  wrote  a  history  of  Jus- 
tinian's reign,  in  five  books. 

AGATHOCLES,  a  Sicilian,  rose  from  the  ob- 
scurity of  a  potter  to  the  sovereign  power  of  all 
Sicily,  died  289  B.  C. 

AGATHON,  a  tragic  poet,  crowned  at  the 
Olympic  games  419  B.  C. 

AGATHON,  a  native  of  Palermo,  elected  to 
the  papal  chair  679,  died  682. 

AGELIAS,  Anthony,  bishop  of  Acerno,  in 
Italy,  published  commentaries  on  the  Psalms, 
&c.,  died  1608. 

AGELNOTH,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  re- 
fused to  crown  Harold  king,  died  1038. 

AGESILAUS,  king  of  Sparta,  celebrated  for 
his  victories  against  the  Persians,  died  362  B.  C. 

AGGAS,  Robert,  called  Angus,  a  landscape 
painter,  died  in  London,  1679. 

AGILA,  king  of  the  Visigoths  in  Spain,  mur- 
dered in  the  5th  year  of  his  reign,  5.54. 

AGILULF,  duke  of  Turin,  appointed  king  on 
the  death  of  Antharic,  king  of  Lombardy,  died 
616  ,  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Adainald. 

AGIS,  tiie  name  of  some  Spartan  kings.  The 
most  famous  is  the  second  of  that  name,  ea- 
gaged  in  the  Peloponnesian  war,  and  died  427 
B.  C. ;  and  the  fourth,  in  conseqence  of  his  at- 
tempts to  restore  LacedEemonto  her  ancient  dis- 
cipline and  independence,  put  to  death  241  B.  C. 

AGLIONBY,  John,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Cum- 
berland, known  for  his  great  learning,  was  chap- 
lain to  James  I.,  and  died  1610.  His  son,  of  the 
same  name,  was  dean  of  Canterbury,  died  WJ 43. 

AGNELLUS,  an  abbot  of  Ravenna  in  the  9th 
century,  often  confounded  with  a!  bishop  of  the 
same  name  in  the  6th  century. 

AGNESI,  Maria  Gaetana,  a  learned  Italian 
lady,  born  at  Milan,  made,  on  account  of  her 
great  merit,  mathematical  professor  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Bologna,  died  1770. 

AGOBARD,  archbishop  of  Lyons,  supported 
the  revolt  of  Lothaire  against  Lewis  the  de- 
bonnaire  ;  he  died  840. 

AGOSTINO,  Paolo,  a  musical  composer, 
master  of  the  Papal  chapel  at  Rome,  died  1629. 

AGOULT,  Guillaume  d',  apoetoi  "^rovence 
in  1198. 

AGREDA,  Maryd',  s\iperior  of  a  convent  at 
Agreda,  in  Spain,  wrote  a  life  of  the  Virgin 
Mary :  he  died  1665. 

AGRESTI,  Licio.  a  historical  painter,  em- 
|)loyed  bv  Gregory  XIII.  in  adorning  the  Vati- 
can, died  1.580. 

AGRESTIS.  Julius,  a  Roman  general  under 
Vespasian,  destroyed  himself. 

AGRICOLA,  a  celebrated  Roman  general, 
born  .37,  died  93. 

AGRICOLA,  Rodolphus,  a  native  of  Gromn- 
gen,  travelled  into  France  and  Italy ;  he  first 
introduced  the  study  of  the  Greek  in  Germany, 
and  died  1485. 

AGRICOLA,  George,  a  ph^'sician  of  Glasicen, 
in  Misnia,  known  for  his  learning,  and  ^  rkii 
on  minerals,  died  1.55.5. 

AGRICOLA,  Michael,  a  minister  of  Abo,  jn 
Finland,  first  translated  the  New  i  .•  niiient 
into  the  language  of  the  country. 

2 


AI 


AL 


AGRICOLA,  a  learned  bishop  of  Chalonssur- 
Saone,  died  530. 

AGRICOLA,  John,  a  German  divine,  bom  at 
Isleb,  was  .the  friend  and  disciple  of  Luther, 
and  afterwards  opposed  him  ;  he  died  1566. 

AGRIPPA,  Menenius,  a  Roman  patrician, 
known  for  appeasing  a  sedition  by  the  fable  of 
the  belly  and  the  limbs,  died  492  B.  C. 

AGRIPPA,  Marcus  Vipsanius,  a  Roraaji  gene- 
ral, celebrated  for  his  exploits  and  his  intimacy 
with  Augustus,  died  12  B.  C. 

AGRIPPA,  Herod,  grandson  of  Herod  the 
Great,  king  of  all  Judea,  mentioned  in  Scrip- 
2  ture,  died  44. 

AGRfPPA  IL,  son  of  the  above,  and  his  suc- 
cessor, was  tlie  monarch  before  whom  Paul  was 
arraigned,  died  94. 

AGRIPPA,  Henry  Cornelius,  a  man  of  con- 
siderable learning,  and  a  great  magician,  ac- 
cording to  report,  in  the  16th  century,  was  born 
at  Cologne,  1486,  of  a  noble  family.  He  was  a 
man  of  an  extensive  genius,  well  skilledin  many 
parts  of  knowledge  and  a  variety  of  languages. 

AGRIPPINA,  the  virtuous  wife  of  Germani- 
cus  Caesar,  banished  by  Tiberius,  died  33. 

AGRIPPINA,  daughter  of  the  preceding,  mar- 
ried the  emperor  Claudius,  and  poisoned  him  to 
raise  her  son  Nero  to  the  throne,  who  afterwards 
caused  her  to  be  killed. 

AGUESSEAU,  Henry  Francis  d',  born  at 
Limoges,  was  first  advocate-general  of  Paris, 
then  procurer-general,  and  afterwards  chancel- 
lor ;  died  1751. 

AGUI,  king  of  Bantane  in  Java,  at  the  end 
of  the  17th  century,  extended  his  power  by 
means  of  the  Dutch. 

AGUILLON,  Francis,  a  mathematician  of 
Bnissels,  published  a  treatise  on  optics,  and 
died  1617. 

AGUIRRE,  Joseph,  a  bensdictine  of  Spain, 
was  made  cardinal  by  Innocent  XI.,  wrote  on 
theological  subjects,  and  died  1699. 

ARGYLAUS,  Henry,  a  native  of  Boisle-Duc, 
made  an  inelegant  translation  of  Monocanon, 
and  died  1595. 

AHAB,  son  and  successor  of  Omre,  king  of 
Israel,  remarkable  for  his  impieties,  died  898. 

AHAZ,  son  and  successor  of  Jotham,  king 
of  Judah,  became  tributary  to  Tiglath-Pileser, 
king  of  Assyria. 

AHAZIAH  succeeds  his  father,  Ahab,  king 
of  Israel.  Another  Ahaziah,  son  of  Jehoram, 
was  king  of  Judah,  and  killed  by  Jehu,  889. 

AHLWARDT,  Peter,  a  German,  the  son  of 
3  shoemaker,  became  an  eminent  professor  of 
logic  and  metaphysics ;  he  died  1791. 

AHMED  KHAN,  the  first  emperor  of  the 
Moguls  who  embraced  mahomedaaism,  died 
1284. 

A  J  ALA,  Martin  Perez  d',  a  Carthaginian,  of 
obscure  birth,  but  distinguished  by  his  abilities, 
served  Charles  V.  at  the  council  of  Trent. 

AIDAN,  a  mild  and  benevolent  prelate  in 
Northumberland,  who  converted  many  of  the 
northern  heathens  of  Britain  to  Christianity, 
died  651. 

AIRMAN,  William,  an  eminent  Scottish 
painter,  bom  at  Cairney,  1G82,  died  1731.  The 
celebrated  poets,  Thompson-  Mallet,  and  Allan 
Ramsay,  were  his  intimate  friends,  and  wrote 
verses  to  his  memory. 

AILHAUD,  John,  a  French  surgeon,  acquired 
eelebrity  and  fortune  by  selling  a  powder  which 
he  declared  would  cure  all  diseases;  he  died 
1756. 

AHiLY,  Peter  d',  of  an  obscure  family,  rose 
\4 


by  his  merit  to  tlie  highest  honours  in  the  ser 
vice  of  Charles  VI.  of  France. 

AILRED,orETHELRED,  author  of  a  gene- 
alogy of  English  kings,  &c.,  flourished  about  the 
midale  of  the  12th  century. 

AIMOIN,  a  benedictine  of  Aquitaine,  authrr 
of  an  unmeritorious  history  of  France,  died 
about  the  beginning  of  the  11th  centurj'. 

AINSWORTH,  Henrj',  known  for  his  learn- 
ing and  the  commentaries  which  he  wrote  on 
the  Scriptures,  was  poisoned  in  the  beginidng 
of  the  ]7th  centurv. 

AINSWORTH,"  Robert,  bom  at  Woodyale, 
four  miles  from  Manchester,  1660,  was  the  com- 
piler of  a  compendious  Enghsh  and  Latin  Dic- 
tionary, upon  the  plan  of  Faber's  Thesaurus, 
which  he  finished  and  published  m  1736,  in  4to., 
and  died  1743. 

AIRAULT,  Peter,  an  advocate  of  Paris,  a 
man  of  firmness  and  integrity,  died  1601. 

AIRAY,  Henry,  a  native  of  Westmoreland, 
a  strict  Calvinist,  author  of  some  theological 
pieces,  died  1610. 

AIRAY,  Christopher,  vicar  of  Milford,  autlior 
of  a  logical  treatise,  &c.,  died  1670. 

AISTULFE,  a  king  of  the  Lombards,  laid 
lege  to  Rome,  but  was  defeated ;  he  died  756. 

AITON,  WiUiam,  author  of  "Hortus  Kew- 
ensis,"  being  a  Catalogue  of  the  Plants  in  the 
Royal  Gardens  at  Kew,  was  born  nearHamilton, 
in  Lanarkshire,  1731,  and  died  at  Kew,  Feb.  1. 
1793. 

AITZEMA,  Leovan,  representative  of  the 
Kansiatic  towns  at  the  Hague,  autJior  of  a  his- 
tory of  the  United  Provinces,  <fcc.,  died  1669. 

AKAKIA,  Martin,  professor  of  medicine  at 
Paris,  published  translations  of  Galen's  works ; 
he  died  1551.  His  son  of  the  same  name  was 
physician  to  Henry  III. 

AKBAR,  sultan  of  the  Moguls,  increased  his 
dominions  by  the  conquest  of  Bengal,  &c. ;  he 
died  1605. 

AKENSIDE,  Mark,  a  physician,  but  far  better 
known  as  a  poet,  was  bom  at  Newcastle-iipon- 
Tyne,  1721,  and  died  in  the  office  of  physician 
to  the  queen,  June  23, 1770.  "  The  Pleasures 
of  Imagination,"  his  principal  work,  was  first 
published  in  1774 ;  and  a  very  extraordinary  pro- 
duction it  was,  from  a  man  who  had  not  reached 
his  23d  year.  He  had  very  uncommon  parts 
and  learning ;  a  strong  and  enlarged  way  of 
thinking  ;  and  was  one  of  innumerable  instan- 
ces to  prove,  that  very  sublime  qualities  may 
spring  from  very-  low  situations  in  life  :  for  lie 
had  this  in  common  with  the  most  high  aiid 
mighty  cardinal  Wolsey,  that  he  was  "indeed 
the  son  of  a  butcher. 

AKIBA,  a  learned  rabbi,  who,  at  the  age  of 
forty,  quitted  the  life  of  a  shepherd  aiid  devoted 
himself  to  literature,  died  135. 

ALABASTER,  WUliam,  an  English  divine, 
bom  at  Hadley,  in  Suffolk,  and  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  Wood  says,  he 
was  tlie  ra-rest  poet  and  Grecian  tbat  any  one 
age  or  nation  produced.  His  principal  work 
was,  "  Lexicon  Pentaglotton,  Hebraicuni,  (  hal- 
daicum,  Syriacum,"  &c.  fol.  1637.  As  a  poet, 
he  has  been  highly  applauded.  He  wrote  the 
Latin  trajredy  of  "  JRoxana,"  12mo.  1632,  v.hich 
was  acted  in  Trinity  College  Hall,  Cambridge 
Dr.  Alabaster  died,  prebendary'  of  St.  Paul's, 
and  rector  of  Tharfield,  Hertfordshire,  April 
1640. 

ALAGON,  Claude,  a  native  of  Provence,  at 
tempted  to  introduce  Spaniards  into  Marseiilcs. 
for  which  be  was  put  to  death,  1765. 


AL 

ALAIN,  De  Lisle,  a  divine  of  Paris,  sur 
named  the  universal  doctor,  died  1294. 
-      ALAIN,  John,  a  Dane,  author  of  a  treatise 
on  the  origin  of  the  Cinibre,  &c.,  died  1630. 

ALAIN,  Chartier,  secretary  to  Charles  VII 
king  of  France,  born  in  the  year  1386.  He  was 
author  of  several  works  in  prose  and  verse ;  but 
his  most  famous  performance  was  his  Clironicle 
of  kins  Charles  VIL 

ALAIN,  Nicholas,  son  of  a  cobbler  at:the  be- 
ginning of  the  18th  century,  writer  of  some  co- 
medies. 

ALALEONA,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Macerata, 
professor  of  civil  law  in  the  university  of  Tadua, 
died  April,  1749,  aged  79. 

ALAMANNI,  Lewis,  born  at  Florence,  1495, 
died  at  Amboise,  in  France,  1556,  leaving  many' 
beautiful  poems  and  other  valuable  performan- 
ces in  the  Italian  language. 

ALAMOS,  Balthazar,  a  Spanish  writer  in  the 
service  of  Anthony  Perez,  was  imprisoned  11 
years,  and  published  a  translation  of  Tacitus, 
1614 ;   he  died  in  his  88th  year. 

ALAMUNDIH,  a  king  of  the  Saracens,  509  ; 
the  bishops  of  his  age  vainly  endeavoured  to 
convert  him  to  Christianity. 

ALAN,  ALLEN,  ALLYN,  William,  a  native 
of  Rossal,  in  Lancashire,  was  a  defender  of  the 
Pope,  and  died  at  Rome,  1594. 

ALAN,  of  Lynn,  in  Norfolk,  a  divine,  known 
as  the  author  of  useful  indexes  to  the  books  he 
read,  flourished  in  the  15th  century. 

ALAND,  Sir  John  Fortescue,  an  eminent 
English  judge,  born  1670,  died  1746. 

ALANKAVA,  daughter  of  Geoubire,  married 
her  cousin  Doujoun,  king  of  the  Monguels,  in 
the  north  of  Asia. 

ALARD,  a  priest  of  Amsterdam,  author  of 
some  learned  works  published  at  Paris,  1543  ; 
he  died  at  Louvaine,  1531. 

ALARIC  I.,  a  famous  king  of  the  Visigoths, 
and  conqueror  of  Italy,  409,  died  at  Cosenza, 
411. 

ALARIC  II.  made  king  of  the  Visigoths  484, 
was  slain  in  battle  by  the  hand  of  Clovis,  king 
of  France,  509. 

ALASCO,  John,  a  Roman  Catholic  bishop, 
uncle  to  the  king  of  Poland,  became  a  convert 
to  the  protestant  principles,  and  died  1560. 

ALAVA,  Diego  Esquivel,  a  learned  bishop, 
born  at  Vittoriain  Biscay;  he  was  at  the  council 
of  Ti  ent,  and  published  a  work  on  couiicils  ; 
he  died  March  17,  1.582. 

ALAVIN,  a  chief  of  the  Goths,  who  settled 
on  the  banks  of  the  Danube,  afterwards  rose 
against  tlie  imperial  troops  and  defeated  them 
near  Adrianople,  378. 

ALBAN,  St.,  said  to  have  been  the  first  per- 
son wl'o  suffered  martyrdom  for  Christianity  in 
Britain,  and  therefore  usually  styled  the  proto- 
martvr  of  this  island,  was  born  at  Verulam,  and 
flourished  toward  the  end  of  tiie  3d  century. 
The  town  of  St.  Alban's,  in  Hertfordshire,  takes 
its  name  from  our  protomartyr. 

A  LBANI,  Francis,  a  celebrated  painter,  born 
at  Bologna,  1578,  studied  under  Guido  Rheni, 
and  was  at  length  no  mean  rival  in  fame  to  that 
great  artist.    He  died  1660. 

ALBANI,  John  Jerome,  a  learned  civilian, 
made  a  cardinal,  1570 ;  wrote  a  treatise  o«  ec- 
clesiastical affairs,  and  died  1591. 

ALBANI,  Akxander.a  Roman  cardinal,was  a 
nan  o*'^rrcat  merit;  he  died  Dec.  2, 1779,  aged  79. 

ALBANI,  John  Francis,  nephew  of  the  above, 
obtained  the  rank  of  cardinal,  and  other  prefer- 
ments ;  he  was  distinguished  as  an  eiilighteBcd 


AL 

prelate,  and  for  his  encouragement  of  men  of 
letters ;  he  died  1803. 

ALBANY,  John,  duke  of,  a  Scotch  nobleman, 
in  the  service  of  Francis  I.,  king  of  France,  in- 
trusted with  an  army  of  10,000  men,  to  attack 
Naples ;  he  died  1536. 

ALBATEGNIUS,  an  Arabian  astronomer, 
who  died  S29 ;  he  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  know- 
ledge and  obliquity  of  the  zodiac  of  stars,  pub- 
lished 1537. 

ALBEMARLE,  Monk,  duke  of,  vid.  MONK. 

ALBEMARLE,  Anne  Ciarges,  dutches*  of, 
daughter  of  a  blacksmith,  and  brought  up  as  a 
milliner;  she  retained  the  vulgarity  of  her 
manners  in  her  highest  elevation. 

ALBEMARLE,  Keppel,  lord,  a  native  of  Guel- 
ders,  one  of  the  favourites  of  William  III., 
commander  of  the  Dutch  forces  in  the  last  of 
queen  Amie's  wars,  defeated  1712,  died  6  years 
after. 

ALBERGATl,Capace]li,  marquis,  a  native  of 
Bologna;  he  spent  his  early  life  in  dissipation, 
and  began  to  reform  at  34 ;  he  became  distin- 
guished as  an  author  and  actor  at  40 ;  and  was 
honoiued  with  the  appellation  of  the  Garrick 
of  Italy:  he  died  1802. 

ALBERGOTTI,  Francis,  an  ancient  civilian, 
born  at  Arezzo,  he  removed  to  Florence,  where 
he  was  raised  to  the  honour  of  nobility,  and 
died  1376. 

ALBERIC,  or  ALBERT,  a  canon  of  Aix,  in 
Provence,  wrote  an  account  of  tlie  first  crusa- 
ders, from  1095  to  1120  ;  pubhshed  1584. 

ALBERIC,  a  French  monk,  legate  in  England, 
Scotland,  France,  &c.,  died  1147. 

ALBERIC,  a  learned  lawyer  of  Bergamo,  in 
the  14th  century. 

ALBERIC,  a  monk  in  the  abbey  of  Troisfon- 
taines,  wrote  a  chronicle  edited  by  Leibnitz, 
and  died  about  1241. 

ALBERINI,  Rodiana,  a  lady  of  Padua,  dis- 
tinguished for  her  poetical  works  in  Latin  and 
Italian,  about  1530. 

ALBERONI,  Julius,  cardinal,  was  born  May 
31,  1664,  the  son  of  a  gardener,  in  the  suburbs 
of  Placentia.  From  this  low  original,  by  good 
fortune,  address,  and  abilities,  he  rose  to  be  first 
minister  of  state  to  the  king  of  Spain.  He  died 
at  Placentia,  June  26,  1752. 

ALBERT  I.,  son  of  the  emperor  Rodolphus, 
chosen  emperor  of  Germany  after  the  defeat  of 
Adolphus  of  Nassau,  died  1308. 

ALBERT  II.,  emperor  of  Germany,  a  mild 
atid  popular  prince,  died  1439. 

ALBERT,  archduke  of  Austria,  son  of  tlie 
emperor  Maximilian ;  cardinal  and  archbishop 
of  Toledo,  made  governor  of  Portugal,  1583. 

ALBERT  I.,  son  of  Otho,  prince  of  Anhalt, 
made  elector  of  Brandenbury,  l.'>50;  he  converted 
vast  forests  into  cultivated  lands. 

ALBERT  v.,  duke  of  Bavaria,  surnamed  the 
magnanimous,  a  pattern  of  every  amiable  vir- 
tue, died  1579. 

ALBERT  VI.,  duke  of  Bavaria,  known  for 
his  learning,  died  1666. 

ALBERT,  Charles  d',  duke  of  Luyneg,  of  a 
noble  family  in  Florence,  settled  in  France, 
where  he  became  the  favourite  and  counsellor 
of  Lewis  XIII. 

ALBERT,  Joseph  d',of  Luyncs,  ambassador 
from  the  emperor  Charles  VII.  in  France,  a  man 
of  letters. 

ALBERT,  Honore  d',  duke  of  Chaulnes,  in- 
debted for  his  greatness  to  his  elder  brother  and 
the  partiality  of  Richelieu,  died  1649. 

ALBERT,  king  of  Sweden  succeeded  Magniis 
15 


AL 

II.,  who  was  deposed  by  his  nobles,  and  taken 
prisoner  by  Margaretqueen  of  Norway,died  1412. 

ALBERT,  margrave  of  Brandenburg,  sur- 
named  the  Alcibiadee  of  Germany,  was  deprived 
of  his  possessions  by  the  diet  of  the  empire  ; 
he  died  1558. 

ALBERT,  margrave  of  Brandenburg,  first 
d«ke  of  Prussia,  which  he  held  as  a  fief  of  Po- 
land, died  1568. 

ALBERT,  Erasmus,  a  native  of  Frankfort, 
assisted  Luther  in  the  reformation. 

ALBERT  KRANTZ,  author  of  the  history 
of  Saxony  and  the  Vandals,  &c.,  died  1517. 

ALBERT  of  Stade,  author  of  a  chronicle 
from  the  creation  to  1288,  a  benedictine  of  the 
13th  century. 

ALBERT  of  Strasburg,  author  of  a  chronicle 
from  1270,  to  1378,  about  the  middle  of  the  14th 
centur}'. 

ALBERT,  archbishop  of  Mentz,  revolted 
against  the  emperor  Henry  V. 

ALBERT,  called  the  great,  born  in  Swabia, 
appointed  archbishop  of  Ratisbort,  and  became 
very  learned  ;  he  died  1280. 

ALBERT,  Jane  d',  daughter  of  Margaret  of 
Navarre,  married  at  the  age  of  11  to  the  duke  of 
Oleves,  and  died  1572. 

ALBERT,  Pierre  Antonie,  was  rector  of  the 
French  protestant  episcopal  church,  in  New- 
York  ;  much  distinguished  as  a  scholar  and  di- 
vine ;  he  died  1806,  aged  41. 

ALBERTET,  a  mathematician  and  poet,  of 
the  13th  century. 

ALBERTI,  Cherubino,  a  historical  painter 
and  engraver,  of  Italy,  born  1552,  died  1615. 

ALBERTI,Giovanni,brother  of  the  above,ex- 
celled  in  the  perspective  and  historical  painting. 
lie  was  born  near  Florence,  1558,  and  died  1601. 

ALBERTI,  Dominico,  a  native  of  Venice, 
celebrated  as  a  musical  performer,  particularly 
on  the  harpsichord,  about  1737. 

ALBERTI,  Andrew,  aullior  of  an  admired 
treatise  on  perspective,  published  at  Nuremberg, 
1670. 

ALBERTI,  John,  a  German  lawyer,  sur- 
named  Widman  Stadius,  abridged  the  alcoran, 
&c. 

ALB ERTI,Leander,a  Dominican  of  Bologna, 
wrote  some  interesting  works,  died  1552. 

ALBESTI,  Leon  Baptiste,  a  Florentine,  au- 
thor of  a  valuable  work  on  architecture,  died 
1485. 

ALBERTI  ARISTOTILE,  called  also  Ri- 
dolfe  Foiravente,  a  celebrated  mechanic  of  Bo- 
logna, in  the  16th  centurv. 

ALBERTINI,  Francis,  a  Calabrian  Jesuit, 
author  of  some  theological  works,  died  1619. 

ALBERTINO,  Edmund,  wrote  a  treatise  on 
the  eucharist,  and  died  1652. 

ALBERTINO,  Francis,  a  Florentine,  author 
of  a  book  on  the  wonders  of  ancient  and  modern 
Rome,  &c.,  at  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century. 

ALBERTINUS,  Nussatus,  an  ItaUan,  author 
of  a  history  of  the  emperor  Henry  VII.,  &c. 

ALBERTUS,  archbishop  of  Mentz,  formed  a 
conspiracy  against  the  emperor  Henry  V.;  the 
populace  restored  him  to  liberty  after  he  was 
imprisoned. 

ALBERTUS,  Magnus,  a  learned  Dominican 
friar,  born  in  Swabia,  1205.  He  was  a  man  of  a 
most  curious  and  inquisitive  turn  of  mind, 
which  gave  rise  to  an  accusation  brought  against 
him,  that  he  laboured  to  find  out  the  philoso- 
pher's stone,  that  he  was  a  magician,  and  that 
he  made  a  machine  in  the  shape  of  a  man,  whicli 
ff&s  an  oracle  to  him,  and  explained  all  the  dif- 
16 


AL 

Acuities  lie  proposed.  He  had,  indeed,  great 
knowledge  in  the  mathematics,  and  by  his  skill 
in  tliat  science  might  propably  have  formed  a 
head  with  springs  c«pable  of  articulating  sounds. 
Albert  died  at  Cologne,  Nov.  15,  1820,  having 
written  such  a  number  of  books,  that  they  make 
21  vols,  in  folio. 

ALBI,  Henry,  author  of  an  uninteresting  his- 
tory of  illustrious  cardinals,  &c.,  died  1659. 

ALBICUS,  archbishop  of  Prague ;  he  wrote 
iliree  treatises  on  medicine,  which  were  printed 
at  Leipsic,  1484. 

ALBINOVANUS,  a  Latin  poet  of  the  age  of 
Ovid  ;  only  two  of  his  elegies  are  extant. 

ALBINUS,  Dec.  Clodius,  a  Roman  who  as- 
umed  the  imperial  purple  in  opposition  to 
Severus.    He  w£is  slain  in  battle,  197. 

ALBINUS,  A.  Posthum.,  a  Roman,  author  of 
ahistoryof  hisowncountry,  in  Greek,  flourished 
about  150  B.  C. 

ALBINUS,  Bernard,  a  celebrated  phs'sician, 
born  at  Dessau,  in  Anhah,  was  professor  at 
Frankfort,  and  subsequently  at  Leyden;  he  died 
1721,  in  his  69th  vear. 

ALBINUS,  Bernard  Sigfred,  one  of  the  great- 
est anatomists  that  ever  existed,  was  born  at 
Leyden,  in  1683,  and  died  1771.  His  anatomi- 
cal plates  form  3  vols,  folio. 

ALBINUS,  Eleazer,  author  of  a  natural  his- 
tory of  birds,  of  which  a  French  translation  ap- 
peared in  1750. 

ALBINUS,  Peter,  a  historian  and  poet  of  the 
16th  century,  and  professor  at  Wittenberg. 

ALBIS,  Thomas,  or  White,  a  catholic  priest, 
and  eminent  philosopher  of  Essex,  died  1676. 

ALBIZI,  Bartholomew,  a  native  of  Rivano, 
in  Tuscany,  distinguished  by  his  preaching  and 
the  productions  of  his  pen,  died  at  Pisa,  1401. 

ALBOIN,  or  ALBOVINUS,  king  of  Lom- 
bardy,  caused  liimself  to  be  proclaimed  king  in 
570  ;  he  was  assassinated  by  order  of  his  wife. 

ALBON,  James  d',  a  famous  French  general, 
known  as  marshal  St.  Andre ;  he  was  shot  at  the 
battle  ot  Dreux,  1562. 

ALBON,  Cauiille,  a  descendant  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Lyons,  and  died  at  Paris, 
1778  ;  he  wrote  various  works. 

ALBORNOS,  Giles  Alvarez  Carillo,  arch- 
bishop of  Toledo,  and  afterwards  Cardinal. 
He  resigned  his  cardinal's  hat,  and  took  up 
arms  to  reduce  Italy  to  the  obedience  of  the 
church.  This  truly  great  man  founded  the  col- 
lege of  Barcelona.    He  died  1367. 

ALBORNOS,  Diego  Philip,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Carthagena,  patronised  by  the  court  in  con- 
sequence of  his  writings. 

ALBRET,  a  noble  family  in  France,  which 
has  given  to  the  kingdom,  generals  and  states- 
inen. 

ALBRICUS,  a  learned  philosopher  and  phy- 
sician, born  in  London,  studied  at  Oxford,  and 
died  1217. 

ALBUCASA,  orALBUCASSIS,  an  Arabian 
physician  of  the  11th  centurj".  He  wrote  some 
valuable  tracts. 

ALBUMAZAR,  an  Arabian  physician  of  tht 
9th  centurj-,  known  as  an  astrologer.  His  works 
were  published  at  Venice  in  1526. 

ALBUaUERQUE,  Alphonso,  a  famous  Por- 
tnguese  warrior,  and  the  founder  of  the  power 
of  tl«t  nation  in  India,  died  at  Goa,  1515. 

ALBUaUERaUE,  Blaise,  son  of  the  above, 
born  in  1500.  He  was  raised  to  the  first  honours 
of  the  state,  and  published  an  accoimt  of  his 
father's  victories,  at  Lisbon,  in  1576. 

ALBUTIUS,  Caius  Silue,  a  Roman  orator  in 


AL 


AL 


Hie  age  of  Augustus,  who  starved  himself  to 
deaili. 

ALBUTIUS,  Titus,  a  Roman  philosopher 
banished  for  corruption. 

ALC JEUS,  a  tamous  lyric  poet,  born  at  Mity 
lene,  in  the  island  oi  Lesbos  Horace  seems  to 
think  that  b«  was  the  first  author  of  lyric  poetry. 
He  flourished  in  ilie  44th  Olympiad. 

ALiCASAR,  Louis  d',  a  Jesuit  of  Seville, 
who  wrote  oii  the  apocalypse  ;  died  in  1613. 
-  ALCENDl,  James,  an  Arabian  physician, 
who  iuade  liimseii  lauious  by  his  writings,  as  a 
peupateiic  philosopaer,  about  1145. 

ALCHABlTitJS,  an  Arabian  astrologer,  au- 
thor of  many  works  on  astronomy  and  optics, 
printed  at  Venice,  1491. 

ALOHINDUS,  an  Arabian  physician  and  as- 
trologer of  genius  and  learning  before  the  12;h 
century.     His  works  are  often  quoted. 

ALCIAT,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Milan,  cele- 
brated lor  his  knowledge  of  the  law,  and  ad- 
vanced to  the  professor's  chair  at  Avi,^non. 
Francis  I.  knew  his  merit  and  prevailec!  on  him 
to  remove  lo  Boarges,  where  his  law  lectures 
were  much  adaiired.  The  duke  of  Milan  in- 
vited liim  back  m  his  native  town,  and  bestowed 
many  honours  oii  him.  Philip,  king  of  Spain, 
gave  aim  a  gold  chain  as  a  mark  of  nis  favour. 
He  died  i550. 

ALOIBI  \DES,  a  celebrated  Athenian  gene- 
ral, slain  404  B.  C. 

ACClDAMAS,  a  Greek  rhetorician  about  420 
B.C. 

ALCIMUS,  called  aiso  Jachim,  was  made 
high-priest  of  Judea,  and  died  about  165  B.  0. 

ALCIMUS,  Alethius,  a  historian  and  poet  of 
Agin,  in  the  4th  century.  Most  of  his  works 
are  lost. 

ALCINOUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  who 
flourished  about  the  '2d  century. 

ALCIPHRON,  a  Greek  philosopher  in  the 
age  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

ALCMi^.ON,  a  disciple  of  Pythagoras,  who 
dwelt  at  Crotona. 

ALCMAN,  a  lyric  poet,  who  flourished  in 
the  27tfi  Olympiad,  at  Sardis,  in  Lydia.  He  is 
accounted  the  lather  of  love  verses,  is  said  to 
have  first  introduced  the  custom  of  singing  them 
in  public,  and  to  have  died  a  very  singular  death ; 
viz.  to  have  beeii  eaten  up  with  lice. 

ALCOCK,  John,  bishop  of  Ely,  and  lord  chan- 
cellor of  England,  under  Henry  VH.,  founded 
Jesus  College,  in  Cambridge,  for  a  master,  six 
fellows,  and  as  many  scholars,  and  died  Octo- 
ber 1,  1.500. 

ALCUINUS,  or  ALBINUS,  Flaccus,  abbot  of 
Canterbury,  a  famous  English  orator,  philoso- 
pher, and  divine,  of  the  8th  centnrv. 

ALCYONIUS,  Peter,  an  Italian,  author  of 
some  learned  publications.  During  the  insur- 
rection at  Rome,  in  1527,  he  joined  the  pope,  and 
abandoned  him  again  when  the  siege  was  raised. 
He  had  many  accomphshments,  but  was  fickle, 
self-conceited,  and  inconstant. 

ALDANA,  Bernard,  a  Spaniard,  governor  of 
Lippa,  which  place,  iu  a  lit  of  panic,  he  set  on 
fire  in  1.5.52. 

ALDEBERT,  an  impostor  in  France,  who, 
by  bribes  and  pretended  visions,  raised  himself 
to  a  bishopric.  His  opinions  being  condemned 
bv  the  councils  in  744  and  746,  lie  died  iu  prison. 

ALDEGRAFP,  Albert,  a  painter  and  en- 
graver, was  born  in  Westphalia,  in  1502. 

ALDEN,  John,  magistrate  of  Plymouth  colo- 
ny ;  one  of  the  first  settlers  in  New-England  ; 
fee  died  1687,  aged  about  89  years. 


I  ALDERETTE,  Bernard  and  Joseph,  Jesuit* 
Of  Malaga,  at  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 
They  were  authors  of"  Antiquities  of  Spain," 
land  a  book  on  the  Castilian  language. 
I  ALDEROTI,  Thaddeus,  a  Florentine  phy- 
sician of  great  skill.  Princes  and  prelates  only 
were  admitted  as  his  patients ;  he  died  1295. 

ALDHELM,  or  ADEEM,  (St.)  an  English  di- 
vine and  historian,  and  bishop  of  Shirebnrn,  in 
the  time  of  the  Saxon  heptarchy.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  the  first  Englishman  who  ever 
wrote  in  Latin,  and  who  introduced  poetry  into 
England.  William  of  Malmesbury  tells  us,  that 
the  people  in  Aldhelm's  time  were  half  barba- 
rians, and  httle  attentive  to  religious  discourses; 

iierefore  the  holy  man,  placing  himself  upon 

bridge,  used  olten  to  slop  tiiem,  and  sing  bal- 
lads of  his  own  composition:  he  thereby  gained 
the  favour  and  attention  of  the  populace ;  and 
insensibly  mixing  grave  and  religious  things  with 
30  of  a  jocular  kind,  he  by  this  means  suc- 
ceeded better  than  he  could  have  done  by  aus- 
tere gravity.  Aldhelm  lived  in  great  esteem  till 
his  death,  which  happened  May  25,  709. 

ALDHUN,  a  famous  bishop,  who  built  the 
cathedral  at  Durham  ;  died  1018. 

ALDINI,  Tobias,  author  of  a  botanical  work 
printed  at  Rome,  1525. 

ALDOBR  ANDIN,  Sylvester,  professor  of  law 
ui  P;sa  ,  died  at  Rome,  1558. 

A  LDRED,  bishop  of  Worcester,  crowned 
Harold  king,  and  was  raised  to  the  see  of  York  ; 
he  died  1063. 

ALDRICH,  St.,  bishop  of  Mans,  distinguished 
for  his  learning,  enjoyed  the  favour  of  the  no- 
bles ;  he  died  856. 

ALDRICH,  Robert,  Master  of  Eton,  and  bi- 
shop of  Carlisle.  He  wrote  epigrams,  &c. ;  and 
died  at  Hornecastle,  1555. 

ALDRICH,  Henry,  an  eminent  scholar,  di- 
vine, architect,  and  musician,  born  at  West- 
minster, 1647.  The  three  sides  of  the  quad- 
rangle of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  called  Peck- 
water  square,  were  designed  by  him ;  as  was 
aiso  the  elegant  chapel  of  Trinity  College,  and 
the  church  of  All-saints  in  the  High-street.  His 
abilities  also  as  a  n>usician  have  caused  him  to 
be  ranked  among  the  greatest  masters  of  the 
science :  he  composed  many  services  for  the 
church,  which  are  well  known,  as  are  two 
catches  of  his;  the  one,  "  Hark  the  bonny  Christ 
Church  bells,"  the  other  entitled  "A  Smoking 
catch  ;"  for  lie  himself  was,  it  seems,  a  great 
nioker.    He  died  at  Christ  Ciuirch,  1710. 

ALDRINGER,  a  native  of  Luxembourg,  was 
raised  by  Ferdinand  II.  fiom  a  common  seldi«r 
to  a  general ;  he  died  lo34. 

ALDROV  ANDUS,  Ulysses,  professor  of  phy- 
sic at  Bologna,  and  a  most  voluminous  writer 
on  natural  history,  died  blind,  in  a  hospital,  at 
Bologna,  1603. 

ALDRUDE,  countess  of  Eertinoro,  celebrated 
for  her  courage  and  her  eloquence.  She  headed 
an  army,  and  was  victorious ;  she  died  about 
1200,  in  Italy. 

ALDUS.  See  MANUTIUS. 

ALEANDER,  Jerome,  archbishop  under  Pope 
Leo  X.,  and  celebrated  for  his  attack  on  the 
doctrines  of  Luther,  died  at  Rome,  V.i2. 

\LEANDER,  Jerome,  great  nephew  to  the 
above,  distingiiished  as  a  poet,  antiquarian,  and 
awver,  died  at  Rome.  1631. 

ALEGAIMBE,  Philip,  a  native  of  BrusaelP, 
professor  of  divinity,  and  a  favourite  of  prinws. 
He  wrote  several  esteemed  works,  and  ^td  at 
Rome,  1652. 


AL 

ALDGRE,  Yves  d',  an  able  officer  in  the  ser- 
vice of  France,  killed  at  Rasenna,  1512. 

ALEGRINU9,  John,  cardiiaal  and  patriarch 
of  Constantinople,  died  1240. 

ALEMAN.  Lewis  Augustine,  a  lawyer  of 
Grenoble,  author  of  several  works,  was  bom  in 
1653. 

ALEMAN,  Lewis,  archbishop  of  Ailes,  and 
cardinal,  was  born  1390.  He  died  in  1450,  and 
was  canonized. 

ALEMAN,  Maeto,  a  Spaniard.  He  wrote 
the  History  of  Guzman,  a  remance,  which  went 
through  30  editions  in  Spain. 

ALEMBERT,  John  Le  Rond  d',  secretary  to 
the  French  academy,  &c.,  and  one  of  the  ablest 
mathematicians  of  the  age,  died  October  27, 
1783.  He  was  one  of  the  principal  editors  of  the 
"Encyclopedia;"  and  besides  his  numerous 
mathematical  works,  produced  seven  volumes 
of  "Melanges  Literaires,"  containing  various 
tracts  on  different  topics. 

ALEN,  John  Van,  a  Dutch  painter  of  land- 
scapes, birds,  and  still  life,  born  at  Amsterdam 
1G51,  and  died  1698. 

ALENIO,  Julius,  a  Jesuit,  who  went  as  a 
missionary  to  China,  where  he  preached  36 
years,  and  built  several  churches ;  he  died  1698. 

ALEOTTI,  Jolm  Baptist,  an  Italian,  who, 
from  the  occupation  of  carrying  bricks  and  mor- 
tar, became  a  celebrated  mathematician;  he 
died  1630. 

ALES,or  HALES,  Alexander  d',  a  native  of 
England  who  became  a  celebrated  teacher  of 
divi-iity  and  philosophy  at  Paris,  died  1245. 

ALES,  Alexander,  of  Edinburgh,  first  oi>- 
posed,  aud  then  embraced  the  tenets  of  Luther. 
He  suffered  much  persecution,  and  having  re- 
tired to  Germany,  was  appointed  professor  at 
Frankfort.    He  died  15t5. 

ALESIO,  Matthew  Perez  d'.  a  native  of 
Rome,  and  a  skilful  painter  and  engraver.  His 
greatest  piece  is  the  Colossial  St.  Christopher  at 
geville.    He  died  1600. 

ALESSI,  Galeas,  an  architect  who  decorated 
many  towiis  in  Spain,  France  and  Germanv, 
died  1572. 

ALETINO,  Benedett .,  professor  at  Naples. 
He  undertook  to  refute  the  Cartesian  philosopliy, 
and  to  establisli  that  of  Aristotle.  He  died  in 
1719. 

ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT,  son  of  Philip, 
King  of  Macedon,  was  born  at  Fella,  the  first 
year  of  the  106th  Olympiad,  and  the  385th  before 
tbe  birth  of  Christ,  "ar.d  at  15  years  of  age  was 
delivered  to  the  tuition  of  Aristotle.  He  dis- 
covered very  early  a  mighty  spirit,  and  sjTiip- 
toms  of  that  vast  and  immoderate  ambition 
which  was  afterwards  to  make  him  the  scourge 
of  mankind  and  the  pest  of  the  world.  At  20 
ircars  of  age  he  succeeded  his  father  as  king  of 
Macedon:  he  was  also  chosen,  in  the  room  of 
his  father,  generalissimo  in  the  projected  expe- 
dition against  the  Persians ;  but  the  Greeks, 
agreeably  to  their  usual  fickleness,  deserted  from 
ttin).  taking  advantage  of  his  absence  in  Thrace 
»ad  lilyricum,  where  he  began  his  military  en- 
terprises. He  hastened  immediately  to  Greece, 
When  the  Athenians  and  other  states  returned 
to. him  at  once ;  but,  the  Thebans  standing  out, 
ho  directed  his  arms  against  them,  slew  a  pro- 
digious number  of  tliem,  and  destroyed  their 
eity,  sparing  nothing  but  the  house  aud  the  de- 
*tt6ndants  of  Pindar,  out  of  respect  to  the  memo- 
j  tf  of  that  poet.  This  happened  in  the  second 
i  y^av  of  the  3d  Olympiad.  Having  settled  the 
a.^aiU  of  Greece,  auid  left  Antipsitei-  as  his  yice- 
■    18 


AL 

roy  in  Macedonia,  lie  passed  the  Hellespont,  in 
the  third  year  of  Ids  reign,  with  an  army  of  no 
more  than  30,000  foot,  and  4,500  horse;  and 
with  these  forces,  brave  and  veteran  it  is  true, 
he  overturned  the  Persian  empire.  His  first 
battle  was  at  the  Granicus,  a  river  of  Phrj'gia, 
in  which  the  Persians  were  routed.^  His  second 
was  at  Issus,  a  city  of  Cilicia,  wnere  he  was 
also  victorious  in  an  eminent  degree ;  for  tlie 
camp  of  Darius,  with  his  mother,  wife,  and  chil- 
dren, fell  into  his  hands  ;  and  the  humane  and 
generous  treamient  which  he  showed  them  is 
justly  reckoned  the  noblest  and  most  amiable 
passage  of  his  life.  While  he  was  in  this  coun- 
try, he  caught  a  violent  fever  by  bathing,  when 
hot,  in  the  cold  waters  of  the  river  Cydnus ;  and 
this  fever  was  made  more  violent  from  his  im- 
patience at  being  detained  by  it.  The  army  was 
under  the  utmost  consternation,  and  no  physi- 
cian durst  undertake  the  cure.  At  length,  one 
Philip  of  Acarnania  desired  time  to  prepare  a  po- 
tion which  he  was  sure  would  cure  him  ;  and 
while  this  potion  was  preparing,  Alexander  re- 
ceived a  letter  from  his  must  intimate  confidant, 
Parmenio,  informing  him  that  this  Acarnanian 
was  a  traitor,  and  employed  by  Darius  to  poison 
him,  at  the  price  of  one  thousand  talents  and  his 
sister  in  marriage.  What  a  situation  for  a  sick 
prince!  The  same  greatness  of  soul,  however, 
which  accompanied  him  upon  all  occasions,  did 
not  forsake  him  here.  He  did  not  seeiu  to  his 
I)hysician  under  any  apprehensions  ;  but  after 
receiving  the  cup  into  his  hands,  delivered  the 
letter  to  Philip,  and,  with  his  eyes  fixed  upon 
him  drank  it  off.  The  medicine'at  first  acted  so 
powerfully  as  to  deprive  him  of  Ids  senses,  and 
then,  without  doubt,  all  concluded  him  jicisoned: 
however,  he  soon  came  round,  and,  by  a  cure 
so  speedy  that  it  might  almost  be  deemed  mi- 
raculous, was  restored  to  his  army  safe  and 
sound.  From  Cilicia  he  marched  forwards  to 
Phoenicia,  which  all  surrendered  to  him  except 
Tyre  ;  aud  it  cost  him  a  siege  of  seven  months 
to"  reduce  that  city.  The  vexation  of  Alexander, 
at  being  unseasonably  detained  by  this  obstuiacy 
of  the  Tyrians,  occasioned  a  mighty  destruction 
and  caniage  ;  and  the  cruelty  he  exercised  here 
is  quite  inexcusable.  After  besieging  and  taking 
Gaza,  he  went  to  Jerusalem,  where  he  was  re- 
ceived by  the  high-priest,  and,  making  many 
presents  to  the  Jews,  sacrificed  in  their  teniple. 
He  told  Jaddus  (for  that  was  the  priest's  name,) 
that  he  had  seen  in  Macedonia  a  god,  in  appear- 
ance exactly  resembling  him,  who  bad  exhorted 
him  to  this  expedition  agamst  the  Persians,  and 
riven  him  the  firmest  assurance  of  success.  Af- 
terwards entering  Egj'pt,  he  went  to  the  oracle 
of  Jupiter  Amnion  ;'  and  upon  his  return,  built 
the  city  of  Alexandria.  It  was  now  tha;  he  took 
it  into  his  head  to  assume  divinity,  and  to  pre- 
tend himself  the  son  of  the  said  Jupiter  Amnion. 
Policv,  however,  was  at  the  bottom  of  this  :  it 
was  impossible  that  any  such  belief  should  be 
really  rooted  in  his  breast ;  but  he  found  by  ex- 
perience, that  this  opinion  inclined  the  barba- 
rous nations  tf>  submit  to  hin\;  and  therefore  he 
was  content  to  pass  ff  r  a  god,  and  to  admit,  as 
he  did.  of  divine  adoration.  His  object  now  was 
to  overtake  and  attack  Darius  in  another  ba-tle ; 
and  this  battle  was  fought  at  Arbela :  when  vic- 
tory, granting  everj'  thing  to  Ale.xamler,  put  an 
end  to  the  Persian  empire.  Darius  had  offered 
his  daughter  in  marriage,  and  pan  of  his  domi- 
'  nions  to  Alexander;  and  Parmenio  advised  hira 
I  to  accept  the  terms,  saying,  "  I  would  if  I  were 
llAlwauder."     "  Ajid  so  would  I,  (replied  the 


AL 


the  conqueror,)  if  I  were  Parmenio."  The  same 
Parmenio  counselling  the  prince  to  take  advan- 
tage of  the  night  in  attacking  Darius,  "  No,  (said 
Alexander,)  I  would  not  steal  a  victory."  Da- 
ilu3  owed  hi3  escape  from  Arbela  to  the  swift 
ness  of  his  horse ;  and,  while  he  was  collecting 
forces  to  renew  the  war,  was  insidiously  slain 
by  Bessus,  governor  of  the  Bactrians.  Alexan- 
der wept  at  the  fate  of  Darius,  and,  afterwards 
procuring  Bessus  to  be  given  up  to  him,  punished 
the  inhuman  wretch  according  to  his  deserts. 
From  Arbela,  Alexander  pursued  his  conquests 
eastward  ;  and  every  thing  fell  into  his  hands, 
even  to  the  Indies.  Having  ranged  over  all  the 
east,  he  returned  to  Babylon,  where  he  died  in 
the  33d  year  of  his  age,  some  say  by  poison, 
others  bv  intoxication. 

ALEXANDER,  Bala,  an  impostor  who  pre- 
tended to  be  the  sou  of  Antiochus  Epiphanes. 
Ho  was  slain  146  B.  C. 

ALEXANDER,  Severus,  a  Roman  emperor, 
disliiiijuished  for  liisvirtues;hevvas  murdered  235. 

ALEXANDER,  Jaunseus,  king  of  the  Jews. 
He  was  cruel  and  oppressive,  and  died  79  B.  C. 

ALEXANDER  H.,  son  of  Aristobalus,  was 
carried  prisoner  to  Rome  by  Pompey.  and  put  to 
daath  49  B.  C. 

ALEXANDER,  bishop  of  Hierapolis  in  the 
5th  century  who  maintained  that  there  were  two 
natures  in  Christ.    He  died  an  exile. 


ALEXANDER  III.,  pope,  a  native  of  Sienna, 
was  raised  to  the  papal  chair  in  1159.  He  uied 
at  Rome,  much  beloved  by  his  .subjects,  and  re- 
spected by  the  world. 

ALEXANDER  IV.,  bishop  of  Ostia,  was  made 
pope  in  1254.  He  bestowed  the  crown  of  Sicily 
on  Edmund,  son  of  the  King  of  England  ,  and 
tried  to  unite  tlie  Greek  and  Latin  churciies. 

ALEXANDER  V.,  pope,  was  originally  a  beg- 
gar, but  found  means  to  cultivate  his  mind,  so 
that  he  was  distinguished  both  at  Oxford  and 
Paris.  Ke  was  elected  pope  in  1409,  but  .-.)on 
died  by  poison. 

ALEXANDER  VI.,  pope,  was  a  native  of  Va- 
lencia. He  was  infamous  for  his  debaucheries 
andcraekios,  and  died  by  the  poison  his  .'^onin 
tended  for  some  innocent  persons,  1503. 

ALEXANDER  VII.,  pope,  embellished  Rome 
with  several  magnificent  edifices,  and  died  1GG7. 

ALEXANDER  VIII.,  pope,  was  a  native  of 
Venice  and  succeeded  to  the  papal  chair  on  the 
death  of  Innocent  XI.  ;  died  1691. 

ALEXANDER,  ab  Alexandre,  a  man  of  great 
talents  as  a  lawyer,  at  Naples  ;  he  died  1600. 

ALEXANDER,  Neckani,  an  Englishman  of 
great  learning  who  gave  public  lectures  at  Paria. 
His  lectures  remain  in  the  public  libraries  in 
manuscript ;  he  died  1227. 

i-iLEXANDER,  Noel,  or  Natalis,  an  eminent 
writer.  Born  at  Rouen,  in  Normandy.    He  pub- 
"  He 


ALEXANDER,   bishop  of  Alexandria,  op-i  lished  an  ecclesiastical  history  in  24  vols, 
posed  tiie  tenets  of  Alius ;  a  man  of  virtue  andijdied  1724. 
piety,  and  died  325.  ^  j     ALEXANDER  (William,  Earl  of  Stirling. 


ALEXANDER,  a  bishop  of  JerusaJem,  known 
for  liiti  many  virtues.  He  founded  a  library 
there,  aiid  died  251. 

ALEXANDER,  of  Lycopolis,  opposed  to  the 
Manic iiiean  system,  in  a  work  published  at  Paris 
in  1672. 

ALEXANDER,  Trallianus,  a  philosopher  and 
physician  of  the  6th  century.  His  works  were 
edited  at  Paris,  in  1543. 

ALEXANDER,  Polyhistor.  a  Latin  historian 
who  flourished  about  80  B.  C.  His  works  are  lost. 

ALEXANDER,  Aphrodisoeus,  a  peripatetic 
p]!iIosopher.     His  work  "  De  Facto 
in  London,  1683. 

ALEXANDER,  of  ^gea,  preceptor  to  Nero 

ALEXANDER,  the  Paphlagonian,  an  impos- 
tor, who  was  invited  to  Rome  by  Marcus  Au 
reiius,  on  account  of  his  celebrity,  in  174. 

ALEXANDER,  an  abbot  of  Sicily  in  the  12th 
century,  author  of  a  history  of  Roger,  king  of 
Sicily,"  which  was  edited  in  1578,  atSaraaossa. 

ALEXANDER,  an  English  abbot,  who  sup- 
ported the  rights  of  Henry  II.,  for  which  he  was 
excommunicated  in  1217. 

ALEXANDER,  king  of  Poland,  succeeded 
his  brother,  John  Albert,  in  1501.  He  was  a 
prince  of  pietv  and  virtue. 

ALEXANDER  L,  kiagof  Scotland,  came  to 
the  throne  in  1 107.  He  was  a  severe  and  tyran- 
nical king. 

AJiEXANDER  II.,  kinc  of  Scotland,  1214,  son 
of  Wiiliam  the  Lion.     He  invaded  Enslaiid 

ALEXANDERHl.,  king  of  Scotland,  defeated 
the  Norwegians,  and  assisted  his  father-in-law, 
Henry  lll.against  the  encroachments  of  his  ba- 
rons.    He  was  killed  while  hunting,  1285. 

ALEXANDER  I.,  bishop  of  Rome,  109.  He 
was  called  a  saint,  and  martyr,  and,  according 
toPlatina,  was  the  first  who  introduced  the  use 
of  holv  water  into  the  church. 

ALEXANDER  U.,  pope,  succeeded  in  1061. 
He  protected  the  Jews  iivui  murder  and  rapine, 
aud  died  1073. 


a  dramatic  poet  and  statesman  in  the  reigns  of 
James  and  Charles  I.  was  born  1580.  "  His  po- 
etry (says  Mr.  Grainger,)  for  purity  and  ele- 
gance is  far  beyond  the  generality  of  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  age  in  which  he  lived."  His 
"  Recreation  of  the  Muses"  was  printed  in  folio, 
1637,  to  which  is  prefixed  his  portraii  by  Mar- 
shall, esteemed  the  best  of  that  artist's  v>'orks. 
He  died  1640. 

ALEXANDER,  de  Medicis,  first  duke  of  Flo- 
rence in  1530,  was  a  man  of  dissolute  and  cruel 
manners,  who  owed  his  elevation  to  intrigue. 
appearedijHe  was  murdered  by  a  relation. 

J  ALEXANDER,  Farnese,  duke  of  Parma, 
[distinguished  himself  in  the  16th  century  by  his 
I  militarv  valour. 

ALEX.'VNDER,  Farnese,  uncJe  to  the  pre- 
ceding, favourite  of  Pope  Clement  VII.,  died 
1589." 

I  ALEXANDER,  a  Norman,  in  the  reign  of 
I  Henry  I.  He  raised  the  castles  of  Banbury, 
{Sleaford  and  Newark  for  his  defence.  By  the 
interest  of  his  uncle  he  became  bishop  of  Liiv- 
coln,  and  died  in  1147. 

ALEX.'\NDER,  a  native  of  Asia  Minor,  was 
the  founder  of  a  sect  called  non-sleepers,  be- 
cause some  of  them  always  kept  awake  to  sing ; 
he  died  4^50. 

.-MiFXAXDER,  St.  Elpide,  archbishop  of  A- 
malfi,  author  ofa  treatise  on  papal  power,  in  the 
begiiininc  of  the  14th  century. 

ALEXANDER,  Dom.  James  a  benedictine 
of  St.  ]\laur,  author  of  a  treatise  on  elementary 
clocks,  died  1734. 

ALEXANDER,  a  poet  of  Paris,  in  the  12tli 
century,  who  wrote  a  poem  on  Alexander  the 
Great,  in  verses  of  12  syllables,  wliich  have 
since  been  called  "  Alexandrines." 

ALEXANDER,  Nicholas,  a  benedictine  of 
Sr  Maur,  wrote  "  Physic  and  Surgery  for  the 
Poor,"  and  "  A  Botanical  and  Pharmaceutical 
Dictionary,"  both  esteemed  works.  He  wis 
born  at  Paris,  and  died  1126. 

19 


AL 


AL 


ALEXANDER,  Neuskoi,  grand  duke  of 
Russia,  born  1218.  signalized  by  a  victor>-  he 
obtained  over  ilie  norlhern  powers,  on  tbe  banks 
of  the  Neva.  He  was  sainted,  and  an  order  of 
knighthood  instituted  in  his  honour. 

ALEXANDER,  James,  a  Scotchman,  secre- 
tary of  the  proviiice  of  New- York,  and  for  ma- 
ny years  one  of  the  council ;  came  to  this  coun- 
try 1715  ;  died  1'56. 

"ALEXANDER,  WiUiam,  commonly  called 
Lord  Stirling-,  from  his  supposed  title  to  a  Scotch 
earldom,  a  uiajor  general  in  the  American  ar- 
my ;  was  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island,  and  was 
wounded ;  he  was  a  brave  officer,  and  died  1783, 
aged  57. 
,^  ALEXANDER,  Nathaniel,  a  member  of  Con- 
I  gress  from  (and  governor  of)  the  state  of  North 
Carolina;  he  died  1808. 

ALEXANDRINI,  Julius  de  Newstain,  a  na- 
tive of  Trent,  physician  and  favourite  of  Maxi- 
milian II.,  died  1590. 

ALEXIS,  William,  a  benedictine  monk  of 
Lyra,  and  author  of  poems  of  some  merit,  lived 
in  1500 

ALEXIS,  a  Piedmontese,  who  applied  him- 
self to  study,  with  a  resolution  not  to  reveal  his 
discoveries.  He  however  published  some  me-| 
dical  tracts,  called  "  the  Secrets,  '  at  Basil,  inj 

i53«;.  ^ '      . 

ALEXIUS,  Michaelnvitch,  czar  of  Russia, 
and  father  to  Peter  the  Great.  He  wasdistin-j 
gui.shed  for  his  wars,  his  munificence^  and  his; 
improvements  in  the  state  ;  he  died  1677.  , 

ALEXIUS,  Petrovitch,  only  son  to  Peter  the 
Great,  born  1690,  an  unfortunate  and  intempe-j 
rate  man.  He  was  tried  and  condemned,  by: 
secret  .judges,  in  1719 


of  the  house  of  Stuart.  He  died  ai  Florence,  in 
1803;  and  his  remains  were  interred  in  the 
church  of  Si.  Croix,  where  his  widow  erected 
a  monument  to  his  memory,  which  was  exe- 
cuted by  Canova.  He  wrote  his  own  life,  which 
has  been  primed  in  two  volumes. 

ALFONSO,  vid.  ALPhONSUfc- 

ALFORD,  Michael,  author  ot  Erittania  illus- 
trata,"  and  oiher  works,  was  bori;  in  London, 
but  educated  i;  Spain  and  Rome,  and  became  a 
Jesuit :  he  died  16.^2. 

ALFRED,  or  ALURED,  son  ..f  Etiielred,  tried 
to  expel  Harold  from  the  tiirone,  but  was  mur- 
dered, J0b7. 

ALFRED,  bishop  of  Exeter,  wrote  several 
learned  works,  as  "  Adelmus,"  "History  of 
Malme.'^biiry  Abbey,"  &c. :  10th  century. 

ALFRED,  vid.  iELFRED. 

ALFRED,  an  Englishman,  surnamed  philo- 
sopher, left  four  books  on  the  meteors  of  Aristo- 
tle", one  on  vegetables,  and  five  on  other  subjects. 
He  died  l-2:0. 

ALFRIDE,  or  Elfrid,  natural  son  of  Osery, 
king  of  Northumberland,  came  to  the  throne  in 
686. 

ALGARDI,  Alexander,  an  architect  and 
sculptor  of  Boiegna,  died  1654. 

ALGAKOTTI,  Francis,  count,  an  Italian, 
eminent  as  a  connoisseur  aiid  critic  in  every 
branch  of  the  beiles-lettres,  and  an  author  of 
repute,  born  at  Venice  1712,  died  1764. 

ALGAZALI,  an  Arabian  author,  who  died 
in  The  5G4ih  vear  of  the  hegiia. 

ALGER,  a  nionk  ot  Liege,  author  of  a  book 
on  the  sacraments,  died  1131. 

ALGHISI,  Thomas,  an  eminent  surgeon  and 
lithotoirist  of  Florence,  author  of  Lithotomita. 


^EXIUS,or  ALEXIS  I.,  Commenus,  usurp-'|4to.  J708 


ed  the  throne  of  Turkey  in  1031,  and  distin- 
guished himself  bv  his  wars  against  The  Turks 

ALEXIUS  II.,  Commenus,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  of  Constantinople  1180 ;  he  was  murdered! 
by  Andronicns.  I 

ALEXIUS  m.,  Angelus,  dethroned  his  bro 


ALGIERI,  Peier,  a  Venetian,  who  decoraied 
the  opera  at  Paris,  died  1760. 

ALHAZEN,  an  Arabian,  who  wrote  on  optict 
about  1100. 

ALL  ccusii>  and  son-in-law  of  Mahomet. • 
and  cahph  of  Egypt  and  Arabia.    Be  was  as  [ 


ther.  1195, 'and  put  out  his  eyes.   He  wasbim-'Hsassinated  in  CCO.    His  memory  is  etiU  held  ir^ 
self  dethroned  in  turn,  and  his  life  sacrificed  tosi  veneration  by  the  Persians.  ,     r  ,k  I 

the  f  Jrv  of  the  nopulace.  ALI-RASSA,  a  ciist.nguished  general  of  the 

ALEXIUS  IV.,  son  of  the  king  deposed  by.  Ottoman  empire,  died  16b3.  ^  .         ' 

Alexius  m. :  he  restored  his  fatherto  the  thronei      ALI  BEG,  a  Pole,  who  was  educated  in  th([ 
and  rei'Tied  with  him.  |l  Mahometan  faith, bu!  employed  mmseit  m  trans  ; 

ALEXIUS  v.,  usurped  the  throne  of  Cen-llaiing  tie  bible  into  Turkish     ;  ea-o  wrote  or. 
stantinople,  and  was  killed  bv  the  crosaders,  af-ji  the  relinon  oi  Mahomet,  and  aud  u.  k^a 
terareiniof  3months,inl264.  ALI  EFG    sen  of  \^'f^JJ'^'':'^'::^.^^ 

ALEXIUS,  an  impostor,  who  nearly  succeed-  I  while  young  by  some  robbe.s  to  the  Janissaii-.s 
ed  in  placing  himself  on  the  throne  of  Consfan-JHis  military  taler.ts 
tinople,  but  was  killed  kv  a  priest,  in  1200.         i  power  of  Egy;pt.    He 


^  _        _  was  humane,  possesse( 

'aLEYN,  Charlesran  "Enghsh  poet,  who  pub-!|an  elevated  liiind,  and  died  about  1 


tinopl 

AL  ,  _        . 

Jisbed  in  1631,  two  poems  on  the  battles  of 


Cressv  and  Poictiers. 

AL-FARABIA,  amussalman  _ 
the  10th  century.    His  works  are  in  the  Leyden 
Hbrarv  ;  he  was  murdered  in  Syria,  in  954. 


ALI  BERG,  a  learned  Turk  in  the  17th  cen 
!  tury,  acquainted  with  seventeei.  languages     Ih 


philosopher  of '.'translated  the  bible  into  rhe  Turkish. 


.A-LICE,  daughter  of  Theobald  IV.,  marrie. 

Lewis  VII.,  king  of  France.     For  a  time,  shi 

ALF.\RGANVAhmed  Ebn  Cothair,  an  AraHwas  appointed  queen  regent,  and  ^ei?ned  witi 

'     -  -  great  prudence  and  justice.    She  died  l.ii»). 


bian  astrononspr,  of  the  9th  century 

ALFENUS  VARUS  PUBLIUS,  a  native  of 
Cremona,  who  rose  from  the  occupation  of  cob- 
bler, to  be  counsel. 

ALFES,  an  eminent  rabbi,  who  epitomised 
the  Talmud,  died  1103. 

ALFIERI,  Vittorio,  an  Italian  dramatic  poet, 
bom  at  A.«ti,  in  Piedmont,  1749.  Within  less 
than  seven  years  he  produced  fourteen  dramas, 
besides  vari"ous  other  works  in  prose  and  verse, 
including  a  translation  of  Sallust,  and  a  treatise 
on  tyranny.  His  ladv  was  the  princess  of  Schon 
Derg,  widow  of  Charles- Edward,  the  last  prhice 
^0 


ALIGRE,  Etienne,  who  rose  by  his  merit  t< 
be  chancellor  of  France,  died  ]6.':5. 

ALfMENTUS,  Cneius,  a  Roman  histcnar 
150.  P.'C.  ^  _  .     ,    .       _, 

ALIPIUS,  a  bishop  of  Tagaste  m  A  !r;ca,  394 
He  was  baptised  by  St.  Ambrose  at  Miian 

ALIPUS,  a  geographer  of  Art^och,  commis 
sioned  by  Julian  to  rebuild  the  temple  ct  Jenj 
salem.  „ 

ALKMAAR,  Henry  d',  a  Cennan,  ai.luoro 
the  fable  of  Reynard,  a  poem,  which  'ashes  th 
vices  and  foiblee  of  mankind.    Ht  (bed  JS©. 


AL 


AL 


ALLAINVAL,  Leonor  Jean  Christine  Soulas 
4',  a  native  of  Cliartres,  and  author  of  several 
comedies  of  merit.    He  died  1753. 

ALLAIS,  DenysVairassed',  a  native  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  who  served  in  the  Duke  of  York's  fleet 
in  1665.  He  wrote  several  books,  not  raucli  es- 
teemed. 

ALL  AM,  Andrew,  a  learned  classical  scholar, 
born  in  Oxfordshire,  died  1685. 

ALLARD,  Guy,  author  of  several  histori- 
cal works,  and  a  romance  called  Zizim,  died 
1715. 

ALLATIUS,  Leo,  a  native  of  Scio,  who  stu- 
died physic  at  Rome,  but  distinguished  himself 
chiefly  as  a  teacher  iu  the  Greek  College,  died 
1669. 

ALLECTUS,  prefect  of  Britain,  murdered 
Carausius  294,  and  made  himself  emperor. 

ALLEGRAIN,  Christopher  Gabriel,  a  French 
sculptor,  who  executed  some  masterly  figures, 
died  1795. 

ALLEGRI,  Antonio,  an  illustrious  painter, 
better  known  by  the  name  of  Corregio,  from  the 
place  where  he  was  born.  He  lived  at  Parma, 
where,  without  any  instruction,  he  executed 
some  of  the  most  perfect  pictures  in  the  world. 
His  Virgin  and  Child,  and  Mary  Magdalen,  are 
his  finest  pictures.     He  died  poor  in  1534. 

ALLEGRI,  Gregorio,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  born  at  Rome.  His  compositions, 
the  chief  of  which  is  the  "  Miserere,"  are  still 
perfonned  in  the  pontifical  chapel.  He  died 
1640. 

ALLEIN,  Richard,  born  in  Somersetshire,  a 
puritan  of  great  learning.  His  writings  are 
mostly  on  theology.    He  died  1881. 

ALLEIN,  William,  son  of  the  above.  His 
"  Millenium,"  among  his  other  theological  tracts, 
was  much  admired.    He  died  1677. 

ALLEIN,  Joseph,  a  puritan  of  great  learn- 
ing and  piety.  His  "  Alarm"  to  sinners  has 
been  often  published.  He  died  at  Taunton, 
Eng.,  1668. 

ALLEN,  John,  archbishop  of  Dublin,  and 
chancellor  of  Ireland,  was  murdered  in  1586. 

ALLEN,  Thomas,  minister  of  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  author  of  a  work  entitled  "  an  Invitation 
to  Sianers  to  come  to  Christ,"  and  a  "  Scripture 
Chronology."  This  last  is  a  learned  work,  and 
is  preserved  in  the  New-England  Library. 

ALLEN,  James,  minister  in  Boston,  came  to 
this  country  1662,  and  was  the  occasion  of 
much  difficulty  in  the  colony  of  Mass.  He  died 
1710,  ased  78. 

ALLEN,  James,  first  minister,  of  Brookline, 
Mass-,  was  born  in  Roxbury ;  settled  1718.  He 
died  aged  56.  He  was  a  pious  and  judicious 
divine ;  he  published  several  sermons. 

ALLEN,  James,  member  of  the  house  of 
representatives  and  counsellor  in  Mass.,  died 
1755,  aged  58.  He  was  expelled  for  reflections 
igainst  the  governor,  was  re-elected,  but  refus- 
ed a  seat  till  the  following  year. 

ALLEN,  William,  chief  justice  of  Penn.  be- 
fore the  revolution,  the  friend  and  patron  of  Sir 
Benjamin  West,  the  painter.  He  published  the 
American  crisis,  London,  1774,  in  which  he 
suggests  a  plan  for  restoring  the  dependence  of 
America. 

ALLEN,  Moses,  minister  of  Midnay,  Georgia, 
and  a  distinguished  friend  to  his  country.  He 
was  horn  in  Northampton,  Mass..  vva?  taken 
prisoner  when  Savannali  was  reduced,  and  put 
on  board  a  prison-ship,  whence,  in  attempting 
lo  escape,  was  drowned,  aged  31. 

ALLEN,  Henry,  preacher  in  Nova  Scotia, 


author  of  several  strange  and  absurd  religions 
doctrines.  He  died  in  1783.  His  followers  were 
few.  He  published  a  volume  of  hymns,  and  se- 
veral sermons. 

ALLEN,  Ethan,  a  brigadier  general  in  the 
war  of  the  revolution.  He  captured  Ticonde- 
roga  and  Crown  Point,  was  taken  prisoner  near 
Montreal,  sent  to  England,  and  after  having  ex- 
perienced much  cruelty,  was  exchanged,  1778. 
He  died  in  Vermont,  1789.  He  sustained  the 
character  of  an  infidel,  and  in  his  writings  ridi- 
culed the  Scriptures. 

ALLEN,  Samuel,  proprietor  by  purchase,  and 
governor  of  New-Hampshhe,  died  1705. 

ALLEN,  William,  chief  justice^of  Pennsyl- 
vania before  the  revolution. 

ALLEN,  Ira,  a  brother  of  Ethan,  removed 
early  in  Ufe  to  Vermont,  where  he  held  various 
offices,  and  possessed  the  confidence  of  the  peo- 
ple. He  wrote  the  "  Natural  and  Pohtical  His- 
tory of  Vermont  "     He  died  1814. 

ALLEN,  Sir  Thomas,  illustrious  as  an  Eng- 
lish admiral,  made  the  first  attack  on  the  Dutch 
in  1665. 

ALLEN,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine,  who 
wrote  observations  on  St.  Chrysostom's  book  oa 
[saiah,  died  1638. 

ALLEN,  Thomas,  a  native  of  StaiTordshire, 
illustrious  for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics 
and  pliilosophy.  He  published  among  other 
works,  the  second  and  third  books  of  Ptolemy 
on  the  judgment  of  the  stars  ;  he  died  1632. 

ALLEN,   John,  first  minister  of  Dedham, 

iss.,  author  of  some  controversial  writings. 
He  died  1671,  aged  75. 

ALLESTRY,  or  ALLESTREE,  Richard, 
born  in  Shropsliirc,  ra  1619,  joined  the  royal  par- 
ty, and  on  the  resio;  ation  of  Charles,  was  made 
king's  chaplain.  He  published  40  sermons,  and 
other  works. 

ALLESTRY,  Jacob,  an  English  poet,  nephew 
to  the  above.  Some  of  his  pastorals  were  much 
admired  ;  he  died  Vid6. 

ALLETZ,  Pons  Augustin,  native  ot"  France, 
who  published  some  works  of  celebrity,  died  at 
Paris,  1785. 

ALLEY,  William,  an  English  writer,  autlior 
of  "  the  poor  man's  library,"  and  a  translation 
of  the  Pentateuch,  died  1570. 

ALLEYN,  Edward,  an  actor  of  c'f'at  reputa- 
tion in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  .1  n.  ..os  I.,  and 
fonnderof  Dulwich  college  in  ICV;  utich  lie 
named  "  the  college  of  God's  gift.'  \;:  idle  tra- 
dition hath  assigned  the  following  8>  .r:  •  motive 
for  endowing  it :  that  once,  personatii- .  -he  devil, 
he  was  so  terrified  at  seeing  a  real  <i  •  vi  (as  he 
imagined)  upon  the  stage,  thathesoo..  ifter  to- 
tally quitted  his  profession,  and  devoti  ,1  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  to  reiiirious  exerc=..\^  He 
founded  this  college  for  a  master  and  nurden, 
who  are  always  to  be  of  the  name  of  ^  ievn  or 
Allen,  with  4  fellows  (3  of  whom  are  r'>  be  di- 
vines, and  the  fourth  an  organist ;)  ami  "or  six 
poor  men,  as  many  poor  women,  an  i  'welve 
poor  boys,  to  be  educated  in  the  college.  )Je  was 
born  in  London  15G6,  and  died  in  1626,  a:>d  was 
buried  in  the  chapel  of  the  college. 

ALLIOSI,  N.,  a  civil  officer  of  emin  'ucf  in 
the  service  of  Stanislaus,  king  of  Tola'  d,  died 
1779. 

ALLISON,  Francis,  D.  D.,  a  distin?;ui.vbed 
minister  and  teacher,  native  of  Ireland,  raiTu;  to 
this  country  in  1755,  was  settled  in  Philadv  i  iiia, 
and  became  vice-provost  of  the  college  iu  that 
city ;  he  died  1777,  much  respected  for  Wis  talents 
and  learning. 


AL 


AL 


ALLISON,  Patrick,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Penn 
sylvania,  and  a  distinguished  preacher,  settled 
at  Baltimore  ;  he  died  lhU2. 

ALLIX,  Peter,  a  French  protestant,  of  eminent 
learning  and  pieity,  who  lived  in  England,  where 
he  was  greaUy  esteemed,  and  honoured  with  the 
title  of  D.  D.  He  wrote  "  reflections  on  the 
Scriptures,'  &c.,  and  died  1717. 

ALLOISI,  Balthazar,  an  able  historical  pain- 
ter, bom  at  Bologna  ;  he  died  1638. 

ALLORY,  Alexander,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
famous  for  his  skill  in  the  representation  of  na- 
ked figures.  His  figures  ar_e  preserved  at  Rome 
and  Florence  ;  he  died  1607. 

ALMAGRO,  Diego,  one  of  the  conquerors  of 
Peru,  who  accompanied  Pizarro  in  1525 ;  he 
was  infamous  for  his  cruelties. 

ALMAIN,  James,  a  famous  logician  and  di- 
vine, whodefended  Lewis  Xll.  against  pope  Ju- 
lius II.    He  died  at  Paris,  1515. 

ALMAMOx\,orABDALL.AH  III.,  a  caliph, 
who  had  the  Greek  writers  translated  into  Ara- 
bic, and  was  famous  for  his  protection  of  learn- 
ing, died  833. 

'  ALM  ANSOR,  or  ALMANZOR,  king  of  Cor- 
dova, in  Spain,  976.  He  rendered  himself  very 
formidable  to  the  Christians. 

ALMANZOR,  the  victorious ;  he  rose  to  the 
sovereignty  in  753,  and  then  murdered  the  gene- 
ral to  whom  he  was  indebted  for  his  power. 

AL]MANZOR,  Joseph,  king  of  Morocco,  de- 
feated by  the  Spaniards,  1158. 

ALMANZOR,  Jacob,  son  of  Joseph,  obtained 
a  celebrated  victory  over  the  Spaniards  in  Cas 
tile,  about  1200.  ^  ^      ^ 

•  ALMARUS,  Elmerus,  abbot  of  St.  Augus- 
tin's  monaster^',  in  Canterbury,  1011.  His  me- 
mory was  held"  in  the  highest  veneration. 

ALMEID.\,  Francis,  a  Portuguese,  who  was 
distinguished  in  the  wars  of  Grenada,  and  was 
sent  out  by  Emanuel,  in  1505,  as  viceroy  of 
India.  ^  , 

ALMEIDA,  Lawrence,  son  of  the  above,  a 
desperate  warrior,  who  visited  Ceylon,  and 
made  it  tributary  to  Portugal ;  he  was  killed  m 
battle.  ,         „ 

ALMEIDA,  Apoliinarius  d',  a  Portuguese 
bishop,  of  the  Jesuit  order,  who  went  as  mis- 
sionary to  Ethiopia,  and  was  murdered  by  the 
natives,  1568. 

ALMEIDA,  Manuel  d',  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
w^ho,  after  a  residence  of  forty  years  as  a  mis- 
sionary in  India,  died  at  Goa.  1&46.  He  published 
historical  observations  on  Ethiopia. 

ALMEIDA,  or  ALMEYDA,  Theodore  d',  a 
celebrated  Portuguese  priest  and  philosophical 
writer,  born  1722.  His  original  works  amount 
to  40  volumes ;  and  he  published,  besides,  hve 
volumes  of  translations.  He  died  at  Lisbos, 
Mav,  1865.  ^  j,     t^  .  . 

ALMELOVEEN,  Thomas  Jansen  d',  a  Dutch 
physician,  who  wrote  a  description  of  the  Ma- 
labar plants,  published  1678.  iu  13  vols.  .olio. 

ALMELOVEEN,  Theodore  Jansen  d',  pro- 
fessor at  Hardwick.  in  Holland,  died  1742. 

ALMICI,  Peter  Camillus,  an  ecclesiastic  in 
Italy,  who  published  critical  reflections  on  Feb- 
ronius.  died  1779. 

ALMON,  John,  a  bookseller,  author,  and  edi- 
tor, bom  at  Liverpool,  about  1738.  In  176:i  he 
commenced  bookseller  iu  Piccadilly,  and  pub- 
lished a  great  number  of  political  pamphlets.. 
His  best  known  works,  however,  are  "  anecdotes 
of  the  life  of  the  eari  of  Chatham,"  2  vols.  4to 
3  vols.  8vo.,  and  "biographical,  literary,  and 
political  anecdotes  of  several  of  the  most  ©mi- 


nent  persons  of  the  present  age ;  never  before 
printed,"  3  vols.  8vo.  1797.  He  died  in  Hertford- 
shire. Dec.  12,  1085. 

ALOMUYADAD,  Ismael,  an  Arabian  histo- 
rian, who  gave  a  chronological  account  of  the 
Saracen  affairs  iir  Sicily  fiom  842  to  904. 

ALOADIN,  a  Mahometan;  prince  of  the  as- 
saissins.  He  lived  in  a  castle  between  Damas- 
cus and  Antioch,  where  he  promised  future  hap- 
piness to  youii*  men  who  would  stab  his  ene- 
mies. The  word  assassin  Is  derived  from  thia 
circumstance. 

ALONZO,  John,  an  eminent  architect  of 
Spain. 

ALPAGO,  Andrew,  an  Italian  physician  who 
resided  some  time  at  Damascus.  He  translated 
Avicenna,  Averroes,  &c.,  and  was  made  pro- 
fessor at  Venice  in  1555. 

ALP  AIDE,  the  beautiful  wife  of  Pepin,  and 
mother  of  Charles  Martel ;  she  died  in  a  con- 

ALP-ARSLAN,  second  sultan  of  the  race  of 
Seljuk  in  1063. 

ALPHANUS,  Benedict,  archbishop  of  Paler- 
mo, known  as  a  physician  and  poet,  and  author 
of  the  lives  of  some  saints,  died  1086. 

ALPHERY,  Mekepper,  Nicephorus,  a  native 
of  Russia,  descended  from  the  imperial  family. 
He  became  a  paiish  priest  in  England,  1618,  and 
preferred  his  place  to  the  throne  of  Russia. 

ALPHESIUS,  a  rabbi  who  abridged  the  Tal- 
mud, died  1103. 

ALPHIUS,  Avitus,  a  Roman  poet  of  the  3d 
century. 

ALPHONSO,  or  ALPHONSUS,  king  of  Astu- 
rias,  took  30  tovras  from  the  Moors,  and  died 
757. 

ALPHONSO  II.,  suraamed  the  Chaste,  king 
of  Asturias,  signalized  himself  against  the  Moors 
in  Spain  ;  he  died,  842. 

ALPHONSO  m.,  or  THE  GREAT,  king  of 
Asturias  in  866. 

ALPHONSO  VI.,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile, 
made  war  against  the  Moors ;  he  died,  1109. 

ALPHONSO  Vin.,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile, 
suraamed  the  Noble,  came  to  the  throne  1158. 

ALPHONSO  X.,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile, 
surnamed  the  Wise,  succeeded  his  father,  Fer- 
dinand IU.  in  1252,  and  died  of  a  broken  heart 
in  1284. 

ALPHONSO  II.,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile  in 
1312.    He  kiUed  in  battle  200,000  Moors. 

ALPHONSO  v.,  king  of  Arragon,  surnamed 
the  Magnanimous.  He  made  himself  master  of 
Naples  and  Sicilv,  and  died  1453. 

ALPHONSO  "I.,  king  of  Portugal.  He  de-^ 
feated  five  Moorish  kings  at  tlie  battle  of  Ouri- 
que,  1139.  ^  ^  ,     .       ,     , 

ALPHONSO  II.,  king  of  Portugal;  he  also 
engaged  in  war  with  the  Moors,  died  1223.  i 

ALPHONSO  m.,  king  of  Portugal ;  his  reign  ( 
was  disturbed  by  dissensions  with  the  pope  and< 
clergv :  he  died  1279.  ! 

ALPHONSO  IV.,  king  of  Portugal,  succeeded ; 
to  the  throne  1325.  He  was  an  able  prince,  and 
much  beloved. 

ALPHONSO  v.,  king  of  Portusal,  surnamed ) 
the  -African,  came  to  the  throne  1438.  He  took 
inany  places  from  the  Moors.  He  was  a  patroa 
of  learning.  .^  ,    „. 

ALPHONSO  VI.,  king  ef  Portug.^l.  His  con- 
duct displayed  the  tyrant  and  the  madman  ;  he 
abdicated  the  throne,  and  died  1683. 

ALPHONSO,  duke  of  Ferrara,  and  Modena, 
died  1534.  ,      .  ,.        • 

ALPHONSUS,  Peter,  a  Jewish  wnoer  of 


AL 


AM 


^lain,  who  waa  converted  to  Christianity  in 

JlOii 

Af.PHONSUS.    See  CASTILE. 

ALPlNi,  Prospero,  a  lumouis  Venetian  phy 
Bician  and  botanist,  born  1553,  died  1617. 
'  ALREDUS,  ALFREDUS,  or  ALUREDUS, 
an  ancient  English  historian,  born  at  Beverly, 
Yorkshire.  He  wrote,  in  Latin,  Annals  of  the 
British  history,  from  Brutus  to  Henry  I.  ;  he 
died  1129. 

ALSAHARAVIUS,  an  Arabian  physician 
author  of  a  treatise  on  medical  practice,  in  32 
books  ;  lived  in  1404. 

ALSOP,  Anthony,  an  Enghsh  clergyman  of 
learning,  who  in  1717  was  sued  by  Mrs.  Astrey 
for  breach  of  promise,  and  condemned  to  pay 
20001.    He  wrote  poetry. 

ALSOP,  Vincent,  a  presbyterian  clergyman, 
who  attacked  Dr.  Sherlock,  with  great  wit,  and 
some  seriousness ;  he  died  1703. 

ALSOP,  Richard,  a  native  of  Middletown, 
Conn.  ;  he  possessed  line  talents,  and  is  gene- 
rally known  as  a  poet  and  as  a  translator ;  he 
died  1815. 

ALSTEDIUS,  John  Henry,  a  protestant  pro- 
fessor of  divinity,  at  Nassau  ;  known  as  the  au- 
thor of  an  Encyclopedia ;  he  died  1638. 

ALSTON',  Charles,  an  eminent  physician, 
and  medical  and  botanical  writer,  born  in  Scot- 
land, 1683,  died  1760. 

ALSTON,  Joseph,  governor  of  the  state  of 
South  Carolina,  died  1816.  His  wife,  the  daughr 
ter  of  Aaron  Burr,  late  vice  president  of  the  U. 
S.,  was  lost  on  her  passage  from  Charleston  to 
New- York,  181-2. 

ALTER,  Francis  Charles,  a  German  critic 
f)f  the  society  of  Jesuits,  was  a  teacher  of  Greek 
at  Vienna ;  he  is  said  to  have  written  and  pub- 
lished 250  vohmies  or  dissertations ;  he  died  1804 

ALTHAMNER,  Andrew,  a  Lutheran  min- 
ister at  Nuremburg,  author  of  notes  on  Taci- 
tU9,  first  published  1529. 

ALTHUSIUS,  John,  a  German  lawyer  of  the 
17ih  century,  who  inveighed  against  kingly 
power. 

ATTILIUS,  Gabriel,  a  Neapolitan  poet,  a  fa 
vourite  with  the  court,  and  bishop  of  Policas- 
tro  in  1471. 

ALTING,  Menson,  author  of  the  best  descripr 
tion  of  the  Low  Countries  now  extant,  died 
1713. 

ALTING,  Henry,  born  at  Embden,in  1583 
He  filled  the  theological  chair  at  Groningen  for 
many  years.  His  works  on  religious  subjects 
are  numerous. 

ALTING,  James,  son  of  the  preceding,  w«nt 
to  England  and  became  bishop  of  Worcester, 
and  afterwards  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Gronin 
gen.  His  works  were  printed  in  five  volumes 
folio,  at  Amsterdam  1687. 

ALTON,  Richard  Count  d',  an  Austrian  ge- 
neral who  had  command  of  the  Low  Countries 
in  1787. 

ALTOVITI,  Marseille d',  a  Florentine  lady 
who  wrote  Italian  poetry,  died  1609. 

ALVA,  Peter  d',  a  Spaniard,  author  of  a  cu 
rious  life  of  St.  Francis,  died  1667. 

ALVA,  Ferdinand  Alvrez,  duke  of,  a  famous 
general  of  Spain,  but  detested  for  his  cruelties 
as  a  civil  magistrate  ;  he  died  1582. 

ALV  ARES,  Francis,  a  Portuguese  priest,  sent 
to  David,  Kmg-  of  Abyssinia,  as  ambassador  ; 
he  published  an  account  of  that  country,  and 
died  1540. 

ALV  ARES  DE  LUNA,  or  ALVARO,  a  fa- 
vourite of  John  II.,  king  of  Castile,  famous 


for  the  prodigious  ascendancy  which  he  gained 
over  that  prince,  and  for  the  punishment  which 
at  length  overtook  him.  Of  the  45  years  he 
spent  at  court,  he  enjoyed  for  30  of  them  so  ab- 
solute a  power  over  the  king,  that  nothing  could 
be  done  without  his  express  orders ;  nay,  it  is 
related  by  Mariana,  that  the  king  could  not 
change  an  oflicer  or  servant,  or  even  his  clothes 
or  diet,  without  the  approbation  of  Alvares.  At 
length  he  was  seized,  tried,  and  condemned  to 
lose  his  head,  on  a  charge  of  having  madly  in- 
vaded the  rights  of  kingly  majesty,  reduced  the 
whole  court  into  his  power,  and  made  himself 
master  of  the  state  in  general,  &c.  &.c.  He  was 
executed  the  4th  of  June,  1453. 

ALVAREZ,  Emamiel,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
who  was  distinguished  as  a  grammarian ;  he 
died  1582. 

ALVAREZ  DE  PAZ,  James,  a  Jesuit,  born 
at  Toledo,  autlior  of  some  divinity  tracts,  died 
1620. 

ALVAREZ,  Diego,  a  Spanish  Dominican, 
and  a  bisiiop  in  Italy.  He  wrote  much  polemi- 
cal divinity,  and  died  1635. 

ALURED.    See  ALREDUS. 

ALVAROTTO,  James,  a  learned  law  prrn 
fessor  at  Padua,  whose  authority  is  frequently 
quoted,  died  1452. 

ALVIANO,  Bartholomew,  an  illustrious  ge- 
neral in  the  Venetian  service,  who  died  1515. 

ALYATTES,  a  king  of  Lydia,  wlio  died  bQ2 
B.C. 

ALYPIUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher  in  the  5th 
century. 

ALYPIUS,  a  geographer,  who  was  employed 
at  Jerusalem  and  in  Britian,  by  the  emperor  Ju- 
lian. 

AMADEDDULAT,  son  of  a  fisherman,  be- 
came king  of  Persia,  and  died  949. 

AMADEUS  v.,  count  of  Savoy,  suniamed 
the  Great,  bravely  defended  Rhodes  against  the 
Turks.  It  is  said,  he  besieged  and  took  thirty- 
two  towns  :  he  died  1323. 

AMADEUS  VI.,  count  of  Savoy,  in  1343 ;  by 
hismeritshebecame  the  arbiter  of  aftairsin  Italy. 

AMADEUS  VIII.,  count  of  Savoy,  instituted 
in  1434,  the  order  of  the  secular  knights  of  the 
Annunciation.  He  was  elected  pope,  by  the 
council  of  Basil. 

AMADEUS  IX.,  duke  of  Savoy,  a  brave  and 
charitable  prince,  whose  subjects  surnamed  him 
the  Blessed ;  he  died  1472. 

AMADEUS,  a  Francisca4i  monk  in  Portugal, 
who  pretended  to  some  mystical  revelations  at 
Rome,  died  1482. 

AMADEUS,  bishop  of  Lausanne,  died  1158. 

AMAJA,  Francis,  a  Spanish  professor  of  ci\il 
law,  whose  commentaries  are  highly  valued, 
died  1640. 

AMAK,  a  much  admired  Persian  poet  of  the 
5th  century. 

AMALARIC,  or  A  MAURY,  king  of  the  Vi- 
sigoths, killed  by  one  of  his  soldiers,  531. 

AMALARIUS,  Portunatus,  ambassador  of 
Charlemagne  to  Constantinople.  He  died  814, 
and  lef^  a  treatise  on  baptism. 

AMALARIUS,  Symphosius,  apriesf  of  Mentz, 
and  author  of  a  book  on  the  antiquities  of  the 
church,  died  837. 

AMALASONTHA,  daughter  of  Theodoric, 
king  of  the  Ostrogoths,  a  woman  of  virtue  for 
the  times.  She  was  cruelly  murdered  by  her 
husband,  534. 

AMALEK,  son  of  Eliphaz,  was  the  fonndor 
of  a  nation  which  settled  Idumea,  and  made  war 
against  Saul  and  David. 

23 


AM 


AM 


AMALRIC,  Augeri,  author  of  a  history  of 
Ihe  popes,  flourished  in  the  14th  century. 

AMALRIC,  A  mold,  archbishop  of  Narhonne, 
who  animated  t'le  princes  of  Spain  against  the 
Moors,  and  wrcte  an  account  of  a  battle  which 
he  witnessed,  died  1225. 

AMALTHiEA,  the  name  of  the  Sybil  of  Cu- 
maj,  who  sold  her  books  to  Tarquin. 

AMALTHEUS,  Jerome,  John  Baptiste,  and 
Cornelius,  three  brothers,  born  at  Oderzo,  in 
Italy,  equally  celebrated  for  their  poetry.  They 
all  three  died  in  1574. 

AMAMA,  Sixtinus,  a  Hebrew  professor  of 
great  learning  and  piety  in  Germany,  who  began 
a  work  called  "  Anribarbarus  Biblicus,"  but  died 
belbre  It  was  finished,  in  1629. 

AM  AND,  Mark  Anthony  Gerard  Sieur  de  St., 
born  in  Nomiandy,  a  comic  poet  of  some  fame ; 
he  died  1661.  ^     ^ 

AMAND,  St.,  a  bishop  of  Bordeaux,  404. 

AMARAL,  Andrew  d',  a  Portuguese  of  the 
order  of  Malta,  who  betrayed  Rhodes  to  Soly 
man.    He  was  put  to  death  1.522. 

AMASEUS,  Romulus,  professor  at  Bologna 
and  author  of  a  translation  of  Pausanias,  died 
1855.  ^.  ^     ^ 

AAIASIS,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  died  about 
525  B.C.  .     .  ■  u 

AMATUS,  de  Portugal,  a  physician,  who 
wrote  Cominemaries  on  Disoscorides,  Avicen 
na,  &c.,  about  1550. 

AMAURI,  de  Chartres,  professor  of  philoso 
phy,  born  at  Bonne,  in  the  13th  century.  He 
formed  a  new  system  of  religion  on  the  meta- 
physics of  Aristotle. 

AMAURI,  king  of  Jerusalem  in  1162 ;  he  died 

AMAURI  II.,  king  of  Cyprus  and  Jerusalem 

AMAZIAIT,  son  of  Joash,  kingof  Judah,  was 
put  to  death  by  his  subjects,  810  B.  C. 

AMBOISE,  Francois  d',  son  of  the  surgeon 
to  Charles  IX.,  of  France,  rose  to  the  rank  of 
counsellor  of  state  by  his  learning  aud  industiy. 
He  died  1600. 

AMBOISE,  George  d',  born  in  1460,  and  be- 
came archbishop  of  Narbonne,  and  afterwards 
prime  minister  to  Lewis  XII.,  of  France.  He 
was  famed  for  his  firmness  and  energy. 

AMBOISE,  Michael  d',  author  of  several  epis- 
aes,  ballads,  &c.,  flourished  in  the  16th  century. 

AMBOISE,  Aimerj'  d',  was  famous  tor  the 
na%'al  victory  he  obtained  over  the  Sultan  of 

AMBOISE,  Frances  d',  wife  of  Peter  II., 
duke  of  Britanny.  She  was  famed  for  the  im- 
provement she  intioduced  in  the  manners  of  the 
Bretc  s.    She  died  1485. 

AMBROOI,  Antony  Marie,  professor  of  elo- 
quence at  Rome,  published  various  works,  and 
died  17P8 

AMBROFE,  St.,  bishop  of  Milan,  an  eminent 
father  o^"  the  cAmrch,  born  in  Gaul,  333.  The 
birth  of  Ambrose  is  said  to  have  been  followed 
by  a  rnaa'  kable  presage  of  his  future  eloquence, 
for  we  aa'  told,  that  a  swarm  of  bees  cnrte  and 
settled  upon  his  mouth  as  he  lav  in  his  ciii.He. 
He  died  at  Milan  397,  and  was  buried  in  the  great 
church  there.  The  most  considerable  of  his  nu- 
merous works  is  tliat  "  De  Officiis."  Ambrose 
carried  the  esteem  of  the  virginity  and  celibacy 
so  far.  that  h'  seemed  to  regard  matrimony  as 
an  indecent  thinz. 

AMBROSE,  deacon  of  Alexandria,  was  the 
patron  of  <lii!ren,  by  whose  eloquence  he  was 
converted  to  Christianity.    He  died  250. 
24 


AMBROSE,  born  at  Portico,  in  Romania,  waa 

distinguished  by  his  fluency  in  the  Greek  tongue 

at  the  councils  Basil,  Ferra'ra,  &c.    He  died  1439 

AMBROSE,  de  Lombez  Pere,  a  capuchia, 

author  of  a  tract  on  inward  peace,  died  1778. 

AMBROSE,  Isaac,  a  descendant  from  the  Am 
brose  family  in  Lincolnshire,  who,  during  tli* 
civil  wars,  became  a  preBbjteriau.  He  pub 
lished  several  tracts,  which  were  much  cs 
teemed. 

AMBROSINI,  Bartholomew,  professor  of  me 
dicine  at  Bologna.  He  published  several  iearn 
ed  books  on  medicine,  and  died  1657. 

AMBROSINI,  Hyacinth,  brother  and  sncces 
sor  of  the  preceding,  wrote  a  treatise  on  the 
plants  discovered  in  the  17th  century. 

AMBROSIUS,  Aurelmnus,  a  prince  of  Ar- 
morica,  went  to  Britain  457,  to  assist  the  Britons 
in  the  expulsion  of  the  Saxons. 

AMBROSIUS,  Catharinus  Politus,  archbishoi 
of  Compsa,  Naples.  He  wrote  some  religious 
works,  and  died  1552. 

AMEDEUS,  see  AMADEUS. 
AMELII'S,  Gentilianus,  a  Platonic  philoso 
pher  of  the  third  century,  disciple  to  Plotinus. 
AMELOT  DE  LA  HOUSSAYE,  Abrahan 
Nicholas,  a  native  of  Orleans  1634,  sent  as  se- 
cretary to  the  French  ambassador  at  Venice 
He  wrote  much,  but  was  sent  to  the  Bastile  fo 
his  sentiments. 

AMELOT,  Denis,  a  French  writer,  author  of 
a  translation  of  the  New  Testament,  and  othe 
work?.    He  died  1678. 

AMERBACH,  John,  a  native  of  Swahia 
eminent  for  his  learning,  died  1515.  His  son 
John,  was  professor  of  law  at  Basil,  and  th 
friend  of  Erasmus.    He  died  1562. 

AMERBACH,  Vitus,  a  Bavarian,  profesto 
of  philosophy  at  Ingoldstadt,  and  a  writer  o: 
eminence,  died  1550. 

AMERICUS,  Vesputius,  a  Florentine,  a  dis 
coverer  in  the  continent  called,  after  him,  Ame. 
rica,  died  1526.    See  COLUMBUS. 

AMES,  Fisher,  a  distinguished  statesman  an 
eloquent  orator,  born  in  Dedbam,  Mass.,  autho 
of  a  celebrated  speech  in  Concress  on  the  Brit'si 
treaty  in  1776.  He  possessed  a  mind  of  a  grea 
and  extraordinary  character,  and  died  in  ISO? 
AMES,  William,  of  Norfolk,  Eng.,  a  leaine 
divine,  professor  of  the  university  of  Franekei 
Holland,  died  at  Rotterdam,  on  his  way  to  New 
England,  1633. 

AMES,  Joseph,  a  celebrated  tjiiographicf 
historian,  and  secretary  to  the  society  of  An 
quaries.  was  originally  a  ship-chaudler  at  War 
pins.  Late  in  life  he  took  to  the  study  of  ant; 
quities;  and,  besides  his  great  work  on  "Tjnc 
graphical  Antiquities,"  containing  accounts  o 
our  earliest  printers  and  their  works,  hcrubii?J 
ed  a  list,  in  8vo.,  of  English  heads,  ensrrave 
and  niezzotinto,  and  drew  up  the  "  ParentaliaJ 
from  ^Ir.  W^ren's  pa  pers.  He  was  born  at  Gn  r 
Yarmouth,  if^SO,  and  died  Oct.  7,  1759. 

AMHERST,  Jetfrty,  lord,  conmiander-in-chh 
of  the  British  armv  at  the  conquest  of  Canad 
1760;  born  in  EnciRnd  1717;  captured  Louisbur 
1758;  succeeded  Abercrombie  in  the  cominan 
of  the  armv  of  North  America;  returned  t 
England,  where  he  was  created  field  marslia 
and  died  1798,  aged  80. 

AMFURST,  Nicholas,  born  at  JTarden,  i 
Kent,  but  in  what  year  is  uncertain.  He  re''ei\ 
rd  his  grammatical  education  at  Merchant  Ta} 
tors'  School,  in  London,  and  thence  was  reino^ 
ed  to  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  but  expellr 
I  for  irregularitv  of  conduct.     Soon  after  M 


AM 


Amhurst  quitted  Oxford,  he  seems  to  have  set- 
tled iii  London  as  a  writer  by  profession.  He 
pubiished  a  volume  of  miscellanies;  but  the 
principal  literary  undertaking  of  Mr.  Amhurst 
was,  "The  Craftsman,"  which  was  carried  on 

I  for  a  number  of  years  with  great  spirit  and  suc- 
cess, and  was  more  read  arid  attended  to  than 
any  production  of  tlie  kind  that  had  hitherto 

;;beeu  published  in  England.  Ten  or  twelve 
thousand  were  sold  in  a  day;  and  the  effect 
which  it  had  in  raising  the  indignation  of  the 
people,  and  in  controlling  the  povi^er  of  admi- 
nistration, was  very  considerable.  He  died  at 
Twickenham,  April  27,  1742,  of  a  broken  heart, 
and  was  buried  at  the  charge  of  his  printer, 
Richard  Franklin. 

AMICONI,  Giacomo,  a  Venitian,  was  a  suc- 
cessful portrait  and  historical  painter  in  Eng- 
land, and  afterwards  painter  to  the  king  of 
Spain.    He  died  1752. 

AMICUS,  Antony,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Palermo 
and  iiistoriographer  royal  to  Philip  IV.  of  Spain 
He  died  1641. 

AMIN-BEN-HAROUN,  son  of  Aaron  Ras 
chid,  was  the  sixth  caliph  of  the  house  of  Abas 
Bides,  a  cruel  and  imprudent  prince,  vvijo  was 
put  to  death  after  a  reign  of  5  years,  822. 

AMfRAL,  Henry,  a  native  of  France,  noto 
rious  for  his  atteinpt  to  assassinate  CoUot  d 
Herbois  and  Robespierre,  and  rid  France  of  her 
tyrants,  was  executed  1702. 

AMMAN,  Paul,  of  Breslau,  professor  at  Leip 
sic,  died  1600. 

AMiMAN,  John  Conrad,  a  Swiss  physician 
who  succeeded  in  teaching  the  deaf  to  speak  in 
France,  died  about  1730. 

AMJMANATI,  Bartholomew,  an  ennnent 
sculptor  and  arcliitect  of  Florence,  died  L538, 
AMMANATI,  Laura  Battiferri,  wife  of  Bar 
tholomew,  celebrated  for  her  genius  and  learn- 
ing. Her  poems  are  highly  esteemed  by  the 
Italians.     She  died  1589. 

AMMIANUS,  Marcellinus,  a  Latin  historian, 
died  about  390. 

AMMIRATO,  or  AMMIRATI,  Scipio,  born 
in  Naples  in  1531,  wrote  a  history  of  Florence 

t  in  two  vols,  foiio,  and  many  other  works  of  less 

I  importance,  and  died  at  Florence,  1600. 

AMMON,  the  son  of  Lot,  and  progenitor  of 
the  .\mnionites,  lived  about  1900  B.  C. 

AMMONIUS,  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  pre- 
ceptor to  Plutarch. 
AMMONIUS,  Saccus,  a  philosopher  of  the 

I  3d  century,  and  fomider  of  the  Eclectic  sect, 
died  243. 

AMMONIUS,  a  surgeon  of  Alexandria,  who 

first  adopted  the  present  operation  of  lithotomy. 

AMMONIUS,   Andrew,  a  learned  native  of 

Lucca,  who  came  and  settled  in  England.     He 

lived  some  time  in  Sir  Thomas  More's  house, 

I  and  afterwards  in  St.  Thomss'  College,  for  hej 
was  not  in  circumstances  sufficient  to  hire  aj 

i  house  of  his  own.  There  subsisted  a  strongi 
friendship  aad  close  correspondence  between 

I  him  and  Erasmus.     The  advice  which  Eras- 

I  mus  gives  him,  in  regard  to  pushing  his  fortune, 

I  has  a  good  deal  of  humour  in  it,  and  was  cer- 

(  tainly  intended  as  a  satire  on  the  artful  methods; 
generally  p'actised  by  the  sehish  and  ambitious! 

i  part  of  mankind,    "'in  the  first  p'ace  Csays  he); 

I  throw  otr  all  sense  of  shame;  thrust  yourself! 

;  into  every  one'3  business,  and  elbow  out  whom-' 

I  soever  you  can ;  neither  love  nor  hate  any  one ;! 

i  measure  everything  by  your  own  advantage;} 
let  this  be  the  scope  and  drift  of  all  your  actions,  i 
Give  notl>ui£  but  what  is  to  be  returned  wilhj 


AM 

usury,  and  be  complaisant  to  every  body. 
Have  always  two  strings  to  your  bow.  Feign 
that  you  are  solicited  by  many  from  abroad,  and 
get  every  thing  ready  for  your  departure.  Show 
letters  inviting  you  elsewhere,  with  great  pro- 
mises." Fortune,  at  iength,  began  to  smile 
upon  Ammonius,  for  he  was  appointed  secre- 
tary to  Henry  VIII.,  and  honoured  by  Pope  Leo 
X.  with  a  public  cbaracter  at  the  court  of  that 
prince  ;  and,  iii  all  appearance,  he  would  have 
soon  risen  higher,  had  Jiot  death  carried  him  off 
when  he  was  but  of  a  middle  age.  He  died  of 
the  sweating  sickness  in  1517.  Ammonius  wrote 
several  Latin  poetical  pieces. 

AMMONIUS,  Livinus,  a  Carthusian  Monk, 
esteemed  by  Erasmus  for  his  learning  and  piety, 
died  1556. 

AMONTONS,  William,  was  born  in  Nor- 
mandy, the  last  day  of  August,  1663.  He  was  in 
the  3d  form  of  the  Latin  school  at  Paris,  when, 
after  a  dangerous  illness,  ho  contracted  such  a 
deafness  as  obliged  him  to  renounce  almost  all 
conversation  with  mankind.  In  this  situation, 
lie  began  to  think  of  employing  himself  in  tiie 
inve;irion  of  machines.  He  applied,  therefore, 
to  the  study  of  geometry  ;  and  it  is  said  that  he 
would  not  try  any  remedy  to  cure  his  deafness, 
eiiiier  because  he  thought  it  incurable,  or  be- 
cause it  increased  his  attention.  He  studied 
with  great  care  the  nature  of  barometers  and 
thermometers;  and,  in  1087,  presented  a  new 
liygroscope  to  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences, 
which  was  very  much  approved.  Amohtons 
found  out  a  metliod  to  acquaint  people  at  a  great 
distance,  in  a  very  little  time,  with  whatever 
one  pleased.  This  method  was  as  follows :  Let 
there  bo  people  placed  in  several  sta:ions,  at  such 
a  distance  from  one  another,  that,  by  the  help 
of  a  telescope,  a  man  in  one  station  may  see  a 
signal  made  by  tlie  next  before  him ;  he  must 
iiniiiediately  make  the  same  signal,  that  it  may 
be  t  een  by  persons  in  the  station  next  after  him, 
who  are  to  communicate  it  to  those  in  the  fol- 
lowing station,  and  so  on.  [Hence  certainly 
originated  the  modern  Telegraph.]  When  the 
Royal  Academy  was  newly  regulated  in  ]G99, 
AmontoRS  was  admitted  a  member  of  it,  aiid 
read  there  his  "New  Theory  of  Friction,"  in 
which  he  happily  cleared  up  a  very  important 
part  of  mechanics.  He  died  the  11  th  of  October, 
1705. 

AMORT,  Eusehius,  a  Bavarian  ecclesiastic, 
and  writer  on  theological  subjects,  died  1775. 

AMORY,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  dissenting  minister 
of  considerable  note,  born  at  Taunton,  Jan.  28, 
1701,  died  in  London,  June  24,  1774.  His  ser- 
mons chiefly  tended  to  illustrate  the  perfections 
and  providence  of  God  ;  the  evidences  of  a  fu- 
ture state  ;  the  truth  and  excellency  of  tiie  Gos- 
pel ;  thp  great  duties  of  a  Christian  life,  &c. 

AMOIIY,  Thomas,  esq.,  an  intense  student, 
and  a  writer  of  some  merit,  of  Westminster, 
died  1789. 

AMOS,  a  prophet  in  the  veign  of  Jehorara, 
king  of  Israel,  aim  Uzziah,  king  of  Judaii,  died 
785  B.C. 

AMOUR,  WilHam  de  St.,  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  canon  of  Bouvais,  author  of  several 
works,  died  1272. 

AMOUR,  liOuis  Govin  de  St.,  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  from  which  he  was  expelled,  died 
1G87. 

AMOUREUX,  N.  L',  an  eminent  sculptor  of 
Lyons,  was  drowned  in  the  Soane,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  19th  century. 

AMPIIIBILUS,  a  Briton,  was  said  to  have 


AN 

been  bishop  of  Anglesea,  and  to  have  suflered 
martyrdom  about  291. 

AMPHILOCHUS,  bishop  of  Iconium,  the 
friend  of  Basil,  and  opposer  of  the  Arians,  died 
394. 

AMPHINOMUS  and  ANAPIUS,  were  two 
brothers,  wlio  lieroicaily  saved  their  aged  pa- 
rents on  their  shoulders  during  an  eruption  of 
iEtna. 

AMPSINGIUS,  John  Assuer,  professor  of 
physic,  at  Rostock,  in  the  beginning  of  the  17th 
century. 

AMRU  EBN-AL-AS,  a  Mussulman,  was  first 
the  enemy,  and  afterwards  tlie  friend  of  Maho- 
met ;  he  (iied  governor  of  Egypt,  663. 

AMSDORF,  Nicholas,  a  follower  of  Luther, 
and  bishop  of  Nuremburgh,  died  1541. 

AMURATH  I.,  an  Ottoman  emperor,  and  a 
successful  warrior,  notorious  for  his  cruelty, 
died  1389. 

AMURATH  II.,  successor  to  Mahomet  as 
Ottoman  emperor ;  he  was  the  first  Turk  who 
used  cannon  in  battle  ;  he  resigned  his  crown 
to  his  son,  but  afterwards  resmned  it,  and  died 
1451. 

AMURATH  HI.  succeeded  Selim  II.,  and  im- 
mediately murdered  his  five  brothers ;  he  was  a 
valiant  and  successful  warrior,  and  died  1595. 

AMURATH  I.,  successor  to  Mustapha,  a  cruel 
prince,  who  put  30,000  inhabitants  of  Bagdad  to 
the  sword,  died  1G40. 

AMY,  N.,  an  advocate  of  the  parliament  of 
Aix,  and  a  writer  on  natural  science,  died  1760. 

AMYRUTZES,  a  philosopher  of  Trebizond, 
who  renounced  Christianity  for  Mahometanism, 
and  became  a  favourite  of  Mahomet  II. 

AMYOT,  James,  bishop  of  Auxerre,  and  grand 
almonerofFrance  under  Henrylll.,  and  Charles 
IX.,  and  a  writer  on  several  subjects ;  but  chief- 
ly known  as  the  translator  of  "  Plutarch's  Lives 
and  Morals."  He  was  born  at  Melun,  1514,  and 
died  1593. 

AMYRAULT,  Moses,  an  eminent  French 
divine,  born  1596,  at  Borgueil,  a  small  town  of 
Touraine.  He  was  a  man  of  such  charity  and 
compassion,  that,  during  the  last  ten  years  of 
his  life,  he  bestowed  his  whole  salary  on  the 
poor,  without  distinction  of  Catholic  or  Protes- 
tant, and  died  1664. 

ANACHARSIS,  an  illustrious  Scythian  phi- 
losopher. He  travelled  to  Athens  in  the  time  of 
Solon,  with  whom  he  contracted  an  intimate 
friendship  ;  and  Solon  not  only  instructed  bim, 
but  soueht  all  opportunities  of  doing  him  ho- 
nour. He  had  a  quick  and  lively  genius,  a  strong 
and  masterly  eloquence  ;  and  there  was  some- 
thing BO  determined  and  resolute  in  his  manner, 
that  tliose  who  imitated  him  were  said  to  speak 
in  the  Scythian  style.  He  was  extremely  fond 
of  poetry,  and  wrote  upon  certain  laws  of  the 
Scythians  and  Greeks.  Croesus  invited  him  to 
SaVdis,  and  offered  him  money;  but  the  phi- 
losopher answered,  "  that  he  was  come  to 
Greece  to  learn  the  laws  and  manners  of  that 
country ;  that  he  had  no  occasion  for  gold  or 
silver ;  and  that  it  would  sutfice  for  him  to  re- 
turn to  Scythia  a  wiser  and  more  intelligent  man 
than  he  came  from  thence."  After  staying  long 
in  Greece,  he  prepared  to  return  home  ;  and 
passing  through  Cyzicum,  he  found  that  city 
celebrating  very  solemnly  the  feasts  of  Cybcle, 
and  vowed  to  do  the  same  if  he  should  get  home 
in  safety.  Upon  his  arrival  in  Scythia,  he  at 
tempted  to  change  tlie  ancient  customs  of  his 
country,  and  to  establish  tliose  of  Greece ;  which 
proved  e^^fenielv  disagreeable  to  the  Scy  tliians, 
26 


AN 

and  at  length  destructive  to  himself.  For  en- 
tering one  day  a  thick  wood,  to  perform  his  vow 
to  Cybele  as  secretly  as  might  be,  he  was  dis- 
covered in  the  midst  of  the  solemnity,  and  shot 
dead  with  an  arrow  by  the  king  himself.  There 
aremany  beautiful  apothegms  of  this  philosopher 
preserved  by  La.'rtius, Plutarch, and  other  writers. 

ANACLETUS,  bishop  of  Rome,  suffered  mar- 
tyrdom 92. 

ANACLETUS  claimed  the  papacy  in  oppo- 
sition to  Innocent  II.,  but  not  succeeding,  died 
in  obscurity,  1138. 

ANACOANA,queenofXiragua,intheisland 
of  St.  Domingo,  was  cruelly  put  to  death  by 
Ovando. 

ANACREON,  a  Greek  poet,  born  at  Teos,  a 
seaport  of  Ionia,  flourished  about  the  62d  Olym- 
piad. This  poet  had  a  most  delicate  wit,  but 
was  certainly  too  fond  of  pleasure;  for  love  and 
wine  had  the  disposal  of  all  his  hours.  The 
manner  of  his  death,  which  happened  at  Abdera, 
is  said  to  have  been  very  extraordinary ;  for 
they  tell  us,  he  was  choked  with  a  grape-stone, 
which  he  swallowed  as  he  was  regaling  on  some 
new  wine.  A  small  part  only  of  Anacreon's 
works  remain ;  and  these  consist  chiefly  of  Bac- 
chanalian songs,  and  love  sonnets.  The  odes 
of  Anacreon,"  says  Rapin,  "  are  flowers,  beau- 
ties, and  perpetual  graces." 

ANAGNOSTA,  John,  a  Byzantine  histo- 
rian. 

ANASTASIUS  I.,  the  silentiary,  who,  from 
obscure  birth,  became  emperor  of  the  east,  by 
marrying  the  widow  of  the  emperor  Zeno,  died 
518. 

ANASTASIUS  II.  was  raised  from  a  private 
station  to  the  throne  of  Constantinople  by  the 
voice  of  the  people.  He  abdicated  the  throne 
for  a  religious  habit,  and  afterwards,  in  attempt- 
ing to  regain  it,  was  put  to  death,  719. 

ANASTASIUS  I.,  pope  of  Rome,  succeeded 
Siricius  ;  he  reconciled  the  eastern  and  western 
churches,  and  died  much  respected  for  his  sanc- 
tity and  virtue,  402. 

ANASTASIUS  II.,  pope  after  Gelaslus,  died 
496. 

ANASTASIUS  III.,  pope  after  Sergius  IIL, 
eminent  for  his  wisdom,  died  two  years  after  hia 
election,  913. 

ANASTASIUS  IV.,  pope,  a  charitable  and 
humane  man  ;  he  died  1154. 

ANASTASIUS,  contested  the  papacy  with 
Benedict  HI.,  and  not  succeeding,  he  died  in  ob- 
scurity. 

ANASTASIUS,  Bibliothecarius,  a  learned 
Greek  of  the  9th  century,  librarian  of  the  church 
of  Rome,  and  abbot  of  St.  Mary  beyond  the 
Tyber. 

ANASTASIUS,  Sinaite,  a  monk  of  Mount 
Sinai,  in  the  7th  centurj'. 

ANASTASIUS,  Theopohtanus,  bishop  of 
Antioch  ;  he  was  banished  from  his  see,  and 
restored  593  ;  he  died  6  years  after. 

ANATOLIUS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
died  458. 

ANATOLIUS,  bishop  of  Laodicea,  about 
269 ;  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  arithmetic 
and  geometry. 

ANAXAGORAS,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
philosophers  of  antiquity,  born  at  Clazomena;, 
in  Ionia,  about  450  B.C.  He  placed  the  supreme 
good  of  human  life  in  contemplation. 

ANAXANDRIDES,  king  of  Sparta,  about 
550  B.C.,  father  to  Cleomenes  and  Leonidas. 

ANAXANDRIDES,  a  comie  poet  of  Rhodes, 
abaut  350  B.  C. 


AN 


Ai\AXAKCHUS,  a  pliiloioplKr  of  Abdtra, 
put  to  death  by  the  king  of  (_'vi)ius. 

AN AXILAUS,  a  pythagoreaii  philosopher  of 

I  the  age  of  Augustus. 

aN/.XIMAJVUER,  a  philosopher  of  Miletus, 
died  547  Is.  C 

ANAXIMENES,  the  pupil  and  successor  of 
Anaxiniatider,  lived  550  B.  C. 

ANAXIMENES,  a  historian,  v/ho  accompa- 
nied Alexciiider  the  Great  in  his  expedition; 
he  wrote  a  history  of  Greece. 

ANCHAKANO,  Peter,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
auilior  of  books  on  the  civil  and  canon  law, 
dieu  1417. 
ANCIiARANO,  James,  a  writer  of  theology. 
ANCILLON,  David,  a protestant  divine,  born 
at  Metz,  eminent  for  his  learning,  piety,  and 
eloqv;cnce,  ditd  at  Berlin,  16S2. 

ANCILLON,  Charles,  son  of  David,  inspec- 
tor of  the  French  courts  of  justice  in  Berlin, 
and  historiograj)her  to  tlie  king,  died  175L 

I  ANCIvWlTZ,  a  native  of  Poland,  amliassa- 
dor  to  Denmark,  accused  of  betrayiiig  his  coun- 
try to  Russia,  and  executed  1794. 

I     ANCOURT,  Floren-Carton  d',  an  eminent 

'  French  actor  and  dramatic  writer,  born  at  Fon- 
taiiibleau,  IfiGl;  he  died  1726,  having  written 
fifiy-two  plavs. 

ANCUS  MARTIUS,  fourth  king  of  Rome, 
extended  the  boundaries  of  his  kingdom,  and 
built  Ostia,  died  G46  B.  C. 

I  ANDERSON /Alexander,  professor  of  matlic- 
matics  at  Paris  in  the  l!;ih  century. 

!     ANDERSON,  Andrew,  a  printer,  who  ob- 

>  tained  from  Charles  II.  the  exclusive  piivilcge 
of  printing  in  Scotland  for  41  years. 
ANDERSON,  Adam,  author  of  a  valuable 

j  treatise  on  trade  and  commerce,  died  1775. 

I     ANDERSON,  James,  D.  D.  minister  of  a 

i  Scotch  Presbvferian  church  in  London. 

ANDERSON,  James,  Esq.  advocate  and  clerk 
of  the  Scotch  parliament,  and  author  of  an  able 
vindication  of  its  independence,  died  1712. 

ANDERSON,  John,  A.  M.  an  able  and  popu- 
lar preacher,  and  m.inister  of  Dumbarton,  died 
1720. 

ANDERSON,  Sir  Edmund,  made  lord  chief 
justice  of  the  common  pleas  in  1582.  He  was 
a  very  strict  lawyer,  and  governed  himself  en- 
tirely by  statutes";  for  we  have  bis  express  de- 
claration, that  he  neither  expected  precedents 
in  all  cases,  nor  would  he  be  bound  by  them 
where  he  saw  that  they  were  not  founded  upon 
justice,  but  would  act  as  if  there  were  no  such 
precedents.  Of  this  we  have  a  proof  from  the 
reports  in  his  time,  published  by  Mr.  Goluesbo- 
rough:  "The  case  of  Resceit  was  moved  again; 
and  ShiUtleworth  said,  that  he  could  not  be  re- 
ceived, because  he  was  named  in  the  writ ;  and 
added,  that  he  had  searched  all  the  bocks,  and 
there  was  not  one  case  where  he  who  is  named 
in  the  writ  may  be  received. "-"What  of  tliati" 
said  Judge  Anderson  ;  "  shall  we  not  give  judg- 
ment because  it  is  not  adjudged  in  the  hooks  be- 
fore 7  we  will  give  judgment  according  to  rea- 
son ;  and  if  there  be  no  reason  in  the  books,  I 
will  not  regard  them." — He  held  his  office  to 
the  time  of  his  death,  which  happened  August 
].,  160.5. 

,      ANDERSON,  John,  a  native  of  Hamburgh, 

•  and  aiithorof  a  natural  history  of  Iceland,  &:c. 
died  1743. 

I      ANDERSON,  James,  a  celebrated  British 

I  writer  on  commerce,  died  17(>1. 

ANDERSON,  George,  an  English  self-tauglit 
fiiathematician,  born  a:  Weatcn,  in  Bucking- 


AN 

'l:a.mshire,  in  1760.  His  parents  were  peasants, 
land  he  was  obliged  lo  work  as^a  day-labourer. 
I  Having  at  length  attracted  the  attention  of  a 
wortliy  clergyman,  he  was  by  him  sent  to  a 
igrammar-school,  and  afterwards  to  New  Col- 
jlege,  Oxford,  where  he  took  tlie  degree  of  M.  A. 
He  also  entered  into  deacon's  orders,  but  never 
Iqualilied  as  a  priest,  having  obtained  a  clerk- 
ship at  the  board  of  control  under  Mr.  Dundas. 
He  translated,  from  the  Greek  of  Archimedes, 
"  Arenarius,  a  treatise  on  measuring  the  sands," 
and  "  A  general  view  of  the  variations  which 
have  taken  place  in  the  afi'airs  of  the  East  In- 
dia Company  since  the  conclusion  of  the  war 
in  India  in  1784 ;"  and  died  April  20,  1790. 

ANDERSON,  Larz,  a  minister  of  Gustavus 
Vasa,  a  man  of  great  abilities,  and  chancellor 
of  Sweden ;  he  introduced  Lulherauism  into 
Sweden. 

ANDERSON,  Dr.  James,  an  indefatigable  and 
able  writer  on  agriculture,  political  economy, 
and  other  subjects  of  general  interest;  he  was 
born  in  1739,  at  Hermistcn,  near  Edinburgh, 
and  died  at  West  Ham,  in  Essex,  lf08.  His 
literary  productions  are  very  numerous,  and  a 
correct  list  of  them  will  be  found  in  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,  Ixxviii.  1053 ;  among  w  hioh 
Ithe  principal  are,  "  Essays  relating  to  Agricul- 
!ture,  and  Rurc!  Aflairs,""  3  vols.  8vo.  "The 
JBee,"  18  vols.  8vo.  "  Recreations  in  Agricul- 
ture, 6  vols.  8vo.  1802.  His  style  is  copious, 
[and  sometimes  prolix,  but  always  perspicuous 
land  guarded.  His  manners  were  gemk manly 
'and  unconstrained,  and  his  conversaiicn  waa 
Ipleasant,  and  well  stored  with  anecdotes. 

ANDJER  DES  ROCHERS,  John,  a  French 
'engraver  of  great  merit  and  industry,  born  at 
Lyons,  died  1741. 

ANDOCIDES,  an  Athenian  orator,  lived  460 
B.C. 

ANDRADA,  Diego  de  Pay  va  d',  aPortuguese, 
an  eloquent  preacher,  and  acute  reasoner,  much 
admired  for  his  learning  and  judgment,  lived 
about 15G2. 

ANDRx'^DA,  Francis  d',  brother  to  the  above, 
historiographer  to  Philip  III.  of  Spain. 

ANDRADA,  Thomas  d',  reformer  of  theAu- 
gustines ;  he  was  taken  prisoner  in  Africa,  where 
he  chose  to  remain,  to  console  bis  fellow  slaves. 

ANDRADA,  Anthony  d',  a  Portuguese  Je- 
suit, who,  when  a  missionary,  discovered  Thi- 
bet and  Cathay  ;  he  died  1634. 

ANDRE,  Nathaniel  St.,  an  English  surgeon, 
the  friend  of  Pope,  died  1776. 

ANDRE,  John,  aid  de  camp  to  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  an  adjutant  general  of  the  British  ar- 
my in  America,  in  the  war  of  the  revolution  ; 
he  was  taken  as  a  spy,  wh.en  negotiating  witli 
Arnold,  about  the  surrender  of  West  Point,  and 
hung.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  talents  and 
elegance  of  manners,  and  died  much  lamented, 
both  by  friend  and  foe,  aged  29. 

ANDREAS,  James,  an  eminent  Lutheran  di- 
vine, chancellor  and  rector  of  the  university  of 
Tubingen ;  his  writings  were  numerous  and 
much  esteemed  '  he  died  1590. 

ANDREAS,  John,  a  fam.ous  canonist  of  the 
14th  ccntun,^,  boru  at  Mugeilo,  near  Florence. 
We  are  told  wonderful  things  concerning  the 
austerity  of  his  hfe ;  as,  tJiat  he  macerated  his 
body  with  prayer  and  fasting,  and  lay  upon  the 
bare  ground  for  20  years  together,  covered  only 
with  a  bear  skin  :  "and  this  is  attested  fcy  very- 
good  authors. — Andreas  had  a  beautiful  daugh 
ter.  named  Novella,  w?''oni  he  loved  extremely  • 
and  he  is  said  to  have  instructed  her  so  well  in 
27 


AX AN 

all  parts  of  learning,  thai  when  he  was  eiij;aj£cd[j  AIS'DilEW  II.,  king  oi"  ]lungaiy  ;  he  was  in 
in  any  affair  which  hindered  liini  from  readiag||the  crusades,  and  displayed  great  valour  in  bat- 
iectures  to  his  scholars,  lie  sent  his  daughter  inj  tie  ;  he  attempted  to  meliorate  the  condition  of 


his  room  :  when,  lest  her  beauty  siiould  prevent 
the  attention  of  the  heareis,  she  had  a  little  cur- 
tain drawn  before  her.  To  perpetuate  the  me- 
mory of  this  daughter,  he  entiiled  his  commen- 
tary" upon  the  Decretals  of  Gregory  IX.  "  The 
Noveliac."  Andreas  died  of  the  plague  at  Bo- 
logna, in  1348,  after  he  had  been  a  professor  45 
years,  and  was  buried  in  me  church  of  the  Do- 
minicans. 

ANDREAS,  John  Valentine,  a  German  Pro 
testant diviie,  died  1654. 

ANDREAS,  John,  was  born  a  Mahometan,  at 
Xativa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Valencia,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  lather  in  the  dignity  of  alfaqui  of 
that  city.  He  was  enlightened  with  the  know- 
ledge of  the  Christian  religion  by  being  present 
at  a  sermon  in  the  great  church  of  Valencia,  on 
the  day  of  the  Assumption  of  the  blessed  Virgin, 
in  1417.  Upon  this  iie  desired  to  be  baptized  ; 
and  in  memory  of  the  calling  of  St.  John  and 
St.  Andrew,  he  took  the  names  of  John  Andreas. 
At  the  desire  of  Martin  Garcia,  bishop  of  Bar- 
celona, he  composed  his  famous  work  of  "  The 
Confusion  of  the  Sect  of  Mahomet."  It  con- 
tains 10  chapters,  wherein  he  has  collected  the 
fabulous  stories,  impostures,  forgeries,  brutali- 
ties, follies,  obscenities,  absurdities,  impossibili- 
ties, lies,  and  contradictions  which  Mahomet,  in 
order  to  deceive  the  simple  people,  has  dispersed 
in  the  writings  of  that  sect,  and  especially  in  the 
Koran.  This  book,  which  was  pubhshed  at  first 
in  Spanish,  has  been  translated  into  several  lan- 
guages; and  all  those  who  write  against  the 
JIahometans  quote  it  veiy  much. 

ANDRE.E,  John  Gerhard  Reinhard,  an  apo- 
thecary of  Hanover,  who  travelled  over  differ- 
ent couiiiries  to  incrense  his  knowledge  of  chy- 
mistrv  and  botany,  died  1793. 

ANDREINl,  Isabella,  an  actress  of  Padua, 
and  a  poete.;s,  eminent  for  her  wit,  beauty,  and 
j;8ni>is.  died  1604. 

ANDRELIXUS,  Publius  Faustu«,  a  native  of 
Italy,  pni.essor  of  phiiosopliy  at  Paris,  and  poet 
laureac  to  Lewis  XII.  and  his  queen,  died  1518. 

ANDitEW,  St.,  a  lisherman  of  Galilee,  and 
disciple  of  John  Iho  Baptist;  he  preached  the 
gospel  in  Scythia,  and  was  there  put  to  death 
ou  the  crosi. 

ANy>!lE\V,  a  natiAC  of  Damascus,  bishop  of 
Aleria.  in  Crete,  and  aatfior  of  commentaries 
on  the  Scriptures,  died  7'20. 

ANDREW,  a  sculptor,  aic'.:itect,  painter,  and 
musician,  of  i'i^a,  died  13.30. 

ANDREW,  bishop  of  Saniosata,  in  the  5th 
century. 

ANDREW,  John,  secretary  to  the  vaticani, 
and  bishop  of  Aieria,  in  Corsica,  died  1493. 

ANDREW,  of  Raiisbon,  author  of  a  history 
of  Bohemia.  &c.,  in  the  1.5th  century. 

ANDREW,  Tobias,  defender  of  the  Carte- 
Bian  philosophy,  and  profeisnr  of  Greek  and  his- 
tory, at  Cir!vii.,5er.,  died  1076. 

ANDREW  DEL  SARTO,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, and  favourite  of  Francis  I.  of  France, 
distinguislied  as  a  copvist,  died  1530. 

ANDRE  vV,  Valerius,  of  Brabant,  professor 
cf  civil  law  at  Louvain,  was  living  1652. 

ANDREW,  Ives  Mary,  a  professor  of  ma- 
thematics at  Caen ;  a  inan  of  great  learning,! 
whose  poetrv  was  much  admired ;  he  died  17(54. j 
ANDREW  I.,  kinp  of  Hungary,  compelled  his 
Buhjects  to  embrace  Christianity  ;  he  was  killed 
in  battle  in  1059. 
28 


his  subjects,  and  died  1235. 

ANDREW  Hi.,  king  of  Hungary,  was  op- 
posed in  his  claims  to  the  throne,  .ind  involved 
in  a  c  vi!  war  during  his  reign;  he  died  1305. 

ANDREW,  King  of  Naples,  son  to  Charobcrt 
king  of  Hung-.-y,  was  assa.ssinateu  with  tht 
connivatico  of  his  queen,  1345. 

ANDilEVVS  or  ANDREWE,  Eusebius,  a» 
English  barrister,  and  colonel  in  the  army  of 
Charles  I.,  was  beheaded  by  Cromwell  in  1650 
ANDREWS,  John,  D.  D.,  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  in,  and  afterwards  provost  of,  the 
university  of  Pennsylvania,  died  1813. 

ANDR'EWS,  Henry,  a  self-taught  mathema- 
tician, was  born  of  poor  parents  at  Frieston, 
near  Grantham,  1774.  He  commenced  life  as  a 
servant,  afterwards  kept  a  school  at  Royston, 
and  united  to  that  the  business  of  a  bookseller. 
For  more  than  40  years  he  was  the  computer 
of  the  Nautical  ephemeris,  and  calculator  of 
Moore's  almanac.     He  died  Jan.  26,  1820. 

ANDREWS,  James  Petit,  a  miscellaneous 
wTiterof  considerable  learning  and  talents,  was 
born  near  Newbury,  Berks,  in  1737;  and  died 
in  London,  Aug.  6,  1797.  His  first  work  was 
one  of  uncommon  pleasantry  and  humour,  enti- 
itled  "Anecdotes,  ancient  and  modern,with  obser- 
vations," 8vo.,  1789,  1790.  His  best  work,  how- 
jever,  was  "  The  history  of  Great  Britain,  con- 
Inected  with  the  chronology  of  Europe,  with 
1  notes,  &c.,  containing  anecdotes  of  the  times, 
i  lives  of  tlie  learned,  and  specimens  of  their 
I  works,  from  Caesar's  invasion  to  the  accession 
of  Edward  VI."  2  vols.  4to.,  1794,  1795.  It  is 
much  to  be  regretted  that  he  did  not  live  to  com- 
Iplete  this  work.  Mr.  Andrews  also  published, 
in  1796,  a  continuation  of  "  Henry's  history  of 
Great  Britain,*'  1  vol.  4to.  and  2  vols.  8vo.  He 
was,  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  one  of  the 
[  magistrates  of  the  police-office,  Queen  Square, 
I  Westminster. 

I  ANDREWS,  Lancelot,  bishop  of  VS^inches- 
ter,  in  the  reigns  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I.,  wag 
born  in  London,  in  1565.  There  is  a  pleasant 
story  related  of  him  while  he  was  bishop  of 
Winchester,  in  the  life  of  Waller  the  poet,  who, 
going  to  see  the  king  at  dinner,  overheard  a 
very  extraordinary  conversation  between  his 
majesty,  the  bishop  of  Winchester,  and  Neale, 
bishop  of  Durham.  These  two  prelates,  stand- 
behind  the  king's  chair,  his  majesty  asked 
them ;  "  my  lords,"  said  he,  "  cannot  I  take  my 
subjects'  money  when  I  want  it,  without  all  this 
formality  in  parliament?"  The  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham readily  answered,  "  God  forbid,  sir,  but 
you  should  ;  you  are  the  breath  of  our  nostrils." 
Whereupon  the  king  turned,  and  said  to  the 
bishop  of  Winchester,  "  well,  my  lord,  what 
say  youl"  "  Sir,"  replied  the  bishoo,  "  I  have 
no  skill  to  judge  of  parliamentary  cases."  The 
king  answered,  "  no  put-offs,  my  lord ;  answer 
me  presently."  "  Then,  sir,"  said  he,  "  I  think 
it  lawful  for  you  to  take  my  brother Neale's  mo- 
nev,  for  he  offers  it."  Tliis  great  prelate  died 
at  Winchester-house,  in  Southwark,  September 
27,  1626,  having  written  many  excellent  reli- 
gious tracts,  particularly  "  A  manual  of  private 
devotions  and  meditations  for  every  day  in  the 
week  ;"  and  "  A  manual  of  directions  for  the 
visitation  of  the  sick." 

ANDREWS,  Miles  Peter,  a  dramatic  writer 
of  some  consideration  in  his  day,  and  member 
in  parliament  for  Bewdley,  died,  after  a  few 


Ai\ 


days'  illness,  July  18,  1814.  By  tlie  (l<nxth  of  his 
brother  he  had  succeeded  to  a  share  in  the  cele- 
brated manufactoiy  ot'  gunpowder  at  Dartford ; 
and  purchased  the  nobie  mansion  built  by  Lord 
Grenville,  facing  tiic  Green  Park.  His  death 
was  so  unexpected,  tliat  he  had  sent  out  above 
200  cards  of  invitation  to  ladies  to  see  the  me- 
morable fireworks  in  the  Green  Park,  from  his 
windows.  He  left  property  estimated  at  110,000Z. 

ANDRISCUS,  an  impostor,  who  pretended 
to  be  tlie  son  of  Perseus,  king  of  Macedon  ;  he 
reigned  a  short  time,  and  was  put  to  death  by 
order  of  the  senate.  147  B.  C. 

ANDllOM  ACHUS,  a  Cretan,  physician  to  the 
emperor  Nero. 

ANDRONrCUS  I.  was  seated  on  the  throne 
of  Constantinople,  as  emperor,  in  1183,  and  af- 
terwards put  to  death  for  his  cruelties. 

ANDRONICUS,  Paiaeologus  II.,  succeeded 
his  falher,  Michael  Vlil.,  and,  after  a  feeble  and 
turbulent  reign,  was  banished,  and  died  in 
monastery,  in  K52-2. 

ANDRONICUS,  FalECologus  III.,  grandson 
of  the  preceding,  a  bold,  warlike,  and  enterpris- 
ing prince,  died  1341. 

ANDRONICUS  IV.,  was  seated  with  his  fa- 
ther on  the  throne  of  Constantinople,  and  died 
in  exile. 

ANDRONICUS, founder  of  a  sectof  the  same 
name ;  he  maintained  that  the  upper  part  of 
woman  was  the  work  of  God ;  but  the  lower 
the  work  of  the  devil. 

ANDRONICUS,  of  Thessalonica,  teaclier  of 
Greek  at  Paris,  Rome,  and  Florence,  died  1478 

ANDRONICUS,  Livius,  the  oldest  of  the  Ro 
man  dramatists,  lived  about  240  B.  C. 

ANDRONICUS,  Cyrestes,  aH  Athenian,  in- 
ventor of  weather-cocks,  and  architect  of  the 
famous  octagon  temple  at  Athens. 

ANDRONICUS,  a  Rhodian  philosopher,  lived 
about  t)3  B.  C. 

ANDROSS,  Edmund,  sir,  governor  of  New- 
York  in  1674,  and  of  New  England  in  1686 ;  he 
was  odious  and  tyrannical  in  his  administration 
and  was  seized  by  the  people  and  sent  to  Eng- 
land, bat  never  tried ;  he  came  over  as  governor 
of  Virginia,  1692,  and  died  in  London,  1714,  at 
an  advanced  age. 

ANDROUET  DU  CERCEAU,  James,  a 
Frencli  architect  of  the  16th  century. 

ANDRY,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Lyons,  pro 
fessor  of  philosophy,  and  dean  of  the  faculty  of 
medicine  at  Paris,  died  1742. 

ANEAU,  Bartholomew,  principal  of  the  col- 
lege at  Lyons,  murdered  by  the  catholics  in  1565, 

ANELLO,  Thomas,  vulgarly  called  Massani- 
ello,  was  a  poor  fisherman  of  Naples,  born  in 
1623.  Having  headed  the  malcontents  in  an  in 
surrection  at  Naples,  caused  by  the  viceroy's 
laying  a  new  tax  on  fruit,  fish,  &c.,  in  1647, 
occasioned  the  most  shocking  disturbances  in 
that  city,  murdering  a  great  many  people,  and 
among  the  rest  the  duke  of  Carafta.  He  ordered 
many  gibbets  and  wheels  for  torture  to  be  set 
up,  and  was  followed  by  ten  or  twelve  hangmen 
to  execute  his  orders.  After  this  sedition  had 
continued,  with  all  kinds  of  barbarity,  for  ten 
days,  it  was  suppressed  by  four  gentlemen 
knocking  the  traitor  on  the  head.  His  corpse 
was  dragged  about  the  streets  with  all  the  scorn 
and  contempt  imaginable.  His  head,  being 
then  cut  off,  was  thrown  into  one  ditch,  and  his 
body  into  another. 

ANEURIN,  an  ancient  British  poet,  died 
about  570,  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  same  as 
the  venerable  Gildas. 


AN 

ANGE  DE  ST.  JOSEPH,  le  Pere,  a  Carme- 
lite, of  Toulouse,  and  missionary  in  Persia,  die«l 
1697. 

ANGE  DE  STE.  ROSALIE,  a  learned  Au 
gustine,  author  of  a  history  of  the  royal  family 
of  France,  died  1726. 

ANGELI,  Bonaventure,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
professor  of  law,  and  writer  of  a  history  of  Par- 
ma, died  1576. 

ANGELI,  Baldus,  an  Italian  physician  of  the 
16th  century. 

ANGELI,  Peter,  a  Latin  poet  of  Tuscany, 
and  professor  at  Pisa,  died  1596. 

ANGELIC,  John,  a  celebrated  painter,  ef 
Fiezola,  died  1455. 

ANGELIS,  Dominico  de,  an  eminent  scholar, 
of  Lecce,  in  Otranto,  who  wrote  on  histoiical 
subjects,  died  17] 9. 

ANGELO.    See  MICHAEL. 

ANGELO,  Thomas  de,  an  ecclesiastic,  author 
of  a  history  of  Sicily  for  the  first  five  centuries, 
died  1721).' 

ANGELONI,  Francis,  author  of  an  Augustan 
history,  by  medals,  from  J.  Caesar  to  Constantine, 
died  1652. 

ANGELUS,  Christopher,  a  learned  Greek, 
driven  from  home  by  the  Turks,  became  a 
teacher  of  Greek  in  England,  and  died  in 
1638. 

ANGIER,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Dedham,  au- 
thor of  tracts  on  theological  subjects,  died  1677. 

ANGILBERT,  St.,  the  minister  and  favourite, 
and  afterwards  the  son-in-law  of  Charlemagne ; 
an  elegant  poet  and  able  statesman,  died  814. 

ANGIOLELLO,  author  of  a  history  of  Ma- 
homet I.,  in  the  Italian  and  Turkish  tongue, 
after  having  been  a  slave,  died  after  1473. 

ANGLICUS,  Gilbertus,  physician  to  the  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  died  at  the  close  of  the 
13th  century. 

ANGLICUS,  Ricardus,  an  eminent  English 
physician  and  author  on  medicine,  died  1230. 

ANGLUS,  Thomas,  an  English  priest,  emi- 
nent for  his  learning,  and  his  attachment  to  the 
peripatetic  philosophy,  died  after  the  reign  of 
Charles  I. 

ANGUIER,  Francis  and  Michael,  two  bro- 
thers, natives  of  Normandy,  of  great  merit  aa 
sculptors,  the  former  died  1699,  the  latter  1686. 

ANGUILLARI,  John  Andre  del',  an  Italian 
poet  of  the  16th  century. 

ANGUSCIOLA,  Sophonisba,  a  native  of  Al- 
mona,  in  Italy,  eminent  for  her  historical  and 
portrait  paintings,  died  1626. 

ANICETUS,  pope  of  Rome  157,  suffered  mar- 
tyrdom under  Marcus  Aurelius,  168. 

ANICH,  Peter,  born  near  Inspruck,  an  in- 
genious mechanic,  much  esteemed  for  hia  know- 
ledge of  astronomy,  died  1766. 

ANICIIINI,  Lewis,  a  Venetian  engraver  of 
great  celebrity.  On  seeing  his  pieces,  Michael 
Angelo  is  said  to  have  exclaimed,  that  the  art 
of  engraving  had  reached  the  summit  of  perfec- 
tion, time  of  his  death  not  known. 

ANIELLO,  Thomas,  vid.  ANELLO. 

ANKERSTAOOM,  John  James,  a  Swedish 
oliicerwho  murdered  Gustavus,  king  of  Sweden, 
for  which  he  was  executed,  1792. 

ANNA,  Comnena.     See  COMNENA. 

ANNA,  Ivanovna,  daughter  of  Ivan  Alexia- 
vitch,  emperor  of  Russia,  married  William, 
duke  of  Courland,  and  succeeded  Peter  II.  1730. 
She  died  1740. 

ANNAND,  William,  A.  M.,  a  native  of  Edin« 
burgh,  was  made  dean  of  Raphoe,  in  Irelandj 
and'died  1710. 


AN 

ANNAT,  Francis,  a  native  of  Roiiergue,  of 
the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  teacher  of  philosophy 
at  Toulouse,  died  at  Paris  luTO. 

ANNE,  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Philip  II.  o! 
Spaiii,  married  Lewis  Xlll.,  and  v/as  the  mo- 
ther of  Lewis  XIV. ;  she  died  16G(5. 

ANXE,  of  Beaujeu,  daughter  of  Lewis  XTI. 
of  France,  married  the  duke  of  Bourbon,  and 
wa'?  legent  during  the  minority  of  her  brother, 
Charle.^  VOX. ;  she  died  at  Chanieile,  1522. 

ANXE,  of  Brittany,  first  married  Maxiiuilian 
of  Austria,  next  Charles  VIII.  of  Frar.ce,  and 
afterwards  Lewis  XII. ;  slie  died  1514. 

ANiNE,  of  Cleves,  daughter  of  John  III., 
duke  of  Cleves,  was  married  to  Henry  VIII., 
but  was  soon  divorced,  and  returned  to  Cleves; 
she  died  1557. 

ANNE,  daughter  of  James  II.,  succeeded 
William  III.  as  queen  of  Endand.  In  1683,  she 
married  prince  George  of  Denmark,  and  died 
1714. 

ANNE,  dutchess  of  the  Viennois,  after  the 
death  of  her  brother  John  I.,  defended  her  righis 
against  the  ciauns  of  Robert,  duke  of  Burgundy; 
she  died  1296. 

ANNE,  of  Ferrara,  daughter  of  Hercules  II., 
duke  of  Ferrara,  married  Francis,  duke  of 
Guise.  She  was  for  some  time  imprisoned  at 
Blois. 

ANNE,  of  Russia,  married  Henrj'  I.,  king  of 
France,  and  afterwards  Raoul,  a  relation  of  her 
first  hu:^baad. 

ANNE,  of  Cyprus,  married  Lewis,  duke  of 
Savoy  ;  she  showed  herself  able,  active,  and 
discriminating,  at  the  head  of  public  affairs,  and 
died  14G2. 

ANNE,  of  Hungary,  married  Ferdinand  of 
Austria,  and  placed  him  on  the  throne  of  Bohe- 
mia ;  she  died  1.547. 

ANNE,  De  Gonzague,  wife  of  Edward,  Count 
Palatine,  died  1584,  and  was  honoured  with  a 
eulogiurn  bv  Bossuet. 

ANNEBAUT,  Claude  d',  of  an  ancient  fami- 
ly in  Normandy,  distinguished  himself  for  his 
Lraverv  and  wisdom,  and  died  1552. 

ANNEIX  DE  SOUVENEL,  Alexis  Francis, 
a  learned  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Britta- 
ny, died  1758. 

ANNE3LEY,  Samuel,  L.  L.  D.,  a  native  of 
Cumberland,  died  1696.  It  is  said  John  Wesley 
was  his  ;:randson  by  the  mother's  side. 

ANNESLEY,  Arthur,  earl  of  Anglesey,  and 
lord  privv  seal  in  the  reign  of  king  Charles  II., 
born  1614,  died  168*3.  At  the  sale  of  his  books 
after  his  decease  a  discovery  was  made  of  the 
carl's  famous  mernoraudum,  in  tlie  blank  leaf 
of  an  Eiiion  BasiUke  ;  according  to  which,  it 
was  not  king  Charles  I.,  but  bishop  Gauden, 
who  was  the  author  of  that  performance,  which 
produced  a  long  controversy. 

ANNIUS  de  Viterbo,  a  Dominican,  whose 
real  name  was  John  Nanni,  master  of  the  sa- 
cred palace  of  Alexander  VI. ;  he  died  1502. 

ANQUETIL,  Lewis  Peter,  a  French  historian 
of  eminence,  prior  of  an  abbey  in  Anjou,  and 
director  of  the  college  of  Senlis.  His  writings 
are  numerous  ;  he  di^d  in  1808. 

ANaUETlL  DU  PERRON,  Abraham  Hya- 
cinth, a  native  of  Paris,  enlisted  as  a  common 
Eoldier  in  an  expedition  fitting  out  for  India,  that 
he  migh  there  pursue  his  favourite  study  of 
Oriental  hterature  ;  he  published  several  works 
connected  with  that  pursuit,  and  died  1805. 

ANSCHARirS,  a    Frenchman,   bishop   of 
Hamburgh  and  Bremen,  celebrated  for  The  suc- 
cess of  his  preacMDg,  died  665. 
30 


AN 

ANirEGISUS,  abbot  of  Lobbes,  in  the  dio 
cess  of  Cambray,  a  man  of  great  learning  and 
application,  died  833. 

AN SEGISUS,  a  learned  priest  of  Rheims, 
made  archbishop  of  Sens,  died  883. 

ANbELM,  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  the 
reigiiS  of  William  Rufu.-  and  Henry  I.,  born 
103J,  at  Aost,  in  Savoy,  died  at  Canterbury  1109. 
He  was  the  first  archbishop  who  restrained  the 
EnglLsh  clergy  from  marrj-ing,  and  was  cano- 
nized in  the  reign  of  Henry  Vll. 

ANSELM,  an  Augustine  monk,  author  of  a 
chronological  history  of  France,  died  1694. 

ANSELM,  Anthony,  distinguished  as  a  preach- 
er and  a  poet,  died  1737. 

AN.'^ER,  a  Latin  poet,  the  friend  of  Antony, 
m  iiie  age  of  Horace  and  Virgil. 

A  NSON,  Peter  Hubert,  a  French  writer,  mem  • 
ber  of  the  national  assembly,  and  farmer  of  the 
post,  died  1810. 

ANSON,  George,  lord,  was  the  son  of  Wil- 
iiam  Anson,  Esq.,  of  Shutborough,  a  very  an- 
cient and  worthy  family  in  StalTordshire,  and 
wa.^  born  in  1700.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Spanish  war  he  was  appointed  to  command  a 
fleet  of  five  ships,  destined  to  annoy  the  enemy 
in  that  dangerous  and  unfrequented  sea  wliifh 
lies  beyond  America,  and  in  that  unexpected 
quarter  to  attack  them  with  vigour.  His  depar- 
ture being  unaccountably  delayed  some  months 
beyo;id  the  proper  season,  he  sailed  about  the 
middle  of  September,  1740;  and  about  the  ver- 
nal equinox,  in  the  most  tempestuous  weather, 
arrived  in  the  latitude  of  Cape  Horn.  He  doubled 
that  dangerous  cap'   in  the  month  of  March, 

1741,  after  a  bad  passage  of  40  days,  in  which 
he  lost  two  ships,  and  by  the  scurvy,  four  or  five 
men  in  a  day.  He  arrived  off  Juan  Fernandes 
in  June,  with  only  two  ships,  besides  two  at- 
tendants on  the  squadron,  and  335  men.  He  left 
it  in  September,  took  some  prizes,  burnt  Paita, 
and  staid  about  the  coast  of  America  till  May, 

1742.  He  then  crossed  the  southern  ocean,  pro- 
ceeding with  the  Centurion  only,  the  other  ships 
having  been  destroyed  in  August.  Having  re- 
freshed his  crew  at  Tinian,  he  sailed  in  October 
tor  China ;  staid  there  till  the  beginning  of 
1743  ;  waited  for  the  galleon  at  the  Philippine 
Islands,  met  her  on  the  20th  of  June,  and  took 
her.  Havini  sold  the  prize  in  China,  he  set  sail 
for  England,  December  1743,  and  on  tlie  15th  of 
June,  1744,  arrived  at  Spitlicad,  having  sailed 
in  a  fog  through  the  midst  of  a  Frencli  fleet  then 
cruising  in  the  channel.  In  1747,  being  then  on 
board  the  Prince  George  of  90  guns,  in  company 
with  Admiral  Warren  and  twelve  ships  more, 
he  intercepted  off  Cape  Finisterre  a  powerful 
fleet,  bound  from  France  to  the  East  and  West 
Indies ;  and  by  his  valour  and  conduct  again 
enriched  himself  and  his  oflicers,  and  strength- 
ened the  British  navy,  by  taking  six  men  of  war 
and  four  East  Indiamen,  not  one  of  them  escap- 
ing. The  French  admiral,  M.  Jonquiere,  on 
presenting  his  sword  to  the  conqueror,  said, 
•'  Monsieur,  vous  avez  vaincu  I'Invincible,  et  la 
Gloire  vous  suit,"  pointing  to  the  two  ships  so 
named.  King  George  II.,  for  his  signal  services, 
rev.aided  him  with  a  peerage,  by  the  title  of 
Lord  Anson,  baron  of  Sobarton,  in  Hants.  He 
died  suddenly  at  his  seat  at  Moor  Park,  in  Hert- 
fordshire, Jime  6, 1762.  His  natural  disposition 
was  calm,  cool,  and  steady:  but  it  is  reported, 
that  this  honest,  undesignmg  seaman  was  fre- 
quently a  dupe  at  play  :  and  it  was  wittily  ob- 
served of  him,tliat  he  had  been  round  the  werldj 
liutueverinit.    SeeROBIJJS. 


AN 

ANSTEY,  Christopher,  a  lively^  but  not  vo- 
luminous poet,  born  at  Trumpington,  in  Cain- 
bridgestiire,  1724,  died  at  Hardenhuish,  near 
Chippenham,  Wilts,  August  3,  1805,  in  his  81si 
year.  Mr.  Anstey  was  author  of  several  short 
poems ;  but  is  principally  known  as  the  inventor 
of  a  new  and  diverting  species  of  poetry,  of 
which,  liowever,  he  has  left  but  one  specimen 
of  any  length,  whichis,  "The  New  Bath  Guide," 
or,  "  Memoirs  of  the  B[lunderhea]d  family.  He 
was  educated  at  King's  College,  Cambridge,  and 
intended  for  the  church  ;  but  inheriting,  some- 
what unexpectedly,  a  moderate  fortune,  he  re- 
signed ali  thoughts  of  a  clerical  life,  and  passed 
the  greater  part  of  his  time  at  Bath.  A  monu- 
ment is  erected  to  his  memory  in  the  Poet's  cor- 
ner of  Westminster  Abbey,  by  tire  filial  atfec- 
tion  of  his  son. 

ANSTIS,  .John,  an  able  herald  and  antiquary, 
and  a  very  eminent  writer,  on  heraldic  subjects, 
born  at  St.  Neot's,  in  Cornwall,  1G69,  died  1744. 

ANTAGORAS,  a  Rhodian  poet,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Antigonus  of  Macedon. 

ANTELMI,  Joseph,  a  canon  of  Frejus,  in 
Provence,  author  of  some  theological  tracts, 
died  1G97. 

ANTES,  John,  a  native  of  America,  educated 
in  Germany,  a  Moravian  missionary  to  Abys 
Binia,  died  1811. 

ANTESIGNAN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Rabas 
tiens  in  the  ICth  century,  author  of  a  grammar, 
and  editor  of  Terence. 

ANTHEMIUS,  Procopius,  was  killed  by  his 
son-in-law  Ricimur,  472. 

ANTHEMIUS,  an  architect  of  Lydia,  in  the 
6th  century. 

ANTHONY,  St.,  the  founder  of  monastic 
life,  was  born  at  Coma,  in  Egypt,  251.  Two 
orders  of  chivalry  have  been  instituted  under 
his  name. 

ANTHONY,  Francis,  was  born  in  London. 
He  was  a  famous  empiric,  and  died  1623. 

ANTHONY,  John,  son  of  the  above,  succeeded 
his  father  as  proprietor  of  his  medicine,  and  died 
1655. 

ANTHONY,  king  of  Navarre,  a  weak  and 
irresolute  prince,  died  1562. 

ANTHONY,  titular  king  of  Portugal ;  he  was 
obliged  to  fly  from  his  dominions,  and  died  at 
Paris,  1595. 

ANTHONY,  illegitimate  son  of  Philip,  duke 
of  Burgundy,  distinguished  for  his  valour,  died 
1504. 

ANTHONY,  a  native  of  Andalusia.  Vide 
ANTONIUS,  called  Nebrissensis. 

ANTHONY,  Paul  Gabriel,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
born  at  Lunevilie,  died  1743. 

ANTHONY,  a  Sicilian,  who  set  fire  to  the 
arsenal  at  Gallipoli. 

ANTHONY,  N.,  an  architect  from  Switzer- 
land, who  settled  in  Paris,  died  1801. 

ANTHONY,  of  Padua,  a  Franciscan  monk, 
who  taught  in  the  Italian  universities,  died  1231. 

ANTHONY,  of  Pratovecchio,  a  lawyer  of 
Tuscanv,  professor  at  Bologna,  died  1464. 

ANTHONY,  St.,  professor  of  divinity  at  Tou- 
louse, Montpelier,  and  Padua,  died  1231. 

ANTHONY,  a  native  of  Palermo,  a  poet  and 
writer,  died  1471. 

ANTHONY,  of  Messina,  called  also  Anto- 
nello,  the  first  Italian  who  painted  in  oil,  about 
1430. 

ANTIGENIDES,  a  Tbeban  musician. 

ANTIGONUS  I.,  a  Macedonian  general,  who 
was  slain  at  the  battle  of  Ipsus,  301  B.  C. 

ANTIGONUS,  Gonatus,  graiidson  of  the 


AN 

above,  remarkable  for  his  affection  to  his  fa- 
ther ;  he  died  243  B.  C. 

ANTIGONUS,  Doson,  king  of  Macedonia, 
took  Sparta,  aud  defeated  the  lUyrians :  he  died 
221  B.  C. 

ANTIGONUS,  Carystius,  a  Greek  phUoso- 
pher,  about  300  years  B.C. 

ANTIGONUS,  Sochteus.  founder  of  the  sect 
of  the  Sadducoes,  about  300  B.  C. 

ANTIGONUS,  son  of  Aristobulus  IT.,  king 
of  Judea,  was  led  in  triumph  by  Pompey,  and 
put  to  death  27  B.  C. 

ANTIMACHO,  Mark  Anthony,  a  native  of 
Mantua,  author  of  some  Latin  poems,  died  3552. 
ANTIMACHUS,  a  Greek  poet,  author  of  the 
Thebaid,  or  war  of  Thebes,  408  B.  C. 

ANTINE,  Maur  Francois  d',  born  at  Gou- 
vieux,  in  Liege ;  he  was  celebrated  for  hia 
piety,  and  died  1746. 

ANTIOCHUS  I.,  succeeded  his  father  Seleu- 

cus,  on  the  throne  of  Antioch  ;  he  died  261  B.  C. 

ANTIOCHUS  II.,  surnamed  Theos,  lost  his 

dominions  by  the  revolt  of  the  Parthians ;   he 

died  264  B.  C. 

ANTIOCHUS  III.,  or  Great,  he  was  at  first 
successful,  but  was  finally  conquered  by  the  Sci- 
pios,  and  died  187  B.  C. 

ANTIOCHUS  IV.,  son  of  the  Great,  succeeded 
after  his  brother  Philopater,  and  died  165  B.  C. 
ANTIOCHUS  V.  was  slain  by  Demetrius,  in 
the  second  year  of  his  reign. 

ANTIOCHUS,  Sidetes,  obtained  the  crown 
of  Syria,  and  was  slain  in  battle,  130  B.  C. 

ANTIOCHUS,  Grypus,  son  of  Sidetes,  fell 
bv  the  hand  of  one  of  his  subjects,  97  B.  C. 

ANTIOCHUS,  a  stoic  philosopher  of  Aska- 
lon,  100  B.  C. 

ANTIOCHUS,  a  monk  of  the  7th  century, 
and  author  of  homilies  on  the  Scriptures. 

ANTIPATER,  one  of  Alexander's  generals, 
died  318  B.  C. 
ANTIPATER,  a  stoic  philosopher  of  Sidon. 
ANTIPATER,L8elius  Csel.,  a  Latin  historian. 
ANTIPATER,  a  Jew,  minister  to  Hyrcanus, 
the  brother  of  Aristobulus. 

ANTIPATER,  a  bishop  of  Bostra,  in  Arabia, 
in  the  5th  century. 

ANTIPHILUS,  a  painter  of  eminence,  and 
the  rival  of  Apelles. 

ANTIPHON,  an  Athenian  orator,  and  the 
first  who  laid  down  rules  for  that  art ;  he  waa 
put  to  death  411  B.  C. 

ANTISTHENES,  a  philosopher  of  Athens, 
founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Cynics. 

ANTOINETTE,  queen  of  France,  vid. 
MARIE. 

ANTONI,  de  Sceaux,  a  famous  rope  dancer 
on  the  French  stage,  died  1732. 

ANTONIA,  dauyhter  of  Mark  Antony,  mar- 
ried Drusus,  and  died  in  the  reign  of  her  grand- 
son, Caligula. 

ANTONIANO,  Silvio,  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing, who  raised  himself  from  a  low  condition 
by  his  merit ;  his  parents  being  so  far  from  able 
to  support  him  in  his  studies,  that  they  them- 
selves stood  in  need  of  charity.  He  was  born 
at  Rome,  in  1540,  and  made  a  quick  and  most 
surprising  progress  in  his  studies;  for  when  he 
was  but  10  years  old,  he  could  make  verses  upon 
any  subject  proposed  to  him;  and  those  so  ex- 
cellent, though  pronounced  extempore,  that  even 
a  man  of  genius  could  not  compose  the  like 
without  a  good  deal  of  time  and  pains.  There 
was  a  proof  given  thereof  at  the  table  of  the 
cardinal  of  Pisa,  when  he  gave  an  entertain- 
ment one  day  to  several  other  cardinals.  Ales* 
31 


AN 


ander  Famese,  taking  a  nosegay,  gave  it  to  this 
youth,  desiring  him  to  present  it  to  him  of  the 
company  whom  he  thought  most  likely  to  be 
pope ;  he  presented  it  to  the  cardinal  do,  Medicis, 
and  made  a  eulogiL.in  upon  him  in  verse.  This 
cardinal,  who  was  pope  some  years  afterwards 
under  the  name  of  Pius  IV.,  brought  him  to 
Rome,  and  made  him  professor  of  belles-lettres 
in  the  college  at  Rome  He  was  afterwards 
chosen  rector  of  the  college,  and  died  1603. 

ANTONIDES,  Vander  Goes,  John,  a  poet, 
born  at  Goes,  in  Zealand  ;  he  died  1684. 

ANTONINUS,  Pius,  a  celebrated  Roman  em- 
peror, succeeded  Adrian,  138.  and  died  161. 

ANTONINUS  PHILOSOPH09,  Marcus  Au- 
relius,  the  Roman  emperor,  born  at  Rome,  the 
26th  of  April,  in  the  121st  year  of  the  Christian 
era,  and  died  on  an  expedition  against  the  Mar- 
comanni,  in  the  19lh  year  of  his  reign.  The 
whole  empire  regretted  his  loss  as  a  most  valua- 
ble prince,  and  paid  the  greatest  regard  to  his 
memory ;  he  was  ranked  among  the  gods,  and 
almost  "every  person  had  a  statue  of  him  in  his 
house.  His  book  of  "  Jleditations"  has  been 
much  admired  by  the  best  judges. 

ANTONINUS,  a  geographer,  whose  age  is 
unknown. 

ANTONIO,  Nicolas,  canon  of  Seville,  and 
author  of  "  Bibiiotheca  Hispanica,"  in  four 
volumes  folio,  died  1684. 

ANTONIUS,  Marcus,  one  of  the  greatest 
orators  ever  known  at  Rome.  It  was  owing  to 
him,  according  to  Cicero,  that  Rome  nrught  boast 
herself  a  rival  even  to  Greece  itself  in  the  art 
of  eloquence.  He  defended  among  many  others, 
Marcus  Aquilius ;  and  moved  the  judges  in  so 
sensible  a  manner,  by  the  tears  he  shed,  and  the 
scars  he  showed  on  the  breast  of  his  client,  that 
he  carried  his  cause.  He  was  unfortunately 
killed,  during  the  disturbances  raised  at  Rome 
by  Marius  and  Cinna,  in  the  year  of  Rome  067. 

ANTONIUS,  Marcus,  the  triumvir,  was  son 
of  Antonius  Creticus,  by  Julia,  a  noble  lady  of 
such  merit,  that  Plutarch  afiirms  her  to  have 
been  "  comparable  to  the  wisest  and  most  vir- 
tuous ladies  of  that  age."  Mark  Antony,  losing 
his  father  when  young,  launcked  out  at  once 
into  all  the  excess  of  riot  and  debauchery,  and 
WEisted  his  whole  patrimony  before  he  had  put  on 
the  manly  gown.  He  afterwards  went  abroad 
to  learn  the  art  of  war  under  Gabinius,  who 
gave  him  the  command  of  his  horse  in  Syria, 
where  he  signalized  his  courage  in  the  restora- 
tion of  Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt.  From  EgApt 
he  went  to  Caesar,  in  Gaul ;  and  after  some  stay 
there,  being  furnished  with  money  and  credit 
by  Caesar,  returned  to  Rome  to  sue  for  the  qufes- 
torship.  In  this  suit  he  succeeded,  and  after- 
wards attained  the  tribunate,  in  which  office  he 
was  amazingly  active  for  Cffsar,  who,  when  he 
had  made  himself  master  of  Rome,  gave  Antony 
the  government  of  Italy,  with  the  command 
over  the  legions  there  ;  in  which  post  he  gained 
the  love  of  the  soldier}'.  But  what  was  more 
to  his  honour,  he  assisted  Casar  so  successfully 
on  several  occasions,  that,  twice  particularly, 
when  Caesar's  array  had  been  put  to  flight,  he 
rallied  the  scattered  troops,  and  gained  the  vic- 
tory :  this  raised  his  reputation  so,  that  he  was 
reckoned  the  next  best  general  to  Caesar.  After 
the  defeat  of  Pompey,  a»  Pbarsalia,  Caesar,  as 
an  acknowledgment  of  Antony's  great  servi- 
ces, made  him  master  of  the  horse  ;  in  which 
office  he  behaved  with  violence ;  and  this  be- 
haviour, together  with  his  dissohite  li-^e,  (for  he 
was  drunken  and  debauched  to  the  last  degree) 
32 


wais  the  reason  why  Caesar,  the  next  year,  did 
not  admit  him  his  colleague  in  the  consulship  : 
he  did,  however,  admit  him  two  years  after.— 
Upon  the  death  of  Ctesar,  Antony  was  mucii 
frightened,  and  hid  himself  during  the  night,  un- 
der the  disguise  of  a  slave ;  but  hearing  that  the 
conspirators  l;ad  retired  to  the  capitol,  he  aissem- 
bkd  the  senate  as  consul,  to  deliberate  upon  the 
present  situation  of  the  commonwealth.  Here 
Cicero  moved  for  a  decree  of  a  general  amnesty, 
or  act  of  oblivion,  for  all  that  had  passed  :  to 
which  they  unanimously  agreed.  Antony  dis- 
sembled well,  for  it  was  nothing  but  dissinmla- 
tion  :  he  seemed  to  be  all  goodness;  talked  of 
nothing  but  healing  measures  ;  and,  as  a  proof 
of  his  sincerity,  moved  that  the  conspirators 
should  be  invited  to  take  pari  in  their  dehbera- 
tions,  and  eent  his  son  as  a  hostage  for  their 
safety.  Upon  this  they  all  came  down  from  the 
capitol ;  and,  to  crown  the  joy  of  the  day,  Bru- 
tus supped  vvith  Lepidus,  as  Cassius  did  v^  iih 
Antony.  Antony  is  said  to  have  asked  Cassius, 
durine  supper,  "  whether  he  still  wore  a  dagifer 
under^  his  gown."  "  Yes,"  replied  Cassius, 
•'  and  a  very  large  one,  in  case  you  invade  the 
sovereign  power."  This  was  whr»'  Antony  all 
die  while  aimed  at ;  and,  as  the  event  showed, 
jjlie  pursued  his  measures  with  the  greatest  ad- 
dress- He  artfully  proposed  a  decree  lor  the 
confirmation  of  Caesar's  acts ;  and,  getting  Cae- 
sar's register  into  his  power,  be  proposed  as 
Caesar's  "acts  whatever  suited  his  purpose.  He 
procured  a  public  funeral  for  Caesar,  and  look 
that  opportunity  of  haranguing  the  soldiers  and 
populace  m  his  favour;  and  he  inflamed  tliem 
so  against  the  ecu:  pirators,  that  Brutus  and  Cas- 
us were  forced  to  leave  the  city.  He  made  a 
tour  through  Italy,  to  solicit  the  veteran  sol- 
diers, having  first  secured  Lepidus,  who  had  the 
army,  to  his  interests  ;  he  seized  the  public  trta- 
sure,  and  treated  Octavius  with  superciUousness 
and  contempt,  though  tlie  adopted  son  and  heir 
of  Julius  Caesar.  The  patriots,  however,  with 
Cicero  at  their  head,  espousing  Octavius,  in  or- 
der to  destroy  Antony,  the  latter  was  forced  to 
change  his  measures^  and  look  a  little  abroad  : 
he  endeavoured  to  extort  the  provinces  of  Ma-  , 
cedonia  and  Syria  from  Brutus  and  Cassius ;  ^ 
but,  not  succeeding,  resolved  to  possess  himself  I 
of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  and  besiege  Decimus  Brutus  I 
in  Mutina.  This  siege  is  one  of  the  most  me-  | 
morable  things  of  the  kind  in  history ;  and,  in  | 
conducting  it,  Antony,  though  defeated,  gained  i 
very  great  repiUation  :  the  consuls  Hurtius  and  i 
Pansa  were  both  slain  ;  and  nothing  but  superior  , 
forces  could  have  left  Octavius  master  of  the  . 
field.  Antony  fled  in  great  confusion,  wanting  I 
even  the  necessaries  of  life  ;  and  this  very  man, 
who  had  hitherto  wallowed  in  luxurj'  and  in- 
temperance, was  obliged  to  live  some  days  upon 
roots  and  water.  He  fled  to  the  Alps,  and  was 
received  by  Lepidus;  with  whom  and  Octavius 
he  formed  the  2d  triumvirate,  as  it  has  usually 
been  called.  When  these  three  conferred,  they 
would  easily  be  persuaded  that  the  patriots 
wanted  only  to  destroy  them  all,  which  could 
not  be  done  so  effectually  as  by  clashing  them 
against  one  another ,  they  therefore  combined, 
proscribed  their  respective  enemies,  and  divided 
the  empire  among  themselves.  Cicero  fell  a 
sacrifice  to  the  resentment  of  Antony,  who,  in- 
deed, was  charged  with  most  of  the  murders 
then  committed:  but  they  were  rather  to  be 
charged  to  the  account  of  his  wife  Fulvia.  who, 
being  a  woman  of  avarice,  cruehy,  and  revenge, 
cojnmitted  a  thousand  enormities,  of  which  he» 


AP 

husband  was  ignorant.  Upon  the  defeat  ot 
Brutus  and  Cassius  by  Octavius  and  Antony, 
at  Philippi,  which  was  owing  chiefly  to  the  mi- 
litary skill  and  bravery  of  the  latter,  Antony 
obtained  the  sovereign  dominion,  and  went  into 
Asia,  w;iere  he  had  the  most  splendid  court  that 
ever  was  seen.  The  kings  and  princes  of  Asia 
came  to  his  court,  and  acknowledged-no  other 
sovereign  in  the  East  but  him.  Uueens  and 
princesses,  knowing  him,  doubtless,  to  be  axnan 
of  aurour  and  gallantry,  strove  who  should  wi 
his  heart;  and  the  famous  Cleopatra  of  Egypt 
succeeded.    See  CLEOPATRA. 

ANTONIUS,  Marcus  Junius,  debauched  Ju- 
lia, the  daughter  of  Augustus,  and  killed  him- 
self when  his  disgrace  was  made  public. 

ANTONIUS,  Liberalis,  a  Greek  author,  of 
whom  little  is  known. 

ANTONIUS,  Honoratus,  bishop  of  Constan- 
tine,  in  Africa. 

ANTONIUS,  called  Nebrissensis,  or  Laxibra, 
was  for  five  years  a  professor  at  Salamanca, 
and  died  1522. 

ANTONY.     Vid.  ANTHONY. 

ANV  ARI,  called  king  of  Khorassan,  a  poet, 
died  1200. 

ANVILLE,  John  Baptiste  Bourguignon  d',  a 
most  famous  French  writer  on  geography,  born 
at  Paris,  1702,  and  died  there  1782,  as  mucli  es- 
teemed for  the  gentleness  and  simplicity  of  his 
rnaimcrs  as  for  his  extensive  knowledge.  He 
laboured  at  his  maps  15  hours  a  day  for  fifty 
years. 

AN  YT  A,  a  Greek  poetess. 

ANYTUS,  a  rhetorician  of  Athens,  who 
caused  the  death  of  Socrates. 

APELLES,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  pain- 
ters of  antiquity,  was  born  in  the  isle  of  Cos, 
and  flourished  in  the  time  of  Alexander  the 
«reat.  He  was  in  high  favour  with  that  prince, 
who  made  a  law  that  no  other  person  should 
draw  his  picture  but  Apelles :  he  accordingly 
drew  him  holding  a  thunderbolt  in  his  hand  : 
the  piece  was  finished  with  so  much  skill  and 
dexterity,  that  it  used  to  be  said,  there  were  two 
Alexanders  :  one  invincible,  the  son  of  Philip; 
the  other  inimitable,  the  production  of  Apelles. 
Alexander  gave  him  likewise  another  remarka- 
ble proof  of  his  regard ;  for  when  he  employed 
Apelles  to  draw  Campaspe,one  of  his  mistress 
Es,  having  found  that  he  had  conceived  an  affec- 
tion for  her,  he  resigned  her  to  him  ;  and  it  was 
from  her  that  Apelles  is  said  to  have  drawn  his 
Venus  Anadyoniene.  One  of  Apelles'  chief 
excellencies  was,  the  making  his  pictures  so 
exactly  resemble  the  persons  represented,  that 
the  physiognomists  were  able  to  form  a  judg- 
ment as  readily  from  his  portraits,  as  if  they 
had  seen  the  originals. 

APELLES,  aliereticof  Syria  in  the  2d  cen- 
tury. 

APELLICON,  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  who 
was  the  means  of  preserving  the  works  of  Aris- 
totle, about  90  B.  C. 

APER,  Marcus,  a  Roman  orator,  died  85. 

APHTHONIUS,  a  rhetorician  of  Antioch,  in 
the  3d  century. 

APICIUS.  There  were  three  ancient  Romans 
of  this  name ;  all  very  eminent,  not  for  genius, 
for  virtue,  for  great  or  good  qualities,  but  for 
gluttony :  or,  if  we  may  soften  the  term,  in 
compliance  with  the  growing  taste  of  the  times 
we  write  in,  for  the  art  of  refining  in  the  science 
of  eating.  The  first  lived  under  Sylla,  the  se- 
cond under  Augustus  and  Tiberius,  and  the 
third  under  Trajan.    The  second,  however,  is 


^__ AP 

the  most  illustrious  personage  of  the  three, 
and  he  kept  a  kind  of  school  of  gluttony  at  Rome; 
he  spent  two  millions  and  a  half  in  entertain 
rnents ;  when,  finding  himself  very  much  in 
debt,  he  was  forced  at  length  to  look  into  the 
state  of  his  aft'airs :  and  seeing  that  he  had  but 
250,0  0  livres  left,  he  poisoned  himself  from  an 
apprehension  of  being  starved  with  such  a  sum. 
This  man  wrote  a  treatise,  "De  Re  Culinaria." 

APIEN,  Peter,  a  mathematician  of  Ingolstadt, 
died  1552. 

APIEN,  Philip,  son  of  the  preceding,  a  phy- 
sician, died  1589. 

APION,  a  famous  grammarian,  bom  at  Oasis, 
in  Egypt  \'  as  a  professor  at  Rome  in  the  reign  of 
Tiberius.  He  was  undeniably  a  man  of  learning, 
but  a  downright  pedant ;  for  he  used  to  boast, 
with  the  greatest  assurance,  that  he  gave  m- 
mortality  to  those  to  whom  he  dedicated  hia 
works.  How  would  his  vanity  be  mortified, 
if  he  knew  that  none  of  these  works  remain, 
and  that  his  name  and  person  would  long  ago 
have  een  buried  in  obhvion,  if  other  writers 
iiad  not  made  mention  of  them  !  One  of  his 
chief  works  was  "  The  Antiquities  of  Egypt." 

APOCAUCHUS,  a  Greek  of  mean  origin,  be- 
came the  favourite  of  the  emperor  Andronicus ; 
he  died  1345 

APOLLINARIS,  C.  Sulpit,  professor  of  gram- 
mar, at  Rome,  in  the  2d  century. 

APOLLIN  ARIUS,  a  presbyter  of  Alexandria, 
in  the  4th  century. 

APPOLLODORUS,  the  Athenian,  a  famous 
grammarian,  son  of  Asclepiades,  and  disciple 
of  Aristarchus.  He  wrote  several  works 
which  are  not  extant:  his  most  famous  pro- 
ductions are  mentioned  in  Fabricius'  "  Biblio- 
thecaGrsca." 

APOLLODORUS,  a  fanious  architect  under 
Trajan  and  Adrian,  was  born  at  Damascus,  and 
had  the  direction  of  that  most  magnificent  bridge 
which  the  former  ordered  to  be  built  over  the 
Danube,  in  the  year  104.  He,  however,  fell  a 
victim  to  the  envy  of  the  emperor  Adrian,  who 
always  valued  himself  highly  upon  his  know- 
ledge of  arts  and  sciences,  and  hated  every  one 
of  whose  eminence  in  his  profession  he  had  rea- 
son to  be  jealous. 

APOLI-ODORUS,  a  painter  of  Athenp,  the 
rival  of  Zeu^iis,  408  B.  C. 

APOLLONIA,  St.,  a  martyr  of  Alexandria, 
248. 

APOLLONTUS,  a  Creek  n- et  and  rhetorician, 
born  at  Alexandria,  under  the  reign  of  Ptolemy 
Evergetes,  king  of  Egypt,  was  a  scholar  of  Cal- 
liniachus;  and  wrote  a  poem  upon  the  expedi- 
tion of  the  golden  fleece :  the  work  is  styled 
"  Argonautica,"  and  consists  of  four  books." 

APOLLONIUS  of  Perga,  a  city  of  Pamphy 
lia,  a  famous  geometrician,  who  also  lived  ui> 
der  the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Evergetes,  and  com- 
posed several  valuable  works  ;  of  which  only, 
Ins"  Conies"  remain. 

APOLLONIUS,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher, 
born  at  Tyana,  in  Cappndocia,  about  the  bej;in- 
ning  of  the  1st  century.  At  16  years  of  age,  he 
became  a  strict  observer  of  the  rules  of  Pytha- 
goras, renouncing  wine,  women,  and  ail  sorts 
of  flesh  ;  not  wearing  shoes,  letting  his  i>air 
grow,  and  wearing  nothing  but  linen.  He  soon 
after  set  up  for  a  refonne'  of  mankind,  and 
chose  his  habitation  in  th-e  temple  of  ^Escula- 
pius,  where  he  is  said  to  have  per.ODrmed  many 
miraculous  cures. 

APPOLLONIUS,  a  grammarian  of  Alexan- 
dria, in  the  2cJ  century 

33 


AO 

APOLLONIUS,  a  Roman  senator,  who  suf- 
fered martyrdom  in  the  2d  century. 

APOLLONIUS,  a  stoic  philosopher,  precep- 
tor to  the  emperor  Marcus  Aurelius. 

APOLLONIUS,  a  grammarian,  author  of  a 
lexicon  on  Homer,  in  the  age  of  Augustus, 

APOLLONIUS  COLLATIUS,  Peter,  apriest 
of  Navarre,  also  an  indilRjrent  poet. 

APOLLOS.  a  Jew  of  Alexaridvia ;  he  became 
a  convert  to  Christianity,  and  his  powers  of 
preaching  were  more  admired  than  those  of 

APONjO,  Peter  d',  bom  near  Padua,  studied 
at  Paris,  took  his  degrees  in  medicine  and  phi- 
losophy, was  accused  of  magic,  but  died  before 
the  prosecution  was  completed,  1316. 

APOSTOLIUS,  Michael,  a  learned  Greek 
author,  in  the  15th  century. 

APPIAN.  an  eminent  historian,  who  wrote 
the  Roman  history  in  the  Greek  language,  and 
flourished  under  the  reigns  of  the  emperors 
Trajan  and  Adrian. 

APPIAN,  Petei',  a  mathematician.  Vid.  A- 
PIEN. 

APPLETON,  Nathaniel,  D.  D.,  a  distinguish! 
cd  divine  and  minister  of  Cambridge,  Mass. 
born  at  Ipswich,  1602;  was  ieUcw  of  the  uni-jlled  him  to  it 


versity  for  GO  years ;  received  the  second  degree 
of  doctor  of  divinity  which  the  Cambridge  uni 
versity  ever  cculerred;  the  first  having  beer 
conferred  on  Increase  Mather,  80  years  before.| 
His  occasional  sermons  published  were  very| 
numerous. 

APPLETON,  Jesse,  D.  D.,  a  student  of  theo- 
logy, under  Dr.  Lathrop,  of  Springfield,  and 
president  of  Bo\vdcin  colleae,  Maine,  died  1819. 

APRIES,  king  of  Egypt,  594  B.  C. ;  supposedj 
by  some  to  be  tlie  Pharaoh  Hoplora  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

APROSIO,  Angelico,  an  Augustine,  born  at] 
Ventiniigila,  in  the  Genoese,  which  he  adornedj 
by  a  valuable  collection  of  books;  he  died  1682.1 

APULEIUS,  Lucius,  a  Platonic  philosopher,] 
lived  in  the  2d  century,  under  the  Antonines.i 
and  was  bom  at  Madaura,  a  Roman  colony  in 
Africa.  He  was  a  man  of  a  curious  and  inqui 
sitive  disposition,  especially  in  religious  matters, 
which  pronjpted  him  to  take  several  journeys, 
and  to  enter  into  several  societies  of  religion 
He  spent  almost  his  whole  fortune  in  travelling. 
He  was  indefatigable,  however,  in  his  studies 
and  composed  several  books  in  prose  and  verse  ; 
but  most  of  them  are  lost.  His  "  Golden  Ass" 
IS  the  best  of  his  works  now  extant. 

AQUAVIVA,  Octavio,  cardinal,  legate,  and 
archbishop  of  Naples ;  he  died  1612. 

AQUAVIVA,  Andrew  Matth.  d',  duke  of 
Atri,  and  prince  of  Teramo,  a  Neapolitan  noble- 
man, who  patronized  literature  ;  he  died  1615. 

AQUAVIVA,  Claude,  son  of  Andrew,  go- 
vernor of  the  Jesuits,  died  1615. 

AQUILA,  a  mathematician  of  Pontus ;  he 
translated  the  Bible  from  Hebrew  into  Greek. 

AQUILANO,  Serasino,  a  native  of  Aquila, 
known  bv  his  sonnets  and  other  poetical  trifles ; 
he  died  1500. 

AQUILANUS,  Sebastian,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, whose  real  name  is  unknown ;  he  was  pro- 
fessor at  Padua,  and  died  1543. 

AQUINAS,  St.  Thomas,  a  celebrated  teacher 
of  the  school  divinity  in  the  universities  of  Italy, 
and  commonly  called  the  angelical  doctor,  waF 
born  in  the  castle  of  Aquino,  in  the  Terra  di 
Lavora,  in  Italy,  about  the  year  1224.  In  1274 
he  was  sent  for  to  tlie  second  council  of  Lyons, 
by  pope  Gregory  X.,  that  he  might  read  before 
34^ 


AR 

them  a  book  which  he  had  written  against  the 
Greeks  at  the  command  oi  Urban  IV. ;  but  he 
fell  sick  on  his  journey,  at  the  nionastery  of 
Fossanova,  near  Terracina,  where  lie  died  on 
the  7tli  of  March,  aged  50  years.  Aquinas  left 
a  vabt  number  of  works,  which  have  been  re- 
peatedly printed  in  17  volumes  folio. 

AQUINO,  Philip,  a  Jew,  of  Carpentras,  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  at  Paris,  died  1696. 

AEABSCHAH,  auibor  of  a  history  of  Ta- 
merlane, a  Mohamedan  historian  of  Danascus: 
he  died  1450. 

AR.AGON,  Jane  d',  wife  r.f  Ascanms  Colona, 
illustrious  for  her  virtues  and  fortitude;  she 
died  1577. 

ARAM,  Eugene,  an  Englishman  of  mean 
birth,  but  remarkable  for  his  e.xtraordinarj  abi- 
lities, and  the  singular  circumstances  attending 
his  unhappy  fate ;  he  was  born  in  Yorkshire, 
1704.  He  acquired  considerable  knowledge  in 
the  mathematics,  the  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew, 
and  Celtic  languages,  and  many  parts  of  pohte 
literature,  entirely  by  his  own  industry.  But, 
while  employed  in  those  learned  labours,  he 
committed  a  crime  not  to  be  expected  in  a  man 
11  of  his  studious  turn ;  as  tlie  only  inducement  that 
ilifl^  hir^  ,r.  it  i^  oaifj  Jo  jjgyg  ^jggjj  gjjiu,  tfaough 


he  afterwards  assigned  jealousy  of  his  wife  as 
the  motive.  In  1744  he  murdered  Daniel  Clarke, 
which  crime  was  concealed  14  years,  and  was 
then  discovered  by  the  accidental  fir.ding  of  a 
skeleton  supposed  to  be  that  of  Clarke.  This 
was  a  mistake  but  it  led  to  a  discovery.  He 
was  apprehended  cm  suspicion,  tried  at  York, 
in  1759,  and  found  guilty  on  suflicient  evidence, 
corroborated  by  the'  testimony  of  his  own  wife. 
His  defeiice  was  uncommonly  curious,  and  at 
once  an  evidence  of  his  taste  and  erudition. 
After  conviction,  he  confessed  the  justice  of  his 
sentence,  and  tndeavourtd  to  destroy  himself 
by  opening  an  artery  in  his  arm  with  a  razor. 
He  was,  however,  executed,  and  bung  in  chains, 
in  Knaresborough  forest. 

ARANTIUS,  Julius,  an  Italian  physician 
and  anatomist,  bom  at  Bolc{:na,  died  1581. 

ARATUS,  a  Greek  poet  and  astronomer,  who 
flourished  abom  the  124th  Gljmpiad. 

ARATUS,  a  native  of  Sicyon,  the  deliverer 
of  his  country  and  promoter  of  the  Achaan 
league,  died  2i6  B.  C. 

ARROGATES,  a  Roman  general,  destroyed 
himself  394. 

ARBRISSEL,  Robert  d',  a  native  of  Brittany, 
founded  the  monastery  of  Fontevrault,  and  died 
1117. 

ARBUCKLE,  James,  M.  A.,  a  native  of  Glas- 
gow, who  possessed  some  merit  as  a  poet,  died 
1734. 

ARBUTHNOT,  Alexander,  eminent  for  his 
learning  and  piety,  died  at  Aberdeen,  1538. 

ARBUTHNOT,  Dr.  John,  a  celebrated  wit 
and  phj'sician  in  queen  Anne's  reign,  was  the 
son  of  an  episcopal  clergjTnan  in  Scotland,  near- 
ly allied  to  the  noble  family  of  that  name.  On 
his  coming  to  London,  his  extensive  learning 
and  facetious  and  agreeable  conversation  intro- 
duced him  by  degrees  into  practice,  and  he  be- 
came eminent  in  his  profession.  Being  at  Ep- 
som when  prince  George  of  Denmark  was  sud- 
denly taken  ill,  he  was  called  in  to  his  assistance. 
His  advice  was  successful,  and  his  liigliness,  re- 
covering, employed  him  always  afterwards  as 
his  phj-sician.  In  consequence  of  tins,  upon  the 
indisposition  of  Dr.  Hannes,  he  was  appointed 
physician  in  ordinary  to  queen  Anne,  in  1709. 
Hi's  gentle  raanners,  polite  learning,  aad  excel- 


AR 

lent  talents,  entitled  him  to  an  intimate  corres 
pondence  and  friendship  with  the  celebrated 
wits  of  his  time,  Pope,  Swift,  Gay,  and  Parnell 
In  1727,  he  published  "  Tables  of  ancient  Coins, 
Weights,  and  Measures,- "  in  4to.  In  1732,  hie 
"  Essay  concerning  the  nature  of  Aliments," 
&.C.,  was  printed  ;  which  was  followed  the  year 
after  by  the  "  Effects  of  Air  on  Human  Bodies." 
His  other  works  were  humorous  and  satirical 
pieces  on  various  subjects.  He  died  in  London, 
February,  1735. 
ARC,  Joan  of.  See  JOAN. 
ARCADIUS,  succeeded  his  father,  the  great 
Theodosius,  as  emperor  of  the  East,  and  died 
408. 

ARCADIUS,  an  African  bishop,  was  put  to 
death  because  he  opposed  the  Ariaus,  437. 

ARCERE,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Marseilles, 
who  was  priest  of  the  oratory,  died  1699. 

ARCERE,  Lewis  Etienne,  known  as  a  poet 
and  historian,  died  1781. 

ARCESILAUS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  suc- 
ceeded Crates  in  his  school.  He  was  born  316 
B.C. 

ARCHDALE,  John,  governor  of  Carolina  in 
1695 ;  he  was  instrumental  in  quieting  the  tu 
mults  o(  the  colony  about  that  period,  and  in- 
troduced the  first  rice  ever  cultivated  in  the 
country.    He  died  in  EngPand. 

ARCHELAUe,  son  of  Herod  the  great,  king 
of  Judea,  succeeded  to  half  the  kingdom  of  his 
father.    He  died  A.  D.  6. 

ARCHELAUS,  king  of  Macedonia  after  Per 
diccas  n.,  died  about  398  B.  C. 

ARCHELAUS,  a  philosopher,  successor  to 
Anaxagoras,  at  Lampsacus. 

ARCHELAUS,  a  bishop  of  Mesopotamia,  278, 
opposed  the  Manichaians. 

ARCHELAUS,  a  geographer  in  the  age  of 
Alexander. 

ARCHIAS,  a  native  of  Antioch.  Cicero  spoke 
in  his  defence. 

ARCHIDAMUS,  king  of  Sparta  after  Agesi 
laus,  his  father,  561  B.  C. 

ARCHIGENES,  a  Greek  physician  in  the  age 
of  Trajan. 

ARCHILOCHUS,  a  Greek  poet,  born  in  the 
isle  of  Paros,  was  the  son  of  Telesicles ;  and, 
according  to  Mr.  Baj^le,  flourished  in  the  2Ctli 
Olympiad,  or  690  years  before  Christ.  His 
poetry  abounded  with  the  most  poignant  satire. 
This  poet  excelled  chiefly  in  iambic  verses,  and 
was  the  inventor  of  them,  as  appears  from  a 
passage  in  Horace,  Ep.  xix.  lib.  i.  verse  23,  &c. 
ARCHIMEDES,  a  celebrated  geometrician, 
born  at  Syracuse,  in  Sicily,  and  related  to  Hiero, 
king  of  Syracuse.  He  was  remarkable  for  his 
extraordinary  application  to  mathematical  stu- 
dies, in  which  he  used  to  be  so  much  engaged, 
that  bis  servants  were  often  obliged  to  take  hiro 
from  them  by  force.  He  had  such  a  surprising 
invention  in  mechanics,  that  he  affirmed  to 
Hiero,  that  if  he  had  another  earth  whereon  to 
plant  his  machines,  he  could  move  this  which 
we  inhabit.  Archimedes  became  most  famous 
by  his  curious  contrivances,  whereby  the  city  of 
Syracuse  was  so  long  defended  when  besieged 
by  Marcellus.  Against  the  vessels  which  came 
up  close  to  the  walls  he  contrived  a  kind  of 
crow,  projected  above  the  wall,  with  an  iron 
grapple  fastened  to  a  strong  chain.  This  was 
let  down  upon  the  prow  of  a  ship,  and,  by  means 
of  the  weight  of  a  hea\T  counterpoise  "of  lead, 
raised  up  the  prow  and  set  the  vessel  upright 
upon  her  poop ;  then  dropping  it  all  of  a  sud- 
den, da  if  it  had  fallen  ff  om  the  walls,  it  sunk  so 


AR      

far  into  the  sea,  that  it  let  in  a  great  deal  of 
water,  even  when  it  fell  directly  on  its  ke«l. 
However,  notwithstanding  all  his  art,  Syracuse 
was  at  length  taken  by  Marcellus,  who  com- 
manded his  soldiers  to  have  a  particular  regard 
to  the  safety  of  Archimedes ;  but  this  ingenious 
man  was  unfortunately  elain  by  a  soldier  who 
did  not  know  him.  Archimedes  is  said  to  have 
been  killed  about  208  years  before  the  birth  of 
Christ.  We  have  several  of  his  works  still  ex- 
tant ;  but  the  greater  part  of  them  are  lost. 

ARCHINTO,  Octavius,  known  for  his  "  An- 
tiquities," lived  in  the  16th  century. 

ARCHON,  Lewis,  chaplain  of  Lewis  XIV., 
died  1717. 

ARCHYTAS,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher  and 
mathematician  of  Tarentum,  about  400  B.  C. 

ARCONS,  Cffisar  de,  a  Gascon,  advocate  in 
the  parliament  of  Bordeaux,  died  1681. 

ARCQ,  Philip  Auguste  de  St.  Fold,  an  inge- 
nious Parisian,  known  by  his  writings,  died  1774. 
ARCUDI,  Alexander  Thomas,  a  Dominican 
of  Venice,  author  of  some  historical  and  bio- 
grapiiical  works,  died  about  1720. 

ARCUDIUS,  Peter,  a  Greek  ecclesiastic  of 
Corfu,  employed  in  Russia  by  Clement  VIU., 
died  1635. 

ARCULPHUS,  a  French  divine,  who  wrote 
an  account  of  the  Holy  Land,  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury. 

ARCY,  Patrick  d',  an  Englishman.  Vid. 
DARCY. 

ARDEN,  Edward,  a  native  of  Warwickshire. 
He  was  accused  of  being  engaged  in  a  conspi- 
racy against  the  queen's  life,  and  though  no 
evidence  appeared  against  them,  both  he  and 
his  son-in-law,  Somerville,  were  condemned 
and  executed,  1583. 

ARDERN,  John,  an  early  medical  writer, 
settled  at  Newark,  afterwards  at  London,  about 
1370. 

ARE  AGATHUS,  a  Greek  physician  at  Rome, 
269  B.  C. 

ARENA,  Anthony  de,  judge  of  St.  Remi, 
near  Aries,  died  1544. 

ARESI,  Paul,  bishop  of  Tortona,  author  of 
some  theolocical  works,  died  1645. 

ARETiEUS,  a  physician  of  Cappadocia:  bat 
in  what  time  he  flourished  authors  are  not 
agreed  ;  some  placing  him  under  Augustus  Csb- 
ar,  others  under  Trajan  or  Adrian.  His  works, 
however,  are  very  valuable.  The  best  edition 
was  published  by  Dr.  Wigan,  in  folio,  at  Ox- 
ford, 1723. 

ARETAPHILA,  a  woman  of  Cyrene,  who 
avenged  the  death  of  her  husband,  &c. 

ARETE,  daughter  of  Aristippus,  of  Cyrene; 
she  taught  philosophy. 

ARETHx^S,  a  bishop  of  Cappadocia,  in  the 
10th  century,  author  of  a  commentary  on  Reve- 
lations. 

ARETIN,  Guy,  a  Benedictine  monk,  who 
lived  in  the  11th  century.  He  rendered  himself 
famous  by  discovering  a  new  method  of  learning 
music  ;  and  was  said  to  have  been  the  inventoj 
of  the  six  notes  in  music,  "  Ut,  Re,  Mi,  Fa,  Sol, 
La. 

ARETIN,  Leonard,  was  one  of  the  ablest  men 
in  eloquence  and  science  of  the  15th  century  ; 
and  left  several  works,  the  catalogue  of  which 
may  be  seen  in  Gesner's  "  Bibliotheca."  He 
died  about  1443,  being  then  74  years  of  age,  at 
Florence ;  where  there  is  a  marble  monument 
erected  to  him  in  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Cross, 
with  an  inscription  to  the  fol!owir.g  purport : — 
"  Since  tiie  deatli  of  Leonard,  history  is  in 
35 


AR 

mourning  ;  eloquence  is  become  mute  ;  the 
Greek  and  Latin  muses  cannot  forbear  shedding 
tears." 

AEETIN,  Francis,  a  man  of  great  reading, 
and  well  acquainted  with  the  Greek  language. 
He  studied  at  Sienna,  about  the  year  1443  ;  and 
afterwards  taught  law  there  with  such  a  viva- 
city of  genius,  that  they  called  him  the  prince 
of  subtleties,  and  his  wit  became  a  proverb.  He 
taught  also  in  the  university  of  Pisa,  and  in  that 
of  Ferrara. 

ARETIX,  Peter,  a  native  of  Arezzo,  who  lived 
hi  the  16th  century.  He  was  famous  for  his  sa- 
tirical writings,  and  was  so  bold  as  to  carry  his 
invectives  even  against  sovereigns;  whence  he 
got  the  title  of  the" scourge  of  princes.  He  used 
to  boasl  that  his  lampoons  did  more  service  to 
the  world  than  sermons ;  and  it  was  said  of  him, 
that  he  had  subjected  more  princes  by  his  pen, 
than  the  greatest  warriors  had  ever  done  by  their 
arms.  Aretin  wrote  also  many  irreligious  and 
obscene  pieces.  Some  say,  that  he  afterwards 
changed  his  loose,  libertine  principles ;  but,  how- 
ever this  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  he  composed 
several  pieces  of  devotion.  He  was  author,  like- 
wise, of  somo  comedies,  which  were  esteemed 
pretty  good  of  their  kind,  and  died  in  the  year 
1556,  beuig  about  65  years  old. 

ARETIN,  John,  an  able  writer  of  Berne,  in 
the  15ih  centurj-. 

ARETIN,  Angelo,  a  learned  professor  of  law 
at  Bologna  and  Ferrara,  died  1480. 

ARGALL,  Samuel,  an  adventurer  to  this 
country  in  IGOS,  vvho  destroyed  a  French  settle- 
ment on  Mt.  Desert,  subdued  the  Dutch  on  Hud- 
eon's  river ;  he  was  appointed  deputy  governor 
of  Virginia  in  1617  ;  but  his  administration  prov- 
ing odious,  he  was  obliged  to  fly  the  countiy. 

ARGALL,  John,  an  eminent  scholar,  rector 
of  Haleswortii,  Suffolk,  died  1G06. 

ARGELLATA,  Peter,  a  physician  of  Bolog- 
na, died  1423. 

ARGELLATI,  Philip,an indefatigable  writer, 
born  at  Bologna,  died  1755. 

ARGENS,  Jean  Baptiste  de  Boyer,  Marquis 
d',  a  French  writer,  famous  rather  for  the  num- 
ber than  weight  of  his  productions,  was  born  at 
Aix,  in  Provence,  1704,  and  died  there  1770.  He 
was  master  of  many  languages ;  he  painted  very 
well,  and  was  a  considerable  proficient  in  ana- 
tomy and  chymistry.  Of  his  works,  the  princi- 
pal are,  "  Lettres  Juives,"  "LettresChinoises," 
•'  Lettres  Cabalisiiques,"  "  Philosophic  du  Bon 
Sens,"  &c.  &c.  There  is  learning,  knowledge, 
and  good  sense,  scattered  through  all  these ;  but 
they  are  strongly  tinctured  with  libertinism,  and 
the  worst  sort  of  free-thinking. 

ARGENSOLA,  Leonard,  and  Bartholomew, 
two  Spanish  poets  of  merit. 

ARGENSON,  Mark  Bene  le  Voyer,  Marquis 
d',  introduced  lettres  de  cachet  during  his  ad- 
ministration of  the  police  at  Paris,  died  1721. 

ARGENTAL,  Charles  Augustus  count  d',  a 
foreign  minister  at  the  French  court,  the  friend 
of  Le  Kaiu,  Voltaire,  &c.  died  1788. 

ARGENTIER,  John,  studied  medicine,  was 
called  Censor  Medicorum,  because  he  censured 
Galen,  died  1572. 

ARGENTINA,  Thomas  d',  a  learned  head 
of  the  Augusrines,  1345. 

ARGENTRE,  Bertrand  d',  a  native  of  Vitre, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  history  and  jiuis- 
prudence.  died  1590. 

ARGENTRE,  Charles  Duplessis  d',  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne,  almoner  to  tlie  king,  and  bishop 
of  TuUcs,  diea  1740. 
36 


AR 

j    A RGENVILLE,Anthon.  Joseph  Dezellierd', 
a  French  writer,  died  1765. 

ARGOLI,  Andrew,  professor  of  mathemali^ 
ics  at  Padua,  died  1657.. 

ARGOLI,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  at  17 
years  of  age,  produced  his  EndjTuion,  in  12  can- 
tos ;  he  died  1660. 

ARGONNE,  Dom.  Bonaventure,  a  Carthu- 
sian friar,  historian,  and  theological  writer, 
bom  at  Paris,  1640.  died  1704. 

ARGOU,  Gabriel,  an  advocate  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  died  at  the  beginning  ot  the  ISth 
century. 

ARGUES,  Gerard  des,  a  geometrician  inti- 
mate with  Descartes,  died  1661. 

ARGYRE,  Isaac,  an  eminent  mathematician 
of  the  14th  century. 

ARGYROPYLUS,  Joannes,  a  learned  man 
who  contributed  to  the  revival  of  Greek  litera- 
ture in  Europe,  died  about  1478. 

ARIADNE, daughter  ofLeo I.,  married  Zeno, 
who  succeeded  as  emperor,  and  died  515. 

ARIANS.     SeeARlUS. 

ARIARATHES  I.,  a  king  of  Cappadocia,  en- 
gaged in  an  expedition  against  Egjpt  with  Da- 
rius Ochus. 

ARIARATHES  H.,  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
defeated  by  the  Macedonians,  321  B.  C. 

ARIARATHES  Til.,  son  of  the  2d,  recovered 
his  kingdom  by  the  conquest  of  the  Macedon- 
ians. 

ARIARATHES  TV.,  married  the  daughter  of 
Antiochus  ;  be  died  220  B.  C. 

ARIARATHES  V.,  king  of  Cappadocia,  died 
166  B.  C. 

ARLA^RATHES  VI.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
perished  in  battle,  130  B.  C. 

ARIARATHES  \ai.,son  of  the  6th,  was  mur- 
dered by  his  brother-in  law,  Mithridates. 

ARIARATHES,  son  of  the  7th,  was  also 
murdered  bv  Mithridates. 

ARIAS  MONT  ANUS,  Benedict,  a  native  of 
Seville,  eminent  for  his  literary  acquirements, 
died  1598. 

ARIAS,  Francis,  a  learned  Jesuit,  died  1605. 

ARIBERT,  son  of  Clotaire  II.,  king  of  France, 
caused  himself  to  be  crowned  king  at  Toulouse, 
and  died  1630. 

ARIEH,  Jacob  Juda,  a  learned  rabbi  of  Am- 
sterdam, flourished  in  the  17th  centun'. 

ARIOBARZANES  I.,  king  of  Cappadocia,  91 
B.  C. 

ARIOBARZANES  II.,  king  of  Cappadocia, 
put  to  death  by  Cassius. 

ARIOBARZANES  IH.,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, put  to  death  by  Antony. 

ARIOSTI,  Attilio,  a  musician,  bom  at  Bo- 
logna, published  a  book  of  cantatas,  1725. 

ARIOSTO,  Lodovico,  or  Lewis,  a  celebrated 
ItaUan  poet,  descended  of  a  good  family,  and 
born  at  the  castle  of  Reggio,  tn  Lonibardy,  in 
1474.  He  began  his  "  Orlando  Furioso"  when 
he  was  about  30  years  of  age,  and  it  is  the  most 
celebrated  of  all  his  works.  But  his  attachment 
to  poetry  did  not  hinder  him  from  engaging  in 
public  affiairs,  for  he  was  employed  in  embassies 
and  negotiations  in  different  parts  of  Italy. 
Ariosto  was  crowned  with  the  laurel  by  the 
emperor  Charles  V.,  in  15.33,  and  died  at  Ferrara 
the  8th  of  July,  in  the  same  year. 

ARIOSTI,  Gabriel,  brother  to  the  poet,  v.ns 
himself  eminent  as  a  I-atin  poet ;  he  died  1552. 

ARIOVISTUS,  king  of  Germany,  assisted  the 
Gauls  against  the  Romans,  and  was  defeated 
by  Julius  Csesar. 

ARIPEBT,  king  of  Lombardy,  succeeded  his 


AR 


AR 


father,  Ragimbert,  in  702;  he  was  drowned 
637. 

ARISI,  Francis,  an  able  writer  of  Cremona 
died  1743. 

ARISTiENiETES,  an  ancient  writer,  to  whom 
are  asdibed  certain  Greek  epistles  on  the  subject 
of  love  and  gallantry,  died  in  358. 

ARIST  ANDER,  a  soothsayer  in  the  army  of 
Alexander  the  Great. 

ARIST  ARCHUS,  a  Grecian  philosopher,  born 
in  Sam  OS,  is  dehvered  down  to  us  as  the  principal 
person,  if  not  the  first,  who  maintained  the  earth 
to  ium  upon  Us  centre,  and  to  describe  a  circle 
yearly  round  the  sun ;  an  opinion  revived  and 
established  by  Copernicus  and  Galileo,  and  now 
universally  received.  U  in  not  certain  when  he 
lived  ;  but,  from  the  mention  made  of  him  by 
Archimedes,  he  must  have  flourished  before  his 
death.  None  of  his  works  remain,  except  a 
treatise  "  Upon  the  Greatness  and  Distance  of 
the  Sun  and  Moon,"  inserted  in  the  tliird  volume 
of  "Mathematical  Works,"  printed  at  Oxford, 
1699.  in  folio. 

ARIST  ARCHUS,  a  celebrated  grammarian, 
was  born  in  Samothracia,  but  chose  Alexandria 
to  reside  at.  He  applied  himself  particularly  to 
criticism,  and  made  a  revisal  of  Homer's  poems 
wtli  great  exactness,  but  in  a  maniier  too  ma- 
gisterial, for  those  verses  which  he  did  not  like 
he  treated  as  spurious.  Cicero  and  Horace  have 
used  his  name  to  express  a  very  rigid  critic,  and 
it  is  used  to  this  day  for  the  same  purpose,  but 
not  without  opprobrium,  derived  partly  from 
himself,  yet  more  from  the  manners  of  modem 
verbal  critics.  Growing  dropsical,  he  found  no 
other  remedy  than  to  starve  himself  to  death. 
Suidas  relates  that  he  died  in  Cyprus,  aged  72. 

ARIST  ARCHUS,  a  Jew  of  Thessalonica,  the 
companion  of  St.  Paul. 

ARISTEAS,  a  Greek  historian,  550  B.  C. 

ARI3TEAS,  one  of  the  70  translators  of  the 
Septuagint. 

ARISTEUS,  a  Greek  mathematician,  350 
B  C 

ARISTIDES,  a  philosopher  of  Athens,  125. 

ARISTIDES,  iEiius,  a  very  famous  sophist 
of  antiquity,  was  born  at  Adrian! ,  a  town  of 
My.*ia,  and  flourished  under  Adrian  and  the  two 
following  emperors.  He  spent  his  life  in  tra- 
velling and  declaiming ;  went  all  over  Egypt 
four  times,  and  penetrated  even  to  Ethiopia. 
When  Smyrna  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake 
in  the  year  173,  he  wrote  so  affecting  a  letter  to 
Marcus  Aurelius,  that  the  emperor  ordered  it  to 
be  rebuilt  immediately ;  upon  whicli  the  inhabit- 
ants erected  a  statue  to  Aristides,  as  to  the  res- 
torer of  their  city.  He  died  about  the  age  of  60. 
His  works  were  published,  with  a  Latin  version 
and  notes,  by  Dr.  Samuel  Jebb,  at  Oxford,  1723, 
in  two  volumes  4to. 

ARISTIDES,  surnamed  the  Just,  a  celebrated 
Athenian  general,  flourished  about  480  years 
B.C. 

ARISTIDES,  a  painter  of  Thebes,  340  B.  C. 

ARISTIDES,  a  historian  of  Miletus,  who 
wrote  an  account  of  Italy,  &c. 

ARISTIPI'US,  the  founder  of  the  Cyrenaic 
sect  of  philosophy,  flourished  392  B.  C.  He  as- 
serted pleasure  to  be  the  ultimate  end  in  which 
all  happiness  consists  ;  and  his  manner  of  life 
was  agreeable  to  his  philosophy,  for  he  indulged 
himself  in  all  the  luxuries  of  dress,  wine,  and 
women. 

ARISTO,  a  stoic  philosopher,  of  Cos,  2G0  B. 
C.  He  maintaised  that  virtue  is  the  sapreme 
good. 


ARISTO,  a  peripatetic  piiilosopher,  230  B.  C. 

ARISTO,  Titus,  a  Roman  lawyer  of  eminence 
in  the  age  of  Ti  ajan. 

ARISTOBULUS  I.,  high-priest  and  king  of 
the  Jews,  died  104  B.  C. 

ARISTOBULUS  II.,  son  of  Alexander  Jan- 
nasus,  deposed  by  Pompey,  died  45  B.  C. 

ARISTOBULUS,  an  Alexandrian  Jew,  who 
united  the  peripatetic  philosophy  with  the  laws 
of  JMoscs. 

ARISTOBULUS,  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
made  high-priest,  was  put  to  death  by  Herod, 
36  B.  C. 

ARISTOGITON,  an  Athenian,  who,  in  con- 
junction with  Harmodius,  subverted  the  tyranny 
of  the  Pisistratidse,  51S  B.  C. 

ARISTOHENES,  a  Messenian,  whose  cour- 
age caused  his  countrymen  to  avenge  the  op- 
pression of  the  Spartans,  635  B.  C. 

ARISTOPHANES,  a  comic  poet  of  Athens, 
cotemporary  with  Plato,  Socrates,  and  Euripi- 
des. Most  of  his  plays  were  written  during 
the  Peloponnesian  war.  His  imagination  was 
warm  and  lively,  and  his  genius  particularly 
turned  to  raillery ;  he  had  also  very  great  spirit 
and  resolution,  and  was  a  declared  enemy  to 
slavery,  and  to  all  those  who  wanted  to  oppress 
their  country.  He  described  the  affairs  of  the 
Athenians  in  so  exact  a  manner,  that  his  come- 
dies are  a  faithful  history  of  that  people.  He 
wrote  above  50  comedies,  but  there  are  only  11 
j extant,  which  are  perfect:  these  are,  "Plutus, 
The  Clouds,  The  Frogs,  Equites,  The  Achar- 
nenscs.  The  Wasps,  Peace,  The  Birds,  The 
Ecclesiazusce  or  Female  Orators,  The  Thesmo- 
phoriazusse  or  Priestess  of  Ceres,  and  Lysis - 
trata."  "The  Clouds,"  which  he  wrote  in  ri- 
dicule of  Socrates,  is  the  most  celebrated  of  all 
his  comedies.  Madam  Dacier  tells  us,  she  v^^as 
so  much  charmed  with  this  performance,  that, 
after  she  had  translated  it,  and  read  it  over  200 
tines,  it  did  not  become  the  least  tedious  to  her. 
Aristophanes  having  conceived  some  aversion 
to  the  poet  Euripid6s,  satirizes  him  in  several 
of  his  plays,  particularly  in  his  "Frogs,"  and 
his  "  Thertnophoriazusce."  He  wrote  the  "  Li- 
sistrata,"  when  all  Greece  was  involved  in 
war,  in  which  comedy  the  women  are  intro- 
duced debating  upon  the  affairs  of  the  common- 
wealth, wiienthey  come  to  a  resolution  not  to 
go  to  bed  with  their  husbands  till  peace  should 
be  concluded.  He  invented  a  peculiar  kind  of 
verse,  which  was  called  by  his  name,  and  is 
mentioned  by  Cicero  in  his  "  Brutus  ;"  and 
Suidas  says,  that  he  also  was  the  inventor  of 
the  tretrameter  and  octameter  verse.  Aristo- 
phanes was  greatly  admired  among  the  ancients, 
especially  for  the  true  Attic  elegance  of  his  style ; 
and  there  have  been  several  editions  and  trans- 
lations of  this  poet.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
unkno'.vn. 

ARISTOTLE,  the  chief  of  the  peripatetic 
philosophers,  born  at  Stagyra,  a  small  city  in 
Macedon,  in  the  99th  Olympiad,  about  384  years 
before  Christ,  was  the  son  of  Michomachus, 
physician  to  Amyntas,  the  grandfather  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great.  By  the  advice  of  the  Delphic 
oracle,  he  went  to  Athens  when  about  18,  and 
studied  under  Plato  till  he  was  37.  He  followed 
his  studies  with  most  extraordinary  diligence,  so 
that  he  soon  surpassed  all  in  Plato's  school.  He 
ate  little,  and  slept  less ;  and  that  he  might  not 
oversleep  l.imself,  Diogenes  Laertius  tells  us, 
that  he  lay  always  with  one  hand  out  of  the 
bed,  having  a  ball  of  brass  in  it.  which,  by  its 
falling  into  a  basin  of  the  same  metal  awaked 
4 


^ AR 

him.    When  he  had  studied  about  15  years  un- 
der Plato,  he  began  to  fomi  diflerent  tenets  from 
tliose  of  his  master,  who  became  highly  piqued 
at  his  behaviour.    Up<in  tJie  death  of  Plato,  li 
quitted  Athens,  and  retired  to  Atarnya,  a  littJe 
city  of  Mysia,  where  his  old  friend,  Hermias, 
reigned.     Here  he  married  Pythias,  the  sister  of 
that  prince,  whom  he  is  said  to  have  loved  sc 
passionately,  that  he  offered  sacrifice  to  her 
Some  time  after,  Hermias  having  been  taken 
prisoner  by  Meranon,  the  king  of  Persia's  ge- 
neral, Aristotle  went  to  Mytclene,  the  capital  of 
Lesbos,  where  he  remained  till  Philip,  king  of 
Macedon,  having  Jieard  of  his  great  reputation 
Bent  for  him  to  be  tutor  to  his  son  Alexander 
ihen  about  14  years  of  age.    Aristotle  accepted 
Hhe  offer,  and  in  eight  years  taught  him  rhetoric 
iiatural  philosophy,  ethics,  politics,  and  a  certain 
sort  of  pliilosophy,  accordins;  to  Plutarch,  which 
he  taught  nobody  else.    Philip  erected  statues 
in  honour  of  Aristotle,  and  for  his  sake  rebuilt 
Stagyra,  which  had  been  almost  ruined  by  the 
wars.    Aristotle  having  lost  the  favour  of  Alex- 
ander by  adhering  to  Calisthones,  liis  kinsman, 
who  was  accused  of  a  conspiracy  against  Alex- 
-ander's  life,  removed  to  Athens,  w  here  he  set  up 
his  new  school-    The  magistrates  received  him 
very  kindly,  and  gave  him  the  Lycium,  so  fa- 
mous afterwards  for  the  concourse  of  his  disci 
pies,  and  here  it  was,  according  to  some  authors, 
that  he  composed  his  principal  works.    When 
Aristotle  was  accused  of  impiety  by  one  Fury 
medon,  a  priest  of  Ceres,  he  wrote  a  large  apo 
logy  for  himself,  addressed  to  the  magistrates ; 
but,  knowing  the  Athenians  to  be  extremely 
jealous  about  their  religion,  and  remembering 
the  fate  of  Socrates,  he  was  so  much  alarmed 
that  he  retired  to  Chalcis,  a  city  of  Euboea, 
where  he  ended  his  days.    Some  say  he  poi- 
soned himself,  to  avoid  falling  into  the  hands 
of  his  enemies;   others  affirm,  that  he  threw 
himself  into  the  Euripus,  because  he  could  not 
comprehend  the  reason  of  its  ebbing  and  flow- 
ing; and  there  are  others  who  tell  us  that  he 
died  of  a  cholic,  in  the  63d  year  of  his  age,  being 
the  third  of  the  114th  Olympiad,  two  j'ears  after 
Alexander.    The  Stagyriies  carried  away  his 
body,  and  erected  altars  to  his  memory. 

ARISTOXENUS,  a  Grecian  philosopher  of 
Tarentum,  about  324  B.  C. 

ARIUS,  a  divine  of  the  4th  century,  and  the 
head  and  founder  of  the  Arians,  a  sect  which 
denied  the  eternal  divinity  and  consnbstantiali- 
ty  of  the  Word.  He  was  born  in  Libya,  near 
Egypt.  The  Arian  principles,  according  to 
Spanheim,  were,  that  Christ  was  only  called 
God  by  way  of  title  ;  that  he  was  less  than  the 
Father,  who  only  was  eternal  and  without  be- 
ginning ;  that  he  was  a  creature,  having  a  be- 
ginning of  existence,  created  out  of  things,  hav- 
ing no  being  before  the  beginning  of  all  things  ; 
hence  he  was  made  God,  and  the  son  of  God  b\ 
adoption,  not  by  nature  ;  and  that  the  word  was 
also  subject  to  change  ;  that  the  Father  created 
all  things  by  him  as  an  instrument ;  and  that  he 
was  the  most  excellent  of  all  creatures  ;  that  the 
essence  of  the  Father  was  different  from  the  es- 
sence of  the  Son  ;  neither  was  he  co-eternal,  co- 
equal, nor  con-substantial  with  the  Father ;  that 
the  Holy  Ghost  was  not  God,  but  the  creature 
of  the  Son,  begot  and  created  by  him,  inferior  in 
dignity  to  the  Father  and  Son,  and  co-worker  in 
the  creation.  As  to  his  death,  it  is  said  that 
Arius,  being  pressed  by  a  natural  necessity,  re- 
tired to  a  house  of  convenience  where  he  died 
-*stantly  on  the  spot,  all  his  entrails  bursting 

aa 


AR 


out,  with  his  liver  and  spleen.    This  hai.pened 
in  the  year  38tj. 

ARK  EL,  Cornel.  Van,  a  Dutch  divine  of 
Amsterdam,  died  1724. 

ARKEA'HOLZ,  John,  a  native  of  Helsing- 
fors,  in  Sweden,  author  of  some  treatises  on  po- 
litical subtccts,  &c.,  died  1777. 

ARKWRIGHT,  Sir  Richard,  a  man  who,  in 
one  of  the  lowest  stations  of  life,  being  literally 
a  penny  barber  at  Jlanchester,  by  uncommon 
genius  and  persevering  industry,  invented  and 
perfected  a  system  of  machinery  for  spinning 
cotton,  that  had  in  vain  Iwen  attempted  by  many 
of  the  first  mechanics  of  the  17th  and  18th  cen- 
turies; and  which,  by  giving  perpetual  fmploy- 
ment  to  many  thousand  families,  increased  tlie 
population,  and  w^s  productive  of  great  com- 
niercial  advantage  to  Jiis  country.  The  machine 
s  called  a  "  Spinning  Jenny."  Sir  Richard  died 
\ugust  3,  1792,  leaving  property  to  the  amount 
of  nearly  half  a  million  sterling. 

ARLAUD,  James  Antony,  a  native  of  Gene- 
va, eminent  as  a  painter,  died  1743. 

ARLOTTA,  a  beautiful  woman  of  Falaise, 
daughter  of  a  tanner,  and  mistress  of  Robert, 
duke  of  Normandy. 

ARLOTTO,  a  native  of  Magello,  in  Tuscany, 
whose  right  name  was  Mainardi,  was  dean  of 
St.  Cresci,  in  the  diocese  of  Fiesole ;  he  died 
1483. 

ARMAGNAC,  John  d',  of  an  ancient  family 
in  France,  raised  to  the  highest  dignity  of  the 
national  church,  died  about  1408. 

ARMAGNAC,  Bernard,  count  d',  brother  of 
the  preceding,  placed  at  the  head  of  the  party  of 
Orleans,  was  asi^assinatcd,  1418. 

ARMELLINO,  Francis,  a  banker,  made  car-» 
fixnal  bv  Leo  X.,  ditd  1527. 

ARRIENONVILLE,  Joseph  John  Baptist 
Fleurion  d',  a  French  statesman,  keeper  of  the 
seals  from  1722  to  1727,  died  17:j8. 

ARMINIUS,  a  brave  chief  of  the  Catti,  called 
the  deliverer  of  Germany  ;  he  was  assassinated 
.  D.  21. 

ARMIXIUS,  James,  the  founder  of  the  sect 
of  the  Arminians,  or  Remonstrants,  was  born 
at  Oude-water,  in  Holland,  in  15fO.  "  The  Ar- 
minians hold  (says  Mr.  Broughton)  that  God 
creates  men  free,  and  will  deal  with  them  ac- 
cording to  the  use  they  make  of  their  liberty ; 
that,  foreseeing  how  every  one  will  use  it,  he 
does  therefore  dccrte  nil  thiniii'  that  ronrern 
them  in  this  life,  together  with  their  salvation 
or  damnation  in  the  next,"  &c.  See  more  in 
Broughton's  Religion  of  all  Nations,  p.  82.  Ar- 
niinius  died  October  19, 1619. 

ARMSTRONG,  Thomas,  an  active  supporter 
of  the  royal  cause,  during  the  civil  wais,  for 
which  he  was  honoured  with  knighthood ;  he 
was  executed  by  his  enemies,  without  a  trial, 
1684. 

ARMSTRONG,  Dr.  John,  bom  in  Castleton 
parish,  Edinburghshire,  where  his  father  and 
brother  were  ministers.  He  completed  his  edu- 
cation in  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  where  he 
took  his  degree  in  physic,  Februan  4,  i732.  Like 
Akenside.  another  poet  and  physician,  he  neve/ 
arrived  at  much  practice.  In  1735  he  published 
a  little  humorou.s  fugitive  pamphlet  in  8vo. 
printed  for  J.  Wilford,  ertitled  "  A>r.  Ffpav  for 
abridging  the  Study  of  Physic ;  to  which  is 
added  a  Dialogue  between  Hygeia,  Mercury,  and 
Pluto,  relating  to  the  practice  of  physic,  as  it  is 
managed  by  a  certain  illustrious  society :  as  also 
an  epistle  from  Fsbeck  the  Persian  to  Joshua 
Ward,  Esq."    This  piece  contains  much  droll- 


AR 

ery ;  and  in  the  dialogue,  the  author  has  caught 
the  very  spirit  of  Luciaii.  It  was  soon  followed 
by  the  "  tEcouomy  of  Love,"  a  poem  which  has 
much  merit,  but  is  too  strongly  tinctured  with 
tht  hceutiousuess  of  Ovid.  "The  Art  of  pre 
serving  HeaUh,"  his  best  performance,  was  pub 
lishod  in  J 744,  and  will  transmit  his  name  tu 
posierity  as  one  of  the  first  English  writers.  In 
Mr.  Nichols'  "Anecdotes  of  Mr.  Bowyer,"  the 
reader  will  find  some  pleasiisg  traits  of  the  cha- 
racter of  this  ingenious  writer. 

ARMSTRONG,  John,  a  Scotch  divine  and 
poet,  was  born  ai  Leit.h,  1771.  At  Edinburgh, 
where  he  look  tlie  degree  of  M.  A.,  he  publislied 
a  volume  of  '-Juvenile  Poems,"  whicii  have 
considerable  merit;  and  to  this  he  appended 
"  An  Essay  on  the  Means  of  punisliing  and  pre- 
veuiing  Crimes ;"  for  which,  (.in  1789,)  lie  had 
been  honoui  ed  with  a  gold  medal  given  by  the 
Edinburgh  Pantheon  Society.  He  came  to  Lon- 
don in  1790,  commenced  writer  for  the  neus- 
papers,  and  for  some  time  before  his  death  was 
editor  of  chat  old  and  most  respectable  paper, 
"  The  General  Evening  Post."  He  promised 
also  to  arrive  at  distinction  as  a  preacher  to  dis- 
senting congregations ;  but  w£is  cut  otf  by  a  de- 
cline, July  21,  1797,  at  the  early  age  of  26. 

ARMSTRONG,  John,  a  brigadier  general  in 
the  army  of  the  American  revolution,  assisted 
in  the  defence  of  fort  Moultrie,  and  in  the  bailie 
of  Germantowu,  with  the  reputaiion  of  an  able 
officer,  afterwards  a  d  'Itjgate  to  congress  from 
Pennsylvania,  died  1795. 

ARMYNE,  Lady  Mary,  granddaughter  of 
George,  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  married  Sir  Wil- 
liam Armyne,  and  was  distinguished  by  her 
piety  and  benevolence  ;  she  died  1675. 

ARNALD,  Richard,  B.  D.,  rector  of  Thur- 
caston,  in  Leicestershire,  published  several  ser- 
mons, &c.  ;  he  died  1756. 

ARNALL,  William,  became  apolitical  writer 
in  the  pay  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole  ;  be  died  1741 . 

ARNAUD  DE  MEYRVILLE,  or  MEREUIL, 
a  poet  of  Provence,  died  12-20. 

ARNAUD  DE  VILLA  NOVA,  a  physician, 
shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Genoa,  1310  or  1313. 

ARNAUD,  Anthony,  born  at  Paris,  1550, 
where  he  pursued  his  studies,  and  took  his  de- 
gree of  Master  of  Arts  in  1573.  Some  time  after, 
he  was  admitted  advocate  of  the  parliament  of 
Paris ;  in  which  capacity  he  acquired  great  re- 
putation by  his  integrity  and  extraordinary  elo- 
quence, lienry  IV.  had  a  great  esteein  for  Ar- 
naud  ;  his  majesty  once  carried  the  duke  of  Sa- 
voy on  purpose  to  hear  him  plead  in  parliament, 
and  he  was  appointed  counsellor  and  attorney- 
general  to  queen  Catharine  of  Medicis.  One  of 
the  most  famous  causes  which  Arnaud  pleaded, 
was  that  of  the  university  against  the  Jesuits, 
in  1594.     He  died  at  about  the  age  of  70. 

ARNAUD  D'ANDILLI,  Robert,  eldest  son 
of  the  preceding,  born  at  Paris  in  1589.  Though 
bred  in  a  court  and  in  ofiices  of  state,  he  passed 
the  latter  part  of  his  days  in  a  continual  appli- 
cation to  works  of  piety  and  devotion.  His 
works  have  been  printed  in  eight  volumes  folio. 
Mr.  Arnaud  died  at  Port  Royal,  1674. 
1  ARNAUD,  Anthony,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
and  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Paris 
the  6th  of  February,  1612.  A  catalogue  of  his 
works  may  be  seen  in  Moreri :  they  consist  of 
grammar,  geometry,  logic,  metaphysics,  and 
theology.     He  died  August  9,  1694. 

ARNAUD,  Henry,  brother  of  Robert,  made 
bishop  of  Toul,  but  his  election  was  disputed, 
«id  he  was  not  '§^xt  in  possession ;  he  died  1692 


AR 

ARNAUD,  Angelique,  sister  of  Henry,  abbess 
of  the  Port  Royal  convent,  died  1661. 

ARNAUD,  Anthony,  son  of  Robert,  abbot  of 
Chaumes,  author  of  some  memoirs,  died  1698. 

ARNAUD,  de  Brescie.  See  ARNOLD  de 
Brescie. 

ARNAUD,  Francis,  abbot  of  Grand  Champs, 
distinguished  by  his  literary  labours,  died  1784. 

ARNAUD,  Simon,  marquis  of  Ponipone,  an 
able  negotiator  and  ambassador,  died  1699. 

ARNAUD,  Henrj'  Charles,  son  of  Simon,  dis- 
tinguished as  an  ecclesiastic  and  statesman,  died 
1756. 

yVRiVAUD,  Francis,  Thomas  Marie  de  Bacu- 
lard  d',  a  French  writer  of  celebrity,  was  born 
at  Paris  in  1716,  and  died  in  1805. 

ARNDT,  John,  a  famous  protestant  divine  of 
Germany,  born  at  Bellenstad,  in  the  dutchy  of 
Anhalt,  155.  At  first  he  applied  himself  to  phy- 
sic ;  but,  falling  into  a  dangerous  sickness,  he 
made  a  vow  to  change  that  for  divinity,  if  he 
should  be  restored  to  health.  lie  wrote  many 
relgious  works ;  the  most  famous  of  which  is, 
his^  "Treatise  of  Free  Christianity,"  in  High 
Dutch.    This  writer  died  at  Zell,  in  1621. 

ARNDT,  Joshua,  professor  of  logic  at  Ros- 
tock, died  1687 

ARN^E,  Dr.  Thomas  Augustine,  was  son  of 
Mr.  Arne,  an  upholsterer  in  Covent  Garden, 
(whom  Addison  is  supposed  to  have  character- 
ized in  No.  155,  and  No.  160  of  "  The  Tattler,") 
md  brother  of  Mrs.  Gibber  the  player.  He  was 
■arly  devoted  to  music,  and  soon  became  emi- 
nent in  his  profession.  July  6, 1759,  he  had  the 
decree  of  doctor  of  music  conferred  on  him  at 
Osford.  His  compositions  are  univeisally  ap- 
plauded, and  he  was  particularly  skilful  in  in- 
tructing  vocal  performers.  He  died  March  5, 
778,  having  written  the  following  pieces :  "  Ar- 
taxerxes,"  1762;  "The  Guardian  outwitted," 
1764  ;  "  Tlie  Rose,"  1778  :  all  of  them  operas. 

ARNGRIM,  Jonas,  a  learned  ecclesiastic  of 
Irelarid  ;  he  wrote  a  piece  on  the  Runic  letters, 
fee,  and  died  1649. 

ARNISyEUS,  Kenningus,  a  German  profes- 
sor of  physic  at  Helmstadt,  known  for  his  poli- 
tical treatises ;  he  died  1635. 

ARNOBIUS,  was  professor  of  rhetoric  at 
Sicca,  in  Numidia,  toward  the  end  of  the  3d 
century. 

ARNOBIUS,  a  native  of  Gaul,  author  of  a 
commentary  on  the  psalms,  &c.,  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury. 

ARNOLD,  a  famous  heretic  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury, born  at  Brescia,  in  Italy,  whence  he  went 
to  France,  where  he  studied  under  the  cele- 
brated Peter  Abelard.  Upon  his  return  to  Italy, 
put  on  the  habit  of  a  monk,  and  began  t« 
preach  several  new  and  uncommon  doctrines, 
particularly,  that  the  pope  ought  not  to  enjoy 
any  temporal  estate ;  that  those  ecclesiastics 
who  had  any  estates  of  their  own,  or  held  any 
lands,  were  entirely  cut  off  from  the  least  hope 
of  salvation ;  that  the  clergy  ought  to  subsist 
upon  the  alms  and  voluntary  contributions  of 
Christians ;  and  that  all  other  revenues  belong- 
ed to  princes  and  states,  in  order  to  be  disposed 
of  among  the  laity  as  they  thought  proper.  He 
was  hanged  at  Rome  in  the  year  1155. 

ARNOLD,  John,  eminent  for  his  improve- 
ments in  the  mechanism  of  time-keepers.  He 
was  the  inventor  of  the  Expansion  Balance  and 
the  Detached  Escapement;  and  was  the  first 
artist  that  ever  applied  the  gold  cyUndrical 
spring  to  the  balance  of  a  time-piece.  Died  at 
Well-haU,  near  Eltham,  in  Kent,  Aug.  25, 1799. 
39 


AR 

ARXOLD,  Dr.  Samuel,  an  excellent  composer 
of  music,  whose  works  are  too  numerous  to  be 
liere  detailed,  and  so  well  known  as  not  to 
require  it.  Of  his  various  dramatic  composi- 
tions, we  may  mention  particularly  "  The  Maid 
of  the  Mill;  The  Castle  of  Andalusia;  The 
Agreeable  Surprise;  The  Son- in- Law;  The 
Spanish  Barber;  Inkle  and  Yarico;  The  Sur- 
render of  Calais  ;  The  Battle  oi"  Hexham  ;  The 
Mountaineers;  The  Shipwreck;  and  Peeping 
Tom."  In  the  liigUer  style  of  composition,  also, 
his  success  was  great.  The  Oratorio  (by  Dr 
Brown)  of  tiie  Cure  of  Saul,  composed  in  1767 


ARRAGON,  Jeanne  d*,  a  celebrated  Italian 
lady,  niciher  of  Mark  Anthony  Colomia,  died 
1577. 

ARR.\N,  James  Hamilton,  earl  of,  a  Scotch 
nobleman,  who  at  one  time  aspired  to  the  hand 
of  queen  Elizabeth,  of  England.    He  died  ItiCD 

ARRl  A,  the  wife  of  Pa;tus,  celebrated  for  her 
heroism  and  conjugal  fidelity. 

ARRIAGA,  Roderic  d',  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Salamanca  and  Prague, 
died  mil. 

ARKIAN,  a  famous  historian  and  philoso- 
pher, who  lived  under  the  emperor  Adrian  and 


was  considered  to  be  the  best  production  since!|ihe  two  Aiitonines,  was  born  at  JCicomedia,  in 


the  time  of  Handel;  and  his  Shunamite  Wo- 1 
man,  one  of  his  latter  pieces,  possesses  all  the 
genius  of  his  earlier  cou:positions,  with  that 
addiLJonal  science  which  study  and  experience 
had  given  him.  He  died  Oct.  13,  1802,  in  his 
fi3d  year,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
between  the  monuments  of  Croft  and  PurccU. 

ARNOLD,  Xicholas,  a  protestant  of  Lesna, 
acquired  reputation  by  his  sermons  and  polemi- 
cal works ;  he  died  1680. 

ARNOLD,  JetFery,  author  of  a  history  of  mys- 
tical theology,  &c.,  died  1714. 

ARNOLD,  of  Hildesheim,  a  historian  of  the 
13th  century. 

ARNOLD,  Christopher,  a  native  of  Nurem- 
berg ;  he  died  professor  at  Altorf,  1685,  aged  58. 

ARNOLD,  Benedict,  a  major  general  of  the 
American  army,  and  infamous  for  turning  trai- 
tor to  his  country  ;  for  attempiiug  to  surrender 
the  fortress  of  West  Point  to  the  Briiish  ;  for 
commitiing  ravages  in  Virginia  after  his  deser-! 
tion,  and  a  wanton  butchery  of  the  garrison  at| 
Fort  Griswold,  Conn.  He  was  made  a  brigadier] 
general  in  the  British  army;  retired  to  England; 
received  10,000i.  sterling  as  the  reward  of  his! 
villany,  and  died  in  London,  1801. 

ARNOLD,  Benedict,  succeeded  Roger  Wil- 
liams as  president  of  the  colony  of  Rhode-Island, 
and  was  afterwards  repeatedly  appointed  go- 
vernor under  its  charter  ;  he  died  1678. 

ARNOLD,  Thomas,  a  physician  of  Leicester, 
educated  at  Edinburgh,  was  afterwards  presi- 
dent of  a  lunatic  asylum,  wliich  he  established ; 
he  died  1816. 

ARNOUL,  a  bishop  of  Lisieux,  author  of 
some  curious  letters,  containing  an  account  of 
the  manners  of  his  time. 
ARNTZENIUS,  John  Henry,  a  learned  Dutch- 
Bian,  law  professor  at  Utrecht;  lie  died  1799. 

ARNU,  'Nicliolas,  a  Dominican,  professor  of 
metaphvsics  at  Padua,  died  1692. 

ARNULPH,  or  ERNULPH,  bishop  of  Ro- 
chester, born  1040,  died  1124.  He  wrote  a  work 
in  Latin,  concerning  the  foundation,  endow- 
ment, charters,  laws,  and  other  things  relating 
to  the  church  of  Rochester;  which  is  generally 
known  by  the  title  cf  "  Textus  RofTensis,"  and 
is  preserved  in  the  archives  of  the  cathedral 
church  of  that  place. 

ARNULPH,  natural  son  of  Carloman,  king 
of  Bavaria,  elected  emperor  of  Germany,  and 
crowned  at  Rome,  896.  He  died  (supposed  to  be 
poisoned)  899. 

ARNULPHUS,  an  EgjTitian,  in  the  reign  of 
M.  Antoninus,  famous  for  his  skill  in  magic. 

ARNWAY,  John,  much  attached  to  the  royal 
cause  in  England  in  the  time  of  Cromwell,  died 
1653. 

ARON,  Peter,  a  musical  writer,  bom  at  Flo- 
rence, and  patronized  bv  Leo  X. 

ARPIXUS,  or  ARPTNO,  Jo.seph  Caesar,  a  fa- 
mous Italian  painter,  born  1.560,  died  1640. 
40 


Bithyniia.  He  was  styled  the  second  Xenopbon, 
and  raised  to  the  most  considerable  dignities  of 
Rome.  He  is,  indeed,  said  to  have  been  pre- 
cejrtor  to  the  famous  philosopher  and  emperor 
Marcus  Antoninus.  The  most  celebrated  of  his 
works  is  bis  "History  (in  Greek)  of  Alexander 
the  Great,"  in  7  books;  a  performance  much 
esteemed  by  the  best  judges.  Arrian  is  said  to 
have  written  several  other  works. 

ARROWSMITH,  John,  theological  professor 
at  Cambridge,  1660,  author  of  several  celebrated 
Calvinistic  works. 

ARSACES  I.,  a  Parthian,  emancipated  his 
country  from  the  Macedonian  yoke,  250  B.  C. 

ARSACES  II.,  son  of  the  preceding,  made 
war  against  Antiochus  the  Great. 

ARSACES  TIRANUS,  king  of  Armenia,  tak- 
en prisoner  by  Sapor,  king  of  Persia,  362  B.  C. 

ARSENIUS,  bishop  of  "Constantinople,  was 
banishLd  lor  his  pertinacity,  and  died  in  the  13th 
century. 

ARSENIL'S,  a  Roman  deacon,  appointed  by 
pope  Damascus  preceptor  to  Arcadius,  son  of 
Theodosins. 

ARSENIUS,  archbishop  of  Malvasia,  in  the 
Morea,  died  1435. 

ARSEZAN,  Pader  d',  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
and  autlior  of  two  tragedies,  died  1696. 

ARTABANUS,  a  king  of  Parthia,  died  A. 
D.  48. 

ARTABANUS,  another  king  of  Parthia,  in 
whom  that  empire  became  extinct,  226. 

ARTALI,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Mazara,  in  Si- 
cily, a  famous  duellist,  fcc,  died  1679. 

ARTAUD,  Peter  Joseph,  a  native  of  Bonieux, 
esteemed  for  learning,  piety,  &c.,  died  1760. 

ARTAUD.  archbishop  of  Rheims,  was  once 
deprived  of  his  diocese  and  afterwards  restored 
to  it,  died  948. 

ART  AVASDES  I.,  king  of  Armenia,  behaved 
treacherous! v  to  Crassus  and  Mark  Antony. 

ARTAVASDES  II.,  grandson  of  the  above. 

ARTAXERXES  I.,  king  of  Persia,  the  toxi  of 
Xerxes,  supposed  to  be  the  Ahasuerua  of  Scrip- 
ture, died  424  B.  C. 

ARTAXERXES  II.,  surnamed  Mnemen,  de- 
feated his  brother  CjTUS  at  Cunaxa,  401  B.  C. 

ARTAXERXES  HE,  succeeded  Artaxerxcs 
II. ;  he  slew  all  his  brothers  and  the  rest  of  his 
familv.  338  B.  C. 

ARTAXERXES  BEBEGAN,  son  cf  a  shep- 
herd, first  king  of  Persiaof  the  race  of  the  Sas- 
sanides,  died  about  249. 

ARTAXIAS  I.,  governor  of  Upper  Armenia 
under  Antiochus,  made  himself  king  of  the 
couniry. 

ARTAXIAS  IJ.,  king  of  Armenia  after  Ar- 
tavasde/i  I.,  was  expelled  by  Antony,  and  res- 
tored bv  the  Parthians. 

ARTAXIAS  HI.,  son  of  Polemo,  made  king 
by  Germaiiicus,  and  reigned  17vears. 

ARTEAGA,  Don  Stepiiano,  arSpaaish  Jesuit 


AS 


AS 


author  of  a  treatise  on  ideal  beauty,  &c  ,  died 
1800. 

ARTEDI,  Peter,  a  pliysician  of  Sweden,  and 
Intinjate  friend  of  Lijuiujus,  was  drowned  at 
Leyden,  1735. 

ARTEMAS,  or  ARTEMON,  founded  a  sect 
in  the  3d  century,  wliicli  maintained  that  Christ 
was  but  a  man. 

ARTEMIDORUS,  famous  for  his  "Treatise 
upoii  Dreams,"  was  born  at  Ephcsus,  but  took 
the  surname  of  Daldianus  in  this  book,  out  of 
rcsjxicc  to  the  country  of  his  mother ;  for  he 
6tyled  himself  tlie  Ephesian  in  his  other  per- 
formances. He  lived  under  the  emperor  Anto- 
ninus Pms. 

ARTEMIDORLTS,  an  Ephesian,  author  of  a 
description  of  tlie  earth,  100  B.  C. 

ARTEMISIA  I.,  (lueeu  of  Caria,  assisted 
Xeixes  against  the  Greeks. 

ARTEMISIA  II.,  queen  of  Caria,  erected  a 
niausok'uia  to  the  memory  of  her  husband, 
MausoiuG. 

ARTHINGTON,  Henry,  a  native  of  York 
shire,  pretended  that  he  was  inspired  as  the 
mea  IS  of  eftecting  a  revolution. 

ARTHUR,  a  Briiish  Prince,  whose  existence 
by  sonij  is  regarded  as  fabulous,  said  to  liave 
died  about  542 ;  he  esiablished  the  order  of 
knights  of  the  round  table. 

ARTHUR,  duke  of  Brittany,  grandson  of 
Henry  II.,  was  confined  in  the  castle  of  Rouen, 
where,  it  is  supposed,  he  was  murdered. 

ARTIGiVI,  Anthony  Gachet  d',  an  ecclesias 
tic,  known  by  his  writings;  he  died  1768. 

ARTUSI,  Guiainara,  a  celebrated  musical 
writer. 

ARVIEUX,  Laurent  d',  a  native  of  Mar- 
seilles, resided  12  years  in  Palestine,  and  was 
a  useful  negotiator  for  the  French  court.  He 
is  justly  esteemed  for  his  benevolence  to  Tu- 
nisian and  Algerine  captives. 

ARVIRAGUS,  akingof  Britain  in  the  age 
of  Domitian. 

ARUNDEL,  Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas 
Arundel,  known  by  her  translations  of  the  wise 
sayings, &c.  of  Alexander  Severus,  &c.;  she  lived 
in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century. 

ARUNDEL,  Thomas,  made  bishop  of  Ely 
when  21  years  of  age  ;  afterwards  translated  to 
Canterbury  ;  he  died  1414. 

ARUNDEL,  Thomas  Howard,  earl  of,  dis- 
coverer of  the  Parian  marbles  which  bear  his 
name. 

ARUNDEL,  Blanche,  daughter  of  Lord  Wor- 
cester, celebrated  for  her  brave  defence  of  War- 
dour  castle  ;  she  died  1649. 

ARZACHEL,  a  Spanish  astronomer,  in  the 
11th  century. 

ASA,  son  of  Abijah,  made  king  of  Judah,  955 
B.  C. 

ASAPH,  St.,  a  native  of  North  Wales,  eminent 
for  his  sanctity. 

ASAPH,  a  musician  of  the  tribe  of  Levi,  in  the 
age  of  David. 

ASAR-H,\DDON,  king  of  Assyria,  obtained 
the  kinsdom  of  Babylon  ;  lie  died  667  B.  C. 

ASCELIN,  an  ecclesiastic  of  the  11th  century, 
defended  transnbstantiation  againt  Berenger. 

ASCHAM,  Roger,  an  eminent  English  writer, 
born  at  Kirkby  Wiske,  near  Northallerton,  in 
Yorkshire,  about  the  year  1515.  He  applied 
himsfllf  particularly  to  the  Greek  language ;  in 
which  he  attained  to  an  excellence  peculiar  to 
himself,  and  read  it  publicly  in  the  university  of 
Caiiibrid:;e  with  universal  applause.  In  or- 
der to  relax  his  mind,  after  severer  studies,  he 


thought  some  diversion  necessary  ;  and  shooting 
with  the  bow,  was  his  favourite  amusement,  aa 
appears  by  his  "  Treatise  on  Archery,"  wliich 
he  dedicated  to  King  Henry  VIli.,  who  scitkd 
a  pension  upon  him,  at  the  reconimendation  of 
Sir  William  Paget.  Mr.  Aschain,  being  remark- 
able for  writing  a  fine  hand,  w  as  employed  to 
teach  this  art  to  Prince  Edward,  the  Lady  Eliza- 
beth, and  the  two  brothers,  Henry  and  Charles, 
dukes  of  Suffolk.  In  Feb.  1548,  iie  was  sent  lor 
to  court,  to  instruct  the  Lady  Elizabeth  in  the 
learned  languages,  and  had  the  honour  of  assist- 
ing this  lady  in  her  studies  for  two  years  ;  whoa 
he  desired  leave  to  return  to  Cambridge,  where 
he  resnm.ed  his  office  of  public  uiator.  He  was 
afterwards  Latin  secretary  to  king  Edward, 
queeii  Mary,  and  queen  Elizabeth.  Being  ci.e 
diiy  in  company  with  persons  of  the  first  distinc- 
tion, there  happened  to  be  high  disputes  about 
the  dillerent  methods  of  education  ;  this  ;iave 
ise  to  his  treatise  on  that  subject,  entitled  "The 
Sclioolmaster,"  which  he  undertook  at  tiie  par- 
ticular request  of  Sir  Richard  Sackville.  This 
work  was  in  high  esteem  among  the  best  judges, 
and  is  frequently  quoted  by  Dr.  Johnson  in  hia 
Dictionary.  He  died  at  London,  Jan.  4,  15GS, 
uid  was  buried  in  St.  Sepulchre's  church. 

ASCHAM,  Anthony,  physician  and  ecclesias- 
tic, author  of  tracts  on  astrology,  &c. 

ASCHAM,  Anthony,  a  friend  of  Cromwell, 
and  member  of  the  long  parliament. 

ASCHARI,  a  mussulman  doctor,  founder  of  a 
sect  which  bears  his  name  ;  he  died  940. 

ASCLEPIADES,  a  Greek  philosopher,  350 
B.  C. 

ASCLEPIADES,  a  famous  physician,  born  at 
Prusa,  in  Bithynia,  flourished  at  Rome  in  the 
time  of  Pompey,  and  founded  a  new  sect  in 
physic. 

ASCOLI,  Cecco  di,  or  Francisco  de  Stabili, 
professsor  of  mathematics,  at  Bologna  ;  he 
wrote  an  Italian  poem.  &c.,  and  died  1238. 

ASCONIUS,  PEDIANUS,  a  grammarian  of 
Padua,  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 

ASCOUGH,  Wihiam,  bishop  of  Sarum,  mur- 
dered by  Jack  Cade  and  his  followers,  1450. 

ASDRUBAL,  brother-in-law  of  Armibal,  the 
founder  of  New  Carthage,  in  Spain. 

ASDRUBAL  BARCA,  brother  of  Annibal, 
killed  at  the  battle  of  the  Metaurus. 

ASELLI,  Gasper,  a  physician  of  Cremona, 
professor  of  anatomy  at  Paris,  died  1626, 

ASFELD,  Claude  Francois  Bidal  marquis  d'> 
an  illustrious  warrior  at  the  battle  of  Almanza ; 
he  took  Philipsburg,  and  died  1743. 

ASFELD,  Jacques  Vincent  Bidal  d',  an  ec- 
clesiastic, died  1745. 

ASGILE,  John,  a  lawyer  of  eminence,  known 
for  his  wit  and  misfortunes,  died  1738. 

ASGILL,  Sir  Charles,  Bart.  This  gentleman 
was  a  strong  instance  of  what  may  be  effected 
even  by  moderate  abilities,  when  united  with 
strict  integrity,  industry,  and  irreproachable  cha- 
racter. Histirstsetthigoutin  life  was  at  a  bank- 
ing-house in  Lombard-street,  as  out-dftor  collect- 
ing clerk.  From  this  inferior  situation  he  pro- 
gressively rose  by  his  merit  to  the  first  depart- 
ment in  the  house  ;  and  soon  after,  marrying  an 
amiable  woman,  with  a  fortune  of  25,0O0Z.  im- 
mediately joined  his  name  to  the  firm.  In  1749 
he  was  chosen  alderman  of  Candlewick  ward, 
and  served  in  the  office  of  lord  mayor  in  1758.  He 
died  Sept.  15, 1788,  and  is  said  to  haveleft  nearly 
200,000Z. 

ASH,  Dr.  John,  an  English  dissenting  minis- 
ter, grammarian,  and  lexicographer,  bom  17^4) 
4* 


AS 


AS 


died  at  Pershore,  Worcestershire,  March,  1771). 
Ills  Dictionary  is  a  remarkably  laborious  and 
comprehensive  work. 

ASHE,  Simoon,  a  nonconformist,  chaplain  to 
lord  Warwick,  during  the  civil  wars,  died  1662. 

ASHE,  Samuel,  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  court 
of  Nonh  Carolina,  and  afterwards  governor  of 
Ihat  state,  died  1813. 

ASHE,  John  Baptiste,  a  representative  in 
Congress,  from,  and  governor  of,  the  slate  of  N. 
Carolina,  died  1802. 

ASHLEY.  Jonathan,  a  distinguished  minister 
of  Deerfield,  Mass.,  died  1760,  aged 68.  He  pub- 
lished several  sermons. 

ASHLEY,  Robert,  a  lawyer,  distinguished  as 
an  eminent  writer,  &c.,  died  1641. 

ASHMOLE,  or  ASMOLE.Elias,  a  celebrated 
English  {ihilosopher  and  antiquary,  and  founder 
of  the  Ashmolean  museuiu  at  Oxford,  was  born 
at  Litchfield,  in  Staftordshire,  the  2'6d  of  May, 
1C27.  Besides  filling  several  offices,  civil  and 
military,  Mr.  Ashmole  was  aditigent  and  curious 
collector  of  manuscripts.  In  1650  he  published 
a  treatise  written  by  Dr.  Anhur  Dee,  relating  to 
the  philosopher's  stone  ;  together  with  another 
tract  on  the  same  subject,  by  an  unknowTi  au- 
thor. About  the  same  time  he  was  busied  in 
preparing  for  the  press  a  complete  collection  of 
the  works  of  such  English  chymists  as  had  till 
then  remained  in  manuscript :  this  undertaking 
cost  him  great  labour  and  expense ;  and  at  length 
the  work  appeared  toward  the  close  of  the  year 
1652.  The  title  of  this  work  was,  "  Thealrum 
Chemicum  Britannicum,"  &c.  &;c.  He  then  ap- 
plied bin^iself  to  the  study  of  antiquity  and  re- 
cords. In  1658  he  began  "to  collect  materials  for 
his  "  History  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter,' '  which 
lie  lived  to  finish,  and  thereby  did  no  less  hon- 
our to  the  order  than  to  himself.  In  September 
following,  he  made  a  journey  to  Oxford  ;  where 
he  set  about  a  full  and  particular  description 
of  the  coins  given  to  the  public  library  by  arch- 
bishop Laud.  Upon  the  restoration  of  Charles 
II.,  Mr.  Ashmole  was  introduced  to  his  majesty, 
who  received  him  very  graciously,  and,  on  the 
18th  of  June,  1660,  bestowed  on  him  the  place 
of  Windsor  herald  ;  a  few  days  after,  he  a\)- 
pointed  him  to  give  a  description  of  his  medals 
which  were  delivered  into  his  possession  ;  and 
King  Henry  VIII. 's  closet  was  assigned  for  his 
xise.  On  the  8th  of  May,  1G72,  he  presented  his 
*'  Institution,  Laws,  and  Ceremonies,  of  the  most 
noble  Order  of  the  Garter"  to  the  king,  who  re 
eeived  it  very  graciously,  and,  as  a  mark  of  his 
approbation,  granted  hiin  a  privy  seal  for  400/. 
out  of  the  customs  of  paper.  On  the  26lh  of 
January,  a  fire  broke  out  in  the  Middle  Temple, 
in  the  next  chamber  to  Mr.  Ashmole's,  by  which 
he  lost  a  noble  library,  with  a  collection  of  90C0 
coins,  ancient  and  modern,  and  a  vast  repository 
of  seals,  charters,  and  other  antiquities  and  cu- 
riosities ;  but  his  manuscripts,  and  liis  most  val- 
uable gold  medals,  were  luckily  at  his  house,  at 
South  Lamheth.  In  1683,  the  Universitv  of  Ox- 
ford having  finished  a  magnificent  repositorj' 
near  th«>  theatre,  Mr.  Ashmole  sent  thither  his 
curious  collection  of  rarities  ;  and  this  benefac- 
tion was  considerably  augmented  by  the  addi- 
tion of  his  manuscripts  and  library,  at  his  death, 
which  happened  at  South  Lambeth,  May  18, 
1692.— He  was  interred  in  the  church  of  Great] 
Lamheth,  in  Stirrev,  on  the  26tli  of  Mav,  1692. : 

ASHMT'N  ELI  PEASF,  a  dietinguished  law- 
yer G    Northampton,  Mass.  ;  he  was  a  member! 
fcf  the  senate  of  that  state,  and  afterwards  a  ae-) 
oalor  in  Congress,  died  1819 . 
42 


ASKTON,  Charles,  one  of  the  most  learned 
critics  of  his  age,  was  elected  master  of  Jesua 
College,  Cambridge,  July  5,  1701,  and  installed 
in  a  prebend  of  Ely,  on  the  14th  of  the  same 
month.  His  greet  knowledge  in  ecclesiastical 
antiquities  was  excelled  by  none,  and  equalled 
by  few  :  as  his  MS.  remarks  upon  the  Fathers, 
and  corrections  of  the  mistakes  of  translators, 
sufficently  show. 

ASHTON,Dr.  Thomas,  rector  of  St.Botolph 
Bishopsgate,  a  popular  preacher  and  excellent 
divine,  born  1716,  died  1775. 

ASH  WELL,  George,  his  writings  were  on  di- 
vinity, but  not  in  high  esteem  ;  he  died  16S3. 

ASIiWOOD,  Bartholomew,  a  minister  of  Ax- 
minsier,  in  Devon,  author  of  several  tracts,  &c 

ASIIWORTH,  Caleb,  patronized  by  Dr. 
Doddridge,  and  successor  to  him  in  his  school, 
was  created  D.  D.  by  a  Scotch  university;  ha 
died  1774. 

ASKEW,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Westmore- 
land, eminent  as  a  physician,  died  1784. 
I  ASKEW,  Anne,  an  accomplished  lady ,  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  William  Askew,  of  Kelsay",  in  Lin- 
colnshire, was  bora  in  1529.  She  received  a 
learned  education,  and  in  early  life  showed  a 
predilection  for  theological  studies.  By  these 
she  was  led  to  favour  the  reformation  ;  she  was, 
in  cunseqence,  arrested,  and,  having  confessed 
her  relipious  principles,  was  committed  to  ISew- 
gate.  She  was  first  racked  with  brutal  cruelty 
in  the  Tova  er,  and  afterwards  burned  alive  in 
Smiihiield,  July  16,  1546;  a  punishment  which 
she  endured  with  amazing  courage  and  firmness, 
adhering  to  the  last  to  the  principles  of  her  faith. 

ASPASIA,  a  native  of  Miletus,  celebrated  for 
her  wit  and  learning,  though  her  character  was 
licentious. 

ASPASIA,  a  Grecian  lady,  celebrated  for  her 
excellence  in  philosophy  and  rhetoric,  was  born 
at  Miletus,  but  settled  at  Athens ;  where,  theugh 
she  exercised  the  calling  of  a  courtezan,  her 
scliohistic  talents  induced  the  virtuous  Socrates 
and  other  of  the  greatest  men  of  the  age  to  visit 
jhcr  house.  She  was  afterwards  married  to  Peri- 
Iclts,  one  of  the  greatest  men  that  ever  flourished 
iin  Grtpce. 

j     ASPELT,  Peter  d',  studied  medicine  at  Paris; 
!he  died  1320. 

j     ASSELIN,  Giles  Thomas,  respectable  for  his 
i  piety  and  poetical  talents,  died  1567. 
I     ASSELYN,  John,  a  historical  and  landscape 
painter,  died  1C50. 

ASSEK,  a  Jev.'ish  rabbi  of  the  5th  century, 
j  author  of  the  Talmud  of  Babylon,  &c. 

ASSER,  of  St.  David's,  a  learned  author  in 
the  n  ign  of  Alfred. 

ASSHETON,  Dr.  William,  born  atMiddleton, 
in  Lancashire,  lG41,was  the  projector  of  the 
scheme  for  providing  a  n;aintei)ance  for  cleri-y- 
men's  widows  and  others,  by  a  jointure  f  a\  able 
by  Cae  Mercers'  Company.  Dr.  Assheton  wrote 
several  pieces  against  the  papists  and  dissenters, 
and  some  practical  and  devotional  tracts,  and 
died  at  his  rectory  of  Beckenham,  iuKent,  1711. 

AFSOUCI,  Charles  Coypeau,  Sieur  d',  a  poet, 
whose  works  contained  more  immorahty  than 
v.it:  he  died  1679. 

ASTELL,  Mary,  bom  at  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  about  the  year  1688.  Her  uncle,  a  clergy- 
man, observing  marks  of  a  promising  genius, 
took  her  under  his  tuition,  and  taught  her  ma- 
thematics, logic,  and  philosophy  She  left  the 
place  of  her  nativity  when  she  was  about  20 
years  of  age,  and  spent  the  remaining  part  of 
llher  life  at" London  and  Chelsea,  in  writing  for 


AT 

the  advancement  of  learning,  religion,  and  vir 
tue,  and  in  the  practice  of  those  religious  duties 
which  she  so  zealously  and  pathetically  recom 
mended  to  others.  She  was  remarkably  abste 
mious,  and  seemed  to  enjoy  an  uninterrupted 
state  of  health  till  a  few  days  before  her  death  ; 
when,  having  one  of  her  breasts  cut  off,  it  so 
1  much  impaired  her  constitution,  that  she  died 
in  1731,  in  the  63d  year  of  her  age,  and  was 
j  buried  at  Chelsea. 

ASTERIUS,  an  Arian  of  Cappadocia  in  the 
4th  century. 

ASTERIUS,  bishop  of  Amasia,  in  Pontus,  in 
the  4th  century. 

ASTERIUS,  Urbanus,  a  bishop  of  the  3d  cen 
tury,  engasud  in  a  controversy  with  the  Monta 
nistsof  Aucyra,  in  Galatia. 

ASTLE,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English  anti 
quary,  born  at  Yoxall,  Staffordshire,  December 
22,  1735,  and  originally  bred  to  the  lasv;  the 
early  pursuit  of  which  profession  led  him  to  give 
particular  application  to  the  decypheriag  of  an- 
cient records ;  in  vvlucJh  he  soon  excelled  all  his 
cotemporaries,  and  qualified  himself  to  be  of 
infinite  advantage  to  historical  literature.  In 
3783,  he  was  appointed  keeper  of  the  rolls  and 
records  in  the  tower  of  London  ;  and  in  178" 
elected  a  trustee  of  the  British  museum.  The 
principal  one  among  his  numerous  works  is, 
«'  On  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Writing,  as 
well  Hieroglyphic  as  Elementary,"  4to.,  1784; 
of  vvhicii  work  a  new  edition  was  published  just 
before  hisdeatli,  which  happened  at  Battersea, 
December  1,  1803. 

ASFLE,  John,  a  portrait  painter,  born  at 
Wheni,  in  Shropshire. 

AS  rOLPH,  king  of  Lorabardy,  attacked  the 
pope's  dominions,  and  died  756. 

ASTON,  Sir  Arthur,  a  brave  man  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Charles  I. 

ASTON,  Sir  Thomas ;  in  the  civil  wars  he 
raised  a  troop  of  horse  for  the  king,  but  was  de- 
feated, and  afterwards  taken  prisoner  ;  he  diec 
1642.  in  consequence  of  a  blow  received  in  at 
tempting  to  make  his  escape. 

ASTORGAS,  marchioness  of,  a  lady  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  of  Spain ;  she  killed  her  bus 
band's  mistress. 

AS  TRONOME  L',  a  historian  of  the  9th  cen 
tury 

ASTTIUC,  John,  a  physician  of  France,  born 
at  Sauve.?,  a  town  of  Lower  Languedoc,  the 
19th  of  March,  1684 ;  died  at  Paris,  the  5th  of 
May,  1766.  He  was  the  author  of  several  use- 
ful and  curious  works. 

A  STY  AGES,  a  king  of  Media,  594  B.  C, 
called  by  some,  the  Ahasuerus  of  the  Scriptures. 

ATA,  Abdal,  a  mussulman  dervise  in  the  age 
of  Tamerlane. 

ATABALIPA,  or  ATAHUALPA,  the  last 
king  of  Peru  of  the  race  of  the  Incas,  barbarous- 
ly put  to  death  by  the  Spaniards,  1533 

ATHALIAH,  wife  of  Jehoram,  she  obtained 
the  sovereignty  of  Judah,  which  she  held  seven 
years. 

ATHANASIUS,  St.,  was  born  at  Alexandria, 
of  heathen  parents.  He  was  noticed,  when 
very  young,  by  Alexander,  bishop  of  that  see, 
who  took  care  to  have  him  educated  in  all  good 
learning ;  and  when  he  was  of  age,  ordained 
liim  deacon.  He  took  him  in  his  company  when 
he  attended  the  council  of  Nice,  where  Athana- 
sius  greatly  distinguished  himself  as  an  able  and 
zealous  opposer  of  the  Arian  heresy.  Soon 
lafter  the  dissolution  of  the  council,  Alexander 
died,  and  Athanasius  was  appointed  to  succeed 


AT  

iiim  in  the  government  of  the  church  of  Alex- 
andria. This  was  in  '326,  when  Athanasius  is 
supposed  to  have  been  about  28  years  of  age.  It 
is  controverted  among  learned  men,  whether 
Athanasius  composed  the  creed  commonly  re- 
ceived under  his  name  ;  though  the  best  and 
latest  critics,  who  have  examined  the  thing  most 
exactly,  make  no  question  but  that  it  is  to  be 
ascribed  to  a  Latin  author,  Vigilius  Tapsensis, 
an  African  bishop,  who  lived  in  the  latter  end  of 
the  5th  century,  in  the  time  of  the  Vandalic 
Arian  persecution. 

ATHELING,  Edgar,  grandson  of  Edmund 
Ironside,  king  of  England,  made  some  unsuccessr 
ful  attempts  to  obtain  the  crown. 

ATHELST.AN,  the  natural  son  of  Edmund 
the  Elder,  made  king  of  England,  925. 

\THENAGORAS,  an  Athenian  philosopher 
who  became  a  convert  to  Christianity.  He  lived 
in  the  2d  century. 

ATFTHN-EIIS,  a  Greek  grammarian,  born  at\ 
Naucrates,  in  Egypt,  flourished  in  the  3d  centu  ry 
ATHENiEUS,  a  mathematician,  200  B.  C 
ATHEN^US,  an  orator  of  Rome  in  the  age 
of  Augustus. 

ATllENODORUS,  a  stoic  philosopher,  pre- 
ceptor to  Augustus. 

ATHIAS,  Isaac,  author  of  an  explication  of 
the  law  of  Moses,  a  Jew  of  Spain. 

ATHIAS,  Joseph,  a  learned  printer  of  Am- 
sterdam, died  1700. 

ATKINS,  James,  D.  D.,  a  learned  Scotchman 
of  Kirkwall,  in  Orkney,  died  1687. 

ATKINS,  sir  Robert,  lord  chief  baron  of  the 
exchequer,  born  in  Gloucestershire,  in  the  year 
1621 ,  died  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  1709.  He 
was  a  man  of  much  probity,  as  well  as  of  great 
skill  in  his  profession,  and  a  warm  friend  to  the 
constitution. 

ATKINS,  sir  Robert,  son  of  the  foregoing, 
was  born  in  1646.  He  became  very  early  a  great 
proficient  in  the  laws  and  antiquities  of  his  coun- 
try, which  afterwards  led  him  to  write  "The 
\iicient  and  Present  State  of  Gloucestershire," 
printed  in  folio,  1712.  This  great  and  valuable 
work  he  lived  to  perfect,  but  died  the  year  before 
it  was  published. 

ATKINSON,  Theodore,  chief  justice  of  New- 
Hampshire,  and  a  delegate  to  the  con%'ention  at 
Albany  which  formed  the  plan  of  union  for  the 
defence  of  the  colonies,  died  1779. 

ATKYNS,  Richard,  suffered  during  the  civil 
wars  for  his  attachment  to  the  royal  cause,  and 
died  1677. 

ATLAS,  king  of  Mauritania,  a  celebrated  as- 
tronomer, said  to  have  been  coteraporary  with 
Moses.  From  his  making  astronomical  obser- 
vations on  high  mountains,  it  became  a  fable 
that  he  was  turned  into  a  mountain.  He  is 
likewise  represented  as  an  old  man  bearing  the 
world  upon  his  shoulders ;  and  general  descrip- 
tions of  the  whole  globe,  in  sets  of  maps,  are  to 
this  hour  called  Atlases. 

ATRATUS,  Hugh,  or  Black,  called  the  Phoe- 
nix of  his  age,  from  his  great  powers  of  mind. 
ATT  ALUS  I.,  king  of  Pergamus,  a  great  pa- 
tron of  learning,  died  198  B.  C. 

ATTALUS  II.,  son  of  the  preceding,  reigned 
21  years,  and  died  159  B.  C. 

ATTALUS  III.,  nephew  of  the  second,  died 
133  B.  C. 

ATTALUS,  a  native  of  Pergamus,  was 
burnt  alive  for  professing  the  Christian  reli- 
gion, 177. 

LTTENDULI,  Margaret,  a  sister  of  Sforza, 
grand  constable  of  Naples. 

43 


AT 

ATTEKBURY,  Lewis ;  he  took  the  degree  of 
D.  D.  at  Oxford,  and  was  drowned  1693. 

ATTERBURY,  Lewis,  son  of  the  preceding, 
one  of  the  chaplains  of  the  princess  Anne,  died 
173L 

ATTERBURY,  Francis,  bishop  of  Rochester, 
was  bom  March  6, 1662,  at  Middleton,  or  Milton 
Keynes,  in  Buckinghamshire.  He  had  his  edu- 
cation in  grammar  learning  at  Westminster 
school ;  and  thence,  in  1680,  was  elected  a  stu- 
dent of  Christ-church  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
soon  diftinguisiied  himself  for  the  politeness  of 
bis  wit  and  learning.  In  1690  he  took  orders ;  in 
169]  he  was  elected  lecturer  of  St.  Bride's  Church 
in  London,  preached  at  Bridewell  Chapel,  and 
was  soon  afterwards  appointedchaplainio  king 
William  and  queen  Mary.  He  was  for  some 
years  after  this  engaged  in  a  religious  contro- 
versy with  Dr.  Bentley,  Dr.  Wake,  and  other 
learned  divines.  In  1713,  the  queen,  at  the  re- 
commendation of  lord  chancellor  Harcourt,  ad- 
vanced him  to  the  bishopric  of  Rochester,  with 
the  deanery  of  Westminster  in  commendam. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  succeeding  reign  nis 
*tide  of  prosperity  began  to  turn;  and  he  re- 
ceived a  sensible  moriificaiion  presently  after 
the  coronation  of  king  George  1.,  when,  upon 
his  offering  to  present  his  majesty  (with  a  view, 
no  doubt,  of  standing  better  in  his  favour)  with 
the  chair  of  stale  and  royal  canopy,  his  own 
perquisites  as  dean  of  Westminster,  the  offer 
was  rejected,  not  v.ithout  some  evident  marks 
of  dislike  to  his  person.  In  1722,  on  a  suspicion 
of  his  being  concerned  in  a  plot  in  favour  of  the 
pretender,  he  was  apprehended  August  24,  ajid 
committed  prisoner  to  the  Tower.  A  bill  soon 
after  passed  in  parliamoit,  the  tenor  of  which 
was,  that  he  should  be  deprived  of  all  his 
offices,  dignities,  benefices,  &c.,  and  suffer  per- 
petual exile.  He  died  at  Paris,  February  15, 
1731-2. 

ATTICUS,  one  of  the  most  singular  person- 
ages in  ancient  Rome  He  understood  the  art  of 
conducting  himself  so  well,  that,  without  de- 
parting from  his  neutrality,  he  pr.?served  the 
esteem  and  affection  of  all  parties.  He  reached 
the  age  of  77  years  almost  without  knowing 
what  sickness  was,  but  at  last  fell  sick.  His 
illness,  which  was  slight  for  three  months,  at 
length  becoming  painful,  be  sent  for  Agrippa, 
his  son-in-law,  and  two  other  persons,  and  de- 
clared to  them  a  resolution  to  put  an  end  to  his 
life  by  abstinence  from  food.  Agrippa  remon- 
strated with  tears,  but  in  vain.  After  two  days 
abstinence  the  fever  left  him,  and  the  disease 
abated ;  but  Atticus  persisted,  and  died  three 
dajs  after,  in  the  year  of  Rome  721. 

ATTICUS,  Herodes,  a  celebrated  orator,  bom 
at  Marathon,  died  in  70. 

ATTICUS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  died 
in  427. 

ATTILA,  a  famous  general  of  the  Huns, 
usually  called  "  The  Scourge  of  God,"  died 
453. 

ATWOOD,  William,  chief  justice  of  the  co- 
lony of  New- York,  and  judge  of  admiralty  for 
New-England,  New- York,  and  New-Jersey,  in 
1701. 

ATWOOD,  George,  of  the  parish  St  Clement 
Danes,  a  tutor  and  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  and  lecturer  on  experimental  philo- 
sophy to  the  university.  He  was  eminent  as  a 
profound  mathematician  and  financier,  and  for 
his  skill  in  the  theory  and  practice  of  music ; 
and  was  the  intimate  friend  of  the  prime  minis- 
ter, Pitt.  He  died  1807. 
44 


AU    . 

AUBERT,  Peter,  a  French  lawyer,  died  1733- 

AUBERT,  William,  an  advocate  at  Paris, 
author  of  some  works  of  merit,  died  in  1601. 

AUBERT  DU  BAYET  N.,  a  French  officer, 
[engaged  in  the  American  war. 

AUBERTIN,  Edme,  minister  of  the  reformed 
church  at  Charenton,  died  1C52. 

AUBERY",  or  AUBRY,  John,  a  ph}-sician  of 
Bourbonnois,  a  learned  author. 

AUBERY",  Anthony,  a  lawyer  of  Paris,  and 
a  remarkable  student,  died  1695. 

AUBERY",  Louis,  sieur  du  Maurier,  author  of 
some  valuable  works,  died  1C87. 

AUBESPINE,  Claude  de  1',  usefully  employ- 
ed in  the  service  of  Francis  I.,  Henry  II.,  and 
liis  two  successors;  he  died  in  1567. 

AUBESPINE,  Charles  de,  marquis  of  Cha- 
teau-neuf,  chancellor  of  France,  an  able  states- 
man, died  16o;^. 

AUBESriNE,  Gabriel  de  1',  an  ambassador 
in  England,  16.m 

AUBESriNE,  Magdelene  de  1',  wife  of  Ni- 
colas de  Nuufville  de  Villrroi,  celt  briitcd  for  her 
wit  and  beauty  at  the  court  of  Chai les  IX. 

AUBIGNE,  Theodore  Agrippa  d',  a  verj-  il- 
lustrious Frenchman,  and  grardiathcrof  theno 
less  illustrious  Madame  de  Maintcnon,  was  born 
about  the  year  1550.  His  parts  were  so  uncom- 
Eicn,  and  iiis  progress  in  letters  so  very  rapid, 
that  he  is  said  to  have  trarislated  the  "  Crito  '  of 
Plato  from  rhe  Greek  into  French  when  ro  more 
than  eiglii  years  old.     His  principal  work  is 

Histoire  Univeȣclle,  from  l.''50to  iroi,with 
a  short  Account  of  the  Death  of  Henry  IV.,"  in 
three  volumes,  folio.  Aubigne  died  at  Geneva 
in  16S0. 

AUBREY,  John,  an  eminent  English  anti- 
quary, born  at  Easton  Piers,  Wiltshire,  1626, 
died  1700,  leaving  many  works  behind  him,  par- 
icularly  a  "  History  of  Suirey,"  5  vols.  8vo.,  a 
volume  of  "  Miscelianies,"  and  several  MSS., 
which  are  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  Oxford. 
He  seems,  however,  to  have  been  a  credulous 
man,  and  to  have  been  frequently  in;po£cd  upon 
with  marvellous  tales  and  absurd  hyp<>theses. 

AUBREY,  John  Baptist,  a  French  Benedict- 
ine, prior  of  the  house  of  Commercy,  died  1809. 
His  writings  on  theological  and  philosophical 
ubjects  are  numerous. 

AURRIOT,  Hugo,  builder  of  the  EasUle,  1369, 
died  in  1282. 

AUBUSSON,  Peter  d',  grand  master  of  the 
order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  a  warrior  and 
tatesman,  died  in  1503. 

AUBUSSON,  Francis  d',  duke  de  la  Feuil- 
lade,  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of  Flan- 
ders, died  in  1681. 

AUCHMUTY.  Samuel.  D.  D.,  rector  of  Tri- 
nity church.  New- York,  died  1777. 

AUCHMUTY,  sir  Samuel,  knt.,  son  of  the 
above,  was  born  in  New- York,  and,  taking  side 
against  his  countrymen  in  the  Revolution,  he 
entered  the  British  army,  and  rose  to  the  high 
rank  of  lieutenant  general,  after  holding  va- 
rious honourable  and  lucrative  stations  under 
he  British  government.  He  died  at  Dublin, 
while  commander  in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Ire- 
land, 1822. 

AUDEBERT,  Germain,  a  counsellor  of  Or- 
leans, and  a  poet,  died  1598. 

AUDEBERT,  John  Baptist,  a  French  na- 
turalist, engraver,  &c...  died  1800. 

AUDTFRFT  Jean  Baptiste  d',  a  native  of 
Marseilles,  author  of  a  geography,  died  1733. 

AUDIFRET,  Hercules,  of  Carpentras,  pre- 
ceptor of  Flechier,  died  1659. 


AU 

AUDIGUJER,  Vital  d',  known  for  liis  adven 
tures  in  quest  of  independence,  died  1630. 

AUDIUS,  founder  of  a  sect  in  the  4tli  cen- 
tury. 

AUDLEY,  James,  lord,  distinguished  for  his 
valour  in  the  wars  of  France,  &c.,  died  in  1386. 

AUDLEY,  Edmund,  was  successively  made 
bishop  of  Rochester,  Hereford,  and  Salisbury 
and  died  in  1524. 

AUDLEY,  or  AWDELEY,  Thomas,  appoint- 
ed cliancellor  in  the  room  of  sir  Thomas  More, 
died  in  1544. 

AUDRAN,  Girard,  esteemed  the  most  correct 
historical  enjjraver  that  over  lived,  died  in  1703. 

AUDRAN,  Claude,  brother  to  Girard,  a  his- 
torical painter,  died  in  1(584. 

AUDRAN,  John,  nephew  of  Girard,  an  en- 
grav(M'  of  LyoHH,  died  iti  1756. 

AUGER,  Edmund,  whose  eloquence  convert- 
ed 40,000  proloslanls  to  tiie  calholic  faith,  died 
15!ll. 

AUGUREELl,  John  Aurclins,  a  poet  and 
philosopher  of  Rimini,  died  in  15-24. 

AUGUSTIN,  Antony,  employed  by  the  pope 
as  ambassador  to  England,  died  in  1587. 

AUGUSTINE,  St.,  a  father  of  the  church, 
made  bishop  of  Hippo,  died  in  430. 

.AUGUSTINE,  Leonanl,  commonly  called 
Agostini,  an  antiquarian  of  Sienna  in  the  17th 
ceiiturv. 

AUGUSTIN,  or  AUSTIN,  St.,  the  first  arcli- 
bishojjof  Canterbury,  was  originally  a  monk  in 
the  convent  of  St.  Andrew,  at  Rome,  and  edu- 
cated under  St.  Gregory,  afterwards  pope  Gre- 
gory I.,by  whom  he  was  despatched  into  Britain, 
with  40  other  monks  of  tlie  same  order,  about 
the  year  596,  to  convert  the  Englisli  Saxons  to 
Christianity.     He  died  at  Canterbury,  604. 

AUGUSTULUS,  Romulus,  the  last  emperor 
of  Rome,  sjient  the  last  part  of  his  life  in  ob- 
scurity. 

AUGUSTUS,  Cains  Julius  Casar  Octavia- 
nus,  tli(>  first  Roman  Emperor,  a  prince  of  great 
moderation  and  pnulence,  died  A.  D.  14. 

AUIIADI-MARAGAH,  a  mussulman  poet, 
about  i:Uil. 

AUhUSGELLIUS.    See  GELL1U3. 

AUiMONT,  John  d',  count  of  Chateroux, 
marshal  of  Fiance,  &c.,  died  1595. 

AUMONT,  Anthony  d',  grandson  of  the  pre- 
ceding, also  marshal  of  France,  &c.,  died  1669. 

AUNGERVILLE,  Richard,  tutor  to  Edward 
nr.  of  England,  died  1345. 

AUN(;)Y,  Marie  Catherine  Jumelle  do  Bern- 
viUe,  countess  d',  known  as  the  writer  of  nu- 
merous romances,  died  170.5. 

AUIIELIAN,  son  of  a  peasant,  raised  to  tlie 
throne  of  Rome  after  Claudius  II.,  died  275. 

AURELlUS  VICTOR,  Se.vtus,  a  Roman  his- 
torian of  the  4tii  cenlurv. 

AURELLl,  or  ARELLI,  John  Mutio,  a  Latin 
poet,  died  ].'>20. 

AURENG-ZER,  the  great  mogul,  a  famous 
con()ueror,  but  detestable  parricide  who  poison- 
ed Ills  father  to  possess  his  throne,  died  1707, 
aged  near  100. 

AUREOLUS,  Manius  Acilius,  from  a  shep- 
herd became  a  general ;  he  died  267. 

AURIA,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Palermo,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  man  of  letters,  died  1710. 

AITRIFICUS,  or  ORIFICUS  BONEFJLIUS, 
Nicholas,  author  of  several  religious  works  in 
the  16th  century. 

AURTGNY,  Hyacintha  Robillard  d',  regent 
of  the  college  of  Alencon,  wrote  some  chrono- 
logical memoirs  on  history,  &c.,  and  died  1719. 


AU 

AURIGNY,  Gilles  d",  an  ingenious  French 
poet  of  the  16th  century. 

AURILLON,  Jean  Baptiste  Elie,  a  French- 
man, admired  for  his  eloquence,  &c.,  died  1729. 

AURIOL,  Blaise  d',  known  by  some  poetical 
pieces  and  treatises  on  jnrisprudence,  died  1540. 

AURISPA,  John,  patronised  by  pope  Ni- 
cholas V. 

AUROGALLUS,  Matthew,  assisted  Luther 
in  translating  the  Bible  into  German,  and  died 
1543. 

AUROUX,  Matthew,  a  lawyer,  author  of  a 
curious  commentary  on  the  costume  du  Bour- 
bonnois,  in  the  18th  century. 

AUSONIUS,  Decinms  Magnus,  a  Latin  poet 
of  the  4th  century. 

AUSSUN,  Pierre  d',  a  distinguished  officer  in 
the  French  service,  died  1563. 

AUSTIN,  William,  author  of  the  "  Excellen- 
cy of  Women,"  &c. 

AUTELS,Gillaumede8,anindifferentFrench 
l>oet,  di(!d  1.576. 

AUTEROCHE,  Jean  Chappe  d',  a  French- 
man, distinguished  for  his  early  and  rapid  pro- 
is  in  learning ;  he  went  to  Tobolsk  to  observe 
the  transit  of  Venus  over  tlie  sun's  disk,  June 

17lil. 

AUTHON,  John  d',  historiographer  to  Lewis 
XII.,  died  1.532. 

AUTOMNE,  Bernard,  author  of  a  commen- 
tary on  tiie  provincial  law  of  Bordeaux,  died 
1666. 

AUTREAU,  Jacques  d',  a  painter  of  Paris, 
who  began  to  write  for  the  stage  at  60,  with  suc- 
cess ;  he  died  1745. 

AUVERGNE,  Anthony  d',  director  of  the 
Gpcrti  at  Ptii  is,  and  an  eminent  composer,  died 
1797. 

AUVIGNY,  N.  Castres  d',  born  in  the  Hai- 
naut,  intimate  with  1'  abbe  des  Fontaines ;  he 
wrote  nmch  on  historical  subjects,  and  died 
1743. 

AUXENTIUS,  a  native  of  Cappadocia  :  he 
was  made  bishop  of  Milan,  but  was  afterwards 
exconnimuicated,  and  died  374.  Another  of 
the  same  name  cliallenged  St.  Ambrose  to  a  pub- 
lic disputation,  wJiich  he  rejected. 

AUZONT,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Rouen,  a  ma- 
thematician, said  to  be  the  inventor  of  the  mi- 
crometer ;  he  suggested  the  idea  of  applying  the 
lelescope  to  the  astronomical  quadrant,  and  died 
IG91. 

AVALOS  FERDINAND,  Francis  d",  mar- 
quis of  Pescara,  distinguished  for  his  valour  in 
the  service  of  Charles  V.,  died  1525. 

AVALOS,  Alphonso  d',  marquis  del  Vasto, 
assisted  Charles  V.  in  Italy,  died  1546. 

AVANTIO,  John  Marion,  a  learned  civilian, 
settled  at  Padua,  died  1622. 

AVED,  Jaques  Andre  Joseph,  a  painter  of 
eminence,  died  at  Paris,  1766. 

AVEIRO,  Joseph,  duke  of,  a  Portuguese  no- 
i)leman,  conspired  against  king  Joseph  I.,  and 
was  executed  1759. 

AVENPACA,  a  Spanish  Moor,  a  peripatetic 
philosopher  in  the  12th  century. 

AVELAR,  a  Portuguese  painter. 

AVELLANEDA,  Alphonsus  Fernandas  d', 
a  Spanish  writer,  native  of  Tordesillas,  was 
author  of  a  Continuation,  or  Second  Part,  of 
"  Don  (Quixote,"  8vo.,  1614.  It  has  been  twice 
translated  into  English  ;  and  Pope,  in  his  Essay 
on  Criticism,  has  versified  a  tale  from  it.  The 
time  of  his  birth  or  death  has  not  been  ascer- 
tained. 

AVENTIN,  John,  a  celebrated  scholar,  and 
45 


AY 

author  of  the  "  Annals  of  Bavaiia,"  bom  14CG, 
at  Abensperg,  in  the  country  just  named.  He 
died  15^. 

AVENZOAR,  an  Arabian  physician  of  the 
12th  century. 

AVERANIUS,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Florence, 
possessed  strong  powers  of  mind;  be  died  ii. 
1738. 

AVERANIUS,  Benedict,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, early  disiinguislied  by  advancement  in 
literature,  died  in  1707. 

AVERDY,  Clement  Charles  de  V,  ministei 
and  comptroller  of  the  finances  under  Lewis 
XV.,  guillotined  in  1794. 

AVERROE5,  one  of  the  most  subtle  Arabian 
philosophers,  and  a  native  of  Corduba,  flourish- 
ed in  the  12ih  century. 

AVESBURY,  Robert,  an  English  historian. 

AVICEXNA,  a  celebrated  plMiosopher  and 
physician  among  the  Mahomeiuiis,  was  born 
in  the  year  980,  and  died  in  1036.  The  number 
of  his'  books,  including  Lis  smaller  tracts,  is 
computed  at  near  100,  the  majoiiiy  of  which  art 
either  lost  or  not  known  in  Europe. 

AVIENUS,  Rufus  Festus,  a  Latin  poet  of  the 
4th  century. 

AVILA,  Louis  d',  a  general  of  cavalry  under 
Charles  V.  at  the  siege  of  Mentz,  1552. 

AVILA,  Giles  Gonzalcvd',  historiographer  to 
the  Spanish  king,  died  lt)58. 

AVILA,  John  d',  a  learned  and  pious  ecclesi- 
astic of  Toledo,  died  151)9. 

AVILA,  Saucho  d",  bishop  of  Murcia,  &c., 
distinguished  for  his  piety,  died  1626. 

AVILER,  Augustin  Charles  d',  wrote  on  ar- 
chitecture ;  he  died  1700. 

AVIKON,  James  le  Bathelier,  author  of  com- 
mentaries on  the  provia.cial  laws  of  IVormandy. 

AVISOX,  Charles,  an  eminent  English  mu- 
sician and  composer,  and  author  of  a  treatise 
on  "Musical  Expression,"  died  at  Newcastle, 
Mav  10,  1770. 

XVITUS,  Mark  Maicilius,  emperor  of  the 
West,  on  the  death  of  Maximus,  455. 

AVOGARDI,  Lucia  Albani,  a  celebrated  Ita- 
lian poetess. 

AXERETO,  or  ASSERETO,  Blaise,  a  Ge- 
noese admiral,  defeated  and  took  prisoner  Al- 
phonso  v.,  king  of  Arragon,  in  a  naval  battle, 
1435. 

AXITHEA,  a  female  philosopher,  in  the  age 
of  Plato. 

AXTEL,  Daniel,  a  colonel  in  the  pariia 
mentary  army  ;  from  a  grocer  he  became  a  sol 
dier,  was  one  of  the  olficers  employed  at  the 
trial  of  the  king,  and  for  his  concern  in  his  exe 
cution,  he  suffered  death  in  1G60. 

AYESHA,  most  beloved  of  the  wives  of  Ma- 
homet, died  077. 

AYLESBURY,  Sir  Thomas,  a  native  of  Lon 
don,  and  a  patron  of  hterature,  distinguished  as 
a  mathematician  and  man  of  science,  died  1657. 

AYLESBURY,  William,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, and  tutor  to  the  young  duke  of  Bucking- 
bam  and  his  brother,  died  in  Jamaica,  1657. 

AYLETT,  Robert,  a  master  in  chancery  of 
Trinity-hall,  Cambridge,  1614. 

AYLIN,  John,  author  of  the  history  of  Friuli 
an  Italian  author  of  the  14th  century. 

AYLMER,  John,  bishop  of  London,  bom  in 
Norfolk  1521.  He  preached  frequently  in  hi 
cathedral,  and  had  an  admirable  talent  at  cap- 
tivating the  attention  of  his  hearers.  He  died 
at  Fulham,  the  3d  of  June,  1.594,  aged  73. 

AYLOFFE,  Sir  Joseph,  bart.,  V.  P.  A.  S. 
alxd  F.  R.  S.,  born  1703,  died  1781.  His  know 
46 


levl<:e  ot  the  national  antiquities  and  municipal 
iigliis  was  veiy  extensivi . 

AY  LON,  Luke  Vasques  d',  a  Spaniard  en- 
gaged in  ihe  discovery  and  conquest  of  Ameri- 
ca, ioiO. 

1  MAR,  Janies,  a  peasant  of  Daupliine,  pre- 
;» iuled  lo  discover  secrets,  &c.,  by  means  of  a 
sacred  wai.d  ;  lie  died  1706. 

AYMON,  Jiiliii,  a  Pkdniontese,  embraced 
ihe  leheis  01  C  ah  in,  in  Rt.iland,  but  returned  to 
tlie  Romish  church  ■  he  purloined  and  piiLlishea 
some  bor  ks  from  the  king's  library  at  Paris. 

AYKES,  John,  an  English  penman  of  con- 
siderable eminence  about  1694. 

-AYRJUN,  or  A  VERMES,  William,  made 
chancellor  of  England  by  Edward  III  ;  he  was 
also  sent  ambassador  to"R(.me.    " 

AYSA,  a  ^icorish  female,  taken  prisoner  by 
the  Fjianiards  uiider  Charles  V.,  at  tlie  siege  of 
Tunis. 

AYSCOUGH,  George  Edward,  an  English- 
man ;  he  was  an  oflicer  in  the  foot  guards,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  hterary  acquirements,  and 
died  1779. 

AYSCOUGH,  Anne.    See  ASKEW. 

AYSCOUGH,  Samuel,  assistant  librarian  in 
the  Briiish  Museum,  but  chiefly  memorable  for 
his  patient  industry'  in  that  most  useful,  but  too 
much  despised  province  of  literature,  called  iri- 
dex  makhig.  He  published,  among  other  works, 
a  "  Caiaiogue  of  the  MSS.  in  tlie  British  Mu- 
seum ;  and  also  a  Catalogue  of  Ancient  Char- 
ters in  that  matchless  collection,  amounting  to 
about  16,000.  He  was  bom  at  Nottingham,  in 
1745,  and  died  in  the  British  Museum,  October 
30.  1804. 

AY^SCUE,  Sir  George,  a  gallant  Enghsh  ad- 
miral, from  an  ancient  family  in  Lincolnshire  ; 
in  1666  he  commanded  the  Royal  Prince,  the 
largest  ship  in  the  world  ;  it  was  captured  by 
the  Dutch. 

AZARIAH,  or  UZZIAH,  king  of  Judah,  lived 
810  B.  C,  became  an  idolater,  and  died  a  leper. 

AZARIAS,  arabbi,  author  of  several  Hebrew 
works. 

AZEVEDO,  Ignatius,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit,  a 
missionary  to  America,  murdered  bv  pirates, 1570. 

AZAICUETA,  Martin,  a  lawyer  of  Pampe-    , 
luna,  distinguished  as  a  professor  in  several  uni- 
versities, died  at  Rome,  in  1586. 

AZORIUS,  John,  a  native  of  Lucca,  eminent 
among  the  Jesuits,  as  a  professor  at  Alca!a  and 
at  Rome,  died  1603. 

AZZI  DE  FORTI,  Faustina,  writer  of  a  vo- 
lume of  Italian  poems,  died  1724 

AZZO,  Portius,  professor  of  law  at  Bologna, 
died  1220. 

AZZOGUIDO,  Valerius  Flaccus,  a  learned 
antiquarian  of  Bologna,  died  1728. 

AZZOLlNl,  Lawrence,  secretary  to  Pope 
Urbsm  VIII.,  and  bishop  of  Narni,  died  1532. 

BA 

BAAHDIN,  Mahomet  Gebet  Amali,  a  learned 
Persian,  author  of  a  summary  of  civil  and  canon 
law,  which  was  enforced  through  Persia,  by 
command  of  Abbas  the  Great. 

BAAN,  John  de,  a  Dutch  painter  of  some  emi- 
nence, patronised  by  CharlesII.  of  England,  and 
the  grand  duke  of  Tuscanv  ;  he  died  1702. 

BAARSDORP,  Cornelius,  was  physician  and 
chamberlain  to  the  Emperor  Charles  V. 

BAART,  Peter,  a  Latin  and  Flemish  poet 
and  physician,  author  of  the  Flemish  Georgics 
and  other  poems.    Y^ear  of  his  death  unknowa 


BA 

"  BABA,  a  Turkish  impostor.  He  announced 
himself,  in  1260,  as  the  messenger  of  God  ;  uai 
opposed  and  overpowered  by  the  Turks,  and  his 
sect  dispersed. 

BABEK,  a  Persian,  who,  in  823,  rebelled 
against,  and  defeated  the  caliph  Almamon.  He 
was  conquered  and  executed  by  the  next  caliph. 
BABACOUSCHI,  a  mufti  of  Caffa,  in  the 
Taurida,  author  of  several  political  treatises, 
died  783  of  the  hegira. 

BABEUF,  Francis  Noelj  a  native  of  St.  Quin- 
tin,  an  attorney,  afterwards  publisher  of  a  French 
revolutionary  paper,  who,  lor  his  vices,  was 
deemed  a  fit  successor  to  Robespjerre.  He  was 
condemned  to  the  guillotine,  and  executed  1797, 
aged  37. 

BABIN,  Francis,  a  native  of  Angus,  and  pro- 
fessor of  divinity,  died  1734. 

BABINGTON,  Dr.  Gervase,  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester, born  in  Nottinghamshire,  1550,  died  1610, 
leaving  some  esteemed  tiieological  works  be- 
hind him,  as  "  Notes  on  the  Pentateuch,"  &c. 

BABINGTON,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Derby- 
shire. He  conspired,  with  other  Catholics,  to 
assassinate  Q.ueen  Elizabeth,  and  release  Mary 
queen  of  Scots.  He  was  detected  and  executed 
1586. 

BABUR,  grandson  of  Tamerlane,  died  1471. 

BABYLAS,  a  bishop  of  Antioch,  put  todeath 
in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Decius,  251. 

BACA[,  Ibrahim  Benomar,  died  885  of  the 
hegira. 

BAC.4LANI,  Abubecre,  author  of  a  book  ex 
planatory  of  the  Koran. 

BACCALAR-Y-SANNA,  Vincent,  marquis 
of  St.  Philip,  a  man  of  influence  under  Charles 
II.  and  Philip  V.  of  Spain,  died  1726. 

B.\CCALI,  a  learned  Mahometan,  sumamed 
the  ornament  of  the  doctors,  for  his  learning, 
died  562  of  the  hegira. 

BACCELLI,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Florence ; 
he  translated  the  Odyssey  into  Italian,  1553. 

B  ACCHETTI,  liawrence,  professor  of  medi- 
cine and  jurisprudence  at  Padua,  died  1708. 

BACCHINI,  Benedict,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
librarian  and  historiographer  to  the  duke  of 
Modena,  and  professor  of  Ecclesiastical  history, 
died  1721. 

BACCHYLIDES,  a  lyric  poet  of  Cos,  who 
dved  about  452  B.  C. 

BACCHYLUS,  bishop  of  Corinth  in  the  2d 
century. 

BACCIO,  Andreas,  a  native  of  Ancona,  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  at  Rome,  and  physician  to 
Pope  Sixtus  v.,  died  about  1600. 

BACCIO,  Francis  Bartholomew,  a  historical 
and  portrait  painter  of  Florence,  died  1517. 

BACH,  John  Sebastian,  an  eminent  German 
:nusician,  who  long  stood  unrivalled  as  a  per- 
former on  the  organ,  as  well  as  a  composer  for 
chat  instrument.  He  was  born  at  Eisenach  in 
1685,  and  died  at  Leipxic,  in  1754. 

BACHAUMON,  Lewis  Petit  de,  a  native  of 
Paris,  known  as  the  author  of  several  literary 
works,  died  1771. 

BACHELIER,  Nicholas,  an  architect  and 
wulptor  of  eminence,  he  was  a  pupil  of  Michael 
A^ngelo,  and  died  after  1553. 

BACHINI,  Bemardine,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
juthor  of  several  Latin  and  Italian  works,  died 
1721. 

BACHOVIUS,  Reinicr,  a  native  of  Cologne, 
m  eminent  civilian  and  professor  at  Heidelberg, 
lied  1614. 

B  ACICI,  John  Baptiste  Ganli,  a  native  of  Ge- 
Koa,  andeminent  as  a  painter,  died  at  Rome,  1709.  | 


BACKER,  James,  an  eminent  Dutch  poruait 
painter,  died  1560. 

BACKER,  Jacob,  a  portrait  painter,  born  st 
Henligen.  died  1651. 

BACKfclOUSE,  William,  an  English  alchy- 
mist  and  astrologer,  died  1662. 

BACKHUYSEN,  Ludolph,  a  painter  of  Emb- 
den,  died  1709. 

BACKUS,  Charles,  D.D.,  an  eminent  minister; 
he  settled  in  Somera,  Conn.,  1774,  and  died  1803. 

BA'CKUS,  Isaac,  a  distinguished  baptist  mi- 
nister of  Massachusetts,  whose  publications  are 
more  numerous  than  any  other  baptist  writer  in 
America ;  he  died  1806. 

BACKUS,  Aziel,  D.  D.,  was  pastor  of  a  church 
in  Bethlehem,  Conn.,  and  afterwards  first  presi- 
dent of  Hamilton  College  ;  he  died  1816,  aged  62. 

BACLAY,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  a  wri- 
ter of  some  celebrity,  died  1621. 

B.ACON,  Robert,  an  English  friar,  professor 
of  divinity  at  Oxford,  and  treasurer  of  Salisbury 
cathedral,  died  1248. 

BACON,  Nathaniel,  came  to  Americji,  and 
caused  an  injurious  rebellion  in  Governor  Berk- 
ley's time. 

BACON,  Roger,  a  learned  monk  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan order,  descended  of  an  ancient  family, 
born  near  Ilchester,  in  Somersetshire,  1214.  His 
discoveries  were  little  understood  by  the  gene- 
rality of  mankind  ;  and  because,  by  the  help  of 
mathematical  knowledge,  he  performed  things 
above  common  understanding,  he  was  suspected 
of  magic.  He  was  persecuted  particularly  by 
his  own  fraternity ;  they  would  not  receive  his 
works  into  tlieir  library,  and  at  last  had  inter- 
est enough  with  the  general  of  their  order  to  get 
him  imprisoned  ;  so  that,  as  he  confesses  him- 
self, he  had  reason  to  repent  of  his  having  taken 
such  pains  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  At  the 
particular  desire  of  Pope  Clement  IV.,  Bacon 
collected  together  and  enlarged  his  several 
pieces,  and  sent  them  to  him,  in  1267.  This  col- 
lection, which  is  the  same  that  himself  entitled 
"  Opus  Majus,"  or  his  Great  Work,  is  still  ex- 
tant. When  Bacon  had  been  ten  years  in  prison, 
Jerom  d'Ascoli,  general  of  his  order,  who  had 
condemned  his  doctrine,  was  chosen  pope,  and 
assumed  the  name  of  Nicholas  IV.  Toward 
the  latter  end  of  his  reign.  Bacon,  by  the  inter- 
position of  some  noblemen,  obtained  his  release, 
and  returned  to  Oxford,  where  he  spent  the  re- 
mainder of  his  days  in  peace,  and  died  in  the 
college  of  his  order,  11th  June,  1294.  Dr.  Freind 
ascribes  the  honour  of  introducing  chymistry 
into  Europe  to  Bacon,  who,  he  observes,  speaks 
in  some  part  or  other  of  his  vi'orks,  of  almost 
every  operation  now  used  in  chymistiy.  He  was 
a  miracle  of  the  age  that  he  lived  in ;  and  the 
greatest  genius,  perhaps,  for  mechanical  know- 
ledge, that  ever  appeared  in  the  world  since 
Archimedes. 

BACON,  Sir  Nicholas,  lord  keeper  of  the 
great  seal  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  was 
descended  of  an  ancient  family  in  Suffolk,  bora 
in  the  year  1510,  and  died,  lamented  by  her  ma- 
jesty and  the  nation,  on  the  20th  of  Feb.,  1578-9. 

B.\CON,  Anne,  wife  of  Sir  Nicliolas,  a  lady 
eminent  for  learning,  piety,  and  virtue,  died 
about  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  James  I. 

BACON,  Francis,  viscount  of  St.  Albans,  lord 
high  chancellor  of  England,  and  one  of  the  great- 
est and  most  universal  geniuses  that  any  a^i-  or 
country  has  produced,  was  son  of  Sir  Nichnlaa 
Bacon,  lord  keeper  o'^the  great  seal,  and  bo-  at 
York  House,  in  the  Strand,  on  the  22d  of  Janu- 
ary. 1561.  His  extraordinary  parts,  even  when 
47 


a  boy,  were  so  conspicuous,  that  before  he  was 
full  16,  his  father  called  him  from  the  university 
to  attend  into  France  the  queen's  ambassador, 
Sir  Amyas  Pawlet,  whose  esteem  and  confi- 
dence he  gained  to  such  a  degree,  that  he  was 
seon  after  charged  by  him  with  a  commission  to 
the  queen,  which  he  executed  with  great  ap- 
probation, and  returned  again  to  France,  to  fin- 
ish his  travels.  During  his  stay  in  that  king- 
dom his  father  died,  without  making  that  sepa- 
rate pro\ision  for  him  which  he  had  intended : 
this  obliging  him  to  think  of  some  profeesion 
for  a  subsistence,  he  applied  himself,  more 
through  necessity  than  choice,  to  the  study  of 
the  common  law,  and  for  that  purpose  seated 
himself  in  Gray's  Inn.  At  the  age  of  28  he  was 
chosen  by  that  honourable  society  for  tlieir 
Lent  reader,  and  afterwards  cheir  double  reader 
On  the  23d  of  July,  IGOo,  he  ieceived»Lhe  honour 
ef  knighinood  ;  and  on  the  25ih  of  A.ugusi,  1604, 
was  constituted  by  patent  one  of  the  king's 
learned  counsel.  In  1613,  he  succeeded  Sir 
Hemy  Hobari,  advanced  to  the  place  of  chief 
justice  of  the  common  pleas,  as  attorney  gene- 
ral. June  9,  1616,  he  was  raised  to  the  dignity 
of  a  privy-counsellor,  while  he  was  still  in  the 
office  of  attorney-general :  and  as  he  had  now 
mote  leisuie  from  pri\ate  causes,  he '.vas  de- 
sirous to  dedicate  more  time  to  public  serv  ice ; 
and  therefore  made  an  olTor  to  the  king  of  a  new 
"  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  England."  March  7, 
1617,  upon  the  chancellor's  voluntaf3' resigiia- 
tion  of  the  seals,  they  were  given  to  Sir  Francis 
Bacon,  with  the  title  of  lord  keepc.  On  the 
4th  of  January,  1618,  he  was  constituted  lord 
high  chancellor  of  England,  and  on  tht  11th  of 
July  following,  created  baron  of  Verulam,  in 
Hertfordshire.  In  1620,  amidst  all  the  variety 
of  weighty  business  in  which  Ins  high  oSce  ne- 
cessarily involved  him,  he  published  the  most 
finished  and  important,  though  the  least  read,  of 
all  his  philosophical  tracts,  the  "  Novum  Orga- 
num  Scientiarum."  The  next  year  he  was  ac- 
cused of  bribery  and  corruption ;  and  the  house 
of  peers,  on  the  3d  of  May,  1621,  gave  judgment 
against  him,  "  that  he  should  be  fined  40,000/., 
and  remain  prisoner  in  the  tower  during  the 
king's  pleasure  :  that  he  should  for  ever  be  in- 
capable of  any  office,  place,  or  employment  in 
the  state  or  commonwealth  ;  and  that  he  should 
never  sit  in  parliament,  or  come  v/ithin  the 
verge  of  the  court."  But  he  was  soon  restored 
to  his  liberty,  and  his  fine  remitted,  and  was  sum- 
moned to  the  first  parliament  of  King  Charles. 
After  this  sentence,  he  retired  from  civil  affairs, 
and  for  five  years  gave  himself  wholly  up  to 
writing.  He  died  April  9,  1626,  and  lies  buried 
in  St  Michael's  church,  at  St.  Alban's,  where  a 
monument  was  erected  for  him  by  Sir  Thomas 
Meautys,  once  his  secretary,  and  afterwards 
clerk  of  the  coimcil.  His  works,  collected  info 
5  vols.  4to.,  were  beautifully  and  accurately 
printed  by  Mr.  Bowyer  and  Mr.  Strahan,  m  17G5. 

BACON,  Anthony,  brother  to  the  chancellor, 
distinguished  for  his  acquaintance  with  politics, 
died  before  his  brother. 

BACON,  Sir  Nathaniel,  knight  of  the  bath,  a 
painter  of  the  Flemish  school. 

BACON,Phanuel,  vector  of  Balden,  in  Oxford- 
shire, and  \icar  of  Bramber,  in  Sussex,  was  a 
famous  punster,  end  an  ingenious  poet.  He 
published,  in  1757,  five  draraatic  pieces,  called 
"  The  Taxes,"  "  The  Insignificants,"  "  The 
Trial  of  the  Time- killers,"  "The  Moral  duack," 
and  "  The  Oculist ;"  and  died  at  Balden,  Janu- 
ary 2,  1783. 
48 


BA 

BACON,  John,  a  celebrated  sculptor,  born  in 
London,  November  24,  1740 ;  was  apprenticed 
to  a  painter  of  porcelain  china,  at  Lambeth; 
but,  observing  the  models  of  different  sculptors 
which  were  sent  to  a  neighbouring  potter's  to 
be  burnt,  he  conceived  a  strong  inclination  to 
pursue  the  art  of  sculpture,  and  his  progrees 
was  as  rapid,  as  the  decision  was  sudden.  He 
studied  at  tlie  Koyal  Academy  on  its  first  insti- 
tution, in  1768,  and  in  a  few  years  afterwards 
was  elected  royal  artkdemician.  Of  the  numer- 
ous monuments  erected  by  him,  the  most  dis- 
tinguished are,  those  of  Lord  Chatham,  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  and  of  Mr.  Howard  and  Dr. 
Johnson,  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  He  died  Au- 
gust 7, 1799.    . 

BACONTHORPE,  John,  a  monk  of  Norfolk, 
died  1346. 

BACOUE,  Leo,  a  protestantof  Gascony,  con- 
verted to  popery,  and  made  bishop  of  Pamiers, 
died  1694. 

BACQUERRE,  Benedict  de,  a  physician  and 
medical  author. 

BACQUET,  advocate  to  the  king  of  France, 
died  1597. 

BACTISHUA,  George  Ebn,  a  Christian  phy- 
sicia)!  of  celebrity  at  the  court  of  Almansor. 

B/,DAKSCHi,  a  Persian  poet,  under  the  ca- 
liph Moctafi. 

BADASCF,  a  commentator  on  the  Arabic 

anin:ar,  died  528  of  the  hegira. 

BADCOCK,  Samuel,  an  eminent  critic  and 
controversial  wriier,  was  born  at  South  Moulton, 
in  Devonshire,  in  the  year  1747,  and  destined  to 
the  clerical  character.    We  find  hhn  in  very 
I  early  life,  at  about  the  age  of  19,  at  the  head  of 
I  a  very  considerable  Presbyterian  congregation 
at  Barnstaple,  in  Devonshire.    From  this  siiua- 
jtion,  however,  he  removed,  and  was  elected 
jminister  of  South  Moulton,  about  12D)ilesfrom 
jhis  first  situation ;  and  in  this  retirement  his  ac- 
tive mind  turned  its  views  to  the  more  public  j 
departments  of  literature.    During  the  progress  | 
of  the  London  Review,  he  occasionally  corros-  i 
ponded  wiih  Dr.  Kenrick,  and  contended  with  ( 
jthat  aciue  and  intelligent  sceptic  on  different  ' 
i  points  of  Christianity.    He  occasionally,  al?o,  ( 
I  wrote  some  articles  in  his  Review,  which  are  i 
yet  distinguishable  by  their  spirit  and  intelli- 
jgence.  He  was,  before  this  period,  an  occasional 
I conespondent  in  the  W^estminster  Magazine; 
and  we  aflerwards  find  him  more  frequently 
corresponding  with  the  Gentleman's  Magazine, 
the  London  Magazine,  the  General  Evening 
Post,  and  the  St.  James'  Chronicle.    But  the 
great  scene  of  his  public  warfare  was  in  the 
Monthly  Review.   About  three  years  before  liis 
death,  which  happened  on  the  19tli  of  May,  17t8, 
he  coulormed  to  the  established  church. " 

BADDELY,  Robert,  an  excellent  low  come- 
dian, many  years  attached  to  Drury-lane  thea- 
tre, died  November  20,  1794.  By  his  will  he 
left  to  the  tlieatrical  fund  his  cottage  at  Famp- 
ton,  in  trust,  that  they  should  ekct  to  reside  in 
it  such  four  of  the  fund  pensioners  as  miehr  not 
object  to  living  sociably  under  the  same  roof. 
I'l  this  house  are  two  parlours  for  their  joint  in- 
dulgence, and  four  separate  bedchanibers.  This 
bequest  is  an  instance  of  his  bene\'olence,  and 
of  his  respect  for  his  profession  ;  but  the  manner 
in  which  it  was  done  is  even  more  honourable 
to  him  than  the  donation  itself-  That  the  de 
cayed  actors  who  are  to  be  chosen  by  the  fund 
committee  as  tenants  for  this  house,  might  not 
appear  like  dependants  on  charity,  in  the  eyes 
of  th€  neigbbourtiood,  he  left  also  a  certain  sioq 


BA 

to  be  distributed  by  those  tenants  to  the  poor  of 
the  vicinity.  The  singularity  of  Mr.  B.'s  mind 
is  further  observable,  in  his  leaving  3  pounds 
annually  for  a  twelfth-cake,  to  be  distributed  in 
the  green-room. 

BADEN,  James,  professor  of  eloquence,  &c., 
in  the  university  of  Copenhagen,  published  a 
<'  German  and  Danish  Dictionary,"  and  a  trans- 
lation of  "Taoitus"  into  the  Danish  language, 
that  is  said  to  rival  the  original  for  precision, 
taste,  and  purity  of  diction.  He  died  November, 
1804. 

BADENS,  Francis,  a  historical  and  portrait 
painter  of  Antwerp,  died  1603. 

BADEW,  Richard  de,  was  chancellor  of 
Cambridge,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  college, 
now  called  Clare-hall,  1636. 

BADILE,  Anthony,  an  admired  Italian  paint- 
er, died  1560. 

BADUEL,  Claude,  a  protestant  divine  and 
profossor  in  Switzerland,  died  1561. 

B.ERSIUS,  or  VEKENSTIL,  Henry,  a  ma- 
thematician and  painter,  of  Louvain,  in  the  16th 
century. 

BAERSTRAT,  a  Dutch  painter,  died  1687. 

BAFKARKAH.Abu  Zohal,  a  commentator 
on  Euclid. 

BAGDEDIN,  Mahommed,  an  Arabian  ma- 
thematician of  the  10th  century. 

BAGE,  Robert,  an  English  novelist  of  consi- 
derable merit,  died  1801. 

BAGFORD,  John,  a  celebrated  antiquary, 
atid  collector  of  old  English  books,  prints,  &c. 
He  had  been  in  his  younger  days  a  shoemaker, 
afterwards  a  bookseller ;  and  lastly,  for  the 
many  curiosities  wherewith  he  enriched  the  li- 
brary of  Dr.  John  Moore,  bishop  of  Ely,  his 
lordsliip  got  him  admitted  into  the  Charter- 
house. He  died  on  the  15th  of  May,  1716,  aged 
65  years. 

BAGGER,  John,  a  native  of  Lunden,  and  bi- 
shop of  Copenhagen,  died  1693. 

BAGI,  Zadeh,  a  commentator  on  the  Koran, 
died  1013  of  the  hegira. 

BAGLIONI,  John  Paul,  a  native  of  Perugia. 
He  usurped  the  sovereignty  of  his  country,  and 
was  dispossessed  by  Cjpsar  Borgia,  and  after- 
wards beheaded  by  Leo  X.,at  Rome,  1520. 

BAGLIVI,  George,  professor  of  anatomy  at 
Rome,  died  1706. 

BAGNIOLT,  Julius  Ca;sar,  an  Italian  poet, 
died  about  ]600. 

BAGOAS,  an  Egyptian  eunuch,  put  to  death 
356.  B  .C 


BA 

BAHRDT,  Charles  Frederick,  M.  A.,  an  un- 
principled and  licentious  deist,  died  1792. 

BAIAN,  or  BATON,  a  native  of  Goa,  who 
embraced  Christianity,  and  was  ordained  priest 
at  Rome.    He  translated  the  ^neid  into  Greek. 

BAIER,  John  William,  a  divine  of  Nurem- 
berg, and  professor  of  divinity,  at  Halle,  died 

94. 

BAIER,  Jean  Jaques,  born  at  Lena,  an  cmi 
nent  physician,  professor  of  physiology  and  pre- 
sident of  a  college  of  physicians  at  Altorf,  died 
1735. 

BAIF,  Lazarus,  abbot  of  Charroux,  and  am- 
bassador from  Francis  I.  to  Venice,  died  1545. 

BAIL,  Lewis,   a  native  of  Abbeville,  flour- 
ished as  a  writer  in  the  17th  century. 
BAILEY,  Nathan,  the  anther  of  a  well-known 

Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,"  2  vols. 
Svo.,  and  editor  of  school  editions  and  transla- 
tions of  several  of  the  ancient  classic  poets  and 
historians.  He  resided  principally  at  Stepney, 
and  died  Jime  27,  1742. 

BAILIES,  William,  a  Prussian  physician  of 
great  eminence,  about  1757. 

BAILLET,  Adrian,  a  French  divine,  theolo- 
gical, historical,  and  biographical  writer,  bom 
1649.  He  wrote  "  A  History  of  Holland  from 
1609  to  1679,"  4  vols.  12mo.  "  Lives  of  the 
Saints,"  3  vols,  folio  ;  "  Jugemens  des  Savans," 
9  vols.  12mo.  &c.  &c.,  and  died  1706. 

BAILLI,  Roche  Le,  or  Riviere,  physician  to 
Henry  IV.  of  France,  died  1605. 

BAILLIE,  Robert,  a  native  of  Glasgow  ;  an 
eminent  clergj'man,  distinguished  for  his  firm 
and  consistent  opposition  to  episcopacy ;  he  died 
1662. 

BAILLON,  William  de,  a  French  physician, 
celebrated  for  his  charity  as  well  as  his  profes- 
sional skill,  died  1616. 

BAILLY,  James,  a  French  writer,  born  at 
Versailles,  died  1768. 

BAILLY,  John  Sylvain,  a  celebrated  French 
astronomer.  He  published  several  valuable  trea- 
tises on  that  science  ;  afterwards,  as  mayor  of 
Paris,  he  incurred  thedispleasure  of  Robespierre, 
and  lost  his  head  by  the  guillotine,  1793. 

BAILLY,  David,  a  historical  painter  of  cele- 
brity, born  at  Leyden,  died  1630. 

BAILLY,  James,  a  French  painter,  died  1679. 

BAINBRIDGE,  John,  a  physician  and  astro- 
nomer of  Ashby  de  la  Zouch,  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  at  Oxford,  where  he  had  a 
high  reputation  ;  he  died  1643. 

BAITHOSUS,  founderof  a  sect  called  saddu- 


whom  he  deposed.    He  was  afterwards  put  to 
deatli. 


BAGOT,  Lewis,  L.  L.  D.,  canon  and  dean  of  cees,  which  denied  a  resurrection  and  fu^ire 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  bishop  of  Bristol,  of 
Norwich,  and  of  St.  Asaph  ;  he  died  1802. 

BAGSHAW,  William,  a  native  of  Tidswsll, 
an  eloquent  and  popular  preacher,  died  1703. 

BAGSHAW,  Edward,  M.  A.,  a  teacher  at 
Westminster,  under  Busby ;  he  was  imprisoned 
for  nonconformity,  and  died  in  Newgate,  1671. 

BAGURI,  a  Mahometan  writer,  died  679  of 
the  hegira. 

BAHA,  a  mussulman,  surnamed  the  orna- 
ment of  justice  and  religion,  and  regarded  as  a 
saint,  died  857  of  the  hegira. 

B  A  HALT,  a  Mahometan  author,  died  321  of 
the  hegira. 

BAHAR-AL-HEFAH,  or  the  sea  of  memo- 
ry, an  author,  died  255  of  the  hegira. 

BAHIER,  John,  born  at  Chafillon,  a  priest, 
and  author  of  Latin  verses,  died  1707. 

BAHRAM,  a   general    under    Chosroes    I 


state. 

BAIUS,  DE  BAY,  Michael,  a  native  of  Me- 
lin  ;  a  man  of  talents  and  learning,  and  divinity 
professor  of  Louvain.    He  died  1589. 

BAJARD,  Andrew,  an  Italian  poet  of  Parma, 
in  the  15th  century. 

BAJAZET  I.,  sultan  of  the  Turks,  a  re- 
nowned warrior,  but  a  tyrant.  Being  conquer- 
ed by  Tamerlane,  and  exposed  by  him  in  an 
iron  cage  (the  fate  that  he  had  destined  for  hi3 
adversary,  if  he  had  been  the  victor),  he  dash- 
ed his  head  against  the  bars  of  his  prison  and 
killed  himself,  in  1403. 

BAJAZET  IL  succeeded  his  father  Mahomet 
II.,  1481.  He  extended  the  boundaries  of  his 
kingdom,  but,  by  the  perfidy  of  his  eon,  Selim, 
was  dethroned  and  poisoned  in  1512. 

BAKER,  Sir  Richard,  author  of  the  "  Chro 
nicle  of  the  kings  of  England,"  born  at  Sissing- 
hurst,  in  Kent,  about  1568.  He  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  George  Manwaring,  of  Ightfield,  m 
49 


/  BA       

^ropsliire,  knight ;  and  having  become  surety 
.or  some  of  that  family's  debts,  was  thereby  re- 
'^uced  to  poverty,  and  tluown  into  the  Fleet  pri- 
son, where  he  died,  Feb.  18,  1G44-5,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Bride's  church.  Fleet-street. 

BAKER,  David,  an  English  Benedictine,  who 
was  converted  from  Atheism  to  Christianity 
died  1641. 

BAKER,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Ilton,  and  vicai 
of  Bishop's  Nymmet,  Devonshire ;  he  died  1690. 

BAKER,  Thomas,  a  very  ingenious  and 
learned  antiquary,  was  born  at  Crook,  in  thej 
cftunty  of  Durham,  Sept.  14,  1656,  and  died  in* 
the  office  of  commoner  master  of  St.  John's  col-i 
lege  Cambridge,  July  2,  1740.  The  principal! 
work  that  he  printed,  was  "  Reflections  on  learn- 
ing, showing  the  insufficiency  thereof  in  its  se-| 
reral  particulars,  in  order  to  evince  the  useful- j 
ness  and  necessitj'  of  Revelation :  London,  1709-^ 
10,"  which  went  through  eight  editions  ;  and 
Mr.  Boswell,  in  his  "  Method  of  Study,"  ranks 
it  among  the  English  classics  for  purity  of  style.  | 

BAKER,  Henry,  an  ingenious  and  diligent' 
naturalist,  born  in  Fleet-street,  London,  eitherj 
near  the  end  of  the  17th,  or  in  the  beginning  of  i 
the  18th  century.  Being  of  a  philosophical  tuinl 
of  mind,  and  having  diligently  attended  to  the'; 
methods  which  might  be  practicable  and  useful, 
in  the  cure  of  stammering,  and  especially  in 
teaching  deaf  and  dumb  persons  to  speak,  he; 
made  this  the  employment  of  his  life.  In  1774,j 
Sir  Godfrey  Copley's  gold  medal  was  bestowed, 
upon  him,  for  having,  by  his  microscopical  ex-! 
periraents  on  the  crystalizations  and  configura-| 
tions  of  saline  particles,  produced  the  most  ex-j 
te-aordinary  discovery  during  that  year.  HavingI 
led  a  verj' useful  and  honourable  life,  he  diedj 

at  his  apartments  in  the  Strand,  on  the  25th  of  j!  man,  more  deserving,  in  our  opinion,  of  the 
Nov.  1774,  being  then  above  70  years  of  age. Ij  civic  wreath  than  the  Warrior  or  the  statesman, 
His  principal  publications  are  "  The  Jlicroscope  ;  died  Oct.  1, 1795,  on  thespot  where  he  first  drew 
made  Easy,"  and  "  Emploj'ment  for  the  3Iicro-Il  breath, 
scope."  !|     BAKHUISEN,  Ludolph,  a  painter  and  en- 

BAKER,  William,  a  learned  printer,  in  Fen-!  graver  of  Embden,  who,  by  the  force  of  genius, 
church-street,  bom  at  Reading,  1744,  was  the!  raised  himself  to  a  high  rank.  He  died  1709. 
son  of  an  eminent  schoolmaster  in  that  town.j  BALAAM,  son  of  Beor,  a  celebrated  prophet 
From  his  youth  he  was  greatly  addicted  to  study,!  of  Pelhor,  in  Mesopotamia,  killed  with  Balak, 
and  his  friends  favoured  his  inclinations  by|  king  of  Moab,  in  battle,  1450  B.  C. 
making  him  a  printer.  His  modesty  was  equal;  BALAMIO,  Ferdinand,  a  native  of  Sicily, 
to  his  learning,  and  was  truly  Gray's  "  flowerl  i  physician  to  pope  Leo  X.,  about  1555  ;  eminent 


BA 

animals,  possessing  a  maximum  of  advantage. 
A  selection  on  this  principle  from  different  pana 
of  England,  was  the  original  stock  from  which 
he  aftenvards  propagated  his  ovra.  About  1760, 
Mr.  Bakewellsold  his  sheep  by  private  contract, 
at  not  more  than  two  or  three  guineas  each. 
Some  time  afterwards,  he  began  to  let  some  of 
his  rams,  and  for  a  few  seasons  received  only 
15s.  or  a  guinea  a-piece  for  them  ;  but  as  the 
fame  of  his  breed  extended  itself,  he  advanced 
his  prices,  and  by  the  year  1770  was  enabled  to 
let  some  of  his  rams  for  the  season  for  25  gui- 
neas. After  that  time,  the  prices  and  credit  of 
his  stock  progressively  increased  ;  and  at  last, 
single  rams  were  let  for  the  season  for  the  enor- 
mous price  of  400  guineas,  and  upwards.  Itig 
a  fact  that  has  no  other  example,  that  one  ram, 
called  the  Two  Pounder,  produced,  in  one  sea  ■ 
son,  the  sum  of  800  guineas,  independent  of 
ewes  of  jMt.  Bakewell's  own  stock  ;  which,  at 
the  same  rate,  would  have  made  a  total,  the 
produce  of  a  single  ram,  of  1200  guineas.  The 
race  of  Dishley  sheep  are  known  oy  the  fineness 
of  their  bone  and  flesh,  the  Ughtnessof  the  offal, 
their  disposition  to  quietness,  and  consequently 
to  mature  and  fatten  witli  less  food  than  other 
sheep  of  equal  weight  and  value.  Mr.  BakeweU 
improved  his  black  horses  by  an  attention  to  the 
form  whrch  is  best  adapted  to  their  use.  His 
stallions  have  been  let  for  the  season  for  100 
guineas,  and  upv.ardg.  Many  anecdotes  are  re- 
lated of  his  humanity  toward  the  various  orders 
of  animals.  He  continually  deprecated  the  atro- 
cious barbarities  practised  by  the  butchers  and 
drovers ;  showing,  by  examples  on  his  own  farm, 
the  most  pleasing  instances  of  docility  in  the 
animals  under  his  care.      This  extraordinary 


born  to  blush  unseen."  Hisdiflidence  prevented 
bis  appearmg  much  before  the  public  as  a  writer ;: 
and  his  only  publications  are  "  Peregiinationsj 
of  the  Mind,"  a  series  of  essays  in  the  manner! 
of  the  Rambler ;  and  "  Theses  Greece  et  Latinae' 
Selectte."  He  died  in  London,  Sept.  29,  1785,  in' 
the  44th  year  of  his  age  ;  and  an  elegant  Latin! 
epitaph  to  his  memory  is  placed  on  the  tomb  of  j 
his  family,  in  the  churchyard  of  St.  Mary,| 
Reading.  i 

BAKER,  Sir  George,  corn  171S,  was  physi-i 
cian  to  king  George  IH.  and  his  queen,  and  pre  j 
sident  of  the  college  of  physicians.  He  wrote; 
a  number  of  excellent  tracts  and  dissertations; 
on  med-ica!  subiects,  and  died  June  15,  1809.        I 

BAKEWELL,  Robert,  the  most  successful! 
experimental  farmer  and  cattle-breeder  everj 
known  in  England,  was  born  1726,  at  Dishley,: 
in  Leicestershire.  Having  remarked,  that  do- 
mestic animals  in  general  produce  others  pos-j 
sessing  qualities  nearly  similar  to  their  own,  hei 
conceived  that  he  had  only  to  select  from  all  the 
most  valuable  breeds  such  as  promised  to  return  j 
the  greatest  possible  em-olument  to  the  breeder  ;j| 


for  his  literary  acquirements. 

BALASSI,  Mario,  a  painter  at  Florence,  died 
1667. 

BALATHI,  Abulfedi  Othman  Ben  Issa,  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  the  characters  of  alphabets. 

B  ALBI,  John,  or  Janua,  a  Genoese  dominican, 
and  an  author  of  some  celebrity. 

BALBINUS,  Decimus  Callus,  emperor  of 
Rome,  murdered  by  his  soldiers,  237. 

BALBO,  Jerome,  bishop  of  Goritz,  died  at 
Venice,  1535. 

BALBOA,  Vasco  Nuques  de,  an  enterprising 
Castilian.  He  was  among  the  early  American 
adventurers,  and  built  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
Darien.  He  was  afterwards  falsely  accused  of 
felony  by  a  Spanish  governor,  and  exec  ited 
1517. 

BALBUENA,  Bernard  de,  a  Spswiish  poet, 
born  at  Toledo.  He  settled  in  A  merica,  wJiere 
he  died,  when  bishop  of  Porto  Rico,  1627. 

BALCANQUAL,  Walter,  chaplain  to  James 
L,  master  of  the  Savoy, rand  Dean  of  Rochester 
and  Durham,  died  1645. 

BALCHEN,  John,  a  celebrated  English  ad* 


and  that  he  should  then  be  able,  by  careful  atten--imiral,  shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Scilly,  in  the 
tioh  to  progressive  improvements,  to  produce  a  j  V^ictory,  a  first-rate,  when  upwards  of  llOOper- 
tace  of  sheep,  horses,  homed  cattle,  or  otlierllsons  perished  with  him,  1744. 
50 


BA 


the  Romish  clergy,  and  he  must  have  felt  th^iif 
resentment,  had  he  not  been  protected  by  lord 
Cromwell ;  but,  upon  the  death  of  tliis  noble- 
man, he  was  obliged  to  fly  to  Holland,  where  he 
remained  six  years,  and  during  that  time  wrote 
several  pieces  in  the  English  language.  He  waa 
recalled  into  England  by  Edward  VI.,  and  pre- 
sented to  the  living  of  Bishop's-stoke,  in  the 
county  of  Southampton.  The  15th  of  August, 
1532,  he  was  nominated  to  the  see  of  Ossory, 
and,  upon  his  arrival  in  Ireland,  used  his  utmost 
endeavours  to  reform  the  manners  of  his  diocese, 
to  correct  the  vices  of  the  priests,  to  abolish  the 
mass,  and  to  establish  the  use  of  the  new  book 
of  common  prayer  set  forth  in  England  ;  but  all 
his  schemes  of  this  kind  having  proved  abortive 
by  the  death  of  king  Edward,  and  the  accession 
of  queen  Mary,  he  became  greatly  exposed  to 
the  outrages  of  the  papists  in  Ireland,  and  again 
fled  to  the  continent.  On  the  accession  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  he  returned  from  exile,  but  did  not 
choose  to  go  again  to  Ireland,  being  satisfied 
with  a  prebend  of  Canterbury,  In  which  city  he 
died,  Nov.,  1563,  aged  67,  and  was  buried  in  the 
cathedral  of  that  place.  This  prelate  has  left  a 
celebrated  Latin  work,  containing  the  lives  of 
the  most  eminent  writers  of  great  Britain.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  earliest  of  our  dramatic 
writers.    Twenty  of  his  plays  are  recorded. 

BALECHON,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  engraver, 
born  at  Aries,  died  1765. 

BALEN,  Matthias,  a  native  of  Dordt,  bora 
1611. 

BALEN,  Hendrick  Van,  an  eminent  painter 
of  Antwerp,  died  1632. 

BALES,  Peter,  a  very  extraordinary  person 
in  his  way,  and  fit  to  be  noticed  in  a  work  of 
this  nature.  He  was  a  most  famous  master  in 
the  art  of  penmanship,  or  fair  writing,  and  one 
of  the  first  inventors  (for  there  seems  to  have 
been  more  than  one)  of  short-hand  writing.  Il6 
was  born  in  1547,  and  is  recorded  for  liis  skill  in 
micrography,  or  miniature-writing,  in  Holling- 
shed's  Chronicle,  anno  1575.  Mr.  Evelyn  also 
has  celebrated  his  wonderful  skill  in  this  delicate 
operation  of  the  hand,  informing  us,  that  in  the 
year  1575  he  wrote  the  Lord's  prayer,  the  creed, 
decalogue,  with  two  short  prayers  in  Latin,  his 
own  name,  motto,  day  of  the  month,  year  of 
the  Lord,  and  reign  oif  the  queen,  to  whom  he 
presented  it,  at  Hampton  Court,  all  within  the 
circle  of  a  single  penny,  inchased  in  a  ring  and 
borders  of  gold,  and  covered  with  a  crystal,  so 
accurately  written  as  to  be  very  plainly  legible, 
to  the  great  admiration  of  her  majesty,  the  whole 
privy-council,  and  several  ambassadors  then  at 
court.  He  was  farther  very  dexterous  in  imitat- 
ing hand-writing,  and,  about  1586,  was  employ- 
ed by  secretary  Walsingham  in  certain  political 
manffiuvres.  He  published  in  1590  a  work  ciU- 
ed  the  "Writing  School-master,  in  three  parts ; 
the  1st,  teaching  swift  writing,  the  2d,  true  wilt- 
ing, the  3d,  fair  writing."     He  died  about  1610. 

BAIiESTRA,  Anthony,  a  historical  painter 
of  Verona,  died  1720. 

EALEY,  Walter,  fellow  of  the  New  College, 
Oxford,  and  professor  of  physic  there,  after- 
wards physician  to  queen  Elizabeth,  died  1592. 

BALGUY,  John,  an  eminent  English  divine, 
a  theological,  controversial,  and  metaphysical 
writer,  born  at  Shetfield,  1686,  died  at  Harrow- 
gate,  1748.  He  was  the  friend  of  Clarke  and 
Hoadley,  and  was  associated  with  them  in 
maintaining  the  cause  of  rational  religion  and 
Christian  hbertv. 

BALGUY,  Thomas,  D.  D.  son  of  the  pre- 
51 


BALDE,  James,  a  German  poet,  surnaraedj 
tile  Horace  of  his  country,  died  1668. 

BALDERIC,  bishop  of  Noyon  in  the  12th 
^ntury.  Another  of  the  same  name  was  bisliop 
jl>i  Dol. 

[  BALDI,  Lazarro,  a  native  of  Tuscany,  dis 
Itinguished  as  a  painter,  died  1703. 
.>   BALDINGER.  Ernest  Gottfried,  a  German 
physician  and  professor  of  medicine  at  Marpurg. 
died  1804. 

BALDINI,  John  Anthony,  a  nobleman  of  Pla- 
centia,  ambassador  at  various  courts  of  Europe, 
and  at  the  Congress  of  Utreclit,  died  1735. 

BALDINUCCI,  Philip,  a  Florentine,  well  ac- 
quainted with  painting  and  sculpture,  on  which 
subjects  he  wrote  several  valuable  treatises,  died 
1696. 

BALDOCK,  Robert  de,  an  ecclesiastic  and 
favourite  of  Edward  II.,  died  in  Newgate 

BALDOCK,  Ralph  de,  bishop  of  London,  and 
chancellor  of  the  realm  under  Edward  I.,  died 
1313. 

BALDUS,  or  BALDI,  Bernard,  a  native  of 

Urbino,  and  abbot  of  Guastaha,  distinguished 

for  his  learning  and  his  various  publications, 

died  1617. 

BALDUS  DE  UBALDI3,  a  civilian  of  Pe 

I  rugia,  and  writer  on  the  canon  law,  died  1433. 

BALDWIN  I.,  count  of  Flanders,  a  distin 

guished  leader  of  the  Crusades,  who,  for  his 

-fcravery  and  virtue,  was  made  emperor  of  the 

East.      He  was  afterwards  taken  prisoner  by 

.  the  Greeks  and  Bulgarians,  confined  for  a  long 

lime,  ajid  put  to  death  1207. 

BALDWIN  II.,  the  last  Latin  emperor  of 
Constantinople.  After  losing  his  capital,  he 
fled  to  Negropont,  to  avoid  fahing  into  the  hands 
of  his  enemy,  and  thence  to  Italy,  where  he  died, 
1273. 

BALDWIN  I.,  king  of  Jerusalem,  succeeded 
his  brother,  Godfrey  de  Bouillon,  on  the  throne 
and  after  a  victorious  reign,  died  1118,  and  was 
buried  on  Mount  Calvary. 
BALDWIN  II.,  king  of  Jerusalem  succeed- 
1  ed  Baldwin  I.,  was  taken  prisoner,  and  died 
1131.  • 

BALDWIN  III.,  king  of  Jerusalem,  son.  of 
'  Fulk,  of  Anjou,  died  11C3. 
j      BALDWIN  IV.,  king  of  Jerusalem,  siicceed- 
j  ed  his  father,  Amaury,  1174  ;  he  died  1185. 
BALDWIN,  Francis,  a  native  of  Anas,  an 
eminent  civilian  and  professor  of  law  at  Paris, 
Strasburg,  &c.,  died  1.573. 

BALDW^IN,  Martin,  first  bishop  of  Ipres, 
I  lived  about  1570. 

i      BALDWIN,  Frederick,  a  native  of  Dresden, 
I  died  1627.  ,   • 

I  BALDWIN,  a  native  of  Exeter,  and  primate 
j  Of  England.  He  attended  Richard  I.  in  his  cru- 
i  sade,  and  died  in  the  holy  land,  1191. 
'  B.4LDWIN,  Ebenezer,  a  worthy  minister  of 
!  Danbury,  Conn.,  who,  at  his  death,  1770,  be- 
queathed 300Z.  to  his  society.  He  was  31  years 
i  of  age. 

BALDWIN,  Abraham,  president  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Georgia,  member  of  the  convention 
which  adopted  the  constitution,  1787,  and  se- 
nator, in  all  which  oflices  he  was  distinguished ; 
he  died  1807. 

BALE,  Robert,  a  native  of  Norfolk,  prior  of 
the  Carmelites  of  Norwich,  where  he  died  1503. 
BALE,  John,  bishop  of  Ossory,  in  Iieland, 
born  at  Cove,  a  small  village  in  Suffolk,  was 
bred  up  in  the  Romish  religion,  but  became  af- 
terwards a  protestant.  His  conversion,  how- 
erer,  greatly  exposed  him  to  the  persecution  of 


BA 

ceding,  archdeacon  of  Winchester  and  prebend 

ary  of  that  cathedral,  a  powerful  champion  in 
the  cause  of  morality  and  religion,  and  of  the 
most  disinterested  zeal,  Iiaving  dechned  the  bi- 
shopric of  Gloucester,  which  was  offered  to  him 
by  the  king  in  3781.    Dr.  B.  died  Jan.  19, 1795. 

BALI,  MeulBE  Bali,  a  mussulman,  who  wrote 
on  the  jurisprudence  of  bis  country,  died  977  of 
the  hegira. 

BALIOL,  John  de,  founder  of  Baliol  College, 
Oxford,  which  was  begun  by  him  in  1263,  and 
afterwards  perfected  by  his  widow.  During 
the  contest  between  Henry  III.  and  his  barons 
he  firmly  Bdhered  to  the  king,  and  died  in  12G9. 

BALIOL,  John  de,  king  of  Scotland.  Being 
opposed  in  his  claims  to  the  crown  by  Bruce,  re- 
ference was  made  to  Edward,  king  of  England, 
who  decided  in  his  favour.  Afterwards,  in  a 
war  with  Edward,  he  lost  the  battle  of  Dunbar, 
and  retired  to  France,  where  he  died  1314. 

BALKINI  YELALEDDIN,  author  of  a  book 
on  Mahometan  jurisprudence,  &c. 

BALL,  John,  an  English  divine,  minister  and 
teacher  of  Wlutmore,  in  Staffordshire,  died 
1040. 

BALLENDEN,  or  BULLANDEN,  sir  John 
aa  elegant  Scottish  writer  of  the  16th  century 
He  translated  into  the  Scots  language  Hector 
BoBtius's  History,  which  was  extremely  well  re 
ceived  both  in  Scotland  and  England,  and  died 
at  Rome,  1550 

BALLARD,  George,  born  at  Campden,  in 
Gloucestershire,  was  one  of  those  singular  ge- 
niuses that  shoot  forth  without  culture.  He 
was  brought  up  to  the  profession  of  a  habit- 
maker.  Upon  a  discovery  of  his  abilities,  lord 
Cbedworth  and  some  other  gentlemen  offered 
him  a  pension  of  1001.  per  annum,  but  he  would 
only  accept  601.  He  published  "  Meruoirs  of 
British  Ladies  eminent  for  Learning  or  Abill 
ties,"  and  died  young,  in  1755,  supposed  to  l>e 
owing  to  too  intense  application. 

BALLERINI,  Peter  and  Jeroipe,two  bro- 
thers, ecclesiastics,  who  devoted  themselves  to 
literary  pursuits  and  published  several  valuable 
works,  were  both  living,  1758. 

BALLEXFEED,  a  native  of  Geneva,  author 
of  several  medical  works,  died  1774. 

BALLI,  Joseph,  of  Palermo,  canon  of  Bari, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  died  1640. 

BALLIANI,  John  Baptist,  a  native  and  Se- 
nator of  Genoa,  author  of  a  work  on  the  mo- 
tion of  bodies,  died  1666. 

BALLIN,  Claude,  a  goldsmith  of  Paris,  an 
artist  of  great  celebrity,  died  1678. 

BALSAMON,  Theodore,  a  Patriarch  of  An- 
tioch,  died  1214. 

BALSHAM,  Hugh  de,  bishop  of  Ely,  died 
1286. 

BALTHASAR,  Christopher,  king's  advocate 
at  Auxerre,  and  author  of  several  protestant 
works,  about  1659. 

B  ALTHAZARINI,  sumamed  Beaujoyeux,  an 
Italian  musician,  who  composed  several  ballads 
and  pieces  of  music,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III. 

BALTUS,  John  Francis,  a  Jesuit  of  Metz, 
and  librarian  of  Eheims,  died  1743. 

BALUE,  John,  of  Poitou,  bishop  of  Evreux 
sind  of  Arras,  cardinal  and  legate  to  the  pope  in 
France,  died  1491. 

BALZUE,  Stephen,  a  French  writer,  and  au- 
thor of  the  "  Lives  of  the  Popes  of  Avignon," 
torn  1631,  died  1718. 

BALZAC,  John  Lewis  Guez  de, historiogra- 
pher of  France,  and  counsellor  of  state,  was 


BA 

teem  as  a  writer  (especially  for  his  Letters, 
whjch  went  tlurough  several  editions);  and 
died  1654. 

BAMBOCHE,  a  nickname  given  to  Peter  de 
Laer,  a  painter,  for  his  deformity,  he  died  1673. 
BAMBRIDGE,  Christopher,  a  native  of  West- 
moreland; ambassador  from  Henry  VIII  to  pope 
Julius  II.,  a  cardinal  and  archbishop  of  York, 
died  1514. 

B AMPFIELD,  Francis,  pretendary  of  Exeter, 
and  minister  of  Sherburne,  died  in  Newgate, 
1684. 

BANCHI,  Seraphin,  a   dominican   of   Flo- 
rence, who  saved  the  life  of  Henry  IV.,  of 
France,  for  which  he  was  made  bishop  of  An- 
gouleme,  died  about  1608. 
BANCK,  Lawrence,  a   Swede,  professor  of 
w  at  Norkoping,  died  1662. 
BANCROFT,  Richard,  chaplain   to   queen 
Elizabeth,  bishop  of   London  and  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  died  1610. 

BANCROFT,  John,  bishop  of  Oxford,  died 
1640. 

BAND  ARR  A,  Gonzales,  a  Portuguese  prophet 
and  versifier,  died  1556. 

BANDELLO,  Matthew,  a  celebrated  Italian 
novelist,  born  at  Castelnuovo,  in  the  district  of 
Tortona,  died  in  France,  about  1561.  His  no- 
vels, like  those  of  Boccace,  are  more  remarka- 
ble for  the  natural  simplicity  with  which  they  are 
related,  than  for  the  decency  of  their  incidents. 
By  Henry  II.  he  was  made  bishop  ofAgen,  in 
France,  1550,  but  resigned  the  see  in  1555. 

BANDINELLA,  Baccio,  a  painter  and  sculp- 
tor of  Florence,  died  1.559. 

BANDINI,  Angelo  Maria,  an  Italian  antiqua- 
ry, eminent  for  his  learning  and  his  writings, 
died  1800,  leaving  his  fortune  to  literary  and 
charitable  uses. 

BANDURI,  Anaelm,  a  distinguished  monk 
of  Ragusa,  died  1743. 

BANGUIS,  Peter,  a  Swede,  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Abo,  and  bishop  of  Wyburg,  died  1696. 
BANG^ISI,  Thomas,  author  of  a  Hebrew 
Lexicon,  and  professor  of  Hebrew,  theology, 
and  philoso^y,  at  Copenhagen,  died  1661. 

BANIER,  Anthony,  a  celebrated  mythologist 
of  France,  born  1673,  died  1741.  An  English 
translation  of  his  "  Mythologj',  and  Fables  of 
the  Ancients,"  was  published  in  London,  1741, 
in  4  vols.  8vo. 

BANISTER,  John,  an  Englishman,  who  cul- 
tivated the  study  of  botany  in  Virginia,  and  was 
killed  by  falling  from  a  rock,  in  one  of  his  ex- 
cursions. 

BANISTER,  John,  a  learned  English  phy- 
sician in  Ihe  16th  century. 

BANISTER,  Richard,  the  younger,  a  physi- 
cian of  great  skill,  of  Stamford,  England.  The 
time  of  his  death  unknown. 

BANKS,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  English  law- 
yer, chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench,  after- 
wards judge  of  common  pleas,  died  1664. 

BANKS,  John,  from  a  weaver's  apprentice, 
became  an  author,  and  wrote  a  review  of  Crom- 
well's life,  died  1751. 

BANKS,  John,  an  English  dramatic  writer. 
His  turn  was  entirely  to  tragedy,  his  merit  in 
which  is  of  a  peculiar  kind ;  for,  at  the  same 
time  that  his  language  must  be  confessed  to  be 
extremely  unpoetical,  and  his  numbers  uncouth 
and  inharmonioius,  nay,  even  his  characters 
very  far  from  being  strongly  marked  or  distin- 
guished, and  his  episodes  extremely  irregular, 
yet  it  is  impossible  to  avoid  being  deeply  affected 


>orii  1594,  at  Angouleme ;  acquired  much  es-lat  the  representation,  and  even  at  the  reading, 
62 


BA 


BA 


of  his  tragic  pieces,  which  are  seven  in  number. 
The  time  of  his  birth  and  death  are  uncertain. 
•  BANKS,  Right  Hon.  Sir  Joseph,  Bart.,  and 
Knight  of  the  Bath,  a  most  eminent  patron  of 
Bterary  and  philosophical  writers,  and  many 
years  president  of  the  Royal  Societj',  was  born 
December  13,  1743,  and  educated  at  Eton  and 
b.tford.  In  1765,  he  visited  tlie  coasts  of  New- 
foundland and  Labrador,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  researches  in  Natural  History.  In  1'68, 
he  accompanied  Capt.  Cook  in  his  first  voyage 
round  the  world ;  shortly  after  his  return  trom 
which,  Sir  Joseph,  in  company  with  his  friend. 
Dr.  Solander,  visited  Iceland ;  and  a  rich  har- 
vest of  new  knowledge,  and  of  specimens,  com- 
pensated for  the  toils  and  expense  of  this  scien- 
tific adventure.  Sir  Joseph  died  at  his  house,  in 
goho-square,  in  his  80ih  year,  June  19,  1820. 

BANKS,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  English  sculp- 
tor, born  at  Lambeth,  in  Surrey,  December  22, 
1733,  and  bred  a  wood-carver,  to  which  he 
served  an  apprenticeship  of  seven  years.  But 
when  the  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of 
Arts  held  out  rewards  for  models  and  sculpture, 
he  turned  his  mind  to  the  study  of  that  art ;  and 
having  obtained  several  premiums  from  that  so- 
ciety, and  in  1770,  the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  he  was,  in  1772,  sent  to  Rome  for 
three  years,  at  the  Academy's  expense.  The 
several  admirable  works  which  he  afterwards 
executed,  in  Russia,  as  well  as  in  his  ov»^n  coun- 
try, are  too  numerous  to  be  here  detailed.  \\  e 
shall  only  mention,  therefore,  the  monument  of 
Sir  Eyre  Coote,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  and  the 
alto  rehevo  for  the  front  of  the  Shakspeare  Gal- 
lery, in  Pall  Mall.   Mr.  B.  died  February  2, 180o. 

BANNES,  Dominique,  a  Spanish  ecclesiastic 
and  author,  died  1604. 

BANNIER,  John,  a  Swedish  general  under 
Gustavus  Adolplms,  died  1641. 

BANaUO,  or  BANCHO,  a  Scotch  general  of 
royal  birth.  .        . ,  .  , 

BAPTIST,  John  Monnoyer,  a  native  of  Lisle, 
and  a  celebrated  painter  of  flowers,  died  1699. 

BAPTISTIN,  John  Baptiste  Struk,  a  musi- 
cian of  Florence,  died  1740. 

BAR ACK,  a  judge  of  the  Hebrews  about  1240 
B   C 

BARADiEUS,  bishop  of  Edessa,  founder  of 
a  sect  called  Jacobites,  died  588. 

BARANZANO,  Redemptus,  a  monk,  born  in 
Piedmont,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Anneci, 
and  a  correspondent  of  the  great  Bacon,died  1622. 

BARATIER,  John  Phihp,  a  prodigy  of  his 
kind,  was  born  at  Schwoback,  in  Anspach,  Ja 
nuary  19,  1720-21.  His  father,  who  was  pastor 
of  the  Calvinistic  church  at  Schwoback,  took 
upon  himself  the  care  of  his  son's  education, 
and  taught  him  languages  without  study,  and 
almost  without  his  perceiving  that  he  was  learn- 
ing them,  by  onlv  introducing  words  of  ditfereut 
languages,  as  it  were  casually,  into  conversation 
with  him.  By  these  means,  when  he  was  but 
four  years  old,  he  spoke  every  day  French  to  his 
mother,  Latin  to  his  father,  and  High  Dutch  to 
the  maid,  without  the  least  perplexity  to  him- 
self, or  the  least  confusion  of  onelangu.ig^  with 
another.  The  other  language,  of  which  he  was 
master,  he  learnt  by  a  method  yet  more  uncom- 
mon, which  was,  by  only  using  the  Bible  in  the 
language  he  then  proposed  to  le.irn,  accom- 
panied with  a  translation.  Thus  he  undorstoodl 
Greek  at  six,  and  Hebrew  at  eight  years  of  ag 


He  afterwards  applied  himself  to  the  study  of 
the  fathers  and  the  councils,  of  philosophy,  nia- 
thematics,  and,  above  all,  of  astronomy.  This 
boy,  as  he  really  was,  formed  schemes  for  find- 
ing the  londtude,  which  he  sent,  in  January, 
1735,  to  the  Royal  Society  at  London ;  and, 
though  these  schemes  had  been  already  tricdj 
and  found  insufficient,  yet  they  exhibited  such 
a  specimen  of  his  capacity  for  mathematical 
learning,  that  the  Royal  Society  of  Berlin  ad^ 
mitted  him,  the  same  year,  as  one  of  their  mem^ 
bers.  In  1735,  he  went  with  his  father  to  Halle ; 
at  which  university  he  was  offered  the  degree 
of  master  of  arts,  or  (as  they  call  it)  doctor  in 
philosophy.  Baratier  drew  up  that  night,  14 
theses  in  philosophy  and  the  mathematics ;  these 
he  sent  immediately  to  the  press,  and  defended 
the  next  dav  so  very  ably,  that  all  who  heard 
him  were  dehghted  -ind  amazed ;  he  was  thea 
admitted  to  his  degree.  He  died  at  his  father's, 
at  Halle,  the  5th  of  October,  1740,  in  the  20th 
year  of  his  age.  ■ 

BARATIER,  Bartholomew,  author  of  a  di- 
gest of  feudal  law,  and  professor  of  jurispru- 
dence at  Pavia,  in  the  15th  century. 

BARBA,  Alvarez  Alonzo,  an  autlior  and  cu- 
rate of  St.  Bernard  de  Potosi,  died  after  1620. 

B ARBADILLO,  Alphonsus  Jerome  de  Salas, 

writer  of  Spanish  comedies,  died  about  1630. 

BARBADINO,  a  Portuguese  writer  of  some 
merit. 

B  ARBARO,  Francis,  a  noble  and  learned  Ve- 
netian, governor  of  Brescia,  died  1454. 

BARBARO,  Ermolao,  bishop  of  Trevisa,and 
afterwards  of  Verona,  died  1470. 

BARBARO,  or  BARBARUS,  Hermolaus,  a 
learned  Venetian,  ambassador  to  tlie  emperor 
Frederick,  and  to  Pope  Innocent  VIII.,  and  pa- 
triarcfi  of  Aquileia,  died  at  Rome,  1493. 

BARBARO,  Daniel,  nephew  to  the  patriarch, 
and  ambassador  from  Venice  to  England,  die<l 
in  1570. 

BARBAROSSA,  Aruch,  a  notorious  pirate, 
who  made  himself  master  of  Algiers  and  Tunis, 
.-jfter  murdering  the  kings  of  both.  He  was  af- 
terwards opposed  by  the  governor  of  Oran,  and 
killed,  1518.  ^     ^ 

BARBAROSSA,  Cheredin,  admiral  under  Se- 
lim  II.,  and  successor  to  Aruch  on  the  throne  of 
Algiers,  died  1547. 

BARBAROtrX,  Charles,  deputy  to  the  na- 
tional convention  of  France,  and  a  bitter  enemy 
to  Louis  XVI.,  executed  in  1794. 

BARBATELLI,  Bernardino,  a  painter,  of 
Florence,  died  1612. 

BARBAZAN,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Auxerre, 
a  laborious  student  and  author,  died  in  1770. 

BARBAZAN,  Arn^ud  Guillaume  de,  a  cour- 
tier of  Charles  VII.  of  France,  and  a  dislin- 
auished  warrior,  died  1432. 
^  BARBE,  a  Bohemian  lady,  wife  to  the  empe- 
ror Sicismond. 

BARBE,  Gurnamed  Esther,  for  her  piety, 
queen  of  Poland,  died  1525. 

BARBE,  another  queen  of  Poland,  died  Lwl. 

BARBEAU  DES  BRUYERES,  Jean  Louis, 
by  his  talents,  emerged  from  obscurity,  and  be- 
came a  distinguished  French  geographer ;  he 
died  1781. 

BA RBERINI,  Francis,  a  most  excellent  poet 
of  Tuscanv,  in  the  13th  century. 

BARBEU  DE  BOURG,  James,  a  r.anvc  ot 
Mayenne,  an  eminent  physician,  died  1779. 

BARBEY,  Marc  le,  a  celebrated  physician. 


insomuch  that  he  could,  upon  the  opening  of .,     „,.„. >    :,,,        ■•,t,       -n  "i;;ioK^..* 

the  book,  and  without  a  moment's  hesitation,Iiandfavouriteof  Henry  VI.  ct  France,  died  about 
translate  the  Hebrew  Bible  into  Latin  or  French. lithe  clotie  of  the  16th  century. 

5*  53 


BA 


BA 


BARBEYRAC,  John,  bom  1674,  at  Barters, 
a  citv  of  Lower  Languedoc,  in  France.  Ke 
translated  into  French  the  two  celebrated  works 
of  "Puflendorf,"  his  "  Law  of  Nature  and  iVa 
tions,"  and  his  "Duties  of  a  Man  and  Citizen;' 
wrote  excellent  notes  to  both  these  performan- 
ces, and  to  the  former  gave  an  introductory  pre 
face.  He  published  also,  in  1724,  a  translatior 
into  French  of  Grotius'  treatise  "De  Jure  Belli 
ac  Pacis,"  with  ample  and  excellent  notes,  and 
died  in  1729. 

BARBIER  D'AUCOUR,  John,  a  native  of 
Langres,  and  a  lawyer  of  some  merit,  died  1694 

BARBIER,  Mary  Ann,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
and  a  writer  of  tragedies,  died  1745. 

BARBIER,  Lewis,  a  favourite  of  the  Duke  of 
Orleans,  and  bishop  of  Langres,  died  1670. 

BARBiEKI,  John  Francis",  a  historical  painter 
of  some  merit,  died  1666. 

BARBOSA,  Arius,  one  of  the  restorers  of 
learning  in  Spain,  and  professor  at  Salamanca, 
died  1540. 

BARBOSA,  Peter,  a  native  of  Portugal,  pro- 
fessor at  Coimbra,  and  chancellor  of  the  king- 
dom, died  1596. 

B.iRBOSA,  Emanuel,  a  Portuauege  author, 
died  1038. 

BARBOU,  Hugh,  a  celebrated  printer  at  Ly- 
ons, about  1580. 

BARBOUR,  John,  a  Scotch  clergyman,  am- 
bassador from  Bruce  to  the  court  oi'  England, 
died  1378. 

BARBUD,  a  celebrated  musician  at  the  court 
of  Persia. 

BARCALI,  a  Mahomedan  writer,  died  960 
of  the  hegira. 

BARC'IIAM,  John,  a  learned  divine  and  an- 
tiquary, born  at  Exeter,  about  1572.  He  assisted 
i?peed  in  his  History  of  England  ;  and  was  au- 
thor of  a  "Display  of  Heraldrie,"  folio,  1611  : 
but  having  composed  this  in  his  youth,  and 
thinking  it  too  light  a  subject  to  acknowledge, 
lie  gave  it  to  John  GwilUm,  a  herald  of  his  ac- 
quaintance, under  whose  name  it  has  been  ne- 
peatedly  printed.    He  died  1642. 

BARCHUSEN,  or  BARKHAUSEN,  John 
Conrad,  a  German,  eminent  as  a  physician,  and 
lecturer  on  chvmistrv.  died  1717. 

BARCLAY"  or  B AEKL A Y,  Alexander,  a  na- 
tive of  Scotland,  rector  of  a  church  in  England, 
and  an  elegant  writer  of  the  16th  century. 

BARCLAY,  William,  a  Scotchman,  profes- 
smr  of  the  university  of  Pontamousson,  in 
France,  died  1605. 

BARCLAY,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  a 
v/rit^r  of  some  celebrity,  died  1621. 

BARCL.\Y,  Henry,  D.  D.  sometime  mission- 
ary to  the  Mohawk  Indians,  afterwards  rector 
©f  Trinity  Church,  New- York,  died  1765. 

BARCLAY,  Robert,  an  eminent  writer,  of 
the  society  of  Quakers,  bom  at  Edinburgh,  164? 
In  1676,  his  famous  "  Apology  for  the  Cluakeis" 
was  published  in  Latin,  at  Amsterdam,  4to. 
He  translated  it,  however,  into  English,  and 
yiublished  it  in  1678.  This  work  is  addressed  to 
Charles  II.,  and  the  manner  in  which  he  ex- 
presses himself  to  his  majesty  is  very  remarka- 
ble. Among  many  other  extraordinary  pas- 
sages, we  meet  with  the  following:  "  Ttiere  i.- 
no  king  in  the  world  who  can  so  experimentally 
testify  of  God's  providence  and  goodness ;  nei- 
ther is  there  any  who  rules  so  many  free  people, 
so  many  true  Christians  ;  which  thing  rendei'S 
ihy  government  more  honourable,  thyself  more 
eousiderable,  than  the  accession  of  many  na- 
tions, filled  with  slavish  aad  supersiitioiis  sioulfi. 
54 


I  Thou  hast  tasted  of  prosperity  and  adversity ; 
tiiou  knowest  what  it  is  to  be  banished  thy  na- 
tive country,  to  be  overruled  as  well  as  to  rule 
and  sit  upon  the  throne  ;  and,  being  oppressed, 
khou  hast  reason  to  know  how  hateful  the  op- 
pressor is  both  to  God  and  man :  if,  after  all 
these  warnings  and  advertisements,  thou  dost 
not  turn  unto  the  Lord  with  all  thy  heart,  but 
forget  him  who  remembered  thee  in  thy  distress, 
and  give  up  thyself  to  follow  low  lust  and  vani- 
ty, surely  great  will  be  thy  condenuiation." — 
He  did  great  service  to  his  sect  over  all  Europe, 
by  his  writings,  and  died  1690. 

BARCOdiEBAS,  or  BARCOCHAB,  an  im- 
postor among  the  Jews  ;  his  followers  were  nu- 
merous, but  afterwards  destroyed  by  Julius  Se- 
verus. 

BARCOS,  Manin  de,  a  controversial  writer, 
of  Bayonne,  died  1C78. 

BARD,  a  Mahomedan  writer. 

BARD,  John,  a  learned  Physician,  in  the  city 
of  New- York,  several  years,  and  elected  presi- 
dent of  Uie  medical  society  of  tlie  same,  died 
1799. 

BARDAS,  a  chief  at  Constantinople,  guard- 
ian to  Michael  III.,  was  put  to  death  8C6. 

BARD  AS,  called  Scelerus,  a  general  raised  to 
tlie  purple  by  his  soldiers;  time  "of  his  death  un- 
knov.n. 

BARDESANES,  a  Syrian  author,  and  foun- 
der of  a  sect  which  bore  his  name,  lived  about 

2. 

BARDET,  Peter,a  French  advocate  and  au- 
thor, died  in  1C85. 

BARDHADI,  a  Mahomedan  writer. 

BARDIN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Rouen,  and  au- 
thor, was  drowned  in  1037. 

BARDIN,  John,  a  French  historical  painter, 
born  at  Monthar,  in  1732,  and  died  at  Orleans,  ia 
1809.  In  1764,  he  gained  the  prize  for  a  pictura 
of  Tullia  driving  over  the  body  of  her  father. 

BARDNEY.  Richard,  a  Benedictine,  died  in 
1504. 

BAREBONE,  Praise-God,  a  bigoted  zealot  of 
Cromwell's  parliament,  of  such  celebrity  as  a 
demagogue,  that  theparhament  was  ludicrously 
called  after  him.  His  two  brothers  adopted  aa 
Scripture  names,  "  Christ  came  into  the  world 
to  save,  Earebone,"  and  "  if  Christ  had  not 
died,  thou  hadst  beendamned,  Barebone,"  called 
by  tiie  v/its  of  the  day,  by  th«  two  last  words. 

BARENT,  Dieterich,  a  Dutch  painter,  died 
1502. 

BARETTI,  Joseph, bom  at  Turin ,  about  1 716. 
He  came  over  to  England  in  the  year  1750, 
where  he  resided  (with  a  short  mterval)  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  Baretti  had  the  good  for- 
tune to  be  introduced  to  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson, 
and  between  ihem  a  very  long  intimacy  had 
place.  From  the  time  of  his  arrival  in  Eng- 
land, he  subsisted  by  teacliing  the  Italian  lan- 
guage, and  by  the  sale  of  liis  writings.  In  17C0 
he  made  a  tour  to  Italy,  thiough  Portugal  and 
Spain,  and  returned  to  England  after  an  absence 
of  six  years.  In  1769,  he  was  tried  at  the  Old. 
Bailey  for  having  stabbed  a  man  who  violently  as- 
saulted him  in  the  Haymarket.  He  made  a  most 
adm.irablc  defence ;  w  hich,  added  to  the  bad  re- 
putation of  his  prosecutors,  impressed  the  cji;rt 
much  in  his  favour.     He  was  acquitted  of  tlie 

urder.  and  of  the  manslaughter :  the  verdict 
was,  self-defence.  After  this  unfortunate  trans- 
action he  again  sat  down  to  his  studies,  and  in 
1770  published  his  "Travels,"  for  which,  it  is 
said,  he  received  5001.  On  the  establishment  of 
jthe  Royal  Academy,  he  was  appoiiited  foreign 


BA 

secretary,  a  post  of  more  honour  than  profit.  He 
died  May  5, 1789,  without  a  struggle  or  sigh,  the 
moment  after  taking  a  glasss  of  wine ;  preservini 
feis  faculties  to  the  last  moment. 

BAREZI,  a  Mahomedan  author,  died  738  of 
the  hegira. 

BARGRAVE,  Isaac,  Chaplain  to  James  I 
ftnd  Charles,  died  1642. 

.  BARIDAH,a  Mahomedan  writer  on  Aris 
totle. 

BARINI,  a  Mahomedan  writer. 
■    BARKER,  Robert,  a  painter,  known  as  the 
inventor  of  panoramic  exhibitions,  died  1806. 

BARKER,  Thomas,  son  of  tJie  preceding; 
was  a  member  of  the  royal  society,  and  the  au 
thor  of  several  theological  and  other  pieces,  lie 
died  in  London,  1809. 

BARKHAM,  John,  a  native  of  Exeter,  and  a 
divine  of  reputation  for  learning  ;  time  of  his 
death  unknown 

BARKI,  a  Mahomedan  writer. 

BARKSDALE,  Clement,  master  of  Hereford 
school,  and  rector  of  Naunton,  died  in  1687. 

BARLAAM,  a  monk  of  Calabria,  made  ab 
botof  St.  Salvador,  by  the  emperor  Andronicus, 
died  in  1348. 

BARLiEUS,  Gasparaus,  a  Latin  poet,  of 
Antwerp,  sub-principal  of  the  college  at  lieyden 
and  afterwards  professor  of  philosophy  at  Am 
eterdam,  died  1648. 

BARL.(EUS,  Lambert,  Greek  professor  at 
Leyden,  died  in  1655. 

BARL AND,  Adrian,  analiveof  Zealand,  and 
professor  at  Louvain,  died  in  1542. 

BARLETTA,  Gabriel,  a  dominican,  of  some 
celebrity  as  a  writer  and  preacher,  born  at  Na- 
ples, about  1400. 

BARLOTTA,  Joseph,  a  Sicilian  poet  of  the 
18th  century. 

BARLOW,  William,  bishop  of  different  dio 
ceses,  under  Henry  VHl.,  and  Mary  and  Eliza 
beth  of  England,  died  1568. 

BARLOW,  Francis,  a  native  of  Lincolnshire, 
a  painter,  died  1702. 

BARLOW,  Joel,  L  L.  D.,  author  of  the  Co 
lumbiad,  was  born  at  Reading,  Conn.,  1758,  and 
educated  at  Yale  College ;  lie  served  in  the 
American  army  as  a  volunteer,  and  as  a  chap 
lain.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  he  went  to  France, 
where  he  became  conspicuous  and  popular  as  a 
zealous  friend  of  the  revolution.  He  was  ap- 
pointed American  consul  at  Algiers,  and  after- 
wards minister  from  the  U.  Srto  France,  and 
died,  on  his  way  to  Wilna  to  meet  Napoleon, 
1812. 

BARLOWE,  Thomas,  successively  fellow  of 
Oxford,  keeper  of  the  Bodleian,  professor  of  di- 
vinity, and  bishop  of  Lincoln,  died  1691. 

BARLOWE,  William,  remarkable  for  hav- 
ing been  tlie  first  who  \'^ote  on  the  nature  and 
properties  of  the  loadstone,  20  years  before  Gil- 
bert published  his  book  on  that  subject.  It  was 
he  likewise  who  found  out  the  difference  be- 
tween iron  and  steel,  and  their  tempers  for  mag 
netical  uses.    He  died  in  1625. 

BARNABAS,  St.,  a  Levite,  converted  to 
Christianity,  and  a  preacher  of  the  gospel  with 
St.  Paul ;  he  was  stoned  to  death  by  the  Jews. 

BARNARD,  John,  minister,  of  Marblehead, 
Mass. ;  the  father  of  the  commercial  enterprise 
of  that  place,  and  long  regarded  as  the  father 
of  the  churches  in  New-England.  His  publica- 
tions are  numerous  and  valuable ;  he  died  1770. 

BARNARD,  Edward,  a  worthy  and  dis- 
tinguished minister,  of  Haverhill,  Mass.  died! 
»771. 


BA \ 

BARNARD,  Thomas,  a  highly  respected  mi-. 
nister  in  Salem,  Mass.,  died  1755. 

BARNARD,  Theodore,  a  native  of  Amster- 
dam, and  paniter  under  Titian. 

BARNARD,  Jolm,  prebendary  of  Lincoln, 
died  in  1683. 

BARNARD,  Sir  John,  was  in  the  year  1722 
chosen  one  of  the  representatives  in  parliament 
for  the  city  of  London  ;  a  trust  which  he  con- 
tinued to  enjoy  during  the  six  succeeding  parlia- 
ments, and  which  he  always  discharged  with 
equal  integrity  and  ability.  In  1727,  he  was 
chosen  alderman  of  Dowgate  Ward.  On  the 
subject  of  the  famous  e.\cise  scheme,  projected 
by  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  in  1733,  Sir  John  made 
so  strenuous  an  opposition,  that,  in  conjunction 
with  other  members,  he  obliged  the  ministry 
entirely  to  lay  it  aside.  In  1737,  he  formed  a 
scheme  for  reducing  the  interest  on  the  national 
debt ;  a  project  which,  though  it  did  not  at  that 
time  succeed,  was,  nevertheless,  afterwards  car- 
ried into  execution,  to  the  great  emolument  of 
the  trading  part  of  the  nation.  In  1738,  lie  served 
in  the  high  otiiceof  lord-mayor  of  London  ;  and 
in  July,  1758,  resigned  his  gown,  and  retired  to 
C'lapham  ;  where,  after  having  attained  to  near 
the  age  of  80,  he  died  August  29, 1766.  A  statue 
is  erected  to  his  memory  in  the  Royal  Exchange. 

BARNAVE,  Anthony  Peter  Joseph  Marie,  a 
deputy  to  the  national  assembly  of  France,  who 
lost  his  popularity  for  some  expressions  in  favour 
of  the  king,  and  was  guillothied,  1793. 

BARNJ]S,  Juliana,  prioress  of  Sopewell  nun- 
nery, eminent  for  her  accomplishments  and  pie- 
ty, died  after  1486. 

BARNES,  Joshua,  an  eminent  critic,  and  pro- 
fessor of  the  Greek  language  in  the  university 
of  Cambridge,  was  born  in"  London,  1654.  He 
published  editions  of  Euripides,  Anacreon,  and 
Homer;  a  life  of  Edward  III.,  folio,  1088  ;  and 
several  poems,  both  in  Latin  and  English  ;  and 
died  in  1712. 

BARNES,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  an  English  dissent- 
ing minister,  of  Manchester,  and  preceptor  of  an 
academy  at  the  same  place,  died  in  1810. 

BARNES,  David  Leonard,  attorney  of  the 
Uniled  States,  for  the  district  of  Rhode-island, 
and  judge  of  the  same,  died  1812. 

BARNES,  Robert,  D.  D.,  employed  by  Henry 
VIII.  ;  afterwards  incurring  his  displeasure,  he 
was  burnt  at  the  stake,  1540. 

BARNEVELDT,  John  d'Olden,  an  able  states- 
man, of  Holland,  ambassador  to  England  and 
France,  condemned  on  faise  charges,  and  exe- 
cuted, 1019. 

BARO,  or  BARONI,  Peter,  a  native  of  France, 
who  retired  to  England  as  a  protestant,  and  re- 
sided with  lord  Burleigh  ;  afterwards  professor 
of  divinity  at  Cambridge,  died  after  1574. 

BAROCHE,  Frederick,  a  painter,  of  Urbino, 
of  great  celebrity,  died  in  1612. 

BAKON,  BonavcTiture,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
and  divinity  professor  at  Rome,  died  1G96. 

BARON,  Michael,  the  Roscius  of  the  French 
theatre,  born  1652,  died  1729.  The  father  of 
Baron  also  was  an  actor,  famous  for  his  talent 
in  declamation ;  and  the  manner  of  his  death 
was  singular  :  playing  the  part  of  Don  Diego, 
in  The  Cid,  his  sword  fell  from  his  hand,  as  the 
piece  requires  ;  and  kicking  it  from  him  with 
indignation,  he  unfortunately  struck  against  the 
point  of  it,  by  which  his  little  toe  was  pierced 
It  turned  to  a  gangrene ;  he  refused  to  suffer 
amputation,  and  died  1655. 

BARON,  Hyacinth  Theodore,  a  learned  phy 
sician  of  Paris,  died  in  1758. 

a5 


BA 

BARONI,  Adrianne  Basile,  sister  to  Basile 
the  poet ;  greatly  admired  for  her  beauty,  wit, 
and  accompiishnients. 

BARONJTUS,  Caesar,  a  Neapolitan  Cardinal, 
librsuian  of  the  Vatican,  and  author  of  "  Eccle- 
siastical Annals,  from  A.  D.  1,  to  1198,"  born 
1538,  died  1C07. 

BAROU  DU  SOBEIL,  N.,  a  distinguished  law- 
yer at  Lyons,  put  to  death  in  1792. 

BAROZZI,  James,  a  skilful  architect,  of  Mo- 
dena,  who  succeeded  Michael  Angelo,  as  the 
architect  of  St.  Peters,  died  in  1577. 

BARRAL,  Peter,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Grenoble, 
teacher  at  Paris,  and  author  of  a  historical  dic- 
tionary, died  in  1772. 

BARRE,  Francois  Pouillain  de  la,  a  native  of 
France,  professor  at  Geneva,  died  in  1723. 

BARRE,  Lewis  Francoise  Jos.  de  la,  a  native 
of  Tournay,  author  of  some  books  on  Antiqua- 
rian history,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1738. 

BARRE,  Michel  de  la,  of  Paris,  an  eminent 
player  on  the  German  flute,  died  1744. 

BARRE,  Joseph,  canon  of  St.  Genevieve, 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Paris,  and  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  Germany,  died  1764. 

BARRE,  Madame  du,  mistress  of  Lewis  XV., 
of  France,  executed  during  the  revolution  in 
1793. 

BARREAUX,  Jacques  Vallee,  a  libertine  of 
Paris  ;  he  was  celebrated  rather  for  his  volup- 
tuous life,  than  for  the  productions  of  his  pen ; 
died  1673. 

BARRELIER,  James,  a  dominican  friar, 
eminent  as  a  scientific  botanist,  died  1673. 

BARRERE,  Peter,  a  ph3'sician  of  Perpignan, 
died  1755. 

BARRETT,  George,  an  eminent  self  taught 
painter,  of  Dublin,  and  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  died  1784. 

BARRETT, William,  asurgeon,  of  Bristol,and 
author  of  a  history  of  that  citv,  died  1789. 

BARRIERE,  Pierre,  a  soldier  who  attempted 
to  assassinate  Henry  IV.  of  France,  but  v*  as  de- 
tected and  broken  on  the  wheel,  1693. 

BARRINGTON,  John  Shute,  lord  viscount, 
a  nobleman  of  considerable  learning,  and  au- 
thor of  several  books  on  religious  subjects,  was 
bom  in  1878,  and  died  in  1734. 

BARRINGTON,  Daines,  son  of  the  above, 
a  celebrated  English  lawyer,  antiquaiy,  and 
writer  on  subjects  of  law,  politics,  natural  histo- 
ry, geography,  and  criticism,  born  1727,  died 
March  14,  1800.  His  writings  are  very  nume- 
rous, and  many  of  them  are  in  the  Philosophi- 
cal Transactions  and  the  Arch.Tologia ;  but 
those  which  most  distinguished  him  as  an  au- 
thor were,  his  "  Observations  on  the  Statutes, 
chiefly  the  more  ancient,"  &c.  of  which,  tv,'o 
4to  editions  were  published  in  one  vear,  (176ti.) 

BARRINGTON,  Samuel,  son  of  lord  B.,  a 
distinguished  admiral  in  the  British  navy,  died 
1800. 

BARROS,  or  DE  BARROS,  John,  a  native 
of  Viseo,  preceptor  to  the  princes  of  Portugal, 
afterwards  governor  of  St.  George,  on  the  Afri- 
can coast,  and  treasurer  of  the  Indies,  under 
king  Juan.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  Indies, 
and  died  1570. 

BARROW^,  Isaac,  an  eminent  mathematician 
and  divine,  born  in  London,  1630.  When  the 
Kine  advanced  Dr.  B.  to  the  dignity  of  master 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  his  majesty  was 
pleased  to  say,  "  he  had  given  it  to  the  best  scho- 
lar in  England  ;"  and  he  did  not  speak  from  re- 
port, but  from  his  own  knowledge.  The  doctor 
being  then  his  cljaplain,  he  Vised'often  to  toii- 
56 


BA 

verse  with  him,  and,  in  his  humorous  way,  to 
call  him  an  "  unfair  preacher,"  because  he  ex- 
hausted every  subject,  and  left  nothing  for  othera 
to  say  after  him.  In  1675,  he  was  chosen  vice- 
chancellor  of  the  universitj'.  This  great  and 
learned  divine  died  of  a  fever  the  4th  of  May, 
1677,  and  was  buried  in  W^estminster  Abhev. 

BARROW,  Isaac,  a  native  of  Spiney  Abbey, 
bishop  of  Sodor,  Man,  and  St.  Asaphs,  died 
1677. 

BARRY,  Girald,  a  native  of  Pembrokeshire, 
a  clergyman,  and  author  of  a  history  of  the  con- 
quest of  Ireland  ;   he  died  after  1215. 

BARRY,  James,  an  Irish  lawj'er;  he  was  a 
baron  of  tlie  exchequer,  chief  justice  of  the 
■  ing's  bench,  and  afterwards  lord  Santry  of  the 
peerages  ;  he  died  1673. 

BARRY,  Spranger,  an  eminent  English  actor, 
cotemporavy  with,  and  a  powerful  rival  of,  Mr. 
Garrick,  born  in  Dublin,  1719,  died  in  London, 
Jan.  1774.  His  peculiar  advantages  were  de- 
rived from  a  fine  person,  melodious  voice,  and 
pleasing  address ;  and  liis  performances  in  ama- 
tory characters  were  perhaps  never  excelled. 
ee  CRAWFORD. 

BARRY,  James,  an  eminent  painter,  wns 
born  at  Cork,  in  Ireland,  1^42 ;  and  having  early 
discovered  great  genius  for  the  art,  he  was  pa- 
tronized by  Mr.  Burke,  and  brought  to  London, 
where  he  became  a  pupil  to  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds. W'hen  Mr.  Burke  came  into  administra- 
tion with  the  marquis  of  Rockingham,  he  sent 
Mr.  Barry  to  Italy,  at  his  sole  expense.  After 
visiting  all  the  celebrated  schools  of  the  conti^ 
iient,  in  which  he  occupied  three  years,  Mr. 
Barry  returned  to  London ;  and  in  1*75,  pubr 
hbhed  "  An  Inquiry  into  the  real  and  iiiiaginary 
Obstructions  to  the  Acquisition  of  the  Arts  in 
England."  About  two  years  after  this,  he  was 
elected  a  Royal  Academician,  and  in  1786  made 
professor  of  painting  to  the  Royal  Academy; 
but  in  1799,  on  an  alleged  addictioi  to  domo- 
cratical  principles,  was  removed  from  that  of- 
fice. He  seems  soon  afterwards  to  have  takea 
disgust  at.society,  from  v.hich  he  retired  into  a 
wretched  obscurity,  living  unattended,  and  half 
stai-ved,  till  some  friends  raised  about  lOOCA, 
with  which  they  purchased  an  annuity  for  him; 
but  before  the  first  quarter's  payment  of  it  be- 
came due  he  died,  Mar.  22,  1806,  and  was  inter- 
red in  St.  Paul's  cathedral.  His  greatest  eflTort 
of  art  is  a  series  of  allegorical  pictures,  which 
he  painted  gratuitously  for  the  great  room  of  the 
Societv  of  Arts,  in  the  Adelphi. 

BARRY,  George,  D.  D.,  an  ominent  Scotch 
divine,  author  of  a  history  of  the  Orkneys,  died 
1S05. 

BARRY,  John,  first  commodore  in  the  Ameri- 
can navy ;  he  possessed  great  courage,  was  a 
patriot,  and  Christian,  and  died  1803. 

BARSUMA,  or  EARSOMA,  metropolitan 
author  of  several  books  in  Syriac. 

BARTAS,  GuiUaume  de  Sallustedu,  aFrencb 
poet  of  Monfort,  in  Armagnac,  died  1560. 

EARTH,  John,  a  native  of  Dunkirk,  wh©,  by 
his  bravery  and  skill,  rose  to  a  high  rank  in  the 
Frencli  navv ;  he  died  in  1702. 

B.ARTHE,  Nicholas  Thomas,  a  native  of 
Marseilles;  he  was  author  of  seme  dramatic 
jiieccs,  and  died  1785. 

BARTHELEMI,  Nicholas,  a  Benedictine  of 

tlie  ].5tli  centuiy,  and  author  of  some  devotional 

Latin  poems. 

I      BARTHELEMI,  the  Nestor  of  French  lite- 

'  rature,  and  author  of  the  "  Travels  of  Ana- 

Ijchai-siij  in  Greece,"  died  May!,  1795.    During 


BA 

(ie  domiualion  of  Robespierre,  like  most  otlier 
men  of  learning,  he  was  imprisoned ;  wlien, 
notvvitlistanding  his  great  age  (upwards  of  80) 
and  infirmities,  instead  of  sinking  under  the  ri- 
gour with  which  he  was  treated,  he  exerted  him- 
self in  consoling  his  fellow-sufferers.  Soon  af- 
ter the  fall  of  Robespierre,  he  was  released,  and 
allowed  a  pension.  In  the  "  Memoirs  of  the 
Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles  Lettres," 
are  preserved  many  of  his  papers,  illustrating 
Greek  literature. 

BARTHELEMI  DES  MARTYRS,  a  domini- 
can,  of  Lisbon,  archbishop  of  Braganza,  died 
in  1590. 

BARTHE3  DE  MARMORIONS,  Paul  Jo- 
seph, a  French  medical  writer,  and  professor 
of  medicine,  and  chancellor  of  that  faculty,  in 
the  university  at  Montpelier ;  he  died  1806. 

BARTHIUS,  Gaspard,  of  Brandenburg,  an 
elegant  scholar,  and  perfect  master  of  most  for 
eign  latiguttges,  died  1658. 

BARTHOLIN,  Gaspard,  professor  of  Latin 
of  medicine,  and  afterwards  of  divinity,  at  Co- 
penliagen,  died  1629. 

BARTHOLIN,  Thomas,  son  of  Gaspard,  pro 
fessor  of  mathematics  and  of  anatomy  at  Co- 
penhagen, afterwards  librarian  to  the  univer- 
sity, and  physician  to  the  king  of  Derunark ;  he 
died  16tiO. 

BARTHOLIN,  Thomas,  son  of  the  above, 
professor  of  law  and  history  at  Copenhagen,  and 
counsellor  to  the  king ;  he  died  in  1690.  His 
three  brothers  were  also  professors  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Copenhagen,  and  their  sister  was  an 
eminent  Danish  poetess. 

BARTHOLOMEW,  St.,  one  of  the  apostles, 
who  preached  the  gospel  in  Ethiopia,  Lycaonia, 
and  the  Indies. 

BARTHOLOMEW,  the  Martyr,  a  kind  and 
benevolent  Christian,  and  archbishop  of  Braga, 
died  1590. 

BARTLET,  John,  minister  of  St.  Thomas, 
near  Exeter,  and  author  of  some  divinity 
tracts. 

BARTLETT,  Josiah,  a  physician  in  New- 
Hampshire  ;  he  was  a  member  of  the  continen- 
tal congress  from  that  state,  and  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  and  was  after- 
wards governor  of  the  state  ;  he  died  1795. 

BARTOLI,  Cosimo,  of  Florence,  resident  ol 
duke  Cosmo  at  Venice,  in  the  16th  century. 

BARTOLI,  Daniel,  a  Jesuit  of  Ferrara,  set- 
tled at  Rome,  where  he  wrote  several  historical 
works  in  Italian  ;  he  died  in  1685. 

BARTOI/0,  a  lawyer  of  eminence,  professor 
of  law  at  Pisa,  and  counsellor  to  Charles  IV., 
died  1359. 

BARTOLOCCI,  Julius,  a  cistercian  monk,  of 
Naples,  and  Hebrew  professor  at  Rome,  died 
1687. 

BARTOLOZZI,  Francesco,  a  very  eminent 
engraver,  born  at  Florence,  in  1728.  In  1764  he 
came  to  England  and  worked  forthe  printsellers, 
particularly  Mr  Boydell.  In  1769  he  was  cho- 
sen a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy.  The 
new  mode  of  stippling,  or  engraving  in  the  red 
chalk  manner,  now  becoming  fashionable,  gave 
Bartolozzi  ample  employment,  and  he  executed 
in  that  way  many  hundreds  of  prints.  The  finest 
of  all  his  works,  perhaps,  are  the  Marlborough 
Gems,  and  the  prints  for  Boydell's  Shak- 
speare.  In  1802  he  went  to  Lisbon,  on  an  invi- 
tation from  the  prince  regent  of  Portugal,  who 
allowed  him  a  pension;  and  there  he  died  in 
March,  1815. 
BARTON,  Benjamin  S.,  M.  D.,  an  eminent 


BA 

physician,  of  Philadelphia.  He  was  appointed 
professor  of  natural  history  and  botany,  and  af- 
terwards of  Materia  Medica,  in  tlie  univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania,  and  succeeded  Dr.  Rush, 
on  his  death,  as  professor  of  the  theory  and 
practice  of  medicine  ;  he  died  in  1815. 

BARTON,  Elizabeth,  comiiiouly  called  "  Tlje 
holy  Maid  of  Kent,"  was  a  religious  impostor 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  executed  at 
Tyburn,  April  20,  1534. 

BARTRAM,  John,  a  distinguished  botanist, 
born  in  Pennsylvania  ;  he  was  elected  Ameri- 
can botanist  to  George  III.,  and  died  in  1777. 
LinuEeus  pronounced  him  "  the  greatest  natural 
botanist  in  the  world." 

BARUCH,  the  prophet,  the  friend  of  Jere- 
miah, he  was  author  of  a  book  not  received  as 
canonical,  either  by  Christians  or  Jews.  He 
went  to  Babylon  with  the  Israelites  in  their  cap- 
ivity. 

BAR  WICK,  John,  a  native  of  Westmoreland, 
distinguished  for  his  zeal  in  the  royal  cause  ; 
and  his  attachment  to  Charles  1.  and  II.  ,  he 
was  afterwards  dean  of  Durham  and  St.  Paul's, 
and  died  1G64. 
BARWICK,  Peter,  a  brother  of  the  dean,  an 
minent  physician ;  he  supported  Hervey's  doc- 
trine of  the  ciiculation  of  the  blood,  and  died 
1705. 
BARZERINI,  aMahomedan  writer. 
BAS,  Le,  a  French  engraver  of  eminence, 
died  1765. 

BASCHI,  Matthew,  founder  of  a  new  order 
[of  Franciscan  capuchins,  died  1552 

BASEDOW,  John  Bernard,  professor  of  mo- 
ral philosophy,  at  Soroe,  in  Denmark,  from 
whicii  he  was  expelled  for  irreligion ;  he  died 
1790. 

BASHUYSEN,  Henry  James  Van,  profes- 
sor of  ecclesiastical  history  and  the  oriental 
languages  at  Hanau,  and  afterwards  of  divinity 
at  Berlin,  died  1758. 

BASIL,  St.,  bishop  of  Caesarea,  persecuted 
bv  Valens,  for  refusing  to  embrace  Arianism, 
diod  379, 

BASIL,  an  Arian,  bishop  of  Ancyra. 
j  BASIL  I.,  a  Macedonian.  Being  but  a  com- 
mon soldier,  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Bul- 
garians, from  whom,  however,  he  escaped,  and 
olicited  alms  to  support  him  on  a  journey  to 
Constantinople,  where  he  became  emperor  of 
the  East.  Dreaded  by  his  enemies  the  Saracens, 
whom  he  frequently  vanquished  ;  and  beloved 
by  his  subjects  for  his  justice  and  clemency  ;  he 
died  in  836. 

BASIL  II.,  emperor  of  Constantinople,  a  va- 
iant,  but  cruel  and  inhuman  prince,  died  1025. 
BASIL,  an  impostor,  who  disturbed  Constan- 
tinople, by  pretending  to  be  Constantine  Ducas, 
for  which  he  was  burned  alive,  after  934. 

BASIL,  a  physician,  who  became  head  of  a 
sect  called  Bogomiles,  in  Bulgaria,  and  was  con- 
demned for  his  heresies. 
BASILIDES,  a  sectary  of  Alexandria,  in  the 
d  century,  who  enjoined  five  years  silence  on 
his  followers. 

BASILICES,  brother  of  Verina,  the  wife  of 
Leo  I.,  emperor  of  the  East;  he  seized  and  re- 
taii>ed  the  throne  a  short  time,  during  which  the 
valuable  library  of  Constantinople,  containing 
120,000  volumes  was  burnt ;  he  died  478. 

BASILOWITZ,  Iwan,  a  hero,  who  laid  tho 
foundation  of  the  Russian  empire,  and  first  as- 
sumed tlie  name  of  Czar,  died  1584. 

BASINE,  wife  of  the  king  of  Thuringia,  who 
left  her  husband  to  espouse  ChiMeric  I.,  ©f 
67 


BA 

R-ance,  as  the  bravest  man  of  his  day ;  she  was 
mother  of  Clovis  the  Great. 

BASINGSTOKE,  or  BASINGE,  John,  arch- 
deacon of  Leicester,  author  of  "  Sermons," 
•»  Latin  Translations  from  the  Greek,"  &c. ; 
be  is  supposed  to  have  introdueed  the  Greek 
numerical  figures  into  England.  He  died  1252. 
BASIRE,  Isaac,  D.  D.,  archdeacon  of 
Northumberiand,  and  chaplain  to  Charles  I. ; 
afterwards  prebendary  of  Durham ;  he  died 
J676. 

BASIRE,  James,  an  eminent  English  engra- 
ver, bom  Oct  6,  1730,  died  Sept.  6,  1802.  He 
was  many  years  engraver  to  the  Royal  Society 
and  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 

BASKERVILLE,  John,  an  ingenious  English 
letter-founder  and  printer,  famous  for  the  beauty 
and  elegance  of  his  types  and  editions  ;  born  at 
Wolverlv,  in  Worcestershire,  1706,  died  1775. 

BASKERVILLE,  Sir  Simon,  knight,  obtained 
by  his  skill  as  a  phy.^ician,  in  London,  distinc- 
tion, the  honour  of  Lniglithood,  and  inmieuse 
wealth  ;  he  died  1641. 

BASXAGE,  James,  a  French  refugee  in  Hol- 
land, author  of  "  A  Histoiy  of  the  Jews,"  died 
1723. 

BASNAGE,  Henry,  an  advocate  of  the  par- 
liament of  Rouen,  who,  upon  the  proscription 
of  the  Protestants,  in  France,  fled  to  Holland, 
where  he  died,  1710. 

BASNAGE,  Benjamin,  a  protestant,  author 
©f  a  treatise  on  the  church,  and  deputy  from 
the  French  churches  to  Scotland,  in  the  reign  of 
James  VI.,  died  1652. 

BASNAGE,  Anthony,  son  to  the  above,  mi- 
nister of  Bayeux  ;  lie  was  imprisoned  for  his  re- 
ligion at  Havre  de  Grace,  and  afterwards  fled  to 
Holland,  where  he  died  in  1691. 

BASNAGE,  DU  FRAQUENAY,  Henry,  an 
advocate  of  Rouen,  eminent  for  eloquence, 
died  1695. 

BASNET,  Edward,  dean  of  St.  Patrick,  in 
Ireland,  in  1537,  afterwards  privy  counsellor. 

BASS,  Edward,  D.  D.,  a  scholar  and  divine  ; 
he  was  first  bishop  of  Massachusetts,  and  died 
in  1803. 

BASSAN,  James  Du  Pont,  a  painter,  bom 
1510,  in  the  village  of  Bassano,  in  the  republic 
of  Venice.  He  had  great  success  in  landscape 
and  portraiture;  and  has  also  drawn  several 
night-pieces  ;  but  it  is  said  he  found  great  diffi- 
culty in  representing  feet  and  hands,  and  for  this 
reason  those  parts  are  generally  hid  in  his  pic- 
tures. Anibal  Caracci,  when  he  went  to  see 
IBassan,  was  so  far  deceived  by  the  representa- 
tion of  a  book,  drawn  upon  the  wall,  that  he 
went  to  lay  hold  of  it.  The  pieces  of  this  painter 
are  spread  over  Europe ;  he  died  at  Venice,  1582. 

BASSANDYNE,  Thomas,  a  Scotchman, 
known  as  a  printer,  died  1591. 

BASSANI,  James  Anthony,  a  Jesuit  of  Vi- 
cenza,  an  eloquent  preacher,  distinguished  by 
Pope  Benedict  XIV. ;  he  died  in  1747. 

BASSANI,  John  Baptiste,  an  admired  Italian 
composer  in  the  17th  century,  master  to  Coveili. 

BASSANTIN,  James,  a  Scotchman,  who  ac- 
quired reputation  as  a  teacher  of  mathematics  at 
Paris,  died  1568. 

BASSELIN,  a  fuller,  of  Vire,  in  Normandy, 
in  the  15th  century,  known  for  his  popular  songs 
and  ballads. 

BASSET,  Peter,  chamberlain  to  Henry  V., 
and  author  of  an  account  of  the  expeditions  of 
that  prince. 

BASSI,  Laura,  wife  of  Joseph  Verati,  was 
honoured  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of  pliilpso- 
58 


BA 

phy,  for  the  great  mental  acquirements  dis- 
played in  her  lectures  on  that  subject,  and  dis- 
tinguished as  possessing  every  amiable  virtue : 
she  died  in  1778. 

BASITH,  Khaiath,  a  Mahometan,  author  of 
a  treatise  on  praver. 

BASSOJIPIERRE,  Francois  de,  marechal  of 
France,  of  a  distinguished  family  of  Lorraine, 
a  courtier  and  ambassador  of  Lewis  XIII. ;  he 
was  confined  ten  years  in  the  Bastile  by  the 
duke  of  Richelieu,  during  which  time  he  wr«te 
his  memoirs  ;  he  died  in  1646. 

BASSVILLE,  Nicholas  John  Hugon  de,  am- 
bassador from  France  to  Rome,  where  he  was 
stabbed  1793. 

BASSUEL,  Peter,  a  distinguished  surgeon 
and  lecturer  of  Paris,  died  1757. 

BASTA,  George,  known  as  a  warrior  in  the 
service  of  the  duke  of  Parma,  and  afterwards 
of  the  emperor,  in  Hungary,  died  1607. 

BASTARD,  Thomas,  a  poet  and  preacher  of 
England,  of  considerable  learning,  died  1618. 

BASTON,  Robert,  a  Carmelite  monk,  poet 
laureat,  and  public  orator,  at  Oxford,  died  1310. 

BASTWICK,  Dr.  John,  a  physician,  who 
was  severely  fined  and  imprisoned  for  his  writ- 
ings against  the  clergy,  but  during  the  civil  wars, 
recalled  to  London,  and  indemnified  for  his  suf- 
ferings. 

BATE,  John,  D.  D.,  prior  of  the  Carmelites 
at  York,  distuiguished  for  his  learning ;  he  died 
in  1429. 

BATE,  George,  phj'sician  to  Charles  I.,  then 
to  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  afterwards  to  Charles 
K.;  he  died  1669. 

BATE,  Julius,  a  friend  of  Hutchinson,  author 
of  a  defence  of  his  system,  and  of  some  valuable 
pieces  of  critici-sm,  died  1771. 

BATECUMBE,  WiUiam,  a  mathematician, 
who  lived  about  1420. 

BATEiv'AN,  William,  bishop  of  Norwich, 
and  founder  of  Trinity-hall,  Cambridge,  also 
ambassador  to  the  court  of  Rome,  died  1534. 

BATES,  William,  D.  D.,  chaplain  to  Charles 
II.,  a  non-conformist  divine  of  great  learning, 
and  the  intimate  friend  of  the  first  men  of  the 
kingdom,  died  1099. 

BATHALMIUSI,  an  eminent  Mahomedan 
writer,  of  the  family  of  Ali,  died  421  of  tlie  he- 
gira. 

BATHE,  Henry  de,  a  justice  of  the  common 
pleas,  and  afterwardschief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench  under  Henry  III.,  died  1261. 

BATHE,  William,  an  Irish  Jesuit,  rector  of 
an  Irish  school,  at  Salamanca,  and  a  writer  on 
music  and  divinitv,  died  1614. 

BATHURST,  Ralph,  a  Latin  poet,  physician 
and  divine  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  after 
wards  dean  of  Wells,  and  vice  chancellor  of  the 
universitv  ;  he  died  1704. 

BATHURST,  Allen,  Earl,  an  English  noble- 
man of  distinguished  abihties,  born  November 
16,  1684.  To  uncommon  talents  he  added  many 
virtue.a,  integrity,  humanity,  and  generosity : 
and  to  these  virtues,  good  breeding,  politeness, 
and  elegance.  His  wit,  taste,  and  learning,  con- 
nected him  with  all  persons  eminent  in  that 
way,  as  Pope,  Swift,  Addison,  &c.  He  died  at 
his" seat,  near  Cirencester,  September  16,  1775, 
in  his  91st  year. 

BATONI,  Pompeo,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Lucca,  ennobled  by  the  emperor  Joseph,  for  his 
distinguished  merit.  One  of  his  most  valuable 
pieces,  the  death  of  Mark  Antony,  is  now 
owned  in  Hartford,  Conn. ;  he  died  1787. 

BATSCH.  Augustus,  Jota  George  Charles, 


BA 


a  botanist,  of  Jena,  was  professor  of  philosophy 
in  the  university  of  that  place,  and  founder  aud 
president  of  a  society  for  the  study  of  natural 
Sistory  ;  he  died  1802. 

BATTAGLINI,  Mark,  bishop  of  Nocera  and 
Cesena,  died  1717.  _  .  .     ^  , 

BATTELY,  Dr.  John,  fellow  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, and  chaplain  to  the  primate  Saucroft,  died 
1706. 

BATTEUX,  Charles,  a  French  philosopher, 
professor  of  philosophy  in  the  royal  college, 
member  of  the  French  academy,  &c.,  eminent 
for  his  erudition,  and  his  private  virtues,  and 
author  of  several  works  on  classical  literature ; 
he  died  1780.  .  .         ^       . 

BATTIE,  Dr.  William,  a  physician  of  emi- 
nence in  Uxbridge  and  London,  author  of  seve- 
ral work-s  on  medical  subjects,  died  1776. 

BATTISHILL,  Jonathan,  an  eminent,  musi- 
cal composer,  who  added  to  profound  know- 
ledge, great  taste,  and  a  fine  imagination.  His 
"  Kate  of  Aberdeen"  will  be  celebrated  (among 
numerous  other  of  his  compositions)  as  long  as 
piu-e  melody  shall  be  admired  in  this  country. 
He  was  born  in  London,  May,  1738,  and  died  at 
Islington,  December  10,  1801. 

BAUAB,  a  learned  Mahomedan,  died  413  of 
the  hegira. 

BAUDELOT  DE  DAIRY AL,  Charles  Ca;sar, 
advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  died  1722. 

BAUDET,  Stephen,  an  eminent  F-ench  en- 
graver, of  Blois,  died  1G71. 

BAUDIER,  Michael,  a  native  of  Languedoc, 
historiographer  of  France  under  Louis  XV. 

BAUDIN,  Peter  Charles  Lewis,  a  native  of 
Sedan,  a  member  of  the  French  national  assem- 
bly, and  of  the  convention.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  firmness  and  moderation,  and  died  1799. 

BAUDIUS,  Dominique,  a  native  of  Lisle,  and 
advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  author  of 
some  Latin  poems,  and  died  1613. 

BAUDOIN,  Benedict,  a  divine  of  Amiens, 
author  of  a  dissertation  on  the' shoes  of  the  an- 
cients, in  1615. 

BAUDORI,  Joseph  du,  a  native  of  Vannes ; 
educated  among  the  Jesuits,  died  1749. 

BAUDOT,  de  Juilli,  Nicholas,  of  Vendome 
a  historical  writer  of  some  merit,  died  1759. 

B  AUD  AUIN,  emperor  of  Constantinople,  vid 
BALDWIN. 

BAUDOUIN,  John,  a  soldier  in  the  armies  of 
France,  and  translator  of  Sallust,  Tacitus,  &c 
died  1650. 

BAUDRAND,  Mich.  Anton,  an  ecclesiastic, 
of  Paris,  author  of  a  "  Dictionaire  Geogiaph 
iqus"  of  merit,  died  1700. 

BAUDRICOURT,  Jean  de,  a  marechal  of 
France,  distinguished  under  Charles  VIII.  at  the 
conquest  of  Naples.  His  father  introduced  the 
famous  maid  of  Orleans  on  the  public  stage. 

BAUHINUS,  John,  a  physician  of  Amiens, 
afterwards  of  great  expectation  at  Basil,  died 
1582. 

BAUHINUS,  John,  son  of  the  preceding, 
physician  to  the  duke  of  Wirtemburg,  a  medi- 
cal writer  at  Basil,  died  1613. 

BAUHINUS,  Caspar,  professor  of  botany  at 
Basil,  and  physician  to  the  duke  of  Wirtemburg, 
died  1624. 

BAULDRI,  Paul,  a  native  of  Rouen,  profes- 
sor of  sacred  history  at  Utrecht,  died  1706. 

BAULOT,  or  BEAULIEU,  James,  who  tra- 
velled through  Europe  as  a  lithotomist,  and 
loperated  with  great  success.  The  city  of  Am- 
[eterdam  had  a  medal  struck  in  honour  of  tiiis 
humane  man ;  he  died  1730. 

I 


BA 

BAUME,  James  Francis  de  la,  canon  of  a 
church  at  Avignon, author  of  a  poem  called  the 
Christiade,  died  1757. 

BAUME,  Nicholas  Auguste  de  la,  a  marechal 
of  France,  who  served  in  Germany  with  great 
reputation,  died  1716. 

BAUME,  James  de  la,  a  Jesuit  of  Paris,  died 
1725. 

BAUMER,  John  William,  professor  of  medi- 
cine at  Erfurt,  and  a  writer  on  the  natural  his- 
tory of  the  mineral  kingdom,  died  1788. 

BAUMGARTEN,  Alexander  Gottlieb,  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  at  Halle,  and  afterwards  at 
Frankfort,  died  1776. 

B  AUR,  John  William,  a  painter  and  engraver 
of  Strasburg,  died  1640. 

BAUR,  Frederick  William  Von,  a  Hessian 
soldier  in  the  pav  of  Britain,  made  a  general  and 
ennobled  by  Frederick  II.  of  Prussia,  and  after- 
wards an  able  engineer  and  mechanic  in  the 
service  of  Russia ;  he  died  1783. 

BAUSCH  Abu  Giafar,  a  Mahomedan  writer, 
died  546  of  the  hegira. 

BAUSSIRI,  a  Mahomedan  poet,  highly  es- 
teemed by  the  followers  of  Mahomet. 

BAUTRU,  a  celebrated  wit,  and  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  French  academy,  was  born 
at  Paris,  in  1588,  and  died  tliere  in  1665.  Once, 
when  he  was  in  Spain,  having  been  to  see  the 
famous  library  of  the  Escurial,  where  he  found 
a  very  ignorant  librarian,  the  king  of  Spain 
asked  him  what  he  had  remarked.  To  whom 
Bautru  replied,  that "  the  library  was  a  very 
fine  one ;  but  your  majesty  (adds  he)  should 
make  your  librarian  treasurer  of  your  finances." 
Why  so  1"  "  Because  (says  Bautru)  he  never 
touches  what  he  is  entrusted  with." 

BAUVES,  James  de,  advocate  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  in  the  17th  century. 

BAUVIN,  John  Gregory,  a  native  of  Arras, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  belles  lettres, 
died  in  1776. 

BAUX,  William  de,  prince  of  Orange,  with 
the  title  of  king  of  Aries  and  Vienna,  murdered 
at  Avignon,  in  1218. 

BAWDWEEN,William,vicarofHootenPag- 
nell,  near  Doncaster,  died  Sept.  14, 1816.  This 
gentleman  was  an  excellent  Saxon  scholar,  and 
translated  vols.  I.  and  II.  of  that  valuable  na- 
tional record,  Domesday  Book,  which  was  pub- 
lished by  a  vote  of  the  British  parliament.  He 
proposed  to  print  the  whole  in  10  vols.  4to  ;  and 
the  remaining  8  vols,  are  said  to  be  prepared  for 
the  press.  He  left  a  widow  and  twelve  children. 
BAXTER,  Richard,  an  eminent  nonconform- 
ist divine,  was  born  Nov.  12, 1615,  at  Rowton, 
near  High  Ercal,  in  Shropshire,  and  died  1691. 
He  wrote  a  vast  number  of  books ;  Mr.  Lon^, 
of  Exeter,  says  80 ;  Dr.  Calamy,  120  ;  but  the 
author  of  a  note  in  the  Biographia  Britannica 
tells  us  that  he  had  seen  145  distinct  treatises  of 
Mr.  Baxter's;  his  practical  works  have  been 
pubUshed  in  four  vols.  foUo.  Bishop  Burnet,  ia 
the  history  of  his  own  times,  calls  him  "  a  man 
of  great  piety;  and  says,  "  that  if  he  had  not 
meddled  with  too  many  things,  he  would  have 
been  esteemed  one  of  the  most  learned  men  of 
the  age ;  that  he  had  a  moving  and  pathetical 
way  of  writing  ;  and  was,  his  whole  life  long^ 
a  man  of  great  zeal  and  much  simplicity  ;  but 
was  unhappily  subtle  and  metaphysical  in  every 
thing.  ,      . 

BAXTER,  Andrew,  a  writer  in  metaphysics 
and  natural  philosophy,  born  in  1086,  at  Aber- 
deen, where  he  received  his  education  at  King  a 
CoUege.    His  principal  emiilojTnent  waff  tbat 
59 


BA  

of  a  private  tutor.  His  celebrated  work,  "  An 
Inquiry  into  tlie  Nature  of  the  Human  Soul,'" 
was  first  published  in  4to,  and  has  been  several 
thnes  reprinted.  Bishop  Warburton  calls  it 
"  the  most  finished  book  of  the  kind  that  the 
present  times  have  produced."  Baxter  drew 
up  for  the  use  of  his  pupils,  a  piece  entitled 
"  Matho  ;  sive  Cosmotheoria  Puerilus,  Dialo- 
gus,"  &c.  which  he  afterwards  greatly  enlarged, 
and  published  in  English,  2  vols.  8vo.,  1745.  He 
died  in  1750,  after  bearing  with  the  greatest  for- 
titude a  complication  of  the  most  painful  dis- 
order. 

BAXTER,  William,  an  eminent  critic  and 
granmiarian,  nephew  to  the  foregoing,  born  at 
I^anlugany,  in  Shropshire,  1650,  died  1723.  He 
published  excellent  editions  of  "  Anacreon" 
and  "  Horace,"  was  author  of  a  "  liatin  Gram- 
mar," 1679,  and  of  a  Glossary  of  the  Roman 
Antiquities,"  which,  however,  goes  no  farther 
Uian  the  letter  A,  and  was  printed  1726. 

BAYARD,  James  A.,  a  native  of  Delaware, 
was  a  representative,  and  afterwards  a  senator 
in  congress  from  that  state.  In  1813  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  ministers  who  negotiated  the 
treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain  at  Ghent  ;j 
subsequent  to  which,  he  was  sent  as  minister 
to  the  court  of  St.  Petersburg.  He  returned  tc 
the  United  States,  and  died  in  1815.  | 

BAYARD,  John,  speaker  of  the  house  of  as-j 
sembly  in  Maryland,  was  a  member  of  the  old 
congress,  1785  ■  he  died  1807. 

BAYARD,  Le  Chevalier,  acelcbrated  French 
warrior,  called  The  knight  without  fear  or  re- 
proach, slain  at  the  siege  of  Rebec,  1524. 

BAYER,  Theophilus  Sigfred,  a  German  who 
assiduously  devoted  himself  to  ancient  and  mo- 
dem languages,  and  was  professor  of  Greek  and 
Roman  Antiquities  at  Petersburg,  died  in  1738. 
BAYEUX,  N.,  an  advocate  and  poet  of  Caen, 
translator  of  Ovid,  executed  during  the  French 
revolution. 

BAYLE,  Peter,  author  of  the  Historical  and 
Critical  Dictionary,  was  born,  Nov.  18,  1647,  ai 
Carla,  a  small  town  in  the  county  of  Foix,  and 
was  a  most  laborious  and  indefatigable  writer. 
In  one  of  his  letters  to  Des  Maizeaiix,  he  saj's, 
that  since  hi?  20th  year  he  hardly  remembers  to 
have  had  any  leisure.  He  died  the  28th  of  De 
cember,1706,  after  he  had  been  writing  the  great 
est  part  of  the  day.  Among  the  productionf 
which  do  honour  to  the  age  of  Lewis  XIV.,  IMr 
Voltaire  has  not  omitted  the  "  Critical  Dictiona 
ry"  of  our  author :  "  It  is  the  first  work  of  xln 
kind  (says  he)  in  which  a  man  may  learn  tr 
think."  He  was  a  man  of  brilliant  parts  and 
acute  intellect ;  but  his  religious  principles  sa- 
vour of  infidelity. 

BAYLE,  Francis,  professor  of  medicine  ai 
Toulouse,  died  in  1709. 

BAYLEY,  Anselm,  L.  L.  D.,  an  English  di- 
vine, minor  canon  of  St.  Paul's  and  Westmin 
Bter  Abbey,  and  sub-dean  of  the  chapel  royal 
author  of  several  theological  works,  died  in 
1794. 

BAYLEY,  Lewis,  author  of  that  most  me 
morable  book,  entitled,  "  The  Practice  of  Piety .' ' 
He  was  born  at  Caermarthen,  in  Wales,  edu 
cated  at  Oxford,  made  minister  of  Evesham,  in 
Worcestershire,  about  1611,  became  a  chapleiin 
to  king  James,  and  was  promoted  to  the  see 
of  Bangor,  in  1616.  His  book  is  dedicated  "to 
the  high  and  mighty  prince  Charles,  prince  of 
Wales :"  and  the  author  tells  his  highness,  that 
"he  Irad  endeavoured  to  extract  out  of  the  chaos 
of  endless  controversies,  the  old  practice  of  true 
60 


BE 

piety,  which  flourished  before  these  controver- 
.sies  were  hatched."  The  design  was  good; 
and  the  reception  this  book  has  met  with  may 
be  known  fiom  the  astonishing  number  of  its 
editions.    This  prelate  died  in  1634. 

B ALEY,  Matthias,  remarkable  for  longevity ; 
he  was  baptized,  and  died,  in  North  Carolina,  in 
1789,  aged  136. 

BAYLY,  Thomas,  sub-dean  of  Wells,  died  a 
catholic  on  the  continent,  in  the  time  of  Charles  I. 

BAYLY,  Nathan,  author  of  an  English  dic- 
tionary, and  of  some  grammatical  works. 

BAYNARD,  Anne,  a  lady  of  great  literary 
and  scientific  acquirements,  died  in  1697. 

BAYNES,  Sir  Thomas,  knight,  a  physician, 
professor  of  music  at  Gresham  college,  died  in 
1681. 

BAYNES,  John,  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  intense  application  to  study, 
and  his  attachment  to  liberty,  died  in  1787. 

BAZIRE,  Claude,  a  native  of  Dijon,  raised, 
by  the  French  revolution,  from  ohscnrity  to  ift^ 
famous  celebrity.  He  proposed  in  the  conven- 
tion, a  law  fixing  a  price  on  the  head  of  La 
Fayette  ;  guillotined  with  Danton,  in  1794. 

BAZZ  AZ,  a  Mahomedan  theological  writer. 

BE,  Guillaume  C,  an  engraver  and  letter 
founder,  at  Troyes  and  at  Venice,  where  he  ac- 
quired both  reputation  and  wealth ;  he  died  in 

iDfiB. 

BEACH,  John,  an  episcopal  writer,  and  a 
missionary  at  Reading,  Conn. 

BEACON,  Thomas',  an  English  divine,  pre- 
bendary of  Canterbury  under  Elizabeth. 

BEALE,  Marv,  a  portrait  painter  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  IT.,  was  born  in  Suffolk,  1632.  In 
the  manuscripts  of  Mr.  Oldys,  she  is  celebrated 
for  her  poetry,  as  well  as  for  her  painting  ;  and 
is  styled  "that  masculine  poet,  as  well  as  painter, 
the  incomparable  Mrs.  Beale."  She  died  De- 
cember 28,  1697. 

BEARD,  John,  a  very  eminent  and  popular 
singer  on  the  English  stage  ;  married,  first,  lady 
Henrietta,  relict  of  Lord  Edward  Herbert,  and 
only  daughter  of  Lord  Vv^aldegrave ;  secondly, 
a  daughter  of  Mr.  Rich,  patentee  of  Covent  Gar- 
den Theatre.  He  then  became  one  of  the  pro- 
prietors, and  acting  manager  of  that  house,  and 
continued  to  perform  till  disqualified  by  the  loss 
of  his  hearing.  He  died  in  his  75th  year,  Feb- 
niary  5,  1791. 

BEATON,  or  BETON,  David,  archbishop  of 
St.  Andrews,  in  Scotland,  and  cardinal  of  the 
Roman  church,  born  1494,  lost  his  life  by  the 
hands  of  Norman  Lesly,  eldest  son  of  the  earl  of 
Rothes,  about  the  year  1546.  This  famous  pre- 
late was  a  man  of  great  parts,  but  of  boundless 
pride  and  ambition,  and  withal  an  eminent  in- 
stance of  the  iastabiUty  of  what  the  world  calls 
fortune. 

BEATON,  James,  nephew  of  the  archbishop 
of  the  same  name,  and  bishop  of  Glasgo%v  at 
25,  author  of  a  maimscript  history  of  Scotland, 
died  in  1603. 

BEATRIX,  daughter  of  the  count  of  Burgun- 
dy, and  wife  of  the  emperor  Frederick  I.,  1156. 

BEATRIX,  of  Provence,  daughter  of  Ray- 
mond, count  of  Provence,  wife  of  Charles,  son 
of  Lewis  Vin.  of  France,  afterwards  king  of 
Naples  and  Sicilv,  dird  at  Nocera 

BEATSON,  Robert,  L.  L.  D.,  an  indefatiga- 
ble compiler,  author  of  "  a  Political  Index  to  the 
Histories  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,"  and  of 
several  other  works,  died  1818. 

BE  ATTIE,  Dr.  James,  an  ingenious  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  bom  in  Kincardineshire, 


BE 


BE 


Scotland,  1735,  was  many  years  a  schoolmaster 
at  Aberdeen;  but  at  length  promoted  to  the 
chair  of  Moral  Philosophy  and  Logic  in  the  Ma 
rischal  College.  His  principal  poems  arc,  "The 
Judiiment  of  Paris,"  4to.,  J765.  "The  Min- 
stref,"  4to.,  1770, 1774.  "  The  Hermit,"  a  beau- 
tiful song,  and  many  odes  and  elegies.  Besides 
tliese,  he  was  author  of  "  An  Essay  on  the  Im- 
mutability of  Truth,  in  opposition  to  Sophistry 
and  Scepticism,"  4to.,  1777  ;  "  Dissertations 
Moral  and  Critical,"  4to.,  1783 ;  "  Evidences 
of  the  Christian  Religion,  briefly  and  plainly 
stated,"  8vo.,  1786;  and  "Elements  of  Moral 
Science,"  2  vols.  8vo.,  1790,  1793.  His  prose 
writings  display  good  sense,  extensive  know- 
ledge, and  able  reasoning ;  his  versification  is 
elegant.    He  died  at  Aberdeen,  August  18, 1803. 

BEATTIE,  James  Hay,  son  of  the  poet,  a 
man  of  eminent  talents,  who  was,  at  the  age  of 
19,  appointed  assistant  professor  of  moral  phi 
losophy  and  logic  at  the  Marischal  College  of 
Aberdeen,  died  1790. 

BEATUS,  Rhenanus,  a  classical  scholar  and 
writer  of  Rheinach,  died  in  1547. 

BEAU,  John  Lewis  le,  a  learned  academi- 
cian and  professor  of  Paris,  died  in  1766. 

BEAU,  Charles  le,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  also  an  eminent  scholar,  and  professor  of 
belles  lettres  at  Paris,  and  author  of  a  history  of 
the  lower  empire,  in  22  vols. ;  he  died  in  1778. 

BEAUCAIRE  DE  PEaUILLON,  Francois, 
instructer  of  Cardinal  Charles  de  Lorraine,  and 
bishop  of  Metz,  died  in  1591. 

BEAUCHAM,  Richard,  Earl  of  Warwick, 
distinguished  as  a  brave  general,  died  in  Nor- 
mandy, in  1439. 

BEAUCHAMPS,  Pierre  Francois  Godard  de, 
an  eminent  French  writer,  died  at  Paris,  in  1761. 

BEAUCH  AMP,  Joseph  de,acelebratedFrench 
astronomer,  born  at  Vezoul,  in  1752,  entered,  in 
1767,  into  the  order  of  Bernardines,  and  took  his 
departure  for  Asia,  in  1781,  with  his  uncle,  who 
was  appointed  bishop  of  Babylon.  In  this  voy- 
age he  steered  his  course  along  the  Tigris  and 
Euphrates,  from  Diabekir  to  the  Persian  Gulph, 
and  made  a  collection  of  medals,  inscriptions, 
and  designs  of  the  monuments  of  ancient  Baby- 
ion,  as  well  as  Arabic  manuscripts,  which  he 
presented  to  the  Abbe  Earthelemv.  In  1787,  he 
made  a  second  voyage  upon  theCaspian  Sea; 
in  the  course  of  which  he  observed  the  most  im- 
portant eclipse  of  the  moon  of  which  the  history 
if  astronomy  preserves  any  remembrance.  In 
1795,  he  made  a  third  voyage  ;  and  through  the 
neans  of  Volney,  he  was  appointed  consul  at 
Muscate,  in  Arabia :  at  which  place,  however, 
•le  never  arrived,  being-  taken  by  tlie  English. 
Phe  peace  having  at  length  given  him  his  liber- 
y,  he  arrived  sick  at  Nice,  where  he  died  on  the 
9th  of  November,  1801,  at  the  moment  when 
Buonaparte  had  appointed  him  coramissary- 
;eneral  at  Lisbon. 

BE  AUCIIATEAU,  Franc.  Matthieu  Chate'.et 
le,  author  of  several  admired  poems,  supposed 
o  have  died  in  Persit^. 

BEAVER,  John,  a  Benedictine  monkof  West- 
mnster  Abbey,  author  of  a  manuscript  chronicle 
f  the  affairs  of  Britain  to  his  own  time,  in  the 
4th  century. 

BEAUFILS,  Guillaume,  a  Jesuitof  Auvergne, 
imnient  as  a  preacher  and  a  man  of  literature, 
ied  in  1758. 

BEAUFORT,  Margaret,  daughter  of  John, 
uke  of  Somerset,  and  mother  of  Henrv  VII. 
led  in  1500.  She  founded  Christ's,  and  St. 
olin's  Colleges  Cambridue. 


BEAUFORT,  Henry,  brother  of  Henry  IV 
of  England,  was  successively  bishop  of  Lincoln 
and  Winchester,  chancellor  of  England,  ambas- 
sador to  France,  cardinal,  and  pope's  legate  in 
Germany ;  he  died  in  1447. 

BEAUFORT,  Francois,  Vendome  due  de,  a 
native  of  Paris,  conspicuous  in  the  civil  wars 
for  courting  the  good  will  of  the  populace,  died 
in  1669. 

BEAUFORT,  Lewis  de,  a  learned  man,  au- 
thor of  the  history  of  Germanicus,  &c.,  died  in 
1795. 

BEAULIEU,  John  Baptiste  Allais  de,  a  wri- 
ting-master of  celebrity  in  Paris,  lived  about 
1681. 

BEAULIEU,  Sebastian  Pontault  de,  an  engi- 
neer, who  drew,  and  had  engraved,  the  sieges 
and  military  campaigns  of  Lewis  XIV. ;  he  died 
in  1674. 

BEAULIEU,  Louis  le  Blanc  de,  theological  pro- 
fessor of  Sedan,  died  in  1675. 

BEAULIEU,  N.  Baron  de,  commander  of 
the  Austrian  armies  in  Italy,  opposed  and  con- 
quered by  Buonaparte,  died  about  1796. 

BEAUMANOIR,  Jean  de,  called  marechal 
de  Lavardin,  rose  by  his  merit  to  high  military 
dignities,  died  in  1614. 

BEAUMARCHAIS,  Peter  Augustin  Caron  dc, 
an  eminent  French  dramatist,  bom  at  Paris, 
1732,  and  bred  a  watch-maker,  died  at  Paris,  of 
apoplexy,  May,  1799. 

BEAUME,  Antony,  a  native  of  Senlis,  and 
a  distinguished  French  cbymlst,  was  a  member 
of  the  academy  of  sciences,  and  of  the  national 
institute,  died  in  1805.  His  writings  are  nu- 
merous and  valuable. 

BEAUMELLE,  Laurent  Angliviel  de  la,  a  na- 
tive of  France  of  great  literary  reputation,  li- 
brarian to  the  king,  and  a  respectable  writer, 
died  in  1773. 

BEAUMONT,  Sir  John,  a  poet  of  some  emi- 
nence, descended  from  an  ancient  family  at 
Grace-Dieu,  in  Leicestershire,  was  born  1582. 
His  "  Bcsworth  Field,"  Mr.  Headly  tells  us, 
merits  a  republication,  for  the  easy  flow  of  its 
numbers,  and  the  spirit  with  which  it  is  written. 
It  was  first  published  by  his  son,  together  with 
tJie  rest  of  his  poems,  in  ]2mo,  1629.  He  was 
created  a  baronet  by  king  Chailes,  in  1626,  and 
died  two  vears  after. 

BEAUMONT,  Francis,  brother  of  the  fore- 
going, a  celebrated  dramatic  writer,  born  at 
Grace-Dleu,  in  Leicestershire,  about  the  year 
1586,  died  in  1615,  before  he  was  30  years  of 
age,  and  was  buried  jn  the  entrance  of  St.  Be- 
nedict's chapel,  within  St.  Peter's,  Westmin- 
ster. Beside  the  plays  in  which  he  was  jointly 
concerned  with  Fletcher,  he  wrote  a  little  dra- 
matic piece,  and  other  poems,  printed  together 
in  1653,  8vo.  Beaumont  was  esteemed  so  good 
a  judge  of  dramatic  composition,  that  Ben  Jon- 
son  submitted  his  writings  tohis  correction,  and, 
it  is  thought,  was  much  indebted  to  him  for  tlie 
contrivance  of  his  plots.  Every  thing  respect- 
ing this  poet,  that  could  be  collected  by  the  most 
dihgent  research,  will  be  found  in  Mr.  Nichols' 
valuable  "  History  of  Leicestershire." 

BEAUMONT,  Joseph,  regius  professor  of  di- 
vinity at  Cambridge,  and  author  of  Psyche,  aiwl 
other  poems,  died  in  1699. 

BEAUMONT  DE  PEREFIX,  Hardonin,  arch- 
bishop of  Paris,  preceptor  to  Lewis  XIV.,  and 
author  of  a  valuable  history  of  Henry  IV.  ; 
died  ill  1670. 

BEAUMONT,Mad.  le  prince  de,a  lively  writer 
of  romances,  letters,  memoirs,  f^c.  died  "in  178<>. 
61 


BE 


BE 


BEAUMONT,  Eiias  de,  a  native  of  Norman- 
dy, was  educated  for  the  bar,  but  devoted  his 
time  to  literary  pursuits :  an  author  of  sonje 
merit ;  he  died  in  1783. 

BEAUMONT,  John  Lewis  Moreau  de,  an 
able  political  writer,  of  Nantes,  died  in  1785. 

BEAUMONT,  Guill.  Eob.  Phil.  Jos.  Jean  de, 
an  ecclesiastic,  of  Rouen,  known  as  a  theolo- 
gical writer,  died  in  1761. 

BEAUNE,  Jacques  de,  baron  of  Samblancai, 
jninister  of  the  priori<?s  under  Francis  I.,  un- 
j!istly  condemned  and  executed,  by  the  perfidy 
of  the  queen-mother,  in  1527. 

BEAUNE,  Renaud  de,  a  native  of  Tours, 
nrchbishop  of  Bourges,  and  afterwajds  of  Seijs. 
died  in  1606. 

BEAUNE,  Florimont  de,  counsellor  of  Blois, 
the  intimate  friend  of  Descartes,  and  an  emi 
iient  mathematician,  died  in  ICjS. 

BEAURAIN,  Jean  de,  a  native  of  Artois, 
known  as  a  negotiator  and  geographer ;  made 
sreographer  to  Lewis  XV.,  at  the  age  of  25 ;  l.c 
died  in  1771.  1 

BEAUUIEU,  Gaspard  Guillard  de,  a  French 
.writer,  died  in  1795. 

BEAUSOBRE,  Isaac  de,  a  very  learned  di- 
vine and  ecclesiastical  writer,  of  French  origi- 
nal, born  at  Niort,  March  8,  1659,  died  June^S. 
3738. 

BEAUSOBRE,  Louis  de,  a  native  of  Berlin, 
ilistinguished  for  his  literature  and  r^s  the  friend 
of  the  Prussian  monarch  ;  he  died  in  1783. 

BEAUVAIS,  Guillaume,  of  Dunkirk,  author 
of  a  liistory  of  the  Roman  emperors  by  medals, 
4ied  1773. 

BEAUVAIS,Charles  Nicolas,  of  Orleans,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  physician,  and  as  a  violent  and 
seditious  member  of  the  national  assembly,died 
m  1704. 

BEAUVAIS,  John  Raptiste  Charles  Marie  de, 
liishnp  of  Senez,  eminent  as  an  eloquent  preach- 
er, died  in  1789. 

BEAUVAU,  Lewis  diaries  marquis  de,  a 
distinsuished  Frencli  general,  died  in  1744. 

BEAUVILLIERS,  Francis  de,  duke  of  St 
Aignan,  author  of  i^ome  prose  and  poetical  pie- 
ces, died  in  1687.  His  son  was  preceptor  to  the 
father  of  Lewis  XIV.,  and  died  in  1714. 

BEAUZEE,  Nicolas,  a  distinguished  gram- 
marian, died  in  1789. 

BF.EELE,  Henry,  professor  of  eloquence  at 
Tubingen  ;  he  was  an  able  Latin  scholar,  ar.d 
received  the  poetical  crown,  in  1501, from  Maxi- 
milian I. 

BEGAN,  Martin,  a  zealous  Jesuit,  confecsor 
to  Ferdinand  II.,  died  in  1624. 

BECCADELLT,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
ambassador  at  Venice,  preceptor  to  Ferdinand, 
son  of  the  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  aiclifeishop  of 
Ragusa;  he  died  in  1572. 

BECCADELLI,  Antonio,  a  native  of  Paler- 
mo, professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Pavia,  wa^ 
crowned  with  the  poetic  laurel  by  the  emperor 
Bigismund,  and  ennobled  by  Alphonso  king  of 
Naples;  he  died  in  1471. 

BECCAFUMI,  Dominique,an  eminent  painter 
of  Genoa,  died  in  1549. 

BECCARI,  Augustine,  a  native  of  Ferrara 
was  the  first  Italian  who  wrote  pastorals ;  he 
died  in  1560. 

BECCARIA,  John  Baptist,  a  learned  monk, 
of  Mondovi,  teacher  of  pliilosophy,  at  Rome  and 
Palermo,  and  preceptor  to  the  royal  family  at 
Turin;  lie  died  in  1781. 

BECCARIA,  James  Barthoiomev.',  a  physi 
cian  and  profesi-cr  of  nclura!  phJlosophv  in  thel 


university  ot  Bononia ;  liis  writings  on  philoso- 
phical and  medical  subjects  are  numerous  and 
highly  rsieen.ed ;  he  died  in  1766. 

BECCARIA,  marquis,  a  celebrated  writer 
"  Oi:  Climes  and  Punishments,"  born  at  Milan, 
in  1735,  died  Nov.  29,  1794. 

BECCLTI,  Francis,  an  Italian  pcct,  sur- 
named  II  Cappeta,professorof  law  in  his  native 
town  of  Perugia  ;  he  died  in  1509. 

BECERRA,  Gaspard,  a  Spanish  sculptoi  and 
painter,  the  pupil  of  Raphael,  died  in  1570. 

BECKER,  John  Joachim,  physician  to  the 
eleciors  of  Mentz  and  Bavaria;  his  discoveries 
in  chymistry  and  mechanics  were  nunierous  and 
importanl ;  he  died  in  1C85. 

BECKER,  Daniel,  physician  to  tlie  elector  of 
Brandenburg,  died  at  Konigsburg,  liis  native 
city,  in  1760. 

BECKET,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Canterbu- 
ry, in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, 1119,  and  assassinated  <ln  the  cathedral 
church  of  Canterbury,  on  the  29th  of  Deceniber, 
1171.  The  miracles  eaid  to  be  wrought  at  his 
tomb  were  so  nunierous,  that  we  are  told  two 
large  volumes  of  them  were  kept  in  that  church. 
His  shrine  was  visited  from  all  parts,  and  en- 
riched with  the  most  costly  gifts  and  ofierings. 
Though  canonized,  however,  he  was,  in  truth, 
memorable  only  for  his  pride,  insolence,  and  in- 
gratitude to  his  sovereign,  Henry  U.,  to  which 
he  fell  a  sacrifice. 

BECKFORD,  Wilfiam,  a  patriotic  chief  ma- 
gistrate of  the  city  of  London,  who  died  in  that 
ofiice,  with  which  he  had  been  for  tiie  second 
time  invested,  June  21,  1770,  aged  65.  He  show- 
ed himself  llie  steadfast  friend  of  his  king  and 
country,  and  was  the  only  man  of  his  time  who, 
with  firmness,  yet  with  huinility,dared tell  a  king 
upon  his  throne  (surrounded  by  his  couraers} 
the  plain  and  honest  truth  ;  whereby  he  vindi- 
cated the  loyalty,  while  he  evinced  the  inde- 
pendent spirit  of  "the  city  of  London.  Convinced 
that  our  liberties  beloiig  to  posterity  as  well 
as  to  ourselves,  he  resolved  that  the  share  com- 
mitted to  his  trust  should  not  expire  in  his  hands. 
As  a  citizen,  he  was  eminently  endowed  with 
the  virtues  of  humanity  and  afl'ability ;  as  a  sena- 
tor, (member  for  London,)  watchful  over  the 
rights  of  tiie  people  ;  and  as  a  magistrate,  unre- 
mittingly active  in  seehig  those  rights  legally 
executed.  That  his  character  might  be  ever 
held  in  the  most  honourable  and  grateful  re- 
membrance, the  corporation  erected  his  statue 
in  their  Guildhall,  and  recorded  in  the  inscrip- 
tion the  magnanimous  speech  which  he  is  said 
to  have  addressed  to  the  king  in  vindication  of 
the  people's  right  to  remonstrate  to  the  throne. 

BECKIXGHAM,  Charles,  an  eminent  dra- 
matic writer;  two  of  his  pieces,  Henry  IV.  of 
France,  and  Scipio  Africanus,  were  highly  ap- 
plaiuied;  he  died  in  1730. 

BECKINGTON,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Bath 
and  Wells,  in  the  15th  century. 

BECQUET,  Anthony,  a  Celestine  monk,  a 
man  of  learning,  who  wrote  the  history  of  his 
order,  and  died  in  1730. 

BKCTASH,  Culi,  a  learned  Mahomedan 
writer. 

BECTOR,  Claude  de,  abbess  of  St.  Ilonore 
de  Tarascon,  eminent  for  her  knowledge  of  La- 
tin, and  her  style  of  writing  ;  she  died  in  1547. 

BEDA,Noei,  a  violent  ecclesiastic  of  Picardy, 
died  in  exile,  in  1537. 

BEDA,  or  BFDE,  surnamed  the  Venerable, 
an  English  monk,  an  eminent  writer  of  ecclesi; 
r.?ticar  liistory,  was  born  073,  at  '\^'ca!•H:o^^ll.l  it| 


BE 

the  bishopric  of  Duvham,  and  died  in  735.  His 
ecciesiastical  history  of  England  commences  at 
ihe  invasioil  of  Julius  CiEsar,  and  terminates 
A.  D.  723. 

BEDDOES,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  medical  writer;  wiiomore  particularly 
dikinguished  himself  by  liis  perseverance  in 
making  experiments  to  cure  consumptions  by 
the  application  of  pneumatics.  He  was  born 
at'Shiifnal,  Shropshire,  about  the  year  1754,  and 
died  at  Clifton,  near  Bristol,  Dec.  24,  1808.  His 
principal  work  is  "  Hygeia;  or  Essays,  Moral 
and  Medical,  on  the  Causes  aft'ecting  the  per- 
ponal  state  of  the  middling  and  aflluent  classes." 
3  vols.  8vo.,  1802. 

BEDELL,  William,  a  very  famous  bishop  of 
Kilmore,  in  Ireland,  born  1570,  at  Black  Notley 
in  Essex;  died  1G41. 

BEDEKIC,  Henry,  a  monk,  distinguished  for 
his  learning  and  eloquence,  lived  about  1380. 

BEDFORD,  Hilkiah,  a  quaker  of  Lincoln- 
shire, and  afterwards  a  stationer  in  London, 
died  in  1724.  His  son  of  the  same  name  was  a 
clergyman  and  writer  of  some  merit ;  he  died  in 
1773. 

BEDFORD,  Thomas,  son  of  Hiikiali,  was 
nonjuring  priest  of  some  reputation  ;   he  died 
in  1773. 

BEDFORD,  Arthur,  a  pious  and  learned  cler- 
gyman of  the  church  of  England,  born  at  Tid- 
denham,  Gloucestershire,  Sept.  1668.  A  favour 
ite  subject  of  literary  labour  witli  Mr.  Bediord 
was,  the  reformation  of  the  drama  and  the 
stage.  In  his  "  Evil  and  danger  of  Stage  Plays 
being  a  serious  remonstrance  in  behalf  of  the 
Christian  religion,  against  the  horrid  blasphe 
mies  and  impieties  which  are  still  used  in  th« 
English  play-houses,  <fcc.,  he  shows,  that  he  had 
so  completely  perused  the  whola  range  of  th 
English  drama,  as  to  produce  "  seven  thousand 
instances,  taken  out  of  plays  of  the  present  cen- 
tury, and  especially  of  the  last  five  years,  in  defi- 
ance of  all  methods  hitherto  used  for  their  refer 
mation  :"  and  he  has  also  given  a  catalogue  of 
I*'  above  fourteen  lumdred  texts  of  Scripture 
iv>fhich  are  mentioned,  either  as  ridiculed  and 
lexposed  by  the  stage,  or  as  opposite  to  their  pre- 
isent  practices."  Mr.  Bedford  also  published, 
jbesides  many  "  Sermons"  and  other  works, 
"  Scripture  Chronology,  demonstrated  by  Astro- 
nomical Calculations!^  in  eight  books,  fol.  1741," 
which  Dr  Waterland  characterizes  as  a  very 
learned  and  elaborate  work.  He  died  chaplain 
to  Haberdasher's  Hospital,  Sept.  15^  1745.  See 
COLLIER,  Jereniy. 

BEDFORD,  John,  duke  of,  third  son  of  Henry 
IV.,  was  a  distinguisJied  general  of  the  English 
armies  in  France,  during  the  minority  of  Henry 
VI.,  whom  he  proclaimed  king,  at  Taris;  he 
died  at  Rouen,  in  1435. 
BEDFORD,  vid.  RU3SEL,  Francis. 
BEDLOE,  William,  a  low  adventurer,  only 
known  for  the  pretended  discovery  of  a  popish 
plot,  for  which  the  house  of  commons  voted 
himSOOZ;  he  died  in  16S0. 

BEDOS  de  CELLES,  Francis,  a  Benedictine 
of  St.  aiaur,  died  in  1779. 

BEDREDDIN,  Baalbeki,  a  physician  and  wri- 

[er  of  Ba'.bec,  in  I'he  7th  century  of  the  hesrira. 

BEEK,  David,  a  Flemish  painter,  vid.  BEK. 

BEEKM  AN,  John  Anthony,  a  native  of  Hano- 

rer,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Goltingen  for 

15  years ;  he  died  in  1811. 

BEGA,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  painter,  born  at 
[lacrlem,  died  in  1604. 
BEGER,  La!irencc,  of  Ileidleberg,  librarian 


BE        - 

to  the  elector  of  Brandenburg,  author  of  several 
books  on  antiquities  and  medals;  he  died  1705. 

BEGEYN,  Abraham,  a  Dutch  painter  to  the 
king  of  Prussia,  born  1650. 

BEGON,  Michael,  a  lawyer,  distinguished 
himself  in  iJie  marine,  and  as  governor  of  the 
French  Wi  «t  India  islands,  died  in  1710. 

BEGUILLET,  Edmund,  advocate  of  the  par- 
liament of  Dijon,  author  of  a  treatise  on  agri- 
culture, died  in  1786. 

BEHAIM,  Martin,  of  jVurembcrg,  a  man  of 
strong  powers  of  mind,  who  formed  the  fir?t 
idea  of  a  new  world.  He  is  said  to  have  acm- 
clly  sailed  on  a  voyage  of  discovery,  in  1160, 
and  to  have  visited  the  Brazils,  and  on  his  return 
to  have  constructed  a  globe,  illustrative  of  hi.-^ 
voyage,  wi)ich  is  still  to  be  seen  at  Nurember^s 
This  however  is  not  well  authe:i;icated  ;  lie 
died  at  Lisbon,  in  1506. 

BEHN,  Aphra,  a  celebrated  English  poetess 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  and  H.  She  wrote  17 
plays,  some  histories  and  novels ;  she  died  April 
16, 1689,  and  was  buried  hi  the  cloisters  of  West- 
minster Abbey.  Her  works  are  extremely  witty, 
but  not  remarkably  ciiaste. 

BEICH,  Joachim  Francis,  apaintor  of  Swabi;?, 
whose  pieces  are  much  admired,  died  in  1748. 

BEIDHAVI,  a  judge  of  Schhaz,  in  Persia, 
died  in  685  of  the  begira. 

BEIERLINCK,  Lawrence,  an  ecclesiastic  cf 
Antwerp,  died  1G27. 

BEINASCHI,  John  Baptist,  a  painter^of  Pied 
mont,  knighted  for  his  great  merit,  died  in  1688. 

EEETHAR,  Ben,  an  African  writer,  died  in 
646  of  the  hegira. 

BEK,  David,  a  native  of  Delft,  in  the  Nether- 
lands, and  a  pupil  of  Vandyk,  was  eminent  as 
a  painter  at  all  the  courts  of  Europe,  most  of 
which  he  visited ;  he  died  in  1656. 

BEKKER,  Balthasar,  a  Dutch  divine,  known 
as  a  v/riter  on  theological  subjects,  and  as  the 
author  cf  a  treatise  on  comets,"'died  in  1698. 

BEL,  John  James,  an  ironical  and  satirical 
writer  of  merit,  in  France,  died  in  1738. 

BEL,  P.Iathias,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Hungary, 
ennobled  by  Charles  VI.  for  his  literary  works, 
died  in  1749. 

BEL,  Cliarles  Andrew,  sou  of  tiie  preceding, 
professor  of  poetiy  at  Leipsic,  with  the  title  of 
counsellor  of  state,  died  in  1782. 

BELCAMP,  John  Van,  a  Dutch  painter,  died 
n  1653. 


BELCHER,  Samuel,  a  good  scholar,  and  first 
minister  of  Newbury,  Massachusetts,  died  after 
the  year  1712. 

BELCHER,  Jonathan,  governor  of"  Massa- 
chusetts and  New-Hampshire,  in  1730,  after- 
wards governor  of  New-Jersey,  died  in  1757. 

BELCHER,  Jonathan,  son  of  Governor  Bel- 
cher, lieutenant  governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  after- 
wards chief  justice  qt'  that  province  ;  he  died  in 
1770. 

BELCHIER,  John,  an  eminent  English  sur- 
geon and  anatomist,  born  at  Kingston,  Surrey, 
1706,  died  1785,  equally  beloved  for  his  humani 
ty,  and  respected  for  his  skill. 

BELESIS,  a  Chaldean,  made  governor  of 
Babylon  by  Arbaces,  king  of  Media,  770  B.  C. 

BELGRADE,  James,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Udina, 
eminent  as  a  poet,  mathematician,  and  anti- 
quary, died  in  1789. 

BELIDOR,  Bernard  Forest  de,  an  eminent 
French  engineer,  professor  of  the  academies  of 
Paris  and  Berlin,  died  in  1761. 

BELING,  Richard,  a  native  of  the  county  of 
Dublin,  a  catholic,  and  a  leading  o.Ticer  in  iha 
63 


BE 


BE 


rebellion  of  1641,  afterwards  reconciled  to  go- 
vernment, and  restored  to  his  estates,  died  in 
1677. 

BELISARIUS,  a  famous  Roman  general  un- 
der the  emperor  Jus:inian,  memorable  for  his 
signal  and  momentous  victories,  but  still  more 
EG  for  his  misfortunes  ;  being  dismissed  from  all 
his  employments  by  his  ungrateful  master,  and 
reduced  to  beg  alms  at  the  gates  of  Constanti- 
nople.    He  died  563. 

BELKNAP,  Jeremy,  minister  in  Dover,  N.H., 
and  afterwards  of  a  church  in  Boston,  was  author 
of  a  history  of  New-Hampshire,  and  an  Ameri- 
can biography.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  RIass.  His.  Soc,  and  died  in  1798. 

BELL,  Beaupre,  a  distinguished  antiquarian, 
of  Norfolk,  Eng.,  died  at  an  early  age  ;  the  pre- 
cise time  unknown. 

BELLjVViUiara,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine,  was 
chaplain  to  Amelia,  daughter  of  George  II.,  and 
prebendary  of  Westminster  Abbey;  he  died  in 
J816.  He  gave  15,000Z.  to  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  toward  founding  scholarships  for 
the  orphan  sons  of  indigent  clergjmen. 
•  BELL,  John,  an  eminent  surgeon  of  Edin- 
burgh, died  at  Rome,  April  35,  1820 ;  leaving 
many  valuable  works  on  anatomy  and  surgervi 

BELLAMONT,  Richard,  earl  of,  governor 
of  New  York,  Massachusetts,  and  Nevv-Hamp- 
fchire.  During  his  administration.  Captain  Kidd 
was  sent  to  England  for  trial.    He  died  in  1701. 

BELLAMY,  Thomas,  of  Kingston-upon- 
Thames,  after  being  engaged  in  trade  in  Lon- 
don 20  years,  relinquished  business  for  literaiy 
pursuits,  and  published  "  Sadaski,"  a  novel, 
and  several  other  works ;  he  died  1800. 

BELL.AMY,  Joseph,  D.  D.,  a  divine  of  New 
England,  settled  in  Bethlehem,  1740,  a  teacher 
of  candidates  for  the  ministry,  and  distinguished 
for  several  religious  works. 

BELLARMIN,  Robert,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  and 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  controversial  writers 
of  his  time,  born  in  Tuscany,  1542,  ^ied  1621. 

BELLAY,  William  du,  an  able  French  gene- 
ral and  negotiator  in  the  service  of  the  king  of 
France,  afterwards  viceroy  of  Piedmont,  died  in 
1343. 

BELLAY,  Jolm  du,  bishop  of  Bayonne  and 
of  Paris,  was  engaged  as  a  negotiator  between 
Henry  VIII.  of  England  and  the  pope,  with  re- 
spect" to  his  divorce ;  he  was  afterwards  a  car- 
«iinal,  and  died  at  Rome,  in  1580. 

kELLAY,  Martin  du,  a  faithful  and  success- 
ful agent  of  Francis  I.  of  France,  died  in  1559. 

BELLAY,  Joachim  du,  a  French  poet,  born 
in  the  year  1524,  of  a  noble  family.  The  sweet 
aiess  of  liis  verse  procured  him  the  name  of  the 
French  Ovid.  He  was  the  patron  of  the  cele- 
brated Rabelais,  and  died  at  Rome,  1560. 

BELLE,  Etienne  de  la,  an  artist  in  engraving 
and  drawing,  died  at  Florence,  in  1G64. 

BELLE,  Alexis  Simon,  a  painter  patronized 
]>•■  the  king  of  France,  died  in  1734. 

"  BELLEAU,  Remi,  one  of  the  seven  poets, 
called  the  Pleiades  of  France,  e.xcelled  as  a  pas- 
toral writer  ;  he  died  in  1577. 

BELLECOUB  ,Colson,a  distinguished  French 
comic  actor,  died  in  1786.  His  wife,  who  was 
equally  celebrated,  died  in  1799. 

BELLEFORET,  Francis  de,  a  French  histo 
riau,  born  at  Sarzan,  in  Guieime,  1530,  died  1583. 

BELLEGARDE,  Jean  Baptist  Morvan  de,  a 
Jesiiit  of  Nantes,  expelled  for  being  a  Cartesian, 
died  in  1734. 

BELLENDEN.  See  BALLANDEN. 

BELLENGER,  Francis,  a  i..arned  doctor  of 
64 


authors,  died  in  1749. 

j    BELLET,  Charles,  a  learned  and  benevolent 

man,  died  at  Paris,  in  1771. 

BELLET,  an  eminent  physician  and  medical 
writer,  died  in  1778. 

BELLIEVRE,  Pom  pone  de,  a  native  of  Ly 
ons,  distinguished  as  a  negotiator  at  tlie  court 
of  France,  coiuisellor  and  chancellor  of  France, 
died  in  disgiace,  1G07. 

BELLIN,  Gentil,  a  Venetian  painter,  born 
1421,  died  1501. 

BELLIN,  John,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
emment  as  a  painter,  and  one  of  the  first  who 
painted  in  oil,  died  in  1512. 

BELLIN,  James,  a  learned  and  laborious  geo- 
graphical engineer  of  Paris,  died  in  1772. 

BELLINGHAM,  Richard,  a  native  of  Eng- 
land, a  man  of  integrity,  elected  governor  of 
Massachusetts  several  times  ;  he  died  in  1672. 

BELLINI,  Laurence,  a  pliysician  of  Florence, 
professor  of  philoscpliy  at  Pisa,  patronized  by 
tbe  grand  duke,  Ferdinand  II. ,  his  writings  are 
nmnerous  and  admired  ;  he  died  in  1703. 

BELLOCQ,  Peter,  valet  de  chambre  to  Lewis 
XIV.,  better  known  for  his  wit,  physiognomy, 
and  his  satirical  writijigs.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Moliere  and  Racine,  and  died  in  1704. 

BELLOI,  Peter,  a  native  of  Montauban,  and 
an  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Toulouse, 
honoured  and  promoted  by  Henry  IV. 

BELLOI,  Peter  Laurence  Buyrette  du,  a  co- 
median and  tragedian  of  France,  who,  by  his 
pieces,  obtained  the  applauses,  not  only  of  the 
king,  but  of  the  whole  French  people,  died  in 
1775. 

BFLLONI,  Jerome,  a  banker  at  Rome,  en- 
nobled by  Pope  Benedict  XIV.,  and  author  of 
a  valuable  essay  on  commerce,  died  in  1760. 

BELLORI,  John  Peter,  a  celebrated  antiqua- 
rian of  Rome,  died  in  1696. 

BELLOTTI,  Peter,  an  admired  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  of  Venice,  died  in  1700. 

BELLUCCI,  Anthony,  ^painter,  born  atVe- 
lice,  in  1664,  and  employed  in  the  service  of  the 
emperor  Joseph. 

BELOE,  William,  an  estimable  divine,  critic, 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  and  for  several  years 
one  of  thehbrarians  of  tlie  British  museum,  was 
born  at  Norwich,  and  died  at  Kensington,  April 
11,  1817,  in  his  60tlr  year.  His  works  are  very 
numerous  ;  but  tliose  by  which  he  most  distin- 
guished himself  were,  "  A  Translation  of  Hero- 
dotus," another  of  "Aulus  Gellius,"  and  "Anec- 
dotes of  Literature  and  Scarce  Books,"  6  vols. 
8vo. 

BELON,  Peter,  M  D.,  travelled  in  Judea, 
Greece,  and  .\rabia,  and  published  an  account 
of  his  travels  ;  he  also  wrote  on  natural  history; 
he  was  assassinated  in  1564 

BELOT,  John  de  Blois,  an  advocate  of  Paris, 
and  of  the  privy  council  of  Lewis  XIV. 

BELSUNCE,  the  benevolent  bishop  of  Mar- 
seilles, wortliy  to  be  recorded  as  the  friend  and 
benefactor  of  mankind.  During  the  plague  of 
1720,  he  v.as  constantly  visiting  his  poor  flock, 
to  whom  he  became  a  physician  and  an  almo- 
I  ner,  as  well  as  a  spiritual  director.  He  died 
1755,  with  the  blessings  of  all  good  men  upon 
him. 

BEIjUS,  founder  of  tlie  Babylonian  empire, 
1322  B.  C.  He  w  as  deified  by  his  son  and  suo- 
cessoT,  Ninus. 

BELYN  ,  a  British  prince,  who  is  said  to  have 
served  under  the  famous  Caractacus. 

BELYN  O  IJiYN,  a  British  chief,  illustrious. 


BE       

for  his  vigorous  opposition  to  the  attacks  of  Ed 

win,  in  6-20. 

BEMBO,  Peter,  a  Venetian  cardinal,  histo- 
rian, and  poet,  l)orn,  1470,  died  1547. 

BEME,  or  BESME,  a  domestic  of  the  Guises 
•born  in  Bohemia.  He  murdered  Coligni,  for 
,  which  he  was  rewarded  by  tlie  cardinal  de  Lor- 
'  rairte  with  the  hand  of  one  of  his  daughters  ;  he 
was  afterwards  killed  by  the  Protestants  in  1575. 
'  BENBOW,  John,  a  celebrated  English  admi- 
ral, born  1C50,  died  of  his  wounds,  1702. 

BENBOW,  John,  son  of  the  admiral, 'was 
shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Madagascar,  and 
lived  a  long  time  among  the  natives  ;  he  after- 
wards escaped,  and  died  soon  after  his  return. 
BENCI,  or  BENCro,  a  Jesuit  of  Italy,  author 
of  several  poems,  died  in  1594. 
.  BENCIRENNI,  Joseph,  died  at  Florence,  July 
31, 1808,  aged  80.  He  had  distinguished  himself 
both  in  the  belles  lettres  and  public  affairs  ;  had 
filled  several  important  situations,  and  had  been 
director  of  the  gallery  at  Florence.  He  wrote 
a  "  Historical  Essay"  on  that  gallery,  several 
eulogies  of  illustrious  per^ns  in  Tussany,  and 
a  "  Life  of  Dante,"  which  is  in  high  estimation. 
BENDA,  George,  a  native  of  Bohemia,  was 
distinguished  for  his  iiiusical  talents.  He  died 
in  1795. 

BENDISH,  Bridget,  v.'ife  of  Thomas  Bendish, 
Esq.,  was  the  daughter  of  General  Ireton,  and 
grand-daughter  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  In  many 
points,  her  character  strongly  resembled  his. 
She  possessed  strong  powers  of  mind,  and  a 
princely  dignity  of  manners,  v/iiich  ensured  re- 
spect and  admiration,  but  sue  died  in  obscuiilv 
in  1727. 

BENDLOWES,  Edward,  author  of  many 
poetical  pieces,  was  born  in  1613,  and  died  in 
preat  want,  arising  from  imprudence,  in  1630 
He  was  a  great  patron  of  the  poets  of  his  time, 
as  may  be  seen  by  the  many  dedications  and 
jweins  addressed  to  him.  The  cJiief  poem  writ- 
ten by  himself,  iiowever,  is  entitled,  "  Theaphi 
la;  or.  Love's  Sacrifice,"  folio,  1G52. 

BENEDETTO,  le,  or  BENEDICT  CASTIG- 
LIONE,  a  native  of  Genoa,  known  as  the  pupil 
of  Pagi  Ferrara  and  Vandyke,  and  eminent  as 
a  painter  and  engraver,  died  in  1670. 

BENEDICT,  a  celebrated  abbot  of  theTth  cen- 
tury, of  a.  noble  Saxon  family.  lie  introduced 
many  improvements  in  architecture  into  Eng- 
land, from  the  continent.  He  founded  two  mo- 
nasteries, and  was  canonized  after  his  death. 

BENEDICT  I.,  pope,  surnamed  Bonosus, 
Bucceedcd  John  III.,  and  died  in  578. 

BENEDICT  II.  succeeded  Leo  II.  in  the  pa- 
pal chair  684,  and  died  in  685. 

BENEDICT  HI.  v/as  made  pope  after  Leo 
IV. ;  he  died  in  858. 

BENEDICT  IV.  died  in  903. 

BENEDICT  V,  was  elected  pope  in  opposi- 
tion to  Leo  VIII. ;  he  was  carried  to  Hamburg 
by  the  emperor  Otho,  where  he  died  in  965. 

BENEDICT  VI.  was  strangled  by  his  rival, 
antipope  Boniface,  in  974. 

BENEDICT  VH.,  successor  to  Donus  II.,  died 
in  983. 

BENEDICT  VIII.  was  opposed  by  Gregory, 
and  successfully  supported  by  the  emperor, 
Henry  II. ;  he  was  an  able  politician,  and  a 
brave  warrior ;  he  utterly  exterminated  the 
P'aracons,  who  had  invaded  Italy  in  1016,  and 
died  10-24. 

BENEDICT  IX.  was  elected  pope,  when  only 
12  years  o!d,  by  the  intrigues  of  his  father, 
the  duke  of  Tusculum,  and  compelled  to  abdi- 

6 


BE 

cate  bv  the  Ilom.ans  on  account  of  his  debauch- 
ery ;  he  died  1054. 

BENEDICT,  X.,  antipope,  was  placed  in  the 
papal  chair  by  some  factious  Romans,  but  his 
election  was  disputed,  and  Nicholas  II.  chosen 
in  his  place ;  he  died  1059. 

BENEDICT  XL,  Nicholas  Bacosin,  chosen 
pope  after  Boniface  VIII.,  was  poisoned  by  hi.s 
cardinals  in  1303. 

BENEDICT  XII.,  James  de  Nouveau,  sur- 
named the  Baker,  a  doctor,  of  Paris,  and  cardi- 
nal, elected  to  the  chair,  in  1334.  His  conduct 
was  firm  and  dignified,  and  entitled  him  to  uni- 
versal respect ;  he  died  in  1342. 

BENEDICT,  XIII.,  a  native  of  Rome,  of  the 
noble  family  of  Ursini ;  was  a  dominican  of  Ve- 
nice, and  bishop  of  Benevento,  where  his  palace 
was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  and  he  narrow- 
ly escaped  ;  he  was  chosen  jwpe  1724,  died  1730. 

BENEDICT,  XIV.,  archbishop  of  Theodosiu 
and  Bologna,  and  a  cardinal,  was  elected  pope, 
1740.  He  was  the  munificent  patron  of  learned 
men,  encouraged  the  fine  arts,  and  was  a  vigi- 
lant, impartial,  and  distinguished  prelate ;  he 
died  in  1758. 

BENEDICTUS,  Alexander,  an  Italian  anato- 
mist, of  the  15th  century. 

BENEFIELD,  Sebastian,  D.  D.,  an  English 
divine,  and  theological  writer,  and  professor  of 
divinity  at  Oxford,  died  in  1630. 

BENEZET,  St.,  a  shepherd  of  Vivarals,  who 
pretended  to  be  inspired  to  build  the  bridge  of 
Avignon,  four  arches  of  wliich  only  remain,  died 
in  1184. 

BENEZET,  Anthony,  a  native  of  France, 
belonged  to  the  society  of  Friends ;  teacher  of 
lihe  Friends'  English  school  in  Philadelphia,  af- 
terwards of  the  blacks  ;  he  died  in  1784. 

BENHADAD  I.,  king  of  Damascus  or  Syria, 
940,  B.  C. 

BENHADAD  II.,  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  900  B.  C  ,  stain  by  his  minister  Ha- 
zaol,  who  succeeded  him. 

BENHADAD  III.,  succeeded  his  father,  Ha- 
zael,  836  B.  C,  he  was  defeated  and  ruined  by 
Josiah,  king  of  Judah. 

BEN  I,  Paul,  a  native  of  the  island  of  Candia, 
and  professor  at  Padua,  died  in  1625. 

BENINl,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Coloqiia,  phy- 
sician atP.idua,  died  in  1764. 

BENIVIENI,  Jerome,  an  admired  poet  of 
Florence,  died  in  1519. 

BENJAMIN,  youngest  of  the  twelve  sons  of 
Jacob,  born  about  1738  B.  C,  he  died  in  Egypt, 
laged  111  years. 

BENJAMIN,  a  rabbi,  of  Navarre,  who  travel- 
led over  the  world  to  examine  the  synagogues 
and  ceremonies  of  his  nation,  died  in  1173. 

BENNAVIDIO,  Marcus  Mantua,  professor  of 
law  at  Padua,  highly  esteemed  by  Charles  V. 
and  pope  Pius  IV. :  he  died  in  1582. 

BENNET,  Henry,  earl  of  Arlington,  a  zeal- 
ous royalist,  during  the  civil  wars,  was,  after  the 
restoration,  minister  to  Madrid,  and  secretary  of 
state  to  Charles  II.,  and  afterwards  his  chamber- 
Warn  :  he  died  in  168.5. 

BENNET,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  native  of  Salisbu- 
ry, was  an. eloquent  and  popular  preacher,  at 
Colchester,  and  afterwards  in  liondon ;  he  died 
in  1728. 

BENNET,  Christopher,  a  distinguished  phy- 
sician, of  London,  and  a  writer  on  medical  sub- 
jects, died  in  1655. 

BENNET,  Robert,  B  D.,  rector  of  Waddes- 
den,  Bucks,  author  of  a  theological  concord- 
ance, died  in  1G87. 

65 


BE 

BENNET,  Richard,  succeeded  Sir  William 
Berkley  as  governor  of  the  colony  of  Virginia 
a;id  retained  the  place  until  1G54,  when  he  was 
appointed  an  agent  of  tlie  colony  to  England. 

BENOIT,  Eiie,  a  protestant  minister  of  Paris, 
who  fied  to  HoUand  on  the  revocation  of  the 
tciict  of  Nantes  ;  he  died  in  1728. 

BENOIT,  father,  a  learned  Maronite,  educa- 
ted at  Rome,  was  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Pisa, 
and  died  in  1742. 

BENSERADE,  Isaac  de,  a  French  poet  of 
the  17th  century,  born  at  Lyons,  near  Roruen, 
died  1090. 

BENSON,  Dr.  George,  a  very  distinguished 
pa3tov  among  the  English  dissenters,  was  born 
aiGieatSalkeld,inCumb€rland,  1699,  and  died 
1763.  In  1740  he  became  colleague  with  Dr. 
Tiardner,  at  Crutched  Friars,  and,  on  bis  death, 
had  the  sole  pastorship  intrusted  to  him.  Of  his 
ivritings,  the  principal  are  "  A  Defence  of  the 
Reasonableness  of  Prayer  ;"  "  An  Illustration 
of  such  of  St.  Paul's  Epistles  as  Mr.  Locke  had 
not  E.fplained  ;"  "  A  History  of  the  FirstPlant- 
ing  of  Christianity,"  2  vols.  4to.  "  Tracts  on 
Persecution  ;"  and  "  A  life  of  Christ." 

BENT,  John  Van  de,  a  native  of  Amsterdam, 
whose  landscapes  are  much  adaiired  ;  he  died 
in  1090. 

BENTHAM,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Litchfield 
and  Coventry,  under  Elizabeth,  died  in  1578. 

BENTHAM,  Edward,  an  English  divine, 
professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford,  died  in  1776. 

BENTHAM,  James,  prebendary  of  Ely,  and 
rector  of  Bow  Brickhill,  in  the  county  of  Buck- 
iiigham,  well  known  in  the  learned  world  as 
author  of  "  The  History  and  Antiquities  of  the 
Conventual  and  Cathedra!  Church  of  Ely ;'' 
lie  was  born  in  Ely,  1718,  and  died  Nov.  1 7,  1794. 

BENTICK,  William,  first  earl  of  PorUand, 
ilie  early  and  devoted  friend  of  William  of 
Orange,  came  with  him  to  England,  and  was  by 
him  ennobled:  he  died  in  1709. 

BENTICK,  V/illiam  Henry  Cavendish,  third 
dnko  of  Portland,  chancellor  of  the  university 
of  Oxford,  secretary  of  state  for  the  home  de- 
partment, and  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  diwl 
1809. 

BENTIVOGLI0,  Guy,  cardinal,  born  at 
Ferrara,  in  1579,  died  1644.  He  has  left  several 
works  ;  the  most  remarkable  of  which  are,  his 
'•  History  of  the  Civil  \Vars  of  Flanders,"  his 
"  Account  of  Flanders,"  and  his  "  Letters  and 
Slomoirs." 

BENTIVOGLIO,  Hercules,  distinguished  as 
a  poet,  was  a  native  of  Bologna,  esteemed  and 
i.atronised  by  the  duke  of  Ferrara,  his  relation, 
died  in  1583. 

BENTLEY,  Richard,  an  eminent  critic  and 
<]ivinc,  bom  at  Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  in  1662, 
died  1742.  His  literary  character  is  kno«Ti  in 
all  parts  of  Europe  wherever  learning  is  known. 
In  bis  private  character,  he  was  hearty,  sin- 
cere, and  warm  in  his  friendships  ;  ioved  hos- 
pitality and  respect ;  and  in  conversation,  he 
tempered  the  hard-mouthed  severity  of  the  critic; 
with  a  peculiar  strain  of  vivacity  and  pleasantry.! 
BENTLP:Y,Thomas,nephew  to  the  preceding,' 
•iiithor  of  "  The  V»^ishes,"  a  comedy,  and  other 
dramatic  pieces,  died  1782.  ; 

BENTLEY,  William,  D.  D.,  a  minister  of  a 
uhurchin  Salem,  was  distinguished  asascho!ar,| 
philosopher,  and  politician.  He  edited  the  Es-i 
sex  Register  nearly  twenty  vears,  and  died  in 
i819. 

BENVENUTI,  Charles,  a  Jesuit,  of  Leghorn, 
p?ofos«;orof  jhathemulics  at  Rome,  died  in  ITS'J. 
6G 


BE 

BENWELL,  Wilham,  an  able  and  distin- 
guished English  divine,  and  an  elegant  scholar, 
died  in  1796. 

BENYOWSKY,  Count  Mauritius  Augustus 
de,  an  extraordinary  adventurer,  bom  in  1741, 
at  Verbowa,  in  Hungary,  and  killed  at  the  isle 
of  France,  May  23,  ~^1786.  His  very  eventful 
life  has  been  published  in  2  vols.  4to.  ;  but  a 
good  abstract  of  it  will  be  found  in  Mr.  Clkal- 
mer's  Biographical  Dictionary,  32  vols.  8vo. 
Our  limits  preclude  even  an  analysis  of  it. 

BENZELIUS,  Eric,  an  obscure  native  of 
West  Gothland,who,  by  his  great  merit,  became 
tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  chancellor  of  Sweden, 
and  archbishop  of  Upsal ;  he  died  in  1709. 

BENZIO,  Trifone,  an  elegant  Italian  poet, 
called  by  his  cotemporaries  the  Socrates  of 
Rome  ,  he  died  about  1570. 

BEOTEO,  Angelo,  suraamed  Buzzante,  a 
poet,  bom  at  Padua,  died  in  1542. 

BERAULD,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Orleans,  of 
the  16th  century,  eminent  for  his  great  learning, 
and  liis  acquaintance  with  Erasnms  aiid  other 
learned  men.  • 

BERCHET,  Peter,  a  French  painter,  died  in 
1720. 

BERCHEUR,  Peter,  a  benedictine,  translator 
of  Livy,  by  order  of  king  John  of  France,  died 
in  1362. 

BERENGARIUS,  Jacobus,  a  surgeon,  emi- 
nent for  an  original  mode  of  practice,  in  parti- 
cular cases,  died  in  1527. 

BERENGER,  arcjideacon  of  Angers,  died  in 
lOSfr. 

BERENGERI,  son  of  Eberard,duke  of  Friulo, 
caused  himself  to  be  proclaimed  king  of  Italy, 
and  afterwards  emperor  of  Germany ;  he  was 
opposed  by  rivals  during  his  reign,  and  finally 
assassinated  in  924.  His  grandson,  Berenger  II., 
king  of  Italy,  died  in  906. 

BERENG"ER,  Peter,  a  disciple  of  Abelard, 
and  opposer  of  St.  Bernard. 

BERENICE,  daughter  of  tJie  king  of  Judea, 
and  wife  of  Polemon,  king  of  Cilicia. 

BERENICIUS,  a  knife  grinder  and  chimney 
sweep,  in  Holland,  1670,  wonderful  for  his  re- 
tentive memory.  He  could  repeat  by  heirt 
Virgil,  Horace,  Homer,  Aristophanes,  Cicero, 
and  could  translate,  extempore,  into  Latin  and 
Greek. 

BERETIN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Tuscany,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter,  died  in  1669. 

BERG,  Matthias  Vanden,  a  painter,  the  dis- 
ciple of  Rubens,  died  in  1687. 

BERG,  John  Peter,  a  divine,  bom  at  Bremer, 
died  in  1800. 

BERGAMO;  James  Philip  de,  an  Augustine 
monk,  author  of  a  Latin  chronicle  of  the  worid, 
from  the  creation  to  his  own  time,  1434. 

BERGHEM,  Nicolas,  a  painter  of  Haerlem, 
died  in  1684. 

BERGIER,Nico!a?,hi?toriographer  of  France, 
and  author  of  a  history  of  the  great  roads  of  the 
Roman  empire,  died  in  1623. 

BERGIER,  Nicolas  Sylvester,  a  principal  of 
the  college  of  Besancon,  professor  of  theology, 
and  canon  of  Paris  cathedral ;  and  had  he  cho- 
sen, misht  have  obtained  higlier  preferments  ; 
he  died  in  1790. 

BERGLER,  Etienne,  a  learned  German  cri- 
tic of  the  18th  century :  he  died  a  Mahometan, 
in  Turkev. 

BERGMAN,  Torbem,  a  distinguished  phy- 
sician and  chvmist,  of  Sweden,  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  and  natural  philosophy, 
and  rector  of  the  univerfityat  ITpsal,  died  ITS* 


BE 

thematics  and  uatural  pliilosophy,  and  rector 
of  the  university  at  Upsal,  died  in  J 784. 

BERIGARD,  Claude,  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Padua  and  Pisa,  died  in  1CG3. 

BERING,  Vitus,  professor  at  Copenhagen, 
historiographer  to  the  king,  and  eminent  as  a 
Latin  poet,  in  the  17lh  century. 

BERING,  Vitus,  a  native  of  Denmark,  and 
commodore  in  the  service  of  Russia.  He  veas 
employed  in  exploring  the  north  coasts  of  Ame- 
rica, where  he  died,  after  having  made  some  im- 
portant discoveries.  Bering's  island  and  strait, 
derive  the  name  from  him. 

BERKELEY,  Dr.  George,  the  learned  and 
ingenious  bishop  of  Cloy  ne,  in  Ireland,  was  born 
in  that  kingdom,  at  Kilerin,  near  Thomastown, 
the  12th  of  March,  1684,  and  died  Jan.  14,  1753. 
The  excellence  of  his  moral  character  is  con- 
spicuous in  his  writings,  which  were  chiefly  in 
defence  of  the  Christian  religion  against  Athe 
ists  and  Infidels.  His  philosophical  discoveries 
particularly  of  the  medical  virtues  of  tar-water 
were  of  great  service  to  mankind.  Dr.  B.  was 
certainly  a  very  amiable,  as  well  as  a  very  great 
man ;  and  Pope  is  scarcely  thought  to  have  said 
too  much  when  he  ascribes  to 

.    "Berkeley  every  virtue  under  Heav'n." 

BERKELEY,  George,  L.  L.  D.,  second  son 
of  the  bishop  of  Cloyne,  was  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish divine,  chancellor  of  Brecknock,  and  pre- 
bendary of  Canterbury  cathedral ;  he  died  1795. 

BERKELEY,  George,  earl  of,  a  privy  coun- 
sellor of  Charles  II.,  descended  from  the  royal 
faniilv  of  Denmark,  died  in  1098. 

BERKELEY,  Sir  William,  vice  admiral  of 
the  white,  fell  in  a  dreadfnl  engagement  with 
the  Dutch  in  1666. 

BERKELEY,  George,  bishop  of  Cloyne,  in 
Ireland,  a  distinguished  benefactor  of  Yale  Col- 
lege ;  an  author  of  great  reputation,  denied  the 
existence  of  matter ;  visited  America,  but  died 
in  Ireland,  in  1753. 

BERKHEYDEN,  Jbb  and  Gerard,  two  Dutch 
painters,  of  Haerlem,  the  tirst  of  whom  was 
drowneti  in  1698,  the  other  died  in  1G93. 

BERKLEY,  Sir  WiUiam,  a  native  of  London, 
was  governor  of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  and 
wrote  an  account  of  the  country ;  he  died  in 
England,  in  1677. 

BERKLEY,  William,  royal  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia, nearly  forty  years ;  in  general "  an  excel- 
lent governor,"  although  attached  to  the  royal 
prerogative;  he  died  in  England,  in  1677. 

BERKLEY,  Norborne,  baron  de  Botetourt,  a 
governor  of  Virginia,  and  patron  of  William 
and  Mary  College  :  he  died  in  1770. 

BERKENHOUT,  Dr.  John,  distinguished 
in  the  literary  world  for  his  productions  in 
various  sciences.  He  had  experienced  many 
different  situations  in  life,  having  in  his  youth 
been  a  captain  both  in  the  Prussian  and  English 
service  ;  and  in  the  year  1765,  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  M.  D.  at  Leyden.  He  went  with  the 
commissioners  to  America,  where  he  was  im- 
prisoned by  the  congress ;  on  which  account  he 
afterwards  enjoyed  a  pension  from  government, 
and  died  April  3,  1791,  aged  60. 

BERNAERT,  Nicasuis,  a  Dutch  painter,  died 
in  1663. 

BERNARD,  St.,  one  of  the  fathers  of  the 
Jhurch,  born  1091,  in  the  village  of  Fontaine, 
n  Burgundy,  died  11.53,  after  having  founded 
160  monasteries,  wrought  innumerable  miracles, 
md  become  one  of  the  great  saints  of  the  Ro- 
uiish  communion.  ! 


BE 

BERNARD,  Sir  Thomas,  a  philanthropist, 
born  at  Lincoln,  1750.  He  was  bred  to  the  law, 
and  in  1795  was  appointed  treasurer  to  the 
Foundling  Hospital;  the  estates  belonging  to 
which,  were  vastly  improved  by  his  manage- 
ment. He  was  the  chief  institutor  of  "The 
Society  for  bettering  the  condition  of  the  Poor.' ' 
He  also  promoted  various  other  societies  and 
charities,  particularly  the  Royal  Institution,  the 
Britisii  Gallery,  &c.  &c.,  and  died  at  Leaming- 
ton, Spa,  Waiwickshire,  1818. 

BERNARD,  of  Menthon,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Savoy,  founder  of  two  monasteries  in  the  pass- 
es of  the  Alps,  for  the  relief  of  pilgrims  and 
travellers,  which  still  remain  as  monuments  of 
his  benevolence  ;  born  in  923. 

BERNARD,  Edward,  Savilian  professor  of 
(astronomy,  at  Oxford,  which  he  resigned  for  the 
living  of  Brightwell,  was  distinguished  early  in 
life,  for  his  profound  classical  acquirements,  and 
his  intense  application  to  his  studies  ;  a  charac- 
ter which  he  maintained  till  his  death  in  169G. 

BERNARD,  James,  of  Geneva,  professor  at 
the  Hague,  and  afterwards  minister  at  Leyden, 
died  in  1718. 

BERNARD,  Catherine,  a  native  of  Rouen, 
wrote  poetry  with  ease  and  elegance,  and  ob- 
tained the  poetical  prize,  at  the  French  acade- 
my, 3  times,  and  a  pension  from  Lewis  XIV. ; 
she  died  in  1712. 

BERNARD,  a  hermit,  who,  at  the  close  of  the 
10th  century,  alarmed  the  public  by  predicting 
the  immediate  end  of  the  world. 

BERNARD,  Francis,  gov.  of  New-Jersey, 
afterwards  of  Massachusetts.  His  zeal  for  the 
authority  of  the  crown,  contributed  to  hasten 
the  revolution.  He  was  recalled,  and  died  in 
1779. 

BERNARD,  Sir  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  for  many  years  emploj'ed  in  the  manage- 
ment of  different  charities,  and  distinguished 
liimself  by  a  constant  attention  to  their  improve- 
ment, no  less  than  by  his  pure  philanthropy ; 
he  died  in  1818 

BERNARD,  a  painter  of  eminence  at  Brus- 
sels, in  the  16th  century. 

BERNARD,  Peter  Joseph,  a  native  of  Greno- 
ble, author  of  some  operas,  and  other  lighter 
pieces,  which,  for  their  ease  and  elegance,  pro- 
cured him  the  name  of  le  gentil  Bernard.  He 
died  in  1775. 

BERNARD,  Dr.  Francis,  physician  to  James 
n.,  eminent  for  his  learning,  and  for  his  valua- 
ble collection  of  books,  died  in  1697. 

BERNARD,  Richard,  an  English  clergyman, 
author  of  a  valuable  concordance  of  the  bible, 
died  in  1641. 

BERNARD,  Samuel,  a  historical  painter, 
died  at  Paris,  in  1687.  His  son,  of  the  same 
name,  was,  on  account  of  his  riches,  called  the 
Lucullus  of  his  age. 

BERNARD,  John  Baptiste,  an  ecclesiastic, 
died  1772. 

BERNARDI,  John,  an  artist  of  Italy,  of  ex- 
traordinary skill  in  cutting  crystals,  died  in 
1555. 

BERNARDINE,  an  ecclesiastic,  and  very 
popular  preacher,  born  at  Massar.  He  was  the 
founder  of  300  monasteries  in  Italy,  |and  wa3 
canonized  bv  pope  Nicholas  ;  he  died  in  1444. 

BERNAZZANO,  an  eminent  painter,  of  Mi- 
Ian,  in  the  16th  century;  a  fruit  piece  of  his  is 
said  to  have  been  destroyed  by  the  frequent 
pecking  of  birds. 

BERNERS,  Juliana,  prioross  of   Sopewell 
aunaery,  near  Bt.  Alban's,  on-e  of  t)ie  earliest 
67 


BE 


LE 


female  writers  in  England,  was  daughter  of  Sir! 
James  Beniers,  of  Roding  Berners,  in  Essex,' 
(who  was  beheaded  in  the  reign  of  Richard  11.) 
She  was  very  beautiful,  of  great  spirit,  and  loved 
masculine  exercises,  such  as  hawking,  hunting, 
&c. ;  and  so  thoroughly  was  she  skilled  in  them, 
that  she  \vrote  treatises  of  hunting,  hawking,  and 
heraldry,  printed  at  St.  Alban's,  folio,  1486.  She 
was  bora  about  the  beginning  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury, but  the  time  of  her  decease  is  unknown. 
Nothing  can  more  strongly  mark  the  barbarism  of 
the  times  in  which  she  lived,  than  the  indehcaie 
expressions  used  by  this  lady,  equally  incompati- 
ble with  her  sex  and  profession. 

BERNIA,  or  BERjM,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic, 
of  Florence,  distinguished  for  his  satirical  poem: 
died  in  1543. 

BERNIER,  Fr^ancis,  surnamed  the  Mogul,  on 
accountof  his  voyages  and  residence  in  the  Mo-jj 


ape  of  Alexander  the  Great,  wrote  a  history  of 
Chaldea,  some  fragments  of  which  are  preserved 
in  Josephus. 

BERQUIN,  Aniaud,  a  French  miscellaneous 
writer,  whose  principal  works  are  well  known 
in  this  country,  was  bom  at  Bordeaux,  about 
1740,  and  died,  December  21,  1791.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  "Idyls,"  but  is  much 
better  known  among  us  by  his  "Ami  des  Enfans, 
(The  Children's  Friend,)"  which  has  been  trans- 
lated into  many  languages,  and  was  honoured 
with  the  prize  given  by  the  French  academy  for 
the  most  useful  book  that  appeared  in  1784. 

BERQUIN,  Lewis  de,  a  gentleman  of  Artois, 
known  as  a  courtier  at  the  com  of  France,  was, 
as  a  pvolestant,  twice  imprisoned  by  the  papists, 
and  finally  strangled  and  burnt  in  1569.  He  was 
the  friend  of  Erasmus. 

BERRETOUI,  Nicholas,  a  painter,  died  in 


gui's  countrv,  born  at  Angers,  in  France,  died  at!;  1682.  His  historical  pieces  are  much  admired 
Paris,  1688.'  ||     BERRIMAN,  WjHiam,  D.  D.,  chaplain  to 

BERNLER,  John,  a  native  of  Elois.physicianjithe  bishop  of  London,  and  rector  of  St.  Au- 
some  of  the  roval  familv,  died  in  1668.  Ijdrew,  l^ndershaft,  died  in  1750. 

BERRUYER,  Joseph  Isaac,  a  Jesuit,  died  in 
1753.    His  writing^are  on  theological  subjects. 

BERE  Y,  Sir  John,  was  a  distinguished  iiavaj 
officer  of  England,  who  saved  James  II.,  when 
duke  of  York,  from  shipwreck,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Runiber  ;  he  died  in  1691. 

BERRY  AT,  John,  a  physician  at  Paris,  died 
in  1754. 

BERSMANN,  George,  &  German ;  among 
other  works,  he  translated  the  Psalms  of  David 
into  Latin  verse  :  he  died  in  1611. 

BERTAUD,  John,  chaplain  to  Catherine  de 
Medicis,  and  bishop  of  Seez,  died  in  1611. 

BERTHEAU,  Charles,  a  French  protestant, 
admitted  minister  at  tlie  synod  of  Vigan,  died  in 
1732. 

BERTHET,  John,  a  learned  Jesuit  of  Pro^ 
vence,  died  in  1692. 

BERTHIER,  Guillaume  Francois,  a  Jesuit, 
known  as  the  conductor  of  the  Journal  of  Tre- 
vaux  for  many  years ;  afterAvards  librarian 
royal,  and  preceptor  to  Lewis  XVI.  and  liis  bro- 
ther ;  he  died  in  1782. 

BERTHOLET-FLAMEEL,  Bartholomew,  a 
painter  of  Leige,  settled  at  Paris,  died  in  1675. 

BERTHOLON,N.,  an  eminentFrench  writer, 
professor  of  medicine  at  Montpelier,  died  in  1799. 

BERTHOUD,  Ferdinand,  an  eminent  me- 
chanic, born  at  Plancemont.  in  Neutchatel,  died 
in  1807. 

BERTI,  John  Laurence,  a  learned  Augustine 
monk  of  Tuscany,  author  of  several  voluminous 
French  works,  died  at  Pisa,  in  1766. 

BERTIER,  John  Stephen,  a  native,  aRd  ati- 
thor,  of  Provence,  died  in  1783. 

BERTIN,  Nicholas,  a  painter,  born  at  Paris, 
patronised  by  Lewis  XTV.  and  the  duke  of  Ba- 
varia, died  in  1736.  His  pieces  which  are  pre- 
served, possess  great  merit. 

BERTIN ,  Exujjcre  Joseph,  a  native  of  France, 
for  some  time  physician  to  the  hospcdar  of  Wal- 
lachia  :  he  returned  to  Prance,  ar^d  there  pub- 
lished his  Osteology  ;  he  died  in  178L 

BERTIN,  Anthony,  a  French  officer,  and  a 
poet  of  some  merit,  died  at  St.  Domingo,  in  1700. 

BERTINAZZI,  Charles,  an  actor  of  merit  in 
the  Italian  theatre,  died  in  1783. 

BERTIUS,  Peter,  professor  of  phiJosojihy  at 
Leydcn,  afterwards  of  matliemalics  at  Paris, 
ai:d  cosmographcr  to  the  king  ;  he  died  in  1629. 

I5ERTON,  Peter  Montan  le,  an  eminent  mu- 
sician, settled  at  Paris,  and  employed  as  raana- 


to — .--., .. , ,, 

BERNINI,  or  BERNIN,  John  Lawrence,' 
commonly  called  Cavaliero  Bernin,  born  at 
Naples,  was  famous  for  his  skill  in  painting,, 
sculpture,  architecture,  and  mechanics;  and 
died  at  Rome,  1G80. 

BERNIS,  cardinal,  one  of  the  most  remarka- 
ble men  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XV.,  as  a  courtier, 
aman  of  letters,  and  a  negotiator,  was  born  1714, 
and  died  at  Rome,  November,  1794. 

BERNOULLI,  James,  a  native  of  Basil,  was 
a  celebrated  mathematician  and  professor.  His 
fiiscoveries  in  mathematics,  particularly  the  pro- 
perties of  the  curve,  have  immortalized  his 
name  :  he  died  in  1705. 

BERNOULLI,  John,  brother  -to  James,  was 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Groningen,  and  af- 
terwards at  Basil,  where  he  died  in  1748.  He 
was  equally  distinguished  as  his  brother,  and 
enjoyed  the  friendship  of  Newton,  Leibnitz, 
and  the  other  great  men  of  Europe. 

BERNOUILLI,  Daniel,  a  very  celebrated 
philosopher  and  mathematician,  born  at  tiro- 
ningen,  February  9,  1700,  died  in  March,  1782. 
He  was  extremely  respected  at  Basil ;  and  to 
bow  to  Daniel  BefnouiUi  when  they  met  him  in 
the  streets,  was  one  of  the  first  lessons  which 
everv  father  gave  his  children. 

BERNSTORFF,  John  Harting  Ernest,  count, 
descended  from  a  noble  family  in  Hanover :  af- 
ter travelling  over  Europe,  he  settled  in  Den- 
mark, where  he  became  the  friend  and  favourite 
of  Christian  VI.,  his  ambassador  abroad,  and 
finally  his  prime  minister.  In  this  situation,  he 
successfully  devoted  the  whole  energies  of  his 
powerful  niind  to  the  imprcvementof  his  adopted 
country,  and  after  a  life  devoted  to  the  prosperity 
and  honour  of  Denmark,  died  at  Hamburg,  1772. 

BEENSTORFF,couiKde,  a  celebrated  states- 
man, and  many  years  prime-minister  of  Den- 
mark, was  boni  in  Denmark.  1735  ;  he  concili- 
ated, in  his  Iiigh  office,  the  love  and  esteem  of 
all  men,  and  died,  June  21,  1797. 

EEROALDUS!  Philip,  of  a  noble  family  of 
Bologna,  was  professor  of  belles  lettres  there, 
till  his  death  in  1505. 

BEROALDUS,  Philip,  librarian  to  the  Vati- 
can under  Leo  X.,  was  a  successful  writer  of 
panegjrics,  epiffvams,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1518. 

BEROALDUS,  Matthew  a  rativc  of  Paris, 
died  a  Calvinist,  at  Geneva,  in  1584. 

BEROALDUS,  Francis,  son  of  Matthew,  died 
in  1612. 


BEUOSUS,  priest  of  Beliii 
€8 


,  at  Etibylon,  in  thelkti  of  the  operas  there,  died  in  1780. 


BERTRADE,  daughter  of  the  count  of  Mont- 
fbrt,  and  wife  of  the  count  of  Anjou,  from  whom 
she  was  divorced,  to  marry  Phihp  I.  of  France. 
BERTRAM,  Cornel.  Bonaventurc,  a  native 
of  Poiiou,  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Genoa  and 
Lausanne,  died  in  1794. 

BERTRAM,  John,  a  farmer  of  Pennsylvania, 
ywho,  hy  intense  application,  rose  to  great  emi- 
nence as  a  botanist.    Linnajus  is  said  to  have 
,  declared  him  the  greatest  natural  botauist  in  the 
'  world  ;  he  died  in  1777. 

BERTRAND,  John  Baptist,  a  physician, 
known  for  his  interesting  account  of  the  plague 
at  Marseilles,  died  in  1752. 

BERTRAND,  Nicholas,  a  physician  of  dis- 
tinction at  Pari?,  died  in  1780. 

BERULI.E,  Peter,  a  celebrated  cardinal,  Vvho 
founded  the  congregation  of  the  Oratory  in 
Fiance.  He  was  born  near  Troyes,  in  Cham 
pagne,  1575,  greatly  distinguished  himself  by  his 
piety,  his  moral  virtues,  and  his  learning,  and 
died  while  performing  mass  at  the  altar,  Octo 
ber  2,  1629. 

BERWICK,  James  Fitz  James,  Duke  of,  £ 
natural  son  of  James  II.  by  Arabella  Churchill, 
born  August  21, 1670.  He  was  one  of  the  great 
est  generals  of  his  age  ;  and,  for  his  services  to 
the  crown  of  France,  was,  in  the  year  1706, 
created  raareschal  of  that  kingdom.  "  It  was 
impossible,"  says  Montesquieu,  "  to  behold  him 
and  not  to  love  virtue,  so  evident  was  tranquil- 
lity and  happiness  in  his  soul.  He  loved  his 
friends.  He  used  to  render  them  services,  with- 
out mentioning  them.  It  was  an  invisible  hand 
that  served  3'ou.  He  had  a  great  fund  of  reli- 
gion, and  was  fond  of  the  clergy,  but  would  not 
be  governed  by  them.  No  man  ever  practised 
religion  so  much,  and  talked  of  it  so  little.  He 
never  spoke  ill  of  any  one,  nor  bestowed  any 
praise  upon  those  whom  he  did  not  think  de- 
served it.  In  the  work  of  Plutarch  I  have  seen, 
at  a  distance,  v/hat  great  men  were ;  in  him  1 
behold,  at  a  nearer  view,  what  they  are."  He 
died  A.  D.  1734,  in  the  field  of  glory;  being 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Philipsburgh.  He  left  be 
hind  him  his  "  Memoirs,"  a  very  valuable  work. 

BERYLLUS,  a  bishop  of  Arabia  in  the  3d 
century. 

BESLER,  Basil,  of  Nuremberg,  adistinguished 
botanical  writer,  was  born  in  1561. 

BESIiEY,  John,  a  learned  French  antiqua- 
rian, and  king's  advocate,  died  in  1644. 

BESOGNE,  Jerome,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
and  author  of  a  history  of  Port  Royal,  &c.,  died 
in  1733. 

BESOLDE,  Christopher,  a  professor  of  law 
at  Tubingen,  died  in  1638. 

BESPLAS,  Joseph  Mary  Anne  Gros  de,  a 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  knov/n  as  an  eloquent 
preacher,  died  in  1783. 

BESSARION,  a  native  of  Trebizond,  titular 
patriarch  of  Constantinople,  and  a  cardinal,  il- 
lustrious as  one  of  the  restorers  of  learning  in 
the  l.ith  century.  He  died  of  grief,  in  conse- 
quence of  being  grossly  insulted  by  Lewis  III., 
while  an  ambassador  at  his  court. 

BESSET,  Henry  de,  comptroller  of  public 
works  in  France,  and  author  of  the  history  of 
the  campaign  of  Rocroi ;  he  died  iii  1693. 

BETHAM,  Edward,  B.  D.,  fellow  of  King's 
College,  and  afterv/ards  of  Eton  College,  was  a 
liberal  donor  to  the  university. 

BETHENCOURT,  Jean  de,  discovered  the 
Canary  Islands,  and  conquered  them  with  the 
aid  of  Henry  III.  ot  Castile. 

BETIIUNE,   Pliiiip   de,   anibassador   from 


BE 

France  to  Rome,  Scotland,  and  Germany,  died 
in  1649. 

BETIS,  governor  of  Gaza,  cruelly  treated  by 
Alexander,  for  bi  avely  defending  the  place. 

BETTERTON,  TJiomas,  a  famous  Enjilish 
actor,  generally  styled  the  English  Roscius,  born 
in  Tothill-street,  Westminster,  16.'^5,  made  h}^ 
first  appearance  On  the  stage,  in  1656  or  3657,  at 
the  opera-house,  in  Ciiartcr-hcusc  Yard,  under 
ihe  direction  of  Sir  William  D'Avenant ;  and, 
having,  for  many  years,  borne  away  tiie  palm 
from  all  his  competitors,  died  April,  37iO,  and 
was  interred  in.  Wesminster  Abbey.  See  Cib-, 
ber's  Apology,  Tattler,  No.  167,  and  Davies' 
Dramatic  Miscellanies,  for  a  particular  account 
of  this  eminent  man.  ■* 

BETTINELLI,  Xavicr,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  was 
teacher  in  France,  and,  on  the  suppression  of 
his  order  became  a  professor  of  rhetoric  at  Mo- 
den  a.     lie  died  1808. 

BETTINI,  Dominico,  an  eminent  painter  of 
Florence,  died  in  1705. 

BETTS,  John,  M.  D.,  physician  to  the  king 
after  the  restoration. 

BETUSSI,  Joseph,  aai  Italian  poet,  of  Bassa- 
no,  born  in  1520. 

BEVERIDGE,  William,  a  learned  English 
divine,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  born  at  Barrcw,  in 
Leicestershire,  1638,  died  1707,  leaving  bchiiid 
him  many  learned  and  valuable  works. 

Bf^VERLAND,  Hadrian,  a  native  oi  Zealand, 
known  for  his  great  abilities,  his  profligacy,  and 
the  immoiality  and  obscenity  of  lus  writings; 
the  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

BEVERLEY,  John,  abbot  of  St.  Hilda,  Li>!.op 
of  Hexham,  and  archbishop  of  York,(!lid  la  I'-l. 
BEVERLY,  R.,  a  native  of  Virginia,  aiid  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  that  colony. 

BEVERNINCK,  Jerome  Van,  an  able  Dutch 
statesman,  ambassador  to  Cromv;ell,  died  in 
IGPO. 

BEVERWICK,  John  de,  adistingnisi-ed  i  hy- 
sician,  and  able  writer  of  Dordrecht,  died  "in 
1647. 

BEWICK,  John,  of  great  excellence  in  the 
art  of  engraving  on  wood,  and  brorlier  to  Tho- 
mas Bewick,  an  artist  of  equal  or  superior  me- 
rit, still  living.  These  ingenious  brothers  iiave 
carried  their  art  to  a  state  of  perfection  which 
will  not  easily  be  surpassed.  The  first  work 
that  attracted  the  notice  of  the  public,  and  at 
once  established  their  reputation,  was,  a  "  His- 
tory of  Quadrupeds,"  8vo.,  1790,  with  figures 
on  wood.  It  was  eagerly  sought  aftci'  by  \he 
curious,  and  has  been  followed  by  many  other 
proofs  of  their  abilities,  the  last  of  which  is,  a 
"  History  of  British  Birds,"  8vo.,  1797:  on  whicii 
John  was  engaged  in  conjui-ction  with  bis  bro- 
ther, when  a  consumption  carried  him  off.  De- 
cember 5,  1795. 

BEUF,  John  le,  a  learned  antiquarj',  and 
member  of  the  academy  of  belles  lettres,  .-it  Pa- 
ris, a  writer  on  the  history  and  topograi-hy  of 
France,  died  in  1760. 

BEirnS,  William,  a  celebr.itcd  Dutch  jr.intfT 
of  flowers,  landscapes  and  portraits,  born  in 
1656. 

BEXON,  Scipio,  assisted  BufTon  in  his  natu- 
ral history,  and  was  himself  an  author:  iie  died 
at  Paris,  in  1784. 

BEYS,  Charles  de,  a  French  poet,  died  in 
1656 

BEYSSER,  John  Michael,  in  early  life  a  tra- 
veller, afterwards  a  general  in  the  French  revo- 
lution :  he  was  executed,  without  an  adequate 
cause,  in  1794. 

by 


m 

PEZA,  Theodore,  a  most  zealous  inomotui 
and  defender  of  tl)e  reformed  church,  born  ai 
Vezelai,  in  Burgundy,  June  '•24,  1519,  died  IsiOo. 
CEZIERS,  MiciiacJ,  an  ecclesiastic,  known 
for  Ills  laborious  researches  in  Irlstory  and  anti 
quity.  died  in  1T82. 

BEZOUT,  Stephen,  a  writer  on  mathematics 
navigation,  and  algebra,  died  in  1783. 
^  BIANCANI,  Joseph,  a  Jesuit  and  mathema- 
tician of  Bologna,  died  in  1644. 

illANCIlI,  Francis,  a  painter,  master  to  Cor- 
rejrio,  died  ui  1520. 

BIANCHI,  Peter,  an  eminent  ilDuian  painter.  I 
died  in  1739. 

BIANCHIN,  John  Fortuiiatis,  professor  of 
medicine  at  Padua,  and  a  medical  writer,  died 
in  1779. 

BIANCHINI,  Francis,  a  native  of  Verona, 
euiineat  for  his  great  learning,  was  patronised 
by  pope  Aleiander  VIII.,  and  received  marks 
of  respect  from  the  Eoman  Senate  ;  he  died  in 
1729. 
BIANCHINI,  Joseph,  a  Veronese  orator. 
BI ANCOLELLI,  Pierre  Francois,  an  eminent 
player,  and  a  wri!er  of  plays,  ditd  in  1734. 

BIA  KD,  Peter,  a  sculptor  of  celebrity,  at  Paris, 
died  l';09. 

BIAS,  called  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 
Greece,  born  at  Priene,  a  town  of  Caria,  about 
.'i70  B  C.  Though  iiorn  to  great  v.  ealtJi,  he 
lived  without  splendour,  expeading  his  fortune  mo^j. 

in  relieving  the  needy.  On  one  occasion,  eer-  )  BIGNE,  Grace,  de  la,  a  pcet  of  Bayeui,  ac 
tain  pirates  brought  several  young  women  to  sellijcompanied  king  John  to  England  after  the  la'i- 
as  slaves  at  Priene.  Bias  purchased  them,  andjitle  of  Poictiers,  and  died  in  1374. 
maintained  them  until  he  had  an  oijportunity  of  BIGNE,  Marquerin  de  la,  of  the  same  fanjiiy 
returning  them  to  their  friends.  This  generous  as  the  preceding,  v/as  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
d  "  The  Prince  of  eminent  as  a  man  of  letters;  he  died  in  151 


BIE,  Adrian  (le,  a  portrait  painter,  sefJed  at 
Rome,  about  UiOO. 

BIEFIELD,  James  Frederick,  baron  do,  sec- 
retary of  legation  in  the  service  of  Frederick  of 
Prussia,  preceptor  to  his  brother,  and  after- 
wards a  privy  counsellor,  died  in  1770. 
I  BIELKE,  N.,  baron  de,  a  Swedish  gentle- 
jman.  engaged  with  Ankerstroem,  in  the  consjM- 
racy  against  the  king  of  Sweden ;  when  detected, 
!>;.■  rook  poison,  and  died  in  1792. 

BIENNE,  John,  an  eminent  printer,  of  Paris, 
died  in  1588. 

BIERVE,  N.  Marechal,  marquis  de,  a  French- 
man, known  tor  his  ready  wit,  and  as  an  authoi? 
of  plays,  died  in  1769. 

I  EIEZ,  Oudard  du,  a  native  of  .Artois,  vvhoce 
jgreat  bravery  and  presence  of  mind  in  the  field 
|0f  battle,  were  particularly  conspicuous.  He 
was  in  the  service  of  Francis  1.,  and  died  in  Pa 
ris,  in  1553. 

BIEZELINGEN,  Chiistian  Jans  Van,  a  por 
trait  painter,  of  Delft,  died  in  1600. 

BIFIELD,  Nicholas,  minister  of  St.  Peters, 
Chester,  died  in  Ibii 

BIGELOW,  Timothy,  a  distinguished  lawyer 
of  Massachusetts,  was  for  more,  than  twenty 
years  a  representative  or  senator  in  the  legisla- 
ture of  hi3  native  state,  and  for  eleven  years, 
speaker  of  the  house  of  represeiitatives,  over 
v/hich  he  presided  with  dignity  and  ability,  died- 
1S21. 


action  caused  him  to  be  styled 

Wise  Men."  | 

BIBB,  William  Wyatt,  a  native  of  Georgia,) 
and  a  physician,  after  representing  his  native  i 
state  in  both  branches  of  the  national  coiigress, 
was  chosen  first  governor  of  the  state  of  Alaba- 
ma, by  the  people,  in  1819,  and  died  the  follow- 
ins  year. 

BIBIENA,  Bernardo  de,  a  Eoman  of  obscure  !| 
origin,  who,  by  his  intrigues,  promoted  the  elec-ijfor  his  learning,  and  his  acquaintance  v.ith 
tion  of  Leo  X.,  for  v.'hich  he  was  made  a  cardi-ljlearned  men,  died  in  1689. 
nal ;  he  died  in  1.520.  I'     BILDERBEK,  Christopher  Laurent,  a  Ilar.c- 

CIBIENA,  Ferdinand  Galli,  a  celebrated  ar-ijverian  lawyer,  died  in  1749. 
cbitpct  and  painter,  of  Bologna,  patronised  by||     BILFINGER,  George  Bernard,  professor  of 
the  duke  of  Parma  and  the  emperor,  died  bUndti philosophy  at  Petersburg,  and  afterwards  atTu- 


1591. 

BIGNICOURT,  Sinicn  de,  a  counsellor  cf 
Riieuns,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  ancient 
and  modern  literature,  died  in  1775. 

BIGNON,  Jerome,  distinguished  for  his  early 
attainments,  was  a  counsellor  of  state  and  ad- 
vocate general  to  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and 
an  able  statesman :  he  died  in  1656. 

BIGOT,  Emeri,  a  native  of  Rouen,  eminent 


in  1743. 

BIBLIANDER,  Theodore,  professor  of  theo- 
logy- at  Zurich,  died  in  15C4. 

BICHAT,  Marie  Frances  Xavier,  medical  pro- 
fessor at  the  Hotel-Dieu,  Paris,  and  author  of 
several  valuable  works  on  medical  subjects,  died 
in  1802. 

BIDDLE,  John,  one  of  the  most  eminent  En- 
glish writers  among  the  Sccinians,  was  born  at 
Vv^otton-under-Edge,  1615.  Though  a  pious, 
honest,  well-meaning  man,  he  suffered  various 
persecutions  for  his  adherence  to  some  singular 
notions  about  the  Trinity,  and  died  16G2.  One 
of  his  books  ^vas  burnt  by  order  of  parliament. 

BIDDLE,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Philadelphia, 
and  a  captain  in  the  American  navy,  was,  with 
las  crew,  blown  up,  in  an  action  with  a  British 
64  sun  ship,  in  1778. 

BIDLAKE,  John,  an  Enghsh  divine  and  poet, 
died  in  1814 ;  lie  published,  besides  some  ser- 
mons, a  number  -jf  poems,  &c 

BIDLOO,  Godfrey,  an   eminent   physician 

and  anatomical  writer  of  Amsterdam,  professor 

at  the  Hague  and  at  Lt  yden,  and  piivsician  to 

king  William,  died  1713.  i 

70 


jbingen,  eminent  for  his  writings,  died  in  1750. 
I     BILLAUT,  Adam,   a  joiner,  of  ?>evtis,  a 
man  of  strong  powers  of  mind,  and  of  consider- 
able talent  and  merit  as  a  poet,  died  in  16G2. 

BILLI,  Jaquesde,  a  native  of  Guise,  eminent 
for  his  learning  and  his  poetical  talents,  died  in 
1581. 

BILLI,  Jaques  de,  a  Jesuit  of  Compiegne,  au- 
thor of  several  valuable  mathematical  treatises, 
died  in  1679. 

BILLINGSLEY,  Henry,  a  merchant  of  Lon- 
don, who  acquired  immense  w-ealth,  and  rose  to 
the  highest  city  honours,  and  was  knighted 
while  lord  mayor.  He  was  a  profoimd  mall;e- 
matician,  and  published  the  lirst  English  trans- 
ilation  of  Euclid  ;  he  died  in  1606. 

BILLIONI,  N.  Bussa,  a  celebrated  and  much 
admired  actress,  at  the  theatres  of  France  and 
Brussels,  died  in  1783. 

BILSON,  Thomas,  early  distincuished  as  a 
poet,  afterwards  as  an  able  divine  and  eloquent 
preacher,  bishop  of  W^orceeter  ai^d  Winchester, 
died  in  IGlfi. 

BINDLEY,  James,  an  eminent  antiquarian 
.ai.d  founder  of  the  fcocicly  of  Antiquaries,  in 


Bl 

England,  died  in  1818.  His  collection  of  books 
prints,  and  medals,  was  very  extensive  and  valu 
able. 

BINGHAM,  George,  a  fellowr  of  All  Soul's 
Collasa,  Oxford,  aiKl  rector  of  Pimpern,  in  Dor 
set,  died  in  1800.  He  w^rote  and  published  seve 
ral  tlieolosical  works,  which  were  collected  in 
two  voluines,  after  bis  death. 

CIN'GHAM,  Joseph,  born  at  Wakefield,  in 
Yorkshire,  1658.  He  wrote  a  learned  and  labo- 
rious work,  "  Origines  Ecclesiasticae,  or  the  An- 
ticjuiiies  of  the  Christian  Church  ;  the  first  vo- 
uinrt  of  wliich  was  published  1703,  in  Bvo,  and 
it  was  completed  afterwards  in  9  volumes  more. 
He  died  August  17, 17-13. 

BINGHAM,  Josepli,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  where  he  died  at  the  age 
of  22,  in  consequence  of  excessive  application. 

BLVNING,  Hugh,  aa  eloquent  preacher,  and 
processor  of  moral  p.'iilosopiiy  at  Glasgow,  died 
3654. 

BIvERNSTAHL,  professor  of  oriental  Ian 
guages  at  Upsal,  died  in  1779. 

BfON,  of  .Smyrna,  a  Greek  bucolic  peet,  flou 
rished  about  288  B.  C. 

BION,  a  Scythian  philosopher,  the  disciple 
of  Crates,  and  afterwards  of  Theophrastus 
About  246  B.  C. 

BION,  Nicholas,  an  able  engineer  and  mathe 
matician,  died  at  Paris,  in  1733. 

BIONDI,  Francis,  Sir,  author  of  a  valuable 
history  of  the  civil  wars  of  the  houses  of  York 
and  Lancaster,  in  Italian. 

BION  DO,  Fiavio.  vid.  BLONDUS. 

BIRAGUE,  Clement,  an  engraver  of  Milan 
said  to  have  discovered  the  means  of  engraving 
<iiamonds,  lived  at  the  court  of  Philip  XL,  of 
Spain. 

BIRAGQE,  Rene  de,  a  native  of  Milan,  went 
to  France  and  became  a  favourite  of  Charles 
IV.,  who  made  him  keeper  of  the  seals,  and 
xhancciior  of  the  realm ;  although  a  cardinal, 
he  died  little  respected,  in  1532. 

BIRCH,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  historical 
*and  biographical  writer,  born  in  the  parish  of 
;  St.  John,  Clerkenwell,  London,  Nov.  23,  1705, 
of  parents  who  were  quakers.  His  death  was 
/occasioned  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  and  happen- 
ed Jan.  9,  1706.  Of  his  various  publications, 
the  principal  was  "  The  General  Dictionary 
Historical  and  Critical,"  in  10  vols,  folio;  the 
first  of  which  was  published  in  1734,  the  last  in 
1741. 

BIRD,  William,  known  as  an  excellent  com 
poser  of  music,  died  in  1623. 

BIREN,  John  Ernest,  a  person  of  mean  birth, 
elevated  to  the  highest  dignities  by  Anne,  em 
press  of  Russia,  who  made  him  her  prime  mi 
nister,  and  duke  of  Courland.  On  her  death, 
ihe  assumed  the  reins  of  government,  but  was 
exiled,  by  the  nobles,  to  Siberia.  He  died  ir 
1771. 

BIRINGCOCCIO,  or  BIRINGCTTCCI,  Van 
muccio,  an  able  mathematician  of  Italy,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  the  art  of  fusing,  and  of  casting 
metal  for  cannon,  published  in  1540. 

BIRKENHEAD,  Sir  John,  L.  L.  D.,  professor 
of  moral  philosophy  at  Oxford,  a  zealous  royal 
ist,  and  a  popular  courtier ;  he  died  in  1G79. 

BIRON,  Armand  de  Gonrault,  baron  de,  page 
to  queen  Margaret  of  Navarre,rose  through  the 
gradations  of  the  army  to  the  rank  of  marechal 
of  France.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the 
service  of  his  sovereign,  and  was  killed  by  a 
tannon  ball  at  the  siege  of  Epernai,  in  1592. 

lilRON,  Charles  De  GonrauU  due  de,  son  of 


BL 

the  preceding,  was  admiral  and  marechal  of 
France,  and  a  favourite  of  Henry  IV..  who  made 
him  a  duke,  and  sent  him  ambassadoi  to  Eng- 
land.    He  was  beheaded  for  treason,  in  1G02. 

BISCAINO,Bartholomew,a  painter  of  Genoa, 
died  in  1657. 

BISCHOP,  John  de,  an  eminent  landscape 
and  historical  painter,  died  in  1G86.  Another, 
called  Cornelius,  a  painter,  died  in  1674. 

BISHOP,  Samuel,  high  master  of  Merchant 
tailors'  School,  a  learned  divine  and  very  re- 
spectable poet,  died  Nov.  17,  1795. 

BISI,  Bonaventure,  an  admired  painter,  of 
Bologna,  died  in  1062. 

BISSET,  Charles,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  served 
several  years  as  engineer,  in  Flanders,  and  wrote 
on  fortifications,  and  on  medical  subjects.  Died 
in  1791. 

BISSET,  Dr.  Robert,  a  biographer,  historian, 
and  novelist,  born  in  Scotland,  1759,  died  at 
i<;nightsbridge.  May  14,  1805.  His  principal 
literaiy  productions  were,  an  edition  of  the 
Spectator,  with  Lives  of  the  several  Authors  ; 
a  "  Life  of  Edmund  Burke  ;"  a  "  History  of  the 
Reign  of  George  the  Third,"  several  novels,  and 
some  political  tracts.  His  "  History"  has  tlifi 
strong  merit  of  being  faithful  and  impartial.  It 
is  preceded  by  an  able  review  of  the  progressive 
Improvement  of  England  in  Prosperity  and 
Strength,  to  the  Accession  of  George  HI.,  and 
terminates  at  the-Peace  of  Amiens,  1802. 

BITAUBE,  Paul  Jeremiah,  a  misccllanpous 
writer,  born  at  Konigsberg,  was  a  member  of 
the  Berlin  Academy,  with  a  pension  from  Fre- 
derick II.  :  some  of  his  poems  have  been  trans- 
lated into  English.     He  died  1808. 

BITON,  a  mathematician,  lived  ahout  340 
B.  C. 

BIZOT,  Peter,  canon  of  a  church  in  Bonrges, 
and  authorof  the  valuable  "  Histoire  uiedallique 
de  laHollande,"  died  in  1693. 

BIZEL.LI,  John,  a  historical  portrait  painter, 
died  at  Rome,  in  1612. 

BLACK,  Dr.  Joseph,  a  very  celebrated  cliv- 
mical  writer,  and  professor  of  that  science  in 
the  university  of  Edinburgh,  was  born  at  Bor- 
deaux, in,  France,  about  1727,  and  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  1800.  His  discoveries  relatis'e  to 
magnesia  and  other  alkaline  bodies,  have  given 
birth  to  many  important  facts  in  the  new  system 
of  chymistry.  A  niemoir  on  the  subject  of  these 
bodies,  was  read  by  him,  in  June,  1755,  before 
the  Literary  Society  of  Edinburgh,  which  has 
besn  considered  as  a  model  of  composition,  rea- 
soning and  avrangerpent.  Many  other  important 
discoveries  have  been  communicated  by  him  in 
his  lectures,  which,  if  he  had  committed  the.m 
to  the  press,  would  have  more  materially  pro- 
moted the  cause  and  extension  of  science. 

BLACKBURN,  William,  an  eminent  archi- 
tect and  surveyor,  of  London,  died  in  1790.  H^ 
obtained  a  medal  from  the  Royal  Society,  and 
the  commendation  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  for 
the  best  drawing  of  St.  Stephens,  W.albrook. 

BLACKBURNE,  Francis,  a  native  of  Rich 
mond,  was  chaplain  to  the  archbishop  of  York, 
prebendary  of  his  cathedral,  and  archdeacon  of 
Cleveland.  His  writings  corresponded  with  his 
private  sentiments  in  favour  of  the  dissenters ; 
he  died  in  1787. 

BL  VCKHALL,  Oifspring,  D.  D.,  rector  of 
St.  Mary's,  London,  chaplain  to  King  William, 
and  bishop  of  Exeter,  was  an  able  scholar,  and 
emi'if>nt  divino  ;  he  died  in  1716. 

P.  LACK  LOCK,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  eminent 
Scotttsli  poet  an.l  di'/ine,  whose  tal^^nts,  very 


BL 

respccuble  in  themselves,  were  rendered  ex- 
traordinary by  the  circumstance  of  his  having 
totally  lost  his  sight  by  the  small  pox  at  six- 
months  old.  He  was  born  at  Annan,  17-21,  and 
died  at  Edinburgh,  Julv,  1791. 

BL  ACKMORE,  Sir  Richard,  a  physician,  and 
an  indefatigable  writer,  who  has  left  a  great 
number  of  works,  theological,  poetical,  and  phy- 
sical. Dryden  and  Pope  have  treated  the  poeti- 
cal performances  of  Sir  Richard  with  great  con- 
tempt. But,  notwithstanding  Sir  Richard  has 
been  so  much  depreciated  by  these  wits,  he  cer- 
tainly had  merit.  His  "  Poem  on  the  Creation' ' 
is  his  most  celebrated  performance,  and  on  the 
recommendation  of  Dr.  Johnson,  has  lately  been 
inserted  in  the  "Collection  of  the  English  Poets." 
It  has  appeared  that  spleen  and  resentment  had 
been  the  cause  of  that  severity  with  which  he 
was  treated  by  Dryden  and  Pope.  Sir  Richard 
was  born  at  Corsham,  Wilts,  (in  what  year  is 
Mncertain,)  and  died  October  9,  1729. 

BLACKSTONE,  Sir  Wilham,  an  illustrious 
English  lawyer,  born  1723.  His  father  was  a 
silkman,  in  Cheapside,  and  died  before  the  birth 
of  his  son  William,  wiio,  in  1730,  was  put  to  the 
Charter-house  school,  and,  in  1735,  admitted 
upon  the  foundation  there.  November,  173S,  he 
was  entered  a  commoner  of  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford,  and  elected  by  the  governors  to  one  of 
the  Charter-house  exhibitions.  At  the  age  of 
20,  he  compiled  a  treatise,  entitled  "  Elements 
of  Architecture,"  intended  only  for  his  own  use, 
but  much  approved  by  those  who  have  perused 
it.  Quitting,  however,  v/ith  regret,  these  amus- 
ing pursuits,  he  engaged  in  the  severer  studies 
of  the  law,  and,  November,  1746,  was  called  to 
the  bar.  In  1749,  he  was  elected  recorder  of  tiie 
borough  of  Wallingford,  in  Berkshire.  April, 
17.50,  he  became  doctor  of  laws,  and  (mblished 
]»is  "  Essay  on  Collateral  Consanguinity,  rela- 
tive to  the  e.xclusive  claim  to  fellowships  made 
by  the  founder's  kin  at  All-souls."  October  20, 
1753,  he  was  unanimously  elected  Vinerian  pro- 
fessor of  the  common  law,  and  on  the  25th,  read 
his  Introductory  Lecture,  since  prefixed  to  his 
*'  Commentaries."  In  1762,  he  collected  and  re- 
published several  of  his  pieces,  unc'fr  the  title 
of  "  Law  Tracts,"  in  2  vols.  8vo.  In  1763,  he 
was  chosen  solicitor-general  to  the  queen.  No- 
vember, 1764,  he  pubhshed  the  1st  volume  of  his 
lectures,  under  the  title  of  "  Commentaries  on 
ihe  Laws  of  England  ;  and  in  the  four  succeed- 
ing years  the  other  three  volumes.  May,  1770, 
ne  became  a  junior  judge  in  tiie  court  of  King's 
Bench  ;  and  in  June  was  removed  to  the  same 
situation  in  the  common  pfeas,  which  office  he 
retained  till  his  death,  which  happened  Febru- 
ary 14,  1780. 

BLACKSTONE,  John,  an  apothecary  and 
botanist,  of  London,  died  in  1753. 

BLACKWALL,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Derby- 
shire, and  author  of  a  most  celebrated  work,  en- 
titled "  The  Sacred  Classics  defended  and  illus- 
trated; or,  an  Essay,  humbly  offered  toward 
proving  the  purity,  propriety,  and  true  elo- 
quence of  the  writers  of  the  New  Testament" 
He  died  at  Market  Bosworth,  in  Leicestershire, 
(where  he  was  for  some  vears  head  master  of 
the  free  school,)  April  8,  1730. 

BLACKWELL,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Aber- 
deen ;  not  succeeding  as  a  physician  at  home, 
he  went  to  Sweden,  where  he  succeeded  for  a 
lime,  but  being  suspected  of  a  conspiracy,  was 
tortured  and  beheaded  in  1743. 

BL.\CK  W  KLL,  Thomas,  an  eminent  Scottish 
writer,  son  of  a  minister  ut  Aberdeen,  and  bam 
72 


BL 

there,  August  4,  1701.  In  1737,  was  publishtul 
at  London,  but  without  his  name,  •'  An  Inquiry 
into  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Homer,"  8vo.,  "a 
second  edition  of  which  appeared  in  1736  ;  and 
not  long  after,  "  Proofs  of  the  Inquiry  into  Ho 
mer's  Life  and  Writings  ;"  which  was  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Greek,  Latin,  Spanish,  Italian,  and 
French  notes,  subjoined  to  the  original  work. 
We  agree  with  those  who  esteem  this  the  best 
of  our  author's  performances.  In  1748,  he  pub- 
lished "  Letters  concerning  Ms^thology,"  8vo., 
without  his  name  also.  The  same  year  he  was 
made  principal  of  the  Marischal  College  in  Aber- 
deen. March,  17.52,  he  took  the  degree  of  doctor 
of  laws ;  and,  in  the  year  following,  came  out  the 
1st  volume  of  his  "  Memoirs  of  the  court  of  Au- 
gustiis,"  4to.  The  2d  volume  appeared  in  1755 ; 
and  the  3d,  which  was  posthumous,  and  left  in- 
complete by  the  author,  was  titted  for  the  press 
iby  John  Mills,  Esq.,  and  published  iu  17&4.  He 
'died  March  1,  1757. 

BLACKWOOD,  Adam,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
eminent  as  a  poet,  civilian,  and  divine,  but  par- 
ticularly as  the  v/arm  advocate  of  Mary,  quetn 
of  Scots ;  he  published,  in  1757,  an  account  of  her 
martyrdom,  addressed  to  the  princes  of  Europe, 
and  died  at  Poictiers,  in  1613. 

BLADEN,  Martin,  a  gentleman  of  Atrey 
I  Hatch,  in  Essex,  formerly  a  lieutenant-colonel 
tin  Queen  Anne's  reign, but  more  distinguished 
jby  a  translation  of  "  Caesar's  Commentaries, 
which  he  dedieated  to  his  general,  the  great  duke 
I  of  Marlborough.    He  died  in  1746. 

BLAEC,  or  JANSSEN,  William,  a  learned 
!  printer,  the  friend  of  Tycho  Brahe,  died  in  1638. 
i  BLAGP^AVE,  John,  an  eminent  mathema- 
tician, who  flourished  iu  the  16th  and  17th  cen- 
turies, and  died  IGll. 

BLAGRAVE,  Joseph,  a  famous  astrologer 
of  Reading,  Eng.,  died  in  1C88. 

BLAIR,  John,  chaplain  to  Sir  William  Wal- 
lace. He  wrote  an  elegant  Latin  poem  on  his 
j death,  and  died  in  the  reign  of  Robert  Bruce. 
j  BLAIR,  James,  M.  A.,  a  minister  of  the  epis- 
I  copal  church  in  Scotland,  was  sent  by  the  Inshop 
lof  London  as  a  missionary  to  Virginia,  in  1685. 
j  He  procured  a  patent  for  the  erection  of  a  college 
there,  and  was  its  first  president  for  nearly  50 
years  ;  he  was  also  president  of  the  council  of 
Virginia,  and  died  in  1743. 

BLAIR,  Samuel,  a  learned  minister  in  Penn- 
sylvania, for  several  years  at  the  hrad  of  an 
academy  at  Fog's  manor,  Chester,  died  about 
1751. 

BLAIR,  John,  brother  and  successor  of  Sam- 
uel Blair  in  the  church  and  seminary  at  Fog's  i 
manor,  afterwards  professor  of  divinity  in  New- 
Jersey  College. 

BLAIR,  John,  one  of  the  associate  judges  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  died  in 
1800. 

BLAIR,  John,  president  of  the  council  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  a  judge  in  that  colony,  died  1771. 

BLAIR,  Patrick,  a  surgeon  at  Dundee,  v.'ho 
first  acquired  some  reputation  by  the  dissection 
of  an  elephant,  and  afterwards  by  his  essays  oni 
botany  ;  tiziie  of  his  death  unknown. 

BL  AIR,  Robert,  an  elegant  poet,  bom  about 
the  beginning  of  the  last  century.  He  received  his 
education  in  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  and 
was  ordained,  in  1731 ,  minister  of  Athol'Stane- 
ford  in  East  Lothian,  where  he  resided  till  hi3 
death,  in  1746.  His  poem,  called  "  The  Grave," 
has  been  extremely  popular,  and  passpd  tliroiigU 
many  editions. 

BLAIR,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  divine,  born  ia 


BL 

Bcotland,  but  settled  in  England,  where  he  pre 
scnted  the  world  with  a  very  valuable  pubUca 
tion,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Chronology  and 
History  of  the  Woild,  from  the  Creation  to  the 
Year  of  Christ  1753,  illustrated  in  56  tables  " 
Ittl768,  he  published  an  improved  edition  of  his 
"  Cronological  Tables ;"  to  which  were  annexed 
"  Fourteen  Maps  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Geo- 
graphy, for  illustrating  the  Tables  of  Chrono- 
fogy  and  History.  He  died  June  24,  1782. 
'BLAIR,  Dr.  Hugh,  a  celebrated  Scottish  di- 
vine, was  the  son  of  a  respectable  merchant  in 
Edinburgh,  and  born  in  that  city,  April  7,  1718. 
On  the  15th  of  June,  175g,  he  was  made  one  of 
the  ministers  of  the  high  church  of  Edinburgh ; 
and  his  subsequent  ministerial  labours  and  con- 
duct in  that  conspicuous  and  difTicult  station,  for 
a  period  of  more  than  40  years,  amply  evinced 
the  propriety  of  the  choice.  As  an  author.  Dr. 
Blair  is  well  known  by  his  "  Lectures  on  Rheto- 
ric and  the  Belles  Lettree,"  delivered  in  his  of- 
j  fice  as  regius  professor  in  the  university  of  Edin- 
Isuigh.  These  are  eminently  distinguished  by 
I  laborious  investigation,  sound  sense,  refined 
i  taste,  and,  above  all,  by  that  lucidus  ordo  which 
I  always  proves  a  writer  to  be  master  of  his  sub- 
ject. In  short,  this  work  may  justly  be  said  to 
have  established  an  unequivocal  and  sure  stand- 
ard of  taste.  His  "Sermons,"  however,  of 
which  five  volumes  are  before  the  public,  have 
experienced  a  success  unparalleled  in  the  annals 
of  pulpit  eloquence,  though  justly  merited  by 
their  purity  of  sentiment,  justness  of  reasoning, 
and  grace  of  composition.  They  have  circu- 
lated in  numerous  editions,  wherever  the  English 
tongue  extends,  and  have  been  translated  into 
almost  all  the  languages  of  Europe.  Dr.  Blair 
died  December  27,  1800. 

BLAIZE,  a  bishop,  martyred  by  the  emperor 
Dioclesian ;  but  more  celebrated  as  the  inventor 
of  wool  combing. 

BLAKE,  Robert,  a  famous  English  admiral, 
born  August  15, 1599,  at  Bridgewater,  in  Somer- 
setshire, where  he  was  educated  at  the  gi-ammar 
Ischool.  Having  served  some  years  in  the  par- 
liament army,  he  was,  in  February,  164?-9,  ap- 
Ipointed  to  command  the  fleet,  in  conjunction 
with  Colonel  Deane,  and  Colonel  Popham. 
During  nine  years  actual  service  in  the  navy, 
tie  performed  exploits  that,  for  the  skill  with 
ivhich  they  were  conducted,  and  the  success 
ihat  attended  them,  were  never  surpassed  till 
.he  days  of  Howe,  St.  Vincent,  Duncan,  and 
l>Jelson.  He  died  as  the  fleet  was  entering  Ply 
jnouth,  the  17th  of  August,  1657,  aged  58.  His 
;!X)dy  was  conveyed  to  Westminster  Abbey,  and 
ilnterrod  with  great  funeral  pomp  in  Henry  the 
jl'^Hth's  chapel ;  but  removed  from  thence,  in 
Ml,  and  re-interred  in  St.  Margaret's  church 
/ard. 

I  BLAKE.  John  Bradley,  a  native  of  London 
ifter  acquiring  a  profound  knowledge  of  chy- 
uistry  and  mathematics,  and  of  his  favourite 
itudy,  botany,  went  to  China  in  the  service  of 
he  India  company,  where  he  collected  and  sent 
o  Europe,  all  the  valuable  seeds  and  plants  of 
he  country  ;  he  also  began  a  collection  of  ores 
md  fossils,  but  his  application  destroyed  his 
lealth,  and  he  died  in  1773. 
BL.\KE,  James,  a  preacher,  native  of  Dor- 
liester,  Massachusetts,  atithor  of  a  volume  of 
ermons  of  merit,  died  1771. 

BLAKE,  Joseph,  governor  of  the  province  of 
touth  Carolina,  in  1694.  He  contributed  much 
o  the  prosperity  of  the  colony,  by  the  wisdom 
,>f  his  adminiatraUgn. 


BL         ^ 

BLAMONT,  Francis  Colin  d«,  a  French  mu 
sician,  died  in  1760. 

BLAMPIN,  Thomas,  a  learned  eccle«astio 
of  Picardy,  died  in  1710. 

BLANC,  John,  a  noble  of  Perpignan,  known 
for  his  brave  defence  of  his  native  town,  against 
the  French  besieging  army,  in  1474. 

BLANC,  Francois  Le,  author  of  a  valuable 
book  on  the  coins  of  France,  died  in  1698. 

BLANC,  Claude  Le,  a  minister  of  France,  con- 
fined two  years  in  the  Bastile,  on  mere  suspi- 
cion of  mal-piactices,was  released,  and  died  in 
1728.  His  brothers  were  bishops  of  Avranches 
and  of  Sarlat. 

BLANC,  Thomas  Le,  a  Jesuit  pf  Vitri,  died 
at  Rheims,  in  1669. 

BLANC,  John  Bernard  Le,  an  ingenious  and 
learned  man ,  historiographer  to  the  Delia  Crusca 
academy,  died  in  1781. 

BLANC,  Antony  de  Guillet  de,  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  Avignon,  a«d  afterwards  of  ancient 
languages  at  Paris,  died  in  1799. 

BLANC,  N.,  an  eminent  French  artist,  died 
in  1802. 

BLANCA,  N.  Le,  a  young  woman  who  was 
found  wild  at  Sogny,  near  Chalons,  in  1731, 
when  about  10  years  of  age.  She  was  placed 
in  a  convent,  where  she  became  a  nun,  and  died 
in  1760. 

BLANCA,  Francis  Le,  a  Frenchman,  author 
of  a  general  account  of  the  moneys  of  France, 
published  by  order  of  Lewis  XIV. ;  he  died  in 
1698. 

BLANCHARD,  James,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Paris,  in  1600,  died  1638. 

BLANCHARD,  Francois,  a  lawyer  of  Paris, 
died  in  1650. 

BLANCHARD,  Guillaume,  eon  of  the  pre- 
ceding, equally  eminent  as  a  lawyer,  died  in 
1724. 

BLANCHARD,  Elias,  a  native  of  Langres, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  died  in  1755. 

BLANCHARD,  John  Baptist,  professor  of 
rheii.'ric  in  the  Jesuits  college,  at  Metz,  and  at 
Verdun;  wrote  the  Temple  of  the  Muses,  and 
die.l  in  1797 

BLANCHE,  daughter  of  Alphonso  of  Castile, 
married  Lewis  VIII.,  of  France.  After  his 
death,  and  during  the  minority  of  her  son,  she 
was  made  regent  of  the  kingdom,  which  she 
governed  with  spirit  and  ability ;  she  died  in 
1252. 

BLANCHE,  a  native  of  Padua,  who  destroy- 
ed herself,  rather  than  submit  to  the  embraces 
of  her  conqueror,  1233. 

BLANCHE  de  BOURBON,  v/ife  of  Peter. 
king  of  Castile,  by  whom  she  was  imprisonei 
and  poisoned,  1361. 

BLANCHELANDE,  Pbilihert  Francis  Row- 
xelle,  de,  a  native  of  Dijon,  distinguished  in  the 
American  war,  and  at  the  taking  of  Tobago, 
died  in  1793. 

BLANCHET,  Thomas,  an  eminent  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  of  P.aris,  died  in  1689. 

BLANCHET,  Abbe,  censor  royal,  and  libra- 
rian of  the  king's  cabinet ;  he  retired  from  pub- 
lic life  to  solitude,  and  diad  in  1784. 

BLANCOF,  John  Teuniz,  a  painter,  bom  at 
Alcmaer ;  his  sea-pieces  and  landscapes  are 
much  admired  :  he  died  in  1670. 

BLAND,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Nathan  Bland, 
a  linen  draper.of  London,  eminent  for  her  learn- 
ing, and  acquaintance  with  the  Hebrew. 

BLAND,  Richard,  a  poHtical  writer  of  Vir^ 
ginia,  and  principal  member  of  the  house  of 
burgesses,  at  the  close  of  1770. 

7  73 


BL 


BLAND,  Theodorie,  a  patriot  and  stateeman, 
colonel  in  the  war  of  the  revolution,  member  of 
the  state  legislature  of  Virginia,  &c.,  died  in 

BLANDRATA,  George,  an  Italian,  who  es 
poused  the  doctrines  of  Arius,  with  respect  to 
the  Trinity.  To  avoid  the  inquisition,  he  fled 
to  Poland,  where  the  king  made  him  a  privy 
counsellor.  He  was  afterwards  strangled  by  his 
nephew,  in  1593. 

BLASCO  NUNNES,  a  Spaniard,  who,  by 
seizing  the  isthmus  of  Darien,faeilitated  the  pro- 
gress of  Pizarro  to  the  conquest  of  Peru.  He 
was  beheaded  on  pretence  of  ambitious  views. 

BLAURER,  Ambrose,  a  follower  of  Luther, 
whose  doctrines  he  spread  in  France  and  Ger- 
many, died  in  1567, 

BLAVET,  N.,  a  musician  in  the  opera  at 
Paris,  distinguished  by  his  taste,  and  the  supe- 
rior merit  of  his  pieces,  died  in  1768. 

BLAYNEY,  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  an  eminent 
English  divine,  and  professor  of  Hebrew,  at 
Oxford,  died  in  1801.  He  was  distinguished  as 
an  able  biblical  critic,  and  writer. 

BLEDDYN,  joint  king  of  North  Wales,  with 
his  brother  Rhiwallon,  becaine  sole  monarch  in 
1068,  and  fell  in  battle  four  years  after. 

BLEDDYN,  a  British  bard  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury, some  of  whose  pieces  are  still  preserved. 

BLEDRI,  a  bishop  of  Landaff,  called  the 
wise,  from  his  great  learning ;  he  died  much  re- 
spected, in  1023. 

BLEECKER,  Ann  Eliza,  a  lady  of  some  lite- 
rary celebrity,  born  in  New- York,  1752. 

BLEEK,  Peter  Van,  an  eminent  painter,  died 
in  1764. 

BLEGNY,  Nicholas  de,  an  eminent  French 
surgeon,  who  lectured  and  wrote  on  subjects 
connected  with  his  profession  ;  he  died  at  the 
close  of  the  17th  centurv. 

BLEGWRYD,  brother  to  Morgan,  the  Gla- 
morgan chief,  was  chancellor  of  Landaff,  and  a 
man  of  great  learning ;  he  went  to  Rome  in  926, 
with  Howel,  sumamed  the  Good. 

BLESS,  Henry,  an  admired  landscape  painter, 
torn  at  Bovine,  died  in  1650. 

BLETERIE,  John  Philip  Rene  de  la,  born 
at  Rennes,  entered  early  into  the  congregation 
of  the  Oratory,  and  was  there  a  distinguished 

Srofessor.  From  thence  he  went  to  Paris,  where 
is  talents  procured  him  a  chair  of  eloquence 
in  the  College  Royal,  and  a  place  in  the  Acade- 
my of  Belles  Lettree.  He  published  several 
works,  which  have  been  well  received  by  the 
public,  and  died,  at  an  advanced  age,  in  1772. 

BLINMAN,  Richard,  first  minister  of  New- 
London,  Conn.,  1648;  author  of  a  work  in  an- 
swer to  Mr.  Danvers,  on  Baptism. 

BLOCK,  Dr.  Marc  Eleazer,  a  Jewish  physi- 
cian, and  very  celebrated  ichthiologist,  bom  at 
Anspach,  in  1723,  died  at  Carlsbad,  August  6, 
1799.  His  "  Natural  History  of  Fishes,"  with 
coloured  plates,  in  large  4to,  is  one  of  the  most 
admirable  pubhcations  of  the  time. 

BLOCK,  Daniel,  a  portrait  painter  of  Pome- 
rania,  died  in  1661.  One  of  his  brothers  excelled 
as  an  architect,  the  other  as  a  historical  painter. 
BLOCKLANO,  Anthony  deMontfort,  an  e!e 
gant  painter,  died  in  1583.  His  brothers,  Peter 
and  Herbert,  were  his  pupils,  and  were  also  dis 
tin^uished  as  painters. 

BLOEMART,  a  painter,  born  at  Gorcum,  in 
Holland,  1567,  and  died  1647      A  vast  number 
of  prints  have  been  engraved  after  his  works. 
BLOEMEN,  John  Francis,  an  eminent  Flem 
ish  painter,  died  at  Rome,  io  1740. 
74 


BLOND,  Jean  Le,  a  poet  of  inferior  merit,  in 
the  16th  century. 

BLOND,  James  Christopher,  a  painter,  of 
Frankfort,  on  the  Maine,  who  invented  a  mode 
of  engraving  in  colours  ;  he  died  in  1741.  1 

BLONDEAU,  Claude,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  at  the  close  of  the  17tli , 
century. 

BLONDEL,  David,  a  protestant  minister,  , 
born  at  Chalons,  whose  writings  on  theological ' 
subjects,  are  highly  valued.  He  was  professor  ! 
of  history  at  Amsterdam  after  Vossius,  and  died  , 
in  1655. 

BLONDEL,  Francis,  eminent  for  his  know- 
ledge of  geometry  and  belles  lettres,  was  profes- 
sor of  mathematics  and  architecture,  and  pre- 
ceptor to  the  dauphin  of  France ;  he  died  in  1686. 

BLONDEL,  John  Francis,  nephew  of  Fran- 
cis, was  equally  eminent  as  an  architect,  and  as  ! 
a  writer  on  architecture ;  he  died  in  1774. 

BLONDEL,  Peter  James,  a  native  of  Paris, 
and  a  writer  on  the  truth  of  the  christian  reli- 
gion, died  in  1730. 

BLONDEL,  Lawrence,  author  of  some  books 
on  devotion,  died  in  1740. 

BLONDEL,  N.,  a  physician,  and  author  of  a  I 
treatise  on  the  mineral  waters  of  Segrai,  &c., 
died  in  1759. 

BLONDIN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Picardy,  emi- 
nent as  a  botanist,  died  in  1714. 
•-  BLONDUS,  Flavins,  an  Italian,  secretary  to 
Pope  Eugenius  IV.,  and  his  two  successors,  died 
in  1463. 

BLOOD,  Thomas,  an  English  adventurer, 
who  contrived  a  plot  for  stealing  the  regalia 
from  the  tower,  and  was  actually  taken  with  the 
crown  in  his  possession ;  he  died  1680. 

BLOOT,  Peter,  a  Flemish  painter,  died  in 

67. 

BLOSIUS,  or  DE  BLOIS,  Lewis,  a  Benedic- 
tine, abbot  of  Liessies,  in  Hainault,  refused  the  , 
archbishopric  of  Cambray,  and  died  in  1566. 

BLOUNT,  Thomas,  an  English  barrister  at 
law,  distinguished  for  his  talents  and  learning, 
and  as  a  respectable  writer,  died  in  1679. 

BLOUNT,  Sir  Henry,  after  completing  his 
education  at  Oxford,  travelled  over  Europe  and 
a  part  of  Asia,  and,  on  his  return,  published  an 
account  of  part  of  his  travels,  was  tutor  to  the 
princes,  and  a  zealous  royalist ;  he  died  in  1682. 

BLOUNT,  Charies,  younger  son  of  Sir  Henry, 
was  distinguished  as  a  zealous  advocate  for  li- 
berty, and  as  a  man  of  great  learning.  His  ^vrit- 
ings,  some  of  which  prove  him  a  deist,  are  nu- 
merous. He  died  of  wounds  inflicted  on  him- 
self, in  1693. 

BLOUNT,  William,  governor  of  the  territory 
south  of  the  Ohio,  and  a  member  of  the  U^nited 
States'  senate,  from  which  he  was  espelled  in 
1797  ;  he  died  at  KnoCTille,  in  1810. 

BLOUNT,  Sir  Thomas  Pope,  an  eminent 
English  writer,  born  at  Upper  Holloway,  in 
Middlesex,  September  12,  1649.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  learning,  and  well  versed  in  the  best 
writers;  of  which  he  gave  a  proof  in  his  famous 
work,  "CenauriaCeleDriorum  Authorum,"  &c. 
He  wrote  also  a  work  on  poetry,  "  De  Re  Poeti- 
ca,  or  Remarks  upon  Poetry  ;  with  characters 
and  censures  of  the  most  considerable  poets, 
whether  ancient  or  modem,  extracted  out  of  the 
best  and  choicest  critics  ;"  he  died  in  1697. 

BLOW,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  musician,  bom 
at  Collinghara,  in  Nottinghamshire,  about  the 
year  1648.  In  1674,  he  was  appointed  master 
of  the  children  of  the  Roya!  Chapel ;  in  1685, 
composer  to  his  majesty ;  in  1G87,  atmonor  an<l 


^ BQ 

master  of  the  choristers  of  St.  Paul's  cathedral. 
Upon  the  decease  of  Purcell,  in  1695,  he  became 
organist  of  Webtitiiiister  Abbey.  He  died  Oclo- 
bf  r  1, 1708,  and  was  buried  in  the  north  aisle  of 
Westmiiiaier  Abbey. 

BLOWERS,  Thomas,  a  good  scholar,  and 
minisier,  in  Beverly ,  Massachusetts,  died  in  1729. 

BLUUHER,  Gobbaral  Lehrecht,  Prince  Von, 
a  most  celebrated  Prussian  field  marshal,  born 
at  Rosiock,  Dectniber  16,  1742,  distinguished 
himself  by  his  great  skill  and  success  in  military 
tactics.  He  crossed  the  Rhine,  January  1, 1814, 
and  entered  the  French  territory.    A  decisive 

ictory  at  Laon,  FebiTjary  9,  opened  the  way  to 
Paris,  which  was  entered  by  the  allied  sove- 

ci  us,  March  31.  He  went  in  the  company  of 
he  monarchs  to  England,  where  the  enthusiasm 
?f  the  people  aiforded  him  the  most  brilliant  tri 
imph.  The  landing  of  Buonaparte  from  Elba 
igain  called  him  to  the  field  ;  when  lie  greatly 
issisted  in  deciding,  on  the  Ibth  of  June,  1815, 
he  eventful  battle  of  Waterloo,  and  the  fate  of 
Vapoleon.  Then,  with  the  same  rapidity  as  he 
lad  conquered,  he  followed  up  his  victory,  and 
he  second  time  obtained  peace  in  Paris.  Al- 
nost  all  the  great  powers  in  Europe  lionoured 
lim  with  orders  of  knighthood.  His  own  sove- 
eigu  named  him,  in  memory  of  the  first  of  his 

ictories.  Prince  of  Wahlsstadt,  with  a  suitable 
ionation,  and  bestowed  on  him,  exclusively,  a 
larticular  mark  of  honour;  viz.,  an  iron  cross 
surrounded  vi'ith  golden  rays ;  declaring,  that 

he  knew  very  well  that  no  golden  rays  could 
heighten  the  splendour  of  his  services ;  but  that 
[t  gave  iiim  pleasure  to  make  his  sense  of  them 
jvident  by  a  suitable  mark  of  distinction."  He 
lad  been  45  years  in  the  army  ;  and  his  celerity 
n  the  field  obtained  him  the  name  of  "Marshal 
^^rwards."  He  died  at  Kriblowitz,  almost  in 
iie  presence  of  his  king,  who  attended  him  in 
ns  last  sickness,  September  12, 1819. 

BLUM,  Joachin,  Christian,  a  German  poet, 
vho  retired  from  public  affairs  to  devote  him- 
clf  to  the  muses ;  he  died  in  1790. 

BLUTAEU,  Dom.  Raphael,  an  eminent 
)reacher,  born  in  London,  of  French  parents, 
vent  to  Lisbon,  where  he  wrote  a  Portuguese 
Did  Latin  dictionary ;  he  died  in  1734. 

BOADICEA,  queen  of  the  Iceni,  in  Britain,  a 
nost  intrepid  heroine,  who,  being  defeated  and 

-used  by  the  Romans,  after  having  behaved 

ith  exemplary  bravery,  despatched  herself  by 
joiHon,  A.  D.  59. 

BOx\TE,  Gerard,  a  Dutch  physician,  who 
ettlcd  in  Ireland,  and  wrote  a  natural  history 
>f  the  country. 

BOBART,  a  German,  first  keeper  of  the  bo- 
iinical  garden  at  Oxford,  died  in  1679. 

BOCCACE,  John,  an  eminent  writer,  born  at 
Jertaldo,  in  Tuscany,  1313,  died  1375.  He  left 
Gveral  works,  some  in  Latin,  and  some  in  Ital- 
an ;  but,  of  all  his  compositions,  his  "  Decame- 
011  is  the  most  famous ;  it  was  received  so  fa- 
■ourably  by  foreign  nations,  that  every  one 
vould  have  it  in  their  own  tongue ;  and  it  was 
ought  after  so  much  the  more  eagerly,  as  pains 
vci-e  taken  to  suppress  it ;  his  stories  being  too 
iceniious,  and  satirical  on  the  monks. 

BOCCACI,  or  BOCCACINO,  Camillo,  a  por- 
rait  and  historical  painter,  of  Cremona,  died  in 
L546. 

BOCCAGE,  Marie  Anne  Lepage  du,  a  ce!e- 
)rated  French  poetess  and  dramatic  writer,  often 
nentioned  by  Lord  Chesterfield  in  his  letters  to 
lie  son,  was  born  at  Rouen,  October  22, 1710, 
md  died  at  Paris.  August  1«02. 


BO 

BOCCALINI,  Trajan,  a  satirical  wit,  born  at 
Rome,  about  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 
His  "  Ragguagli  di  Parnasso"  has  been  trans-" 
lated  into  English,  and  many  other  languages. 
Boccalini  was  assassinated  at  Venice,  being 
beaten  to  death  with  sand  bags. 

BOCCAMAZZA,  Angelus,  bishop  of  Catania, 
in  Sicily,  died  in  1296. 

BOCCHERINI,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Lurx;a, 
distinguished  as  a  composer  of  music,  died  at 
Madrid,  in  1806. 

BOCCHUS,  a  king  of  Mauritania,  wlio  be 
trayed  hisson-in-law,  Jugurtha,  tothe  Romans, 
100  B.  C. 

BOCCIARDI,  Clemente,  a  painter,  of  Genoa 
died  in  1658. 

BOCCOLD,  John,  a  fanatic  tailor,  commonly 
called  John  of  Leyden.  In  company  with  John 
Matthias,  a  baker,  of  Haerlem,  at  the  head  of 
his  followers,  seized  Munster,  assumed  the  of- 
fice of  king  and  of  prophet,  and  began  to  reforni 
tlie  laws,  and  new-model  the  governinent ;  he 
was  at  last  taken  and  put  to  death,  in  the  23lh 
year  of  his  age. 

BOCCONI,  Sylvio,  a  celeb. aled  natural  his 
toriau,  born  at  Palermo,  in  Sicily,  ]fi:]3,  died 
December  22, 1704.  He  left  many  curious  work*. 

BOCCORIS,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  is  paid 
to  have  driven  the  Jews  from  his  doininioiis,  to 
cure  himself  of  the  leprosy,  according  to  an 
oracle. 

BOCHART,  Samuel,  a  learned  French  pro- 
testant,  born  at  Rouen,  in  Normandy,  15iti),  died 
uddenly,  while  he  was  speaking  in  the  acade- 
my of  Caen,  (of  which  he  was  a  member,)  May 
6,  J6G7. 

BOCHEL,  Laurent,  an  advocate  of  the  par- 
liament of  Paris,  whose  works  on  law  and  his- 
tory are  valued  by  learned  men  in  France,  died 
in  1629. 

BOCHIUS,  John,  born  at  Brussels,  in  155j_ 
He  was  a  good  Latin  poet,  and  thence  styled  the 
Virgil  of  the  Low  Countries.  He  died  January 
13,  1609. 

BOCKHORST,  John  Van,  an  eminent  por- 
trait and  historical  painter,  born  about  1010. 

BOCQ.UILLOT,  Lazarus  Andrew,  an  advo- 
cate of  Dijon,  afterwards  an  ecclesiastic,  emi- 
nent for  his  learning  and  piety,  died  in  1725. 
He  wrote  the  life  of  Chevalier  Bayard,  &;c. 

BODIN,  John,  a  native  of  Angers,  who  ac- 
quired reputation  and  the  notice  of  his  sovereign, 
by  his  wit  and  merit.  He  settled  at  Laon,  whore 
he  rose  to  eminence  as  a  lawyer  and  public 
peaker;  he  died  1596.  His  writings  are  nu- 
merous and  respectable. 

BODLEY,  Sir  Thomas,  from  whom  the  Bod- 
leian library  at  Oxford  takes  its  name,  was  born 
at  Exeter,  March  2, 1544.  In  1585,  he  was  made 
gentleman  usher  to  Uueen  Elizabeth.  From 
this  time  till  1397,  he  was  honourably  and  suc- 
cessfully employed  in  embassies  and  negotia- 
tions with  foreign  powers ;  and  on  his  fmal  re- 
vocation, in  that  year,  lie  set  about  the  noble 
work  of  restoring  the  public  library  at  Oxford, 
which  in  two  years  time  he  brought  to  a  good 
degree  of  perfection.  He  furnished  it  with  a 
large  collection  of  books,  purchased  in  foreign 
countries  at  a  great  expense :  and  this  cellection 
in  a  short  time  became  so  greatly  enlarged,  by 
the  generous  benefactions  of  several  noblemen, 
bisliops,  and  others,  that  neither  the  shelves  nor 
the  room  could  contain  them.  Whereupon, 
Bodley  offering  to  make  a  considerable  addition 
to  the  building,  the  motion  was  readily  embraced, 
and  July  19, 1610,  tlie  first  stone  of  the  new 
75 


BQ 

foundation  was  laid  witli  great  solemnity,  aud 
a  speech  made  upon  the  occasion.  But  he  did 
not  live  to  see  this  part  of  liis  plan  completed 
though  he  left  sufficient  to  do  it,  with  some  of 
liis  friends  in  trust.  Sir  Thomas  died  January 
28, 1G12,  and  was  buried  with  great  solemnity  at 
the  upper  end  of  Merlon  College  choir.  An 'an- 
nual speecjj  in  his  praise  is  still  made  at  Oxford, 
JVoveinber  8  ;  at  wiiich  time  is  the  visitation  of 
the  library. 

BCLCE,  or  BCETHIUS,  Hector,  a  native  of 
Dundee.    Vid.  BCETHIUS. 

BCECLER,  John  Henry,  professor  of  histoiy 
at  Stragl)ourg,  w  as  honoured,  for  his  great  learn- 
ing, by  Lewis  XIV.,  and  Christina  of  Sweden, 
who  made  him  her  historiographer ;  he  died  in 

BCEHMEN,  Jacob,  a  Teutonic  philosopher, 
and  noted  visionaiy,  born  in  a  village  of  Ger- 
many, near  Gorlitz,  1515,  died  IS'o\eniber  IS, 
1G24.  "^ 

ECEHMER,  George  Ealph,  professer  of  bota- 
ny and  analomv  at  Wittcmberg,  died  in  1803. 

BCERHAAV"E,  Herman,  an  illustrious  phy- 
sician and  professor  at  Leyden,  born  December 
31i  IfiGB,  at  Voorhoot,  a  small  village  in  Holland, 
about  two  miles  from  that  city ;  died  Septem- 
ber 23,  17::i8.  No  professor  was  ever  attended, 
in  public  as  well  as  private  lectures,  by  so  great 
a  number  of  students,  from  such  distant  and ' 
di/Terent  parts,  for  so  many  years  successively  : 
none  heard  him  without  conceiving  a  veneration 
for  his  person,  at  the  same  time  ihat  they  e.\- 
presf-ed  their  surprise  at  his  prodigious  attain- 
ments ;  and  it  may  be  justly  atfirmed,  that  none 
in  so  private  a  station  ever  attracted  a  more  uni- 
versal esteem.  So  unmoved  was  he  by  detrac- 
tion, (from  which  the  best  of  men  are"  not  ex- 
«ni](i,)  that  he  used  to  say,  "The  sparks  of 
calumny  will  be  jnesently  extinct  of  themselves, 
vmle^  j'ou  blow  them." 

BGEL,  Peter,  a  Flemish  painter,  pupil  to  Com. 
de  Waal,  at  Rome,  died  in  1680. 

BOSTHIE,  Etienne  de  la,  eminent  as  a  scho- 
lar and  translator  of  Plutarch  and  Xenophon ; 
he  died  near  Bordeaux,  in  1563. 

BCETHIUS,  or  BCETIUS,  Fiavius  Anicius 
Manlius  Torquatus  Severinus,  a  prose  as  well 
as  poetical  writer  of  the  6th  century,  born  of 
one  of  the  noblest  families  in  Rome.  Havijig 
remonstrated  with  great  spirit  againt  the  tyranny 
of  Theodoric,  he  was  beheaded  in  prison,  by 
command  of  that  king,  in  524.  Boetbius  wrote 
many  philosophical  works,  the  greater  part  in 
the  logical  way  :  but  his  ethic  piece,  "  De  Con- 
solatione  Philosophise,"  is  his  chief  perform- 
ance, and  has  always  been  justly  admired  both 
for  the  matter  and  for  the  style.  '  Mr.  Harris,  in 
his  Hermes,  has  observed,  that  "with  Bceihius 
the  Latin  tongue,  and  the  last  remains  of  Roman 
dignity,  may  be  said  to  have  sunk  in  the  western 
world." 

BCETHIUS,  BCECE,  or  BCEIS,  Hector,  a  fa- 
mous Scottish  historian,  born  at  Dundee,  in  the 
shire  of  Angus,  about  1470.  He  wrote  in  Latin 
a  Hisrorv  of  Scotland,"  and  died  1522. 

BOFFRAND,  Germain,  born  at  Nantes,  ac- 
quired .cuch  a  reputation  as  an  architect,  that  se- 
veral princes  employed  him  in  the  erection  of  pa- 
laces and  public  edifices ;  hedied  at  Paris,  in  1755. 

BOG  AN,  Zachary,  a  learned  English  divine, 
died  in  1659. 

BOG^RDUS,  Everardus,  first  minister  of  the 
refonued  Dutch  church  in  New-York. 

BOG  ORIS,  first  Christian  king  of  the  Bulga- 
Kiarss ;  he  embraced  Christianity  in  865. 
76 


BO 


BOHADIN,  a  learned  Arabian,  the  favourite 
of  Saladin,  and  the  historian  of  his  life ;  in  which 
he  gives  an  account  of  the  crusades,  and  of  the 
literature  of  the  12th  century. 

BOHEMOND,  prince  of"  Antioch,  with  his 
father,  invaded  the  eastern  empire,  and  twice 
defeated  the  emperor  Alexius.  He  afterwards 
mbatked  for  the  crusades,  and  took  Antioch  ; 
but  being  taken  prisoner  and  released,  returned 
to  Europe,  where  he  prepared  to  raise  a  large 
army,  and  died  in  1111.  He  was  succeeded  at 
Antioch  by  six  princes,  successively  bearing  the 
same  name. 

BOHN,  John,  a  native  of  Leipsic,  eminent  as 
a  physician,  professor,  and  chymist,  died  in  1710. 

BOIARDO,  MurteoMaria,  a  governor  of  Reg- 
gio,  known  as  the  author  of  Orlando  Inamorato, 
in  continuation  of  which,  Ariosto  wrote  hie  Or- 
lando Furioso.  He  was  a  man  possessed  of 
great  poetical  talents,  a  strong  and  hveiy  imagi- 
nation, and  bold  and  animated  conceptions;  he 
died  in  1494. 

BOILEAU,  Giles,  translator  of  Epictet«e,&6M 
died  in  1669. 

BOILEAU,  James,  a  doctor  of  the  .Sorbonn*, 
dean  of  the  faculty  of  divinity,  and  canon  of 
the  holy  chapel,  died  in  1716. 

BOILEAU,  Sieur  Desprcaux,  Nicholas,  a  ce- 
iebiared  French  poet,  bora  at  Paris,  November 
1,  1C36.  Pie  wrote  satires,  wherein  he  exposed 
ihe  bad  taste  of  his  time,  and  was  extremely 
evere  against  vice  and  tjie  corrupt  manners 
of  the  age.  Boileau's  satirical  pieces  raised 
him  many  enemies:  his  "  Satire  against  the 
Women"  in  particular,  was  much  talked  of, 
and  occasioned  great  clamour.  So  highly  did  he 
rank  among  French  writers,  that  Bruye're,  in  a 
?poech  delivered  at  the  French  academy,  said 
"Boikau  excels  Juvenal,  comes  up  to  Horace, 
seems  to  create  the  thoughts  of  another,  <md  to 
make  whatever  he  handles  his  own.  His  verses 
will  be  read  even  when  the  language  is  ob.«olete, 
and  will  be  the  last  nuns  of  it."  Br.  Warton, 
also,  says,  that  Boileau's  Art  of  Poetry  is  the 
best  composition  of  that  kind  extant.  He  died 
"arch  2,  1711. 

BOILEAU,  John  James,  an  ecclesiastic,  of 
St.  Honore,  at  Paris,  was  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing, and  highly  esteemed  by  the  cardinal  de  Iso- 
ailles  ;  he  died  in  1735. 

BOILEAU,  Charles,  abbcof  Boileau,  an  emi- 
nent preacher  at  the  court  of  Lewis  XJV.,  died 
in  1700. 

BOINDIN,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Paris,  enter- 
ed the  army  at  the  age  of  20  ;  his  ill  health  com- 
pelling him  to  relinquish  the  serv  ice,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  liteiary  pursuits,  and  was  cele- 
brated as  a  writer  of  comedies ;  he  died  in  1751. 

BOIS,  Jean  du,  a  Parisian  ecclesiastic,  be- 
came so  conspicuous  in  the  military  service  of 
Henry  UL,  as  to  acquire  the  name  of  Emperor 
of  monks.  On  resuming  his  clerical  character, 
he  became  eminent  as  a  preacher,  but  incurring 
the  resentment  of  the  church,  he  was  confined 
at  Rome,  where  he  died  in  162C. 

BOIS,  Gerard  du,  a  native  of  Orleans,  known 
as  the  author  of  a  Latin  history  of  the  church  of 
Paris,  died  in  1696. 

BOIS,  Philippe  du,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
died  in  1707. 

BOIS,  Philippe  Goibaud,  a  dancing  master,  of 
Poictiers,  died  in  1694. 

BOIS  D'ANNEMETS,  Daniel  du  author  of 
Memoirs  of  a  Favourite  of  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
was  killed  in  a  duel  at  Venice,  in  1627. 

BOIS,  Cardinal  du,  jin  eminent  French  states- 


BTO 


man,  :uid  prime  minister  under  the  regent,  duke 
of  Orleans,  died  in  1723.  ,r    •    ^ 

BOIS  DE  LA  PIERRE,  Louise  Mane  du,  a 
lady  ot  Normandy,  wrote  memoirs  for  a  History 
of  Normandy,  &c.,  and  died  m  1730. 

BOiSMOKARD,  abbe  Chiron  Ue,  a  writer  of 
eminence,  died  at  Paris,  in  174G. 

BUISROBERT,  Francis  le  Metel  de,  a  native 
of  Caen,  known  for  his  wit  and  Iceen  satire, 
iKcamc  the  favourite  and  buffoon  of  Cardinal 
de  Richelieu  ;  he  died  in  1662. 

BOISS  ARD,  John  James,  a  famous  antiquary, 
born  at  Besancon,  in  France,  1528,  died  at  Metz, 

BOISSAT,  Pierre  de,  a  native  of  Vienne  ;  at 
different  periods  of  his  life  he  vvas  a  monk,  a 
soldier,  and  a  hermit;  lie  died  in  1602. 

BOISSIERE,  Joseph  de  la  Fontaine  de  la,  an 
ecclesiastic,  of  Dieppe,  died  at  Pans,  in  1/32. 

BOISSIEU,  Denis  de  Salvamg  de,  a  lawyer 
in  the  service  of  Lewis  Xlll.,  died  in  1083. 

BOIt^SIEU,  Bartholomew  Camille  de,  an  emi- 
nent physician,  and  writer  on  medical  subjects, 

'  BOISSY,  Louis  de,  a  popular  Parisian  writer, 
who  chose  to  starve  with  his  wife  and  child, 
rather  than  solicit  the  charity  of  his  admirers  or 
friends.  They  had  nearly  perished,  when  their 
situation  was  discovered  by  a  Iriend,  and  they 
were  relieved,  and  afterwards  supported  by  a 
nt;u?ion;  he  died  in  1758. 

BOiVIN,  Francis  de,  baron  dc  Villers,  ac- 
companied marechal  de  B#ssac  into  Piedmont, 
-and  wrote  an  authentic  account  ol  the  wars  ol 
the  country  ;  he  died  in  1618. 

BOIVIN,  John,  Greek  professor  at  Fans,  and 
libra-ian  to  the  king,  died  in  I72G. 

BOiVIN,  Louis,  brotlier  of  John,  died  m  1<24, 
Some  of  his  writings  are  still  preserved. 

BOIZARD,  John,  a  man  of  abilities,  employed 
in  ilie  mint  at  Paris,  died  about  the  close  of  the 
17 r,!i  century. 

BOL,  Jolin.  a  Flemish  pamtsr  of  eminence, 
died  in  1593.  .  ,  ■■, 

BOL,  Ferdinand,  a  Dutch  painter,  the  pupil 
of  Reinbrant,  died  in  1681.  „  .    . 

B  )LLAN,  William,  agent  to  Great  Britain 
from  the  province  of  Massacliusetts,  to  solicit 
the  reimbursement  of  the  expenses  m  the  expe- 
dinnu  against  Cape  Breton,  in  174.J. 
•  BOL  ANGER,  John,  a  pupil  of  Guido,  emi- 
neiH  as  a  hisroiical  painter,  died  in  1560.  ^ 

BOLESLXUS  I.,  first  kinjr  of  Polana,  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  duke  Micislaus,  in  9m.  Otho 
III.  made  Poland  au  independent  kingdom,  and 
gave  him  the  title  of  king,  in  1001 ;  he  died  in 

b'oLESLAUS  II.,  called  the  bold  and  the 
cruel,  succeeded  his  father,  Ca.-5imir  I  ,  in  lO.'JQ. 
During  his  invasion  of  Russia,  the  Polish  women, 
enraged  at  the  absence  of  their  husbands,  be- 
stowed their  favours  on  their  slaves.  Boleslaus 
returned  with  his  army  to  avenge  the  insult, | 
and  a  long  and  bloody  servile  contest  ensued. i 
He  was  afterwards  excommunicated,  and  died 
in  Hungary,  in  1080.  . 

BOLEYN,  Anne,  wife  of  Henry  VHI.,  king 
of  England,  and  memorable  for  giving  occasion 
»_  »i-_  n^e »;^«  jn  thatcouutrv,  was  born  in 


to  the  Reformation  in  . 

1507.     Being  accused,  (falsely  it  is  believed,)  of 

conjugal  infidelity,  she  was  beheaded,  May  19, 

1536. 

BOLEYN,  George,  brother  to  aueen  Anne 
Boieyn,  admired  for  his  wit  and  learning.  His 
elevation  followed  that  of  his  sister ,  be  was 
inad«  »  peer,  by  the  title  <«f  Lord  Rochfort,  con- 


BO 

stable  of  Dover,  and  was  sent  on  several  em- 
bassies; and  when  tlie  unfortunate  Anne  fell 
into  disgrace,  he  too  was  degraded,  and  be- 
headed, on  a  false  accusation,  in  1536. 
BOLINGBROKE.    See  SAINT  JOHN. 
BOLLANDUS,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Flanders, 
possessed  of  judgment,  learning,  and  sagacity, 
was  appointed  to  collect  materials  for  the  lives 
of  the  saints,  but  died  when  he  had  completed 
but  5  vols.,  1665. 

BOLOGNE,  Jean  de,  a  pupil  of  Michael  An- 
gelo,  died  at  Florence,  in  1600. 

BOLOGNESE,  Francisco,  the  assumed  name 
of  Francis  Grimaldi,  the  pupil  of  Anibal  Caracci, 
died  in  1680. 

BOLSEC,  Jerome,  a  Carmelite,  of  Pans,  for- 
sook his  order,  and  fled  to  Italy,  and  then  to 
Geneva,  where  he  lived  as  a  physician.    Me 
there  embraced  the  doctrines  of  Pelagius,  and 
inveighed,  with  so  much  bitterness  and  violence, 
against  Calvin,  that  he  was  expelled  from  tlie 
city.    He  returned  to  France,  where  he  died  in 
1581.    His  lives  of  Calvin  and  Beza  are  a  col- 
lection of  falseliood  and  abuse. 

BOLSWERD,  Sheklt,  an  eminent  engraver, 
of  Flanders. 

BOLTON,  Edmund,  an  ingenious Enghsh  an- 
tiquary, wlio  lived  in  the  beginning  of  the  luh 
century,  and  wrote  a  very  curious  historical 
work,  called  "  Nero  Caisar,  or,  monarchic  de- 
praved;" fol.  Wii. 

BOLTON,  Robert,  dean  of  Carlisle,  and  a 
celebrated  wriier  of  moral  and  religious  letters 
and  tracts,  was  born  in  Northamptonshire,  161)8, 
and  died  1763.  ..... 

BOLTON,  Robert,  a  puritan,  distinguished 
for  his  learning  and  his  eloquence.  He  was  a 
profess'or  at  Oxford,  and  sustained  his  high  re- 
putation by  his  numerous  writings;  he  died  in 
1C31. 

BOLZ  ANI,  Urbano  Valeriano,  a  monk  of  the 
order  of  the  Minorites,  born  at  Belluno,  travelled 
I  Through  Greece,  Palestine,  &c.,  and  twice  as- 
jcended  JEinn,  to  survey  its  crater.  He  first 
iwiore  a  grammar  of  the  Greek  language,  in 
i  liatiii.  and  died  in  1524. 

'     BOMBELLI,  Sebastian,  a  painter,  of  Bologna, 
died  in  1685. 
BO.MBEllG,  Daniel,  a  printer,  of  Venice,  fa- 
lous  for  the  number  and  correctness  of  his 
books,  died  in  1519. 

BON  DE  ST.  HILAIRE,  Francois  Xaviet 
president  of  the  chamber  of  accounts  of  Mont- 
peUer,  author  of  a  treatise  on  silk  worms,  and  on 
thr  Maroons  of  India,  died  in  1761. 

BOx\A,  John,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Piedmont, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  and  his  love  of  soli- 
tude, vvas  promoted  to  places  of  honour  by  Pope 
Alexander  VII.,  and  lastly  a  cardinal :  he  died, 
much  respected,  in  1674. 

BONAC,  John  Louis  d'  Usson,  marquis  de, 
a  French  nobleman,  sent  by  Lewis  XIV.,  as  am- 
bassador to  Sweden,  Poland,  Spain,  Constant! 
uoplc,  &c.,  died  in  1738. 

BONACINA,  Martin,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Mi- 
lan, in  the  service  of  Pope  Urban  VIII.,  died  in 

BONAMY,  Peter  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Lou- 
vres, historiographer  of  Paris,  known  for  his 
learned  dissertations  and  his  amiable  character, 
died  in  1770. 

BONANNI,  James,  a  noble  of  Syracuse,  au- 
thor of  "  Svracusa  lUustrata,"  died  in  1636. 

BONANNI,  Philip,  a  learned  Jesuit,  author 
of  several  books  on  antiquities  and  history,  rtieU 
3t  Rome,  in  1725. 


BO 

BONARDI,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  learned  doctor 
of  the  Sorboune,  died  at  Paris,  in  1756. 

BONARELLI,  Guj'  Ubaldo,  a  nobleman,  bom 
at  Urbino,  known  as  a  politician  in  the  service 
of  the  duke  of  Ferrara,  and  as  the  author  of  pas- 
torals, died  in  1608. 

BONAROTA,  or  BUONAROTI,  sutnaracd 
Michael  Angelo.    Vid.  ANGELO. 

BONAVEKTURE,  John  Fidauza,  a  cele- 
brated doctor,  cardinal,  and  saint,  of  the  church 
of  Rome,  born  in  Tuscany,  1'22I.  His  works 
were  printed  at  Rome,  in  1558,  in  8  vols.  toho. 
Excepting  his  Commentary  upon  the  Master  of 
the  Sentences,  tliey  are  chiefly  upon  pious  and 
mystical  subjects,  and  have  gained  him  the  namo 
of  the  Seraphic  Doctor. 

BONAVEJSiTURE,  of  Padua,  a  cardinal,  born 
ill  that  city,  1332.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
works :  as  "  Commentaries  upon  the  Epistles 
of  St.  John  and  St.  James,"  "  Lives  of  the 
Saints,"  "Sermons,"  "  Speculum  Maria;,"  &c. 

BO^  BELLES,  Henri  Francis,  Comte  de,  a 
French  officer  of  rank,  died  in  1760. 

BONCERF,  a  French  writer,  of  great  popu- 
larity at  the  revolution,  who  soon  alter  fell  into 
disgrace,  and  died  of  a  broken  heart. 

BOND,  John,  an  eminent  conuneniator,  and 
preceptor  at  Taunton,  died  in  1C12. 

BOA'D,  Thomas,  an  emiuent  physician  of 
Philade!i)lna,  in  1763,  or  1764. 

BONEFACIO,  Venetiauo,  an  Italian  painter, 
died  in  1(130. 

BOXET.Theophilus,  a  famous  medical  writer, 
born  av  Geneva.  1G20,  died  in  1689. 

BONFADIUS,  James,  a  polite  writer,  of  Italy, 
in  the  ICth  century.  Having,  in  iiis  office  ot 
historiographer  of  Genoa,  spoken  too  freely  of 
some  powerful  families,  tlicy  resolved  to  ruin 
him,  and  brought  a  charge  of  unnatural  projjen- 
.sities  against  him ;  on  which  charge  he  was 
executed,  in  1560. 

BONFINIUS,  Anthony,  a  historian,  born  in 
Italy,  went  to  Hungary  by  invitation  of  the  king, 
and"  wrote  a  history  of  that  country,  in  45  vols.; 
he  died,  as  is  supposed,  in  ISO'S. 

BONFRERIUS,  James,  a  Jesuit,  and  theologi- 
cal writer,  died  in  1G43. 

BONGARS,  James,  ambassador  of  Hcnrj' 
IV.  at  several  German  courts,  and  employed  in 
his  service  as  a  statesman  and  negotiator  for 
nearlv  30  vears  ;  lie  died  in  1612. 

BONICIION,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  An- 
gers, died  in  1662. 

BONIFACE,  the  apostle  of  Germany,  w^as 
sent  by  Gregory  II.  to  convert  tlse  barbarians  of 
the  north  to  Christianity,  and  was  eminently  sue- 
cessful,  for  which  lie  was  loaded  with  honours 
byth.^  pope  ;  Ise  was  killed  in  Friezland,  in  754. 

BONIFACE  I.,  St.,  pope  of  Rome,  died  in  422. 

BONIFACE  U.  was  elected  pope  in  530,  and 
died  in  532. 

BONIFACE  III.  was  made  pope  in  COG,  and 
died  the  same  year.  He  established,  by  means 
of  the  emperor  PJiocas,  the  superiority  of  tlie 
Bopcs  over  the  patriarchs.  He  was  immediately 
succeeded  by  Boniface  IV.,  who  died  in  614. 

BONIFACE  v.,  of  Naples,  was  elevated  to 
the  pnpacv  in  617,  and  died  in  625. 

BONIFACE  VI.  was  pope  for  15  days,  in  896. 
He  was  elevated  and  deposed  by  a  faction. 

BONIFACE  VII.  raised  himself  to  the  papal 
chair,  and  died  four  months  after.  As  he  was 
a  monster  of  cruelty,  his  remains  were  treated 
with  the  greatest  indignity  bv  the  people. 

BOXIF'ACE  Vin.,  Benedict  Cajetan,  a  cardi- 
nal, and  afterwards  pope,  in  1294.  Hia  anibi- 
78 


BO  _ 

tion  was  unbounded ;  he  hurled  the  thunder  of 
the  Vatican  agamst  the  kings  of  Denmark  and 
France,  and  declared  that  God  had  made  him 
lord  over  kings  and  kingdoms.  Philip,  despising 
his  threats,  had  him  seized  by  force,  but  escap-  j 
ing  from  his  guards,  be  fled  to  Rome,  where  he 
died  in  1303.  1 

BONIFACE  IX.,  a  native  of  Naples,  pope,  in    j 
1386,  died  in  1404. 

BONIFACE,  Hyacinthe,  compiler  of  the  de-    I 
creesof  the  parhament  of  Provence,  died  in  1695     i 

BONIFACE,  a  count  of  the  Roman  empire, 
who  revolted  against  the  emperor,  but  was  af- 
terwards reconciled  to  him  :  he  fell  in  a  battle 
\vith  Actius,  his  rival,  in  432. 

BONIFACIO,  Balthazar,  professor  of  law  at 
Padua,  and  afterwards  bishop  of  Caso  d'Istria, 
died  in  1659. 

BONJOUR,  GuiJIaume,  an  Augustine  monk, 
vvlio  assisted  Clement  XI.  in  correcting  the  errors 
of  the  Gregorian  calendar,  died  while  a  mission- 
ary in  CUiina,  in  1714. 

BONNE,  the  mistress  and  wife  of  Peter  Bru- 
noro,  a  warrior  of  Parma.  She  displayed  great 
courage  in  the  field,  and  with  her  husband,  de- 
tended  Venice  asainst  the  duke  of  Milan ;  she 
di.  d  in  1466. 

BONNECORSE,  a  native  of  Marseilles,  consul 
or  France  in  Egypt,  died  in  1706. 

BONNECUEIL,  Joseph  Duranti  de,  an  ec- 
clesiastic, of  Aix,  who  translated  some  of  the 
works  of  St.  Chrysostom,  &c.,  died  in  1756. 

BONNEFONS,  J<gin,  a  native  of  Auvergne, 
was  distinguished  as  a  successful  imitator  of  the 
poetry  of  Catullus ;  he  died  in  1614. 

BONNEFONS;  Amable,  a  Jesuit,  of  Riom, 
autlior  of  several  devotional  tracts,  died  in  1653. 

BONNELL,  James,  a  religious  writer,  born 
1653,  died  1C99. 

BONNER,  Edmund,  bishop  of  London,  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  Edw  ard  VI.,  and  Uueen 
Mary,  was  the  son  of  an  honest,  poor  man,  and 
horn  at  Hanley,  in  Worcestershire  He  w  as  a 
most  violent  and  cruel  bigot,  and  was  the  oc- 
casion of  several  hundreds  of  innocent  persons 
being  put  to  death  for  their  firm  adherence  to 
he  protestant  faith.  Upon  Queen  Elizabeth's 
iaccession,  he  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegi- 
ance and  supremacy  ;  for  which  reason  he  was 
deprived  of  his  bishopric,  and  committed  to  the 
Marshalsea.  After  having  lived  in  confinemeiit 
some  years,  he  died  September  5,  1569. 

BONNET,  Charles,  an  eminent  natural  phi- 
losopher and  metapliysician,  born  at  Geneva, 
March  13,  1720,  died  May  20,  1793.  A  complete 
erlition  of  his  works  was  published  at  Neufcha- 
tel,  9  vols.  4to.,  and  18  Svo. 

BONNEVAL,  Claudius  Alexander,  count  de, 
of  Limousin,  allied  to  the  royal  family  of  France, 
whose  service  he  left  for  that  of  Turkey,  where 
he  was  made  a  bashaw  of  three  tails,  and  died 
in  1747. 

BONNEVAL,  Rene  de,  an  inferior  writer,  and 
poet  of  Blans,  died  in  1760. 

BONNIER  D'ALCO,  N.,  a  Frenchman, 
known  in  the  national  assembly  for  his  strong 
republican  principles ;  he  was  assassinated  in 
1799. 

BONOMI,  Joseph,  an  artist,  distinguished  par- 
ticularly by  bis  architectural  knowledge  and  gB- 
nins,  was  a  native  of  Italy  but  died  in  Lon- 
don, March  16,  1808.  He  was  an  associate  of 
the  Royal  Academy,  and  warmly  patronised  by 
Sir  Joshua  Rex-nolds. 

BONQSUS,"bishop  of  Naissus,  in  Dacia,  ac- 
jcused  of  hereby,  condemned,  and  died  in  410. 


BO 

BONTEKOE,  Comeille,  a  Dutchman,  phy- 
sician to  tlie  elector  of  Brandenburg,  and  au 
thor  of  several  works. 

BONTEMPI,  George  Andrew  Angelini,  mi 
Riater  of  the  chapel  of  tlie  elector  ot  Saxony 
known  as  a  good  musician,  and  author  of  a 
work  on  music. 

BOJN'TEMS,  Madame,  a  woman  respected 
for  her  wit,  understanding,  and  knowledge ;  she 
published  a  transiation  of  Thompson's  Seasons, 
and  died  at  Paris,  hi  1768. 

BONTIUS,  James,  a  Dutch  physician  at  Ba- 
tavia,  author  of  the  Botany  and  Natural  History 
of  India,  printed  at  Leyden,  in  1642,  and  Am- 
Bterdam,  1658. 

BONTIUS,  Gerard,  medical  professor  at  Ley- 
den, where  he  died  in  1599.  He  invented  some 
famous  pills,  the  secret  of  which  was  long  un- 
known. 

BONVINCINO,  Alexander,  an  Italian  paint- 
er, ...  >.  L-L-iiit  !  i  .  lan.  His  works  are  highly 
esteenjcil ;  lie  died  in  15G4. 

BONWICKE,  Ambrose,  a  nonjuring  clergy- 
man, educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
was  expelled  from  his  employment,  in  1691»  tor 
refusing  to  take  the  oaths  of  allegiance. 

BOODT,  Anselni  Von,  a  physician  of  the  em- 
peror Rodolph,  known  by  a  Latin  tract  on  jew- 
els, died  in  KJGO. 

BOOKER,  John,  a  haberdasher,  afterwards! 
an  astrologer  ;  Avrote  the  "  Bloody  Irish  Al- 
manac," and  died  in  1667 

BOONE,  Daniel,  a  Dutch  painter  whose 
pieces  are  valuable,  died  in  England,  in  1698. 

BOONE,  Thomas,  an  able  and  faithful  go- 
vernor of  New-Jersey,  and  afterwards  of  South 
Carolina,  uiilil  176.3. 

BOONEN,  Arnold,  an  eminent  portrait  painter, 
a  disciple  of  Shalken,  died  in  17-29. 

BOOT,  Arnold,  a  Dutch  physician,  author  of 
a  defence  of  the  Hebrew  text  of  Scripture,  and 
also  some  medical  works  ;  died  at  Paris,  in 
16.53.  I 

BOOTH,  Barton,  a  famous  English  actor,  who 
chiefly  excelled  in  tragedy,  was  born  in  the 
county  of  Lancaster,  1681,  and  died  May  10,1 
1732. "  His  character  as  an  actor  has  been  cele-| 
hrated  by  some  of  the  best  judges.  See  Cibber's| 
Aoology,  &c.  t 


appointed  farmer-general.  He  wrote  several 
learned  works ,  and  was  guillotined  by  Robes- 
pierre, in  1794. 

BORDENAVE,  Tousjsaint,  professor  of  sur- 
gery in  Pari.'j,  known  for  his  elements  of  phyaio* 
logy,  he  died  in  1782. 

BORDES,  Charles,  a  poet  and  philoeoplicr, 
of  Lyons,  died  in  1781. 

BORDEU,  Theophilus,  a  physician  who  gain- 
ed great  reputation  at  Paris  ;  he  published  nine 
medical  works,  and  died  in  1776. 

BORDINGIUS,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  Danish 
poet,  whose  works  were  published  at  Copen- 
hagen, in  1738. 

BORDLEY,  John  Beale,  member  of  the  ex- 
ecutive council  of  Maryland,  a  writer  on  agri- 
culture, died  1804. 

BORDONE,  Paris,  a  painter,  of  Venice,  and 
the  favourite  of  Francis  I.,  celebrated  for  his 
portraits  ;  died  in  1587. 

BORE,  Catherhie  Von,  a  nun,  who,  on  the 
dissemination  of  Luther's  principles,  quitted  the 
veil.  Her  heroic  conduct  attracted  the  notice 
of  Luther,  who  afterwards  married  her.  She 
was  a  woman  of  delicacy  and  virtue,  and  died 
in  1552. 

BOEEL,  Peter,  physician  to  the  French  king, 
and  author  of  several  valuable  works,  died  in 
1689. 

BORELLI,  John  Alphonsus,  born  at  Naples, 
and  distinguished  as  a  philosopher,  and  rnathe- 
Imatician.  He  wrote  thirteen  treatises  in  Italian 
and  Laiin,  and  died  in  1679. 

BORGARUTIUS,  Prosper,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian of  the  16th  century,  who  gained  celebrity 
as  an  an.atonjifrt  at  Padua  and  Paris. 

BORGHESE,  Paul  Guidotto,  an  Italian  poet 
and  painter,  who,  though  acquainted  with  14 
dit!erent  trades,  died  poor  and  neglected  in  1626 

BORGHINI,  Vincent,  a  learned  Benedictine 
monk,  born  at  Florence.  He  had  the  magnani- 
mity to  refuse  the  archbishopric  of  Pisa,  and 
di-d  in  1680. 

BORGHINI,  Raphael,  a  Florentine  writer  of 
comedies. 

BORGIA,  Stephen,  a  cardinal,  eminent  fo» 
his  piety  and  learning,  died  at  Lyons,  in  1804, 
whfic  attending  Pius  VI.  on  his  journey  to  Paris. 

BORGIA,  CfTsar,  a  natural  son  of  Pope  Alex- 
BOOTH,  Henry,  earl  of  Warrington,  a  states-  j  ander  VL,  a  man  of  such  conduct  and  charac- 
ter, that  Machiavel  has  thought  fit  to  propose 
him,  in  h's  famous  book  called  "The  Prince," 
as  an  original  and  pattern  to  all  princes  who 
would  act  the  part  of  wise  and  politic  tyrants. 
He  was  killed  in  battle,  March  12, 1507. 

BORGIA N I,  Orazio,  an  eminent  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  a  native  of  Rome ;  died  in 
1681. 

BORIS,  Gudenou,  a  regent  of  Muscovy  under 
Foedor,  whom  he  assassinated  and  thus  obtain- 
ed the  sovereign  power  out  afterwards  met  a 
like  fate  himself. 

BORLACE,  Edmund,  M  D.,  son  of  a  lord 
chief  justice  of  Ireland,  was  educated  at  Dub- 
lin, studied  at  Leyden  and  Oxford,  and  acquired 
great  reputation ;  he  died  at  Chester,  in  1682. 

BORLASE,  William,  a  very  ingenious  and 
learned  writer,  was  of  an  ancient  family  in 
Cornwall,  and  born  at  Pendeen,  Februaiy  2, 
1695-6.  Having  perpetuated  his  name  by  his 
deep  researches  into  the  natural  history  of  his 
native  country,  Dr.  Borlas«  died  Aug.  31, 1772. 

BORN,  Ignatius,  a  German  baron,  resided  at 
Pra^'ue,  devoted  himself  to  the  sciences,  wrota 
a  satire  on  monks,  whom  he  classed  after  tile 
system  of  Linnaeus,  and  died  in,1791 . 


man,  and  member  of  parliament  under  Charles 
II.  He  strenuously  opposed  popery,  and  after 
the  revolution  was'  promoted  to  high  offices  by 
king  William  ;  he  died  in  1694, 

BOOTH,  George,  earl  of  Warrington,  wrote  a 
tract  on  marriage,  recommenduig  divorce  when 
tempers  disagree  ;  he  died  in  1758. 

BORBONIUS,  Nicholas,  a  Latin  poet  and  fa- 
vourite of  Francis  I.  He  was  coiniected  with 
Sir  Thomas  More,  Erasmus,  and  other  learned 
men  of  the  16th  century.  His  poems  appeared 
in  1540. 

BORDA,  John  Charles,  an  eminent  French 
mathematician,  who  made  a  voyage  to  America, 
in  order  to  ascertain  the  utility  of  certain  instru- 
meuts  for  determining  the  latitude  and  longi- 
tude ;  of  which  he  published  an  account  in  two 
vols.  4to.  1778.  He  was  born  1735,  and  died  at 
Paris,  May,  1799, 

BORDE,  Andrew,  an  Englishman,  born  in 
1500,  educated  at  Oxford,  studied  physic,  and 
entered  the  order  of  Carthusians.  In  liis  cha 
tacter  he  was  extremely  whimsical ;  he  died 
in  1549. 

BORDE,  John  Benjamin,  a  French  writei, 
valet  to  Louis  XV.  j  upon  whose  death  he  was 


BO 

BORNIER,  Philip  de,  a  lawyer  of  Montpeliei ,' 
and  author  of  two  learned  works,  died  in  17J1 

BORREL,  John,  an  ecclesiastic,  well  versed 
in  geometry,  died  in  15?2. 

BORRI,  Joseph  Francis,  an  artful  impostor 
of  Milan,  who  practised  upon  the  credulity  of 
merchants,  as  well  as  princes,  whom  he  deluded 
out  of  yreat  sums  of  money,  under  a  pretence 
of  discovering  the  philosopher's  stone  ;  he  died 
in  Ifiy.'i 

BORRICHIUS,  Olaus,  a  learned  professor  al 
the  university  of  Copenhagen.  He  visited  the 
different  countries  of  Europe,  and  acquired  the 
friendship  of  their  literati .  he  died  in  lO'JO. 

BORROMEO,  Charles,  a  cardinal;  archbishop 
Btf  Milan,  and  saint  of  the  Romish  church,  was 
an  example  of  meekness  and  piety,  and  endea- 
voured to  reform  the  almses  of  the  clergy  ;  he 
died  in  1594,  aiid  was  cancuized  in  1710. 

BORROMEO,  Frederick,  cousin  to  the  last, 
and  also  a  cardiufd,  and  archbisJiop  of  Milan, 
founded  the  Ambrosian  library;  he  died  in  lt)32. 

BORROMINI,  Francis,  an  architect  of  Bis- 
sone,  acquired  much  reputation  at  Rome ;  he 
died  1667. 

BORZONI,  Luciano,  a  native  of  Genoa,  emi- 
nent as  a  historical  and  portrait  painter,  died  at 
Milan,inl545.  liistliree  sons  were  equally  great. 

BOS,  John  Baptist  du,  a  celebrated  n)'ember, 
and  perpetual  secretary  of  the  French  academy, 
born  at  Beauvais,  1670.  His  principal  work  is 
"  Critical  Reflections  upon  Poetry  and  Paint- 
ing."   He  died  at  Paris,  1742. 

BOS,  Lambert,  Greek  professor  at  Franeker, 
where  he  died  in  1717.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  learned  works. 

BOS,  Charles  Francis  du,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Lucon,  died  in  1724.  He  was  a  man  of  learning 
and  piety. 

BOS,  Jerome,  a  Flemish  painter,  died  in  loOO. 

BOS,  Lewis  Jansen,  a  Flemish  painter,  cele- 
brated for  his  beautiful  leaves  and  flowers,  died 
1507. 

BOSC,  James  du,  a  native  of  Normandy  and 
an  author. 

BOSC,  Pierre  du,  a  protestant  minister,  at 
Caen.  On  tlie  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes, 
he  fled  to  Holland,  and  became  minister  of  the 
Church  of  Rotterdam ;  he  died  in  1092. 

BOSCAGER,  John,  a  naUve  of  Beziers,  the 
author  of  several  law  works,  died  in  1684. 

BOSCAN,  John,  of  Barcelona,  introduced 
the  Italian  rhyme  into  the  poetry  of  his  country. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  poems,  and  died 
in  1543. 

BOSCAWEN,  Edward,  a  celebrated  English 
admiral,  son  of  Hugh,  lord  vi.«count  Falmouth, 
was  born  about  1711.  He  signalized  himself  in 
many  important  contests  with  the  French ;  in 
which,  one  circumstance  of  his  success  will  ap- 
pear singular;  namely,  that  of  having  at  three 
different  times,  in  1744, 1747,  and  1755,  taken  M. 
Hoquart,  a  French  commander,  jirisoner. — Mr. 
B.'a  eminent  services  merited  and  obtained  the 
approbation  and  gratitude  of  his  country.  On  the 
12th  Dec.  1758,  the  thanks  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons (the  greatest  honour  that  can  be  done  to 
any  subject)  ws-re  given  hiuj  in  his  place  by  the 
speaker;  in  that  year  also  he  was  appointed 
admiral  of  the  blue ;  and  in  Dec.  1760,  general 
of  marines,  with  a  salary  of  3000?.  per  annum, 
and  a  seat  in  the  privy  council.  This  rank  and 
lionwir,  however,  he  did  not  long  enjoy,  dying 
January  10,  1761.  Some  interesting  stories  of 
this  great  commander  wiH  be  found  in  "  6e- 
tvard's  Anecdotes." 
80 


BO 

BOSCAWEN,  William,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter and  poet,  of  considerable  merit,  son  of  gene- 
ral George  Boscawen,  and  nephew  of  the  admi- 
ral, was  born  Aug.  28,  1752.  He  was  educated 
at  Eton  school  and  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford ; 
was  called  to  the  bar  as  a  member  of  the  Mid- 
dle Temple,  and  became  a  commissioner  of 
bankrupts  ;  and  in  1785  was  appointed  one  of 
the  commissioners  of  the  victualing  office.  He 
was  an  excellent  scholar,  and  (besides  other  po- 
Jems)  i)uhlished,  in  two  vols.  8vo,a  new  transla- 
tion of  Horace,  which  is,  in  the  judgment  of 
classical  men,  in  many  essential  points  of  merit, 
very  superior  to  that  of  Dr.  Francis.  Mr.  B. 
was  a  njost  amiable  man,  and  died  May  6, 1811. 

BOSCH,  Balthazar  Vanden,  a  painter  of  Ant- 
werp, whose  pieces  are  much  admired,  died  in 
1715. 

BOSCH,  Jacob,  a  painter  of  Amsterdam,  died 
in  1675. 

BOSCHAERTS,  Thomas  Willebos,  a  Flem- 
ish painter,  patronised  bv  the  prince  of  Orange, 
died  in  1667 

BOSCOLT,  Andrew,  a  painter,  of  Florence, 
whose  execution  and  colouring  were  much  ad- 
mired. 

EOSCOVICH,  Joseph  Roger,  a  Jesuit,  and 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Rome,  Pavia,  and 
Milan.  His  works  were  on  mathematical  ?ul> 
jects,  though  he  wrote  elegant  poetrv  ;  he  died 
in  1787. 

BOSIO,  James,  a  monk  of  Milan,  chiefly 
known  for  his  history  of  the  knights  of  Malta. 

BOSIO,  Anthony,  known  by  his  description 
of  the  tombs  and  epitaphs  of  the  early  Chris- 
!  tians  at  Rome. 

BOSON,  count  of  Aries,  made  king  of  Pro- 
vence, in  879. 

BOSaUET,  Francis,  bishop  of  Montpelier, 
wrote  the  lives  of  the  popes  of  Avignon,  and 
'  history  of  the  GaUican  church  ;  he  died  in  1676. 

BOSSE,  Abraham, a  Frenchman,distinguished 
as  an  engraver  and  architect,  died  in  16('0. 

BOSSU,  Rene  Le,  born  at  Paris,  1631,  died 
1C80.  His  principal  work  was,  "  A  Treatise  on 
Epic  Poetry,"  which  gained  him  great  reputa- 
tion. Boileau  says,  it  is  one  of  the  best  compo- 
sitions on  this  subject  that  ever  ajipcared  in  the 
French  lansuase. 

BOSSUET,  James,  bishop  of  Meaux,  bom  at 
Dijon,  1627.  His  "  Discourssur  THistoire  Uni- 
verselle"  was  published  in  1681,  and  has  been 
considered  as  a  valnabie  work,  find  of  great 
authority.    He  died  at  Paris,  in  1704. 

BOSSUS,  Martin,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Verona, 
who  wrote  several  Latin  works,  died  in  1502. 

BOSTON,  Thomas,  M.  A.,  a  Scotchman  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh,  known  as  the  author  of 
"  Human  Nature  in  its  Fourfold  state."  Died  in 
1732. 

BOSWELL,  James,  an  eminent  miscellaneous 
writer,  bnt  chiefly  distinguished  as  the  literary 
companion  and  biographer  of  the  celebrated 
Dr.  Johnson.  He  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  Oct 
29, 1740.  and  was  the  son  of  lord  Auchinleck, 
one  of  the  Jiidiies  of  the  court  of  sessions  ir< 
Scotland.  In  1763,  Mr.  B.  came  to  London,  an«3 
had  what  he  always  called  the  singular  felicitj 
of  being  introduced  to  Dr.  Johnson.  Soon  aftei 
this  he  set  out  on  a  tour;  and  having  visited  the 
most  remarkable  cities  in  Italy,  sailed  to  Corsica, 
travelled  over  every  part  of  that  island,  and  re- 
turned to  Scotland,"  in  1766,  when  he  became  aa 
advocate  at  the  Scotch  bar.  The  celebrated 
Douelas  cause  beine  at  that  time  a  subject  of 
gcnetal  discusHon,  iilr.  fieewell  took  a  ykry  ae 


BO 

tive  and  successful  part  in  i; :  he  nablifllicd  a 
pamphlet,  entitled  "  The  Essence  of  the  Doug- 
las Cause,"  which  was  supposed  to  have  pro- 
cured Mr.  Douglas  the  popularity  heat  that  time 
posscBsed.  In  1768,  Mr.  B.  published  his  "  Ac- 
count of  CJorsica,  with  Memoirs  of  General  Pao- 
li."  Of  this  printed  performance,  Dr  Johnson 
thus  expresses  himself:  "  Your  journal  is,  in  a 
very  high  degree,  curious  and  delightful.  1 
know  not  whether  I  could  name  any  narrative, 
by  which  curiosity  is  better  excited,  or  better 
gratified."  In  17^5,  he  published  "  A  Journal 
of  a  Tour  to  the  Hebrides  with  Dr.  Johnson," 
which  had  a  success  similar  to  bis  account  of 
Corsica.  This  year  Mr.  Boswell  removed  to 
London,  and  was  soon  after  called  to  tiie  Eng- 
lish bar  ;  but  his  professional  bssiness  was  in- 
terrupted by  the  preparing  of  his  most  celebrated 
work,  "TheLifeof  Samuel  Johnson,  LL.  D.," 
in  2  vols.  4to.  This  was  published  in  1790,  and 
was  received  by  the  world  with  wonderful  avi- 
dity. It  is  a  faithful  history  of  Johnson's  life, 
exhibits  a  most  interesting  picture  of  the  clia- 
racter  of  that  illustrious  moralist,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  instructive  asid  entertaining  books  in 
the  English  language.  The  preparation  of  a  se- 
cond edition  of  this  work  was  the  last  literary  per- 
formance of  Mr  Boswell,  who  died  May  19, 17i)5. 

HOST  WICK,  David,  an  eminent  minister  of 
New- York,  author  of  several  sermons,  &c., 
died  in  1762. 

DOTAL,  Leonard,  physician  of  Henry  III., 
of  France,  recommended  frequent  bleedings  in 
fevers,  which  others  condemned. 

BOTERO,  John,  secretary  of  Borromco,  died 
in  1683. 

BOTH,  John  and  Andrew,  two  Flemish  pain- 
ters, who  generally  executed  their  pictures  in 
common. 

BOTHLAN,  aCliristian  physician,  of  Bagdat, 
who  visited  E5ypt,in  1047,  to  become  acquaint- 
ed with  his  riviil  in  medicine,  Ibu  Rodhwan. 

BOTHWELL,Jamee  Hepburn,earl  of,known 
in  Scottish  history,  for  liis  marriage  with  queen 
Mary  ;  he  died  in  1577. 

BOTICELLT,  Alexander,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, died  hi  i5'5.  ll\a  two  pictures  of  Venus 
are  much  admired. 

BOTT,  John  de,  a  French  architect.  Several 
public  edifices  at  Dresden,  where  he  died  in" 
1745,  are  monuments  of  his  architectural  genius. 

BOTT,  Thomas,  an  English  divin-^,  born  at 
Derby,  1988,  died  1753,  leaving  several  ingenions 
tracts  on  religious  subjects. 

BOCH  ARD,  David,  k  famous  chieftain  of  Hen- 
ry IV.,  of  France,  was  governor  of  Perirord, 
and  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Lisle,  in  1508. 

BOQCHARDON,  Edmund,  a  native  of  Italy, 
devoted  to  the  study  of  sculpture.  He  adorned 
Paris  with  monuments  of  his  genius,  and  was 
honoured  by  the  king  ;  he  died  in  lt572. 

BOUCHAUD,  Matthew  Anthony,  a  native 
of  Paris,  and  professor  in  the  university,  dis- 
tinffuished  by  his  publications  and  articles  in  the 
Encyclopedia,  died  in  1804. 

BOnCHE,  Honorius,  an  ecclesiastic,  author 
of  a  history  of  Provence,  died  in  1671. 

BOUCHER  D'ARGIS,  Antoine  Gaspard,  born 
in  1708,  an  advocate  of  Paris,  and  author  of  se- 
veral law  publications. 

BOUCHER,  Francis,  a  celebrated  painter  to 
Lewis  XV. 

BOUCHER,  John,  a  seditious  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  during  the  French  civil  wars.  He 
died  flf^an  of  the  chapter  of  Tournav,  in  1644. 

BOUGIiER,  Jonathan,  vicar  of  Epsom,  Sur- 


BO 

rcy.  was  born  at  Blcncogo,  Cumberland,  1738, 
and  educated  at  the  grammar  school  of  Wigton. 
At  the  age  of  16  he  went  to  North  America, 
'.vhere  he  discharged  the  duties  of  a  clergyman, 
till  1775,  when  the  war  drove  him  back  to  Eng- 
land. Mr.  Boucher  wrote  many  tracts  and  ser- 
mons ;  but  the  leisure  of  the  last  fourteen  yemin 
of  his  life  was  principr.liy  devoted  to  the  "com- 
pletionof  a  Glossary  of  Provincial  and  Archteolo- 
gical  words,  intended  as  a"  .Supplement  to  Dr. 
Johnso.n's  Dictionary."  He  died  at  Epsom, 
.^pril  27,  1804;  and  the  laborious  work  just 
mentioned,  (partly  prepared  for  the  press)  was 
placed  in  the  able  bands  of  Sir  Frederick  Mor- 
ton Eden,  hart.,  who  h?.a  since  deceased. 

KOUCHERAT,  Lewis,  a  Frenchman,  who, 
by  his  talents  and  integrity,  raised  hiinaelf  to 
be  chancellor  of  France,  died  in  lGb>9. 

BOUCHET,  Jolin,  procurer  of  Poitiers.  He 
wrote  annals  of  Aquitaine,  Poitiers,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1550. 

BOUCHET,  John,  a  maitre  de  hotel  to  the 
king  of  France,  died  in  1G84. 

BOUCHET,  Guillaaine,  a  judge,  consul  of 
Poitiers,  died  in  1G07. 

BOUCHEUL,  John  Joseph,  an  advocate  of 
Dorat,  died  in  1730.  » 

BOUCHIER,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, the  first  person  who  encouraged  printing 
in  England,  died  in  I486. 

BOUCICAUT,  marcchal  de  France,  and  vis- 
count Tarenne,  an  eminent  warrior,  was  taken 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Agincourt,  and  died  in 
England,  in  1421. 

BOUDEWINS,  Michael,  a  learned  phyaeian 
of  Antwerp,  where  he  died  in  1681. 

BOUDIER,  Rene,  a  native  of  Trelly,  remark- 
able for  his  grcit  accomplish  menta  and  volup- 
tuousness, died  in  17.i3. 

BOUDINOT,  Elias,  L.L.  D.,  an  eminent  law- 
yer of  the  state  of  New-Jersey,  was  a  member 
and  prepident  of  Congress  in  17^2,  and  after- 
wards director  of  the  national  mint,  an  office 
whicii  he  relinquished  for  the  retirement  of  pri- 
vate life.  He  was  the  uni.'V)rm  and  sincere 
friend  of  religion,  and  of  the  different  religious 
and  cliaritablft  associations  of  the  country;  a 
liberal  tenetactor  of  Princeton  College,  and,  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  in  1821,  first  president  of 
the  Aniorican  Bible  Society. 

BOUDON,  Henry  Marie,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Evroux,  who  wrote  several  devotional  books, 
died  in  1702. 

BOUDOT,  John,  a  learned  bookseller  and 
nrinter,  of  Paris,  author  of  a  Latin  dictionary  in 
14  vols.  4to.,  died  in  1754. 

BOUFLERS,  Louis  Francois  due  de,  a  dis- 
tinguished military  character,  opposed  to  prince 
Eugene,  and  celebrated  for  his  defence  of  Lisle. 
He  served  uruler  marshal  Villars,  and  died  at 
Fontainbleau,  in  1711. 

BOUFLERS,  Louis  de,  a  native  of  Picardy, 
born  in  1534,  known  for  his  remarkable  strength 
and  agilitv 

BOtJGAiN VILLE,  John  Peter  de,  a  French- 
man of  great  learning,  and  author  of  several 
works,  died  in  1763. 

BOUGAINVILLE,  M.  de,  a  native  of  France, 
whom  impartial  posterity  will  deservedly  rank 
high  in  the  list  of  circumnavigators  ;  his  merits 
having  been  almost  equal  to  those  of  the  justly 
celebrated  captain  Cook.  He  was  killed  by  a 
mob  in  Paris,  the  10th  of  August,  1792. 
BOUGEANT,  Guillaume  Hyacinth,  a  Jesuit,  of 
engaging  manners  and  great  wit,  author  OT 
several  works  j  died  at  Paris,  in  1743. 
8.1 


BO 


BO 


BOUGEREL,  Joseph,au  ecclesiastic,  author  of 
GassendijAcc,  died  at  Paris,  in  1753. 

BOUGOWINE,  Simon,  a  poet  at  the  court 
of  Louis  XII. 

BOUGUER,  Peter,  a  Frenchman,  disUnguisli- 
ed  for  his  mathematical  knowledge  and  works  ; 
died  in  1758. 

BOHIER,  Jolm,  president  of  tlie  parliament' 


a  thousand  persons.    As  the  im[>rover  of  ibe 
steam  engine,  ot  the  apparatus  for  raising  water 
and  other  fiuids,  and  the  manufactu;er  of  our 
copper,  and  some  of  our  silver  coin,  he  has  im- 
moi  taiized  Ins  name.    His  life  was  an  uninter- 
jrupted  application  to  the  advancement  of  the 
useful  ar!3,  and  to  the  promotion  of  the  conimer- 
.\ciad  interests  of  the  country.    Mr.  BouJton  died 
of  Dijon,  an  emment  lawyer  and  scholar,  diedjiac  Suho,  Augu^it  17,  ]8(Hj,  and  was  inter. cd  at 
in  174(5.  tlHandsworth  ;  being  followed  to  the  graw  by 

BOUHOURS,  DommiquG;  a  celebrated  French!|fiOO  of  his  workmen,  who  iiad  each  a  silver  me- 
critic,  born  at  Pans,  1G28,  died  in  1702.  jjdal  presented  to  him,  which  had  been  struck  lOi 


BOUILLARD,  Don  James,  a  learned  Bene 
dictine,  died  in  17-26 

BOUILLAUD,  Ismael,  a  native  of  London 
distinguished  in  every  branch  of  science,  and  the 
author  of  several  works,  died  in  1694. 

BOLTILLE,  M.  le  manpiis  de,  a  French  ge- 
neral of  great  celebrity,  descended  from  a  noble 
family.  He  opposed  the  revolution,  and  was  a 
friend  to  the  king  and  monarchy  ;  he  died  in 
London,  in  1800. 

BOUILLET,  John,  a  French  physician,  re- 
epected  as  a  professional  man,  and  author  of 
several  works,  died  in  1777. 

BOUILLON,  Emanuel  Theodosius,  nephew 
of  Turenne,  acaidinai  and  ambassador  of  Louis 
XIV.,  at  Rome,  died  in  1715. 


the  occasion. 

BOUaUERANT,  a  negro  of  St.  Domingo, 
possessed  of  courage,  sagacity,  and  eloquence, 
raised  himselfto  consequence  among  his  fellow^ 
was  killed  in  1791. 

BOUQirET,  Don  Bf  artin,  a  Benedictine,  rnada 
a  useful  collection  of  the  historians  of  France  ; 
he  died  in  1754. 

BOUaUET,  Madame,  celebrated  for  her  hu- 
manity, in  concealing  some  of  the  proscribed 
during  the  French  revolution,  and  for  the  cour- 
age with  which  she  suffered  death  in  conse- 
quence. 

i  BOUaUET,  Henry,  a  brave  colonel  in  the 
British  army,  in  1756,  distinguished  for  seve.al 
victories  over  the  Indians,  under  General  Am- 


BOULAI,  Ccesar  Egasse  du,  register  and  his-  jherst,  died  in  1776,  being  then  a  brigadier-gene- 
toriographerof  the  university  of  Paris,  and  pro-  Iral. 

fessor  of  rhetoric  in  the  college  of  Navarre.il  BOURBON,  Charles,  due  de,  son  of  Gilbert, 
The  work  for  which  he  is  chiefly  to  be  remem-li count  of  Montpensier,  constable  of  France, 
bered  is  "The  Histoiy  of  the  University  of  I  where  through  intrigue  he  was  dLsgraced.    He 


Paris,"  6  vols,  folio.     Ho  died  in  1678. 


I  entered  the  service  of  Charles  V.,  was  made 


BOULAINVILLIERS,  Henry  de,  anemincnt  general  of  his  armies,  and  killed  in  battle,  in  15-27. 
French  writer,  born  at  St.  Saise,  1658.  He  was|j  BOURBON,  Charles  de,  son  of  Charles,  duke 
author  of  "  A  History  of  the  Arabians,"  and  ofijof  Vendome,  was  a  cardinal,  and  archbishop  of 
several  portions  ofFr'ench  history,  and  died  17-22.  !|Rouen,  and  was  raised  to  the  throne  of  France 


After  his  death  was  published  his  "  Life  of  Ma- 
homet," which  has  made  him  pass  for  no  very 
good  believer. 

BOULANGER,  Nicholas  Anthony,  eminent 
as  a  mathematician,  architect  and  engineer, 
died  in  1759. 

BOULANGER,  a  famous  Augustine  preacher, 
died  at  Paris,  in  1675 

BOULANGLR,  or  BOULLENGER,  Claude 
Francois  Felix  a  native  of  Amiens,  an  advocate 
at  Paris,  and  a  man  of  extensive  erudition,  died 
in  17.58. 

BOULAY,  Edmund  du,  a  herald  at  arras  to 
the  duke  of  Lorrain,  in  the  16th  century. 

BOULLEGER.     Vid.  BOULANGER. 

BOULLENOI6,  Louis,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  died  in  1762. 

BOULLIER,  David  Renaud,  born  at  Utrecht 
and  minister  of  Amsterdam  and  Leyden.  His 
writings  are  respectable  ;  he  died  in  1759. 

BOULLONGNE,  Louis,  a  French  painter  of; 


on  the  death  of  Henrv  III. ;  he  died  in  1590. 
I  BOURBON  CONDE,  Louis,  due  de,  a  French 
[general  of  some  reputation,  died  1740. 
j  BOURBON,Nicholas,aFrenchman, employed 
jin  educating  the  mother  of  Henry  IV.  He  re- 
I  tired  from  the  intrigues  of  the  court  to  literary 
lease,  wrote  books  of  epigrams,  and  died  in  the 

16th  century. 

BOURCHENEU  DE  VALBONAIS,  John 
j  Peter,  a  magistrate  of  Grenoble;  he  wrote  a 
IlUstory  of  Dauphine,  and  died  in  17.^0. 
i  BOURCHIER,  John,  Lord  Berners,  in  the  ■ 
I  reign  of  Edward  IV.,  was  equally  famous  for 
I  valour  and  learning.  Henry  VIII.  made  him 
j  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  for  life.    He  also 

became  governor  of  Calais,  where  he  died  in 
!l532,  aged  63.    He  wrote  a  comedy,  called  "  Ite 

in  vineam  meara,"  and  translated  the  Chronicle 

of  "  Froissart"  into  English. 
BOURDALOUE,  Louis,  justly  esteemed  the 

best  preacher  that  France  ever  produced,  was 


merit.    Several  of  his  pieces  are  preserved  in  j  born  at  Bourges,  1632,  and  died  in  1704 
the  churches  at  Paris,  where  he  died  in  1674.     (i     BOURDEILLES,  Peter  de,  better  known  by 
BOULLONGNE,  Bon,  son  of  the  preceding.jithe  name  of  Brantome,  a  French  courtier  in  the 
With  his  father's  talents,  he  possessed  greater|  service  of  Charles  IX.  and  Henry  HI.,  died  in 

1614. 


versatility  of  genius,  was  patronised  bv  Lewis 
XIV.,  he  died  in  1733.  | 

BOULTER,  Dr.  Hugh,  archbishop  of  Ar- 
magh, in  Ireland,  died  in  London,  1742,  leaving 
behind  him  patriotic  establishments  and  bene-j 
factions,  particularly  to  the  protestant  schools,! 
and  other  strong  testimonies  of  a  truly  charitable 
disposition.  { 

BOULTON,  Matthew,  a  most  ingenious  and; 
enterprising  mechanic  and  engineer,  bom  at; 
Birmingham,  September  3,  1728.  The  manu-i 
ftictory  at  Soho,  near  Biraiinirham,  was  ercctedj 
by  him,  and  in  its  operations  he  employed  nearlyij  Augers,  died  in  the  16tb  centtuy 
82 


BOURDEILLES,  Claude  de,  grand  nephew 
of  the  preceding,  was  in  the  service  of  Gaston  • 
of  Orleans,  retired  from  court,  and  died  at  Paris, 
in  1663.  ; 

BOURDELON,  Lawrence,  a  French  eccle-  i 
siastic,  who  wrote  for  the  theatre,  but  with  httle* 
success,  died  in  1730. 

EOURDELOT,  John,  a  learned  French  critic 
and  commentator,  who  lived  at  the  end  of  the 
16th,  and  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 

BOURDIGNE,  Charles,  an  ecclesiastic,  of 


• BO 

BOURDIN,  Maurice,  anti  pope  in  1118,  under 
the  name  ot  Gregory  VIII.  He  was  taken  by 
his  rival,  and  died  in  prison,  in  1121. 

BOURDON,  Aine,  a  native  of  Cambray,  who 
acquired  great  reputation  as  a  physician,  died 
in  1706. 

BOURDON,  Sebastian,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  born  1610.  He  had  a  genius  so  fiery, 
that  it  would  not  let  hiin  reflect  sufficiently,  nor 
study  the  essentials  of  his  art  so  nmch  as  was 
necessary  to  render  him  perfect  in  it.  Having 
once  laid  a  wager  with  a  friend  that  he  painted 
12  heads  after  the  life,  and  as  large  as  the  life 
in  one  day,  he  won  it,  and  these  heads  are  said 
to  be  among  the  best  thuigs  he  ever  did.  He  died 
in  1673. 

BOURDONNAYE,  Bernard  Francis  Mahe 
de  la,  a  native  of  St.  Malo's,  distinguished  as  a 
warrior  and  negotiator,  was  governor  of  the 
isles  of  France  and  Bourbon,  and  died  in  1754. 
BOURDOT,  Charles  Anthony,  a  learned  ad 
vocate  of  Paris,  died  in  1735. 

BOURG,  Anndu,  a  learned  counsellor  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  was  burnt  by  Henry  II.  for 
embracing  the  doctrines  of  Calvin,  in  ]559,tiiough 
several  princes  interested  themselves  for  him 

BOURGELAT,  Claude,  of  the  academy  of 
Berlin,  was  of  great  service  to  Russia,  by  pro 
moting  the  establishment  of  veterinary  schools ; 
he  died  in  1779. 

BOURGEOIS,  Louis  le,  an  ecclesiastic,  of 
Ooutances,  wrote  some  poetry  in  the  17th  cen 
tury. 

BOURGEOIS,  Sir  Francis,  a  painter  of  con- 
siderable reputation,  born  in  London,  1756,  died 
January  8, 1811 ;  bequeathing  his  fine  collection 
of  pictures  to  Dulwich  College ;  and  10,000Z.  for 
keeping  the  gallery  in  order. 

BOURGET,  dom.  John,  a  Benedictine,  of 
Seez,  eminent  for  learning  and  piety,  was  a 
member  of  the  London  antiquarian  society,  and 
died  in  1776. 

BOURGET,  Clemenec  de,  a  lady  of  respecta 
We  parents  at  Lyons.  As  a  writer,  musician 
and  poetess,  she  possessed  merit ;  she  died  in 
the  16th  century. 

BOURGOING,  Edmund,  an  ecclesiastic,  who 
€spou8ed  the  cause  of  the  Guises  daring  the 
French  civil  wars,  and  waa  torn  to  pieces  by 
four  horses,  in  1590. 

BOURGOING,  Francis,  a  native  of  Paris,  au 
thor  of  some  homilies.  His  funeral  oration  was 
pronounced  by  Bossuet,  in  1662. 

BOURGUET,  Lewis,  fled  to  Switzerland  on 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  es- 
tablished there  the  manufacture  of  silk,  &c.  Ho 
was  professor  of  philosophy  at  Neufchatel,  and 
died  in  1742. 

BOURGUEVILLE,  Charles  de,  lieutenant- 
general  of  Caen,  and  author  of  a  history  of  that 
town,  died  in  1593. 

BOURIGNON,  Antoinette,  a  famous  enthu- 
siast, of  the  female  sex,  born  1616,  at  Lisle,  in 
Flanders.  She  came  into  the  world  so  very  de- 
fonned,  that  a  consultation  was  held  in  the  fa- 
mily some  days  about  stifling  her  as  a  monstrous 
birth.  But  if  she  sunk  almost  beneath  humani- 
ty in  her  exterior,  her  interior  seems  to  have 
been  raised  as  much  above  it ;  for,  at  four  years 
of  age,  she  not  only  took  notice  that  the  people 
of  Lisle  did  not  live  up  to  the  principles  of  Chris- 
tianity which  they  professed,  but  was  thereby 
disturbed  so  much  as  to  desire  a  removal  into 
some  more  christian  country.  Her  progress 
through  life  was  suitable  to  this  beginning.  She 
died  at  Fraucher,  io  Holland,  1680.    Her  main 


BO 

principles  of  religion  were  nearly  the  same  with 
those  of  the  Ciuietists,  excluding  all  external 
divine  worship,  and  requiring  a  cessation  of 
reason,  wit,  and  understanding,  that  God  migl»t 
spread  his  divine  light  over  them,  or  cause  it  to 
revive  in  them ;  without  which,  the  Deity  is  not 
sufficiently  known. 

BOURLET  DE  VAUXCELLES,  Simon  Je- 
rome, a  French  writer  of  eminence,  died  at  Pa- 
ris, in  1799. 

BOURLIE,  Antoine  de  Guiscard,  a  native  of 
Perigord,  and  pensioner  of  Queen  Anne,  of  Eng  ■ 
land,  was  accused  of  treason  there,  and  died  ia 
Newgate. 

BOURN,  Samuel,  was  educated  at  Glasgow, 
minister  of  a  dissenting  congregation,  and  after 
wards  assistant  to  Dr.  J.  Taylor,  of  Norwich. 
He  was  the  author  of  some  sermons,  and  died  ia 
1796. 

BOURNE,  Richard,  a  missionary  among  the 
Indians  at  Marshpee,  died  in  1688. 

BOURNE,  Joseph,  also  missionary  to  tlie  In- 
ilians  at  Marshpee,  died  1767. 

BOURNE  Benjamin,  L  L.  D.,  a  native  of 
Rhode  Island,  conspicuous  for  his  talents,  was 
a  member  of  Congress  and  a  judge  of  the  Circuit 
Court  of  the  United  States ;  he  died  1808. 

BOURNE,  Vincent,  an  amiable  writer,  and 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  wrote  a 
volume  of  elegant  poenls,  aiiddied  young. 

BOURNE,  Edme  Bernard,  an  ecclesiastic  and 
author  of  sermons,  died  at  Dijon,  1722. 

BOURS,  Peter,  episcopal  minister  in  Mirble* 
head,  died  in  1762. 

BOURSAULT,  Edmund,  born  in  Burgundy, 
1638  ;  had  received  little  or  no  education,  yel 
attained  to  a  good  style  of  writing,  and  produced 
several  dramatic  pieces  which  are  still  in  esti- 
mation. He  also  wrote  romances  and  letters, 
the  latter  under  the  assumed  name  of  Babet. 
He  died  in  1701. 

BOURSIER,  Lawrence  Francis,  a  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne;  he  wrote  several  controversial 
books  on  divinity  and  other  works,and  died  1749. 

BOURSIER,  Philip,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Paris, 
and  author,  died  in  1768. 

BOURVALAIS,  Paul  Poisson,  a  famous 
French  financier,  rose  from  obscurity  to  opu- 
lence ;  he  died  in  1719. 

BOURZEIS,  Amable  de,  an  ecclesiastic  whose 
pen  was  employed  by  Richelieu  and  Mazarin. 
He  was  tiie  author  of  some  theological  tracts, 
and  died  in  1642. 

BOUSSARD,  Godfrey,  chancellor  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Paris,  died  1520. 

BOUSSEAU,  James,  an  eminent  sculptor, 
died  at  Madrid,  in  1740. 

BOUSSET,  John  Baptist  de,  a  mtive  of  Dijon, 
celebrated  as  a  musician,  died  in  i760. 

BOUSSET,  Rene  Droiiard  de.  a  Frenchman, 
eminent  as  a  musician,  died  at  Paris,  in  1760. 

BOUTARD,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic,  r&cora- 
mended  to  Louis  XIV.  by  Boussuet,  died  1729. 

BOUTAUI,  Francis  de,  a  professor  of  law 
at  Toulouse,  died  in  1733 

BOUTAULD,  Michael,  a  Jesuit  of  Paris,  and 
author  of  theological  works ;  died  in  1688. 
.  BOUTERONE,  Claude,  a  learned  antiquariaa 
of  Paris  died  IfiSO. 

EOUTHRAIS,  Raoul,  a  native  of  Chateau- 
dun,  author  ofsonie  books  on  law,  died  in  1630. 

BOUVART,  Michael  Philip,  a  celebrated  pro  • 
fessor  of  medicine,  al  Paris,  died  in  1787. 

BOVADILLA,  or  BOBADILLA,  Don  Fran- 
cisco de,  a  S]>aniard,  raised  from  obsci'ity  to  be 
governor  geiieral  of  th^  Indies,  in  1500.     He 
153 


BO 

sent  Columbus  a  prisoner  te  Europe,  after  wbicb 
ke  was  recalled. 

BOVERICK,  an  ingenious  English  clock- 
naker  of  the  17th  century 

BOVERIUS,  ZachariuB,  a  Capuchin  and 
author  of  a  Latin  dictionary,  died  at  Genoa,  in 
1638. 

BOVETTE  DE  BLEMUR,  Jaqueline,  early 
embraced  a  religious  life,  and  wrote  theological 
works.    He  died  at  Chatillon,  in  1696. 

BOVEY,  Catharine,  married  at  the  eariy  age 
Of  15,  to  a  gentleman  of  opulence.  To  great 
personal  charms,  she  united  a  benevolent  cha- 
racter, ai-d  died  in  1726. 

BOVVER,  Archibald,  a  learned  Jesuit,  born 
near  Dundee,  in  Scotland,in  1686.and  died  Sept. 
2,  1766.  His  principal  work,  was  "  A  History 
of  the  Popes,"  in  7  vols.  4to ;  concerning  which, 
as  well  as  hs  connexion  with  the  Jesuits,  he 
stood  accused  of  much  imposture.  He  also 
•ontributed  to  the  compilation  of  "  The  Univer- 
sal History  ;"  but,  as  is  said,  not  much  to  the  ad- 
vantage of  the  work. 

BOVVLE,  John,  rector  of  Idminston,  near 
Salisbury,  born  in  1725,l)ad  the  honour  to  be  one 
©f  tlie  first  detectors  of  Lauder's  forgeries.  He 
•liited  a  Spanish  edition  of  "  Don  Quixotte," 
and  also  Marston's  Satires,  and  other  old  Eng- 
Beh  poetry,  and  ditd  in  1788.    See  LAUDER. 

BOWYER,  VVilliaiu,  a  veiy  learned  English 
frinter,  born  in  White  Fiiars,  London,  1699, 
died  1777.  To  his  literary  and  profesr-ional  abi- 
lities, he  added  an  excellent  nicial  character, 
the  strictest  probity,  and  the  geatest  liberality. 
He  was  in  habits  of  correspondence  and  in- 
timacy with  the  greatest  men  of  his  time;  and 
many  minute  particulars  of  him,  that  do  not 
come  within  our  plan,  may  be  seen  in  the  "Anec- 
dotes of  hi3  Life,"  published  by  bis  partner  and 
successor,  Mr.  Nichols.  To  the  journeymen 
of  his  profession,  he  left  by  will,  some  valuable 
bequests  for  the  reward  of  merit,  and  the  com- 
fort of  old  age:  the  trust  for  ever  is  vested  in 
the  Stationers'  Company. 

BOWDOIN,  James,  L.  L.  D.,  governor  of 
Mass.,  a  philosopher  and  statesman;  he  held 
various  distinguished  offices  in  his  native  state. 
till  1787,  assisted  in  forming  tl^e  Americaii  aca- 
demy of  arts  and  sciences,  at  Boston,  of  which 
be  was  the  first  president :  one  of  the  founders, 
and  president  of  the  Massachusetts  bank. 

BOWEN,  Jabez,  L.  L  D  ,  chancellor  of 
Brown  University,  j^td^e  of  the  supreme  court, 
and  lieutenant  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  died 
in  1815. 

BOWIE,  Robert,  an  officer  of  the  revolutiona- 
ry army,  and  for  many  years  governor  of  Mary- 
land, was  highly  esteemed  for  his  integrity,  libe- 
rality and  patiiotism  ;  be  died  in  1814. 

BOXHORN,  Marc  Zuerius,  a  professor  at 
Levden,  and  author  of  several  works,  died 
in  165... 

BOYCE,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  musician 
and  composer,  chiefly  of  sacred  pieces,  born 
1709,  died  1779. 

BOYD,  Robert,  a  Scotchman,  educated  at 
Saumur.  James  I.  wished  to  appoint  him  prin- 
cipal of  the  university,  but,  as  he  favoured  the 
puritans,  be  preferred  to  become  the  minister 
ef  his  native  parish.    He  died  in  1C29. 

BOYD,  Mark,  Alexander,  a  warrior,  lawyer, 
and  Latin  poet,  bom  at  Galloway,  in  Scotland, 
in  1562,  died  in  1601. 

BOYD,  Hugh,  born  in  Ireland  about  174fi.  u  as 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  bred 
ta  the  law  ;  but  being  of  a  dissipated  turn,  be 
84 


never  followed  his  profeaeion.  Having  formed 
connexions  in  England,  he  came  to  London, 
and  through  the  introduction  of  Mr.  Richard 
Burke,  became  acquainted  with  the  most  cele- 
brated literary  characters.  In  1772,  lie  married 
a  lady  of  considerable  fortune  ;  but  his  habit  of 
extravagance  continuing,  obliged  him  to  accom- 
pany lord  Macartney  to  India,  in  the  capacity 
of  a  second  secretary ;  though  he  afterwards 
obtained  a  more  lucrative  appointment,  which 
he  retained  till  his  decease,  in  1794.  He  was 
author  of  several  political  writings ;  and  the  ce- 
lebrated Letters  of  Junius  have  been  with  much 
confidence  ascribed  to  him ;  but  the  evidence 
adduced,  is  by  no  means  conclusive.  In  1793, 
he  published  "  The  Indian  observer,"  a  periodi- 
cal paper,  which  was  the  first  attempt  of  the 
kind  in  India,  and  gained  him  great  reputation. 
These  essays  were  afterwards  collected  and 
printed  at  Calcutta,  in  8vo,  1795,  and  reprinted 
in  London,  1798. 

BOYD,  Sir  Robert,  governor  of  Gibraltar,  who 
from  a  private  soldier,  raised  himself  merely  by 
merit  to  the  highest  rank  in  the  military  profes- 
sion, died  in  May,  1794. 

BOYD,  Robert,  lord,  a  Scotchman,  son  of  Sir 
Thomas  Boyd,  of  Kilmarnock,  was  made  a 
peer  by  James  II.,  and  one  of  the  regents.  He 
•carried  off  the  king,  and  declared  himself  sole 
regent  during  his  minority,  and  afterwards,  on 
laccount  of  his  misconduct,  fled  to  Antwerp, 
where  he  died  1474. 

BOYD,  William,  a  highly  celebrated  preach- 
er, settled  at  Lamington,  died  1808. 

BOYDELL,  Joiin,  a  very  worthy  alderman 
of  London,  and  most  distinguished  encourager 
of  the  arts  of  painting  and  engraving,  was  born 
at  Dorrington,  in  Shropshire,  Jan.  19,  1719,  and 
intended  for  a  land  surveyor,  which  was  the 
profession  of  his  father;  but  chance  having 
thrown  in  his  way,  "  Baddeley's  Views  of  dif- 
ferent Country  Seats,"  be  determined  on  quit- 
ting the  pen  for  the  graver ;  and,  at  above  20 
years  of  age,  put  himself  apprentice  for  seve« 
years  to  Mr.  Toms,  whom  he  served  six  years, 
and  bought  up  the  seventh.  He  then  applied 
jclosely  till  he  had  engraved  152prh!ts,  which  he 
published  in  a  book  at  the  price  of  five  guineas. 
With  the  profits  of  this,  he  set  about  encoura- 
ging other  professors  of  the  art ;  he  discovered 
the  talents  of  Woollet,  and  employed  him  to  en- 
grave the  two  famous  pictures  of  "  Niobe"  and 
"  Phaeton."  He  soon  commenced  a  great  for- 
eign trade  in  English  prints,  and  realized  by  his 
spirit  of  industrj'  and  enterprise  a  considerable 
fortune.  Having  at  length  established  what 
might  be  called  an  English  school  of  engraving, 
he  conceived  the  noble  idea  of  raising  also  an 
English  school  of  painting ;  and,  selecting  all 
ihe  first  artists  in  the  kingdom,  collected  in  the 
cour.':e  of  a  few  years,  at  vast  expense,  the  paint- 
ings which  fornied  the  weil- known  "Shakspeare 
Gallery."  The  long  duration  of  the  French  war, 
however,  having  almost  wholly  stopped  his  ex- 
port trade,  in  which  he  had  embarked  large 
sums  of  money,  he  was,  in  the  spring  of  1804, 
induced  to  crave  permission  of  parliament  to 
dispose  of  the  Shakspeare  Gallery,  &c.  by  lotte- 
ry. He  had  the  gratification  of  living  to  see 
every  ticket  sold,  but  died  before  the  decision  of 
the  wheel.  The  worthy  alderman  caught  his 
death  by  a  too  eager  attention  to  his  official  du- 
ties ;  for,  arriving  on  the  8th  of  December,  1804, 
at  the  sessions  bouse  in  the  Old  Bailey,  before 
the  fires  we  re  lighted,  and  standing  at  afireplace 
winleone  was  kin<Ilcd.  tiie  damps  were  dra^\-n 


out  from  the  floor ;  cold  and  inflammation  of  the 
lungs  ensued,  and  carried  liim  oflon  the  12th  of 
the  game  month,  in  the  86th  year  of  his  age. 

BOYENVAL,  Peter  Ju  eph,  a  vvorthiess  cha- 
racter, employed  to  denounce  the  victims  in  the 
Luxembourg,  at  last  sulfered  on  the  scaffold, 
in  1795. 

BOYER,  Abel,  a  well-known  glossographer, 
born  at  Castres,  in  France,  lG<i4,  died  Nov.  1729.  ( 
The  work  he  is  chiefly  known  by,  is  a  very  ex- 
cellent French  and  English,  and  English  and 
French  Dictionary.  He  wrote  also  "  a  French 
Grammar"  ia  English,  which  still  retains  a  high 
rank  in  our  schools. 

BOYER,  Claude,  known  as  a  dramatic  writer, 
died  at  Paris,  1098. 

BOYER,  Jolm  Baptist  Nicholas,  a  physician, 
distinguished  for  his  skill  and  humanity  display- 
ed during  the  plague  at  Marseilles,  in  1720 ;  he 
died  ar  Paris,  1763. 

BOYLE,  Richard,  an  eminent  English  states- 
man, distinguished  by  the  title  of  the  great  e.ii  1 
of  Cork,  born  in  Canterbury,  156fi,  died  1H43  ; 
haviagspent  the  la-t  as  he  did  thefrrst  years  of  his 
lifts,  in  support  of  the  crown  of  England  against 
Irish  rebels,  and  in  the  service  of  his  country,   j 

BOYLE,  Roger,  earl  of  Orrery,  fifth  son  "of 
Richard,  earl  of  Cork,  born  1621,  was  created] 
baron  Broghill,  in  the  kingdom  of  Ireland,  when! 
but  seven  years  old.  He  died  Oct.,  1679,  leaving  j 
behind  him  the  character  of  an  able  general, 

atesman,  and  writer.  Of  his  writings,  the| 
principal  are,  six  tragedies,  two  comedies,  "  Par-  i 
thenissa,"  a  romancre,  and  a  collection  of  "  State 
Letters,"  published  in  folio,  1742. 

BOYLE,  Robert,  a  most  distinguished  philo- 
sopher and  chymist,  and  an  exceedingly  good 
man,  was  the  7th  son,  and  14th  child,  of  Ricliard 
€arl  of  Cork,  and  born  at  Lismore,  in  Ireland, 
1626-7.  He  was  the  inventor  of  the  air-pump  ; 
and  his  numerous  philosophical  writings  have 
secnred  him  immortal  fame.     He  died  1691. 

BOYLE,  Charles,  earl  of  Orrery,  2d  son  of 
Roger,  2d  carl  of  Orrery,  was  born  1676,  and  died 
1731.  He  Avas  eminent  as  a  statesman  ;  but  bet 
ter  known,  at  the  present  day,  for  his  literary 
controversy  with  Dr.  Bentley  on  the  authentici 
ry  of  the  epistles  of  Phalaris.  He  was  also  an 
ingenious  mathematician,  and  inventor  of  the 
machine  representing  the  solar  system,  which 
is  still  named  after  his  title,  the  Orrery. 

BOYLE,  John,  earl  of  Cork  and  Orrery,  was 
tlie  only  son  of  Charles,  the  subject  of  the  pre 
lediag  article,  and  born  1706-7.  He  took  his 
leat  in  the  house  of  peers,  Jan.  1731-2 ;  but, 
bough  he  distinguished  himself  by  some  speech- 
is,  he  did  not  greatly  cultivate  the  business  of 
parliament.  The  delicacy  of  his  health,  his 
lassion  for  private  life,  and  the  occasions  he 
sometimes  had  of  residing  in  Ireland,  seem  to 
lave  precluded  him  from  any  regular  attend 
ince.in  the  Enghsh  house  of  peers.  "  When 
:ver  (says  he,  in  a  private  letter  to  a  friend)  we 
tep  out  of  domestic  life  in  search  of  felicity, 
ve  come  back  again  disappointed,  tired,  arid 
•hagrined".  One  day  passed  under  our  own  roof 
vith  our  friends  and  our  family,  is  worth  a 
jnousand  in  another  place.  Tiie  noise  and  bustle, 
^r  (as  they  are  foolishly  called)  the  diversions 
if  life,  are  despicable  and  tasteless,  when  once 
ye  have  experienced  the  real  delight  of  a  fire- 
lide."  His  principal  works  are,  a  translation 
>f  '•  Phny's  Letters,  with  observations  on  each 
setter,  and  an  Essay  on  Pliny's  Life,"  and 
*  Remarks  on  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Swift." 
)ie  died  in  1763. 


"    '''"'^'       BO —^ 

BOYLSTON,  Zabdiei,  F.  R.  S.,  an  eminent 
physician,  of  Boston,  who  is  particularly  known 
as  having  first  introduced  inoculation  of  the 
^mall  pox  into  the  British  dominions,  in  1720  ; 
lie  died  in  17()6. 

BOYLSTON,  Nicholas,  died  in  Boston,  1771, 
a<:ed  56;  he  bequeathed  to  Harvard  College 
1500Z. 

BOYLSTON,  John,  merchant,  of  Boston, 
died  in  1795,  and  left  a  legacy  to  his  native 
town. 

BOYS,  John,  an  English  divine,  educated  at 
Cambridge,  and  dean  of  Canterbury,  author  of 
theological  works,  died  in  1625. 

BOYS,  William,  born  at  Deal,  in  Kent,  1735, 
was  bred  a  surgeon,  but  devoted  much  of  his 
rime  to  amiquarian  researches,  and  published, 
besides  other  works,  an  elaborate  and  valuable 

History  of  Sandwich,  witli  Notices  of  other 
Cinque  Ports,  and  of  Ricliborough,"  4to,  17i>2. 
He  died  March  15,  1803. 

BOYSE,  BOYS,  or  BO  IS,  John,  one  of  the 
translators  of  the  Bible,  in  the  reign  of  James  I., 
was  born  at  Nettlestcad,  in  Suffolk,  in  1560,  and 
died  1643,  leaving  a  great  many  manuscripts  be- 
hind him.  particularly  a  commentary  on  almost 
ail  the  books  of  tiic  New-Testament.  Whe«  he 
was  a  young  student  at  Cambridge,  he  received 
from  the  learned  Dr.  Whitaker  three  rules  for 
avoiding  those  distempers  which  usually  attend 
a  sedentary  life;  to  which  he  constantly  adhered: 
the  first  was,  to  study  always  standing ;  the  se- 
cond, never  to  study  in  a  window  ;  the  third, 
never  to  go  to  bed  with  his  feet  cold.  Sir  Henry 
Saville  styles  him  ingeniosissimum  et  dociissi- 
raum  B  >isiuin. 

BOYSE,  Samuel,  a  very  ingenious  person, 
but  as  remarkable  for  imprudence  as  for  ingenu- 
ity, was  born  in  Dublin,  1708.  In  1731,  he  pub- 
lished, at  Edinburgh,a  volume  of  poeins,addres- 
sed  to  the  countess  of  Eglinton.  He  wrote  also 
an  Elegy  upon  the  death  of  lady  Stormont,  enti- 
tled, "  The  Tears  of  the  Muses  ;"  with  which 
lord  Storinount  was  so  much  pleased,  that  he 
ordered  Boyse  a  handsome  present.  These  pub- 
lications, and  the  honourable  notice  taken  of 
them,  were  the  means  of  recommending  him  to 
very  high  persons,  who  were  desirous  of  serv- 
ing him  :  but  Boyse  was  not  a  man  to  be  served. 
He  made  an  itnproper  use  of  these  recommen- 
dations, and  had  often  recourse  to  the  meanest 
arts  to  procure  benefactions.  At  some  times  he 
would  raise  subscriptions  for  poems  which  did 
not  exist ;  at  others,  ordered  his  wife  to  inform 
people  that  he  was  just  expiring,  to  move  the 
compassion  of  his  friends,  who  were  frequently 
surprised  to  meet  the  man  in  the  street  to-day, 
who  was,  ye-?terday,  said  to  be  at  the  point  of 
death.  In  May,  1749,  however,  he  died,  after  a 
lingering  illness,  in  obscure  lodgings,  near  Shoe- 
lane,  where  he  was  buried  at  the  expense  of  the 
parish.  He  was  a  melancholy  instance  of  the 
wretchedness,  contempt  and  disgrace,  to  which 
the  most  ingenious  persons  may  reduce  them- 
selves, by  an  abuse  of  those  powers  with  which 
nature  hath  endowed  them.  The  most  celebra- 
ted of  his  performance.5,  was  his  poem,  called 
•'  Deity,"  which  is  styled  by  Hervey,  "  a  beau- 
tiful and  instructive  poem;"  and  is  also  men- 
tioned by  Fielding,  as  "  a  very  noble  one." 

BOYSE,  Joseph,  a  dissenting  minister,  boru 
in  Yorkshire.  He  became  a  popular  preacher 
n  London  and  Dublin,  but  was  engaged  in  theo- 
logical disputes,  and  died  in  1728. 

BOZE,  Claude  Gros  de,  born  at  Lyons,  was 
distinguished  by  his  knowledge  of  antiquities 
85 


BR 


and  medais,  and  regpected  for  his  privatt  clia- 
racter,  died  in  1753. 

BRACCIOLINI,  deir  api  Francis,  an  Italian 
poet ;  he  became  an  ecclesiastic,  and  oied  in 
1645. 

BR  ACTON,  Henry,  a  celebrated  English  lav/- 
yer,  in  the  13lh  century,  chiefly  known  by  ii!s 
learned  work,  "  De  Legibus  et  Consuetudinibu 
Angliae." 

BRACKETT,  Joshua,  M.  D.,  president  of  the 
New-Hampshire  Medical  Society,  distinguislied 
lor  his  zeal  and  activity  in  the  revolutionary  war, 
died  in  1802. 

BADRURY,  Theophilus,  judge  of  the  supe- 
rior court  of  Massachusetts,  died  1803. 

BRADBURY,  Thomas,  a  native  of  London, 
educated  with  Dr.  Watts ;  he  was  a  bold  and 
eloquent  preacher,  and  died  1757. 

BRADDOCK,  Edward,  major-general,  and 
commander  in  chief  of  the  British  forces  in 
America,  in  1755,  was  defeated  in  an  expedition 
•gainst  Fort  Du  Quesne. 

BRADFORD,  Samuel,  rector  of  Mary-le-bow, 
born  in  Blackfriars ;  he  edited  Tillotson's  ser- 
mons, was  tutor  to  the  primate's  children,  and 
died  in  1731. 

BRADFORD,  John,  an  English  martyr,  in 
Queen  Mary's  reign. 

BRADFORD,  John,  a  Welsh  poet  of  merit, 
died  in  1780. 

BRADFORD,  William,  second  governor  of 
Plymouth  colony,  removed  to  America  with  the 
lirst  settlers  :  he  was  governor,  excepting  a  few 
years,  till  his  death,  1657,  aged  69.  He  wrote  a 
History  of  the  Plymouth  colony  from  1602  to  1646; 
"but  it  was  lost  in  1775. 

BRADFORD,  William,  an  eminent  printer, 
came  to  America  in  1680,  was  printer  to  the 
government ;  he  died  in  1752. 

BRADFORD,  William,  an  eminent  printer, 
for  many  years  editor  of  the  Pennsylvania  Jour- 
nal, died  in  1791. 

BRADFORD,  William,  born  in  Philadelphia, 
1755,  attorney-general  of  the  United  States,  &c. 
He  was  an  author  and  poet,  and  died  in  1795. 

BRADFORD,  William,  a  physician,  after- 
wards a  lawyer,  of  eminence,  in  Rhode  Island, 
was  a  warm  and  active  friend  of  the  revolution^ 
and  later  in  life  a  senator  in  congress,  and  lieu- 
lenant-governor  of  Rhode  Island,  died  1808. 

BRADICK,  Walter,  author  of  "  Choheleth, 
or  Royal  Preacher,"  a  poem  of  considerable 
merit ;  he  was  a  merchant  of  Lisbon,  and  died 
in  1794. 

BRADLEY,  Dr.  James,  Savilian  professor  of 
astronomy  at  Oxford,  and  astronomical  observa- 
tor  at  thp  rijj  al  observatory  at  Greenwich,  was 
bom  at  Shireborn,  in  Gloucestershire,  1692,  and 


BRADSTREET,  Simon,  minister  otCharles- 
;ow.:,  Massachusetts,  died  in  1741. 

ERAD-TREET,  Simon,  minister  of  Marble- 
head,  Massachusetts,  distinguished  for  his  clas- 
sical attainments,  dud  in  1771. 

BRADSTREET,  John,  lieutenant-governor 
of  St.  John's,  Newlouudland,  took  Fort  Oswego 
and  Fort  Frontinac,  with  great  military  stores ; 
he  was  appointed  major-genei  al  by  the  king  of 
Ei'gland,  and  died  ill  1774. 
I  BRADWARDIN,  Thomas,  confessor  to  Ed- 
jward  III.  during  his  wars  in  France,  became 
'aichbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  1348. 
j  BRADY,  Dr.  Nicliotas,  an  English  divine,  of 
(good  parts  and  learning,  born  at  Bandon,  in  the 
icounty  of  Cork,  16.59,  died  1726.  He  translated 
jthe  iEneid  of  Virgil ;  but  what  he  is  likely  to  be 
;the  longest  remenibered  for,  as  indeed  he  is  now 
best  kiiown  by,  is  "A  new  Version  of  the  Psahus 
of  David"  in  coniimction  with  Mr.  Tate. 

BRADY,  Robert,  a  native  of  Norfolk,  emi- 
nent as  a  physician ;  he  died  in  1660. 

BRAKE,  Tycho,  a  celebrated  astronomer, 
horn  at  Knudstorp,  in  Denmark,  1546,  died  1601. 
He  was  the  inventor  of  a  new  system  of  the 
worJd  ;  but  it  did  not  succeed,  though  he  had 
many  followers.  He  was  very  superstitious  with 
regard  to  pres.iges,  and  very  positive  and  impa- 
tient of  contradiction  to  his  sentiments. 

BRAIGHWAITE,  John,  the  well  known  con- 
structor of  a  Qiving-bell ;  by  which,  in  1783,  he 
descended  into  the  Royal  George,  sunk  at  Spit- 
head,  and  brought  up  the  sheet  anchor,  and 
many  of  the  gims.  In  1788,  he  recovered  from 
the  Hartwell,  East  Indiaman,  lost  oflf  one  of  the 
Cape  de  Verd  Islands,  38,OO0Z.  in  dollars  ;  7000 
pigs  of  lead,  and  SCO  boxes  of  tin.  In  1806,  he 
recovered  from  the  Abergavenny,  East  India- 
man,  lost  off  Portland,  75,000Z.  in  dollars,  and 
other  valuables,  worth  30,000^.  He  died  about 
June,  1818. 

BRAILLIER,  Peter,  an  apothecary  at  Lyons, 
and  author  of  a  curious  book  on  the  abuses  and 
ignorance  of  physicians,  1557. 

BRAINERD,  David,  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
an  eminent  preacher,  and  missionary  to  the  In- 
dians. He  pubUshed  a  narrative  of  some  part 
of  his  missionary  labours,  and  died  in  1747. 

BRAINT  HIR,  supported  his  unde,  Cadwal- 
lon,  king  of  North  Wales,  against  Edwin,  king 
of  England,  in  620,  and  was  defeated. 

BRAKENBURG,  Reinier,  a  painter,  of  Haer- 
lem,  died  in  1649. 

BRAMAH,  Joseph,  a  very  ingenious  engineer 
and  mechanist,  died  at  Pimlico,  near  London, 
December  9, 1814. 

BRAMANTE  D'URBINO,  Lazarus,  a  dis- 
tinguished architect,  at  Naples  and  Rome.    It 


died  1762,  in  the  same  county.    His  observa-i! was  according  to  his  plan,  that  Pope  Julius  II. 
tions  are  extant  in  perfect  order,  in  13  vols,  folio,  jj began  to  rebuild  the  church  of  St.  Peter,  but 

he  died  before  it  was  completed,  1514. 


and  2  4to.  in  MS 

BRADLEY,  Richard,  F.  R.  S.,  professor  of 
botany  at  Cambridge,  but  his  abilities  were  not 
adequate  to  the  situation  ;  he  died  in  1732. 

BRADSHAW,  Henry,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
ef  Chester,  in  the  14th  century,  and  author  of  a 
poem,  called  the  Life  of  St.  Werburgh. 

BRADSHAW,  John,  serjeant  at  law,  was 
torn  in  Cheshire,  and  nominated  president  of 
the  sheriff's  court,  in  London,  on  the  trial  of 
Charles  T 

BRADSTREET,  Simon,  bom  in  London, 
1603,  came  early  to  America,  held  several  im 
portant  offices,  and  rendered  many  services  to 
tbe  colony,  was  elected  governor,  and  died  in 
1697. 

»6 


BRAMER,  Leonard,  a  disciple  of  Rembrandt, 
;born  at  Delft,  in  1596. 

BRAMHALL,  John,  a  native  of  Pontefract, 
in  Yorkshire,  succeeded  to  the  living  of  Ywk ; 
he  was  persecuted  in  the  time  of  Cromwell,  and, 
after  the  restoration,  was  promoted  to  the  see 
of  Armagh,  &c.;  he  died  1H63. 

BRAN,  son  of  Lyr,  father  of  Caractacus, 
king  of  Britain,  is  said  to  have  assisted  in  estab- 
lishing an  elective  monarchy  in  Britain ;  he  died 
about"80  A.  D. 

BRANCAS,  Villeneuve  Andrew  Francis,  ab- 
be of  Aulnay,  born  in  the  Venaissin,  died  in 
1758.  His  works  are  correct  in  matter,  but 
neiiiier  «Iegan;  in  styl«,  or  iu  the  choice  of  id6U. 


BR 


BR 


BRANCKER,  T;io!iias,  a  matlit'inatician, 
rector  of  TiI.<ton,  Ches'.ire,  ice,  died  in  1G76. 

BRANDEu,  Peter,  a  painter,  born  at  Prague, 
and  educaied  under  Schroeliir,  died  in  1739. 

BRANDI,  Hyacintli,  a  painter,  the  pupil  of 
Lftnfrac,  botn  near  Rotne,  died  in  1G91. 

BRANMtTLLER,  John,  professoi-  of  Hebrew, 
at  Basil,  died  in  1596;  lie  wrote  fuiieral  orations 
from  tiie  Bible.  His  son  and  grandson  also  wrote 
some  valuable  works. 

BRANDMULLER,  Gregory,  a  painter,  of  Ba- 
sil, died  in  1691.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Lcbrun,  and 
obtained  tbe  prize  at  the  Paris  academy. 

BRANDOLINI,  Aureiio,  a  native  of  Florence, 
eminent  as  a  poet. 

BRANDON,  Charles,  duke  of  Suffolk,  a  fa- 
vourite of  Henry  VIIL,  of  England  ;  he  married 
Mary,  the  sister  of  Hetiry,  and  died  in  1545. 

BRANDT,  Rev.  John,  secretary  to  the  society 
of  antiquaL-ies,  was  bon  at  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  1743,  and  educated  at  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford.  In  1777,  lie  published  "  O'oservations 
on  Popular  Antiquities,  iiicluding  the  whole  of 
Mr.  Bourn's  '  Antiquitates  Vulgarcs,'  with  ad- 
denda to  every  chapter  of  that  work,"  &c.,  8vo. 
In  1780,  he  published  "The  History  and  Anti- 
quilicd  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  2  vols.  4*0. 
Mr.  Brand  died  suddenly,  in  his  study,  Septem- 
ber 13,  1803. 

BRANDT,  Gerard,  a  pvoteslant  divine,  and 
minister  of  Aniatcrdam,  died  at  Rotterdam,  in| 
1695.  He  was  author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Re-i 
formation  of  the  Low  Countries,"  in  4  vols.  4to. 
It  is  written  in  Fiemisli ;  and  the  grand  pen-j 
sioner  Fagel  said  once  to  Bishop  Burnet,  that  it| 
was  worth  learning  Flemish,  merely  to  read 
Brandt's  History. 

BRANDT,  John,  secretary  of  Antwerp,  emi- 
nent for  his  erudition  and  patronage  of  science, 
died  in  16:^9. 

BRANDT,  Sebastian,  counsellor,  of  Stras 
burgh,  profe.s:^or  of  law,  and  poet,  died  in  1520. 

BRANDT,  Sebastian,  a chymist,  of  Germany, 
who  employed  a  great  portion  of  his  life  in 
search  of  tlie  philosopher's  stone;  lis  died  in 
1521. 

BRANDT,  Colonel,  a  famous  Indian  chief, 
sided  with  Great  Britain,  was  engaged  in  the 
massacre  of  Wyoming,  on  the  Susquehannah. 
and  in  an  attack  on  Minisink,  New- York  ;  lie 
died  in  1307. 

BRANTOME,  vid.  BOURDEILLES. 

BRASAVOLA,  Antonius  Musa,  professor  of 
medicine  at  Ferara,  was  physician  to  the  popes 
and  other  princes  of  Italy,  to  Francis  I.  of 
Prance,  Henry  VIII.  of  England,  and  Charles 
V.  of  Germany  ;  he  died  in  1555. 

BRASBRIDGE,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Norih- 
liamptonshire  ;  he  was  a  physician  and  divine, 
about  15G2. 

BRA3IDAS,  a  general  of  Lacedfcmon,  who 
conquered  several  of  the  allied  cities  of  Athens, 
434  B.  C. 

B  RATH  WATTE,  or  BRAITHWAYTE, 
Richard,  an  English  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  born  at  Warcop,  near  Appleby,  West- 
moreland, in  1588,  died  at  Appleton,  near  Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire,  May  4,  1673.  His  works  are 
numerous,  but  the  principal  of  them  are  "  The 
English  Gentleman,"  and  the  "The  English 
Gentlewoman  ;"  "  Mercurius  Britannicus," 
and  "  Regicidium,"  tragi-coraedies. 

BRATTLE,  Thomas,  merchant,  of  Boston, 
and  principal  founder  of  the  church  in  Brattle- 
street;  died  in  1713. 

BRATTLE,  William,  fellow  pf  ijarvard  Col- 


lege, minister  of  Cambridge,  published  a  work 
oi  logic,  and  died  in  1717. 

BRATTLE,  VVILLL\M,  a  preacher,  lawyer, 
and  physician  ;  he  was  a  member  of  tlie  general 
court,  and  of  the  council,  and  major-general  of 
militia  in  Mass. ;  he  died  in  1776. 

BR AUWER,  Adrian,  a  painier,  bom  at  Hoer- 
lem,  died  in  16;}8. 

BR.\Y,  Solomon   de,   a  native  of  Ilserlem, 
mineni  as  a  portrait  painter,  died  1664.    Hia 
on,  Jacob,  a  historical  painter,  died  at  tlie  end 
of  the  17th  century. 

BRAY,  Sir  Reginald,  who  was  instrumental 
in  the  advancement  of  Henry  VII.  to  the  throne, 
and  afterwaids  made  higii  treasurer  to  that 
monarch.  He  had  great  skill  in  architecture, 
as  appears  from  Henry  tlie  Seventh's  Chapel  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  and  the  chapel  of  St. 
George  at  Windsor,  as  he  had  a  principal  con- 
cern and  direction  in  the  building  of  the  former, 
and  the  finisiiing  and  bringing  to  perfection  of 
the  latter,  to  which  he  was  also  a  liberal  bene- 
factor. Polydore,  Vergil,  Hall,  &c.,  say,  that  he 
was  a  very  father  of  his  country  ;  a  sage  and 
rave  person  ;  a  fervent  lover  of  justice  ;  and 
one  who  would  often  admonish  the  king  when 
he  did  any  thing  contrary  to  justice  or  equity. 
Ho  died  Augusts,  1501. 

BRAY,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  born  at 
Marton,  in  Shropsliire,  11)56,  died  1730,  having 
made  himself  eminent  by  his  unwearied  atten- 
tion to  the  practice  of  benevolence.  Most  of  the 
religious  societies  and  good  designs  in  London 
are  in  a  great  measure  formed  on  the  plans  that 
lie  projected ;  particularly  the  charity-schools, 
the  society  for  reformation  of  manners,  and  tiiat 
for  the  relief  of  poor  proselvtes,  &c. 

DREARLEY,  David,  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention for  framing  tiie  constitution  of  the  U. 
S.  in  1787  ;  he  died  in  1790. 

BREBEUF,  George  de,  a  French  poet,  born 
at  Torigni,  in  Lower  Normandy,  1618.  He  was 
distinguished  chieHy  by  a  translation  of  Lucan ; 
but  the  best,  and  as  it  should  seem,  the  most 
edifying  of  his  works,  is  the  tirst  book  of  Lucan 
Travestied.  It  is-said  of  Brebeut",  that  he  had 
a  fever  upon  him  for  more  than  20  years.  He 
died  in  1G6I. 

BREBEIJF,  Jean  de,  a  distinguished  mission- 
ary in  Canada,  was  burnt  by  the  savages,  1649. 

BRECOUIIT,  Gailiaume  Martoureau  de,  a 
Frendi  poet  and  actor,  died  in  1885. 

3REDA,  Peter  Van,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
died  in  1681. 

BREDA,  John  Van,  a  Flemish  painter  who 
exercised  his  profession  in  England,  died  in 
17;>0. 

BREDENBACK,  Matthias,  a  controversialist 
writer  of  Kerpen,  died  in  1559. 

BREENBERG,  Barthol,  a  painter  of  some 
distinction,  born  at  Utrecht,  in  1620. 

B  REESE,  Mary,  a  singular  character,  bom 
at  Lynn,  in  Norfolk,  1721.  She  regularly  took 
out  a  shooting  license,  kept  as  good  greyhounds, 
and  was  as  sure  a  shot,  as  any  in  the  county. 
She  never  lived  out  of  the  parLsh  in  which  she 
was  born,  and  where  she  died  September,  1799. 
By  her  desire, her  dogs  and  favourite  mare  were 
killed  at  her  deatii,  and  buried  in  one  grave 
with  her. 

BRECK,  Robert,  minister,  of  Marleborougb, 
Mass.,  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  He- 
brew ;  he  died  in  1731. 

BRECK,  Robert,  a  minister  of  Springfield, 
Mass.,  possessed  of  superior  intellectual  endow- 
ments, died  in  1784. 

87 


BR 

BRECKENRIDGE,  John,  senator  in  Congress 
from  Kentucky,  distinguished  for  his  eloquence, 
died  in  1801. 

BREGY,  Charlotte  Saumase  de  Chauzin, 
comptesse  de,  a  maid  of  honour  to  Ann  of  Aus- 
tria, died  in  1693. 

BREITKOPF,  John  Gottlieb  Emanuel,  a  wri- 
ter and  printer,  of  Leipsic,  died  in  1794.  j 

BREMONT,  Francois  dc,  a  Parisian,  made! 
secretary  to  the  Royai  London  Society,  and  ad-j 
mired  for  his  laborious  application  and  critical 
discernment ;  he  diod  in  1742. 

BRENNER,  Henry,  a  native  of  West  Both- 
nia, was  made  keeper  of  the  royal  hbrary  at 
Stockhoim,  died  in  1732. 

BRENNUS,  a  o^rneral  of  Gaul ;  he  invaded 
Thessaly,  &c.,  and  killed  himself  in  278  B.  C.    | 

BRENNUS,  a  general  of  Gaul,  celebrated  for} 
the  siege  and  seizure  of  Rome,  was  defeated  j 
and  totally  destroyed  bv  Camilhis,  388  B.  C.        I 

BRENT,  Sir  Nathaniel,  a  native  of  Woolford,! 
Warwickshire,  educated  at  Merton  College  ofj 
wh.ich  he  became  the  warden,  and  was  knight- 
ed by  Charles  I,  at  Woodstock  ;  he  died  in  1(352. 

BRENTIUS,  or  BRENTZEN,  John,was  born 
in  Swabia,  a  distinguished  friend  and  follower 
of  Luther,  died  in  1570. 

BRENTON,  William,  lieutenant-governor 
and  governor  of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Ibiand,  died 
at  Newpbrt,  1674. 

BREaUIGNY,  Lewis  George  Edward  de, 
author  of  the  history  of  the  revolution  of  Genua, 
&c     died  1795 

BREREWOOD,  Edward,  a  learned  antiqua- 
ry and  the  first  astronomical  professor  of  Gres- 
ham  College,  died  in  1613. 

BRET,  Anthony,  author  of  the  life  of  Ninon 
de  I'Enclos,  and  many  other  works.  He  was  a 
native  of  Dijon,  and  died  in  1792. 

BRETON,  Nicholas,  a  writer  of  ballads  and 
interludes,  in  the  ajje  of  Elizabeth. 

BRETONNEAU,  Francis,  a  Jesuit  of  Tours, 
author  of  a  life  of  James  II.,  &c.,  died  in  1741. 

BRETONNIER,  Bartliol  Joseph,  an  advo-j 
eate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  author  ofl 
some  law  tracts,  died  in  1727.  I 

BRETTEVILLE,  Etienne  du  Boise,  a  Jesuif 
of  Ncruiandy.author  of  some  theological  tracts,! 
died  1G88.  1 

BRETTINGER,  John  James,  a  native  ofj 
Zurich,  professor  of  Hebrew  and  author  of  aui 
edition  of  the  New  Testament  from  the  septua-l 
gint;  he  died  in  1776.  j 

BREUGEL,  Peter,  usually  styled  Old  Breugel,!' 
an  eminent  Dutch  painter,  chiefly  of  ruraiij 
sports,  the  marches  of  armies,  &c.,  was  born  ati! 
Bruegsl,  near  Breda,  in  1503,  and  died  1596  jj 

BREUGEL,  Peter,  son  of  the  precediiig,  sur-i| 
passed  in  the  description  of  magicians  and  de-l; 
viis,  whence  he  is  called  "  fielHsi')  Breugel."        j 

BREUGEL.John,  2d  son  of  old  Pefer,  excelled 
in  painting  flowers  and  fruits,  and  died  in  1642.i| 
Another  of  that  name  called  Abraham,  born  Bt|i 
Antwerp,  excelled  as  a  .iower  and  landscape 
painter,  and  died  in  lfi72. 

BREUL,  James  du,  a  Benedictine  monk,  au- 
thor of  the  antiquities  of  Paris,  &c.,  died  in 
1164. 

BREVAL,  John  Durant  de,  rose  to  the  rank 
of  captain  under  the  great  Marleboroiigh.  He 
was  an  author  of  some  merit,  and  died  in  1739. 

BREVINT,  Daniel,  made  dean  of  Lincoln,  in 
1681,  died  in  1695. 

BREWER,  Anthony,  a  poet  highly  esteemed 
among  the  wits  and  courtiers  in  the  reign  ofi 
Charles  I.  ] 

88 


BR  

BREWSTER,  WiUiam,  a  very  distinguished 
member  and  ruling  elder  of  the  church  of  Ply- 
mouth ;  he  died  in  1644. 

BREYNIUS,  James,  of  Dantzic,  author  of 
Plantarum  exoticarum  centuria,  &c.,  died  in 
16i>7. 

BRIANT,  Solomon,  an  Indian,  and  minister 
to  tiie  Indians  atMarsbpee,  in  Barnstable,  diass., 
died  1775. 

BRIDAINE,  N.,  a  famous  French  preacher  of 
the  diocess  of  Uzes,  compared  to  Demostheuea 
and  Bossuet,  died  in  1767. 

BRIDAULT,  John  Peter,  a  French  writer, 
author  of  manners  and  customs  of  the  Romans, 
&c.,  died  in  1761. 

BRIDGE,  Wilham  a  leading  preacher  among 
tlie  independents  of  England,  died  in  1670. 

BRIDGE,  Thomas,  a"\ery  worthy  minister  of 
the  Ist  church  in  Boston,  died  in  1715. 

BRIDGEWATER,  Francis  Egerton,  duke  of, 
opened  a  communication,  by  a  canal,  between 
Manchester  and  Worsely,  which,  together  with 
the  Mersey,  facilitated  the  commerce  between 
Liverpool  and  xManchester.     He  died  in  1603. 

BKIDGMAN,  John,  a  native  of  Exeter,  chap- 
lain to  James  I.  During  the  civil  wars,  he  was 
a  great  sufferer  in  person  and  property. 

BRIDGMAN,  Sir  Orlando  ;  after  the  restora- 
tion be  was  made  lord  chancellor :  he  wasweak 
and  irresolute,  and  died  in  1672. 

BRIEN^E,  Waiter  de,  a  native  of  Champag- 
ne, distinguished  for  his  courage  at  the  siege  of 
Acre,  against  the  Saracens  ;  he  was  afterw  ards 
king  of  Sicily:  his  son  and  successor,  of  the 
same  name,  also  distinguished  himself  against 
the  Saracens  ;  he  was  put  to  death  in  1251. 

BRIENNE,  John,  made  king  of  Jerusalem,  in 
1210,  which  he  resigned ;  he  afterwards  tilled 
the  throne  of  Constantinople. 

BRIETIUS,  Philip,  a  learned  French  geogra 
pher,  and  universal  chronologist,  born  at  Abbe- 
ville, in  16'Jl,  and  died  librarian  of  the  Jesuit's 
College,  at  Paris,  1608. 

BRIGCS,  Henry,  an  eminent  mathematician, 
born  at  Halifax,  in  Yorkshire,  15.56.  When 
Gresham  College,  in  London,  was  established, 
he  was  chosen  tlie  first  protessor  of  geometry 
there,  in  IS'.'G.     He  died  in  January,  1630. 

BRIGGS,  William,  a  native  of  Norwich,  an 
eminent  physician,  of  St.  Thomas'  hospital,  died 
in  1704. 

BKIGHAM,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Oxford- 
shire, eminent  as  a  lawyer  and  poet,  died  in 
1559. 

BRIGHT,  Francis,  first  minister  of  Charles- 
town,  Mas.-achusetts,  returned  to  England  in 
1030. 

BBIGHTMAN,  Thomas,  rector  of  Hawnes, 
Bedfordshire,  wrote  Latin  commentaries  on  the 
canticles  and  apocalypse,  died  in  1607. 

BRILIi,  Matthew  and  Paul,  natives  of  Ant- 
werp, and  good  painters;  born  in  1550,  and 
1554,  and  eminent  for  perfonriances  in  histoi-y 
and  landscape  ;  Matthew  died  in  1584  ;  Paul  in 
1626. 

BRINHLEY,  James,  a  most  uncommon  ge- 
nius for  mechanical  inventions,  and  particularly 
excellent  in  planning  and  conducting  inland  na- 
vigations, was  born  in  1716,  at  Tunsted,  in 
Derbyshire,  and  died  at  Tnmhurst,  in  Stalibrd- 
shire^  September  27,  1772,  having  shortened  his 
days  by  too  intense  application ;  for  he  never 
indulged  or  relaxed  himself  in  the  common  di- 
versions of  life,  not  having  the  least  relish  for 
them  ;  and  though  once  prevailed  on  to  see  a 
play  in  London,  yet  he  declared  that  he  woiild 


BR 

on  no  account  be  piesoiit  at  another,  because  it 
BO  disturbed  his  ideas  for  several  days  aftei-,  a« 
to  render  hiin  unfit  lor  business.  Wlien  any 
extraordinary  difliculty  occurred  to  him  in  the 
execution  of  his  works,  he  generally  retired  to 
bed;  and  lias  been  known  to  lie  there  one,  two, 
or  tinee  days,  till  he  had  surmounted  it.  He 
would  then  get  up,  arid  execute  hisdesi<in  with- 
out any  drawing  or  model ;  for  lie  had  a  pro- 
digious memory,  and  carried  oifcery  thing  in  lii^ 


head. 

BRINSMEAD,  William,  first  minister  of 
Marlborough,  Massachusetts,  died  in  1701.  He 
refuH:ed  baptism  to  iiithnts  born  on  the  Sabbath. 

BRINVILLIERS,  Maria  Marj^aret  d'Aubrai, 
marchioness  of,  a  French  lady,  known  for  her 
intrigues  and  crimes;  she  poisoned  her  father, 
two  brothers,  and  her  sister,  was  condemned  to 
have  her  head  cut  off,  and  afterwards  to  be  burnt. ; 
the  sentence  was  executed  in  1G76. 

BRIQUEMAUT,  and  C'AVAGNES,  two  pro- 
testants,  cruelly  put  to  death  soon  after  the  mas- 
sacre of  St.  Bartiiolomew,  in  France,  in  1572. 

BRISe«ONIUS,  Barnaby,  a  lawyer  of  emi- 
nence, in  France,  was  ambassador  of  ^Jenry  ill. 
in  England,  and  died  in  1591. 

BRISriOT,  Peter,  a  native  of  Fontenay  Ic 
Comple,  in  Foictou,  eminent  as  a  plivsician,  died 
in  1.522. 

BRISSOT,  J.  P.,  a  very  eminent  French  writer 
on  philosophy,  politics,  and  legislation  ;  but,  not 
Contenting  hiinself  with  a  hu?h  degree  of  literary 
fame,  he  took  a  distinguished  part  in  the  French 
revolutionary  government,  and  suliered  by  the 
guillotine,  November  30,  ITOH,  at  tlie  ase  of  39. 

BRETANNICUS,  Johii,  an  Italian  critic  and 
grammarian,  was  born  at  Palazzolo,  near  Bres- 
da,  about  the  middle  of  the  15th  century,  and 
died  in  1510. 

BRITANNICUS,  son  of  Clatidins,  poisoned 
by  his  mother-in-ia\>-,  who  wisJicd  to  raise  her 
son  Nero  to  the  tlnone,  A.  D.  5^. 

BRITO.  Bernardo  de,  a  nionkof  Almeyda,  in 
Portugal,  author  of  a  historical  account  of  his 
country,  died  in  1C17. 

BRITTON,  Thomas,  the  famou.s  musical 
small-coal  man,  was  born  at,  or  near  Hiftham 
Ferrers,  iti  Northamptonshire,  about  the  middle 
of  the  17th  century,  and  went  from  thence  to 
London,  where  he  bound  himself  apprentice  to 
a  small-coal  man.  He  served  seven  years,  and 
returned  to  Northamptonshire,  his  master  giving 
him  a  stmi  of  money  not  to  set  up ;  but  after  this 
money  w-as  spent,  he  returned  again  to  London, 
and  set  up  the  trade  of  small-coa! ;  which  he  con- 
tinued to  the  end  of  his  life.  Some  time  al'ter 
his  setting  up  in  the  coal  business,  he  applied 
himself  to  chymistry ;  and,  by  the  help  of  a  mov- 
ing elaboratory,  contrived  by  himself,  performed 
such  things  in  that  profession,  as  had  never  been 
done  before.  But  his  principal  object  was  music ; 
in  the  theory  of  which  he  was  very  knowing :  in 
the  practice  not  inconsiderable.  He  was  so  much 
addicted  to  it,  that  he  pricked  with  his  own  hand 
very  neatly  and  accurately,  and  left  behind  liim 
a  collection  of  music,  mostly  pricked  by  himself, 
which  was  sold  for  near  100/.  He  left  an  excel- 
lent collection  of  printed  books,  both  of  chymis- 
try and  music:  not  to  mention  that  he  had,  some 
years  before  his  death,  sold  by  auction  a  col- 
lection of  books,  most  of  them  in  the  Rosicru 
sian  faculty,  of  which  he  was  a  great  admirer. 
But  what  distinguished  him  most  of  all,  was  a 
kind  of  musical  meeting,  held  at  his  own  small 
house,  and  kept  up  at  his  own  charges,  for  many 
years.    This  society  was  frequented  by  gentry, 

8* 


BR 

even  those  of  the  best  quality,  with  whom  he 
onversed  familiarly,  and  by  whcni  he  was  mucli 
esteeuicd;  /or  Bi  iiton  was  as  respectable  for  moral 
endowments,  as  he  was  curious  for  intcdectual. 
Tlie  circumstances  ol'  his  death  are  not  less  re- 
markable than  those  of  his  life.  There  was  one 
Honoj'man,  a  blacksmith,  who  was  famous  for 
speakingasif  his  voice  proceeded  from  somedis- 
iant  part  of  the  house,  (a  ventriloquist,  or  speaker 
fiom  his  belly,  as  these  persons  are  called.)  This 
man  was  secretly  introduced  by  Robe,  a  Middle- 
sex justice,  who  frequeiitly  piayed  at  Britton's 
concerts,  tor  the  sole  purpose  of  terrifying  Brit- 
r.on;  and  he  succeeded  in  it  entirely;  for  Honey 
man,  without  moving  his  lips,  or  seeming  to 
speak,  announced,  as  from  alar  off,  the  death  of 
poor  Britton  vvitliin  a  fewhoure;  with  an  iiuima- 
iion,  that  the  only  way  to  avert  his  doom,  was  to 
fall  on  his  knees  immediately,  and  say  the  Lord's 
Prayer.  The  poor  man  did  so  ;  but  it  did  not 
avert  his  doonj ;  lor,  taking  to  his  bed,  he  died 
in  a  few  days,  I<  aving  Justice  Robe  to  enjoy  the 
fruits  of  his  mirth.  His  death  happened  in  Sep- 
tember, 1714. 

BRI2;ARD,  or  BRITARD,  John  Baptisfe,  a 
French  actor,  eminent  in  comedy,  died  in  1790. 

BRI'ZIO,  Francisco,  a  landscape  painter,  of 
eminence,  of  Bologna,  died  in  1623. 

BROCARDUS,  James,  a  wild  vif^ionary  of 
Venice,  embraced  protestantism,  and  violently 
attacked  popery. 

BROCK,  John,  a  useful  minister,  in  Reading, 
Massachusetts,  died  in  1688. 

BROCXLESDY,  Dr.  Richard,  an  eminent 
English  physician  and  medical  writer,  died  at  a 
very  advanced  age,  December  12,  1797,  beloved 
and  regretted  by  the  most  distinguished  charac- 
ters, in  rank  ano  science. 

BKODEAU,  John,  born  at  Tours,  in  1500, 
rose  to  great  eminetice  as  a  scholar. 

BROI>EAU,  Julian,  a  native  of  Tours,  wrote 
a  life  of  Charles  dii  Moulin,  and  died  in  1543. 

BROECKKUYSE,  orBROUKHUSIUS.  Jolm. 
Vid.  BROUKHUSIUS. 

BROEK,  Elias  Vandeen,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
distinguished  lor  the  masterly  njanner  in  which 
he  introduced  reptiles,  &c.,  into  his  pictures  of 
liowers  and  landscapes,  died  in  1711. 

BROGLIO,  Vict4)r  Maurice,  count  de,  marshai 
of  France,  distinguished  himself  in  the  service 
of  Lewis  XIV. 

BROGNI,  John  de,  a  swine-herd,  born  a( 
Brogin,  in  Savoy  ;  he  was  raised,  by  Pope  Cle- 
ment VII.,  to  the  dignity  of  cardinal,  and  was 
distinguished  for  his  learning,  virtues,  and  piety; 
he  died  in  1420. 

BROKESBY,  Francis,  rector  of  Rowley,  in 
Yorkshire,  author  of  "  A  Life  of  Jesus  Christ,  ' 
and  a  principal  assistant  to  Mr.  Nelson  in  com- 
piling his  "  Feasts  and  Fasts  of  the  Church  of 
England."  He  was  also  author  of  "  A  History 
of  the  Government  of  the  Primitive  Church," 
&c.,  and  died  in  1718, 

BROME,  Adau)  de,  a  favourite  of  Edward  II., 
the  founder  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  died  in  J.332. 

BROME,  Alexander  de,  born  in  1620,  and  died 
in  1866.  He  was  a  warm  cavalier,  and  author  of 
innumerable  odes,  sonnets  and  little  pieces,  in 
which  the  round-heads  are  treated  with  great 
keenness  and  severity.  These  with  his  epistlea 
and  epigrams, were  all  printed  in  one  voliimeSvo. 
after  the  restoration.  He  published  also  aversion 
of  Horace,  by  himselfand  others  :wiihQ  comedy, 
called  "  The  Cunning  Lovers,"  1651 ;  and  the 
world  is  indebted  to  him  for  two  volumes  of  t'oe 
plays  of 

89 


BR 


BR 


BROME,  Richard,  who  lived  also  in  the  reignj]  prose,  in  conjunction  with  Ozell  and  Oldiswortb. 
of   Charles    I.,    and    was   cotemporary   with   He  was  afterwards  introduced  to  Mr.  Pope,  and 


cotemporary 
Decker,  Ford,  Shirley,  &:c.  His  extraction  was 
mean,  for  he  was  originally  no  better  than  a 
menial  servant  to  Ben  Jolinson  ;  he  wrote  him- 
eelf  however  into  high  repute.  His  genius  was 
entirely  turned  to  comedy,  and  we  have  15  otj 
his  productions  in  this  way  remaining.  One  ofi 
these  "  The  Jovial  Crew,"  has  with  a  little  al- 
teration, been  revived,  and  exhibited  with  great! 
and  repeated  success.    He  died  in  16.52.  j 

BROMFIELD,  Edward,  an  eminent  mer- 
chant, of  Boston,  distinguished  for  his  piety ;; 
he  di(.d  in  1756.  | 

BIIOMFLELD,  Edward,  a  young  man  of; 
uncommon  mechanical  genius,  of  Boston,  died 
in  174j.  '         ! 


gained  so  much  of  his  esteem,  that  he  was  em- 
ployed to  make  extracts  from  Eustathius,  for 
tlie  notes  to  the  translation  of  the  Iliad  ;  and  in 
the  volumes  of  poetry  published  by  Lintot,  com- 
monly called  "Pope's  Miscellanies,"  many  of 
his  early  pieces  were  inserted.  When  the  suc- 
cess of  the  Iliad  gave  encouragement  to  a  ver- 
sion of  the  Odyssey,  Pope,  weary  of  the  toili, 
called  Fenton  and  Broome  to  his  assistance  ;  and 
taking  only  half  the  work  upon  himself,  divided 
the  other  half  between  his  partners,  giving  four 
books  to  Fenton,  and  eight  to  Broome.  To  the 
lot  of  Broome  fell  the  "id,  6ih,  8th,  11th,  12th, 
16th,  ISth  and  2'M  ;  together  with  the  burden  of 
writing  all  the  notes.    The  price  at  which  Pope 


BRO.MPTON,  John,  a  monk  in  the  reign  of|  purchased  this  assistance  was  300/.  paid  to  Fen- 


Edward  Jll.  The  Chronieou,  which  passes  un 
der  his  name,  is  probably  the  work  of  some  un- 
known author. 

BROXCHORST,  John  Van,  a  painter,  of 
Flanders,  in  the  ITlh  century. 

BROXCHORST,  John,  a  painter,  born  at 
Leyden,  excelled  at  painting  animals  and  birds 
in  water  colours,  died  in  1661. 

BROxVCHORS  T,  Peter,  a  native  of  Delft,  emi 
Kent  as  a  painter,  died  in  1661. 

BROXGNIART,  Augustus  Lewis,  an  emi 
lient  chvmist,  died  at  Paris,  in  1804. 

BRO.NKHUSLVS, or  BROEKHUIZEN,  John 
a  learned  Dutchman,  died  in  1797. 

BRONSSON,  Claude,  an  elegant  advocate,  and 
warm  supporter  of  the  protestants  in  France  in 
the  reign  of  Lewis  XIV 

BROXZINO,  Agnolo,  a  painter  at  Florence, 
died  in  1580, 

BROOK,  Ralph,  York  Herald,  known  for  the 
errors  which  he  discovered  in  Camden's  Bri 
tania,  died  in  1625. 

BROOKE,  Sir  Robert,  an  eminent  judge  in  the 
reign  of  Mary,  born  at  Claverley,  in  yhropshire, 
died  in  1553. 

BROOKE,  Sir  Robert,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent lawyers  of  his  time,  and  lord  chief  justice 
of  tlie  common  pieas,  WTOte  "  An  Abridgment, 
containing  an  Abstract  of  the  Year  Books  till  the 
time  of  Queen  Mary,"  "  Cases  adjudged  from 
the  6ih  of  Henry  VIII.  to  the  4th  oY  Queen 
Mary,"  and  "  Readings  on  the  Statute  of  Limi- 
tations, made  32d  of  Henry  VIII.  c.  2."  Sir 
Robert  died  in  1558. 

BROOKE,  Henry,  who  gained  great  reputa- 
tion as  a  writer,  by  "the  "  Farmers  Letters,"  pub- 
lished in  Ireland,  during  the  rebellion,  in  imiia- 
tion  of  Swii't's  '•  Drapier's  Letters."  He  was 
also  author  of  "  The  Fool  of  Quality,"  a  novel 
of  more  than  ordinary  merit.  His  dramatic 
works,  of  which  the  most  celebrated  are,  "  Gus 
tavus  Vasa,"  and  "The  Earl  of  Essex,"  were 
collected,  with  his  other  writings,  in  4  vols.  8vo 
1778.    He  died  October  10,  1783. 

BROOKE,  Mrs.  Frances,  a  lady  as  remarka- 
ble for  her  virtues,  as  for  her  great  hterary  ac- 
complishments. Her  principal  works  are, "  Ju- 
lia Maudeville,"  and  Emily  Montague,"  novels ; 
the"  Old  Maid,"  a  series  of  periodical  papers; 
"Virginia,"  and  "The  Siege  of  Sinope,"  tra- 
gedies; "  Rosina,"  and  "Marian,"  musical 
dramas,  and  several  much  esteemed  trans 
lations  from  the  French.  She  died  January  23, 
1789. 

BROOME,  William,  born  in  Cheshire,  as  is 

said,  of  very  mean  parents.    He  was  educated 

apon  the  ibundation  at  Eton,  and  appeared  early! 

liii  tlie  world  as  a  translator  of  the  Iliad  iutol 

90 


ton,  and  500Z.  to  Broome,  with  as  many  copies 
as  he  wanted  for  his  friends,  which  amounted  to 
100/.  more.  Broome  died  at  Bath,  A^ovember 
16, 1745. 

BROOKS,  John,  L.L.D.,  governor  of  Mass. 
was  distinguished  as  the  early  friend  of  the 
American  revolution,  as  a  brave,  active,  and 
judicious  officer  of  the  American  army  ;  as  an 
able  and  sound  statesman,  and  a  true  patriot. 
The  friend  of  Washington,  he  enjoyed  the  con- 
fidence and  respect  of  his  fellow-citizens,  and 
died,  lamented  by  his  countrj',  in  1825. 

BROOKS,  Eleazer,  a  brigadier  in  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  and  was  in  the  battle  of  White 
Plains  in  1776,  &c. ;  he  died  in  130'3. 

BROSHI,  Carlo,  a  celebrated  Italian  singet. 
died  in  1782. 

BROSSARD,  Sebastian  de,  a  canon  of  Meux ; 
he  excelled  as  a  musician,  and  died  in  1730. 

BROSSE,  Guy  dela,  a  physician,  author  of  a 
treatise  on  the  virtues  of  plants,  founded  a  gar- 
den of  medicinal  plants  at  Paris,  in  1626. 

BROSSES,  Charles  de,  president  of  the  par- 
hament  of  Burgundy,  who  wrote  letters  on  the 
discoverr  of  Herculaneum,  fcc,  died  in  1776. 

BROSSETTE,  C.aude,  bom  at  Lyons,  1671, 
published  the  works  of  Boileau  and  of  Resnier 
with  historical  illustrations  ;  wrote  "  L'Hisioire 
abrc'gee  de  la  Ville  de  L\  ons,"  with  elegance, 
and  precision,  and  died  there  iu  1746. 

BROSSIER,  Martha,  a  very  remarkable  wo- 
man, who  pretended  to  be  possessed  by'  tne 
devil,  and  had  nearly  occasioned  great  disorders 
in  France  toward  the  latter  end  of  me  16th  cen- 
turv. 

BROTIER,  L'Abbe,  an  illustrious  and  ami- 
able Frenchman,  and  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished ornaments  of  the  belles  lettres  ia 
that  country,  born  at  Tanay,  1722,  died  1789. 

BROUE,  Peter  de  la,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
friend  of  Bossuet,  died  in  1720. 

BROUGHTON,  Hugh,  a  very  learned  divine, 
born  in  Oldbury,  Salop,  1549,  died  1612,  leaving 
a  very  laborious  work  behind  him,  called  "  The 
Consent  of  Scriptures,"  which  he  dedicated  to 
queen  Elizabeth. 

BROUGHTON,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine, 
author  of  the  "  Bibliotheca  Historica  Sacra," 
2  vols,  folio,  1739,  and  one  of  the  original  writers 
of  the  "  Biographia  Britannica,"  (in  the  first  edi- 
tion of  which  work  his  papers  we^e  marked 
T.)  was  born  at  London,  July  5,  1704,  iii  the 
parish  of  St.  Andrew,  Holborn,  of  which  hig 
father  was  minister,  and  died  vicar  of  Bed- 
minsier,  near  Bristol,  i7'r4. 

BROUGHTON,  Thomas,  a  counsellor  and 
lieutenant-governor  of  South  Carolina  whfle  a 
British  colooy,  died  in  1737. 


BR 

BROUNCKER,  William,  viscount,  a  native 
of  Castle  Lyon,  in  Ireland,  bom  1620,  died 
lfi84,  having  distinguished  himself  chiefly  as  a 
matheniarician  by  his  "  geries  f»r  the  (Quadra- 
ture of  the  Hyperbola." 

BROUWER,  Adrian,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
painter,  born  at  Ilcevleni,  in  3608.  Frans  Halts 
took  him  from  begging  in  the  streets,  and  in- 
structed him  in  the  rudiments  of  painting.  Hu- 
mour was  his  proper  sphere ;  and  in  little  pieces 
he  used  to  represent  his  pot  companions  drink- 
ing, smoking  tobacco,  gaming,  fighting,  &c. 
He  did  this  with  a  pencil  so  tender  and  free,  so 
much  of  nature  in  his  expression,  such  excellent 
drawing  in  all  the  particular  parts,  and  good 
keeping  in  the  whole  together,  that  none  of  his 
countrymen  have  ever  been  comparable  to  him 
on  that  subject.  He  scorned,  however,  to  work 
HS  long  as  he  had  any  money  in  his  pocket ;  de- 
clared for  a  short  hfe,  and  a  merry  one  ;  and,  re- 
solving to  ride  post  to  his  grave,  by  the  help  ot 
wine  and  brandy,  he  got  to  his  journey's  end,  in 
1638,  at  only  30  years  of  age.  He  died  so  very 
poor,  that  contributions  were  raised  to  lay 
him  privately  in  the  ground  :  from  whence  he  I 
was  soon  after  taken  up,  and,  as  it  is  commonly 
said,  very  handsomely  interred  by  Rubens,  who 
was  a  great  admirer  of  his  happy  genius  for 
painting. 

BROWN,  Robert,  a  famous  schismatic,  from 
whom  the  sect  of  the  Brownists  derived  its 
name.  He  died  1630.  This  sect  equally  con- 
demned episcopacy  and  presbytery,  as  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  consistories,  classes,  and  synods; 
and  would  not  join  with  any  other  reformed 
church,  because  they  were  not  sufficiently  as- 
sured of  the  sanctity  and  probity  of  its  members, 
holding  it  an  impiety  to  communicate  with  sin- 
ners. Their  form  of  church  government  was 
democratical.  Such  as  desired  to  be  members 
of  their  church  made  a  confession  of  their  faith, 
and  signed  a  covenant  obliging  themselves  to 
walk  together  in  the  order  of  the  gospel. 

BROWN",  Thomas,  of  facetious  memory :  hnt 
whose  wit,  being  greater  than  his  prudence, 
brought  him  frequently  within  danger  of  starv- 
ing. Toward  the  latter  end  of  Brown's  li.'e,  i 
hovyevfir,  we  are  informed  by  Mr.  Jacob,  that 
he  was  in  favour  with  the  earl  of  Dorset,  who  in- 
vited him  to  diinier  on  a  Chiistma.s-day,  with 
Drydcn,  and  other  gentlemen  celebrated  for  in- 
genuity ;  when  Brown,  to  his  agreeable  surprise, 
found  a  bank  note  of  59Z.  under  his  plate  .  and 
Dryden,  at  the  same  time,  was  presented  with 
another  of  1001.  Brown  was  born  in  Shrop- 
shire, died  in  London,  1704,  and  was  interred  in 
the  Cloister  of  Westminster  Abbey,  near  the  re- 
mains of  Mrs.  Behn,  with  whom  he  was  inti- 
mate in  his  life  ti.me.  His  whole  works  were 
printed  in  1707  ;  consisting  of  "  Dialogues,  Es- 
says, Declamations,  Satires,  Letters  from  the 
Dead  to  the  Living,  Translations,  Anmsements, 
&c."  in  4  vols.  Much  humour,  and  not  a  little 
learnisi^r  are  scattered  every  where  through- 
out them;  but  those  who  think  they  want  deli- 
cacy, have  certainly  abundant  reason  On  their 
side. 

BROWN,  John,  an  ingenious  English  writer, 
born  at  Rothbury,  in  Northumberland,  1715. 
Having  taken  orders,  and'  made  himself  emi- 
nent by  many  excellent  sermons,  he  fell  under 
the  notice  of  Dr  Osbaidiston  who,  when  raised 
to  the  see  of  Carlisle,  madf  him  one  o  '  Y,k 
chaplains.  It  was  probably  about  this  timp  xum 
he  wrote  his  poem  entitled  "  Honour,"  to  show- 
flat  true  honour  can  only  be  founded  in  virtue  ; 


BR 

it  was  inscribed  to  lord  Lonsdale.  His  next 
poetical  production,  though  not  imniediatdy 
published,  was  his  "  Essay  on  Satire,"  in  three 
parts  ;  it  was  addressed  to  Dr.  Warburton,  who 
preti.xed  it  to  the  serx)nd  volume  of  Pope's  Worka 
by  Warburton  ;  with  which  it  still  continues  to 
be  printed  :  as  well  as  in  Dodsley's  Collection. 
Brown  now  began  to  figure  as  a  writer  ;  and,  in 
1751,  pnblislied  his  "  Essays  on  Shaflsbury'a 
Characteristics  ;  a  work  written  with  elegance 
and  spirit,  and  so  applauded  as,  in  a  short  time, 
to  go  through  five  editions.  His  next  appear- 
|ance  in  the  world  was  as  a  dramatic  writer ; 
and  in  1755,  his  tragedy  of  "  Barbarossa,"  was 
produced  upon  the  stage ;  and  afterwards  his 
"Athelstan,"  in  1756.  Our  author  had  taken  hia 
doctor  of  divinity's  degree  in  1755.  In  1757 
came  out  his  famous  work,  entitled  "An  Esti- 
mate of  the  Manners  and  Principles  of  the 
Times,"  8vo. ;  famous  we  call  it,  because 
seven  editions  of  it  were  printed  in  little  more 
than  a  year.  In  1758,  he  published  a  second 
volume  of  "  The  Estimate."  Dr.  B.  put  an  end 
to  his  life  in  a  fit  of  insanity.  Sept  23, 1706,  in 
his  51st  year. 

BROWN,  Moses,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  "  Sunday  Thoughts,"  "  Piscatory  Eclogues,'-' 
«cc.,  born  1703,  died  178X 

BROWN,  Lancelot ;  sometimes  professionally 
distinguished  by  the  prmnoiaen  CAPABILITY  ; 
who,  by  the  intuitive  force  of  his  own  genius, 
invented  a  new  horticultural  system,  and  carried 
ornamental  gardening  to  high  perfection;  was 
born  at  Kirkharle  in  the  county  of  Northumber- 
land, in  August,  1715.  At  an  early  period  of 
his  life  became  to  London,  and  was  patronised 
by  lord  viscount  Cobham,  the  celebrated  friend 
and  patron  of  Pope  ;  and  it  is  generally  under- 
stood, that  scooping  out  the  bsjauiiful  valley 
opposite  the  temple  of  concord,  at  Siowe,  was 
the  first  of  his  undertakings;  but  Richmond, 
Blenheim,  Croome,  Luion,  Trentham,  Red- 
grave, Wimblcden,  Nuneham,  the  approach  to 
the  house  through  the  park  at  Caversham,  &c. 
will  for  ages  .stand  memorials  of  his  superior 
taste  and  abilities.  He  fjossessed  a  cultivated 
mind,  and  his  society  was  courted  by  men  most 
considerable  for  llieir  rank  or  genius.  Respect- 
ing the  term  Capability,  by  which  Mr.  Brown 
was  frequently  distinguished,  we  have  heard, 
that  it  arose  from  a  custom  he  had.  when  he 
came  to  a  spot  which  he  thought  might  be  im- 
proved, of  saying  that  the  place  had  its  capa- 
bilities. This  may  in  part  be  true  ;  but  in  lite 
pre-eminence  of  Mr.  Brown's  own  talents  may, 
perhaps,  be  found  tiie  real  grounds  for  the  ci.rn- 
plimentary  title.  Mr.  Brown  served  the  office 
of  high  sheritf  for  the  counties  of  Huntingdon 
and  Cambrid-'e,  in  the  year  1770,  and  died  sud- 
denly in  the  streets  of"  London,  on  his  return 
from  a  visit  to  the  earl  of  Coventry,  on  the  6th 
of  February,  1783.  His  remains  are  deposited 
in  the  chancel  of  Fenstantou  church,  in  the 
county  of  Huntingdon. 

BROWN,  John,  many  years  professor  of  di- 
vinity among  the  burgher  seceders  of  Scotland, 
was  born  at  the  village  of  Kerpoo,  in  Perth- 
shire, 1722,  and  died  at  Haddington,  June  19, 
178P :  having  published  several  works  of  high 
repute  in  the  religiuiii  world  ;  particularly,  a 
"  S"lf- interpreting  Bible,"  2  vols.  4io. ;  a  "  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Bible  ;"  aad  a  "  Body  of  Di- 
viiiity. 

n-  jWN,  J<  hi,  a  very  eminent  English 
land  cape-engraver,  and  associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  born  1741,  died  Oct.  2, 1801.  In  hoict- 
91 


BR 

mus,"  eminently  ejubcllislied  with  literature 
and  virtue.  He  died  on  Lis  birtliday,  October 
19,  lf]82. 

BROWNE,  Edward,  an  eminent  physician, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  about  1642,  and 
died  in  August,  1708.  King  CharleB  II.,  whose 
physician  he  was,  said  of  him,  that  "  he  was 
as  learned  as  any  of  the  college,  (of  which  lie 
died  president,)  and  as  well  bred  as  any  at 
court." 

BROWNE,  Simon,  a  dissenting  minister,  of 
uncommon  talents,  born  at  Shepton  Mallet,  in 
Somersetshire,  in  1680.  Grounded,  and  excell- 
ing, ill  grammatical  learning,  he  early  became 
qualified  for  the  ministry,  and  actually  began  to 
j  preach  before  he  was  20.  But  the  death  of  hia 
jwite  and  only  son,  which  happened  in  1723,  at- 
jfected  him  so  as  to  deprive  him  of  his  reason  ; 
;and  he  became,  from  that  time,  lost  to  himself, 
to  his  family,  and  to  the  v.orld:  he  sunk  into  a 
settled  melancholy,  quitted  the  duties  of  his 
function,  ar.d  would  not  be  persuaded  to  join  in 
anv  act  of  worship,  public  or  private.  He  died 
in  1732. 

BROWNE,  Peter,  bishop  of  Cork  :  in  the  pa- 
lace of  which  See  he  died,  in  173.'',  after  having 
distinguished  himself  by  some  writingp  ;  the 
best  known  of  which  is,  "  The  Progress,  Ex- 
tent, and  Limits  of  the  Human  Understanding." 
BROWNE,   Isaac   Hawkins 


an  eminent  metaphysician,  died  in  1S20 

BROWN,  Josepii,  professor  of  natural  philo- 
sophy, in  Brown  university,  was  distinguisiied 
as  a  man  of  profound  mathematical  and  philo- 
sophical attainments.     He  died  in  1785. 

BROWN,  George,  archbishop  of  Dublin,  and 
the  first  prelate  who  embraced  the  reformation 
in  Ireland,  was  originally  an  Austin  friar,  of  |i 


j  short  time  ;_the  best  of  whicl'.  is  that  by  Soame 
Jenyns,  esq.,  printed  in  his  "  Wisct^ilanies." 
Anotlier  trajislation,  by  tlie  Rev.  I\!r.  Lettice, 
I  was  pi'.hiisheri  in  17t5.  Mr.  Browne  died  14th 
I  Feb.  17^0. 

BROWNE,  Sir  William,  a  physician,  (and 


London,  and  afterwards  became  provinci;d  of  i' some  time  pre.^idenl  of  the  college,;  distingtnsh 
the  Austiii  monks,  in  England.  After  readiiigijed  by  many  lively  essays,  both  in  pro?e  and 
some  of  Luther's  writings,  he  began  to  incul-||verse,  hi  Latin  and  in  English,  died  March  10, 
cate  into  the  people,  that  they  ought  to  make  1 1774.  The  active  part  taken  by  Sir  William 
their  application  solely  to  Christ,  and  not  to  theliBrowne,  in  the  contest  with  the  licentiates,  co- 
Virgin  Mary,  or  the  saints.  This  recommended  I  casioned  his  being  unreduced  by  Mr.  Foote  in 
him  to  Henry  VIII.,  who  promoted  him,  in  i  his  "  Devil  upon  Two  Sticks."  Upon  Foote's 
March  1534-5,  to  the  archbishoprick  of  Dublin. || exact  representation  of  him  with  his  identical 
He  was  deprived  of  his  archbishoprick  in  1554,!! wig  and  coat,  tall  figure,  and  glass  stifly  applied 
tlie  first  of  queen  Mary,  under  pretence  of  iiisllto  his  eye,  he  sent  "him  a  card,  complimenting 
neing  married,  but,  in  truth,  on  account  of  hisjJFoote  on  having  so  happily  represented  him  ; 
zeal  in  promoting  the  reformation,  and  died;  but,  as  he  had  forgot  his  nmff,  he  had  sent  him 


about  the  year  1556. 

BROWNE,  William,  an  English  poet,  born  at 
Tavistock,  in  Devorshire,  died  1045. — An  edi- 


his  own.    This  good-natured  method  of  resent- 
ing, eftectually  disarmed  the  mimic. 
BROWNE,  John,  a  painter,  of  veryconside- 


lion  of  his  works,  v^'hich  were  become  extreme  ||rable  estimation  in  Scotland,  died  Sept:  12, 1787. 
>y  seance,  was  published  in  1772,  in  three  smalli|Mr.  Browne  was  author  of  "  An  Essay  on  tlie 
volumes;    the  principal  article   in    which,  is|; Music  of  the  Opera." 


"  Britannia's  Pastorals. 

BROWNE,  Sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  v/riter, 
and  physician,  born  in  Cheapside,  K  05.  His 
most  celebrated  piece,  called  "  Reiigio  Medici," 
the  Religion  of  a  Physician,  was  published  in 
1635.  In  1646,  he  wrote  his  "  Treatise  on  Vul- 
gar Errors."  Wood  informs  us,  that  his  prac- 
tice as  a  physician,  was  very  extensive,  and  that 
many  patients  resoited  to  him.  In  1C55,  he  was 
chosen  honorary  fellow  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
Bicians,  as  a  man  "  virtute  et  Uteris  ornatissi- 
92 


BROWNE,  Arthur,  episcopal  minister  at 
Portsmouth.  N  H.,  died  in  1773. 

BROWNE,  Arthur,  born  in  Newport,  R.  I., 
educated  in  Ireland^made  professor  of  Greek 
in  Trinity  college.  Dublin,  1605. 

BROWNE,  Sir  Anthony,  born  in  Essex,  made 
sergeant  at  law,  in  Mary's  reign,  a  violent  pa- 
pist: he  favoured  the  succession  of  Mary,  queen 
of  Scots. 

BROWNE,  Edward,  an  Fn?lis|.  dnine,  1690. 

BROWNE,  Patrick,  a  native  of  Ireland,  took 


BR  

ness,  brilliancy,  and  beautiful  variety,  Mr. 
Brown  came  very  nigh  to  WooUet,  whom,  in- 
deed, he  assisted  in  some  of  his  most  famous 
pieces. 

BROWN,  Dr.  John,  distinguished  himself 
much  in  Scotland  by  his  medical  writings  and 
opinions,  and  was  the  author  of  a  new  System 
of  Medicine,  which  has  lately  been  translated 
into  English,  in  2  vols.  8vo.  It  is  a  singular 
performance,  discovering  much  originaliiy,  and 
containing  many  iuiportant  observations ;  though 
in  some,  he  may  be  thought  to  carry  his  peculiar 
opinions  too  far.     He  died  Oct.  7,  1788. 

BROWN,  William,  editor  of  "Reports  in 
Chancery,"  and  "  Cases  of  Appeals  to  Parlia- 
ment," 5  vols.  17C0  ;  died  April  2.%  1794. 

BROWN,  Nicholas;  an  efnincnt  merchant,  of 
Providence,  R.  I.,  died  in  1791,  patron  of  the  col- 
lege in  that  place. 

BROWN,  Andrew,  was  in  the  battlesof  Lex- 
ington and  Bunker-hill ;  he  settled  in  Philadel- 
phia, and  established  the  Federal  Gazette,  and 
died  in  1797. 

BROWN,  Moses,  a  brave  o/Ecer  in  the  navy 
of  the  United  States,  died  in  1803. 

BROWN  Ulysses,  Maximilian  de,  an  eminent 
general,  in  the  imperial  armies;  he  was  mortal- 
Yy  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Prague,  in  1757. 

BROWN,  FraiiCis,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  New- 
Hampshire,  was    pastor  of  a   cortgregationalj       b'ltuw  x\ii;,   Isaac   Hawkins,  an   ingenious 
church,  in  M^iuc.  chosen  professoroflanguagesji  English  poei,  born  at  Burton-tipon-Trent,  Staf- 
in  Dartmouth  college,  and  afterwards  president  jfordshire,  Jan.  21,  1705-6.   His  "  Pipe  of  Tobac- 
,of  that  institution;  he  died  in  1820.  co,"  an  imitation  of  Cihber,  Ambrose  Philips, 

BROWN,  Charles  Brockden,  a  native  of  jl  Thomson,  Young,  Pope,  and  Swift,  who  were 
Pennsylvania,  distinguishe<l  as  holding  a  high||then  all  living,  is  well  known,  and  is  reckoned 
rank,  among  the  American  novelists,  died  in|j  one  of  the  most  pleasing  and  popular  of  his  per- 
J810.  ijformanccs.      In  1754,  he   published  what  has     ' 

BROWN,  Thomas,  M.  D.,  professor  of  moral  j  been  deemed  his  capital  v.ork.  "  De  Animi  Ini- 
philosophy  in  the  university  at  Edinburgh,  and  imortalitate,"  in  two  books.    The  universal  ap-     1 

plause  and   popularity  of  this  poem,  product  d    j| 

several  Enghsh   traitslalions  of  it,  in   a  very    j 


BR 


bis  degree  of  M.  D.,  at  Leyden  ;  resided  some 
years  in  the  West  Indies,  and  publisiied  a  his- 
tory of  Jamaica,  &c.,  in  1756. 

BROWNWRIG,  Ralph,  was  nominated  bi- 
shop of  Exeter,  in  1641.  He  once  boldly  ad- 
vised Cromwell  to  restore  Charles  II.  to  his 
throne.  ,  „       ^ 

BRUCE,  Robert,  a  celebrated  Scotch  general, 
wlio  wari  elected  king,  in  1306,  and  was  consi- 
dered as  the  delive/er  of  his  country,  at  that 
time  in  subjection  to  Edward  I.,  of  England, 
and  labouring  under  many  oppressions.  In  1314, 
Robert  defeated  the  English  army,  and  gained 
tlie  famous  battle  of  Bannock's  Burn  ;  the  Eng- 
lish forces,  according  to  tlie  Scotch  historians, 
consisted  of  200,000  men,  commanded  by  Ed- 
ward II.,  a;id  Bruce  had  but  30,000.  Of  the 
English,  50.000  were  slain,  and  30,000  taken 
prisoners.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  IH.,  he 
made  reprisals  in  England;  and  surprised  that 
nwnarch  in  his  tent,  who  narrowly  escaped  be- 
ing taken  prisoner;. and  obliged liim,  in  J328,  to 
sign  a  treaty  of  peace,  in  which  he  renounced 
all  right  and  title  to  Scotland,  for  himself  and 
his  heirs.     Bruce  died  hi  1329. 

BRUCE,  Michael,  an  elegant  Scotch  poet, 
born  at  Kinnesswood,  1746,  died  1767,  U'aving 
behind  him  many  beautiful  poems,  which  were 
published,  with  others,  in  a  volume,  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1770. 

BRUCE,  James,  of  Kinnaird,  near  Falkirk, 
m  Scotland,  a  celebrated  traveller  into  Abyssi- 
nia ;  wlio,  after  having  encountered  innumera- 
ble perils  in  distant  regions,  in  search  of  the 
source  of  tha  river  Nile,  met  an  untimely  death 
by  a  fall  down  a  staircase,  at  his  seat,  at  Kin- 
naird, April,  17i)4.  The  account  of  his  travels, 
which  occupied  a  space  of  near  6  years,  from 
1768  to  1773,  was  published  in  live  vols.  4to, 
179.'J,  and  abounds  with  events  so  extraordinary, 
and  presents  instances  of  perseverance  and  in- 
trepidity, so  wonderful,  that  were  it  tlie  produc- 
tion of  a  man  wliose  character  was  less  dispu- 
table, it  would  appear  to  be  the  fabrication  of  a 
romantic  brain.  From  the  discoveries  of  Mr. 
Bruce,  however,  geography  has  received  mate- 
rial improvements;  and,  that  natural  history 
has  acquired  new  and  valuable  information,  is 
attested  by  the  celeb:  at<d  French  naturalist,  the 
count  de  BufFon,  in  an  advertisement  prefixed 
to  the  .3d  volume  of  his  History  of  Birds. 

BRUCIOLl,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Florence, 
banished  for  opposing  the  house  of  Medicis ; 
he  translated  the  Bible  into  Italian,  in  1532. 

BRUCKER,  John  James,  author  of  Elistoria 
Critica  Pliilosophire,  &c.  ;  member  of  the  acade- 
my of  sciences,  at  Berlin,  died  in  1770. 

BRUERE,  Charles  de  la,  a  French  writer, 
possessed  wit  and  genius,  died  in  1754. 

BRUEYS,  David  Augustin,  a  French  writer, 
of  singular  history  and  character,  was  born  at 
Aix,  in  1650,  and  trained  in  Calvinism  and  con- 
troversy ;  but  his  airy  spirit  not  rightly  accomo- 
dating itself  to  serious  works,  he  quitted  theo- 
logy for  the  theatre.  He  died  at  Montpelier,  in 
17:i3,  and  all  his  dramatic  pieces  were  collected, 
1735,  in  three  vols.  ]2ino. 

BRUGES,  John  of,   See  VANEYCK. 

BRUGIANTINO,  Vincent,  an  Italian  poet 
of  inferior  merit,  in  the  16th  century. 

BRUGUIERES,  John  William,  a  botanist  and 
mineralogist  a  native  of  Montpelier,died  in  1799. 

BRUQNATELLIS,  Lewis,  M.  D.,  a  distin 
guished  phvsician  and  chymist,  and  professor 
of  chymistry  and  medicine,  in  the  university  at 
Pavia,  his  native  place,  died  in  1818. 


BRUHIER,  d'Ablaincourt,  Jean  Jaques,  a 
prolific  writer,  and  ingenious  physician  of  Beau- 
vais,  died  in  17.56. 

BRUIN,  John  de,  an  ingenious  professor  of 
philosophy  and  mathematics  at  Utrecht,  died  in 
1675. 

BRUIX,  Chevalier  de,  a  French  writer,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  easy,  elejrant,  and  facetious 
powers  of  diction,  died  in  1780. 

BRULART,  Nicholas,  a  Frenchman,  emi- 
nent for  his  services  in  diplomatic,  and  pohtical 
affairs  under  Henry  IV. 

BRULART,  Fabio,  a  bishop  of  Soissons,  au- 
thor of  some  treatises  on  eloquence,  &c.,  died 
in  1714. 

BRULEFER,  Stephen,  an  ecclesiastic  of  St, 
Maloes,  author  of  some  learned  treatises,  in  the 
15th  century. 

BRUMOY,Peter,a  very  distinguished  Prench- 
inan,  born  at  Rouen,  in  1688,  died  1742,  after 
having  signalised  himself  by  his  literary  pro- 
ductions ;  the  chief  of  which  is,  "  Le  Theatre 
des  Grecs,  &c."  or  "  Theatre  of  the  Greeks, 
contaiinng  translations  of  Greek  Tragedies,  with 
discourses  and  remarks  upon  the  Greek  Thea- 
tre," 3  vols.  4to. 

BRUN,  Charles  le,  an  illustrions  French 
painter,  of  Scottish  extraction,  born  1619.  His 
father  was  a  statuary  by  profession.  It  is  re- 
ported, that  at  three  years  of  age,  he  drew  fi- 
;ures  with  charcoal;  and  at  twelve,  he  drew 
he  picture  of  his  uncle  so  well,  that  it  still  pass- 
es for  a  fine  piece.  He  was  author  of  a  curious 
treatise  "  Of  Physiognomy;"   and  of  another, 

Of  the  Characters  of  the  Passions  ;"  and  died 

1690. 

BRUN,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Dole,  a  politi- 
cian and  ambassador,  died  in  1654. 

BRUN,  Lawrence  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Nantes,  wrote  Virgilius  Christianus,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1653. 

BRUN,  Jean  Baptist  le,  a  French  writer,  died 
in  1731. 

BRUN,  Anthony  Lewis,  a  French  poet,  of 
inferior  note,  died  in  1743. 

BRUN,  William  le,  a  Jesuit,  author  of  a 
Latin  and  French  dictionary,  died  in  1758. 

BRUN,  Peter  le,  a  native  of  Provence,  au- 
thor of  some  works  of  merit,  an  ecclesiastic, 
died  in  1720. 

BRUNCK,  Richard  PhiUp  Frederick,  a  cele- 
brated scholar  and  writer,  of  Strasburg.  died  in 
1803. 

BRUNEHAUT,  a  daughter  of  Athanagild, 
king  of  the  Visigoths,  married  Sigebert  I.,  king 
of  Austrasia,  508. 

BRUNELLSCHT,  Philip  a  native  of  Florence, 
originally  a  clockmaker,  afterwards  distinguish- 
ed for  his  knowledge  of  architecture,  died  in 
1414. 

BRUNET,  John  Lewis,  a  native  of  Provence, 

I  able  writer  on  ecclesiastical  affairs,  born  in 
1717. 

BRUNETTO,  Latini,  a  poet  and  historian 
of  Florence,  died  in  1295. 

BRTTNI,  Anthony,  an  Italian  poet,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  duke  d'Urbino,  died  in  1635. 

BRUNNBR,  John  Conrad,  a  learned  physi- 
cian of  Switzerland,  author  of  several  treatises 
on  medicine,  in  Latin,  died  in  1727. 

BRUNO,  a  Romish  saint,  founder  of  the 
Chartreuse,  died  in  1101- 

BRUNO,  Jordano,  anative  of  Nola,  the  friend 
of  Philip  Sidney,  and  Fulke  Greville,  he  was 
an  atheist,  and  was  burnt  at  the  stake,  in  1600. 

BRUNSFELD,  Otho,  a  physician,  born  at 
93 


BU 


Rietz,  who  embraced  ihe  opiuioiiB  of  Luther,  as  unctasing  as  they  were  satislactory.     His 
died  in  1534.  i.Eiudies  were  cliiefly  directed  to  one  object,  the 

BRUNSWICK,  piiuce  Leopold  of,  eon  of  the  developenient  and  establishment  of  universal 
then  reigning  duke.  Having  gone  upon  the:  truth;  which  he  knew  couid  only  be  effected 
waters  at  Frankfort,  upon  the  Oder,  on  the  27th.,  by  removing  the  doubts  oi  the  sceptic,  and  soft- 
of  April,  1785,  to  relieve  the  inhabitants  of  aliening  the  heart  of  the  infidel.  To  tliis  end  he 
village  that  was  overflowed,  the  boat  overset,;!  bent  all  his  learning  and  powers.  His  first  avow- 


and  his  royal  hiaiuiess  was  drowned ;  thus  dy- 
ing, as  he  had  lived,  in  the  hijjhest  exercise  of 
humanity. 

BRUXTON,  Mary,  a  native  of  one  of  the 
Orkney  island.s,  and  wife  of  Dr.  .Alexander 
Bninton,  minister  at  Edinburgh,  authoress  of 
"  Self  Control,"  '•  Discipline,"  tc,  died  in 
1818. 

BRUSCHIUS,  Caspar,  a  Latin  historian  and 
poet  of  Bohemia,  died  in  1559. 

BRUSONI,  Domitius,  author  of  a  facetious 
treatise,  called  "  Speculum  Mundi,"  edited  at 
Rome,  in  1.518. 

BRUSOAI,  Jerome,  a  Venetian  writer,  died 
in  1680. 

BRUTUS,  a  brother  of  .\scanins,  said  to  have 
settled  in  Albion,  to  which  he  gave  the  name 
of  Britain,  soon  after  the  Trojan  war. 

BRUTUS,  Lucius  Junius,  the  avenger  ol  the 
rape  of  Lucreiia,  and  ioj;ider  of  the  Roman  re- 
public, fiourishrd  50?  B.  C. 

BRUTUS,  Jlarcus,  a  brave  general,  but  blind 
politician,  who  hastened  the  ruin  of  the  Roman 
repubhc,  by  the  assassination  of  Julius  Ca;sar. 
He  slew  himself  42  D.  C. 

BRUTUS,  John  Michael  a  very  learned  Ve- 
netian, born  about  1518,  was  aritl  or  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  Florence,"  priulod  atlijons,  in  1.562. 

BRUTUS,  Docimus  Albinus,  conspired  with 
his  relation,  Marcus  Brutus,  against  his  benefac- 
tor, Julius  Cffisar. 

BRUTUS,  John,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Paris,  died 
in  17G.2. 

BRUYERE,  John  de  la,  a  celebrated  French 
authf)r,  born  at  Dourdan,  in  lt>44,  wrote  "  Cha- 
racters," and  describe]  the  manners  of  his  age, 
In  imitation  of  Theophrastus ;  which  characters 
were  not  a'vvays  iinasinary,  but  descriptive  of 
real  persons,     tie  died  in  169fi. 

BRUYN,  CoiT.elius,  a  painter,  bom  at  the 
Hague,  published  an  account  of  his  travels,  the 
.best  edition  is  that  of  Rouen,  1725. 

BRUYS,  Francis,  born  at  Serrieres,  published 
a  history  of  the  popes  ;  he  died  in  1738. 

BRUYS,  Peter  de,  founder  of  the  sect,  called 
Petro-Bruissians,  a  native  of  Languedoc,  was 
burnt  alive  in  1130. 

BRUZEN,  de  la  Martinicle,  Anthony  Augus- 
tine, educated  at  Paris,  under  the  famous  Rich- 
ard Simon,  his  uncle,  and  died  in  1749. 

BRY,  Theodore  de,  a  painter  and  engraver, 
died  at  Frankfort,  on  the  Maine,  in  1598. 

BRYAN,  Francis,  or  Briant,  an  Englishman,' 
accompanied  lord  Surrey,  the  English  admiral, j 
against  France,  in  1522,' and  was  knighted  for: 
his  bravery. 

BRYAN,  George,  a  native  of  Ireland,  emi-| 
grated  to  Pennsylvania;  delegate  to  congress  in 
1765;  and  afterwards  governor  of  Pennsylvania; 
he  died  in  1791. 

BRYANT,  Jacob,  a  learned  %vriter  on  ancient 
history  and  mythology,  was  born  at  Plymouth, 
1715,  and  educated  at  Eton  ;  whence  he  proceed- 
ed to  King's  College,  Cambridge.  He  devoted  his 
whole  life  to  learned  research  ;  and  the  constant 
result  of  his  labours  was,  to  settle  him  firmly  in  a 
conviction  of  the  truth  of  the  Christian  faith 


ed  publication,  was  a  quarto  volume,  which  ap- 
pealed in  1767,  entitled  "Observations  and  In- 
quiiies  relating  to  various  parts  of  Ancient  His- 
tory, &c.,  with  an  account  of  Egypt,  in  its  most 
early  slate,  and  of  the  Shepherd  kings."  The 
next  was  his  immortal  work,  in  3  vols.  4to,  1774, 
1m6,  called  "A  New  System,  or  an  Analysis 
of  Ancient  Mythology  ;  wherein  an  attempt  is 
i  made  to  divest  Tradition  of  Fable,  and  to  re- 
Iduce  Truth  to  its  original  Purity."  He  alsopub- 
llished  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Authenticity  of  the 
[Scriptures,  and  tlie  Truth  of  the  Cliristian  Reli- 
jgion,"  8vo,  1792.  One  of  the  latest  of  his  nu- 
Imerous  works,  was  "  A  Dissertation  concerning 
jtheWar  of  Troy,  and  the  expedition  of  the 
[Grecians,  as  described  by  Romer  ;  professhKf  to 
js.'iovv  that  no  such  expedition  was  ever  uiider- 
I  taken,  and  that  no  such  city  in  PhiygiS  txist- 
}ed,"  4to,  1796.  Mr.  Er>ant  died  of  a mortifica- 
jtion  in  his  leg,  occasioned  by  a  razure  against  a 
chair,  in  reaching  a  book  from  a  shelf,  in  his 
89th  vear,  at  Cypenham,  near  Windsor,  Nov, 
14,1804. 

BRYCHAN,  one  of  the  Irish  kings,  father  of 
one  of  the  three  holy  families  of  Britain,  died 
in  450. 

i  BRYDONE,  Patrick,  author  of  a  "  Tour 
through  Sicily  and  ^taita,"  and  of  some  papers 


[in  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  died  in  Ber- 
jvvickshirc,  June  19,  1818. 
i  BRYENNUS,  Nicephorus,  the  husband  of 
^.'\nna  Comena,  refused  the  throne  of  Constan- 
r'inf.ple,  and  died  in  1137. 
i  BUC,  George,  a  learned  English  antiquary. 
I  In  the  reign  of  James  I.,  he  was  appointed  mas- 
jtcr  cf  the  revels  ;  on  which  art  he  wrote  a  trea- 
Itise.  He  was  the  first  vindicator  of  Richard  HI., 
jaiid  published  "  The  Great  Plantagenet,"  ahis- 
jtoricai  poem,  in  1(!35. 

j  BUCER,  Martin,  born  in  1491,  at  Schelsfadt, 
a  town  of  Alsace.  He  is  locked  upon  as  one  of 
ithe  first  authors  of  the  reformation  at  Stras- 
i burgh,  where  he  taught  divinity  for  twenty 
jyears,  and  was  one  of  the  minister?  of  the  town. 
In  1548,  Craniner,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
Igave  him  an  invitation  to  come  over  to  England, 
which  he  readily  accepted,  in  1549,  a  handsome 
I  apartment  was  assigned  him  in  the  university 
I  of  Cambridge,  and  a  salary  to  teach  theology. 
I  He  died  in  1551.  and  was  buried  at  Cambridge. 
j  BUCHAN,  Elspeth,  or  Elizabeth,  a  modern 
{fanatic,  her  followers  were  called  Buchanites; 
I  they  travelled  through  several  parts  of  Scotlatid ; 
their  doctrines  were  extremely  fascinating  to  the 
vulgar.     Mrs.  Buchan  died  in  1791. 

BUCHAN,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, and  medical  writer,  born  at  the  village  of 
Ankrum,  in  Roxburghshire,  1729,  was  educated 
at  the  grammar  school  of  Jedburgh,  and  after- 
wards matriculated  at  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh, with  a  view  to  the  clerical  profession; 
buthe  preferred  thatof  physic,which  he  pursued 
through  life.  In  1771,  api»eared  his  well-known 
work,  entitled  "Domestic  Medicine,"  which  has 
had  a  degree  of  success  not  equalled,  perhaps, 
by  any  other  book  in  the  English  language,  hav- 
ing passed  through  above  Twenty  editions,  (of 
Though  belonging  to  the  lay  part  of  the  com-||we  believe  .5000  or 6000  each,)  and  been  transla- 
niunity,  his  efForts  in  the  cause  of  religion,  wercjted  into  every  European  language.  It  drew  upon 


94 


BU 


BU 


irim,  however,  the  dislike  and  persecution  of 
the  iess  liberal  part  of  the  faculty  ;  but  wlien  it 
is  considered,  tl)at  the  intention  of  its  publica- 
tion was  not  to  supersede  the  use  of  a  physi- 
cian, but  to  supply  hiij  place  in  situations  where 
medical  assistance  could  not  be  easily  obtained, 
and  to  render  the  medical  art  more  extensively 
beneficial  to  niankind,  the  jealousies  and  fears 
of  the  faculty  were  surely  unbecomiiig  the  pro- 
fessors of  a  libera!  science.  Dr.  Buclian  publish- 
ed several  other  medical  works,  ar.d  died  in  Per- 
cy-street, Oxford-road,  Feb.  ^,  ie05. 

BUCHANAN,  Claudius,  D.  D.,  of  Queen's 
Ccilege,  Cambridge,  M.  A.,  1796.  In  Scriptural 
erudition,  he  had  very  few  superiors.  Deeply 
versed  in  the  Oriental  languas^es,  he  conceived 
that  he  should  best  promote  the  honour  of  God, 
and  the  happiness  of  mankind,  by  enabling 
"  every  man  to  read  the  Holy  Scriptures"  in  his 
own  tongue.  He  died  at  Broxbourne,  Herts, 
Feb.  9, 1815,  while  employed  ia  superintending 
an  edition  of  the  Scriptures  for  tlie  use  of  the 
Syrian  Christians. 

BUCHANAN,  George,  an  eminent  poet  and 
historian,  born  neai  Kelleme,  in  the  shire  of 
Lenox,  in  Scotland,  in  1506.  He  was  tutor  to 
James  I.,  of  England,  and  employed  the  last  12 
or  13  years  of  his  lil'e  in  writing  the  history  of 
his  country ;  in  whicl;  lie  happily  united  the 
force  and  brevity  of  Failust,  with  the  perspi- 
cuity and  elegance  of  Livy.  He  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Sept.  28,  1582.  Sir  James  Alelvil,  who 
was  of  the  opposite  party  to  him,  and  therefore 
cannot  be  supposed  to  be  partial  in  his  favour, tells 
us,  that  Buchanan  "  was  a  stoic  philosopher 
who  looked  not  far  before  him  ;  a  man  of  notable 
endowments  for  his  learning  and  knowledge  in 
Latin  poetry ;  much  honoured  in  other  coun- 
tries, pleasant  in  conversati<jn,  rehearsing  at  all 
occasions,  moralities,  short  and  instructive, 
whereof  he  had  abundance,  inventing  where 
he  wanted."  Dr.  Burnet,  in  his  "  History  of  the 
Reformatiofl,"  says  of  him,  "  he  is  justly  reckon- 
ed the  greatest  and  best  of  our  niodeni  writers." 

•BUCHNER,  Augustus,  professor  of  poetry 
and  eloquence,  at  Witteniberg,  died  in  16i>l. 

BUCHOLTZER,  Abraham,  pastor  at  Fries- 
tadt,  author  of  a  valuable  work  entitled  "  Index 
Chronologicus  Utriusque  Testamenti."  He  died 
in  1584. 

BUCKELDIUS,  William,  a  native  of  Voider; 
he  invented  an  ingenious  mode  of  curing  her- 
rings with  salt,  and  died  in  1449. 
BUCKERIDGE,  John,  born  near  Marlborough, 
preached  before  King  James  at  Hampton-court, 
and  was  made  bishop  of  Rochester,  in  1611. 

BUCKHOLD,  John,  a  butcher,  of  Leyden, 
headed  the  fanatical  mob  of  anabaptists  at  Mun- 
Bter ;  he  was  put  to  death  in  ]5?6. 

BUCKINGHAM.  See  VILLIERS  and  SHEF- 
FIELD. 

BUCKINGHAM,  Thomas,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  ministers  in  Connecticut,  settled  in 
Hartford;  he  died  in  1731. 

BUCKMINSTER,  Joseph  Stevens,  a  native 
of  Portsmouth,  New-Hampshire,  was  a  distin- 
guished and  eloquent  preacher,  of  Brattle-street 
church,  Boston,  nnd  lecturer  on  Biblical  criti- 
cism at  Harvard  College;  he  died  in  1812. 

BUCQUET,  John  Michael  Baptist,  a  phy?!-;: 
cian,  of  Paris,  died  in  1780,  a  victim  to  excessive  : 
application..  |' 

BUD^US,  William,  a  critic  and  commenta-lj 
tor  on  Greek  and  Latin  authors,  born  at  Paris, 'j 
1467,  died  1540.  Erasmus  called  him  "  Porten-I 
turn  Galliae,"  Th«  Prodigy  of  France. 


BUDD^US,  Joliii  Fraiicib,  successively  pro- 
fessor of  Coburg  Haile  and  Jtna,  eminent  for 
clearness,  judgment,  and  taste,  died  in  1729. 

EUDGELL,  Eustace,  a  very  ingenious  and 
entertaining  writer,  born  at  St.  Thomas,  neaf 
Exeter,  1685.  lie  was  concerned  with  Steele 
and  Addison  in  writing  the  Tattler.  The  Spec- 
tator being  set  on  foot  in  1710-11,  Mr.  Budgell 
had  likewise  a  share  with  them,  all  the  papers 
marked  with  an  X.  being  written  by  him  ;  as 
v\  as  indeed  the  whole  8th  volume  by  Addison 
and  himself,  without  the  assistance  of  Steele. 
Upon  the  laying  down  of  the  Spectator,  the 
Guardian  was  set  up  ;  and  in  this  work  our  au- 
thor had  a  hand  along  with  Addison  and  Steele, 
in  the  preface,  it  is  said,  that  those  papers  marked 
with  an  asterisk  were  written  by  Mr.  Budgell, 
In  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  after  having  served 
the  office  of  under-secretary  ot  state,  and  held 
other  I'igli  situations  in  she  government  of  Ire- 
'and,  he  returned  to  England,  where  he  became 
involved  in  law-suits,  which  reduced  him  to  a 
v(^ry  unhappy  situation.  On  the  4th  of  May, 
1737,  he  took  a  boat  at  Somerset  stairs,  after 
filling  his  pockets  with  stones,  and  ordered  the 
waterman  to  shoot  London  bridge ;  but  while 
the  boat  was  going  under,  he  threw  himself  into 
the  river,  where  he  perished  immediately.  Upon 
his  bureau  was  tound  a  slip  of  paper,  on  which 
were  written  these  words : 

"  What  Cato  did,  and  Addison  approv'd, 
"  Cannot  be  wrong." 

BUELL,  Samuel,  D  D.,  a  presbyterian  minis- 
ter on  Long  Island,  much  distinguished  for  his 
j.iety,  died  in  1798. 

BU  I  ALMACO,  Bonamico,  an  eminent  Italian 
painter,  who  died  in  1340.  He  was  the  first  who 
put  labels  with  sentences  into  the  mouths  of  his 
figures;  since  followed  by  bad  nasters,  but  more 
fieqiientiy  in  caricature  engravings. 

rUFFET,  Margaret,  a  Parisian  lady,  wrote 
an  interesting  eulogy  on  learned  wotnen,  &c. 

EUFFIER,  Claude,  a  French  writer,  chiefly 
on  belles  letlres,  born  in  Poland,  IGt  i,  died  1737. 
There  are  many  works  of  this  author,  wliich 
show  deep  penetration,  and  accurate  judgment : 
the  principal  of  which  is,  "Un  Cours  des  Scien- 
ces," &c.  that  is,  "A  Course  of  Sciences  upon 
principles  new  and  simple,  in  order  to  form  Lan- 
i?uage,  the  Understanding,  and  the  Heart,  1732," 
in  fofio. 

BUFFON,  George  le  Clerc,  count  de,  lord  of 
iN''ontbard,  marquis  of  Rougen^ont,  viscount  of 
O.uincy,  intendantof  the  French  king's  gardens 
and  cabinets  of  Natural  History,  was  one  of  the 
most  elegant  writers  in  France,  in  point  of  style ; 
a  man  ot  uncommon  genius,  and  surprising  elo- 
quence, and  the  most  astonishing  interpreter  of 
iiature  that  perhaps  ever  existed.  He  was  bom 
at  Montbard,  in  Burgundy,  September  7,  1707, 
ar.d  died  April  16,  1788.  His  writings  on  "  Na 
tural  History"  are  invaluable,  and  will  perpetu- 
ate his  name. 

BUGENHAGEN,  John,  a  native  of  Pomera- 
nia.  the  adversary,  and  afterwards  the  friend 
and  missiona'  y  of  Luther,  died  in  1558. 

BUGIARDlNLJuSiano,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
esteemed  by  Michael  Angelo,  died  in  1556. 

BUISTER.  Philip,  a  sculptor,  of  Brussels, 
died  in  1688. 

FUKEPvTOP,  Henry  de,  an  ecclesiastic,  of 
Antwerp,  who  wrote  various  works  of  coutro- 
V'iYFV,  died  in  1716. 

IVUKHARI,  a  learned  Arabian  of  Meeca, 
author  of  a  book  containing  traditions  on  tbe 
95 


BO 

Mahomedan  religion,  died  la  256  of  the  he- 
gira. 

BULKLEY,  Peter,  first  minister  of  Concord, 
Massachusetts,  died  in  1659.  He  was  an  excel- 
lent scholar,  and  published  the  "  Gospel  cove- 
nant opened." 

BULKLEY,  John,  son  of  Peter  Bulkley,  prac- 
tised physic  in  England  ;  he  died  in  1689. 

BULKLEY.  Gershoni,  an  eminent  minister 
of  New-London,  Connecticut,  afterwards  of 
Weathersfield,  died  in  1713,  distinguished  for 
his  knowledge  ofchyniistry  and  languages. 

BULKLEY,  John,  first  minister  of  Colches- 
ter, Connecticut,  died  in  1731:  cla-'sed  by  Dr. 
Chauncy  among  the  three  most  ejninent  for 
strength  of  genius,  wlioni  New-England  had 
produced. 

BULL,  John,  a  celebrated  musician,  born  in 
Somersetshire,  1563.  He  was  greatly  admired 
for  his  tine  hand  upon  the  organ,  as  well  as  for 
his  compositions.  Upon  the  eetabiishment  of 
Gresham  College,  he  was  chosen  the  tirs:  pro- 
fessor of  music  there  ;  and,  not  being  able  to 
speak  Latin,  was  permitted  to  deliver  his  lec- 
tures in  English.  It  is  uncertain  where  or  when 
he  died ;  but  there  is  a  picture  of  him  yet  re- 
raairihig  in  tlie  music-school  at  Oxford. 

BULL,  George,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  a  very 
eminent  writer  and  preacher,  born  at  Wells, 
Somersetsliire,  Marcii  25,  1634,  died  February 
17,  1709. 

BULL,  William,  speaker  of  the  assemhly,  and 
lieutenant-governor  of  the  colony  of  South  Ca- 
rolina, died  in  1755. 

BULL,  Wiliiani,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  the  first 
American  who  obtained  a  degree  in  medicine  ; 
he  died  in  1791. 

BULL,  Henry,  a  native  of  Great  Britain,  came 
to  New-England,  and  with  several  others,  settled 
at  Newport,  Rhode  Island.  He  was  afterwards 
governor  of  the  colony,  and  died  in  1()93. 

BULLER,  Francis,  an  English  judge,  pub- 
lished an  introduction  to  the  law  of  Nisi  Prius, 
and  died  in  1800. 

BULLET,  John  Baptist,  dean  of  the  univer- 
sity of  Besancon,  his  works  are  learned  and 
useful,  but  display  neither  grace  of  diction,  nor 
elegance  of  style,  he  died  in  1775. 

BULLEYN,  William,  a  very  learned  physi- 
cian and  botanist,  born  in  the  Isie  of  Ely,  about 
the  beginning  of  the  reigu  of  Henry  VIII.,  died 
1576. 

BULLIALDUS,  Ismael,  an  astronomer,  born 
in  the  Isle  of  France,  died  in  1694. 

BULLIARD,  N.,  a  French  botanist  of  emi- 
nence, died  in  1793. 

BULLINGER,  Henr>',  a  celebrated  contro- 
versial divine,  of  Zurich,  in  Switzerland,  in  the 
ieth  century. 

BULLOCK,  Archibald,  of  Georgia,  was  a 
member  of  the  first  American  Congress,  during 
the  inemorable  year  1776.  He  died  the  year 
following. 

BULLOCK,  Christopher,  an  eminent  English 
actor  of  low  comedy,  and  author  of  two  come- 
dies and  four  farces,  died  1724. 

BULTEAU,  Louis,  a  native  of  Rouen,  suc- 
ceeded his  uncle  as  secretary  to  the  French  king, 
and  wrote  an  abiidsed  history  of  the  Benedic- 
tine order.     He  died  in  1093. 

BULWER,  John,  an  English  physician,  of 
the  16th  centuvy,  author  of  several  works  on 
phvsiognomy,  &c. 

BUNEL,  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse,  distin- 
gui'^hed  as  a  correct  writer  of  the  Latin  lan- 
gi>age,  died  in  1546. 
&6 


BO 

BUNEL,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Blois,  1558,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter. 

BUNEL,  William,  a  physician  of  Toulouse, 
pul>lished  in  1513,  a  treatise  on  the  plague. 
j  BUNNICK,  John,  aFlemish  painter,  excelled 
in  historical  pieces,  died  in  1727.  His  brother 
(Jacob  was  eminent  in  the  representation  of  sea 
battles. 

BUNON,  Robert,  an  eminent  dentist  at  Paris, 
died  in  1748. 

BUNYAN,  John,  author  of  the  justly  admir- 
ed allegoiy  of  the  "  Pilgrim's  Progrets,"  was 
born  at  Elstovv,  near  Bedford,  lC>2d  His  parents, 
though  very  mean,  took  care  to  give  him  tlial 
learning  which  was  suitable  to  their  condition, 
bringing  him  up  to  read  and  write  :  he  quickly 
forgot  both,  abandoning  himself  to  all  manner 
of  wickedness ;  but  not  without  frequent  checks 
of  conscience.  One  day,  being  at  play  with  his 
companions,  (the  writer  of  his  life  tells  us),  a 
voice  suddenly  darted  from  heaven  into  his  soul, 
saying,  "  W'ili  thou  leave  tliy  sins  and  go  to 
heaven,  or  have  thy  sins  and  go  to  hell  ?"  This 
put  him  into  such  a  consternation,  that  he  im- 
mediately left  his  sport,  and  looking  to  heaven, 
thought  he  saw  the  Lord  Jesus,  looking  down 
upon  him,  as  one  highly  displeased  with  him, 
and  threatening  him  with  some  grievous  punish- 
ment for  his  ungodly  practices.  At  another 
time,  while  he  was  belching  out  oaths,  he  was 
severely  reproved  by  a  woman,  who  was  herself 
a  no»oriou3  sinner.  This  coming  from  a  woman 
whom  he  knew  to  be  very  wicked,  filled  him 
with  secret  shame,  and  made  him  from  that 
time  very  much  refrain  from  it.  His  father 
brought  him  up  to  his  own  business,  which  was 
that  of  a  tinker.  Being  a  soldier  in  the  parlia- 
ment army,  at  the  sioge  of  Leicester,  in  1645, 
he  was  drawn  out  to  stand  sentinel ;  but  an 
other  soldier  of  his  company  desired  to  lake  his 
place,  to  which  he  agreed,  and  thereby  escaped 
being  shot  by  a  musket  ball,  which  took  off  his 
comrade.  About  1655  he  was  admitted  a  mem- 
ber of  a  Baptist  congregation  at  Bedford,  and 
soon  after  chosen  their  preaclier.  In  1660,  being 
convicted  at  the  session  of  holding  unlawful  as- 
semblies and  coaventicies,  he  was  sentenced  to 
perpetual  banishment,  and  in  the  mean  time 
committed  to  gaol,  from  which  he  was  dis- 
"larged,  after  a  confinement  of  12  years  and 
a  half,  by  the  compassionate  interposition  of  Dr. 
Barlow,  bishop  of  Lincoln.  During  his  ira- 
pri^onment  he  wrote  many  of  his  tracts.  After- 
wards, being  at  liberty,  he  travelled  into  several 
parts  of  England,  to  visit  and  confirm  the  breth- 
ren, which  procured  him  the  epithet  of  bishop 
Bunyan.  When  the  declaration  of  James  II. 
for  libertj'  of  conscience  was  published,  he,  by 
the  contribution  of  his  followers,  built  a  meet- 
ing-house in  Bedford,  and  preached  constantly 
to  a  numerous  audience.  He  died  in  London, 
of  a  fever,  1688. 

BUOMMATEI,  Benedict,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Florence,  known  for  his  work  on  the  Tuscan 
lansuage,  died  in  1647. 

BUONACORSI,  Philip,  called  himself  Cal- 
limaco  Esperiente,  he  was  suspected  of  forming 
a  conspiracy  against  Paul  H.,  and  settled  in  Po- 
land. He  wrote  a  life  of  Attila,  &c.  and  died  in 
1496. 

BUONACORSI,  or  PERRIN  DEL  VAGO, 
an  eminent  painter,  of  Tuscany,  suckled  by  a 
2oat,  he  died  1547. 

"  BUONAFEDE,  Appiano,  a  native  of  Com 
acio,  better  known  under  the  names  of  Appio 
Ameo  de  Faba,  and  Agapisto  Chromazanio ; 


BT 

ka(;\vn  also  as  a  poet  and  an  elegant  writer ;  ht 
died  in  1792. 

BUOA'AIMICT,  Lazarus,  became  professor  of 
belles-lettres  in  the  Papienza  College  of  Rome 
he  read  lectures  on  rhetoric  at  Padua,  and  died 
in  1552. 

UUONAMICI,  Castrucio,  a  native  of  Lucca, 
at  first  devoted  himself  to  the  clerical  profession, 
but  afterwards  turned  liis  attention  to  arms, 
which  he  bore  in  the  service  of  the  liipg  ol 
Naples.  He  published  several  valuable  worlis, 
and  died  in  1761. 

BUO^'APARTE,  Napoleon,  emperor  of 
France,  was  born  at  Ajaccio,  in  the  island  of 
Corsica,  in  1769,  and  educated  at  tlie  military 
.schools  of  Brienne  and  Paris.  He  commenced 
h's  military  career  asa  lieutenant  of  arti!!ery,aiid 
soon  afterwards  so  distinguished  himself  at  the 
siege  of  Toulon,  and  during  the  civil  contentions 
at  I'aris,  that  he  was  promoted  to  the  conmiand 
of  the  army  of  Itaiy ;  with  which  he  fought  a 
series  of  battles,  and  gained  a  succession  of  vic- 
tories over  the  oldest  and  ablest  generals  of  Eu- 
rope, wliich  astonished  the  world,  and  compel 
led  his  enemies  to  peace.  He  v.  as  for  a  time 
equally  successful  in  Egypt,  but  being  repulsed 
at  the  siege  of  Acre,  by  Sir  Sidney  Smith,  he 
returned  to  France,  and,  in  1799,  was  appointed 
first  consul  of  the  republic.  During  his  consul- 
ship, he  commanded  in  the  campaign  of  Italy, 
and  gained  the  glorious  battle  of  Marengo.  In 
1804,  he  was  crowned  emperor,  by  the  Roman 
pontiff.  From  this  time  his  usual  success  at- 
tended him,  and  almost  all  Europe  was  at  his 
control,  until  1812,  when  he  invaded  Russia 
with  an  army  of  400,000  men.  The  destruction 
of  Moscow,  and  the  severity  of  the  ciiniate,  ut- 
terly ruined  liis  army  and  compelled  him  to  re- 
treat; he  attempted  "boldly  to  retrieve  liis  mis- 
fortunes, but  losing  the  memorable  battle  of 
Leipsic.  he  was  driven  to  France,  and  compelled 
to  abdicate  the  throne  for  the  sovereignty  of 
Elba.  In  less  than  a  year  he  returned  to  France, 
and  resumed  his  imperial  authority,  without 
resistance,  his  old  army  joining  him  with  accla- 
mations. In  June  following,  hostilities  again 
conmienced  between  him  and  tlie  allies  ;  he  lost 
the  battle  of  Waterloo,  and  terminated  his  poli- 
tical career.  He  afterwards  retired  on  board  a 
British  ship,  and  was  exiled  to  St.  Helena, where 
he  was  kept  a  prisoner  until  his  death,  in  1821. 
BrONAROTTI,  see  MICHAEL  ANGELO. 
BL^ONDELMONTE,  a  young  Florentine,  in 
the  beginning  of  the  I'Jth  century,  who  promised 
|1  to  marry  a  daughter  of  the  family  of  the  Anddei, 
ll  but  espoused  the  more  beautiful  daugluer  of  the 
I  Donati.  By  the  intrigues  of  the  slighted  fair  and 
:  her  relations,  he  was  murdered.  "This  nmrder 
,set  the  city  in  commotion,  the  quarrel  became 
i  general  among  the  nobility,  and  the  animosity 
lasted  manv  centuries. 

BUONFIGLIO,  Joseph  Constant,  a  Neapoli- 
l,tan,  author  of  the  modern  history  of  Sicily  and 
Venice,  and  the  historv  of  Messina,  IfSOG. 

BUONTALENTI,  Bernardo,  siirnamed  Gi- 
rondile,  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  ar- 
chitecture, sculpture,  &c.,  also,  for  his  minia- 
tures and  historical  pieces ;  he  died  in  1*^08. 
BtTPALUS  a  sculptor  of  antiquity,  540  B.  C. 
BURCH,  Edward,  an  eminent  English  engra- 
ver, wnose  performances  are  to  be  fotind  in 
every  roval  cabinet  in  Europe,  died  in  1814. 

BURrtlARD,  tutor  of  CoTtrnd  the  emperor, 
'made  bishi-o  of  Worms,  died  1026. 

BURCniXLO,  Onminico,  a  barber,  of  Flo- 
Ircnce,  his  wit  and  genius  made  him  the  fa- 


BU 

vourite  of  hiscountrynien;  he  wrote  sonnets  and 
lighter  pieces,  and  died  in  1448. 

BURClv  H  A  R !  >T,  John  Lewis,  native  of  Lau- 
sanne, celebraiod  as  a  traveller  in  Africa, 
under  the  patronage  of  the  African  Association 
o!  London,  died  in  ISIG. 

BURDON,  William,  an  ingenious  miscel- 
laneous writer,  born  at  Newcastle-upon-Tvne, 
17G4,  died  in  London,  May  "0,  1818.  Of  his 
works,  the  best  known  are,  "Materials  for 
Thinking,"  and  a  "Life  and  Character  of  Buo- 
napa.rte." 

BURE,  William  de,  a  bookseller  of  Paris, 
known  for  his  knowledge  of  old,  curious,  and 
valuable  books,  died  in  1762. 

BURE,  Catherine,  a  learned  lady  of  Sweden  ; 
her  Latin  correspondence  with  another  Swedish 
lady,  Vandelaskylte,  displays  elegance  of  lan- 
guage, correctness  of  style,  &c. ;  she  died  in  1679. 

BURETTE,  Peter  John,  a  physician  of  Paris, 
an  elegant  and  polished  scholar,  died  in  1747. 

BURGER,  Godfred  Augustus,  a  celebiated 
German  poet,  and  the  writer  of  that  whimsical 
satire,  called  "  Munchausen's  Travels,"  was 
born  at  Wolmcrswende,  in  the  principality  of 
Halberstadt,  January  1,  1748,  and  died  at  Stul- 
gard,  June,  1794. 

BURGES,  Cornelius,  took  his  degree  of  D.D. 
at  O.xford :  he  was  chaplain  to  Charles  I.,  and 
died  in  ICOo. 

BURGH,  Ulick  de,  marquis  of  Clanricarde, 
ant  hor  of  memoirs  relative  to  the  Irish  rebellion, 
died  in  1(>57. 

BURGH,  James,  a  worthy  and  ingenious  mo- 
ral and  political  writer,  born  at  Madderty,  in 
Perthshire,  1714,  died  1  <  /5  Of  many  excellent 
works  thai  he  left  behiiid  him,  '•  Political  Dis- 
quisitions," 3  vols.,  and  "  Youth's  Friendly  Mo- 
nitor," are  the  best  kncwn,  and  n)Ost  esteemed. 

BUKGOVNE,  lU.  Hon.  John,  a  pri\y-coun- 
sellorof  Ireland,  lieutenant  geiieral  in  the  British 
vrt'.y,  and  author  of  four  dramatic  pieces,  viz. 
'The  Heiress,"  "  The  JMaidoftheOaks,"  "The 
Lord  of  the  Manor,"  and  "  Ricliard  Cceur  de  Li- 
on." He  surrendered  his  Avhole  army  to  General 
Gates,  at  Saratoga,  during  the  American  revo- 
lution, and  died  Aug.  4,  1752. 

BURIDAN,  John,  a  French  philosopher,  in 
the  14th  century. 

BURIGNY,  Levesqucde,  a  native  of  Rheims, 
wrote  a  treatise  oii  the  authority  of  the  popes, 
&c. ;  he  died  in  17?5. 

BURKE,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  orator  and 
statesman,  horn  in  the  county  of  Cork,  Ireland, 
Jan.  1,  17:^0.  After  st;iying  the  usual  time  at 
the  university  of  Dublin,  he  went  over  to  Lon- 
don, and  entered  himself  as  a  student  of  the 
Middle  Temple.  He  soon,  however,  commenced 
political  writer ;  and,  so  masteily  were  his  style 
and  arguments,  that  his  first  productuuis  (pub- 
lished anonymously)  were  ujuversally  attribtited 
to  lord  Bolingbrr  ke.  His  "  PhUosophicai  In- 
quiry into  the  Oiigin  of  our  Ideas  on  the  Sub- 
lime and  Beautiful"  soon  made  him  known  to 
the  literati ;  and  he  thenceforth  became  a  public 
man.  Ir  1765,  Mr.  Bmke  came  inio  jiarliament, 
and  immediately  joined  to  the  character  of  a 
most  elegant  writer,  that  of  a  niost  eloquent 
speaker;  he  died  Julv  8,  1797. 

BURKFTT.  William,  b-irn  at  Hitcham.  in 
Northamptonshire,  1650,  died  1703.  Fe  was  a 
j pious  and  charitable  man,  who  wrote  several 
book^.and  among  the  rest,  a  "Comn^entaryupon 
ithe  New-Tes'anient,"  in  the  same  plain,  practi- 
cal, and  atTecting  manner  in  vvl-.ich  he  pn  ached. 
I  BURLAMACiUI,  John  James,  an  illustriom 
97 


BU  BU 

civilian,  born  at  Geneva,  in  1694,  was  after- [it  would  be  eudless  to  transcribe  all  the  high  en- 
waids  professor  of  civil  law  there.  In  his  coitiiums  that  have  been  passed  on  this  work 
''Principles  ofNatural  Law,"written  in  French,  hby  various  eminent  authors.     He  di<  d  in  1715. 


he  is  supposed  to  have  incorporated  all  the  best 
things  from  Grotius,  Puffendorf,  and  their  com 
mentator,  Carbeyrac.  He  published,  some  time 
after,  the  "  Principles  of  Political  Law,"  which 
was  wntten  in  the  same  language,  and  equally 
well  received.     He  died  in  1748.  ' 

BURLEIGH.    See  CECIL. 

BURLEY,  Walter,  an  English  priest,  wrote] 
commentaries  on  Aristotle,  &c. 

BURMAN,  Francis,  of  Leyden,  professor  of 
theology,  at  L^'trecht,  wrote  commentaries  on  the 
Pentateuch,  &c.,  died  in  1679. 


BURNEY,  Dr.  Charles,  an  eminent  musician 
and  general  scholar,  born  at  Shrewsbury,  April 
7,  1726,  died  at  Chelsea  College,  of  which  he 
was  organist.  April  J2,  1814,  in  his  88th  year. 
His  "  General  History  of  Music,"  4  vols.  4to  ; 
his  "  Present  State  of  Music  in  France,  Italy, 
the  Netherlands,  Holland,  and  Germany;"  and 
Account  of  the  Musical  performances  in  com- 
memoration of  Haiidel,"  are  valuable  additions 
to  British  literature,  from  the  knowledge  which 
they  impart,  and  the  elegance  with  which  they 
are  written.    He  also  wrote  the  "  Life  of  Me- 
BURMAN,  Francis,  son  of  the  preceding,  I Itastasio  ;"  a  work  highly  estimable  for  its  can- 
was  also  professor  at  Utrecht,  and  wrote  on  the  dour,  information,  judgment,  and  taste, 
persecution  of  Dioclesian  ;  he  died  in  1719.  BURNEY,  Dr.  Charles,  son  of  the  foregoing, 

BURMAN,  Peter,  professor  of  history  andliwas  born  at  Lynn,  Norfolk,  Dec.  6,  1757,  and 
eloquence,  in  the  university  of  Levden,  andijbred  at  the  Charter  House,  and  Cains  College, 
-   ■      - -"   -  -  .1  r  ■         —  - 


editor  of  Uie  Latin  classics,  of  which,  he  pub- 
lished Virgil,  Ovid,  Petronius,  Quintilian,  Sne-j 
tonius,  Justin,  Velleius,  Phaedrus,  &;c.,  and  died 
in  1740. 

BURMAN,  John,  of  the  same  family,  profes- 
sor of  Botany  and  medicine  at  Amsterdam, 
published  some  works,  about  1739. 

BURN,  Dr.  Richard,  vicar  of  Orton,  in  West- 
moreland, born  at  Winton,  in  that  county,  died 
Nov.  20,  1785.    He  was  author  of  two  celebra- 


Cambridge.  He  greatly  distinguished  himself 
by  the  depth  of  his  literary  researches,  and  by 
his  extraordinary  skill  in  the  Greek  language. 
He  obtained  great  eminence  as  the  master  of 
classical  academies,  successively  at  Hammer- 
smith and  Greenwich,  was  D.  D.,  L.  L.  D.,  and 
F.  R.  S.,  rector  of  St.  Paul,  Deptford,  and  of 
ClilFe,  both  in  the  county  of  Kent,  and  died  Dec. 
,28,  1817. 
j    BURNS,  Robert,  a  native  of  Scotland,  who, 


ted  books,  one  on  the"  Office  of  a  Justice  of  l^n  the  humble  employment  of  a  ploughman, 


Peace,"  the  other  on  "  Ecclesiastical  Law 


.„\ 


both  of  wliich  have  gone  through  several  edi- 
tions. 

BURN,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  edited  his 
father's  works  with  additions,  died  in  1802. 

BURNABY,  Andrew,  D.  D.,  an  English  di- 
vine, vicar  of  Greenwich,  and  arch-deacon  of 
Leicester.  He  published  his  travels  in  North 
America,  sermons,  &c.,  and  died  in  1812. 

BURNET,  Gilbert,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  born 
at  Edinburgh,  in  1643.  He  was  a  very  zealous 
promoter  of  the  revolution  which  finally  placed 
the  present  family  on  the  English  throne.  As  a 
writer,  he  is  distinguished  by  his  "  History  of 
the  Reformation,"  published  "between  1679"and 
1681,  and  for  which  he  had  the  thanks  of  both 
houses  of  parliament.  In  109;).  he  published  his 
*'  Exposition  of  the  39  articles  of  the  Church 
of  England  ;"  and  after  his  death,  which  hap- 
pened in  March,  1714-5,  his  "  History  of  his  Own 
Tmies,  with  his  Life  annexed,"  was  published 
by  his  son,  Thomas  Burnet,  esq.,  afterwards  Sir 
Thomas. 

BURNET,  Elizabeth,  third  wife  of  bishop 
Burnet,  published  a  method  of  devotion,  a  book 
of  merit,  and  died  in  1709. 

BURNET,  William,  son  of  the  ceieoratedbi 
•hop  Burnet,  appointed  governor  of  New- York 
and  New-Jersey, In  1720  ;  of  Massachusetts  and 
New-Hampshire,  in  1728,  and  died  1729. 

BURNET,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  Scotch  physician, 
author  of  Thesauras  Medicins  Practicae,  and 
other  medical  works. 

BURNETT,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  most  ingenious  and 
learned  writer,  born  at  Croft,  Yorkshire,  1635. 
His  most  celebrated  work,  "  The  Sacred  Theo- 
ry of  the  Earth,"  was  originally  published  in 
Latin,  in  2  vols.  4to  ;  the  first  two  books,  "  con 
earning  the  Deluge  and  Paradise,"  in  1681;  the 
two  last,  "  concerning  the  burning  of  the  world, 
and  the  New  Heavens  and  New  Earth,"  in  1689. 
The  uncommon  approbation  which  this  work 
met  with,  and  the  particular  encouragement  of 
Charles  II-,  who  was  exceedingly  taken  with  it, 
put  the  author  upon  translating  it  into  English. 
98 


discovered  a  most  extraordinary  genius  for  po- 
etical composition.  Dissatisfied  with  his  low 
!station,  he  was  about  to  emigrate  to  Jamaica, 
'to  seek  a  better  fortune  ;  and,  with  a  view  to 
jprocure  money  for  his  passage,  a  coarse  edition 
lof  liis  poems  were  published  at  Edinburgh. 
They  were  soon  noticed  by  the  gentlemen  in 
that  city  ;  and  some  extracts,  with  an  account 
of  the  author,  were  given  in  "The  Lounger,"  a 
periodical  paper  then  in  the  course  of  publica- 
tion. Subscriptions  were  then  set  on  foot  for  a 
new  edition  of  his  works,  and  Burns  was  made 
an  exciseman,  with  an  income  of  about  50;.  a 
year.  This  pupil  of  nature,  however,  this  poet 
of  inspiration,  possessed  in  the  same  degree, 
the  powers  and  the  failings  of  genius.  His  ta- 
lents were  often  obscured,  and  his  constitution 
was  at  length  impaired,  by  excess.  His  manners 
not  being  capable  of  melioration,  and  his  pro- 
pensity to  intemperance  being  ungovernable, 
the  attentions  paid  to  him  were  not  lasting  ;  and 
he  sunk  under  poverty  and  distress,  leaving  a 
widow  pregnant,  and  five  infant  children.  He 
died  Julv  21, 1796,  in  the  prime  of  life. 

BURRHUS,  Afranius,  a  Roman  commander, 
under  Claudius  and  Nero. 

BURR,  Peter,  a  judge,  and  afterwards  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  state  of 
Connecticut,  in  1711. 

BURR,  Jonathan,  a  native  of  England,  came 
to  America,  in  1639,  and  was  settled  in  the  mi 
nistry  at  Dorchester  ;  he  died  in  1641. 
BURR,  Aaron, pastor  of  the  presbyteri  an  church 
at  Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1742  ;  elected  president  of 
Princeton  College  in  1748,  died  in  1757.  He  was 
distinguished  for  his  learning,  &:c.,  and  publish- 
ed occasional  discourses,  Sec. 

BURRILL,  John,  speaker  of  the  house  of  re- 
presentatives of  Mass.,  and  member  of  the  coun- 
cil, died  in  1721. 

BURRILL,  James,  a  native  of  Providence, 
and  a  distinguished  lawyer  of  that  place,  was 
attorney  general,  and  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  Rhode  Island,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
in  1820,  a  senator  in  congress. 


BU 

BURRINGTON,CcH)rge, proprietary  governor 
of  North  Carolina,  was  dismissed  from  tlie  of- 
fice for  his  vices,  and  afterwards  murdered  in 
England,  about  1734. 

BUKIIOLGll,  Edward,  a  native  of  West 
moreland,  obtained  trom  Cliarles  II.  the  sus 
pension  of  the  persecution  against  the  quaken 
in  New-England. 

BliRROUGHES,  Jeremiah,  a  nonconformist, 
became  preacher  of  Stepney  and  Crippkgate 
Chusches,  and  died  in  lt)46. 

BURROUGHS,  George,  a  minister  of  Salem, 
Mass.,  one  of  the  victims  of  the  witchcraft  de- 
lusion, in  I{)92. 

BUKKOVV,  Sir  James,  master  of  the  crown- 
ofltce,  and  some  time  president  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, published  four  vohimes  of  "  Reports," 
aiid  a  volume  of  "  Decisions  of  the  Court  of 
King's  Bench  upon  Settlement  cases,  from  1732 
to  1772,  (to  which  was  subjoined  "  An  Essay  on 
yunctuation,")  and  died  Nov.  5,  1782. 

BURT,  John,  minister  of  Bristol,  R.  I.,  or- 
dained in  1741,  died  1775,  a  sound  divine. 

BURTON,  Henry,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Birsall,  in  Yorkshire,  made  B.  D.  at  Oxford, was 
clerk  of  the  closet  to  prince  Henry,  and  after  his 
dea:h,  to  Charles.  His  writings  are  all  contro 
versial,  and  generally  full  of  invectives.  lie 
died  in  1648. 

BURTON,  William,  author  of  "  A  History 
of  Leicestershire,"  born  at  Lindley,  in  that 
county,  m  1575,  died  in  1(145. 

BURTON,  Robert,  known  to  the  learned  by 
the  name  of  Deinocritus,  junior,  was  brother 
of  the  preceding,  and  born  also  at  Lindley,  Feb. 
8,  1576,  died  Jan.  1639-40.  He  was  a  man  of 
general  learning,  a  great  philosopher,  an  exact 
mathematician, "and  (what  makes  up  for  the  pe- 
culiarity of  his  character)  a  very  curious  calcu- 
lator of  nativities.  He  was  extremely  studious, 
and  of  a  melancholy  turn ;  yet  an  agreeable 
companion,  and  very  humorous.  "The  Anato- 
my of  melancholy,"  by  Democritus,  junior,  as 
he  calls  himself,  shows  that  these  seemingly  dif- 
ferent qualities  were  mixed  together  in  his  com- 
position. Tliis  book  was  printed  first  in  4to, 
1G21 ,  afterwards  many  times  in  folio,  to  the  great 
profit  of  the  bookseller,  who,  as  Mr.  Wood  tells 
us,  got  an  estate  by  it.  "  Burton  upon  Melan 
choly,"  says  archbishop  Herring,  (Letters,  1777, 
12mo,)  "  is  an  author  the  pleasantest,  the  most 
learned,  and  the  most  full  of  sterling  sense.— 
The  wits  of  queen  Anne's  reign,  and  the  begin 
ning  of  George  I.,  were  (he  adds)  not  a  little 
beholden  to  him."  Dr.  Ferriar,  in  "  Memoirs 
of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of 
Manchester,"  published  1793,  and  in  "  Illustra- 
tions of  Sterne,"  published  1799,  has  detected 
in  this  book  the  source  of  many  of  Sterne's 
most  admired  writings.  See  also  an  able  critic 
on  this  subject,  in  the  European  Magazine,  for 
Oct.  and  Nov.  1793. 

BURTON,  William,  an  excellent  critic  and 
antiquary,  died  in  1657. 

BURTON,  William,  a  physician,  but  better 
known  as  author  of  "  A  History  of  the  county 
of  York,"  2  vols,  folio.  He  was  born  at  Ripon, 
ill  1697,  and  died  at  York,  in  1759. 

BURTON,  John,  a  learned  divine,  born  at 
Wembworth,  in  Devonshire,  1696,  died  in  1771, 
leaving  some  ingenious  writings,  collected  under 
the  title  of  "  Opuscula  Miscellanea." 

BURTON.  Ezckias,  prebendary  of  Norwich, 
eminent  for  his  learning  and  piety,  died  in  1681. 
His  discourses  were  published  bv  Tiliotson. 

BURY,  Arthur,  D.  D.  at  the" restoration,  he 


BU       

obtained  a  prebend  of  Exeter,  and  in  1665,  was 
made  chajlain  to  the  king. 

BURY,  Elizabetli,  daughter  of  captain  Law- 
rence, excelled  in  her  knowledge  of  mathema- 
tics, and  the  learned  languages;  she  died  In 
1720. 

BURZUIE,  a  learned  Tersian  philosopher 
and  j'hysician,  in  the  reign  of  Ciiosroes,  sur- 
nanied  Nuschirvan  the  Just. 

BUS,  Casarde,  a  native  ofCavaillon,  atoned 
for  the  irregularities  of  his  youth,  by  a  pious 
life,  devoted  to  the  reformation  of  the  clergy. 
He  died  in  1€07. 

BUSBEaUIUS,  or  BUSBEC,  Auger  Gislen, 
born  at  Conmiines,  a  town  in  Flanders,  in  1522. 
In  1554,  he  was  appointed  ambassador  at  Con- 
stantinople, where  he  acquired  a  perfect  know- 
ledge of  the  state  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  and 
the  true  means  of  attacking  it  with  success  ;  on 
which  subject  he  composed  a  very  judicious  dis- 
course, entitled,  "  De  re  militari  contra  Turcam 
instituenda  consilium."     He  died  in  Oct.  1592. 

BUSBY,  Richard,  born  at  Lutton,  in  Lincoln- 
shire, 1006.  In  1640,  he  was  appointed  master 
of  Westminster  school ;  and,  by  his  skill  and 
diligence  in  this  most  laborious  and  impovtant 
office,  for  the  space  of  55  years,  bred  up  the 
greatest  number  of  eminent  men  in  church 
and  state,  that  ever  adorned  at  one  tiuie  any 
age  or  nation.  This  great  man,  after  a  long  and 
healthy  life,  the  cop.sequence  of  his  chastity, 
sobriety,  and  temperance,  died  April  G,  1695, 
aged  89,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
He  had  comjiosed  several  books  for  the  use  of 
his  school,  and  liad  the  reputation  of  being  a 
verv  severe  disciplinarian. 

BUSCIIETTO  DA  DALICHIO,  an  eminent 
architect  and  mechanic  of  the  11th  century. 

BUSCIIING,  Dr.  Anthony  Frederick,  an  emi- 
nent German,  autlior  of  "A  New  Treatise  cf 
Geography,"  which  has  been  translated  into 
several  languages,  and  particularly  into  English, 
in  6  vols.  4to.  He  died  at  Berlin,  in  May,  1793, 
aced  69. 

BUSCKIUS,  Eerman,  a  German  scholar, 
wrote  some  Latin  poems,  and  commentaries  on 
classical  authors,  and  died  in  1534. 

BUSHELL,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Worcester- 
shire, a  zealous  royalist,  and  master  of  the  royal 
mines  in  Wales,  died  in  1674. 

BUSLEIDEN,  Jerome,  a  statesman,  in  the 
service  of  Charles  V.,  died  in  1517. 

BUSSIERE,  John  de,  a  learned  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  France,  fcc,  died  in  1678. 

BUSSY,  Rofrer  Rabutin,  count  of,  a  French- 
man, memorable  for  wit  and  misfortunes,  was 
born  in  Burgundy,  April  3,  1618.  He  wrote 
many  works,  satirical,  historical,  and  moral ; 
but  is  chiefly  known  by  his  "  Letters,"  which 
are  much  esteemed.    He  died  in  1693. 

BUTE,  John,  earl  of,  viscount,  and  baron 
Mountstuart,  &c.  Tl.»s  nobleman  was,  in  1763, 
appointed  prime  minister.  The  nation  being 
nearly  exhausted  by  a  long  and  expensive, 
though  successful,  war  with  France,  he  con- 
cluded a  peace,  and  then  retired  to  enjoy  a  life 
of  learned  leisure.  He  was  a  lover  and  encou- 
rager  of  learning  and  learned  men,  especially 
when  genius  and  respectable  character  were 
united  in  the  same  person.  It  was  on  this  prin- 
ciple that  he  asked  and  obtained  of  his  majesty 
a  pension  of  300Z.  a  year  for  Dr.  Johnson. 
Among  many  instances  of  his  love  to  the  arts, 
the  earl  of  Bute  printed,  at  his  own  expense,  a 
botanical  work,  in  9  4to.  vols.,  of  plants  apper- 
taining only  to  England.  Only  12  copies  were 
99 


BU 

printed  ;  the  expense  of  which  amounted  to 
lOOOZ.  Copies  were  presented  to  the  queen,  to 
the  late  dutchess  ot  Portland,  M.  de  Buffon,  lady 
Susan  Mackenzie,  lady  Banks,  and  lord  Mouni- 
Btuari.  Those  remaining  were  reserved  for  le- 
gacies, and  the  piaies  were  destroyed.  His  lord- 
ship died  March  10,  1792. 

BoTLiER,  William,  a  physician,  born  at  Ips- 
wich Some  anecdotes  are  recorded  of  him, 
which  exhibit  him  as  a  capricious  madman  ;  he 
died  in  1618. 

BUTLER,  Charles,  a  native  of  Hampshire, 
auHior  of  a  popular  work  on  bees,  cedled  the 
feminine  monarchy,  &c.,  died  in  1647. 

BUTLER,  Samuel,  a  poet  of  a  very  singular 
cast,  born  at  Strensham,  in  Worcestershire, 
161  i.  He  lived  some  time,  (though  it  is  not 
known  In  what  capacity.)  with  Sir  Samuel 
Luke,  a  gentleman  of  an  ancient  family  in  Bed- 
fordshire, and  a  famous  commander  under  Oli- 
ver Cromwell.  While  he  resided  in  this  gentle- 
man's family,  it  is  generally  supposed  that  he 
planned,  if  he  did  not  write,  the  celebrated 
"  Hudibras  ;"  under  which  character  it  is 
thought  he  intended  to  ridicule  that  knight. 
When  this  poem  became  known,  it  was  neces- 
sarily admired:  the  king  quoted,  the  courtiers 
studied,  and  the  whole  party  of  the  royalists 
applauded  it.  Every  ej'e  watched  for  the  golden 
iihower  which  was  to  fall  upon  the  author.  But 
praise  was  his  whole  reward.  It  is  reported, 
indeed,  that  the  king  once  gave  him  300  guineas; 
but  of  this  temporary  bounty  we  find  iio  proof 
He  died  September  25, 1680  ;  and  was  buried  at 
the  private  expense  of  a  Mr.  Longueviile,  of  the 
Temple,  in  the  church-yard  of  Covent  Garden. 
About  GO  years  ai^tervvards,  Mr.  Barber,  a  printer, 
mayor  of  London,  and  a  friend  to  Butler's  prin- 
ciples, bestowed  on  him  a  monument  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  In  the  mist  of  obscurity  passed 
the  life  of  Butler,  a  man  whose  name  can  only 
perish  with  his  language.  The  mode  and  place 
of  his  education  are  unknown  ;  the  events  of 
his  life  are  variously  related  ;  and  all  that  can 
be  told  with  certainty  is,  that  he  was  poor. 

BUTLER,  James,  duke  of  Ormond,  a  very 
celebrated  statesman  and  warrior,  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  II.,  to  whose  restoration  he  materi- 
ally contributed.  He  was  born  in  London,  1610, 
and  died  in  16?8. 

BUTLER,  Joseph,  bishop  of  Durham,  a  pre- 
late of  most  distinguished  piet}',  born  at  Wan- 
tage, Berks,  1692.  His  deep  learning  and  com- 
prehensive mhid  appear  sufficiently  in  his  writ- 
ings, particularly  in  a  work  entitled,  "  The 
Analogy  of  Religion,  natural  and  revealed,  to 
the  co.'istitution  and  course  of  Nature."  He 
died  in  1752. 

BUTLER,  Thomas,  earl  of  Ossory,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  confined  in  the  tower  eight 
months  by  Cromwell.  After  the  restoratioji, 
lie  abashed  Shaftsbury,  by  an  exertion  of  his 
powers,  in  the  vindication  of  his  father.  He 
died  in  1680. 

BUTLER,  Alban,  a  Roman  catholic,  director 
of  the  English  College  of  St.  Omer's,  died  in 
1782. 

BUTLER,  Richard,  a  brave  officer  during  the 
war  of  the  re%'olution,  killed  at  the  defeat  of 
Genera!  St.  Clair,  in  1791. 

BUTLER,  Thomas,  a  brave  officer  in  the  re- 
volutionary war.    In  1797,  he  commanded  in 
Tennessee,  and  brought  the  Indian  war  to  a  suc- 
cessful termination.     He  died  in  1805. 
BUTT,  George,  D.  D..  an  English  divine,  ac- 
100 


BY 

quired  some  distinction  as  a  poet.  He  published 
a  volum<;  of  sermons,  and  died  in  1795. 

BUTTS,  Sir  William,  a  physician  to  Henry 
VIIL,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians. 

BUXTON,  Jedediah,  a  man  of  most  extraor- 
dinary natural  talents  for  calculation,  born  a» 
Elmeton,  a  village  in  Deibyshire,  1705.  He  was 
never  taught  to  read  or  write ;  but  could,  by  the 
force  of  memory,  solve  in  a  very  short  time  the 
most  complicated  questions  respecting  the  mul- 
tiplication, division,  reduction,  &c.,  of  figures; 
yi  t,  beyond  mere  calculation,  his  ideas^  were 
hardly  above  those  of  infancy.  He  died  about 
1775. 

BUXTORFF,  John,  the  name  of  two  learned 
professors  of  Hebrew  at  Basil,  father  and  son, 
who  are  allowed  a  place  among  those  of  the  first 
rank  for  rabbinical  learning.  The  father  died 
in  1G29,  'be  son  in  166-1. 

BUXTOR  l^F,  John,  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
ucceeded  him  in  the  Oriental  chair  of  Basil, 
and  was  esteemed  for  his  extensive  erudition. 
He  died  in  17.32. 

BUY  DE  MORXAS,  Claude,  born  at  LyoM, 
author  of  a  valuable  ailas  of  geography  and  his 
torv,  died  in  1783. 

BUZAXVAL,  Nicholas  Choart  de,  a  French 
preiate,  relinquished  the  profession  of  law  for 
the  church,  and  died  in  1679. 

BUZQT,  Francis  X'icholas  Leonard,  one  of 
the  heioes  of  the  French  revolution,  bom  in 
1760. 

BYEFIELD,  Nathaniel,  a  native  of  England, 
settled  in  Bristol,  Rhode  Island,  and  died  in  1733. 
BYFIELD,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Warwick- 
shire, who  wrote  some  voluminous  tracts  on 
divinity  ;  he  died  in  1622. 

BYLES,  Mather,  D.  D.,  a  poet  and  political 
writer  of  some  note,  tninister  in  Boston,  where 
he  was  born  in  1706. 

BYN.EUS,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Utrecht, 
skilled  in  classical  and  historical  learning,  died 
in  IfiPS. 

B  YNG,  George,  lord  viscount  Tomngton,  was 
born  in  1663.  His  eminent  abilities  as  a  naval 
commander  raised  him  successively  to  the  high 
offices  of  rear  admiral  of  England,  treasurer  of 
the  navy,  and  first  lord  of  the  admiralty.  He 
was  father  of  the  unfortunate  admiral  Jolm 
Bynu.  who,  after  having  given  many  proofs  of 
courage,  was,  on  a  dubious  sentence  for  neglect 
of  duty,  shot  at  Portsmouth,  March  14,  1757. 
His  lordship  died  in  1733. 

BYXKERSHOEK,  Cornelius  Van,  pro!>ssor 
of  law  at  Leyden,  Sec,  author  of  Observations 
on  the  Roman  Laws,  &c  ,  died  in  1743. 

BYRD,  William,  a  native  of  Virginia,  died 
about  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  He  col- 
ected  a  very  large  and  valuable  Hbrary. 

BYRGE,  Justus,  an  ingenious  mathematician 
and  instrnment-maker  in  France,  flourished  at 
he  end  of  the  16th  century. 

BYRNE,  William,  a  very  distiHguished  land- 
cape  engraver.  His  best  performances  are, 
The  Antiquities  of  Great  Britain,  after  Hearne; 
V'iewsof  the  Lakes  after  Farington:  and  Smith's 
Scenery  of  Italy.  His  chief  excellence  consist- 
ing in  his  aerial  perspective,  and  the  general 
effect  of  his  chiaro-oscuro.  he  was  more  agreea- 
bly and  more  beneficially  employed  in  finishing 
ban  ill  etching;  and  hence  he  generally  worked 
a  conjunction  with  his  pnpifs;  to  whom  his 
strong  recommendation  was,  to  stndy  nature, 
Vivares,  and  the  best  examples  of  the  French 


CA 

BCiiool.  Among  the  pujiils  of  Mr.  IJyrne,  we 
know  no  one  who  ha^  done  more  credit  either 
to  bis  instructer  in  the  an,  or  to  himself,  than 
Mr.  Landseer,  eagrav(!r  to  Iiis  late  inajestj'.  Mr, 
Byrne  died  September  'M,  1805,  aged  1)2. 

BYROM,  John,  a  poetical  writer,  and  inventer 
of  a  new  system  of  .siioi!  Iiand,  born  at  Kersal 
near  Manchester,  IGyi,  died  in  17C3. 

BYRON,  Lord  George  Gordon,  an  Engiisli 
nobleman,  distinguished  as  the  greatest  poet  of 
the  age  in  which  lie  lived,  author  of  "  Childe 
Harold,"  "Don  Jnan,"  and  othei  poems,  died 
at  Missolonghi,  while  assisting  the  Greeks  in 
their  glorious  struggle  for  freedom,  in  April 
1824. 

BY'THNER,  Victorinus,  a  native  of  Poland 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  Hebrew,  died  in 
1(364. 

BZOVIUS,  Abraham,  a  learned  Polander. 
The  chief  of  liis  works  is,  "  A  Continuation  of 
Baroiiius'  Amials  from  1198  to  1572."  He  died 
in  1637. 

CA 

CAB,  Ben  Zol.air,  an  Arabian  poet,  the  oppo 
rent,  and  afterwards  the  friend,  of  Mahomet 
died  in  the  first  year  of  the  hegira. 

CABADES,  or  COBAD,  a  king  of  Persia,  de 
posed,  but  afterwards  recovered  his  authority, 
which  he  left  to  his  son  in  531. 

CARANIS, Peter  John  George,  a  French  phy 
sician,  tlie  associate  of  Mirabeau,  and  one  of  the 
fonncil  of  500  during  the  revoiniion,  died  in 
1808. 

CABASILAS,  Nilns,  archbishop  of  Thesa- 
lonica,  wrote  against  the  supremacy  ofthe  pope; 
he  was  succeeded  by  his  nephev/,"  Kicholas,  in 
the  14th  century. 

CABASSOLE,  Philip  de,  chancellor  and 
chief  minister  of  the  queen  of  Sicily,  and  cardi- 
nal d'  metropolitan  of  Constantinople  ;  died  in 
1372. 

CABASSUT,  John,  professor  of  the  canon 
law  at  Avignon,  died  in  lfi85. 

CABEL,  Adrian  Vander,  of  Riswick,  eminent 
as  a  painter  ;  he  died  in  1 W5. 

CABESTAN,  ov  CABISTATNG,  William 
de,  a  poet,  murdered  by  tlie  husband  of  his  mis- 
tress, who  eat  lus  heart  unknowingly,  and  died 
with  grief. 

CABOT,  John,  a  Venetian,  who  first  dis- 
covered the  continent  of  America,  in  1497. 

CABOT,  Sebastian,  son  of  the  prccedingj  ac- 
companied his  father  in  his  voyage,  irtil497,  and 
afterwards  made  several  voyages;  he  died  in 
1557. 

CABOT,  George,  an  eminent  statesman,  was 
a  member  of  the  United  States'  Senate  from  the 
stale  of  Mass.,  and  president  of  the  Hartford 
Convention.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  man  of 
great  strength  of  ijiind,  of  sound  and  correct 
judgment,  of  unsullied  honour,  and  tlie  strictest 
integrity,  and  was  the  friend  and  associate  of 
Washington. 

CABOT,  Vincent,  author  of  "  LesPolitiques,' 
in  4  vols.,  of  the  14th  century. 

CABRAI',  or  CABRERA,  Pedro  Alvares,  a 
Portuguese,  sent,  in  1500,  by  king  Emanuel,  with 
a  fleet  to  the  East  Indies.  He  was  dnven  upon 
the  coast  of  Brazil,  and  gave  the  name  to  Santa 
Cruz. 

CADALOUS,  a  bishop  of  Parma,  made  pope 
under  the  title  ol  Honorius  H.,  died  in  1G04. 

CADAMOSTO,  Lewis,  a  famous  Venetian 


C^E 

navigator,  born  in  14.22,  visited  tilt  Madeiras, 
the  Canaries,  &.c. 

CADMUS,  king  of  Thebes,  who  brought  16 
letters  into  Greece.  The  poets  say  that  he  lelt 
his  country  in  quest  of  his  sister  Europa,  and 
went  into  Bo3otia,  where  one  of  liis  company 
was  devoured  by  a  dragon,  which  Cadnuisslew, 
and  sowed  its  teeth  in  a  field,  whence  sprung 
up  an  army  of  men  who  destroyed  one  another. 

CADMUS,  a  Milesian,  author  of  a  history  oC 
India. 

C  ADOG,  founder  of  some  churches  in  Wales, 
in  the  15th  century. 

C  ADOG,  a  bard  of  the  6th  century,  called  the 
Wise. 

CADOGAN,  WiUiam  Bromley,  a  respected 
mini>ierof  St.  Giles',  Reading,  and  St.  Luke's; 
died  in  17'. :7. 

CADWALADYR,  last  king  of  the  Britons, 
m  (li'.O  he  was  conquered  by  the  Sa.xons. 

CADWALADYR,  Cesail,  a  Welsh  bard  of 
some  nif^rit.  in  the  Kith  century. 

CADWALLADER, ,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian of  Philadelphia,  and  among  the  first  who 
wrote  on  medical  subjects ;  flourished  about 
1740. 

CADWALLADER,  John,  a  brigadier-general 
in  the  Anierican  army,  during  the  revolution, 
died  in  17bG. 

CADWALLON,  prince  of  North  Wales,  de- 
feated by  Edv.'in  of  England,  in  620. 

CADWGAN,  a  prince  of  South  Wales,  was 
assassinated  in  1110. 

C.^.CILIANUS,  bishop  of  Carthage,  was  ex- 
pelled from  oflice  by  a  council,  in  311. 

CiECILlUS  STATIUS,  a  comic  poet  in  the 
age  of  Eiinius. 

C^EIJUS  AURELIANUS,  or,  as  some  have 
called  him,  Lucius  Ca;Iius  Arianus,  an  ancient 
physician  of  Sicca,  atown  of  Numidia,  in  Africa. 
We  are  obliged  to  him  for  tlie  knowledge  of, 
many  dogmas  which  are  not  to  be  found  but  in 
his  books  "  De  celeribnsettardis  Passionibus." 
He  wrote,  as  he  liimself  tells  us,  several  other 
works;  hut  they  have  all  perished. This,  however, 
j  which  has  escaped  the  ruins  of  time  and  barba- 
rism, is  higiily  valued  as  being  the  only  monu- 

nt  of  the  Medicina  Methodica  which  is  ex- 
tant. He  is  allowed  by  all  to  be  admirable  in 
the  history  and  description  of  diseases.  Le  Clerc 
jilaces  him  in  tJie  5th  century. 

CAESAR,  Gains  Julius,  an  illustrious  Roman 
general  and  historian,  born  98  B.  C.  By  his  va- 
lour and  eloquence  he  acquired  the  highest  re- 
putation in  the  field  and  in  the  senate;  beloved 
and  respected  by  his  fellow-citizens,  he  enjoyed 
successively  every  magisterial  and  military  lio- 
nour  that  the  republic  could  bestow,  consistent 
with  its  own  free  constitution;  but,  at  length, 
having  subdued  Pompey,  the  great  rival  of  his 
growing  power,  his  boundless  ambition  effaced 
the  glory  of  his  former  actions;  for  pursuing  his 
favourite  maxim,  "  th.ij  he  would  ratlier  be  the 
first  man  in  a  village,  than  the  second  in  Rome," 
he  procured  himself  to  be  chosen  perpetual  dic- 
tator; and,  not  content  with  this  unconstitu- 
tional power,  his  faction  had  resolved  to  raise  him 
to  the  imperial  dignity,  when  the  friends  of  the 
civil  liberties  of  the  republic  rashly  ai  d  basely 
assassinated  himin  thesenate-house,wherethey 
should  only  have  seized  him,  and  brought  hira 
to  a  legal  trial  for  usurpation.  By  this  impf.li- 
tic  and  treaciierous  measure,  they  defeated  their 
own  purpose,  involving  the  city  in  consTernation 
and  terror,  which  produced  'general  anarehjr, 
9*  101 


CA 

and  paved  the  way  to  the  revolution  that  they 
wanted  to  prevent ;  for,  after  his  death,  the  re 
imblic,  though  for  some  time  it  preserved  the 
t'omis  of  liberty,  became  an  absolute  monarchy, 
the  constant  tate  of  ail  governments,  whatever 
freedom  they  might  once  have,  when  luxury  and 
proiiigace  manners  have  grown  universal.  The 
activiiy  of  Csesar's  spiiit  was  such,  that,  as  he 
jbunseif  said,  "  he  thought  nolhiiig  done,  while 
there  was  any  thing  left  to  do."  However, 
aiiiidst  al!  his  concerns,  civil  and  military,  he 
found  time  to  be  the  author  of  maiiy  works; 
none  of  which  have  been  preserved  from  the 
ravages  of  time,  except  seven  books,  "  De  Bello 
Gailico." 

C.1E6AR,  Sir  Julius,  a  learned  civilian,  born 
near  Totieiiham.,  in  Middlesex,  1557,  died  in  1639. 

CiEo  AK  .^LPiNUS.  Andreas,  an  eminent  phi- 
losoplier  and  plivsician,  born  at  Arezzo,  1559, 
died  in  1(.03. 

CAFFA,  Mjichior,  a  distinguished  sculptor, 
who  aJorned  the  churches  of  Rome  and  Italy, 
tlied  in  U;'? 

OAITARELLI  DU  FALGA,N.,  a  French 
officer  of  great  courage  ;  died  in  1801. 

CAFFiAUX,  D.  Joseph,  a  native  of  Valen- 
eiennes,  a  writer  on  histoiy,  music,  &c. 

CAFFIEIli,  Philip,  an  "eminent  sculptor,  of 
Rome,  dieti  in  1755. 

CAGLIARI,  Paul,  a  most  excellent  paiuter, 
born  ai,  Verona,  in  1532.  He  was  styled  by  the 
Italians,  It  pittor  felice,  "The  happy  painter." 
There  is  scarcely  a  church  in  Venice  which  has 
not  some  piece  or  other  of  his ;  and  his  picture 
of  The  Mariiage  at  Cana,  in  the  church  of  St. 
Geoige,  is  to  be  disiinguithed  from  his  other 
works,  as  being  not  only  the  triumph  of  Paul 
Veronese,  but  almost  the  triumph  of  painting 
itself.  He  died  of  a  fever  at  Venice,  in  1588, 
and  iiad  a  tomb  aiid  a  statue  of  brass  erected  in 
the  church  of  St.  Sebastian. 

CAGLIOSTRO,  coin.t  Alexander,  a  man  so 
called,  but  whose  real  i  ame  was  Joaeph  Balsa- 
mo,  was  born  at  Paia-nio,  174.1.  His  whole  life 
was  a  beries  of  the  it>ost  astonishing  cheats, 
mummeries,  aud  impostures  ;  and  his  ingenuity 
in  Hvery  species  of  liction  and  deceit  exceeds  all 
that  has  b-jen  recorded  in  the  annals  of  ancient 
or  modern  roguer}'.  For  some  eiiorniities  in 
Rome  he  was  comuiiited  to  the  castle  of  St.  Au- 
gelo,  in  which  he  died  toward  the  end  of  1794. 

CAGNACl,  called  G^iulatsi  from  hisdeformi- 
ty,  an  Italian  paniler  of  the  18th  century. 

CAGNATi,  MarsiUo,  a  pi-ysiclaa  of  Verona, 
settled  at  Rome,  professor  of  philosophy,  in  the 
age  of  Paul  V. 

CAHAGNES,  James,  professor  of  medicine 
at  Caen,  died  in  1612. 

CAHUSAC,  Lewis  de,  a  Frenchman,  author 
of  the  tragedy  of  Pharamond,  and  some 
mances,  died  in  1759. 

CAIAPHAS,  the  high-priest  who  condemned 
our  Saviour,  and  afterv.ards committed  suicide 

CAIET,  Peter  Victor  Pahna,  a  Frenchman, 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  who  from  a  Calvanist 
became  a  Catholic ;  he  was  author  ot  a  valuable 
chronology,  and  died  in  IGW. 

CAlETAX,Coiistantine,  a  Benedictine,  editor 
of  the  works  of  Peter  Darien,  died  at  Rome,  in 
J650. 

CAIET  AN,  a  cardinal,  born  in  1469,  at  Caieta, 
a  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  His  proper 
name  was  Thomas  d  ,■  Vio ;  but  he  took  that  of 
Caiftan,  from  the  place  of  his  nativity.  He  gave 
a  hieral  trauslation  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ments, from  the  originals ;  excepting  Solomon's 
102 


CA 

Song  and  the  Prophets,  whicli  he  had  begun,  but 
did  not  live  to  proceed  far  in  ;  and  the  Revela- 
rions  of  St.  John,  which  he  designedly  omitted ; 
saying,  that,  to  explain  them,  it  was  necessary 
for  a  man  to  be  endued, not  with  parts  and  learn- 
ing, but  with  the  spirit  of  prophecy 

CAILLER,  Nicholas  Lewis  de  la,  a  French 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  friend  of  Caa- 
riini ;  died  in  1792. 

CAIN,  the  eldest  son  of  Adam,  who  slew  hia 
brother  Abel. 

CAIRO,  Francisco,  an  eminent  painter  of  re- 
ligious subjects,  born  at  Milan,  in  15^8. 

CAIUS,or  KAYES.Dr.  John,  a  distmguiilied 
English  ■  physician,  author  of  several  learned  j 
works,  died  in  1573.  j 

CAirS,  John,  poet-laureat  to  Edward  IV.        I 

CAIUS,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  linguist  io 
Engla!!d,  prebendary  of  Sarum,  died  in  1572. 

CAIUS,  a  Ronian  saint,  made  bishop  of 
Rome  in  283. 

CALABER,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  author  of 
a  supplement  to  Homer's  Ihad. 

CALABROIS,  Matthias  Preti,  a  painter,  of 
Calabria,  died  at  Malta,  in  1099. 

CALAMY,  Edmund,  a  very  eminent  divine 
anions  the  non-conformists ;  born  at  London, 
IGOO.  died  1666. 

CALAMY,  Benjamin,  an  eminent  divine  and 
excellent  preacher,  died  vicar  of  St.  Lawrence, 
I  Jewry,  1686.  The  pieces  that  he  printed  in  his 
lifetiiiie  were,  7  sermons  on  several  occasions; 
j  13  others  were  published  in  one  volume,  after 
his  death. 

CALAMY.  Edmund,  an  eminent  divine  among 
the  non-conformists  :  made  D.  D.  by  the  univ^T- 
sities  of  Scotland.  He  vvrote  several  controver- 
sial works,  and  died  in  1732. 

CALANDRUCCI,  Giacintho,  a  painter,  of 
Rome,  died  in  1707. 

CWLANUS,  an  Indian  brahmin,  who  burned 
himself  before  Alexander,  325  B.  C. 

CALAS,  John,  an  unfortunate  merchant,  of 
Toulouse,  unjustly  condemned,  on  the  charge 
of  murdering  hisown  son,  in  1762. 

CALASIO,  Marius,  a  Franciscan,  at  Rome; 
author  of  a  valuable  concordance  of  the  Hebrew 
Bible,  published  in  1621. 

CALCAGNINI,  Cflio,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
and  a  distinguished  scholar,  died  in  1540. 

CALC.AR.  John  de,  an  eminent  painter,  at 
Naples,  died  in  1546. 

I  CALDERINI,  Domizio,  bom  at  Toris,  pro- 
fessor of  belles  lettres,  and  translator  of  Pausan- 
jias  into  Latin  :  he  died  in  1478. 
i  CALDERONI  DE  LA  BARCA,  Don  Pedro, 
a  celebrated  Spanish  officer,  ecclesiastic,  and 
dramatic  writer.  In  the  latter  character,  he 
may,  perhaps,  deserve  the  name  of  the  S;-anish 
Shakspeare.  He  flourished  about  1640,  and  his 
dramatic  works  make  9  vols.  4to. 

CALDERWOOD,  David,  a  famousdivine  of 
the  church  of  Scotland,  and  a  distinguished  wri- 
ter in  behalf  of  the  presbyterians,  in  the  17th 
century.  He  wrote  "  The  True  History  of 
Scotland." 

C.MjDWALL,  Richard,  an  eminent  English 
phvsioian,  died  in  1585. 

CALEB,  a  Hebrew,  sent  by  Moses,  with  Jo- 
shua, into  Canaan. 

CALED,  or  KHALED,  one  of  Mahomet's 
friends,  called,  from  his  courage,  the  sword  of 
God.  died  in  639. 

CALEF,  Robert,  a  merchant,  of  Boston,  who 
publis'ied  a  work  against  witchcraft,  in  1700:  he 
died  in  1720. 


CA 

CALENDARIO,  Philip,  celebrated  for  the 
porticoes  which  he  erected  round  the  palace  ol 
St.  Mark,  at  Venice,  about  1354. 

CALENTIUS,  Elisiup,  a  poet  and  philoso- 
pher, preceptor  of  Frederic,  son  of  the  king  of 
Naples,  and  author  of  many  works ;  he  died  in 
1502. 

CALEPI^O,  or  DA  CALEPIO,  Ambrose,  a 
native  of  Beri^anio,  author  of  a  vocabuiary  of 
the  Latin  tongue ;  died,  blind,  m  ]511. 

CALIAVIKI,  Luca,  an  Italian  painter,  who 
excelled  in  sea  views,  landscapes,  &c.;  died  in 
1715. 

CALIGULA,  the  Roman  emperor  and  tyrant, 
began  his  reit,'n  A.  D.  37,  with  every  appear- 
ance of  btctnjing  tlie  real,  not  the  titular,  father 
of  his  people  ;  but  at  the  end  of  eight  months  he 
was  seized  with  a  fever,  which,  it  is  supposed, 
lefta  fren/.y  upon  his  mind,  for  his  disposition 
totally  changed,  and  he  committed  tlie  most  a- 
trocious  acts  of  impiety,  cruelty,  and  folly  ;  such 
as  pioclaimiug  his  horse  consul,  feeding  it  at  Ills 
table,  introducing  it  to  the  temjile  in  the  vest- 
ments of  the  priests  of  Jupiter,  and  causing  sa- 
crifices to  be  ofiered  to  himself,  Jiis  wife,  and  ids 
horse.  After  having  murdered  many  of  his  sub- 
jects with  his  own  hands,  and  caused  others  to 
be  put  to  death  without  any  offence,  lie  was  as- 
sassinated by  a  tribune  of  the  people,  as  he 
came  out  ot  the  amphitheatre,  A.  D.  41,  in  the 
29th  vearof  his  age. 

CALLARD,  John  Baptiste,  a  celebrated  au- 
thor, and  professor  in  the  university  of  Caen, 
died  in  1718. 

CALLENDER,  Elisha,  minister  of  the  1st 
Bap'ibt  Church,  Boston  ;  of  a  peaceful  disposi- 
tion, and  exemplary  hfe 

CALLENDER,  John,  an  eminent  Baptist 
minister  and  writer, in  Rhode  Island;  lie  publish- 
ed a  history  of  Rhode  Island,  and  died  in  1748. 

CALLIACH,  Nicholas,  professor  of  belles 
lettre.s  at  Padua,  died  in  1707. 

CALLICRATIDAS,  a  Spartan  general,  who 
perished  in  a  naval  battle,  405  B.  C. 

CALLIERES,  Francis  de,  an  eminent  states- 
man and  poet,  in  the  time  of  Lewis  XIV  ,  died 
in  1717. 

CALLIJIACHUS,  an  ancient  Greek  poet, 
born  at  Cyrene,  a  town  in  Africa;  but  w  hen,  we 
cannot  precisely  determine.  Puidas  relates 
that  Calliiuachus  wrote  above  800  pieces,  of 
which  we  have  now  remaining  only  a  few 
hymns  and  epigrams. 

CALLIMACHUS,  of  Corinth,  an  architect, 
and  inventor  of  the  Corinthian  order,  flourished 
about  540  B.  C. 

CALLINUS,  of  Ephesus,  an  ancient  Greek 
poet,  the  inventor  of  elegiac  verse,  nourished 
about  776  B.  C. 

CALLIPPUS,  a  celebrated  Athenian  astro- 
nomer, the  first  observer  of  the  revolutions  of 
eclipses,  flourished  336  B.  C. 

CALLISTHENES,  a  philosopher,  disciple 
and  relation  of  Aristotle,  by  whose  desire  he  ac- 
companied Alexander  the  Great  in  his  expedi- 
tions ;  but  proving  too  severe  a  censurer  of  the 
hero's  conduct,  he  put  him  to  the  torture  (on  sus- 
picion of  a  treasonable  conspiracy,)  under  which 
he  died  328  B.  (.'. 

CALLISTLTS,  Johannes  Andronicus,a  native 
of  Thessalonica,  and  professor  of  philosophy,  at 
Constantinople,  in  1453 ;  he  died  in  France. 

CALLIXTUS  T.,  elected  pope,  in  209 ;  he  suf- 
fered martyrdom  four  vears  afterwards. 
•  CALLTXTrSlI.,GGy,popo,in  lllf>,heldthe 
first  Lateran  council,  and  died  in  1124. 


CA 

CALLIXTUSTII.,  elected  pope  in  1435;  lie 
was  a  learned  and  pious  man,  and  died  in  1458. 

CALLIXTUS,  George,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
prolessor  at  Hemsiadl,  lounder  of  the  sect  called 
Callixliiis  ;  he  died  in  VM. 

CALLOT,  James,  a  famous  engraver,  born 
,at  Nancy,  in  1503.  Evelyn,  who  was  a  very 
Igciod  judge  of  his  merit,  speaks  of  him  as  one 
wiio  "  gave  the  utmost  reputation  to  his  art  of 
which  ii  is  capable  ;  and  attained,  if  ever  any 
did,  to  its  sublimity,  and  beyond  which  it  seems 
not  possible  for  human  industry  to  reach  "  Ke 
died  in  ]C36. 

CALMET,  Augustin,  a  Frenchman,  born  in 
1672,  died  1757.  He  was  a  man  of  vast  erudi- 
tion, and  a  wonderfully  voluminous  writer;  as 
witnesseth  the  following  list.  1.  "  A  literal 
commentary  upon  all  the  Books  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testament,"  23  vols.  4to.  2.  "  Disserta- 
tions and  Prefaces  ot  his  Commentaries,"  print 
cd  separately, with  19  new  Dissertations,  3  vols. 
4to.  Perhaps  there  are  none  of  his  writings 
more  useful  than  these.  3.  "  Tlie  History  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testament,"  4  vols.  4to.  '  4.  "  A 
Historical,  Critical,  and  Chronological  Dictiona- 
ry of  the  Bible."  5  "  Ecclesiastical  and  Civil 
jliistory  of  Loriain,"  3  vols,  folio.  6.  "  Bihlio- 
thequeof  theWritersof  Lorrain,  folio.  7.  "  Uni- 
versal History,  sacred  and  profane,"  15  vols.  4to, 
of  which  eight  only  were  printed.  8.  "  Disser- 
tations upon  Apparitions,  Demons,  Witches, 
&c."  9. "  Literal, Historical, and  Moral  Commen- 
tary, upon  tlie  Rules  of  St.  Benedict,"  4to.  All 
these  works  are  written  in  the  French  language. 

CALMO,  Andrew,  a  Venetian,  famous  as  an 
actor,  and  comic  writer,  died  in  1571.  His  best 
I  piece  is  Rodiana. 

CALO,  John,  or  .Tohannitz,  a  Bulgarian, 
made  an  independent  king,  by  Innocent  III. 

CALONNE,  Charles  Alexander  de,  an  emi- 
nent French  statesman,  successor  toNecker,  as 
comptroller  general  of  finances  ;  he  died  in  1802. 

CALOVRTS,  Abiaham,  a  native  of  Bruns- 
wick, divinity  professor  at  Radsiock,  died  in 
1C80. 

CALPRENEDE,  Gautier  de  la,  author  of 
some  curious  romances,  died  in  1G63. 

CALPURNIUS,  a  Sicilian  poet  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury, author  of  seven  eclogues. 

CALVART,  Denys,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp, 
whose  pictures  are  admired  for  dignity  and  taste, 
died  in  1619. 

CALVERT,  James,  a  non-conformist,  of 
York,  an  author,  and  instructer  of  some  note, 
died  in  1698. 

CALVERT,  George,  a  statesman,  born  at 
Kipling,  in  Yorksliire,  1582,  died  1632.  He  ob- 
tained from  Charles  I.,  a  patent,  to  him  and  his 
I  heirs,  for  I\Iaryland,  in  the  north  of  Virgiijia. 
|He  was  private  secretary  to  Sir  Robert  Cecil, 
lafiervvards  principal  secretary  of  state  ;  but,  be- 
coming a  Roman  Catholic,  the  king  contiiiued 
iliim  only  as  a  privy  counsellor,  and  made  him 
JBaron  Baltimore. 

CALVERT,  Leonard,  brother  of  Cecelius 
Calvert,  the  proprietor  and  first  governor  of 
iMaryland,  in  1G33. 

CALVERT,  Benedict  Leonard,  was  governor 
of  Jiaryland  in  1727.  He  resigned  the  office 
five  vears  afrerwards.  and  died  on  Jiis  return  to 
England,  in  1732. 

CALVERT,  Philip,  was  governor  of  Mary- 
land from  I'.PO  until  1662. 

CALVERT,  Charles,  son  and  heir  of  Lord 
Baltimore,  was  governor  of  Maryland  in  16C2. 

CALVERT,  Charles,  came  to  America  as  go* 
103 


CA 

vernor  of  Maryland,  in  1720,  and  afterwards 
held  othpv  offices  in  the  colony. 

CALVERT,  Frederick,  Lord  Baltimore,  pro- 
prietor of  Marylaiid,  was  distinguished  as  a  man 
of  learning,  and  an  author ;  he  died  in  1T71. 

CALVI,  Lazaro,  a  famous  painter,  of  Genoa, 
in  the  16th  century. 

CALVIiV,  John,  one  of  the  chief  reformers 
of  the  church,  in  the  16th  century,  born  at  No- 
yon,  in  Picardy,  July  10,  1509,  died  May  27, 
1564.  He  was  a  man  whom  God  had  endowed 
witli  very  eminent  talents ;  a  clear  understand 
ing,  a  solid  judgnieni,  and  a  happy  memory: 
he  was  a  judicious,  elegant,  and  iudefaiigable 
writer,  and  possessed  of  very  extensive  learn- 
ing, arid  a  great  zeal  for  truth.  His  extreme  ri- 
gour, however,  procured  him  many  enemies. 
Indeed,  it  very  ill  became  a  reformer  to  defend 
(as  he  did^  the  burning  of  heretics. 

CALViSlUS,  Sethus,  a  German,  distinguish- 
ed as  a  chronologer,  born  in  1559. 

CALZA,  Antonio,  a  painter,  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury, pupil  to  Carlo  Cicnaui. 

CA:\JARG0,  Marj' Ann  Cupi  de,  a  celebrated 
stage  dancer,  who  exhibited  at  Brussels  and  Pa- 
ris, dit^d  in  1770. 

'  CAMASSEI,  or  CAMACE,  Andrew,  an  Ita- 
lian painter,  who  studied  under  the  Sacchies, 
died  in  1657. 

CAxAIBACERES,  N.,  an  eloquent  preacher, 
made  archbishop  of  Rouen,  died  in  1808. 

CAMBAT,  a  French  musician,  who  first  in- 
troduced operas  into  France,  died  in  1677. 

CAMBIS-VELLERON,  Joseph  Lewis  Domi- 
nic, marquis  de,  a  French  nobleman,  born  in 
1706,  distinguished  for  his  writings. 

CAMBRIDGE,  Richard  Owen,  an  elegant 
English  poet,  critic,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  born  in  London,  in  1717,  and  educated  at 
Eton  school ;  whence  he  removed  to  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford.  His  poetical  works  are  nu- 
merous; but  the  most  celebrated  of  them  is  a 
mock-heroic  poem,  called  "  The  Scribleriad," 
In  six  books  ;  the  object  of  which  is,  to  expose 
to  ridicule  false  taste  and  false  science  :  it  is  a 
mai;tcrly  piece  of  humour,  and  should  be  read 


as  am! 
weiri 


wrote  22  papers  in  that  well  kiiown  periodical 
collection  of  essavs,  called  "The  World,"  and 
died  September  i7,  1802.  In  1903,  a  complete 
collection  of  liis  works  was  published  by  his  soh, 
in  one  volume  4to.,  and  verj'  well  received. 

CAMBYSES,  king  of  Persia,  after  Cyrus ;  he 
was  cruel  and  vindictive :  528  B.  C. 

COMDEX,  William,  one  of  the  most  illus- 
trious men  of  his  age,  born  at  London,  May  2, 
1551.  The  work  which  has  immortalized  "his 
name,  is  his  "  Britannia;''  being  "  A  History  of 
the  ancient  Inhabitants  of  Britain,  their  Origin, 
Manners,  and  Laws,"  which  appeared  in  ISB-), 
in  Latin.  In  1593,  he  succeeded  Dr.  Edward 
Grant,  as  head  master  of  Westminster  school ; 
and  m  l,j<)7,  published  a  new  Greek  Grammar, 
entitled  "  GraT.umatices  Greecra  Institutio  com- 
pendiaria,  in  usum  Regije  Schohe  Westmonas- 
teriensis,"  which  was  received  in  all  the  public 
schools  of  England  ;  and  its  author  was,  the 
eanie  year,  promoted  to  be  Clerencienx  king  at 
arms.  In  1604,  he  published  liis  "  Remains  of 
a  greater  work  concerning  Britain,  the  Inhabit- 
ants thereof"  their  Lancnages,  Names,  Sur- 
names, Empre.'^ses,  wise  Speeches,  Poesies,  and 
Epitaphes."  This  was  a  collection  of  things 
whic'i  had  been  commiinicated  to  him  while  he 
was  gatheiing  maferials  for  his  "Britannia." 
In  1615,  Camden  published,  in  Latin,  his  Annals 
104 


^ CA 

of  Uueen  Elizabeth ;  and  he  died  November  9, 
1623.  A  historical  lecture  was  founded  by  hira 
at  Oxford  ;  and,  by  foreigners,  he  has  been  styled 
the  Pausanias  of  England. 

CAMDEN,  Lord.     See  PRATT. 

CAMICRARIUS,  Joachimus,  an  txceedingly 
learned  German,  burn  in  1500.  Vosius  calls  iinn 
"  The  Phoenix  of  Germany."     He  died  in  1575. 

CA3IERARIUS,  Joachim,  a  German,  devoed 
to  tlie  study  of  medicine,  botany,  &c.,  died  in 
15S8. 

CAMERON,  John,  a  Scotchman,  professor  of 
Greek  at  Glasgow  ;  he  was  considered  tavoura- 
ble  to  the  catholics  in  iiis  writings,  and  died  in 
lu25. 

CA5IILLA,  daughter  of  king  Metabus,  cele-  1 
brated  by  Virgil  for  her  valour.  ' 

C.-\MILLUS,  Maicus  Fucius,  an  iliustrious 
Roman,  banished  on  suspicion  of  peculation, 
died  365  B.  C. 

CA5IOENS,  Lewis,  a  celebrated  Portuguese 
poet,  called  the  Virgil  of  Ponugal,  from  his 
much  admired  poem,  "TJie  Lusiada.'',  or  Cen- 
quest  ot  the  Indies  by  the  Portuguese,"  was  born 
at  Lifcbon,  in  1527,  and  died  in  1579,  to  the  ettr- 
ital  reproach  of  his  countrymen,  miserably  poor 
and  unregarded.  His  poem  was,  a  lew  years 
since,  admirably  translated  into  English  by  W 
J.  Mickle,  Esq. 

C.AMPANELLA,  Thomas,  an  Italian  phi- 
losopher, of  great  eminence,  who  was  perse- 
cuted by  rivsls,  and  put  to  the  torture,  but  was 
rescued  by  Richelieu,  died  in  1639. 

CAMPAXO,  John  Antonio,  a  poor  shepherd, 
who  afterwards  became  a  professor  at  Perugia, 
and  a  bishop,  wrote  the  life  of  Braccio,  and  died 
in  ]477. 

CAMPANO,  Novarese,  an  Italian,  author  of 
commentaries  on  Euclid,  in  the  13th  centuiy. 

CAMPBELL,  John,  first  minister  of  Oxford, 
Massachusetts,  died  in  1761. 

CAMPBELL,  Lord  William,  governor  of 
the  province  of  South  Carolina,  vvas  iviortally 
wounded  in  an  attack  on  Sullivan's  Island,  in 

i77(:i. 

CAMPBELL,  Archibald,  an  Englishman,  be- 
headed as  a  traitor,  at  Edinburgh,  in  1661. 

CAMPBELL,  Archibald,Kon  of  the  preceding, 
was  condemned  for  seditious  measures,  and  be- 
headed in  1685. 

CAMPBELL,  George,  D.  D.,  professor  of 
Church  History  at  St.  Andrews,  published  seve- 

1  works,  and  died  in  1757. 

CAMPBELL,  Dr.  .John,  an  eminent  histori- 
cal, biographical,  and  political  writer,  born  at 
Edinburgh,  March  8, 1787-8.  Among  many  other 
works,  he  was  either  sole  author  ol',  or  princi- 
pally concerned  in,  the  following  :  "  The  Mili- 
tary History  of  Prince  Eugene  and  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough  ;"  "Ancient  Universal  History ;" 

Livesof  the  English  Admirals;"  "  Hcrmippus 
Redivivus;  or,  th?  Sage's  Triumph  over  Old 
Age  and  the  Grave  ;"  "Voyages  and  Travels," 
2  vols,  folio ;  "  Biographia  Britannica,"  (in 
which  work  his  papets  may  be  ktiown  by  the 
initials  E.  and  X. ;)  "  The  Preceptor ;"  "  Pre- 
ent  State  of  Europe  ;"  "  The  Modem  Univer- 
sal History;"  and  "  A  Political  Survey  of  Bri- 
ain."     Dr.  Campbell  died  December  2S,  1775. 

CAMPBELL,  Dr.  George,  an  eminent  divine 
and  theological  WTiter,  of  ScotJand,  j:riiicinal, 
and  professor  of  divinity  in  the  Jlarischal  Col- 
leee  and  University  of  Aberdeen,  born  in  1~19, 
died  April  6,  1796,  leaving  several  valnable 
works;  thechief  of  which  are,  "  A  Dissertation 
on  Miracles,"  "  Philosophy  of  Rhetoric,"  and 


CA 

CANISIUS,  Henry,  professor  of  canon  law  at 
Ingolstadt,  an  author  of  eminence,  died  in  J609. 
CANITZ,  baron  of,  a  popular  poei  and  btatea- 
niau  of  Germany,  died  in  1G99, 

CANN,  John,  an  Euglisliuian,  author  of  a 
Bible,  with  marginal  notes. 

CANAMARES,  John,  a  peasant  of  Catalonia, 
who,  in  a  fit  of  insanity,  attacked  king  Ferdi- 
nand, and  nearly  killed  him ;  he  was  strangled  in 
1492. 

CANO,  Alonzo,  a  native  of  Grenada,  eminent 
as  a  painter,  sculptor  and  architect,  died  in  676. 
CAA'O,  or  CAIS'US,  Melchior,  a  native  of  To- 
ledo, bishop  of  the  Canaries  ;  died  1560. 

C.ANOVA,  Antonio,  the  most  eminent  sculp- 
tor of  the  age,  died  at  Venice,  in  1822.  His 
statues  are  owned  by  the  rich  and  noble  through- 
out Europe,  and  are  highly  valued ;  oiie,of  V\  ash- 
inglon,  is  at  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

CAIS'TACUZENUS,  Johannes,  a  celebrated 
ByzantiiiB  historian,  mu<,*»  esteemed  as  the 
author  of  a  "  History  of  'A^;  Own  Times,"  in 
four  books.  Besides  this?  it  *iory,  he  wrote  also 
some  theological  works  ;  particularly  "  An  Apo- 
logy for  the  Christian  Religion  against  that  of 
Mahomet,"  in  four  books.  He  died  1411,  aged 
above  100  years. 

CANTARINI,  Simon,  a  painter,  pupil  and 
friend  of  Guido,  died  in  1648. 

CARTEL,  Peter  Joseph,  a  Jesuit  of  Caux, 
eminent  as  an  author,  died  in  1579. 

CANTEMIR,  Demetiius,  born  in  Tartary, 
1673  ;  died  1723.  He  was  author  of  some  con- 
siderable worLs.  1.  "  A  History  of  the  Rise 
and  Fall  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,"  in  Latin  2. 
The  system  of  the  Mahometan  Religion."  3. 
"  The  j/resent  state  of  Moldavia,"  in  Latin,  with 
a  large  map  of  the  country. 

CANTEIVIIR,  Antiochiis,  son  of  the  above  ; 
born  at  Petersburg,  1710  ;  died  1744.  The  Rus- 
sians before  him  had  nothin-^  but  some  barba- 
rous songs ;  he  was  the  first  w^ho  introduced  any 
civilized  poetry  among  them.  Besides  a  trans- 
lation of  Anacreon,  and  the  Epistles  of  Horace, 
he  gave  them,  of  his  own,  Satires,  Odes,  and 
Fables.  He  also  made  several  foreign  works 
known  to  them  ;  as,  1.  "  The  Plurality  of 
Worlds;"  2.  "The  Persian  Letters  ;"  3.  '^"Tlie 
Dialogues  of  Algarotti  uponLiaht,"  &c. 

CANTERUS,  William,  a  distinguished  lin- 
guist of  Utrecht,  who  wrote  several  philological 
works  ;  he  died  in  1575. 

CANTON,  John,  an  ingenious  and  very 
eminent  English  natural  philosopher,  born  at 
Stroud,  Gloucestershire,  1718,  died  1772. 

CANTWELL,  Andrew,  an  eminent  practi- 
tioner and  writer  on  medicine,  of  Tipperaiy, 
died  in  1764. 
CANLTS,  or  CANO,  a  Spaniard,  who  Recom- 
mit d  Rlagellan  round  the  world. 
CANUTE,  a  king  of  Denmark  and  Norway, 
also  sovereign  of  England  ;  he  died  in  1026. 

CANUTE,  or  KNUD,  surnamed  the  Great, 
king  of  Denmark,  took  part  of  England  from 
Edmund  Ivotisides,  and  afterwards  seized  the 
whole  kingdom  ;  he  died  in  1035. 
CANUTE,  IV.,  kine  of  Denmark,  a  liberal 
:!hapel,  Boston;    he  published  some  sermons,'! benefactor  to  the  church,  slain  by  one  of  his 
ind  died  in  England,  in  1792.  subjects,  in  1087. 

CANGE,  Charles  du,  a  celebrated  French  his-||    CANUTI,  Dominico,  a    self  taught    Italian 
orian,  critic,  and  antiquary,  born  in  1610,  died 'painter  of  eminence,  died  in  1678 
n  1688.  j!    CAPACCIO,  Julio  Cscsare,  author  of  a  history 

CANGIAGO,  or  CAMBISI,  Lewis,  a  cele-'  of  Naples,  and  was  tutor  lo  prince  Urbano  ;  he 
;}rated  painter,  of  Genoa,  died  in  1585.  ;;died  in  li'?l. 

CANINI,  .Angelo  a  learned  Italian  linguist  j    CAPASSO,  Nicholas,  of  Naples,  professor  of 
md  author,  died  in  ISj-x  Hcivil  law,  and  a  poet;  he  died  in  1742. 

10& 


CA 

»*  A  New  Translation  of  the  Four  Gospels  from 
tbe  Greek,  with  Preliminary  Dissertations  and 
Notes,"  &c.  published  in  1789. 

CAMPBELL,  Colin,  a  Scotch  architect,  au- 
thor of  "  Viiruvius  Britannicus,"  in  3  vols., 
died  in  1734. 

CAMPBELL,  John,  2d  duke  of  Argyle,  and 
duke  of  Greenwich,  a  distinguished  military 
chaiacter  in  the  time  of  George  I.,  died  in 
1743. 

CAMPBELL,  Archibald,  a  learned  bishop  of 
/•  herdeen,  author  of  several  celebrated  works, 
died  in  1744. 

CAMPEGGIO,  Lorenzo,  a  Roman  cardinal, 
sent  to  England  to  settle  the  affairs  of  Catha- 
rine's divorce,  died  at  Rome,  in  1539. 

CAMPER,  Peter,  a  celebrated  physician  and 
naturalist,  of  Leyden,  author  of  6  vols.  8vo.  oi 
philosophy  and  natural  history,  died  in  1789. 

CAMPHUYSEN,  Dirk,  a  painter,  of  Dorcum, 
eminent  in  landscape  pieces,  born  in  1386. 

CAMPI,  Bernardin,  an  Italian  painter,  of 
eminence,  died  in  1584 

CAMPI,  Galeazzo,  an  Italian  painter,  who 
excelled  in  mniiatures  and  history,  died  in  1536. 

CAMPIAN,  Edmund,  a  learned  English  writer, 
who  became  a  Roman  catholic,  and  was  hanged 
for  aiding  the  cause  of  the  pope,  in  1581. 

CAMPISTRON,  Jean  Galbert,  a  distinguished 
French  dramatic  writer,  died  in  1723. 

CAMPO,  Antonio,  an  Italian  historian,  of 
eminence,  in  1585. 

CAMPP  A,  Andrew,  of  Aix,  greatly  admired 
for  his  musical  compositions,  died  in  1744. 

CAMPS,  Francois  de,  a  native  of  Amiens,  au- 
thor of  dissertations  on  medals,  died  in  1723. 

CAMPSON,  Gauri,  an  able  and  humane  sul- 
tan of  Egypt,  slain  in  battle  with  the  Turks,  in 
1516. 

CAMUS,  John  Peter,  a  French  prelate,  and 
eloquent  preacher,  author  of  several  pious  ro- 
mances, died  in  1652. 

CAMUS,  Stephen  la,  an  exemplary  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne,  and  bishop  of  Grenoble,  died  in 
1707. 

CAMUS,  Antoine  le,  a  physician,  and  author 
Bf  several  medical  works,  died  at  Paris,  in  1772. 

CAMUS,  Charles  Stephen  Lewis,  a  learned 
French  mathematician,  died  in  1768. 

CAMUSAT,  Nicholas,  a  learned  French  au- 
thor, of  Troyes,  died  in  1655. 

CANANI,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
wofessor  of  medicine,  said  to  have  discovered 
;he  valves  of  the  veins,  died  in  1590. 

CANAYE,  Philip,  sieur  du  Fresne,  an  am- 

issador  of  Henry  IV.,  of  France,  died  in  1610. 

CANDAULES,  king  of  Lydia,  murdered  by 
3yges,  718  B.  C. 

CANDIAC,  .John  Lewis  Eliz.  de  Montcalm, 
I  child  of  extraordinary  powers  in  France,  read 
jatin  at  four,  and  Greek  and  Hebrew  at  six; 
le  died  in  1726. 

CAN  DITO,  Peter,  a  historical  painter,  of  Bru- 
ges, 1548. 

CANEA  H,  or  CANGH  AH,  an  Indian  philoso- 
3her,  phv^ician,  and  astronomer. 

CANER,  Henry,  D.  D.,  minister  of  King's 


CA 

CAPECIO,  Scipio,  a  Neapoliian  Latin  poet 
and  law  professor  at  Naples,  in  ;lie  16th  century. 

CAPEL,  Arthur,  lord,  a  virtuous  nobleman, 
whose  atiaciiinent  to  the  cause  of  Charies  I. 
proved  bis  ruin  ;  tie  was  beheaded  in  lt;48. 

CAPEL,  Arthur,  earl  of  Essex,  ambassador 
to  Deiunaik,  &c.  murdered  by  some  one  un- 
known. 

CAPELL,  Edward,  a  gentlemen  known  as  an 
editor  of  Shakspeare's  v,ork3,  in  10  vols.  8vo., 
and  the  author  of  three  large  volumes,  m  4io. 
under  the  title  of  "  Notes  and  various  readings 
of  Shakspeare ;  together  with  the  school  of 
Shakspeare,  or  extracts  from  divers  Enp^lish 
books  that  were  in  print  in  the  author's  time  . 
evidently  showing  from  whence  liis  several 
Fables  were  taken,  and  some  parcel  of  his  dia- 
logue," &c.  Besides  the  works  already  men- 
tioned, Mr.  Capell  was  the  editor  of  a  volume 
of  ancient  poems  called  "  Proluiians  ;"  asid  the 
altererof  "  Antony  and  Cleopatra,"  as  acted  at 
Drury  Lane,  in  1758.  He  was  born  at  Troston, 
near  Bury,  in  Suffolk,  June  11,  1713,  and  died 
Feb.  ^.1781. 

CAPELLA,  Marcianus  Miixias  Felix,  a  Latin 
poet  of  the  5th  century. 

CAPELLO,  Bianca,  a  Venetian  lady,  an  adul- 
tr«£s,  mistress,  and  afterwards  wife  of  Francis, 
the  grand  duke  of  Cosmo's  son ,  she  was  poison- 
ed by  her  brother-in-law,  in  1587. 

CAPELLUS,  Lewis,  an  eminent  French  pro- 
testant  and  learned  divine,  born  at  Sedan,  a 
town  in  Champagne,  about  1579.  He  wtxs  so 
very  deeply  skilled  in  the  Hebrew,  that  the 
learned  bishop  Hall  calls  iiim  the  great  oracle 
of  all  that  studied  Hebrew  in  France.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  "  Criiica  Sacra,"  a  collection  of 
various  readings  and  eiTors,  which  he  thought 
were  crept  into  the  copies  of  the  Bible  through 
the  fault  of  the  transcribers;  it  must  have  been, 
however,  a  work  of  prodigious  labour,  shice  the 
author  acknowledges  that  lie  had  been  36  years 
about  it.    Capellus  died  1G58. 

CAPILUPUS,  Caniilius,  an  Italian  writer, 
who  published  the  stratagems  of  Charles  IV. 
against  the  Hugonols. 

CAPILUPUS,  LcElius,  brother  of  the  preced- 
ing, author  of  some  Latin  poems,  died  in  1560. 

CAPISTRAN,  John,  a  famous  preacher  in  the 
Eomish  Churcl;  and  persecutorof  the  Hussites, 
died  about  135;. 

CAPlSUCtai,  Blasius,  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  siege  of  Pcictiers  against  the  Hugo- 
nots,  in  ISoO. 

CAPISUCCHI,Paul,  a  canon  of  the  Vatican, 
and  employed  bv  the  pope  in  the  celebrated  di- 
vorce of  Henry  VHI. ;  he  died  hi  1539. 

CAPITO,  Wolfgang,  a  German  protestant  di- 
vine, author  of  a  Hebrew  grammar,  died  in  1542. 

CAPITOLINUS,  Julius,  a  Latin  historian  in 
the  3d  century. 

CAPMANY,  Don  Antonio  de,  an  eminent 
Spanish  writer,  born  in  Catalonia,  and  died  at 
Madrid,  in  1810. 

CAPORALI,  Caesar,  an  Italian  writer,  go- 
vernor of  Atri,  and  author  of  some  comedies  ; 
he  died  in  lioi. 

CAPPE,  Newcome,  a  dissenting  minister,  edu- 
cated by  Doddridge,  and  author  of  works  on  di- 
vinity ;  he  died  at  York,  in  1801. 

C.'VPPELLO,  Bernardo,  a  native  of  Venice, 
•minent  as  a  poet.  i 

CAPPERONIER,  Claude,  a  Frenchman,  at' 
irst  a  tanner,  but  became  a  professor  of  Greek, I 
is  the  universitv  of  Basil ;  he  died  in  1744.        I 

CAPRANICA,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Italian,! 
106 


secretary  to  pope  Martin  V.,  bishop  and  cardi- 
nal, died  in  1458. 

CAPRIATA,  Peter  John,  a  Genoese,  author 
of  a  history  of  Italyj  from  1<'13  to  lijiiO. 

CARACALLA,  Marcus  Aurel  Antonin,  a 
cruel  Roman  emperor;  assassinated  in  217. 

CARACCI,  Lewis,  Augusane,  and  Hanmbal, 
celebrated  painters  of  the  Lombard  scjiool,  and 
all  of  Bologna,  in  Italy,  flouli^hed  in  the  16th 
Century.  Had  me  Caracci  had  no  reputation  of 
their  own,  yet  the  merit  oi  their  disciples,  in  ihe 
academy  which  they  founded,  would  have  ren- 
dei  ed  their  name  illustnoHs  in  succeeding  times ; 
among  these  were  Guido,  Dominichino,  Lan- 
li  anco,  &c. 

CARRACCIO,  Anthony,  a  Roman  nobleman 
of  the  17th  century,  author  of  some  tragedies, 
and  an  adi'iired  epi    poem  in  40  cantos. 

CAR ACCIOLI,  John,  secretary  and  favourite 
of  Joan  II.,  queen  O)  Naples. 

CARACCIOLI,  Robeii,  a  noble  ecclesiastic, 
bishop  of  Aquino,  eloquent  as  a  preacher  and  a 
politician  ;  he  died  in  1495. 

CARACCIOLI,  Lewis  Anthony,  a  native  of 
Paris,  of  a  noble  family,  author  of  4  vols,  of  let- 
ters, pretended  to  be  the  correspondence  of  Gan- 
ganelli,  pope  Clement  XIV. 

CARACTACUS,  a  famous  king  of  the  an- 
cient Britons,  cahed.Silures,  (inhabiting  South 
Wales.)  Having  valiantly  defended  his  country 
against  the  Romans  for  seven  yeai-s,  he  was 
at  length  defeated,  and,  flying  to  Cariismundi, 
queen  of  the  Briganti,  (inhabitants  of  York- 
shire) was  by  her  treacherously  delivered  up  to 
jthe  Romans,  and  led  in  triumph  to  the  emperor 
I  Claudius,  then  at  York  ;  where  his  noble  beha- 
[viour,  and  heroic,  but  pathetic  speech,  obtained 
ihim  not  only  his  liberty,  but  the  esteem  of  the 
emperor,  A.  D.  5'2. 

CARADOG,  a  British  historian,  who  wrote  a 
history  of  Wales,  died  in  115(5. 

CARAFI,  a  Mahometan  doctor,  author  of  a 
defence  of  Mahomet,  died  in  684  of  the  hegira. 

CARAMUEL  DE  LOBKOVITSH,  John,  a 
native  of  Madrid,  bishop  ;  afterwards  a  general, 
and  then  again  a  monk.  He  was  possessed  of 
great  powers,  and  died  in  1682. 

CARAVAGIO,  Michael  Angelo  Amerigida, 
an  Italian  painter,  distinguished  for  his  adher- 
ance  to  nature  ;  he  died  in  1609. 

CARAUSIUS,  a  native  of  Flanders,  who,  ex- 
citing the  jealousy  of  Maximian,  fled  to  Bri 
tain,  and  proclaimed  himself  emperor  :  he  was 
assassinated  in  293. 

CARDAN,  Jerom,  aphysician,  and  one  of  the 
most  ingenious  men  of  his  age,  was  born  at  Pa- 
via,  in  1501.  He  speaks  in  his  writings,  of  his 
own  good  and  bad  qualities  with  a  frankness 
that  shows  a  mind  of  a  very  peculiar  cast ;  and 
believes  himself  under  the  care  of  a  particular 
genius.  He  wrote  a  very  great  number  of  books, 
and  died  in  1575. 

CARDI,  Ludovici,  an  admired  painter,  of  Ita- 
ly, died  in  1613. 

CARDONNE,  Dionis  Dominic  de,  a  French- 
man, keeper  of  the  MSS.  in  the  royal  library, 
Paris,  died  in  1783. 

CAREW,  George,  earl  of  Totness,  born  in 
Devonshire,  in  1557,  and  died  1629.  He  wrote 
a  work  entitled  "  Pacata  Hibernia,  or  the  His- 
tory of  the  late  Wars  in  Ireland."  Besides  this 
work,  he  collected  several  chronologies,  char- 
ters, letters,  monuments,  and  materials  belong- 
ing to  Ireland,  in  four  large  mantiscript  volumes, 
which  are  still  extant  iu  the  Bodleian  library  at 
Oxford. 


CA 


CA 


CAREW,  Tfioiuas,  one  ot  tlie  most  celebra- 
ted wits  ot  king  Charles'  court.  He  was  niucli 
respected  oy  the  poets  of  his  time,  particularly 
Ben  Jons<m,  and  Sir  William  Davenaut,  and 
died  about  1639 ;  leaving  behind  him  several 
poenis,  and  a  masque,  called  "  Coehim  Briianni- 
cum,"  pertormed  at  Whitehall.on  Shrove  Tues- 
day night,  Feb.  18,  1633,  by  the  king's  majesty, 
the  duke  of  Lenox,  the  earls  of  Devonshire, 
Holland,  A'ewport,  and  several  other  young 
lordri,  and  iiobiemen's  sons. 

CAREW,  Richard,  author  of  the  "  Survey  of 
Cornwall,"  was  born  in  that  county,  in  1555. 
His  "  Survey"  was  published  in4to,  at  London, 
in  1602.  Of  this  work,  Camden  has  spoken  in 
high  terrors  and  acknowledges  his  obligations 
to  the  author.    He  died  Nov.  6, 1620. 

CAREW,  Sir  George,  brother  to  the  subject 
of  the  last  article,  was,  from  1597,  to  1609,  em- 
ployed on  embassies  from  the  British  court,  to 
those  of  P<i!3.nd  and  France  :  on  his  return  from 
which  latter  place,  in  1609,  he  drew  up,  and  ad- 
dressed to  James  L,  "  A  Relation  of  the  State 
of  France  •  with  the  characters  of  Henry  IV  , 
and  the  principal  Persons  of  that  Court." 

CAREW,  BAMFYLDE  MOORE,  was  the 
son  of  a  clergyman,  at  Bickley,  in  Devonshire, 
and  was  himself  intended  for  the  church  ;  but, 
at  the  age  of  fifteen,  embraced  the  gipsey's  va- 
grant life :  and,  by  his  ingenuity  and  dexterity 
in  raising  r.upplics  for  his  brotherhood,  by  beg- 
ging undtr  various  deceptions,  so  ingratiated 
himself  with  them,  that  they  elected  him  their 
king.  He  was  bom  in  July,  1693,  and  is  sup 
posed  to  have  died  about  1770. 

CAREW,  Sir  Alexander,  a  Cornish  gentle- 
man, governor  of  St.  Nicholas'  island  and  fort 
at  Plymouth  ;  he  was  beheaded  in  1044,  for  his 
disloyalty. 

CAREY,  Harry,  a  man  distinguished  by  both 
poetry  and  music ;  but  perhaps  more  so  by  a 
certain  facetiousness,  which  made  him  agreea- 
ble to  every  body.  He  wrote  "  The  Contrivan- 
ces," a  farce ;  "  Chrononhotonthologos,"  a 
mock  tragedy  ;  "  The  Honest  Yorkshireman," 
a  farce ;  "  The  Dragon  of  Wantley,"  and  after- 
wards a  sequel  to  it,  entitled  "  The  Dragoness;" 
both  which  were  esteemed  true  burlesques  upon 
the  Italian  opera.  He  was  at  length  reduced  to 
circumstances  of  distress;  and,  abotit  1744,  in  a 
fit  of  desperation,  laid  violent  hands  upon  him- 
self, and  put  a  period  to  a  life  which  had  been 
led  without  reproach.  It  is  to  be  noted,  and  it 
is  somewhat  singular  in  such  a  character,  that 
in  all  his  son<is  and  poems  on  wine,  love,  and 
such  kinds  of  subjects,which  are  very  numerous, 
he  seems  to  have  manifested  an  inviolable  re- 
gard for  decency  and  good  manners.  He  is  said 
to  have  composed  the  famous  English  song  of 
'*  God  Save  the  King." 

CAREY,  George  Saville,son  of  the  preceding, 
was  bred  to  the  profession  of  a  printer,  and  was 
one  season,  at  least,  on  the  stage,  at  Covent 
Garden.  He  was  author  of  a  "  Lecture  on  Mi- 
micry," which  he  delivered  with  good  success 
and  of  several  light  dramatic  performances, 
He  also  published,  in  1799,  some  entertaining 
sketches  of  the  ilifferent  watering  places  of  Eng- 
land, and  died  in  his  C4th  year,  July  14,  1807 
He  was  a  posthumous  child,  and  inherited  the 
misfortunes  of  his  father:  but  he  inherited  also 
his  talents  in  a  grent  deprce,  though  they  took 
another  direction.  He  inherited  too  his  moral 
qualities ;  for  though  he  wrote  a  vast  number  of 
l3'ric  coniposittoMK,  they  are  al!  intended  to  awa 
ten  patriotic,  generous,  and  amiable  emotions. 


CARir.EKT,  or  CilARlBERT,  a  licentious 
king  of  Paris,  died  in  567. 

CARINUS,  Marcus  Aurelius,  was  invested 
by  his  father,  the  emperor  Cams,  with  the  pur* 
pic,  and  killed  three  years  after. 

CARLETON,  Sir  Dudiey,  an  English  states- 
man and  political  writer,  born  at  Baldwin 
Brightwell,  in  Oxfordshire,  in  1573,  died  1631. 

CARLETON,  George,  a  native  of  Northum- 
berland, bishop  of  Lundaft",  and  member  of  the 
synod  of  Dort.    He  died  in  1628. 

CARLETON,  Guy,  Lord  Dorchester,  a  dis- 
tinguished British  officer,  in  America,  successor 
to  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  in  1782  ;  he  died  in  Eng- 
land, in  1808. 

CARLINI,  Agostino,R.  A.,  an  eminent  elar 
tuary,  and  keeper  of  the  royal  academy  of  Lon- 
don.    He  was  a  native  of  Genoa;  went  early 

life  to  England  ;  and  was  an  artist  of  great 
celebrity,  for  the  skill  and  grace  with  which  he 
executed  drapery.    Died  Aug.  14, 1790 

CARLOMAN,  eldest  son  of  Charles  Martel, 
succeeded  him  in  the  kingdom  of  Austrasia,  in 
41.— Another,  the  son  of  Lewis  the  German, 
king  of  Italy,  and  emperor.— Another,  brother 
of  Lewis  III.,  and  sole  king  ol  France,  in  883, 
died  in  884. 

CARLONE,  John,  a  Genoese  painter,  who 
excelled  in  the  art  of  foreshortening,  died  in  1630. 

CARLOS,  Don,  son  of  Philip,  king  of  Spain, 
deformed  in  his  person,  and  violent  in  his  tem- 
per ;  he  was  condemned  to  death  for  exciting  an 
insurrection,  in  1568. 

CARLYLE,  Joseph  Dacre,  vicar  of  Newcas- 
tle, and  professor  of  Arabic,  at  Cambridge,  dis- 
tinguished himself  greatly  by  his  proficiency  in 
Oriental  literature,  and  died  at  his  vicarage, 
April  12,  1804,  aged  45. 

CARMATH,  an  impostor,  who,  in  891,  oppo- 
sed the  doctrines  of  Mahomet,  and  advanced 
others  equally  unscriptural. 

CARMICHAEL,  Gerrhom,  a  native  of  Glas- 
gow, professor  of  moral  philosophy,  died  in  1738. 

CARMICHAEL,  Frederic,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, settled  as  a  clergyman  at  Edinburgh.  He 
published  a  volume  of  sermons  which  were  ad- 
mired, and  died  in  1751. 

CARNEADES,  a  celebrated  Greek  philoso- 
pher. His  death  is  placed  in  the  fourth  year  of 
the  162d  Olympiad.  Plutarch  has  preserved  the 
following  apothegm  of  Cameades  :  "  Princes 
learn  nothing  well  but  riding  ;  for  their  masters 
flatter  them,  and  those  who  wrestle  with  them, 
suffer  themselves  to  be  thrown  ;  but  a  horse  con- 
siders not  whether  a  private  man  or  a  prince,  a 
poor  man  or  a  rich,  be  on  his  back;  and  if  hia 
rider  cai.not  rule  him,  he  throws  him." 

CARO,  Hannibal,  a  very  celebrated  Italian 
poet,  and  orator,  born  atCivita  Nuova,  in  1507. 
He  translated  Virgil's  "  .^neid'' into  'is  own 
ianguage,very  delicately  and  faithfully;  in  short, 
with  such  purity  of  style,  and  propriety  of  ex- 
pression, that  the  best  judge?  did  not  s-ippose 
him  to  have  fallen  the  least  short  of  his  original. 
He  translated  also  Aristotle's  "  Rhetoric,"  and 
"  Two  Orations  of  Gregoiy  Naziapzen,"  with 
a  "  Discourse  of  Cypiiau,"  He  wrote  a  come- 
dy likewise,  wliich  Balzac  has  spoken  well  of; 
aiid  a  miscellany  of  his  original  poems  waa 
printed  at  Venice,  in  1584.  His  sonnets  have 
been  deservedly  admired.    He  died  it;  '.WC. 

CAROLAN, ,  a  most  celebrateu  Irish 

bard,  though  blind,  bom  in  1670,  diid  ai  Auler- 
ford  Roscommon,  in  l»Ta'ch,  17?8  Carojan, 
on  nariv  occasions,  piOV(^d  himself  a  ">  u  mu- 
sical genius.  In  the  beginning  of  the  last  cea- 
107 


CA 

i  CARRANZA,  Bartholomew,  aichbitihop  ot 
(Toledo.  lie  was  acciised  of  heresy,  and  sent 
•to  Koine,  where  he  died  in  1576.  He  was  a 
ikarned  and  Tirtuous  man. 
j  CAKRE,  Lewis,  an  able  niathematician,  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris,  and  pu- 
Ipii  of  Malebranche,  died  in  1711. 
I  CARRERA,,Peter,  a  priest  o/  Sicily,  author 
,iof  a  treatise  on  che:?s,  in  4to.,  and  of  a  history  of 
L'atana,  died  in  1647. 

CARRIER,  John  Baptist,  a  member  of  the 
French  national  ccnvcntion,  and  one  of  the 
most  atrocious  among  them.  He  invented  new 
modes  of  torturing  the  innocent  inbabKants  of 
La  Vendee,  and  came  to  the  guillotine  in  1794. 

CARRIER,  Thomas,  remarkable  for  longevity, 
'died  atColchester,  Connecticut,  in  1735,  aged  109. 

CARRIERA,  Rosa  Alba,  a  Venetia.i  portrait 


CA 

*ury,  Lord  Mayo  brought  from  Dublin  a  cele- 
brated Italian  performer.  Carolan,  who  was 
at  that  time  on  a  visit  at  his  lordship's  countiy- 
seat,  found  himself  greatly  neglected,  and  com- 
plained of  it,  one  day,  in  the  presence  of  Gemi- 
niani.  When  you  play  in  as  masterly  a  man- 
ner as  he  does,"  said  his  lordship,  "  you  shall 
not  be  overlooked  "  Carolan  waj;ered  with  tire 
musician,  that  although  he  was  almost  a  total 
stranger  to  Italian  music,  yet  he  would  foiiovv 
him  in  any  piece  thai  he  played;  and  that  he' 
wouid  himself  afterwards  play  a  voluntaiy,  in  I 
which  the  Italian  should  not  follow  him.  The 
proposal  was  acceded  to,  and  Carolan  wa^  vie- 1 
torious.  That  Carolan  was  as  fine  a  poet  as  he' 
was  a  musician,  may  be  seen  in  the  Genu  Maga- 
zine, Ixxxiv.  pt.  2.  p.  30. 

CAROLINE,   daughter  of  John   Frederic, 
margrave^of  Brandenburg  Anspach,  was  crown-  j 'painter  in  crayons.   She  painted  the  royal  tarai- 
ed  queen  of  England,  in  1727     She  is  spoken  !ily  at  Paris,  aiid  was  admitted  member  of  the 
of  in  hish  terms,  as  a  woman,  and  ruler.  jiacadeniy  of  painting  there,  and  died  in  1761. 

CAROLiNE  AMELIA  ELIZABETH,  con-  CARRIERES,  Lewis  de,  a  catholic  priest, 
sort  of  George  IV.,  of  England,  died  August, 'Iwho  published  a  French  coniinentary  on  the 
1822  Having  been  separated  from  her  husband, Bible,  in  iM  vols.,  died  in  1717. 
soon  after  their  marriage,  her  character  was  j  CARRINGTON,  Edward,  an  officer  of  the 
most  unjustly  traduced,  by  the  friends  of  the  jariny  during  the  American  revolution,  who,  as 
'king;  but  two  rig.d  examinations  of  her  con- liquarter  master-general  under  General  Greene, 
duct,  if  tliey  did  not  attest  her  innocence,  enti- ''rendered  important  services  to  the  southern 
tie  her  to  commiseration,  as  the  object  of  base;;army.  He  was  afterwards  a  representative  ia 
and  cruel  pe'-secution.  congress  from  Virginia,  and  died  in  1810. 

CAROLOSTADT,   or    CARLOSTADIUS,  j     C.\RROUAGES,  an  artist,  of  Pavia,  %vho 
Andrew  Bodenstein,  professor  of  divinity,  and  made  a  clock  which  would  strike  fire,  and  light 
minister,  at  Basil.      He  espoused,  i:i  the  fullest. ia  lamp, 
extent,  the  tenets  of  Luther,  and  died  in  1.541.    |j    CARSTARES,  William,  a  Scotch  divine  and 

CAROTO,  .Tohn  Francis,  an  Itahau  painter,  ijpolitical  writer,  who  lias  left  some  valuable 
who  died  in  1546.  ii"  State  Papers"  illustrative  of  Scotch  history. 

C  A  ROTO,  John,  brother  and  pupil  to  the  pre-  jHe  was  born  at  Cathcart,  near  Glasgow,  in  1G49, 
eeding.     Paul  Veronese  was  his  pupil.  'iand  died  in  1715. 

CARPENTER,  Nathaniel,  dean  of  Ireland,  i|    CARSITGHI,  Rainer,  a  Jesuit,  in  Tuscany, 
a  man  of  srreat  learning,  particularly  in  niathe-;  known  as  the  author  of  an  « iegant  poem  m 

'  Latin,  on  the  art  of  writing  well ;  lie  died  in  1709. 

CARTE,  Thomas,  a  very  learned  English  liis- 

toria;:,  born  at  Clifton,  Warwickshire,  in  1086. 

His  most  important  works  were,  "  The  History 


mattes.     He  wrote  on  geography  and  philoso-l 
phy,  and  died  in  1635.  | 

CARPENTER,  Pctcv,  an  eminent  French! 
writer,  who  assisted  in  the  ediiion  of  the  Glos- 
sary of  Due  a- ige,  in  6  vols,  folio;  he  died  in  1767.  pt  the  Life  of  James,  duke  of  Ormond,  from  his 


CARPENTIER,  N.  a  native  of  csauvais,  a 
great  calculator  and  arithmetician.  He  wrote 
some  treatises  on    is  profession,  and  died  in  1/(8. 

CARPI,  Ugo  da,  a  painter,  celebrated  for  the 
discovery  of  painting  in  chiaio-obscuro,  died  in 
1500. 

C.\RPI,  Girolamo,  an  Italian  painter,  who 
imifatcd  Corregio's  manner  wirii  great  success, 
died  in  1556. 

CARPONE,  Julio,  a  Venetian  painter,  cele- 
brated lor  his  bacchanals,  triumphs,  and  sacri- 
fices, died  in  1674. 

CARPOCRATES,  a  heretic  of  Alexandria, 
who  revived  and  improved  the  gnostic  theorj', 
about  130. 

CARPZOVIUS,  Benedict,  an  able  profe.=!sor 
of  law  at  Wittemberg,  died  in  1624.  He  left 
four  sons,  each  of  them  eminent  as  professors, 
divines,  or  writers ;  and  one  of  these  left  a  son, 
who  was  also  a  man  of  great  learning. 

C.AKR,  Robert  a  Scotchman,  raised  by  James 
I.  to  the  title  of  duke  of  Somerset.  He  murdered 
Sir  Thomas  Overburv,  a;;d  died  in  WS'. 

C  ARR,  .John,  L.  L.  D.,  an  usher,  and  after- 
wards master  of  the  school  at  Hertford,  and 
known  as  the  translafo"-  of  Lucian,  di^d  in  1807. 

CARRV.  John  L'wis,  a  French  dema:rogue, 
for  a  rime  popular  with  'he  republicans  of  Paris. 
His  party  was  proscribed  bv  Rob-^spie-re,  a-n' 
be  vvas  uurried  to  t  le  Kui'lotiiie  in  1793.  He 
was  the  a"Miorof  many  Works 


birth,  in  ICIO,  to  his  death,  in  1688,"  in  3  vols 
folio  ;  and  a  "  History  of  England,"  in  4  larize 
folio  volumes.  Notwithstanding  our  .luthor's 
peculiar  opinions  and  prejudices,  his  history  is 
undoubtedly  a  work  of  great  merit  in  point  of 
information.  It  is  written  with  eminent  exact- 
ness and  diligence,  and  with  a  perfect  knowledge 
of  orieinal  authors.     Mr.  Carte  died  in  1754 

CARTEIL,  Christopher,  a  naval  officer,  sen* 
by  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  company  with  Drake, 
to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  displayed  great 
courage  and  intrepiditv  ;  he  died  in  1592. 

CARTER,  Fraiicis,  F.  S.  A.,  author  of  "A 
Journey  from  Malaga  to  Gibraltar,"  2  vols.  8vo., 
died  August  1.  1783. 

CARTER,  Elizabeth,  a  venerable  ornament 
to  literature,  of  the  female  sex,  was  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Nicholas  Carter,  and  born  at  Deal, 
in  Kent,  December  17,  1717,  died  in  London, 
February  19,  1896.  Mrs.  Carter  was  an  admira- 
ble (Jreek  and  Latin  scholar,  wrote  French  and 
Italian  with  great  flucncv  and  elegance,  and  was 
conversant  in  the  German,  Spanish,  and  Portu- 
I'lese.  She  was  au'hor  of  Nos.  44  and  100  of 
The  Rambler,  and  published  a  volume  of  her 
poems  about  the  year  1762,  replete  with  attic 
wit,  chaste  philosophic  fancy,  and  harmony  of 
numbers;  but  the  work  that  established  he  re- 
pitation  as  a  learned  lady  was,  a  complete  trnns- 
auoii  r.om  the  Greek  of  the  works  of"  Epicie- 
tus."  with  notes 


CA 


CA 


CARTER,  John,  au  eminent  antiquarian 
draftsman,  and  critic,  in  ancient  English  archi 
teciure,  was  bo'n  in  London,  June  22,  1748,  and 
died  at  Pimlico,  Septembers,  lbl7;  having  been 
many  years  a  laborious  contributor  to  that  in 
comparable  depository  of  ant-quarian  know 
ledge,  the  Gentleman'^  Magazine. 

CARTERET,  Joini,  eari  of  Granville,  eai 
ployed  by  George  I.  m  various  imporf.ant  servi 
ces.  In  1721,  lie  was  made  secreiaiy  ot  stale 
and  in  1724,  was  sent  viceroy  to  Ireland.  He 
was  also  in  favoui  with  George  II.,  and  died  in 
1763,  cvijatly  beloved. 

Carteret,  PhiUp,  governor  of  the  province 
of  N*v.v- Je/sey,  died  in  1682. 

C.\iri'EROMACO,  Scipio,  a  learned  profes- 
sor nl  tlreek  at  Venice,  and  a  celebrated  classi 
ca'.  aaviior,  died  in  1513. 

CARTES,  Rene  des,  an  eminent  French  phi 
losophci  and  mathematician,  born  at  La  Haye, 
in  Tom aine.  March  31, 1596.  In  1633,  he  wrote 
his  "  Trea;ise  of  the  World,"  and  in  1636,  hi: 
"  Treatise  oi  Mechanics."  He  died  in  1650 
having  excended  the  limits  of  geometry  as  far 
beyond  lhe))lace  where  he  found  them,  as  Si 
Isaac  Newton  did  after  him.  He  first  taught  the 
method  of  expressing  curves  by  equations. 

CARTIER,  James,  a  French  navigator,  who 
made  important  discoveries  in  Canada,  in  1534 
and  published  memoirs  of  Canada. 

CARTISMANUUA,  queen  of  the  Brigantes, 
in  Britain,  discarded  her  husband,  Venusius,  to 
marry  his  armour-bearer,  Velocatus. 

CARTWRIGHT,  William,  born  at  North 
way,  near  Tewkesbury,  in  Gloucestershire,  in 
1611,  died  in  1643.  Ben  Jonson  said  of  him. 
"  My  son  Cartwright  writes  all  hke  a  man." 
There  are  extant,  of  this  author's,  four  plays, 
besides  other  poems,  which  were  printed  to- 
gether in  1651,  accompanied  by  above  50  copies 
i  of  commendatory  verses.    Prefixed  is  a  portrait 

CARTWRIGHT,  Chrislopher,  an  English  di 
vine,  well  skilled  in  Hebrew.  He  wrote  several 
works,  and  died  in  1652. 

CARTWRIGHT,  Thomas,  apuritan,  of  great 
eminence  and  learning,  born  in  Hertfordshire 
He  was  a  sharp  and  powerful  controversiahst 
and  u  as  much  persecuted,  being  obliged  to  quit 
the  kingdom  for  safety.  He  wrote  a  practical 
commentary  on  the  four  gospels,  and  on  the  pro 
verbs,  and  died  in  1603,  in  great  poverty. 

CARTWRIGHT,  Thomas,  chaplain  of  King 
Charles,  and  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's.  lie  went 
with  James  II.  in  his  flight  to  France,  and  after- 
wards to  Ireland,  and  died  in  1689.  His  works 
have  been  published. 

CARTWRIGHT,  John,  commonly  called  Ma- 
jor, distinguished  himself  by  his  gallantry  while 
young,  as  lieutenant  of  the  British  navy  ;"  he  es- 
poused the  cause  of  America,  in  1774,  in  several 
works  of  talent;  in  1776,  declined,  on  principle, 
a  very  advantageous  proposition  lo  accompany 
Lord  Howe  in'his  expedhion  against  the  colo- 
nies ;  and  down  to  the  time  of  his  death,  hi  1824, 
was  a  zealous  and  able,  though  perhaps  some- 
tiuic^  an  intemperate,  advocate  of  reform  in  the 
Euglisii  govornmeiit.  His  worlcs  are  numerous, 
but  almost  wiiolly  political. 

CARVAJAL,  Lawrence  de,  a  Spaniard,  who 
wrote  the  lives  of  Fcrdirand  and  Isabella,  in 
whose  court  he  was  a  counsellor. 

CARVALHO  D'ACOSTA,  Anthony,  a  Portu- 
guese mathematician,  geographer,  and  astrono- 
mer, born  in  1650,  died  in  1715.  He  left  a  topo- 
graphical history  of  his  own  country,  in  3  vols. 
foUo. 


CARVER,  John,  first  governor  of  Plymouth 
colony,  distinguished  for  prudence,  integrity, 
and  firmness. 

CARVER,  Jonathan,  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
who  published  "  Travels  into  the  most  interior 
parts  of  America,"  and  died  in  1780,  in  want  of 
the  necessaries  of  life. 

CARUS,  Marcus  Aurelius,  a  Roman  empe- 
ror, in  283.    He  was  killed  by  lighming. 

CARY,  Robert,  a  learned  chronologer,  bom 
at  Cookiugton,  Devonshire,  in  1C15,  died  in  1688. 
He  published  "  Palffiologia  Chronica,  a  Chrono- 
logical Account  of  Ancient  Time,  in  three  parts; 
1.  Didactical ;  2.  Apodeictical ;  3.  Canonical ;" 
in  1677. 

CARY,  Lucius,  eldest  son  of  Henry  I.,  vis- 
count Falkland,  born  in  Oxfordshire,  in  1610. 
Before  he  was  23,  he  had  read  all  the  Greek  and 
Latin  fathers ;  was  member  of  parliament  in 
1640,  and  soon  after  secretary  to  the  king.  He 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Newbury,  bravely 
fighting  for  his  king,  aged  34. 

CARY,  Henry,  earl  of  Monmouth,  was  edu- 
cated with  Charles  I.  He  was  a  man  of  learn- 
ing, having  translated,  from  various  authors, 
seven  folios  and  two  8vos. ;  he  died  in  1661. 

CARY,  Felix,  a  learned  Frenchman,  who 
wrote  the  history  of  Marseilles,  of  Thrace,  and 
of  Bosjiliorus,  by  medals. 

CARY,  Thomas,  lieutenant-governor  of  N. 
Carolina,  was  removed  from  olHce,  and  after- 
wards sent  to  England  for  trial,  for  attempting 
to  excite  a  rebellion  about  1709. 

CARY,  Thomas,  minister  of  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  he  published  some  sermons,  and  died  in 
1808. 

CARYL,  Joseph,  one  of  CromwoU's  chap- 
lains ;  author  of  a  tedious  commentary  on  Job, 
in  3  vols.  4to. ;  died  in  1673. 

C  AR\  LL,  John,  was  secretary  to  queen  Slarj', 
t'he  wife  of  Janies  II.,  and  followed  the  fortunes 
of  his  abdicating  master,  who  rewarded  him 
first  v/ith  knighthood,  and  then  witli  the  honor- 
ary titles  of  earl  Caryil  and  baron  Dartford. 
How  long  he  continued  in  that  service  is  not 
known ;  but  he  was  in  England  in  the  reign  of 
queen  Anne,  and  was  author  of  tv>o  plays  ;  1. 
"  The  Etiiilish  Princess ;  or,  the  death  of  Richard 
III.,"  1667,  4to. ;  2.  "  Sir  Salomon  ;  or,  the  Cau- 
tious Coxcomb,"  1671, 4to. 

CASA,  John  de,  a  most  polite  Italian  writer 
of  the  16th  century,  born  at  Florence,  who  be- 
came in  time,  archbishop  of  Benevento.  He 
died  1556.  His  "  Galateus  seu  de  Morum  ele- 
gantia,"  is  the  most  esteemed  of  all  his  works 
in  prose.    His  poetry  was  very  licentious. 

CASANOVA,  Mark  Anthony,  a  Latin  poet  of 
Rome,  who  displayed  great  wit  and  keen  satire, 
died  in  1537. 

CASAS,  Bartholomi  de  lag,  a  Spaniard  and 
bishop  of  Chiapa,  born  at  Seville,  1474.  At  19 
he  attended  his  father  who  went  with  Colum- 
bus to  the  Indies,  in  1493.  Upon  his  return,  he 
became  an  ecclesiastic,  and  a  curate  in  the  isle 
of  Cuba  ;  but  quitted  his  cure  and  his  country, 
in  order  to  devote  hiinself  to  the  service  of  the 
Indians,  who  were  then  enslaved  to  the  most 
ridiculous  superstitions,  as  well  as  the  most  bar- 
barous tyranny.  The  Spanish  governors  had 
long  since  made  Christianity  detested  by  their  un- 
heard-of cruelties,  and  the  Indians  trembled  at 
the  very  name  of  Christian.  This  humane  and 
pious  missionary  resolved  to  cross  the  seas,  and 
to  lav  their  cries  and  their  miseries  at  the  feet  of 
Charles  V.  The  afiair  was  discussed  in  coun 
cii  •  and  the  representations  of  Casas  so  sensi  • 
10  109 


CA 

bly  afl'ected  ihe  emperor,  that  he  made  ordi 
nances  as  severe  to  the  persecutors  as  favourabl; 
to  the  persecuted ;  but  these  ordii>ances  were 
never  executed,  and  the  governors  continued  to 
tyrannise  as  usual.  Casas  employed  above  50 
years  in  America,  labouring  with  inceesant  zeal 
that  the  Indians  might  be  treated  with  mildness, 
equity  and  humanity  ;  but  instead  of  availing 
anything,  he  drew  upon  himself  endless i>erse 
cutions  from  the  Spaniards,  and  died  in  1566. 

CAS  ATI,  Paul, a  Jesuit  Of  great  learning,  who 
persuaded  queen  Christiana,  of  Sweden,  to  ab 
jure  her  religion,  and  turzi  Catholic.  He  was 
the  author  of  an  excellent  treatise  on  optics  after 
he  was  blii'.d.    He  died  in  1707. 

CAS  AUBOX,  Isaac,  a  learned  critic  and  com 
mentator,  born  at  Geneva,  1559,  and  died  1614 
He  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  where 
there  is  a  monument  erected  to  his  memory. 

CASAUBON,  Meric,  son  of  the  preceding, 
born  at  Geneva,  1599,  died  1671.  He  was  skill- 
ed in  various  parts  of  literature :  but  his  chief 
talent  lay  in  critical  learning  ;  in  which  he  was 
probably  assisted  by  hisfather's  papers.  He  was 
a  divine ;  but  is  chiefly  memorable  for  having  re 
fused  considerable  olfers  made  to  him  by  Oliver 
Cromwell,  to  write  the  history  of  the  civil  war 
and  for  the  refusal  of  a  present  from  him,  ten 
dered  without  conditions,  though  he  was  in  in 
digent  circumstances. 

CASCHI,  an  eloquent  Mahometan  preacher 
at  Medina,  author  of  commentaries  on  the 
Koran. 

CASCHIRI,  a  Mahometan,  author  of  the  lives 
of  Mussulman  saints,  died  in  261  of  the  hegira. 

CASE,  Thomas,  a  non-conformist,  during  the 
civil  wars,  who  wrote  and  preached  against  the 
royalists.  He  was  contified  six  months  in  the 
tower.  His  works  are  chiefly  sermons ;  he  died 
in  168-2. 

CASE,  John,  an  English  quack  and  astrolo- 
ger. He  said  to  Dr.  liadcliife,  "  Let  me  have 
all  the  fools  for  ray  patients,  and  you  may  have 
the  rest." 

CASEL,  John,  a  learned  professor  of  philoso- 
phy at  Helmstadt,  died  in  1613. 

CASENEUVE,  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse  ; 
he  wrote  the  life  and  miracles  of  Edmund,  king 
of  England,  and  died  in  1652. 

CASES,  Peter  James,  one  of  the  first  painters 
ef  the  French  school,  died  in  1745. 

CASIMTR,  Matthias  Sarbiewski,  a  Jesuit,  of 
Poland,  and  an  excellent  Latin  poet,  born  1597 
The  odes,  epodes,  and  epigrams  of  this  poet  have 
not  been  thought  inferior  to  some  productions  of 
the  finest  wits  of  ancient  Greece  and  Rome ;  and 
Grotius,  D.  Heinsius,  and  others  have  not  .■scru- 
pled to  afiirm,  that  he  is  not  only  equal,  but 
sometimes  superior,  even  to  Horace  himself. 
Casirair  had  a  great  regard  for  Virf;il ;  and  had 
actually  begun  to  imitate  him,  in  an  c?pic  poem, 
called  ''  The  Lesciades,"  which  he  had  divided 
into  12  books ;  but  died  before  he  had  made  any 
great  progress  in  the  work,  April  2,  1640,  since 
which  there  have  been  many  editions  of  his 
poems. 

CASIMIR  I.,  king  of  Poland,  an  excellent 
prince,  who  did  much  toward  civilizing  his  sub- 
jects ;  he  died  in  1053. 

CASIMIR  II.,  king  of  Polaud,  surnamed 
the  Just,  died  in  1194. 

CASIMIR  III.,  king  of  Poland,  surnamed 
the  Great;  he  was  a  great  warrior,  and  conquer- 
ed Russia  :  he  died  in  1370. 

CASIMIR  IV.,  king   of  Poland,  made  war 
auccesifully  against  the  Teutonic  knights.    He 
110 


CA 

commanded  that  the  Latin  tongue  should  be  the 
vernacular  language  of  his  kingdom,  which  is 
observed  to  this  day.    He  died  in  1492. 

CASOIIR,  John,  married  the  widow  of  his 
brother,  Ladislaus,  and  became  king  of  Poland  ; 
but  the  ingratitude  of  his  subjects  made  him  re- 
sign his  crown,  and  he  died  in  France,  in  1672. 

CASLON,  William,  eminent  in  an  art  of  the 
greatest  consequence  to  literature,  the  art  of 
letter-founding,  was  born  in  1692,  at  Halles 
Owen,  Shropshire.  Though  he  justly  attained 
the  character  of  being  the  Corj'pl'sus  m  tliat 
employment,  he  was  not  brought  up  to  the  busi- 
ness ;  but  served  a  regular  apprenticeship  to  an 
engraver  of  ornaments  on  gun-barrels ;  and,  after 
the  expiration  of  his  term,  carried  on  this  trade 
in  Vine-street,  in  the  Minories.  He  did  not, 
however,  solely  confine  his  ingenuity  to  that  oc- 
cupation, but  employed  himself  likewise  in 
making  tools  for  the  bookbinders  and  for  the 
chasing  of  silver  plate.  WliLle  he  was  engaged 
in  this  busmess,  the  elder  Mr.  Bowj'er  accident- 
ally saw  in  a  bookseller's  shop,  the  lettering  of  a 
book  uncommonly  neat ;  and  inquiring  who  the 
artist  was  by  whom  the  letters  v/ere  made,  waa 
hence  induced  to  seek  an  acquaintance  with  Mr. 
Caslon.  Not  Jong  after,  Mr.  Bowycr  took  Mr 
Caslon  to  Mr.  James'  foundry  in  Bartliolomew 
Close.  Caslon  had  never  before  that  time  seen 
any  part  of  the  business ;  and  being  asked  by 
his  friend  if  he  thought  he  could  undertake  to 
cut  types,  he  requested  a  single  day  to  consider 
the  matter,  and  then  replied  that  he  had  no 
doubt  but  he  could.  Upon  this  answer,  Mr. 
Bowyer,  Mr.  Bettenham,and  Mr.Watts,lent  him 
500Z.  to  begin  the  undeiiaking ;  arid  he  applied 
i  himself  to  it  with  equal  assiduity  and  success. 
In  1720,  the  society  for  promoting  Christian 
knowledge  deemed  it  expedient  to  print,  for  the 
use  of  the  eastern  churches,  the  New  Testament 
and  Psalter  in  the  Arabic  language.  These 
were  intended  for  tfi^  bcnefif  of  the  poor 
Christi-ms  in  Palestine,  Syria,  Mesopotamia, 
Arabia,  and  Eg3'pt;  the  coiislitiUions  of  which 
countries  did  not  permit  the  exercise  of  the 
art  of  printing.  Upon  this  occasion,  Mr.  Cas- 
lon was  pitched  upon  to  cut  the  fount ;  in  his 
specimens  of  which  he  distinguished  it  by 
the  name  of  English  Arabic.  After  he  had  fin- 
ished this  fount,  he  cut  the  letters  of  his  own 
name  in  pica  Roman,  and  placed  thcia  at  the 
bottom  of  one  of  the  Arabic  speciiriens.  The 
name  being  seen  by  Mr.  Palmer,  die  reputed  au- 
thor of  a  "History  of  Printing,"  (which  was,  in 
fact,  written  by  Psalmanazar)  he  advised  our 
artist  to  cut  the  whole  fount  of  pica.  This  was 
accordingly  done  ;  and  the  performance  exceed- 
ed the  letter  of  the  other  founders  of  the  time. 
He  arrived  at  length  to  such  perfection,  that  his 
workmanship  was  frequently  exgorted  to  the 
continent.  He  removed  about  1735  into  Chis- 
well-street,  Moorfields,  where  his  foundry  l)e- 
came,  in  process  of  time,  the  most  extensive 
that  existed.  Having  acquired  opulence  in  the 
course  of  his  employment,  he  was  put  into  the 
commission  of  the  peace  for  the  county  of 
Middlesex,  in  which  ofiice  he  died,  January  23, 
1766. 

CASNODYN,  a  Welsh  poet,  who  flourished 
at  the  beginning  of  the  14th  centuiy. 

CASSAGNES,  James,  abbe  de,  a  French 
poet  aiid  preacher,  who  died  mad,  because  ha 
was  compared  with  Cotin,  a  very  poor  and  uu 
popular  preacher,  in  1679. 

CASS  AN.  a  christian,  who  renounced  his  re- 
ligion to  become  king  of  Persia,  died  in  1304. 


CA 


CA 


CASSAM  A,  Nicliolo,  a  Vcuclian  i)aintpr,\vho 
died  iu  1713.  His  conspiracy  of  Cataline  is 
greatly  admired. 

CASSANA,  brother  of  the  preceding,  wa 
eminenl  in  drawing  beasts  and  birds. 

CASSANDEK,  king  of  Macedonia,  died  304 
B  C 

CASSANDER,  George,  an  eminent  French 
divine,  who  was  long  engaged  in  the  fruitless 
labour  of  reconciling  the  catholics  and  protcs 
tants,  died  in  loliO. 

CASSANDER,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  wJio 
was  an  able  translator  of  tl)e  Greek  and  Latin 
classics,  died  in  l(il'5. 

CASSANDRA,  Fidele,  a  Venetian  lady,  of 
great  learning  in  philosophy  and  the  languages, 
died,  aged  102,  in  1567. 

CASSENTINO,  .Tacobodi,  an  eminent  painter, 
the  founder  of  the  Florentuie  academy,  died  in 
1.156. 

CASSERIO,  Julio,  rose  from  a  state  of  pover- 
ty, to  be  professor  of  anatomy  arid  medicine  at 
Padua.  He  was  first  taken,  as  a  domestic,  into 
the  family  of  Fabricius,  who  instructed  him ;  he 
died  in  1616. 

CASSIAN,  a  monk,  of  the  5th  century,  who 
wrote  some  works,  and  founded  a  monastery  at 
Marseilles. 

CASSIBELAN,  or  CASSIVELAUNITS,  a 
king  of  Britain,  at  tlie  time  of  the  invasion  of 
Julius  C<Tsar. 

CASSINI.  Johannes  Dominicus,  a  celebrated 
astronomer,  born  in  Piedmont,  in  1635.  At  the 
ase  of  15,  tlie  senate  invited  him  to  teach  niathe- 
inatics  at  Bologna.  He  Avas  made  astronomer 
royal  of  France  in  1669,  and  after  enriching  sci- 
ence with  a  thousand  new  discoveries  and  ob- 
sei-vations,  died  in  1712. 

CASSINI,  John  Jarnes,  son  of  the  preceding, 
inherited  the  talents  and  fame  of  his  father,  an<l 
took  his  place  as  royal  astronomer  of  France. 
His  works  were  in  high  estimation,  and  are  va- 
luable at  tbis  day :  he'dii  d  in  1756. 

CASSINI  DE  THURY,  Ca;sar  Francis,  suc- 
cessor of  John  James,  born  in  1714,  distinguished 
for  liis  early  aird  rapid  progress  in  science,  died 
in  17«4. 

■  CASSIODORUS,  Marcus  Aurelius,  a  man  of 
eminence  in  many  respects,  and  called,  by  way 
ef  distinction,  "  the  senator,"  was  born  in  Italy, 
about  463.  His  principal  writings  are,  "  De  Di- 
vinis  Lectionibus,"  "  De  Orthographia,"  and 
"  De  Rebus  Cestis  Gothornm."  He  wrote  al?.o  a 
comaientary  upon  the  Psalms,  and  several  other 
pir'ces,  theological  and  critical,  and  died  at  near 
100  years  of  age. 

CASSIUS,  Cains,  brother-in-law  of  Brutus, 
one  of  Casar's  murderers.  He  caused  one  of 
his  slaves  to  kill  him,  that  he  might  not  fall  into 
the  hands  of  his  enemy,  42  B.  C. 

CASSIUS,  Longinus  Lucius,  a  Roman  magis- 
trate of  great  integrity,  115  B.  C. 

CASSIUS,  Avidius,  a  Roman  gen<")al,  who 
proclaim.ed  himself  emperor,  and  v.as  scon  after 
assassinated. 

CASSIUS,  Parmensis,  a  Latin  pcet,  put  to 
death  by  Augustus. 

CASSIUS,  Severus  Situs,  a  Roman  orator, 
of  the  Auinsstan  age,  eloquent,  but  violent 
against  individuals. 

CASTAGNO,  Andrew  del,  a  painter,  of  Tus- 
cany, who  assassinated  Dominico  de  Venise, 
from  whom  he  obtained  the  secret  ofpaintins  in 
oil.  Castagno  revealed  this  on  his  death-bed, 
and  died  in  1478. 

CASTALDI,  Cornelius,  an  eminent  poet,  in 


liatin  and  Italian.  He  founded  a  college  at 
Padua,  where  he  died  iu  1537. 

CASTALIO,  Sebastian,  born  at  Chatillon,  oti 
the  Rhone,  in  1515.  His  works  are  very  con- 
siderable, on  account  both  of  their  qualuy  and 
their  number;  they  discover  great  Juunvledgc 
of  the  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  langua!ie.<!,  and 
are  chielly  on  Scriptural  subjects.  He  died  in 
1.563. 

CASTEELS,  Peter,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp. 
He  published  12  plates  o(  birds,  designed  and 
etched  by  himself,  and  died  in  1749. 

CASTEL,  Lewis  Bertrand,  a  Jesuit  and  ma- 
thematician, of  Montpelier.  He  published  a 
system  of  mathematics,  a  treatise  on  gravity, 
and  on  optics ;  all  highly  esteemed  :  he  died  in 
1757. 

CASTELL,  Edmund,  a  divine  of  the  17th 
century,  and  compiler  of  a  very  learned  and  la- 
borious work,  called  "  Lexicon  Heptaglotton." 
He  was  also  eminently  assistant  to  Dr.  Walton, 
in  the  celebrated  edition  of  the  "  Polyglott  Bi- 
ble," and  died  in  1685. 

CASTELLI,  Bernard,  a  Genoese  painter  and 
engraver,  of  eminence,  died  in  1629. 

CASTELLI,  Valerio,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  particularly  skilled  in  painting  battles,  and 
died  in  16.59. 

CASTELLI,  Benedict,  a  native  of  Brescia, 
who  assisted  Galileo  in  his  astronomical  obser- 
vations, died  in  1644. 

CASTELNAU,  Michael,  ambassador  in  the 
s^ervice  of  Charles  IX.  of  France.  Memoirs  of 
his  embassies  are  published,  in  2  vols,  fiiliti ;  he 
died  in  1592. 

CASTELNAU,  Hcnriette  Julia  de,  wife  of 
count  de  Murat,  authoress  of  several  pleasing 
and  elegant  works,  died  in  1716. 

CASTEL VETRO,  Lewis,  an  Italian  critic, 
famous  for  his  parts,  but  moae  famous  for  his 
spleen  and  ill-nature,  was  born  at  Modena,  in 
1505.  He  distinguished  himself  chiefly  by  his 
"Commentary  upon  Aristotle's  Poetics;' 'where, 
Rapin  assures  us,  he  always  made  it  a  rule  to 
find  som.ething  to  except  against  in  the  text  of 
Aristotle.    He  died  in  1571. 

CASTI,  r  abbe,  an  Italian  poet,  author  of 
several  works  of  merit,  died  in  1803. 

CASTIGLIONE,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Ancona, 
distinguished  as  a  poet  and  critic,  died  in  1C16. 

CASTIGLIONE,  Balthazar,  an  eminent  Ital- 
ian nobleman  and  poet,  was  born  at  Mantua,  in 
1478.  He  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  paint- 
ing, sculpture,  and  architecture,  as  appears  from 
a  book  th.it  he  wrote  in  favour  of  those  arts, 
and  made  so  great  a  progress  in  them,  that  Ra- 
phael Urbin  and  Buonarotti,  though  incompara- 
ble artists,  never  thought  their  worlds  perfect, 
unless  they  had  the  approbation  of  Castiglione. 
He  died  in  1529.  Besides  his  incomparable 
book,  "The  Courtier,"  in  which  work  ve  may 
perceive  how  intin)ate  he  was  with  tlie  Greek 
and  Latin  authors,  (having  gleaned  together  the 
first  flowers  of  their  wit,  and  treasured  up,  as  it 
were,  in  a  single  casket,  the  richest  jewels  of 
antiquity,)  he  "composed  many  Latin  and  Tus- 
can poems,  which,  with  some  of  his  letters,  are 
placed  at  the  end  of  the  English  version  of  "The 
Courtier,"  published  at  London,  in  1727. 

CASTIGLIONE,  Benedict,  an  eminent  Ital- 
ian engraver,  born  in  1C16,  died  in  1670. 

CASTIGLIONE,  Francisco,  son  and  pupil  of 
the  preceding,  and  equally  respectable  as  a 
painter. 

CASTILE,  Alphonsus  X.  of,  who  has  com- 
monly been  called  "  The  Wise,"  m  as  born  in 
111 


CA 


CA 


l:i03,  aud  is  now  more  famous  for  Iiaving  been 
an  astronomer  than  a  king.  He  understood  as 
tronomy,  philosophy,  and  history,  as  if  he  had 
been  only  a  man  of  letters,  and  composed  books 
upon  the  motions  of  the  heavens,  and  on  the 
history  of  Spain,  which  are  highly  commended. 
He  died  in  1284. 

CASTILLO,  Ferdinand  de,  a  Dominican,  of 
Spain,  who  wrote  an  account  of  hia  order;  he 
died  in  15'J3. 

CASTILLO- Y-SAAVEDRA,  Antony  del,  a 
Spanish  painter,  who  died  of  grief,  because  he 
was  excelled,  in  1667. 

CASTRIES,  N.,  marshal  de,  an  able  French 
general,  who  served  in  the  seven  years'  war 
died  in  1800. 

CASTRO,  Alphonso  rte,  a  Spanish  Francis 
can  friar,  who  went  to  England  with  Philip  II 
He  was  an  able  preacher,  and  died  in  1558. 

CASTRO,  John  de,  a  native  of  Lisbon,  a  dis- 
tinguishet]  military  ofiicer,  afterwards,  governor 
of  the  East  Indies,  died  in  1548. 

CASTRO,  Paul  de,  professor  of  law  a^  Flo- 
rence, Bologna,  Sienna,  and  Padua,  died  in 
1437. 

CASTRUCIO,  Castracani,  a  celebrated  gene- 
-ral,  found,  when  an  infant,  in  a  heap  of  leaves, 
in  Tuscany.  He  rose  to  the  highest  rank  of 
military  fame,  and  died  in  1323. 

CASWELL,  Richard,  governor  of  North  Ca- 
rolina from  1777  to  1780,  and  from  17a5  to  1787 
He  discharged  several  other  offices  with  repu- 
tation, and  died  in  1789. 

CAT,  Claufie  ISTicholas  le,  surgeon  to  the  Ho- 
tel Dieu,  at  Rouen,  an  eminent  philo.^opher. 
raised  to  (he  rank  of  nobility  by  the  French 
king,  died  in  1738. 

CATEL,  William,  of  Toulons?,  author  of  : 
history  of  the  courts  of  that  cirv,  died  in  1625. 
CATELL AN,  Maria  Claire  Priscilia  Margue 
rite,  a  lady  of  Narbonne,  whose  odes  were  much 
admired ;  she  died  in  1745. 

CATESB  Y,  .Mark,  an  English  naturalist,  who 
wrote  the  natural  history  of  Carolina,  Florida 
and  the  Bahamas,  an  elegant  work,  2  vols,  folio  ; 
he  died  in  1749. 

CATHARINE,  a  daughter  of  Charles  VI.,  of 
France,  who  married  Henry  V.  of  England,  and 
afterwaids  Owen  Tudor,  a  Welchman.  She 
died  in  1438. 

CATHARINE  of  ARRAGON,  daughter  of 
Ferdinand,  V.,  and  wife  of  Henry  VIII.  She 
was  a  woman  of  many  virtues. 

CATHARINE  DE  MEDICIS,  only  daughter 
f>f  Laurentius  de  Medicis,  born  at  Florence,  in 
I5l9,  married,  1533,  the  dauphin,  afterwards 
Henry  II.,  of  France.  She  was  three  times  re- 
gent of  France ;  and,  during  her  administra- 
tions, made  a  conspicuous  figure  in  the  annals 
of  Europe,  by  her  political  genius.  She  died 
in  15S9. 

CATHARINE  of  SIENNA,  a  Romish  saint, 
who,  at  the  age  of  eight,  is  eaid  to  have  vowed 
perpetual  celibacy;  she  died  in  1330. 

CATHARINE  of  PORTUGAL,  daughter  of 
John  IV.,  and  wife  of  Charles  II.,  by  wliom  she 
was  treated  unkindly  ;  she  died  in  1705. 

CATHARINE  of  BOURBON,  sister  to  Hen- 
nf  TV.,  and  wife  of  Henry  of  Lorraine,  died  in 
1601. 

CATH.\RINE  ALEXIEVNA,  a  country  girl 
of  the  name  of  Martha,  born  of  very  indigent 
parents,  in  Livonia.  In  1701  she  rriarried  a  dra- 
goon of  the  Swedish  garri.son,  at  Marienburgh ; 
but  before  evening  of  the  wedding-dav,  the 
112 


place  was  besieged  by  the  Russians :  the  bride- 
gfootn  was  killed,  and  the  victor,  general  Bauer, 
smitten  with  her  beauty,  made  her  his  mistress. 
Prince  Mentshicoff  next  beheld  her,  and  she 
lived  with  him  a  short  time.— In  the  17th  year 
of  her  age,  she  became  the  mistress  of  Peter  the 
Great,  who,  on  the  29th  of  May,  1711,  married 
her  privately  in  Poland,  and  the  20th  of  Feb., 
1712,  i>ublioly  solemnized  the  marriage,  at  Pe- 
tersburg, and  presented  her  with  the  diadem  and 
sceptre.  At  his  death,  in  1725,  she  was  pro- 
claimed sovereign  empress  of  all  the  Russias, 
and,  fo  her  death,  the  17th  of  May,1727,showed 
herself  worthy  of  her  high  fortune. 

CATHARINE  IL,  empress  of  Russia,  a  wo 
man  of  most  extraordinary  natural  talents  for 
governing  a  state,  and  civilizing  a  rude  nation  ; 
but  of  insatiate  lust,  and  unbounded  ambition  ; 
to  the  indulgence  of  which  latter  passion,  she 
waded  through  blood,  flowing  from  the  slaugh- 
ter ot^  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands.  She 
was  born  May  2,  1729,  and  married  in  1745,  to 
the  grandson  of  Peter  the  Great.  Having  caus- 
ed her  husband  to  be  deposed  (if  not  worse  dealt 
with)  ill  1762,  she  was  proclaimed  empress.  She 
died  suddenly,  in  November,  1796,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  her  only  son  Paul  Petrowitz,  the  fa- 
ther of  Alexander  I.,  the  present  emperor  of 
Russia. 

CATKARTNUS,  Ambrose,  an  Italian,  bishop 
of  Minori.  He  wrote  against  Luther,  and  died 
in  1553. 

CATILINA,  Lucius  Sergius,  a  noble  Roman, 
whose  extravagance  reduced  him  to  narrow  cir- 
ciuristaiices,  and  having  been  refused  the  con- 
sulship, became  leader  of  a  conspiracy  to  mur- 
der the  consuls  and  senate  of  Rome,  rifle  the 
public  treasury,  and  burn  the  city:  which  con. 
spiracy  was  discovered  by  Cicero,  at  that  time 
consul,  62  B.  C  He  wassiain  in  battle  the  same 
year,  on  the  plains  of  Tuscany. 

CATINAT,  Nicholas,  an  illustrious  French 
general,  under  Louis  XIV.,  born  at  Paris,  1637, 
died  in  1712. 

CATINEAU,  N.  a  brave  man,  who  headed 
the  Vendeans  during  the  revolution  ;  he  fell  at 
the  siene  of  Nantes. 

CATO,  Marcus  Portius,  commonly  called  tlie 
Censor,  born  at  Tusculum,  in  the  year  of  Rome, 
519 ;  that  is,  about  the  year  232  B.  C.  No  man 
was  ever  better  qualified  than  he  for  the  office 
of  censor,  nor  could  better  discharge  the  duties 
of  it.  He  made  use  of  his  severity,  eloquence, 
and  exemplary  life,  to  give  a  check  to  the  luxu- 
ry and  growing  vices  of  the  Romans ;  which 
gave  occasion  to  say,  that  he  was  not  less  ser- 
viceable to  the  republic  of  Rome,  by  making 
war  against  immorality,  than  Scipio,by  his  vic- 
tories over  his  enemies.  He  wrote  several 
works:  "A  Roman  History,"  a  book  "  con- 
cerning the  Art  of  War,"  and  one  on  "  Agricul- 
ture," and  died  in  the  year  of  Rome  604. 

CATO,  LTtioensis,  great  grandson  to  the  for- 
mer, was  educated  under  his  uncle  Livius  Dru- 
sus,  and  very  early  showedf  valour  and  genero- 
sity ;  having,  at  14  years  old,  desired  a  sword  to 
kill  the  tyrant  Sylla.  He  was  a  lover  of  philo- 
sophy, m'which  he  rigidly  followed  the  doctrines 
of  the  stoics  ;  this  furnished  him  with  that  bra- 
very of  soul  which  he  manifested  on  all  occa- 
sions. His  first  campaign  was  in  681,  against 
Spartacus:  afterwards  he  led  1000  foot  into 
\sia,  wliere,  for  the  small  number  of  hisattend- 
mts,  he  was  laughed  at,  but  was  never  moved 
with  it :  returning,  he  was  made  qusestor,  which 


CA 

post  he  filled  with  honour.  To  keep  out  a  very 
bad  man,  lie  put  in  for  the  tribunate.  He  sided 
witli  Cicero,  against  Catiline,  and  opposed  Cje- 
ear  in  the  senate,  on  iliat  occasion.  His  ene- 
mies sent  him  to  recover  Cyprus,  which  Ptole- 
my liad  forfeited,  thinking  to  hurl  his  reputation 
byso  difficuh  an  undertaking;  yet  none  could 
find  fault  with  his  conduct.  He  laboured  to 
bring  about  an  agreement  between  Caesar  and 
Pompey,  but,  seeing  it  in  vain,  sided  with  the 
latter.  When  Pompey  was  slain,  he  fled  to  Uti- 
ca,  and  Cassar  pursuing  liim,  he  advised  his 
friends  to  begone,  and  his  son  to  trust  to  Ca.'sar's 
clemency;  then  lay  down  upon  his  bed,  read 
Plato  upon  the  Immortality  of  the  Soul,  twice 
over,  and  thrust  a  sword  through  his  body,  of 
which  he  died,  40  B.  C,  aged  48. 

CATO,  Valerius,  a  Latin  j)oet,  in  the  age  of 
Sylla,  died  30  B.  C. 

CATROU,  Francis,  a  very  distinguished  Je- 
suit, born  at  Paris,  in  3659.  He  was  the  author 
of  some  very  considerable  works;  as,  1.  "A 
General  Ilisicry  of  tlie  Empire  of  the  Mogul ;" 
2.  "  A  History  of  the  Fanaticism  of  some  Pro- 
testant Pceligions  ;  of  Anabaptism,  of  Davidism, 
and  of  Ciuakeriem  ;"  3.  "  A  Translation  of 
Virgil,  with  notes  critical  and  historical ;"  and 
4.  "  A  lloman  History  ;"  which  has  been  trans- 
lated into  several  languages,  and  is  reckoned 
his  capital  work.    He  died  in  1737. 

CATTHO,  Angelo,  was  in  the  service  of 
Lewis  XL,  as  astrologer  and  phjsician.  He 
pretended  to  foretell  future  events,  and  dfed  in 
1497. 

CATULLUS,  Caius  Valerius,  a  Roman  poet, 
born  at  Verona,  88  B.  C.  He  is  far  unlike  our 
modern  poets,  who  usually  complain  of  the  coy 
ness  and  insensibiiiiy  of  their  fair  ones ;  he 
'  speaks  of  his  Lesbia,  as  a  woman  who  asked 
hi  IB,  how  many  kisses  would  satisfy  him  ?  To 
which  he  answered,  "  that  he  desired  as  many 
as  there  are  grains  of  sand  in  the  deserts  of  Li 
bya,  and  stars  in  the  heavens."  Although  pos 
sessing  a  superior  genius,  he  was,  as  many  others 
have  since  been,  poor.  He  died  in  the  flower 
of  ills  age,  and  the  height  of  his  reputation, 
when  he  was  about  30  years  old. 

CATZ,  James,  a  Dutch  statesman,  and  poet. 
born  in  Zealand,  1577,  died  IGGO. 

CAULET,  Francis  Stephen  de,  a  French  pre- 
late, who  opposed  tlie  king's  right  of  disposing 
of  ecclesiasncai  benefices,  died  in  1680. 

CAULIAC,  Guy  de,  a  French  anatomist,  and 
physician  to  the  popes  Clement  VL,  and  Urban 
VII.  ' 

CAVALCANTI,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian 
who  served  pope  Paul  HI.,  in  both  military  and 
political  capacities,  died  in  1562. 

CAVALIER,  John,  celebrated  for  his  bravery 
in  the  ware  of  the  protestant  insurgents,  against 
Lewis  XIV.    He  died  in  1705. 

CAVALIEllI,  Bonaventure,  an  Italian,  pro- 
fessor at  Bologna,  and  disciple  of  Galileo,  died 
in  1G47. 

CAVALLINI,  Pietro,  a  painter  of  celebrity 
at  Rome,  died  in  1364. 

CAVALLO,  Tiberius,  F.  R.  S.,  an  eminent 
writer  on  natural  philosophy,  born  at  Naples, 
March  30, 1749,  settled  in  England,  1771,  and 
died  in  London,  Dec.  2(5,  1809;  having  pub- 
lished, among  otlier  valuable  works, "  Treatises 
on  Elfciricity  ;"  on  the  "  Air,"  and  Aerosta 
tion;"on  "  Ma<inetigm ;"  and  "Elements  of 
Natural  Historv." 

CAVANILLES,  Antonio  Joseph,  a  Spani.«h 

10* 


CA 

botanist,  was  educated  among  the  Jesuits,  and 
appointed  tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  duk»j  de  I'Jn- 
fantado.  In  1801,  he  was  intrusted  with  the 
care  of  the  royal  gardens  of  Madrid,  where  he 
died  in  1804. 

CAVE,  Dr.  W^illiam,  a  learned  divine,  born 
1637,  died  1713.  He  was  author  of  some  large 
and  learned  works, relating  to  ecclesiastical  an- 
tiquity ;  particularly,"The  History  of  the  Lives, 
Acts,  Deaths,  and  Martyrdoms,  of  those  who 
were  cotemporary  with  the  Apostles,  and  ot 
the  principal  Fathers  within  the  first  three  con- 
iuriet)  of  the  Church,"  and  "  llistoiiaLilerarin. 
&c. ;"  in  which  he  gives  an  exact  account  (■: 
all  who  had  written  upon  Christianity ,"('iilR!: 
for  or  against  it,  from  Christ  to  tlie  14th  ten 
tury. 

CAVE,  Edward,  born  at  Newton,  in  War- 
wickshire, Feb.  29,  1691,  and  celeb;  attd  Im 
having  planned  and  brought  to  jieiftctioi;, 
"The  Gentleman's  Magazine,"  which  hasbttn 
published  upwards  of  90  years,  and  is  consider- 
ed one  of  the  most  successful  and  luciative 
periodical  works  that  history  has  upon  record. 
Mr.  Cave  died  Jan.  10,  1754. 

CAVEDONE,  Jacomo,  an  Italian  painter, 
died  in  16C0. 

CAVENDISH,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  Englidi 
circumnavigator,  died  abont  1593. 

CAVENDISH,  Sir  William,  born  about  I.jG.I. 
Cardinal  Wolsey  took  him  into  his  .^pleiulid 
family,  which  consisted  of  one  earl,  nine  barons, 
and  about  100  knights,  gentlemen,  and  inferior 
officers.  He  served  the  cardinal  as  gentleman- 
usher,  and  was  admitted  into  more  intimacy 
with  him  than  any  other  servant,  and  therefore 
would  not  desert  him  in  his  fall,  but  was  one  of 
the  few,  who  stuck  close  to  him  when  he  Jind 
neither  office  nor  salary  to  bestow.  This  singu- 
lar fidelity,  joined  to  his  abilities,  recommended 
him  to  his  sovereign,  who  received  him  iiilo  hi& 
own  family  and  service.  He  afterwards  held 
high  offices  of  state  under  Edward  VI.,  and 
Maiy  I.,  and  died  in  1557.  Sir  William  Caven- 
dish" wrote  the  life  of  his  old  master,  Cardinal 
Wolsey,  and  therein  gives  him  a  very  high  cha- 
racter ;  affirming  that,  in  his  judgment,  he  ni  ver 
saw  the  kingdom  in  better  obedience  and  quie^t, 
than  during  the  time  of  his  authority,  nor  justice 
better  administered. 

CAVENDISH,  William,  duke  of  Newccstle, 
born  in  1592,  died  in  1676.  He  rendered  i;ieat 
services,  in  a  military  capacity  to  Charles  1.  and 
II. ;  and  after  the  restoration,  retired  to  indulee 
his  natural  disposition  in  literary  pursuits.  He 
wrote  a  celebrated  "Treatise  on  Horseman- 
ship." of  which  a  most  excellent  edition  v.  as^ 
a  few  years  ago,  printed  in  England  ;  and  foi:!" 
comedies.  His  second  wife,  Margaret,  was  a 
woman  of  great  wit,  and  sonic  learning :  for. 
besides  the  life  of  the  duke,  and  lier  own,  si  e 
wrote  a  great  number  of  folio  volumes,  and  jiub- 
lished  26  plays,  in  several  of  which  there  are 
scenes  and  songs  written  by  the  duke.  Her 
grace  died  in  1673. 

CAVENDISH,  William,  first  duke  of  Devon- 
shire, an  able  statesman,  and  friend  o*"  F.nrd 
Russell,  was  active  in  procuring  kiiii;  William 
III.  to  invade  England,  and  died  in  1707. 

CAVENDISH,  Lord  John,  son  of  tite  fourth 
duke  of  Devonshire,  and  chancellor  of  the  ox 
chequer;  he  opposed  Lord  North's  admir.iitra 
tion.  and  died  in  1796. 

CAVENDISH,  Lord  Fr«deric,  chose  a  mil 
itarv  life,  w^as  a  field  niai-slial.  and  died  in  1SC3 
113 


CAVEXDISH,  Hon.  Henry,  a  very  ingeniousHiot  and  a  member  of  the  Westminster  assembly 


natural  philosopher,  born  Oct.  10,  1731,  died  at 
Clapham,  Feb.  34,  1810.  Though  not  much 
heard  of  in  the  coniinon  paths  of  life,  he  was 
well  known  and  highly  distinguished  in  the  sci- 
entific world.  He  had  studied  and  rendered  him- 
self familiarly  conversant  with  every  part  of 
Kir  Isaac  Newton's  philosophy  ;  the  principles 
of  wliich  he  applied,  about  the  year  1770,  to  an 
investigation  of  Uie  laws  on  which  the  phCEno- 
meaa  of  electricity  depend.  Pursuing  the  same 
science,  on  the  occasion  of  Mr.  Walsh'.<  e.^peri-j 
inents  with  the  torpedo,  he  gave  a  satisfactory! 
explanaaon  of  the  remarkable  powers  of  elec- 
trical fishes;  {jointing  out  that  distinction  be- 
tween common  and  animal  electricity,  which 
has  since  been  amply  confirmed  by  the  brilliant 
discoveries  in  g-alvanism.  Having  turned  his 
attention  very  early  to  pneumatic  chymistry,  he 
ascertained,  in  17ti6,  the  extreme  levity  of  in- 
flammable air,  now  caUed  hydrogen  gas.  On 
this  discov  ery,  many  curious  expeiimenis  and 
particularly  that  of  aerial  navigation  have  been 
ibuuded.  In  the  same  path  of  science,  he  made 
the  important  discovery  of  the  composition  of 
water,  by  'he  union  of  two  airs ;  and  that  laid 
the  foundation  of  the  modern  system  of  chy- 
mistry, wliich  rests  principally  on  this  fact,  and 
that  of  the  decomposition  of  water,  announced 
soon  afterwards  by  M.  Lavoisier.  As  the  puri-| 
ty  of  atmospherical  air  hud  been  a  subject  of  i 
controversy,  Mr.  Cavendish  contrived  essential 
improvements  in  the  method  of  performing  ex- 
periments with  a  eudiometer ;  by  means  of 
which,  he  was  the  first  who  showed,  that  tlie! 
proportion  of  pure  air  in  the  atmosphere  is 
nearly  the  same  in  all  open  places.  The  other, 
and  much  larger  portion  of  our  atmosphere,  he| 
sagaciously  conjectured  to  be  the  basis  of  the 
acid  of  nitre  ;  an  opinion  which  he  soon  brought! 
10  the  test,  by  an  ingenious  and  laborious  ex-l 
periment,  which  compieiely  proved  its  truth  ;j 
whence  this  air  has  now  very  generally  obtain- j 
ed  the  name  of  nitrogen.  Among  the  labours, 
of  his  latter  <* ays,  is  the  nice  and  ditficult  ex-i 
periment,  by  which  he  determined  the  mean! 
density  of  the  earth  ;  an  element  of  consequencei 
in  delicate  calculations  of  astronouiy,  as  well  asl 
in  geological  inquiries.  Even  in  the  last  year! 
'if  his  life,  at  the  advanced  age  of  77,  he  pro- 
posed and  described  improvements  in  the  man- 
ner of  dividing  large  astronomical  instruments  ;j 
which,  though  not  yet  executed,  promise  very! 
great  advan;age=.  These  pursuits,  together  with] 
reading  of  various  kinds,  by  which  he  acquiredj 
a  deep  insight  into  almost  every  topic  of  gene 


of  divines,  ditd  in  1664. 

CAVVTHORNE,  James,  a  verv'  agreeable 
poet,  bom  at  Sheffield,  in  17-21 .  In  1743,  he  was 
clidseii  master  of  Tunbridge  School ;  aud  this 
place  he  held  till  his  death,  which  happened  Lv 
a  TaLI  (iom  his  horse,  in  1761.  His  poetical  cora- 
piisicions  were  collected  and  published  in  4to,  iu 
1771. 

CAWTON,  Thomas,  a  non -conformist,  aiid  a 
good  Hebrew  scholar,  died  in  1G77. 

CAXTON,  William,  the  first  who  introduced 
the  art  of  printing  with  fusilc  types  into  Eng- 
land, was  born  in  the  Weald  of  Kent,  about  the 
latter  end  of  ino  reign  of  Henry  IV.  Being  about 
15,  he  was  put  apprentice  to  Mr.  llobert  Large, 
a  mercer,  who,  after  having  been  sheriff"  and 
mayor  of  London,  died  in  1441,  leaving  by  will 
34  marks  to  liis  apprentice,  William  Caxton  ;  a 
con.siderable  legacy  in  those  days,  and  an  early 
testimony  of  Caxton's  good  behaviour  and  in- 
tegrity. Caxton  went  abroad  to  settle  the  same 
year  that  his  master  died,  and  was  intrusted  by 
the  mercer's  companv  to  be  their  agent  or  factor 
in  Holland,  Zealand,  Flanders,  &c.  In  1464,  a 
commission  was  granted  to  him  and  Richard 
Whitehill,  Esq.,  by  Edward  IV.,  to  continue 
and  confirm  the  treaty  of  trade  and  commerce 
between  his  majesty  and  Plulip,  duke  of  Bur- 
undy,  or,  if  th«»y  found  it  necessary,  to  make  a 
new  one.  Tliey  are  styled  in  the  commission, 
ambassadors  and  special  deputies.  A  marriage 
was  concluded,  in  Jidy,  1468,  between  the  king's 
sister,  lady  Margaret  of  York,  and  the  duke's 
son,  Charles,  he  being  then  duke  of  Burgundy; 
and  when  the  lady  arrived  at  the  duke's  court 
at  Bruges,  Caxton  appears  to  have  been  of  her 
retinue.  He  was  now  either  one  of  her  house- 
hold, or  held  some  constant  post  under  her  ;  be- 
cause, as  he  says,  he  received  of  her  a  yearly  • 
fee  or  salary,  besides  many  other  good  and  great 
benefits.  Being  more  expert  than  most  others  in 
penmanship  and  languages,  it  is  highly  probable 
that  he  was  employed  by  the  dutchess  in  some 
literary  way.  As  soon  as  he  had  acquired  the 
mystery  of  the  new  invention  of  printing,  (which 
he  did  not  accomplish,  he  says  himself,  without 
great  expense,)  he  was  employed  by  her  in  trans- 
lating out  of  French  a  large  volume,  aud  after- 
wards in  printing  it.  It  appeared  under  the  title 
of  "  The  Recuyell  of  the  History  of  Troyc ;"  and 
is  the  first  book,  we  now  know  of,  that  was 
printed  in  tlie  English  tongue :  the  date  being 
September  19,  1471,  at  Colen  (Cologne.)  By  tlie 
edition  of  the  "  Game  of  Chess,"  dated  in  1474, 
Caxton  appears  to  have  been  then  settled  in 


Tal  knowledge,  formed  the  whole  occupation  of  j  England  ;  and  this  book  is  allowed,  by  all  the 
liisUfe;  and' were,  iu  fact,  his  sole  amusement.  |j  typographical  antiquaries,  to  have  been  the  first 
From  his  attachment  to  sucli  occupatioiis,  andj-specimenof  the  art  among  us;  and  as  such,  has 
the  constant  resource  he  found  in  them,  toge-jibeen  so  valued,  that  it  is  said,  t'ne  ear!  of  Pem- 
iher  with  a  shyness  and  diffidence  natural  toi' broke,  for  a  fair  copy  thereof,  which  was  given 
his  disposition,  his  habits  had,  from  early  life,!}  him  byMr.  Granger,  presented  him  with  a  purse 
been  secluded.  He  is  said  to  have  left  behindljoffortyguineas.  The  next  performance  of  Cax- 
!iim  1,200,0001.  Mr.  Cavendish  was  great  uncleiiton,  of  v^hich  the  date  is  ascertained,  is,  "  The 
to  the  duke  of  Devonshire.  ||  Dict^;s  and  Sayinges  of  the  Philosophers,  trans- 

CAVOYE,  Lewis,  marquis  de,  a  French  rai-dated  out  of  French  by  Antone  erle  Ryvyres 
litary  officer,  of  sreat  bravery,  died  in  1716.  |liord  Seerles,  emprynted  by  William  Caxton,  at 
CAUS3IX,  Nicholas,  a  Freneh  Jesuit,  and|iWei.tmestre,  1477."  Caxton  printed  several 
confessor  to  Lewis  XHI.,  was  born  at  Troyes,!; other  pieces,  either  of  his  own  composition,  or 
in  Champagne,  in  1580,  and  died  at  Paris.  July,  tran.-lated  by  him.  His  last  work  was  a  trans- 
1651.  He  published,  anion<r  other  works,  "  The,  lation  from  the  French  of  "  The  Holy  Lives  of 
Holy  Court,"  a  moral  work,  wliich  has  beenn  the Farber.sHermites living  in  the  Deserts;"  and 
oi'ten  reprinted,  and  translated  into  Latin,  Ita-f  v.^e  are  informed  by  Wynken  de  Worde,that  he 
lian,  Spanish,  Portuszasse,  Ge' man,  and  Eng-i'  fiiiishcd  his  life  and  translation  together,  on  the 
li^li  ;  and  "  Sacred  Trapedies."  jsamo  day,  in  1491. 

OA  WDRE Y,  Daniel,  an  ejected  nou-conform-H  CAYLUS,  Anne  Claude,  Count  de,  a  French 
J 14 


CE 

writer,  born  at  Paris,  in  1692.  liis  chief  work 
is,  "RecueU  d'Amiquites  Egyptiennes,  Etrus 
qiies,  Grecques,  Romaines,  et  Gauloi^sos,"  7  torn 
4to.,  1752-67.     lie  died  in  1765. 

CAZES,  Peter  James,  a  French  painter  and 
an  ingenious  artist,  died  in  1754. 

C AZOTTE,  James,  mayor  of  Pierry,  wlio,for 
his  attachment  to  the  French  king,\vas  guillo 
lined  in  1792. 

CEB  A,  Ansaldo,  a  Genoese,  of  reputation  as 
apoILiician,  orator,  and  poet,  died  in  1623. 

CEBES,  the  author  of  a  little  beautiful  Gre- 
cian remain,  entitled,  "  A  picture  of  Human 
Life."  Of  this  author  we  have  no  account, 
save  that  he  Is  once  mentioned  by  Plato,  and 
once  by  Xonoplion. 

CECCODE  ASCOLI,  or  FRANCIS  DE  GLI 
STABfLI,  of  Ascoli,  a  profoasor  at  Bologna; 
was  burnt  by  order  of  the  inquisition,  in  1327. 

CECIL,  William,  lord  Burleigh  an  eminent 
English  statesman,  whose  loyalty  to  his  sove- 
reign qucuu  Elizabeth,  and  his  patriotism,  pre- 
served the  religion  and  the  civil  polity  of  Eng- 
land fronv  falling  a  prey  to  sovereign  tyranny 
and  popish  superstitions.  He  was  born  at  Bourn, 
in  Lincolnshire,  1521,  held  the  office  of  lord 
high  treasurer  of  England  27  years,  and  died 
1.598.  A  collection  of  his  state  papers  was  pub- 
lished by  Haynes,  1740  ;  and  a  continuation  of 
them  by  Murdin,  1760. 

CECIL,  Richard,  an  eminent  divine  of  the 
church  of  England,  died  in  1810. 

CECROPS,  an  Egyptian,  founder  of  the  Athe- 
nian monarchv,  1556  B.  C. 

CEDRENUS,  George,  a  Grecian  inonk,  lived 
in  tlie  nth  century,  and  wrote  "  Annals,  or  an 
abridged  History,  from  the  beginning  of  the 
World  to  the  reign  of  Isaac  Comnenus,  emperor 
of  Constantinople,"  who  succeeded  Michael  IV. 
in  1057. 

CELESTI,  Andrea,  a  Venetian  painter,  died 
in  1706. 

CELESTIN  I.,  was  pope  10  years  ;  he  con- 
demned the  doctrines  of  Nestorius,  and  died  in 
432. 

CELESTIN  II.,  was  pope  5  months,  and  died 
n  in3. 

CELESTIN  III.,  was  pope  7  years,  and  died 
in  1 198. 

CELESTIN  IV.,  was  pope  18  days,  and  died 
in  1241. 

CELESTIN  v.,  elected  pope  in  1294,  which 
office  he  afterwards  resigned  ;  he  was  imprison- 
ed by  his  successor,  and  died  in  1296. 

CELLARIUS,  Christopher,  born  in  16.38,  at 
Malcalde,  in  Franconia,  died  in  1707.  He  pub 
lished  good  editions  of  above  20  Latin  and  Greek 
authors.  His  works  relate  chiefly  to  granmiar, 
to  geography,  to  history,  and  to  the  oriental  lan- 
guages. Those  in  geography  are  well  known  as 
excellent  helps  to  the  understanding  of  ancient 
authors. 

CELLTER,  Remi,  a  benedictine  of  Bar  le  due, 

wrote  a  biographical  history,  and  died  in  1761. 

CELLINI,  Benevento,  a  celebrated  sculptor 

and  engraver,  of  Florence,  born  in  1500,  died  in 

1570. 

CELSUS,  Aurelius  Cornelius,  a  philosopher 
and  physician,  who  flourished  under  the  reigns 
of  Augustus  and  Tiberius.  He  wrote  upon  seve- 
ral subjects,  as  we  learn  from  Quintillian ;  upon 
rhetoric,  for  which  he  is  often  quoted  and  com- 
mended by  this  great  master ;  upon  the  military 
art :  ipon  agriculture ;  and  we  have  still  extant 
i>f  his  eight  books  "  De  Medicina,"  wliicli  are 
Iwrjtten  in  very  flue  Latin. 


CE ^ 

CELSUS,  an  epicurean  philosopher  of  tfac 
2d  century,  who  wrote  a  book  against  the  Chris- 
tian religion,  which  was  answered  by  Origen. 
The  work  of  Celsus  is  lost. 

CELTES,  Conrad,  a  Latin  poet,  who  died  at 
Vieima,  m  1508,  after  having  obtained  tlie  lau- 
rel. 

CENSORINUS,  AppiuB  Claudius,  a  Roman 
s<-nator,  raised  to  the  tlnone  by  liis  soldiers,  in 
270.  •  ' 

CENSORINUS,  a  Roman  grammarian  of  the 
3d  century. 

CENTLIVRE,  Susannah,  a  celebrated  comic 
writer,  who  had  so  early  a  turn  for  poeuy,  that, 
as  one  of  her  biographers  tells  us,  she  composed 
a  song  before  she  was  seven  years  old.  She  is 
the  author  of  19  dramatic  pieces,  and  several 
little  i)oems.  Her  talent  was  in  comedy,  particu- 
larly the  contrivance  of  plots  and  incidents.  She 
died  Dec.  1,  1723. 

CENTORIO,  Ascanius  a  native  of  Milan,  emi- 
nent as  a  soldier  and  philosopher,  lived  in  the 
16th  century. 

CERATINUS,  James,  or  Teyng,  a  Hollander 
who  obtained  a  Greek  professorship  by  means 
of  Erasmus,  and  died  atLouvain,  in  1530. 

CERCEAU,  John  Antiiony  du,  a  French 
Jesuit,  known  as  a  Latin  poet,  died  in  1730. 

CERDA,  John  Lewis  de  la,  a  Spanisli  Jesuit, 
and  an  author  of  great  learning  and  candour, 
died  in  1G43. 

CERDON,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  century,  who 
rejected  the  Old  Testament  and  part  of  the 
New. 

CERETA,  Laura,  an  Italian  lady,  eminent 
for  her  knowledge  of  philosophy,  and  the  learn- 
ed languages,  died  in  1498. 

CERINI,  Giovmmi  Dominico,  an  Italian 
painter,  whose  pieces  are  esteemed  ;  he  died  in 
1681. 

CERINTHUS,  a  disciple  of  Simon  Magus, 
about  A.  D.  54,  a  heretic  who  denied  tlie  divi- 
nity of  Christ. 

CERISANTES,  Mark  Duncan  de,  son  of  a 
Scotch  physician  at  Saumur ;  he  was  sent  am- 
bassador to  Turkey  by  Richeheu,  and  died  in 
1648. 

CEEMENATI,  John  de,  an  Italian  historian, 
who  published  an  account  of  Milan,  from  1307 
to  1313. 

Ci;RRATO,Paul,  a  native  of  Montserrat,  of 
the  loth  century,  he  wrote  Latin  poems. 

CERUTI,  Frederic,  a  native  of  Verona,  and 
an  author,  died  in  1579. 

CERUITI,  Joseph  Antony  Joachim,  a  Jesuit^ 
and  professor  at  Lyons,  and  a  member  of  the 
national  assembly,  died  in  1792. 
CERVANTES.  See  SAAVEDRA. 
CERVETTO,  an  Italian,  of  extraordinary 
character  in  the  musical  world.  He  played  the 
bass  at  Drury-lane  Theatre,  and  died  January 
14,  1783,  in  his  103d  year.  One  evening,  when 
Mr.  Garrick  was  performing  tlie  character  of 
Sir  John  Brute,  during  the  drunkard's  muttering 
and  dozing  till  he  falls  asleep  in  the  chair,  (the 
audience  being  most  profoundly  silent  and  at- 
tentive to  the  admirable  performer,)  Cer\'etto, 
in  the  orchestra,  uttered  a  very  loud  and  im- 
moderately-lengthened yawn  !  The  moment 
Garrick  was  ofl"  the  stage,  he  sent  for  the  mu- 
sician, and  with  considerable  warmth  repri- 
manded him  for  so  ill-timed  a  symptom  of  som- 
nolency ;  when  the  modern  Naso,  with  great 
address,  reconciled  Garrick  to  him  in  a  trice,  by 
saying,  v/itJi  a  shrug,  "  I  beg  ten  umsand  par- 
dons !  but  I  always  do  so  ven  I  am  ver  inuscb 
115 


CH 

please!"  Mr.  Cervetto  was  distinguished  among 
his  friends  of  the  galleries  by  the  ludicrous  name 
of  Nosey,  from  the  prominency  of  bis  nasal 
feature. 

CESALPINUS,  a  celebrated  Italian  writer  on 
botany,  born  in  1519,  died  in  1603. 

CESALPliVlJS,  Andrew,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, born  about  1159. 

CESARIxI,  Juhan,  a  Roman  cardinal,  em- 
ployed by  several  popes,  was  slain  in  1444. 

CES  ARINI,  Virginio,  a  learned  Roman,  cham- 
berlain to  Urban  ViII.,  died  in  1624. 

CESAROTTl,  Melrhior,  an  Italian  poet,  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric,  and  afterwards  oi"  Greek  and 
Hebrew,  in  Padua,  his  native  city,  died  in  1808. 

CESP'EDES,  Paul,  a  Spanish  painter,  of  me- 
rit, and  a  writer,  died  in  1608. 

CEZELT,  Constance  do,  wife  of  Barri  de  St. 
Aunez,  governor  of  Leucate  under  llcnry  IV., 
celebrated  for  her  bravery. 

CHABANES,  James  de,  a  Frenchman,  of 
great  bravery,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Pavia, 
in  15-20. 

CHABANON,  N.  de,  member  of  the  academy 
of  belles  letlres,  and  an  author,  dit-d  at  Paris,  in 
1792. 

CHABOT,  Francis,  a  capuchin,  was  a  violent 
jacobin,  cruel  in  his  senlimeiits,  and  was  guillo- 
tined in  1794. 

CHABRL^S,  an  Athenian  general,  who  took  i 
Cyprus,  and  died  355  B.  C. 

CHABRIT,  Peter,  an  advocate  in  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  of  great  erudition,  died  in  1785. 

CHABRY,  Maik,  a  distinguished  painter  and 
Bculptor,  died  at  Lyons,  in  1727. 

CIIAIS,  Charles,  born  at  GeneA-a,  pastor  of  a 
church -at  the  Hague,  distinguished  as  a  preacher 
and  scholar,  died  in  176G. 
f  CH.-\ISE,  Fatherdela,a  Jesuit,  of  uncommon 
abilities,  and  confessor  to  Louis  XIV.,  born  at 
Forez,  in  the  proAnnce  of  Lyons,  about  1G2Q. 
The  learned  Huetius,  bishopof  Avranchcs,  calls 
him  "  a  man  incredibly  well  ver.sed  in  all  parts 
of  learning,  of  pliilosopliy  and  divinity  in  par- 
ticular." 

CHALCIDIUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  of  the 
3d  centurv. 

CHALCONDYLES,  Laonicns,  an  Athenian, 
of  the  15th  century,  who  wrote  a  history  of  the 
Turks. 

CHALCOXDYLES,  Demetrius,  a  native  of 
Athens,  and  one  of  those  learned  men  whom 
Pope  Nicholas  V.  sent  to  Rome  to  translate  the 
Greek  authors  into  Latin.  Under  his  inspection 
and  care  was  first  published  at  Florence,  in 
1499,  the  "  Greek  Lexicon"  of  Suidas.  He  died 
about  1510. 

CHALES,  Claudius  Francis  de,  a  Jesuit,  of 
Charaberi,  a  royal  professor  at  Lyons,  and  au- 
thor of  several  works,  died  in  1678. 

CHALIER,  Marie  Joseph,  a  French  revolu- 
tionist, of  sanguinary  character ;  he  was  guillo- 
tined in  179:5. 

CHALKLE  Y,  Thomas,  a  preacher  among  the 
Quakers,  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1701,  died  in  Tor- 
tola,  while  on  a  visit,  in  1741 ;  he  published 
some  works  on  religion. 

CHALLE,  Cljarles  Michael  Angcio,  a  profes- 
sor of  painting  in  tlie  Paris  academy,  died  in 
1776. 

CHALMERS,  Lionel,  M.  D.,  a  learned  phy- 
sician, of  South  Carolina,  published  several  re- 
spectable works  on  medical  subjects,  about  1767. 

CHALONER,  Sir  Thomas,  born  at  London, 
about  1515.     He  was  much  employed  in  embas- 
sies and  ne.gotiations  with  foreign  courts ;  and 
116 


CH 

died  in  1565,  leaving  behind  him  a  work  called 
"The  right  ordering  of  the  Enghsh  Republic." 
He  also  discovered  the  first  alum  mines  in  Eng- 
land. 

CHALONER,  Sir  Thomas,  educated  at  Ox- 
ford, was  tutor  lo  the  prince  of  Wales,  and  died 
in  1615. 

CHALONER,  James,  son  of  the  preceding, 
educated  at  O.vford,  was  one  of  King  Charles' 
judges,  and  died  in  Holland,  in  1G61. 

CHALONER,  Edward,  head  of  Alban  liall, 
Oxford,  a  good  preacher  and  learned  divine,  died 
in  1625. 

CHALOTAIS,  Lewis  Rene  Caradeue  de  la, 
known  as  the  author  of  a  work  on  the  Jesuits, 
died  in  1715. 

CHAMBAUD,  Lewis,  author  of  a  French 
Dictionary  and  Grammar,  and  other  useful 
school-books,  died  in  1776. 

CHAMBERLAINE,  Robert,  an  Englishman 
and  author  of  several  works,  died  in  the  17ih 
ccninrv. 

CH.iMBERLAYNE,  Edward,  born  atOding- 
ton,  in  Gloucestershire,  in  1616,  died  in  1703 
He  wrote  many  books ;  the  best  known  of  which 
is,  "  Anglia  Noiitia ;  or,  the  Present  State  of 
England.' 


about 

many  ingenious  critical,  theological,  and  moral? 

works. 

CHAMBERS,  Sir  Robert,  a  learned  judge, 
educated  at  Oxford,  chief  justice  in  Bengal,  and 
president  of  the  Asiatic  societv,  died  in  1803. 

CHAMBERS,  Ephraim,  author  of  the  cele- 
brated Dictionary  of  Arts  and  Sciences  which 
goes  under  his  name,  was  born  at  Milton,  in  the 
county  of  Westmoreland.  When  lie  became  of 
a  proper  age,  he  was  put  apprentice  to  Mr.  Se- 
riex,  the  globe-maker,  a  business  v.-hich  is  con- 
nected with  literature,  and  especially  v>'ith  as- 
tronomy and  geography.  It  was  during  Mr. 
Chambers'  residence  with  this  skilful  mecha- 
nic, that  he  contracted  that  taste  for  science  and 
learning,  which  accompanied  him  through  life, 
and  directed  all  his  pursuits.  It  was  even  at 
this  time  that  he  formed  the  design  of  his  grand 
work,  the  "  Cyclopcedia  ;"  and  some  of  the  first 
articles  of  it  were  written  behind  the  counter. 
He  died  May  15,  1740.  The  first  edition  of  the 
Cyciopcedia  was  published  in  1728,  in  2  vols, 
folio.  Another  edition,  with  considerable  im- 
provements, by  Dr.  Rees,  was  begun  to  be  pub- 
lished, in  weekly  numbers,  in  1778,  and  was,  in 
1785,  completed  in  4  vols.  January  1,  1802,  Dr. 
Rees  commenced  the  piibiication  of  an  edition 
still  farther  enlarged,  which  has  been  recently 
completed  in  45  vols.4to.;  most  highly  adorned, 
and  fully  illustrated,  by  engravings,  in  a  style 
of  excellence  well  suited  to  the  exalted  merit  of 
tl'.e  work  itself;  Which  is  at  once  an  ornament 
10  its  editor,  and  to  the  councrv. 

CHAMBERS,  Sir  William,  an  eminent  archi- 
tect, whose  name  will  be  transmitted  to  late 
posterity  as  the  builder  of  tliat  great  national 
ornament,  Somerset  Place.  This  superb  struc- 
ture was  begun  in  1//6,' and  inhabited  in  1785. 
Sir  William  was  by  birth  a  Swede,  but  was 
brought  over  to  England  at  two  years  of  age 
He  wrote  an  excellent  "  Treatise  on  Civil  Ar- 
chitecture," a  "  Dissertation  on  Oriental  Gar- 
dening," published  "  Designs  for  Chinese  Build- 
ings," &c.,  and  died  March  8, 1796. 

CliAMIER,  Daniel,  a  French  protestant,  pr6 


CH 

fcssor  of  divinity  at  Montauban.  He  drew  up 
the  famous  edict  of  Nantes,  and  was  killed  in 
1621. 

CHAMILLARD,  Stephen,  a  Jesuit,  of  Bour 
ges,  eminent  as  a  scholar  and  antiquary,  died  in 
1730. 

CHAMILLART,  Michael  de,  an  excellent 
bilhard  player,  was  promoted  to  high  offices  of 
state  by  Lewis  XIV.,  and  died  in  1721. 

CHAMOUSSET,  Charles  Humbert  Pierron 
de,  judge  in  the  parliament  of  Paris,  a  man  of 
universal  benevolence,  died  in  1773. 

CHAMPAGNE,Philipof,acelebrated  painter, 
born  at  Brussels,  in  1G02,  died  in  1674, 

CHAMPAGNE,  John  BapUste  de,  born  at 
Brussels,  was  profiessor  of  the  academy  of  paint- 
ing at  Paris,  and  died  in  1683. 

CHAMPEAUX,  or  CAMPELLENSIS,  Wil- 
liam de,  professor  of  piiilosophy  at  Paris,  where 
Abelard  was  his  pu])il,  died  in  1121. 

CHAMPFORT,  N.,  a  Parisian,  devoted  to 
literature,  and  a  friend  of  the  revolution.  He 
destroyed  himself  in  1794. 

CEIAMPIER,  Symphorien,  Camperius,  or 
Campegnis,  a  Frenchman,  and  physician  to  the 
duke  of  Lorraine,  died  in  1540. 

CHAMPION,  Joseph,  an  Englishman,  emi 
nent  as  a  penman. 

CHAMPLAIN,  Samuel  de,  a  Frenchman, 
sent  on  a  voyage  of  discovery  to  America  by 
Henry  IV.  An  American  lake  bears  his  name 
He  died  in  1635. 

CH  AMPMESLE,  Mary  Desmares  de,  a  French 
actress  of  celebrity,  died  in  1698. 

CHANCELLOR,  Richard,  a  celebrated  Eng 
lish  navigator,  was  engaged  in  an  exploring 
voyage,  in  1553. 

CHANDLER,  Mary,  an  English  lady,  distin 
guished  by  her  talent  for  poetry,  born  at  Malmes 
bury,  in  Wihshire,  in  1687,  died  September  11, 
1745. 

CHANDLER,  Samuel,  an  eminent  dissenting 
minister  and  theological  writer,  born  at  Hun 
gerford,  Berks,  in  1693,  died  in  1766. 

CHANDLER,  a  native  of  England,  and  a 
baptist  minister,  settled  on  Asliley  river,  South 
Carolina,  died  in  1749. 

CHANDLER,  Edward,  an  English  prelate 
and  an  author,  died  in  1730. 

CHANDLER,  Thomas  Bradbury,  D.  D.,  an 
eminent  episcopal  minister  and  writer,  of  Eliza 
bethtown,  New- Jersey,  published  several  works 
in  defence  of  episcopacy  ;  ho  died  in  1790. 

CHANDLER,  Richard,  D.  D.,  an  eminent 
English  divine  and  antiquary,  died  in  1810. 

CHANTEREAU  LE  FEVRE,  Lowis.a native 
of  Paris,  and  an  author,  died  in  1658. 

CHANUT,  Peter,  a  Frenchman,  sent  as  am- 
bassador to  Sweden  and  Holland,  died  in  1662, 

CHAPEL  A  IN,  John,  a  French  poet,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1595,  cliiefly  distinguished  liiuiseif  by 
a  heroic  poem,  called  "  La  Pucel'e,  ou  France 
Delivvee,"  anc)  died  in  1674. 

CHAPELLE,  Claude  Emanuel  Lullier,  a  ce- 
lebrated French  poet,  born  at  CJmpeiie,  in  1621 
He  is  said  to  have  been  a  very  plt^asant,  but 
withal  a  very  voluptuousman,  and  died  in  1688 
CHAPELLE,  John  de  la,  secretary  to  the 
prince  of  Conti,  whose  life  he  wrote,  died  in 
1723. 

OHAPELLIER,  Isaac  Rene  Guy  de,  anativ 
of  Rennes,  a  zealous  advocate  of  liberty  ;  he 
was  guillotined  in  1792. 

CHAPMAN,  George,  bom  in  1557,  and  high 
ly  celebrated  in  his  time  for  his  dramatic  wri 
tings,  and  poetry.    He  translated  "  Homer's  Hi- 


CH 

ad  and  Odyssey,"  which  are  still  looketl  upon 
with  some  respect  He  wrote  17  dramatic  pie- 
ces, and  died  in  1634. 

CHAPMAN,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  critic,  and  vindicator  of  the  Christian 
religion,  against  Morgan,  Tindal,  and  othei^,  was 
born  in  1704,  and  died  1784. 

CHAPMAN,  William,  an  Englishman,  who, 
among  many  other  useful  discoveries  and  im- 
provements, was  the  first  who,  about  1733,  gave 
the  idea,  and  at  sea  established  by  practice,  the 
invaluable  secret  of  making  salt  water  fresh. 
He  died  at  Newcastle,  Oct.,  1793. 

CHAPMAN,  George,  a  schoolmaster  at  Dal- 
keith, and  afterwards  at  Dumfries,  author  of 
several  works  on  education,  died  in  1806. 

CHAPPE  D'AUTEROCHE,  John.  Vid.  AU- 
TEROCHE. 

CHAPONE,  Hester,  an  elegant  English  poet, 
and  moral  writer,  born  of  a  respectable  North- 
amptonshire family,  of  the  nameof  Mulso,Oct. 
27,  1727.  Her  pen  was  always  directed  to  mo- 
ral purposes;  and  virtue,  far  from  showing  re- 
pulsive austerity  in  her  representations,  was  dis- 
tinguished by  endearing  graces.  She  will  long 
be  distinguished  on  the  rolls  of  literature  for  her 
"  Letters  on  the  Improvement  of  the  Blind, 
addressed  to  a  Young  Lady,"  2  vols.  12nio, 
1773,  and  "  Miscellanies  in  Prose  and  Verse," 
12nio,  1775.  Mrs.  C.  died  at  Hadley,  in  Middle- 
sex, Dec.  25,  1801. 

CHAPPEL,  William,  a  very  learned  and  pi- 
ous divine,  bishop  of  Cork,  Cloyne,  and  Ross, 
in  Ireland,  born  at  Lexington,  in  Nottingham- 
shire, in  1582,  died  1649.  He  published,  the  yeai 
before  his  death,  "  Methodus  Concionandi ;" 
that  is,  "  The  Method  of  Preaching ;"  which, 
for  its  usefulne.-;s,  v.'as  translated  into  English. 
To  this  bishop,  among  other  divines,  has  been 
ascribed  the  composition  of  that  excellent  book, 
"  The  Whole  Duty  of  Man." 

CH.APUZEAU,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
and  preceptor  to  William  III.,  of  England,  died 
in  1701. 

CHARAS,  Moses,  a  physician,  at  Paris,  well 
known  as  an  author,  died  in  1698. 

CH  ARDIN,  Sir  John,  a  famous  voyager,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  1643,  but  went  to  London  upon 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  in  1685. 
He  went  to  Persia  and  the  East  Indies,  and  traf- 
ficked in  jewek,  Charles  II.,  king  of  England, 
conferred  upon  him  the  honour  of  knighthood. 
He  died  at  London,  in  1713.  His  "  Voyages" 
have  always  been  much  esteemed,  as  very  cu- 
rious and  very  true. 

CHARELON,  a  Jesuit  missionary,  employed 
manv  vears  among  the  Indians  in  Michigan. 

CHARENTON,  Joseph  Nicholas,  a  French 
Jesuit,  and  missionary  to  China,  for  15  years  ; 
he  died  in  1735. 

CHARES,  a  Grecian  statuary,  who  immor- 
talized himself  by  the  Colossus  of  the  Sun,  at 
Rhodes,  which  has  been  reckoned  one  of  the 
seven  wonders  of  the  world. 

CHARETTE  DE  LA  COINTRIE,  Francis 
Athanasius  de,  a  French  royalist,  %'ho  signal- 
ized himself  by  an  able  resistance  against  the 
republican  forces,  in  la  Vendee ;  he  was  taken 
and  shot  in  1796. 

CHARITON,  a  native  of  Cj'prus,  and  an  au- 
thor, in  the  4th  century. 

CHARKE,  Charlotte,  was  youngest  daughter 
of  Colley  Cibher,  the  actor,  and  afterwards  po- 
et laureat.  At  eight  years  old  she  was  put  t© 
school,  but  had  an  education  more  suitable  to  a 
,  bov  than  a  girl ;  and  as  she  grew  up,  fcUowed 
117 


CH 

the  same  plan,  being  more  frequeutly  in  the 

stable  than  in  the  bedchamber,  and  mistress  of 

the  currycomb,  though  ignorant  of  the  needle. 

Her  adventures  during  the  remainder  of  her  life, 

are  nothing  but  one  variegated  scene  of  distress- 
es, of  a  kind  which  no  one  can  be  a  stranger 

to,  who  has  either  seen,  or  read  Recounts  oi 

those  most  wretched  of  all  human'beings,  the 

members  of  a  mere  strolling  company  of  actors. 

In  1755  she  went  to  London,  where  she  publish 

ed  the  "  Narrative  of  her  own  Life ;"  to  which 

death  put  a  period,  and  at  the  same  time,  to  one 

continued  course  of  miserj',  the  inevitable  con- 
sequence of  folly,  imprudence,  and  absurdity, 

in  1759. 
CHARLEMAGNE,  or  CHARLES  I.,  king  nf 

Frjuice  by  succession,  and  emperor  of  the  West 

by  conquest,  in  800,  (which  laid  the  foundation 

of  the  dynasty  of  the  Western  Franks,  who 

ruled  the  empire  472  years,  till  the  time  of  Ro- 

dolphus  Auspergensis,  the  founderof  the  house 

of  Austria.)     Charlemagne  was  as  illustrious 

in  the  cabinet  as  in  the  field  ;  and,  tirough  he 

could  not  write  his  name,  was  the  patron  of  men 

of  letters,  the  restorer  of  learning,  and  a  wise 

legislator  ;  he  wanted  only  the  virtue  of  liuma- 

iiity  to  render  him  the  most  accomplished  of 

men  ;  but  when  we  read  of  his  beheading  4500 

Saxons,  solely  for  their  loyalty  to  their  prince, 

in  opposing  his  conquests,  we  cannot  think  he 

merits  the  extravagant  encomiums  bestowed  on 

him  by  some  historians.    He  died  in  814,  in  the 

74th  vear  of  his  ase. 
CHARLES  IL,  surnamed  the  Bald,  succeeded 

to  the  French  crown  in  840,  was  elected  empe- 
ror by  the  pope  and  the  Roman  people,  in  875, 

and  poisoned  in  877. 
CHARLES  III.,  or  Simple,  succeeded  to  the 

throne  of  France  in  893.     He  was  unequal  to 

the  government  of  a  kingdom,  and  at  last  died 

in  prison,  in  929. 

CHARLES  IV.,  the  Fair,  succeeded  to  the 

French  throne  in  1322,  and  died  in  1328. 

CHARLES  v.,   or  Wise,  succeeded  to  the 

throne  of  France  in  1364.  By  his  abilities  and 
courage,  the  English  were  dispossessed  of  nearly 
all  their  provinces  in  Fjance.  He  died  In  1380. 
CHARLES  VI.,  succeeded  to  the  French 
throne  in  1380-  His  inexperience,  and  a  civil 
war,  weakene  '.  the  kingdom,  and  the  defeat  at 
Agincourt,  coi.ipleted  his  misfortunes.  He  died 
in'l422. 

CHARLES  VII.,  sumamed  the  Victorious, 
succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1422.  By  his  great 
vigour  and  activity,  he  drove  the  Enghsh  from 
his  kinsdom.  and  died  in  1461. 

CHARLES  VIIL, called  the  Affable,  ascend- 
ed the  throne  in  14S3.  After  having  conquered 
lialy,  and  being  crowned  king  of  Naples,  and 
emperor  of  Constantinople,  he  was  driven  into 
France,  and  died  in  1498. 

CHARLES  IX.,  ascended  the  throne  in  15G0. 
During  his  reign,  the  fatal  massacre  of  St.  Bar-I{der,  whom  he  affected  to  imitate,  were  not  only 
tholomew  took  place,  which  renders  his  name'iw'ise,  but  wisely  executed:   whereas  Charles, 
odious.    He  died  in  1574.  'knowing  nothing  but  arms,  never  regulated  any 

CHARLIES,  the  Fat,  son  of  Lewis,  thejof  his  movements  by  policy,  according  to  the 
German,  was  elected  king  of  Italy,  and  em-Hexigenciesof  ti:e  conjuncture;  but  suffered  him- 
peror,  in  831.  By  the  intrigues  of  his  prime!|self  to  be  borne  along  by  a  brutal  courage,  which 
minister,  he  was  driven  from  his  throne,  and'loften  led  him  into  difficulties,  and  at  length  oc- 
died  in  888.  I'casioned  his  death.     He  was,  in  siiort,  a  singu 

CHARLES  TV.,  grandson  of  the  emperor!  lar,  rather  than  a  great  man. 


CH 

was  elected  emperor  of  Germany,  in  1518.  He 
resigned  his  crowns  in  1555,  retired  to  a  cloister 
and  died  in  1558. 

CHARLES  VI.  was  proclaimed  ki>ig  of  Spain, 
in  1703,  and  elected  euipeior  of  Germany,  in 
1711.  A  great  pan  of  his  reign  was  spent  in 
war;  he  died  in  1740. 

CHARLES  VII.,  elector  of  Bavaria,  in  1726; 
he  contesttd  the  imperial  throne  with  Maria 
Th.^resa,  ai^d  died  in  1745. 
CHARLES  I.,  king  of  Spam,  was  Charles  V., 
mperor  of  Germany. 

CHARLES  II.,  sou  and  successor  of  Philip 
IV.,  of  Spain,  in  1665,  was  the  last  of  the  eldest 
branch  of  Austrian  princes  who  reigned  in 
Spain.    He  died  in  1700. 

CHARLES  III.,  king  of  Spain,  son  of  Philip 
r.,  was  a  monarch  of  ability  and  virtue;  he 
died  in  1789. 

CHARLES  I.,  king  of  England,  ascended  the 
throne  in  1625.  His  reign  was  turbulent,  and  in 
the  civil  wars  he  was  defeated.  He  was  at  last 
tried  before  a  self-created  court  of  his  subjects, 
and  condemned,  and  executed,  in  1648. 

CHARLES  II.,  king  of  England,  was  in  Hoi 
land  at  tlie  time  of  the  death  of  Charles  I.,  and 
was  restored  to  the  throne  in  1660.  He  wanted 
the  virtues  of  his  father,  and  wrs  hcentious  and 
immoral ;  he  died  in  1685. 

CHARLES  GUSTAVUS  X.  ascended  the 
throne  of  Sweden  in  1654.  He  was  a  prudent 
and  warlike  monarch,  and  died  in  1660. 

CHARLES  XL,  son  and  successor  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  successful  in  war,  and  respected  as 
a  iust  prince  ;  he  died  in  1697. 

CHARLES  XII.,  of  Sweden,  was  born  June 
27,  1682,  and  set  off  in  the  style,  and  with  the 
Ispirit  of  Alexander  tlie  Great.  His  preceptor 
lasking  hmi  wliat  Ire  thought  of  that  hero?  "I 
jthink,"  says  Charles,  "  that  I  should  choose  to 
ibe  hke  him."  "  Aye,  but,"  said  the  tutor,  "  he 
jonly  lived  32  years."  "  Oh,"  answered  the 
prince,  "  tiial  is  long  enough,  when  a  man  has 
conquered  kingdoms."  Impatient  to  reign,  he 
caused  himself  to  be  declared  of  age  at  15;  and, 
at  his  coronation,  he  snatched  the  crown  from 
the  archbishop  of  Upsal,  and  put  it  upon  his 
head  himself,  with  an  air  of  grandeur  that 
struck  the  people.  His  whole  reign  was  one 
continued  scene  of  warfare,  and  concluded  at 
the  siege  of  Frederickshall,  in  Norway,  Decem- 
ber, 1718  ;  where,  as  he  was  visiting  the  Vvorks 
of  his  engineers  by  star-light,  he  was  stnick  upon 
the  head  by  a  ball,  and  killed  upon  the  spot. 
He  might  be  called  tlie  Quixotte  of  the  north, 
carrying  all  the  virtues  of  the  hero  to  an  excess, 
which  made  tliem  as  dangerous  and  pernicious 
as  the  opposite  vices.  His  firmness  was  obsti- 
nacy ;  his  liberality,  profusion  ;  his  courage, 
rashness ;  his  severity,  cruelty  ;  he  was,  in  his 
last  years,  less  a  king  than  a  tyrant,  and  more 
a  soldier  than  a  hero.    The  projects  nf  Alexan- 


Henry  VIL,  ascended  the  imperial  throne 
1347.   He  founded  the  university  of  Prague,  and 
died  in  1378. 

CHARLES  v.,  eldest  son  of  Philip,  of  Aus- 
tria, ascended  the  Spanisk  throne  ia  1516.  and 
118 


CHARLES  L,  king  of  Naples,  and  brother  to 
the  king  of  France,  was  an  able  and  politic 
prince  :  he  died  in  1285. 

CHARLES  II.,  king  of  Naples,  surnamed  the 
Lame,  wnjrfofcd  hiiuself  in  promoting  peacs 


CH 


CH 


and  commerce,  and  the  practice  of  religion 
among  hia  people  ;  he  died  in  1309, 

CHARLES  III.,  king  of  Naples,  grandson  of 
the  preceding,  obtained  the  kingdom  m  IJaO 
and  died  in  i:i86. 

CHARLES  II.,  king  of  Navarre,  surnamed 
the  Bad.  Cruelty  and  artifice  marked  his  con 
duct ;  he  died  in  1387.  „  „     .    ,t    •      , 

CHARLES  MARTEL,sonof  Pepm  HenstjiJ, 
and  duke  of  Austrasia,  conquered  France,  de- 
fea-ed  and  slew  375,000  of  the  Saracens,  and 
died  in  741.  .  ,  , 

CHARLES,  duke  of  Burgundy,  surnamed  the 
Warrior,  was  generally  successtul,  but  at  last 
slain,  in  1477.  ,        .    ,,,„ 

C'lARLES,  count  of  Flanders,  in  1119.  He 
wa«  benevolent  and  virtuous,  but  was  slain  in 
1124.  ,   , 

CHARLES  I.,  duke  of  Lorraine,  claimed  the 
French  crown,  but  was  defeated,  and  died  in  994. 

CHARLES  II.,  duke  of  Lorraine,  a  prudent 
and  warlike  prince,  died  in  1430. 

CHARLES  IV.,  duke  of  Lorraine,  was  fond 
of  military  glory,  but  lost  his  dominions,  and 
died  in  1675. 

CHARLES  v.,  of  Lorraine,  nephew  of  Charles 
IV.,  entered  the  service  of  the  emperor  Leo- 
pold, and  acquired  great  miUtary  renown  ;  he 
died  in  IfiOO. 

CHARLES  ALEXANDER,  of  Lorraine, 
grandson  of  Charles  V.,  was  general  of  the  im- 
perial armies,  and  a  brave  warrior ;  he  died  in 
1780. 

CHARLES  EMANUEL,  duke  of  Savoy, 
surnamed  the  Great,  an  ambitious  prince,  and 
brave  warrior,  died  in  1G30. 

CHARLES  EMANUEL  IL,  son  of  Victor 
Amadeiis  I.,  and  duke  of  Savoy,  in  16:J8.  He 
was  an  amiable  and  benevolent  prince,  and  died 
in  1675. 

CHARLES  EMANUEL  III.,  son  of  Victor 
Amadeus  II.,  duke  of  Savoy,  in  1730,  He  was 
a  good  prince,  and  died  in  1773, 

CHARLES  EDWARD,  grandson  of  James 
II.,  of  England,  knov/n  as  the  Pretender,  landed 
in  Scotland,  in  1745,  and  defeated  the  British 
troops,  but  was  afterwards  defeated,  and  re- 
turned to  France,  where  he  died  in  1788. 

CARLETON,  Walter,  an  English  physician 
of  eminence,  died  in  1707. 

CHAR  LEV  AL,  Charles  Faucon  de  Rey,  lord 
of,  a  French  author  of  genius,  who  died  in  1693. 

CHARIiEVOIX,  Peter  Francis  Xavier  de,  a 
learned  Jesuit,  celebrated  for  his  travels,  died  in 
1761. 

CHARMIS,  a  physician  at  Rome,  under  Nero. 

CHARNACE,  Hercules  Girard,  baron  de, 
sent  ambassador  to  Sweden  by  Richelieu,  died 
in  1637. 

CHARNOCK,  .John,  born  November  28,  ]756, 
entered  a  gentleman-commoner  of  Merton  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1774,  died  in  the  King's  Bench  pri- 
son. May  16,  1807;  leaving  behind  him,  among 
otiierv'orks,  "Biographia  Navalis;"  6  vols.  8vo. 
179---,  &c.;  "  A  History  of  Marine  Architecture," 
3  vols.  4to.,  180-2;  and  a  "  Idfeof  Lord  Nelson," 
1803.  His  father,  who  was  a  man  of  large  for- 
tune, totally  forsook  him  in  his  distress;  but 
buried  him,' with  great  ceremony  and  expense, 
at  Lea,  near  Blackheath,  in  the  same  grave 
which,  within  two  years  after,  received  both  his 
father  and  mother. 

CHARNOCK,  Stephen,  an  eminent  divine 
amonq  tha  presbyterians  and  independents,  whoj 
published  his  \York3  in  2  vols,  folio,  and  died  in; 
|168Q.  t 


CHARNOIS,  N.  Vacheur  de,  the  author  of 
some  popular  romances,  was  barbarously  mur- 
dered at  Paris,  in  1792. 

CHARONDA6,  a  legislator,  born  in  Sicily, 
flourished  about  400  B.  C. 

CH  ARPENTIER,  Francis,  dean  of  the  French 
academy,  a  man  of  learning  and  abilities,  died 
in  1702. 

CHARRIER,  Mark  Anthony,  a  French  law- 
yer, and  member  of  the  states  general,  in  1789, 
who  boldly  denounced  all  innovations.  He  was 
condemned  to  death,  in  1794. 

CH  ARRON,  Peter,  bom  at  Paris,  in  1541,  died 
in  1603.  He  wrote  a  book  called  "  Les  Trois 
Verites,"  The  Three  Truths,  which  he  pub- 
lished in  1594.  These  three  truths  are  the  fol- 
lowing: 1.  That  there  is  a  God  and  a  true  reli- 
gion ;  2.  That  of  all  religions  the  Christian  is 
the  only  true  one  ;  3.  That  of  all  the  Christian 
communions,  the  Roman  Catliolic  is  the  only 
true  church.  His  celebrity,  however,  was  es- 
tablished by  his  "Books  of  Wisdom,"  which 
have  been  twice  translated  into  English. 

CHARTIER,  Alan,  secretary  to  Charles  VI. 
and  VH.,  of  France,  acquired  great  celebrity  as 
a  writer,  and  died  in  1449, 

CHARTIER,  Rene,  a  physician  to  the  French 
king,  and  editor  of  the  works  of  Hippocrates  and 
Galen,  in  the  17th  century, 

CHASSENEUX,  Bartholomew  de,  president 
of  the  parliament  of  Provence,  who  boldly  op- 
posed the  prosecution  of  the  Vaudois,  He  was 
poisoned  in  1541. 

CHASTEL,  John,  the  son  of  a  woollen-dra- 
per at  Paris,  who  attempted  to  kill  Henry  IV., 
of  France,  December  27,  1594,  This  prince, 
having  taken  a  jounieyto  the  borders  of  Artois, 
had  returned  to  Paris  that  very  day.  He  was 
in  the  chamber  of  his  mistress,  Gabriella  d'Es- 
tree,  who  lived  then  at  the  hotel  de  Bouchage; 
and  as  he  was  going  to  embiace  Montigni,  he 
was  struck  in  his  under  lip  with  a  knife,  which 
broke  a  tooth  in  his  mouth  .Tohn  Chastel,  who 
gave  him  that  blow,  and  designed  to  cut  his 
throat,  was  then  but  18  or  19  years  old.  He  had 
no  sooner  given  it,  than  he  dropped  his  knife, 
and  hid  himself  in  the  crowd.  Every  body  stood 
amazed,  being  at  a  loss  to  know  who  the  villain 
was ;  and  he  was  likely  to  escape ;  but  some- 
body happened  to  cast  an  eye  upon  him,  and  he 
was  taken  at  a  venture ;  the  wildness  of  his 
look,  aa  it  is  said,  betraying  him.  He  was  sen- 
tenced to  death  by  a  decree  of  the  parliament, 
December  29,  1594,  and  suffered  the  same  day 
by  the  light  of  flambeaux.  Being  drawn  on  a 
sledge  to  la  Place  de  Greve,  (a  place  of  execu- 
tion like  Tyburn,  in  England,)  he  there  had  the 
flesh  of  ills  arms  and  tliighs  torn  off  with  red- 
hot  pincers ;  and  his  right  hand,  in  which  he 
held  the  knife  wherewith  he  endeavoured  to 
commit  the  murder,  cut  off;  afterwards  hi3 
bofly  was  drawn  and  quartered  by  four  horses 
pulling  several  ways,  and  his  members  and 
corpse  thrown  into  the  fire,  and  burnt  to  ashesr, 
and  the  ashes  thrown  up  into  the  air, 

CHASTELAFN,  Claude,  a  French  ecclesia*- 
tic  and  author,  died  in  1712, 

CHASTELLUX,  Francis  John,  marquis  de, 
field  marshal  of  France,  served  in  America,  in 
the  war  of  the  revolution,  was  known  as  an  au- 
thor, and  died  in  1788. 

CHAT  DE  RASTIGNAC,  Raymond  de,  a 
brave  French  officer,  killed  in  1696, 

CHAT  DE  RASTIGNAC,  Lewis  James  de, 
of  the  same  family,  was  bishop  of  Tours ;  he 
died  in  1750. 

119 


^ CH CH 

CHATEAUBRIAND,  Frances  de  Foix,  wife  born  in  London,  in  1328.    He  was  educated  at 
of  the  count  of  that  name,  and  mistress  of  Fran-|  Cambridge,  where  be  resided  in  his  18th  year, 


eisl. ;  she  died  in  1537, 

CHATEAU  BRUN,  John  Baptist  Vivien  de, 
of  Angonleme.  eminent  as  a  dramatic  writer, 
died  in  1775. 

CHATEAURENARD,  Francis  Lewis  Rous- 
selet,  count  de,  an  admiral  of  France,  distin- 
guished tor  his  courage,  died  in  1716. 

CH.\I'EL,  Tannegny  de,  a  French  general, 
was  intrusted  with  important  embassies,  and 
died  in  1449. 

CHATEL,  Peter  du,  or  CASTELLANUS, 
educated  at  Dijon,  was  a  learned  Grecian  scho- 
lar ;  he  died  in  15o2. 

CHATEL,  Francis  du,  a  Dutch  painter,  of 
the  17th  contury. 

CHATELARD,  N.  du,  a  French  gentleman, 
passionately  fond  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots. 

CHATELET,  Paul  du  Hay,  lord  de,  a  man 
of  integrity,  and  an  author,  died  in  1636. 

CH.\TELET,  Gabrielle  Emiiie,  marchioness 
de,  a  most  illustrioas  French  writer  on  philo- 
sophical subjects,  in  which  she  is  said  to  have 
rivalled  Leibnitz  and  xVewton.  She  wrote  "  In- 
stitutes of  Physics,"  a  work  considered  as  a 
masterpiece  of"  eloquence  and  reasoning,  being 
a  commentary  on  Leibnitz's  philosophy.  This 
learned  lady  was  born  in  Picardy,  in  1706,  and 
died  in  1749. 

CHATTERTON,  Thomas,  a  most  astonish- 
ing genius,  born  at  Bristol,  November  20,  1752, 
and  educated  at  a  charity-school  on  St.  Augus- 
tin's  Back,  where  nothing  more  was  taught  than 
reading,  writing,  and  accounts.  At  14  years  of 
age,  he  was  articled  clerk  to  an  attorney  at 
Bristol,  with  whom  he  continued  about  three 
years ;  and,  though  his  education  was  thus 
confened,  he  discovered  an  early  turn  toward 
poetry  and  English  antiquities,  and  particular- 
ly toward  heraldry.  In  April,  1770,  he  lefc 
Bristol,  disgusted  with  his  profession,  and  irre- 
coacileable  to  the  line  of  life  in  which  he  was 
placed;  and  going  to  London,  in  hopes  of  ad- 
vancing his  fortune  by  his  pen,  he  sank  at  once 
from  the  sublimity  of  his  views  to  an  absolute 
dependence  on  the  patronage  of  booksellers. 
He  continued  to  write  incessantly  in  various 
periodical  publications ;  but  all  these  exertions 
of  his  genius  brought  in  so  little  prolit,  that  he 
was  soon  reduced  to  the  extiemest  indigence ; 
so  that,  at  last,  oppressed  with  poverty  and  dis- 
ease, in  a  fit  of  despair,  he  put  a  period  to  his 
existence,  August,  1770.  with  a  dose  of  poison. 
In  1777,  were  published,  in  one  vol.  8vo.,  "  Poems 
supposed  to  have  been  written  at  Bristol,  by 
Thomas  Rowley  and  others,  in  the  loth  centu- 
ry: the  greatest  pare  now  first  published  from 
the  most  authentic  copies,  with  an  engraved 
specimen  of  one  of  the  MSS.  To  v.'hich  are 
added,  a  preface,  an  introductory  account  of 
the  several  pieces,  and  a  glossary."  And,Jn 
1778.  were  published,  in  one  vol.  8vo.,  "  Miscel- 
lanies in  Prose  and  Verse,  by  Thomas  Chatter- 
ion,  the  supposed  author  of  the  Poems  published 
under  the  names  of  Rowley,  Sec.''  Concerning 
the  authenticity  of  the  poems  under  the  name 
of  Rowley,  (that  is,  whether  they  were  really 
written  by  a  person  of  that  name,  or  were  onlyj 
what  they  are  now  generally  supposed  to  be, 
the  forgeries  of  Chalterton,)  there  long  existed 
a  mighty  controversy  ;  and  the  war  among  the 
critics  has  even  now  scarcely  subsided.  An 
edition  of  Chatterton's  Poems  was  published  byi 
Mr    'outhev,  3  vols.  8vo.,  1803.  i 


when  he  wrote  "  the  Court  of  Love,"  and  some 
other  pieces.  His  distinguished  accomphsh- 
ments,  both  of  body  and  mind,  gained  him  the 
friendship  of  many  persons  of  distinction,  by 
whom  he  was  drawn  to  court ;  and,  in  1368,  he 
was  made  gentleman  of  the  king's  privy  cham- 
ber. In  1382,  naving  given  offence  to  the  clergy, 
by  adopting  many  of  Wickhffe's  tenets,  he  was 
obliged  to  quit  the  kingdom ;  and  in  Hainault, 
France,  and  Zealand,  he  wrote  most  of  his 
books.  His  necessities  forcing  him  to  return  to 
England,  he  was  discovered,  seized,  and  sent  to 
prison.  But,  upon  discovering  all  he  knew  of 
the  late  transactions  in  the  city,  he  was  dis- 
charged. This  confession  brought  upon  him  a 
heavy  load  of  calumny.  To  give  vent  to  his 
sorrow  at  this  time,  he  wrote  his  "  Testament 
of  Lo\'e,"  in  imitation  of"  Boethius  de  Conso- 
latione  Philosophise,"  and  not  long  after,  his 
admirable  "  Treatise  on  the  Astrolabe."  He 
died  October  25,  1400,  and  was  buried  at  West- 
minster Abbey,  in  the  great  south  cross  aisle. 
His  "  Canterbury  Tales,"  tlie  most  cojisiderable 
of  his  works,  have  been  incomparably  well  pub^ 
lished  bv  Mr.  Tyi  whitt. 

CHAUMETTE,  Peter  Gaspard;  after  guiding, 
with  Hebert,  the  sanguinary  multitude  of  Paris, 
he  was  guillotined  by  Robespierre,  in  1794. 

CHAUMONT,  Joseph,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  mis- 
sionary among  the  Indians  in  North  America. 

CHAUNCEY,  Charles,  a  non-coni^rmist  di 
vine,  emigrated  to  America,  becan)e  president 
of  Harvard  College,  and  died  in  le'/l. 

CHAUNCEY,  Charles,  D.  D.,  descendant  of 
the  preceding,  minister  of  the  first  clmrch  in. 
Boston,  eminent  for  his  learning,  and  author  of 
numerous  publications,  died  in  1787. 

CilAUNCEY,  Ichabod,  a  non-conformist 
ejectf d  from  his  living,  died  in  1691. 

CfL^UNCEY,  Maurice,  a  catiiolic,  confessor 
to  queen  Marv,  and  a  historian,  died  in  1581. 

CHAUNCEY,  Charles,  L.  L.  D.,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  was  secretary  of  state,  and  afterwards 
a  judge  of  the  superior  court  in  the  state  of 
Connecticut ;  lie  died  in  1822. 

CHAUNCY,SirHenry,an  eminent  antiquary, 
author  of  "  The  Antiquities  of  Hertfordshire," 
folio.  This  work,  which  is  much  esteemed,  and 
now  become  very  scarce,  was  published  in  1700, 
in  which  year  also  its  author  died. 

CIIAUSSE,  Michael  Angelo  de  la,  a  learned 
antiquary,  of  Paris,  and  an  author  of  the  17ch 
century. 

CHAUVEAU,  Francis,  a  celebrated  painter 
and  engraver,  of  Paris,  who  died  in  1676 

CHAUVE.AU,  Rene,  son  of  the  preceding, 
distinguished  as  a  sculptor,  died  in  1722 

CHAUVIN,  Stephen,  a  French  protestant  di- 
vine^bom  1640,  died  1725  His  prii'.cipal  litera- 
ry productions  were,  "  A  Lexicon  Philosophi- 
cum."  and  a  new  "  Jounial  des  Savans." 

CHAZELLES,  John  Matthew,  a  celebrated 
French  mathematician,  who  died  in  1710. 

CHECCLEY,  Samuel,  minister  in  Bos«^on, 
was  a  plain  and  evangelical  preacher ;  he  died  ia 
17.'39. 

CHEEVER,  Samuel,  first  minister  of  Mar- 
bleliead;  died  in  1*^4.  He  had  preached  50 
years. 

CHEEVER,  Ezekiel,  an  eminent  instructer, 
at  New-Haven,  Ipswich,  and  Charlestown  ;  also 
a  poet  ;  he  died  in  1708. 

CHPKE,  Sir  Jr^bn,  preceptor  to  Edward  VI. 
and  a  critical  writer  on  Gfreek  litw^ture,  bom 


CHAUCER,  Geoffrey,  one  of  the  greatest,  as 
well  as  most  ancient  of  the  English  poets,  wasjat  Cambridge  1514,  diedlKT. 
120 


Ctl        

I      CIIEFONTAINESrClni«ioplie!de,a  Fronch 

t  man,  made  arclibishop  of  Ccesaiia  by  Gregory 

XIII.,  a  learned  man,  died  in  1595. 

CHEiiONiS,  daughter  of  Leonidas,  king  of 
Sparta. 

CHE3HN,  Catharine  du,  a  French  lady,  ce 
lebi-ated  for  paiiilin;?  flowers  ;  she  died  in  1698 

CHEMIi\  AIS,  Tiinoleon,  a  celebrated  preach- 
er anions  the  French  Jesuits,  died  in  l(i90. 

CHEMNITZ,  Martin,  a  Lutheran  divine,born 
at  Brirzen,  in  Brandenburgh,  in  lo22.  His  "  Ex 
amination  of  the  council  of  Trent"  has  been 
con.*idered  a  very  masterly  performance. 

CHEMNITZ,  Boreslaus    Philip,  a  German 
counsellor  of  state  to  the  queen  of  Sweden,  and 
j  an  author.     He  died  in  lt)78. 
;     CHERILUS,  a  Greek  poet,  intimate  with  Ile- 
,  rodoius. 

•  C HERON,  Elizabeth  Sophia,  daughter  of  a 
French  paiiUer,  wlio  obtained  celebrity  by  her 
pencil,  and  died  in  1711. 

(.^HEIION,  Lewis,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
and  of  the  same  profession,  died  in  1713. 

CHERUBIN,  Father,  a  capuchin  friar  of  the 
[17th  century,  was  a  mathematiciaa  and  philoso- 
pher. 

CHESELDEN,  William,  an  eminent  English 
surgeon  and  anatomist,  born  atSomerby,  in  Lei- 
cestershire, lb38.  So  early  as  the  age  of  2-2,  he- 
read  lectures  in  anatomy  :  of  whicii  the  "  Syl- 
labus" was  first  printed  in  1711,  and  alterwards 
{aniiexed-to  his  "  Anatomy  of  the  Human  Body," 
printed  first  in  1713,  8vo.  Rut  wiiat  he  more 
iparticularly  attended  to,  was  the  operation  of 
cutting  for  the  stone.  In  17-22,  he  gained  great 
reputation  in  this  way ;  and  the  year  after,"pub- 
lishod  his  "Treatise  on  the  High  Operaiion  for 
the  Stone."  In  1728,  he  immortalizeti  himself 
by  giving  sight  to  a  lad  near  14  years  old,  who 
had  been  totally  blind  from  his  birch,  by  the  clo- 
jfinre  of  the  icis,  without  the  least  opening  for 
light  in  the  pupil ;  and  drew  up  a  particular  ac- 
count of  the  wiioio  procef^^,  with  the  various  ob- 
scrvanons  made  by  tiie  patient  after  he  had  re- 
covered his  sight.     He  died  April  10,  17.v2. 

CHI'^.SNE,  jfoseph  du,  a  French  physician  and 
writer  on  chymistry,  died  1609.  Besides  his  pro- 
fessional works,  he  was  author  of  two  books  in 
verse  called  "  The  Follv  of  the  World,"  and 
"  The  Great  Mir.'or  of  the  World." 

CIIF^NE,  Andre  du,  called  the  father  of 
Frencli  history,  was  born  iuTouraine,  lo84,a!id 
crushed  to  death  by  a  cart,  as  lie  was  passing 
from  Paris  to  his  country  house,  in  1640.  His 
principal  work  was,  "  Un  Recueildes  Hisioriens 
de  France." 

CHESTER,  John,  an  officer  in  the  American 
army,  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Bunker's  hill,  and  afterwards  attained  the  rank 
of  colonel ;  he  died  in  1809. 

CHESTERFIELD,  Philip,earl  of,  see  STAN- 
HOPE. 

CHETWODE,  Knightley,  dean  of  Gloucester, 
author  of  a  "  Life  of  jonl  Roscommon,"  and  of 
several  poems,  died  1720. 

CHETWOOD,  WiHiam  Rufus,  many  years 
prompter  to  Drury-Iane  Theatre,  author  of  some 
novels,  a  few  dramatic  piec^-s,  and  a  duodecimo 
volume  called,"  \  General  History  of  the  Stage." 
He  died  in  March,  1766. 

CHEVALIER,  Anthony  Rodolph  le,  a  French 
protcstant,  who  taught  the  French  language  to 
qnoen  Flizab'^th  ;  he  d'ed  in  1572. 
j     CFIEVALIER,   Lewis,  an  eminent  French 
I  lawyer,  and  a  ve*v  pious  man,  died  in  1744. 

CriEVERT,  Francis  de,  a  Fren(*  general  of 


great  bravery,  who  died  in  1769. 


CHEVILLIEK,  Antutw,  wab  lib:a)i;iii  iu  the 
Sorbonne,  and  aa  auihiu- ;  he  tiied  ui  ilM. 

CHEVREAU,  I'rbau,  born  at  Loudun,  in 
France,  1013,  died  1701.  He  wrote  "  A  History 
of  the  World,"  which  has  been  printed  many 
.times,  and  translated  into  several  ianguag(;s. 

CHEW,  Benjamin,  a  native  of  Maryland,  was 
chief  Judge  of  the  supreme  court  ot  Pemisylva- 
Inia,  and  afterwards  president  of  the  high  court 
of  appeals  in  that  state  ;  he  died  in  1810. 

CliEYNE,  George,  a  celebrated  physician, 
born  of  a  respectable  family,  in  Scotland,  Itt71, 
and  educated  at  Edinburgh,  under  Dr.  Pitcairn. 
He  passed  his  youth  in  close  study  and  great  ab- 
stemiousness;  but  coming  to  London  when  a- 
boutSO,  and  finding  the  bottle  companions,  the 
younger  gentry  and  free-livers,  to  be  the  most 
easy  of  access,  and  most  susceptible  of  friend- 
ship, he  changed  his  course  with  a  view  to  force 
a  trade,  till  he  at  length  grew  excessively  fat, 
short-breathed,  lethargic,  and  listless,  and  swell- 
ed to  such  an  enormous  size,  that  lie  exceeded 
32  stone  in  weight.  H  .ving  tried  all  the  power 
of  medicine  in  vain,  he  resolved  at  last  to  use  a 
milk  and  vegetable  diet,  which  removed  his 
complaints.  His  size  was  reduced  to  almost 
one  third  ;  he  recovered  iiis  strength,  activity, 
and  cheerfulness,  vviih  the  free  and  perfect  use 
of  his  faculties,  and  i>y  a  regular  observance  of 
this  regimen  reached  a  mature  period  ;  for  he 
died  at  Bath,  in  his  72d  year.  He  wrote  among 
other  things,  "  .An  Essay  on  Health  and  Loivg 
Life  ;"  "  Aji  Essay  on  tiie  true  Nature  and  due 
Method  of  treating  the  Gout ;"  "  A  new  Theory 
of  acute  and  slow  continued  Fevers ;"  "  Philo- 
sophical Principles  of  Religion,  Natural  and  Re- 
vealed, iu  two  parts  ;"  "  The  Eni;lisli  Ma;ady  ; 
or  a  Treaiise  of  Nervous  Diseases  of  all  kinds, 
in  three  pa:!?." 

CHE  YNEL,  Francis,  a  non-conformist  physi- 
cian and  controversial  writer  ;  he  wrote  chiefly 
against  Chilhnirworth:  he  was  born  at  Oxford, 
ItiOr,  and  died  1605. 

CHlAH?vERA,Gabrie!10(an  Italian  poet  of 
jnote,  diedin  1(!38. 

CHIARI,  Joseph,  a  historical painter.of  Rome, 
died  in  1727. 

CHIAV'TSTELLI,  Jacob,  a  perspective  pain- 
ter, of  Florence,  died  in  1<>98. 

CmCHELY,  or  CHICHLEY,  Henry,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  was  born  at  Highatn  Fer- 
rers, in  Noriha.mptonshire  ;  he  founded  and  en- 
dowed All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  and  died 
April  12,  1443. 

CHICHERLY,  Sir  Henry,  lieutenant  governor 
of  the  colony  of  Virginia ;  repeatedly,  in  the 
absence  of  the  governor,  at  the  head  of  the  go- 
vernment, which  he  administered  with  fidelitj-. 

CHICOY-NEAU,  Francis,  physician  to  the 
French  king,  contended  that  the  plague  w  as  not 
contagious ;  lie  died  in  1752. 

CHICOYNEAU,  Francis,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, profes<?or  and  chancellor  of  the  university 
of  Montpelier,  died  iu  1740. 

CHTFFLET,  John  James,  a  Frenchman,  phy- 
sician to  Philip  IV.  of  Spain. 

CHILD,  Sir  Josiah,  author  of  a  well-written 
"  Essay  on  Trade,"  was  born  1630,  and  died 
1699,  leaving  a  son  who  was,  in  1718,  created 
viscoiuit  Ca!?telmaine,  and  in  1731  earl  Tylney* 
The  title  of  Tvlnev  is  now  extinct. 

CHILDT:BI;RT  I.,  king  of  France,  in  511,  de- 
feated the  king  of  Burgundy,  and  died  at  Paris, 
in  558. 

CHILDEBERT  XL,  aon  of  Sigebert  and 
Brunehaut,  succeeded  his  father  in  'he  kingdom 
of  Austrasia,  in  575,  and  died  in  596. 


II 


m 


ClI 

CHILDEEERT  IIJ.,  broilier  of  CJovis  III., 
surnamed  the  Just,  died  in  Jll. 

CHILDERIC  I.,  king  cl'  France,  in  456,  was 
banished  for  his  ill  coaducl,  afterwards  recalled, 
improved  his  kingdom,  and  dieil  in  481. 

CHILDERIC  U.,  son  of  Ciovis  and  Cathilda, 
succeeded  his  brotlier  Clntaire  III.,  in  GTO,  was] 
licentious  and  cruel,  and  was  assassinated  in 
673. 

CHLLDERIC  III.,  surnamed  the  Ideot  and 
the  Idle,  was  raised  to  the  throne  by  his  minister 
Pepin,  in  742,  who  ue.xt  ascended  it  himself. 

CHILLINGWORTH,  VVilham,  a  divine  of 
the  church  of  Eu'^laud,  celebrated  for  his  skill 
in  defending  the  cause  of  protestants  against  pa- 
pists, born  at  Oxilird,  1602,  died  1844.  His  most 
important  work  is,  "  A  free  Inquiry  into  Reli- 
gion." 

CHILMEAD,  Edmund,  was  ejected  from  his 
living,  and  died  in  1654. 

CHILO,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece, 
died  597  B.  C 

CHILPERiC  I.,  youngest  son  of  Clotaire  I., 
succeeded  to  the  kingdom  of  Soissons,in  501, was 
a  wicked  and  cruei  monarch,  and  was  assassin- 
ated in  584. 

CHILPERIC  U.,  sonof  Childerlc  II,  succeed- 
ed Dagobert  III,  in  715.  He  lost  his  throne, 
and  died  in  720. 

CHINE  NOUNG,  emperor  of  China,  about| 
2837  B.  C,  instructed  his  subjects  in  various 
arts. 

CHING,  or  XI-HOAM-TI,  emperor  of  China 
about  240  B.  C  ,  is  said  to  have  built  the  great 
Chinese  wall. 

CHIRAC,  Peter,  p'lysician  to  the  French 
king,  was  an  author,  arid  died  in  1732. 

CHISHULL,  Edmund,  educated  at  Oxford, 
was  the  author  of  travels  in  Turkey,  and  died 
in  1733. 

CHITTENDEN,  Thomas,  first  governor  of 
Vermont;  a  native  of  Connecticut:  an  illiterate 
man,  but  possessed  gveat  talents,  and  of  great 
private  virtue.    He  died  in  1797. 

CHOIN,  Ma"^'  Emily  Joly  de,  a  lady  of  a  no 
ble  family  of  Savoy,  wa.s  privately  married  to 
tlie  dauphin  of  Fraacc,  and  filed  in  1744. 

CHOISEUL,Stephcn  Francis  due  de.a  French 
politician  of  great  abilities, and  a  generous  patron 
of  the  arts :  he  died  in  178.5. 

CH013I.  Francis  Thuoleon  de,  dean  of  Ba- 
yeux,  and  ambassador  to  the  king  of  Siam  ;  he 
died  in  1724. 

CHOMEL,  Peter  John  Baptist,  physician  to 
the  French  king,  and  an  author,  died  in  1740. 

CHOPIN,  Ren6,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  of 
Anjou,  died  in  lOO'*. 

CHORIER,  Nicliolas,  advocnte  in  the  par- 
liament of  Grenoble,  and  an  author,  died  in  liJ92. 

CH03R0ES.  I.,  the  Great,  king  of  Persia. 
in  531,  was  defeated  by  the  Fvomans,  and  died 
of  vexation,  in 579. 

CHOSROES  II.,  succeeded  to  the  Per.slan 
throiie  in  590.  By  the  aid  of  the  Romans,  he 
conquered  Egvpt,  Africa,  and  Judsp;  he  died 
in  627. 

CHOUET,  John  Robert,  a  native  of  Geneva. 
and  professor  of  philosophy  ^t  Saumur,  of  dis- 
tincuished  talents,  died  in  17:51. 

CHOUL,  Wiiham  di,  a  French  antiquary, 
of  Lyons,  published  a  •  aluaMe  work,  in  i556. 

CliRISTfE.  Hugh,  master  of  the  eramna.- 
BChoo!  at  Montrose,  in  Scotland,  wrote  a.  '  liann 
Grammar,"  and  an  "  Introduction  to  the  mak- 
ing of  Latin,"  both  of  which  arc  mucb  esteemed, 
and  died  in  1774,  ' 

122 


' CH '         I 

CHRISTIERN  I.,  king  of  Denmark,  succeed- 
ed Christopher  of  Bavaria,  in  1448,  He  was  a 
popular  monarch,  and  died  in  1481. 

CHRISTIERN  H.,  surnamed  the  Cruel,  as- 
cended the  Danish  throne  in  1513,  aud  was  elect- 
ed king  of  S-Vveden,  in  1520.  He  was  expelled 
from  the  throne,  and  died  in  prison,  in  1559 

CHRISTIERN  HI.,  successor  of  Frederic  L, 
in  1534  ;  he  embraced  the  opinions  of  Luther, 
and  died  in  1559. 

CHRISTIERN  IV.,   ascended  the   Danish 
throne  iu  1583.    He  was  an  able  and  benevolent  i 
monarch,  and  died  in  1G48.  i 

CHRISTIERN  V.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in 
1670 ;  he  was  a  warlike  prince,  and  died  in  1C99. 

CHRIST1N.\,  queen  of  Sv.-eden,  a!id  daugh-  ; 
ter  of  Gustavus  Ado'plius  the  Great,  horn  Dec.  i 
8,  1626.  She  succeeded  him  in  the  government 
of  the  kingdom,  in  1633,  and  ruled  it  with  great 
wisdom  and  prudence,  till  1654,  when  she  re- 
signed it  iu  favour  of  her  cousin,  Charles  Gus- 
tavus. She  then  changed  her  religion  for  that 
of  the  Romish  church,  and  retired  to  Rome ; 
yet  upon  the  death  of  Charles  Gustavus,  which 
happened  in  1660,  she  returned  to  Sweden,  with 
an  intent  to  resume  the  govcrament.  But  this 
could  not  be  admitted,  be^cause.  by  the  laws  aud 
constitution  of  the  land,  Roman  Catholics  are 
excluded  from  the  crown.  She  died  at  Rome, 
m  1689  She  was  a  woman  of  uncummou  parts, 
and  as  uncommon  learning  ;  for  siiu  und'Jisiood 
several  languages,  and  was  a  perfect  -luistre^ss 
in  the  belles  lettres. 

CHRISTOPHERSON,  John,  an  English  pre- 
late, and  master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
in  queen  Mary's  reign. 

CIIRYSIPPL'S,  a  celebrated  stoic  philosopher, 
born  at  Soli,  a  city  of  Cilicia,  wrote  a  great  ma- 
ny books,  above  700,  as  we  are  told,  several  of 
wiiich  belonged  to  logic.  He  dird  in  the  143d 
Olympiad;  and  had  a  monument  erected  to  him 
among  those  of  tlio  illustrious  Athenians. 

CHRYSOLORAS,  Emanuel,  aiearntd  Greek, 
ambassador  to  England,  from  John  Pal&ologus, 
died  in  1415. 

CHRYSOSTOM,  John,  so  called  from  his 
eloquence,  was  born  at  Antioch,  of  a  noble  fa- 
mily, aboui  354,  consecrated  bishop  of  Constan- 
tinople, in  398,  and  died  407.  The  works  of  ;his 
fathc  are  verv  voluminous. 

CHUBB,  Thomas,  born  at  East  Harnham, 
near  Salisbury,  W'ihs,  1679.  lie  was  bred  a 
glover,  but  became  tolerably  versed  in  mathe- 
matics, geography,  and  many  other  branches  of 
science.  But  divinity  above  all  was  his  favour- 
ite study  ;  and  it  is  said,  that  a  little  society  was 
Tormed  at  Salisbury,  under  the  managemeiit  and 
direction  of  Chubb,  for  the  purpose  of  debating 
upon  religious  subjects.  Here  the  Scriptures 
are  reported  to  have  been  read  under  the  guid- 
ance of  some  commentator;  and  every  man  de- 
livered his  sentiments  upon  all  poiiits  freely,  and 
without  reserve  About  this  tiine,  the  contro- 
versy upon  the  Trinity,  was  carried  on  very 
warmly  between  Clark<^  and  Waterland  ;  and, 
falling  under  the  cognizance  of  this  theological 
assembly,  Chubb,  at  the  request  of  the  mem- 
bens,  drew  up  and  arranged  his  sentiments  about 
it,  in  a  kind  of  dissertation  ;  which,  after  it  had 
■judergone  some  correction,  appeared  to  the 
world  under  the  title  of  "  The  Supremacy  of 
•  ne  Father  asserted,  &c.,"  and  gained  him  great 
celebrity.  He  died  at  Salisbiir,',  in  his  r.8th 
vear,  leaving  behind  him  2  vols,  of  posthumous 
works,  which  he  calls  "  A  Farewell  to  his  Read- 
er;"  from  which  ire  may  fairlv  form  this  judg- 


inent  of  his  opiaioits  :  "  that  he  i)ad  little  or  no 
belief  of  revolaiiou  ;  indeed  he  plainly  rejects 
the  Jewish  revt-lation,  and  consequently  tlie 
Christian  which  is  founded  upon  it ;  that  ho  dis 
claims  a  future  judgment,  and  is  verj'  uncertain 
as  ^^  any  future  state  of  existence  ;  that  a  par 
licular  Trovidencc  is  not  deducible  from  the 
plioDuomena  of  the  world,  an<l,  therefore,  that 
jjiayor  cannot  be  proved  a  duty,"  <fcc.  &c. 

CilUDLElGH,  Lady  JNlaiy,  a  poet  and  mis 
cellaneous  writer,  born  at  Winsloder,  in  Devon- 
shire, in  ]ti5t;,  liitd  1710. 

CHURCH,  Henjamiu,  distinguished  by  hisex 
ploits  in  ihe  ln<lian  wars,  in  ]\ew  Enjiland.  Ho 
connnanded  the  pariy  that  killed  the  famous 
Philip,  and  died  in  ITiS. 

CHURCHILL,  Sir  Winston,  known  as  the  fa- 
ther of  tiie  jrreatdukeof  Marlborousli,  died  l(i88. 
CHURCHILL,  John,  duke  of  Marlborough, 
and  Prince  of  tlie  Holy  Roman  Empire,  was  el- 
dest son  of  Sir  Winston  Churchill,  and  born  at 
Ashe,  in  Devonshire,  on  midsummer-day,  in 
1630.  As  a  commander-in-chief  of  the  British 
army,  he  stands  unrivalled  ;  but  the  limited  na- 
ture of  onr  work,  will  not  allow  us  to  relate  all 
the  military  acts  in  which  he  was  engaged  :  it 
is  sufficient  to  say,  that,  numerous  as  tiiey  were, 
they  were  all  successful.  He  died  June  10,  1722, 
at  Windsor  Lodge,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey. 

CHURCHILL,  Charles,  an  English  poet,  and 
celebrated  satirist,  born  in  London,  in  1731,  and 
bred  to  the  church.  His  first  poem  was  "  The 
Rosciad  ;"  which  by  the  justness  of  its  remarks, 
and  pariicularly  by  the  severity  of  its  satiie, 
greatly  excited  the  public  curiosity.  His  next 
performance  was  "  An  Apology  to  the  Critical 
Reviewers  ;"  a  performance  much  applauded 
also,  and  equally  satirical  with  the  former.  But 
what  fame  he  got  by  these  productions,  which 
was  indeed  very  great  and  deserved,  he  lost  by 
his  morals  ;  and  while  his  writings  amused  the 
town,  his  actions  disgusted  it.  Drunk  with  suc- 
cess, he  now  quitted  his  wife,  and,  resigning  his 
gown,  with  all  clerical  functions,  connnenced  a 
man  of  the  town,  and  indulged  in  all  the  gaye- 
tjes,  and  even  vices  of  it  His  next  poem  was 
entitled  "  Night;"  and  after  that.he  published 
"  The  Ghost."     Dr.  Johnson,  the  author  of  the 

i  "  Ranrhler,"  had,  it  seems,  spoken  lightly  of 
Churchill's  productions:  in  this  poem,  he  has 
described  Johnson  under  the  character  of  Pom- 
poso,  and  the  description  is  allowed  to  have  me- 

||rit.    The  poems,  "  Night,"  and  "  The  Ghost," 

i  had  not  the  rapid  sale  expected  by  the  author ; 

I  but,  "  The  Prophecy  of  Famine,"  which  suc- 

|!  ceodcd,  produced  him  asain  in  all  his  lustre.   He 

I  afterv.'ards  published  his  "  Epistle  to  Hogarth," 
"  Gotham,"  "  Independence,"  "  The  Times," 

[  &c.,  and  died  at  Boulogne,  Nov.  5.  1704. 

CHURCHMAN,  John,  a  quaker  of  Mary- 
land, distinguished   for    his  philosophical  re- 

I  searches,  died  in  1805.    . 

'  CHURCHYARD,  Thomas,  an  English  poet, 
principally  known  by  "  The  Worthiness  of 
Wales,"  a  book,  in  its  time,  greatly  esteemed, 
and  reprinted  in  177G.     He  died  about  1570. 

CHYTR/dUS,  David,  divinity  professor,  at 
Boslock.  died  in  IGOO. 

CTACO.N'IUS,  Alphonsus,  of  Baeca,  in  An- 
dalusia, stvled  patriarch  of  Alexandria,  died  at 
Rome,  in  1599. 
ClACONIUS,  Peter,  a  critic  of  Toledo,  who 

I  died  at  Romr;  in  1581. 

CIAMPELLT,  Augustine,  of  Florence,  an 
eminent  historical  painter,  died  in  IGiO. 


CJ 

CIAMPINI,  John  Justin,  a  learned  Italian  au- 
thor, died  in  1698. 

CIBBER,  Colley,  poet  laureat  to  George  II., 
>:oniedian,  and  dramatic  wrii(;r,  born  in  London, 
Nov.  6,  ](J71.  "  The  Careless  Husband,"  is 
reckoned  his  best  play,  and  was  acted  in  1704, 
with  great  and  deserved  success.  But  of  all 
liis  plays,  none  was  of  n:oie  importance  to  him- 
Liclf,  Tlian  his  comedy  called  "  The  Nonjuror," 
which  was  acted  in  1717,  and  dedicated  to  the 
king;  for.whcji  he  presented  it  to  him,  that 
monarch  ordered  him  200Z. ;  and  the  merit  of  it, 
as  he  himself  confesses,  made  him  poet  laureat 
in  1730.  The  same  year  he  quitted  the  stage, 
though  he  did  not  die  till  Dec.  1757.  He  did  not 
succeed  in  writing  tragedy,  any  more  than  he 
did  in  acting  it ;  nor  in  liis  laure.aio  capacity; 
his  odes  not  partaking  of  that  genius  and  spirit, 
which  he  has  shown  in  his  comedies. 

CIBBER,  Theophilus,  a  comedian,  and  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  boiu  in  1703.  After  lead- 
ing a  life  of  unbounded  extravagance,  he  was, 
in  the  winter  of  1757,  engaged  by  Mr.  Sheridan 
to  go  over  to  Dublin,  and  perished  by  shipwreck 
n  his  passage.  His  name  appears  to  "  The 
Lives  of  the  Poets  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland," 
1753  5  vols.  12mo  ;  the  real  compiler,  however, 
was  Mr.  Robert  Shiels,  an  amanuensis  c*"  Dr. 
Johnson's.  In  the  dramatic  way,  he  1>-^.  alter- 
ed for  the  stage,  three  pieces  of  other  authors, 
xttd  produced  one  of  his  own. 

CIBBER,  Susannah  Maria,  who  for  several 
years  was  reckoned  not  only  the  best  actress  in 
England,  but  supposed  by  many  to  excel  the  ce- 
lebrated m.adcmoiselle  Clairon,  of  the  ct>ntinent, 
was  the  daughter  of  an  eminent  upholsterer  in 
Cuvent  Garden,  and  sister  to  Dr.  Thomas  Au- 
gustin  Arne,  celebrated  for  his  taste  in  nmsical 
-■omposition.  Her  first  appearance  on  the  stage 
;  as  a  singer,  in  which  light,  the  sweetness  of 
her  voice  rendered  her  very  conspicuous,  In 
April,  1734,  she  married  Theophilus  Cibber ; 
who,  luxurious,  prodigal,  and  rapacious  after 
money  to  gratify  a  thousand  calls  from  passion 
or  vanity,  soon  resolved  to  make  a  sacrifice  of 
what  every  honest  man  holds  dear,  the  honour 
of  his  wife.  With  this  view,  therefore,  he  ce- 
mented the  closest  friendship  with  a  gentleman 
whom  he  introduced  to  his  wife,  recommended 
to  her,  gave  them  frequent  interviews,  and  even 
saw  them  put,  as  if  by  accident,  in  the  same 
bed.  All  this  appeared  upon  the  t-ial  after- 
wards commenced  by  himself  for  criminal  cor- 
respondence, wherein  he  laid  his  damages  at 
^0001.  How  the  jury  looked  upon  this  affair, 
may  be  seen  by  their  verdict,  which  only  gave 
the  plaintiff  101.  damages  :  a  sum  not  sufficient 
to  reimburse  him  a  fortieth  part  of  his  expenses. 
Mrs.  Cibber  thenceforth  resided  apart  from  her 
contemptible  consort,  till  she  died,  January  30, 
1766. 

CICERO,  Marcus  TuUius,  one  of  the  greatest 
men  of  antiquity,  whether  we  consider  him  as 
orator,  a  statesman,  or  a  philosopher,  was 
bom  at  Arpimim,  a  city  anciently  of  the  Sam- 
nites,  but  now  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples, 
Jan.  3,  in  the  C47th  year  of  Rome,  about  107 
B.  C.  In  his  very  active  life,  the  most  striking 
incident  is  his  detection  of  the  conspiracy  of 
Catiline  and  his  accomplices,  for  the  subversion 
of  the  conunonwcsith,  during  Cicero's  consul- 
ship. For  his  conduct  in  this  affair,  he  was  ho- 
noured with  the  glorious  title  of"  Pater  Patriae," 
Father  of  his  country.  He  was  assassinated  on 
the  7th  of  December,  a1)out  ten  days  from  the 
settlement  of  the  Uiumvirate,  after  he  had  lived 
123 


CJ 

63  years  1 1  months  and  rive  days.  His  work 
wilJ  ever  be  the  stan<lard  oi  true  eloi|Ufiice,  and 
his  pliiiusophical  tre:ilises  a;e  au  iiivaluab.t: 
treasure  of  good  souse,  virtue,  and  true  pliilo- 
eophy.     SeeFlJLViA. 

CICEllO,  Qutiitus  Tulhus,  brorher  of  the  ora- 
tor, was  assassiiiaicd  under  tht;  triumvirs. 

CID,  The,  a  Spaiiisii  luio,  vvliose  real  iiamt 
v/as  Doa  Roderigo  Dias  de  Bivar,  one  of  the 
greatest  geiierals  of  the  liih  century.  wa.«  tin. 
mo.-lel  of"  warriors  and  Ituights  of  his  tiuic. 
He  signalised  his  valour  a^^ainst  the  Moor.- 
of  Spain,  from  whom  he  took  Valencia,  and 
other  important  places,  and  vanquislied  then; 
in  many  battles.  He  lived  in  the  reign  oi 
Alphonso  Vi.,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile  ;  who. 
instead  of  rewarding  him  for  his  §reai  services, 
persecuted  him.  He  died  at  Valencia,  in  109y. 
(Cid,  in  the  Arabic,  signifies  lord.) 

CIGALA,  John  Michael,  an  impostor,  who 
appeared  at  Paris,  in  1670,  as  an  Ottoman 
prince. 

CIGNANI,  Carlo,  an  Italian  painter,  died  hi 
1719. 

CIMABUE,  Giovanni,  a  celebrated  painter 
and  architect,  born  at  Florence,  in  1240,  was  the 
iSrst  who  revived  the  art  of  painting  in  Italv, 
and  died  in  1300. 

CIMAROSA,  Dominico,  a  most  celebrated 
music  composer,  born  at  Capodi  Monti,  in  Na- 
ples, died  at  Venice,  Jan.  11,  1801.  A  persecu- 
tion that  he  underwent  at  Naples  for  his  pohticai 
opinions,  is  supposed  to  have  shortened  his  days. 

CIMON,  an  Athenian  general,  famous  for  de- 
feating? the  Persians.     He  died  449  B.  C. 

CINCINNATUS,  Lucius  (luintus,  the  Roman 
dictator,laken  from  the  plougli,tobe  advanced  to 
the  dignity  of  consul,  in  which  ofBce  he  restored 
public  tranquillity,  and  then  returned  to  his  rural 
emplovments.  Being  called  forth  a  second  time, 
to  be  dictator,  he  conquered  the  enemies  of 
Rome,  and,  refusing  all  rewards,  retired  again 
to  his  farm,  after  he  had  been  dictator  only  six- 
teen days :  the  same  circumstance  occurred  once 
more  in  the  80th  vear  of  his  age.  He  was  barn 
456,  aud  died  376"B.  C. 

CINCIUS  ALIMENTUS,  Lucius,  author  of 
a  history  of  the  wars  of  Annibal,  &c. 

CINNA,  Lucius  Cornelius,  a  Roman  consul, 
about  87  B.  C. 

CINNAMUS,  John,  a  Greek  author,  in  the 
service  of  the  emperor  Manuel  Commenus. 

CINO  DU  PISTOLA,  or  DE  SIGIBULDI, 
known  as  a  lawyer  and  senator  of  Rome,  died  in 
1336. 
CINCi  MARS,  Henry  Coissier,  marquis  of,  was 
a  marshal  of  France,  and  the  favourite  of  Lew- 
is Xni  ,  but  was  ungrateful,  and  lost  his  head 
in  164-2. 

CIOPANI,  Hercules,  an  Italian  critic,  and  au- 
thor of  a  commentarv  on  the  works  of  Ovid,  in 
1578. 

CIPRIANI,  or  CYPRIANI,  John  Baptist,  a 
verv  eminent  draftsman  and  painter.  He  was 
an  Italian  by  birth,  but  most  distinguished  as  an 
artist  iff  London,  where  he  became  a  royal  aca 
demician,  and  died  Dec  15,  1785,  aged  53.  He 
was  interred  in  Chelsea  burial-ground,  whereis 
an  eleiianc  Latin  inscription  to  his  memory. 

CIRAXI,  Elizabeth,  an  Italian  lady,  distin- 
guished as  a  painter. 

CIRCIGNANO,  Nirolo,  called  Poraeraneio, 
whose  paintinss  are  preserved  ia  the  churches 
of  Rome  ;  she  died  in  15SS. 

CIRILLO.  Domine,  a  botanis*,  and  professor 
of  medicine  at  Naples,  lost  his  life  in  1795. 
124 


OL 

CJROFERRI,  a  Roman  paiuter  aud  architect, 
died  in  1;J89.  ^ 

CIS.N'EU,  Nicholas,  professor  of  philosophy, 
ai  WiLteiuberg,  aad  an  author,  died  lu  1583. 

CIV'ILIS,  Claudius,  a  Batavian  general,  in 
the  service  of  Rome,  in  the  time  of  the  emperor 
Vespasian. 

CIVOLI,  Lewis,  or  Cardi,  an  Italian  painter 
and  i)();-t. 

CJjAliETT,  William,  an  EngHsh  divine,  ac- 
tive in  opposing  the  popish  plans  of  James  II., 
died  lit  ls:88. 

CLAGKTT,  Nicholas,  brother  of  William, 
was  al.-o  a  preacher,  and  author  of  sermons ; 
he  died  in  1727. 

CLAIBORNE,  Wilham  Charles  Cole,  gover- 
nor of  the  Mississippi  territory,  and  of  tlie  state 
of  Louisiana,  aud  afterwards  elecied  to  the  se- 
nate of  the  United  States,  died  in  1803. 

CLAIRAULT,  Alexis,  member  of  the  French 
acadenjy  of  sciences,  and  one  of  the  most  illus- 
trious mathematicians  in  Europe,  died  in  1705. 
He  was  one  of  the  academicians  who  were  sent 
to  the  north  to  determine  the  e.xact  ligure  of  the 
earth. 

CLAIRFAIT,  N.,  count  de,  an  Austrian  ge- 
neral, vv-ho  distinguished  himself  against  the 
French  in  the  revolution.     He  died  in  1798. 

CLMRON,  Clara  Joseph  Hypoliyia  Lewis 
Delatude,  an  admirable  French  actress,  born  in 
1722,  died  bv  faliing  out  of  her  bed,  (whereia  she 
lay  sic:c,1  J;inuarv2'?,  1803. 

CLANCY,  Michael,  ]M.  D.,  educated  at  Dub- 
lin, wrote  some  jioeras  and  comedies  ;  he  died 
hi  17i'\ 

CL  \P,  Roger,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Dor- 
chester, Massachusetts;  he  wrote  niemoird  of 
New-En;;laiid,  and  died  iu  I'Jfil. 

CL.'iP,  Natlianiel,  minister  of  Newport,  R. 
I.,  eminent  for  zeai  and  fideUty  in  his  profes 
sinn  ;  he  died  in  1745. 

CL'iP,  Thomas,  president  of  Yale  Co'lece, 
one  o '  the  most  profound  scholars  of  his  age, 
published  a  history  of  Yaio  College,  andcoujec- 
tures  up.>u  meteors,  aud  constructtd  the  first 
orrerv,  or  planetarium,  in  America;  l.e  died  in 
1707.' 

CL.^.RA,  a  native  of  Assisi,  and  abbess  of  a 
new  ord-'r  of  nuns,  died  in  1193. 

CLARIO,  Isidore,  au  Italian  bishop,  distin- 
guished at  the  council  of  Trent,  died  in  1555. 

CLARK,  Peter,  a  highly  respectable  minister, 
of  Dan  vers,  Ma-sachusetts,  published  several 
sermons,  and  died  in  1768. 

CLARK,  Jonas,  a  minister,  of  Lexington, 
Massachusetts ;  at  a  short  distance  from  his 
door  was  siied  the  first  biood  in  the  war  of  the 
revolution  ;  he  died  in  1805. 

CLARK,  Thomas,  was  born  near  Coventry  ; 
and  at  the  age  of  22,  came  to  London,  and  ob- 
tained a  porter's  place.  By  rigid  economy  he 
saved  cnongh  to  take  a  stick  shop,  at  the  comer 
of  E.xeter  'Change,  in  the  Strand.  After  a  time, 
he  purchased  the  Menage'ie,  and  used  to  give 
his  customers  a  ticket  to  see  the  lions,  &r.  He 
extended  his  business  to  the  cutlery,  turnery, 
&c.,  til!  his  own  shops  occupied  one  half  of  the 
'Chantj-e,  and  he  himself  rented  the  whole.  His 
denliu^R  were  marked  with  the  utmost  integritv ; 
aid  he  !C-ali/.ed  a  fortune  estimated  at  300,OOOZ. 
by  the  penurious  nature  of  his  iiabits.  His  own 
dinner,  on  six  days  in  the  week,  never  exceeded 
<]d.,  and  2  /.  for  a  tlass  of  gin  and  water.  Thoueh 
addicted,  however,  to  the  accumulation  of  mo- 
ney, i*  was  bv  hono:ra!>:o  means;  and  what 
apncared  to  dthei-a   hard  self-privation,  was, 


i 


probably,  to  liiiii,  who  lolishcd  no  lii.'iher  pieu- 
sures,  ail  eiijoyniem,  as  it  vvai;  ;i  second  naUiie. 
Mr.  Ciark  died  at  rjiiilico,  in  Ins  HOtli  year, 
September  C,  18 IG. 

CLARKE,  John,  one  of  the  first  foui.ders  of 
Rhode  Island,  to  vvliich  bi'  was  oblijrtd  to  retire. 
on  account  of  fiis  rcli^'jious  sentiinonts,  which, 
(being  a  baptist,)  were  at  varian'-.f;  with  tho.e 
whidi  prevailed  in  Ahusachusetts ;  he  died  in 
1G7C. 

CLAUKE,  Dr.  Sanniel,  a  very  celebrated 
English  philosopher  and  divine,  horn  at  Nor- 
wich, in  1G75,  died  May  17,  1720.  His  works  are 
very  nuniorons. 

CLARKE,  Wiliiani,  a  divine  and  antiquary, 
born  a!i  IlaKhnion  Abb;;y,  in  Shropsliirc,  in  1G9G, 
died  in  1771. 

CLARKE,  Richard,  an  ciegantclapsicnl  Fcho- 
lar,  who  came  to  America  in  17.50,  "but  returned 
to  England  in  175S  ;  ho  pvibli^hed  several  works. 
CLARKE,  John,  D.  D.,  col!<3  rue  with  Dr. 
ChauMcy,  in  Boston,  was  ii'.ucii  (  tefinrd  ;  lie 
published  some  occassional  sermons,  anu  letter^ 
to  a  student,  fr-c,  and  died  in  17i}8. 

CLARKE,  ,lnhn,  governor  of  the  state  of  De- 
laware, died  at  Snivrna,  in  1801. 

CLARKE,  Edward  Daniel,  L.  L.  D.,  pvofes- 
eorof  mineralogy  in  Camhriciiie,  and  anihor  of 
travels  in  Europe  a?id  Asin,  dii'd  in  IPc-i. 

CLARKE,  Abraliam,  a  nicniber  of  conffressj 
before  and  after  the  adoption  of  tlie  fVvJeral  con-| 
stitution,  and  a  signer  of  the  deciaration  of  in 
dependence  ;  he  (iied  in  1794. 

CLARKE,  Henry,  L.  L.  D.,  a  distinguished 
mathematician,  professor  of  the  royal  military 
college  a»  Marlow,  died  in  1818.  His  writings. 
on  mathematical  and  otlter  subjects,  are  nume- 
rous, and  are  Inghly  valued. 

CLARKE,  Samuel,  a  celebrated  oriental  scho- 
lar, of  England,  died  in  1G69. 

CLARKE.  Jeremiah,  president  of  the  colony 
of  Rhode  Island,  died  in  1G48. 

CLARKE,  Walter,  VJ'as  governor  of  Rhode 
Island  for  several  years  ;  he  died  about  1700. 

CL.ARKE,  George,  an  English  lawyer,  was 
povernor  of  the  colony  of  JVewYork.  in  1737. 
He  returned  to  Enpiand,  and  died  in  170.3. 

CLARKE,  Samuel,  a  non-conformist  under 
Cromwell,  was  highly  esteemed,  and  died  in 
1G82. 

CL.\RKE,  Edwaid,  chaplain  to  Lord  Bris- 
tol's embassy  to  Madrid,  died  in  178G. 

CLARKSON,  Davi<t,  ejected  from  his  living 
for  non-conformity,  a  learned  and  respectable 
man,  died  in  1C88. 

CLARKSON,  Gerardus,  a  respectable  physi- 
cian, of  Philadelphia,  died  in  1790. 

CLARKSON,  Matthew,  of  New- York,  born 
in  1758,  died  April,  1825.  He  was  a  major-ge- 
neral in  the  revolutionary  war,  and  particularly 
distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Bridge- 
water.  Fie  subsequently  held  various  public 
trusts,  and,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  was  first 
vice-president  of  the  American  Bible  Society. 
His  name  is  associated  with  those  who  fought 
and  bled  for  American  Independence  ;  and  in 
private  life,  with  the  most  elevated  virtues. 

CLAUDE,  a  monk  of  the  celestine  order,  in 
the  15th  century. 

CLAUDE  of  LORRAINE,  a  famous  landscape 
painter,  born  in  IGOO.  He  was  sent  to  school,  but 
proving  extremely  dull  and  heavy,  he  was  ssjit 
thence,  and  bound  apprentice  to  a  pastry-cook, 
with  whom  he  served  out  his  time.  Afterwards 
be  went  with  some  young  fellows  to  Rome,  with 
a  view  of  getting  a  livelihood  there  ;  but  being 


Jl* 


CL 

unable  to  i-jteak  the  language,  and,  vi  ithal,  very 
ill  bred,  nohudy  cared  to  s- 1  isim  to  work. 
Chance  hioui:ht  him  at  lenjith  to  Augustino 
•rasso,  wJio  liimd  liim  to  pound  his  colours, 
clean  his  pallet  and  pencils,  look  after  his  liousc, 
dress  his  meat  for  him,  and  do  ail  lii?  httuseliold- 
drndgery  ;  for  Augustino  kept  no  other  servant. 
"J'his  master,  hoping  to  make  him  serviceable  to 
him  in  some  of  liis  grcaicst  works,  taught  him 
by  degrees  the  rules  ofpers-peciive,  and  the  ele- 
ments of  design.  Claude  at  tirtt  did  not  know 
what  to  make  of  those  piincii)les  of  art ;  but 
being  encouraged,  and  not  failing  in  application, 
he  came  at  length  to  understand  them ;  then  his 
soul  enlarged  itself  apace,  and  he  cultivated  the 
art  with  wVinderfuI  eagerness.  He  removed  his 
atudy  to  the  banks  of  the  Tyber,  and  into  the 
joj  eii  fioldt-,  wlicre  lie  v.'ould  continue  from  morn- 
jing  to  night,  taking  all  his  lessons  from  Nature 
'hcrt-elf;  and  by  n'.any  years  diligent  imiialion 
!!f  that  excellent  mi^-rrcss,  lie  climbed  to  the' 
iiighesi  sfe]i  of  perfection  iii  landscape  painting. 
ills  memory  was  so  good,  tinit  he  would  paint 
wiJi  great  accuracy,  when  he  got  home,  what 
he  had  seen  abroad.  He  has  been  universally 
admired  for  Ids  invention,  the  delicacy  of  his 
colouring,  and  the  charming  variety  and  tender- 
ness oi  his  tints;  for  liis  artful  distributions  of 
the  ligiits  and  shadows,  for  his  wonderful  con- 
duci  in  tlie  disposition  of  his  iigures,  and  for  the 
liaimony  of  hi?  compositions.  Ciaude  was  em- 
ployed by  Pope  Urban  VIII.,  and  many  of  the 
Italian  princes,  in  adorning  their  palaces.  He 
died  in  11)82,  and  was  buried  at  Rome. 

CLAUDE,  John,  a  French  protestant,  dis- 
tinguished as  an  oraior,  and  writer  in  defence 
of  fhe  protestant  church,  died  in  1G87.  His  son, 
Isaac  Claude,  published  his  works,  settled  at  the 
Hague,  and  died  in  1695. 

CLAUDIANUS,  Claudius,  a  Latin  poet 
flourished  in  tlie  fourth  century,  under  the  em- 
peror TJieodosius,  and  his  sons  Arcadius  and 
Honorius;  the  two  latter  of  whom,  at  the  se- 
nate's request,  ordered  a  statue  to  be  erected  for 
him  in  Trajan's  forum :  on  whicli  was  soon 
a'fier  placed  the  following  e{)igram,  in  Greek  : 

'  Rome  and  the  Casars  here  his  statue  raise, 
'  Wiio  Virgil's  genius  joined  to  Homer's  lays." 

CLAUDIUS  I.,  successor  to  the  emperor  Ca- 
ligula, much  given  to  vice ;  he  was  poisoned, 
A.  D.  54. 

CLAUDIUS- IT.,  successor  of  Gallienus,  em- 
peror of  Rome,  died  in  271,  much  lamented. 

CLAUDRTS,  Appius,  progenitor  of  the  Ap- 
plan  family  at  Rome,  504  B.  C. 

CLAUDIUS,  Appius,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
consul  at  Rome,  and  severe  in  his  discipline. 

CLAUDIUS,  Appius,  a  Roman  decemvir,  in- 
famous for  attempting  to  violate  the  chastity  of 
Virginia  ;  lie  died  in  prison. 

CLAUDIUS,  Appius,  surnamed  Ccecus,  cele- 
brated for  making  the  Appian  way,  at  Rome. 

CLAVIUS,  Christopher,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, born  in  Germany,  in  1537,  and  con- 
sidered as  the  Euclid  of  his  age,  died  at  Rome, 
in  1612. 

CLAYTON,  Dr.  Robert,  a  learned  prelate, 
and  writer,  bishop  of  Cork,  in  1735;  of  Cloghcr, 
in  1745 ;  died  in  1758  ;  he  was  averse  to  the  Ni- 
cene  and  Athanasian  creeds. 

CLAYTON,  John,  an  eminent  botanist  and 
physician,  of  Virginia,  who  came  from  England 
in  1705,  died  in  1773.  He  was  a  member  of 
some  of  the  most  learned  societies  of  Europe, 
and  corresponded  with  Linn«us,  &c. 


136 


CL 


CL 


CLAYTON,  Joshua,  a  physician,  was  gover 
nor  of  Delaware,  and  a  meuiber  of  the  United 
States'  senate  ;  he  died  in  J 799. 

CLEAVER,  William,  prebendary  of  V/est- 
minsier.  afterwards  bishjp  of  Chester,  Bangor, 
and  St.  Asaph's,  died  in  iai5. 

CLEANTHES,  a  stoic  philosopher,  disciple 
of  Zeno,  flourished  at  Atheas,  240  B.  C.  He 
maintained  himself  in  the  day  by  working  in 
the  liignt ;  and  being  once  questioned  by  the 
magistrates  how  Jie  subsisted,  he  brought  a 
woman  for  whom  he  kneaded  bread,  and  a  gar- 
dener for  whom  he  drew  water ;  and  refused  a 
present  offered  him  by  his  judges,  having  a  trea- 
sure, (els  he  said,)  in  his  ability  to  labour. 

CLEEVE,  Joseph,  a  Flemish  painter,  whose 
pieces  were  misers  counting  their  treasures  ;  he 
died  in  1536. 

CLEG  HORN,  George,  a  physician  and  medi- 
cal writer,  born  at  Granlon,  near  Edinburgh,  in 
1716,  died  in  1789.  His  chief  publication  was 
on  "  The  Diseases  of  Minorca.  '  | 

CLEIVEL.\ND,  Joim,  a  noted  loyalist  and 
popular  poet  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  He  has,  j 
however,  had  the  fate  of  those  poets  who,  pay- 
ing their  court  to  temporary  prejudices,  have 
.been  at  one  time  too  much  praised,  aiid  at  ano- 
ther too  much  neglected.  Cotemporary  with 
Milton,  he  was,  in  his  time,  exceedingly  pre- 
ferred beibre  him  ;  and  Milton's  own  nephew 
says,  that  he  was  by  some  esteemed  the  best  of 
the  English  poets.  But  Cleiveland  is  now  sunk 
into  oblivion,  while  Milton's  faiae  is  universally 
diffused.  He  was  born  at  Lougliborough,  Lei- 
cestershire, in  1613,  and  died  in  1658. 

CLEM.\NCIS,  Nicholas,  a  Frenchman,  rector 
of  the  university,  who  advocated  a  reform  of 
the  Romish  church  ;  he  died  in  1440. 

CLEMGNCET,  Charles,  a  Frenchman,  of 
great  memnrv.  and  a  distinguished  writer,  died 
in  1778. 

CLEMENS,  Titus  Fiavius,  a  father  of  the 
church,  succeeded,  in  19],  to  the  famous  school 
at  .\lexandria,  where  he  died. 

CLEMENS,  Romanus,  a  father  of  the  church, 
companion  of  jPaul,  b.shop  of  Rome,  and  author 
of  an  epistle  to  the  Corinthians,  died  A.  D.  100. 

CLEMENT  II.,  bishop  of  Bamberg,  a  Saxon, 
elected  pope,  in  1047,  died  in  1048,  distinguished 
for  his  zral  asainst  gimonv. 

CLEAIENf  III.,  bishop  of  Praeneste,  succes- 
sor orGresorv  VIII.,  as  pope,  in  1187,  died  in  1191 

CLEMENT  IV.,  Guy  de  Fouli,n<.es,  a  French- 
man, of  great  moderation,  prudence,  and  impar- 
tiality, was  elected  pope,  after  Urban  V.,  in  1-265, 
and  died  in  12'38. 

CLEMENT  v.,  Bertrand  de  Goth,  a  French- 
man, bishop  of  Bordeaux,  eiccted  pope,  in  1305, 
was  accused  of  licentiousness  and  extravagance ; 
he  died  in  1314. 

CLE.MENT  VI.,  Peter  Roger,  doctor  of  Paris 
university,  elected  pope,  in  i;54-2,  a  worthy,  ge- 
nerous, and  learned  prehite.  hut  represented 
othe-wi.-»e  hv  some  :  he  died  in  135-2. 

CLEMENT  Vlt.,  Julius  de  RIedicis,  an  Ital- 
ian, elected  pope,  in  15-23;  he  was  besieged  by 
Charles  V.,  who  plundered  Rome;  he  excom- 
municated Henry  VIII.,  which  led  to  the  refor 
mation  in  England,  and  died  in  1534. 

CLEMENT  Vni.,  Hippolitus  Aldobrandin, 
a  liberal  minded  nnd  benevolent  pope,  elected 
in  1592,  died  in  1605. 

CLE.MEN'T  IX.,  Julius  Rospi^Iiosi, a  Tuscan 
pope,  elected  in  1677,  died  of  grief  for  the  loss  of 
Candia  by  the  Turks,  in  1669. 

CLEMENT  X.,  John  Baptist  Erailius  Altieri, 
126 


a  Roman,  succeeded  Clement  IX.,  in  1670,  of  a 
tmiid  ciiaracter  ;  he  died  in  1676 

CLE.MENT  XI ,  John  Francis  Albani,  a  Ro- 
pian,  elected  pope,  in  1700,  an  able  politician; 
ll!i.«  reign  was  much  disturbed  by  the  Jansenists; 
he  di'd  in  1721. 

CL  EMENT  XII.,  Laurence  Corsini,  a  Roman, 
succeded  Benedict  XIII.,  in  1730;  lis  was  very 
popular,  and  corrected  many  abuses  in  the 
church  ;  he  died  in  1740. 

CLEMENT  XIII.,  Charles  Rezzopico,  of  Ve- 
nice, succeeded  Benedict  X.IV.,  in  1758,  and  died 
in  1769,  greatly  respected. 

CLEMENT  XIV.,  John  Vi.ncent  Anthony 
Gangauelii,  an  Italian,  raised  to  the  popedom 
on  the  death  of  Clement  Xlll.  He  suppressed 
the  Jesuits,  and  died,  supposed  by  some  to  have 
been  poisoned,  in  1774. 

CLEMENT,  David,  a  native  of  Hof  Geismar, 
a  nii;iister  and  author,  died  at  Hanover,  in  1760. 

CLE.^IENT,  Francis,  a  native  of  Beze,  in 
Baruundv,  a  historian  of  much  celebrity,  died 
in  1793. 

CLEMENT,  Peter,  a  native  of  Geneva,  tra- 
velling tutor  of  Lord  Waidegra-^e,  a  poet,  and 
conductor  of  Nouvelles  Literaires  of  France, - 
died  in  1767. 

CLEOBULIJS,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 
Greece,  who  died  about  ofiO  B.  C. 

CLEOMBROTUS,  there  were  two  of  this 
name,  kings  of  Sparta ;  one  flourished  371,  the 
other  about  480  B.  C. 

CLEOMENES,  a  king  of  Sparta,  who  slew 
himself,  491  B.  C.  ;  another  reigned  61  years ; 
a  third  was  defeated  by  the  A.chaeans,  fled  to 
Egvpt,  and  killed  himself,  219  B.  C. 

CLEOP.\TR.\,  queen  of  Egypt,  famous  alike 
for  her  beauty,  and  her  licentious  passions,  was 
daughter  of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  and  had  a  son  by 
Caesar,  called  Csesario.  She  killed  herself  after 
the  defeat  of  Marc  .'\ntony,  that  she  might  not 
be  carried  to  Rome  in  triumph ;  and  with  her 
ended  the  family  of  the  Ptolemies  in  Egypt,  after 
it  liad  reigned,  from  the  death  of  A.lexander,  294 
years  ;  for  Egjpt,  after  that,  was  reduced  to  a 
Roman  province,  in  which  dependence  it  re- 
mained till  it  was  taken  from  them  by  the  Sara- 
cens, A.  D.  641. 

CLEOSTR  ATU3,  a  Grecian  astronomer,  wiio 
invented  the  signs  of  the  Zodiac,  536  B.  C. 

CLERC,  Sebastian  le,  engraver  to  Lewis 
XTV.,  rose  from  obscurity  to  eminence;  he  was 
admirable  in  his  landscapes,  and  died  in  1714. 

CLERC,  John  le,  a  celebrated  piiilosophical 
and  theological  writer,  and  universal  scholar, 
born  at  Geneva,  in  1657,  died  in  1730. 

CLERC,  Daniel  le,  a  native  of  Geneva,  and 
irofessor ;   also  eminent  as  a  physician,  and  ■ 
earned  antiquary  ;  he  died  in  1728. 

CLERC,  John  le,  a  Frenchman,  was  knighted 
at  Venice,  and  died  in  1033. 

CLERKE,  Gilbert,  an  able  Greek  scholar,  and 
tnathemaiician,  a  Socinian,  fellow  of  Sidney 
College,  Cambridge,  died  in  lf>95. 

CLERMONT  TONNERRE,  Stanislaus,  count 
of,  a  French  nobleman  in  the  states  general  at 
.-;,  in  1789,  was  masffacred  for  his  opposition 
to  the  Jacobin  club,  in  1703. 

CLEVELAND,  John.   Vid.  CLEIVELAND. 

CLEVELAND,  John,  a  pious  and  much  es- 
•j'Hied  minister,  of  Ipswich,  Massachusetts : 
10  v.-as  author  of  several  religious  works,  and 
lied  in  1799. 

CLIFFORD,  Martin,  an  English  writer,  wha 
made  every  man's  fancy  the  guide  of  his  reli- 
gion ;  he  died  in  10*/. 


CL 

^  CLIFFORD,  George,  earl  of  Cumberland 
cohbiaLed  Engiish  navigator,  born  in  1538,  died 
in  1(](3.-). 

CLLVTON,  Henry,  a  British  general  in  the 
American  war ;  evacuated  Piiiladelphia  in  1778  ; 
took  Charleston,  in  1780;  was  governor  of  Ci 
braltar  in  1795,  and  died  shortly  after. 

CLINTON,  James,  was  a  gentleman  of  ta 
lents  in  the  colony  of  New- York,  and  ancestor 
of  liie  present  distinguished  faniilv  of  that  name 
CLIXTON,  Ciiarles,  a  native  of  Ireland,  ear 
ly  eniijci'a'ed  to  /\meiica,  where  he  maintained 
a  high  character  for  usefulntss  and  respetabiii 
ty.  "He  was  the  father  of  James  and  Ceorge 
Cliiiton,  and  died  in  177:1. 

CLliNTON,  James, son  of  the  preceding,  and 
major  general  in  the  American  army  during  the 
revohition,  distinguished  himself  as  a  brave  and 
ind-.tati^ahle  otficer,  in  the  wars  with  the  Frcncii 
and  liidians;  and  during  the  revolutionary  war, 
lie  v.as  with  General  .Sullivan  in  his  expediiion 
airaiiist  thb  Indians;  ■^^as  for  some  time  coni- 
Jiiander  of  tiie  northern  section  of  the  union, 
stationed  at  Albany,  and  was  afterwards  at  th. 
siege  of  Yorktown.  He  closed  his  military  ca- 
reer, by  bidding  farewell  to  Wayliington  ai 
New- York,  and  retiring  to  private  life ;  he  died 
in  1812. 

CLINTON,  George,  brother  of  tlie  genera!, 
was  an  eminent  lawyer  and  member  of  Congress 
in  1776.  He  v/as  an  active  supporter  of  the 
prhiciples  of  the  revolution  and  of  his  country's 
rights  ;  and,  during  the  war,  he  rendered  essen 
lial  services  to  the  American  arms.  lie  was 
repeatedly  chosen  governor  of  the  state  of  New- 
York,  and  was  elevated  to  the  oftice  of  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  Stales  in  1804.  He  died 
at  Washington  in  1812. 

CLINTON,  George,  vice-admiral  of  the  En- 
glish navy,  and  governor  of  the  colony  of  New- 
York,  afterwards  relumed  to  England.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

CLiSSON,  Oliver  de,  a  native  of  Brittany.dis- 
tinguished  for  his  valour,  died  in  1407,  much 
respected.  • 

CLISTHENES,  an  Athenian, who  introduced 
the  law  of  ostracism. 

CLITOMACHU^,  a  Carthaginian  philosopher, 
who  wrote  400  vols.,  and  committed  suicide. 

CLIVE,  Robert  Lord,  an  eminent  East  India 
governor,  and  a  striking  instance  of  the  ineffi- 
ciency of  wealth  or  external  honours  to  confer 
liaptiiness,  was  born  at  Moreton-Say,  near  Mar- 
ket Drayton,  Sin-opshire,  1725;  and  died,  as  is 
said,  by  his  own  hand,  Nov.  22,  1774. 

CLIVE,  Catlierine,  an  eminent  actress  in 
low  comedy,  born  1711,  died  1785. 

CLODIUS,  Publius,  a  debauched  Roman  sen- 
ator, killed  by  Milo,  53  B.  C 

CLOOTS,  Anachavsis,  a  native  of  Prussia, 
who  in  the  French  revolution  called  himself  the 
[    orator  of  the  human  race  ;  profane,  and  irreli- 
gious ;  he  was  guillotined  in  1794. 

CLOPINEL,  or  JOHN  de  MEUN,  a  French 
poet,  celebrated  at  the  court  of  Philip  the  fair  : 
lie  died  in  13G4. 

CLOSTERMAN,  N.,  a  portrait  painter,  who 
made  himself  rich  in  London  ;  he  died  in  1713. 
CLOTAIRE  I.,  fourth  son  of  Clovis,  king  of 
Soissons,  and  in  558  king  of  all  France  ;  he  died 
in5i)l. 

CLOTAIRE  II.,  king  of  goissons,  was  cruel 

and  oppressive,  and  died  in  628. 

CLOTAIRE  III.  king  of  Burgundy,diedin  670. 

CLOVIO,  George,  a  Sclavonian,  eminent  as 

a  historical  and  miniature  painter,  died  in  1578.  1 


CLOVIS  I.,  founder  01  UieFiench monarchy, 
was  converted  to  Christianity,  and  died  ni  511. 

(.'LOVIS  lI.,succL«?ded  Ins  father  Dagobert  in 
638  ;  lie  was  mild  but  debauched. 

CLOVIS  III.,  succeeded  his  father  Thierri 
HI.,  in  691. 

(;L0WES,  William,  surgeon  to  queen  Elizas 
belli. 

CLUENTIUS,  a  Roman,  accused  of  murdep^ 
ing  his  lather,  defended  by  Cicero. 

CLUVERIUS,  Philip,  a  celebrated  geograc-' 
pher,  born  at  Dantzic,  1560,  died  at  Leyden,  in 
1623. 

CLYMER,  George,  a  member  of  Congress  in 
1776,  was  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of  inde- 
])endence,  and  a  distinguished  advocate  of  Am- 
erican lights  ;  he  died  in  1813. 

COBB,  Jainet,  sectetary  at  the  East  India 
House,  in  England,  and  a  very  successful  wri- 
ter of  operas  and  farces,  died  June  2,  1818,  in 
his  62d  year. 

COBB,  Samuel,  author  of  "  Observations  up' 
on  Virgil,"  and  a  "Collection  of  Poems,"  inSvoi 
1700,  died  iti  1713. 

t  OBB,  Ebi'iiezer,  remarkable  for  longevity, 
was  born  in  Mass.  in  161;4,  and  di'^d  in  1801,  aged 
107  years :  he  lived  in  three  centuries. 

COBBET,  Thomas,  an  en.uient  minister  and 
writer,  born  in  England,  hut  on  account  of  non- 
conformily,  came  to  America,  in  1C37,  and  be- 
came minister  at  Ipswich  ;  he  died  in  1686. 

COBDEN,  Dr.  Edward,  an  eminent  English 
di\ine  and  theological  writer.  Lorn  about  1684, 
died  1764. 

QOBENTZEL,  count  Louis  de,  an  eminent 
statesman  of  Germany,  died  Feb.  22,  1809.  He 
was  born  at  Brussels,  Nov.  21,  1753,  and  com- 
menced liis  political  career,  under  the  minister 
count  de  Pergen,  in  1772.  Two  years  after,  he 
was  named  minister  plenipotentiary  extraordin- 
ary to  the  court  of  Denmark  ;  in  1777,  to  that 
of  Prussia.  He  was  recalled  at  the  epoch  of  the 
war  of  riie  Bavarian  succession,  and  was  des- 
tined to  negotiate  the  peace  of  Teschen  ;  but  a 
sickness  which  he  liad,  prevented  him.  The 
same  year  iie  was  named  minister  from  Austria 
to  Petersburgh.  On  his  return  to  Vienna,  after 
the  signing  of  the  preliminaries  of  Leoben,  he 
concluded,  in  1797,  tlie  treaty  of  Campo  For- 
inio ;  and  in  the  month  of  December,  in  the 
sarne  year,  tiie  military  convention,  at  Eadstock 
with  Buonaparte.  After  the  conferences  of  Selz, 
he  returned  to  Petersburg.  On  the  9lh  Febru- 
ary, 1801,  he  concluded  the  peace  of  Luneville, 
and  filled,  in  the  month  of  December  following, 
the  jilaces  of  directory  minisier  of  state  and  con- 
ferences, and  vice-chancellor  of  state  for  foreign 
atlairs. 

COCCEIUS,  Henry,  a  native  of  Bremen,  pro- 
fessor of  the  law  of  nations;  a  distinguished 
author  ;  lie  was  created  baron,  and  died  in  1719. 

COCCEIUS,  Samuel,  a  German  baron,  grand 
chancellor  of  Prussia,  died  in  1747. 

COCCEIUS,  or  COCK,  John,  a  native  of  Bre- 
men, and  Hebrew  professor  there  ;  afterwards 
emoved  to  Leyden  ;  he  maintained  that  the  bi- 
ble is  mystical  of  Christ  and  the  church  ;  he  died 
in  1669. 

COCCHI,  Anthony,  professor  of  Physic,  at 
Florence  and  Pisa ;  was  intimate  with  Boerhaave 
and  esteemed  for  his  learning;  he  died  in  1758. 

COCHIN,  Charles  Nicholas,  a  French  en- 
graver, whose  pieces  are  admired ;  he  died  in 
1654.  Another,  of  the  same  name,  equally  dis- 
tinguished, died  in  1790. 

COCHIN  Henry,  a  native  of  Paris,  as  etni 
•      127 


CO 

neiit  at  the  bar,  as  Bourdaloue  was  in  the  pulpit ; 
he  died  in  1747. 

COCHL^US,John,acaJ)olicofNureinburg, 
who  violently  attacked  Luther,  Bucer,  Calvin, 
&c.,  died  in  1552. 

COCHRAN,  Robert,  a  Scotch  architect,  hung 
by  the  old  nobility,  because  he  was  raised  to 
the  earldom  ni  Mar,  in  1484 

COCHRAN,  William,  a  very  eminent  painter 
ill  Scotland,  born  at  Strathaven,  in  Clvdesdale, 
1738.  difid  Oct.  25,  1785. 

COCKAlA,  Sir  Alston,  a  dramatic  writer, 
born  at  Ashbouru,  in  Derbyshire,  IGOfi,  died  in 
1*384.  His  works  were  printed  in  1658;  and  a- 
gaiu>  in  2  vols,  small  Svo.  1G69,  and  arc  very  rare. 

COCKBURN,  Catharine,  born  in  167!>,  gave 
marks  of  a  genius  for  poetry  before  she  had 
pa.s.'?ed  her  childhood :  and  in  her  17th  year  pro- 
duced a  tragedy  called  "Agnes  de  Castro," 
which  was  acted  in  1()95.  In  1693  siie  brought 
a  sncond  tragedy  upon  the  stage,  and  in  1701,  a 
third  tragedy  and  a  coiuedy.  But  poetry  and 
dramatic  writing  were  the  "least  of  this  lady's 
laltnts:  she  had  a  great  and  philosophic  turn 
of  mind,  and  wrote  a  defence  of  Locke's  "  Es- 
say on  the  Human  Understanding,"  against 
some  remarks  v.liich  had  been  made  upon  it  at 
Several  rimes, by  Dr.Burnet  ofthe  Charter-house. 
This  defence  was  finished  as  early  as  Dec.  1701, 
whenshewasbut2-2yearsofage :  shediedinl749. 

COCKER,  Edward,  deservedly  esteemed-one 
of  the  improvers  of  the  arts  of  wiilitff  and 
arithmetic,  died  1677,  having  publisliM  14  copy- 
books engraved  by  his  own  hand  ;  some  books 
on  Vulgar  and  Decimal  Arithmetics ;  a  small 
Dictionary  ;  and  a  book  of  sentences  for  writing, 
called  Cocker's  Morals. 

COCLES,  Fubl.  Horar.  a  Roman,  celebrated 
for  his  defence  of  a  bridge,  across  the  Tyber,  a- 
gainst  the  wlK)le  army  of  Porsenna. 

CODDIXGTON,  Wilham,  the  father  of  R. 
Island;  first  settled  in  Mass.,  but  having  some 
religious  difterenc»s,  he,  with  others,  removed  : 
lie  vvas  governor  of  R.  Island  several  years,  and 
died  in  1(578. 

CODMAN,  John,  a  member  of  the  Senate  in 
Mass.  highly  esteemed  for  his  honesty  and  fidel- 
ity; he  died"  in  1803. 

CODRfNGTON,  Christoplier,  a  native  of 
Barbadoes,  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of 
physic  and  belles  lettres  ;  sometime  governor  of 
the  Leeward  Islands;  died  in  1710. 

CODRUS.  the  last  king  of  Athens,  who  de- 
voted himself  todeath  for  liiscountry,  1070.  B.  C. 

COEFFETEAU,  Nicholas,  a  Dominican  of 
Calais,  author  of  a  Roman  History;  died  in  1623. 

COEX,  John  Paterson,  governor  of  the  Dutch 
East  Indies  ;  founded  the  city  of  Batavia,  and 
died  in  1629. 

CGEUR,  James,  a  French  merchant,  the  rich- 
est subject  in  Europe ;  lent  Charles  7,200.000 
crowns  ;  he  was  basely  imprisoned,  but  escaped 
and  died  at  Chio,  in  1455. 

COFFEY,  Charles,  a  dramatic  w^riter,  prin- 
cipally known  by  his  farce  of  "The  Devil  to 
Pay,''  died  1745. 

COG.\N,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  master  of 
Manche,ster  school,  and  author  of  the  "  Haven 
of  Health  for  Students." 

COGGESHALLE,  Ralph,  an  Enghsh  monk, 
author  of  an  account  of  the  siege  of  Jerusalem, 
by  Saladin,  died  about  122S. 

COGSWELL,  James,D.D., minister  in  Wind- 
ham, Con.  distiiiguished  for  his  learning  and 
S"ety,  was  dismissed  in  old  ago,  and  died  at 
artford,  in  1807. 
128 


CO 

COHAUSEN,  John  Henry,  a  German  physi- 
cian, who  maintained  that  hfe  might  be  extend- 
ed to  115  years  by  taking  in  the  breath  of  young 
women,  died  in  1750. 

COHORN,  Memnon,  a  very  celebrated  Dutch 
ensrineer,  and  author  of  a  treatise  in  the  F'lem- 
ish  language  on  the  "  Method  of  Fortifj  ing 
Places,"  born  1G32,  died  1704. 

COIGNET,  Giles,  an  eminent  painter,  who 
sold  his  scholars'  productions  as  his  own,  died 
in  1600. 

COINTE,  Charles  le,  a  distinguished  Frencli 
historian,  died  in  1611. 

COITER,  Volcherins,  celebrated  as  a  surgeon, 
phvsician,  and  anatomist,  boru  at  Groningen  ; 
died  about  1600. 

COKE,  Sir  Edward,  lord  chief  justice  of  Eng- 
land, and  one  of  the  most  eminent  lawyers  of 
that  kingdom, was  born  at  Milcham,in  Norfolk, in 
i54!>,  and  died  ot  Stoke  Fogey's  in  Bucks,  Sept. 
3,  l!)34.  Sir  Edward  had  great  quickness  of 
parts,  deep  penetration,  a  faiihful  memory,  and 
a  solid  judgment.  He  connnitted  every  thing 
to  writing  with  an  industry  beyond  example, 
published  a  great  deal,  and  met  with  niat:y 
changes  of  fortune  :  being  sometimes  in  power, 
and  sometimes  in  disgrace.  lie  was,  however, 
so  excellent  at  maki'.ig  the  btst  of  a  disgrace, 
that  king  James  used  fo  comjiare  liiuj  to  a  cat, 
who  always  fell  upon  her  legs.  "  His  learned 
and  laborious  works  on  the  laws,"  says  Fuller, 
[Worthies,  p.  251.]  "  will  be  admired  by  judi- 
'cious  posterity,  while  Fame  has  a  trumpet  left 
her  or  any  breath  to  blow  therein."  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  "  Reports  of  Cases  during  the 
most  happy  reign  of  the  most  illustrious  and  re- 
nowned "queen"  Elizabeth,  the  fountain  of  all 
justice  and  the  life  of  the  law  ;"  "  A  Book  of 
Entries  :"  and  his  "  Institutes." 

COKE,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  a  leading  minister 
of  the  Wesleyan  Methodists,  a  very  zealous  and 
able  divine,  and  most  excellent  man,  was  born 
at  Brecon,  in  Wales,  educated  at  Jesus  college, 
Oxford,  and  entered  into  orders  in  the  Estab- 
lislied  Church.  For  the  last  28  years  he  dis- 
charged, with  unremitting  diligence  the  exten- 
sive duties  of  ge:iera]  superintendent  of  the 
.Methodist  missions  ;  wliich  so  warmly  engaged 
his  acti%-e  and  incessant  energies,  that  he  many 
times  crossed  the  Atlantic,  visiting  the  West 
India  islands,  and  travelling  through  the  United 
States.  lie  gave  to  the  world,  among  other 
works,  a  "  Life  of  John  Wesley,"  a  "  History 
of  the  West  Indies,"  and  a  "  Commentar)'  oh 
the  Bible,"  in  6  large  vols.  4to.  Dr.  Coke  died 
May  3,  1814,  on  his  voyage  to  India,  with  six 
missionaries,  intended  for  Ceylon  and  Java. 

COL.\RDEAU,  Charles  Pierre,a  Frenchman, 
who  translated  Pope's  Eloisa  to  Abelard  ;  he 
wrote  some  trawdies,  and  died  in  177(5. 

COLBERT,  John  Baptist,  marquis  of  Segne- 
lai,  one  of  tiie  greatest  statesmen  that  France 
ever  had,  was  born  at  Paris  1619,  and  died  1683. 
He  was  a  pattern  for  all  ministers  of  state  ;  and 
every  nation  may  wish  itself  blessed  with  a 
Colbert. 

COLBERT,  John  Baptist,  marquis  of  Torey, 
ambassador  to  Portugal,  Denmark  and  England, 
secretary  of  state,  &c.,  died  at  Paris,  in  1746. 

COLDEN,  Cadwallader,  a  respectable  physi- 
cian, botanist  and  astronomer  of  Scotland,  who 
firstcame  to  America  in  1708,  and  again  in  1716, 
and  afterwards  sustained  several  high  political 
ofhces  :  published  several  learned  works. 

COLE,  William,  born  at  Adderbury,  in  Ox- 
fordshire, about  1626,  was  the  roost  famous 


CO 

brTtist  of  his  time.     In  1656,  he  published 

"  '  '  Art  of  Siujpling:"  and  in  ltJ57,  "  Adam 
in  iiden,  or  Nature's  Paradise:"  he  died  in 
1662. 

COLE,  Tliomas,  a  dissenting  minister  in  Eng- 
land, and  preceptor  of  tJie  great  Loclce,  died  in 
16y7. 

COLE,  Tiiojnae,  a  native  of  Gloucestershire, 
distinguished  lor  making  a  curious  rollecliouof 
herbs,  &:c. 

CUI^ES,  Eiislia,  born  in  Northamptonshire, 
in  164(»,  became  one  of  the  ushers  of  Merchant- 
Tailor's  scliool,  and  wrote  several  useful  ui^d 
necessary  books  for  the  instruction  of  beginners, 
the  principal  of  which  were  "  The  Complete 
English  Schoolmaster,"  "  The  newest,  plainest, 
and  shortest  Shortliand,"  "  Nolens  volens  ;  or, 
you  shall  make  Latin  whether  you  will  or  no, 
containing  tiie  [.'lainest  directions  for  that  pur- 
pose," "  An  En^'lish  Dictionary,"  and  "  An 
Engiish-Latin,  and  Latin-Enghsh  Dictionary." 

COLE'l',  Dr.  John,  a  learned  English  divine, 
born  in  London,  in  1406,  was  the  eldest  son  of 
Sir  Henry  Colev,  knt.  ,  twice  lord-mayor,  who 
had,  besides  liim,  21  ciiiidrcn.  Being  dean  of 
St.  Paul's,  and  having  a  very  plentiful  estate 
without  any  near  leiations,  (for  numerous  as 
his  brethren  were,  tliey  were  all  dead  and  bu-j 
ried,)  he  resolved,  in  the  midst  of  life  and  health, 
to  consecrate  the  whole  profierty  of  it  to  some 
etanding  and  perpetual  benefaction.  And  this 
he  performed  by  founding-  and  endowing  St. 
Paul's  school,  in  London,  of  which  he  appoint- 
ed William  Lilly  first  master,  in  1512.  He  or- 
dained that  there  should  be  in  this  school  a  high 
master,  a  submaster,and  a  chaplain,  who  shoiTld 
teach  gratis,  153  children,  divided  into  8  classes  ; 
and  he  endowed  it  with  lands  and  houses,  a- 
mounting  then  to  1221.  4s,  7d.  halfpenny  per  an- 
num, of  which  endowment  he  made  the  com- 
pany of  mercers  trustees.  He  died  September 
16,  1519. 

COLEY,  Henry,  an  eminent  astrologer,  in 
England,  died  in  1690. 

COLIGNI,  Gaspard  de,  a  celebrated  admiral 
of  France,  who  bravely  supported  the  cause  of 
the  French  protestants  against  the  duke  of  Guise 
and  his  adherents ;  but  after  several  victories 
gained  over  their  persecutors,  was  at  la.~t  basely 
assas^nated  by  oneof  the  domestics  of  the  duke 
of  Guise,  in  tlie  beginning  of  the  horrid  massa 
ere  of  Paris,  on  the  eve  of  St.  Bartholomew's 
day,  1572. 

COLIGNI,  Henrietta,  daughter  of  a  marshal 
of  France  of  the  same  name,  celebrated  for  her 
poetical  productions,  died  in  1673. 

COLLADO,  Diego,  a  Spaniard,  superintend 
ent  of  theconvents  of  the  Philippines,and  author 
of  a  work  on  the  Japanese  laniruage. 

COLLANGE,  Gabriel  de,  a  Huguenot,  killed 
at  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomews,  in  1572. 

COLLATINUS,  husband  of  tlie  celebrated 
Lticretia,  in  conjunction  with  Brutus,  expelled 
the  Tarquin  family  from  Rome,  and  established 
the  consular  government. 

COLLE,  Charles,  a  Frenchman,  disiinguish- 
ed  as  a  comic  writer,  died  in  1783. 

COLLEGE,  Stephen,  a  protesrant  mechanic 
unjustly  condemned  m  1681,  as  engaged  in  the 
conspiracy  against  Charles  II. 

COIvLEC)NE,  Bartholomew,  a  native  of  Ber 
pamo,  diptinenished  for  his  mihtary  successes  in 
tlie  service  of  the  Venetians,  died  "in  1475. 

COLLET,  Peter,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  of  Ter 
nay,  author  of  several  works  '^n  «heoiogy  and 
biography  died  in  1770. 


CO ^ 

COLLET,  Philihert,  a  French  advocate;  au- 
thor of  treatises  on  excommunications,  tythes, 
&ic.,  died  in  1718. 
COLLETET,  William,  a  French  academician, 
who  wrote  for  the  theatres,  under  Richelieu, 
died  in  ItJQS. 

("OLLI'^TON,  James,  was  governor  of  the 
colony  of  South  Carolina,  about  1680. 

COLLIER,  Jeremy,  an  eminent  English  di- 
vine, born  at  Stow-Ciui.  hi  Cambridgeshire,  in 
1650,  died  1726.  He  publish^^d  "Essays  upon 
several  moral  subjects,"  which  have  passed 
through  inany  editions.  In  1698,  he  made  an 
attempt  to  reform  the  stage,  by  publishing  his 
"  Short  View  of  the  Immorality  and  Profane- 
ncss  of  the  English  Stage,"  and  other  pamphlets. 
This  engaged  him  in  a  controversy  with  the 
wits ;  and  Cougreve  and  Vanbrugh,  whom,  with 
many  others,  he  had  taken  to  task  very  severely, 
aiipeuicd  openly  against  him.  In  this  contro- 
\ crsy  with  the  stage.  Collier  exerted  himself  to 
the  utmost  advantage ;  his  labours  were  attend- 
ed witij  success,  aiid  actually  produced  repent- 
ance and  amendmi.nt ;  for  it  is  allowed  on  all 
liaiids,  tiiat  the  decorum  which  has  been,  for 
the  most  iiart,  observed  by  the  later  writers  of 
dramaiic  poetry,  is  entirely  owing  to  tlie  ani- 
madversions of  Collier.  Collier  also  published 
"  An  Ecclesiastical  History  of  Great  Britain," 
2  vols,  folio,  which  is  written  with  creat  judg- 
ment ;  and  translated  Moreri's  "  Historical,  Geo- 
graphical, Genealogical,  and  Poetical  Dictiona- 
ry," in  4  vols,  folio,  a  work  of  very  great  la- 
bour. 

COLLINGS,  John,  an  eminent  textuary  and 
critic,  born  in  1(323,  died  1G90.  He  wrote  many 
books  of  controversial  and  practical  divinity, 
the  most  singular  of  which  is  "  The  Weaver's 
Pocket-book;  or  W^eaving  spiritualized,"  8vo  ; 
and  he  had  a  principal  hand  in  Matthew  Poole's 
Annotations  on  the  Bible. 

COLLINGWOOD,  Cuthbert,  lord,  a  gallant 
British  admiral,  the  intimate  friend  of  the  im- 
mortal Nelson,  and  his  successor  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  Mediterranean  fleet,  which  achiev- 
ed the  glorious  victory  of  Trafalgar.  His  lord- 
ship was  born  in  the  county  of  Northumberland, 
in  1750;  was  created  a  peer  of  the  realm,  with 
a  handsome  annuity.  Nov.  20,  1805,  and  died 
March  7,  1810,  on  board  his  flag  ship,  the  Ville 
de  Paris,  ofl"  Minorca.  He  was  a  man  of  great, 
but  unobtrusive  merit.  He  commanded  a  74  in 
the  battle  of  the  1st  of  June,  under  lord  Ilowe. 
In  the  great  battle  of  Aboukir,  he  also  bore  a 
distinguislied  part ;  but  it  was  reserved  for  tTte 
battle  of  Trafalcar  to  raise  his  fame  to  its  high- 
est pitch.  His  ship,  the  Royal  Sovereign,  in 
which  he  broke  through  the  centre  of  the  ene- 
my's line,  appeared,  as  viewed  from  the  Victo- 
ry, which  led  the  other  division,  a  blaze  of  fire. 
"  See,"  said  the  great  Nelson,  on  viewing  it, 
"how  that  noble  fellow,  CoUingwood,  carries 
his  ship  into  action.  On  the  death  of  the  for- 
mer lamented  hero,  he  succeeded  to  the  com- 
mand in  chief  Since  that  great  and  memora- 
ble day,  comprising  an  interval  of  about  four 
years  and  a  half,  his  lordship  had  never  set  foot 
upon  land  ;  being  emjdoyed  in  the  arduous  and 
harassing  duty  of  watching  the  Toiilcn  fleet; 
so  that  he  never  took  his  seat  in  the  house  of 
peers,  nor  revisited  his  tamily  or  coii'  try,  after 
his  signal  merits  had  obtained  the  distinguished 
honours  and  rewards  that  we  iiave  stated. 

COLLINS,  John,  a  m.tfhematician  and  arith- 
metical writer,  born  at  Wood  Eaton,  near  Ox- 
ford, 1624,  died  1683. 

129 


CO 

COLLINS,  Anthony,  an  eminent  writer  on 
polemical  subjects,  and  the  friend  and  corres* 

gondent  of  tlie  great  Mr.  Locke,  was  bora  at 
[eston,  near  Hounslow,  in  Middlesex,  in  1676, 
and  died  17-29.  He  published  his  celebrated 
"  Discourse  of  Free-thinking,"  in  8vo,  1713, 
and  his  "  Discourse  of  the  Grounds  and  Rea- 
sons of  tlie  Ciiristian  Religion,"  in  1724;  and 
wrote,  besides  these,  a  great  many  books,  which 
were  warmly  attacked  by  the  orthodox  writers 
of  tha!  rime. 

COLLINS,  Arthur,  author  of  "  The  Peerage 
of  England,"  was  the  son  of  William  Collins, 
esq.  (gentleman  usher  to  queen  Catharine,  hi  the 
year  l(j6i),)  and  born  in  1682.  Having  received 
a  liberal  education,  and  being  from  his  youth 
much  inclined  to  the  study  of  antiquities,  he 
conceived  the  arduous  design  of  digesting-  a 
compendious  account  of  the  nobility  of  these 
kingdoms,  whose  genealogies  had,  till  that  time, 
been  mouldering  in  private  cabinets.  The  work 
had  great  merit ;  the  rewards  of  liis  labour  were, 
however,  by  no  means  adequate  to  the  time  he 
devoted  to  "these  researches.  The  other  works 
known  to  be  pubhshed  by  Mr.  Collins,  were 
"  Sydney  State  Papers,"  "  Historical  Collec- 
tions of  the  Families  of  Cavendish,  Holies.  Vere, 

Harley  and  Ogle,"  "The  Life  of  Edward  the]:  and  completely  destroyed  it.  because,  while  a 
Black  Prince,"  and"  Proceedings,  Precedents,  player,  he  had  been  hissed  there;  aftenvards 
and  Arguments  on  Claims  and  Controversies,  ! the  companion  of  Robespierre;  he  died  in  con- 
concerning  Baronies  by  Writ,  and  other  Ho-  ifinement,  at  Cayenne. 

noitrs."  He  died  in  1760,  and  was  buried  in  the|!  COLLUTHUS.  a  piiest  of  Alexandria,  who 
church  of  Battersea,  Surrey.  Whatever  praise  rmahitained  that  God  was  not  the  author  of  the 
is  due  to  Biographical  hterature  in  general,  cer-  r  wicked ;  he  was  condemned  as  a  heretic  in  324. 
tainly  belongs  to  one  who  dipped  even  into  the  COLMAN,  George,  an  eminent  dramatic  wri- 
funereal  urn  to  stamp  his  labours  with  authen-  'ter,  sou  of  Thomas  Cohnan,  esq.,  British  resi- 
ticity ;  and  such  is  the  credit  they  have  obtain-  >  dent  at  Florence,  was  born  at  Florence,  in  1732, 
ed,  that  while  there  remains  a  spark  of  venera- !;  and  placed  at  a  very  early  age  in  Westminster 


CO 

An  elegant  monument  has  b>,en  erected  to  his 
memory  in  Chichester  cathedral,  with  some 
beautiful  lines  inscribed  from  the  pen  of  Mr. 
Hayley. 

COLLINS,  John,  the  ingenious  author  of 
"  The  Evening  Brush,"  an  oral  entertainment 
of  story,  song,  and  sentiment,  which  he  deli- 
vered many  years  witli  great  success  in  all  the 
principal  towns  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ; 
ho  was  born  in  1742,  and  died  at  Birmingham, 
May  2.  18U8. 

COLLINS,  John,  a  member  of  congress,  and 
govt;rnor  oi'  Rhode-Island,  died  in  1795. 

COLLINS,  John,  governor  of  Delaware, 
died  in  1822. 

COLLINSON,  Peter,  F.  R.  S.,  an  ingenious 
botanist  and  natural  historian,  died  August  IL 
1708. 

COLLIUS,  Francis,  doctor  of  a  college  of 
Milan  :  author  of  a  work  in  which  he  decrees 
salvation  to  the  sages  of  Greece ,  the  midwivea 
of  Egypt,  Sec,  died  in  1C40. 

COLLOT,  Germain,  a  French  surgeon,  fa- 
mous for  his  skill  in  lithotomv,  died  in  1656- 

COLLOT  D'HERBOIS,  J.  M.,  who,  becoming 
a  member  of  the  Frencii  convention,  was  depu- 
ted to  punish  the  revolt  of  the  city  of  Lyons, 


tion  for  the  exploits  of  the  ancient  English  peer 
age,  the  volumes  which  record  them,  and  bear 
Arthur  Collins'  name,  will  be  consulted  as  the 
authentic  history  of  that  splendid  and  vital 
part  of  the  British  constitution.     A  grandson  of 


school.  In  1758  he  removed  to  Christ  Church 
College,  Oxford,  and  there  took  the  degree  of 
M.  A.  During  his  progress  at  Westminster,  and 
while  at  College,  he  formed  those  literary  con- 
nexions with  whom  he  remained  in  friendship 


Arthur  (Colonel  David  Collins)  has  lately  given  till  they  severally  dropped  off  the  stage  of  life, 
to  the  world  a  very  valuable  "  Account  of  the  ij  Lloyd,  Churchill,  Bonuel,  Thornton,  and  other 
EnglishSettiementof  New  South  Wales,"  from!  celebrated  w't^  of  &  former  day,  were  among 
its  first  establishment,  in  January,  1788, 4to,  vol.  I j  the  intimate  associates  of  Mr.  Cohnan,  and  gave 
1,  1798,  vol.  2,  1802;  repr.nted  in  1  vol.  in  1804.  I  eclat  to  his  name,  by  noticing  him  in  several  of 
Colonel  Collins  died  covernor  of  the  British  set-  L  their  comjwsitions.  Mr.  C.  was  admitted  into 
tlemeiiton  Van  Diemen's  Land,  March  24, 1810.  [jthe  society  of  Lincolii's-Inn,  and  was  called  to 
COLLINS,  Samuel  an  English  phjsician,  au- lithe  bar,  where  he  practised  a  very  short  time, 
thor  of  the  present  state  of  Russia,  1G71.  P  About  the  year  1768,  Mr.  Beard,  being  incapa- 


COLLINS,  William,  an  UQlbrtuuate,  but  ad 
mirablo  poet,  was  born  at  Chichester,  in  1721, 
and  died  June  12.  1759.  During  his  residence 
at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  he  applied  him- 
self to  poetry,  and  publis.'ied  the  "  Persian,"  or, 
as  they  ha\'e  since  been  entitled,  "  Oriental  Ec- 
loftues,"  with  regard  to  whic'i,  i:may  justly  be 
asserted,  that  in  simplicity  of  description  and 
exprsssion,.  that  in  delicacy  and  softness  of  num- 
bers, and  in  natural  and  unaiTected  tenderness, 
they  are  not  to  be  equnllcd  by  any  thing  of  the 
pastoral  kind  in  the  English  language.  .About 
174^1,  he  suddei'ly  left  the  universitv.  and  went 
to  London,  a  literary  adventurer,  he  designed 
many  wdiks :  but  his  great  fault  was  irresolu- 
tion. He  pubUsiied  proposals  for  a  "  History 
ef  the  Revival  of  Learning  ;  but  probably  not  a 
pa?e  of  the  history  was  ever  written.  His  un- 
cle^ Mr.  Martin,  a  lieutenant-colonel,  left  him 
about  20001.  But  man  is  not  born  for  happiness ; 
Collins,  who.  while  he  studied  to  live,  felt  no 
evi.  but  poverty,  no  sooner  lived  to  study,  than 
his  life  was  .assailed  by  more  dreadful  calami- 
ties, disease  and  insai.Uy:  and  he  died  a  lunatic. 
130 


ble  of  bearing  any  longer  the  fatigues  of  a  thea- 
trical life,  a-;id  wishing  to  retire  from  the  ma- 
nagement of  Covent-Garden  theatre,  disposed 
of  his  property  in  that  house,  to  Messrs.  Col 
mail,  Harris,  Powell,  and  Rutherford.  These 
gentlemen  were,  for  a  short  time,  joint  mana- 
gers, but  Mr.  Colman  appearing  to  desire  a  great- 
er authority  than  the  others, (except  Sir.  Powell) 
wliich  they  were  unwilling  to  yield,  he  was  in' 
diic!  d,  after  a  literary  warfare,  which  was  pub- 
lished, to  dispose  of  his  share.  Soon  after,  Mr. 
Foote,  then  proprietor  of  the  Hay-market  thea- 
tre, having  been  induced  to  wilhdraw  from 
the  stage,"  disposed  of  his  theatre  to  Mr. 
Cohnan,  for  a  handsome  annuity,  which  he 
did  not  long  enjoy.  On  Mr.  Foote's  death, 
Mr.  C.  obtained  the  hcense.  This  gentleman 
was  one  of  the  ciiief  writers  in  "  The  Con- 
noisseur," and  produced  a  variety  of  miscel- 
laneous poems  and  papers,  which  he  collect- 
ed in  three  volumes.  As  a  scholar,  he  holds 
a  very  respectable  rank,  as  may  be  seen  in  his 
uansiations  of  Horace's  "  Art  of  Poetrj',"  and 
of  the  "  Comedies  of  Terence  ;"  and  his  man- 


CO 

ners  were  as  pleasing  as  his  talents  were  re 
«pectable.     Mr.  C.  died  August  14,  1794. 

COLMAN,  Benjamin,  an  eminently  pious 
and  aseful  minister  of  Brattle-street  church, 
Boston  distinguislied  for  his  eloquence  ;  he  pub- 
lished many  occasional  sermons,  and  died  in 
1747. 

COLOCCI,  Angelo,  an  Italian,  bishop  of  No- 
cera,  and  governor  of  Ascoii,  distinguished  for 
lualdng  a  valuable  collection  of  books,  was  au- 
thor of  Latin  poems,  and  died  in  1549. 

COLOG^'E,  Peter  de,  a  native  of  Ghent,  the 
friend  of  Calvin  and  Beza,  and  a  vindicator  of 
tlie  protestants. 

COLCJIvIBIEKE,  Claude  de  i a,  a  famous  Je-j 
suit,  very  popular  as  a  preacher,  before  James 
II.,  of  England,  inventor  of  "  The  Solemnity  of 
the  Heart  of  Jesus ;"  he  died  in  1682. 

COLOMIES,orCC)LOMESlUS,raul,a  French 
protestant,  who  travelled  through  Europe,  was 
autlior  of  several  works,  and  died  in  161)2. 

COLONI,  Adam  and  Adrian,  two  dutch  his-, 
torical  painters ;  the  father  died  in  1685,  and  the 
son  in  1701. 

C'OLONNA,  Fabio,  a  botanist,  the  first  who 
gave  names  to  the  petals  and  leaves  of  flowers ; 
the  in\cntor  of  the  pentachordon,  and  author 
of  works  on  botany,  &;c. 

COLONNA,  Francisco  Maria  Pompeio, 
Frenchman,  author  of  the  natui  al  history  of  the 
universe  ;  he  perished  by  fire,  in  1726. 

COLONNA,  I'rospero,  a  distinguished  war- 
rior, under  Charles  VIIL,  of  France,  who  con- 
quered Naples,  and  then  reconquered  it  for  Aus- 
tria ;  he  died  in  1523. 

COLONNA,  Pomjieo,  a  restless  ecclesiastic  ; 
the  cause  of  many  caJamities  ro  the  Romans, 
by  his  ambition  and  intrigues  for  the  popedom  : 
he  died  ii*  1532. 

COLONNA,  Francis,  a  Venetian,  who,  being 
disappointed  in  love,  wrote  a  curious  book  call- 
ed Hypnerotomachia  di  Polypliilo  ;  he  died  in 
1527. 

COLONNA,  Victoria,  an  Italian,  author  of 
some  elej;ant  poems,  died  in  1547. 

COLONNA,  Mark  Antonio,  duke  of  Paliano, 
defeated  the  Turks  in  the  battle  of  Lepantx), 
and  entered  Rome  in  triumph;  he  died  in  1584. 

COLONNA,  Ascanio,  son  of  tiie  preceding, 
distinguished  for  his  defence  of  the  pope  in  his 
dispute  with  the  Venetiar.s,  died  in  1608. 

COLONNA,  John, a  papal  legate  to  the  Christ- 
ian army  in  Palestine,  taken  by  the  Saracens, 
and  cruelly  treated  ;  but  was  saved  on  account 
of  his  fortitude  ;  he  died  in  1245. 

COLONNA,  Giles,  bishop  of  Bourges,  a  learn- 
ed man,  and  theological  prolessor,  died  w  ililG. 

CK)LONNA,  Fabricio,  a  celebrated  warrior 
against  the  Ursini,  died  in  1520. 

COLQUHOUxN,  Patrick,  L.  L.  D  ,  a  merchant 
and  lord  pi^vost  of  Glasgow,  afterwards  distin- 
guished as  a  police  magistrate  of  London,  and 
a  writer  on  the  poUce  of  that  city  ;  he  died  in 
1620. 

COLRANE,  Henry  Hare,  lord,  a  learned 
FngUshman,  who  travelled  three  times  through 
England,  and  made  a  noble  collection  of  prints 
and  drawings  of  antiquities  ;  he  died  in  1749. 

COLSTON,  Edward,  a  person  ever  memora 
ble  for  his  benefactions  and  cliaritiee,  was  bom 
at  Bristol  1636,  and  died  at  ?Jortlake,  in  Surrey, 
Oct.  11,  1721.  He  was  buried  in  the  church  of 
All-saints,  Bristol,  where  a  monument  is  erected 
to  lus  memory,  on  which  are  enuineraied  hi.-- 
public  chatitii  t,  to  an  amazing  extent. 

COLUftIBU;S,  Christopher,  a  Genoese,  born 


CO     

1442,  ai)tl  famous  in  history  for  being  the  disco- 
verer of  America,  tliough  it  took  its  name  from 
Americus  Vesputius,  who,  by  the  encouiage- 
ment  of  Emanuel,  king  of  Portugal,  made,  in 
14ii7,  some  additional  discoveries  to  those  of  Co- 
lumbus.   Columbus  died  1506. 

COLUMBUS,  Bartholomew,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  who  accompanied  him  in  l^-s  voya- 
ges of  discovery  ;  being  sent  to  England  to  soli- 
cit aid,  he  was  taken  by  pirates ;  he  founded 
St.  Domingo,  and  died  in  1514. 

COLUMBUS,  Realdus,  an  Italian  anatomi- 
cal writer,  whose  opinions  on  the  blood,  neaily 
approached  to  Harvey's  discovery  of  the  circu- 
lation ;  he  died  in  1577. 

COLUMELLA, a  Latin  writer,who  flourished 
about  the  year  42.  and  has  left  us  some  hooka 
upon  agriculture,  and  a  "Treatise  on  Trees," 
which  are  curious  and  valuable. 

COLUMNA,Guy,  a  native  of  Sicily,  autlior 
of  a  chronicle  in  36  books. 

COLUTHUS,  a  Greek  poet,  who  lived  in  the 
beginning  of  tlie  Cth  century. 

COLVIUS,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Dort,  trans- 
lator of  Father  Paul's  treatise  on  the  inquisition, 
author  ot  some  elegant  poetry  ;  died  in  1671. — 
His  son  Nicholas  was  also  a  learned  and  elo- 
quent divine,  and  died  in  1717. 

tOLWILL,  Alexander,  principal  of  Edin- 
burgh college,  in  1662 ;  author  of  the  Scotch 
Hudibras,  in  which  he  ridiculed  the  presbyte- 
rians  ;  he  died  in  1676. 

COMBE,  Charles,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  critic,  and  highly  distinguished  as  a 
medalist,  was  born  in  London,  Sept.  23,  1743, 
and  educated  at  Harrow-school.  He  died  in 
Bloomsbury  square,  March  18,  1817. 

COMBEFIS,  Francis,  known  as  a  learned 
editor  of  several  Greek  lathers  ■■.  he  died  in  1679. 

COMBER,  Dr.  Thomas,  dean  of  Durham, 
born  at  Westerham,  in  Kent,  1645,  died  1699. — 
He  was  the  author  of  several  learned  works 
chiefly  relating  to  the  "  Common  Prayer  "  and, 
among  others,  of  the  "  Companion  to  the  Altar." 

COMBER,  Thomas,  fellow  ot  Trinity  college 
and  D.  D.,  dean  of  Carlisle ;  ad\ocated  the  di- 
vine right  of  tytlies,  against  Seiden  ;  he  died  in 
1653. 

COMENIUS,  John  Amos,  a  protestant,  emi- 
nent as  a  divine  :  but  siil]  niore  so  as  a  gram- 
marian ;  born  in  Moravia  ;  author  of  "  Janua 
Linguarum,"  which  was  translated  into  12  lan- 
guages :  he  died  in  1671. 

COME  NATALIS,  or  NATAL  CONTI,  au- 
thor of  Greek  and  Latin  poms,  and  a  valuable 
work  on  mytliologv ;  died  in  1590. 

COMIERS,  Claade,  a  professor  of  matliema- 
tics;  wrote  on  comets  and  spectacles,  and  died 
in  1693. 

COMINES.  Philip  de,  an  excellent  French  his- 
torian, borii  in  Flanders,  14iCu  ditd  150i;,  leav- 
ing behind  hivn  "  Memoirs  of  his  own  Times." 

COMMAKDINUS,  Frederic,  an  Italian,  of 
noble  birth,  an  excellert  Greek  scholar,  and  ma- 
thematician ;  he  translated  Archimedes,  EucUd, 
&c.,  ar^d  died  in  1575. 

COMMLLIN,  Jerome,  an  eminent  printer,  of 
France;  he  printed  Chrysostom's  works  in  4 
vols,  and  died  in  ]5?8 

COMMENDONE,  John  Francis,  a  native  of 
Venice,  wrote  Latin  \  erses  at  10,afterwards  sus- 
tained many  offices  under  Julius  III.,  Paul  IV., 
land  Pius  IV. ;  he  died  in  1584. 
I  COMMERSON,  Philibert,  botanist  to  the 
French  king,  accompanied  Bougainville  round 
{the  world,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his  li^ 
131 


CO 


CO 


hours  and  collections,  he  let:  200  vols,  in  folio, ;|  CONDE,  Henry,  prince  of,  known  in  the 
and  32  casea  of  plants.  He  died  at  ilie  Isle  of  (court  of  Henry  IV.,  of  France,  was  sent  to  the 
France,  in  1773.  Ijbastile,  in  1616,  and  liberated  three  years  after; 

COMMIRE,  John,  author  of  fables,  which  t  lie  was  restored  to  lavour,  and  displayed  liisva- 


are  esteemed  equal  to  those  of  Phaedrus ;  he 
died  at  Paris,  in  1702. 

COMMODI,  Andrea,  an  admired  Florentine 
paintr.^  died  in  1638. 

CO.MJIODIANUS  of  Gaza,  a  Christian  poet, 
of  the  4Ui  centurj',  author  of  "  Institutioiies." 

COMMODUS,  Lucius  Aurelius  Antoninus,  a 
dissipated  emperor  of  Rome,  180. 

COMXENA,  Anna,  a  most  accomplished  la- 
dy, and  daughter  of  the  Greek  emperor,  Alex- 
ius Comneuus,  flourished  about  1118,  and  wrote 
15  books  upon  the  hfe  and  actionsof  her  father, 
which  she  called  ''  The  Ale.xiad." 

COMPTOX,  Spencer,  master  of  the  robes  to 
the  prince  of  Wales,  aftt^rwards  Charles  I.,  and 
a  zealous  advocate  for  him  ;  he  was  slain  at  the 
battle  of  Hoptou-beaih,  in  1G43. 

COMPTOX,  Henry,  bishop  of  Oxford,  who 
was  intrusted  w^th  the  education  of  the  prin- 
cesses Mary  and  Anne,  displeased  James  H.,  by 
his  zeal  as  a  protestaiit,  and  was  dismissed  from 
the  privy  council,  and  akhoujrh  restored,  took 
■part  with  William,  prince  of"  Orange,  against 
James.    He  died  in  1713. 

COMTE,  Lewis  le,  a  French  Jesuit,  missiona- 
ry to  Oiina,  in  16So. 

COXA  XT,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  English  di- 
vine, bo.'-n  Oct.  18, 1608,  at  Yeatonton,  in  Devon- 
shire, was  educated  at  Exeier  College,  Oxford, 
where  his  uncommon  parts  and  learning  soon 
acquired  him  the  favour  of  Dr.  John  PriJeau:;, 
tlien  rector  of  that  college,  vvho  used  to  siy  of 
him,  Conanti  nihil  est  difticile;  an  excellent  pun, 
which,  however,  would  be  lost  in  translation. 
Having  taken  his  degrees,  he  was  by  the  par- 
liament constituted  one  of  tl'.e  assembly  ol  di- 
vines, though  he  seldom  or  never  sal  with  them. : 
In  1^7,  he  was  chosen  rector  of  his  college  ; 
shi.rtly  after,  Regius  professor  of  divinity,  and 
in  i657,  made  vice-c!iancellor  of  the  university. 
In  1676,  he  was  made  archdeacon  of  X'orwich, 
by  bishop  Reynolds,  whose  daughter  he  married 
in  1651 :  and  iu  1681,  aprebendary  of  Worcester, 
by  king  Charles  H.  In  1386,  lie  lost  his  sight;  and 
in  1693,  di.^d,  leaving  behind  him  a  number  of 
admired  sermon-,  of  which,  six  volumes  are  in 
print.  Dr.  C.  was  buried  in  the  church  of  All- 
Saints,  X^orthampton,  of  which  he  had  been 
vicar  many  years,  and  possessed  a  considerable 
estate  in  the  neighbourhood. 

COXCA,  Sebasfian,  a  painter,  born  atGaeta, 
died  in  1761.     His  pieces  are  mucb  admired. 

COXCAXEX,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
who  went  to  England,  and  gained  some  reputa- 
tion by  writing  in  support  of  the  niinistiy  ;  he 
was  afterwards  attorney-general  for  Jamaica, 
17  years,  and  died  in  1749. 

COX'CINA,  Daniel,  a  celebrated  Venetian 
preacher,  author  of  a  system  of  theology,  &c., 
died  in  17.56. 

COXCIXI,  better  known  by  the  name  of  mar- 
shal d'.^ncre,  a  Floren!ine,who,  by  Iris  intrigues, 
became  a  marquis  and  marechal  of  France,  but 
was  shot  by  one  of  !.is  enemies,  in  1617. 

COND.AMTXE,  Charles  Marie  de  la.  a  cele- 
brated French  traveller  a'ld  poet,  born  at  Paris, 
in  1701,  died  1774,  leaving  many  ingenious  and 
valuab'e  works. 

COXDE,  T.owis,  first  duke  of,  distinguished  for 
his  valour  a"  'be  ha'fle  of  Qninrin,  and  after- 
wards asihe  leader  of  tie  Hu  nennts  ;  he  died  in 
1569,  of  wounds  received  in  the  battle  of  Dreux. 
132 


Jour  in  tiie  service  of  his  country ;  he  died  in 
1646. 

CONDE,  Louis  de  Bourbon,  duke  d'Eiig)  ;  in, 
and  prince  of,  usually  styled  the  Great  Con.ie. 
He  lived  under  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  and 
was  one  of  the  bravest  and  most  skilful  gene- 
rals that  France  ever  produced. 

COXDE,  Henry  Julius  de,  distinguished  him- 
fc-elf  under  his  father,  at  the  passage  of  the 
Rhine,  and  was  a  patron  of  learning.  He  died 
in  1700. 

COXDER,  John,  an  eminent  dissenting  mi- 
nister, born  in  Cambridgeshire,  1714,  died  in 
London,  in  1781 ,  having  published  "  An  Essay 
on  the  importance  of  the  Ministerial  Charac- 
ter," and  several  sermons  on  public  occasions. 

COXDILLAC,  Stephen  Bonnot  de,  a  French 
(Writer  on  commerce,  politics,  and  metaphysics, 
•died  Aug.  2,  1780.  He  was  preceptor  to  the  in- 
|fant  duke  of  Parma,  and  composed  for  the  use 
jof  his  iiluslrious  pupil  "  A  Course  of  Study." 
which  was  afterwards  published  in  1776,  in  15 
ivols.  12mo,  and  is  deserving  of  great  praise. 
I  COXDORCET,  John  Anthony  Xicliolas  Ca- 
[ritat,  marquis  de,  a  French  geometrician  ai;d 
philosophical  writer,  and  perpetual  secreiary  of 
the  acadeinv  of  sciences  at  Paris,  born  at  Eibe- 
moDt,  in  Picardy,  Sept.  17,  1743,  died  March  23, 
1794.  His  matiiematical  writings  are  numerous 
and  useful ;  but  those  on  philosophical  subjects 
strike  at  the  root  of  religion,  both  natural  and 
revealed. 

COXDREX,  Charles  de,  known  for  his  influ- 
ence in  procuring  a  reconciliation  between  the 
kin!i  and  the  duke  of  Orleans,  died  in  1641. 

COXFUCIUS,  the  celebrated  Chinese  philo- 
sopher, was  born  in  the  kingdom  of  Lu,  which 
is  at  present  the  province  of  Chan  Long,  551 
years  before  the  birth  of  Christ.  His  extensive 
knowledge  and  great  wisdom  made  him  every 
where  known  :  his  integrity,  and  the  splendour 
of  his  virtues  made  him  beloved :  kings  were 
governed  by  his  counsels,  aid  the  people  reve- 
renci'd  him  as  a  saint.  He  died  in  the  73d  year 
his  age. 

COXGREVE,  William,  an  English  dramatic 
writer  and  poet,  born  at  Bardsev,  near  Leeds, 
in  Februavv,  1669.  Thoufh  bred  to  the  law,  he 
found  no  charms  in  that  profe?ision.but  turned  his 
mind  to  polire  literature,  pailicula  •!>  to  dramatic 
composirion,  and  wrote  a  roniedy  called  "  The 
Old  Bachelor,"  of  which  Dr>'den,  to  whom  he 
was  recommended, said  "  that  he  never  saw  such 
a  first  play  in  bis  life  ;"  and  in  the  performaiice, 
it  met  with  such  general  applause,  that  Con- 
creve  was  thenceforward  considered  as  the  prop 
of  the  declining  stage.  Halving  written  four 
comedies,  a  tragedy,  an  oratorio,  and  a  masque, 
and  enjoj'ed  some  lucrative  employinents  under 
Kovernment,  he  died  Jan.  19,  1728-9,  and  was 
buried  in  \Vestminster-abbey. 

COXXOR,  Dr.  Bernard,  a  medical  and  histo- 
rical WTiter,born  in  Kerry.  Ireland,  in  1666  and 
died  1698.  In  1694,  he  was  appomtrd  phy,?ician 
TO  John  Sobieski,  king  of  Poland  ;  and  while 
there,  wrote  "  A  History  of  Poland."  Going 
afterwards  to  England,  he  read  lectures  atCam- 
bridjp,  and  in  1697,  published  "  Evangeliiim 
Medici,"  &c.,  a  work  which  gained  liim'much 
reputation  by  i's  learninp  and  ingenuity'.  His 
Historv  of  Poland  is  in  2  vols.  8vo. 

CONON,  aa  Athenian  general,  defeated  by 


' CO  

Lysander  ;  he  afterwards  defeated  the  Spartans, 
and  was  put  to  death  3y:{  B.  € 

CONON,  an  astronomer  of  Samoa,  and  friend 
of  Archimedes. 

CONRAD  I.,  count  of  Franconia,  and  king 
of  (iormany,  in  9J2. 

CONRAD  II.,  king  of  Genuany  in  1024,  and 
emperor  of  Rome  3  yea.  s  after  ;  he  conquered 
Burjiiindy,  and  died  in  1039. 

CONRAD  III.,  elected  emperor  of  Germany, 
and  though  opposed,  he  reconciled  his  enemies, 
and  entered  upon  a  crusade,  in  which  he  nearly 
lost  his  army  by  poison  ;  he  died  in  1152. 

CONRAD  IV.,  succeeded  his  father,  Frederic 
II.,  as  empeior,  in  1*250,  unsuccessfully  opposed 
by  Innocent  IV. :  he  died  suddenly,  supposed 
bv  poison,  in  12.54. 

'CONRADIN,  or  CONRAD,  son  of  Conrad 
rv.,  beheaded  by  his  uncle,  regent  of  Naples, 
wlicn  cnlv  1*1  years  old. 

CONRART,  Valentin,  secretary  to  the  French  ^ 
king's  coi'.iicil,  and  father  of  the  French  acade- 
my ;  he  died  in  1G75.  j 

CONRI,  Florence,  an  Irishman,  educated  in 
Spain,  sent  by  Philip  III.  to  reco)icile  the  disaf-| 
fected  Irisli  to  tlie  prospect  of  a  Spaiiisli  inva- 1 
Bion.  but  Jiis  perfidious  schemes  were  defeated,! 
and  he  died  in  1629. 

CONRINGIUS,  Hermannus,  professor  of  law' 
at  Helmstadt,  bcrn  at  Norden,  in  Frisia,  in  IrtOJi, ' 
died  1G81.  He  coniposed  many  works  upon  lawi 
and  history,  which  have  been  printed  in  6  vols. 
folio.  I 

CONST.'VNT,  David,  professor  of  philosophy, 
Greek,  and  divinity,  at  Lausanne ;  he  died  iji 
1733. 

CONSTANTIN,  Robert,  professor  of  physic, 
and  belles  lettres,  at  Caen  university,  autlior  of 
a  valuable  Greek  and  Latin  Le'; icon,  with  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1605. 

CONSTANTINE,  usually  called  the  Great, 
and  memorable  for  having  been  the  first  empe- 
ror of  the  Romans  who  established  Christianity 


CO 

stantinople,  when  besieged  and  taken  by  the 
Turks,  in  1453.  In  him  ended  the  Greek  empire 
I  CONSTANTINE,  Flavius  Julius,  a  private 
soldier,  who  invested  himself  with  the  in;perial 
purplo  in  Britain,  and  added  Gaul  and  Spain  to 
his  dominions  ;  he  was  put  to  death  by  Constant, 
tius,  in  411. 

CONSTANTINE,  a  native  of  Syria,  raised 
to  the  papal  chair,  iu  708,  died  in  the  east,  in 
715. 

CONSTANTINE,  of  Carthage,  in  Africa,  a 
physician  of  the  11th  century,  wlm  »."rst  broughx 
the  Arabian  and  Greek  pbjsic  intoiialy. 
j    CONSTANTIUS,  Chloras,  fatherof  Constan- 
tine  the  Great,  died  in  300. 

CONSTANTIUS,  Flavius  Julius,  succeeded 
|his  two  brothers,  Constans  and  Constantine,  ia 
ithe  empire  of  Rome  ;  he  died  in  361. 

CONTARINI,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Venice, 
made  a  cardinal,  in  1538,  was  sent  a  legate  to 
the  council  of  Trent,  iti  1541.  He  wrote  against 
Luther,  and  died  in  1542. 

CONTARINI,  Giovanni,  an  eminent  Vene- 
tian painter,  died  in  1605. 

CONTARINI,  Vincent,  professor  of  eloquence 
at  Padua,  and  a  learned  author,  died  in  1C17. 

CONTE,  Jacobino  del,  a  Florentine,  portrait 
painter,  uieil  in  1598. 

CONTI,  Guifito  de,  a  highly  esteemed  Italian 
poet,  died  about  the  middle  of  the  I6th  century. 

CONTI,  Abbe  Anthony,  a  noble  Venetian, 
who  travelled  much,  and  wrote  some  poema 
and  tragedies  ;  he  died  in  1749. 

CONTI,  Armand  de  Bourbon,  prince  of,  an 
author  of  some  note,  who  warmly  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  insurgents  against  his  brotiier,  the 
great  Coiide,  in  the  civil  wars  of  France. 

CONTI,  Francis  Lewis  de  Bourbon,  elected 
king  of  Poland,  in  1697,  but  supplanted  by  the 
elector  of  Saxonv,  died  in  1709. 

CONTO-PERTANA,  Don  Joseph,  a  Portu- 
guese poet  of  sreat  merit ;  he  died  in  1735. 

CONYBEARE,  Dr.  John,  bishop  of  P.ristoJ, 


by  the  civil  power,  was  born  at  Naissus,  a  town;  born  at  Pinhoe,  near  Exeter,  in  1692,  died  at 
of  Dardania,  in  272.     He  died  337,  and  divided :|Bath,  in  1755.    His  "Defence  of  Revealed  Re- 


the  empire  between  his  three  sons,  Constantine, 
Constantius.  and  Constans. 

CONSTANTINE  II.,  son  of  Constantine  the 
Great;  after  his  father's  death,  became  master 
of  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain;  he  was  slain  at 
Aquileia,  in  .340. 

CONSTANTINE  in.,son  of  Constantius  IL, 
was  crowned  emperor,  in  668,  and  died  in  685. 

CONSTANTINE  TV.,  C APRON YMUS,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Leo,  in  1752;  he  defeated  the 
Saracens,  who  made  an  insurrection  against 
him,  and  died  in  775. 

CONSTANTINE  V.,  succeeded  his  father, 
Leo  IV.,  in  1780  ;  he  was  defeated  by  the  Bul- 
garians, who  took  him  and  put  out  his  eyes,  in 
792. 

CONSTANTINE  VII.,  PORPHYROGENl- 
TUS,  a  learned  man,  was  crowned  at  7  years  of 
age  ;  he  defeated  the  Lombards,  and  drove  away 
the  Turks  :  he  was  poisoned  by  his  son,  in  959, 


hgion,"  published  in  1732,  in  answer  to  Tindal's 
"  Christianity  as  old  as  the  Creation,"  is  an  ad- 
mirable work,  and  rendered  eminent  service  to 
the  church. 

COOK,  James,  a  celebrated  English  circumna- 
vigator, was  born  at  Marton,  in  Yorkshire,  Oc- 
tober 27,  1728,  of  poor  parents,  and  apprenticed 
on  board  a  vessel  in  the  coal-trade.  In  the  war 
of  17.55,  between  England  and  France,  he  en- 
tered as  a  ser.man  in  the  royal  navy.  His  be- 
haviour in  tl'is  station  soon  endeared  him  to 
the  officers  ;  and,  on  the  15th  of  May,  1759,  he 
obtained  a  n:?ster's  warrant  for  the  Mercury, 
which  was  s<  on  after  employed  in  the  famous 
siege  of  Quer.cc.  During  this  siege,  a  difficult 
and  dangerous  service  was  to  be  performed ; 
namely,  to  take  soundings  in  the  channel  of  the 
river  St.  Lawrence,  directly  in  front  of  the 
French  fortified  camp.  This  he  perfornjed  at 
the  imminent  hazard  of  his  life,  with  which  iu- 


CONSTANTINE  IX.,  son  of  Romanns,  sue-  deed  he  very  narrowly  escaped ;  he  v/as  succes- 
ceeded  to  the  throne,  in  976,  and  died  in  1028.       sivelv  rewarded  with  the  appointments  of  mas- 

CONSTANTINE  X.,  MONOMACHTJS,  or  ter  of  the  Northumberland  man  of  war,  marine 
GLADIATOR,  ascended  the  throne,  in  1042,  surveyor  of  Newfoundland  and  Labrador,  lieu- 
and  died  in  1024.  tenant  in  fhe  navy,  and  commander  of  the  En- 

CONSTANTINE  XL,  or  DUCAS,  succeeded  deavour  bark,  fitted  out  for  the  purpose  of  tak- 
Isaac  Commenus,  in  1059.  His  reign  was  ren-  ing  some  astronomical  observations,  and  making 
dered  unhappv  by  an  invasion  of  the  Scvthians ;  discoveries  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  On  this  expe- 
he  died  in  1067.  "  dition,  be  sailed  from  Deptford,  Jiilv  30,  1768, 

CONSTANTINE  XIII.  succeeded  his  brother  and  returned  to  England,  July  12,  1771.  He 
Johiv,  in  1448 :  he  fell  in  the  defence  of  Con-  sailed  eigain,  April  2, 1772,  in  the  Resolution 

12  133 


vo 


CO 


accompanied  by  captain  Furneaux,  in  the  Ad- 
venture, to  determine  the  existence,  or  non-ex- 
istence of  a  southern  continent.  By  this  voy- 
age, from  which  he  returned  in  1775,  the  illu- 
sions of  a  Terra  Australis  Incognita  to  any 
purposes  of  commerce,  colonization,  or  utility, 
were  dispelled;  but  as  a  reward  for  captain 
Cook's  important  improvements  for  preserving 
the  health  of  seamen,  very  happilv  manifested 
in  this  voyage,  the  Koyal  Society  bestowed  on 
liim  the  medal  of  Sir  Godfrey  Copley.  Another 
grand  question  was,  the  practicability  of  ai 
northern  passage  to  the  Pacific  Ocean ;  to  de 
termine  which,  captain  Cook  sailed,  in  1776,  or. 
board  the  Resolution,  accompanied  by  captain 
Clerke,  in  the  Discovery.  This  voyage  served 
to  prove  that  thi  re  was  no  practicable  passage 
between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans  to 
ward  the  north  ;  but,  on  his  return,  it  unfortu 
nuteiy  happened,  that  our  navigator  was  killed 
iu  an  alfiay  with  tlie  natives  of  Owhyhee,  one 
of  the  Sandwich  isles,  February  14,  1779.  His 
death  was  universally  regretted,  not  only  in 
Great  Britain,  but  throughout  all  Europe,  where 
his  great  merits  and  public  services  were  known. 
'COOKE,  Sir  Anthony,  preceptor  to  Edward 
VI.,  boni  atGidding-IIall,  in  Essex,  in  1500,  died 
in  1576.  He  was  a  man  of  singular  piety  and 
goodness,  and  of  uncojumon  prudence  in  the 
management  of  his  family.  Knowing  that 
women  are  as  capable  of  learning  as  nfen,  he 
instilled  that  into  his  daughters  at^night,  whicli 
he  had  taught  the  prince  in  the  day.  He  wa<r 
remarkably  happy  in  these  daughteVs ;  for  they 
were  learned  above  their  sex  in  Greek  and  La- 
tin, and  were  equally  distinguished  by  their 
virtue,  piety,  and  good  fortune.  Several  witty 
and  ingenious  sayings  of  his  are  recorded  ;  par- 
ticularly the  following:  "  That  there  were  three 
objects  before  whom  he  could  not  do  amiss ;  his 
prince,  his  conscience,  and  his  children."  This 
facetious  story  is  likewise  related  of  him  :  "  A 
Sussex  knight,  having  spent  a  great  estate  at 
court,  and  reduced  himself  to  one  park,  and  a 
fine  linuse  in  it,  was  yet  ambitious  to  entertain 
the  king,  (Edward  VI.)  For  that  purpose,  he 
new  painted  his  gates,  with  a  coat  of  arras  and 
this  motto  over  tliem,  in  large  golden  letters, 
OlA  VANITAS.  Sir  Anthony,  offering  to  read 
It,  desired  to  know  of  the  gentleman  wh.at  he 
meant  by  01 A ;  who  told  him  it  stood  for  omnia. 
"  I  wonder,  (replied  he,)  that  having  made  your 
omnia  so  little  as  you  have,  you  should  yet 
make  your  vanitas  so  large." 

COOKE,  Thomas,  born  at  Braiutree,  in  Es- 
sex, in  1702.  When  only  19,  be  gave  the  world 
a  very  correct  edition  of  "  Andrew  Marvel's 
Works,  with  a  Life  of  the  author  prefixed." 
He  published  translatioirs  of"  Hesiod,"  "  Cicero 
de  Natara  Deorum,"  and  "  Terence,"  and  pre- 
pared a  translation  of"  Plautus,"  but  only  pub- 
lished the  "  Amphytrion."  He  was  also  a  dra- 
matic writer,  and  author  of  five  or  six  pieces, 
which,  however,  were  not  attended  witn  any 
success. 

COOKE,  Elisha,  a  respectable  physician,  of 
Boston,  and  an  agent  to  England  to  procure  the 
restoration  of  the  charter  of  Mass.,  in  1715. 

COOKE,  Elisha,  distinguished  in  the  political 
history  of  Massachusetts,  was  a  representative 
in  the  general  court,  counsellor,  &c.,  and  died 
ill  1737. 

COOKE,  Samuel,  first  minister  of  the  2d  pa- 
rish in  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  died  in  1783. 


COOKE,  Robert,  an  able  English  divine,  and 
proctor  of  the  Oxford  university.  He  retired 
upon  tile  vicarage  of  Leeds.,  and  died  in  1614. 

COOPER,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  a  learned  Faigiish 
prelate,  boni  in  1517 ;  he  was  author  of  a  work, 
entitled  "  'Ji'hesaunis  Lnigua;  Romance  ei  Bri- 
taiinicce,"  which  was  highly  patronised  by  queen 
Elizabeth. 

COOPER,  Anthony  Ashley,  earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury, and  sometime  lord  high  chancellor,  was 
born  at  Winborne  St.  Giles',  in  Dorsetshire, 
July  22,  1621,  and  died  January,  1682-3.  He  ia 
supoaed  to  have  been  a  httle  intemperate  in  his 
gallantries;  and  it  is  recorded,  that  Charles II., 
wlio  would  both  take  liberties  and  bear  them, 
once  said  to  the  earl  at  court,  in  a  vein  of  rail- 
lery and  good  humour,  and  in  reference  only  to 
his  amours,  "  I  beUeve,  Shaftesbury,  thou  art 
the  wickedest  fellow  in  my  dominions."  To 
which,  with  a  low  bow  and  veiy  grave  face, 
the  earl  replied,  "  May  it  please  your  majesty, 
of  a  subject  I  believe  I  am  ;  at  which  the  merry 
monarch  laughed  most  heartily. 

COOPER,  Anthony  Ashley,  earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury, the  celebrated  author  of  the  "  Charac- 
teristics," was  grandson  of  the  preceding  earl, 
and  born  at  Exeter-house,  iu  London,  Febru- 
ary 26,  1670-1.  Soon  after  his  coming  into  par- 
liament, as  a  burgess  for  Poole,  he  had  an  op- 
portunity of  showing  that  spiiit  of  Uberty  which 
le  maintained  to  the  end  of  his  hfe,  and  by 
which  he  uniformly  directed  his  conduct  on  aU 
occasions  :  it  was  the  bringing  in  and  promoting 
i"  The  act  for  granting  counsel  to  prisoners  in 
cases  of  high  trea.son."  This  he  looked  upon 
'as  important,  and  had  prepared  a  speech  in  its 
behalf:  but  when  he  stood  up  to  speak  it  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  he  w  as  so  intimidated,  that 
he  lost  all  memory,  and  was  quite  unable  to 
proceed.  The  house,  after  giving  him  a  little 
time  to  recover  his  confusion,  called  loudly  for 
him  to  go  on  ;  when  he  proceeded  to  tliis  effect : 
"  If  I,  sir,  (addressing  himself  to  the  speaker,) 
who  rise  only  to  give  my  opinion  on  the  bill 
now  pending,  am  so  confounded  that  I  am  uii- 
able  to  express  the  least  of  what  I  proposed  to 
say,  what  must  the  condition  of  that  man  be, 
who,  without  any  assistance,  is  pleading  for  his 
life,  and  under  apprehension  of  being  deprived 
of  it?"     He  died  in  1712-13. 

COOPER,  Maurice  Ashley,  brother  of  the 
foregoing,  translated  "Xeuophon'sCyropaedia," 
which  was  published  in  2  vols.  8vo.,  17lfe,  being 
a  short  time  after  his  decease.  A  third  edition 
was  pubhshed  in  1770 ;  "  not,"  as  is  said,  "  with 
the  eclat  of  popular  applause,  but  with  the  silent 
approbation  of  the  studious  few." 

COOPER,  Samuel,  an  eminent  English  pain- 
ter, born  in  London,  in  1609,  and  commonly 
styled  the  Vandyck  in  litUe.  He  died  in  1672, 
and  was  buried  in  Pancras  church. 

COOPER,  John  Gilbert,  author  of  a  "  Life  of 
Socrates."  He  wrote  one  or  two  numbers  of 
the  periodical  paper  called  "  The  World  :"  was 
author  of"  Letters  on  Taste  :"  "  Ver  Vert,  or 
the  Nunnei-y  Parrot ;"  and  published  a  volume 
of  "  Poems  on  several  subjects,"  1704,  12nio. 
He  died  in  April,  1769. 

COOPER,  Dr.  Miles,  a  learned  divine  and 

poet,  who  published  sermons  "  On  the  Origin 

of  Civil  government,"  and  a  volume  of  poems, 

and  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  1785. 

COOPER,  William,  minister  in  Boston,  of 

„  ,  , wliicli  place  he  was  a  native ;  lie  was  distin- 

He  was  a  man  of  science,  and  pubhshed  several  |  gnishtd  for  his  faithfulness  and  zeal,  and  died- 


134 


1  in  1743 ;  he  published  several  discourses 


CO 

COOPER,  Samuel,  minister  in  Boston,  son  of 
William,  vviiom  he  succeeded  in  Brattle-street 
church  ;  was  among  the  first  ofthose  patriots  wlio 
took  part  against  Great  Britain  ■  he  died  in  1783 

COOPER,Miles,D.D.,  president  of  King's  Col 
lege,  New- York,  a  native  of  England  ;  he  came 
to  America  in  17'3-2,  published  a  volume  of  poems, 
returned  to  Enaiaiid,  and  died  in  1785. 

COOTE,  Sir  Eyre,  a  celebrated  commander 
of  the  East  India  Company's  forces  in  India 
who  gained  great  renown  by  his  frequent  vic- 
tories over  Hyder  Ally  ;  in  one  of  which,  near 
Porto  Novo,  Mydcr's  army  consisted  of  more 
tlian  150,000  men,  and  General  Coote's  of  only 
10,000.  He  was  born  in  1728,  and  died  at  Ma 
dras,  April,  1783. 

COOTWICH,  John,  of  Utrecht,  a  civilian 
and  traveller.  The  account  of  his  "  Travels 
into  Jerusalem  and  Syria,"  was  publisiied  in 
Latin,  4to.,  1019.  It  is  very  curious,  and  is  now 
become  extremely  scnrce.  The  dates  of  his 
birth  and  death  are  uncertain. 

COPERNICUS,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  as 
tronomcr,  born  at  Thorn,  in  Prussia,  in  1472.  He 
adopted  and  improved  tlie  hypothesis  of  tlie  Py 
thagoreans,  which  made  the  sun  the  centre  of 
the  sy.stem,  and  the  earth  to  move,  not  only 
round  the  sun,  but  round  its  own  axis  also ;  and 
established  that  system  of  the  world  which  goes 
by  his  name,  and  is  now  universally  received 
This  he  performed  in  a  work  entitled  "  De  Re 
volutioaibus  Orbium  CcBlestium."  Apprehen 
sions,  arising  from  the  novelty  of  his  o[)inions, 
had,  it  is  said,  almost  brought  him  to  drop  all 
thoughts  of  publishing  his  book,  which  had  lain 
in  his  escrutoir  not  nine  years  only,  (which  is 
the  term  Horace  prescribes,  but  almost  four 
times  nine  years.  At  length,  however,  by  the 
importunity  of  his  friends,  he  was  prevailed 
upon  to  let  it  come  out ;  but  a  copy  of  it  was 
no  sooner  brouglit  to  him,  than  he  was  presently 
seized  with  a  violent  eft'usion  of  blood,  v/hicli 
put  an  end  to  his  life,  Siay  2-},  1543. 

COPPA,  Cavalier,  a  disciple  and  imitator  of 
Guido,  died  in  1605. 

COQ.,  Peter  le,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  superior 
of  the  Eudistes,  and  distinguished  for  his  piety, 
learning,  &c.,  died  in  1777. 

COQ,UES,  Gonzalo,  a  Flemish  painter,  who 
excelled  in  historical  conversations  ;  he  died  in 
1684. 

CORAM,  Captain  Thomas,  born  in  1G68,  spent 
the  first  part  of  his  life  as  master  of  a  colonial 
trading  vessel.  While  he  resided  in  that  part 
Of  London  which  is  the  common  residence  of 
seafaring  people,  business  often  obliged  him  to 
come  early  into  the  city  and  return  late  :  when 
lie  had  frequent  occasions  of  seeing  young  chil- 
dren exposed,  through  the  indigence  or  cruelty 
of  their  parents.  This  excited  bis  compassion 
so  far,  that  he  projected  the  Foundling  Hospital ; 
in  which  humane  design  he  latoiired  17  years, 
and  at  last,  by  his  sole  application,  obtained  the 
royal  charter  for  it.  Indeed  he  spent  a  great 
part  of  his  life  in  serving  the  public  :  and  with 
so  total  a  disregard  to  his  private  interest,  that, 
toward  the  latter  part  of  it,  he  was  hiniself  sup- 
ported by  the  voluntary  subscription  of  public 
spirited  persons.  This  singular  and  memorable 
man  died  March  29,  1751,  and  was  interred, 
pursuant  to  his  desire,  in  the  vault  under  tHte 
chapel  of  tiie  Foundling  Hospital 

CORAS,  John  de,  professor  of  law  at  Toulouse 
at  the  age  of  18  ;  afterwards  chant  ellor  to  the 
queen  of  Navarre;  he  was  imprisoned  for  favour- 
ing tile  protestants,  and  murdered  in  1572. 


CO_ 

CORAS,  James  de,  a  native  of  Toulouse,  and 
an  author  of  little  merit,  died  in  1677. 

CORBET,  John,  a  zealous  non-conformist, 
author  of  several  works  of  merit,  died  in  1680. 

CORBET,  Dr.  Kiihard,  bishop  of  Norwicli, 
and  an  ingenious  poet,  died  1635.  His  poems 
were  printed  in  12mo.,  under  the  title  of  "  Poe- 
tica  Siromata,"  1(547,  and  again  in  17G2.  Mr. 
Gilchrisi  jiiblished  an  edition  of  them  (witli  his 
life  prelixed)  in  1807.  Some  pleasant  anecdotes 
are  recorded  of  him,  among  which  arc  the  fol- 
lowing ;  atter  he  was  doctor  of  divinity,  he  sung 
iialiads  at  the  Cross  at  Abingdon.  On  a  mar- 
ket-day he  and  some  of  his  comrades  were  at 
the  tavern  by  the  Cross  ;  the  ballad  singer  com- 
plained he  had  no  custom,  and  could  not  put  olf 
his  ballads.  The  jolly  doctor  puts  off  his  gown, 
and  put  on  the  ballad-singer's  leathern  jacket ; 
and  being  a  handsome  man,  and  a  rare  full  voice, 
he  presently  vended  a  great  many,  and  had  a  great 
audience.  His  conversation  was  extremely  plea- 
sant. Dr.  Stubbins  was  one  of  his  cronies  ;  he 
was  a  jolly  doctor,  and  a  very  good  house-keeper. 
As  Dr.  Corbet  and  he  were  riding  in  Lob-lane^ 
in  wet  weather,  (it  is  an  extraordinary  deep 
dirty  lane,)  the  coach  fell,  and  Corbet  said,  tha 
Dr.  S.  was  up  to  the  elbows  in  mud,  and  he  was 
up  to  the  elbows  in  Stubbins.  liis  chaplain, 
Dr.  Lurihington,  was  a  very  learned  and  inge- 
nious man  ;  and  they  loved  one  another.  The 
bishop  would  sometimes  take  the  key  of  the  wine 
collar,  and  he  and  his  chaplain  would  go  and 
lock  themselves  in,  and  be  merry  ;  then,  first  lie 
laj^s  down  his  episcopal  liood,  "  There  lies  the 
doctor;"  then  he  piits  off  his  gown,  "There 
lies  the  bisliop  ;"  then  it  was,  "Here's  to  thee 
Corbet."     "  Here's  to  thee  Lushington." 

CORBULO,  Domitius,  a  Roman  general, 
wlio  carried  his  arms  against  the  Parthians, 
and  placed  Tigranes  on  the  tlirone ;  he  destroyed 
himself,  A.D.  67. 

CORDAY  D' ARMANS,MaryAnne  Charlotte, 
a  native  of  Normandy,  who  avenged  the  death  of 
her  lover,  by  stabbing  Marat,the  author  of  it,  to 
the  heart,  for  which  s!ie  was  guillotined  in  1793. 

CORDEJIOI,  Geraud  do,  a  French  academi- 
cian, and  a  great  partisan  of  Descartes'  systems  ; 
iie  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  17-22. 

CORDIEU,  or  CORDERIUS,  Mathurin,  a 
choohnastcr,  died  at  Geneva,  in  1564,  aged  S5 ;, 
having  coniiaued  the  oftice  of  teaching  till  with- 
n  a  few  days  of  his  death.  Calvin  was  his 
scholar.  Afnong  many  other  works,  he  pub- 
lished "  Colloquia,"  one  of  the  most  popular  of 
our  sciioo!  books. 

CORDUS,  Aulus  Cremer.tius,  a  Roman,  au- 
thor of  a  historyof  t;ie  civil  wars  of  Rome,  much 
commended  by  Tacitus  and  Seneca. 

CORDUS,  Euricius,  a  German  physician  and 
poet,  intimate  with  Erasmus  ;  died  in  1535. 

CORDUS,  Valerius,  son  of  the  preceding ; 
devoted  himself  particularly  to  botany,  and  tra- 
versed the  mountains  of  Germany,  &c.  ;  he  died 
ui  1554. 

CORELLI,  Arcanselo,  a  famous  musician  of 
Italy,  born  at  Fusignano,  a  town  of  Bologna,  in 
1653.  His  merits,  as  a  performer  on  the  violin, 
were  sutfici.'uit  to  attract  the  patronage  of  the 
great,  and  to  silence,  as  they  did,  all  competi- 
tion ;  but  the  remembrance  of  these  is  at  this 
day  absorbed  in  the  contemplation  of  his  excel- 
lencies as  a  musician  at  large,  as  the  author  of 
new  and  original- harmonies,  and  the  father  of 
a  style  not  less  noble  and  grand  than  elegant 
and  pathetic.  He  died  at  Rome,  in  1713,  and 
was  buried  in  the  church  of  the  Rotunda,  othsj 
135 


CO 

wise  called  the  Pantheon ;  where,  for  many 
years  after  his  decease,  he  was  com  memo  rated 
by  a  solemn  musical  performance  on  the  anni- 
versary of  his  death. 

CORINN  A,  a  Greek  poetess^  who  gained  the 
prize  five  times  over  Pindar. 

CORIO,  Bernardine,  a  historian  of  Milan ;  he 
wrote  the  history  of  his  country,  which  is  much 
esteemed,  and  died  in  1500. 

CORIOLAXUS,  C.  Marcius,  a  famous  Ro- 
man captain,  who  took  Curioli,  a  town  of  the 
Volsci,  whence  he  had  his  name.  At  last,  dis- 
gastini;  tha  people,  he  was  banished  Rome  by 
the  tribune  Decius.  Fie  then  went  to  the  Volsci, 
and,  persuading  them  to  take  up  arms  agaiiist 
the  Romans,  they  encamped  within  four  miles 
of  Rome.  Here  "Coriulaaus  would  not  listen  to 
a  peace,  which  the  Ranans  sued  tor,  till  he  was 
prevailed  upon  by  his  wife  Veturia,  and  his 
mother  Volumnia,  who  were  followed  by  all  the 
Roman  ladies  in  tears.  He  was  at  last  put  to 
death  by  the  Volsci  as  a  traitor,  who  had  made 
them  quit  their  conquest:  upon  which  the  Ro- 
man ladies  went  into  mourning:  and  in  the 
same  place  wiiere  his  blood  was  shed,  tiiere  was 
atemple  consecrated  to  Female  Fortune. 

CORLET,  Elijah,  was  master  of  the  gram- 
mar school,  in  Caml)rid-.j:e,  Mass.,  for  40  or  50 
years,  and  was  much  esteeujtd  :  he  died  in  1687. 

CORNARI'JS,  or  HAGUEXBOT,  John,  a 
German  physician,  early  distin^aished  as  a 
scholar.  He  was  the  translator  of  the  works  of 
Hippocrates,  &;c.,  and  died  iit  155^.  I 

CORXARO,  Lewis,  a  noble  Venetian,  born 
•  464,  wrote  in  Latiii  a  celebrated  treatise  "  On 
the  Advantages  of  a  Temjicrate  Life."  By  fo!-i 
lowing  his  own  rules,  he  lived  to  upwards  of  100 
years  of  age,  dying  in  lolio.  I 

CORXARO,  flelsna  Lu:retia,of  the  same  fa- 1 
mily  with  the  above,  a  prodigy  of  Icarniag;  of: 
whom  it  is  related,  that  all  people  of  quality  or  j 
fashion  who  passed  througli  Venice,  were  morel 
solicitous  to  see  her,  tiian  any  of  the  curiosities 
tif  that  superb  city.  She  w  is  bom  at  Venice,  in 
364G,  and  educated  at  Padua,  where  she  obtain- 
ed the  degree  of  doctor,  and  died  in  1G85. 

COaXAZZAXl,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Placen- 
tia,  in  the  15th  century  ;  he  wrote  the  lives  of 
the  Virgin  Mary,  &:c. 

CORXBURY,  lord,  governor  of  New- York 
in  170-2,  was  universally  detested  for  his  despo- 
tism, bigotry,  and  injustice  ;  he  was  removed 
in  1708.^ 

CORXETLLE,  Michael,  a  French  painter, 
who  gained  a  prize  for  one  of  his  pieces,  andj 
was  afterwards  professor  of  the  academy  of  Pa- 
ris ;  he  died  in  170s. 

CORXEILLE,  Peter,  a  celebrated  French 
poet,  born  at  Rouen,  in  1608,  and  died  1G84.  His 
works  have  been  often  printed,  and  consist  of 
above  ;>U  comedies  and  tragedies. 

CCfRXEiLLE,  Thomas,  a  French  poet  also, 
but  Inferior  to  Peter  Corneille,  whose  brother  he 
was.  He  died  1703,  aged  84. — Thomas  Corneille 
was  the  author  of  "  A  Dictionary  of  Arts,"  in 
2  vols  foiio  ;  and  "  A  Universal  Geographical 
and  Historical  Dictionary,"  in  3  vols,  folio. 

CORXELL^i,  a  Roman  lady,  who  educated 
her  sons  Tiberias  and  O.ins  Gracchus,  and  when 
lliey  were  killed,  exhibited  great  fortitude. 

CORNELISZ,  Lucas,  a  painter,  of  Lej'den, 
who  became  chief  painter  to  Henry  VIII.  of 
Ensland. 

C'ORXELISZ.  James,  a  Dute«i  painter  of  the 
16th  century,  his  descent   from  the   cross  Ls 
much  admired. 
136 


CO 

I    CORNELISZ,  CorneUus,  of  Haerlem,  was 
[eminent  as  a  painter. 

!    CORXELIUS,  bishop  of  Rome,  after  Fabian, 
was  banished,  and  soon  after  died,  in  252. 

CORXETO,  Adrian,  an  Italian  ecclesiastic, 
much  employed  by  Innocent  VII.  and  his  suc- 
cessors, as  a  legate  ;  lie  was  an  author  of  some 
distinction. 

CORX'UTUS,  a  grammarian  and  philosopher 
of  merit,  and  tutor  to  the  poet  Persius-  He 
was  put  to  death  by  Nero,  A  D.  44. 

CORN'WALLIS,  Sir  Charles,  second  son  of 
Sir  William  Cornwallis,  a  man  of  superior  abi- 
lities ;  was  Sent  by  James  I.  as  ambassador  to 
Spain  ;  and  died  in  1630. 

I  CORXVV.-VLLIS,  Charles,  marquis,  a  brave 
British  general,  born  in  1738.'  In  the  American 
war  he  displayed  great  military  talents,  took 
possession  of  Philadelphia,  contributed  to  the 
ireduction  of  South  Carolina,  aud  defeated  Gen. 
JGatee  with  a  very  inferior  force.  But,  in  1731, 
jhe  was  under  the  necessity  of  surrendering  to  the 
united  American  and  French  army;  soon  after 
Iwhich  he  returned  to  England.  He  was  next 
sent  out  as  governor-general  of  India  ;  where  in 
December,  1790,  he  took  Bangalore,  which  wae 
followed  by  the  defeat  of  Tippoo  Saib,  who  de- 
livered to  his  lordship  his  two  sons  as  hostages. 
Lord  Cornwallis  was  ne.xt  appoi-ited  lord  lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland  ;  where  he  quelled  an  insur- 
rection, «lefeated  a  French  invading  army,  and 
succeeded  in  eifeciing  a  union  of  the  two  king- 
doms. In  1801,  he  was  einployed  as  mip.ister 
plenipotentiary  in  Fraiice,  where  he  signed  liie 
preliminary  treaty  of  peace  at  Amiens.  His 
lordsiiip  again  accepted  the  government  of  In- 
dia, in  1805 ;  but  died  at  Ghazepoor,  in  the  pro 
vinee  of  Benares,  on  the  5th  of  October,  in  the 
same  year. 

COROX'EL,  Paul,  a  native  of  Segovia,  em- 
ployed by  Cardinal  Ximenes  in  the  publication 
of  ills  Po'iyglott  Bible ;  he  died  in  1524. 

COROXELLI,  Vincent,  a  Veaelian  geogra- 
pher, made  cosmographer  to  the  French  king 
iu  1G85.  He  published  400  geographical  charts, 
and  died  in  1718. 

CORRADIXI,  Peter  Marcellinus,  a  learned  ci- 
vilian, and  favourite  of  Pope  Clement  XI.,  he 
died  in  1743. 

CORRADUS,  Sebastian,  a  grammarian  and 
professor  at  Bologna,  died  in  Id-W. 

CORREGIO,  Antonio  da,  a  most  extraordJ 
nary  painter,  so  called  from  Corregio,  a  town 
in  the  dukudomof  Modena,  where  he  was  bora 
in  1494.  This  artist  is  remarkable  for  having 
borrowed  nothing  from  the  works  of  other  men 
Corregio  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  at 
Parma ;  and  notwithstanding  the  many,  fine 
pieces  that  he  made,  aud  the  high  reputation 
he  had  gained,  he  was  extremely  poor  and  al- 
wavs  obliged  to  work  hard  for  the  maintenance 
of  his  family,  which  was  soinewhat  large.  He 
I  very  iiumble  and  modest  in  his  beiiaviour, 
lived  very  devoutly,  and  died  much  lamented  in 
1534,  when  he  v.'as  bat  40  years  of  age.  The 
cause  of  his  death  was  a  little  singular,  (Jo- 
ing  to  receive  50  crou'ns  for  a  piece  that  be 
had  done,  he  was  paid  it  in  a  sort  of  copper 
snoney  called  quadrinos.  This  was  a  great 
weight,  and  he  had  12  miles  to  carry  it,  though 
tt  was  in  the  midst  of  summer.  He  was  over- 
heated and  fatigued  ;  in  which  condition,  indis- 
creetly drinking  cold  water,  he  brought  on  a 
pleurisy  which  put  an  end  to  his  life. 

CORROZET,  Giles,  a  French  bookseller,  au- 
thor of  several  works  of  merit ;  died  in  1508. 


CO  _ 

^~  CORSINI,  Edward,  an  Italian,  a  man  of  great 
erudition  ;  author  of  some  valuable  works  on 
criticism,  philossophy,  &c.  ;  died  in  1765. 

CORT,  Cornelius,  a  native  of  Holland.  His 
engravings  are  the  best  winch  that  country  lias 
produced  ;  he  died  in  1578. 

CORTESI,  William,  a  French  painter,  patro- 
nised by  Alexander  VIIL,  died  in  1679. 

CORTESI,  Giovaiina,  a  female  painter  of 
miniatures,  of  Florence  ;  died  in  1736. 

CORTEZ,  Ferdinand,  a  Spanish  gentleman, 
famous,  under  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  for  the 
conquest  of  Mexico.    He  died  in  1554,  aged  6.^. 

CORTEZI,  Paul,  a  learned  Italian,  a  patron 
of  literature ;  was  bishop  of  Urbino,  and  diedi 
in  1510.  I 

CORTf,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Pavia,  a  phy- 
sician to  Clement  VO.  ,  wrote  on  fevers,  &-c. 
and  died  in  1544. 

CORTICELLI,  Salvatore,  a  monk  of  Bologna, 
author  of  a  much  admired  Italian  grammar, 
died  in  1770. 

CORY  ATE,  Thomas,  a  famous  English  tra- 


CO  

wlien  travelling  in  Asia,  was  taken  prisonen 
and  detained  in  captivity  many  years ;  he  pub- 
lished an  account  of  Indian  plants. 

COSTA,  Emanuel,  a  Portuguese  lawyer,  pro- 
fessor at  Salamanca,  1550. 

COSTA,  John,  professor  of  law,  at  Cahors, 
died  in  16:n. 

COSTA,  Margaret,  an  Italian  poetess,  whose 
works  were  published  at  Paris. 

COSTANZO,  Angclo  di,  an  Italian,  wrote  a 
history  of  Italy,  and  was  a  poet  of  considerable 
merit ;  he  died  about  1590. 

COSTARD,  George,  an  English  scholar,  who 
wrote  15  treatises,  chiefly  on  astronomy,  died  in 
1782. 

(  OSTE,  Peter,  a  native  of  Uzez,  who  trans 
iattd  into  French,  Locke  on  the  understanding 
land  Newton's  optics,  &c.  ;  lie  died  in  1747. 

COSTER,  Lawrence,  an  inhabitaijtof  Haer 

lein,  supposed  by  the  Dutch  to  have  been  tho 

inventor  of  printing,  about  1430.     He  died  in 

11410. 

COSTIJA,  Ben  Luc  a,  a  christian  philosopher, 


veller,  chiefly  on  foot.    He  visited  almost  all  ijof  Balbec,  who  translated  several  Greek  works 

parts  of  the  world,  and  pnbiislied  relations  of  jjinto  Arabic. 

his  voyages  and  travels  ;  but  the  singularity  of  i     COTA,  Rodriguez,  a  native  of  Toledo,  whose 

the  titles,  and  of  his  manners,  exposed  him  to  jtragi-cornedia  de  Colisto  &  MelibfPa,  has  ap- 

much  ridicule,  and  occasioned  the  character  of  Hpeared  in  Latin  and  French,  flourished  in  the 

his  works  to  be  misrepresented,  as  well  as  tliatj  IGth  cent»ny. 

of  tlieir  author,  who  was  ceriahily  a  man  of  i!      COTELERIUS,    John   Baptist,    a   learned 

great  learning.     His  best  known  works  are,  {jFrenchman,  who  published  the  works  of  all  the 

"  Crudities  hastily  gobbled  up  in  Five  Months'  jjfatliers  in  the  Apostolic  age,  with  learned  notes, 

Travels  in  France,  Savoy,  Italy,"  &c.     He  was  died  in  1680. 

COTES,  Roger,  an  illustrious  EngUsh  niathe- 
matician,  philosopher,  and  astronomer,  born  iu 
163-2,  died  1716. 

COTES,  Francis,  an  English  painter,  ia  oil 
and  criiyons  died  in  1770. 

COTJN,  Charles,  a  French  writer,  and  plo 
quent  preacher,  known  for  the  severity  of  P-oi- 
leaua;;d  Moliere's satires  against  him,  died  i« 
1678. 

COTOLENDI,  Charles,  an  advocate  in  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  and  respcciab'e  as  an  au- 
tjior.  Plo  wrote  the  life  of  Columbus,  of  de 
Sales,  and  numerous  other  works. 

COTTA,  John,  a  Latin  poet,  anlhor  of  some 
epigrams  and  oiations,  died  at  Vircrbo  in  liSIl. 

COTTE,  Robert  de,  of  Paris,  director  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Arcliitecture,  who  adorned 
many  of  the  public  buildings  in  Paris;  died  in 
1735. 

COTTEREL,  Sir  Charles,  groom-porter  to 
James  I.,  and  master  of  requests  to  Charles  II,, 
well  skilh  d  in  modern  languages. 

COTTIN,  Sophia  de,  wife  of  M.  Cottin,  a 
banker  of  Paris,  died  in  1807.  She  was  the  atfaor 
of  Malvina,  Matilda  Mansfield,  the  exiles  of  Si- 
beria, and  other  novels. 

COTTINGTON,  Francis,  lord,  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer,  and  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  in 
the  reicn  of  Charles  I.,  died  in  1651 
COTTON,  or  COTON,  Peter,  a  learned  Je- 
uit,  born  in  France,  in  15^4,  wrote  several  books 
on  controversial  subjects,  and  died  in  1626. 

COTTON,  Sir  Robert  Bruce,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lisji  antiquary,  born  at  Denton,  in  Hnntingdon- 
hire,  in  1570.  His  writings  are  very  nnnierous 
and  valuable :  but  it  may  reasonably  be  ques- 
noned,  whether  he  has  not  done  more  service 
to  learning,  by  securing,  as  he  did,  his  valuable 
library  for  the  use  of  posterity,  than  by  all  hig 
writings.  The  Cottonian  library  is  deposited 
in  the  British  Museum. 

COTTON,  Charles,  lived  in  the  reigns  of 
Charles  and  James  II.  He  had  something  of  a  g*- 
12*  137 


born  at  Odcombe,  in  Somersetshire,  1577,  and 
died  at  Surat  in  the  East  Indies,  1617. 

COSBY,  William,  governor  of  the  colonies  of 
New- York  and  New  Jersey,  died  in  1736. 

COSIERS,  John,  a  j.ainter  of  Antwerp,  pa- 
tronised by  many  crowned  heads. 

COSIMO,  Andrew  and  Peter,  Italian  painters, 
the  former  excelled  in  the  claro  obscuro,  the 
latter  hi  ludicrous  pieces.    Peter  died  in  1521. 

COSIN,  John,  an  English  prelate,  dejHived  of 
his  preferments  by  preaching  a  seditions  ser- 
mon ;  but  at  the  restoration  he  v^as  reinstated 
and  preferred  to  the  see  of  Dnrhani.  lie  wrote 
various  works,  and  was  a  learned  and  humane 
man.     He. died  in  1672. 

COSME,  John  Easeillac,  eminent  as  a  litho- 
tomist,  wiiose  instruments  were  much  used  for- 
merly ;  he  was  banished  through  tlie  envy  of 
his  rivals ;  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1786. 

COSMO  I.,  son  of  John  de  Medici,  who  rais- 
ed himself  to  the  supreme  authority  of  the  state 
of  Florence,  and  put  down  all  conspiracies 
against  him  :  he  died  ia  1574. 

COSJIO  II.,  grandson  of  Cosmo  I ,  succeed- 
ed his  father  Ferdinand,  in  1609 ;  he  was  a 
benevolent  prince,  and  died  in  1621. 

COSMO  III.,  succeeded  his  father  Ferdinand 
II.  ;  he  was  a  patron  of  learning,  and  (ne  of  the 
richest  sovereigns  of  Europe  ;  he  died  in  1723. 

COSNAC,  Daniel  de,  a  native  of  Limousin, 
raised  to  the  see  of  Valence,  and  aftenvards  to 
that  of  Aix,  died  in  1708. 

COSPEAU,  Philip,  a  French  prelate,  repre- 
sented to  have  been  very  eloquent ;  died  in  1646. 
COSS ART,  Gabriel,  a  native  of  Pontoise,  who 
assisted  Labbe  in  his  giand  collection  of  coun- 
cils, which  was  contained  in  28  vols,  fol  o,  died 
in  1674. 

COSSE,  Charles  de,  marechal  de  Brissac,  a 
French  general  of  great  military  talents,  \  itron- 
ised  by  the  king  of  France,  was  ambassador  to 
Charles  V.,  and  died  in  1563. 

COSTA,  Chiietopher,  a  Portuguese,  who, 


CO 

nius  for  poetry,  and  was  particularly  famous  for 
burlesque  verse.  He  translated  one  of  Comeille's 
tragedies,  called  "  Horace,"  printed  in  1671.  He 
published  a  volume  o.  pnenis  on  several  occa- 
sions: "  Tlie  Wonders  of  the  Peak  in  Derby- 
shire ;"  "  Scarronides,  or  Virgil  Travestie  ;" 
and  ''Lucian  burlesqued, or  the  ScorTer  scotled:" 
an  edition  of  the  three  last  mentioned,  was 
printed  in  1715,  and  has  been  frequently  reprint- 
ed. But  the  chief  of  all  his  productions,  and 
for  which  perhaps  he  deserves  the  best  praise 
of  his  countrymen,  is  his  translation  of  "  Mon- 
taigne's Essavs." 

COTTON,"Dr.,  author  of  "  Visions  in  Verse, 
for  the  instruction  of  Younger  Minds,"  was  dis- 
tinguished for  his  great  care,  humanity,  and  at- 
tention as  a  physician,  at  St.  Albans,  where  lie 
died  Aug.  2,  1788. 

COTTON,  John,  one  of  the  most  distinguish- 
ed early  ministers  of  New  England,  born  in  Eng- 
land ;  he  sustained  a  high  reputation  for  wisdom 
and  learning;  his  publications  were  numerous. 

COTTON,  Seaborn,  son  of  John,  minister  of 
Hampton,  N.  H.,  was  born  at  sea,  died  in  1686. 
He  was  a  good  scholar,  and  an  able  preacher. 
■  COTTON,  John,  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Cot- 
ton, minister  of  Plymouth,  Jlass.,  and  of  Charles- 
ton, South  CaroUna.  He  was  a  faithful  minis- 
ter, and  eminent  for  his  knowlege  of  the  Indian 
language.  He  revised  and  superintended  the 
printinK  of  Elliot's  Bible. 

COTTON,  John,  minister  of  Newton,  Mass  , 
highly  respected,  died  in  1757. 

COTYS,  a  king  of  Thrace,  in  the  age  of 
Alexander,  died  about  350  B.  C.  A  second  of 
the  name  lived  in  the  age  of  Pompey,  and  a 
third  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 

COUDRETTE,  Christopher,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, opposer  of  the  Jesuits,  and  of  tire  pope's 
bull,  unigenitus,  died  in  1774.  His  cliief  work 
is  a  history  of  the  Jesuits. 

COULON,  Lewis,  a  French  priest,  whose 
geographical  works  are  much  esteemed,  died  in 
1664. 

COUPERIN,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  much 
admired  for  his  execution  on  the  harpsichord, 
died  in  1733. 

COUPLET,  Philip,  a  Jesuit  missionary  to 
China,  wrote  some  works  on  the  Chin  e  lan- 
guage ;  he  died  'n  1693. 

COURAYER,  Peter  Francis,  a  French  divine, 
author  of  Paul's  history  of  the  council  of  Trent, 
in  French,  &c.,  died  in  1776. 

COURCELLES,  Stephen  de,  a  native  of  Ge- 
neva, professor  of  divinity  at  Amsterdam,  and 
author  of  various  theological  tracts,  died  in 
1658. 

COURT  DE  GEBELIN,  Anthony,  a  protest- 
ant  minister  of  Lausanne,  autlior  of  "  Monde 
Primitif,"  in  9  vols.  4to,  a  work  of  great  merit, 
died  in  1784. 

COURTANVAUX,  Francis  Caesar,  marquis 
de,  a  French  nobleman,  who  distinguisiied  him- 
self in  the  wars  of  Bohemia  and  Bavaria ;  he 
died  in  1781. 

COURTEN,  William,  son  of  a  tailor,  of  Me- 
nix,  in  the  Netherlands,  who  made  himself  im- 
mensely rich,  by  making  French  hoods,  in  Lon- 
don ;  he  died  in  163ii. 

COURTEN,  William,  descendant  of  the  pre- 
ceding, who  collected  whatever  was  curious  and 
important,  in  medallic  and  antiquarian  history, 
and  no  less  than  38  vols,  in  folio,  and  8  in  4to. 
all  of  which  were  purchased  for  the  British 
Museum,  for  the  sum  of  20,0001.  He  died  in 
1702. 

138 


CO 


COURTENAY,  John,  a  member  of  parlia 
ment,  and  commissioner  of  the  treasury,  knowa 
also  as  a  writer,  died  in  181C. 

rOURTlLZ,  Garien  de  sieur  de  Sandras,  of 
Paris,  confined  in  the  Bastile  9  years,  for  liis  po- 
litical works,  died  in  1712. 

COURTIVRON,  Gaspard,  marquis  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Dijon,  a  soldier  and  a  scholar;  he  was 
wounded  in  attempting  to  save  the  life  of  mar- 
shal Saxe,  and  died  in  1785. 

COURTNEY,  William,  archbishop  of  Caa- 
terbury,  a  persecutor  of  Wicklitle,  and  his  fi.l- 
lowers,  died  in  1396. 

C'OURTOIS,  James,  a  painter,  who  delinoa- 
tcd  the  battles  of  the  French,  in  the  campaigns 
of  Italy  ;  he  died  in  1676. 

COURTOIS,  William,  also  a  painter,  much 
admired,  was  patronised  by  Alexander  VIL, 
and  died  in  1673. 

COUSIN,  John,  a  painter  and  mathematician, 
in  France ;  he  was  called  the  Great,  and  was 
patronised  by  Henry  II.,  Francis  II.,  Charles  IX., 
and  Henry  III. 

COUSIN,  James  Anthony  Joseph,  an  emi- 
nent mathematician,  was  professor  of  natutal 
philosophy  in  the  college  of  France,  and  after- 
wards of  mathematics  in  the  military  school; 
he  died  in  1808. 

COUSTON,  Nicholas,  sculptor  to  the  French 
king  ;  his  pieces  adorn  the  palaces  of  Paris, 
Versailles,  and  Marly ;  he  died  in  1733. 

COUSTON,  William,  brother  to  the  preced- 
ing, director  of  the  academy  of  painting  anci 
sculpture,  died  in  1746. 

COUSTON,  William,  son  of  the  preceding 
was  improving  himself  in  the  arts,  at  Rome, 
where  he  died  in  1777. 

COUTHON,  Georges,  a  native  of  Orsay,  in 
Auvcrgne,  a  member  of  the  convention  m  the 
French  revoiuiion,  odious  for  his  ferocious  and 
vindictive  conduct;  he  was  guillotined  in  1794 

COUVREUR,  Adrianue  le,  a  French  actress, 
who  played  with  much  applause,  died  in  1730. 

COVEL,  John,  an  Enghsh  divine,  chaplain  to 
the  embassy  to  Constantinople,  published  an  ac- 
count of  the  Greek  church,  and  died  in  1722. 

COVERDALE,  Miles,  bishop  of  Exeter,  in  the 
time  of  Edward  VI.,  was  ejected  from  his  see 
by  queen  Mary,  and  thrown  into  prison.  Being 
liberated  by  queen  Elizabeth,  he  attached  him- 
self to  the  puritans,  and  died  in  1567,  at  the  age 
of  81.  Fie  assisted  Tindal  in  tlie  English  ver- 
sion of  the  Bible,  published  in  1537,  and  after- 
wards revised  and  corrected  the  edition  of  it  in 
a  larger  volume,  with  notes,  in  1540. 

COWARD,  William,  a  medical  and  meta- 
physical writer,  born  at  Winchester,  in  1656, 
died  between  1722  and  1725. 

COWELL,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  and  eminent 
civilian,  born  at  Ernesborough,  in  Devonshire, 
in  1554  :  and  well  known  by  a  laborious  work 
which  he  published  at  Camliridge,  in  1607,  enti- 
tled "  The  Interpreter."  Besides,  this,  he  pul>- 
lished,  in  1605,  "  Institutiones  Juris  Anglicani," 
&c.,  that  is,  "  Institutpsof  the  Laws  of  England, 
n  the  same  method  as  Justinian's  Institutes.' 
He  died  in  1611. 

COWLEY,  Abraham,  an  eminent  English 
poet,  born  in  London,  in  1618,  died  lG67,and  waa 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  near  Chaucer  and 
Spenser,  where  a  monument  was  erected  to  his 
memory.  Cowley  was  a  staunch  loyalist;  and 
when  Charles  II.  heard  of  his  death,  he  waa 
pleased  to  say,  "  that  Mr.  Cowley  had  not  left 
a  better  man  behind  him  in  England."  Addi- 
son has  observed,  that  of  all  authors,  nose  ever 


CO 

abounded  so  much  in  wit,  according  to  Locke's 
true  definition  of  it,  as  Cowley. 

COWLEY,  Hannah,  a  very  ingenius  drama- 
tic writer,  and  a  poetess,  indeed,  in  almost 
every  branch  of  the  art,  bom  at  Tiverton,  De- 
von, in  1743,  died  March  11,  1809,  at  the  place 
of  her  nativity,  in  her  6Gth  year 

COWPER,  William,  bishop  of  Galloway,  in 
Scotland,  born  in  Perth,  in  1564,  died  1017,  leav- 
ing a  folio  volume  of  works  on  divinity. 

COWPER,  William,  dean  of  Durham,  was 
the  son  of  earl  Cowper,  born  in  London,  in 
1713,  and  died  1772.  He  wrote  a  learned  "Trea- 
tise on  Geometry,"  eight  "Sermons,"  and 
"  Advice  to  a  Lady;"  all  of  which  are  much 
esteemed. 

COWPER,  William,  a  physician  and  ajiti- 
quary,  at  Chester,  died  in  1767. 
COWPER, William,  an  excellent  English  poet, 
equally  distinguished  by  his  genius  and  his  vir 
tues.  He  was  born  at  Berkhampstead,  Herts 
Nov.  1731,  was  the  grandson,  of  judge  Cowper, 
great  nephew  of  the  lord  high  chancellor  of  the 
same  name,  and  died  April 25, 1800.  His  poems 
are  various ;  but  the  most  celebrated  of  them  is 
called  "  The  Task  ;"  and  the  tendency  of  all 
his  writings  is,  to  enlarge  the  soul  to  every  libe- 
ral sentiment,  and  to  improve  the  heart.  Mr. 
Cowper  also  published  a  translation  into  blank 
verse,  of  Homer's  Iliad  and  Odyssey  ;  which  is 
more  remarkable  for  its  fidelity  to  the  original, 
than  for  its  poetical  elegance. 

COX,  Richari:,  bishop  of  Ely,  born  at  WHiad- 
don,  in  Buckinehamshire,  in  1499,  died  1581. 
He  was  the  chief  framer  of  the  liturgy,  and 
translator  of  the  Bible  called  "  The  Bishop's 
Bible,"  made  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 

COX,  Sir  Richard,  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland, 
and  author  of  "A  History"  of  that  kinadom, 
was  born  at  Bandon,  in  Cork,  in  1650,  and  died 
173.1. 

COX, Leonard,  agrammarian,  sometime  mas- 
ter of  Reading  school,  with  great  reputation, 
and  teacher  in  several  countries  on  the  conti- 
nent, died  in  1549. 

COXETER,  Thomas  a  faithful  and  indus- 
trious collector  of  old  English  literature,  was 
born  at  Lechlade,  in  Glocestershire.  in  1689. 
Pie  amassed  materials  for  a  biography  of  tlie 
Enelish  poets,  and  assisted  Mr.  Ames  in  the 
"  History  of  British  Typography."  He  had  a 
curious  collection  of  old  plays,  and  pointed  out 
to  Theobald,  many  of  the  black  letter  books 
which  that  critic  used  in  hi^  edition  of  Shak- 
speare.  Coxeter  was  the  first  who  formed  the 
scheme,  afterwards  adopted  by  Dodsley,  of  pub- 
lishing a  coUecion  of  ancient  plays.  He  died 
in  1747. 

COXIS,  Michael,  a  painter,  of  Mechlin,  who 
imitated  Raphael,  died  in  1592. 

COYER,  I'Abbe  Gabriel  Francis,  a  Fren«h- 
man,  who  wrote  the  life  of  John  Sobieski,  Tra- 
vels in  Italy,  Holland,  &c.,  and  died  in  1782. 

COYPEL,  the  name  of  several  painters,  who 
were  very  eminent  in  France,  in  the  17th  and 
18th  centuries. 

COYSEVOX,  Anthony,  chancellor  and  re- 
gent of  -he  academy  of  painting  and  sculpture, 
in  France,  died  in  1720. 

COYTIER,  James,  physician  to  Lewis  XL, 
of  France,  and  memorable  for  nothing  particu- 
larly, but  the  dexterity  he  showed,  in  managing 
that  monarch.  Lewis  had  no  prbiciple  to  lay 
hold  of,  except  an  intense  fear  of  dying  ;  which 
jmost  contemptible  cowardice,  Coytier  taking  the 
ladvsiQtage  of,  and  ofttn  threatening  his  master 

1 


CR 

with  a  speedy  dissolution,  obtained  from  time 
to  time,  groat  and  innumerable  favours.  Lew- 
is, however,  once  recovend  strength  of  mind 
enough  to  be  ashanjcd  of  his  weakness;  and 
feeling  a  momentary  resentment  for  (what  he 
then  thought)  the  insolence  of  his  physician,  or- 
dered him  to  be  privately  despatched.  Coytier, 
apprized  of  this  by  the  ofiicer,  who  was  his  in- 
timate friend,  replied,  "  that  the  only  concern 
lie  felt  about  himselt  was,  not  that  he  nmst  die, 
but  that  the  king  could  not  survive  him  above 
four  days ;  and  that  he  (the  said  Coytier)  kiv- w 
this  by  a  particular  science  (meaning  astrology, 
wiiich  then  prevailed)  and  only  mentioned  it  to 
him  in  confidence  as  an  intimate  friend."  Lewis 
informed  of  tJjis  was  frightened  more  tlianevcr, 
and  ordered  Coytier  to  be  at  large,  as  usual. 

COZZA,  FiaTiccsco,  born  in  Sicily,  eminent 
in  fresco  and  oil  painting,  died  in  1604. 

CRAASBECK,  Joseph  Van,  of  Brussels,  a 
painter,  who  excelled  in  representing  alehouse 
quarrels,  died  in  16(i8. 

CRAB,  Roger,  an  English  hermit,  who  lived 
at  Ickham,  near  Uxbridge,  and  acquired  great 
eputation  for  sanctity  aiid  abstinence. 

CRABB,  Habakkuk,  an  eminent  dissenter,  in 
England,  died  in  1795. 

CRACHERODE,  Rev.  Clayton  Mordaunt, 
one  of  the  trustees  of  the  British  Museum,  and 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  Societies. 
His  attainments  were  various  and  considerable : 
lie  wrote  elegantly  in  Latin  verse  ;  as  may  be 
seen  m  the  "Carmina  Quadrigesimalia,"  for 
the  year  1748.  He  employed  a  considerable 
part  of  a  large  revenue,  in  making  collections 
of  what  was  best  and  most  curious  in  litera- 
ture, and  certain  branches  of  the  arts.  His  li- 
brary was  unrivalled  in  its  kind  ;  and  his  cabi- 
net of  prints,  drawiiigs,  and  m<?dals,  was  consi- 
dered as  among  the  most  select  and  valuable  in 
a  country  that  posseses  so  many  of  them.  He 
was  an  exquisite  judge  of  art,  both  ancient  and 
modern,  particnlaily  of  sculpture,  painting,  and 
music,  and  collected  the  choicest  of  early  print- 
ed books,  drawings,  coins,  and  genss,  of  which 
a  complete  catalogue  raisonne  would  require  a 
volume.  Mr.  Cracherode  died  April  6,  1799, 
and  bequeathed  his  immense  collection  of  tjooks, 
medals,  drawings,  &c.,  &c.,  to  the  British  Mu- 
seum. 

CRADDOCK,  Luke,  an  ingenius  English 
painter,  chiefly  of  birds,  died  in  1717.  Vertuo 
records,  that  Craddock's  pictures  rose  quickly 
after  his  death,  to  three  or  four  times  the  price 
that  he  was  paid  for  them  when  living. 

CRADDOCK,  Sanmel,  a  learned  divine,  au- 
thor of  "  A  History  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
nicnt,"  an  "  Apostohcal  History,"  and  "  The 
Harmony  of  the  Four  Evangelists,  died  in  1706, 
aged  86.  The  latter  of  these  works  was  revi- 
sed by  Dr.  Tillotson,  who  preserved  it  from  the 
flames  in  the  fire  of  London. 

CRADOCK,  Thomas,  rector  of  St.  Tliomas, 
Baltimore  county,  Maryland,  published  Psalms 
of  David  in  heroic  verse,  in  1756. 

CRACKANTHORP,  Richard,  an  eloquent 
English  preacher,  chaplain  to  an  embassy  to 
the  emperor,  and  an  author  of  merit,  died  in 
1624. 

CRAIG,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Dane ;  he  waa 
ngaged  by  the  king  of  Denmark  in  some  im- 
portant negotiations,  and  wrote  annals  of  Den- 
mark.    He  died  in  1602. 

CRAIG,  Sir  Thomas,  a  learned  Scotch  law- 
yer, known  for  his  "Jus   Feudale,"  died  in 
1. 

139 


CR 


CR 


CRAIG,  James,  a  Scotch  divine,  admired  as 
a  preacher ;  he  pubUshed3  vols,  of  sermons,  and 
died  in  1744. 

CRAili,  John,  a  Scotch  mathematician,  wlio 
made  his  name  famous  by  a  small  work  of  36 
pages  in  4to,  entitlod  '•  Theoiogia  Cluistianit 
Principia  Mathematica." 

CRAIG,  William,  a  Scotcli  divine,  celebrated 
for  liis  pulpit  oratory,  died  in  178'3.  i 

CRAIK,  James,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
came  to  Virginia,  where  he  became  a  distin- 
guished physician,  received  an  appointment  inl 
ttie  army  of  t^e  revolution,  and  was  physician 
to  the  lamiiy  of  General  Wasniiigtou.  He  died 
in  1814. 

CRAMER,  John  Frederic,  learned  professor 
at  Duisburg,  translated  Puiiendorf's  introduc- 
tion to  iuitory,  aud  died  in  1715. 

CRAMER,  Gabriel,  of  Geneva,  well  known 
over  Europe  as  a  niathcraaticiun,  died  in  1752. 

CRAMER,  iN'ichoias,  a  Flemish  painter,  dis- 
tinguished for  taste  and  correctness,  died  in  1710. 

CRAJMER,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Bellz,  in  B:  an- 
dejiburg,  professor  of  eloquence,  at  Witteniberg, 
and  an  able  divine,  wrote  on  Aristo'Je's  logic; 
he  died  in  1598.  j 

CRAMER,  John  James,  professor  of  oriental; 
langauge  at  Zurich,  and  afterwards  at  Herborn,i 
and  auttior  of  several  theological  works;  he; 
died  in  1702. 

CRAMER,  John  Andrew,  a  native  of  Qued-I 
linburg,  who  lirst  reduced  the  art  of  assayingj 
in  metallurgy  into  a  system  ;  he  died  in  1777.      j 

CRAMER,  John  Andrew,  a  German  divine, 
not  distinguished  excepting  as  a  poet.  He  wasj 
professor  in   several  institutions,  and  died  inj 

CRANE,  Thomas,  a  non-conformist  divine,i|&c.,  was  born  near  Glasgow,  in  1665,  and  i 
author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Divine  Providence,"]  11726. 


CRASSUS,  Marcus  Licinius,  one  of  the  tri- 
umvirs with  Casar  and  Pcmpey,  was  defeated 
and  killed  in  Syria,  53  B.  C. 

CRATES,  a  philosopher,  disciple  of  Diogenes, 
the  cynic,  prided  himself  on  his  poverty  and 
meanness,  lived  3^  B.  C. 

CRATES,  an  academic  philosopher  of  Athens,. 
272  B.  C.  * 

CRATESIPOLIS,  a  queen  of  Sicyon,  cele- 
brated for  her  valour,  314  B.  C. 

CR  ATIN  US,  one  of  the  great  masters  of  wliat 
we  call  the  ancient  comedy.  Ke  tJourished  in 
the  81st  Olympiad,  some  20  or  30  years  before 
Aristophanes.  He  was  an  Athenian  born,  aud 
appears  to  have  been  an  excessive  drinker  ;  and 
the  excuse  he  gave  for  that  vice  uas,  that  it  was 
absolutely  necessary  to  warm  his  fancy,  and  to 
put  a  soul  into  his  verse.  Aristophanes,  in  his 
"  Irene,"  has  given  us  a  pleasant  account  of 
Craiiuus'  death,  where  he  says  that  it  was 
caused  by  a  fatal  swoon,  at  the  sight  of  a  noble 
cask  of  wine  split  in  pieces,  and"  washir;g  the 
streets.    Suidas  tells  us  that  he  wrote  21  plavs. 

CR.\TIPPUS,  pronounced  by  Cicero,  to  be 
by  far  the  greatest  of  all  the  peripatetic  philoso- 
phers tliat  he  ever  heard,  was  of  Milylene,  and 
tauKlit  philosoohv  there. 

CRATO,  orDiG  CRAFTHEIM,  John,  physi- 
cian to  the  emperor  Ferdinand  I.,  intimate  with 
Lutiier — wrote  "  Luther's  Table  Talk;"  Ire 
died  in  1585. 

CRAV'^EN,  Charles,  colonial  governor  of  S, 
Carolina,  returned  to  England  in  1716. 

CRAWFORD,  David,  author  of  "  Meniou-g 
of  Scotland,"  a  "Peerage  of  Scotland,"  a"  His- 
tory of  the  royal  family  of  Stuart,"  a  topcgra- 
j  pineal  description  of  the  "  County  of  Renfrew," 


died  in  1714 

CRANFIELD,  Edward,  was,  for  a  short  time, 
governor  of  tlie  colony  of  New  Hampshire,  af- 
ter 1682. 

CRANIUS,  Luca,  apainterof  Bamberg, whose 
pieces  were  once  admired,  died  in  15.13. 

CRANMER,  Thomas,  an  English  arcbbishop,  j 
memorable  for  having  endured  martyrdom  iui| 
the  cause  of  protestantism,  was  born  at  Aslac- 
ton,  in  Nottuighamshire,  in  1489,  and  burnt  at 
Oxford,  March  21,  1555,  by  order  of  queen  Ma-' 
ly.  He  was  an  open,  generous,  honest  man  ;  a 
lover  of  truth,  and  an  enemy  of  falsehood  and 
superstition  ;  he  was  gentle  and  moderate  in  his! 
temper,  and  though  heartily  zealous  in  the  cause 
of  the  reformation,  yet  a  friend  to  the  persons 
of  those  wlio  most  strenuously  opposed  it ;  he 
was  a  great  patron  of  learning  and  the  univer- 
sities, a  very  learned  man  himself,  and  author 
of  several  works. 

CRANSTON.  Samuel,  governor  of  Rhode- 
Island,  from  1698  to  1727. 

CRAPONE,  Adam,  a  native  of  Salon,  known 
for  the  canal  wnich  bears  his  name,  between 
Aries  aud  the  Durance ;  he  was  poisoned  through 
envy,  in  1598. 

CRASHA W,  Richard,  an  Eniilish  poet,  who] 
was,  in  his  lifetime,  honoured  with  the  friend- 1 
ship  of  Mr.  Cowley,  and  after  his  death,  by  the, 
praise  of  Mr.  Pope,  who  condescended  both  to 
read  his  poems,  and  to  borrow  from  them.  Hej 
died  at  Loretto,  in  Italy,  in  1C50. 

CRASSO,  Lawrence,  baron  of  Pianura,  wrote 
a  history  of  the  Greek  poets,  connnended  by  the 
Italians,  but  censured  by  the  French. 

CRASSUS,  Lucius  Licinius,  a  Roman  orator, 
greatly  commended  by  Cicero,  died  92  E.  C. 
140 


CRAWFORD,  William,  born  at  Kelso,  in 
1676,  wrote  "  Dying  Thoughts,"  and  some 
"  Sermons,"  published  in  2  vols.  12mo,  and  died 
in  1742. 

CRAWFORD,  Dr.  Adair,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish physician  and  chymist,  author  of  •'  Experi- 
i  lents  and  Observations  on  Animal  Heat,"  and 
the  first  who  found  out  the  medical  uses  iidiererit 
in  tile  Terra  Ponderosa,  born  in  1749,  died  1795. 

CRAWFORD,  Anne,  a  celebrated  English 
actress,  both  in  comeJy  and  tragedy,  but  better 
remembered  by  her  name  of  Barrv,  was  born  at 
Bath,  in  1734,  aud  died  Nov.  29,  1801. 

GRAYER,  Caspar  de,  a  celebrated  painter 
of  Antwerp,  greatly  esteemed  by  Reubens  an  J 
Vandvck,  died  in  1669. 

CREBILLON,  Prosper  Joliot  de,  a  French 
writer  of  tragedy,  and  usually  ranked  after 
Corneihe  and  Racine,  was  born  at  Dijon,  in  1674, 
and  died  1702. 

CREBILLON,  Claude  Prosper  Joliot  de,  sou 
of  the  fortguing,  and  a  celebrated  writer  of  no- 
vels, letters,  and  romances,  was  born  in  Paris, 
1707,  and  died  there  in  1777.  The  ease  and  ele- 
gance, together  with  the  seducing  levity  of  his 
writings,  have  obtained  for  him  the  appellation 
of  the  Petronius  of  France.  Ilis  works,  chiefly 
of  a  voluptuous  tendency,  have  been  collected 
in  11  vols.  12mo,  1779. 

CREDI,  Lorenzo  di,  an  Italian  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, died  in  1530. 

CREECH,  Thomas,  eminent  for  his  transla- 
tions of  ancient  authors,  both  in  prose  and  verse, 
was  born  near  Siierborne,  in  Dorsetshue,  in 
lG5i),  and  died  by  his  own  hand,  in  1701.  Hia 
principal  works  are  translations  of  Lucretius 
aud  Horace  ;  but  he  transiated  other  thiiiga  of  a 


CR 


CR 


smaller  kind,  from  Theocritus,  Ovid,  Virgil,  Ju- 
venal, Plutarch,  Cornelius  Nepos,  &c.  &c. 

CRELL,  Lewis  Christian,  a  native  of  Neu- 
stadt,  and  professor  at  Leipsic,  died  in  1735. 

(JRELLIUS,  John,  a  Socinian,  who  settled  in 
Poland,  where  he  became  professor  to  the  uni- 
tarians. He  was  a  man  of  great  learning,  and 
wrote  against  Grolius. 

CREMONINI,  Casar,  an  Italian  philosopher, 
who  advocated  the  doctrines  of  Aristotle,  in  re- 
spect to  the  materiality  of  the  soul ;  he  died  in 
1630. 

CRENIITS,  Thomas,  a  writer  whose  works 
were  numerous.  He  wrote  chiefly  on  philoso- 
phical subjects,  and  died  at  Leyden,  in  1728. 

CREQUI,  Charles  de,  prince  de  Foix,  a  mare- 
chal,  and  peer  of  France,  distinguished  for  his 
valour;  he  was  killed  by  a  cannon  ball  at  the 
siege  of  Bremen,  in  1038. 

CRECiUI,  Francis  de,  great  grandson  of  the 
preceding,  a  marechal  of  France,  distinguished 
for  his  military  enterprises  and  heroic  courage  ; 
he  died  in  1C87. 

CKESCEMBENt,  John  Maria,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Maurata,  in  Ancona,  1G63.  He  pro- 
jected the  establishment  of  a  new  academy,  un- 
der tlie  name  of  Arcadia,  the  members  of  which, 
at  first,  did  not  exceed  14,  but  afterwards  in- 
creased much.  They  called  themselves  the 
sheplieids  of  Arcadia,  and  each  took  the  name 
of  some  shepherd,  and  some  place  in  that  an- 
cient kingdom.  The  founder  of  this  society  was. 
appointed  the  director  of  it,  in  1690,  and  held  it 
to  the  vear  of  his  death,  1728. 

CRESCEXS,  a  cynic  philosopher,  in  the  2d 
century,  who  persecuted  the  Christians. 

CRESCENTIUS,  Peter  de,  a  native  of  Bou- 
logne, in  the  14th  century,  who  travelled  30 
years  as  a  law  practitioner ;  he  published  a  va- 
luable treatise  on  agriculture. 

CRESPi,  Daniel,  a  celebrated  portrait  pain- 
ter, of  Bologna,  died  in  lfi30. 

CRESPI,  Guiseppe  Maria,  a  painter  of  Bo- 
logna, who,  by  darkening  liis  room  very  much, 
gave  greater  vivacity  to  his  subjt?cts,  died  in 
1747. 

CRESSEV,  Hugh  Paulin,  an  English  divine, 
who  became  a  catholic,  and  was  chaplain  to 
queen  Catharine,  he  was  nmch  respected,  and 
published  some  vahiable  works,  particularly  an 
able  ecclesiastical  history.    He  died  in  1674. 

CRESTI,  Dominico,  a  historical  painter,  of 
Florence,  died  in  1638. 

CRETIN,  William  Du  Bois,  whose  chief  me- 
rit consisted  in  puns,  low  wit,  &c.  He  was  his- 
torian to  Charles  VIII.,  Lewis  XII.,  &.C.,  and 
died  in  1525. 

CREVIER,  John  Baptiste  Lewis,  a  Parisian, 
trained  under  the  celebrated  Rollin,  and  after- 
wards professor  of  rhetoric.  Upon  the  death 
of  his  master,  in  1741,  he  took  upon  him  to  fi- 
nish his  "  Roman  History  "  He  published  other 
works,  and  was  greatly  serviceable  to  the  cause 
of  virtue  and  religion,  as  well  as  letters.  His 
death  happened  in  1765. 

CREW,  Nathaniel,  bishop  of  Durham,  in  the 
time  of  James  II.,  whose  cause  he  espoused; 
he  died  in  1721. 

CRICHTON,  James,  a  Scotch  gentleman 
born  at  Perth,  in  1560,  and  blest  with  most  ex 
traordinary  endowments,  both  of  body  and 
mind.  He  was  murdered  by  hia  pupil,  Vincen-I 
tio  di  Ck>nzaga,  son  of  the  duke  of  Mantua,  in 
1582.  Though  so  young  a  man,  Chrichton  was 
skilled  iu  twelve  languages,  and  in  several  uni-l 
>iersities,  gave  public  challenges  to  disputations] 


m  as  many.  He  is  usually  styled  The  Admirable 
Crichion. 

CRILLON,  Lewis  de  Berthon  de,  a  French 
general,  who  distinguished  himself  by  his  va- 
lour, in  the  time  of  Henry  II.,  III.,  and  IV.  He 
died  in  1615. 

CRILLON  MAHON,  N.  duke  de,  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  the  seven  years  war,  and  after- 
wards in  the  cause  of  Spain.    He  died  in  1796. 

CRINESirs,  Christopher,  a  native  of  Bohe- 
mia, who  published  several  learned  works ;  he 
died  in  1626. 

CRINITUS,  Pefrus,  a  native  of  Florence,  a 
man  of  great  learning,  but  addicted  to  the  basest 
sensualities;  he  died  in  1505. 

CRISP,  Tobias,  a  controversial  writer  on  di- 
viniry,  and  the  great  chanij)ion  of  Antinomian- 
ism,  died  in  1642. 

CRITI  AS,  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants  of  Athens ; 
he  fell  in  battle  400  B.  C 

CRITO,  one  of  the  pupils  and  friends  of  So- 
crates. 

CRITOBULUS,  a  physician,  who  is  said  to 
have  extracted  the  arrow  which  wounded  the 
eye  of  Philip  of  Macedon. 

CEITOLAUS,  a  Greek  historian. 

CRITOLAUS,  an  Arcadian,  who,  when  de- 
feated by  the  Romans,  poisoned  himself,  146 
B.  C. 

CROESE,  Gerard,  a  protestant  divine,  of  Am- 
sterdam, author  of  a  hisiory  of  the  Quakers, 
died  in  1710. 

CRCESUS,  the  fifth  and  last  of  theMermna- 
dffi,  who  reigned  inLydia;  was  supposed  the 
richest  of  mankind,  ife  was  the  first  who  made 
the  Greeks  of  Asia  tributary  to  the  Lydians, 
and  his  court  was  the  asylum  of  learning  and 
the  polite  arts.  After  a  reign  of  14  years,  he 
was  defeated  by  Cyrus,  5^8  B.  C. :  the  time  and 
manner  of  his  death  are  unknown. 

CROFT,  Herbert,  an  English  prelate,  who 
wrote  in  favour  of  the  protestants  about  1675  ; 
he  died  in  1691. 

CROFT,  William,  a  celebrated  musician, 
who  succeeded  Dr.  Blow  as  master  of  the  child- 
ren,ar.d  composer  to  the  Chapei  Royal,  and  also 
as  organist  in  Westminster  Abbey.  In  1712  he 
published,  but  without  his  name,  "  Divine  Har- 
mony, or  a  new  collection  of  select  anthems;" 
to  which  is  prefixed,  "  A  Brief  Account  of 
Church  Music'  In  1715,  he  was  created  doc- 
tor in  music  at  Oxford  ;  and  in  1724  published 
by  subscription,  a  noble  work  of  his  own,  en- 
titled, "  Musica  Sacra,  or  Select  Anthems  in 
Score,"  in  2  vo.'s.  the  first  containing  the  fune- 
ral service  which  Purcell  had  begun,  but  did  not 
live  to  complete.  He  was  born  at  Nethe; -Eating- 
ion,  in  Warwickshire,  about  1677,  and  died  Aug. 
1727. 

CRORIUS,  or  DE  CROI,  a  minister  of  Usez, 
who  wrote  several  works  in  Latin  ;  he  died  in 
1650. 

CROIX,  Francis  Petit  de  la,  secretary  and  in- 
terpreter to  the  king  of  France  in  the  Turkish 
and  Arabic  languages,  died  Nov.  4,  1695,  in  his 
73fl  year. 

CROIX,  John  Baptist  de  la,  second  bishop  of 
Quebec  ;  came  to  Canada  in  1685;  he  founded 
three  hospitalF,  and  died  in  1727. 

CROIX  DU  MAINE,  Francis  Crude  de  la, 
a  Frenchman  of  the  16th  century,  who  publish- 
ed an  account  of  all  French  authors- 

CROKE,  Sir  George,  many  years  one  of  the 

judges  of  the  King's  Bench,  and  an  eminent 

law-writer,  was  born  at  Chilton,  Bucks,  in  1559, 

and  died  ia  1641.   The  "  Reports"  of  Sir  George 

141 


CR 

Croke,  are  of  tlie  highest  authority  with  the 
profession.  Sir  Edmund  Coke,  recommending 
to  the  student  an  attention  to  tliese  Reports, 
says,  "  Tnere  is  no  knowledge,  case,  or  point  in 
law,  seem  it  of  never  so  little  account,  but  will 
stand  Uim  in  stead  at  one  time  or  other ;  and 
therefore  in  reading,  nothing  is  to  be  pretermit- 
ted." 

CROMPTOX,  William,  a  nonconformist  di- 
vine, author  of  several  small  tracts,  died  1696. 

CROMWELL,  Thomas,  earl  of  Essex,  an 
eminent  statesman  in  the  reign  of  Henry  Vlll., 
was  the  son  of  a  blacksmith  at  Putney,  in  Surry, 
and  born  about  1490.  He  was  for  some  time 
clerk  or  secretary  to  the  English  factory  at  ^\nt- 
werp. — On  his  return  to  England  he  was  admit 


[signal  service,  which  was  the  last  he  performed  ' 
in  his  military  capacity  till  the  king's  deatJi. 
[After  that  event  (to  which  he  was  equally 
jprompted  by  fear  and  ambition,)  Cromwell  was 
lappointed  lord  governor  of  Ireland,  to  whicn 
kingdom  he  went  in  great  pomp,  and  very  soon 
made  himself  master  of  Drogheda,  and  the  other 
places  which  had  been  lield  by  the  royalists. 
jHaving  done  tiiis  service,  he  was  recalled  to 
(England,  and  made  captain-general  of  all  the 
ipailiament  force.';,  marched  again  into  Scotland, 
jdefeated  the  Scot^  at  Dunbar,  followed  Char 
jIL  into  Worcester,  and  totally  routed  hisvhote 
j force.  Cromwell  now  found  his  powct  so  xu- 
icontrollable,  that  he  ventured  on  a  step,  boider 
I  perhaps,  than  ever  before  had  entered  the  liead 


ted  into  the  family  of  Cardinal  Wolsey  as  his  jof  any    man  in   England.      He  abruptly  tiis- 


solicitor  ;  to  whom  he  approved  himself  by  his 
fidelity  and  diligence  in  several  unportant  atiairs; 
and  after  the  cardinal's  fall,  the  king  employed 
him  in  his  own  service,  and  raised  him  in  a  shori 
time  to  several  eminent  dignities.  Having  been 
instrumeptal  in  proraothig  the  Reformation,  the 
king  granted  him  many  noble  manors  and  large 
estates,  the  spoils  of  the  religious  houses  ;  ad- 
vanced him  to  ti)e  dignity  of  earl  of  Essex;  and 
constituted  him  lordhigh  chamberlain  of  Eng- 
land. The  tide  of  prosperity,  which  had  hither- 
to flowed  in  upon  him,  began  now  to  take  a  tarn : 
a  scheme  that  he  laid  to  secure  his  greatness 
proved  his  ruin  ;  such  is  the  weakness  of  hu- 
man policy  !  He  used  his  utmost  endeavours  to 
procure  a  marriage  between  king  Henry  and 
Anne  of  Cleves.  As  her  friends  were  ail  Lu- 
therans, he  imagined  if  might  tend  to  brine;-  dov/n 
the  popish  party  at  court :  "and  he  expected  great 
support  from  a  queen  of  his  own  making.  But 
the  capricious  monarch,  being  disgusted  with 
her  person,  on  the  tirst  night's  cohabitation,  took 
an  invincible  aversion  to  the  promoter  of  the 
marriage,  who  was  soon  after  arrested  at  the 
councirtable,attaintedof  high  treason  and  here- 
sy, and  executed  on  Tower-hill,  after  six  weeks 
imprisonment,  July,  1540. 

CROMWELL,  Oliver,  protector  of  tlie  com- 
monwealth of  England,  was  son  of  Mr.  Robert 
Cronrwell,  and  born  in  the  parish  of  St.  John, 
Huntingdon,  April  '25, 1599,  baptized  the  29th  of 
the  same  month,  and  was  educated  in  grammar 
learning  at  the  free-school  in  that  town.  From 
Huntingdon  he  was  removed  to  Sydney  college, 
in  Cambridge,  where  he  was  admitted  fellow 
commoner,  April  23,  1616.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  third  parliament  of  Charles  L, 
which  met  Jan.  20,  1628,  and  from  this  time  to 
1641  was  in  warm  opposition  to  all  the  measures 
of  the  court.  At  length  when  the  king  and 
parliament  came  to  an  open  rupture,  Cromwell 
obtained  a  captain's  commission  ;  and  his  first 
military  exploit  was,  securing  the  town  of  Cam 


solved  the  Long  Parliament,  and,  liavinca;r;ied 
all  the  members  out  of  the  house,  locked  the  t 
doors,  put  the  keys  in  liis  pocket,  and  reluined 
home.  This  happened  on  the  20th  of  -^pril, 
1653.  On  the  10th  of  December,  in  the  same 
year,he  was  invested  v>ith  supreme  authority, 
under  the  title  of  lord  protector  of  the  three  na- 
tions, England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  ;  in  which 
sta  ion,  haviii^;  for  five  years  adniir.isieKd  the 
affairs  of  the  kingdom  \Aith  great  vigour  and 
iability,  he  died  Sept.  3,  lt;58. 

CROMWELIi,  Richard,  eldest  son  of  Oliver, 
and  named  by  him  as  his  successor,  was  born 
!at  Cheshunt,  1626,  and  died  1712.— An  act  w 
jpassed,  for  recognising  him  as  Protector,  ar.d  for 
{restoring  the  house  of  lords:  but  the  Commons 
ifeil  into  debates  about  settling  the  chief  magis- 
jtrate's  power,  and  tliat  of  the  upper  house  ;  aiid 
these,  with  other  proceedings,  terminated  in  a  i 
jealousy,  between  the  protector  and  his  army. 
At  last  tliey  discarded  him,  and  took  the  govern-  i 
ment  into  their  own  hands.  On  the  restoration  i 
She  went  abroad,  but  returned  in  1680,  under  the 
j  assumed  name  of  Clarke,  and  settled  at  Clicsh- 
junt,  where  he  lived  privately  and  died  beloved  , 
'but  he  was  not  by  any  means  qualified  to  sup- 
!port  tlie  station  to'wliich  the  aspiring  talents  of 
his  father  had  raised  him. 

CROXECK,  John  Frederic  baron  de,  bom  at 
Anspach,  distinguished  hnnself  as  an  ingeniouB 
poet ;  lie  died  in  1758. 

CRONSTEDT,  Axel  Frederic,  a  native  of 
Sweden,  a  natnraUst,  and  inspector  of  the 
mines :  he  published  various  works,  and  died 
in  17G5. 

CROOK,  Sir  George,  an  Englishman,  w  ho 
became  chief  justice  ;  died  in  1641. 

CROSBY,  Brass,  born  atStockton-upon-Tees, 
in  1725,  came  early  in  life  to  London,  where  he 
practised  several  years  as  an  attorney  •  became 
alderman  of  the  ward  of  Bread-street,  in  1765, 
and  was  elected  lord  mayor,  September  24, 17 
i March,  1771,  in  tlie  case  of  the  proclaa  ation 


bridge  for  the  parliament.    He  was  afterwards  !| against  Wheble  and  other  printers,  Mr.  .41der 


rapidly  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-gen 
eral  under  the  earl  of  Mancliester,  in  which  ca 
pacity  he  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Marston  Moor.  He  was  then  made  lieutenant- 
general  of  horse  under  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax,  had 
the  principal  share  in  defeating  the  royal  party 
at  Naseby,  made  himself  master  of  Winchester 
and  several  other  places,  reduced  Carhsle  and 
Berwick,  and  entered  Scotland  in  triumph. 
Having  dismissed  the  Hamiitons  (of  the  king's 
party)  from  all  offices  of  public  trust,  he  return- 
ed to  England  with  every  mark  of  hono»r  and 
esteem  on  the  part  of  the  Scots  .  asd,  on  his  ar- 
val  in  Loudon,  took  his  seat  again  in  parliament, 
and  received  the  thanks  of  the  house  for  this 
142 


man  Oliver  was  committed  to  the  Tower  ;  and 
Mr.  Crosby  (then  lord  Mayor)  was  ordered  into 
the  custody  of  the  serjeant  at  amis;  but,  on ( 
Ibis  bpiritedly  observing,  "  tha^  if  any  offenct^ 
I  had  been  committed,  he  was  the  greatest  ofien 
jder,  and  that  he  longed  to  join  his  brotlier  in  of 
ifice,"  an  order  was  signed  for  his  commitment' 
jto  the  Tower.  The  parhament  was  prorogued 
j  on  the  23d  of  July,  wheh  the  lord  mayor  was 
i  released  and  carried  from  the  Tower  to  the 
mansion-house  wth  every  possible  mark  of  the 
approbation  of  his  fellow-citizens;  and,  after 
the  expiration  of  his  mayoralty,  was  again  re- 
warded by  the  thanks  of  the  corporation,  and  a< 
cup  of  im.  in  value.    He  died,  Feb.  14, 1793 


CR 

CROSS,  Michael,  an  English  artist,  and  fa- 
mous copier  of  paintings,  flourished  in  the 
reigns  of  Ciiarles  I.  and  II. 

CROSS,  Lewis  a  painter,  who  retouched  a 
picture  of  ainry,  q-ieen  of  Scots,  in  a  masterly 
manner  ;  he  died  in  ITiil. 

CROSWELL,  Andrew,  a  minister  in  Boston, 
much  engaged  in  controversy,  died  in  1785. 

CROUSAZ,  John  Peter  de,  a  celebrated  phi- 
losopiier  and  mathomatician,  born  at  Lausanne, 
in  Svvit/.erland,  April  13, 1663,  died  1748. 
'  Clio  VVlS^E,  .John,  an  American  by  birth,  went 
to  England,  and  was  patronised  by  Charles  II., 
at  whose  coniinand  he  wrote  several  dramatic 
pieces  ;  the  best  known  of  which  are,  "  City 
Politics,"  and  "  Sir  Courtly  Nice;"  the  latter  j 
of  which  has  been  several  times  acted  of  late 
years.  His  plays  were  17  in  number  ;  some  of 
■which  were  performed  with  great  success.  He 
died  about  1703. 

CROXALL,  Dr.  Samuel,  a  writer  of  good 
repute,  born  at  Walton  upon  Tliames,  and 
known  as  publisher  of  the  following  works, 
viz  :  "  The  Fair  Circassian,"  a  poem  ;  "  Fables 
of  ."Esop  and  others,  translated  into  English  ;" 
"  Select  Novels ;  "Scripture  Politics;"  "The 
Royal  Manual,"  &c.    He  died  1752. 

CROZE,  Mathurin  Veyssiere  la,  a  native  of 
Na-.<tes,  was  distinguished  for  his  learning  and 
woi  ks  ;  he  died  in  17;<9. 

CRUCIGER,  Caspar,  a  protestant  of  Leipsic, 
autlior  of  commentaries  on  Scripture,  died  in 
1543. 

CRLTDEN,  Alexander,  a  corrector  of  the  press, 
whose  literary  labours  will  ever  entitle  iiim  to 
the  veneration  of  all  students  of  the  sacred  wri- 
ting. His  "  Concordance  of  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures of  the  Old  and  New  Testament,"  is  his 
chief  work,  and  a  singular  instance  of  indefati- 
gable labour  and  perseverance  in  the  most  use- 
ful employment.  His  private  character  (though 
nativrally  liberal  in  the  extreme)  was  influenced 
by  a  temporary  frenzy,  which  gave  a  certain  co- 
lour to  all  his  actions,  and  suggested  to  him  ma- 
ny wliimsical  plans  of  reformation,  hopes  of 
superiority,  and  visionary  views  of  ambition, 
which  were  as  useless  to  himself  as  unprofita- 
ble to  others.  Of  his  singularities,  however, 
which  were  many,  the  tendency  was  uniformly 
virtiious.  He  was  born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1701, 
EtCid  was  found  dead  on  his  knees,  apparently  in 
tile  posture  of  prayer,  at  his  lodgings  in  Isling- 
ton, on  the  morning  of  Nov.  1,  1770. 

CRUIKSHANK,  William  Cumberland,  an 
eminent  anatomist,  born  at  Edinburgh,  1745, 
went  to  London  1771 ;  where  he  soon  got  into 
naost  extensive  practice  as  a  surgeon.  As  a  wri- 
ter, he  is  principally  distinguished  by  his  "Ana- 
tomy of  the  Absorbent  Vessels  in  the  Human 
Body,"  first  published  in  1786;  and  "Experi- 
ments on  the  Insensible  Perspiration  of  the  Hu- 
man Body,"  1795.— Mr.  C.  died  June  27, 1800. 

CRUSIUS,  or  KRANS,  Martin,  of  Bamberg, 
the  first  who  taught  Greek  in  Germany,  died  in 
■"07. 

CRUTTWELL,  Rev.  Clement,  a  gentleman 
whose  various  literary  performances,  for  labour 
xtent,  and  utility,  have  rarely  been  equalled ; 
and,  wner.  regarded  as  the  productions  of  an 
inassisted  valetudinarian,  have  perhaps  never 
been  surpassed.  Mr.  C.  first  appeared  as  an  au- 
Aor  in  his  edition  of  "  Bishop  Wilson's  Bible 
and  Works,  to  which  he  has  prefixed  a  life ;  and 
lu  the  splendid  edition  of  the  Bible,  he  has  in- 
serted collations  from  the'  various  texts ;  an 
employment  which  first  directed  hia  thoughts 


CU 

to  that  most  laborious  undertaking,  his  "  Con- 
cordance of  Parallel  Te.\49  of  Scripture  ;"  a 
work  wliich,  according  to  the  usual  computa- 
tion of  time  and  assiduity,  would  be  suflicient 
to  occupy  the  life  of  an  ordinary  man  ;  and 
when  it  is  considered  that  he  printed  it  in  hia 
own  house,  and  corrected  the  press  as  he  pro- 
ceeded, some  idea  may  be  formed  of  his  indus- 
try and  perseverance.  Scarcely  had  he  recover- 
ed from  a  severe  illness,  whicli  his  ii)cessant  ap- 
plication had  produced,  and  which  obliged  him 
to  have  recourse  to  the  batiis  of  St.  Amaiid,  in 
Flanders,  when  he  projected  the  scheme  of  his 
"Universal  Gazetteer;"  in  the  e.\ecution  of 
which  he  spent  ten  years  of  unwearied  dili- 
gence ;  the  sale  of  the  first  edition  sufliciently 
proved  the  favourable  light  in  which  it  was  re- 
garded by  the  public,  and  he  had  just  gone 
through  the  laborious  olRce  of  editing  a  second 
edition,  comprising  30,000  new  articles  ;  when, 
nil  the  road  to  his  native  town,  Wokingham,  in 
Berkshire,  he  was  arrested  by  a  sudden  illness, 
which  terminated  fatally  before  medical  assist- 
ance could  be  procured.  He  died  at  Froxfield, 
Somersetshire,  in  his  G5th  year,  Sept.  5,  1808. 

CRUZ,  Juana  Inez  de  la,  a  lady  of  Mexico, 
disdiiguished  for  her  poetry,  and  her  acquaint- 
ance with  the  sciences  ;  she  died  in  1695. 

CRITTOPYLUS,  xMetrophanes,  a  Greek,  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  and  afterwards  raised  to  the 
see  of  Alexandria  ;  he  died  in  1641. 

CTESIAS,  a  Greek  physician  in  the  service 
of  Artaxerxes,  Icing  of  Persia: "he  wrote  a  his- 
toiy  ^^f  Persia. 

CTESIBIUS,  a  mathematician  of  Alexan- 
dria, the  inventor  of  the  pump,  water  clock, 
&c.  135  B.  C. 

CTESIPHON,  an  Athenian,  whose  attempt 
to  decree  a  golden  crown  to  Demosthenes,  was 
opposed  by  yEschines,  and  produced  the  two 
famous  orations  of  the  rival  orators. 

CUDWORTH,  Ralph,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  was  born  at  Alter,  in  Somersetshire, 
1(517,  and  died  1688.  He  was  a  man  of  very 
extensive  learning,  excellently  skilled  in  the 
learned  languages  and  antiquity,  a  good  mathe- 
matician, a  subtle  philosopher,  and  a  profound 
metaphysician.  His  great  work,  "The  True 
Intellectual  System  of  the  Universe,"  was  pub- 
lished in  folio,  1678. 

CUERENHERT,  Theodore  Van,  a  native  of 
Amsterdam,  (distinguished  for  science  ;  but  es- 
pecially for  maintaining  that  a  Christian  should 
not  enter  a  place  of  worship;  he  died  in  1590. 

CUE  VA,  Alfonsus  de  la,  an  ambassador  from 
Philip  III.  to  Venice,  who  plotted  the  seizing 
of  the  city,  which,  however,  failed  ;  he  died  in 
1665. 

CUFF,  Henry,  a  celebrated  wit  and  excellent 
scholar,  born  at  Hinton,  St.  George,  in  Somer- 
setshire, about  1560.  He  gave  early  marks  of 
genius  and  application  ;  arrived  in  time  at  the 
Greek  professorship  at  Oxford,  and  was  chosen 
proctor  of  the  university,  in  1594.  To  the  cele- 
brated Robert,  earl  of  Essex,  Cuff"  became  se- 
cretary ;  he  was  involved  in  all  the  misfortunea 
of  that  unhappy  earl ;  and  with  Sir  Gelly  Mer- 
rick, the  earl's  steward,  executed  at  Tyburn, 
1601. 

CUGNIERES,  Peter  de,  an  upright  magistrate, 
who,  in  1329,  advocated  the  rights  of  Philip  Va- 
lois  against  the  clergy. 

CUJ  ACTUS,  James,  a  celebrated  French  law- 
yer, born  at  Thoulouse,  about  1520,  and  died  at 
Bourges,  1590. 

CULLEN,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  Scotch 
143 


cu 

pliysiciaii  aud  medical  writer,  whose  principal 
worKs  are,  "  Synopsis  Nosologse  Methodica:,  t-d- 
inb.,  1772,"  '2  vols.  Cvo. ;  "  Lectures  on  ilie  Mate- 
ria Medica,Lond."4io.  ;  "First  lines  of  the  Prac- 
tice of  Physic,  1776,"  8vo.  [This  is  said  to  have 
produced  him  SOOO'.j  "  Institutions  of  Medi- 
cine, Part  1.,  containing  Physiology,"  8vo.  "  On 
the  Recovery  of  Drowned  Persons  ;"  and  "  A 
Treatise  on  the  Materia  Medica,"  2  vols.  4to., 
1789.  He  was  born  in  Lanarksliire,  and  died 
February  5, 1790. 

CULLUM,  sir  John,  an  Englishman,  who  pub- 
lished the  history  and  antiquities  of  Hawsied, 
Suffolk  ;  he  died  in  1785. 

CULMEPc,  Richard,  a  violent  fanatic  in  Eng- 
land, who  was  employed  by  parliament  to  break 
down  and  deface  images,  &c. 

CULPEPEK ,  Nicholas,  was  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  bound  apprentice  to  an  apothecary  ; 
but  employed  all  his  leisure  hours  iu  the  study 
of  asuology,  which  t'allacious  science  he  after- 
wards professed.  He  wrote  many  books,  but 
the  most  noted  is  his  "  Herbal,"  wherein  be  tells 
us  under  what  planets  the  simples  grow,  and 
speaks  of  their  good  and  bad  qualities.  He  died 
in  Spitalfields,  1L54. 

CULPEPER,  Thomas  lord,  lieutenant-go- 
vernor, and  afterwards  governor,  of  the  colony 
of  Viiginia.  died  in  1719. 

CUMBERLAND,  Dr.  Richard,  a  very  learn- 
ed English  divine,  and  bishop  of  Peterborough, 
born  in  London,  in  163-2,  died  in  1718.  He  had 
studied  mathematics  in  all  branches,  and  the 
Scriptures  iu  their  original  languages.  His  book 
"  De  Lcgibus  Naturae"  is  his  capital  work,  and 
will  always  be  read  while  sound  reasoning  shall 
continue  to  be  thought  the  best  support  of  re- 
ligion. 

CUMBERLAND,  William,  duke  of,  second 
son  of  George  H.,  distinguished  tor  his  mili- 
tary successes ;  he  died  iu  1765. 

CUMBERLAND,  Richard,  an  eminent  poet, 
essayist,  novelist,  and  dramatic  writer,  was  a 
sou  of  the  bishop  of  Kilmore,  and  a  grairdson, 
by  the  maternal  side,  of  the  learned  Dr.  Richard 
Bentley,  under  whose  roof,  in  the  Master's 
Lodge  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  he  was 
born,  Feb.  19,  1732.  He  received  his  education 
at  the  school  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  at  West- 
minster, and  at  Trinity  College.  As  a  writer, 
the  number  of  his  works  is  very  extraordinary. 
The  drama,  however,  appears  to  have  been  his 
favourite  pursuit ;  and  a  list  of  his  performances 
in  this  line  of  literature,  will  be  found  m  the 
*' Biograpiiia  Dramatica,"  8vo.,  1812.  He  died 
in  London,  May  7, 1811,  and  was  buried  in  Poet's 
Corner,  Westminster  Abbey. 

CUMBERLAND,  Henry  Frederic,  duke  of, 
whose  union  with  the  widow  of  a  Mr.  Horton 
prodnceri-the  marriage  act;  he  died  iu  1790. 

CUMING,  John,  an  eminent  jihysician,  of 
Concord,  Mass.,  and  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 
CoUege  :  died  in  1788. 

CUMING,  William,  an  eminent  English  phy- 
sician, much  respected  for  his  learning  aud  skill : 
he  died  in  1788. 

CUMMING,  Alexander,  minister  in  Boston, 
colleague  with  Dr.  Sewall ;  died  in  1763. 

CUN^US,  Peter,  a  lawyer,  professor  at  Ley- 
den,  highly  commended  by  Vossius,  Scaliger, 
&c.,  died  in  16.'?8. 

CUNEGONDE,wife  of  Henry  II.,  (emperor) 
was  accused  of  incontinence,  and  retired  to  a 
monasten'. 

CUNITIA,  a  lady  of  Silesia,  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury, who  greatly  excelled  in  matheiaatics  aud 
astronomy ;  she  died  in  1664. 
144 


CU 

CUNNINGHAM,  Wiliiam,  a  physician  of 
London,  greatly  distinguished  as  an  astronomer, 
died  alter  1563. 

CUNNINGHAM,  John,  an  elegant  and  in- 
genioiis  pastoral  poet  and  a  dramatic  writer, 
born  in  Dublin,  1729,  died  in  Northumberland, 
1773. 

CUNNINGHAM,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, author  of  "  A  History  of  Great  Britain, 
from  the  Revolution  in  1688  lo  the  Accession  of 
George  I."  This  work  was  written  in  Latin, 
and  lay  in  manuscript  till  1787  ;  when  a  faiiliiul 
translation  of  it  into  English  was  made  by 
William  Thompson,  LL.  D.,  and  pubiithed  in 
!2  vols.  4to.  The  work  was  undoubtedly  well 
deserving  of  publication  ;  as  it  contains  tiie  his- 
tory of  a  very  interesting  period,  written  by  one 
who  had  a  considerable  degree  of  authentic  in- 
formation, and  couiprises  many  curious  particu- 
lars unknown  to  other  historians.  The  author 
died  1737,  at  the  advanced  age  of  83  years. 

CUNY,  Lewis  Anthony,  author  of  fmieral 
orations  on  the  dauphin  of  France,  queen  of 
Poland,  and  cardinal  Rohan. 

CUPANO,  Francis,  a  Sicilian,  author  of  a 
jcatalogue  of  plants  of  Sicily,  aud  a  valuable  his- 
torvof  that  island. 

CUPERUS,  Gisbert,  professor  of  history,  of 
Daventer,  published  several  works,  aud  died  in 
1716. 

CUR.5:US,  Joachim,  a  German,  author  of 
Uie  annals  of  Silesia  and  Bresiau ;  he  died  in 
1573. 

CURCELLiEUS,  Stephen,  of  Geneva,  author 
of  an  edition  of  the  Greek  Testament  with  va 
rious  readings,  &c.;  he  died  in  1658. 

CURIO,  an  orator,  of  Rome,  who  called  Cte- 
sar  the  man  of  all  the  women,  and  the  woman 
of  all  the  men. 

CURIO,  Coelius  Secundus,  a  Piedmontese, 
who  forsook  the  Romish  religion  for  Lutheran- 
ism  ;  he  was  professor  of  eloquence  at  Basil, 
and  died  in  1569. 

CURIUS,  Dentatus  Marcus  Annius,  a  Ro- 
man cousiU,  distinguished  in  the  wars  against 
Pyrrhus,  died  272  B.  C. 

CURL,  Edmund,  a  bookseller,  and  bookma- 
ker, rendered  notorious  by  Mr.  Pope,  in  his 
Dunciad.  He  was  generally  held  to  be  of  an 
immoral  character,  and  was  highly  injurious  to 
the  literary  world  by  his  piracies  and  forgeries^ 
He  deservedly  lost  his  ears  in  the  pillory,  by  a 
sentence  of  the  law,  for  publishing  obscene  per- 
formances, and  died  Dec.  11,  1747. 

CUROPALATE.  John,  author  of  a  Greek 
histoi-y,  from  813,  to  1C81. 

CURR  ADI,  Francesco,an  Italian  painter,who 
excelled  in  historical  pieces ;  he  died  in  1660. 

CURR  AN,  Rt.  Hon.  John  Philpot,  an  eminent 
Irish  lawyer,  and  orator,  and  sometime  master 
of  the  roils  in  Ireland,  was  bom  in  the  county 
of  Cork,  and  died  at  Brompton,  near  London, 
Oct.  14, 1817,  aged  nearly  70  years.  His  oratory 
was  completely  sui  generis  ;  always  the  sudden 
burst  of  strong  and  passionate  feelings,  which 
seemed  to  rise  in  proportion  as  the  grand  con- 
ceptions of  his  mind  became  more  and  more  il- 
limiinated  by  the  coruscations  of  his  wit, — the 
lightning  flashes  of  a  vigorous  and  highly  poeti- 
cal imagination. 

CURRIE,  Dr.  James,  an  eminent  medical  and 
poUtical  writer,  born  at  Kirkpalrick  Fleming,  in 
Dumfriesshire,  May  31,  1756,  died  at  Sidmouth, 
Aug  31,  1805.  Resides  medical  writings,  which 
are  numerous,  he  furnished,  in  1800,  a  rich  treat 
to  the  lovers  of  elegant  literature,  by  publishing, 
in  4  vols.  8vo.  "  The  Works  of  Robert  Bunies, 


cu 

with  an  Account  of  his  Life,  and  a  Criticism  on 
his  Writings:  to  which  are  prefixed,  some  Ob- 
servations on  the  Character  and  Condition  of 
the  Scottish  Peasantry." 

CURSON,  or  CORCEONE,  Robert,  an  Eng- 
lishman, chancellor  of  Paris  university  ;  he  vvas 
made  cardinal  by  pope  Innocent  III.,  and  died 
in  1218. 

CURTIS,  William,  a  very  distinguished  bota- 
nist, born  at  Alton,  in  Hampshire,  nJiout  1740. 
His  great  work,  "  The  Flora  Ldndiuensis,"  is 
highly  interesting,  not  only  to  ihe  man  of  sci- 
ence, but  also  to  the  farmer  and  agriculturist ; 
as  it  combines  the  knowledge  of  entomology 
with  that  of  botany.  Mr.  Curtis  died  at  Bromo- 
ton,  near  Knightsbridge,  July  7,  1799 

CURTIUS,  Cluintus,  a  Latin  historian,  who 
has  written  the  actions  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
in  10  books.  Where  this  author  was  born,  no- 
body pretends  to  know ;  and  even  when  he  lived 
,  is  still  a  dispute  among  the  learned,  and  never 
likely  to  be  settled. 

CURTIUS,  Martius,  a  "Roman,  who,  to  bene- 
fit his  country,  plunged  into  a  gulf,  which  caused 
his  death,  362  B.  C. 

CURTIUS,  Michael  Conrad,  professor  of  lo- 
gic and  metaphysics,  at  Luneberg,  and  after- 
wards of  history  and  rhetoric,  at  Marpurg,  &c., 
died  in  1802. 

CUSA,  Nicholas  de,  a  cardinal  and  bishop,  so 
called  from  Cusa,  the  place  of  his  birth.  His 
parents  were  mean  and  poor  ;  and  it  was  his  own 
personal  merit  wliicU  raised  him  to  the  height 
of  dignity  that  he  afterwards  attained.  He  was 
a  man  of  extraordinary  parts  and  learning ; 
particularly  famous  for  his  great  knowledge  in 
law  and  divinity ;  and  withal,  a  great  natural 
philosopher,  and  geometrician.  He  died  in  1464, 
aged  63  years,  and  left  many  excellent  works  be- 
hind him. 

CUSHING,  William,  LL.  D.  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  state  of  Massachusetts, 
and  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States, 
died  in  1810. 

CUSIIING,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  speaKer  of  the 
house  of  representatives,  member  of  congress 
from  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  and  lieutenant 
governor  of  the  same,  died  in  1788. 

CUSHING,  Nathan,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  died  in  1812. 
■  CUSHING,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  lieutenant  go- 
vernor of  Massachusetts,  much  devoted  to  pub- 
lic life,  and  to  the  public  good  ;  he  died  in  1746. 

CUSHLVG,  Jacob,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Wal- 
tham,  Mass.,  much  esteemed,  died  in  1809. 

CUSHMAN,  Robert,  one  of  the  first  emi- 
grants to  America,  returned  soon  on  business  to 
England,  where  he  died. 

CUSPINIAN,  John,  a  German  historian,  born 
in  1473,  died  in  1529.  He  was  first  physician 
to  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.,  and  employed  by 
that  prince  in  several  delicate  negotiations. 

CUSSAY,  N.  governor  of  Angers,  who  told 
the  duke  of  Guise,  when  he  ordered  the  protest- 
ants  of  Anjou  to  be  massacred,  that  his  fellow- 
citizens  were  brave  and  loyal,  but  not  assassins. 

CUSTINES,  Adam  Philippe,  count  de,  a 
Frenchman,  who  assisted  the  Americans  in  the 
revolutionary  war  ;  he  perished  on  the  scaffold, 
for  trea?on,  in  1793. 

CUTHBERT,  an  English  saint,  of  sanctity, 
Svirtue,  &c.,  died  in  686. 

CUTLER,  John,  an  eminent  physician  and 
surgeon,  in  Boston,  died  in  1761. 

CUTLER,  Timothy,  D.  D.,  president  of  Yale 
College,  a  native  of  Charlestown,  Mass.     In 

1 


DA 

1722,  becoming  an  episcopalian,  he  left  the  col- 
lege, and  went  to  England  for  orders ;  after  his 
return,  he  was  settled  in  Boston.  He  died  iR 
1765. 

CUTIjER,  Manasseh,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished 
congregational  clergyman,  of  Massachusetts, 
and  a  member  of  congress  from  that  state,  died 
in  1823. 

CUTTS,  John,  lord,  a  brave  English  soldier, 
and  no  mean  poet,  died  at  Dublin,  in  1707.  His 
poems  were  published  in  1687. 

CUTTS,  John,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
New  Hampshire,  and  president  of  that  colony, 
died  in  1681. 

CYAXARES  I.,  king  of  the  Medes,  after 
Phraortes,  died  585  B.  C. 

CYAXARES  H.,  king  of  Media,  supposed  to 
be  the  famous  Darius,  died  536  B.  C. 

CYGNE,  Martin  du,  a  learned  Jesuit,  of  St. 
Omer,  author  of  several  works,  died  in  1669. 

CYNiEGIRUS,  an  Athenian,  who  lost  his 
life  at  the  battle  of  Marathon,  while  attempting 
to  stop  the  flight  of  the  Persians. 

C YNEAS,  a  Theesalian  piiilosopher,  who  ae- 
companiod  Pyrrhus  in  bis  invasion  of  Italy. 

CYPRIANI,  or  CIPRIANI,  an  eminent  Ita- 
lian painter,  who  settled  in  England,  died  in 
1785. 

CYPRIANUS,  Thascius,  Cfficilius,  bishop  of 
Carthage,  a  principal  father  of  the  Christian 
church,  born  at  Carthage,  in  Africa,  about  the 
beginning  of  the  3d  century,  and  beheaded  there, 
Sept.  14,  y.58. 

CYRANO,  Bergerac,  a  French  author,  of  i 
singular  character,  born  in  Gascony,  about  1620, 
died  1655.  His  works  consist  of  some  letters, 
written  in  his  youth,  with  a  tragedy,  entitled 
"  The  Death  of  Agrippina,  Widow  of  Germa- 
nicus  ;"  a  comedy,  called  "  The  Pedant,  or  mere 
Scholar,  ridiculed  ;"  "  Comic  History  of  the 
States  and  Empires  of  the  Moon  ;"  "  Comic 
History  of  the  States  and  Empires  of  the  Sun ;' 
several  letters  and  dialogues,  and  a  fragment  on 
physic. 

CYRIL,  of  Jerusalem,  one  of  the  fathers, 
died  in  386. 

CYRIL,  made  bishop  of  Alexandria,  in  412, 
died  444.  His  works  are  voluminous,  and  have 
been  often  printed. 

CYRILL,  Lucar,  bishop  of  Alexandria,  and 
patriarch  of  Constantinople,  strangled  for  at- 
tempting to  reform  the  clergy,  in  1638. 

CYRUS,  founder  of  the  ancient  Persian  em 
pire,  died  530  B.  C. 

CYRUS,  the  Younger,  defeated  by  his  bro- 
ther Artaxerxes,  401  B.  C.  The  retreat  of  the 
10,000  Greeks  who  accompanied  him,  is  cele- 
brated in  ancient  history. 

CYRUS,  a  Latin  poet,  in  the  reign  of  tbe 
younger  Theodosius. 


DAC,  John,  a  German  painter,  who  flourish- 
ed about  1586,  and  whose  pictures  are  in  grand 
style. 

DACIER,  Andrew,  a  very  celebrated  French 
critic  and  philosopher,  born  at  Castres,  in  Lan- 
guedoc,  in  1651,  died  1722.  Hia  principal  works 
are  translations  of"  Horace;"  "  Aristotle's  Poet- 
ics ;"  "  Plutarch's  Lives  ;"  the  works  of"  Hip- 
pocrates ;"  "Plato;"  "  The  Life  of  Pythagoras," 
&c  &c. 

DACTER,  Anne,  wife  of  Andrew  Dacier,  and 
a  woman  of  extraordinary  learning,  as  her  works 
will  show,  of  which,  the  most  considerable  ar* 
3  145 


DA 


DA 


translations  of  "  Anacioon,"  Sappho,"  "  Plau-[  of  Laybaek,  who  translated  the  Bible  into  the 


tus,"  '•  Terence,"  and  "  Homer."  She  wasi 
born  at  Saumur,  in  France,  in  1651,  and  died  inl 
17*20.  Madame  Dacier  was  a  woman  of  great 
virtue  as  wall  as  learning.  She  was  remarka- 
ble for  firmness,  generosity,  good-nature,  piety, 
and  modesty.  The  academy  of  Ricovrati,  at 
I'adua,  chose  her  one  of  their  body,  in  1(584. 

D  AGAR,  Jacob,  an  eminent  historical  painter, 
of  Paris,  died  in  1716. 

DAGGETT,  Napthali,  D.  D.,  president,  and 
professor  of  theology,  in  Yale  College,  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  thorough  scholar,  and  a  sound 
di\ine.  He  displayed  great  bravery  when  the 
British  attacked  New-Haven,  where  he  died  in 
1780. 

DAGOBERT,  I.,  king  of  France,  in 623,  a  li- 
centious and  cruel  prince. 

DAGOBERT  II.,  king  of  Austrasia,  was  as- 
sassinated in  679. 

DAGOBERT  III.,  son  of  Ciiildebert,  king  of 
Npustria,  died  in  715. 

DAGOBERT,  N.,  aFrench  general,  who  dis- 
tmsuished  himself  in  Italy  and  Spain,  died  in 
1794. 

DAGOUMER,  William,  professor  of  philoso- 
phy, and  rector  of  the  university  of  Paris,  died 
in  1755. 

D  AHL,  Michael,  a  Danish  paiiiter,  patronised 
by  the  court  of  Denmark,  died  i;i  1743. 

DAHLBERG,  Erie,  a  Swedish  engineer, 
whose  servicer  were  rewarded  «ith  a  title  of 
nobility  ;  Jia  died  in  1703. 

DAILLE,  John,  a  minister  of  the  church  of 
Paris,  and  one  of  tire  ablest  advocates  the  pro- 
if'Siants  ever  had,  was  born  at  Chatelheraulc,  in 
1594.  In  1623  he  wrote  his  celebrated  book, 
"  De  rUsage  des  Peres,"  or  "  Of  the  Use  of 
the  Fathers,"  which  Bayle  has  pronounced  a 
master  piece. 

DALE,  Sir  Thomas,  cliief  magistrate  of  the 


Sciavonian  language,  in  the  16th  ceniur\-. 

DALMATIUS,  a  bishop  of  Cyzicum,  who  at 
tended  the  council  of  Ephesus,  and  wrote  the 
acts  of  the  synod  of  Nice. 

DALRYMPLE,  Alexander,  son  of  Sir  James 
Dali-ymple,  of  Edinburgh,  was  engaged  for 
several  years  in  the  ser%-ice  of  the  East  IiJia 
Company  ;  afterwards  as  hydrographer  to  tiiat 
company,  and  to  the  adjiiiralty.  He  is  known 
as  the  autJior  of  "  Discoveries  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,"and  many  other  valuable  works;  hediexi 
in  1808. 

DALRYMPLE,  Sir  David,  of  Hailes,  hart., 
better  known  by  the  name  of  lord  Hailes,  one 
of  the  senators  of  the  college  of  justice  in  Scot- 
land. He  was  not  only  conspicuous  as  an  able 
aud  upright  judge,  and  a  sound  lawyer,  but  was 
also  eminent  as  a  man  of  polite  literature,  ar.d 
an  excellent  classical  scholar.  Numerous  a;e 
the  works  that  have  issued  from  his  pen;  and  a-! 
of  them  distinguished  by  their  accuracy  and 
learning.  He  was  born  "at  Edinburgh,  in  17-2i), 
and  died  November  29,  1792.  - 

DALRYMPLE,  Alexander,  an  aminent  hy- 
drographer,borii  atNewHailes,  nearEdinburL'h, 
Julv24,  1737,  died  in  London,  Jnneiy,  18J^. 

DALRYMPLE,  Sir  John,  many  yeara  a  t)an>n 
of  the  Exchequer  iu  Scotland,  auiiior  of  ■'  Me- 
moirs of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,"  tract''  on 
"  Feudal  Law,"  and  several  other  works,  di^d 
Feb.  26,  IS  10,  aged  84. 

D  ALTON,  Tristram,  a  native  of  Massachu- 
setts, speaker  of  the  house  of  represeniativfs, 
and  a  member  of  the  senate  of  that  stare,  af:d 
afterwards  a  member  of  the  United  States*  se- 
nate, died  in  1817. 

DALTON,  Michael,  an  English  lawyer,  au- 
thor of  two  well-known  books  on  "  The  i")ifice 
of  a  Justice  of  Peace,"  and  "  On  the  D;i!y  of 
Sheriffs,"  &c.  The  times  of  his  birth  and  .-Ipath 


colony  of  Virginia,  came  from  England,  in  1611,  j  are  uncertain,  but  the  latter  was  probably  abcut 
with  "three  hundred  colonists.     His  administra-    1620. 
tion  was  vigorous,  but  advantageous  to  the  co- 
lony, and  contributed  to  its  permanency  ;  he  died 
in  the  East  Indies. 

DALE,  Samuel,  an  apothecary  of  Essex,  who 
became,  by  his  merit,  a  licentiate  of  the  college 
of  physicians,  and  fellow  of  the  royal  society  ; 
he  died  in  1739. 

DALECHAMPS.  James,  a  learned  physician, 
born  at  Caen,  in  Normandy,  in  1513.  His  chief 
work  ^vas  a  translation  of  Phny's  "  Natural 
History,"  with  notes;  he  died  in  1558. 

DALEN,  Cornelius  Von,  an  eminent  Dutch 
engraver,  who  flourished  in  1640. 

DALENS,  Dirk,  an  eminent  landscape  pain- 
ter, of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1683. 

D'ALIBRAI,  Charles  Von,  a  poet  of  Paris, 
who  wrote  bacchanalian,  satirical,  heroical, 
moral,  and  Christian  poems;  he  died  in  1655. 

D  ALIN,  Olaus  de,  the  father  of  Swedish  poe- 
try, and  preceptor  to  prince  Gustavus,  was  bom 
in  1708. 

DALLAS,  Alexander  James,  an  eminent  law- 
yer and  statesman,  came  from  the  island  of  Ja- 
maica, to  Philadelphia,  in  1783.  In  1791,  lie  was 
appointed  secretary  of  the  state  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  afterwards  secretary  of  the  treasury 
of  the  United  States,  and  acting  secretary  of 
war,  and  died  in  1817.  He  published  4  volumes 
of  valuable  law  reports. 

D  \LLINGTON,  Sir  Robert,  author  of  the 
aphovusms  of  Tacitus,  was  knighted  by  queen 
Elizabeth,  and  died  in  1G37. 

OALMATIN,  Gaorgp,  a  Lutheran  minister, 
146 


SALTON,  Dr.  John,  prebendary  of  Worces- 
ter, born  at  Dean,  in  Cumberland,  in  1709.  He 
adapted  Milton's  "  Masque  at  I^udlow  Castle"  to 
the  stage.under  the  title  of  "  Comus,  a  Masque," 
aud  died  in  1763. 

DALZELL,  Andrew,  an  emine»t  Greek 
scholar,  born  near  Edinburgh,  and  a  profe-»sor 
at  the  university  there.  He  was  a  most  amia- 
ble, as  well  as  learned  man  ;  he  died  in  1806. 

DALZIEL,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  officer,  who 
escaped  to  Russia,  where  the  czar  made  him  a 
general.  At  the  restoration,  he  returned,  and 
was  made  commander  in  cliief,  iri  Scotland. 
He  was  a  very  singular  man. 

DAMASCENUS,  John,  an  illustrious  father 
of  the  church,  in  the  8th  century.  He  died  about 
750,  leaving  behind  him  many  compositions  of 
various  kinds. 

DAMASCITJS,  a  stoic  philosopher,  who  flour- 
ished in  the  6th  century. 

DAMASUS  I.,  a  Spaniard,  raised  to  the  papal 
throne  in  366. 

DAMASUS  II.,  bishop  of  Brixen,  was  elected 
pope,  but  died  23  days  after,  in  1048. 

DAMBOURNEY,  N.,  bom  at  Rouen,  distin- 
euished  as  a  merchant,  and  man  of  science,  died 
in  1795. 

DAMIEN,  Peter,  cardinal,  and  bishop  of  Os- 
tia,  in  the  11th  century.  He  was  a  pious  man, 
and  left  several  works ;  he  died  about  1073. 

DAMIENS,  Robert  Francis,  a  native  of 
France,  executed  March  28, 1757,  for  attempt 
ing  to  assassinate  th«  king.    For  the  form  and 


^DA 

manner  of  his  execution,  see  CH  ASTEL,  whose 
punishment  \vas  similar. 

DAMO,  the  daugliter  of  Pythagoras,  was  well 
skiHetl  in  the  philosophy  of  her  father. 

DAMOCLES,  a  flatterer  of  the  tyrant  Diony- 
siiis ;  vvlio,atfecting  upon  some  occasion  or  other, 
to  admire  the  fortune  of  that  prince,  Dionysiiis, 
to  convince  him  that  princts  are  not  alv%-ays  so 
happy  ;is  they  secui  to  bo,  inviieil  him  to  a  feast, 
land  caused  a  aaked  sword  to  be  hung  over  his 
I  head,  which  was  only  held  by  a  single  hair.  Da- 
I  modes,  extremely  struck  with  a  sense  of  the 
hazardous  situation  he  was  in,  changed  his  opi- 
nion at  once,  and,  lor  his  own  particular  part, 
bejieed  of  Dionyslus,  that  he  might  retire  from 
court,  and  high  life,  into  that  mediocrity  of 
condition,  where  no  danger  was,  and  where  he 
siiould  not  be  subject  to  a  reverse  of  fortune. 

DAMOCIUTUS,  a  Greek  historian,  author  of 
a  treatise  on  tactics. 

DAMON,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher,  cele- 
brated for  his  fnendsiiip  with  Pythias. 

DAMON,  an  Athenian  musician,  the  friend 
of  Socrates. 

•  D AMOURS,  Lewis,  a  French  lawyer,  author 
of  some  works  of  little  merit. 

DAMPIER,  John,  a  native  of  Blois,  author 
of  some  elegant  Latin  poems,  died  in  15.50. 

DAMPIER,  William,  a  famous  English  navi- 
gator, born  in  Somersetshire,  in  1652,  died  1699. 
Ills  "  Voyage  round  the  World"  is  well  known, 
and  has  gone  through  many  editions. 

DA  MPIERRE,  N.,  a  French  officer,  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  under  general  Dumourier, 
died  of  a  wound  by  a  cannon  ball,  in  1793. 

DAN,  the  fifth  son  of  Jacob,  by  Bilkah,  Ra- 
chcl"3  maid. 

DANA_,  Francis,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
of  Massachusetts,  was  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can congress  in  1776,  and  minister  from  that  bo- 
dy to  the  court  of  St.  Petersburg  ;  afterwards 
chief  justice  of  the  state  of  Massachusetts.  He 
was  distinguished  for  the  fidelity  and  ability  with 
which  he  discharged  his  public  duties,  and  for 
his  attachment  to  the  institutions  of  his  coun- 
try.    He  died  in  1811. 

DANCER,  Daniel,  a  most  singular  example 
■of  penuriousness,  with  the  means  of  plenty.  He 
Siv.d  at  Pinner,  in  Middlesex,  with  a  sister  of 
his,  who  was  of  a  congenial  disposition  ;  and, 
liiougli  possessed  of  30001.  a-year,  besides  great 
sunis  in  specie  and  bank  notes  concealed  in  dif- 
ffront  parts  of  his  house,  he  denied  himself  the 
conunon  necessaries  of  life.  He  usually  had 
his  body  girt  with  a  hayband,  to  keep  together 
his  tattered  garments ;  the  stockings  he  wore 
had  been  so  frequently  darned  and  patched,  that 
scarcely  any  of  the  original  could  be  seen ;  but 
in  dirty  or  cold  weather,  they  were  thickly  co 
vered  with  ropes  of  hay,  which  served  as  sub 
stitutes  for  boots.  He  rarely  washed  his  face 
or  liauds,  and  never  allowed  his  bed  to  be  made, 
or  his  house  to  be  cleaned.  He  hid  bank  notes 
among  the  cobwebs  in  his  cowhouse,  ai:d  guineas 
in  Use  fire-place,  covered  with  soot.  A  number 
of  singular  eccentricities  are  recorded  of  him 
in  "  Biosraphical  Curiosities,"  12mo,  1797.  He 
I  died  in  October,  1794. 

j       DANCHET,  Anthony,  a  French  dramatic 
I  poet,  born  atRiom,  in  1671,  died  1748. 
I      D  ANDINI,  Jerome,the  first  Jesuit  who  taught 
1  philosophy  at  Paris.      He  wrote  a  commentary 
I  on  Aristotle,  and  died  in  WPA. 

DANDINF,  Pietio,  an  eminent  painter,  born 
at  Florence,  died  in  1712. 
,     DANDINI,  CKsave,  a  historical  painter,  of 


DA 

Florence,  who  finished  his  pictures  in  a  superior 
style. 

DANDINT,  Hercule  Francois,  professor  of  the 
law  at  Padua,  and  author  of  some  learned 
works,  died  in  1747. 

DANDOLO,  Henry,  duke  of  Venice,  a  brave 
admiral,  and  great  politician,  who  took  Con- 
sra,tiropIe,  in  1203,  and  had  the  moderation  to 
ret  use  ihe  imperial  dignity.    He  died  in  1250. 

DANDOLO,  Andrew,  doge  of  Venice,  of 
which  he  wrote  a  history.  He  coiTesponded 
with  Petrarch,  and  died  in  1354. 

DANDRE  BARDON,  Michael  Francois.  He 
was  a  professor  in  the  academy  of  painting,  aiid 
was  admired  for  his  historical  writings  ,  he  died 
in  1783. 

DANDRIEU,  John  Francis,  a  famous  musi- 
cian, of  Paris,  who  composed  three  books  of 
pieces  for  the  harpsichord,  and  two  for  the  or- 
gan ;  he  died  in  1740. 

DANEAU,  or  DAN^US,  Lambert,  a  Cal- 
vinist  preacher,  who  taught  theology  at  Paris, 
and  published  commentaries  on  Matthew  and 
Mark,  he  died  in  1596. 

DANES,  Peter,  Greek  professor  at  Paris.  He 
was  a  prelate  of  great  eloquence,  and  extensive 
learning  ;  he  died  in  1577. 

DANET,  Peter,  a  French  abbe,  of  the  number 
of  those  learned  persons  who  were  pitched  up- 
on by  the  duke  of  Montausier,  to  illustrate  clas- 
sical authors  for  the  use  of  the  dauphin.  He 
had  Phaedrus  allotted  to  his  share,  which  he 
published  with  a  Latin  interpretation,  and  notes. 
He  was  also  author  of  "  A  Classical  and  Histo- 
rical Dictionary,"  in4to,  and  died  in  1709. 

DANFORTH,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  who, 
after  his  arrival,  was  elected  by  the  people  of 
Maine,  as  their  president ;  he  died  in  1699. 

DANFORTH,  Samuel,  minister  of  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  published,  besides  several  sermons,  some 
astronomical  works ;  he  died  in  1647. 

DANFORTH,  John,  minister  of  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  son  of  the  preceding,  distinguished  for 
his  learning,  zeal,  and  piety ;  he  published  seve- 
ral sermons,  and  died  in  1730. 

DANFORTH,  Samuel,  minister  of  Taunton, 
Meiss.,  author  of  a  MS.  Indian  dictionary,  died 
in  1727. 

DANGEAU,  Louis  Courcillon  de,  a  member 
of  the  French  academy  of  sciences,  and  master 
of  a  great  variety  of  languages.  He  was  an 
industrious  and  good  man,  and  the  author  of 
many  works;  he  died  in  1723. 

DANGEAU,  Philip  de  Courcillon,  marquis  de, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  an  accomplished  and 
virtuous  nobleman.  He  was  a  great  favourite 
of  the  age,  and  died  in  1723. 

DANHEWER,  John  Conrad,  theological  pro- 
fessor at  Strasburg,  and  author  of  some  theo- 
logical tracts,  died  in  1666. 

DANICAN,  Andrew,  a  Frenchman,  of  many 
good  qualities,  who,  only  two  months  before  he 
died,  played  at  the  same  time,  two  games  of 
chess,  with  the  best  players,  he  being  blindfold- 
ed, and  beat  them  both,  died  in  1795. 

DANIEL,  the  last  of  the  four  great  prophets, 
Was  of  the  royal  blood  of  Judah,  and  was  car-~ 
tied  away  into  captivity,  606  B.  C. 

DANIEL,  Arnauld,  count  of  Provence.  He 
wrote  several  poems,  from  which  Petrarch  took 
many  ideas;  he  died  in  1189. 

DAnIEL,  Samuel,  an  eminent  English  poet, 
and  historian,  who  flourished  in  the  reigns  of 
Elizabeth  and  James  I.,  to  the  former  of  whom 
lie  wa.s  poetlaureat,  was  born  near  Taunton,  in 
Somersetshire,  in  1562.  IJis  "  History  of  Eilg 
147 


land"  is  written  with  great  brevity  and  polite- 
ness, and  his  political  and  moral  refleclions  are 
useful  and  instructive.  He  wrote  also  some 
plays,  which  have  much  merit.  anddiedinliilO. 
The  judicious  Mr.  Hcadiey  has  obberved,  that 
he  was  the  Atticus  ol'  nis  day. 

DANIEL,  Gabriel,  a  very  ingenious  and  learn- 
ed Frenclmian,  bora  in  1649,  wrote  a  great  many 
booKs  upon  different  subjects,  but  is  most  me- 
morable for  his  "  History  of  France,"  in?  vols. 
4to.  He  died  in  1728;  and  by  his  death  the  Je- 
suits lost  one  of  the  greatest  ornaments  their  or- 
der ever  could  boast. 

DANIEL,  Peter,  a  learned  advocate  of  Or- 
leans, died  at  Paris,  in  ]>i03. 

DANffiL,  Robert,  pre-ident  of  the  council 
of  Nortli  Carolina,  and  deputy  governor  of  S.  C, 
was  succeeded,  in  ]7i7,  by  gov.  Johnson. 

DANTE.  Peter  Vincent,  a  ualiveot'  Perouse. 
He  was  eminent  for  his  skill  in  mathematics, 
and  was  famed  as  a  poet ;  he  died  in  1512. 

DANTE,  Vincent,  grandson  of  the  preced- 
ing, well-known  as  a  painter,  sculptor,  and  ma- 
thematician, died  at  Perouse,  in  1567. 

D-\NTE,  Alighieri,  an  eminent  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Florence,  in  I2fi5.  He  discovered  an! 
early  iaclination  and  genius  for  poetry  ;  but  was 
ambitious  ;  and,  having  attained  some  oi"  the 
most  considerable  posi.^  in  the  cojnmonvveaiw., 
was  crushed  by  the  ruins  of  the  faction  whicli 
he  embraced.  He  died  in  exile  il  Ravenna,  in 
1321.  The  most  considerable  of  his  works,  is 
his  poem  entitled,  "  The  Comedy  of  Hell,  Pur- 
gatory, and  Paradise." 

DANTE,  Jolm  Baptiste,  of  the  same  family, 
prob.ably,  with  the  preceding,  and  native  of  Pe- 
rugia was  an  excellent  ma' hematician ;  and  is 
memorable  for  having  fitted  a  pair  of  wings  so 
exactly  to  his  body,  as  to  be  able  :o  fly  wirn 
them.  He  made  the  experiment  .several  tim-'^s 
over  the  lake  Trasimenus,  and  succeeded  so 
well,  that  he  had  the  courage  to  perfo  m  be  ore 
the  whole  city  of  Pemgia.  He  shot  himself 
from  the  highest  part  of  the  city,  and  directed  his 
flight  over  the  square,  to  the  admiration  of  the 
spectators ;  but,  unfortunately,  the  iron  with 
which  he  managed  one  of  his  wings,  failed,  and 
then,  not  being  able  to  balance  weight  ot"  his 
body,  he  Teli  on  a  church,  and  broke  his  thigh. 
He  flourished,  toward  the  end  of  the  loth  centu- 
ry, and  died  before  he  was  forty  years  old. 

DANTE,  Ignatius,  a  descendant  of  the  great 
poet,  w^Il  known  for  his  great  skill  in  mathe- 
matics and  astronomy,  died  in  1576. 

DANTON,  George  James,  one  of  the  most 
atrocious  and  unprincipled  among  tiie  associarps 
of  Robespierre  andJIarat ;  he  was  guillotined  in 
1794. 

DANT7.  John  j^ndr^-w,  a  learned  Lutheran 
divine  of  Germany,  who  wrote  a  Hebrew  and  a 
Chaidee  Grammar ;  died  in  1727. 

DARAN,  James,  a  native  of  Gascony,  sur- 
geon-general of  the  army  of  Turin  and  Milan. 
He  was  an  expert  operator,  and  a  good  writer  ; 
he  died  in  1784. 

DARCET,  N.,  an  able  chymist  and  physician, 
professor  in  the  national  institute  at  Paris  ;  he 
died  in  1801. 

DARCt,  Patrick,  count,  ai»  eminent  philoso- 
pher and  mathematician,  wa«!  born  in  Ireland,  in 
1725,  and  died  in  177'J. 

D* ARGON,  John  Claud.us  Eleonore  Limi- 
ceaud,  an  eminent  French  engineer,  who  dis- 
played great  talents  in  conducting  the  siege  of 
Gibraltar,  in  1780.  He  joined  the  popular  side, 
during  the  French  revolution,  and  died  in  1800.1 
148 


DA 

DARGONNE,  Dom  Bonaventure,  a  learned 
Carthusian  monk,  who  died  in  1704. 

DARIUS,  the  Mede,  the  same  as  Cyaxares, 
son  of  Astyages,  died  at  Babvlon,  about  34* 
B.  C. 

DARIUS  I.,  king  of  Persia,  destroyed  Baby- 
lon, and  restored  the  captive  Jews  to  their  coun- 
try ;  he  was  defeated  at  Marathon,  and  died  in 
485  B.  C. 

DARIUS  H.,  king  of  Persia,  and  father  of 
Cyrus  the  Younger  :  died  404  B.  C. 

DARIU?  III.,  Codomanus,  the  last  king  of 
the  ancient  Persian  empire,  who  was  conquered 
by  Ale.vander  the  Great,  and  at  last  treacherously 
assassinated  by  Bessus,  his  own  general,  govern- 
or o('  Haclriana  (who  liopeo  thereby  to  succeed 
to  his  sovereignty),  331  B.  C. 

DARKE,  William,  a  brave  oflicer  in  the 
American  war ;  died  in  1801. 

DARQTJIER,  Augustine,  an  eminent  astrona 
uier,  buiU  an  observatory  liimself,  and  took 
pupils  gratis.  He  was  an  able  author  and  a  vir- 
uous  man  ;  he  died  at  Toulouse,  in  1802, 

DARWIN,  Dr.  Erasmus,  an  eminent  poet, 
philosopher,  and  physician,  born  at  Elstou,  near 
Newark,  Nottinghamshire,  1731,  and  educated 
at  Chesterfield  school,  under  the  Rev.  Mr.  Bur- 
row.-; ;  whence  he  went  to  St.  John's  College, 
CarTibridge.  He  afterwards  settled  as  a  physi- 
cian a.  Litchfield.  His  principal  publications 
are,  "  The  Botanic  Garden,"  a  poem  with  phi- 
losophical notes,  4to,  i791.  "  Zoononua,"  4to, 
1794.  "  Phytoiogia,"  and  "  The  Shrine  of  Na- 
ture," a  poem  :  this  last  was  published  after  his 
death,  which  liappened  April  18,  1802.  In  his 
Zoononiia,  atheism  is  unblushingly  avowed. 

DARWIN,  Charles,  son  of  the  preceding, 
born  at  Litchfleld|Kn  1758.  He  is  well  knou-n 
as  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  means  of  dis- 
tinguishing pus,  from  mucus ;  he  died  in  1778. 

DASSIER,  John,  a  medalist  to  the  republic  of 
Geneva.  His  nephew  was  appointed  second 
engraver  in  the  British  mint,  in  1740. 

DASSOUCI,  a  French  musician  and  poet  of 
the  17th  century.  He  procured  the  patronage 
of  the  great  by  his  wit  and  drollery. 

DATA.MES,  an  illustrious  Persian  general, 
who  was  ajsassinated  by  Mithridates,  3616.  C. 

DATI,  .^ugiistin,a  native  of  Sienna,  where  he 
taught  rhetoric  and  the  classics  ;  he  died  in  1478. 

DATI,  Carlo,  professor  of  polite  literature  at 
Florence,  where  he  was  born,  became  famous 
as  well  for  his  works  as  for  the  eulogies  which 
many  writers  have  bestowed  on  him.  He  died 
in  1675. 

DAUBENTON,  John  Lewis  Marie,  born  in 
Burgundy :  an  emineni  anatomist,  and  an  ac- 
tive associate  of  Buffon.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  works  on  natural  subjects,  and  died 
n  1799. 

DAUBENTON,  William,  confessor  to  Pliilip 
v.,  of  Spain,  author  of  orations  and  sermons, 

ed  in  1723. 

DAUMIUS,  Christian,  an  excellent  classical 
scholar,  regent  of  the  college  of  Zwickau,  died 
in  1687. 

DAUN,  Leopold  count,  a  great  general  who 
distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of  Marii 
Theresa,  and  against  the  king  of  Prussia;  he 
died  at  Vienna,  in  1766. 

DAUNOIS,  countess,  acquired  some  colebri- 
tv,  bv  her  romances  and  travels  in  Spain  ;  she 
died 'in  1705. 

DAUR.AT,  John,  an  eminent  French  poet, 
born  in  1507.  Some  have  said  that  the  odes,  epi- 
^ams,  hymns  and  other  poems,  in  Greek  and 


IXA 

Latin,  composed  by  Daurat,  amoiiiit  to  about 
50,000  verses.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1588. 

DAW  Ah,  Peter,  a  barrister  of  the  Middiu 
Temple,  an  able  matlieniatician  and  engineer, 
died  ill  17G3. 

l)AVANZATI,Bernard,  a  native  of  Florence, 
who  translated  Tacitus  into  Italian  ;  lie  died  ii) 
ItJOO. 

DAVENANT,  Sir  VVilliani,  a  celebrated  poet 
of  tlie  ITih  century,  born  at  Oxford,  1605.  Mis 
father  kept  an  inn  at  Oxford,  where  ShaJtspcaie 
;  used  lo  lodge  in  his  journeys  betwoeu  London 
and  Warwicksliire  ;  and  as  liis  mother  was  a 
great  beauty,  some  have  surmised,  but  witliout 
apparent  foundation,  that  lie  derived  ids  very 
being  and  aiong  with  it,  his  poetical  talents,  from 
Shakspeare.  In  1637,  vvlien  Ben  Jonscn  died 
he  was  created  poel  lauieat.  He  had  a  greai 
turn  for  the  drama,  and  after  llie  restoration  of 
Ciiarles  II.,  obtained  a  patent  for  ereciiug  a 
new  company  of  actors,  under  tlie  patronage  of 
James,  duke  of  York.  Thuy  perfoimed  many 
years  in  Little  Liuwdn's  Inn  Fields,  wiiere  lie 
(lied  16tJS,  and  was  interred  in  Wesiminste 
Abbey.     Mis  works  consist  of  plavs  and  jioenis. 

DAVENANT,  Dr.  Charles,  the  eldest  son  of 
Bir  William  Davenant,  born  1G5C,  and  died  1714. 
He  wrote  "  Circe,"  a  tragedy  ;  but  was  cl'.iefly 
employed  as  apolitical  and  conunercial  writer. 

l?AVEN.\NT,  Williiuu,  fourth  son  of  Sir 
Vviiliam.  a  noted  classical  scholar,  was  drown 
ed  at  Paris,  in  1G81. 

UAVENAtVT,  John,  bisliop  of  Salisbury,  a 
zealous  and  pious  divine,  author  of  many  learn 
v\  works,  the  tendency  of  which  was,  to  unite 
<'hristiaiis  in  one  sontimeni.  He  was  born  ii 
London,  1570.  and  died  in  1640. 

DA\'F-N1'()I.*T,  Christopher,  a  learned  En 
glislmiuji  WHO  became  a  Franciscan,  and  wrote 
several  religions  works  ;  he  died  in  1660. 

HVVllNrORT,  John,  first  minister  of  New 
HiiveH,  Connecticut,  and  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  cftlo.'.y  of  that  name;  he  published  nu 
ineroiis  sermons,  and  died  in  1670. 

D.WFiXPORT,  John,  minister  of  Stamford, 
Connecticut,  ennnentiy  faithful  in  his  oihce  and 
distin;:i!ished  for  his  knowledge  of  the  learned 
lanjiua^es  ;  he  died  in  1731. 

DAVENPORT,  Addington,  a  native  of  Mass 
and  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  that  state 
died  in  1736. 

DAVID,  "iiing  of  Israel,  was  anointed  by 
Samuel,  while  keeping  the  flocks  of  his  father, 
Jesse.  His  courasre  in  killing  Goliah  made  him 
famous ;  he  died  ]015  B.  C. 

DAVID,  St.,  the  patron  of  Wales,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Bangor,  where  he  was  educated  in  the 
5th  century.  He  was  buried  at  St.  David's  Ca 
thedral. 

DAV^ID,  an  Armenian  philosopher  of  the  5th 
century.  He  translated  some  of  the  Greek 
Classics. 

DAVID,  de  Dinant.  taught,  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury, tliat  God  was  original  matter. 

DAVID,  de  Pomis,  a  Jewisii  physician,  who 
pretended  that  he  came  from  the  true  stock  of 
Judah.  He  wrote  a  Hebrew  and  Italian  dic- 
tionary. 

DAVID,  George,  a  most  extraordinary'  here- 
tic, son  of  a  waterman  of  Ghent,  and  bred  a 
glazier,  or,  as  some  say,  a  glass- painter.  He 
began  about  1525  to  preach  such  whimsies  as| 
theee:  namely,  that  he  was  the  true  Messiah, 
the  third  David,  nephew  of  God,  not  after  the 
flesh,  but  after  the  spirit.  A  prosecution  being 
connTicncjd  against  him  and  his  followers,  he 

1 


DA 

fled  first  to  Friesland,  and  from  iheiice  to  Basil, 
where  he  lurked  under  the  name  of  John  Bruck, 
and  died  in  tJiat  city  in  15.50. 

DAVID,  Gaiitz,  a  Jewish  historian  of  the 
ICth  century,  the  author  of  a  Hebrew  chronicle. 

DAVID,  of  Hirazug,  a  Welsh  divine  and  poet, 
called  the  P.iack,  about  1350. 

DAVID  EL  DAVID,  a  Persian  Jew,  in  the 
I'Jth  century,  who  pretended  to  he  the  Messiidi. 

DAVID  AB  GUILUM,  a  celebrated  Welsh 
bard,  who  inscribed  147  poems  to  hi.s  mistress  ; 
she,  however,  married  another  man. 

DAVID,  emperor  of  Trebizonde,  defeated  and 
-slain  by  Mahomet  H.,  in  llGl. 

DAVID  AP  EDMUND,  a  Vv^ekh  poet,  presi- 
dent of  an  a.«spmb;y  of  baids  who  met  at  the 
requett  of  Edwad  IV. 

DAVID  I.,earlGf  Nortl)un)ber'anda:id  ITujit- 
ingdon,  king  of  Scotland.  He  married  RJnud, 
grand  niece  of  William  the  Conqueror,  and  was 
a  mild  and  popular  king  :  he  died  in  Ji53. 

DAVID  II  ,  king  of  Scotland,  son  of  Ronert 
Bruce,  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Eriglish  in 
1346,  and  confined  in  the  lower  iO  vears ;  ho 
died  in  1.371. 

DA VIDIS, Francis,  a  Hungarian,  \v!io  chang- 
d  his  religious  princiftles  four  rimes,  aiid  finally 
declared  that  no  worship  was  due  to  Christ ;  lit; 
died  in  prison,  in  1579. 

DAVIDSON,  William,  a  brigadier-general  in 
the  American  revolutionary  army,  who  was 
killed  in  North  Carolina,  while  endeavouring  to 
prevent  the  passage  of  Cornwallis  over  the  Ca- 
tawba. 

DAVIE,  WilHaraR.,  governor  of  North  Ca- 
rolina, was  distinguished  for  his  services  in 
the  army,  during  the  revolution.  After  the 
peace,  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  Congress, 
and,  in  1799,  was  appointed  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners for  negotiating  a  treaty  with  France.  He 
soon  after  withdrew  from  public  life,  and  died  at 
Camden,  in  IKK). 

DAVIE,  Mary,  of  Newton,  Mass. ;  died  in 
1752,  aged  116  years. 

DAViES,  John,  a  writing  master  and  poet, 
who  died  about  1613  Besides  many  poems,  he 
left  a  book  called  "  The  Anatomy  of  Fair  Writ- 
ing." 

DAVIES,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
poet,  born  at  Chisgrove,  in  Wiltshire,  "in  157C. 
He  was  .^uccessivly  attorney-genera!  and  i^p.eaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons  of  Ireland  ;  and,  go- 
ing over  into  England,  he  was,  in  162G,  ap- 
pointed lord  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench  ; 
but  before  his  installation,  died  suddenly  of  an 
apoplexy.  His  works  on  legal  subjects  are  nu 
meious  and  valuable.  His  chief  jioetical  work 
was  intitied  "  NosceTeipsum." 

DAVIES,  Dr.  John,  born  in  Denbighshire  to- 
ward the  latter  end  of  the  IGth  cei'itury,  and 
highly  esteemed  for  his  knowledge  of  the  history 
and  antiquities  of  his  own  nation,  and  iu  the 
Greek  and  Hebrew  languages.  He  assisted  in 
translating  the  Bible  into  Welch  in  tliat  correct 
edition  which  came  out  in  ](;-20. 

DAVIES,  Thomas,  born  1710,  was  for  marjv 
years  an  actor  on  the  London  Stage.  This 
"profession  he  at  length  quitted  for  that  of  a 
bookseller.  In  1780  he  wrote  and  jiublislied 
"The  Life  of  Mr.  Ganick,"  which  acquired 
him  much  fame  and  some  money.  lie  after- 
wards publiFhed  "  Dramatic  Mi.scellanie£,"  in 
3  vols,  in  v.'hich  he  discovered  much  learnins 
and  critical  acumen,  and  enlivened  his  work 
with  many  interesting  and  valuable  ariecdotes 
relating  to  the  stage  alid  its  professors.  His 
3*  149 


DA 

other  works  are,  "Some  Memoirs  of  Mr.  Hen- 
derson," "  A  Review  of  Lord  Chesierfield's 
Characters,"  "A  Life  if  !VLis3i:iger,'  '  Lives 
of  Dt  Joliii  Eachard,  Sir  John  Davies,  aud  Mr. 
Liilo;"  ind  fugitive  pieces  without  auBiber,  in 
prose  and  verse,  ia  almost  all  the  pubUc  news- 
papers.   Mr.  Davies  died  in  1785. 

DAVIES,  Samuel,  president  of  Princeton  Col- 
lege, New-Jersey  ;  eminent  as  a  preacher  ;  pub- 
lished several  sermons,  still  much  admired  ;  he 
died  in  1761. 

DA  VILA,  Henry  Catherine,  a  celebrated  his- 
torian, born  of  an  illustrious  family  in  the  isle 
of  Cyprus.  His  most  important  work  is  his 
"  History  of  the  civil  wars  of  France,"  wnich 
ii  divided  into  15  books,  and  contains  every  thing 
worth  notice  iliat  passed  from  the  death  oi  Hen- 
ry II ,  1.j59,  to  the  peace  of  Vervins,  1598.  This 
history  has  always  been  reckoned  a  tine  one, 
and  lord  Boiingbroke  does  not  scruple  to  con- 
fess it  in  many  •■expects  eriual  to  that  of  Livy.. 
Davda  was  murOored  in  1634- 

D  AVI  LA,  Peter  Francis,  a  famous  Spanish 
naturalist;  died  in  1785. 

DAVIS,  John,  an  English  navigator,  who  first 
discov«red  those  s:raits  in  North  America  which 
bear  his  name,  1535. 

DAVIS,  Henry  Edward,  was  born  at  Wind- 
sor, 175o,  and  at  the  age  of  21,  disting!iisnedj|  by  his  actions  "with  two  British  frigates,  durinj 
among  the  earliest  and  most  able  examiners  of  1.  the  last  war,  and  by  his  success,  against  the  Ai 
some  remarkable  assertions,  and  insiniiationsI|gerines  in  1815  ;  and  was  afterwards  a  membei 
yet  more  extraordinary,  introduced  in  Mr.  Gib-|lof  the  board  of  navy  commissioners  until  hii 
bon's  '•  History  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  thei]death,  which  happened  in  a  duel,  in  18:20. 
Roman  Empire,"  and  tending  certainly  toun-||  DECEBABUS,  a  king  of  Dacia,  whose  coun- 
dervalue  the  testimony  of  the  Christian  religion.  I  try  was  reduced  to  a  Roman  province,  by  Tra- 
Ile  died  in  1784.  jl  jan,  in  105. 

DAVISON,  Jeremiah,  a  portrait  painter, bornjl  DECEMBRIO,  Peter  Caadido,  a  native  of 
in  England,  of  Scotch  parents,  studied  under  sirjiPavia,  secretary  to  the  pope,  and  afterwards  to 
Peter  Lely,  excelled  in  painting  satyrs  and  died'  the  king  of  Arragoi;.  He  wrote  several  lives,  and 
ui  1745.  I] translated  soma  of  the  classics  :  he  died  in  1477. 

DAWES,  Sir  William,  an  English  nobleman  DECHALES,  Claudius  Francis  Milliet,  au 
ind  prelate,  one  of  the  royal  chaplains  of  queen!  excellent  mathematician,mechanic,and  astrono- 

|mer,  burn  at  Chaniberry,  the  capital  of  Savoy, 
in  loll.  His  principal  performances  have  been 
jcollected  in  3  vols,  in  folio,  under  the  title  of 
"  Miindus  Mathemaficus  ;"  being  indeed  aconi- 
I  plete  course  of  all  the  mathematics.  He  died  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics,  ia  the  university  of  Tu- 


DE 

lie  and  private  charity.  Mr.  D.  lost  his  life 
Sept  1789,  by  a  fall  from  his  horse. 

D.AYTON,  Elias,  early  engaged  in  the  war 
of  the  revolution,  and  contuut  '  in  it  till  it  end- 
ed ;  he  died  at  Philadelphia,  in  1807 ;  he  was 
then  a  major  general. 

DAYTON,  John,  governor  of  tiie  state  of 
South  Carolina,  afterwards  a  district  judge  of 
the  United  States,  died  in  1822. 

DEACON,  James,  an  English  gentleman, 
known  for  his  skill  in  music,  painting  and  draw- 
ing, died  in  1750. 

DEAGEANT,  DE  ST.  MARCELLIN,  Gui- 
chard,  a  Frencn  writer  and  statesman,  in  the 
time  of  Lewis  XIII. 

DEANE,  SilaS;  a  native  of  Connecticut,  was 
chosen  a  member  of  Congress  in  1774,  and  af- 
terwards appomted  minister  of  the  United 
Slates,  at  the  court  of  France  :  he  died  in  1789. 

DEBORAH,  a  prophetess  of  Israel,  who  com- 
posed a  beautiful  ode,  1285  B.  C. 

DE  BURE,  WiUiam  Francis,  a  bookseller  a» 
Paris,  well  known  for  his  "  Bibliographe  Ins 
tructive,"  7  vols.  8vo.  ;  he  died  in  1782. 

DECATUR,  Stepiien,  a  captain  in  the  navy  of 
the  United  States,  distinguished  for  his  bravery 
and  professional  skill.  He  rendered  himself 
1  conspicuous  by  his  services  at  Tiipoli,  in  180-1 


Aune;  he  was  a  learned,  benevolent  and  pious 
man,  and  the  author  of  several  religious  works : 
he  died  in  1724 

DAWES,  Richard,  an  English  scholar,  cele- 
orated  for  the  publication  of  a  work,  iutitled, 
"Miscellanea  Critica,"  born  1708,  died  17GG. 


DAWSON,  John,  a  mathemuiician,  and  an  Irin,  in  1678. 


eminent  teacher  of  mathemadcs  in  England, 
died  in  1820. 

DAY,  John,  an  eminent  English  printer,  and 
the  first  who  printed  in  Greek  and  Saxon  cha- 
racters in  England,  died  in  1504.  He  printed  in 
1549  the  folio  Bible,  dedicated  to  Edward  VI. 

DAY,  Thomas,  was  born  in  London,  1748, 
bred  to  the  law,  and  called  to  the  bar;  but,  dis- 
gusted with  the  technical  nicety  of  legal  process,! 
he  soon  quitted  Westminster  Hall,  devoted  his| 
mind  to  literary  pursuits,  and  became  the  advo-| 
cate  of  human  kind.  The  admir^•ble  poem  of  I 
"The  Dving  N«gro,"  writtea  by  himself  andl 
the  late  John  Bicknell,  esq.,  and  his  "  Fragment| 
of  a  Letter  on  Slavery,"  mark  him  among  the] 
first  of  iliose  who  exerted  their  efforts  to  eman- 
cipate a  large  portion  of  the  human  race  from' 
cruelty  and  tyranny.  His  latest  \/ork,  "  Thej 
History  of  Sandford  and  3Ierton,"  will  long  re- 
main an  instance  of  the  successful  apphcation; 
of  genius  to  form  the  minds  of  youth  to  active 
and  manly  virtue.  Plain  and  simple  in  his  ha-: 
bits,  denying  himself  all  the  luxuries,  and  ma- 
ny of  the  conveniences  of  life,  no  man  could  ex- 
pend less  upon  him.self,  or  bestow  more  upon 
t!ie  necesaities  of  others ;  and  he  devoted  the 
greater  part  of  aa  amjile  incoineto  acts  of  pub- 
150 


DECIO,  Philip,  of  Milan,  a  celebrated  lec- 
jturcr  on  jurisprudence  at  Pisa;  died  in  Iti-'^o. 

DECIU3,  Publius,  a  Roman  consul  and  brave 
i  general,  memorable  for  having  Jevoted  himself 
I  for  his  country  in  a  battle  with  the  Latins,  ;140 
B.  C.  Decius  .Mus,  his  son,  follov,\;d  his  father's 
■exaiuple,  as  did  a  grandson.  The  custom  was, 
that  the  officer  who  devoted  himself  to  the  go<ls 
for  the  service  of  his  country,  after  certain  ce- 
remonies of  consecration,  rushed,  completely 
armed,  into  the  enemy's  foremost  ranks,  when 
his  own  despaired  of  victory.  Though  this  was 
an  act  of  superstition  which  proved  fatal  to  the 
hero,  it  re-animated  his  party,  and  occasioned 
them  to  gain  the  battle. 

DECIUS,  a  Roman  emperor  after  Philip.  He 
perished  with  his  army  in  a  morass,  fighting 
against  the  Goths,  A.  D.  251. 

DECKER,  or  DECKIIER,  John,  a  pious  and 
learned  Flemish  Jesuit,  who  wrote  much  on  Sa- 
cred Chronology,  was  born  1559,  and  died  1019. 

DECKER,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer  of 
some  celebrity  in  the  reign  of  James  I.  In  hid 
"Honest  Whore,"  and  the  comedy  of  "  Old 
Fortunatiis,"  there  are  beauties,  as  to  character, 
plot,  and  language,  especially  in  the  former, 
equal  to  those  of  any  dramatic  writer  (SJiak- 


DE  

spoaiu  excepted)  that  England  lias  pioductd 
TIjo  pitcLse  time  of  tliia  author's  biith  and 
doaili  are  not  recorded ;  yet  he  could  not  have 
died  young,  as  the  lirst  play  we  tind  of  his  wii 
tiiig  wnspuhiished  in  ItklO,  and  the  latest  date 
we  meet  with  to  any  other  is  "  The  Wonder  of 
a  Kingdom,"  1630. 

DK  COETLOGON,  Charles  Edward,  an  emi- 
nent  English  divine,  assistant  preacher  to  the 
chapel  of  the  Lock-hospital,  and  rector  of  God- 
,   sione,   in  Surrey,  died  in   ]820.     His  writings 
i  are  principally  on  tiieologicai  subjects. 
f       DEDEiCIND,  Frederic,  a  German  of  the  16th 
century,  who  published  a  curious  ironical  eulo- 
gium  on  incivility  and  rudeness. 

DKK,  John,  a  great  mathematician,  and  very 
extraordinary  person  in  the  republic  of  letters, 
born  in  London,  1527.  He  was  a  Jiian  of  un- 
common parts,  learning,  and  application  ;  audj 
mi'jhr  h;ive  performed  great  things,  if  he  hadj 
b<;eii  pot^soascdof  a  solid  judgujent ;  but  he  wasi 
extremely  credulous  and  sujieistilious.  He  suf- 
ferc<i  himself  lo  be  deluded  into  an  opinion,  that 
by  ceriaia  invocations,  an  intercourse  or  coin- 
mnnicaiion  with  spirits  mijLjLt  be  obtained  ;  from 
wliciice  iie  promised  iiimsell  an  insight  into  the 
oc!'ult  sciences.  He  found  a  young  man,  one 
Ddward  Keily,  a  native  of  Worcei«tershi:e,  who 
tuid  aiready  dipped  deep  into  these  matters,  and! 
who  readily  undertook  to  be  his  instrument  inl 
tiiiv.n,  for  which  he  was  to  pay  him  50Z.  per  an-j 
num.  Dec.  2,  1581,  they  bet;an  their  incauia-j 
tioijs ;  in  consequence  of  which,  Kelly  was,  by, 
the  inspuCiion  of  a  certain  table  consecrated  for| 
that  pnriioso,  with  many  superstitious  ceremo-l 
iiits,  eiiabltd  to  ac(jaaint  Dee  with  what  the! 
.-;-•,:  r^  fhougiu  fit  to  show  and  discover.  Thesej 
.:..  I'TeiicesWere  continued  for  about  twoyearsi 
i  '1  Mie  subjects  of  them  committed  to  writing,} 
:,  ii  never  pubiirhed,  though  stiii  preserved  in| 
'.  iiiiiole'ri  museum.  He  travelled  much  abroadi 
t;omi)any  wuli  Kelley,  who  had  in  his  po: 


DE 

some  measures  which  he  thought  unconstitu- 
tional and  unjust,  he  not  only  clieerfuUy  under- 
went the  punisiiment,  but  at  the  same  time 
wrote  "  A  Hymn  to  the  Pillory,"  aa  a  defiance 
of  their  usage  of  him.  But,  after  all,  De  Foe  is 
by  nothing  better  known  at  present,  than  by  his 
interesting  'History  of  Robinson  Crusoe;" 
whicli,  though  a  romance,  is  written  in  so  na- 
tural a  manner,  and  with  so  many  probable  in- 
cidents, that  it  was  judged  to  be  a  true  story 
for  some  time  after  its  publication.  He  was 
born  in  London,  1660,  and  died  at  Islington, 1731. 

DEGHUy,  an  eminent  Frencli  engraver,  died 
in  1748. 

UEIDIER,  Anthony,  a  medical  professor,  of 
Montpelier,  author  of  a  dioserlation,  "  De  Ve- 
neris Moibis." 

DEJAURE,  N.  a  promising  French  poet,  who 
died  young,  in  1800.  He  wrote  Lodoiska,  an 
opera,  which  has  been  received  with  applause. 

DEJOTARUS,  king  of  Galatea,  espoused  the 
cause  of  Pompey,  for  wliich  he  was  dethroned 
by  Caesar. 

DELAMET,  Adrian  Augustin  de  Bussy,  born 
in  Picardy,  a  relation  of  Cardinal  de  Retz, 
whom  he  attended  in  his  travels.    He  wrote 

Dictionary  of  Cases  of  Conscience,"  2  vols., 
and  died  in  1691. 

DEIiANCY,  James,  a  judge  and  chief  justice 
of  the  supreme  court  of  the  colony  of  New- 
York,  and  afterwards  lieutenant  governor,  died 
in  1760. 

DELANY,  Dr.  Patrick,  a  theological  writer 
of  Ireland,  but  perhaps  better  known  as  the  in- 
timate friend  and  correspondent  of  Dean  Swift, 
was  born  in  Ireland, lC8t),  and  died  at  Bath,17G8. 

DELANY,  Mary,  wife  of  the  foregoinff,  ce- 
lebrated for  her  skill  in  painting,  and  in  cutting 
flowers  and  other  ornaments  in  paper,  was  born 
at  Coulton,  in  Wiltshire,  1700,  and  died  1788. 

DELAUNE,  Thomas,  wrote  in  16S3,  "  Plea 
for  Nonconformity,"  which  j^ave  so  much  of- 


si  :iL-i>in,'asWas  reported,  a  philosophical  pow-   fence,  that  lie  was  cast  into  prison, where  he  died. 


d-irof  projection,  by  witich  ihey  w«;efnriiished 
Aviih  money  very  profusely.  In  the  latter  endl 
of  ii;s  life,  however,  he  became  mi.serably  poor ; 
au.t  i-'  is  higiily  probable,  that  he  lemahied  un- 
der his  delusions  10  his  death;  for  he  was  ac- 
tually providing  for  a  new  journey  into  Ger- 
many, when,  worn  out  by  age  and  distempers, 
he  di.-d  in  1608,  aged  80,  and  was  buried  at| 
Mortlake.  His  mathematical  works  are  nu-j 
iunrous  and  valuable. 

DEFE3CH,  William,  aGemian,  eminent  for] 
hi- ;?kill  on  the  vi(jlin,  died  about  1750.  i 

DE  FOE,  Daniel,  e()ually  famous  for  puiitics} 
and  poetrj",  was  bred  a  hosier.  In  that  situa-| 
tiou  lie  was  unsuccessiul ;  and  this  probably  in- 
•duced  him  to  apply  to  his  pen  for  subsistence.! 
Tutchinhavhig,  in  17O0,  written  "  ThaEoreign  | 
ers,"  an  infamous  sulire  on  king  William  and 
the  whole  Dutcii  nation,  De  Foe  wrote  "The 
True-born  Engiishmaa,"  as  an  antidote  to  it, 
and  thereby  recommeiided  iiimself  to  tiie  notice 
of  his  sovereign,  Avho  failed  not  to  revvard  the 
author.  He  afterwards  wrote  an  amazing  num- 
l>er  of  tracts,  30  of  w  hich  have  been  collected 
in  TWO  vols.  8vo.  One  of  these  tracts,  entitled, 
"  The  shortest  Way  with  the  Dissenters,"  con- 
tained reflections  against  some  ecclesiastics  in 
power,  for  breathing  too  much  a  spirit  of  per- 
secution. Becoming  obnoxious  to  the  ministry 
en  this  account,  he  was  obhged  to  explain  him- 
self, which  he  did  very  clearly,  for  he  was  a  man 
of  great  firmness  :  and  when  he  was  sentenced 


afterwards  to  stand  in  liie  pillory  for  ailackingrihe  died  in  1634. 


DELAWARE,  Thonsas  West,  lord,  governor 
of  Virginia,  in  1610.  He  felt  a  deep  interest  in 
the  alfairsof  the  colony,  and  may  be  considered 
as  one  of  its  first  founders.  He  died  near  the 
mouth  of  Delaware  bay,  on  his  return  from 
England,  whitlier  he  had  gone  lor  the  benefit 
oi  his  health,  in  1018. 

DELEYRE,  Alexander,  a  Frenchman,  au- 
thor of  an  analysis  of  Lord  Cacoa's  works,  3 
vols.  i2n)o.,  died  in  1797. 

DELFT,  Jacob,  a  celebrated  portrait  painter 
of  Dftift,  who  died  in  ICtil. 

Di^LlLLE,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
poetical  authors  that  France  has  hitherto  pro- 
duced, died  at  Paris,  December,  1814.  He  n.ade 
at  an  early  age,  a  masterly  translation  of  Vir- 
gil's "Georgics"  into  French  verse;  wrote  a 
counterpart  to  the  Georgics,  under  the  title, 
''  Les  Jardins  ;"  translated  the  "  ^Eneid,"  and 
wrote  many  original  poenis.  In  the  latter  pe- 
riod of  his  career,  he  pui)lished  a  translation  of 
Milton's  "  Paradise  Lost."  Like  most  other  au- 
thors, however,  he  appears  to  have  left  his  pos- 
terity nothing  but  his  writings ;  which,  as  his 
eulogist,  M.  Campenon,  says,  "  Death  cannot 
destroy,  nor  time  annihilate.' 

DELIUS,  Christopher  Traugott,  a  native  of 
Walhausen.  an  eminent  mineralogist,  and  sur- 
vevor  of  the  mines  of  Hungary  and  Venice, 
died  in  1799. 

DELMONT,  Deodalt,  a  historical  painter, 
pupil  to  Reubens,  who  highly  eeteemed  him  ; 


151 


DE 

~DELOBEL,  a  French  painter,  uf  the  ITtJi 
century,  wiiose  pieces  adorn  the  churches  and 
cathedraib  oi  Fiance 

DE  LOLME.    See  LOLME. 

DELRLO,  Martin  Anthony,  a  most  learned 
man,  iwra  at  Aniwc-rp,  1551.  The  progress 
lie  made  in  letters,  wliiieavery  boy,  is  recorded 
with  wonder,  liaviiig  surprised  the  public  when 
he  was  only  19  years  oi  aj;e  v.  iili  some  good 
iiotes  upon  the  tragedies  oi  Seneca,  in  which 
he  cited  almost  1100  authors,  with  all  the  assur 
ance  of  a  man  who  had  read  them  ihorougiiiy, 
and  weighed  their  senaments  wiih  grtat  judg- 
ment and  exactness.     He  died  in  1608. 

DELRiO,  John,  dean  of  Antwerp,  who  wrote 
commeniaries  on  the  119th  psaim  :  he  died  in 
16C4 

DE  LUC.     See  LUC. 

DEM.-SDES,  an  Alheiaan  orator,  put  to  death 
bv  Cap.<aiidei-  322,  B.  C. 

DEMARATCS,  a  king  of  Sparta,  who  re- 
signed his  crown,  and  retired  to  Persia. 

DEMESTE.  John,  chaplain  and  chief  surgeon 
to  the  forces  ol  the  prince  ol  Liege,  weli  known 
as  the  auilior  of  come  letters  on  chyniisiry, 
died  in  1783. 

DEMETRIUS  POLIORCETES,  king  of  Ma- 
cedon,  was  highly  honouied  by  the  AtheriiaiiS  ; 
he  died  2SG  B.  C. 

DEMETRIUS,  SOTER,  king  of  Syria,  was 
for  some  time  a  hostage  at  Rome,  and  was  killed 
in  battle,  150  B.  C. 

DEMETRIUS  II.,  surnamed  Kicanor,  king 
of  Syria,  formed  an  alliance  with  the  Jews;  he 
was  "killed  bv  the  governor  o'  Tvre,  2c<5  B.  C. 

DEMETRIUS,  PHALEREl  S,  a  peripatetic 
philosopher  of  Athens,  who  lived  in  thetnueof 
Alexander  the  Great.  Three  hundred  and  si.xty 
etatues  vv'ere  erected  to  his  honour  in  that  city  ; 
and  not  undeservedly,  since  he  is  said  to  have 
augmented  the  revenue^?  of  it,  as  well  as  to  have 
improved  and  polished  its  buildings.  Never'.he 
less  he  died  in  banishment  by  the  bite  cf  an 
}xsp,  284  B.  C.  His  writings  coixsisted  of  poerry, 
history,  politics,  rhetoric,  harangues,  end  em 
bas.«ies  ;  but  none  are  extant. 

DEMETRIUS,  a  cynic  philosopher,  in  the 
reign  of  Caligula;  he  was  banislied  by  Ves 
pasian  for  insolence. 

DEMETRIUS,  czar  of  Russia ;  which  coun- 
tr\'  he  invaded,  in  1604,  with  a  smah  army,  and 
seated  himself  on  the  throne;  he  reigned  11 
months,  and  was  then  assassinated. 

DE  MISSY,  Caesar,  a  learned  divine,  bom 
at  Berlin,  in  1703  ;  he  published  some  poetical 
pieces,  and  assistedJoriin  in  his  life  of  Erasmus. 

DEMOCEDES,  a  physician  of  Crofona,  who 
afterwards  became  the  slave  and  phjsician  of 
Darius,  king  of  Persia. 

DEJkiOCRITUS,  one  of  the  greatest  pliilo- 
sophersof  antiquitv.  was  born  at  Abdera,  atovvu 
of  Thrace,  about  the  80th  Olympiad,  tl;at  is 
about  460  years  before  Christ. — He  is  said  to 
have  laughed  at  human  life  in  general,  which, 
Montaigne  says,  it  was  better  to  do  than  to  imi- 
tate Heraclitus,  who  wept  eternally  about  it; 
because  adds  be,  mankind  are  not  so  uidiappy 
as  they  are  vain.  He  was  the  forerunner  of 
Epicurus,  whose  system  diflers  from  his  no 
otherwise  than  in  some  improvements. 

DEMOIVRE,  Abraham,  an  illustrious  ma- 
thematician, born  at  Vitri,  in  ChampaiTne, 
May  1667.  His  abilities  were  so  admired  by 
the"Royal  Society  of  London,  that  tliey  judged 
him  a  "fit  person"  to  decide  the  famous  contest 
between  Newton  and  Leibnitz.  He  published 
some  capital  works,  but  is  gencially  known  by 
1§2 


DE 

{his  "  Doctrine  of  Chances  ;  or,  Method  of  calcu- 
lating the  Probabilities  of  Events  at  Play."  Ee 
jdied  at  London,  in  1754. 

j  DEMONAX,  a  philosopher,  of  Crete,  in  fne 
1  reign  o  Adrian,  who  had  the  greatest  contempt 
for  riches. 

j  DEMOSTHENES,  one  of  the  greatest  ora- 
tors of  antiquity,  if  not  the  greatest,  was  born 
at  /  ihens,  in  tlitSd  year  of  the  101st  Olympiad  ; 
tha.  is,  about  .r70  years  before  Christ.  It  is 
uiineisally  agieed,  that  no  orator  ever  spoke 
Willi  such  force,  or  had  the  passions  of  otliei.^  so 
mucL  in  his  power,  as  Demosthenes  ;  insomuch 
that  I.  actuail;-  appeared  like  one  inspired.  He 
oii|>os..d  Philip  of  Macedonia  witli  all  his  might, 
aiid  Alexander  after  him.  Alexander  requested 
!of  the  Athenians  to  have  Demostjieues  given  up 
to  hiiii  but  this  was  retused  ;  yet,  wheu  Anti- 
pater,  his  successor,  made  the  same  irquest 
afterwaids,  it  was  granted.  But  Deniosihenes 
would  not  be  gi\cn  up,  and  therefore  escaj  ed 
into  the  island  of  Celauria  ;  where  he  imbiltd 
poison  that  he  had  kept  on  purpose  in  a  quill, 
to  prevent  his  being  taken  alive-  He  died  in 
|the  3d  year  of  the  li4th  Olympiad.  There  are 
lextant  under  his  name  61  orations,  v.  hich  have 
tVeqiientiy  been  published.  But,  though  he  ar- 
rived at  such  periection  in  this  art,  he  set  out 
under  j^rcat  disadvantages  :  for  he  had  an  im- 
pediment ui  his  speech,  which  for  a  loijg  time 
would  not  sulier  hmi  to  pronounce  the  leiter  r  , 
lie  had  a  weak  voice,  a  short  breath,  and  a  veiy 
uncouth  and  ungracious  manrer;  how  ever,  by 
dint  of  resolution  and  infinite  pains,  lie  over- 
came ail  these  defects.  He  would  climb  up 
steep  and  craggy  places,  to  help  his  wind  and 
strengthen  his  voice ;  he  would  declaim  with 
pebbles  m  his  moutii,  to  remedy  the  imperfec- 
tion in  his  speech ;  he  would  place  a  looking- 
glass  before  him,  to  correct  the  awkwardness  of 
his  gesture  ;  and  he  learned  of  the  best  players 
the  proper  graces  of  action  and  pvoimnciation, 
%vhich  he  thought  of  so  much  consequence  that 
he  made  the  whole  art  of  oratory  in  a  manner 
to  consist  of  them.  He  was  so  intent  upon 
study,  tliat  he  would  often  re. ire  into  a  cave  of 
the  earth,  and  shave  half  his  head,  so  that  be 
could  Tiot  v,  ith  decency  appear  abroad  till  his 
hair  was  grown  agi'in.  lie  also  acciistoired 
himself  to  harangue  at  the  seashore,  wlicre  the 
agnation  oi  the  waves  foimed  to  him  an  idea 
of  the  commotion  in  a  popular  assf  inbly,  and 
served  to  jjrej.sare  and  fortify  him  against  them. 
From  these  several  kinds  of  hardships,  which 
he  imposed  upon  himself,  it  is  plain  that  he 
was  not  so  nmch  born  an  orator,  as  an  inf^lance 
how  far  parts  and  application  may  go  towaul 
the  fo.ming  of  a  -rreat  man  in  any  protcsf-inn. 

DEJIOURS,  Peter,  a  native  of  Marseilles, 
known  for  his  riexlerity  as  a  sui  ^con  and  ocu- 
list ;  he  was  author  of  some  professional  works, 
and  died  in  17^5. 

DEMPSTER,  William,  a  learned  Scotchman, 
who  refuted  Raymond  Lully,  and  wrote  an 
ecclp.siastical  hist'ory;  he  died  in  1557. 

DEMPSTER,  Thomas,  a  Scotcl-  historian  and 
commentator,  born  1579,  died  1G25.  He  was  a 
very  learned  man,  but  of  a  singular  claractf  r ; 
Ibeiiig  as  prompt  to  draw  his  sword  in  quarrel, 
as  to  wield  his  pen,  at  anytime.  He  became 
professor  of  the  Belles  Lettres,  at  Pisa,  Nismes, 
and  Bologna,  and  had  s-ach  a  prodigious  me- 
mory, that  he  used  to  say  he  knew  not  w  hat  it 
was  to  forget.  This  gained  him  the  appellation 
of  "  The  Living  Library." 

DEMPSTER.  George,  a  Scotch  lawyer,  and  a 
laeuiber  of  Parliament,  in  1762.  He  retired  from 


DE 

public  life,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  Highlands,  until  his  death,  in  1818. 

DENELLE,  one  of  the  infamous  friends  of 
Marat,  who  killed  his  wife  and  five  children 
with  his  own  hands.  He  suffered  a  merited 
death,  on  the  scaffold. 

DENHAM,  Sir  Joiui,  an  eminent  poet,  born 
in  Dublin,  in  1615.  In  1G41  he  published  his  tra- 
gedy called  "The  Sophy,"  which  was  ex- 
tremely admired  by  the  best  judges ;  and  in  1642 
was  first  printed  his  '■  Cooper's  Hill,"  "a  poem 
(says  Dryden)  wJiich,  for  majesty. of  style,  is 
and  ever  will  be,  the  standard  of  good  writing.' 
Pope  has  celebrated  this  poem  very  highly  in 
his  "Windsor  Forest;"  and  all  men  of  tasie 
liave  agreed  in  their  commendations  of  it.  He 
died  in  1668. 

DENIS,  Michael,  principal  keeper  of  thp 
imperial  libraiy  at  Vienna,  died  in  1800.  His 
writings  on  various  subjects  were  highly  es 
teemed. 

DENMAN,  Thomas,  M.  D.  an  eminent  phy- 
sician aud  writer  on  midwifery,  born  at  Bake 
well,  Derbyshire,  1733,  died  in  London,  1815. 

DENNER,  Balthasar,  a  portrait  painter,  of 
Hamburgh,  who  refused  in  London.,  500  guineas 
for  his  pici  ure  of  an  old  woman  ;  he  idled  in  1747. 

DEiXNlE,  William,  proprietary  governor  ol 
Pennsylvania,  in  1756.  He  was  superceded  in 
1759,  as  unpopular  and  obnoxious  to  the  people 

DENNIE,  Joseph,  a  nativeof  Massachusetts, 
VA'as educated  a  lawyer;  he  however  soon  re 
liuquished  tlie  profession  for  literary  pursuits, 
and  as  editor  of  the  "  Farmer's  Museum,"  a 
newspaper  published  in  Nevv-Haujpshire,  and 
afterwards  of  the  "  Port  Folio,"  in  Philadelphia, 
gave  evidence  of  a  powerful  and  highly  culti- 
vated moid,  and  of  a  genius  of  superior  order  ; 
he  died  in  1813. 

DENNIS,  John,  a  celebrated  critic,  born  in 
London,  1657.  Though  it  is  now  become  fash- 
ionable to  speak  lightly  of  him,  he  had  qualities 
e"!iough  to  recommend  him  to  the  acquaintance 
of  some  of  the  most  eminent  personages  foi 
birth,  wit,  and  learning,  ol' his  time;  but  the 
black  passions  were  so  predominant  in  him,  and 
his  pride,  envy,  jealousy,  and  suspicion,  hurried 
him  into  so  many  absurd  and  ridiculous  mea- 
sures, that  his  life  appears  to  have  been  nothing 
but  a  mixture  of  folly  and  madness. — He  began 
to  be  a  writer  as  early,  if  not  earlier,  than  IbDO, 
and  so  continued  to  the  tune  of  his  death,  which 
happened  in  1733.  He  had  better  talents  for 
judging  of  the  performances  of  others,  than  for 
producing  any  thing  of  himself ;  which  made  a 
smart  fellow  say,  that  "Dennis  was  the  fittest 
man  in  the  world  to  instruct  a  dramatic  writer; 
for  belaid  down  excellent  rules  for  writing  good 
plays,  and  showed  what  were  bad  by  his  own." 

DENNY,  Sir  Anthony,  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing and  piety,  privy  counsellor  of  Henry  VHI., 
he  died  in  1.550. 

DENTON,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  pre- 
bendary of  York,  an  intimate  friend  of  Tillot- 
son.  He  published  some  sermons  and  religious 
tracts  and  died  in  1708. 

DENTRECOLLES,  Francis  Xavier,  a  Je- 
suit, who  went  to  China  as  a  missionary,  in  1741, 
and  wrote  several  works  in  the  Chinese  lan- 
guage. 

DENYS,  James,  a  historical  painter,  born 
at  Antwerp  in  1645. 

D'EON.    See  EON. 

DEPARCIEUX,  Anthony,  a  learned  French 
mathematician,  who  published  several  valuable 
works ;  he  (died  in  1768. 

DERI'Y,  James  Stanley,  earl  of,  an  English 


DE 

nobleman,  celebrated  for  his  courage  during  the 
civil  wars.  He  was  finally  taken  and  basely 
beheaded  in  1651. 

DERCYLLIDAS,  a  Laccdsemonian  general, 
who  avenged  his  country  against  the  Persian**, 
400  B.  C. 

DEREING,  Edward,  an  eminent  divine, 
preacher  at  St.  Paul's,  London,  before  the  court. 
He  wrote  sermons,  lectures,  &c. ;  he  died  1576. 

DERHAM,  WiUiam,  a  very  eminent  philo- 
sopher and  divine,  born  at  Stoughton,  near  Wor- 
cester, 1657,  and  died  1735,  having  spent  his  life 
in  the  most  agreeable  and  improving  study  of 
nature,  aiid  made  all  his  researches  there  in  sub- 
serviency to  the  cause  of  religion  and  virtue. — 
His  works  are  extrertiely  numerous ;  of  these 
the  best  known  are  his  '■  Physico-Theology ; 
or,  A  Demonstration  of  the  Being  and  Attri- 
butes of  God,  from  his  works  of  Creation  ;" 
and  "Astro  Theology,  or,  A  Demonstration  of 
the  Being  and  Attribuies  of  God  from  a  Survey 
of  the  Heavens;"  both  which  are  works  of 
considerable  merit. 

DERING,  Sir  Edward,  first  a  republican,  and 
afterwards  a  royalist ;  a  member  of  parliament 
during  the  civil  wars.  His  speeches  were 
published  in  4to. 

DERMODY,  Thomas,  a  poet  of  considerable 
laient,  but  so  devoid  of  common  prudence,  that 
the  best  of  patronage  was  found  to  be  useless 
to  him.  He  was  born  in  the  south  of  Ireland, 
Jan.  1775.  His  father,  who  was  a  schoolmaster 
at  Ennis  for  some  time,  is  said  to  have  employ- 
ed this  son,  when  only  in  his  ninth  year,  as 
Greek  and  Latin  assistant  at  his  own  school ; 
and,  to  increase  the  wonder,  we  are  told  that 
he  had  written  as  much  geiniine  poetry  at  ten, 
as  either  Cowley,  Milton,  or  Pope,  had  pro- 
duced at  nearly  double  that  age.  With  all  his 
talent,  however,  he  was  of  so  uniformly  de- 
praved a  conduct,  that  he  no  sooner  excited 
compassion,  and  profited  by  generosity,  than  he 
despised,  or  at  least  neglected,  the  advice  of 
his  benefactors ;  and  ai  length,  wasted  by  dis- 
ease, arising  from  habitual  intemperance,  he 
died  at  an  obscure  hovel,  near  Sydenham,  Kent, 
1802.  in  his  28th  year. 

DERRICK,  Samuel,  a  linen  draper  of  Dublin ; 
afterwards  a  writer  of  pamphlets  in  London, 
and  master  of  ceremonies  at  Bath  and  Tun- 
bridge,  died  1769. 

DF-RYK,  or  DERICK,  Peter  Cornelius,  aland- 
scape  painter  of  Delft ;  pupil  of  Jacobs.  He  died 
in  1030. 

DERYKE,  William,  a  historical  painter  at 
Antwerp,  died  1697. 

DESAGULIERS,  John  Theophilus,  a  cele- 
brated lecturer  on  experimental  philosophy, 
who  made  several  improvements  in  mecha- 
nics, was  bom  at  Rochelle,  in  1683,  but  went  to 
England  when  an  infant.  His  most  celebrated 
publication  is,  "A  Course  of  Experimenal  Phi- 

iophy,  1734,"  2  vols  4to.    He  died  in  1749. 

DESAULT,  Peter,  a  French  physician,  who 
wrote  on  the  cure  of  syphilis,  without  saliva- 
tion, and  on  tJie  stone ;  he  died  in  1737. 

DESAULT,  Peter  Joseph,  a  French  surgeon, 
of  great  abilities,  who  attended  Lewis  XVII., 
and  died,  probably  by  poison,  for  this  humanity. 
He  was  author  of  a  valuable  treatise  on  surgery, 
and  died  in  1795. 

DES  BARREAUX,  James  de  Vallec,  lord,  a 
French  nobleman,  counsellor  of  parliament,  at 
Paris.  He  was  an  infidel  and  libertine,  but,  be- 
fore he  died,  gave  himself  up  to  meditation  aad 
penitence ;  he  died  in  1647. 

DESBILLONS,  Francis  Joseph,  a  FrencTi 
153 


DE 

Jesuit,  who,  after  spending  15  years  in  the  col- 
lege of  Lewis  XIV'.,  at  Paris,  retired  to  publish 
his  fables,  530  in  number,  2  vols.  He  died  in  1788. 

DESBOI3,  Francis  Alexander,  a  Frenchman, 
autiior  of  a  military  dictionary,  a  dictionary  of 
agriculture,  and  one  of  birds ;  he  died  in  1784. 

DESCARTES.     See  CARTES. 

DESERICIU3,  or  DESERITZ,  Joseph  Inno- 
cent, a  Hungarian,  made  a  Roman  cardinal,  au- 
thor of  many  works,  died  in  1765. 

DESGODET>-?,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Paris, 
an  eminent  architect,  taken  by  the  Algeriues, 
and  kept  16  months  in  slavery.  He  wrote  large- 
ly on  the  subject  of  his  profession,  and  died  in 
1728. 

DESHAIS,  John  Baptist  Henry,  a  French 
painter,  of  very  superior  merit,  who  obtained 
the  prize  of  the  academy  of  Paris,  in  1751.  He 
died  voung. 

DESIDERIUS,  or  DIDIER,  che  last  king  of 
Lopibardv.     He  succeeded  Astolphus,  in  756. 

DES.MAHIS,  Joseph  Francis  Edward  de  Cor- 
sembleu,  a  generous  and  benevolent  French 
writer,  of  great  abilities,  author  of  a  comedy, 
and  of  some  elegant  poetry  ;  he  died  in  1751. 
.  DES  MAIZE'AUX,  Peter,  secretary  of  the 
royal  society  of  London,  was  born  at  Auvergne, 
in  1666.  He  retired  early,  probably  as  a  refugee, 
into  England,  and  died  there,  in  1745.  He  had 
intimate  connexions  with  St.  Evremont  and 
Bayle ;  gave  a  very  handsome  edition  of  the 
works  of  the  former,  in  3  vols.  4to,  with  the 
life  of  the  author  prefixed,  and  drew  up  the  life 
of  the  latter,  which  was  printed  before  the  edi-  j 
tion  of  his  "  Dicironary,"  in  1730.  He  publish- 1 
ed  also  the  "  Miscellaneous  Works  of  Bayle,"  i 
in  4  vols,  folio  tia  was  the  editor  of  other 
things  ;  and  whatever  he  published,  he  jilways 
accompanied  with  literary  anecdotes. 

DESMARES,  Toussaint,  a  French  priest,who 
distinguished  himself  by  his  sermons,  and  other 
writings  ;  he  died  in  1687. 

DESMARETS,  Nicholas,  minister  of  state, 
and  comptroller,  in  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIV., 
died  in  1721. 

DESMOULiNS,  Benedict  Camille,  the  friend 
of  Danton,  and  one  of  the  original  members  of 
the  Jacobin  club,  at  Paris.  He  was  one  of  the 
roost  vile  and  ferocious  of  that  bloody  club,  and 
was  beheaded  in  1794. 

DESMONTIER  Charles  Albert,  a  French 
poet  and  dramatic  writer,  born  at  Villers  Cote- 
lets,  in  1760.  died  in  1801. 

DESPANGE,  John,  minister  of  a  French 
congregation  in  London.  He  was  admired  as  a 
preacher,  and  died  in  1660. 

DESPARD,  Edward  Marcus,  an  Irish  officer, 
long  in  the  English  service,  who  laid  a  plan  to 
assassinate  his  king,  which  being  detected,  he 
was  tried  and  beheaded,  in  1S03. 

DESPAUTERE,  John,  a  Flemish  gramma- 
rian, whose  books  were,  at  one  time,  in  great 
repute ;  he  died  in  1520. 

DESPIERRES,  John,  superior  of  the  Bene- 
dictine college,  at  Douay,  eminent  as  a  mathe- 
m.itician  and  as  a  mechanic,  died  in  16G4. 

DESPLACES,  an  eminent  French  engraver, 
died  in  1749. 

DESPORTES,  Claude,  a  painter,  of  Cham- 
pagne, highly  favoured  by  Lewis  XIV.  and  XV., 
died  in  1743. 

DESSAIX,  Louis  Charles  Anthony,  a  brave 
and  very  successful  French  general,  in  the  revo- 
lutionary war,  was  born  in  August,  1768.  He 
f«U  at  the  battle  of  Marengo,  at  the  moment  the 
yicUjry  turned  in  favour  of  his  countrymen,  in  I 
154 


DE 

1800,  esteemed  by  the  French  soldiei^,  honoured 
by  the  Austrians,  and  beloved  by  all  vho  knew 
him.  His  body  was  carried  to  Miian,  enibaimed, 
and  placed  in  the  hospital  of  Mount  St.  'lernard, 
where  a  motiument  has  been  erected  to  his  me- 
mory. Dessaix,  united  to  bravery,  the  niostun- 
inipeachabie  integrity ;  and  well  deserved  of  ids 
country  the  superb  monument  since  erected  at 
Paris.  On  this,  is  commemorated  the  share  he 
had  in  the  great  battles  of  Landau,  Kehl,  VVeis- 
sembourg,  Malta,  Chebreis,  the  pyramids,  Sedi- 
man,  Sammanliout,  Kene,  Thebes,  and  Ma- 
rengo. 

DESTOUCHES,  Andrs  C^irdinal,  a  celebra- 
ted French  musician,  born  at  Paris,  in  1672,  died 
in  1749. 

DESTOUCHES,  Philip  Nericaut,  a  Fr-ach 
dramatic  writer,  born  at  Tour,  in  1C80,  died  in 
1754.  Destouches  had  not  the  gayety  of  Regnard, 
nor  the  strong  warm  colouring  of  Moliere ;  but 
he  is  always  polite,  tender,  and  natural. 

DEVAUX,  John,  a  native  of  Paris,  esteemed 
as  a  surgeon,  and  as  the  author  of  several  works, 
died  in  1729. 

DEVEREUX,  Robert,  earl  of  Essex,  born  in 
Hertfordshire,  in  1567,  is  memorable  for  having 
been  a  great  favourite,  and  an  unhappy  victim 
to  the  arts  of  his  enemies,  and  his  own  ambi- 
!  tion,  in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth.  The  first 
I  great  shock  he  received  in  regard  to  the  queen's 
{favour,  arose  from  a  warm  dispute  between  her 
i  majesty  and  himself,  about  the  choice  of  some 
jfit  and  able  person  to  superintend  the  affairs  of 
!  Ireland.  The  queen  looked  upon  Sir  William 
|Knoiles,  uncle  to  Essex,  as  the  most  proper  per- 
son for  that  charge  :  Essex  contended  that  Sir 
George  Carew  was  a  much  fitter  man  for  it. 
When  the  queen  could  not  be  persuaded  to  ap- 
prove of  his  choice,  he  so  far  forgot  himself  and 
his  duty,  as  to  turn  his  back  upon  her  in  a  con- 
temptuous manner  ;  which  insolence,  her  ma- 
jesty not  being  able  to  bear,  she  gave  him  a  box 
on  the  ear,  and  bid  him  go  and  be  hanged.  He 
immediately  clapped  his  hand  on  his  sword ; 
and  the  lord  admiral  stepping  in  between,  he 
swore  a  great  oath,  declaring  that  he  neither 
could  nor  would  put  up  with  an  affront  of  that 
nature  ;  that  he  would  not  have  taken  it  at  the 
hands  of  Henry  VIIL,  and  in  a  great  passion 
immediately  withdrew  from  court.  He  was  af- 
terwards reconciled  and  restored,in  appearance, 
to  the  queen's  favour;  yet  there  is  good  reason 
to  doubt  whethe'  he  ever  recovered  it  in  reahty ; 
and  his  friends  have  been  api  to  date  his  ruin 
from  this  unlucky  accident.  He  was  executed 
on  a  charge  of  treason,  Feb.  25,  1601. 

DEVEREUX,  Robert,  earl  of  Essex,  son. of 
Elizabeth's  favourite,  appeared  in  parliament  a 
violent  opposer  to  the  measures  of  government, 
and  fought  many  battles  at  the  head  of  the  re- 
pubHcan  troops;  he  died  in  1646. 

D'EWES,  Sir  Symonds,  an  eminent  English 
historian,  and  antiquary,  born  at  Coxdeu,  in 
Suffolk,  1602,  died  in  1650.  When  he  was  little 
more  than  30  years  of  age,  he  had  finished  that 
large  and  accurate  work  for  which  he  is  chiefly 
memorable,  viz.  "  The  Journals  of  all  the  Par- 
liaments during  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabetli, 
both  Lords  and  Commons,"  Sec. 

DEWEY,  Daniel,  an  eminent  lawyer.of  Mas- 
sachusetts, waa  a  member  of  the  council  of  that 
state,  a  member  of  congress,  and  a  judge  of  tlie 
supreme  court  of  the  state  ;  he  died  in  1815. 

DE  WITT,  John,  the  famous  pensionary,  wai 
the  second  son  of  Jacob  De  Witt,  (bur^'omastcr 
of  Dort,  and  deputy  to  the  states  of  Holland,; 


DI 

and  bom  at  Dort,  in  lb.'5.  He  was  the  zealous 
patron  of  the  glory  and  liberty  of  his  native 
country ;  the  greatest  genius  of  his  time  ;  the 
ablest  politician  in  war  as  well  as  peace  ;  the 
atlas  of  the  commonwealth :  but  was  barba 
rously  murdered  by  a  Dutch  mob,  in  1672.  De 
Witt  wrote  a  book  containing  those  maxims  of 
government  upon  which  lie  acted,  which  will 
be  a  never  fading  monument  to  his  immortal 
memory.  It  shows  the  true  and  genuine  princi 
pies  of  policy,  on  which  alone  it  is  possible  to 
erect  an  administration  profitable  at  home,  and 
which  must  command  re=p'^ct  abroad.  A  trans 
lation  of  it  from  the  nri;:-na]  Dutch,  entitled 
"  The  true  Interest  and  political  Maxims  of  the 
Republic  of  Holland,"  has  been  printed  in  Lon- 
don 

DE  WITT,  James,  a  painter,  of  Amsterdam 
His  best  work  is  Moses  appointing  che  TO  elders 
He  was  born  in  1695. 

DEXTER,  Samuel,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  law- 
yer and  statesman,  of  Massachusetts,  was  born 
in  1761.  Soon  after  he  commenced  the  pvactice 
of  the  law,  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  con 
gress,  and  afterwards  of  the  senate  of  the  Uni 
ted  States,  where  he  gaiaed  a  higli  reputation 
for  talents  and  eloquence.  Tnder  the  first  pre 
sident  Adams,  he  was  appoirned  secretary  of  the 
treasury,  and  acting  secretary  of  staie.  in  1315. 
he  declined  the  office  of  minister  to  Spain,  and 
died  suddenly  the  following  year,  at  Athwis,  in 
New- York. 

DEYNUM,  John  Baptist  Van,  an  eminent 
miniature  pointer,  of  Antwerp,  born  in  1" 

DEYSTER,  Lewis,  an  eminent  painter  and 
engraver,  of  Bruges,  died  in  ITH.  Pis  daugli 
ter  Anne  was  equally  famous  as  a  painter. 

D'HOSIER,  Peter,  a  native  ot  Marseilles,  the 
first  who  formed  genealogies  into  science,  died 
in  16C0. 

DIACONUS,  Paulus,  a  Lombard,  who  com- 
posed the  history  of  the  Lombards,  in  6  books, 
died  in  1770. 

DIAGORAS,  surnamed  the  Atheist,  flourish- 
ed in  Athens,  in  the  91st  Olympiad  ;  that  is, 
about  412  years  before  Christ.  The  history  of 
hie  atheism,  is  thus  told.  He  delighted  in  mak- 
ing verses,  and  had  composed  a  ooem  which  a 
certain  poet  had  stolen  from  him.  He  sued  the 
thief,  who  swore  he  was  noteuilty  of  the  crime  ; 
and  soon  after,  he  gained  a  great  reputation  by 
publishing  that  work  as  his  own.  Diagoras, 
considering  that  he  who  had  injured  him  had 
not  only  escaped  unpunished  for  his  theft  and 
perji'ry,  but  also  acquired  glory  thereby,  con- 
cluded that  there  was  no  Providence,  nor  any 
gods,  and  wrote  some  books  to  prove  it.  He  died 
by  shipwreck. 

DIAZ,  Bartholomew,  a  Portuguese  navigator, 
who  discovered,  in  1486,  the  extreme  point  of 
Africa,  now  called  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

DIAZ,  John,  a  Spania'd,  who  embraced  thr 
doctrines  of  Luther,  for  which,  his  br  tiier,  Al- 
phonsus,  a  violent  catholic,  hired  an  a-sassin  to 
dash  out  his  brains,  in  1546. 

Di'BDIN,  Charles,  a  celebrated  song-writer, 
ar.d  dramatist.  In  the  former  character,  he  hari 
scarcely  an  equal,  as  to  the  number  or  the  merit 
of  his  compo«itions.  His  songs  amount  to  up 
wards  of  1200;  and  it  may  truly  be  said,  that 
though  a  great  portion  of  them  are  in  praise  of 
love  and  festivity,  not  one  passage  can  be  found) 
in  the  whole  number,  of  a  licentious  tendency.  I 
On  the  contrary,  they  are  calculated  to  support!' 
the  interests  of  virt\ie,  and  to  exercise  the  best  I 
aflections  of  the  heart,  as  well  as  to  enforce  the!  founded  a  new  empire 


Dl 

dtitics  of  loyalty  and  patriotism.  The  infliienco 
pi  his  songs  ui)on  seamen,  has  long  been  known, 
and  probably  has  strongly  contributed  to  siiniu 
late  their  heroism,  and  inculcate  submis«8ion  to 
the  hardships  of  their  profession,  and  to  the  will 
of  Providence.  His  "  Poor  Jack"  is  a  striking 
and  popular  example  of  this.  In  the  earlier  part 
of  his  life,  he  possessed  considerable  merit  as  an 
actor.  Mr.  Dibdin  was  born  at  Southampton, 
about  1748,  and  died  at  Camden  Town,  neai 
London,  July  25,  1814. 

I  DICEARCHUS,  a  disciple  of  Aristotle,  born 
at  Messina,  in  Sicily,  was  a  good  philosopher, 
historian,  and  mathematician,  and  composed  a 
great  many  books  upon  various  subjects,  and  iii 
all  sciences,  which  were  much  esteemed. 

DICENEUS,  an  Egyptian  philosopher,  in  the 
age  of  Augustus. 

DICETO,  Ralph  de,  was  dean  of  St.  Paul's, 
London,  and  author  oi  English  history,  lives  of 
English  kings,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1210. 

DICK,  Sir  Alexander,  an  ilnglish  physitiaii, 
president  of  the  college  of  physicians,  at  E<lin- 
burgh.  He  introduced  the  culture  of  rhuba;b 
in  Ejigland,  and  died  iu  1785. 

DlCKINSON.Edmund,an  eminent  and  U  arn 
ed  physician  and  scholar,  who  wrote  in  deftine 
of  the  Scriptures,  as  well  as  on  medicine,     lie 

IS  physician  to  Charles  II.,  and  died  in  1707. 

DICKINSON,  Joneihan,  first  presidorst  •  f 
New-Jersey  college ;  he  published  several  .s  i 
moiis,  besides  some  miscellaneous  works,  m  <'. 
died  in  1*747. 

DICKINSON,  John,  a  distinguished  polifi.;! 
writer,  and  f  iend  of  his  country,  a  native  <  ; 
Delaware,  an  J  member  of  the  first  congr<'.s;  , 
he  died  in  1808. 

DICKINSON,  PbilemoD,  a  brave  oflficer,  )u 
the  revolutionary  war,  particularly  active  iii  lin- 
battle  of  Monmouth  ;  he  died  in  1809. 

DICKSON,  David,  a  Scotch  divine,  ediicat.- d 
at  Glasgow,  and  divinity  professor  atEdiiiiusrch. 
His  violence  against  the  episcopalians  subjecitd 
him  to  pensecntion  ;  fee  died  in  1664. 

DICTVS  CRETENSIS,  a  very  ancient  hJFto 
nan,  who,  serving  under  Idomeneus,  a  kin,'! 
of  Crete,  in  the  Trojan  war,  wrote  the  his'.i.i y 
of  that  expedition,  in  nine  books ;  and  Tzeixt':? 
tells  us,  that  Homer  formed  the  "  Iliad"  upon 
his  plan. 

DIDEROT,  Dionysius,  a  celebrated  French 
poet,  and  writer  on  physics,  geometry,  and  me- 
aphysics,  ethics,  and  the  belles  leltres,  was  the 
son  of  a  cutler,  and  born  at  LangreB,  in  17 1;^. 
He  conceived  the  stupendous  design  of  a  "  Die- 
onnaire  Encyclopedique,"  which,  assisted  by 
D'Alembert  and  others,  he  accomplished,  him- 
self compiling  the  descriptions  of  arts  and  trades. 
So  ill  was  he  paid  for  above  20  years  labour  at 
this  book,  that  he  was  compelled  to  expose  his  li- 
biary  to  sale,  for  a  subsistence.  The  empress  of 
Russia  ordered  it  to  be  bovight  for  her  at  the 
price  of  50,000  livres,  and  generously  left  him 
the  use  of  it  during  his  life.  Certain  positiens  on 
government  and  religion,  in  the  "  Encyclope- 
dique," have  exposed  Diderot  to  the  charge  of 
having  favoured  atheistical  and  anarcliical  prin- 
ciples, or  what  at  the  present  day  is  termed  Ja- 
cobini.srn.    Diderot  died  suddenly,  in  July,  1784. 

DTDIUS  JULIANUS,  M.  Salvius  Severus, 
a  Roman  emperor,  who  purchased  the  diadem 
of  a  corrupt  soldiery.  He  reigned  66  days,  and 
was  put  to  death.  A.D.  193. 

DIDO,  or  ELISSA,  queen  of  Carthage,  flod 
f'-om  Tyre,  to  the  coast  of  Africa,  where  she 


155 


DIDOT,  Francis  Ambrose,  a  most  eminent 
French  printer,  born  at  Paris,  1730,  and  classi- 
cally educated.  He  introduced  a  number  of 
wnprovements,  not  only  in  printing-presses  (of 
which  the  present  time  is  jjrotiting)  but  also  in 
mills  for  making  fine  paper.  One  of  his  sons 
became  a  celebrated  type-founder.  Didot  died, 
it  is  supposed,  from  too  strict  an  apphcation  to 
the  correction  of  the  press  of  a  stereotype  edi- 
tion of  Montague's  works  (every  sheet  of  which 
he  read  tive  times,  and  corrected  carefully  be- 
fore it  was  sent  to  the  press)  July  10, 1804.  His 
business  is  still  successfully  carried  on  by  his 
.■wns,  Peter  and  Firmin  Didot. 

DIDYMUS,  of  Alexandria,  an  eminent  gram- 
marian, in  the  age  of  Augustus,  said  to  have 
written  400  books. 

DIDYMUS,  of  Alexandria,  an  ecclesiastical 
writer  of  the  4ih  ceuturv- 

DIECMAN,  John,  rector  of  the  university  of 
Stade,  and  author  of  several  theological  and  phi- 
losophical works,  died  in  1720. 

DIEMEN,  Anthony  Van,  a  governor-general 
of  the  Dutch  East  India  settlements.  In  1642, 
he  sent  Tasman  on  a  voyage  to  the  south  ;  the 
consequence  of  which  was,  the  discovery  of 
that  part  of  New  Holland  called  Van  Diemen's 
Land.     He  die-d  in  1045. 

DIEMERBROEK,  isbrand,  a  professor  of 
phvsie  and  anatomy  at  Utrecht,  born  1C09,  prac 
tised  physic,  and  re"ad  public  lectures  with  great 
reputation,  and  died  1074. 

DIEPENBEUiv,  Abraham,  a  painter,  who 
studied  with  Reubens  ;  first  painted  on  glass,  and 
afterwards  in  oil ;  he  died  at  Antwerp,  in  1675. 

DIEST,  Adrian  Van,  a  landscape  painter,  of 
the  Hague,  who  painted  plants  in  England  ;  he 
died  in  1704. 

DIETRIC,  John  Conrad,  a  Lutheran,  bom  in 
Wetteravia,  and  professor  of  Greek  in  his  own 
town.  He  was  a  classical  scholar  and  author  ; 
he  died  in  1667. 

DIETRICH,  John  William  Ernest,  born  at 
Weimar,  acelebraied  painter,  died  in  l/<4. 

DIGTRY,  a  painter,  of  Dresden,  who  suc- 
ceeded particularly  in  landscape  views,  died  in 
1730. 

DIEU,  Lewis  de,  an  eminent  divine,  btirn  at 
Flushing.  He  refused  to  be  court  minister  at 
tiie  Hague,  and  went  to  Leyden,  where  he  was 
made  divinity  professor.  He  published  many 
learned  works/and  died  in  1642. 

DIGBY,  Everard,  an  Engli-sh  gentleman  edu- 
cated at  Camliriiige.  He  wrote  some  curious, 
and  learned  books  in  Latin,  and  died  in  1592. 
DIGBY,  Sir  Everard,  born  1581,  was  drawn  in 
^  to  be  privy  to  the  gunpowder  plot ;  and  though 
not  a  principal  actor  in  that  dreadful  aff"air, 
nor  indeed  an  actor  at  all,  yet  he  olfered  1500Z. 
toward  defraying  the  expenses  of  it;  enter- 
tained Guy  Favvkes,  who  was  to  have  executed 
it  in  his  house  ;  and  was  taken  in  open  rebel- 
lion with  othf;r  papists  after  the  plot  was  de- 
tected and  had  miscarried.  He  was,  with  other 
conspirators,  upon  the  30th  of  January,  1605-6 
hanged,  drawn,  and  quartered,  at  the  west  end 
of  St.  Paul's  church,  in  London. 

DIGBY,  Sir  Keneltn,  a  very  famous  English 
philosopher,  and  eldest  son  of  sir  Everard,  was 
born  at  Gothurst,  in  Buckinghamshire,1603,  and 
died  on  his  birthday,  in  1065.  HavlriT  read  the 
writings  of  De*:cartes,  he  resolved  to  go  to  Hol- 
land on  purpose  to  see  him.  He  did  so,  and 
found  him  at  his  retirement  at  Egmond.  Des 
Maizeaux,  in  his  life  of  St.  Evremond,  tells  us 
of  a  conversation  between   these  great  men 

156 


_D1 

about  lengthening  oat  life  to  the  period  of  tha  pa 
triarchs.  Descartes  assured  Sir  Kenelm  that 
he  had  long  been  projecting  a  scheme  for  that 
purpose  ;  and  a  very  notable  one  undoubtedly 
it  would  have  been,  if  that  philosopher  had  but 
lived  ;  but  he  had  the  misfortune  to  die  just  be- 
fore he  could  bring  it  to  bear. 

DIGBY,  Lord  George,  an  English  nobleman 
of  great  parts,  son  of  John  Digby,  earl  of  P.ris- 
tol,  was  born  at  Madrid,  1612.  "  He  was  (says 
ate  writer,  somewhat  severely)  a  singular 
person,  whose  life  was  one  contradiction,  he 
wrote  against  popery,  and  embraced  it :  he  was 
a  zealous  opposer  of  the  court,  and  a  sacrifice  for 
it :  was  conscientiously  converted  in  the  midst 
of  his  prosecution  of  lord  Stafford,  and  was 
most  unconscientiously  a  prosecutor  of  lord  Cla- 
rendon. With  great  parts,  he  always  hurt  him- 
self and  his  friends ;  romanticly  brave,  he  was  al- 
ways an  unsuccessful  commander.  He  spoke  for 
the  test-act,  though  a  Roman  Catholic  ;  and  ad- 
dicted himself  to  astrology  on  the  birthday  of 
true  philosophy."  He  died  earl  of  Bristol,  167fc" 
DIGBY,  John,  made  gentleman  of  the  privy 
chamber  by  James  I,  wfui  afterwards  knighted 
him,  and  sent  him  ambassador  to  Spain.  He 
was  the  author  of  some  poems,  and  died,  in  ex- 
ile, atPariis^in  1653. 

DIGGES,  Leonard,  an  English  gentleman,  fa- 
mous for  his  mathematical  learning,  died  about 
1574. 

DIGGES,  Thomas,  only  son  of  Leonard  Dig- 
ges,  and  one  of  the  greatest  mathematicians  of 
his  age,  died  1596. 

DIGGES,  Su-  Dudley,  master  of  the  rolls  to 
Charles  I.,  was  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Digges, 
just  mentioned,  and  bom  1583.  He  was,  it  is 
said,  a  great  asserter  of  his  country's  liberty  in 
the  worst  of  times,  when  the  sluices  of  prero- 
gative were  opened,  and  the  banks  of  the  law 
were  almost  overwhelmed  by  the  inundations 
of  it.  He  was  author  of  several  literary  per- 
forrajmces,  and  died  1639. 

DiGGES,  Thomas,  brother  of  Sir  Dudley,  a 
learned  man,  who  translated  several  works  from 
the  Latin  and  Spanish  ;  he  died  in  1635. 

DIGGES,  Dudley,  third  son  of  Sir  Dudley. 
He  wrote  on  the  unlawfulness  of  subjects  taking 
up  arms  against  their  sovereign,  and  died  in  1643. 
DIGGERS,  Edward,  governor  of  Virginia,  in 
16S1.  His  administration  was  judicious,  and 
calculated  to  improve  the  condition  of  the  col- 
ony. He  was  afterwards  sent  to  England  as 
agent  for  the  colony. 

DILLENITJS.  John  James,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man botanist,  who  was  the  first  professor  of  bo- 
tany at  Oxford.  He  was  the  friend  and  cor- 
respondent of  Linnceus.  His  drawings  and  manu- 
scripts still  remain  at  Oxford  ;  he  died  in  1747. 
DILLON,  Westworth,  earl  of  Roscommon. 
See  Roscommon. 

DILWORTH,  Thomas,  a  school-master  of 
Wapping,  England,  well  known  by  two  or  three 
useful  schooi-books  which  he  compiled,  and 
which  have  gone  through  ediiions  almost  innu- 
merable.    Mr.  Dilworh  died  in  1781. 

DIMSDALE,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English 
physician,  whose  celebrity  was  such,  that  the 
empress  Catharine  requested  him  to  visit  Rus- 
sia, where  he  inoculated  herself  and  son  with 
the  small-pox  ;  he  died  in  1800. 

DINARCHUS,  a  Greek  orator,  the  pupil  of 
Theophrasuis,  340  B.  C. 

DING  LEY,  Robert,  an  English  puritan,  and 
author ;  was  rector  of  Brixton,  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight ;  he  died  in  1650. 


DINO,  professor  of  jurisprudence  at  Bologna, 
and  author  of  some  valuable  works,  died  in  1307. 

DINOCEATES,  a  celebrated  ancient  archi- 
tect, of  Macedonia,  employed  by  Alexander  in 
building  the  city  of  Alexandria.  Another  me- 
morable instance  of  Dinocratos'  architectonic 
ekill  is,  his  restoring  and  building,  in  a  more 
august  and  magnificent  manner  than  before, 
the  celebrated  lemple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus,  after 
Eratostratus,  for  the  sake  of  immortalizing  his 
name,  had  destroyed  it  by  fire 

DIJN'OSTRATUP,  a  mathejnatician,  the  pupil 
of  Plato,  and  inventor  of  the  quadratic  curve. 

DINOTH,  Richard,  a  protestant  writer  of 
Fiance,  who  wrote  an  accurate  work,  "  De  Bello 
civili  Gallico,"  and  died  in  1G80. 

DINOUART,  Anthony  Joseph  Toussaint. 
rendered  famous  by  his  periodical  publicaiioi'S 
in  Paris,  which  drew  upon  him,  troubles  and 
lawsuits  ;  he  died  in  1715. 

DINWIDDIE,  Robert,  succeeded  Lee  as  go- 
vernor of  Virginia,  in  1752.  Braddock's  expe- 
dition and  defeat,  occurred  under  his  adminis- 
tralion.  He  left  the  colony  in  1757,  and  died  in 
England,  in  1770. 

mo  CHRYSOSTOM,  a  celebrated  orator  and 
philosopher  of  the  1st  century,  born  at  Prusa, 
a  city  of  Bithynia,  and  called  Chrysostom,  on 
account  of  his  eloquence.  There  are  extant 
«f  his,  80  orations  and  dissertations  upon  politi- 
cal, moral,  and  philosophical  subjects. 

DIOCLES,  a  mathematician  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury inventor  of  the  cissoid  or  curve  line. 

DIOCLESIAN,  Cains  Valerius,  a  Roman  em- 
peror, whose  bloody  peisecution  of  the  Chris- 
tians forms  a  chronological  sera,  called  the  .^ra 
of  Dioclesian,  or  the  Martyi-s  ;  it  was  for  a  long 
time  in  use  in  theological  writings,  and  is  still 
followed  by  the  Cop'es  and  Abyssinians.  It 
eomraeuced  August  2^!th,  A.  D.  284. — Dioclesian 
was  horn  233,  and  died  313. 

DIODATI,  John,  a  famous  minister,  and  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Geneva,  born  at  Lucca,  in 
1579,  died  at  Geneva,  in  1652.  He  is  distinguished 
by  translations  of  "The  Bible  into  Itahan," 
"The  Bible  into  French,"  and  of  "  Father 
Paul's  History  of  the  Council  of  Trent  into 
French." 

DIODORUS  SICULUS,  an  ancient  historian, 
ibom  at  Agyrium,  in  Sicily,  flourished  in  the 
'times  of  Julius  Csesar  and  Augustus.  Diodorus 
says,  in  the  beginning  of  his  history,  that  he 
was  no  less  than  30  years  in  writing  it,  in  the 
capital  of  the  world,  viz.  Rome.  He  calls  his 
work  not  a  "History,"  but  a  "Historical  Li- 
brary ;"  and  had  comprised  in  forty  books,  the 
most  remarkable  events  which  had  happened 
in  the  world  during  the  space  of  1138  years; 
but,  to  the  great  grief  of  the  curious,  of  the  40 
books,  onlv  15  are  now  extant. 

DIODORUS,  bishop  of  Tarsus,  eminent  as  a 
divine  and  as  an  instructer  of  youth,  in  the  4th 
century. 

DIOGENES,  a  philosopher  of  Babylon,  200 
B.  C.    He  succeeded  Zeno  ui  his  school. 

DIOGENES,  the  Cynic,  was  born  at  Sinope, 
a  city  of  Pontus,  413  B.  C,  and  expelled  from 
thenee  for  coining  false  money ;  as  was  his 
father  also,  who  was  a  banker.  He  retired  to 
Athens,  and  prevailed  on  the  philosopher  An 
tisthenes  to  become  his  master.  He  not  only 
submitted  to  the  kind  of  life  which  was  peculiar 
to  the  followers  of  that  founder  of  the  Cynics 
but  added  new  degrees  of  austerity  to  it.  He 
jrdered  somebody  to  provide  him  a  cell ;  but 
»s  that  order  was  not  speedily  executed,  hejjAntiqulties, 

14 


PI 

grew  impatient,  and  lodged  himself  in  a  tub. 
He  looked  down  on  all  the  world  with  scorn, 
and  magisterially  censured  all  mankind.  Alex- 
ander one  day  paid  him  a  visit,  and  made  him 
an  offer  of  riches,  or  any  thing  else  ;  but  all 
that  the  philosopher  requested  of  him  was,  to 
stand  from  betwixt  him  and  the  sun  •.  as  if  he 
had  said,  "  Do  not  deprive  me  of  the  benefits 
ot  nature,  and  I  leave  to  you  those  of  fortune." 
The  conqueror  was  so  affected  by  the  vigour 
and  elevation  of  iiis  soul  as  to  declare,  "that 
if  he  were  not  Alexander  he  would  choose  to 
be  Diogenes  :"  that  is,  if  he  were  not  in  posses- 
sion of  all  that  was  pompous  and  splendid  in 
life,  he  would,  like  Diogenes,  heroically  despise 
it.  Diogenes  had  a  great  presence  of  mind,  as 
appears  from  his  smart  sayings  and  quick  re- 
partees ;  and  Plato  is  thought  to  have  passed 
no  ill  judgniejit  upon  him,  when  he  called  him 

a  mad  Bocrates."  He  died  at  Corinth  whea 
he  was  about  SO  years  old  :  but  authors  are  not 
agreed  either  as  to  the  time  or  manner  of  hie 
death.    Jerome  says  that  he  strangled  himself. 

DIOGENES,  a  Cretan  philosopher,  the  suc- 
cessor of  Anaximenes,  .500  B.  C. 

DIOGENES  LAERTIUS,  an  ancient  Greek 
author,  who  wrote  ten  books  of  the  "  Lives  of 
the  Philosophers,"  still  extant. 

DTOGNETUS,  a  philosopher,  preceptor  to 
Marcus  Aurelius. 

DION,  a  Syracusan,  celebrated  as  the  friend 
of  Plato,  and  the  opponent  of  the  Dionysii, 
tyrants  bf  Sicily  ;  he  was  murdered,  354  B.  C. 

DION  CASSIUS,  an  ancient  Roman  historian, 
known  also  by  the  surnames  of  Cocceius  and 
Cocceianus,  was  born  at  Nic£ea,a  city  of  Bithy- 
nia, aaid  flourished  in  the  3d  century.  "  His  histo- 
ry began  from  the  building  of  Rome,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  the  reign  of  Alexander  Severus.  V»^hat 
we  now  have  of  it  begins  with  the  expedition  o 
Lucullus  against  Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus, 
about  the  year  of  Rome  684,  and  ends  with  the 
death  of  the  emperor  Claudius,  about  the  year 
806. 

DIONIS,  Peter,  a  French  surgeon,  and  the 
first  who  demonstrated  anatomical  dissections 
and  chirurgical  operations,  established  by  Lewis 
XIV.,  in  the  royal  garden  of  plants.  This  in 
genious  person  died  in  1718. 

DIONYSIUS  I.,  tyrant  of  Sicily,  raised  him- 
self from  obscurity  to  the  throne;  he  reigned 
40  years,  and  died  366  B.  C. 

DIONYSIUS  II.,  succeeded  his  father  as  ty- 
rant of  Sicily,  and  was  expelled  by  Dion,  343 
B.  C. 

DIONYSIUS,  a  tyrant  of  Heraelea.  who  mar- 
ried a  niece  of  Darius,  died  304  B.  C' 

DIONYSIUS,  a  bishop  of  Corinth,  who  suf- 
fered martydom  in  178. 

DIONYSIUS,  an  ancient  poet  and  geographer, 
wrote  a  great  number  of  pieces ;  but  his  "  Pe- 
riegesis,"  or  "Survey  of  the  World,"  is  the 
only  one  that  we  have  remaining  ;  and  it  would 
be  superfluous  to  say,  that  this  is  one  of  the 
most  exact  systems  of  ancient  geography,  when 
it  has  been  related  that  Pliny  himself  proposed 
it  for  his  pattern. 

DIONYSIUS,  bishop  of  Rome,  condemned 
the  heresy  of  the  Sabellians  in  a  full  synod,  died 
in  269. 

DIONYSIUS  HALICARNASSENSIS,  a  his- 
torian and  critic  of  antiquity,  born  at  Hali- 
camaaeus,  a  town  in  Caria ;  which  is  also  me- 
morable for  having  produced  Herodotus  before 
His  iMstory  ia  intitled  "  Of  the  Iloniaii 
and  was  coini>rised  in  20  booKs ; 


DO 

«f  which  only  tlie  first  11  are  now  extant.  The] 
reputation  of  this  historian  stands  very  high 
on  many  accounis.  As  to  what  relates  to  chro- 
nology, all  the  critics  have  been  apt  to  prefer 
him  even  to  Li vy  himself ;  than  his  style  and 
diction,  nothing  can  be  more  pure,  more  clear, 
or  more  elegant. — But,  besides  the  "  Roman 
Antiquities,"  there  are  other  writings  of  hi&| 
extant,  critical  and  rhetorical.  His  most  ad- 
mired piece  in  this  way  is,  "  De  Structura  Ora- 
tionis." 

DIONYSIUS,  a  Romish  monk,  called  "The 
Little,"  in  the  5th  century ;  he  compiled  or 
wrote  several  works. 

DIONYSIUS,  bishop  of  Alexandria,  born  a 
heathen,  was  a  diligent  inquirer  after  truth,] 
which  he  looked  for  in  vain  among  the  sects  of 
philosophers ;  but  at  last  found  it  in  Christianity. 
He  was  made  bishop  oi"  Alexandria,  in  347,  and 
died  267. 

DIONYSIUS,  the  Areopagate,a  learned  Athe- 
nian, member  of  the  court  of  Areopagus,  was 
converted  to  Christianity  by  the  preaching  of 
St.  Paul. 

DIOPKANTUS,  a  celebrated  mathematician, 
•f  Alexandria,  reputed  to  have  been  the  inven- 
tor of  algebra.  When  Diophantus  lived,  is  not 
known.  His  reputation,  however,  appears  toi 
have  been  very  high  among  the  ancients,  who 
made  no  scruple  to  rank  him  with  Pythagoras 
and  Euclid,  in  mathematical  learning. 

DIOSCORIDES,  Pedacius,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, of  Aijaxarba,  since  called  Ceesarea,  in 
Cilicia,  who  flourished  in  the  reign  of  Nero,  and! 
eoraposed  live  books  of  the  "  Materia  Medica.' 

DIPPEL,  John  Conrad,  a  curious  and  extra 
vagant  character,  who  pretended  to  have  disco 
vered  the  philosophers  stone,  and  yet  was  con 
fined  for  debt.  He  travelled  in  almost  all  parts 
of  Europe,  and  wrote  several  books ;  he  died  in 
1734. 

DIROIS,  Francis,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
wrote  several  books  on  religious  subjects ;  he 
died  in  1700. 

DISNEY,  John,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  English 
«lergymau,  chaplain  to  bishop  Law,  and  vicar 
of  Swinderly,  died  in  1816.  His  biographical 
sketches  of  "distinguished  individuals,  have  ad- 
ded to  his  reputation. 

DITHMAR,  a  monk,  bishop  of  Meraburg, 
known  as  the  author  of  a  chronicle  of  the  em- 
perors Henrv  I.  ,Otho  11.  and  III.,  and  Henry  H., 
died  in  1028*. 

DITHMAR,  Justus  Christopher,  historical 
professor,  at  Frankfort.  His  work  on  the  histo- 
ry of  Germany  displays  great  learning ;  he  died 
in  1737. 

DITTON,  Huiaphrey,  a  mathematical  and 
Geological  vsrriter,  born  at  Salisbury,  in  1675. 
aiedinl7]5. 

DIVINI,  Eustaehius,  an  Italian  artist,  employ- 
ed in  making  telescopes,  died  in  1604. 

DIXWELL,  John,  one  of  the  judges  who 
condemned  the  unfortunate  Charles  1.  to  the 
bktck.  At  the  restoration,  he  fled  to  America, 
aad  resided  at  New-Haven  until  his  death,  in 
1688. 

DLUGOSS,  John,  a  Pole,  archbishop  of  Leo 
pold,  and  author  of  a  history  of  Poland,  in  La 
fia;  he  died  in  1480. 

DOBBS,  Arthur,  governor  of  North  Carolina 
•bed  in  1765,  after  an  impolitic,  unpopular,  aad 
wealt  adtBinistration  of  12  years. 

DOBSON,  William,  an  English  painter,  born 
In  1610.    How  much  he  was  beholdea  to  Van 
tfyke',  mav  aasily  be  stten  in  all  his  woike,  no 
1S8 


DO 

painter  having  ever  come  so  near  to  the  pevu 
lion  of  that  excellent  master  as  this  happy  irni' , 
tator.  He  was  also  further  indebted  to  the  ge- 
nerosity of  Vandyke,  in  presenting  him  to 
Charles  I.,  who  took  him  into  his  immediate 
protection.    He  died  in  1647. 

DOD,  John,  an  English  non-conformist,  whcs« 
pious  observations  were  once  very  popular.  He 
was  an  eminent  Hebrew  scholar,  and  died  in 
1645. 

DOD  ART,  Denys,  physician  to  Lewis  XIV., 
and  member  of  th^  French  academy  of  sciences, 
born  in  1634.  Among  other  things,  he  was  the 
author  of  a  "  Statica  Medicina  Gallica;  a:id  died 
in  1707.  Guy  Patin  called  him  "  monstrum, 
sine  viiio,"  a  prodigy  of  wisdom  and  science, 
without  any  defect. 

DODD,  Dr.  William,  an  ingenious  divine,  of 
unfortunate  memory,  was  born  1729,  at  Bourne, 
in  Lincolnshire,  of  which  place  his  father,  being 
a  clergyman,  was  vicar.  In  1753,  he  received 
orders  ;  and,  being  .settled  in  liOndon,  soon  be- 
ca^ne  a  popular  and  celebrated  preacher.  He 
obtained  several  lectureships,  and  advanced  his 
theological  character  greatly  by  an  almost  unin- 
terrupted publication  of  sermons,  and  tracts  of 
piety.  For  the  same  purpose  also,  he  was  very 
zealous  in  promoting  and  assisting  at  charitable 
institutions,  and  distinguished  himself  much  in 
regard  to  the  Magdalen  hospital,  which  was 
opened  in  August,  1753  :  he  became  preacher  at 
the  chapel  of  this  charity,  for  which  he  was  al- 
lowed yearly  1001.  But,  notwithstanding  his 
attention  to  spiritual  concerns,  he  was  by  no 
means  negligent  in  cultivating  his  temporal  in- 
terests :  for,  besides  writing  constantly  in  the 
Public  Leger,  he  superintended  and  contribu- 
ted largely  to  liie  "  ChrLatian's  Magazine;"  for 
which  he  received  from  the  proprietors  1001. 
yearly.  The  truth  is,  Dodd's  fmances  by  no 
means  answered  his  style  and  manner  of  liv- 
ing: they  were  indeed  much  too  small  for  it; 
and  this  obliged  him  to  recur  to  such  methods 
of  augmenting  them.  Happy  if  he  had  never 
recurred  to  expedients  worse  than  these  '.—Still, 
however,  he  preserved  theological  appearances, 
and  now  meditated  a  design  of  publishing  a 
large  "  Commentary  on  the  Bible,"  which  he 
began  to  publish  in  weekly  and  monthy  num- 
bers, and  continued  to  publish  it  regularly  till  it 
was  completed,  in  3  vols.  foho.  In  1766,  he  took 
the  degree  of  LL.  D.,  at  Cambridge,  having 
been  made  a  chaplain  to  the  king  some  time  be- 
fore. In  1772,  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
Hocklilfe,  in  Buckinghamshire  :  but  what  could 
such  preferment  as  this  avail  1  The  habits  of 
xpense  had  gained  a  wonderful  ascendency 
over  him :  he  was  vain,  he  was  pompous,  which 
persons  emerging  from  low  situations  of  life  are 
apt  to  be,  and  thus  became  involved  and  sink- 
ing under  debts.  To  relieve  himself,  he  was 
tempte<l  to  astep  which  ruined  hu«  for  ever  with 
the  public ;  and  this  was,  to  procure  by  indirect 
means,  the  rectory  of  Bt.  George's,  Hanover 
Square.  On  the  preferment  of  Dr.  Mose  to  the 
see  of  Bath  and  Wells,  in  1774,  that  rectory  fell 
to  the  disposal  of  the  crovm :  upon  which,  Dodd 
caused  an  anonymous  letter  to  be  sent  to  lady 
Apsley,  offering  the  sum  of  30001.,  if  by  her 
means  he  could  be  presented  to  the  living.  Alas ! 
he  was  unfortunate  in  his  woman :  the  letter 
was  immediately  communicated  to  the  chancel- 
lor, and,  after  being  traced  to  the  sender,  laid 
before  the  kir^.  His  name  was  in  consequence 
ordered  to  be  struck  out  of  the  list  of  chapJaina 
Fram  this  period  every  step  lei  to  compJetc  Ms 


DO 

rum.  In  the  summer  of  1776,  he  went  to  France  ; 
but  returned  in  the  beginning  of  winter,  and 
proceeded  to  exercise  his  function  as  usual,  par- 
ticularly at  tlie  Magdalen  Chapel,  where  his  last 
sermon  was  preached  Feb.  2,  1777.  Two  days 
alter  this,  he  signed  a  bond,  which  he  had  Ibr- 
ged,  as  from  his  pupil,  lord  Chesterfield,  for  the 
sum  of  42001.,  and  upon  the  credit  of  it  obtained 
&  considerable  sum  of  money  ;  but  detection  in- 
stantly following,  he  was  committed  to  prison  ; 
tried  aiwl  convicted  at  the  Old  Bailey,  Feb.  24 
and  executed  at  Tyburn,  June  27. 

DODDRIDGE,  or  DODERIDGE,  Sir  John, 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  king's  bench,  about 
1620,  and  the  author  of  many  works  on  the 
laws  of  England. 

DODDRIDGE,  Dr  Philip,  an  eminent  dis 
sontjng  minister,  born  in  London,  in  1702,  died 
1751.  He  was  21  years  pastor  of  a  meeting 
house,  at  Northampton  :  director  of  a  flourish 
ing  academy  ;  and  author  of  many  excellent 
writings ;  in  which,  his  pious,  benevolent,  and 
indefatigable  zeal,  to  make  men  wise,  good,  and 
bappy,  is  every  where  manifest.  He  left  many 
woi  ks  behind  him  ;  the  principal  of  which  are 
•"  Tlie  Rise  and  Progress  of  Religion  in  the  Soul, 
uHi'siraied  in  a  course  of  serious  and  practical 
Adtlmsses,  suited  to  persons  of  every  Character 
and  iJiicamstance  ;"  and  "  The  Family  Expo 
piior,  containing  a  Version  and  Paraphrase  of 
the  New  Testament,  with  Critical  Notes ;  and 
a  Piaciical  Improvement  of  eacli  Section,"  in 
ti  vols.  4to. 

DODOENS,  or  DODON^US,  Ramnert,  phy 
sieian  of  the  emperor  Maximilian  II., "and  Ro 
dolphus  II.  He  was  a  botanist,  and  professor  at 
Leyden,  and  died  in  1585. 

bODSLEY,  Robert,  an  eminent  bookseller 
and  ingenious  writer,  born  at  Mansfield,  in  Not- 
tinghamshire, in  1703.  His  first  setting  out  in 
'life,  was  in  a  servile  station,  (footman  to  the 
honouvabie  Mrs.  Lowther ;)  from  which,  liow- 
ever,  liis  abilities  very  soon  raised  him;  for 
'having  written  "  The  Toyshop,"  and  that  piece 
bf'iiig  shown  to  Mr.  Pope,  the  delicacy  of  satin- 
wliith  is  conspicuous  in  it,  thougn  clothed  with 
tfie  greatest  simplicity  of  design,  so  strongly  re 
iroiuiDended  its  author  to  the  notice  of  thatcele 
jbruted  poet,  that  he  continued  from  that  time  to 
ithe  day  of  his  death,  a  warm  friend  and  zealous 
|{Kiiron  to  Mr.  Dodsley.  His  farce,  called  "  The 
[King  and  Miller  of  Mansfield,"  made  its  appear- 
ance the  ensuing  year,  viz.  17.%.  From  the  suc- 
cess of  these  pieces,  he  entered  into  that  busi- 
ness which,  of  all  others,  has  the  closest  con- 
nexion with,  and  the  most  immediate  depend- 
ence on,  persons  of  genius  and  literature,  viz. 
that  of  a  bookseller.  In  this  station,  Mr.  Pope's 
i-cconmiendation,  and  his  own  merit,  soon  ob- 
tained him  not  only  the  countenance  of  persons 
of  the  first  abilities,  but  also  of  those  of  the  first 
rank,  and,  in  a  few  years,  raised  him  to  great 
eminence  in  his  profession,  of  which  he  was  al- 
inost,  if  not  altogether,  at  the  head.  He  wrote 
six  dramatic  pieces,  whicli  are  enumerated  in 
the"  RiographiaDramatica;"  and  besides  these, 
he  published  in  his  life- time,  •'  The  Muse  in  Li- 
i7ery  ;"  "  Friendly  Advice  to  his  Brethren," 
1732 ;  a  little  collection  of  his  own  works  in  one 
yo!._8vo,  under  the  modest  title  of  "  Trifles," 
1745  ;  and  a  poem  of  considerable  length,  enti- 
tled "  Public  Virtue,"  1754,  4to.  A  second  vo- 
lumeof  "  Trifles,"  was  collected  after  his  death, 
rnnsigting  of,  1.  "  Cleone;"  2.  "  filelpomene,  or 
the  Regions  of  Terror  and  Pity,  an  Ode;" 
3.  •'  Agricultuie,  a  Potm  ;"  and  4,  "  Tlie  Ece- 


no 

nomy  of  Human  Life."  Mr.  Dodsley  also  exe- 
cuted two  works  of  great  service  to  the  cause 
of  genius,  as  they  are  the  means  of  preserving 
pieces  of  merit,  that  might  otherwise  sink  into 
oblivion ;  viz.  the  publication  of  "  A  Collection 
of  Poems  by  different  eminent  Hands,"  in  6  vols. 
8vo,  and  "  A  Collection  ofPlays  by  old  Authors," 

12  vols.  12mo.    He  died  Sept.  25,  17C4. 

DODSON,  Michael,  an  English  lav.yer,  and 
commissioner  of  bankrupts.  Author  of  a  trai\»- 
lation  of  Isaiah,  aiid  several',  ives ;  he  died  ia 
1799 

DODSWORTH,  Roger,  oorn  in  YorKshire,  in 
1585,  died  1654.  Mr.  Gaugh  (Topographer  of 
Yorkshire)  thus  speaks  of  him :  "  One  camiot 
approach  the  borders  of  this  county  witiiout 
paying  tribute  to  the  memory  of  that  indefatiga- 
ble collector  of  its  antiquities,  Roger  Dodsworth, 
who  undertook  and  executed  a  work,  which,  to 
the  antiquaries  of  the  present  age,  would  have 
been  the  stone  of  Tydides.  122  volumes  of  his 
own  writing,  besides  original  MSS.  which  he 
had  dbtained  from  several  hands,  making  allto- 
geiher  162  volunies  folio,  now  lodged  in  that 
celebrated  repository  of  ancient  monuments,  the 
Bodleian  library,  at  Oxford,  are  lasting  memo- 
rials of  what  his  country  owes  to  him  ;  as  the 
two  volumes  of  the  "  Monasticon"  (which, 
though  published  under  his  and  Dugdale's  names 
conjointly,  were  both  collected  and  written  to- 
tally by  him)  will  immortalize  that  extensive 
industry  which  has  laid  the  whole  kingdom  un- 
der obligation." 

DODVVELL,  Henry,  a  most  learned  and  pious 
man,  bo  "  at  Dublin,  in  1641,  died  1711,  lia\ing 
W'itten  a  great  number  of  theological  works. 

DODWELL,  Henry,  eldest  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  author  of  a  pamphlet,  "  Christianity 
not  founded  on  argument." 

DOES,  Jacob  Vander,  aDutch  painter,  whose 
landscapes  are  very  much  admired,  died  in  1673. 

DOES,  Jacob  Vander,  son  of  the  preceding, 
who  displayed  promising  talents  as  a  painter, 
but  died  aged  19. 

DOES,  Simon  Vander,  brother  to  the  preced 
ing.  His  landscapes,  battles,  &c.,  are  in  a  plea* 
ihg  stvle  ;  he  died  in  1717. 

DOGGET,  Thomas,  a  comedian,  formerl? 
belonging  to  Drury-lane  Theatre,  where  lie  be- 
came joint  managei  with  W^ilkos  and  Cibber  . 
in  which  situation  he  continued  till,  on  a  disgu^ 
he  took  in  the  year  1712,  at  Mr.  Booth's  beii*^ 
forced  on  them  as  a  sharer  in  the  manageme)t^, 
he  threw  up  his  part  in  the  property  of  the  th<;ar- 
tre,  though  it  was  looked  on  to  have  beca 
worth  10001.  per  annum.  As  an  actor,  he  had 
peat  merit ,  and  his  cotemporary,  Cibber,  in. 
brms  us,  that  he  was  the  most  original,  and  the 
strictest  observer  of  nature,  of  any  actor  of  h'u 
time,  ile  died  in  172L  In  his  political  princi- 
ples, he  was,  in  the  words  of  Sir  Richard  Steele, 
a  "  whig  up  to  the  head  and  ears  ;"  and  so  strict- 
ly was  he  attached  to  the  interests  of  the  house 
of  Hanover,  that  he  never  let  slip  any  occasion 
that  presented  itself  of  demonstrating  his  senti- 
ments in  that  respect.  One  instance,  among 
others,  is  well  known ;  which  is,  that  the  year 
after  George  I.  came  to  the  throne,  this  perform- 
er gave  a  waterman's  coat  and  a  silver  badge 
to  oe  iowed  for  by  six  watermen,  on  the  first 
day  of  August,  being  the  anniversary  of  that 
king's  accession  to  the  throne  ;  and,  at  liis  death, 
bequeathed  a  certain  sum  of  money,  the  interest 
of  which  was  to  be  appropriated  "annually,  for 
ever,  to  the  purchase  of  a  like  coat  and  badsre, 
to  be  rowed  for  in  honour  of  the  day ;  which" 
1-69 


DO 

ceremony  is  every  year  performed  on  the  ]st  of 
August,  the  claimants  setting  out,  at  a  signal 
given,  at  that  time  of  the  tide  when  the  current 
is  strongest  against  ihem,  and  rowing  from  tlie 
Old  Swan,  near  London  bridge,  to  the  White 
Swan,  at  Chelsea.  As  a  writer,  Dogget  left  be- 
hind him  only  one  comedy,  which  has  not  been 
performed  in  its  original  state  foi  many  years, 
entitled'  The  Country  Wake,  1096,"  4to  It 
has  been  altered,  however,  into  a  ballad-farce, 
which  occasionally  makes  its  appearance  under 
the  title  of  "  Flora,  or  Hob  in  the  Well." 

DOISSIN,  Lewis,  a  Jesuit,  who  wrote  ele- 
gant Latin  verses  on  the  subject  of  sculpture 
and  engraving,  died  in  1753. 

DOLABELLA,  P.  Cornelius,  son-in-law  of 
Cicero,  a  friend  of  Ctesar,  and  governor  of  Sy- 
ria, put  an  end  to  his  life  at  27  years  of  age. 

DOLBIN,  John,  a  man  of  education,  major 
in  the  king's  service,  during  the  civil  wars,  and 
afterwards  dean  of  Westminster,  and  bishop 
of  Rochester  ;  he  died  in  1658. 

DOLCE,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Venice,  a  poet, 
translator  of  some  of  the  ancient  authors,  and 
author  of  several  learned  works,  died  in  1558. 

DOLCE,  Carlo,  a  painter,  of  Florence.  His 
St.  John,  painted  when  he  was  only  11  years 
eld,  is  much  admired  ;  he  died  m  1686. 

DOLET,  Stephen,  a  learned  Frenchman,  a 
painter  and  bookseller,  at  Lyons,  was  burnt  for 
atheism,  in  1546. 

DOLLOND,  John,  a  very  eminent  optician, 
and  the  inventor  of  the  achromatic  telescope, 
was  born  in  Spital-fields,  June  10,  1706,  died 
Nov.  30, 1761.  He  was  reading  a  new  publica- 
tion of  M.  Clairaut,  on  the  Theory  of  the  Moon, 
and  on  which  he  had  been  long  intently  engaged 
when  he  was  seized  with  apoplexy,  and  died 
in  a  few  hours  after.  The  business  and  the 
abilities  of  the  father  were  inherited  by  his  two 
sons,  Peter  and  John. 

DOLLOND,  Peter,  son  of  the  optician,  known 
as  the  author  of  papers  communicated  to  the 
royal  society,  on  his  improvement  of  the  tele- 
scope, on  his  alteraiioiis  of  Hadley's  quadrant, 
&c.,  died  in  1820,  aged  90. 

DOLO]MIEU,  Deodat,  an  eminent  French 
naturalist,  who  visited  all  the  volcanic  regions 
of  Italy,  and  was  afterwards  sent,  among  other 
men  of  science,  to  collect  and  describe  the  anti- 
quities and  natural  curiosities  of  Egypt.  Re- 
turning from  that  country,  he  was  driven  into 
Naples,  and  there  committed  to  a  close  and 
loathsome  confinement ;  but,  after  sutfering  a 
long  captivity,  he  was  liberated  by  the  humane 
interposition  of  the  celebrated  Sir  Joseph 
Banks.  He  had  scarcely  reposed  after  his  fa- 
tigues, when  he  went  to  visit  Mont  Simplon, 
whence  he  returned  rich  in  mineraiogical  acqui- 
sitions ;  when  a  disease,  which  commenced  in 
his  imprisonment,  terminated  his  career,  De- 
cember, 1801. 

DOMAT,  John,  a  celebrated  French  lawyer, 
bom  at  Clermont,  in  Auvergne,  in  1G25,  died  at 
Paris,  in  1696.  The  confusion  which  he  had 
observed  in  the  laws,  put  him  upon  forming  a 
design  of  reducing  them  to  their  natural  order, 
which  he  completed,  and  published  in  four  vols. 
4to,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Civil  Laws  in  their 
Natural  Order,  1689."  It  has  been  usuai  to  re- 
commend this  work  to  young  lawyers  and  di- 
vines, who  would  apply  themselves  to  the  study 
of  moralitv  and  the  civil  law. 

DOMENiCHINO,  an  Italian  painter,  on  sacred 
subiocts  and  landscapes,  bom  at  Bologna,  1581. 
^l  "alwaye  applied  himself  to  his  work  with 
160 


DO " 

muchs,i'.d>-  and  thoughtfulness,and  never  offer- 
ed to  touch  his  pencil  till  he  found  a  kind  of  en- 
thusiasm or  inspiration  upon  him.  His  excel- 
lence lay  principally  in  the  correctness  of  his 
style,  and  in  expressing  the  passions  and  affec- 
tions of  the  mind.  He  died  in  1641,  not  without 
the  suspicion  of  being  poisoned. 

DOMIXIC,  de  Guzman,  a  Spaniard,  founder 
ft  tiie  order  or  the  Predicants,  born  in  Arragon, 
in  1170,  di  d  at  Bologna,  in  Italy,  in  1221,  and 
was  afterwards  made  a  saint  for  the  prodigioi 
services  he  had  done  the  church. 

DOMINICHINI,  Lodovico,  a  native  of  Pla- 
centia,  famous  for  his  voluminous  translations 
from  ancient  authors,  died  in  1574. 

DOJMINIS,  Mark  Antony  de,  arclibishop  of 
Spolato,  in  Dalmatia,  in  the  16th  century.  Ho 
wrote  against  the  papal  power ;  turned  protes- 
tant ;  then  again  turned  catholic  :  he  was  sus- 
pected, seized,  and  imprisoned.  After  his  death 
his  body  was  dug  up  and  burned  as  a  he.ctic  in 
1645. 

DOMITIAN,  Titus  Flavius,  a  Roman  empe- 
ror, at  tirst  mild,  but  afterwards  licentmus  and 
cruel,  was  assassinated  in  96. 

DOMITIANUS,  Domitius,  general  and  dio- 
ciesian,  was  proclaimed  eniperor  of  Egypt,  in 
288  ;  he  died  by  violence. 

DONALDSON,  John,  an  eminent  artist  of 
Edinburgh,  distinguished  as  a  miniature  portrait 
painter,  and  an  exact  imitator  with  his  pen  of 
the  old  engravers  ;  also  a  poet  and  a  chymist : 
he  died  in  1801. 

DQNATO,  Bernardino,  Greek  professor  at 
Paiia^,  author  of  a  Latin  dialogue,  on  the  differ- 
ence between  Aristotle's  and  Plato's  philosophy, 
he  died  in  1550. 

DONATO,  an  architect  and  sculptor,  of  Flor- 
ence, of  great  eminence,  died  in  1463. 

DONATO,  Jerom,  a  "Venetian  nobleman, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  his  military  services. 
and  particularly  for  his  negotiations,  died  in 
1511. 

DONATO,  Alexander,  a  Jesuit  of  Sienna, 
who  wrote  a  valuable  descriptioH  of  Rome  ;  he 
died  in  1640. 

DONATO,  Marcellus,  an  Italian  count,  whc 
wrote  a  learned  work  on  the  Latin  writers  of 
Roman  history,  8vo.,  in  1607. 

DONATUS',  bishop  of  Carthage,  banii-hod  in 
358. 

DONATUS,  TElinS;  a  grammarian  of  the  4th 
century,  preceptor  of  St.  Jerome,  and  author  of 
commentaries  on  Terence  and  Virgil. 

DONATUS,  a  bishop  of  a  reliarinus  .«ect  in 
Africa,  who  be^an  to  be  known  about  the  y?ar 
329«  and  greatly  confirmed  l:is  faction  by  Ins 
character  and  writings.  He  was  a  man  of  crreat 
parts  and  learnin;: ;  but  withal  so  prodigiously 
haughty,  that  he  treated  all  mankind  with  con- 
tempt. The  Donatists  affirmed  baptism  in  other 
churches  to  be  null  and  of  no  effect ;  while  other 
churches  allowed  it  to  be  valid  in  theirs  :  from 
which  they  interred,  that  it  was  the  safer  to 
join  that  community  where  baptism  was  ac- 
knowlediced  by  both  parties  to  be  valid,  than 
that  where  it  was  allowed  to  be  so  only  by  one 

DONCKER,  Peter,  a  pai)iter,  of  Gouda,  stu- 
died at  Rome,  and  died  1668. 

DONDUS,  or  DE  DONDIS,  James,  a  physi 
cian,  of  Padua,  learned  also  in  mathematics  and 
mechanics,  died  in  1350. 

DONEAU,  Hugh,  professor  of  law  at  BonrgeS 
and  Orleans.  He  wrote  commentaries  on  civil 
law,  5  vols,  folio,  and  other  works,  and  died  in 
1591. 


DO 


DONGAN,  Thomas,  earl  of  Limerick,  a  judi- 
«Iou8  and  popular  governor  of  New- York,  re- 
signed the  oiiice  in  168D,  and  returned  to  Eng- 
land, in  consequence  of  his  sovereign's  displea- 
sure. 

DONI,  Anthony  Francis,  a  Florentine  priest, 
who  possessed  great  satirical  powers,  and  wroie 
many  books  ;  he  died  in  1574. 

DONI  D' ATTICHI,  Lewis,  a  Florentine  no- 
bleman, whose  modesty  and  learning  recom- 
mended him  to  Richelieu,  who  made  him  bisliop 
of  Autun.  He  wrote  many  volumes,  and  died 
in  1664. 

DONI,  John  Baptiste,  professor  of  eloquence 
at  Florence.  His  treatise  on  music  is  well 
known  ;  he  died  in  1647. 

DONNE,  John,  an  English  poet  and  divine, 
born  at  London,  1573,  and  descended,  by  his  mo- 
ther, from  the  family  of  sir  Thomas  Mme.  Soon 
after  his  taking  orderS  (which  he  did  at  the  spe- 
cial request  of  king  James)  he  was  chosen 
preacher  of  Lincoln's-Inn ;  in  1621,  he  was 
made  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  and  there  was  some- 
thing singular  in  iheciscumstances  attending  it. 
The  deanery  becoming  vacant,  the  king  sent  for 
Dr.  Donne,  and  ordered  him  to  attend  him  the 
ne.xt  day  at  dinner.  VVhHu  his  majesty  was  sat 
down,  before  he  had  eaten  any  meat,  he  said, 
"  Dr.  Donne,  I  have  invited  you  to  dinner ;  and 
though  yon  sit  not  down  with  me,  yet  1  will  carve 
to  you  of  a  disli  that  I  know  you  love  well ;  for 
knowing  you  love  London,  I  do  therefore  make 
you  dean  of  St.  Paul's  ;  and  when  I  have  dined, 
then  do  you  take  your  beloved  dish  home  to 
your  study ;  say  grace  there  to  yourself,  and 
much  good  may  it  do  you  ;"  He  died  1631,  and 
was  bijried  in  the  cathedral  church  of  St.  Paul, 
where  a  monument  was  erected  over  him.  His 
poems  consist  of  songs  and  sonnets,  epigrams, 
epithalamiums,  satires,  letters,  funeral  elegies, 
holy  sonnets,  &c.  published  at  ditferent  tii'nes. 
Drydcn  has  justly  given  Do.nne  the  cliaracter  of 
"  the  greatest  wit,  though  not  the  greatest  poet, 
of  our  nation  ;"  and  lord  Falkland  style;;  Donnft 
*'  one  of  the  most  witty  and  most  eloquent  of 
modern  divines." 

DON'NE,  benjamin,  a  mathematician,  madn 
master  of  mechanics  to  the  king  in  1796.  lie 
was  a  native  of  Devonshire,  and  wrote  several 
treatises  much  esteemed. 

DOOLITTLE,  Thomas,  a  lion  conformist, 
many  years  minister  of  St.  Alpaare,  London. 
He  wrote  several  books  on  practical  divinity, 
and  died  in  1707. 

DOPPLE-MAIETl,  John  Gabriel,  professor  o> 
mathemaLics  at  Nurembnrg  He  was  fellow  oi 
the  Royal  Society  of  London,  &c. 

DORBAY,  Francis,  a  French  archirect,  who 
furnished  designs  of  several  bfiautifnl  works  a; 
the  Louvre,  the  Thtiillerifs,  &c.,  died  in  1697. 

DORFLING,  a  Prussian,  who  from  a  tailor, 
became  a  soldier,  and  finally  a  field  marshal 
under  the  elector  of  Brandenburg. 

DORI.\,  Andrew,  a  Genoese  admiral,  the  re- 
storer of  the  independericy  of  Genoa  when  un- 
der the  French  voke,  bom  1468,  died  1.560. 

DORIGNY,  Michael,  a  painter  and  engraver, 

Frofessor  in  the  academy  of  painting  of  Paris 
lis  works  are  to  be  seatl  in  the  castle  of  Vin- 
fennes  ;  he  died  in  1665. 

DORIGNY,  Nicho'.as,an  eminent  French  en 
graver,  who  was  knighted  by  George  I.;  he  died 
at  Paris,  in  1746.  His  brother  Lewis,  also  an 
engraver,  died  at  Verona,  in  1742. 

SORLNG,  or  DORINK,  Matthias,  a  German 
Franciscan,  who  in  his  writings,  inveighs  against 

14* 


DO       

the  vices  of  the  popes  and  cardinals.     Ue  was 
the  foreiunnner  of  Luther,  and  died  iu  1494. 

DORISLAUS,  Isaac,  a  Dutchman,  who  went 
from  Leyden  to  England,  and  n;ad  lectures  on 
history  at  Cambridge.  Hr.  wa.>  alternately  a 
republican  and  royalist,  durmg  ihe  civil  wars, 
and  (iirned  out  a  profligate  and  guilty  man  ;  he 
died  in  1G49. 

D'  )RMANS,  .Tohn  de,  cardinal  and  chancel- 
lor of  France  under  Charles  V.  He  founded  a 
collese  in  Paris,  and  died  in  1373. 

DORNAVIUS,  Gaspar,  a  phy.sician,  bom  in 
Voighlland,  and  an  author  of  some  humorous 
and  whimsical  pieces,  died  in  1631. 

DORSCH,  Evcrard,  a  DuLch  engraver  of  ge- 
nius, of  superior  abilities,  died  iu  1712.  His  son 
Christopher  was  equady  famous  in  the  same 
art.  and  died  in  1732. 

bORSEY,  Joiin  Svng,  M.  D,  professor  of  ma- 
eria  medica  in  the  university  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  afterwards  of  anatomy,  as  successor  to  Dr. 
Wistar;  he  died  suddenly  at  Philadelphia,  in 
1818. 

D03ITIl7ETJS,the  first  lieresiarch,a  magician 
of  Samaria,  whose  followers  remained  24  hours 
in  the  snme  posture  in  which  they  were,  when 
he  Sabbath  commenced.  He  starved  himself  w> 
d^aih. 

DOUBLET,  N.  an  eminent  French  surgeoB, 
wiio  left  some  valuable  professional  writings  : 
lie  died  in  1795. 

DOIJCIN,  Lewis,  a  French  Jesuit,  who  wrote 
a  liistOiV  of  the  Nestorians,  and  other  works; 
hedied"l7i>6. 

DOITFFET,  Gerard,  a  painter,  of  Liege,  and, 
a  pupil  of  Rubens,  famed  for  the  variety  and. 
accn.acv  of  his  pictuies,  died  in  1660. 

DOUG  ADOS,  Venance,  a  capuchin,  boro 
near  Carcassonne.  The  French  revolution  was 
a  field  fit  to  display  his  ambition  and  iiUrigue : 
lie  was  dragged  to  the  scatTuld  for  his  political 
opinions  in  1704. 

DOUGHEflTY,  Michael,  one  of  the  first  set- 
r!c-rs  of  G-)riiia;  died  in  1808,  ag?d  135. 

DOUGL-VS,  Gawin,  bisiiop  of  Dunkeld,  and 
•minent  for  his  poetical  talents,  was  born  at 
"•.niiaiiuaie,  in  Scotland,  in  1471,  and  died  of  the 
l);ague  in  I.,ondon,  in  1522  Mr.  Warton  style.s 
iHin  "one  of  the  distiniruished  luminaries  that 
marked  the  resioration  of  letters  in  Scotland,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  16th  century."  He 
translated  the  '■  JEntM''  of  Virgil  info  Scottish 
heroics,  with  the  addiiional  (13th)  book  of  Ma- 
pheus  Vegius,  4to,  1.5.53.  He  also  wrote  an  ori- 
jjinal  piece  called  '/  Tiie  Palace  of  Honour,"  ana 
otiier  poems.  He  was  likewise  a  promoter  of 
public  spirited  works,  and  finished  the  stone 
bridge  over  the  river  Tay,  begun  by  his  prede- 
cessor. 

DOUGLAS,  WilUam,  a  Scotch  nobleman, 
commissior.rd  by  Robert  Bruce.  He  had  made 
a  vow  to  go  on  a  crusade,  but  he  perisheil  on  tbe 
way,  iu  1327 

DOUGLAS,  James,  an  English  anatomist,and 
d'stinguished  praciitioufir  iii  obstetrics.  He  was 
also  an  eininent  author,  and  died  in  1742. 

DOUGLAS,  admiral  Sir  Charles,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  was  originally  in  the  Duich  service ; 
and  it  was  not  witboiit  some  difTiculty  that  he 
wase.nabl.-»d  to  obtain  rank  in  the  En;dish  navy. 
He  was  so  excellent  a  linguist,  that  he  spoke  six 
European  languages  correctly.  On  tl,8  war  with 
.\merica  breaking  out,  he  had  a  broad  pendant 
given  Iiim,  and  commanded  the  squadron  em- 
tiloyed  in  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  Ris  servi- 
ces" there  obtained  him  very  flattering  lionowrs 


DO 


uo 


oa  his  return  to  England ;  and  aifter  Brereton 
was  dismissed,  for  misconduct,  from  the  Duke 
of  98  guns,  Sir  Charles  wa8  appointed  to  com 
mand  her.  In  this  ship,  he  cultivated  his  me 
chanical  propensity  so  much  to  the  improvement 
of  the  guns,  and  the  use  of  locks  instead  of 
matchesjthat  the  practice  was  universally  adopt 
ed  throughout  the  navy.  During  the  prepara- 
tions for  war,  in  the  year  1787,  he  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  rear  admiral,  and  died  in  January 
1789. 

DOUGLAS,  Dr.  John,  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
a  learned  divine,  bom  at  Pittenweem,  in  Fife- 
shire,  in  1721,  and  educated  chiefly  at  Baliol 
College  <-;xtord.  This  venerable  prelate  weis 
ene  of  the  first  literary  characters  of  the  age, 
and  the  last  surviving  member  (the  bishop  of 
Dromore  excepted)  of  the  Beef  Steak  Club,  ce- 
lebrated by  Dr  Goldsmith,  in  his  poem  of  "  Re- 
taliation." The  literary  talents  of  bishop  Doug- 
las were  first  e\inced,  in  detecting  the  attempt 
of  Lauder  to  depreciate  the  merits  of  Milton. 
He  vindicated  the  originality  of  that  illustrious 
bard,  and  covered  his  opponent  with  confusion. 
His  next  performance  possessed  such  merit,  as 
highly  to  recommend  his  character,  both  as  a 
literary  man,  and  an  advocate  for  revealed  re- 
ligion. It  was  entitled  the  "  Criterion,"  in  an- 
swer to  Mr.  Hume's  Essay  on  Miracles.  He  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Law  in  the  bishopric  of  Carhsle,  in 
1783 ;  and  upon  the  translation  of  Dr.  Baning- 
ton  to  the  see  of  Durham,  was  appointed  his 
successor.    His  lordship  died  May  18,  1807. 

DOUGLAS,  James,  earl  of  Morton  and  Aber- 
deen, a  man  of  great  learning  and  many  virtues. 
He  was  president  of  the  London  Royal  Society, 
in  1733. 

DOUGLAS,  WiUiam,  M.  D.,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  afterwards  a  physician  in  Boston,  who 
first  made  known  at  Constantinople,  the  practice 
of  hmoculating  for  the  small  pox,  but  was  oppo-1 
sed  to  its  introduction  into  America;  he  pub-| 
lished  several  works  on  small  pox,  &c.,  and  died 
in  1752. 

DOUSA,  James,  a  very  learned  man,  born  at 
Northwick,  in  Holland,  1545,  died  in  1604.  He 
was  a  great  scholar,  statesman,  and  soldier. 
His  learning  was  indeed  prodigious ;  and  he  had 
Bucli  a  memory,  that  he  could  at  once  give  an 
answer  to  any  thing  that  was  asked  him  rela- 
ting to  ancient  or  modern  histoiy,  or,  in  sliort, 
to  any  branch  of  literature.  He  was  (say  Mel- 
chior,  Adam,  and  Thuanus,)  a  kind  of  living 
library,  the  Varro  of  Holland,  and  the  oracle 
of  the  university  of  Leyden. 

DOL'VRE,  Thomas  de,  was  raised  by  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror  to  the  see  of  York,  where 
he  rebuilt  the  cathedral :  he  died  in  1100. 

DOUVRE,  Thomas  de,  nephew  of  the  pre- 
•eding,  was  also  archbishop  of  York,  in  1108. 

DOUVRE,  IsabnUa  de,  of  the  same  family, 
was  mistress  to  Robert,  the  natural  son  of  Hen- 
ry I. ;  she  died  in  1166. 

DOVE,  Nathaniel,  an  ingenious  penman,  au- 
thor of  "  Th(?  Progress  of  Time."  He  kept  an 
academy  at  Hoxton,  and  died  in  1754. 

DOW,  Gerard,  a  celebrated  Dutch  paijjter. 
the  pupil  of  Rembrandt,  bom  at  Levden.  1613, 
died  in  1680. 

DOWAL,  WiUiam  Mae,  a  learned  Sootch- 
maii,  born  in  1590.  He  held  several  important 
cffioes  under  Charles  I.  and  II. 

DOWNHAM,  John,  an  English  divine,  au- 
thor of  a  well-known  piona  work,  called  "  The 
eawMtian  Warfare,"  died  In  1644. 

SOWNING,  Galibut,  LL.  D.,  an  English  di- 
18S 


Vine,  &c.  Hetumed  republican,  and  stirred  up 
his  people  to.  iss  up  arms  against  their  king ; 
;he  died  in  1643. 

DOWNMAN,  Hugh,  a  phyticjan  and  poet, 
iborn  at  Newton  St.  Cyres,  Devonshire,  in  1740, 
died  at  Exeter,  in  1309  ;  having  published  seve- 
ral tragedies  and  poems,  on  various  subjects; 
of  the  latter,  the  principal  one  is  entitled  "  In- 
fancy." 

DRABICIU3,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  enthusi- 
ast, born  about  1587,  in  Bloravia,  where  his  fa- 
ther was  burgomaster.  When  he  was  upwaads 
of  50  years  of  age  he  commenced  prophet,  and 
pubUshed  some  extraordinaiy  political  cliinjc- 
ras,  which  he  called  "  Visions." 

DRACO,  a  celebrated  legislator  of  Athens, 
whose  laws  were  so  severe,  that  thev  were  said 
to  be  written  in  blood.  He  flourished  about600 
years  B.  C. 

DR  ACONITES,  John,  a  Lutheran  divine,  a 
bishop  in  Prussia,  and  the  learned  author  of 
some  commentaries  on  tlie  Scriptures.  He  be- 
gan a  pnlyglott  Bible,  hut  died  before  its  com- 
pletion, in  1566. 

DRAGUT,  Rais,  or  captain  RAGL^,  the  fa- 
vourite and  successor  of  Barbarossa,  a  famous 
pirate,  in  15G6. 

DRAKE,  Sir  Francis,  a  distinguished  naval 
hero,  who  flourished  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth, 
was  born  near  Tavistock,  in  Devonshire,  1545. 
He  made  his  name  immortal  by  a  voyage  into 
the  South  Seas,  through  the  strait  of  Blagellan, 
which  was  what,  at  that  timt,  no  Englishman 
had  ever  attempted.  He  sailed  from  England, 
Dec.  13,  1577,  and  entered  the  harbour  of  Ply- 
month  on  his  return,  Nov.  3,  J530 ;  perfo.-ming 
thus  a  voyage  round  the  globe  in  two  yeais  and 
about  ten  months.  His  expeditious  and  victo 
ries  over  the  Spaniards,  have  been  equalled  by 
modern  admirals,  but  not  hisgenerositj' ;  for  he 
divided  the  booty  he  took,  in  just  proportional 
shares  with  the  common  sailors,  even  to  wedges 
of  gold  given  him  in  return  for  his  presents  to 
Indian  chiefs.  He  died,  after  having  rendered 
the  most  eminent  services  to  his  countiy  by  his 
bravery  and  skill,  1.595-6,  on  board  his  own  "ship, 
in  the  We^t  Indies  The  town  of  Pr,  mouth 
had  very  particular  obligations  to  Drake  ;  for, 
in  1587,  he  undertook  to  bring  water  into  it ; 
through  the  want  of  which,  till  then,  it  had  been 
grievously  distressed  ;  and  he  performed  it  by 
conducting  thither  a  stream  from  springs  at  eight 
miles'  distance,  that  is  to  say,  in  a  straight  hne  : 
for,  in  the  manner  he  biougllt  it,  the  course  of 
it  runs  upwards  of  20  miles. 

DRAKE,  Samuel,  published,  in  1729^  in  folio, 

splendid  edition  of  archbishop  Parker's  "  De 
Antiquitate  BritannicEe  ecciesia?,'"  &c. 

DRAKE,  James,  a  celebrated  political  writer 
and  physician,  bom  at  Cambridge,  in  1567,  died 
706-7.  He  is  chiefly  known  now  by  his  medi- 
cal works,  by  a  "  System  of  Anatomy,"  parti 
larly,  which  "was  finished  a  little  before  his  de- 
cease, an(J  published  in  1707. 

DRAKE,  Francis,  a  .«urgecn,  at  York,  and  an 
frminent  antiquary,  published,  in  17:36,  "  Ebora- 
cum  ,  or.  The  nistory  and  Antiquities  of  the 
Citv  of  York,  from  Us  Original  to  the  present 
Time,"  &c. 

DRAKE,  William,  a  physician,  bom  at  York, 
where  he  settled.  In  his  old  age  he  collected 
various  records,  and  published  a  valuable  histo- 
ry of  his  native  town,  in  folio ;  he  died  in  1760. 

DRAKE.  Rodger,  D.  D.,  a  physician,  who 
became  a  piipular  preacher  in  Lon  on.  He  was 
learned  and  oiotis,  and  died  after  the  lestoratlbn. 


DR 

IdRAKENBERG,  Ohiistiaii  Jacob,  was  born 
ill  Norway,  and afterliving in  celibacy  113 years 
nuirriefl  a  widow  aged  CO. 

DRAKENBORCH,  Arnoldus,  a  prolessor  ol 
history  ami  eloquence  at  Utrecht,  died  in  1748, 
lie  is  memorable  for  having  given  fine  editions 
in  4to  of  two  ancieiit  authors,  "  Titus  Liviws," 
7  vols. ;  and  "  Siiius  Iialicus,"  with  very  learned 
notes.  He  is  also  the  author  of  some  small 
works. 

DRAN,  Henry  Frat\cis  le,  a  famous  surgeon, 
and  lithotonjist,  author  of  Surgery,  2  vols.,  and 
other  surgical  works,  died  at  Pans,  in  1770. 

DI\  APER,  Sir  William,  an  English  general, 
born  at  Bristol,  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  ai 
King's  College,  Cambridge;  but  preferring  a 
military  life,  lie  weni  to  the  East  Indies,  where 
he  attained  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  in  1763,  in 
co-operation  with  admiral  Cornish,  reduced 
Manilla,  wiiere  they  couseiued  to  accept  a 
ransom  for  the  fort  of  4,000,000  dollars,  which 
the  Spanish  govermnent  never  paid.  In  1769, 
being  then  a  knight  of  the  Baih,  the  colonel 
appeared  in  print,  as  the  antagonist  of  Junius, 
in  defence  of  the  marquis  of  Granby.  Sir 
William  died  at  Eath,  in  1787. 

DRAYTON,  Michael,  an  English  poet,  born 
in  Warwickshire,  1563.  When  but  10  years  of 
age  he  appears  to  have  been  page  to  some 
person  of  honour,  as  we  collect  ;;o!ii  his  own 
words.  It  appears  too,  tliat  he  was  then  ajixi- 
ous  to  know  "  w^hat  kind  of  strange  creatures 
poets  were  ?"  and  desired  his  tutor,  of  ah  things, 
that,  if  possible,  "he  would  make  him  a  poet." 
He  took  delight,  and  was  eminent  for  his  talent 
in  this  way,  nine  or  ten  years  before  the  death 
of  queen  Elizabeth,  if  not  something  sooner. 
Drayion  died  in  IGol,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster abbey,  am.ong  the  poets  His  works, 
which  are  numerou:^,  and  of  great  merit,  were 
collected  and  printed,  in  1743,  in  one  volume 
folio. 

DRAYTON,  William,  a  political  writer  o: 
fioiwiderable  eminence,  in  South  Carolina,  ac- 
tive in  forwarding  the  American  revolution  : 
he  published  a  history  of  the  war,  and  died 
in  1779. 
V  DRAYTON,  William,  LL.  D.,  a  judge  of  the 
■^deral  court  for  the  district  of  South  Catolina ; 
died  in  1790. 

DREBEL,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  philosopher 
and  alchymist,  of  whom  some  carious  particu- 
lars are  related,  with  respect  to  his  power,  to 
cause  rain,  cold,  &c.,  by  the  operations  of  his 
machines  ;  he  died  in  157-2. 

DRELINCOURT,  Charles,  minister  of  the 
church  of  Paris,  born  at  Sedan,  1595,  and  died 
1IJ39.  His  "  Consolations  agaiast  the  Pears  of 
Death"  have,  of  all  his  works,  been  the  mosi 
frequently  reprinted;  hav:ng  passed  through 
above  40  editions,  and  been  translated  into 
several  languages.  His  "Charitable  Visits," 
in  5  vols.,  have  served  for  continual  consolation 
to  private  persons,  and  for  a  source  of  materials 
ant!  models  to  ministers.  He  published  three 
volumes  of  Sermons  ;"  in  which,  as  in  all  the 
forementioned  pieces,  there  is  a  wonderful  vein 
of  iiiety,  which  is  very  aiiecting  to  religiouis 
minds. 

DRESSERUS,  Matthew,  a  German,  who 
oecame  professor  of  rhetoric  and  history  at 
Jena,  and,  in  1581,  accepted  ilie  chair  of  polite 
learning  at  Leipsic.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
learning,  and  died  in  1607. 

DREUX  DU  RADIER,  John  Francis,  a 
French  advocate,  who  abandoned  the  bur  for 


DR 

the  pursuits  of  literature,  and  became  the  author 
of  various  v^rorks ;  he  died  in  1780. 

DREVET,  Peier,  an  eminentengraver  at  Paris ; 
iiis  son,  also  named  Peter,  was  equally  tminenl 
in  iiie  same  profession.  They  both  died  in 
1739,  the  father  aged  75  ;  the  son  42. 

DREXELIUS,  Jeremiah,  a  Jesuit,  of  Augs- 
biugh,  autiior  of  a  curious  poem  on  hell  tor- 
ments, in  vi^hich  he  calculates  how  many  souls 
can  be  contained  in  a  given  space ;  he  died  in 
1638. 

DRIEDO,  John,  a  learned  divinity  professor, 
of  Louvain,  whose  abilities  were  employet' 
against  the  Lutheran  Caivmists.  He  publisned 
4  vols,  folio,  on  theological  subjects,  and  died  in 
1535. 

DRINKER,  Edward,  a  native  of  Philadelphia, 
died  in  1782,  aged  103.  He  lived  to  see  the 
5th  generation,  and  having  survived  the  reigns 
of  seven  sovereigns,  he  at  length  saw  the  day 
ihai  made  America,  a  free  and  independent 
nation. 

DROLINGER,  Charles  Frederick,  privy  coun- 
sellor CO  the  margrave  of  Baden  Duilach,  was 
admired  as  a  poet,  and  scholar  ,  iie  died  in  1742. 

DROU,  N.,  a  French  advocate,  distinguisiied 
for  his  eloquence,  and  for  his  defence  of  the 
poor  as  well  as  the  rich ;  he  died  in  1783. 

DROUAIS,  Hubert,  a  painter,  of  Normandy 
who,  by  his  pencil,  raised  himself  to  fame  and 
opulence  ;  died  in  1767. 

DROUET,  Stephen  Francis,  a  laborious 
French  writer,  who  died  in  1779. 

DRUMMOND,  William,  of  Hawthornden,  a 
Scottish  poet  and  historian,  born  1585,  died 
Dec.  4,  1649.  He  preceded  Waller  in  polishing 
English  versification.  His  poems  have  a  harmo- 
ny and  sweetness  in  them,  unequalled  by  a)iy 
of  his  lime;  and  in  his  "History  of  the  Five 
Jameses"  his  manner  of  telling  a  story,  and 
interesting  the  reader  in  vvrhat  he  relates,  has 
been  higtily  commended.  Ben  Jonson  so  innch 
admired  our  author,  that  he  undertook  a  journey 
un  foot  into  Scotland  on  purpose  to  visit  him, 
and  esteemed  some  months  that  he  spent  in  hi? 
society  the  happiest  of  his  lite.  Some  of  fh* 
conversation  at  this  meeting  has  been  preserved. 
Drumroond's  poems  were  first  printed  at  Edin 
burgh,  in  4to.,  1616;  afterwards  in  8vo.,  165H. 
and  a  complete  collection  of  his  works  in  folio, 
1711.  The  poen>s  were  reprinted  in  1791.  His 
•general  merits  have  been  ingeniously  appre- 
ciated by  Mr.  Neve,  Mr.  Headley,  Mr.  Pinlcerton, 
and  Dr.  Anderson,  in  their  several  biographical 
sketches  of  our  earher  British  poets. 

DRUMMOND,  Robert  Hay,  successively  bi- 
shop of  St.  Asaph,  of  Salisbury,  and  of  York, 
tie  published  six  occasional  sermons,  and  died 
in  1773. 

DRURY,  Robert,  was  shipwrecked  in  1762, 
on  the  island  of  Madagascar,  where  he  remained 
15  years.  After  his  escape,  he  published  an 
account  of  the  natives,  &c. 

DRURY,  Dm,  a  jeweller,  of  London,  wlio 
wrote  3  vols,  on  insects,  and  collected  a  vast 
number  of  curiosities ;  he  died  in  1804. 

DRUSILLA,  Livia,  disgraced  herself  by  an 
incestuous  commerce  with  her  brother  Caligula ; 
she  died.  A,  D.  38. 

DRUSIUS,  John,  a  most  learned  man  among 
the  Protestants,  was  born  at  Oudenard,  in  IMah- 
ders,  in  1555,  and  was  author  of  several  works 
which  show  him  to  have  been  well  skilled  in 
Hebrew,  and  to  have  gained  a  considerable 
,  knowledge  in  the  Jewish  antiuuities.  He  died 
liu  1616. 

163 


DRUSUS,  son  of  Gcrnianicus,  was  pat  to 
death  by  Tiberias,  A.  D.  93 

DRUSUS,  M.  Liviue,  an  ambitious  Roman, 
murdered  for  his  atteujpts  to  enforce  the  agra- 
rian law,  190  B.  C. 

DRUSUS,  Nero  Claudius,  brother  of  the  em- 
peror Tiberius,  was  honoured  wiih  a  triumph 
for  his  victories  in  Germany ;  he  died  91  B.  L. 

DRUSUS,  son  of  T-berius  and  Vispaaia,  was 
banished,  A.  D.  23. 

DRYANDER,  John,  a  Hessian  medical  and 
matliematicai  writer,  died  15C0. 

DRYDEN,  John,  an  illustrious  English  poet, 
was  son  of  Erasmus  Drydeu,  oi  Ticlimersh,  in 
JVorthampionshire,  and  boiu  at  Aidwincle,  iitar 
Oundle,  in  that  county,  Aug.  9,  16jl.  He  was 
educated  in  grammar  learning  at  Westminster 
school,  behig  king's  scholar  there  under  the  fa 
mous  Dr.  Busby,  and  was  from  thence  elected 
in  1650,  a  scholar  in  Trinity  College,  Cambridge 
His  reputation  as  a  poet,  together  with  liis  at 
tachnjent  to  the  court,  procured  him  the  place 
of  poet  laureat  and  historiographer  to  Charles 
U.,  which  accordingly  he  took  possession  of, 
upon  the  death  of  sir  William  Davenant,  in 
IGtiS.  In  16fJ9  his  first  play,  a  comedy,  called 
^'  The  Wild  Gallantjs,"  was  acted  at  the  Thea- 
tre-royal, but  with  so  little  success,  that  if  the 
auihor  had  not  had  a  peculiarly  strong  inclina- 
tion to  dramatic  writing,  he  would  have  bfeen 
sufficiently  discouraged  from  any  farther  at- 
tempts in  it.  He  went  on,  however,  and  in  the 
space  of  25  yeare  produced  27  plays,  besides  his 
other  numerous  poetical  writings.  He  died 
May  1,  1701.  As  to  Dryden's  character,  it  has 
been  treated  in  extremes,  some  setting  it  too 
higJi,  others  too  low  ;  for  he  was  too  deeply  en- 
gaged in  party  to  have  strict  justice  done  him 
either  way.  Congreve  represents  him,  in  re- 
gard to  his  moral  character,  in  every  respect  not 
only  blameless,  but  amiable :  and  "  as  to  his 
vvritini;s  (says  he)  no  man  hath  written,  in  our 
language,  so  much  and  so  various  matter,  and 
in  so  various  manners,  so  well.  Another  thing 
I  may  say  v/as  very  peculiar  to  him  :  which  is, 
that  his  parts  did  not  decline  with  his  years,  buti 
that  he  was  an  improving  writer  to  the  last, 
even  to  near  70  years  of  age  ;  improving  even 
in  file  and  imaeinaiion  as  well  as  in  judgment : 
witness  his  "  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day,'*  and 
Iiis  "  Fables,"  his  latest  performances.  He  was 
equally  excellent  in  verse  and  in  prose.  His' 
prose  had  all  the  clearness  imaginable,  together 
with  ail  the  nobleness  of  expression,  all  the 
graces  and  ornaments  proper  and  peculiar  to  it, 
without  deviating  into  the  language  or  diction  of 
poetry.  I  have  heard  liim  frequently  o%\ti  with 
pleasure,  that  if  he  had  any  talent  for  English 
prose,  it  was  owing  to  his  having  often  read  the 
writings  of  the  great  archbishop  Tillotson.  His 
versification  and  his  numbers  he  could  learn  of 
nobody  ;  for  he  first  possessed  those  talents  in 
perfection  in  our  tongue.  In  his  poems,  his  dic- 
>tion  is,  wherever  his  subject  requires  it,  so  sub- 
limely and  so  truly  poetical,  that  its  essence, 
like  that  of  pure  gold,  cannot  be  destroyed. 
What  he  has  done  in  any  one  species  or  distinct 
tind  of  writing,  would  Jiave  been  sufiicient  to 
have  acquired  him  a  great  name.  If  he  had 
written  nothing  but  his  prefaces,  or  nothing  buti 
his  songs  or  his  prologues,  each  of  them  would  j 
have  entitled  him  to  the  preference  and  distinc- 
tion of  excelling  in  his  kind." 

DUANE,  James,  first  Mayor  of  New- York, 
after  its  recovery  from  the  British,  and  judge  of 
iiiw  tUstrict  court  of  New- York  •  he  died  in  1797. 
164 


DU 

DUAREN,  Francis,  a  French  civilian,  who 
taught  civil  law  at  Bourges.  He  published  some 
works,  chiefiy  on  law,  and  died  in  1559. 

DUBOCAGE,  Mary  Anne  le  Page,  a  French 
lady,  who  trai^lated  into  her  own  language, 
Pope's  Temple  of  Fame,  and  Milton's  Paradise 
lost,  fche  was  a  member  of  many  learned  so- 
cieties, and  lamous  for  her  poetry  and  compo- 
sition.   She  died  in  1802. 

DUBOIS,  V\  illiam  du,  a  French  prelate,  who 
supported  the  duke  of  Orleans  in  all  his  licen- 
tiousness, ana  schemes  of  ambition.  He  \\  as 
made  a  cardinal,  and  alterwards  prime  minis- 
ter. He  was  a  hypocrite  and  an  intriguer,  and 
died  in  1723. 

DUBOIS,  Dorothea,  daughter  of  the  earl  of 
Anglesea,  who  married  a  musician,  and  was 
disowned  by  her  tather.  She  wrote  Theodoj  a, 
a  novel,  and  died  in  1774. 

DUB01&,  Simon,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp,  who 
went  to  England,  and  acquired  great  facie  by 
his  an,  he  died  in  1708. 

DUBOS  Charles  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  dean 
01  Lucon.  He  wrote  the  fife  of  Bariliou,  bishop 
of  Lucon,  and  dien  in  1724. 

DUBOS,  John  Baptist,  a  French  abbot,  au- 
thor of  reflections  on  poetry  and  painting,  ditd 
in  1742. 

DUBOS,  Jerome,  a  Dutch  painter,  who.=-ft 
representation  of  heU,  struck  its  beholders  with 
terror  and  astonishment,  he  died  in  the  btgin- 
ning  of  the  16th  century. 

DUBOUCHER  Matthew,  a  native  of  Dax, 
who  published  some  law  tracts,  a  poem  on 
friendship,  &c.  died  in  1801. 

DUBRAU,  or  DUBRAVIUS  SCALA,  John, 
bishop  of  Olmutz.  He  was  sent  ambassador  to 
Silesia,  and  was  author  of  a  history  of  Bohe- 
mia in  33  books :  he  died  in  1553. 

DUC,  Fronton  du,  Fronto  Ductus,  a  Jesuit, 
of  Bordeaux,  a  man  of  learning  and  devotion, 
editor  of  St.  Chrysostom's  works,  6  vols,  fojio; 
he  died  in  1624. 

DUC,  John  le,  a  Dutch  painter  of  eminence, 
bom  in  1636. 

DUCA.HEL  Dr.  Andrew  Coitee,  F  R.  and 
A.  S.  born  at  Caen,  in  Normandy,  in  l'/13,  died 
in  1785.  He  was  one  of  the  superintendents  of 
the  Paper-office,  keeper  of  the  library,'  at  Lam- 
beth, and  one  of  the  most  eminent  antiquarians 
of  his  time 

DUCaRT  Isaac,  a  skilful  painter  of  flowers 
I  OP  sdT.r,   died  at  Amsterdam,  in  1697. 
'     DUCA3  Michael,  a  Greek  historian,  author 
a  history  of  Greece,  from  Andronicii*  to  the  fall 
oftheemp.re,  printed  at  Paris,  in  1649. 

DT^CHAL  James,  a  dissenting  minister,  of 
Dublin,  whose  sermons  were  published  in  3  vols 
8vo.  died  in  1761. 

DUCHANGE,  Gaspard,  a  French  engraver, 
whose  best  pieces  are  the  driving  out  of  the  money 
changers,  and  the  pharisee's  supper,  died  in  1757 

DUCHAT,  Jacob  le,  a  Frenchman,  was  born 
at  Metz,  in  1658,  and  died,  in  1735.  He  was  re- 
gardpd  as  a  very  learned  person,  yet  he  is  dis- 
tinguished as  an  editor  rather  than  an  author. 
He  gave  new  editions  of  the  "  Menippean  Sa- 
tires," of  the  Works  of  Rabelais,"  of  the  "Apol- 
ogie  for  Herodotus,"  by  Henry  Stephens,  &;c. 
all  accompanied  with  remarks  of  his  own. 

DUCHATEL  Gaspard,  a  deputy  in  the 
French  convention,  celebrated  for  his  manly  and 
able  defence  of  the  unfortunate  Lewis  XVI. ; 
ihe  was  guillotined  in  1793. 

DUCUATELET  D'HARAUCOURT,  Lewis 
[Marie  Florent  due,  a  colonel  in  the  French  ar- 


DU 

my,  imprisoned  and  guillotined  for  his  altach- 

ment  lo  his  king,  in  1792. 

DUCHE  DE  VANCY,  Joseph  Francis,  a 
French  poet,  author  of  three  tragedies,  Debo- 
rah, Jonathan,  and  Absalom.  He  was  a  man 
universally  respected,  and  died  in  1704. 

DUCK,  Arthur,  born  in  Devonshire,  1580,  and 
died  1649.  He  was  an  excellent  civihau,  a  tolera- 
ble poet,  especially  in  his  younger  days,  ai.d  very 
well  versed  in  liisiory,  ecclesiastical  as  well  as 
civil.  He  leu  behind  luin  "  Vila  Henrici  (Jhi 
chele,"  Sec,  and  "  De  Usu  et  Authoritate  Juris 
Civihs  Romauorum  in  Dominiis  principuni 
Chustianorum  ;  "  a  very  useful  and  entertaining 
work,  which  has  been  printed  several  times  m 
England  and  eisewhere. 

DUCK,  Stephen,  a  thresher  and  a  poet,  born 
at  Charlton,  Wittz,  at  vvnich  place  an  anniver 
sai-y,  called  Thresher's  Feast,  is  still  held  to  his 
memory.  He  had  originally  uo  other  teaching 
than  what  enabled  him  to  read  and  writp  Eng- 
lish ;  about  his  14th  year  he  was  taken  from 
scliool,  and  was  afterwards  successively  en- 
gaged in  the  several  lowest  employments  of 
a  country  lile.  He  had  from  his  infancy  :•  pre 
dilocuon  for  poetry  ;  sometimes  turned  hib  own 
thoughts  into  verse  while  he  was  at  work,  and 
at  last  began  to  venture  those  thought?  a  little 
upo.:  paper.  At  len^tii  some  of  his  essays  i'all 
kig  into  the  hands  of  a  .acly  of  quality  wlio  at 
tended  on  the  late  queen  CaroUue,  he  became 
known  to  her  majesty,  who  took  him  luider  her 
protection,  and  settled  on  him  a  yearly  pension 
of  about  Ml.  ;  such  a  one  at  least  as  was 
sufficient  to  niaiutaiu  him  independently  of  la- 
bour. Duck  was  afterwards  admitted  into  or 
ders,  and  preferred  to  the  living  of  Byfleet,  in 
Surrey.  Here  he  continued  foi  many  years  to 
ma.^e  poems  a.id  sermons,  and  was  much  fol 
lowed  by  (he  jopie  as  a  preacher ;  till  vailing 
at  lerigtli  into  a  iow-spirited  melancholy  way,  he 
threw  himself  into  a  trout  stream,  at  the  back  of 
the  Slack  I  Aon  Inn,  near  Reading,  and  was 
drowned.  This  unhappy  accident,  for  he  was 
perfectly  lunatic,  befell  him  March  30,  1756. 

DUCLOS.  Charles    Dineau,    historiographer 
ef  France,  born  at  Dinant,  in  Bretagne,  in  1705 
he  died  in  1772. 

DUCLOS,  Mary  Ann,  a  French  actress  of 
great  merit,  who  for  many  years  gained  much 
ap.olause  ;  she  died  in  1748. 

DUi'REUX,  N,  an  eminent  painter,  of  Paris, 
who  went  ro  Vienna  to  take  portraits  of  the  im 
perial  family.     He  died  in  1802. 

DUCROISY,  Philiben  Gasaaud,  a  French  ac 
tor,  of  e.vcellent  character,  and  great  merit. 

DUDEFFANT,  N.,  a  French  lady, well  known 
in  Paris  for  her  elegant  and  critical  taste.  She 
was  acquainted  with  all  the  learned  men  of  the 
times,  and  died  in  1780. 

DUDITH,  Andrew,  a  Hungarian  divine,  em 
ployed  by  Ferdinand  II.  in  important  affairs  of 
state.  He  wrote  on  physic,  poetiy,  &c.,  and  was 
a  man  highly  esteemed  ;  he  died  in  1589. 

DUDLEY,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  lawyer  and 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VII.,  but  infamous  in  history  for  being 
the  instrument  of  the  extortions  of  that  mon 
arch  ;  he  was  born  in  1642,  and  executed  for  trea 
son,  in  .\u2.  18,  1510. 

DUDLEY,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
duke  of  Northumberland,  was  born  in  1502,  and 
afterwards  became  one  of  the  most  powerful 
subjects  in  England.  For  an  attempt  to  place 
the  crown  on  the  head  of  his  daughter-in-law, 
lady  Jane  Grey,  (who  likewise  fell  a  victun 


DU 

lohis  ambition),  he  was  beheaded  August  21, 
1553. 

DUDLEY,  Ambrose,  earl  of  Warwick,  son  of 
John,  duke  of  Northumberland,  born  1530,  ex- 
hibited great  wisdom  and  integrity  as  a  states- 
man, and  bravery  as  a  general,  under  queen 
Elizabeth,  and  acquired  the  appellation  of"  The 
Good  Earl  of  Warwick."     He  diud  in  1589. 

DUDLEY,  Robert,  earl  of  Leicester,  son  to 
John,  duke  of  Northumberland,  and  brother  to 
Ambrose,  earl  of  Warwick,  before  mentioned, 
born  1532,  died  1588.  Un  the  accession  of  Eliz- 
abeth, he  was  entertained  at  court  as  a  principal 
favourite ;  obtained  prodigious  grants,  one  alter 
another,  from  the  crown  :  and  all  tilings  gave 
way  to  his  ambition,  influence,  and  policy.  In 
his  private  life  he  affected  a  wonderful  regular- 
ity, and  carried  his  pretence  to  piety  very  high  : 
inough  to  gratify  his  passiotis,  there  were  no 
crimes,  however txorbitant,  which  he  would  not 
commit 

DUDLEY,  sir  Robert,  son  of  Robert,  earl  of 
Leicester,  born  at  Sheen,  in  Surrey,  1573,  died 
1639.  Among  the  learned,  he  held  a  very  high 
rank,  as  well  on  account  of  his  skill  in  philoso- 
phy, chymistry,  and  physic,  as  his  perfect  ac- 
quaintance with  all  th«  branches  of  the  mathe- 
matics, and  the  means  of  applying  th«m  for  the 
service  and  benefit  of  mankind. 

DUDLEY,  Thomas,  governor  of  Mass.  and 
one  of  the  founders  of  Uiat  colony  ;  he  died  in 
l(i53. 

DUDLEY,  Joseph,  governor  of  Mass.,  son  of 
the  preceding;  of  rare  endowments,  and  an 
honour  to  his  country  ;  he  died  in  1720. 

DUDLEY,  Paul,  chief  justice  of  Mass.  foun- 
der of  the  Dudleian  lecture, in  Harvard  College  ; 
he  died  in  1751. 

DUFFET,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer,  of  the 
17th  century. 

DUFFIELD,  George,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
minister  of  Philadelphia,  represented  to  Jiave 
been  unconimonlv  eloquent;  he  died  in  1790. 

DUFRESNE,  Abraham  Alexis  Clninault,  a 
French  actor  of  eminence,  who  succeeded  par- 
ticularly in  noble  ciiaracters  ;  he  died  in  1767. 

DUFRESNOY,  Charles,  Alphonse,  a  native 
of  Paris,  who  acquired  celebrity  as  a  painter 
and  pnet ;  he  died  in  1665- 

DUFRESNY,  Charles  Riviere,  a  native  of 
Paris,  called  grandson  of  Henry  FV.,  from  his 
r^s-mblance  to  that  monarcii.  His  dramatic 
wo  ks  were  published  in  6  vols.  He  died  in 
1724. 

DUGARD,  William,  master  of  Merchant  Tai- 
lor's school,  London.  He  was  imprisoned  for 
being  concerned  in  Salmasius'  defence,  and 
reduced  to  poverty  ;  but  was  a  man  of  great 
learning,  and  worth  ;  he  died  in  1682. 

DUGDALE,  Sir  William,  a  very  eminent 
English  antiquary  and  historian,  was  born  in 
Warwickshire,  Sept.  12.  1605,  and  died  Feb.  10, 
1686. 

DUGOMIER,  N.  a  French  general,  who  com- 
manded in  Italy  during  the  revolution,  and  was 
next  employed  against  the  Spaniards.  He  was 
killed  in  battle,  in  1794. 

DUGUAY  TROUIN,  Rene,  a  celebrated  ad- 
miral in  the  French  navy,  who  displayed  the 
greatest  skill  united  to  the  most  consummate 
wisdom  ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1736. 

DUGUET,  James  Joseph,  a  French  writer, 
of  great  learning,  and  uncommon  sweetness  of 
temper.  He  wrote  nearly  20  works  in  French, 
and  died  in  1733. 

DUHALDE,  John  Baptist,  a  French  jeBuif, 
165 


J^ DU 

author  of  a  histerical  aud  geographical  descrip- 
tion of  China,  in  4  vols,  loiio  ;  he  died  in  1723. 

DUHAMEL,  John  Baptist,  a  French  ecclesi- 
astic, of  great  learning  ;  eminent  for  liis  works 
tm  the  sciences,  and  philosophy  ;  lie  died  in  170b. 

DUHAMEL  DU  MONCEAU,  Henry  Lewis, 
a  learned  Frenchman,  who  devoted  himself  to 
the  improvement  of  agriculture,  aud  commerce : 
h«  died,  greatly  respected,  in  1782. 

DUHAN,  Lawrence,  a  professor  of  philoso 
pliy,  at  the  college  du  Plessis,  for  38  years  ;  he 
left  some  works,  and  died  in  1730. 

DUIGENAN,  fatrick,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
Irish  civilian,  who  from  obscure  birth,  became 
a  judge  of  the  prerogative  court,  a  pri\'y  coun 
selloi  and  a  member  of  the  Irish  and  Eiiglisli 
parliaments.     He  died  in  1816 

DUILLIUS,  Nepos,  the  first  Roman  who  ob- 
tained a  naval  victory  over  Carthage,  260  B.  C. 

DUISBURG,  Peter  de,  a  native  of  the  duchy 
of  Cleves,  in  the  16th  century,  author  of  a  chron- 
icle of  Prussia,  from  1226  to  1325. 

DUJARDIN,  Charles,  a  Dutch  painter,  of 
Amsterdam,  who  e.xcelled  in  delineating  mar- 
kets, robber",  mountebanks,  &c.,dii^din  1674. 

DUKE,  Ricliard,  a  poet  of  someciedit,  in  the 
last  century,  and  by  Dr  Johnso.i  included  among 
the  clastsics.  He  died  suddenly,  Feb.  10, 171011. 

DULaNY,  Daniel,  one  of  the  most  learned 
and  accomplished  counsellors  of  the  Cf.uniiy ; 
a  native  of  Maryland  ;  he  died  at  an  early  age. 

DULAU,  John  Marie,  archbishop  o:  Aries,  a 
member  of  the  slates  general  of  France.  He 
was  a  good  man.  and  therefore  sacrificed  by  the 
Jacobins,  in  17S2. 

DCLAURENT,  N.,a  worthless  French  priest, 
who  displayed  great  abilities  on  Licentious  sub- 
jects- 

DULLART,  Herman,  a  painter  and  poet,  of 
Rotterdam,  the  pupil  of  Rembrandt,  whose 
pieces  are  frequently  taken  for  those  of  his  mas- 
ter ;  he  died  in  1684. 

DUMAS,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Nismes,  an  emi- 
nent mathematician,  who  invented  a  method  of 
teaching  children  to  read  and  write  mechani 
cal'v;  he  died  in  1744. 

DUMAS,  diaries  Lewis,  a  French  anatomist 
and  pr;>r-^ssor  of  anatomy  at  Montpelier,  died  at 
Ibfet  pia-o  in  1814 

DUMEE,  Joan,  a  learned  lady,  born  at  Paris. 
She  applied  herself  particularly  to  astronomy, 
and  published  a  4to  vol.  on  the  subject,  which 
displays  much  erudition,  1680. 

DUMESNIL,  N.,  a  professor  of  rhetoric  at 
Paris,  and  author  of  Latin  synonvmes,  died  in 
1803. 

DUMMER,  Jeremiah,  an  agent  of  Massachu- 
setts, in  England,  where  be  rendered  important 
fcervices  to  the  colony  ;  be  died  in  1739. 

DUMMER,  \Villiam,  lieutenant  governor  of 
Rtassachusetts,  highly  respected,  died  in  1761. 

DUMONT,  John,  author  of  Pohticai  Memoirs, 
4  vols.,  Travels  in  France,  Italy,  &c  ,  4  vols., 
Universal  Diplomatic  Body,  &c  ,  8  vols,  folio 
He  was  a  Frenchman  of  great  celebrity,  and 
die.d  in  1726. 

DUMONT,  George,  a  native  of  Paris,  secre- 
tary of  the  French  embassy  to  Russia.  He 
wrote  on  historv  and  commerce,and  died  in  1788. 

DUMONT,  iV.,  sumamed  the  Roman,  a| 
French  painter,  died  in  1781. 

DUMOURIER,   Anthony  Francis  DuperierJ 

a  native  of  Paris,  eminent  as  a  commissary  in 

the  French  armies,  and  author  of  several  books, 

died  in  1767. 

DUN,  David  Erskine,  lord.    See  ERSKINE. 

166 


DU 

DUNBAR,  William,  an  eminent  Scottish 
poet,  born  about  1470,  died  about  1530.  Hia  \\ 
"  Thistle  and  Rose"  and  Golden  Terge"  are 
generally  and  justly  esteemed  his  most  capital 
works.  They  are  to  be  lound  in  the  CoUeciions 
ol  Pinkerton,  (1786,)  and  Baimaiyue,  (1770.) 

DUN  BAR,  Li .  James,  professor  of  philosophy 
in  Kuig's  (College,  Aberdeen,  and  author  of 
"  Essays  on  the  History  of  Mankind  in  rude  and[ 
uncultivated  Ages,"  8vo,  1780,   died  May  28L  . 
1798. 

DUNCAN,  Mark,  a  Scotch  physician,  profes 
sor  of  philosophy,  and  principal  of  the  Calva- 
nist's  college  at  Sauiuur  ;  he  died  in  IG40. 

DUN(  AN,  Daniel,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
and  learned  physicians  of  his  time.  He  wa.'.  Una 
of  Scoich  parents,  in  France,and  eradually  rose 
to  the  highest  distinction  ,  he  was  known  us  a 
practitioner,  in  almost  every  part  ot  Europe. 
The  king  of  Prussia  invited  him  to  settle  at  Ber- 
lin, as  his  physician,  &c.  He  wrote  many  works, 
and  died  in  London,  in  1735. 

DUNC/VN,  William,  an  ingenious  critic  and 
translator,  bom  at  Aberdeen,  in  1717.  He  wrote 
for  Dodsley's  "  Preceptor"  the  article  "Logic," 
which  was  so  much  approved,  that  it  was  print- 
ed separately  in  1752,  and  has  in  some  measure 
superseded  that  of  Dr.  ^^■a!ls.  His  last  produc- 
tion was  an  excellent  translation  of  "  Caesar's 
Commentaries;"  previous  to  the  pubhcatioi;  of 
which,  lie  was  appoilited  professor  of  philofo 
phyin  the  Marischal  college,  Aberdeen.  Ht 
died  in  1760. 

DUNCAN,  Adam,  lord  viscount,  a  gallant 
British  admiral,  whose  name  will  be  immortaliz- 
ed in  tile  annals  or'  his  country  by  the  -victory 
v\  Inch  he  gained  over  a  Dutch  fleet,  between 
Camperdown  and  E?mont,  within  five  miles  of 
the  Dutch  c<  ast,  Oct.  11, 17fi7.  for  which  he  ^'^  as 
deservedly  rewarded  with  a  peerage.  He  w  as 
born  at  Dundee,  in  North  Britain,  July  1,  1731, 
and  early  adopted  the  naval  profession.  It 
should  be  mentioned  to  his  honour,  that  throuch 
life,  admirtil  Duncan  was  a  man  of  great  and 
unaffected  piety,  and  felt  it  an  l.onour  to  he  a 
Christian.  When  the  victorj-  was  decided, 
which  has  fixed  his  rennvm,  he  ordered  the  crew 
of  his  ship,  to  be  called  together  :  and  at  their 
head,  upon  his  bended  knees,  in  the  presence  of 
the  Dutch  admiral  (wiio  was  greatly  nffected 
with  the  scciie)  soiemnlj"  and  pathetically  of- 
fered up  praine  and  thanksgiving  to  the  God  of 
Battles ;  strongly  proving  the  truth  of  the  as- 
sertion, that  pietj-  and  courage  s!iou!d  be  Inse- 
parably allied,  and  that  the  latter  without  the 
fornif-r  loses  its  principal  virtue.  He  died  Aug. 
4,  1804. 

DUNCOMBE,  William,  a  dramatic  author 
and  translator  of  Horace,  born  in  London,  1690, 
and  died  17^9. 

DUNCOM5E,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  a 
pious  divine  and  ingenius  poet,  bom  in  1730,died 
in  1786 

DUNDAS,  Sir  David,  a  major  general  of  hiph 
reputation,  and  afterwards  commander  in  chiei 
of  the  British  army,  and  a  privy  coiuisellor ; 
he  dird  ui  1820. 

DUNDAS,  Henni',  viscount  INIelville,  lord  ad- 
vocate and  keeper  of  the  signet  for  Scotland, 
afterwards  president  of  the  board  of  control  foi 
East  India  affairs,  secretary  of  state  for  th*j 
home  department,  and  first  lord  of  the  English 
admiralty;  he  died  in  Scotland,  in  1811. 

DUNGAL,  a  monk  of  St.  Dennis,  in  the  9th 
century,  was  consulted  by  Charlemagne,  about 
two  eclipses  which  happened  in  810. 


DU 

DUNLOP,  William,  a  pious,  learned,  and  eJo 
tiuent  divine,  bom  at  Glosgow,  16S2,  died  at 
Edinburgh,  1720. 

DUNLOP,  Alexander,  brother  to  tbe  preced- 
ing, was  bom  in  America,  but  went  to  Scotland 
ami  waa  elected  professor  of  Greek  at  Glasgow. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  Greek  grammar,  still  used 
in  tbe  university  of  Glasgow ;  he  died  in  1742. 

DUNMORE,  John  Murray,  earl  of,  governor 
of  the  colony  of  New- York,  in  1769,  afterwards, 
the  last  royal  governor  of  Virginia ;  after  com- 
mitting many  depredations  upon  the  colonists, 
he  returned  to  England,  where  he  died  in  1809. 

DUNN,  Samuel,  an  English  mathematician, 
and  author  of  several  mathematical  works, 
died  in  1792. 

DUNNING,  John,  lord  Ashburton,  chancel- 
lor of  llie  duchy  of  Lancaster,  and  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  pleaders  that  ever  adorned 
the  English  bar.  His  rise  was  rapid,  and  there 
were  very  few  causes  tried  in  the  court  of  King's 
Bench  in  which  he  was  not  employed  as  lead- 
ing cotmsel,  either  for  the  plaintiff  or  defendant. 
His  industry  and  zeal  for  the  Interest  of  his  cli- 
ents were  equal  to  his  abilities ;  and  m  cases 
where  the  fees  were  small,  he  was  never  known 
to  show  less  ardour  than  when  they  were  con- 
sideiable.  The  causes  of  the  poor  "and  the  op- 
pressed he  frequently  pleaded  without  reward. 
He  was  born  in  Devonshire,about  the  year  1732, 
and  died  August  18,  1783.  To  Mr.  Dunning, 
(among  others)  Junius'  Letters  have  been  as- 
cribed ;  we  do  not,  however,  believe  that  the 
real  author  has  yet  been  deterree. 

DUNOD  DE  CHARNAGE,  Francis  Ignatius, 
a  leamtHl  professor  of  law  at  Besancon,  his  na- 
tive town  ;  he  died  in  1751. 

DUNOIS,  John,  Count  of  Orleans  and  Lon- 
gueville,  a  famous  general  of  France,  in  the 
time  of  Charles  VII.  who  called  him  the  restorer 
of  his  country.  He  was  a  man  of  many  private 
virtues,  and  died  in  1468. 

DUNS,  John,  commonly  called  Duns  Scotus, 
a  celebrated  theologian  of  tbe  order  of  St.  Fran- 
cis, born  in  Northumberland.  He  distinguished 
himself  so  much  by  the  acnteness  of  his  parts, 
end  especially  by  his  manner  of  disputing,  that 
he  acquired  the  name  of  "  The  Subtile  Doctor." 
He  affected  to  maintain  opinions  contrary  to 
those  of  Thomas  Aquinas,  which  produced 
two  parties  in  the  schools,  the  Thomlsts  and  the 
Sootists.    He  died  1306. 

DUNSTAN,  St.,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
was  a  man  well  known  for  ois  talents  and  in- 
trigues ;  be  died  in  988. 

DUNSTER,  Henry,  first  president  of  Har- 
vard college,  resigned  on  account  of  embracing 
the  sentiments  of  the  Antipedo-baptists ;  he 
died  in  1659. 

DUNTON,  John,  a  bookseller,  who,  upon 
failing  in  business,  turned  author,  and  in  1710 
publiahed  his  Athenianism,  containing  600  trea- 
tises, in  prose,  and  verse,  on  all  subjectB;  he 
4ied  in  1725. 

DUPATY,  president  of  the  parliament  of 
Bourdeaux,  an  upright,  enlightened,  and  elo- 
quent French  magistrate,  died  at  Paris,  in  1788. 
He  has  left  some  excellent  historical  reflections 
en  "Penal  Laws,"  some  "Academical  Die- 
•outs^,"  and  "  Letters  on  Italy." 

DUPBRRAY,  Michael,  a  French  lavvyer,  of 
Paris,  who  wrote  some  books  on  ecclesiastical 
subjects,  and  died  in  1730. 

DUPHOT,  N.,  a  French  genwal,  who  was 
sent  ambass-idor  to  the  pope,  where  he  was  as- 
fias<auated,  diUing  a  popular  tumult,  in  1797 


DU 

DUPIN,  Lewis  Ellis,  a  very  learned  doctor 
of  the  Sorbonne,  and  one  of  the  greatest  critiOB 
of  his  time,  especially  in  what  regarded  ecclesi- 
astical matters,  born  at  Paris,  1657,  died  1719. 
His  chief  wotk  is,  "  Bibliotheque  Univereelle 
dee  Auteurs  Ecclesiastiques."  He  had  an  un- 
common talent  at  analyzing  tbe  works  of  an 
author,  which  makes  his  Bibliotheque  so  valu- 
able, for  there  we  have  not  only  a  history  of 
the  writers,  but  also  the  substance  of  what  they 
wrote  ;  which  is  a  great  convenience  to  pei-soria 
who  are  desirous  to  know  something  of  them, 
yet  have  not  either  time,  or  knowledge  of  »an- 
guages,  sufficient  to  read  their  works. 

DUPLANIL,  J.  D.,  a  French  physician,  who 
translated  several  English  medical  works  into 
his  own  language  ;  he  died  in  1802. 

DUPLEIX,  Scipio,  historiographer  of  France, 
died  in  1661.  Among  his  works  are,  History  of 
France,  6  vols,  folio,  and  Roman  History,  3  vols, 
folio. 

DUPLEIX,  Joseph,  a  French  merchant,  of 
great  abilities,  governor  of  Pondicberry,  which 
he  defended  with  bravery  against  the  English,  in 
1748 

DUPORT,  James,  dean  of  Peterborough,  in 
the  17th  century,  left  behind  him  several  learned 
works,  among  which  is  a  Latin  version  of  the 
Psalms. 

DUPORT,  Francis  Mathurin,  counsellor  o! 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  a  warm  partisan  of 
the  duke  of  Orleans,  which  last  circumstance 
brought  him  to  the  guillotine,  in  1794. 

DUPPA,  Brian,  bishop  of  Winchester,  born 
at  Lewisham,  in  Kent,  1588-9,  appointed,  in 
1638,  tutor  to  Charles,  prince  of  Wales,  and  af- 
terwards to  his  brother  the  duke  of  York,  was 
a  great  favourite  with  Charles  I.,  and  is  said  by 
some  to  have  assisted  in  composing  the  famous 
Eikon  Basilike.  This  bishop  is  deservedly  me- 
morable lor  his  numerous  charitable  institu- 
tions ;  among  which  is  to  be  remembered  an 
alms-house  at  Richmond,  on  tbe  gate  of  which 
is  this  inscription,  "  I  will  pay  my  vows  which 
I  made  to  God  in  my  trouble,"  &;c.  He  died 
in  1662. 

DUPRAT,  Anthony,  a  very  eminent  French 
statesman,  and  president  of  the  parliament  ot 
Paris  ;  a  man,  who,  to  increase  his  fortune,  or 
enlarge  his  power,  did  not  hesitate  to  sacrifice, 
either  fame  or  virtue  ;  he  died  in  1535. 

DUPRE  DE  GUYER,  John,  a  hermit,  said  to 
have  built  iu  the  solid  rock  with  only  the  help 
of  his  servant,  the  hermitage  at  Friburg,  tbe 
chimney  of  which  rises  90  teet. 

DUPRE,  Mary,  a  learned  lady  of  the  17tb 
century,  who  studied  rhetoric,  poetry,  the  lao 
guages  and  philosophy.  Some  of  her  writings 
were  read  with  applause. 

DUPRE  D' AUNAY,  Lewis,  a  learned  native 
of  Paris,  who  wrote  on  the  generation  of 
animals,  on  the  transfusion  of  the  blood,  &c., 
he  died  in  1758. 

DUPRE  DE  ST.  MAUR,  Nicholas  Francis, 
a  native  of  Paris.  IJe  translated  Milton's  Para- 
dise lost,  and  regained,  Addison's  odes,  &c. ;  he 
died  in  1774. 

DUPUIS,  Claude,  a  French  engraver  of  merit, 
who  died  at  Paris,  in  1742. 

DUaUESNE,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Nor- 
mandy, a  naval  commander  of  great  fame,  who 
distinguished  himself  in  various  battles  against 
the  Spaniards,  Dutch,  &c.,  he  died  at  Paris,  in 
1688. 

DURAND,  William,  a  native  of  Provence 
eminent  as  a  lawyer  and  aftfwards  raised  t« 
167 


DU 

abisboprick  by  the  pope.    He  wrote  some  works 
ef  merit,  and  died  at  Rome,  in  1296. 

DURANDE  DE  ST.  POURCAIN,  William, 
aFrench  bishop,  called,  from  his  powers  in  argu- 
ment, the  "  resolute  doctor ;  he  died  in  1332. 

DURANDE,  N.,  a  physician  of  eminence  at 
Dijon,  who  published  some  interesting  tracts 
on  his  profession,  died  in  1799. 

DURANT,  Gilles,  sieur  de  la  Bergerie,  one 
of  the  nine  persons,  appointed  to  reform  the 
customs  of  Paris.  He  possessed  great  talents 
for  ludicrous  poetry,  of  which  he  wrote  several 
pieces.     His  works"  were  published  in  1594. 

DURANTI,  John  Stephen,  first  president  of 
the  parliameii*  of  Toulouse,  which  city  he  used  I 
his  influence  to  preserve  from  the  plague, the! 
year  before  his  death,  which  was  caused  by  a 
H)ob  in  I5S9  j 

DURBACK,  Anne  Louisa,  a  German  poetess,: 
who  from  the  occupation  of  watching  cattle,  | 
rose  by  her  genius  to  becomfe  a  lavouri^e  of  I 
the  Prussiaa  court,  where  she  was  invited  byj 
the  monarch;  siie  died  in  1780  ! 

DURELL,  John,  an  eminent  English  divine  j' 
and  cotiiroversiai  writer,  born  at  Jereey,  1(325, 
died  1683.  -  ! 

DURELL,  David,  a  native  of  Jersey,  made! 
principal  of  Hertford  College,  in  1757,  and  in 
1767,  rose  to  the  piebe  idary  of  Canterbury.  He 
was  the  author  of  ciitical  remarks  on  several 
parts  of  the  Scriptures  ;  he  died  in  1775. 

DURER,  Albert,  born  at  Nurenibiirg,  1471, 
was  one  of  the  best  engravers  and  painters  of 
his  age.  He  was  the  first  wiio  brought  the  art 
of  engraving  in  wood  to  any  perfection,  and  by 
many  authors  is  deemed  the  inventor  of  it. 
Albert  Durer  wrote  several  works,  which  were 
published  after  his  death  (1528),  the  principal  of 
which  is  his  book  upon  the  rules  of  painting, 
entitled,  "  De  symnietria,  partium  in  rectis  for- 
rais  humanorum  corporum." 

DURET,  Lewis,  a  physician,  who  practised 
with  great  success  at  Paris,  and  was  in  the 
household  of  Charles  IX.,  and  Henry  HL  He 
published  a  Commentary  on  Hippocrates,  and 
died  in  1.586. 

D'URFEY,  Thomas,  a  facetious  English  poet, 
bom  at  Exeter  about  1628.  This  author,  who 
is  more  generally  spoken  of  by  the  familiar  name 
of  Tom,  wa's  originally  bred  to  the  law,  but 
soon  quitted  it  to  become  a  devotee  of  the  Muses. 
in  which  he  met  with  no  sinali  success.  His 
dramatio  pieces,  which  are  very  numerous,  we^e 
in  sreneral  well  received  :  but  what  Mr.  D'Urfey 
ebtainsd  his  greatest  reputation  by,  was  a  pecu- 
liarly happy  talent  he  possessed  in  the  writing 
of  satires  and  irregular  odes.  Many  of  these 
were  upon  temporary  occasions,  and  were  of 
no  little  service  to  the  party  in  whose  cause  he 
wrote ;  which,  together  with  his  natural  viva- 
city and  good  humour,  obtained  him  the  favour 
of  great  numbers  of  persons  of  all  ranks  and 
conditions,  monarchs  themselves  not  excluded. 
The  author  of  the  Guardian,  who  in  No.  67, 
has  given  a  very  humorous  account  of  Mr. 
D'Urfiw,  with  a  view  to  recommend  him  to  the 
public  notice  for  a  benefit  play,  tells  us,  that 
he  remembered  king  Charles  XL  leaning  on  Tom 
D'Urfey's  shoulder  more  than  once,  and  hum- 
ming over  a  song  with  him.  V<^t,  at  last,  to 
speak  in  his  own'words,  "  after  havi".g  written 
more  odes  than  Horace,  and  about  four  times  as 
many  comedies  as  Terence,  he  found  himself 
reduoed  to  great  difficultiesi  by  the  importuni- 
tiee  of  a  set  of  men  who  of  late  years  had  fur- 
nislied  him  with  ths  accommGdations  of  life, 
168 


DY 

and  would  not,  as  we  say,  be  paid  with  a  song." 
[Those  who  have  a  curiosity  to  see  his  ballads, 
jsonnets,  &;c.  may  find  a  large  number  of  them 
jbrought  together  in  a  collection  in  6  vols,  in 
duodecimo,  entitled,  "  Pills  to  purge  Melancho- 
ly," of  which  the  Guardian,  in  No.  29,  speaks 
very  favourable  terms.  The  titles  of  his 
dramatic  pieces  (31  in  number),  may  be  found  in 
the  "  Kiographia  Dramatica."  On  a  stone  tablet, 
at  the  west  entrance  of  St.  James'  church, 
Westminster,  is  inscribed  the  foUowing  memo- 
rial :  "Tom  D'Urfey  dyed  Feb.  ye  26,  1723." 

DURHAM,  James,  a  very  popular  and  elo- 
quent preacher,  at  Glasgow  ;  died  in  1658. 

DURINGER,  Melchior,  professor  of  ecclesi- 
astical histor\',  at  Berne.  He  passed  his  life  in 
celibacy,  solitude,  and  melancholy  ;  he  died  by 
a  fall  from  his  house,  while  it  was  on  fire,  in 
1723. 

DURY,  John,  in  Latin,  Durseus,  a  divine  of 
Scotland,  who  laboured  with  great  zeal  to  re- 
unite the  Lutherans  and  Calvinists ;  in  which 
laudable  cause  he  travelled  o\-er  the  greater  part 
of  Europe,  and  died  about  1675. 

DUSART,  a  painter,  of  Haerlem.  He  was 
chiefly  great  in  representing  taverns,  and  low 
company,  and  died  in  1704. 

DUSSAULX.  John,  who  after  having  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  arms,  devoted  himself  to 
iliterary  pursuits.  He  became  president  of  the 
national  institute  of  Paris,  aaid  the  author  of 
several  works;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1799. 

DIJTENS,  Lewis,  a  learned  writer  on  anti- 
quities, born  in  France,  1729,  obtained  orders  in 
•iie  church  of  England,  and  died  in  1812. 

DUVAL,  Peter,  geographer  royal  of  France, 
author  of  some  geographical  tracts  and  may«, 
formerly  in  great  esteem  ;  died  at  Paris,  in  1683. 

DUVAL,  Nicholas,  a  Dutch  painter,  who 
studied  under  Cortona,  and  was  made  director 
of  the  academy  at  the  Hague ;  he  died  in  17.32. 

DUVAL,  Valentine  Jcmierai,  an  extraordinary 
character,  bom  in  Champagne.  He  lost  his 
father  when  young ;  and  having  no  friends,  was 
obliged  to  obtain  his  subsistence,  by  watching 
poultry  and  sheep  ;  but  by  perseverance  aiid 
labour,  he  obtained  books  and  maps,  aixl  learned 
geography,  history,  and  antiquities  with  aston- 
ishing rapidity,  so  tnat  he  became  one  of  the 
most  learned  men  of  his  time,  and  enjoyed  the 
patronage  of  princes,  and  the  notice  of  tUe 
learned  ;  he  died  in  1775. 

DUVENEKE,  Mare  Van,  an  eminent  histori- 
cal painter,  of  Bruges,  died  in  1729. 

DWIGHT,  Timothy,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  a  grand- 
son of  the  first  president  Edwards,  was  born  at 
Northampton,  Massachusetts,  17.52.  Early  dis- 
tinguished for  his  talents  and  learning,  he  be 
came  one  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  his  coun- 
try. As  a  poet,  philosopher,  and  divine,  he  had 
few  equals ;  as  president  and  professor  of  divinity 
in  Yale  college,  he  stood  unrivalled,  l»oth  for 
talents  as  an  instructor,  and  for  eloquence  as  a 
preacher  :  he  died  in  1817,  universally  regretted 
as  a  loss  to  the  institution  over  which  he  pre- 
sided, to  the  country  he  adorned  by  his  learning, 
and  to  the  cause  of  learning  and  truth  itself. 
His  system  of  theology  has  been  frequently 
republished  in  Europe ;  and  his  travels  in  New 
England,  have  been  much  read  and  admired. 

DYCHE,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  and 
schoolmaster,  well  known  by  his  useful  "Eng- 
lish Dictionary"  and  "Spelling-book ;"  the  latter 
of  which  has  gone  through  many  editions.  He 
died  about  1750. 
DYER,  Wi!li«n,  a  nmi-c«mfl)rn7T«,  of  Eng- 


EA 

laud,   who  turned  quaker.      He  wrote  much 
after  the  manner  of  Bunyan,  and  died  ui  1696. 

DYER,  Sn-  James,  an  eminent  English  law- 
yer, and  chief  jiisace  of  the  Common  Fleas  in 
the  reign  of  queen  Elizabetli,  born  at  Roundhill 
in  Soraersctsihre,  1511,  and  died  1581.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  large  book  of  Reports,  winch  were 
published  about  20  years  afier  his  decease,  and 
Jiave  been  highly  esteemed  for  their  succinctness 
and  solidity.  He  left  behind  liim  also  other 
writhigs  relative  to  his  profession. 

DYER,  John,  an  Englsh  divine  and  poet, 
born  at  Aberglasney,  in  Caermarthensliire,  ii 
1700,  and  died  in  1759.  His  character  as  a  writer 
has  been  fixed  by  three  poems,  "  Grongar  Hill,' 
"The  Ruins  of  Rome,"  and  "The  Fleece;' 
wherein  a  poetical  imagination  perfectly  ori 
ginal,  a  natural  simplicity  connected  with,  and 
/often  productive  of,  the  true  sublime,  and  the* 
warmest  sentiments  of  benevolence  and  virtue 
have  been  universally  observed  and  admired. 

DYER,  Eliphalet,  chief  justice  oi  the  supreme 
court  of  Conn.  ;  was  active  in  forwarding  the 
revolution ;  he  died  in  1807. 

DYNAMUS,  a  French  rhetorician  of  the 
4th  century,  born  in  Bordeaux. 


ED 


E  ACHARD,  Dr.  John,  an  English  divine,  well 
known  as  a  writer,  especially  against  Hobbes  ; 
hfi  died  in  1697. 

EADMER,  an  English  historian,  who  flour 
ishedin  the  12th  century. 

EAMES,  John,  a  teacher  in  England,  who 
was  noticed  by  Newton,  and  others,  and  admit 
ted  to  the  royal  society  ;  he  died  in  1744. 

EARLE,  John,  an  English  prelate,  born  at 
York,  in  1601.  In  166:>  he  was  transiaied  from 
the  see  of  Worcester,  to  that  of  Salisbu'-y, 
and  died  at  Oxford,  in  1665.  The  best  knov/n 
of  his  published  works,  is  "  Micro  cosmography, 
or  a  Piece  of  the  World,  discovered  in  Essays 
and  Characters,''  12mo;  of  which  there  have 
been  several  editions. 

EARLE,  Sir  James,  knt.,  a  very  eminent  sur- 
geon, and  a  writer  of  high  professional  distinc- 
tion, died  in  London,  Sept.  22,  1817,  aged  72. 
He  was  F.  R.  S.,  and  master  of  the  royal  col- 
lege of  surgeons. 

EARLE,  William  Benson,  an  Englishman, 
who  bequeathed  much  of  his  estate  to  charita- 
ble institutions,  and  died  in  1796. 

EARLY,  Peter,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Geor- 
gia, was  a  member  of  congress,  and  afterwards 
a  judge  of  'Jie  supreme  court,  and  governor  of 
that  state.    He  died  in  1817. 

EASTON,  Nicholas,  one  of  the  first  settlers 
in  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  and  afterwards  go- 
vernor of  the  colony,  died  in  1675. 

EASTON,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
also  governor  of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island,  in 
1690.    He  died  in  1705. 

EATON,  Theophilus,  first  governor  of  New- 
Haven  colony,  and  one  of  its  founders,  died  in 
1857,  highly  respected  and  beloved. 

EATON,  WiUiam,  a  general  in  the  service 
of  the  United  States,  and  a  consul  from  that 
government  to  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  was  dis- 
tinguished for  the  important  services  he  render- 
«d  his  country  in  that  station,  and  as  navy  agent 
of  the  United  States,  for  the  Barbary  powers,  as' 
■well  as  for  his  enterprise  and  great  bravery.! 
Being  compelled  by  a  treaty  to  relinquish  the; 
advantages  he  had  gained  for  his  country  in 
Tripoli,  he  returned  home ;  vviiere,  although 

15 


public  opinion  was  strongly  in  his  favour,  he 
met  with  mortifications  and  disappointment, 
which  hastened  his  death,  in  1811. 

EBERTUS,  Theodore,  a  learned  professor, 
of  Frankfort,  in  the  17th  century,  and  author 
of  some  works. 

EBION,  a  stoic  philosopher,  father  of  the 
sect  of  the  Ebionites,  who  denied  the  miracu- 
lous conception  and  divinity  of  Christ,  flourish- 
ed about  A.  D.  72. 

EBRILIDES,  a  philosopher,  of  Miietus,  au- 
thor ox  some  comedies. 

EBROIN,  mayor  of  the  palace,  under  Clo-- 
thaire  111.  ;  he  was  distinguished  for  his  pride 
and  cruelty,  and  was  assassinated  in  681. 

ECCARD,  John  George  d',  a  German  histori- 
an and  antiquary,  and  author  of  several  works, 
died  in  1730. 

ECCHELLENSIS,  Abraham,  a  Maronite,pro- 
fessor  of  oriental  languages,  at  Rome ;  he  as- 
sisted in  translating  the  Bible  into  Arabic,  and 
died  in  1664. 

ECCLES,  Solomon,  an  English  musician,  who, 
turning  quaker,  destroyed  his  instruments,  died 
near  the  close  of  the  17th  century. 

ECHARD,  Jacques,  a  doniinican,  of  Rouen, 
author  of  an  account  of  learned  men  belonging 
to  Ills  order,  died  in  1774. 

ECHARD,  Lawrence,  an  English  divine  and 
historian,  born  inSuflblk,  in  1671,  died  in  1730. 
He  wrote  "  A  History  of  England,  from  the  in- 
vasion of  Julius  Cassar  to  the  establishment  of 
William  aud  Mary;"  "  A  General  Ecclesiasti- 
cal History,  from  the  nativity  of  our  Blessed  Sa- 
viour, to  the  first  establishment  of  Christianity, 
by  human  laws,  under  the  emperor  Constantine 
the  Great ;"  "  An  English  translation  of  Plautus 
and  Terence ;"  "  A  Gazeteer,  or  Newsman's  In- 
terpreter ;"  and  a  piece  entitled  "  Maxims  ex- 
tracted from  ;«»>hbishop Tillotson's Works." 

ECKIUS,  John,  a  learned  German  divine  and 
controversial  writer,  born  in  1483,  died  in  1543. 
He  is  chiefly  memorable  for  his  disputations 
with  Luther  and  Melancthon. 

ECLUSE,  Charles  de  1'  Clusius,  a  physician 
of  Arras,  in  the  service  of  Maximilian  11.,  and 
Rodolpnus  II.,  died  in  1609. 

ECLUSE,  DES  LOGES,  Pierre  Mathuran 
de  1',  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  editor  of  the  me- 
moirs of  Suhy,  died  in  1775. 

EDELINCK,  Gerard,  a  most  excellent  engra 
ver,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1641,  died  in  1707. 

EDEMA,  Gerai'd,  a  much  admired  Dutch 
landscape  painter,  who  visited  Surinam,  and 
America ;  he  died  by  excessive  drinking,  in  1700 

EDEN,  Charles,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
North  Carolina,  in  1714,  died  in  1722,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Thomas  Pollock,  then  president  of 
the  council. 

EDEN,  Sir  Robert,  ftie  last  royal  governor  of 
Maryland,  relinquished  the  office  by  order  of 
congress,  and  retired  to  England.  At  the  close 
of  the  revolution  he  returned  to  America,  where 
he  recovered  his  estates,  and  died  in  1784. 

EDER,  George,  a  learned  lawyer  of  the  16tli 
century  ;  he  published  several  works. 

EDGAR,  successor  of  Edwy  to  the  throne  of 
England,  in  959.  He  was  a  warlike  prince,  and 
died  in  975. 

EDGAR,  son  of  Malcolm  III.,  was  king  of 
Scotland  ;  he  died  in  1107. 

EDGEWORTH,  Richard  Lovell,  a  philan- 
thropist, and  practical  philosopher,  was  born  at 
Bath,  in  1744.  In  1767,  he  invented  the  tele- 
graph, which,  many  years  afterwards,  he  saw 
generally  adopted.  He  died  in  Ireland,  in  June, 
ISO 


ED 


ED 


1817 ;  leaving  behind  him  a  daughter,  Maria 
who  is  highly  distinguished  as  a  writer.  His 
father  was  confesssor  to  Louis  XVI.,  on  the 
scaftold . 

EDMER,  or  EADMER,  an  English  benedic 
tine,  who  wrote  the  Jiistory  of  his  own  time, 
from  1056  to  1112. 

EDMOiVDES,  sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  states 
man  and  political  writer,  born  at  Plymouth 
1563,  and  died  in  1039. 

EDMO-NDES,  Clement,  an  Englishman,  sec 
retary  for  the  French  to  Elizabeth  ;  a  man  of  iet 
ters  and  an  author. 

EDMONDSON,  Joseph,  an  able  heraldic  wri- 
ter, who  rose,  by  dint  of  ingenuity  and  persever- 
ance, from  the  situation  of  a  barber's  apprentice, 
lo  that  of  Mowbray  Herald  Extraordinary ;  he 
died  in  London,  1786  :  leaving  several  publica- 
tions behind  him,  which  will  transmit  hisr.anu 
to  posterity  with  great  credit ;  the  princiiial  of 
which  are,  "  A  Complete  Body  of  Heraid.y 
1780,  2  vols  foiio,  and  a  maj:nificent  work,  f- 
titled,  "  Baronagium  Genealogicum,  or.  The 
Pedigree  of  English  Peers,"  1784,  6  vols,  folio. 

EDxMGXD,  St.,  king  of  the  East  Angles,  made 
one  of  the  saints  ;  he  was  shot  to  death  with  ar- 
rows, by  Ivar  the  Dane,  who  had  taken  him 
prisoner,  in  870 

EDMUND,  St.,  a  native  of  Abingdon,  preacher 
to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  died  in  1240. 

EDMUND  I.,  succeeded  Athelslan,  as  king  of 
England,  in  041,  and  was  stabbed  to  death  in 
948. 

EDMUND  II.,  surnamed  Ironside,  succeeded 
Ethelred,  in  1016,  and  was  assassinated,  in  1017. 

EDWARD,  the  Elder,  succeeded  Alfred  in  900, 
and  di'^d  in  978. 

EDWARD,  St.  or  Martyr,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  of  England,  in  975,  and  was  basely  mur- 
dered by  his  stepmother,  Elfrida.  in  978. 

EDWARD,  the  Confessor,  succeeded  Hardi- 
canute,  in  1041.  He  was  a  weak  impolitic  prince, 
and  died  in  1066. 

EDWARD  I.,  king  of  England,  successor  of 
Henry  III,, distinguished  for  his  wisdom,  and  the 
equitv  of  his  laws,  and  died  in  1307. 

EDWARD  II.,  son  and  successor  of  Edward 
L,  less  wise  and  firm  in  his  kingdotn  than  his  fa- 
ther, was  murdered  in  1327. 

EDWARD  III.,  son  and  successor  of  Edward 
II.,  a  prince  of  great  military  talents,  andmilitarv 
successes,  died  in  1377. 

EDWARD  IV.,  son  of  Richard,  duke  of  York, 
who  claimed  the  throne,  but  whose  title  was  dis- 
puted by  the  reigning  monarch,  Henry  VI.,w'hich 
dispute  filled  the  kingdom  with  blood  ;  he  died 
in  1483 

EDWARD  v.,  son  of  Edward  IV.,  was  mur- 
dered while  very  young,  by  his  uncle,  the  duke 
of  Gloucester  who  ascended  the  throne,  as  Ri- 
chard III 

EDWARD  VI.,  son  of  Henry  VIII.,  ascend- 
ed the  throne  at  10  years  of  age,  in  1547.  His 
character  was  humane  and  amiable ;  he  died  at 
the  age  of  16,  in  1553. 

EDWARD,  prince  of  Wales,  surnamed  the 
Black  pri*ice,  son  of  Edward  III.,  distinguished 
himself  in  the  wars  of  his  father,  especially  at 
the  battle  of  Cressv  ;  he  died  in  1376. 

EDWARD,  or,  "as  some  say,  EDWARDS, 
William,  architect  and  bridge-builder.  The  ce- 
lebrated bridge  on  the  river  Taaff,  in  W^ales, 
called  Pont  y  tu  Pridd  (by  the  English,  New- 
bridge,) was  constructed  by  this  extraordinary 
man.  It  is  the  segment  of  a  circle,  whose 
chord  at  the  surface  of  the  water,  is  147  feet, 
]70 


and  is  the  boldest  and  largest  arch  in  Europe 
He  was  then  a  common  mason;  but  his  fame, 
was  soon  diffused  throughout  the  kingdom,  and 
his  assistance  sought  wherever  difficulties  oc- 
curred in  constructing  bridges.  He  died  Aug.  7, 
1789. 

EDWARDS,  Richard,  born  in  Somersetshire 
in  1523,  died  1566.  He  is  one  of  the  first  Eng- 
lish dramatic  writers,  having  left  behind  him 
ihiee  pieces;  the  earliest  of  which  is  dated  in 
1562.  He  was  esteemed  an  excellent  poet  and 
musician,  and  wrote  several  poems,  which  were 
ipublished  after  his  death,  together  with  some 
]of  other  authors,  in  a  collection,  entitled  "  The 
jParadise  of  Daintv  Devices,  1576." 
:  ED W A  R  DS,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  and 
la  non-conformist,  who  wrote  severely  against 
I  the  royalists ;  he  died  in  1647. 

EDWARDS,  Dr.  Jonathan,  an  English  di- 
vine, ol  the  17th  century,  who  distinguished 
himself  chiefly  by  his  writings  against  the  So- 
ciniaiis. 

EDWARDS,  George,  born  at  Stratford,  16Wi, 
an  eminent  English  ornithologist.  He  publish- 
ed, between  1743  and  1764,  4  vols.  4to,  of  the 
"  History  of  Birds,"  and  three  under  the  title 
of  "  Gleanings  of  Natural  Hi.story;  and  thus, 
after  a  long  series  of  years,  the  most  intense 
.application,  and  a  correspondence  in  every 
! quarter  of  the  world,  he  concluded  a  work, 
Iwhich  contains  engravings  and  descriptions  of 
Imoie  than  600  subjects  in  natural  history,  not 
before  described  or  delineated.  He  died  in  1773. 

EDWARDS,  Thomas,  a  poet  and  critic,  of 
eminence,  born  in  1699,  died  Jan.  3,  1757.  His 
poetry,  of  which  specimens  w  ill  be  found  in 
Dodsley's,  Pearch's,  and  Nichols'  collections, 
is  simple,  elegant,  and  pathetic ;  his  criticisms 
are  exact,  acute,  and  temperate.  His  "  Canons 
of  Criticism,"  first  printed  in  1747,  under  the  ti- 
tle of  "  A  Supplement  to  Dr.  Warburton's 
Shakspeare,"  did  him  great  credit  both  as  a 
critic  and  as  a  scholar;  but  provoked  the  ven- 
geance of  Dr.  W^arburton,  which  he  wreaked 
jve^y  illiberally,  in  a  note  on  the  Dunciad,  (iv. 
567,)  of  which  Mr.  Edwards  was  more  suscepti- 
ble than  the  circumstance  required. 

EDWARDS,  John,  a  divine,  of  the  church 
of  England,  whom  Dr.  Kippis  called  the  Paul, 
the  Augustine,  the  Calvin  of  his  age  ;  he  died 
in  1745 

EDWARDS,  Thomas,  an  eminent  divine,  of 
England,  master  of  Coventry  grammar  school ; 
he  published  several  works,  and  died  in  1785. 

EDWARDS,  Timothy,  first  minister  of  East 
Windsor,Conn.,  and  father  of  the  famous  Jona- 
than Edwards  ;  he  died  in  1758. 

EDWARDS,  Jonathan,  an  American  divine, 
author  of  several  distinguished  works,  particu- 
larly on  "Original  Sin,"  "  Freedom  of  the 
Will,"  &;c.  He  settled  at  Northampton,  and 
afterwards  was  president  of  New- Jersey  col- 
lege ;  he  died  in  1758. 

EDW^ARDS,  Jonathan,  D.  D.,  president  of 
Union  college,  New-York,  was  a  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and,  like  his  father,  was  distinguished  aa 
a  thorough  scholar,  an  able  theologian  and  me 
taphj'sician,  and  as  a  controversial  writer,  on 
theological  subjects.  He  died  in  1801,  a  short 
time  after  his  elevation  to  the  presidency  of  the 
college. 

EDWA^RDS,  Bryan,  author  of  an  elegant 
"  History  of  the  West  Indies,"  and  other  lesser 
productions,  connected  with  the  islands  in  that 
part  of  the  world.  Mr.  Edwards  was  born  at 
Westbury,  in  Wilts,  1743,  made  a  very  large 


EG ^^__ 

fortune  as  a  West  India  merchant,  became  a 
member  of  the  British  parliament,  for  Gram- 
pound,  In  Cornwall,  and  died  in  1800. 

EDWARDS,  Edward,  an  eminent  artist,  of 
London,  and  teacher  of  drawing  ;  afterwards 
teacher  of  perspective,  in  tlie  royal  academy  ; 
lie  died  in  ISOO. 

EDW^IN,  Jolm,  an  excellent  low  comedian, 
of  Covent  Garden  and  the  Haymarket  theatres, 
to  w'liose  talents,  O'Keefe's  extravagant  dramas 
were  greatly  indebted  for  tli  if  success;  he  was 
born  in  London,  in  1749,  and  died  in  1790. 

EDWY,  succeeded  lus  uncle,  Edred,  as  k\r.g 

'  of  England,  in  955,  and  died  in  959 

.      EECKHOUT,  Gerbrant  Vanden,  of  Amster- 

!  iam,  a  successful  imitator  of   Rembrant,  his 

master;  his  paintings  were  numerous.  He  died 

in  1674. 

EECKHOUTE,  Anthony  Vanden,  a  painter, 
of  Bruges,  who  settled  in  Lisbon.  His  pieces 
were  much  admired  ;  he  was  shot  in  1695. 

EGBERT,  last  king  of  the  Saxon  heptarchy, 
and  hrst  King  of  England,  died  in  828. 

I'^GEDE,  John,  a  Dane,  who  was  missionary 
Jo  Greenland,  died  in  1758. 

EGEDE,  Paul,  bishop  of  Greenland,  was  born 
in  the  year  1708,  and  at  12  years  of  age  was  an 
active  assistant  to  his  father,  the  celebrated 
Hand  (or  John)  Egede,  (to  whom  Denmark  is 
indebted  for  its  colony  in  Greeniaad,)  having 
a'c;/mpauied  him  on  his  voyage  thither  in  1720. 
His  zeal  for  the  conversion  of  tlic  Greenlandcrs 
to  JJhristianity,  exerted  with  unabated  ardour 
through  the  course  of  a  long  life,  both  during 
his  residence  in  their  country,  and  after  his 
quitting  it,  is  strongly  displayed  in  his  "  Account 
of  Greenland,"  published  shortly  before  his 
death,  which  happ  ned  June  3,  1789. 

EGBRTOiV,  Thomas  Viscount  Brackley,  an 
emi  ient  and  learned  lawyer,  and  chancellor  of 
England,  in  the  reign  of  Jaraes  I.,  born  in  Che- 
shire, in  1540,  died  in  1617. 

EGERTON,  John,  bishop  of  Durham,  a  pious 
and  learned  prelate,  who  distinguished  himself 
greatly  by  an  exemplary  discharge  of  his  epis- 
coija;  functions,  by  reconciling  contending  inte- 
rests in  that  county  and  city,  and  by  various 
wisrt  regulations  both  in  his  spiritual  and  tem 
poral  department.  He  was  born  in  London,  in 
1721,  and  died  in  Grosvenor-square,  in  1787. 
'  EGGELING,  John  Henry,  a  native  of  B 
men,  secretary  of  the  republic,  died  in  1713. 

EGINHART,secrelary  to  the  emperor  Charles 
the  Great,  was  a  German,  and  is  the  most  an- 
cient historian  of  that  nation.  He  wrote  "  The 
Life  of  Charles  ;"  "  Annals  of  the  Acts  of  king 
Pepin,  Charles  the  Great,  and  Lewis,  from  741 
to  829  ;"  and  other  works,  ecclesiastical  as  well 
as  historical.     He  died  in  841 . 

EGINTON,  Francis,  justly  celebrated  for  his 
ingenious  discovery  of  paintiiig  and  staining  of 
glass,  after  the  manner  of  the  ancients ;  in  which 
nuuisrous  works  will  long  continue  as  monu- 
ments of  Ills  unrivalled  ability.  A  good  speci- 
pricn  of  it  may  be  seen  in  the  window  of  Sta- 
tioner.s'  Hall,  presented  to  that  company  by  the 
late  alderman  Cadell.  Mr.  E's  first  work  of  any 
consequence  was  the  arms  of  the  knights  of  the 
Garter,  for  two  Gothic  windows  over  the  stalls 
in  St.  George's  chapel,  at  Windsor.  This  inge- 
ni o'l-:  artist  died  near  Birmingham,  in  1805. 

EiiAl'^XT,  Lamoral,  count  of  Holland,  dis- 
tiu'ruis'ied  himself  in  tlie  service  of  Charles  V., 
In  Afrii'a,  and  under  Philip  [[. ;  he  was  behead- 
ed hv  the  dtike  of  Alva,  in  1508. 

KGMONT.  Justus  Van,  a  paaitcr,  born  at 


EL 


Leyden,   became  painter  to  Lewis  XIIL,  and 
XIV.,  of  France  ;  he  died  in  1674. 

EGNATIUS,  John  Baptist,  a  learned  man,  of 
Venice,  who  contributed  to  the  revival  of  learn- 
ing ;  he  published  numerous  works,  and  died  in 
1553. 

EHRET,  George  Dionysius,  a  German,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter  of  flowers,  died  m  1770. 

EISEE,  Charles,  an  artist,  of  Brussels,  died 
in  1778. 

EISENGREIN,  Martin,  D.  D.,  chancellor  of 
the  university  of  Ingolstadt,  became  a  protest- 
ant,  and  again  a  catholic ;  he  died  in  1578. 

EtSENSCHMIDT,  John  Ga^^par,  a  German 
maiiiematician  and  pnysiciau,  who  wrote  a 
treatise  on  weights  and  ineasures,  &c. ;  he  died 
hi  1712. 

EKINS,  Jeffrey,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
dean  of  Carlisle,  published  some  works,  and 
died  in  1771. 

ELBEE,  N.  d',  one  of  tiie  bravest  and  most 
formidable  of  the  royalists,  of  la  Vendee. 

EL  BENE,  Alphonsusd',  a  native  of  Florence, 
author  of  some  works,  died  in  1608. 

ELBERT,  Samuel,  a  brigadier  general  in  the 
army  of  the  revolution,  and  afterwards  govern- 
or of  the  state  of  Georgia,  died  in  1788.' 

ELBQEUF,  Rene  de  Lorraine,  marquis  d', 
son  of  the  duke  of  Guise,  known  as  the  disco- 
verer of  Herculaneum ;  he  died  in  1566. 

ELBRUCHT,  John  Van,  a  pa.nter,  who  set- 
tled at  Antwerp,and  who  excelled  in  landscapes, 
&c.,  lived  in  the  early  part  of  the  16tn  century. 

ELEANOR,  duchess  of  Guiemie,  whose  in- 
famous conduct  caused  hei  divorce  from  her 
husband,  Lewis  VII.,  of  France.  She  after- 
wards married  Henry  II.,  of  England.  Her 
dowry  (Guienne,)  was  the  source  of  those  wars 
which  for  three  centuries,  deluged  France  with 
English  blood. 

ELEAZAR,  high-priest  of  Judea,  292  B.  C. 

ELEUTHERIUS,  elected  pope  in  170,  died 
in  185. 

ELI,  high-priest  and  judge  of  the  Israelites. 
1156  B.  C. 

ELIAS,  Matthew,  a  painter,  who,  under  the 
patronage  of  Corbeen,  rose  from  obscurity  to 
great  eminence  in  his  profession ;  he  died  in 
1741. 

ELIAS,  Levita,  a  learned  German  rabbi,  of 
the  16th  century :  published  several  works  on 
language. 

ELICH,  Lewis  Philip,  a  native  of  Ma.rpurg, 
known  in  the  17th  century  for  his  impious 
publications. 

ELICIIMAN,  John,  a  native  of  Silesia,  mac- 
tis?d  physic  at  Leyden,  and  was  remarkable  for 
understanding  16  languages.  He  was  of  opinion, 
that  the  German  and  the  Persian  languages 
were  derived  from  the  same  original,  and  gave 
several  reasons  for  it. 

ELIEZEi!,  a  rabbi  of  the  8th  century,  puD- 
lished  a  work  on  sacred  history. 

ELIJAH,  an  illustrious  prophet,  of  Israel, 
under  Ahab  and  Ahaziah,  895  B.  C. 

ELIOT,  John,  an  Englishman,  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  1631,  became  a  famous  missionary  to 
the  Indians,  and  translated  the  Bible  into  their 
language;  he. died  in  1690. 

ELIOT,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  minister 
of  Newton,  Mass.,  greatly  assisted  his  father  in 
lis  missionary  labours,  and  died  in  1668. 
ELIOT,  Andrew,  D.D.,  aclergyman  of  Boston, 
distinguished  for  his  piety,  learniuj  and  useful- 
ness in  the  ministry  ;  he  died  in  1778. 
ELIOT,  John,  D.  D.,  a  congregational  clergv- 
171 


EL 


num,  of  Boston,  was  the  son  of  the  precedinir. 
and  successor  to  his  failier  in  tlie  niiuistrv  Iff 
was  the  author  of  a  Biographical  Dictionary  of 
the  ejmnent  men  of  New  England :  he  died  in 


EL 


1813. 

cifiJ^S'^ivi?  '^°^"'  ^"  ^"^*"^"^  English  physi 

ELIOTT,  George  Augustus,  lord  Heathfield, 
K.  B.,  governor  of  Gibraltar, -and  colonel  of  the 
15th  regiment  of  light  dragoons,  was  born  at 
Stobbs,  in  Roxburghshire,  17J8.  In  1735  he  be 
came  a  volunteer  in  the  23d  regiment  of  foot,  or 
Koyal  Welch  Fusileers,  and  soon  after  was  ad 
niitted  into  the  engmeer  corps  at  Woolwich 
from  whence  he  purchased  the  adjutancy  of 
th»!  2ti  troop  of  horse-grenadiers ;  in  which  he 
becanxe  a  captain  and  major,  as  well  as  lipu- 
tenaiit-colonel ;  when  he  resigned  his  commis- 
sion as  an  engineer.  In  1759,  he  quitted  the 
horse-guards,  and  was  selected  to  raise,  fcrm, 
and  discipline  the  Isi  regiment  of  light-horse, 
vviiich  bore  his  name.  Having  gone  through 
various  departments  in  different  services,  « ith 
the  greatest  marks  of  bravery  and  mihtarv  know- 
ledge, in  1775  he  was  appointed  commander-in- 
chief  m  Ireland  ;  which  he  soon  relmquished, 
and  was  appointed  to  the  commajid  of  Gibraltar, 
in  a  fortunate  hour  for  the  safety  of  that  impor- 
tant fortress :  where,  by  a  cool  and  temperate 
demeanor,  he  maintained  his  station  for  three! 
years  of  constant  investment,  in  which  all  the 
powers  of  Spain  were  employed.  The  eyes  of 
all  Europe  were  on  this  garrison ;  and  his  con 
duct  justly  exalted  him  to  the  most  elevated 
fank  in  the  miUtary  aimals  of  the  day.  On  his 
return  to  England,  the  gratitude  of  the  British 
senate  was  as  forward  as  the  public  voice  in 
giving  him  tlie  distinguished  mark  that  his  merit 
oeserved  ;  to  which  his  majesty  was  pleased  to 
add  tiiat  of  the  peerage,  by  tlie  title  of  lord 
Heathfield,  baion  Gibraltar,  on  June  4,  1787  : 
permitting  his  lordship  to  take  also  the  arms  of 
the  fortress  he  had  so  bravely  defended,  ro  per- 
petuate to  futurity  his  noble  conduct.  He  died 
at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  July  6, 1790,  and  was  buried 
at  Buckland,  m  Devonshire 

ELIOTT,  Richard,  an  English  divine,  who 
became  a  dissenter,  and  published  some  contro- 
versial tracts  ;  he  died  in  1789. 

ELISHA,  a  prophet  among  the  Israelites; 
died  830  B.  C. 

ELIZABETH,  of  Austria,  a  very  virtuous, 
and  highly  respected  queen  of  France,  wife  to 
diaries  IX.,  died  in  1592. 

ELIZABETH,  Petrovna,  daughter  of  Petei 
the  Great,  who  Eiscended  the  throne  of  Russia 
in  1741 ;  slie  was  much  given  to  secret  amours, 
and  died  in  1761. 

ELIZABETH,  queen  of  England,  was  the 
daughter  of  Henry  VIII.,  by  his  second  wife, 
Ann  Boleyn,  and  bom  Sept.  7, 1533.  She  began 
to  reign  in  1558,  being  then  25  years  of  age,  and 
highly  accomplished  both  in  person  and  mind. 
Her  reign  continued  44  years,  4  mouths,  and 
68  days.  She  died  March  24,  1603,  in  her  70tl 
year. 

Hnr?^,^^?,  ^^^?^°°?".^'^^^^'  Joj'n.'^hecljbom'eTa;^ empire,  flourished  in  Egj^t  toward 
dore,  an  able  and  learned  physician  to  the  king  of||  the  middle  of  Die  13th  centurv. 
f'-^fi'^;  hedieduiLm  i     ELMENHORST,  Geverhart,acriticofHani- 

ELLERY,  W  ilham  one  of  the  signers  of  the  i  bur?h,  and  autlior  of  notes  on  ancient  a:ithors  ; 
declaration  of  independence,  was  a  member  of  Ij  he  died  in  le^l  "  "" , 

congress  from  Rhode  Island,  distinguished  for,,  ELJIEXHORST,  Henrj-,  author  of  a  treatise 
his  active  and  determinea  opposition  to  the  en-llon  public  spectacles,  of  wluch  he  seems  to  ai>-' 
cxoachments  of  Bntam,  and  for  the  judcrment  Ipiove 

^io^^"^'  he  displayed  in  that  body  ;  he  died:  ELPinNSTON,  James,  bom  at  Edinlmrph, 
111  ld20,  aeed  93.  ,j  Dec.  6,  1721,  very  early  devoted  lus  attention  lo 


FLLIGER,  Ottomar,  a  painter,  who  settled 
at  Berhn,  ahd  was  much  admired  ;  he  flourished 
about  1650. 

ELLIGER,  Ottomar,  son  of  the  preceding, 
equally  distinguished  as  his  father  in  the  use  of 
the  pencil :  he  died  by  inteniperanre,  in  1732. 

ELLI01\  Caleb,  avi.-ionary  enthusiast,  who 
starved  himself  near  Modbuiy,  in  Devonshire, 
Dec.  14, 1:89.  It  is  imagined  Uiat  he  meant  to 
have  /as-fed  40  days,  as  he  actually  lived  Ifi 
withourfood  of  any  kind,  having  refu-scd  all  sorts 
of  sustenance. 

ELLIS,  Clement,  M.  A.,  an  Englishman, 
distinguished  as  a  scholar  and  divine  :  he  died 
in  1700. 

ELLIS,  John,  deputy  of  Broad-street  ward, 
and  a  member  of  the  corporation  of  Loudon, 
nearly  half  a  century,  was  the  last  of  that  an- 
cient profession  called  scriveners,  which  is  one 
of  the  conipanies  of  London  ;  but  the  busii>.  s^s 
is  now  carried  on  by  attorneys  and  others.  He 
was  a  man  of  literature,  and  wrote  some  Hudi- 
brastic  translations  :  but  never  put  his  naxnc  to 
any  thing  that  he  published.  Of  him  Dr.  Joiin- 
son  once  said,  "  The  most  literaiT  ccnversation 
tliat  I  ever  enjoyed  was  at  tlie  "table  of  Jack 
Eilis,  a  money-scrivener  behind  the  Royal  Ex- 
change ;  with  whom  I,  at  one  period,  used  to 
dine  generally  once  a  week."  It  m.ay  be  sup- 
posed, that  the  merit  could  not  be  inconsidorcWe 
which  extorted  such  praise  from  Dr.  Johnson. 
He  vvas  born  in  London,  1658,  and  died  Dec. 

ELLIS,  George,  an  English  miscellaneous 
writer,  died  in  1815. 

ELLIS,  Henry,  F  R.  S.,  an  English  lawyer, 
colonial  governor  of  Georgia,  and  afterwards 
governor  of  Nova-Scotia ;  he  died  in  Europe, 
at  an  advanced  age. 

ELLIS,  Caleb,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of  Nevr- 
Hampshire,  was  a  member  of  congress,  and 
afterwards  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  t!,at 
state  ;  he  died  in  1816. 

ELLSWORTH,  Oliver,  LL.D.,  an  eminent 
jurist  of  Connecticut,  and  chief  justice  ot  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  was  di:;- 
tinguisbed  for  the  strong  powers  of  his  m.ind, 
for  tlie  solidity  of  his  judgment,  and  for  his 
great  professional  learnhifi.  He  was  appoinf^d 
a  member  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States,  a 
judge  in  his  i  arive  state,  and.  in  1799,  ambassa- 
dor to  France  ;  he  died  in  1807. 

ELLWOOD,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  Fcmf- 
time  reader  to  Milton  ;  he  WTote  m  delence  of 
the  Quakers,  and  died  in  1713. 

ELLYS,  Dr.  .^nthonv,  bishop  of  St.  David'?, 
bom  169?,  and  died  1761.  He  was  a  mnn  of  tipo 
parts,  extensive  knowledge,and.'^ound  judgment, 
viitli  a  heart  overflowing  with  benevolence  and 
candour,  and  a  most  Chri-sdan  temper  :  for  lie 
always  thought  a  person,  though  on  the  ri^.'^t 
side  of  the  question,  with  principles  of  peijecu- 
tion,  to  be  a  worse  man  tlian  he  who  was  on  the 
i  wrong.  , 

EL5IACINUS.  George,  author  of  a  historv  of 
the  Saracens,  or  rather  a  chronologj'  of  the  i\la- 


EL 

estHblishing  the  principles  of  tlie  EiiglisI)  lan- 
guage, but  with  the  best  intentions,  his  zeal  led 
iiim  astray  into  enthusiasm.  As  a  grammarian, 
he  stood  on  very  high  ground  ;  but  he  fondly  em- 
braced an  idea,  that  the  orthography  of  the  Eng- 
lish languago  might  be  thoroughly  reformed; 
and  being  encouraged  by  Dr.  Franklin,  he  con- 
ceived the  project  of  effecting  it,  by  spelling 
words  as  they  are  pronounced.  This  romantic 
(not  to  say  ridiculous)  scheme,  in  the  latter  part 
of  his  life,  became  his  hobby-horse,  and  for  a 
while  clouded  the  genuine  claims  he  had  to  the 
gratitude  of  every  Englislnnan  ;  claims  candidly 
acknowledged  by  most  English  scholars,  and 
publicly  by  the  late  Mr.  Walker,  author  of  "  The 
Pronouncing  Dictionary,"  where  his  name  con- 
stantly recurs  hi  references  to  authority.  In  1782, 
he  published,  in  4to.  a  translation  of  the  "  Epi- 
grams of  Martial ;"  but  it  exliibited  more  of  elab- 
orate erudition  than  of  poetical  ease  or  grace, 
and  was  severely  treated  by  the  critics.  Mr.  El- 
phinston  was  unaffectedly  pious  and  virtuous  : 
perhaps  the  most  disting'uishing  feature  of  liia 
mind  waa  a  simplicity  and  purity  that  never 
doubted  the  truth  or  virtue  of  another.  His  death 
happened  Oct.  8, 1809. 

ELPHINSTONE,  William,  a  Scotch  prelate 
and  statesman,  born  at  Stirling,  in  1432,  died  in 
1513,  having  written  a  "  History  of  Scotland, ''  a 
copy  of  which  in  MS.  is  now  iti  the  Bodleian  li- 
brary. 

ELSHEIMER,  Adam,  a  celebrated  German 
painter,  born  at  Frankfort,  in  15T4,  excelled  par- 
ticularly in  landscapes,  histories,  and  night-pie- 
ces, with  little  figures.  His  works  are  very  few  ; 
and,  for  tJie  incredible  pains  and  labour  whic!} 
he  bestowed  upon  them,  valued  at  such  prodi- 
gious rates,  that  they  ai-e  hardly  any  where  to  be 
found  but  in  the  cabinets  of  princes.  He  died 
in  1610. 

ELSNEK,  James,  a  Prussian,  professor  at 
Lingen,  and  author  of  various  works  ;  he  died 
in  1750. 

ELSTOB,  William,  an  English  divine,  emi 
iient  for  his  skill  in  the  Saxon  language,  born  at 
Newcastle,  in  1673,  died  in  1714. 

ELSTOB,  Elizabeth,  sister  of  the  above,  and 
a  famous  Saxonist  also,  horn  in  1683,  died  175(5. 
She  published  a  curious  Saxon  homily  on  the 
birthday  of  St.  Gregory,  with  a  translation,  in 
Bvo,  ITOD  ;  and  iu  1713,  a  grammar  of  the  Saxon 
language,  in  4to. 

ELSWIUH,  John  Herman  d',  a  Lutheran 
divine,  native  of  Holstein,  published  several 
works,  and  died  in  1721. 

ELSYNGE,  Henry,  clerk  of  the  house  of 
commons,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  born  at 
Battersea,  in  1598.  He  was  the  author  of  a  few 
things  which  were  reckoned  very  good, and  have 
been  much  esteemed;  particularly  "The  an- 
cient method  and  manner  of  holding  parlia- 
ments in  Ensland,  16u3  ;"  reprinted  often  since. 
Ke  died  in  16C4. 

ELVIUS,  Peter,  a  native  of  Upsal,  who  made 
surveys  of  the  Swedish  lakes,  and  invented  se- 
veral machines  to  go  by  water  ;  he  died  in  1749. 

EL  WES,  John,  M.  P.,  for  Berkshire.  He 
was  a  man  of  clear  perception,  sound  judg- 
ment, and  unskaken  integrity  ;  and  in  such  high 
estimation  was  he  held  for  his  love  of  justice, 
that  numberless  disputes  among  his  constituents 
and  otliers,  which  would  have  been  decided  by 
courts  of  law,  were  left  to  his  sole  arbitrament ; 
and  his  determination  was  sure  to  be  thorough- 
ly satisfactory  to  the  judicious.  Yet,  notvvith- 
Btaiiding  his  great  ajid  good  (lualities,  he  was  a 


15* 


EM 

man  (respecthig  himself)  of  an  extraordinarily 
penurious  and  singular  turn ;  instances  of 
which,  that  almost  stagger  belief,  are  related  in 
an  interesting  account  of  his  life,  published  by 
G.  Topham,  esq.  8vo,  1790.  He  died  Nov  26, 
1789,  aged  80. 

ELXAI,  or  ELXiEUS,  founder  of  a  sect 
among  the  Jews,  in  the  2d  century ;  he  taught 
his  followers  to  pray  toward  Jerusalem  ;  the  sect 
continued  till  the  4th  century. 

ELYOT,  Sir  Thomas,  was  employed  by  Hen- 
ry VHL,  in  severa;  embassies.  He  was  an  ex- 
cellent grammarian,  poet,  rhetorician,  philoso- 
pher, physician,  cosniographer,  and  historian  ; 
and  distinguished  as  much  for  his  candour,  and 
the  innocence  and  integrity  of  his  life,  as  for  his 
accomplishments.  He  wrote  and  translated  se- 
veral works,  and  died  in  1546. 

ELYS,  Ednmud,  an  Englishman,  who  wrote 
against  Tillotson's  sermons  on  the  incarnation ; 
he  died  after  1693. 

ELZEVIRS,  celebrated  printers,  at  Amster- 
dam andLeyden,  in  the  17th  century,  who  great- 
ly adorned  the  republic  of  letters  by  many  beau- 
tiful editions  of  the  best  authors  of  antiquity. 
Their  Virgil,  Terence,  and  Greek  Testament, 
have  been  reckoned  their  master-pieces;  and 
are  indeed  so  very  fine,  that  they  justly  gained 
them  the  reputation  of  being  tlie  best  printers  in 
Europe. 

EMANUEL,  succeeded  John  TL,  as  king  of 
Portugal,  distinguislif'd  for  patronising  commer- 
cial enterprises  ;  he  died  in  1521. 

EMEBRAET,  a  Flemish  painter,  at  Antwerp, 
who  was  eminent  in  landscapes,  lived  in  the  17tli 
century. 

EMERI,  Sebastian,  an  advocate,  of  Paris,  in 
the  16th  century  :  he  refused  to  defend  the  du- 
chess of  Angouleme  against  the  constable  of 
Bourbon. 

E.MERSON,  William,  a  very  eminent  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Hurworth,  a  village  on  the 
borders  of  Durham,  1701,  died  in  1782.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  singularity  in  his  manners,  dress, 
and  conversation.  His  works  are  extremely 
valuable  and  numerous. 

EMERSON,  Joseph,  minister  of  Maiden, 
^.Tass.,  distinguished  for  his  zeal  and  humility, 
died  in  1767- 

EJIT LLANO,  John,  an  Italian  philosopher  of 
thr  Ifirh  century. 

EMLYN,  Thomas,  a  learned  and  pious  Eng- 
lish dissenting  divine,  memorable  for  his  suffer- 
ings on  the  score  of  heterodoxy,  was  born  at 
Stamford,  iu  Lincolnshire,  1063,  and  died  1741. 
His  son,  Sollom  Ernlyn,  was  bred  to  the  law, 
became  an  eminent  counsellor,  and  was  employ- 
ed to  publish  lord  chief  justice  Hale's  "  Pleas 
of  the  Crown,"  which  he  did  with  notes,  and  a 
preface,  and  died  in  the  year  1756. 

EMLYN,  Henry,  a  very  eminent  architect, 
to  whom  king  George  IH.  confided  the  whole 
management  of  the  aixhitectuval  improvements 
in  St.  George's  chapel,  Windsor  ;  to  which,  per- 
haps, no  edifice  of  the  kind  in  Europe  is  equal 
in  beauty.  There  is  a  publication,  by  Mr.  Ern- 
lyn, of  a  ""Design  for  a  New  Order  in  Archi- 
tecture," which  consists  of  a  double  pillar  from 
a  single  pedestal.  Mr.  Emlvn  died  at  Windsor, 
in  his  87th  'v^ar,  Dec.  10,  1815. 

EMMA,  wife  of  Ethelred,  of  England,  after- 
wards married  Canute,  and  upon  her  husband's 
death,  reigned  jointly  with  her  son. 

EMMIU3,Ubo,  a  professor  of  Groningeni  he 
published  several  works  on  Clironology,  Blo= 
graphy,  iSc«.,  and  died  in  1625. 


173 


EN 

EMPEDOCLES,  a  Pjthagorean  philosopher, 
poet,  and  historian,  of  Agrigentam,  in  Sicily, 
died  440  B.  C.  Some  say,  that  he  fell  or  threw 
Limself  into  the  burning  gulf  of  JEtna ;  and 
others,  that  he  was  drowned  in  the  sea. 

EMPEREUR,  a  well  known  French  engraver 
in  the  18th  century- 

EMPEREUR,  Constantine  1',  of  Holland,  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  at  Leyden  ;  he  published  se- 
veral works  on  the  Jewish  books,  and  died  in 
1648. 

EMPOLI,  Jacopo  da,  an  eminent  historical 
painter,  of  Enipoli,  died  in  1640. 

EMPORIAS,  a  learned  rhetorician  in  the  7th 
centur}'. 

ExMPSON,  Sir  Richard,  favourite  of  Henry 
Vn.,  was  afterwards  beheaded  in  1510. 

ENCOLPIUS,  a  favourite  of  the  eraperorAl 
exander,  whose  historj'  he  wrote. 

ENDICOT,  John,  governor  of  Mass.,  was  a 
native  of  England  ;  he  was  violent  in  his  oppo- 
sition to  sectarians,  and  died  in  1665. 

ENFIELD,  William,  a  dissenting  clergyman, 
oi  Norwich,  born  at  Sudbury,  1740,  died  1797. 
He  had  been  lecturer  in  the  belles  letires  at 
Warrington  Academy,  and  was  well  known  to 
the  public  by  many  ingenious  and  useful  publi- 
cations, of  which  the  principal  are,  "  The 
Preacher's  Directory ;"  a  great  number  (Jf  '  Ser- 
mons ;"  the  "  Speaker,"  and  "  Exercises  in  Elo- 
cution ;"  the  two  latter  ver>'  popular  selections 
of  passages  from  celebrated  authors:  "The 
English  Preacher,"  the  "Histoiy  of  Philoso- 
phy," &c. 

ENGELBRECHT,  JohTi,a  German  Lutheran, 
of  Brunswick,  who  maintained  doctrines  simi- 
lar to  those  which  Swedenborg  has  since  pro- 
mulgated :  he  died  in  1641. 

EXGKELBRECHTSEN,  Cornelius,  a  pain- 
ter, of  Leyden,  the  first  who  painted  in  oil ;  he 
died  in  1533. 

ENGHELRAMS,  Cornelius,  a  painter  in  wa- 
ter colours,  was  born  at  Maiines.and  died  in  1583. 

ENGHIEN,  duke  of,  son  of  the  duke  of  Bour- 
bon was  seized  by  order  of  Buonaparte,  hur- 
ried to  Paris,  condemned  after  a  mock  trial,  for 
having  carried  arms  against  his  country,  during 
the  tvranny  of  Robespierre,  and  shot  in  1804. 

ENGLISH,  Hester,  a  French  lady,  settled  in 
England,  and  eminent  for  the  most  exquisite! 
skiFl  in  penmanship.  She  lived  in  the  reigns  of 
Elizabeth  and  James  I. 

ENJEDIM,  George,  an  ingenious  unitarian 
cf  Huntrarv.  who  wrote  against  trinitarians  ; 
faediedmi597. 

ENNIUS,  G.uintus,  an  ancient  Latin  poet, 
born  in  Calabria,  237  B.  C.  He  died  at  the  age 
of  70  years  ;  and  his  death  is  said  to  have  been 
occasioned  by  the  gout,  contracted  by  an  immo- 
derate U3R  of  wine,  of  which  he  always  drank 
very  freely  before  he  applied  himself  to  wTiiing. 
Hor.  Lib.  I.  Ep.  19.  He  was  the  first  among 
the  Romans  who  wrote  heroic  verses,  had  an 
admirable  genius,  and  did  prodigious  things  for 
polishing  the  Latin  poetry,  though  he  left  a  greatj 
deal  to  be  done  bv  succeeding  ages.  He  w-rotct 
the  "  Annals  of  Rome  ;"  which  w'ere  so  highly! 
esteemed,  that  they  wore  publicly  recited  witii 
vast  applause  by  Quintus  Vargonteius,  who  di-! 
gested  them  into  books  ;  and  they  were  read  at 
Puteoli,  in  the  theatre,  bv  a  man  of  iearniiu' 
who  assumed  the  name  of  the  Ennianist.  He 
translated  several  tragedies  from  the  Greek, 
and  wrote  others.  He  published  likewise  seve- 
ral comedies ;  but  whether  of  his  own  inven- 
tion, or  translated  by  him,  is  uncertain.    It  ap- 


EP 

pears  from  his  writings,  that  he  had  very  strong 
sentiments  of  religion.  He  held  the  doctrine  of 
transmigration,  and  is  said  to  have  affirmed 
that  Homer's  soul  was  transmigrated  into  hin). 

ENNODIUS, Magnus  Felix,  bishop  of  Paviu, 
in  Italy,  born  473,  died  521.  His  works,  chiefly 
theological,  are  not  voluminous. 

ENOCH,  son  of  Jared,  seventh  from  Adam, 
was  translated  to  heaven  without  dying,  3017 
B.C. 

ENSENADA,  Zeno  Somo  de  Silva,  marquig 
de  la,  an  able  minister  of  Spain,  who  rose  to 
that  station  from  being  a  book-keeper  to  a 
banker  ;  he  died  in  1755. 

ENT,  Sir  George,  a  very  ingenious  and  emi- 
nent English  physician  and  medical  writer, 
born  at  Sandwich,  in  Kent,  1604,  died  1689. 

ENTICK,  John,  an  English  divine,  who  pub- 
lished a  "Spelling  Dictionary,"  a  "  History  of 
the  War  which  terminated  in  1703,"  and  :\ 
'  HistoiT  of  London,"  and  died  May  £2,  177 .^. 

ENTINOPE,  an  architect  of  Candia,  in  tl,a 
5th  century,  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  Ve- 
nice. 

ENZINAS,  Francis,  a  native  of  Burgos,  and 
disciple  of  Melancthon  ,  he  translated  the  new 
Testament  into  Spanish. 

EOBANUS,  Elias,  surnamed  Hessus,  on  ele- 
gant scholar  and  good  poet,  w^as  professor  ai 
Nuremburg ;  he  died  in  15J0. 

EON,  de  I'Etoile,  a  fanatic,  of  Brittany,  who 
pretended  that  he  was  the  son  of  God  ;  he  had 
some  followers,  but  eventually  died  in  prison. 
i  EON,  Chevalier  Charles  Genieve-Louisa- 
Augusta-Andrea-Timothee  du  Beaumont  d', 
born  at  Tonnerre,  in  Burgundy,  August,  5.  l'2c*, 
idled  in  London,  May  22,  1810.  The  chevalii  f 
was  memorable  as  a  political  character,  ami 
once  charge  des  aflaires  in  England  from  thu 
court  of  France  ;  but  more  so  on  account  of  thvj 
|questionable  gender  to  which  this  extraordinary 
ciiaracter  naturally  appertained.  In  the  year 
1777,  policies  were  opened  to  ascertain  the  sex 
of  this  extraordinary  nondescript,  to  the  amount 
of  2O0,000Z  whiih  were  eventually  decided,  and 
paid,  upon  a  surgical  certificate,  after  personal 
examination,  that  the  reputed  chevalier  was  a 
female.  From  that  period  the  chevalier  wore 
female  habiliments.  After  death,  however, 
it  was  ascertained  that  the  deceased  was  of 
jtiie  masculine  gender. 

EPAMINONDAS,  a  famous  Theban  general, 
'slain  in  battle,  363  B.  C. 

j  EPAPHKODITUS,  a  bishop  of  Phiiippi,  who 
1  carried  the  contributions  of  his  country  to  the 
saints  of  Jerusalem,  and  brought  back  Paul's 
i epistle  to  his  church,  A.  D.  62. 
I  EPEE,  Charles  Michael  de  1',  a  very  ingenious 
and  benevolent  French  abbe,  and  the  extensive 
!  promoter  (if  not  the  inventor)  of  a  mode  for  re- 
lieving the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  renderiiig  then\ 
useful  members  of  society.  Some  of  his  pupils 
were  enabled  to  leani  several  languages ;  some 
became  profound  mathematicians ;  and  others 
obtained  academical  prizes  by  poetical  and  li- 
terary works.  This  amiable  man  died  in  Feb. 
1790,  justly  lamented  by  his  countiy ;  and  was 
succeeded  in  his  school  by  the  abbe  Sicard. 

EPHORUS,  a  historian  of  Cuma,  pupil  of 
Isocrates. 

EPHKADI,  son  of  Joseph,  who  gave  name 
to  one  of  tlie  tribes  of  Israel. 

EPIIREM,  St.,  an  ancient  Christian  WTitev 
of  the  4Th  century.  Photius  tells  us,  that  ha 
wrote  above  1000  orations,  and  that  IdmseU' 
had  seen  49  of  his  sermons  :  and  Sozonicn  ob- 


EP 

,  eerves,  that  he  composed  300,n00  verses.  His 
I  works  were  so  highly  esteemed,  that  they  were 
publicly  read  iu  the  clmrches  after  the  Scip 
tures.  St.  Eplnem  was  a  man  of  the  greatest 
'  eeverity  of  morals  ;  and  so  strict  an  observer  of 
chastity,  that  he  avoided  even  the  sight  of  wo- 
men.   He  died  in  378. 

EPICHAIIMUS,  an  ancient  poet  and  philoso- 
pher, born  in  tlie  island  of  Cos,  and  carried,  as 
Laertius  tells  us,  into  Sicily,  when  he  was  but 
five  months  old.  He  had  the  honour  of  being 
taught  by  Pythagoras  himself:  and  he  and 
Phormus  are  said  to  have  invented  comedy  in 
Syracuse,  though  others  have  pretended  to  the 
glory  of  that  discovery.  He  composed  55,  or, 
according  to  others,  35  plays  ;  but  his  works 
Iiave  been  so  long  lost,  that  even  their  character 
is  scarcely  on  record.  Lucian  says,  that  he 
lived  to  the  age  of  97  years. 

EPICIE,  an  eminent  French  engraver. 

EPICTETUS,  a  celebrated  philosopher,of  an 
tiquity,  born  near  the  end  of  Nero's  reign,  as  is 
commonly  supposed,  at  Hierapolis,  in  Phrygia. 
He  lived  in  extreme  poverty  at  Rome,  in  a  lit- 
tle cottage  without  so  much  as  a  door  to  it ;  nc 
attendants  but  one  old  woman,  and  no  furni- 
ture but  an  earthen  lamp,  to  the  light  of  which 
we  owe  those  beautiful  and  divine  thoughts,  of 
which  Arrian  has  preserved  some  noble  re- 
mains. This  lamp  was  purchased  for  about 
lOOZ.  after  his  death,  by  a  person  whom  Lucian 
ridicules  for  it,  as  hoping  to  acquire  the  wisdom 
of  Epictetus  by  studying  over  it.  We  have  no 
account  that  can  be  depended  on,  either  of  what 
distemper,  or  about  what  time,  he  died.  Epic 
tetus,  though  a  philosopher,  was  a  man  of  great 
humility  and  modesty ;  which  was  most  emi- 
nent in  his  own  practice,  as  well  as  in  his  re- 
commendation of  it  to  others.  His  "  Comment- 
aries," and  the  "  Enchiridion,  or  Manual  of  the 
Stoic  Philosophy,"  have  been  often  published, 
and  translated  into  almost  every  language. 

EPICURUS,  the  greatest  philosopher  of  Jjis 
age,  was  born  at  Gargettus,  in  Attica,  about  the 
year  340  B.  C.  From  the  place  of  his  birth,  we 
fisid  him  often  called  by  ancient  authors,  the 
"  Gaigcttic  author,"  the  "  Gargettic  old  man," 
and  simply,  the  "  Gargettian."  Whereas  other 
professors  of  sects  made  choice  of  particular 
places  in  Athens,  as  the  Academy,  the  Lyceum 
&c.,  Epicurus  purchased  a  very  pleasantgarden, 
where  he  lived  with  his  friends  in  great  tran- 
(luillity,  and  taught  philosophy  to  a  great  num- 
ber of  disciples.  They  lived  all  in  common 
with  their  master;  and  a  better  regulated  so- 
cioty  had  never  been  seen.  He  wrote  a  prodi- 
gious number  of  books,  and  died  in  his  72d 
year.  As  to  his  doctrine,  that  the  happiness  of 
man  consists  in  pleasure,  though  it  has  occa- 
sioaed  some  effects  which  havedis^.redited  his 
sect,  yet,  if  it  be  rightly  interpreted,  it  is  cer- 
tainly very  reasonable  ;  for  it  amounts  to  no- 
thing mure,  than  that  the  hai)piness  of  man 
consists  in  his  being  at  ease,  and  in  feeling 
plea;5iu-e,  or,  generally,  in  being  contented. 
Could  we  ask  Epicurus  where  this  ease  andj 
coatentment  must  be  found,  he  would  not  say  i 
in  good  eating,  drinking,  or  in  commerce  with  I 
women;  but,  in  sobriety,  temperance,  and  tl)el 
clK'cking  of  tumultuous  and  disorderly  passions, 
which  deprive  the  soul  of  her  state  of  happi- 
ness ;  that  is,  the  soft  and  quiet  acquiescence  in 
her  condition.  These  were  the  pleasures  in  1 
wiiich  Epicurus  made  the  happiness  of  man  to 
consist.  But  people  exclaimed  against  the  word ' 
ploasiire:  those  who  were  corrupted  already  j 


£R 

made  an  ill  use  of  it ;  the  enemies  of  his  sect 
took  advantage  of  it ;  and  so  the  name  of  Epi- 
curean became  odious :  all  this,  however,  is  ac- 
cidental to  the  doctrine  ;  for  it  is  certain  that 
he  lived  in  a  most  exemplary  maimer  hhnself, 
and  conformably  to  the  rules  of  philosophical 
wisdom  and  frugality. 

EPIMENIDES,  an  ancient  poet  and  philoso- 
pher, born  at  Gnossus,  in  Crete.  Many  won- 
derful things  are  related  of  him ;  and  his  repu- 
tation was  so  great  all  over  Greece,  that  he  was 
there  esteemed  a  favourite  of  the  gods.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  157  ;  and  is  alluded  to  by  St. 
Paul,  Titus,  c.  i.  v.  12.  Plutarch  tells  us,  that 
he  was  accounted  the  7th  wise  man  by  those 
who  would  not  admit  Periander  into  the  number 
EPH^H  ANIUS,  bishop  of  Salamis,  in  Cyprus, 
born  332,  and  died  403.  He  was  very  conver- 
sant in  ecclesiastical  antiquities,  on  which  ac- 
count he  is  chiefly  regarded. 

EPIPHANIUS,  a  writer  of  the  6th  century, 
who  translated  the  histories  of  Socrates,  Sozo- 
men,  and  Theodoret. 

EPIPHANIUS,  a  heretic,  who  advocated  a 
community  of  women. 

EPISCOPIUS,  Simon,  a  theological  and  con- 
troversial writer  of  uncommon  parts  and  learn- 
ing, and  the  chief  support  of  the  Arminian  sect, 
born  at  Amsterdam,  in  1583,  died  1643. 

EPPENDORF,  Henry,  a  noble  German,  who 
acquired  celebrity  by  his  dispute  with  Erasmus. 
ERASISTRATUS,  an  eminent  Greek  physi- 
cian, whose  works  are  mentioned  by  Galen,  but 
are  now  lost.    He  flourished  294  B.  C. 

ERASMUS,  DesiderJus,  born  at  Rotterdam, 
the  28th  of  Oct.,  1467.  He  was  called  Gerard, 
after  his  father ;  and  afterwards  took  the  name 
of  Desiderius,  which  in  Latin,  hke  the  surname 
of  Erasmus,  in  Greek,  signify  much  the  same 
as  Gerard  among  the  Hollanders,  that  is,  "  am- 
abilis,"  or  amiable.  He  was  the  most  learned 
man  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived  ;  and  contri- 
buted, by  his  example  and  his  writings,  to  the 
restoration  of  learning  in  the  several  countries 
wherein  he  occasionally  resided,  viz.  Italy, 
Switzerland,  Holland,  France  and  England  ; 
with  the  last  he  was  most  satisfied  ;  and  thcyn 
he  met  with  the  greatest  encouragement  fro  u 
Henry  VIII.,  sir  Thomas  More,  \nd  all  ti.:; 
learned  Englishmen  of  those  days.  He  was  the 
t  correct  and  elegant  Latin  writer  among 
the  moderns;  and  died  in  1536.  Nothing  has 
made  the  city  of  Rotterdam  more  famous,  than 
her  having  given  birth  to  this  great  man,  whose 
works  were  published  at  Leyden,  170G,  in  a 
very  handsome  manner,  in  ten  volumes  folio. 
ERASTUS,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  physician 
and  divine,  born  at  Baden,  in  Germany,  about 
1524,  died  in  1583.  He  wrote  several  books  on 
philosophy,  physic,  and  divinity;  but  w!:ut 
made'  the  most  noise  of  all  his  performances, 
and  chiefly  makes  him  memorable  now,  wp^ 
his  book  "  De  Excommunicationc  Ecclesias- 
tica."  In  this  he  denies  the  power  of  the  churchy 
and  affirms  their  censures  to  be  incapable  of  ex- 
tending bevond  the  present  life. 

ERASTbSTHENES,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
mathematician,  historian, and  poet,diedl94B.C. 
ERATOSTRATUS,  an  Ephesian,  who  on 
the  very  night  that  Alexander  the  Great'  waa 
born,  356  B.  C,  burnt  the  temple  of  Diana;  at 
Ephesns,  merely  to  eternize  his  name  in  the 
records  of  history. 

ERCHEMBERT,  a  Lombard,  of  the  9th  cen 
tury,  author  of  a  Chronicle  of  the  Lombards 
from  774  to  888. 

175 


ER 


EKCILL-YA-CUNIGA,  Don  Alonzo  d',  a 
Spaniard,  who  fouglU  against  the  Indians  of 
C'hiii  and  Peru,  and  made  liis  adventures  the 
subject  of  an  animated  poem,  called  Araucana. 
ERCKEKiS,  Lazarus,  a  German,  was  super- 
intendent of  the  mines  of  Hungary,  &;c. 

ERCOLI},  a  painter,  patronised  by  the  court 
of  Savoy,  died  in  1676. 

EREMITA,  Daniel,  of  Antwerp,  intimate 
with  Scaliger,  author  of  several  works,  some 
poems,  &c. ;  he  was  a  deist,  and  died  at  Leg- 
horn, in  1613. 

ERIC  IX,  king  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and 
Norway,  solemnly  deposed,  and  retired  to  Pome- 
rania  ;  he  died  in  1459. 

ERIC  XIV.,  succeeded  his  father  Gustavus  on 
the  throne  of  Sweden,  and  became  the  unsuc- 
cesrjful  suitor  of  quwn  Elizabeth ;  he  died  in  1578. 
ERIC,  Peter,  a  Venetian  admiral,  infamous 
for  his  cruelty  to  the  widow  of  the  bashaw  of 
Tripoli,  whom,  with  her  treasures,  he  carried 
to  Constantinople  ;  he  was  beheaded  by  order 
of  the  Venetian  senate. 

ERIGENA,  John,  Scotus,  born  at  Ayr,  in 
Scotland,  flourished  in  the  9th  century,  and  was 
very  learned  in  a  very  barbarous  age.  He  was 
employed  by  king  Alfred  to  promote  learning: 
and  the  liberal  arts.  For  this  purpose  he  wa 
appointed  to  preside,  at  Oxford,  over  the  studic 
of  geometry  and  astronomy  in  particular  ;  that 
university  being  either  lately  founded  or  lately 
icstorcd  by  Alfred.  Three  years  he  spent  in 
this  situation;  but,  some  disputes  and  disturh 
aixes  arising  at  Oxford,  he  left  that  place,  and 
retired  to  a  monastery  at  Malmesbury.  There 
lie  opened  a  school ;  and,  beliaving  harshly  and 
with  severity  to  his  scholars,  was  stabbed  by 
thdai,  with  the  iron  bodkins  they  then  wrote 
witJi,  in  sucli  a  manner  that  he  died.  His  deatli 
happened  in  883. 

"^RI]NNA,  a  Grecian  poetess,  coteroporary 
with  Sappho. 

ERIZZO,  Lewis  and  Marc  Anthony,  two  bro- 
thers, of  a  noble  Venetian  family,  who  mur- 
dered their  uncle  for  his  riches ;  for  which  the 
one  was  beheaded  ;  the  other  died  in  prison, 
about  1546. 

ERIZZO,  Paul,  a  noble,  of  the  same  family, 
inhumanly  butchered  by  Mahomet,  in  1489,  after 
having  surrendered. 

ERIZZO,  Sebastian,  a  noble  Venetian,  author 
of  a  work  on  medals,  died  in  1585. 

EEKIVINS,  a  famous  architect  of  Steinbach, 
who  died  in  1305. 

ERLACH,  John  LcAvis,  father  of  the  six 
families  of  the  same  name,  so  illustrious  in 
Switzerland  ;  he  was  distinguished  in  niiUtary 
life,  and  died  in  1650. 

"  ERNESTI,  John  Augustus,  professor  of  the- 
ology at  lieipsic,  author  of  numerous  v.'orks 
literary  and  theological ;  he  died  in  1781. 

ERPENIUS,  Tiiomas,  or,  as  he  is  called  in 
Dutch,  Thomas  of  Erpe,  a  most  learned  writer 
and  incomparablv  skilled  in  the  oriental  tongues, 
born  15S4,  died  1624. 

ERSKINE,  Ralph,  a  Scotch  divine,  and  non 
conformist  who  was  imprisoned  about  16n2 
and  liberated  by  the  earl  of  Mar ;  he  died  in  169G.| 
ERSKINE,  Ebenezer,  son  of  the  preceding 
bom  in  prison,  became  a  seceder,  pub'.ishe 
several  volumes  of  sermons,  and  died  in  1755. 

ERSKINE,  Ralph,  brother  to  the  preceding, 

published  many  works  and  sermons,  and  died 

in  1751.  I 

ERSKINE,  David,   lord  Dun,  a  celebrated 

Scotch  judge,  who  published  an  excellent  work 

176 


ES 

in  one  volume  12mo.,  under  the  title  of  "Lord 
Dun's  Advices."  He  was  bom  at  Dun,  in  An- 
gusshire,  1670,  and  died  there  in  1755. 

ERSKINE,  James,  lord  Alva,  one  of  the 
barons  of  the  Scotch  exchequer,  afterwards  ap- 
pointed to  the  supreme  civil  court  of  Scotland; 
he  died  in  1796. 

ERVIKG,  W^ilhain,  an  officer  in  the  British 
army,  which  he  quitted  at  the  commencement 
of  the  American  war ;  he  bequeathed  lOGOi.  to 
Harvard  college,  and  died  in  1791. 

ERXLEBEN,  John  Christian  Polycarp,  a  na- 
tive of  Uuedhnburg,  and  an  able  naiuralLt 
died  in  1777. 

ERYCEIRA,Ferdinand  de  Meneses  count  d', 
distinguished  himself  as  governor  of  Penicha 
and  Tangiers. 

ERYCEIRA,  Francis  Xavier  de  Meneses 
count  d',  born  at  Lisbon,  in  1673,  increased  ti.s 
valuable  librarj'  of  his  ancestors  with  15,GC0 
new  vols.,  and  1000  MSS. ;  he  wrote  100  differ- 
ent publications. 

ERYTROPHILUS,  Rupert,  a  German  di- 
vine, in  the  17th  century,  author  of  a  work  on 
the  passion. 

ES,  James  Van,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp,  well 
known  for  his  pictures  of  birds,  &c. 

ESAU,  son  of  Isaac  and  Rebecca,  died  abor.t 
1710  B.  C. 

ESCALO,  Mastin  del',  elected  pcdestat  of 
Verona,  in  1259,  was  assassinated  by  his  ene- 
mies, in  1273. 

ESCALaUENS,  William,  capitou  of  Tou- 
louse, in  1326  ;  he  ordeied  himself  to  be  carried 
to  the  cathedral  in  a  coffin,  and  then  invited  the 
attendants  to  a  feast. 

ESCOB.'VR,  Marine  d',  the  foundress  of  tlie 

reconciliation  of  St.  Bridget,  in  Spain,  died  1633. 

ESCOBAR,  Anthony,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  whose 

works  in  IG  vols., and  his  Principles  of  Morality, 

in  7  vols.,  were  ridiculed  by  Pascal ;  be  died  w 


ESCOBAR,  Bartholomew,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
of  Seville,  went  to  America  as  a  monk ;  he  em- 
ployed himself  m  works  of  charity,  and  died  in 
1624. 

ESCOUBLEAL^,  Francis  d',  cardinal  de 
Sou.dis,  a  great  favourite  with  pope  Leo  IX., 
died  irs  1685. 

ESCOUBLEAU,  Henry  d',  brother  and  suc- 
cessor of  the  preceding,  was  at  the  siege  of 
Rochelle,  under  Lewis  XIII.  ;  he  died  in  1645. 
ESCURE,  N.  de  r,  a  general  of  la  Vendea 
remarkable  for  his  loyalty,  courage,  &c. ;  lie 
died  of  his  wounds  in  1794. 

ESVAGNAC,  John  Baptist  Joseph  de  Sapu- 
guet  Damarzil  baron  d',  a  French  general,  avIio 
sienalized  himself  in  the  campaigns  of  Italy, 
died  in  1783. 

ESPAGNANDEL,  Matthew  1',  an  emhient 
French  sculptor,  of  the  17th century. 

ESPAGNE,  Johnd',  a  Frenchman,  who  set- 
tled in  England,  as  minister  of  a.French  pro- 
testant  congregation,  in  the  reign  of  James  !I. 

ESPAGNET,  John  d',  a  Frenchman,  preei- 
dent  of  the  parliament  of  Bordeaux,  who  wrote 
in  opposition  to  Aristotle's  tenets. 

ESPAGNOLET,  Joseph  Riberia  1!,  a  Spanish 
painter,  particularly  sviccessful  in  the  represen- 
tation of  terror,  anguish,  &:c. ;  he  died  in  1656. 
ESPARROiV,  Charles  d'  Arcussia  Viscount 
d',  author  of  a  treatise  on  hawking  and  falconry, 
published  in  1644. 

ESPEN,  Zeger  Bernard  Van,  born  at  Loiivain. 
wrote  against  the  pope's  bull  unjgenitus,  anJ ' 
died  in  1728. 


ES 

IjiiPEACE,  Claude  d',  a  Frenchman,  a  dis 
tl.Jtriiislied  oiaior,  and  author  of  commentaries 

Foil  ilie  epistles  ;  he  died  in  1571. 
LdPEIl,  Joiin  Frederic,  a  native  of  Drossen- 
IV.d,  iu  Ba}  reuth,  a  botanist  and  naturalist,  and 
p  liiior  of  works  on  these  subjects;  he  died  in 
17;  1. 

ESPERIENTE,  Philip  Callimachus,  a  Tus- 
can, preceptor  of  an  academy  under  Pius  11 ; 
alterwards  ambassador  to  Constantinople,  <Scc., 
.  die<l  in  149G. 

ESFHEMENIL,  James  Duval  d',  an  advocate 
<  and  eouasellor  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  re- 
S  ma.  kable  for  his  violent  proceedings  during  tlje 
f  levulution  ;  he  was  giiillotined  in  1794. 
i  ESPRIT,  James,  a  Frenchman,  an  agreeable 
writer,  the  friend  of  Rochefoucault  and  Conti 
died  iu  1678. 

ESSARS,  Pierre  dos,  a  French  nobleman, 
who  served  in  the  Scotch  army  against  the  Eng 
lish,  in  1402;  on  his  return  to  France,  he  was 
raised  to  posts  of  honour,  became  suspected, 
was  imprisoned,  and  beheaded  in  1413. 

ESSARS,  Charlotte  des,  coimtess  of  Romo- 
leatin,  mistress  to  Henry  IV.,  and  others,  who, 
in  attempting  to  advance  her  son,  fell  under  the 
resentment  of  the  king  and  Richelieu,  by  whom 
she  was  imprisoned,  wheie  she  died  in  1651. 

ESSEX,  James,  famous  for  his  skill  in  gotliic 
architecture.  His  principal  practice  was  at  Cam- 
bridge, Ely,  Lincoln,  and  Winchester  ;  and  his 
writhigs  may  be  found  in  the  Achaeolof-n,  vol. 
iv.  vi.,  &c.  "  He  was  born  in  1723,  ann  tned  at 
Cambridge,  in  1784. 

ESTAING,  Charles  Henry  count  d',  a  French 
admiral,  who  commanded  the  French  fleet 
in  the  American  revolution  ;  he  v/as  guillotined 
in  1793. 

ESTAMPES,  Anne,  of  Pisseleu,  duchess  of, 
mistress  to  Francis  I.,  of  France.  She  was  a 
woman  of  great  cunning  and  intrigue ;  and  one 
of  those  instances  which  prove  that  the  ascen- 
dancy of  a  mistress  may  be  the  ruin  of  a  kmg- 
dom  ;  for  by  her  ambitious  views  the  monarchy 
of  France  had  nearly  been  subverted. 

ESTAMPES,  Leonor  d',  bishop  of  Chartres, 
in  1620,  who  opposed  the  Jesuits  in  the  assembly 
of  the  French  clergy. 

ESTCOURT,  Richard,  well  known  both  as 
.an  actor  and  a  dramatic  writer.  In  all  his  parts, 
he  was  mostly  indebted  for  his  applause  to  his 
powers  of  mimicry,  in  which  he  was  inimitable, 
ai;(l  which,  at  times,  afforded  him  opportunities 
of  appearing  a  much  better  actor  than  he  really 
was,  by  enabling  him  to  copy  very  exactly  seve 
ral  performers  of  merit,  whose  mannner  he  re- 
membered and  assumed.  His  company  was 
extremely  courted  by  every  one  ;  and  his  mimi- 
cry so  much  admired,  that  persons  of  the  lirst 
quality  frequeiitly  invited  him  to  tl.eir  enter- 
■  tainments,  in  order  to  divert  their  friends  with 
his  drollery  ;  on  which  occasions  he  constantly 
received  very  handsome  piesents  for  his  com- 
pany. He  died  iu  1713,  leaving  behind  him  two 
N   dramatic  pieces. 

ESTHER,  a  .Jewess,  mistress  to  Casimir  III., 
king  of  Poland,  in  the  14th  century. 

ESTHER,  a  Jewish  maid,  who  became  wife 
to  Ahasuerus,  king  of  Persia,  and  was  the 
means  of  saving  the  Jews  from  destruction. 

ESTIUS,  William,  a  native  of  Holland,  divi- 
nity professor  of  Douay  university,  and  author 
of  commentaries  on  the  epistles,  died  in  1613. 

ESTLAGER,  Christopher,  a  writer  of  Steir- 
niark,  in  the  18th  century. 
ESTOILE  Pierre  de  1',  grand  auditor  of  the 


ET     

I  hancery  of  Paris,  and  author  of  several  valua- 
ble works  ;  he  died  in  1611. 

ESTOILE,  Claude  de  I',  son  of  the  preced- 
ing ;  he  wrote  several  plays  and  poems,  and 
died  in  1652. 

ESTOUTEVILLE,  William  d',  a  Norman, 
and  a  cardinal,  who  reformed  the  university  of 
Paris  ;  he  possessed  great  firmness  and  benevo- 
lence, and  died  in  1483. 

ESTRADES,  Godfrey  count  d',  marechal  of 
•'ranee,  and  viceroy  of  America,  ambassador 
o  England,  &c.,  died  in  1686. 

ESTRANGE.    See  L'ESTRANGE. 

ESTREES,  John  d',  page  to  queen  Anne,  of 
Brittany,  distinguished  himself  in  several  bat- 
tles, and  died  in  1567. 

ESTREES,  Francis  Annibal  d',  son  of  the 
preceding,  a  duke,  peer,  and  marechal  of  France, 
died  in  1670. 

ESTREES,  CBEsar  d',  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  employed  in  several  important  offices  by 
the  French  king,  and  died  in  1714. 

ESTREES,  Gabrielle  d",  sister  of  Francis, 
mistress  of  Henry  IV.,  died  in  1599. 

ESTREES,  Victor  Mane  d',  a  vice  admiral 
of  France,  and  a  learned  man,  died  in  1737. 

ESTREES,  Lewis  Coesar  duke  d',  marechal 
of  France,  and  minister  of  state,  distinguished 
iimiself  in  the  war  against  Spain ;  he  d:ed  in 

ETHELBERT,  king  of  Kent,  became  a  Chri's- 
tian  by  the  preaching  of  Austin,  and  died  in  616. 

ETHELBERT,  king  of  England,  was  a  popu- 
lar and  benevolent  prince. 

ETHELRED,  king  of  England  ;  to  deliver 
himself  from  the  oppressive  tax  which  he  paid 
to  the  dames,  he  caused  those  unfortunate  for- 
eigners to  be  all  murdered  ;  he  died  in  1016. 

ETHELWOLF,  king  of  England,  in  838, 
went  to  Rome  to  improve  the  education  of  his 
son  the  great  Alfred  ;  he  died  in  857. 

ETHEREGE,  Sir  George,  a  celebrated  En- 
glish wit,  and  eminent  in  particular  for  his 
comic  genius,  flourished  in  the  reigns  of  Charles 
11.  and  James  11.  His  three  comedies  are,  "  The 
Coiuical  Revenge  ;  or.  Love  in  a  Tub;"  ^  She 
Would  if  She  Could  ;"  and  "  The  Man  of  Mode ; 
or,  Sir  Foppling  Flutter ;"  in  which  last  piece 
le  is  supposed  to  have  drawn  some  of  the  chief 
characters  from  certain  of  his  cotcmporaries, 
md  acquaintance.  Thus,  beau  Howit,  the  most 
lolorious  fop  of  his  time,  was  supposed  to  be 
designed  under  his  first  character;  Dorimant 
for  his  friend  lord  Rochester,  under  which  are 
characterised  inconstancy,  falsehood,  and  tri- 
umphs, in  the  conquest  and  ruin  of  the  fair, 
varnished  over  with  agreeable  and  captivating 
graces  of  modish^  gallantry,  peculiar  to  that 
witty  but  licentious  nobleman.  He  was  also 
suspected  to  have  sketched  out  himself  in  the 
character  of  Medley.  Applauded,  however,  as 
this  play  was  for  wit,  yet,  like  his  others,  it  was 
condemned  for  immorality.  He  was  born  in 
Oxfordshire,  about  1636,  and  died  about  1690. 

ETHRYG,  George,  or  ETHERIDGE,  or  ED- 
RYCUS,  an  Englishman,  who  lived  about  1550. 
He  excelled  not  only  in  the  Greek  and  Hebrew, 
but  also  in  medicine  and  music. 

ETTMULLER,  Michael,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian born  at  Leipsic,  1644,  died  1683.  His  works, 
amounting  to  no  less  than  5  vols,  in  folio,  were 
printed  at  Naples,  in  1729. 

ETTMULLER,  Michael  Erne  St.,  profe.ssor 
of  anatomy  and  surgery,  wrote  several  hained 
and  curious  treatises  on  medical  subjects,  and 
died  in  1732. 

1J7 


EU 

EUCHADIUS,  Augustiiius,  a  Latin  Jiislo- 
rian. 

EUCHARIUS,  or  HOUCHARIUS  Eligius,  a 
divine  and  poet,  of  Ghent.  He  wrote  tlie  lives 
of  St.  Levinus,  Coleta,  and  Bertuifius,  &c. 

EUCHERIUS,  arciibishop  of  Lyons,  was  can- 
onized for  his  piety  ;  he  died  in  454. 

EUCLID,  a  piiilsopher,  of  Megara,  founder  of 
the  sect  of  wranglers. 

EUCLID,  a  most  celebrated  mathematician 
and  astronomer,  who  collected  all  the  funda- 
mental principles  of  pure  mathematics,  which 
had  been  dehvered  down  by  Thales,  Pythagoras, 
Eudoxus,  and  other  mathematicians  before  him, 
which  he  digested  into  regularity  and  order, 
with  many  others  of  his  own :  on  which  account 
he  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  who  reduced 
arithmetic  and  geometry  into  the  form  of  a  sci- 
ence. When  this  great  man  was  born,  and 
what  was  his  country,  we  have  no  distinct  ac- 
count ;  but  he  flourished,  as  appears  from  Pro- 
clus'  Comment  upon  his  Elements,  about  277 
years  before  Christ,  and  taught  mathematics  at 
Alexandria  with  vast  applause. 

EU  DAEMON,  John  Andrew,  a  Jesuit,  pub- 
lished some  works,  and  died  in  lti25. 

EUDES,  John,  founded  the  congregation  of 
the  Eudists ;  he  left  some  devotional  works,  and 
died  ill  ltJ80. 

EUDOCIA,  daughter  of  Leoutius,  an  Athe- 
nian sophist  and  philosopher,  born  about  400. 
Her  father  took  such  care  of  her  education,  tiiat 
she  became  at  length  comsummately  learned ; 
and  so  accomplished  in  every  respect,  that,  at 
his  death,  he  left  his  whole  estate  to  his  two 
sons,  except  100  pieces  of  gold,  which  he  left  to 
his  daughter,  with  this  declaration,  that  "  her 
own  good  fortune  would  be  sutticient  for  her." 
Upon  this  she  went  to  law  with  her  brothers, 
but  without  success  ;  and  therefore  carried  her 
cause  to  Constantinople,  where  she  was  recom- 
mended to  Pulcheria,  sister  of  the  emp<^ror  Tiie- 
odosius  the  Younger,  and  became  her  favourue. 
In  4-21  she  embraced  Christianity,  and  was  bap- 
tized by  the  name  of  Eudocia,  for  her  hea.iien 
name  was  Athenais  ;  and  the  same  year  was 
married  to  the  emperor,  through  the  powerful 
recommendation  of  his  sister  ;  by  which  event 
the  words  of  her  father  might  seem  to  have 
something  prophetic  in  them.  She  died  about 
A.  D.  4G0. 

EUDOCIA  or  EUDOXIA,  queen  of  Constan- 
tinople, in  1067,  died  m  prison,  the  government 
having  been  usurped  by  Miciiasl,  iier  son,  in 
1071. 

EUDOCIA,  Feodoreuna,  first  wife  of  Peter 
the  Great,  v/as  divorced  in  1C96.  on  account  of 
her  infidelitv  ;  she  died  in  1731. 

EUD0XIU3,  bishop  of  Germanicia.  He 
wrote  a  discourse  on  the  incarnation  of  the 
word :  he  died  in  370. 

EUDOXUS,  of  Cnidus,  a  city  of  Caria,  in 
Asia  Mmor,  flourished  about  370  years  before 
Christ;  and  was  so  skilful,  that  Cicero  did  not 
scruple  to  call  him  the  greatest  astronomer  that 
liad  ever  lived. 

EUGENE,  Francis,  prince  of  Savoy,  born 
1363.  Having  found  himself  slighted  by  Lev/is 
XIV.,  in  France,  his  native  country,  he  retired  to 
Germany,  and  spent  his  life  in  the  service  of 
the  house  of  Austria.  His  victories  over  the 
Turks,  and  afterwards  over  the  French,  too 
numerous  to  be  detailed  in  this  work,  havej 
rendered  his  name  immortal  in  the  annals  ofi 
fame.  This  illustiions  hero  died  at  Vienna,  in 
i73'j.  I 

178 


EU 


-\ 


EUGENIUS  I.  St.,  pope  after  Martin,  in  654  , 
he  died  3  years  after. 

EUGENIUS  II.,  succeeded  Pascal  I.  in  824, 
and  died  3  years  after. 

EUGENIUS  III.,  was  made  pope  in  1145,  and 
died  in  1153. 

EUGENIUS  IV.,  Gabriel  Condolmero  elected 
pope  in  1431.  He  was  unjustly  deposed,  for  a 
time,  but  was  afterwards  restored  ;  he  died  1447. 

EUGENIUS,  emperor  in  Dauphin^,  feU  in 
battle  in  394. 

i  EULER,  Leonard,  a  very  eminent  mathe- 
matical writer,  born  at  Basil,  in  1707,  died  Sept. 
7,  1763.  He  possessed,  to  a  great  degree,  what 
is  commonly  called  erudition;  had  read  all  the 
Latin  classics;  was  perfect  master  of  ancient 
mathematical  hterature ;  and  had  the  history 
of  all  ages  and  nations,  even  to  the  minutest  facts, 
ever  present  to  his  mind. 

EULOGIUS,  a  patriarch,  of  Alexandria,  wrote 
against  the  Novatians,  and  died  in  COS. 

EULOGIUS,  the  martyr,  of  Cordova,  was  put 
to  death  by  the  Saracens,  in  859.  He  wrote  a 
historv  of  some  martvrs. 

EUMATHIUS,  a  Greek,  writer  of  amatorial 
compositions;  in  whatage  he  wrote  is  unknown. 

EUMENES,  a  celebrated  general  of  Alexan- 
der, put  to  death  by  Antigonus,  31GB.  C. 

EUMEXES,  a  king  of  Pergainus,  263  B.  C. 
His  nepiiew  of  the  same  name  was  king,  197 
B.C. 

EUMENIUS,  an  eminent  orator,  abou^SlO. 

EUNAPIUS,  a  native  of  Sardis,  in  Lydia, 
flourished  in  the  4lh  century.  He  was  a  cele- 
brated sophist,  a  physician,  and  no  inconsidera- 
ble historian.  We  "have  no  remains  of  Euna- 
pius,  but  his  "  Lives  of  the  Philosophers  aid 
Sophists." 

EUNOMIUS,  a  heresiarch,  of  the  4th  centu- 
ry, bishop  of  Cyzicum,  and  founder  of  the  &(  cl 
that  have  since  been  called  Eunomians.  He 
died  very  old,  about  ,394,  after  having  experitn- 
ced  great  variety  of  sufferings.  Eunomius  wrote 
many  things,  and  his  writings  were  so  higi:Iy 
esteemed  by  his  followers,  tha'  they  thou.^ht 
their  authority  preferable  to  thai  of  the  gos|  ol. 
Hi^  doctrines  were,  that  "  there  is  one  God  un- 
createand  without  beginning  •  who  has  nothi:i7 
existing  before  him  ;  for  nothing  can  exist  be^ 
fore  what  is  uncreate  :  nor  with  him ;  for  v,'!  at 
is  uncreate  must  be  one :  nor  in  him  ;  for  G  od 
is  a  simple  and  uncompounded  being.  This 
one  simple  and  eternal  being  is  God  the  creator 
and  ordainer  of  all  things  ;  first  indeed  and  piia- 
cipally  of  liis  only-begotten  Son,  and  thyn 
jthrough  him  of  all  other  things  :  for  God  fce- 
jgot,  created,  and  made  the  Son  only,  by  his  o\\ai 
direct  operation  and  power,  before  all  things  and 
every  other  creature  :  not  producing,  however, 
any  other  being  like  himself,  nor  imparting  any 
of  his  own  proper  substance  to  the  Son :  for 
God  is  immortal,  uniform,  indivisible,  and  there- 
fore cannot  communicate  any  part  of  his  own 
proper  substance  to  another,"  &c. 

EUPHEMI A,  Flavia  Elia  Marcia,a  concubine, 
and  wife  of  the  emperor  Justin  I.,  died  in  523. 

EUPHE^IIUS,  a  patriarch,  of  Constantinople, 
was  banished,  and  died  in  515. 

EUPHOfllON,  a  Greek  poet  and  historian, 
of  Chalcis,  274  B.  C 

EUPHRANOR,  an  excellent  sculptor  and  > 
painter,  of  antiquity,  flourished  about  ."62  B.  C. 
He  wrote  several  volumes  on  the  art  of  colour- 
ing, and  on  symmetry  ;  and  was  the  first  wlio 
signalized  himself  by  representing  the  majcsiy 
of  heroes- 


EU 

EUPHRATES,  a  heretic,  of  the  2d  century 
who  maintained  that  our  first  parents  were  de 
ceived  by  Christ  in  tlie  form  of  a  serpent 

EUPOLIS,  an  Athenian  comic  poet,  in  the 
85tli  Olympiad.  He  used  the  freedom  of  the  an 
cient  comedy  to  Jash  the  vices  of  tlie  people 
and  having  lost  his  life  in  a  seafight  between 
the  Athenians  and  Lacedajmonians,  his  death 
was  so  lamented,  that  a  statute  was  enacted 
which  decreed  that  no  poet  should  thenceforth 
ecrve  in  the  wars. 

EURIPIDES,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  born  in 
the  island  of  Salamis,  in  the  1st  year  of  the  75tli 
Olympiad.  "  He  wrote  a  great  number  of  trage 
<lioS,  which  were  highly  esteernsd,  both  in  hi;? 
iife-time,  and  after  his  death  ;  and  nothing  can 
better  demonstrate  the  high  esteem  they  were 
in,  than  the  service  they  did  to  the  Athenians 
in  Sicily.  The  Athenian  army  under  the  com 
rnand  of  Nicias,  suffered  all  the  calamities  that 
ill-fortune  can  reduce  men  to.  The  victors  made 
a  most  cruel  advantage  of  their  victories  :  but 
although  they  treated  the  Athenian  soldiers 
with  so  much  inhumanity,  yet  they  were  ex 
tremely  kiud  to  such  as  could  repeat  any  of 
Euripides'  verses.  An  unhappy  accident  con- 
cluded his  life.  He  was  walking  in  a  wood 
and,  according  to  his  usual  manner,  in  deep 
meditation,when  unfortunately  happening  upon 
Archelaus'  hounds,  he  was  by  them  torn  to  pie 
ces,  in  the  75th  year  of  his  age.  He  is,  of  all 
writers,  remarkable  for  having  interspersed  mo 
ral  reflections  and  philosophical  aphorisms  in 
his  dramatic  pieces.  It  is  said  that  he  used  to 
shut  himself  up  in  a  gloomy  cave,  and  there 
compose  his  works.  This  cave  was  in  the  isle 
of  Salamis,  and  AulusGellius  had  the  curiosity 
to  go  into  it.  He  composed  his  verses  with  great 
difficulty  ;  and  one  day  complained  to  the  poet 
Alcestis,  that  in  the  last  three  days  he  had  been 
able  to  write  but  three  verses,  though  he  had 
Jaboured  with  all  his  might.  Alcestis  observed 
with  an  air  of  high  vanity,  that  he  had  written 
a  hundred  with  the  utmost  ease.  "  Ay,  but 
(says  Euripides)  you  don't  consider  the  differ 
ence :  your  verses  are  made  to  live  no  longer 
than  these  three  days  ;  whereas  mine  are  to  con 
tinue  for  ever."  There  are  now  extant  but  19 
of  his  tragedies,  and  part  of  a  20th ;  though 
Suidas  says  that  he  composed  92. 

EURYDICE,  wife  of  Amyntas,  king  of  Ma- 
cedon,  and  mother  of  Philip. 

EURYDICE,  daughter  of  Aridaeus,  was  put 
to  death  by  Olympias. 

EUSDEN,  Lawrence,  an  English  divine  and 
poet,  born  in  Yorkshire,  was  preferred  in  1718 
to  the  laureatship.  He  had  several  enemies  ; 
and,  among  others,  Pope,  who  put  him  into  his 
Dunciad  ;  though  we  do  not  know  what  provo 
cation  he  gave  to  any  of  them,  unless,  by  being 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  the  laurel.  He  was  no 
inconsiderable  versifier,  and  died  at  his  rectory, 
at  Qoningsby,  Lincolnshire,  in  1730. 

ETJSEbiA,  abbess  of  St.  Cyr,  at  Marseilles, 
who  cut  off  her  nose  to  secure  herself  from  the 
brutality  of  the  Raracens,  in  731. 

EUSEBIUS,  Pamphilus,  an  ecclesiastical  his 
torian,  born  in  Palestine,  bishop  of  Csesarea  ;  he 
opposed  Arius,  and  died  in  333. 

EUSEBIUS,  a  bisliop  of  Berytus,  and  after 
■Jvards  of  Constantinople ;  he  died  in  341. 

EUSEBIUS,  a  bishop  of  Emesa,  in  Syria, 
died  in  3G0. 

EUSEBIUS,  bishop  of  Vercell,  in  Piedmont, 
defended  Athanasius,  and  died  in  371. 
EUSEBIUS,  bisliop  of  Samosata,  favoured» 


EV . 

and  afterwards  oppcBed  Arianism ,  he  died  in 
378. 

EUSEBIUS,  bishop  of  Doryleum.inPhrygia, 
was  deposed  in  449. 

EUSTACE,  John  Skey,  a  brave  officer inthe 
American  war  ;  sometime  aid  to  general  Lee, 
and  afterwards  to  general  Greene:  he  went  to 
France  in  1794,  where  he  was  made  brigadier 
and  major  general ;  he  returned  and  died  in  1805. 

EUSTACIIE,  David,  a  protestant  minister, 
of  Montpelier,  sent  by  the  synod  of  Ludun.  in 
16G9,  to  address  the  French  king ;  his  speech 
was  much  admired. 

EUSTACHIUS,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian 
physician,  of  the  16th  century,  who  published 
ana'omical  tables  ;  he  died  in  1570. 

EUST  ATHIUS,  archbishop  of  Thessalonica, 
was  born  at  ConstantinopIe,and  flourished  about 
A.  D.  1170.  He  is  chiefly  memorable  for  his 
"  Commentaries  upon  Homer." 

EUSTATHIUS,  a  learned  Greek,  commenta- 
tor on  Homer  and  Dionysius  the  geographer  ; 
he  died  in  1194. 

EUSTOCHIUM,  a  Roman  lady,  well  skilled 
in  Greek  and  Hebrew  ;  she  died  in  419. 

EUSTRATIUS,a  bishop  of  Nice,  who  wrote 
commentaries  on  Aristotle,  lived  in  the  12th 
century. 

EUTHYMIUS,  an  Isaurian,  made  patriarch 
of  Constantinople,  in  906 ;  he  was  displaced, 
and  died  in  exile,  in  910  or  911. 

EUTHYMIUS,  Zigabenus,  or  Zigadenus,  a 
Greek  monk,  of  Constantinople,  author  of  se- 
veral works,  died  after  1118. 

EUTOCIUS,  a  Greek  mathematician,  of  the 
6th  century,  author  of  several  works. 

EUTROPiUS,  Flavins,  an  Italian  sophist,  aa 
Suidas  calls  him,  wrote  a  compendious  history 
of  Roman  affairs,  divided  into  10  books,  from 
the  foundation  of  the  city,  to  the  reign  of  Va- 
lens,  (to  whom  it  was  dedicated,)  that  is,to  A.D. 
364. 

EUTROPIUS,  a  eunuch,  and  minister  to  Ar- 
cadius,  was  consul,  but  was  banished  and  be- 
headed about  399. 

EUTYCHES,  an  abbot  of  Constantinople, 
who  maintained  that  Christ's  body  was  an 
aerial  form,  and  therefore  not  human. 

EUTYCHIANUS,  pope,  successor  of  Felix, 
in  275,  was  martyred  in  283. 

EUTYCHIUS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
in  553 ;  deposed  in  564 ;  restored,  and  died  in 
585. 

EUTYCHIUS,  a  Christian  author,  patriarch 
of  Alexandria,  was  born  at  Cairo,  in  Egypt,  in 
876,  and  became  eminent  in  the  knowledge  of 
physic  He  wrote  annals  from  the  beginning 
of  the  world  to  the  year  900  ;  in  which  may  be 
found  many  thinsfs  which  occur  no  where  else , 
but  certainly  many  more  which  were  collected 
from  lying  legends,  and  are  entirely  fahmous. 
He  died  in  950. 

EUZORIUS,  a  deacon  of  Alexandria,  depo- 
sed and  condemned  by  the  council  of  Nice,  for 
adhering  to  Arius ;  he  baptized  Constantius, 
and  died  in  376.  Another  of  the  same  name 
was  bishop  of  Ceesarea 

EVAGORAS,  king  of  Cyprus,  was  defeated 
by  the  Persians,  and  assassinated  394  B.  C. 

EVAGORAS,  a  Greek  writer,  in  the  age  of 
Augustus,  author  of  a  history  of  Egypt,  &c. 

EVAGRIUS,  a  monk  of  the  5th  century,  au- 
thor of  "  Altercatio  Simonis  Judasi  et  Theophili 
Christian!." 

EVAGRIUS,  a  bishop  of  Antioch,  died  in 
392. 

179 


EV 

EVAGRIUS  SCHOLASTICUS,  an  ancient 
ecclesiastical  historian,  born  at  Epiphania,  a  city 
of  Syria  Secuuda,  about  the  year  536.  lie  pub- 
lished "Six  Books  of  Ecclesiastical  History," 
beginning  with  tlie  year  431 ;  where  Theodoret, 
Socrates,  and  Sozomen,  conclude ;  and  ending 
with  594.     It  is  not  certain  when  he  died. 

EVAGRIUS,  Ponticus,  a  monk  of  the  4th 
oentury,  archdeacon  of  Constantinople. 

EVANGELISTA,  a  learned  civilian,  author 
of  "Consulta  varia  in  jurocanonico,''  &c.,died 
in  1595. 

EVANS,  Cornelius,  during  the  civil  wars  he 
played  the  part  of  an  impostor,  pretended  he 
•was  the  prince  of  Wales,  who  had  escaped  from 
France  ;  was  sent  to  Newgate,  but  escaped,  and 
was  never  after  heard  of. 

EVANS,  Arise,  a  Welch  engineer,  died  about 
tlic  time  of  the  rebellion. 

EVANS,  Abel,  generally  styled  Dr.  Evans 
the  Epigrammatist,  lived  at  the  end  of  the  17th 
and  beginning  of  tJie  18th  centuries.  He  was 
bursar  to  St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  vicar  of 
Saint  Giles',  and  appears  to  have  been  inti- 
mate with  Sir.  Pope. 

EVANS,  John,  D.  D.,a  dissenting  minister, 
was  popular  as  a  preacher,  and  died  in  1732 

EVANS,  Caleb,  D.  D.,  instructed  young  men 
for  the  dissenting  ministry  ;  he  published  some 
works,  and  died  in  1791. 

EVANS,  Evan,  a  clergj-man,  obtained  no  pre- 
ferment, and  died  of  intemperance  in  1790. 

EVANS,  Nathaniel,  a  minister  of  N.  Jersey, 
and  a  poet,  was  a  missionary  in  the  employ- 
ment of  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel ; 
Jie  died  in  767. 

EVANS,  John,  came  from  England  as  deputy 
governor  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1703.  Ilisunpopu- 
Jnrity  caused  his  imDeachment  and  removal  in 
1709. 

EVANS,  Lewis,  eminent  for  his  acquain- 
tance with  American  geography,  was  surveyor 
in  Philadelphia  ;  he  constructed  many  maps. 

EV  ANSON,  Edward,  a  native  ofWarrington, 
author  of  some  works,  died  in  1805. 
.    EVANTIUS,  an  old  Latin  pnet,  who  wrote 
"  De  ambiguis,  sive  hvbririisanimalibus." 

EVANTUS,  a  bishop  of  Vienne,  in  the  6th 
century,  died  in  586. 

EVARISTUS,  bishop  of  Rome  in  100,  was 
martyred  nine  years  after. 

EVELYN,  John,  one  of  the  greatest  natural 
philosophers  that  England  ever  produced,  was 
born  at  Wotton,  in  Surry,  in  1620.  Among  his 
numerous  writings  (which  are  on  the  subjects 
of  agriculture,  navigation,  commerce,  antiqui- 
ties, sculpture,  painting,  &c.)  the  most  cele- 
brated at  the  present  day  is  "  Sylva  ;  or  a  Dis- 
course of  Forest-Trees,  and  the  Propagation  of 
Timber  in  His  Majesty's  Dominions."  Full  of 
age  and  honours,  this  amiable  author  died  Feb. 
27,  1705-6,  in  his  8'lth  year ;  and  was  interred 
at  Wotton,  under  a  tomb  of  freestone,  shaped 
like  a  coffin,  with  an  inscription  upon  a  white 
maible,  expressing,  according  to  his  own  inten- 
lion,  that,  "  Living  in  an  age  of  extraordinary 
events  and  revolutions,  he  had  lf>arned  from 
thence  this  truth,  which  he  desired  might  be 
thus  communicated  to  posterity.  That  all  is 
ravity  which  is  not  hoJiest,  aJid  ihnt  t/trrc  in  vo 
fnlid  wisdom  but  in  real  piety."  Ti.c  ''ulogiunis 
which  have  been  bestowed  upon  hira  are  as 
numerous  as  they  are  great. 

E'''ELYN,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  at  the 
nse  of  15  wrote  an  elegant  Greek  poera;  he 
d.eil  in  1698. 

180 


FA 


~\ 


EVERARD,  Sir  Richard,  baronet,  was  pro 
prietary  governor  of  North-Carolina,  in  112f  . 
after  an  administration  of  three  or  lour  years 
which  was  disturbed  by  controversies  vvlrh  othei 
branches  of  the  government,  he  returned  to  En 
g;land,  where  he  died  in  1733. 

EVERDINGEN,  Caesar  Van,  a  Dutch  paintei 
iof  eminence,  died  in  1675. 

EVERETT,  Oliver,  minister  in  Boston  for 
some  years ;  afterwards  judge  of  the  court  o( 
common  pleas  for  Norfolk  ;  he  died  in  1802. 

EVREMOND  ST.,  Charies  de  St.  Denis, 
lord  of,  a  celebrated  French  otTicer  a<id  satirical 
I  writer,  born  in  Normandj',  1613,  died  1703.  A  a 
for  religion,  he  always  professed  the  Romish,  in 
which  he  was  born  ;  though  at  the  bottom  he 
was  certainly  a  freethinker :  but  whatever  niight 
I  be  his  scntiniente  of  reliirion,  he  never  let  fall 
I  any  loose  expressions  about  it:  he  could  not 
I  bear  that  any  one  should  droll  upon  it ;  for,  said 
jhe,  "  bare  decency,  and  the  regard  due  to  one's 
I  fellow-creatures,  will  never  suffer  it." 
i  EWALD,  John,  a  native  of  Copenhagen, 
I  who,  from  a  military  life,  studied  divinity,  and 
I  wrote  several  poems  of  much  merit ;  he  died 
in  1781. 

EWING,  John,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Philadel- 
Iphia,  and  provost  of  the  college  in  tliat  city  ; 
ihe  was  much  respected  for  his  talents,  learning, 
land  pietv,  and  died  in  1802. 
I  EXPILLI,  Claude  d',  president  of  the  parlia- 
Iment  of  Grenoble,  and  a  writer  of  some  merit; 
he  died  in  1636. 

EXUPERIUS,  a  Romish  saint,  bishop  of  Tou- 
,  louse,  distinguished  for  his  charities,  died  about 
'417. 

EYCK.    SeeVANEYCK. 
EYKENS,  Peter,  a  much  admired  painter, 
of  Antwerp,  born  in  1599. 

EYIMAR,  A.  M.  d',  a  deputy  from  Forcal- 
quier  to  the  stateo-general,  in  1789,  much  at- 
tached to  the  principles  of  Rosseau,  as  a  lover 
of  republicanism  :  he  died  in  1805. 

EZEKIEL,  the  third  of  the  great  prophets, 
was  a  captive  at  Babylon,  599  B.  C. 

EZRKIEL,  an  eminent  Jew  and  poet,  author 
of  some  fragments  on  Scripture  subjects,  flou- 
rished, according  to  some,  300,  according  lo 
others.  200  B.  C. 

EZRA,  one  of  the  descendants  of  Aaron,  son 
of  Seraiah  ;  he  rebuilt  the  temple  at  Jerusalem 
about  467  B.  C. 


FABER,  or,  according  to  some,  PEVRE  LE, 
Nicholaus,  a  %'ery  ingenious,  learned,  and  piou? 
man,  born  at  Paris,  in  154-1.  During  the  course 
of  his  studies,  a  terrible  accident  happened  to 
him.  As  he  was  cutting  a  pen,  a  bit  of  t»e  quill 
flew  into  his  eye,  and  gave  him  such  exce&si\  e 
pain,  that  hastily  liftins  up  his  hand  to  it  he 
struck  it  out  with  the  knife.  He  appli*-d  him- 
self to  the  mathematics  particulaHy;  in  which 
he  succeeded  so  well,  that  he  discovereo  imme- 
diately the  defect  in  Scaliger's  demonsfatinn 
of  the  quadrature  of  the  circle.  When  Henry 
IV.,  of  France,  became  at  length  the  peaceable 
iKissessor  of  the  crown,  he  appointed  Faber  pre- 
ceptor to  the  prince  of  Conde.  During  this  im- 
portant trust,  he  found  time  to  labour  upon  some 
con-!iderablp  workf  and  composed  his  fine  pre- 
face to  the  fragments  of  Hilary,  in  which  he  dw- 
rovered  many  important  facts  relating  to  tJie 
history  of  A  nanism,  not  known  betbre.  After 
the  d^ath  of  Henry  IV.,  he  was  chosen  bv  liie 


FA 

queen,  preceptor  to  Lewis  XIII.    He  died  in 
1611. 

FABER,  Tanaquil,in  French,  Taneguy  le  Fe- 
vre,  a  very  learned  man,  born  at  Caen,  in  Nor- 
mandy, in  1615.  Cardinal  de  Ricliclieu,  settled 
on  him  a  pension  of  2000  livres,  to  inspect  all 
the  works  printed  at  the  Louvre.  He  died  in 
16T2,  leaving  a  son  of  his  own  name,  and  two 
daughters,  one  of  whom  was  the  celebrated 
madame  Dacier,  the  other  married  Paul  Bauldri, 
professor  at  Utrecht. 

FABIAN,  a  saint  of  the  Romish  church,  who 
was  made  pope,  in  826,  and  suffered  martyrdom 
in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Decius. 

FABIAN,  Robert,  author  of  the  "  Chronicle 
of  England  and  France,"  or,  as  he  himself  calls 
it,  "  The  Concordance  of  Stories,"  was  born  in 
London,  in  the  15th  century.  He  was  brought 
up  to  trade,  and  became  so  considerable  a  nier 
chant,  that  he  was  chosen  an  alderman  of  that 
city  ;  and  in  1493,  was  one  of  the  sheriffs  for 
the  same.  He  died  at  London,  in  1512,  and 
was  buried  in  St.  Michael's,  Cornhill. 

FABIUS,Maximus  Rullianus,a  Roman,master 
of  the  horse,  and  afterwards  dictator,  287  B.  C. 

FABIUS,  Maximus  Quintus,  an  illustrious 
Roman  general,  who  opposed  Hannibal  in  Italy ; 
he  died  203  B.  C. 

FABIUS,  Pictor,  the  first  Latin  historian 
mentioned  among  the  Romans,  225  B.  C. 

FABRE,  Jean  Claude,  a  priest  of  the  orato- 
ry of  Paris,  known  as  an  indefatigable  compi- 
ler, died  in  1753. 

FABRE,  N.,  a  native  of  Languedoc,  who 
voluntarily  submitted  to  6  years  confinement  in 
the  galleys,  to  save  his  father  from  that  punish- 
ment in  1752. 

FABRE,  D'EGLANTINE,  Philip  Francis 
Mazaire,  successively  an  actor,  a  comic  writer, 
and  a  statesman,  was  the  friend  of  Danton,  and 
other  promoters  of  the  infernal  butcheries,  dur- 
ing the  rerolution  ;  he  was  himself  guillotined 
in  1794. 

FABRETTI,  Raphael,  a  very  learned  anti- 
quary of  Italy,born  at  Urbino,  in  1619 ;  died  1700. 
Fabretti  had  an  admirable  talent  for  decyphering 
the  most  difficult  inscriptions ;  and  discovered 
a  method  of  making  something  out  of  those 
which  seemed  entirely  disfigured  through  age, 
and  the  letters  of  which  were  effaced  in  such  a 
manner  as  not  to  be  discernable.  He  cleaned 
the  surface  of  the  stone,  without  touchmg  those 
places  where  the  letters  had  been  engraven. 
He  then  laid  upon  it  a  piece  of  thick  paper  well 
moistened,  and  pressed  it  with  a  sponge,  or 
wooden  pin,  covered  with  linen ;  by  which 
means  the  paper  entered  into  the  cavity  of  the 
letters,  and  taking  up  the  dust  there,  discovered 
the  traces  of  the  letters. 

FABRI,  Honore,  a  learned  Jesuit,  professor 
of  philosophy,  at  Lyons,  and  penitentiary  at 
Rome,  died  in  1688.  He  is  said  to  have  disco- 
vered the  circulation  of  the  blood  before  Hervey. 

FABRIANO,  Gentile  da,  a  historical  painter, 
of  Verona,  who  deservedly  attained  the  honours 
of  Venetian  nobility  ;  he  died  in  1412. 

FABRICIUS,  Caius,  a  Roman  general,  who 
conquered  the  Samnites,  and  spurned  the  offers 
of  Pyrrhus  to  bribe  him.  He  afterwards  expos- 
ed to  Pyrrhus,  the  plot  of  his  T.iysician  to  poi- 
son him,  250  B.  C. 

FABRICIUS,  William,  a  surgeon  and  physi 
cijan,  at  Berne,  author  of  several  surgical  works, 
died  in  1634. 

FABRICIUS,  Jerome,  an  Italian,  was  a  phy- 
eician  of  vast  repute  in  liis  day     The  republic 


pf  Venice,  settled  upon  him  a  yearly  stipend  <»/ 
11000  crowns  in  gold,  and  honoured  !iini  w  iili  a 
statue  and  a  gold  cham.  He  died  about  lGO;i, 
[leaving  behind  liim  several  treatisies  both  in 
physic  and  chirurgery. 

FABRICIUS,  George,  a  learned  German,  born 
in  Upper  Saxony,  1516.  His  chief  work  is  en 
titled  "  Roma,"  containing  a  description  of  that 
city.  He  was  the  author  of  numerous  Latin 
poems,  written  with  great  purity  and  elegance, 
and  died  in  1571. 

FABRICIUS,  John  Lewis,  professor  of  theo- 
logy and  philosophy,  at  Heidelberg,  and  al.-o 
ecclesiastical  counsellor  to  the  elector,  died  at 
Frankfort,  in  1697. 

FABRICIUS,  Vincent,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Hamburgh.  He  wrote  Latin  poetry  with 
ease  and  elegance ;  he  was  counsellor  to  the 
bishop  of  Lubec,  and  13  times  deputy  to  Poland  ; 
he  died  in  1667. 

FABRICIUS,  John  Albert,  a  most  learni^d 
and  laborious  historian  and  critic,  born  at  I  <;ip- 
sic,  1668,  died  1736.  Fabricius  has  laid  the  whole 
learned  world  under  the  greatest  ohiigatioiip ; 
since  he  has  contributed,  more  perhaps  tliiui 
any  other  man  ever  did,  to  abridge  and  shorten 
the  fatigue  and  drudgery  which  scholars  are 
obliged  to  undergo,  in  order  to  be  acquainted 
with  the  materials  of  their  profession. 

FABRICIUS,  Baron,  known  to  the  public  b> 
his  letters  relating  to  Charles  XII.,  of  Sweden, 
during  his  residence  in  the  Ottoman  empire. 
He  stood  very  high  in  the  good  graces  of  that 
prince  ;  accompanied  him  in  his  exercises,  was 
frequently  at  his  table,  and  spent  hours  alone 
with  him  in  his  closet.  He  had  but  one  enemy 
in  the  court,  viz.  general  Daldorf,  who  was 
made  prisoner  by  the  Tartars  when  they  storm- 
ed the  king's  camp  at  Bender.  Fabricius  took 
pains  to  find  him  out,  released  him,  and  suppli- 
ed him  with  money ;  which  so  entirely  van- 
quished the  general,  that  he  afterwards  became 
a  warm  friend.  This  amiable  person  was  like- 
wise in  favour  with  king  Stanislaus,  and  with 
George  I.,  whom  he  accompanied  in  his  last 
journey  to  Hanover,  and  who  may  be  said  to 
have  died  in  his  arms. 

FABRICIUS,  Charles,  a  painter,  of  Delft, 
who  gave  indications  of  great  merit,  perished 
in  his  house,  with  his  pupil  Spoors,  by  the  ex- 
plosion of  a  powder  magazine. 

FABRONI,  Angiolo,  a  native  of  Tuscany, 
was  prior  of  St.  Lorenzo's  church,  at  Florence, 
and  curator  of  Pisa  University.  He  wrote  an 
account  of  the  illustrious  men  of  the  house  of 
Medicis,  and  another  of  the  learned  men  of 
Italy  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries,  in  21  vols ; 
he  died  in  1802. 

FABROT,  Charles  Hannibal,  a  French  advo- 
cate and  professor  of  law,  at  Aix,  in  Provence. 
He  published,  at  Paris,  an  edition  of  the  Basl- 
licEe,  or  the  constitutions  of  the  Eastern  empe- 
rors, and  other  valuable  and  important  works, 
and  died  in  1659. 

FACCldLATI,  Giacomo,  an  Italian  orator 
and  grammarian,  of  Padua,  died  in  1769. 

FACHETTI,  Pietro,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Mantua,  died  at  Rome,  in  1613. 

FACINI,  Pietro,  a  historical  painter,  of  Bo- 
logna, pupil  to  Annibal  Carracci,  died  in  1602. 

FACIO,  Bartholomeo,  a  Genoese  historian 
and  biographical  writer,  in  Latin,  born  at  Spez- 
zio,  in  Genoa,  died  in  1457. 

FACUNDUS,  bishop  of  Hermianum,  in  Asia, 
during  the  reign  of  Justinian. 

PADLALLAH,  or  CHODSA  RASCHID 
16  181 


FA 

ADDIN,  a  Persian,  author  of  a  history  of  the 
Moguls,  was  vizier  to  Cazan,  the  sultan  of  Tau- 
rus, about  1294. 

FAERNUS,  Gabriel,  a  native  of  Cremona, 
was  a  favourite  of  pope  Pius  IV.,  and  was  (lis 
tinguished  as  a  critic  and  poet  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury ;  he  died  in  1561. 

FAGAN,  Christopher,  a  French  comic  poet, 
bom  1702,  died  17.55.  His  plays  were  printed  in 
4  vols.  12mo,  in  1760. 

FAGE,  Raimond  de  la,  an  artist,  celebrated 
for  his  drawings  with  the  pen  and  Indian  ink  ; 
he  died  at  Languedoc,  in  Ii'ihO. 

FAGIUS,  Paul,  alias  BUCHLIN,  a  very 
learned  protestant  German  minister,  born  at 
Rheinzabern,  in  1504.  He  and  Bucer  went  to 
England,  upon  receiving  letters  from  Cranmer, 
in  1549.  were  entertained  some  days  in  the  pa- 
lace at  Lambeth,  and  desdned  to  reside  at  Cam- 
bridge, where  thev  were  to  perfect  a  new  trans- 
lation and  illustra"tion  of  the  Scriptures,  Fagius 
taking  the  Old  Testament,  and  Eucer  the  New, 
for  their  several  parts.  Bu:  iJis  was  all  put  an 
end  to  by  the  sudder.  illness  raid  death  of  both 
these  professors.  Fagius  died  Nov.  1550  ;  and 
Bucer  did  not  live  above  a  year  after. 

PAGNANI,  Prospero,  an  Italian  commenta- 
tor on  the  5  books  of  the  decretals,  and  secreta- 
ry to  the  holy  congregation,  died  in  1678. 

FAGNANO,  Julius  Charles,  count  of,  mar- 
quis of  Tosciii,  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  pro- 
perties and  use  of  the  geometrical  curve ;  he 
died  in  1760. 

FAGON,  Guy  Crescent,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  botanist,  of  Paris,  professor  of  botany 
and  chymistrv  in  the  royal  gardens,  and  physi- 
cian to  Louis'  XIV.,  died  in  1718.  OneT)f  his 
sons  became  a  bishop,  the  other  a  counsellor  of 

FAGUNDY,  Stephen,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
died  at  Lisbon,  in  1645. 

FAHRENHEIT,  Gabriel  Daniel,  a  natural 
philosopher,  eminent  for  his  great  improvements 
in  the  construction  of  thermometers,  was  born 
at  Dantzic,  1686.  He  published  a  •'  Disserta- 
tion on  Thermom.eters,"  1724,  and  died  in  1736. 
FAILLE,William  de  la,  a  syndic  of  Toulouse, 
and  author  of  a  history  of  tha'tcity,  died  in  1711. 

FAIRCLOUGH,  Samuel,  an  English^clergy- 
man,  educated  at  Cambridge,  died  in  1678. 

FAIRFAX,  Edward,  an  English  poet,  who 
flourished  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James 
L,  and  chiefly  distinguished  himself  by  a  trans- 
lation of  Tasso's  "  Godfrey  of  Bouillon."  His 
merits  were  so  great,  that  Waller  professed  to 
have  learnt  from  him  the  art  of  versification. 
He  was  born  at  Denton,  in  Yorlcshire,  and  died 
in  1632. 

FAIRFAX,  Thomas,  lord,  general  of  the 
parliament  forces  against  Charles  I.,  died  1671. 
See  CROMWELL,  Oliver. 

FAIRFAX,  Brian,  minister  of  the  episcopal 
church  in  Alexandria,  Virginia,  died  in  1802, 


FA 

FAISTENBERGER,  Anthony,  a  distinguish- 
ed landscape  painter,  of  Inspruck.died  in  1722. 
His  brother  Joseph  was  equally  eminent  in  the 
same  branch  of  his  profession. 

FALCANDUS,  Hugo,  an  accurate  historian, 
of  Sicilv  ;  the  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

FALCONBERG,  Mary,  countess  of,  third 
daughter  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  was  a  woman  of 
great  beauty,  and  uncommon  strength  of  mind. 
On  the  deposition  of  her  brother  Richard,  she 
exerted  her  influence  in  favor  of  the  restora- 
tion of  Charles  II.    She  died  in  1712. 

FALCONE,  da  Benevento,  secretary  to  pope 
Innocent  II.,  and  author  of  a  History  of  Naples 
from  1102  to  1140. 

FALCONER,  William,  an  ingenious  Scotch 
sailor,  author  of  a  "  Marine  Dictionary,"  4to., 
and  of  a  charming  pathetic  poem  called  "The 
Shipwreck,"  founded  on  a  disaster  experienced 
by  himself;  in  a  second  calamity  of  which 
kind  he  lost  his  life,  in  1770,  on  board  of  the 
Aurora  frigate. 

FALCONET,  Camille,  an  eminent  physician, 
of  Lyons,  a  member  of  the  French  academy, 
died  in  1761.  His  library  contained  nearly 
500,000  volumes. 

FALCONIA,  Proba,  a  Latin  poetess,  who 
lived  in  the  age  of  Theodosius. 

FALDA,  Giovanni  Baptista,  an  admired 
Italian  engraver  of  the  last  century. 

FALETI,  Jeronimo,  a  poet,  historian,  and 
statesman,  of  Savona,  near  Genoa,  ambassador 
rom  the  duke  of  Ferreira  to  Venice,  lived  about 
1560. 

FALIERI,  Ordelalo,  a  doge  of  Venice,  was 
killed  at  the  siege  of  a  revolted  city  in  Dalma- 
tia,  in  1120. 

FALIERI,  Marino,  a  doge  of  Venice,  who  was 
detected  in  a  plot  to  render  himself  absolute,  by 
the  assassination  of  all  the  senators ;  he  was 
executed  in  1354,  at  the  age  of  80,  with  about 
400  of  his  associates. 

FALK,  John  Peter,  a  Swede,  who  studied  bo 
tany  and  medicine  under  Linnaeus,  and  was  af 
terwards  professor  of  botany  at  Petersburgh 
he  died  in  1774. 

F  ALKENSTEIN,  John  Henry,  director  of  an 
academy  of  noblemen  at  Erlingen,  and  after- 
wards in  the  service  of  the  margrave  of  Ans- 
pach  ;  he  died  in  1760. 

FALKLAND,  lord.    See  CARY. 

FALLE,  Philip,  a  clergyman,  author  of  the 
Historv  of  Jersey,  where  he  was  bom  in  1655. 

FALLOPIUS,  Gabriel,  born  at  Modena,  in 
1490.  He  possessed  great  powers  of  mind,  which 
he  cultivated  by  an  intense  application  to  his 
studies  in  philosophy,  physic,  botany,  and  ana- 
tomy. In  this  last  he  made  some  new  discoveries, 
and,  among  the  rest,  that  of  the  tubes  by  which 
the  ova  descend  from  the  ovarium,  and  which, 
from  him,  are  called  the  "  Fallopian  tubes." 
He  died  at  Padua,  in  1563. 

FALS,  Raymond,  a  medal  engraver,  settled 
at  Paris,  where  he  obtained  a  pension  of  1200 


FAIRTHORNE,  William,  an  eminent  English 
painter  and  engraver,  who  flourished  in  the  17tb|  Uvres,  died  at  Berlin,  in  1703 
century.    He  wrote  a  book  "Upon  Drawng,'     p'at.staff     SppFAST 
Graving,  and  Etching,"  for  which  he  was  cele- 
brated by  his  friend  Flatman,  the  poet,  in  an 
elegy  which  ends  with  these  lines  : 

"  So  long  as  brass,  so  long  as  books  endure, 

"  So  long  as  neat-wrought  pieces,  thour't  se- 
cure ; 

"A  'Fairthome  sculpsit,'  is  a  charm  can 


*'  From  dull  oblivion  and  a  gaping  grave." 
Fairlhorne  was  born  about  1616,  and  died  1691, 
182 


FALSTAFF.     See  FASTOLF.  ■  - ' 

FALSTER,  Christian,  a  Danish  critic,  whose 
writings  are  numerous ;  the  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown. 

F^NNCOURT,  Samuel,  an  English  dissenting 
clergyman  and  controversial  writer,  and  insti- 
tutor  or  promoter  of  the  first  circulating  library 
ever  opened  in  England.  He  died  in  1768,  aged 
90  years. 

FA.NEUIL,  Peter,  founder  of  FaneuilhaD,  in  li 
Boston,  died  in  1743. 


FA^ 

FANNING,  Edmund,  LL.  D.,  a  native  off 
.  Connecticut,  settled  as  a  lawyer  in  North-Caro-' 
lina.  In  the  war  of  the  revolution,  he  united 
with  the  Brilish,  and  was  conspicuous,  for  the 
bitterness  and  zea!  he  displayed  against  his  coun- 
trymen. He  was  afterwards  made  a  general  in 
tile  British  service,  and  iieutenaiit-governor  of 
Nova-Scotia.     He  died  in  1818.  I 

FANNIUS,  surnamed  Strabc/,  a  Roman,! 
known  by  his  law  to  check  the  extravagance  ofj 
his  countrymen.  Another  of  the  same  name, 
wrote  an  account  of  Nero's  reign,  which  is  lost. 
FANSHAW,  sir  Richard,  an  English  gentle- 
man, famous  for  his  embassies  and  poetic  writ- 
ings, born  at  Ware  Park,  in  Hertfordshire,  1607, 
died  16CG.  A  translation  by  him,  of  the  "  Pastor 
Fido"  of  Guarini,  did  him  much  credit.  Some 
inte'-esting  private  history  of  this  family  will  be 
found  in  Mr.  Seward's  "  Anecdotes  of  Distin- 
guished Persons." 

FARDELLA,  Michael  Angelo,  professor  of 
natural  history  and  astronomy  at  Padua,  died  at 
Naples,  in  1718 

FARE,  Cliarles  Augustus,  marquis  de  la,  a 
captain  in  the  French  guards,  known  as  the  au- 
tiior  of  Memoirs  on  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV., 
diea  in  171-2. 

FAREL,  William,  an  able  refoaner,  bom  in 
1489.  Being  driven  from  Paris,  as  a  protestant, 
lie  went  to  Strasburgb,  Geneva,  Basil  and  Neuf- 
chatel,  where  he  preached  the  doctrines  of  the 
reformation,  witli  zeal,  ability,  and  success, 
although  opposed  with  ridicule  and  abuse.  He 
was  the  associate  of  Calvin,  and  died  in  l.'SGS. 

FARET,  Nicholas,  one  of  the  first  members! 
of  the  French  academy,  died  in  1646. 

FARIN,  Emanuel  de  Sousa,  a  Portuguese 
kniglit,  and  amba&sador  at  Rome,  disiiuguisiied 
as  a  poet  and  historian,  died  in  IfiSO. 

FARINACCIO,  Prosper,  an  Italian  lawyer, 
whose  writings  on  the  civil  law,  are  much 
esteemed  at  Rome,  died  in  1618, 


FA 


ty  was  prodigality,  and  tiieir  applause  adora- 
tion. "One  Cod,  one  Farinolli !"  vt'ill  be  long 
remembered  of  a  lady  of  distinction,  who,  be- 
iiig  charmed  with  a  particular  pa.'Jsage  in  one  of 
his  songs,  uttered  aloud  from  the  boxes  that  im- 
pious exclamation.  He  quitted  England  in  1737. 
FARINGDON,  Anthony,  an  English  divine, 
and  author  of  several  volumes  of  sermons,  died 
in  1658. 

FAR3IER,  Hugh,  a  dissenting  minister,  edu- 
cated under  Dr.  Doddridge,  and  known  as  a 
theological  writer  ;  he  died  hi  1787. 

FARMER,  Dr.  Richard,  master  of  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  principal  librarian  to  tne 
university,  &;c.  &c. ,  was  born  at  Leicester,  in 
1735,  and  distinguished,  himself  in  the  walks 
of  literature  by  a  very  masterly  "  Essay  on  the 
Learning  of  Shakspeare;"  in  which  he  decided 
a  point  tliat  had  been  much  litigated  among  the 
i  learned.  For  a  man  of  his  rare  endowment-s 
j  he  publisJied  but  litcle  :  the  essay  already  men- 
tioned ;  S(;me  "  Notes  on  Shakspeare ;"  a  "  Poem 
on  laying  the  lirst  stone  of  the  public  library  in 
17.55,"  and  a  sonnet  n>,  tlie  king's  death,  in  1760, 
(both  in  the  Cambridge  collection  of  verses;) 
"  Directions  for  the  study  of  English  History  " 
(Europ.  Mag.  xix.  415.)  and  a  "  Letter  on  Dei>- 
nis  the  Critic,"  (Europ.  Mag.  xxv.4!2,)  being  all 
that  is  known.  Dr.  F.,  however,  assisted  manv 
authors  in  various  works,  for  which  he  received 
their  public  acknowledgments  and  thanks  He 
died  in  1797. 

FAUNABY,  Thomas,  an  Enzli.sh  gramma- 
rian and  critic,  born  in  London,  in  1575,  died  in 
1!j47. 

FARNESE,  Peter  Louis,  son  of  pope  Paul 
I  HI.,  by  a  secret  marriage,  duke  of  Parma,  and 
iPlacentia,  was  assassinated  in  1547,  on  account 
I  of  his  tyranny  and  debauchery. 
I  FARNESE,  Alexander,  known  by  the  title 
of  cardinal  Farnese,  was  son  of  the  first  duke 
of  Parma,  and  born  1520  (long  before  his  father 


FARINATO,Paul,  an  eminent  Italian  painter,  was  advanced  to  the  dukedom.)  At  fourteen 
born  at  Verona,  1522,  and  cut,  it  is  said,  out  of  j!  years  of  ase  he  was  made  bishop  of  Parma  by 
Ins  mother's  womb,  who  was  just  dead  in  la-|iCiement  Vll.  Paul  HI.,  riis^d  him  to  the 
hour.  He  was  famous  also  for  being  an  ex-|jpuvple  in  15.54.  and  employed  nim  in  various 
cellent  swordsman  and  a  very  good  orator,  and]: embassies.     He  died  in  1589,  lamented  as  a  true 


for  his  knowledge  in  sculpture  and  architecture, 
especially  tliat  part  of  it  which  relates  to  fortifi- 
cations. His  last  moments  are  said  to  have 
been  as  remarkable  as  his  first,  on  accoiint  of 
the  death  of  his  nearest  relation.  He  lay  upoi 
liis  death-bed  in  160S,  and  his  wife,  who  wa 


sick  in  the  same  room,  hearing  him 
"he  was  going,"  told  him,  "she  would   bearjj 
him  company  ;"  and  was  as  good  as  her  word 
they  both  expiring  at  the  very  same  minute. 

FARINELLI,  Carlo  Broschi,  an  Italian  sing 
er,  born  at  Naples  1705  ;  and,  being  trained  to 
singing,  acquired  great  reputation  at  Rome  and 
at  Bologna.  The  fame  of  his  great  talents  reach- 
ing England,  he  was  engaged  to  sing  in  the 
opera  at  London,  in  1734 ,  for  EngJand  was 
then,  as  it  is  eminently  now,  the  place  of  all 
places  for  fiddlers,  singers,  dancers,  tumblers, 
eharpers,  and  impostors  of  every  kind,  to  flock 
to  and  grow  rich.  His  arrival  in  that  country 
was  in  the  newspapers  announced  to  the  public! 
as  an  event  worthy  of  national  attention.  Upon! 
what  terms  Farinelli,  was  engaged  to  sing  is  not 
known  to  any  degree  of  certainty  ;  his  salary, 
however,  be  it  what  it  might,  bore  but  small 
proportion  to  the  annual  amount  of  his  profits.! 
The  excessive  fondness  which  the  nobility  dis-l 
Covered  for  this  person,  the  caresses  they  be-! 
Btowed  on,  and  the  presents  they  made  him, 
indicated  little  less  tlian  infatuation:  tlieir  boun-; 


I  patron  of  the  ar's,  and  protector  of  men  of 
i  letters. 

!  FARNESE,  Alexander,  nephew  to  the  Cardi 
jnal,  was  the  3d  duke  rif  Panna,  and  governor 
jof  the  liOw  Oonntries.  He  was  mortally  wound- 
:ed,  at  the  siege  of  Rouen     by  Henry  IV.,  of 


ry  out,  [France  and  died  in  1532 


FARNEWORTII,  Ellis,  distinguished  by 
translating  some  eniinant  authors,  was  born  at 
Bonteshall,  in  Derbyshire,  and  died  1763.  His 
publications  were,  "  The  Life  of  Pope  Sixtus 
v.,  translated  from  the  Italian,"  "  Davila's 
History  of  France."  "  The  works  of  Machiavei, 
illustrated  with  Annotations,  Dissertations,  and 
several  new  plans  on  the  art  of  war." 

FARQUHAR,  George,  an  ingenious  comic 
writer,  \vas  the  son  of  a  clergy.man,  in  Ireland, 
and  born  at  Londonderry,  in  1678.  In  1096  he 
went  to  London,  and  svas  solicited  by  his  friend 
Wilks,  the  celebrated  actor,  to  write  a  play ;  but 
he  was  still  more  substantially  invited  by  a 
genteel  accornmodation,  which  suffered  him  to 
exercise  his  genius  at  his  leisure :  for  the  earl  of 
Orrery,  who  was  a  patron  as  well  as  master  of 
letters,  conferred  a  lieutenant'scommission  upon 
him  in  his  own  regiment  in  Ireland,  wiiich 
Farquhar  held  sev.-^ral  years,  and  behaved  him- 
self so  well  as  a^i  officer,  givinj  several  proofs 
both  of  courage  and  conduct.  He  died  in  April, 
1707,  before  he  was  30  years  of  age.  His  come 
183 


FA 

dies  display  a  sprightly  genius,  and  are  extreme- 
ly diverting. 

FASTOLFF,  Sir  John,  a  valiant  and  renowned 
general  during  the  English  conquests  in  France, 
born  at  Yarmouth,  in  Norfolk,  in  1377,  died  1459. 
He  was  knighted  in  tlie  field,  and  honoured  with 
the  Garter.  Sir  John  was  a  benefactor  to  both 
the  universities,  bequeathing  a  considerable  le 
gacy  to  Cambridge  for  building  the  schools  of 
Philosophy  and  Civil  Law ;  and  at  Oxford  he 
was  so  bountiful  to  Magdalen  College,  that  his 
name  is  there  commemoratod  in  an  anniversary 
speech.  Shakspeare  has  been  very  unjustly 
accused  of  having  dravs'n  his  sir  John  Falstaff 
to  ridicule  this  great  and  good  man. 

FAUCHET,  Claude,  vicar-general  to  the  arch- 
bishop of  Bruges,  and  preacher  to  Louis  XVI. 
His  manner  ot""  preaching  disgusting  the  mo- 
narch, Fauchet  became  a  bitter  enemy  of  the  go- 
vernment, a  leader  in  the  destruction  of  the  Bas- 
tile,  and  a  member  of  the  national  assembly 
and  of  the  convention ;  he  was  guillotined  in 
1793. 

FAUCHET,  Claude,  a  French  antiquarian, 
and  historiographer  to  Henry  IV.,  died  in  1601. 
His  writings  are  valuable,  but  inelegantly  writ- 
ten. 

FAUCHEUR,  aiichael  le,  a  French  protestant 
divine,  admired  as  a  preacher,  died  at  Paris,  in 
1667. 

FAUGERES,Margaretta  v.,  distinguished  for 
her  literary  accomplishments,  was  a  native  of 
the  state  of  New- York  ;  she  was  unfortunate  in 
lier  marriage,  and  died  in  ISOl.  She  published 
several  little  poems. 

FAULKNER,  George,  a  worth}^  printer,  of  I 
Dublin,  of  no  mean  celebrity,  being  the  first  man 
who  carried  his  profession  to  a  high  degree  of 
credit  in  Ireland.  He  was  the  confidenlial  prin- 
ter of  dean  S\\'ift ;  and  enjoypd  the  friendship 
and  patronage  of  the  earl  of  Chesterfield,  whose 
ironical  letters  to  Faulkner,  comparing  him  to 
Atticus,  are  perhaps  the  finest  parts  of  his  writ- 
ings. He  settled  at  Dublin,  as  a  printer  and 
bookseller,  soon  after  the  year  17-26 ;  raised 
there  a  very  comfortable  fortune  by  his  well- 
known  "  Joarnal,"  and  other  laudable  under- 
takinss  ;  and  died  an  alderman  of  Dublin,  Aug. 
28, 1775. 

FAUQUIER,  Francis,  succeeded  governor 
Dinwiddle,  as  chief  magistrate  of  the  colony  of 
Virginia.  He  was  respected  for  his  integrity, 
talents,  and  piety,  and  was  extremely  popular 
with  the  colonists;  he  died  in  1768. 

FAUR,  Guy  de,  lord  of  Pibrac,  advocate-gene- 
ral of  tiie  parliament  of  Paris,  and  counsellor  of 
srate,  known  also  as  a  poet ;  he  died  in  1584. 
FAUST,  or  FAUSTUS.  See  FUST. 
F.\T'STA,FlaviaMaximiana,  second  wife  of 
t!ie  emperor  Constantino,  was  sulFocated  in  a 
bath,  for  her  incontinence,  in  327. 

FAUSTINA,  Anna  Galeria,  the  wife  of  An- 
toninus Pius,  known  only  for  her  profligacy, 
died  in  Itl. 

FAUSTUS,  an  English  monk,  abbot  of  the 
monastery  of  the  Lerin  islands,  and  afterwards 
bishop  of  Riez,  in  Provence  ;  he  died  in  481 

FAVART,  Charles  Simon,  a  Parisian,  known 
for  his  admired  operas,  died  in  1793. 

FAVART,Marie  Justine  Benoite,  a  celebrated 
French  actress,  wife  of  the  preceding,  died  in 
1772. 

FAVOLIUS,  Hugo,  a  Dutch  physician  and 
poet,  died  in  1535. 

FAVORINUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  who 
lived  in  the  age  of  Adrian. 
FAVORINUS,  Varinus,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
184 


FE     

keeper  of  the  mendicean  library,  and  afterwards 
bishop  of  Nocera  ;  he  died  in  1537. 

FAVRE,  Anthony,  an  eminent  lawyer  at 
Bresse,  afterwards  governor  of  Savoy,  died  in 
1624. 

FAVRE,  Claude.    See  VAUGELAS. 

FAVVCETT,  sirW^ilham,  an  English  officer 
of  great  merit,  who,  for  his  services,  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  general,  made  a  knight  of 
the  bath,  and  governor  of  Chelsea  hospital ;  he 
died  in  1804. 

FAVV^'KES,  Francis,  an  ingenious  English 
jpoet  and  divine,  born  in  Yorkshire,  1721.  He 
published  a  volume  of  poems,  by  subscription, 
1761,  in  8vO)  and  several  poems  afterwards. 
But  his  great  strength  is  supposed  to  have  lain 
in  translation  ;  as  his  Anacreon,  Sappho,  Bion, 
Moschus,  Musajus,  and  Theocritus,  show.  His 
name  is  set  to  a  "  Family  Bible,  with  notes, 
1761,"  in  4to.    He  died  Aug.  26, 1777. 

FAYDIT,  Anselm,  a  Provencal  poet,  or  troiu 
badour,  celebrated  among  the  princes  of  his 
time  for  his  wit,  and  the  elegance  of  his  man- 
ners ;  he  died  in  1220. 

FAYDIT,  Peter,  a  French  priest,  known  for 
his  satirical  attacks  on  Bossuet  and  Fenelon, 
died  in  1709. 

FAYETTE,  Louisa  de  la,  a  French  lady  of 
great  celebrity,  maid  of  honour  to  Anne  of  Aus- 
tria, and  the  confident  of  Louis  XIII.,  retired  to 
a  convent,  after  reconciling  the  monarch  to  his 
queen,  where  she  died  universally  beloved  and 
esteemed. 

FAYETTE,  Marie  Madeleine,  countess  of,  a 
French  lady,  more  distinguished  by  her  literary 
productions  than  by  her  family.  She  was  mar- 
ried to  the  count  de  Fayette,  in  1655,  and  died  in 
1693.  The  principal  works  of  this  lady  are, 
"Zaide,"  a  romance  often  printed,  and  "La 
Princesse  de  Cleves,"  a  romance  also,  to  which 
Fontenelle  is  said  to  have  given  four  readings. 
M.  Fayette  was  so  regardless  of  fame,  that  she 
[published  these  works  under  the  name  of  Se- 
Igrais,  who,  however,  is  supposed  to  have  been 
no  farther  concerned  than  in  aiding  a  little  in 
the  design  of  them.  Voltaire  says,  that  the  ro- 
[mances  of  Fayette  were  the  first  which  exhi- 
jbited  the  manners  of  people  of  fashion  in  a 
I  graceful,  easy,  natural  way  :  all  before  having 
I  been  pompous,  bombast,  and  swelling  every 
thing  beyond  nature  and  life. 

FEARNE,  Charles,  an  eminent  English  con- 
veyancer, and  author  of  a  well-known  work, 
entitled,  "An  Essay  on  Contingent  Remainders 
and  Executory  Devises,"  born  in  1742,  died  Jan. 
21,  1794. 

FEATLEY,  orFAIRCLOUGH,Daniel.  D.D,, 
an  English  divine,  celebrated  as  an  able  theolo-   j 
gian,  and  as  a  popular  and  eloquent  preacher;   ' 
he  was  provost  of  Chelsea  college,  where  he 
died  in  1645. 

FECHT,  or  FECHTIUS,  John,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  settled  at  Rostock,  died  in  1716. 

FECKENHAM,  John  de,  so  called  because 
he  was  born  of  poor  parents,  in  a  cottage,  near 
the  forest  of  Feckenham,  in  Worcestershire,  his   i 
right  name  being  Hov/man.     He  was  the  last  I 
I  abbot  of  Westminster,  and  died  in  1585.    Cam- 
den calls  him  a  "  learned  and  good  man,  that 
lived  long,  did  a  great  deal  of  good  to  the  poor,  j 
and  always  solicited  the  minds  of  his  adver-  ! 
saries  to  benevolence." 

FEIJOO,  Benedict  Jerom,  a  Spanish  Bene- 
dictine, who  attempted,  by  his  writings,  to  ex- 
pose the  ignorance  of  the  clergj',  and  the  inuti- 
lity of  pilgrimages,  &c.    He  died  in  1765. 
FEITHUS,  Everard,  a  learned  German,  who 


FE 

t 

(tretired  to  France,  where  lie  became  conspicu- 
ous for  Iiis  leariiini;,  and  was  honoured  with  the 
friendship  of  the  most  eminent  literary  men  of 
that  country. 

FELlBIEN,  Andrew,  counsellor  and  historio- 
grapher to  tiie  king  of  France,  bom  at  Chartres, 
in  1619,  died  1695.  His  "  Dialogues  upon  the 
Lives  of  the  Painters"  have  done  him  great  ho- 
nour. 

FELIBIEN,  John  Francis,  son  of  thepreced 
ing,  inherited  from  his  father  a  taste  and  know- 
ledge of  the  fine  arts,  and  succeeded  him  in  all 
his  appointments;  he  died  in  1733. 

FELIBIEN,  James,  brother  of  Andrew,  and 
archdeacon  of  Cliartres,  died  in  1716. 

FELIBIEN,  Michael,  son  of  Andrew,  an  au- 
thor of  reputation,  died  in  1719. 

FELIX,  governor  of  Judea,in  the  reign  of  Nero, 

FELIX,  bishop  of  Urgella,  in  Spain,  deposed 
for  heretical  opinions,  died  in  exile  in  815. 

FELIX,  Minutius,  a  father  of  the  primitive 

church,  who  flourished  in  the  3d  century,  about 

the  year  220.    He  wrote  a  very  elegant  dialogue 

in  defence  of  the  Christian  religion,  entitled 

,"  Octavius." 

FELIX  I.,  pope  after  Dionysius,  was  put  to 
death  in  274,  and  canonized. 

FELIX  II.,  was  elected  pope  in  355,  and  af- 
terwards died  in  exile  in  365. 

FELIX  III.,  elevated  to  the  papacy  in  the 
reign  of  Zeno,  died  m  492. 

FELIX  IV.,  a  pious  and  exemplary  prelate 
was  chosen  pope  in  526,  and  died  four  years  after. 

FELL,  Dr.  John,  an  eminently  learned  di 
vine,  and  bishop  of  Oxford,  born  atLongworth, 
in  Berkshire,  1625,  died  16S6. 

FELL,  John,  an  English  dissenting  minister, 
tutor  of  an  academy  at  Homerton,  died  in  1797 

FELLER,  Joachim  Frederic,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, secretary  to  the  duke  of  Weimar,  died  ir 
172fi. 

FELLER,  Francis  Xavier,  an  ex-jesuit,  of 
Brussels,  author  of  Observations  on  Newton's 
Philosophy,  and  on  Buffon's  works,  witli  othei 
writings  ;  he  died  in  1802. 

FELLTIl.AM,  Owen,  a  miscellaneous  writer 
born  in  So. -folk,  who  lived  many  years  in  the 
family  of  the  earl  of  Tliomood,  wrote  a  book  of 
l^reat  merit,  called  "  Resolves,  Divine,  Moral, 
and  Political,"  many  editions  of  which  have 
been  published.    He  died  about  1678. 

FELTON,  John,  an  Englishman,  known  onl 
as  the  murderer  of  ViUiers,  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham, in  1028,  for  which  he  was  executed.    His 
father  and  grandfather  had  been  executed  be 
fore  him,  as  bigoted  and  seditious  catholics. 

FBLTON,  Henry,  principal  of  Edmund  hall, 
0.:fard,  died  in  1739. 

"FEND ALL,  Josia^,  governor  and  chief  jus 
lice  of  the  province  of  Maryland,  was  succeeded 
in  UW)  by  Calvert.  He  was  afterwards  banished 
from  the  province,  for  misdemeanors. 

FEiVELON,  Francis  de  Salignac  de  la  Motte 
arciibishop  of  Cambray,  born  at  the  castle  of 
Fenelon,  in  'he  province  of  Perigord,  1651,  died 
1715.  He  wrote  many  works;  but  what  has 
gained  him  the  greatest  reputation,  and  for 
which  he  will  be  immortal,  is  his  "Telemachus." 
No  work  ever  had  a  greater  reputation;  the 
style  of  it  is  lively,  natural,  and  beautiful ;  the 
fictions  well  contrived  ;  the  moral  sublime  ;  and 
tlin  pohtical  maxims  tending  all  to  the  happiness 
of  mankind.  He  published  another  considerable 
work,  entitled,  "  A  Demonstration  of  the  Being 
of  God,  grounded  on  the  knowledge  of  Nature' 
and  Buited  to  the  meanest  capacity ;"  which  i- 

16 


FE 

one  of  the  best  books  that  is  written  in  French, 
upon  that  subject. 

FENN,  Sir  John,  a  very  learned  antiquary, 
born  in  Norwich,  17.39,  died  February,  1794,  hav- 
ing greatly  distinguished  himself  by  his  applica- 
tion to  the  study  of  natural  history  and  antiqui 
ties,  which  enabled  him  to  collect  and  publish, 
in  4  vols.  4to,  a  large  collection  of  "Original 
Letters,  written  during  the  reigns  of  Henry  VI., 
Edward  IV.,  Richard  III.,  and  Henry  VIL,"  by 
such  of  the  Paston  family,  and  others,  as  were 
personally  present  in  court  and  cam  p,  and  were, 
ia  those  times,  persons  of  great  consequence  in 
the  county  of  Norfolk.  These  letters  contain 
many  curious  and  authentic  state  anecdotes,  re- 
lating not  ordy  to  Norfolk,  but  to  the  kingdom  in 
general,  and  to  the  wars  in  France. 

FENNER,  Arthur,  governor  of  the  state  of 
Rhode-Isiand,  died  in  1805. 

FENTON,  sir  GeoflFrey,  an  eminent  writer 
and  statesman  during  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth 
and  James  I.,  was  born  in  Nottinghamshire,  and 
died  in  1608.  He  is  known  by  a  translation 
from  the  Italian  of  "  The  History  of  the  Wars 
of  Italy,  by  Guiciardini. 

FENTON,  Elijah,  secretary  to  the  earl  of  Or- 
rery, an  elegant  poet,  and  one  of  the  worthiest 
and  most  modest  men  that  ever  adorned  the 
court  of  Apollo.  In  1717  he  published  a  volume 
of  poems,  md  in  1723  introduced  upon  the  stage 
his  tragedy  of  "  Mariamne.  '  Fenton  was  much 
beloved  by  Mr.  Pope,  who,  after  his  death, (1730) 
honoured  him  with  the  following  epitaph  ; 

"  This  modest  stone,  what  few  vain  marbles  can 
"  May  truly  say,  Here  lies  an  honest  man : 
"  A  poet  bless'd  beyond  a  poet's  fate, 
"  Whom  Heaven  kept  sacred  from  the  proud 

and  great : 
"  Foe  to  loud  praise,  and  friend  to  learned  ease. 
"  Content  with  science  in  the  vale  of  peace, 
"  Calmly  he  looked  on  either  life,  and  here 
"  Saw  nothing  to  regret,  or  there  to  fear  : 
"  From  Nature's  temperate  feast  rose  satisfied, 
"  Thank'dheav'n  that  he  had  liv'd,  and  that  he 
died." 

FERAJUOLI,  Nuzio,  an  eminent  Italian 
landscape  painter  in  the  17th  century. 

FERDINAND  I.,  emperor  of  Germany,  wag 
crowned  king  of  Hungary,  in  1527,  elected  king 
of  the  Romans,  in  1531,  and  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther Charles  V.  as  emperor,  in  1558 ;  he  died  ia 
1564. 

FERDINAND  IT.,  king  of  Bohemia  and  Hun- 
gary, and  emperor  of  Germany,  in  1619  ;  after 
subduing  his  revolted  Bohemian  subjects,  and 
waging  successful  war  against  Denmark,  and 
other  neighbouring  powers,  he  died  at  Vienna, 
in  1637. 

FERDINAND  III.,  son  of  the  preceding,  wa? 
also  king  of  Bohemia,  &c.,  and  emperor  oY  Ger- 
many. His  plans  of  ambition  and  aggrandize- 
ment were  successfully  opposed  by  the  Swedes, 
under  the  duke  of  Weimar,  and  by  the  French, 
under  the  great  Conde,  until  the  peace  of  West- 
l)halia,  &c.  ;  the  emperor  died  in  1657. 

FERDINAND  I.,  king  of  Castile  and  Leon, 
surnamed  the  Great,  defeated  the  king  of  Leon, 
and  usurped  his  throne  ;  he  penetrated  into  the 
centre  of  Portugal,  and  afterwards  defeated  and 
killed  his  brother,  the  king  of  Navarre ;  he  died 
in  1065. 

FERDINAND  IL,  king  of  Castile  and  Leon, 
and  son  of  Alphonso  VIII.,  died  in  1187. 

FERDINAND  in.,  St.,  obtained  the  throne 
of  Castile  on  the  abdication  of  his  mother;  and 
*  185 


FE 


FE 


that  of  Leon,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  Al- 
phonso  IX.,  in  1230 ;  he  made  war  successfully 
against  the  Moors,  and  died  in  1252. 

FERDINAND  IV.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  of 
Castile  at  10  years  of  age,  and  died  suddenly  in 
1312. 

FERDINAND  V.,  surnamed  the  Catholic, 
united  the  kingdoms  of  Castile  and  Arragon,  by 
his  marriage  with  Isabella,  of  Castile.  During 
their  reign,  the  Moorish  power  in  Spain  was  de- 
stroyed by  Ferdinand,  and  a  new  world  was 
added  to  their  dominions,  by  the  discoveries  of 
Columbus  ;  he  died  in  151G. 

FERDINAND  VI.,  surnamed  the  Wise,  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  PhiHpV.,  in  1746.  He  was 
distinguished  for  his  justice,  prudence,  and  be- 
nevolence, and  bis  reign  was  prosperous  and 
popular ;  he  died  in  1759. 

FERDINAND  I.,  king  of  Naples  and  Sicily, 
although  a  patron  of  commerce  and  the  arts,  was 
unpopular  for  his  cruelties  ;  he  died  in  1494. 

FERDINAND,  king  of  Portugal,  died  in  1383, 
after  a  turbulent  and  unfortunate  reign. 

FERDINAND  I.,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
eminent  for  the  wisdom  and  energy  of  his  go- 
vernment ;  he  died  in  1609. 

•FERDINAND  II.,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
after  Cosmo  il.,  was  respected  by  all,  for  the  de- 
cided and  impartial  neutrality  he  preserved  dur- 
ing the  wars  between  France  and  Spain;  he  died 
in'  1668. 

FERDINAND,  of  Cordova,  a  Spaniard,  of  the 
15th  century,  so  conspicuous  for  his  learning, 
that  he  was  considered  by  the  vulgar  as  a  magi- 
cian. 

FERDINAND  LOPEZ,  a  Portuguese,  who,  in 
the  16th  century,  visited  the  East  Indies,  and 
publjslied  a  valuable  account  of  his  voyage,  &c. 

FERDINAND,  Charles,  a  poet  and  philoso- 
pher, of  Bruges,  died  at  Paris,  in  1494. 

FERDINAND,  John,  a  Jesuit,  of  Toledo, 
known  as  a  theological  writer,  died  in  1595. 

FERDINAND  DE  JESUS,  an  eloquent  Car- 
melite monk,  of  Spain,  in  the  17th  centitry. 

FERDINANDI,  Epiphanius,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, died  in  1638. 

FERDOUSI,  Hassan  Ben  Scharf,  the  most 
celebrated  of  all  the  Persian  poets.  His  epic 
poem,  entitled  "  Schanamek,"  that  is,  "  The 
History,"  contains  the  annals  of  the  kings  of 
Persia,  and  consists  of  60,000  verses.  Ferdousi 
composed  this  poem  at  the  command  of  the  sul- 
tan Mahmoud,  and  was  employed  upon  it  thirty 
vears ;  after  which  receiving  only  60,000  diach- 
mas  of  silver  for  his  trouble,  he  quitted  the  court 
of  Mahmoud  in  disgust,  and  wrote  satirical 
verses  against  him.    He  died  in  1020. 

FERG',  or  FERGIRE,  Francis  Paul,  an  emi 
nent  landscape  painter,  born  at  Vienna,  died  at 
London,  in  1740. 

FERGUS  I.,  king  of  Scotland,  elected  king 
for  his  services  in  repelling  the  Picts ;  he  was 
drowned  in  404. 

FERGUSON,  Robert,  a  non-conformist  di- 
vine, and  a  teacher ;  afterwards  the  associate 
of  Monmouth,  died  in  1714. 

FERGUSON,  William,  a  Scotch  painter,  died 
in  1690. 

FERGUSON,  Dr.  Adam,  a  natural  and  mo 
ral  philosopher,  and  political  writer,  born  in 
Scotland,  in  1724.  His  principal  writings  were 
"  An  Essay  on  Civil  Society;"  "  History  of  the 
Roman  Republic  ;"  "  A  Treatise  on  Moral  and 
Political  Science ;"  and  "  Institutes  ot  Moral 
Philosophy,"  Dr.  Ferguson  held  many  years  a 
prot'essors'hin  in  the  university  of  Edinburgh 
186 


which  he  resigned  in  favour  of  Mr.  Dugald 
Stewart.    He  died  in  1816. 

FERGUSON,  James,  an  extraordinary  phe- 
nomenon of  the  self-taught  kind,  particularly  in 
the  astronomical  branch  of  science,  was  born 
in  Bamffshire,  Scotland,  in  1710.  His  parents 
being  in  low  circumstances,  he  was  obliged  to 
keep  sheep  for  four  years ;  but  in  this  situation 
he  learned  to  mark  t2ie  position  of  the  stars 
with  a  thread  and  bead.  One  Alexander  Cant 
ley,  butler  to  Thomas  Grant,  esq.,  taught  him 
decimal  arithmetic,  algebra,  and  the  elements 
of  geometry :  after  this  he  went  into  two  very 
hard  services.  His  ingenuity  at  length  intro- 
duced him  to  Sir  James  Dunbar,  when  he  learn- 
ed to  draw,  and  began  to  take  portraits.  At  30 
years  of  age,  he  invented  his  Astronomical  Ro- 
tula,  a  machine  for  showing  the  new  moons  and 
eclipses.  About  1744  he  went  to  London ,  and, 
by  his  deUneation  of  the  complex  line  of  the 
moon's  motion,  procured  the  honour  of  being 
elected  fellow  of  the  royal  society,  without  pay- 
ing for  admission.  His  dissertations  and  inven- 
tions in  mechanics,  and  other  branches  of  the 
mathematics,  introduced  him  to  the  favour  of 
king  George  III.,  who  conferred  an  annual  pen- 
sion of  501.  upon  Iiim.  He  died  November  16 
1776. 

FERGUSSON,  Robert,  a  very  ingenious 
though  unfortunate,  Scotch  poet, born  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1750,  died  Oct.  16,  1774.  He  was  pos- 
sessed of  the  brightest  genius,  and  the  best  heait; 
but  his  social  qualifications  were  so  fascinating 
that  they  led  him  into  a  course  of  dissipation 
and  imprudence,  which  too  often  is  the  ruin  of 
men  of  genius.  Burns  (his  brotlier  poet,  and 
enthusiastic  admirer)  erected  a  neat  monument 
to  his  memory  in  the  Canongate  churcli-yard. 

FERMAT,  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse,  was 
distinguished  as  an  able  la^vyer,  and  an  eminen, 
mathematician  and  philosopher  ;  the  associate 
of  Descartes  and  Huygens ;  he  died  in  1664. 

FERMOR,  William  count  Von,  an  officer  in 
the  Russian  service,  distinguished  for  his  vie 
tories  over  the  Turks  and  Prussians,  and  parti- 
cularly over  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  for  the 
capture  of  Berlin  ;  he  died  in  1771. 

FERNANDEZ,  Anthony,  superior  of  the 
Portuguese  Jesuit  missionaries,  in  India,  and 
author  of  commentaries  on  parts  of  the  Old 
Testament ;  he  died  in  1628. 

FERNANDEZ,  Benedict,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
and  also  a  writer  of  commentaries  on  Scripture 
died  in  1630. 

FERNANDEZ,  Alphonso,  a  Spanish  Domi- 
nican,  and  WTiter,  died  in  1640. 

FERNEL,  John  Francis,  physician  to  Henry 
II.  of  France,  was  distinguished  for  his  indefati 
gable  attention  to  liis  studies,  for  his  attainments 
in  philosophy  and  medicine,  and  for  his  attach- 
ment to  private  life  ;  he  died  in  1558. 

FERNOUILLOT  DE  FALBAIRE,  Charles 
George,  a  French  author ;  he  died  in  1801. 

FERRACINO,  Bartolomco,  a  seiftaught  ai}i 
ingenious  mechanic,  born  at  Bassan,  in  Padua^ 
died  in  1764. 

FERRAND,  James,  a  French  physician,  and 
author  of  a  treatise,  "  De  la  Maladie  d'Amour," 
printed  at  Paris,  in  1622 ;  and  published  in  En- 
glish, in  1640. 

FERRAND,  Lewis,  a  French  lawyer,  and 
advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  died  in  1699 

FERRAND,  Anthony,  a  counsellor  of  Paris, 
autlior  of  madrigals,  songs,  &c.,  died  in  1719. 

FERRAND,  James  Philip,  a  French  painter 
la  enamel,  died  in  173? 


i 


FE 


FERRANDUS,  Fulgentius,  a  deacon  of  Car- 
tilage, died  before  551. 

FERRAR,  Robert,  bishop  of  St.  Davids,  was 
burnt  as  a  lieretic,  in  the  reign  of  Mary,  in  1555. 
FERRAR,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  London, 
was  secretary  to  the  Virginia  company,  and 
afterwards  a  member  of  parliament ;  he  died 
in  1637. 

FERRARI,  Lewis,  of  Milan,  professor  of  ma- 
thematics at  Bologna,  where  he  died  in  15G5. 

FERRARI,  Auton>  Mary  Zachary  Bartho- 
lomow,  founder  of  the  order  of  the  Barnabites 
at  Milan,  died  in  1544. 

FiORRARI,  Octavian,  an  Italian  author,  born 
at  xMilan,  1518,  died  in  158G.  Though  excellently 
skilled  in  polite  literature,  yet  he  was  princi- 
pally famous  for  philosophy,  being  esteemed  a 
second  Aristotle. 

FERRARI,  Francisco  Bernardino,  of  the 
sanie  family  with  the  former,  born  at  Milan, 
1577,  died  lt)69.  He  was  an  able  divine  and 
sacred  historian,  and  of  no  mean  talents  as  an 
antitiirary. 

FERRARI,  Octavio,  historiographer  of  Milan, 
of  the  same  family  with  the  former,  born  in 
1607,  died  in  1682.  He  was  remarkable  for  the 
sweetness,  sincerity,  and  affability  of  his  temper ; 
and  had  so  happy  "a  way  of  conciliating  persons 
exasperated  against  each  other,  that  he  acquired 
the  title  of  "  The  Reconciler." 

FERRARI,  John  Baptist,  a  Jesuit,  author  of 
a  S\  I  iac  Dictionary,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1655. 

F'ERRARI,  Giovanni  Andrea,  a  painter  of 
Genoa,  died  in  1669. 

FERRARIENSIS,  a  genwal  of  the  Domini- 
cans, and  a  writer  on  philosophy,  died  in  1528. 
FERRARS,  George,  a  distinguished  advocate, 
a  member  of  parliament,  and  a  favourite  of 
Henry  Vlll.,  and  of  his  successor.  He  wrote 
l!ie  History  of  dueen  Mary,  the  Tragedy  of 
Richard  II.,  and  other  works,  and  died  in  1579. 
FERRARS,  Edward,  a  poet  and  favourite  of 
Henry  VIIL,  died  in  1564. 

FERRARS,  Henry,  of  the  same  family  as  the 
preceding,  is  known  as  having  made  large  and 
valuable  collections  for  a  history  of  his  native 
country ;  he  died  in  1633. 

FEKRAUD,  N.,  a  deputy  to  the  national 
convention  of  France,  distinguished  for  his  ha- 
tred of  monarchy,  was  shot  at  Paris,  in  1795 
during  an  attack  on  the  convention. 

FERREAS,  Don  John  of,  born  at  Raba- 
nezza,  in  Spain,  in  1652,  died  in  1735.  He  was 
author  of  a  Spanish  Dictionary,  and  of  several 
works  in  Theology,  Philosophy,  and  History  ; 
tiie  most  considerable  of  which  was  a  "  General 
History  of  Spain." 

FERREIN,  Antony,  a  French  anatomist,  and 
lecturer  on  Materia  Medica ;  he  died  in  1769. 

FERRETI,  or  FERRETUS,  a  poet  and  histo- 
lian,  of  Vicenza,  who  contributed  to  the  revival 
of  learning  in  Europe,  in  the  14th  century. 

FERRETI,  Emilio,  an  Italian  lawyer,  secre- 
tary to  pope  Leo  X.,  died  at  Avignon,  in  1552. 

FERRETY",  Giovanni  Batista,  a  Benedictine 
monk,  of  Vicenza ;  the  time  of  his  death  is  un- 
known. 

FERRI,  Paul,  a  learned,  popular,  and  elo- 
quent divine,  of  Metz,  died  in  1669. 

FERRI,  Ciro,  a  celebrated  historic  painter, 
born  at  Rome,  in  1634,  died  1689.  He  was  a  faith- 
ful imitator  of  Peter  ds  Cortona,  under  whom  he 
had  been  bred ;  and  to  whom  he  came  so  near 
in  his  ideas,  his  invention,  and  his  manner  of 
painting,  that  his  ceiUiigs,  particularly,  are  aften 
mistaXen  foj  Cortona's. 


FE 

FERRI AR,  John,  M.  D.,  an  estimable  writer 
on  medicine,  the  belles-lettres,  and  archaiology, 
died  at  Manchester,  in  1815.  He  published  "  U- 
ustrations  of  Sterne,"  in  which  he  detected 
the  source  from  which  Sterne  had  evidently  bor- 
rowed many  of  the  ideas  dispersed  througii  his 
eccentric  performances. 

FERRIER,  Jeremy,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Nismes,  and  secretary  to  the  king  of  France,  in 
1626,  the  year  of  his  death. 

FERRIER,  Arnauld  de,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
and  called  the  Cato  of  France,  was  born  at  Tou 
louse,  in  150(i,  died  1585. 

FERRIER,  Lewis,  a  poet  and  dramatic  writer, 
born  at  Avignon,  died  in  1721. 

FERRIER,  Jolm,  a  Jesuit,  and  confessor  to 
the  French  king,  died  in  1674. 

FERRIERE0,  Claude  de,  adoctorof  civillaw 
at  Paris,  and  author  of  several  valuable  books 
on  that  subject,  died  in  1715. 

FERRON,  Arnauld  du,  a  lawyer  of  Bour- 
deaux,  author  of  an  elegant  Latin  history  of 
Prance,  to  the  reign  of  Francis  I.,  in  continua- 
tion of  that  of  ^niiiius  ;  he  died  in  1563. 

FERTE,  Henry  de  Senecterrc  Marechal  de,  a 
celebrated  French  general  in  the  reigns  of  Louis 
XIII.  and  his  successor ;  he  died  in  1681. 

FERUS,  Jolm,  superior  of  the  gray  friars  at 
Mentz,  known  as  a  popular  preacher,  and  as  a 
commentator  oh  the  Bible  ;  he  died  in  1654. 

FESTUS,  Porcius,  a  proconsul  of  Judea,  by 
whom  the  apostle  Paul  was  sent  to  Rome. 

FESTUS,  Pompeius,  a  celebrated  grammarian 
of  antiquity,  who  abridged  a  v/ork  of  "  Verrius 
Flaccus  de  Signiticatione  Verborum." 

FETTI,  Dominico,  an  emizient  painter,  born 
at  Rome,  in  1589,  died  1624.  From  the  paintings 
of  Julio  Romano  he  took  his  colouring,  the  bold- 
ness of  his  characters,  and  a  beautiful  manner  of 
thinking ;  he  was  very  delicate  in  his  thoughts ; 
had  a  grandeur  of  expression,  and  a  mellowness 
of  pencil,  that  pleased  the  connoisseurs.  His 
pictures  ate  scarce,  and  much  sought  after. 

FEULLEE,  Lewis,  botanist  to  Lewis  XIV. 
of  France,  born  at  Provence,  in  1660,  died  1732, 
There  is  of  his  a  "  Journal  des  Observations 
Pliysiques,  Mathematiques,  et  Botaniques," 
made  upon  the  coasts  of  South  America  and 
New  Spain,  which  is  said  to  be  very  exact  and 
curious,  though  written  inelegantly. 

FEUaUIERES,  Anthony  de  Pas,  marquis 
of,  distinguished  as  an  officer,  and  made  a  mar- 
shal for  his  services  in  Germany;  he  died  in 
17]  1. 

FEURBORN,  Justus,  rector  of  the  university 
of  Giesaen,  and  author  of  several  theological 
works  in  Latin,  died  in  1656. 

FEUSTKING,  John  Henry,  professor  and 
doctor  of  divinity  in  the  university  at  Wittem- 
berg,  confessor  to  the  duke  of  Saxony,  and  coun* 
sellor  to  tlie  duke  of  Saxe  Gotha,  died  in  1713. 

FEVARDENTIUS,or  FEWARDENT,Fran- 
cis,  a  Franciscan  friar,  known  for  his  bigoted 
Iiostility  to  the  protestants ;  he  died  in  1641. 

FEVRE,  Claude,  a  French  painter,  died  .n 
London,  in  1675. 

FEVRE,  Guy  le,  sieur  de  la  Boderie,  a  poet 
of  Lower  Normandy,  eminent  for  his  knowledge 
of  oriental  Uterature,  died  in  1598. 

FEVRE,  Anthony  le,  brother  of  Guy,  was  in 
the  service  of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  his  am- 
bassador to  England,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1615. 

FEVRE,  Nicholas  le,  a  French  Jesuit,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  true  religion,  died  in  1755. 

FEVRE,  James  le,  a  learned  Frenchman,  the 
friend  and  fOJfr<?SDOOdfim  of  Eiasmus,  published 
187 


FI 

a  translation  of  the  New  Testament  with  com- 
Dientaries  ;  he  died  in  1537,  aged  97. 

FEVRE,  Nicholas  le,  born  at  Paris,  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  profound  scholar,  well  acquaint- 
ed with.the  civil  law,  belles-lettres,  and  mathe- 
matics. He  was  preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Conde, 
and  afterwards  of  Lewis  XIII. ;  he  died  in  1611- 

FEVRE,  Tanaquil,  or  Tannequi,  a  learned 
man,  professor  in  the  university  at  Saumur  ;  he 
died  in  1672. 

FEVRE,  Roland  le,  an  eminent  painter,  born 
at  Anjou,  died  at  London,  in  1677. 

FEVRET,  Charles,  an  eminent  French  civi- 
lian, born  in  1583,  died  1661.  Several  auiliors 
have  mentioned  him  and  his  works  in  a  very- 
honourable  manner. 

FEVRET  DE  FONTETTE,  Charles  Marie, 
an  eminent  French  lawyer,  and  a  member  of  the 
academv  of  belles- icitre:r,  died  in  1772. 

FEYDEAU,  Matthew,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  and  a  theological  writer,  died  in  1604. 

FIASELLA,  Dominico,  anitalian  and  histo- 
rical painter,  died  in  1669. 

FICHARD,  John,  a  lawyer,  of  Frankfort, 
author  of  "Lives  of  Illustrious  monks,"  died 
in  1581. 

FICINUS,  Marsilius,  a  learned  Italian,  who, 
under  the  patronage  of  Lorenzo  and  Cosmo  de 
Medicis,  became  a  distinguished  philosopher, 
physician,  and  divine,  and  an  able  writer  on 
numerous  subjects  ;  he  died  in  1499. 

FICORONI,  Francesco,  a  Roman  medalist, 
and  a  writer  on  medals,  and  antiquities,  died 
in  1747. 

FIDANZA,  Johannes,  a  philosopher,  poet, 
and  theologist,  of  Tuscany,  styled,  on  account 
of  his  great  learning,  the  seraphic  doctor ;  he 
died  in  1274. 

FIDDE3,  Dr.  Richard,  an  English  divine, 
and  ingenious  biographical  and  theoliarical  wri- 
'ter,  born  in  1671,  died  in  1725.  His  chief  work 
is,  "  The  Life  of  Cardinal  Wolsey." 

FIELD,  Richard,  an  English  divine,  eminent 
for  his  learning,  benevolence  and  piety,  chaplain 
to  queen  Elizabeth,  canon  of  V\'^indsor,  and 
dean  of  Gloucester  ;  he  died  in  1616. 

FIELDING,  Henry,  son  of  general  Fielding, 
was  born  in  1707,  and  received  the  first  rudi- 
ments of  his  education  at  home,  under  the  care 
of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Oliver ;  he  was  removed  to  Eton- 
school  ;  from  whence,  at  about  16  years  of  age,  he 
went  to  Leyden,  where  he  studied  under  the 
most  celebrated  civilians  for  two  years ;  at  the 
expiration  of  which  time  he  returned  to  London  ; 
and  in  1727  commenced  writer  for  the  stage. 
Between  rhis  time  and  1743,  he  wrote  20  dra- 
matic pieces.  About  six  or  seven  years  afier 
Mr.  Fielding's  commencing  a  writer  lor  the 
stage,  he  married  Miss  Craddock,  a  young  lady 
from  Salisbury,  possessed  of  beauty,  and  a  for- 
tune of  about"].500Z. ;  and  near  the  sanie  time 
his  mother  dying,  an  estate  of  somewhat  better 
than  2<)0Z.  per  annum,  came  into  his  posscssior 
This  fortune,  had  it  been  conducted  with  pru 


FI_ 

tion  at  the  Temple,  was  called  to  the  bar,  and 
made  no  inconsiderable  figure  in  Westminster- 
hall.  He  began  soon  after  to  be  molested  with 
such  violent  attacks  from  the  gout,  as  rendered 
it  impossible  for  him  to  be  so  constant  at  the  bar 
as  the  laboriousness  of  his  profession  required  ; 
and  a  proof  of  the  great  force  and  vigour  of 
ills  mind  is,  his  pursuing  so  arduous  a  study 
under  the  exigencies  of  family  distress,  with  a 
wife  and  children,  whom  he  tenderly  loved, 
looking  up  to  him  for  sustenance  ;  with  a  body 
torn  by  the  acutest  pains,  and  a  mind  distracted 
by  a  thousand  avocations  ;  yet  obliged,  for  im- 
mediate supply,  to  produce  ahnost  extempore,  a 
play,  a  farce,  a  pamphlet,  or  a  newspaper.  A 
larjie  number  of  fugitive  political  tracts,  whict 


arge 

lad  their  value  when  the  incidents  were  actually 
passing  on  the  great  scene  of  business,  came 
from  his  pen.  At  this  time  too  he  produced  his 
"  Joseph  Andrews,"  which  is  too  well  known 
and  too  justly  admired  to  leave  us  any  room  to 
expatiate  on  its  merits.  About  1745,  Mr.  F. 
accepted  of  the  office  of  an  acting  magistrate  in 
the  commission  of  the  peace  for  tlit  county  of 
Middlesex,  in  which  station  he  continued  till 
pretty  near  the  time  of  his  death.  Yet,  amidst 
all  the  laborious  duties  of  his  office,  he  found 
leisure  ;o  amuse  himself,  and  afterwards  the 
world,  with  "The  History  of  Tom  Jones,"  and 
"Amelia."  At  length,"  however,  his  whole 
frame  of  body  was  soentirely  shattered  by  con- 
tinual inroads  of  complicated  disorders,  and  the 
incessant  fatigue  of  business  in  his  office,  that, 
by  tlie  advice  of  his  pliysicians,  he  set  out  for 
Lisbon.  Even  in  Uiis  distressful  condition,  his 
imagination  still  cominued  making  the  strongest 
etforts  to  display  itself;  and  the  last  gleam  of 
his  wit  and  humour  faintly  sparkled  in  the 
"  Journal"  he  left  behind  hiin  of  his  "  Vojage" 
to  that  place,  which  was  published  in  1755,  at 
London.  In  about  two  months  after  bis  arrival 
at  Lisbon,  in  1754,  he  died,  in  his  48th  year. 

FIELDING,  Sarah,  sister  of  Ilemy,  author 
lof  "David  Simple,"  a  novel  of  considerable 
meritjboin  in  1714.  died  in  1768. 

FIELDING,  Sir  John,  half-brother  to  Henry 
an  excellent  magistrate,  and  author  of  many 
useful  regulations  in  the  police  of  London  and 
Westminster,  died  in  1780. 

FIENNES,  William,  lord  Say  and  Sele,  al- 
though raised  to  the  peerage  by  James  I.,  was 
a  rebel  against  his  son,  an  active  member  of  the 
long  parUament,  and  one  of  Cromwell's  adher- 
jents.  He  was  afterwards  chamberlain,  and  lord 
iprivy  seal  to  Charles  II. ;  he  died  in  1662. 
I  FIENNES,  Nathanael.  second  son  of  tiic  pre- 
Iceding,  was,  like  his  father,  an  enemy  to  the 
ichurch  and  king,  a  friend  of  Cromwell,  and  one 
jof  his  peers;  he  died  in  1669. 

FIENUS,  Thomas,   a  very  ingenious    and 
learned  physician,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1566, 
died  in  1831.  He  composed  several  works,  among 
which  were,  "  DeVeribus  Imaginationis." 
FIESCHO,  John  Lewis,  a  noble  Genoese, 
dence  and  economy,  might  have  secured  to  himijv^ho  conspired  to  deliver  Andrew  Doria  and  bis 
a  state  of  independence  for  life,  and,  with  the il fleet  to  the  French,  and  was  drowned  in  the 
helps  it  might  have  derived  from  the  produc-!  attempt,  in  154" 


tions  of  a  genius  unincumbered  with  anxieties 
and  perplexity,  might  have  even  afforded  him 
an  affluent  income ;  but,  fond  of  figure  and 
magnificeuce,  he  threw  wide  open  the  gates  of 
hospitality,  and  suffered  his  whole  patrimony  to 
be  wasted.  In  short,  in  less  than  three  years. 
\«  reduced  himself  to  the  unpleasant  situation 
of  having  no  fortune.  Not  discouraged,  how- 
ever, he  betook  himself  closely  to  the  study  of 
Jie  law,  aud,  after  the  customary  time  of  piwba 
18S 


FIGINO,  Ambrozio,  a  painter,  bom  at  Milan, 
died  in  1590. 

FIGRELIUS,  Edmundus,  a  learned  Swede, 
and  professor  at  L^psal,  died  in  1676. 

FILANGERI,  Gaetano,  a  gentleman  of  Na- 
ples, employed  about  the  court,  who  wrote  a 
popular  v.ork  on  leeislation  ;  he  died  in  1787. 

FILELFO,  Francis.     See  PHILELPHUS. 

FILES.^C,  John,  dean  of  the  faculty  of  tbe- 
olog}',  at  Paris,  died  in  1638. 


Fl 

FILICAJA,  Vincentio  di,  an  elegant  poet,  of 
Florence,  and  a  senator  of  that  city,  died  in  1707, 
FILMER,  Sir  Robert,  autiior  of  some  publi- 
cations on  the  nature  of  moiiaicliial  govern- 
ment, was  born  in  Kent  toward  the  end  of  tJie 
16th  century,  and  died  in  1G47. 

FINiEUS,  Orontius,  a  celebrated  astronomer, 
and  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  Royal  Col- 
lege at  Paris,  born  at  Briancon,  in  1494,  died 
1555.  He  was  one  of  those  who  vainly  boasted 
of  having  found  out  the  quadrature  of  the  circle. 

FINCH,  Heneage,  earl  of  Nottingham,  lord 
high  chancellor  of  England,  born  in  1621,  died 
in  1682.  Though  he  lived  in  very  troublesome 
times,  yet  he  retained  the  good  opinion  of  both 
prince  and  people.  He  was  distinguished  by 
his  wisdom  and  eloquence  ;  and  was  such  an 
excellent  orator,  that  some  have  styled  him  the 
English  Cicero.  He  left  behind  him,  written 
with  his  own  hand,  "  Chancery  Reports,"  MS 
in  folio. 

FINCH,  Daniel,  earl  of  Nottingham,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  secretary  under  William 
and  his  successor,  and  president  of  the  council, 
at  the  accession  of  George  I. ;  he  died  in  1730 

FINCH,  Edward,  brother  of  Sir  Heneage,  was 
vicar  of  Christ-church,  London,  from  which  he 
was  expelled  for  preaching  in  a  surplice,  and 
associating  with  women  ;   he  died  in  1642. 

FINCH,  Thomas,  physician  to  the  duke  of 
Sleswick,  and  successively  professor  of  mathe- 
matics, of  eloquence,  and  of  medicine,  at  Copen- 
hagen ;  he  died  in  1656.  , 

FINET,  Sir  John,  born  in  1571,  was  bred  up! 
in  the  court,  where,  by  his  wit,  mirth,  and  un- 
common skill  in  composing  songs,  he  pleased 
James  I.  very  much.  In  1626,  being  then  in 
good  esteem  with  Charles  I.  he  was  made  master 
of  the  ceremonies,  and  died  in  1641. 

FINGAL,  a  Caledonian  chief,  died  in  283 

FINKENSTEIN,  Count,  an  eminent  Prussian 
statesman,  born  in  1713,  held  the  important  sta- 
tion of  cabinet  minister  at  the  court  of  Berlin 
more  than  50  years,  and  died  in  1800. 

FINLEY,  Samuel,  D  D.,  a  native  of  Ireland 
and  president  of  New- Jersey  College ;  he  was 
much  distinguished  for  his  piety ;  published 
many  sermons,  and  died  in  1766. 

FINLEY,  Robert,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  presby- 
terian  clergyman  of  New-Jersey,  was  elected 
president  of  the  university  of  Athens,  Georgia 
in  1317,  and  died  soon  after  he  had  entered  on 
the  duties  of  that  office. 

FIRENZUOLA,  Augelo,  an  Italian  poet 
born  at  Florence,  and  patronised  by  pope  Cle 
ment  VII.  His  comedies,  prose,  and  poetical 
works,  were  published  in  3  vols.  ;  he  died  in 
1545. 

FIRMICIUS  MATERNUS,  Julius,  an  ancient 
Christian  writer  of  the  4th  centuiy.  His  trea- 
tise "  Of  the  Errors  of  the  Profane  Religions" 
shows  great  learning,  and  great  zeal  for  Chris 
tianity. 

FIRMILIAN,  bishop  of  Ccesarea,  in  Cappa 
docia,  died  in  269. 

FIRMIN,  Thomas,  a  citizen  of  London,  me- 
morable for  his  pubUc  benefactions  and  chart 
ties,  born  in  1632,  died  in  1697.  In  good  works 
he  was  indefatigably  industrious,  and  success 
fully  provoked  many  others  thereto,  becoming 
also  their  almoner,  visiting  and  reheving  the 
poor  at  their  houses,  and  in  prisons,  whence 
also  he  redeemed  many.  He  set  many  hun- 
dreds of  them  to  work,  to  the  expending  of  great 
gums.  He  rebuilt,  repaired,  and  added  conve 
niences  to  hospitals,  weekly  overseeing  the  or- 


FI 

phans.  The  refugees  from  France,  and  from 
Ireland,  partook  largely  the  effects  of  his  chari- 
ty, pains,  and  earnest  solicitations  for  them ;  in 
short,  his  charities  were  unequalled  at  the  time 
when  he  lived. 

FIRMIN,  Giles,  a  physician,  of  New-England, 
in  its  early  settlement,  and  afterwards  a  clergy- 
man in  Great  Britain,  author  of  the  "  Real 
Christian,"  died  in  1697. 

FIRONZABADI,  surnamed  Sharazi,  a  Per- 
sian writer  on  the  Mahomedan  law,  in  the  11th 
century.  Another  of  that  name  wrote  an  Ara- 
bic Dictionary,  and  died  in  1414. 

FISCHER,  John  Christian,  a  very  eminent 
performer  on,  and  composer  for,  the  hautbois, 
was  born  at  Fribourg,  but  was  long  settled  in 
England,  where  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
queen's  chamber  musicians.  This  admirable 
musician  was  seized  with  an  apoplectic  fit, 
April  29, 1800,  and  died  in  about  an  hour. 

FISH,  Simon,  an  English  lawyer,  author  of 
"  The  Supplication  of  Beggars,"  a  violent  sa- 
tire on  bishops  and  clergy,  which  gained  him 
the  favour  of  Henry  VIII.;  he  died  of  the  plague 
in  1571. 

FISHER,  John,  bishop  of  Rochester,  and 
martyr  to  popery,  born  in  1459,  was  beheaded 
for  denying  the  king's  supremacy,  in  1535.  Dur- 
ing his  confinement,  the  poor  old  bishop  was 
but  hardly  used,  and  scarcely  allowed  neces 
aries.  He  continued  above  a  year  in  the  tower  ^^ 
and  might  have  continued  there  till  released  by 
a  natural  death,  if  an  unseasonable  honour  paid 
him  by  pope  Paul  HI.  had  not  hastened  his  de- 
struction ;  this  was,  the  creating  him,  in  May, 
1535,  cardinal,  by  the  title  of  cardinal  priest  of 
St.  Vitalis.  When  the  king  heard  of  it,  he  said, 
in  a  great  passion,  "Well,  let  the  pope  send 
him  a  hat  when  he  will ;  Mother  of  God,  he 
shall  wear  it  on  his  shoulders  then,  for  I  will 
leave  him  never  a  hea;l  to  set  it  on."  Erasmus 
represents  him  as  a  man  of  integrity,  deep  learn- 
ing, sweetness  of  temper,  and  greatness  of  soul. 
FISHER,  Mary,  an  enthusiastic  quakeress, 
of  the  17th  century,  who  went  to  Constantino- 
ple to  convert  the  grand  seignior.  Mahomet,  af- 
ter hearing  her  patiently,  sent  her  back  to  her 
own  country  in  safety. 

FISHER,  Alexander  M.,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics and  natural  philosophy,  in  Yale  College, 
Connecticut,  was  lost  with  the  packet  Albion, 
on  the  coast  of  Ireland,  in  1822,  while  on  a  voy- 
age to  Europe  for  the  advancement  of  his  pro- 
fessional knowledge.  Talents  of  the  highest 
order,  united  with  an  entire  and  intense  devo- 
tion to  the  pursuit  of  philosophical  and  scienti- 
fic subjects,  had  excited  great  expectations  of  his 
future  usefulness,  and  eminence,  and  the  news 
of  his  death  was  heard  with  the  deepest  regret 
wherever  he  was  known. 

FISKE,  John,  first  minister  of  Wenham  and 
Chelmsford,  Mass.,  died  in  1677, 

FISKE,  Nathan,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Brook- 
field,  Mass.,  distinguished  for  his  industry  and 
perseverance  in  the  great  duties  of  his  office  ; 
he  published  some  sermons,  and  died  in  1799. 

FITCH,  James,  first  minister  of  Saybrook, 
Conn.,  died  in  1702. 

FITCH,  Jabez,  minister  of  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
author  of  some  unpublished  MSS.  relating  to  the 
history  of  New-Hampshire,  died  in  1746. 

FITCH,  Thomas,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 

statesman,  was,  for  several  years,  chief  justice 

of  the  colony  of  Connecticut,  and  afterwards 

governor  of  the  same.    He  died  in  1774. 

FITZGIBBON,  John,  earl  of  Clare,  an  emi- 

189 


FL 

nent  Irish  lawyer,  was  attorney-general  of  Ire 
land,  and  keeper  of  the  great  seal.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished as  the  great  promoter  of  the  union 
between  England  and  Ireland,  and  died  at  Dub- 
lin, in  1802. 

FITZHERBERT,  Sir  Anthony,  a  very  learn- 
ed judge,  of  tiie  common  pleas,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  He  was  born  at  Norbury,  in  Der- 
byshire, died  in  1538,  and  left  behind  him  many 
valuable  works,  of  which  the  ciiief  are,  "  The 
Grand  Abridgment  collected  by  that  most  reve- 
rend jud^e,  Mr.  Anthony  Fitzherbert,  lately  con- 
ferred with  his  own  manuscript,  corrected  by 
himself,  together  with  the  references  of  the  ca- 
ses to  the  books  by  which  they  may  be  easily 
found;  an  improvement  never  before  made;" 
and  "The  NewNaturaBrevium,"  always  held 
in  verv  high  esteem. 

FITZHERBERT,  Thomas,  giandson  to  Sir 
Anthony,  a  zealous  catholic,  voluntarily  fled  to 
France,  and  afterwards  to  Rome,  where  he  pre- 
sided over  the  EngUsh  college,  and  died  in  1640, 
in  the  88th  year  of  Ms  age.  His  writings  were 
controversial,  and  on  theologv. 

FITZHERBERT,  Nicholas,  also  exiled  him- 
self, and  went  to  Rome,  on  account  of  his  reli- 
gious principles,  where  he  wrote  several  books, 
and  was  drowned  in  1612. 

FITZJAMES,  James,  duke  of  Berwick,  na- 
tural son  of  James  II.,  was  distinguished  for  his 
Jjravery  as  an  officer,  and  his  successes  as  a  ge- 
neral, for  which  he  was  made  a  marshal  of 
France.  He  was  killed  a^  the  head  of  the  French 
army  in  Germanv,  in  17S4. 

FITZ-STEPHEN,  William,  a  monk,  of  Can- 
terbury, who  was  present  at  the  murder  of 


FL 

tus,  a  Roman  consul,  celebrated  for  his  defea. 
of  Philip  of  Macedon,  198  B.  C,  and  his  resto- 
ration of  the  liberties  of  Greece. 

FLAMINIUS,  Nobilis,  an  eminent  Itahan  di- 
vine and  critic,  who  corrected  the  Vulgate  edi- 
tion of  the  Septuagint,  and  died  in  1590. 

FLAMSTEED,  John,  a  most  eminent  Eng- 
lish mathematician  and  astronomical  writer, 
born  in  1646,  died  1719. 

FLANDRIN,  Peter,  of  Lyons,  celebrated  for 
his  knowledge  of  the  veterinary  art,  and  of  com - 
parative  anatomy;  he  wrote  a  treatise  on  the 
management  of  cattlf,  and  other  works,  and 
died  in  1796. 

FLASSANS,  Taraudet  de,  a  Provencal  poet 
of  the  14th  century,  born  at  Flassans. 

FLATMAN,  Thomas,  an  English  wit  and 
poet,  bom  in  London,  in  1633,  died  in  1688.  It 
is  remarked,  that  Flatman  in  his  ycunger  days, 
had  a  dislike  to  marriage,  and  made  a  song  de- 
scribing the  incumbrances  of  it,  with  this  be 
ginning : 

"  Like  a  dog  with  a  bottle  tied  close  to  his  tail, 
"  Like  a  toadin  a  bog,  or  a  thief  in  a  jaii,"  &c. 

but  being  afterwards  smitten  with  a  fair  virgin, 
and  with  her  fortune,  he  espoused  her,  in  1672  ; 
upon  which  his  ingenious  comrades  did  serenade 
him  that  night,  while  he  was  in  the  embraces 
of  his  mistress,  with  the  said  song. 

FLAUST,  John  Baptist,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Rouen,  and  author  of  a  work  on 
Norman  jurisprudence,  upon  which  he  was  em- 
ployed fifty  years  ;  he  died  in  1783. 

FLAVEL,  John,  an  English  divine,  educated 
at  Oxford,  was  ejected  from  his  living  at  Dart- 


Becket,  of  which  he  wrote  an  account,  includ-  |l mouth,  and  afterwards  restored  by  Charles  I. 
ing  a  curious  description  of  London  ;  he  died  ;  he  died  in  1692. 


in  1191 

FIXMILLNER,  Placidus,  an  Austrian,  eccle- 
siastical professor  at  Kremsmunster,  and  a  wri- 
ter on  astronomy  and  the  canon  law  ;  he  died 
in  1791. 

FIZES,  Anthony,  an  eminent  physician,  of 
Montpellier,  whose  works  on  medical  subjects 
are  much  esteemed  ;  he  died  in  1765. 

FLACCOUK,  F.  de,  director  general  of  the 
French  East  India  company,  and  at  the  head  of 
a  colony  in  Madagascar,  in  1648,  an  account  of 
which  he  published. 

FLACCUS,  Caius  Valerius,  an  ancient  Latin 
poet,  of  whom  remain  but  very  imperfect  ac- 
counts He  lived,  however,  in  "the  time  of  the 
emperor  Vespasian,  to  whom  he  addressed  a 
poem  on  the  Argonautic  expedition  ;  of  which 
he  lived  to  compose  no  more  than  seven  books, 
and  part  of  an  eighth.  In  this  poem  he  imita- 
ted Virgil,  and  often  in  the  most  happv  manner. 

FLACIUS,  Matthias.   See  FRANCOWITZ. 

FLAMEEL,  Bertholet,  a  historical  painter, 
of  Liege,  whose  pieces  are  to  be  found  in  the 
churches  of  that  city,  and  of  Paris ;  he  died  in 
1675. 

FLAMEL,  Nicolas,  a  notaiy  of  Paris,  who 
suddenly  rose  from  poverty  tc  opulence,  proba- 
bly by  commercial  speculations.  His  wealth 
gave  rise  to  a  report  that  he  had  discovered  the 
philosopher's  stone.    He  was  living  in  1399. 

FLAMINIO,  Giovani  Antonio,  an  orator, 
poet,  and  historian,  of  Bologna,  who  wrote  the 
life  of  Albertus  Magnus,  &c.,  died  in  1536. 

FLAMINIO,  Marc  Antonio,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, eminent  as  a  man  of  learning,  and  as  a 
writer  of  epigrams,  Sue;  he  died  at  Rome,  in 
1550. 

FL  AMINIUS,  or  FL  AAUNINUS.Titus  Quin- 
190 


FLAVIAN,  a  patriarch  of  Antioch,  died  in 
404. 

I  FLAVIAN,  a  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
j in  447.  He  was  deposed,  and  died  in  banish- 
Iment. 

!     FLAVIGNI,  Valerian  de,  doctor  of  the  Soi- 
]  bonne,  and  professor  of  Hebrew,  at  the  royai 
I  college,  died  at  Paris,  in  1674. 
I     FLAVITAS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  af- 
|ter  -Acacius. 

j  FLECHTER,  Esprit,  a  French  bishop,  cele- 
ibrated  for  poetry  and  oratoiy,  born  in  1632,  died 
jin  1710.  His  works  consist  of  Sermons,  Latin 
land  French  poetry,  Letters,  &c.  He  wrote  also 
jthe  "  Histoi-y  of  Cardinal  Ximenes." 
I  FLECKNOE,  Richard,  an  English  poet  and 
dramatic  writer,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  re- 
membered only  as  giving  a  name  to  Dryden's 
incomparable  satire  against  Sliadwell,  called 
"  Mac  Flecknoe,"  from  which  Pope  afterwards 
acknowledged  to  have  taken  the  plan  of  his 
Dunciad. 

FLEETV^^OOD,  William,  an  English  lawyer, 
recorder  of  London,  in  tlie  reign  of  Elizabeth, 
and  author  of  several  law  treatises,  died  in 
1593. 

FLEETWOOD,  William,  bishop  of  Ely,  born 
in  the  Tower  of  London,  in  1656,  died  in  1723. 
His  most  celebrated  writings  are  "  An  Essay 
upon  Miracles  ;"  "  Chronicon  Preciosum  ,  or, 
an  account  of  the  English  money,  the  price  of 
I  corn,  and  other  commodities,  for  the  last  six  hun- 
dred years,"  &c.  Bishop  Fleetwood's  charac 
ter  was  great  in  every  respect.  His  virtue  was 
not  of  the  fanatical  kind,  nor  was  his  piety  the 
least  tinctured  with  superstition  :  yet  he  culti- 
vated and  practised  both  to  perfection.  As  for 
his  accomplishments,  he  was  incontestibly  the 


!  FL 

i    best  preacher,  of  his  time ;  and,  fbr  occasional 

sermons,  may  be  considered  as  a  model. 
I  FLEMING,  Robert,  a  Scotch  disgenting  mi- 
nister and  powerful  preacher,  born  in  1630,  died 
in  1694,  leaving  behind  him  a  work  of  conside- 
rable merit,  called  "  The  Fuhilling  of  the  Scrip- 
tures." 

FLEMING,  Robert,  son  of  the  above,  minis 
ter  at  Leyden  and  Amsterdam,  and  afterwards 
at  London,  wrote  tracts,  &c.  on  religious  sub 
jects.    He  died  in  1716. 

FLEMING,  Caleb,  an  English  dissenting 
clergyman  and  writer,  died  in  1773. 

FLEMMING,  or  FLEMMYNGE,  Richard 
prebendary  of  York,  and  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
was  the  founder  of  Lincoln  college,  Oxford ;  he 
died  in  1431. 

FLESSELLES,  N.  de,  a  French  magistrate, 
who  was  shot  while  attempting  to  repress  a  re- 
volutionary mob  in  Paris,  in  1789. 

FLETCHER,  Dr.  Richard,  father  of  the  poet, 
dean  of  Peterborough,  and  bishop  of  Bristol, 
Worcester,  and  London,  died  suddenly,  in  1596. 
FLETCHER,  Giles,  LL.  D.,  brother  to  the 
bishop,  was  an  ambassador  from  Elizabeth  to 
Russia,  and  otherwise  employed  in  her  service ; 
he  died  in  1610. 

FLETCHER,  Phinehas,  called  the  "  Spenser 
of  the  age,"  was  born  about  1582,  and  died  in 
1630.  His  most  famous  composition  called  "  The 
Purple  Island,"  is  an  allegorical  description  of 
man.    His  works  were  printed  at  Cambridge,  in 
1633,  and  in  1772  his  "  Eclogues"  were  reprint- 
ed at  Edinburgh,  with  an  introduction  and  argu- 
ment to  each  eclogue,  and  notes  by  an  anony- 
mous editor. 
FLETCHER,  Giles,  brother  of  the  foregoing, 
;  and  author  of  a  rich  and  picturesque  poem 
'.  called  "  Christ's  Victorie,"  was  beneficed  at  Al 
derton,  in  Suffolk,  where  he  died  in  1G23. 

FLETCHER,  John,   an    English   dramatic 

writer,  bom  in  1576,  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Richard 

Fletcher,  bishop  of  London.     He  wrote  plays 

jointly  with  Beaumont,  though  it  is  not  known 

;  what  share  each  bore  in  forming  the  plots,  wri 

ting  the  scenes,  &c. ;  but  the  general  opinion  is 

I  that  Beaumont's  judgment  was  usually  employ 

!  ed  in  correcting  and  retrenching  the  superfluities 

I  of  Fletcher's  wit.    He  died  of  the  plague,  at 

I  London,  in  1625. 

FLETCHER,  Abraham,  a  self-taught  mathe- 
matician and  astrologer,  djed  in  1793. 

FLETCHER,  Benjamin,  governor  of  the  co- 
lony of  New- York,  known  only  for  his  passion- 
ate disposition,  and  his  avaricious  propensities, 
which  rendered  him  extremely  unpopular. 

FLEURIEU,Charles  Peter  Clarel  de,a  French 
hydrographer,  captain  in  the  marine,  and  after- 
wards minister  of  that  department,  and  tutor 
to  the  dauphin.  Under  Napoleon,  he  was  ap- 
pomted  intondant  of  the  house,  and  governor 
of  the  Thnilleries.    He  died  in  1810. 

FLEURY,  Claude,  a  French  advocate,  of 

}  great  learning,  tutor  to  several  of  the  French 

princes,  abbot  of  Locdieu,  and  prior  of  Argen- 

teuil ;  he  was  confessor  to  Lewis  XV.,  and  died 

in  1723. 

FLETTRY,  Andrew  Hercule  de,  cardinal,  a 
most  eminent  Prencii  statesman  and  negotiator, 
bom  in  Languedoc,  1653,  died  in  1743. 

FLEURY,  Julian,  the  learned  editor  of  the 
Delphin  Apuleius. 

FLINDERS,  Matthew,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
lish navigator,  who  explored  the  coast  of  New 
South  Wales  in  a  small  boat,  and  was  after- 
wards sent  out  as  commander  of  a  vessej.  for 


FL 

he  purpose  of  making  farther  discoveries  in 

hat  region.    He  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 

French,  his  journal  detained,  and  himself  so 
cruelly  treated  as  to  cause  his  death,  in  1814. 

FLINK,  Godfrey,  a  Dutch  painter,  pupil  of 
Rembrandt,  died  in  1660. 

FLINT,  Abel,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished  presby- 
terian  clergyman,  for  many  years  pastor  of  a 
fchurch  in  Hartford,  Connecticut,  died  in  1825. 

FLIPART,  John  James,  a  French  engraver, 
of  great  merit,  died  in  1782. 

FLOCaUET,  Stephen  Joseph,  an  eminent 
musician,  died  at  Paris,  in  1785. 

FLODOARD,  or  FRODOARD,  a  French  his- 
torian, and  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Rheims,  who 
wrote  a  history  of  his  church  from  its  founda- 
tion to  949  ;  he  died  in  966. 

FLOGEL,  Charles  Frederic,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy in  the  college  of  noblemen,  at  Leignitz, 
author  of  a  history  of  the  human  understand- 
ing, and  several  other  works ;  he  died  in  1788. 
FLOOD,  Henry,  a  very  celebrated  senator, 
formerly  of  Ireland,  but  latterly  of  England, 
born  in  1732.  For  many  years  a  most  distin- 
guished member  of  the  house  of  commons,  his 
every  effort  was  invariably  directed  to  Improve 
the  political  constitution,  to  increase  the  inter- 
nal resources,  and  to  promote  the  general  pros- 
perity of  Ireland.  As  an  orator,  he  made  De- 
mosthenes his  model,  and  emulated  his  strength 
and  vehemence,  without  aiming  at  the  diffusion 
or  brilliancy  of  Cicero ;  and,  as  a  writer,  energy, 
force,  and  argument,  more  distinguished  his 
productions,  than  an  elaborate  structure  of 
words,  or  accurately  polished  sentences.  He 
died  in  1791. 

FLORENTINO,  Stephano,  a  historical  pain- 
ter, of  Florence,  died  in  1350. 

FLORIAN,  John  Peter  Claris  de,  a  very  po- 
pular French  writer,  born  in  1755.  Voltaire,  to 
whom  he  was  near  akin,  procured  him  the  place 
of  page  to  the  due  de  Penthievre,  who  soon  gave 
him  a  commission  in  the  army  ;  but,  on  observ- 
ing the  success  of  his  first  literary  production, 
"  Galathee,"  which  appeared  in  1782,  the  duke 
determined  that  he  should  confine  himself  to  li- 
terature, and  furnished  him  with  a  hbrary.  His 
dramas,  pastorals,  and  novels,  have  placed  him 
in  the  first  rank  of  popularity  as  a  sentimental 
writer.  His  "  NumaPompilius,"  and  "  Fables," 
are  also  much  admired.    He  died  in  1794. 

FLORIMOND  DE  REMOND,  counsellor  of 
the  parliament  of  Bourdeaux,  known  as  an  op- 
poser  of  Calvinists,  died  in  1C02. 

PLORIO,  John,  born  in  London,  in  the  reisrn 
of  Henry  VIII.,  died  of  the  plague  in  1625.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  works,  viz.  "First 
Fruits,  which  yield  familiar  Speech,  merry  Pro- ' 
verbs,  witty  Sentences,  and  golden  Sayings;" 
"  Dictionary,  ItaUan  and  English  ;"  which  was 
afterwards  pubhshed,in  IGll,  under  this  title, 
"  Queen  Anna's  New  World  of  Words,"&c. 

FLORIS,  Francis,  a  sculptor,  and  celebrated 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in  1570. 

FLORUS,  Lucius  Annaeus,  an  ancient  Latin 
historian,  of  the  same  family  with  Seneca  and 
Lucan,  flourished  in  the  reigns  of  Trajan  and 
Adrian,  and  wrote  an  abridgment  of  the  Roman 
history  in  four  books. 

FLORUS,  surnamed  Master,  a  deacon  of 
Lyons,  in  the  9th  century,  author  of  a  commen- 
tary on  St.  Paul,  &c. 

FLOYER,  Sir  John,  a  respectable  English 
physician  and  medical  writer,  died  in  1720. 

FLOYD,  William,  a  member  of  congress,  be- 
fore aiid  after  the  adoption  of  the  federal  con- 
191 


FO 


FO 


stitution,  and  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of  in- 
dependence ;  he  died  in  1821. 

FLUDD,  Robert,  an  English  physician  and 
philosopher,  and  a  voluminous  writer  on  the 
wonders  of  alchymy,  and  the  Rosicrucian  doc- 
trines, early  in  the  17th  century. 

FLYNT,  Henry,  one  of  the  first  ministers  of 
Braintree,  was  a  man  of  piety  and  integrity;  he 
died  in  1668. 

FLYNT,  Henry,  tutor  and  fellow  of  Harvard 
coMege,  a  native  of  Dorchester,  Mass.,  and  a 
preacher,  distinguished  for  his  solid  talents ;  he 
published  a  number  of  sermons,  and  died  in 
17C0. 

FOES,  or  FOESIUS,  Anutius,  a  very  celebrat- 
ed physician,  of  Paris,  born  at  Metz,  in  1528,  and 
died  in  1596.  He  translated  into  Latin  the  whole 
works  of  Hippocrates,  and  judiciously  corrected 
the  Greek  text  as  he  went  along.  He  tran^ated 
also  the  commentaries  of  Galen,  upon  the  se- 
cond book  of  Hippocrates,  "  Concerning  vulgar 
Maladies." 

FOGLIETA,  or  FOLIETA,Uberto,  a  learned 
Genoese  priest,  died  at  Rome,  in  1581. 

FOHI,  the  first  king  of  China,  who  is  said 
to  have  founded  this  empire  about  200  years  af- 
ter the  deluge.  He  was  the  first  who  taught  the 
Chinese  tiie  advantages  of  civil  society,  invented 
instruments  of  music,  established  laws  and  or- 
dinances, and  is  said  to  have  reigned  no  less 
than  115  years. 

FOINARD,  Frederic  Maurice,  a  native  of 
Normandy,  eminent  as  a  Hebrew  scholar,  was 
vice-president  of  the  college  of  du  Plessis,  and 
died  in  1743. 

FOIX,  Mark  Anthony,  a  Jesuit,  eminent  as  a 
preacher,  died  at  Auvergne,  in  1687. 

FOIX,  Odel  de,  lord  of  Lautrec,  an  eminent 
French  general  under  Lewis  XH*.  and  Francis  L, 
and  governor  of  Milan  ;  he  died  in  1528. 

FOL  ARD,Charles,  a  Frenchman,  born  in  1669, 
died  1752.  He  was  author  of  several  works,  the 
principal  of  which  are,  "  Commentaries  upon 
Polybius,"  and  "  A  Treatise  concerning  the  De- 
fence of  Places,"  &c. 

FOLENGO,Theophilus,  a  nobleman,  of  Man- 
tua, was  for  some  time  a  soldier,  and  afterwards 
became  a  Benedictine.  He  died  in  1544.  His 
writings  are  numerous,  both  in  prose  and  poe- 
trv. 

FOLENGO,  John  Baptist,  a  Benedictine 
writer,  of  Mantua,  died  in  1559. 

FOLKES, Martin,  an  English  antiqaarian,  ma- 
thematician, and  philosopher,  and  president  of 
the  royal  society  of  London,  bom  in  1690,  died 
1754.  His  last  production  was  a  book  upon  the 
"  English  Silver  Coin,"  from  the  conquest  to  his 
own  times. 

FONCEMAGNE,  Stephen  Laurent  de,  of  Or- 
leans, preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Chartres,  died  in 
1779. 

FOXSEC  A,  Anthony  de,  a  Dominican,  of  Lis- 
bon, preacher  to  the  king,  and  professor  of  theo- 
logy at  the  university  of  Coimbra,  about  1540. 

FOX^SECA,  Peter,  a  Portuguese  metaphysi- 
cian and  writer,  died  in  15.59. 

FOXT,  Joseph  de  la,  a  French  comic  writer, 
died  in  1725. 

FONT,  Pierre  de  la,  a  French  divine  and  theo- 
logical writer,  died  in  1699. 

FONTAINE,  John  de  la,  a  celebrated  French 
poet,  born  in  1621.  died  1695.  IT'"  compositions 
nave  a  great  deal  of  nature,  withoui  the  least  af-! 
fectation  :  his  wit  seems  unstudied,  and  so  much' 
pleasantry' is  hardly  to  be  elsewhere  met  with.' 
His  "Fables"  are"  observed  to  have  more  so-j 
192 


briety  and  correctness  than  his  "  Tales,"  whicli 
are  very  licentious. 

FONTAINE,  Nicholas,  a  French  theological 
writer  of  great  piety,  learning,  and  industry, 
died  in  1709. 

FONTAINES,  Peter  Francis  Guyot  dea,  a 
French  critic  and  historical  writer,  and  transla- 
tor, bom  in  1(385,  died  1745. 

FONTANA,Dominico,  a  Roman  architect  and 
mechanic  of  great  eminence,  who  succeeded  in 
setting  up  the  obelisk  in  from  of  St.  Peter's,  a 
work  before  deemed  impracticable.  He  died  ai 
Naples,  in  1607. 

FONTANA,  Prospero,  an  eminent  painter  at 
Bologna,  born  in  1512. 

FONTANA,  Lavinia,  daughter  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  also  eminent  as  a  painter,  and  was  pa- 
tronised by  pope  Gregory  XIII. ;  she  died  in  1002. 

FONTANGES,  Marie  Angelique,  duchess  of, 
favourite  of  Lewis  XIV.,  was  distinguished  for 
her  beauty  ;  she  died  in  1681. 

FONTANINI,  Juste,  archbishop  of  Ancyra, 
died  at  Rome  in  1736. 

FONTE-MODERATA,  a  celebrated  Venetian 
lady,  whose  real  name  was  Modesta  Pozzo,  was 
bom  at  Venice,  in  1555.  She  is  the  author  of 
several  poems,  and  published  a  book  in  prose, 

Dei  Meriti  delle  Donne,"  in  which  she  main- 
tains, tJiat  the  female  sex  is  not  inferior  in  *in- 
derstanding  and  merit  to  the  male.  This  book 
upon  "The  Merits  of  Women,"  was  printed 
immediately  after  her  death  ;  and  father  Ribera 
has  made  a  eulogium  of  this  learned  heroine, 
in  his  "  Theatre  of  Learned  Women."  She 
died  in  1592. 

FONTENAY,  Peter  Claude,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
of  Paris,  died  irj  1742. 

FONTENAY,  John  Baptist  Blain  de,  an  emi- 
nent French  painter,  bom  at  Caen,  in  1654,  died 
1715.  Nothing  is  finer  than  his  fruits  and 
flowers.  They  have  all  the  freshness  and  beauty 
imaginable  :  and  the  very  dew  seems  to  trickle 
down  the  stalks  of  them  with  all  the  lustre  and 
transparency  of  a  diamond.  The  insects  upon 
them  also  appear  perfectly  animated. 

FOXTENELLE,  Bernard  le  Bovier  de,  a 
French  author,  bom  in  1657,  died  1757.  Voltaire 
declares  him  to  have  been  the  most  universal 
genius  that  the  age  of  Lewis  XIV.  produced.  In 
his  poetical  performances,  and  "  Dialogues  of 
the  Dead,"  the  spirit  of  Voitiu-e  was  discerned, 
though  more  extended,  and  more  philosophical. 
His  "  Plurality  of  Worids"  is  a  work  singular 
in  its  kind ;  his  design  in  it  wss,  to  present  that 
part  of  philosophy  to  view  in  a  gay  and  pleasing 
dress  ;  for  whicli  purpose  he  has'  introduced  a 
lady,  and  drawn  up  the  whole  in  a  most  agree- 
able, as  well  as  instructing  dialogue.  In  the 
same  manner  he  made  an  entertaining  book  out 
of  "  Vandale''s  Oracles."  Having  been  ap- 
pointed perpetual  sccretarj' to  the  academy  of 
sciences,  he  discharged  that  trust  above  40  years, 
so  as  to  meet  with  universal  applause."  His 
"History  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences"  often 
throws  a  great  light  upon  "their  memoirs,  which 
are  very  obscure.  The  "  Eloges"  which  he 
spoke  on  the  deceased  members  of  the  academy 
have  this  particular  merit,  that  they  excite  a  re- 
spect for  the  sciences  as  well  as  for  the  author. 

FONTENU,  Lewis   Francis   de,  a  French 
writer  and  a  great  antiquarian,  died  in  1759. 
I    FONTIUS,  Bartholomew,  a  historian  of  Flo- 
Irence,  and  librarian  to  the  king  of  Himgary,  at 
!Buda  ;  he  died  in  1513. 

I    FOOTE,  Samuel,  bom  at  Truro,  in  Cornwnll, 
;in  1722.    He  was  designed  !l>r  the  law,  but  th& 


FO 


FO 


dryiiess  and  giavi;y  of  this  study  not  suiting  ilie  ilinamler  of  the  expediiiun  against  fort  Du  Quesne, 


vivacity  of  Foote's  spirit,  iie  left  it,  and  had 
recourse  to  the  stage.  He  appeared  lirst  in 
Ouieilo,  but  soon  struck  out  into  a  new  and  un- 
trodden path  ;  wtiich  was,  by  taking  upon  hiin- 
Bcif  the  double  character  of  auihor  and  perform- 
er. Under  this  form,  iu  1747,  he  opened  tlie  little 
theatre  in  tlie  Haymarket  witii  a  drama  of  liis 
own  composing,  called,  "  The  Diversions  of 
the  Moniing."  This  piece  was  nothing  more 
than  the  introduction  of  well-kuown  characters 
in  real  life  ;  whose  manner  of  conversing  and 
expressing  tlieni  -elves  he  had  a  most  amaziny 
talent  at  imitating,  even  to  the  very  voice  of 
Mujse  he  intended  to  take  off-  From  175:^  to 
17tH,  he  conimued  to  perfornj  at  one  of  the 
Ibearres  every  season,  as  fancy  or  interest  di- 
rected his  choice,  generally  for  a  stated  number 
of  nights;  on  which  enjagemeius  he  usually 
brou,iht  out  a  new  piece.  And  thus  he  went 
on,  till  a  very  pressing  embarrassment  in  his 
affairs  compelled  him  to  perform  "  The  Minor" 
at  t:ie  Haymarket,  in  the  summer  of  1760,  with 
such  a  company  as  he  could  hastily  collect. 
Henceforward  he  pursued  the  scheme  of  occu- 
pying thai  theatre  wlien  the  others  were  shut 
up;  and,  from  1762,  to  the  season  before  bis 
death,  he  regularly  performed  there.  In  1766. 
wtien  at  lord  Mexborough's  in  the  country,  he 
broke  his  leg  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  the  duke 
of  York  being  also  there ;  and  it  is  generally 
suppfjsed,  that  liiis  accident  facilitated  his  appii- 
caion  for  a  patent  which  he  obtained  in  July 
of  the  same  year.  Foote  nov.'  actiuired  a  great 
deal  of  money,  and  seemed  to  set  mankind  at 
defiance ;  for  "he  cared  not  whom  he  otfended,  if 
they  were  but  subjects  convernble  to  ridicule  ; 
he  died  in  1777.  Foote  has  been  called  the 
"  English  Aristophanes,"  and  certainly  was  a 
most  powerful  satirist  of  the  follies  of  the  age. 

FOPPENS,  Joim  Francis,  protessor  of  divin- 
ity, at  Fjouvain,  and  archdeacon  of  Mechlin, 
died  in  1761. 

FORBES,  Patrick,  a  learned  and  pious  bishop, 
of  Aberdeen,  born  15S4,  died  16.i5.  His  princi 
pal  work  is  a  "  Commentary  on  the  Revela- 
tions." 

FORBE3,  John,  made  bishop  of  Aberdeen 
by  James  VI.,  was  tlie  son  of  Patrick  Forbes 
Jnsttnentioned  Hia  book  of  "  Historical  and 
Theological  Institutions,"  is  so  excellent  a 
work,  that  Burnet  says,  if  he  could  have  fi'iish- 
ed  it  by  a  second  volume,  it  would,  perhaps, 
have  been  the  most  valuable  treatise  of  divinity 
that  has  yet  appeared  in  the  world.  He  died  in 
1648. 

FORBES,  Duncan,  an  eminent  Scottish  law- 
yer, and  many  years  president  of  the  court  of 
sessions;  but  as  a  writer  chiefly  employed  on 
theoIoy;ical  subjects :  born  in  1G85,  died  in  1747. 

FORBES,  James,  F.R.S  ,  a  celebrated  tourist 
and  natural  historian,  birn  in  London,  in  1749, 
a  lineal  descendant  of  the  earls  of  Granard  ; 
died  in  1819.  He  travelled  nearly  -20  years  in 
different  parts  of  \sia,  .\frica,  and  America ;  and 
his  drawings,  and  accompanying  descriptions, 
during  these  travels,  fill  150  folio  volumes,  con 
tai'ii-'ig  upwards  af  52,000  pa,^es.  the  work  of 
his  ovvn  hand.  His  chief  work,  however,  is 
entiri'd,  •'  Oriental  Memoirs,"  &c.,  with  9'? 
beanti'ul  engravings  from  his  original  drawings. 
FORBES,  William,  principal  of  Marischal 
college,  at  Aberdeen,  and  bishop  of  Edinburgh  ; 
he  died  in  I .'534 

FORBES.  John,  a  phvsician,  aftf-wards  a 
brigadier  general  in  the  Bittish  array,  and  com 


which  lie  took  and  called  fori  Pitt,  now  Puts- 
burgh  ;  he  died  at  Pmiadelphia,  in  175^». 

FORBES,  Eli,  D.  D.,  minister  of  a  church  in 
Brooklield,  and  afterwards  in  (iloucesler,  Mass. ; 
died  in  1804. 

FORBlN,  Claude  chevalier  de,  a  naval  officer 
of  France.  In  1086,  chief  admiral  to  the  king 
oi  Siam,  in  the  East-Indies,  and  aiterwards  in 
the  service  of  Lewis  XIV. ;  he  died  in  1733. 

FORBISHER.     Se^FKOBlSHER. 

FORBON.VAIS,  Francis  Veroii  de,  inspector 
general  oi  tne  maiiuiactures  of  Franco,  and  a 
writer  on  finance  and  commerce,  died  in  1800. 

FORCE,  Charlotte  Rose  de  Caumont  db  la,  a 
French  poetess  of  considerable  merit,  died  in 
1724. 

FORCE,  James  duke  de  la,  I'ortunately  escaped 
the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  in  which  his 
father  and  brother  were  murdered.  He  fought 
with  the  protesiants,  under  Henry  FV.,  against 
Lewis  XIII.,  but  was  afterwards  reconciled  to 
him,  and  made  a  marshal  of  France,  a  duke, 
and  lieutenant  general  ot  the  army,  with  liberal 
presents  ;  he  died  in  1652. 

FORD,  John,  a  dramaiic  writer  in  the  reigns 
of  James  I.  and  Charles  1.  He  wrote  12  plays, 
which  were  all  published  between  1629  and 
1639.  He  was  born  in  1586,  and  died  about 
1639. 

FORDUN,  John  de,  a  Scotch  historian,  who 
hved  toward  the  end  of  the  14th  century,  and 
wrote  the  history  of  his  own  country,  under  the 
title  of  "  ScotiChronicon." 

FORDYCE,  David,  a  learned  and  elegant 
writer  of  the  present  age,  professor  of  philoso- 
phy in  the  Marischal-coUege,  Aberdeen,  and 
author  of  "  Dialogues  concerning  Education," 
a  ■'  Treatise  on  Moral  Ptiiiosophy,"  and  "  Theo- 
dorus,  a  Dialogue  concerning  the  Art  of  Preach- 
ing," published  after  his  unumely  dea;h.  He 
was  born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1720,  and  died  by 
shipwreck,  in  1751. 

FORDYCE,  Sir  VVilham,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  physicians  of  London,  in  the  18th  cen- 
tury, and  a  very  benevolent  man,  died  in  179^2. 

FORDYCE,  Dr  James,  many  years  a  very 
popular  and  eloquent  preacher  aiuoug  the  pro- 
lestant  dissenters,  born  at  Abeideen,  in  1720, 
died  in  1796,  leaving  behiiid  him  some  excellent 
moral  and  religious  publications ;  particularly, 
"  Sermons  to  Youiig  Men  and  Women." 

FORDYCE,  Dr.  Geoi^e,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  writer  on  medicine  and  chyinistry,  was 
born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1736,  asid  died  in  Loudon, 
in  1802.  ilii  principal  works  are,  "Elements 
of  Agricuicure  and  Veg-ation,"  "  Elements  of 
the  Practice  of  Phy-^ic,"  and  "A  Treatise  on 
the  Digestion  of  Food."  Other  works  of  his, 
are  to  be  found  in  the  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions. &;c. 

FOREIRO,  Francis,  a  Dominican  monk,  of 
Lisbon,  eminent  for  his  abilities  and  learning, 
died  in  1581. 

FOREST,  or  FORESTA,  James  PhiUp,  an 
.Ausustine  monk,  born  at  Bergamo,  died  about 
1503. 

FOREST,  Peter,  a  Dutch  physician  and  me- 
dical writ,  r,  torn  1522,  died  1597. 

FOREST,  John  an  eminent  French  painter, 
whoexcelled  in  landscapes,  born  1633,  died  1712. 

FORMEY,  John  Henry  Samuel,  minister  of 
the  French  church  at  Berlin,  and  professor  of 
pliilosophy  in  the  French  college  there  ,  he  died 
in  1797. 

FORMOSUS,  bishop  of  Porto,  and  pope  after 
17  193 


FO 

Stephen  V.,  in  89!.  Hi:^  unpopularity  was  such, 
that  hi:>  body  was  diaj.'ged  IVuni  his  grave  by 
the  populace,"  and  thrown  into  tiie  T yber. 

FORSKAL,  Peter,  a  naturalist  of  Sweden, 
who  studied  under  Linnaus,  and  afterwards 
Avent  with  Meibuhr  to  Arabia,  wiiere  he  died  in 
1763. 

FORSTER,  John,  a  protestant  Hebraist,  of 
Witteniberg,  the  friend  of  Luther  and  Melar.c- 
thon,  died  in  1556. 

FORSTER,  George,  an  ingenious  naturaJist, 
who  accompanied  Cook  in  his  second  voyage 
round  the  world  ;  he  was  afterwards  protessor 
in  the  university  of  Cassel,  and  died  in  ITi^iJ. 
wliile  preparing  to  visit  Thibet.  He  was  the  au 
thor  of  a  journal  of  Cook's  voyages,  &;c. 

FORSTER,  Dr.  John  Reinold,  an  eminent 
writerin  natural  history  and  natural  philosophy, 
■who  accompanied  captain  Cook  in  his  second 
voyage  round  the  world  in  177'2.  He  was  born 
1729,  and  died  at  Halle,  a  Prussian  universirj', 
in  Saxony,  1799,  leaving  behind  him  many  va- 
luable treatises. 

FORSTER,  Nathaniel,  an  English  clergyman, 
prebendary  of  Bristol  cathedral,  aiid  chaplain 
tu  the  king,  died  in  1757.  His  v/ritings  were  nu- 
merous, on  various  subjects. 

FORSTNER,  Christopher,  an  Austrian  law- 
yer, who,  for  his  services  in  negotiating  the 
peace  of  Munster,  was  made  a  member  of  the 
Aulic  council ;  he  died  in  16G7. 

FORSYTH,  William,  F.  A.  S.,  w^as  born  in 
1737.  He  was  early  initiated  in  horticulture; 
went  to  London,  in  1763,  and  shortly  afterwards 
became  a  pupil  to  the  celebrated  Philip  Miller, 
gardener  to  the  company  of  apothecaries  ;  and 
whom  he  succeeded  in  that  situation,  in  1771. 
Here  he  remained  ti!l  he  was  appointed  by  his 
majesty,  chief  superintendent  of  the  royal  gar- 
dens at  Kensington  and  St.  James'  ;  \A-hich  he 
held  until  his  death,  in  1804.  About  the  year 
1768,  Mr.  Forsyth  paid  particular  attention  to 
the  cultivation  of  fruit  and  forest  trees,  and 
turned  his  thoughts  more  especially  toward  the 
discovery  of  a  composition  to  remedy  the  dis- 
eases and  injuries  incident  to  them.  After  re- 
peated trials,  he  at  length  succeeded  in  prepar- 
ing one  which  fully  answered  his  expectations  ; 
aud  in  the  year  17c'J,  the  success  of  his  experi- 
ments attracted  the  notice  of  the  commissioners 
of  the  land  revenue ;  upon  whose  recommenda- 
tion, a  committee  of  both  houses  of  parliament 
was  appointed  to  report  upon  the  merits  of  his 
discovery.  The  result  of  their  inquiries  was, 
a  perfect  conviction  of  its  utility  ;  and,  in  con- 
sequence, an  address  was  voted  by  the  house 
of  commons  to  his  majesty,  praying  that  a  re- 
ward might  he  granted  to  Mr.  F.  upon  his  dis- 
closing the  secret  of  his  composition  to  the  pub- 
lic; wliich  was  accordingly  done  ;  and  in  1791, 
Mr.  F.  published  his  "Observations  on  the 
Diseases,  Defects,  and  injuries  of  Fruit  and 
Forest  Trees;"  to  which  he  added  the  whole 
correspondence  between  the  commissioners  of 
the  land  revenue,  the  committee  of  parliament, 
and  himself.  In  1802,  Mr.  F.  published  the  final 
result  of  his  labours,  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Cul- 
ture and  Management  of  Fruit  Trees,"  &c.,  in 
a  4to  volume,  with  many  plates  :  the  value  of 
which  work  has  been  duly  appreciated  by  the 
public,  three  editions  having  been  sold  in  a  very 
short  time. 

FORT,  Francis  le,  a  native  of  Geneva,  who 
entered  the  service  of  Peter  I.,  of  Russia,  where 
he  behaved  with  such  skill  and  ability,  that  the 
(emperor  made  him  commander  of  liis  armies. 

194 


FO 

and  his  prime  luiuister.    He  died  at  Moscow,  in 
,1690,  deeply  lamented. 

I  FORTESCUE,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  English 
jilawyer,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  In  1441,  he 
(Was  made  a  king's  serjeant  at  law;  and  iJ'e 
i  yearafter,  chief  justice  of  the  King's  bench.  He 
held  this  office  through  the  reign  of  Henry  VI., 
to  whom  he  steadily  adhered  and  served  faith- 
fully in  all  his  troubles.  His  most  famous  work, 
"De  Laudibus  Legum  Anglice,"  yet  remains 
au  everlasting  monument  of  this  great  and  good 
ijman's  respect  and  afTection  for  his  country.  He 
died  about  1465. 

FORTIGUERRA,  Nicolas,  an  Italian  poet, 
nrade  a  bishop  by  Clement  XI.,  and  promised  j^ 
cardinal's  hat  by  Clement  XII. ;  he  died  in  1735 

FORTIUS,  or  FORTIS,  Joachim,  a  teacher 
of  Greek  and  mathematics,  at  Antwerp,  and 
the  friend  of  Erasmus  ;  he  died  in  1536. 

FOSCARI,  Francis,  made  doge  of  Venice,  in 
1423,  signalized  his  government  by  great  terri- 
torial conquests  ;  but  these  were  attended  with 
so  much  e.xpense  to  the  Venetians,  that  they 
murmured  loudly  against  him.  The  malice  of 
his  enemies  vented  itself  upon  his  son,  whom, 
jupon  various  prete.xts,  they  caused  thrice  to  be 
banished.  The  father  was  deposed  in  1457.  at 
the  age  of  84,  and  died  two  days  after.  His  son 
also  died  in  prison  under  a  false  accusation  of 
murdering  a  senator.  Which  the  real  assassin 
confessed  on  his  deathbed,  but  too  lale  to  .fave 
the  life  of  young  Foscari,  who  had  died  in  con 
finement,  the  victim  of  calumny. 

FOSCARINI,  Michael,  a  Venetian  se.^a-or 
and  historian,  and  a  novel  writer,  died  in  1092 

FOSSE,  Charles  de  la,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  and  jirofessor  and  rector  of  the  acade- 
my for  painting,  with  a  pension  from  Lewis 
XIV.,  of  1000  crowns  ;  he  died  in  1716. 

FOSSE,  Antony  de  la,  lord  of  Aubigny,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  poet  and  tragedian,  died  in  1708. 

FOSTER,  Dr.  James,  an  English  disseniing 
mini-ster,  born  in  1697.  He  published  a  "De- 
fence of  the  Usefulness,  Truth,  and  Excellency, 
of  the  Christian  Revelation,"  against  "IMndal's 
"  Christianity  as  old  as  the  Creation."  This 
defence  is  written  with  great  force  of  argument 
and  great  moderation,  has  been  well  accepte<^, 
is  much  esteemed  by  the  candid  and  judicious 
of  all  parties ;  and,  as  he  said,  was  spoken  of 
v.ith  great  regard  by  Tindal  himself.  He  died 
in  17.53. 

FOSTER,  Samuel,  an  eminent  English  ma- 
thematician, and  astronomy  profeseor  of  Gre- 
sham  college,  born  about  1600,  died  in  1652.  His 
works  on  mathematics  and  mechanics  are  nu- 
merous and  valuable. 

FOSTER,  John,  canon  of  Windsor,  and  an 
excellent  classic  scholar,  born  in  1731,  died  in 
1773.  He  wrote  "An  Essay  on  the  different 
Nature  of  Accent  and  Quantity,  with  their  Use 
and  Application  in  the  Pronunciation  of  the 
English,  Latin,  and  Greek  Languages,"  which 
sufficiently  attests  his  character  as  a  scholar. 

FOSTER,  Sir  Michael,  an  eminent  judge,  was 
recorder  of  Bristol,  and  afterwards  one  of  the 
justices  of  the  king's  bench.     He  died  in  1765. 

FOSTER,  Jedediah,  a  justice  of  the  superior 
court  of  Massachusetts,  was  one  of  the  princi- 
pal members  of  the  convention  which  framed 
the  constitution  of  that  state ;  he  died  at  Brock- 
field,  in  1779. 

FOSTER,  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  mhiisterin  New- 
York,  became  a  baptist ;  he  was  learned  in  the 
languaiies  and  died  in  1798. 

FOTHERGILt,  George,  D.  D  .  an  Englibh 


FO 


FO 


clevgyman,  head  of  St.  Edmund  hall,  Oxford,  even  at  that  time ;  he  was  guillotined  in  i7y4, 
and  vicar  of  Braniley  ;  he  died  in  1760.  universally  execrated. 

FOTHERGILL,  San)uel,  brother  of  George,  FOUQUIERES,  James,  a  Flemish  landscape 
was  eminent  as  a  preacher  among  the  quakers.  Jpaiiiter,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1580.  Some  have 
HctravelledoverGreatBritainandNorthAme- 1  placed  hhn  so  near  Titian,  as  to  make  the  dif- 


rica,  to  propagate  his  doctrines,  and  died  in 
177.*^. 

FOTHERGILL,  John,  an  eminent  quaker 
physician,  born  in  1712.  His  pnblic  and  private 
benefactions,  his  encouiagemeut  of  science,  the 
instances  of  his  attention  to  the  health,  the  po- 
lice, the  convenience  of  the  metropolis,  &c.  are 
too  numerous  to  specify,  and  his  great  medical 
sJvill'too  well  known  to  need  our  eulogy. 

FOUCAULT,  Nicolas  Joseph,  a  distinguish- 
ed antiquary,  who  disco^ered  the  ancient  town 
of  the  Viducassians,  in  1704,  within  six  miles 
of  Caen,  an  account  of  which  he  published, 
with  the  history  of  the  coins,  medals,  &,c.  found 
th(;'re  :  he  died  in  1721- 

FOUCHER,  Simon,  a  native  of  Dijon,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  Flygrometers, and  other  works: 
he  died  in  169G. 

FOUCHIER,  Bertram  de,  a  Dutch  painter,  of 
Bergen-op  Zoom,  and  a  disciple  of  Vandyck, 
died  in  1074. 

FOUCaUET,Nicholas,marquis  of  Belle- Isle, 
procurator-general  of  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
and  superintendent  of  finances,  was  banished 
for  his  extravagance  vvilii  public  moneys ;  he 
died  in  IGSO. 

FOUCQUET,  Charles  Louis  Augustus,  bet- 
ter known  by  the  title  of  marshal  Belle-isle, 
one  of  the  greatest  statesmen  and  generals  that 
France  has  produced,  was  born  iu  1C84,  and 
died  in  1761. 

FOLTGEROUX,  Augustus  Denj's,  an  eminent 
writer  and  antiquary,  of  Paris,  died  in  1789. 
.   FOUILLON,  James,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Bocdelle,  and  educated  among  the  Jesuits,  about 
1700. 

FOTTLIS,  Robert  and  Andrew,  two  learned 
printers,  of  Scotland,  natives,  it  is  believed,  of 
Glasgow ;  from  whose  presses  have  issued  some 
of  the  tiuest  specimens  of  correcf  and  elegant 
printing  that  was  produced  in  the  18th  century, 
in  1744,  came  out  Robert's  immaculate  edition 
of"  Horace  ;"  the  sheets  of  which,  as  they  were 
printed,  were  hung  up  in  the  college  of  Glas-! 
gow;  and  a  reward  was  offered  to  those  whoi 
should  discover  an  inaccuracy.  Anarew  died 
in  1774,  and  Robert  in  1770. 

FOULON,  WilUani,  a  schoolmaster,  at  the 
TIarue,  known  aa  a  writer  of  Latin  comedies  ; 
he  died  in  1558. 

FOULON,  John,  a  Jesuit,  of  Liege,  author 
of  a  commentary  on  some  part  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, died  in  1GG8. 

FOULON,  N.  a  French  politici.an  and  finan- 
cier, who  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  finan- 
ces at  the  beginning  of  the  i  evolution,  and  be- 
came one  of  its  first  victim?,  in  1789. 

FOUNT AINE,  Sir  Andrew,  received  the  ho- 
nour of  knighthood  from  king  William,  and 
travelled  over  most  parts  of  Europe  ;  where  he 
made  a  large  and  valuable  collection  of  pictures, 
ancient  statues^,  medals,  and  inscriptions  ;  and 
by  his  skill  and  .judgment,  furnished  the  njost 
considerable  cabinets  in  England,  to  his  own 
emolument,  being  a  perfect  connoiseur  in  me- 
dals, ancient  as  well  as  modern.  He  died  in 
1753. 

FOUaUIER  TINVILLE,  Anthony  Quentin, 
a  Frenchman,  of  infamous  memory,  who,  a^; 
public  accuser  during  the  revolution,  und^r 
liobespicrre,  was  conspicuous  for  his  depravity 


ference  of  their  pictures  consist,  rather  in  the 
countries  represented,  tl.an  in  the  goodness 
of  the  pieces.  He  painted  for  Rubens,  ol  whom 
he  learned  the  essentials  cf  his  art,  ai;d  died  iu 
1659. 

I     FOUR,  du.    See  LONGUERUE. 
I     FOURCROI,  N.  an  eminent  French  engineer, 
jdied  in  1791. 

FOURCROY,  Anthony  Francis,  a  very  emi- 
nent French  writer,  on  chyniistry,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Institute,  born  at  Paris,  in  1755,  died 
in  1809.  His  funeral  oration  was  pronounce*] 
by  count  Regnard  de  St.  Jean  D'Angely. 

FOURRIONT,  Stephen,  professor  of  Arabic 
and  Chinese,  at  Paris,  was  distinguished  for  his 
learning,  not  only  by  Frenchmen,  but  by  loreigu- 
ers,  who  resorted  to  his  house  for  literary  con- 
versation ;  he  died  in  1743. 
I  I'OURMONT,  Michael,  brother  to  the  above, 
[was  an  ecclesiastic,  and  professor  of  Syriac,  ia 
the  royal  college  ;  he  died  in  ]746. 

FOURNIER,  Peter  Simon,  a  French  c-ngra- 
Iver  and  letter-founder,  born  at  Paris,  in  1712. 
His  letters  not  only  embellished  the  typographi- 
|cal  art,  but  his  genius  illustrated  and  enlarged 
lit.  He  published,  in  1737,  a  table  of  propor- 
jtions  to  be  observed  between  letters, in  order 
to  determine  their  height  and  relations  to  each 
other.  This  ingenious  artist  ascended  to  the 
jvery  origin  of  printing,  for  the  sake  of  knowing 
it  thorouGrhly.  He  produced  at  different  limes 
several  historical  and  critical  dii?9er)aii<)ris  upoti 
the  rise  and  progress  of  the  typographical  an, 
which  have  since  been  collected  and  published 
in  1  vol.,  divided  into  three  parts  :  the  last  in- 
cludes a. curious  history  of  the  engravers  in 
wood.  But  the  most  imporfajit  work  of  Four- 
nier  is  his"  Manual  Typographique,  utile  anx 
Gens  de  Lettres,  et  a  ceux  qui  exercent  Its  dii- 
ferens  Parties  de  I'Art  de  I'lmprimerie."  TJie 
author  meant  to  have  added  two  more,  but  was 
prevented  by  his  death,  which  happened  in 
17r.8. 

FOURNY,  Hnnore  Cuille  du,  a  very  learned 
Frenchman,  auditor  of  the  chamber  of  accounts-, 
at  Paris,  died  in  1731. 

FOURQUEVAUX,  Raymond,  of  Pavia,  ba- 
jronof,  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of  the 
jGuelphs  and  Gibbelines,  and  in  defence  of  Tou- 
jlousc,  against  the  Huguenots,  for  which  he  was 
I  made  governor  of  Narbonne,  where  he  died  in 
1574. 

FOWLER,  John,  an  English  printer,  educa- 
!ted  at  Oxford,  and  settled  at  Antwerp,  where 
|he  learned  printing;  he  was  a  learned  man, 
Iskilled  in  Latin  and  Greek,  a  poet,  and  an  ora- 
tor.   He  died  in  1578. 

FOWLER,  Christopher,  a  puritan  of  some 
eminence,  who  became  vicar  of  St.  Mary'g 
from  which  he  was  ejected  ;  he  died  in  1676. 

FOWLER,  Fdwaid,  an  English  prelate,  of 
great  piety,  ])rebendary  and  afterwards  bishop 
of  G'oucester,  died  in  1714. 

FOWLER,  Thomas,  an  English  physician, 
eminent  as  a  writer  on  medical  subjects,  died 
in  IPOL 

FOX,  Richard,  a  native  of  Grantham,  of  ob- 
scure origin,  was  educated  at  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge, aud  made  a  privy  counsellor,  and  bishop 
of  Exeter,  bv  Henry,  earl  of  Richmond,  on  his 
accession  to  the  throne.  He  was  also  employed 
195 


FO 

in  various  embassies,  and  removed  to  the  set 
of  Durliam  :  he  died  in  1528. 

FOX,  Edward,  an  eniiaent  stateaman,  almo 
ner  to  Hemy  Vlil.,  and  bishop  of  Hereford. 
Oe  was  tho  principal  pillar  of  the  Reformation, 
as  to  the  politic  and  prudential  part  of  it ;  being 
of  more  activity  and  no  less  ability  than  Cran- 
mer  himself;  but  he  acted  more  secretly  than 
Cranmer,  and  by  that  means  did  not  bring  him- 
self into  danger  of  suflfering  on  that  account, 
lie  was  born  at  Dursley,  iu  Gloucestershire, 
and  died  in  1533. 

FOX,  John,  an  English  divine  and  church  his- 
torian, born  at  Boston,  in  Lincolnshire,  in  1517, 
the  very  year  that  Luther  beian  to  oppose  the 
errors  of  the  church  of  Rome  ;  he  died  in  1587. 

FOX,  George,  founder  and  head  of  the  Eng- 
lish quakers,  was  born  in  1624,  and  died  in  1690 
lie  was  brought  up  a  shoemaker,  aiid  followed 
his  trade  in  Nottingham;  till  at  length  his  re- 
fiecdons  upon  the  degeneracy  of  mankind  made 
him  resolve  to  attempt  a  reformation  ;  and,  be 
lieving  !;imself  under  the  advantage  of  spiritual 
illumination,  he  shut  up  his  shop,  and  turned! 
preacher.  This  was  in  1650 ;  and  his  wife  Mar- 
garet, being  under  the  same  persuasion,  had  also 
a  share  iu  his  ministerial  functions.  His  doc-i 
trine  and  appearance  being  altogether  new,  the' 
people  ran  after  him  in  great  numbers:  which} 
.succijss  encouraged  him  to  declaim  v/ith  the 
utmost  vehemence  against  the  disorders  of  thej 
times.  His  disciples  adopted  plainness  in  theiri 
habits,  were  frugal  in  their  manner  of  living,  and 
very  reserved  in  their  conversation.  Fox  had: 
several  rough  traverses  in  executing  the  instruc-| 
tioas  that  he  professed  to  receive  from  heaven,: 
and  was  often  in  danger  of  his  life.  Notwiih-j 
standing  all  these  discouragements,  he  fearlessly; 
persevered,  and  this  sect  prevailed  much  ;  many 
considerable  men  being  drawn  over  to  them, 
among  whom  were  Barclay  and  Penn.  Their 
followers  of  the  present  time,  are  distinguisiied 
Ity  neatness  of  dress,  peaceable  demeanor,  and 
correctness  of  ma.mers. 

FOX.  Charles  James,  a  distinguished  English 
statesman  and  orator,  born  in  1749,  was  tbe  se- 
cond son  of  lord  Holland.  After  receiving  a  libe- 
ral education  at  Westminster,  Eton,  and  Oxford 
he  made  the  tour  of  Europe  ;  and,  returning 
home,  was  even,  while  yet  in  his  minority,  elect- 
ed M.  P.  for  Midhurst.  His  first  speech  was  in 
favour  oC  minister.-,  against  Mr.  Wilkes  and  the 
Middlesex  election.  He  was  successively  madei 
a  lord  of  the  admiralty  and  of  the  treasury,  but 
at  length  dismissed  from  office  ;  and  betore  he 
was  24  years  of  age,  became  one  of  the  most 
eloquent  opponents  of  government.  With  the 
exception  of  a  short  lime  under  the  Rockingham! 
administration,  when  he  was  secretary  of  state,] 
Mr.  Fox  continued  leader  of  the  opposition  party 
in  the  house  of  commons  from  that  time  till  the 
death  of  Mr.  Pitt  in  the  beginning  of  1S08 ;  when 
he  was  made  secretarv  of  state  for  foreign  af- 
fairs. He  now  entered  on  a  negotiation  with 
the  French  government  with  a  view  to  a  peace ; 
butadropsy  seized  him  during  its  progress,  whitli 
terminated  fatally  at  Chiswick  House,  Sept.  13 
of  the  same  year.  His  remains  received  the 
honours  of  a  public  funeral  in  Westminster  Ab- 
bey on  the  10th  of  October,  and  were  interred 
within  eighteen  inchas  of  the  grave  of  his  late 
political  rival,  Mr  Pitt. 

FOX  Or!  MORZILLO,  Sebastian,  a  native 
of  Sevihe,  author  of  philosophical  tracts,  &c. ; 
he  was  drowned  on  iiis  way  to  Spain,  to  become 
the  tutor  t"  Don  Carlos,  son  of  Philip  III. 

i9e 


FR 

FOXCROFT,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  and      ' 
admired  minister,  of  Boston ;   published  nu- 
merous sermons,  and  died  in  1769. 

FRACASTORIO,  Girolamo,  an  Italian  poet 
and  physician,  distinguished  also  as  a  mathe- 
matician and  astronomer,  and  as  the  intimate 
friend  of  Cardinal  Bembo,  Scaliger,  and  other 
learned  men  ;  he  died  in  1553. 
FllACHETT  A,  Girolamo,  a  native  of  Rovlgno, 
in  Italy,  who  gained  great  reputation  by  his  po- 
litical works,  the  most  considerable  of  which  is 
entitled,  "  II  Seminario  de  Governi  di  Stato,  et 
di  Guerra."  In  this  work,  he  has  collectedj 
under  110  chapters,  about  8000  military  and 
slate  maxims,  extracted  from  the  bes(  authors  ; 
and  has  added  to  each  chapter  a  discourse, 
which  serves  as  a  commentary  to  it.  He  died 
about  1610. 

FKAGUIER,  Claude  Francis,  a  French  wri- 
ter, an  eminent  classical  scholar,  and  author  of 
Latin  poems,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1728. 

FRANCESCA,  Peter,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Venice,  vviio  delighted  in  representing  night- 
pieces  and  battles.  He  drew  also  several  por- 
traits, wrote  of  arithmetic  and  geometry,  and 
died  in  1443. 

FRAXCESCHINI,  Mark  Antony,  a  painter, 
of  Bologna,  died  in  1729. 

FRAA'CHl,  Antonio,  a  painter,  of  Lucca, 
engaged  in  the  service  of  the  duchess  of  Flor- 
ence ;  he  died  in  1709. 

FRAXCIA,  Francesco,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Bologna  in  1450,  was  attirst  a  goldsmith 
or  jeweller,  afterwards  a  giaver  of  coins  and 
medals ;  but  at  lai-t  applying  himself  to  painting, 
he  acquired  great  credit  by  his  skill.  Raphael's 
reputation  made  him  desirous  to  see  his  works, 
but  his  age  would  not  suffer  him  to  take  a  jour- 
ney to  Rome  :  nevertheless,  a  friendly  corres- 
pondence commenced  between  these  two  pain- 
ters. Raphael  having  painted  the  picture  of 
St.  Cecilia  for  a  church  in  Bologna,  sent  it  to 
Francia  to  place  it  properly  for  him,  and  even 
to  correct  its  faults,  if  he  discerned  any.  But 
Francia  was  so  struck  with  the  beauty  of  the 
piece,  that,  despairing  of  attaining  the  same 
perfection,  he  fell,  it  is  said,  into  a  kind  of  me- 
lancholy ;  and  this,  bringing  on  a  consumption, 
occasioned  his  death  in  1518. 

FRAXCIS,  Simon,  a  French  painter,  born  in 
1606,  was  in  his  youth  very  devout,  and  declar- 
ed for  a  religious  life.  Seeking  oiit  a  profession 
which  might  assist  him  in  raising  his  soul  to 
fhe  love  of  God,  and  by  chance  looking  on  a 
picture  of  our  Saviour's  nativity,  he  was  so  ex- 
tremely touched,  that,  in  hopes  of  being  able  to 
draw  some  pieces  whose  effect  on  the  specta- 
tors might  be  as  lively,  he  resolved  to  turn  pain- 
ter.   He  died  in  1671. 

FRANCIS,  of  Paulo,  a  Romish  saint,  canon- 
ized by  pope  Leo  X.,  was  tiie  founder  of  the 
Minims,  and  celebrated  for  his  austerities;  he 
died  in  1507. 

FRANCIS,  of  Assisi,  a  great  saint  of  the 
Romish  church,  and  founder  of  one  of  four  or- 
ders of  mendicant  friars,  born  in  1182.  He  was 
the  son  of  a  merchant,  whose  profession  he 
followed  till  1206 ;  at  which  time  he  became 
so  strongly  affected  with  religious  truths,  that 
he  resolved  to  retire  from  the  world.  He  pre- 
vailed with  great  numbers  to  devote  themselves, 
as  he  had  done,  to  the  poverty  enjoined  by  the 
gospel ;  and  drew  up  an  institute,  or  rule,  for 
their  use,  which  was  approved  by  the  Roman  j 
Pontiffs.  Francis  was  canonized  by  pope  Gre- 
gory IX.,  the  Clh  of  Mav,  J230;  and  Oct.  '■ 


FR 

4tb,  on  wliich  his  death  happened  in  1226,  was 
appointed  as  his  festival.  His  order  soon  rose 
to  great  splendour,  and  has  done  prodigious  ser- 
vice to  the  Roman  pontiffs. 

FRANCIS  DE  SALES,  a  Romish  saint,  was 
bishop  of  Geneva,  and  founder  of  the  order  of  the 
visitation.  He  is  said  to  have  converted  70,000 
Protestants  before  Iris  death,  which  happened 
in  1622.  He  was  canonized  by  pope  Alexander 
VJ. 

FR/VJSfCIS  XAVIER,  the  great  coadjutor  of 
Ignatius  Loyola,  was  born  at  Xavier,  at  the  foot 
of  the  Pyrenees,  in  1508;  and  was  sent  one  of 
the  earliest  missionaries  to  the  East  Indies  ;  for 
nis  zeal  and  ability  in  which  undertaking,  heob 
taiaed  the  appellation  of  the  Apostle  of  the  Iii- 
d  ics.  He  died  in  1552,  and  was  canonized  in  1622, 
by  Gregory  XV. 

FRANCIS,  of  Lorraine,  emperor  of  Germany, 
married  a  daughter  of  the  emperor  Charles  VI., 
and  was  assocfated  with  his  wife  in  the  empire 
till  1745,  when  he  was  elected  emperor.  He  was 
a  patron  of  literature  and  the  arts,  as  well  as  of 
commerce  ;  he  died  sud<Ienly  in  1675. 

FRANCIS  I.,  kingof  France,  succeeded  Lewis 
XII  on  the  French  throne,  in  1515.  He  is  known 
as  the  rival  and  opponent  of  the  emperor  Charles 
v.,  with  v/hora  he  was  involved  in  war,  during 
almost  his  whole  reign,  with  various  success, 
and  to  whom  he  was,  at  one  time,  a  prisoner, 
with  his  two  sons  ;  also,  as  the  patron  of  litera- 
ture and  ihe  arts.  He  died  at  Rambouillet,  in 
1547. 

FRANCIS  II.,  son  of  Henry  II.  and  Catherine 
de  ]M edicts,  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  France  on 
the  death  of  his  father.  He  married  tlie  unfor- 
tunate Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  and  died  in  1560, 
aged  17,  after  a  reign  of  17  months. 

FRANCIS, duke  of  Alencon,  Anjou,  andBerri, 
and  brother  of  the  preceding,  opposed  his  bro- 
ther Henry  III.,  for  which  he  was  imprisoned  by 
Catherine,  and  afterwards  liberated  He  was 
pubseqaently  crowned  duke  of  Brabant,  and 
was  one  of  the  suitors  of  queen  Elizabetli ;  he 
died  in  1584. 

FRANCIS  DE  BOURBON,  count  of  St.  Pol 
aiidChaumont,  distinguished  himself  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Marignan.  He  was  taken  prisoner  with 
Francis  I.,  but  escaped,  and  died  in  1545. 

FRANCIS  DE  BOURBON,  count  Enghien, 
"vas  a  celebrated  general  in  the  service  of  Fran- 
eis  I.  :  he  was  killed  by  accident,  in  1545. 

FRANCIS  DE  BOURBON,  duke  of  Mont- 
nensier,  was  the  faithful  as.=ociate  of  Henry  IV. 
of  France,  and  distinguished  himself  in  his  ser- 
vice as  a  soldier  ;  he  died  in  1592. 

FRANCIS,  of  Lorraine,  duke  of  Guise  and  of 
Aumale,  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  with 
Charles  V.,  and  the  English  ;  and  in  the  reigns 
of  Henry  11.^  and  Francis  II.  of  France,  com- 
pletely governed  the  kingdom.  After  the  death 
of  Francis,  he  espoused  the  side  of  the  catholics, 
in  the  civil  wars,  and  was  assassinated  in  1563. 

FRANCIS  DE  BORGIA,  St.,  duke  of  Can- 
dia,  and  viceroy  of  Catalonia,  was  the  grandson 
of  pope  Alexander  VI.  He  afterwards  became 
a  Jesuit,  and  died  at  Rome,  in  1572.  He  was  ca- 
nonized by  pope  Clement  X. 

FRANCIS,  Lucas,  a  historical  and  portrait 
painter,  employed  by  the  kings  of  France  and 
Spain  ;  he  died  in  1643. 

FRANCIS  ROMAIN,  a  Dominican,  of  Ghent, 
was  an  eminent  architect ;  he  was  employed  by 
Lewis  XIV.,  10  finish  the  Pont  Royal,  of  Paris, 
for  which  he  wag  liberally  rewarded  ;  he  died  in 
1735. 

17^- 


___^ FR 

FRANCIS,  Dr.  Philip,  more  distinguished  aa 
a  translator  than  as  an  original  writer.  His 
versions  of  Horace  and  Demosthenes  have  been 
justly  valued :  the  former  is  perhaps  as  com- 
plete and  useful  a  v/ork  of  its  kind  as  hath  yet 
appeared.  He  was  also  the  author  of  two  tra- 
gedies, "Eugenia,"'  and  "  Constantia;"  but,  as 
a  dramatic  writer,  not  very  successful.  He  died 
in  1773. 

FR  ANCIS,  James  Charles,  an  eminent  French 
engraver,  died  in  1769. 

,  FRANCIS,  sir  Philip,  was  a  member  of  the 
I  English  parliament,  anri  an  active  promoter  of 
I  the  articles  of  impeachment  of  Warren  Hast- 
jings.  He  has  been  considered  by  ?ome  as  the 
author  of  Junius'  Letters  ;  he  died  in  1618. 

FANCISCA,  or  FRANCES,  a  Roman  lady, 
who  founded  a  convent  at  Rome,  and  was  can- 
onized in  1608  ;  she  was  born  in  1384. 

FRANCIUS,  Peter,  professor  of  rhetoric,  and 
oratorv  at  Amsterdam,  his  native  city  ;  lie  died 
in  1704. 

FRANCK,  George,  a  native  of  Naumburg,  re- 
ceived a  poetic  crown,  at  the  age  of  18,  for  his 
Latin,  Greek,  German,  and  Hebrew  poetry.  He 
was  professor  of  medicine  at  Heidelberg  and 
Wittemburg,  and  died  in  1704. 

FRANCK,  Augustus  Herman,  of  Lubcck, 
professor  of  oriental  languages,  and  of  divinity 
I  at  HaJle,  was  distinguished  for  his  benevolence 
and  pietv ;  he  died  in  1727. 

FRANCK,  or  FRANCKEN,  Franciscus,  a 
Flemish  painter,  cf  great  merit,  died  in  1616. 

FRANCK,  Franciscus,  son  of  the  preceding, 
jand  a  jiupil  of  his  father,  was  also  a  painter  : 
,  he  died  in  1642. 

I  FRANCKER,  Christian,  successively  a  Jesuit. 
a  socinian,  a  unitarian,  and  a  calliolic,  in  the 
16th  century. 

FRANCKENSTEIN,  Christian  Godfrey,  of 
Leipsic,  an  advocate,  distinguished  as  a  man  of 
letters,  and  a  historian  ;  he  died  in  1717. 

FRANCO,  Nicolo,  a  satirist,  born  at  Bene- 
vento,  in  1510.  He  was  condemned  to  death, 
for  some  severe  satires  on  illustrioiis  persons  of 
Rome  ;  bwi  it  is  not  known  that  he  was  executed . 

FRANCO,  Battista,  a  painter,  of  Venice,  who 
imitated  the  manner  of  Buonarotte,  died  in  1561 . 

FRANCOIS,  Abbe  Laurent,  an  able  opponent 
of  the  French  philosophers,  died  in  1782.  His 
works  were  principally  in  defence  of  religion. 

FRANCOIS,  Simon,  a  selftaught  portrait 
painter  of  Tours,  died  in  1671. 

FRANCOIS,  Lucas,  a  historical  painter,  in 
the  service  of  the  kings  of  France  and  Spain, 
died  in  1643. 

FRANCOIS,  Lucas,  called  tl)e  Younger,  sou 
of  the  preceding,  was  also  highly  respected  as  a 
painter  ;  he  died  in  1654. 

FRANCOV^^ITZ,  Matthias,  a  protestant  di- 
vine, pupil  of  Luther  and  Melanctlion,  was  a  pri  ■ 
vate  teacher,  and  afterwards  professor  of  the 
Greek  and  Latin  languages  at  Wittemburg  ;  he 
died  in  1575. 

FRANCUS,  Sebastian,  a  German  anabaptist 
of  the  16th  century 

FRANCK  FLORIS.    See  FLORIS. 

FRANKLIN,  Dr.  Benjamin,  born  at  Boston, 
in  America,  in  1706,  was  placed  at  a  very  early 
age  under  one  of  his  brothers,  who  was  a  printer, 
where  he  made  a  rapid  progress  in  that  art  so 
useful  to  mankind,  and  contracted  an  attach 
ment  for  the  press  which  continued  as  Ion{> 
as  he  lived.  Scarcely  emerged  from  infancy, 
Franklin  was  a  philosopher  without  being  con 
scious  of  it,  and  by  the  continual  exercise  of  iits 
197 


VK 

Fcoin  France  lie  returned  to  America  in  1765, 
jaud  lived  five  years  after  tUis  period  .  for  three 
iyears  he  was  president  of  the  General  Assembly 
f  Peiiiisylvania ;  lie  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
entioii  iiiat  established  the  new  form  of  fede- 
ral governraeni ;  and  his  last  public  act  was  a 
mud  example  tor  those  who  are  emplojed  In 
the  legislation  os  theircountry.  In  this  convcn- 
uou  he  had  differed  in  some  points  from  the 
majority ;  but,  when  the  articles  were  uili- 
inately  decreed,  lie  said  to  liia  colleagues,  "  IFe 
ought  to  have  but  oite  opinion  ;  t!ie  good  of  cur 
country  requires  that  the  resolution  be  unanim- 
ous ;'"  and  he  signed.  He  died  April  17,  17'00. 
As  an  author,  he  never  wrote  a  work  of  any 
leugili.  His  political  works  consist  of  letters 
or  short  tracts  ;  but  all  of  them,  even  those  of 
iiumour,  bear  the  marks  of  his  observing  genius 
and  mild  piiilosophy.  He  wrote  many  for  that 
rank  of  people  who  have  no  opportunity  for 
study^  and  whom  it  is  yet  of  so  much  conse- 
quence to  instruct ;  and  he  was  well  skilled  in 
reducing  useful  truths  to  maxims  easily  retained, 
and  soiiieiiines  to  proverbs,  or  little  tales,  the 
simple  and  natural  graces  of  v/hich  acquire  a 
new  value  when  associated  with  the  name  of 
their  author.  In  short,  the  whole  life  of  Frank- 
lin, his  meditations,  and  his  labours,  have  all 
been  directed  to  public  utiliy ;  but  the  grand 
object  that  he  had  always  in  view  did  not  shut 
his  heart  against  private  friendship:  he  lovea 
his  family,  his  friends,  and  was  extremely  bene- 
ficent. In  society  he  was  sententious,  but  not 
fluent ;  a  listener  rather  than  a  talker ;  an  in- 
forming rather  than  a  pleasing  companion  ;  im- 
patient of  interruption,  he  often  mentioned  the 


j.e.;ius,  pi<.j;afeii  himseif  for  those  great  discove 
rie.s  i:i  .-.cieuce  which  have  since  associated 
h'rs  name  with  tiiai  of  Newton,  and  tor  those 
political  leflections  which  liave  placed  him  by 
the  side  of  a  Solon  and  a  Lycurgns.  Soon 
after  his  removal  fn-m  Boston  to  Philadelphia, 
Fiank!in,in  concert  with  some  other  young  men, 
established  a  small  club  ;  where  every  member, 
after  his  work  was  over,  and  on  holidays,  brought 
his  slock  of  ideas,  which  were  submitted  to  dis- 
cnssion.  This  society  of  which  the  young  print- 
er was  the  eoul,  has  been  the  source  of  every 
useful  establishment  in  Pennsylvania  calculated 
to  promote  the  progress  of  science,  the  mechani- 
cal arts,  and  particularly  the  improvement  of 
the  human  understanding.  Higher  employ- 
ments, however,  at  length  called  him  from  his 
country,  which  he  was  destined  to  serve  more 
eJi'ecrually  as  its  agent  in  England,  whither  he 
was  sent  in  1757.  The  stamp  act,  by  which  the 
Biitisli  minister  wished  to  lamiliarize  the  Amer- 
icans to  pay  taxes  to  tiie  mother-country,  re- 
vived tliat  love  of  liberty  which  had  led  their 
forefathers  to  a  country  at  that  time  a  desert ; 
and  the  colonics  formed  a  congress,  the  first  idea 
of  which  had  been  communicated  to  them  by 
P^ranklin,  at  the  conferences  at  Albany,  in  1754. 
The  war  that  was  just  terminated,  and  the 
»'sertions  made  by  them  to  support  it,  had  given 
them  a  conviction  of  their  strength  ;  they  op- 
posed this  measure,  and  the  minister  gave  way, 
but  reserved  the  means  of  reiievvhig  his  attempts. 
Once  cautioned,  however,  they  remained  on 
liieir  guard  ;  liberty,  cherished  by  their  aJarms, 
took  Seep  root;  and  the  rapid  circulation  of 
ideas  by  means  of  newspapers,  for  the  intro- 
duction of  which  they  were  indebted  to  theijcustom  of  the  Indians,  who  always  remain  si- 
printer  of  Philadelphia,  united  them  together  to  jlent  some  time  before  they  give  an  answer  to  a 
resist  every  fresh  enierprise.  In  the  year  1766, !  question  which  they  have  heard  attentively; 
this  printer,  called  to  the  bar  of  the  house  of  unlike  some  of  the  politest  societies  in  Europe, 
commons,  underv/ent  thatfamous  intenogatoiy,  :'vvhere  a  sentence  can  scarcely  be  finished  with- 
whicli  placed  the  name  of  Franklin  as  high  inijout  interruptioa.  In  tlie  midst  of  his  greatest 
politics,  as  it  was  before  m  natural  philosophy. ijoccuparions  lor  the  liberty  of  his  country,  lie 
From  that  time  he  defended  the  cause  of  Amer-!ihad  some  physical  experiment  near  him  in  his 
ica  with  a  firmness  and  moderation  becoming  ajicloset;  and  the  sciences,  which  he  had  rather 
great  man,  pointing  out  to  ministry  all  the  errors!  discovered  than  studied,  afforded  him  a  con-  , 
I  hey  had  committed,  and  the  consequences  tliey 


would  induce,  till  the  period  when,  the  tax  on 
the  tea  meeting  the  same  opposition  as  the  stamp- 
act  had  done,  England  blindiy  fa;icied  herself 
capable  of  subjecting  by  force  3,000,000  of  men 
determined  to  be  free,  at  a  dir.tance  of  2000 
ieaguos.  Every  man  is  acquainted  with  tlie 
particulars  of  that  war  ;  bur  eveiy  man  has  not 
equally  reflected  on  the  bold  attempt  of  Franklin 
ns  a  loirislator.  Having  asserted  their  indepen- 
dence, and  placed  themselves  in  the  rank  of 
nations,  the  different  colonies,  now  the  United 
States  of  America,  adopted  each  its  own  form 
of  goveruTjent ;  and.  retaining  almost  uaivei- 
.sally  their  admiration  for  the  Britisli  constitu- 
tion, framed  them  from  the  same  principles  vari- 
ously modelled.  Franklin  alone,  disengaging  the 
political  machine  from  those  multiplied  move 
rnents  and  admived  counterpoises  t'lat  rendered 
it  go  cnniplicaled,  proposijd  the  reducing  it  to 
the  simplicity  of  a  single  legis'ative  body.  Tiiis 
grand  idea  startled  the  legislators  ot  Pennsylva- 
nia ■  but  the'  philosopher  removed  the  fears  or 
u  considerable  numhjr,  and  at  length  determin- 
ed them  to  the  adoption  of  his  principle  Havin? 
giv^  laws  to  his  country,  Fran.- iin  undertook 
agai.i  t;>  serve  it  in  Europe,  not  by  representa- 
tion.^ o  the  metropolis,  or  answers  at  the  ba-  "♦  j 
<he  house  of  commons ;  but  bj  treaties  wt;M 
France,  and  succesoivelv  v.iiii  "other  pov,'c;s.  I 
198 


tiimai  source  of  pleasure.  He  made  various  be- 
quesits  and  donations  to  cities,  public  bodies, 
and  individuals  ;  and  requested  that  the  follow- 
ing epitaph,  which  lie  had  composed  for  himself 
some  years  before,  might  be  insciibed  on  his 
tombstone  : 


"The  bodv  of 

BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN,  Printer, 

(like  the  caver  of  an  old  book, 

its  contents  torn  out, 

and  stript  of  its  lettering  and  gilding) 

lies  here  food  for  worms ; 

yet  the  work  it?elf  shall  not  be  lo.et, 

but  will  (as  he  believed)  appear  once  mere 

in  a  new 

and  more  beautiful  edition, 

corrected  and  amended 

bv 

THE  AUTHOR." 

FRANKLIN,  William,  son  of  Dr.  Frar.klin, 
mbrac^d  the  side  of  Biifain,  in  the  revolution- 
ary war,  was  taken  prisoner,  and  afterwards 
ifTernd  to  retire  to  England,  where  he  died.    He 
was  the  last  royal  governor  of  New- Jersey 

FRANKLIN,  Dr.  Thomas,  one  of  the  king's 
clia plains,  and  rector  of  Brasted,  in  Kent.     This 
tieman  was  possessed  of  no  Jnconsideraolc 


FR 

slmi  e  of  learning  and  poetical  abilities,  and  was 
l««iig  a  favouiiio  in  the  litcraty  world.  His 
translations  of  Thalaris,  Soplucles,  and  Luci- 
an,  e«iually  evince  his  learning  aud  his  genins. 
His  dramatic  compositions,  are  well  known, 
and  deservedly  esteemed  ;  he  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, about  1720,  and  died  in  1784. 

FRANKS,  Sebastian,  a  landscape  painter,  of 
Antwerp,  born  in  1573. 

FRANKS,  John  Baptist,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  successful  imitator  of  the  manner  of  Van- 
dyck  arid  Rubens;  he  was  born  in  KiOO. 

FRANS  FLORIS,  an  cniineni  painter,  born 
at  Antwerp,  in  1520.  He  grew  ricli  and  i'ainous, 
his  performances  being  good  and  numerous  ; 
but  was  greatly  addicted  to  di inking,  and  di(  d 
at  50  years  of  age.  He  was  called  the  Rapiiaei 
of  Flanders. 

FRANTZIUS,  Wolfgang,  a  German  divine, 
and  orofessor  of  divinity  at  Wittemburgh,  died 
in  lti20. 

FRASSON,  Claude,  a  French  monk,  was  a 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonnc,  and  prolessor  of  the- 
ology at  Paris,  also  sujierior  of  the  Franciscan 
convent  there;  he  died  in  1711. 

FRATELLIIMl,  Giovanna,  a  female  painter, 
of  Florence,  patronisjxl  by  the  archdnch(!ss  Vic 
toria ;  she  died  in  1731. 

FRATELLIN[,  Lorenzo  Maria,  son  of  the 
preceding,  eminent  as  a  historical  and  landscape 
painter,  died  in  1729. 

FilAUIVCE,  Abraham,  a  poet,  who  was  edu- 
cated at  the  expense  of  sir  Philip  Sidney,  in 
Cambiidge ;  after  wliich  ho  was  called  to  the 
bar.  He  wrote,  amongst  other  tilings,  "  The 
Countess  of  Pembroke's  Ivy  Church  and  Em- 
anuel," in  1591;  and  a  "  Tran.slaliou  of  Ele- 
liodorus'  Ethiopics." 

FEAUVVEJNLOB,  Henry,  a  German  writer, 
died  ii\  1317. 

FREDEGARIUS,  the  earliest  French  histo-j 
rian,  after  Gregory  of  Tours  ;  his  chronicle,  in 
barbarous  language,  extends  to  the  year  (3-11. 

FREDEGONDE,  wife  of  Chilperic,  king  of 
France,  was  born  of  obscure  parents,  but,  by  her 
beauty  and  art,  raised  herself  to  the  throne  ; 
she  poisoned  all  around  her  wliom  she  consider- 
ed enemies  or  rivals,  and,  finally,  the  king  him- 
Bclf ;  she  died  in  597. 

FREDERIC  I.,surnamedRarbarossa,dnke  of 
Swsbia,  succeeded  his  undo,  Conrad  III.,  as 
emperor  of  Germany,  and  was  crowned  in  Italy 
by  Adrian  IV.  A  part  of  his  reign  was  dis- 
turbed by  quarrels  and  wars  with  the  popes, 
who,  after  a  reconciliation,  persuaded  him  to 
undertake  a  crusade  against  Saladin.  Uo  died 
during  the  expi-dition,  in  1190,  after  having 
gained  several  victories  over  tke  Turks  and 
Greeks.  His  son  Frod<'ric,  duke  of  Swahia,  who 
attended  him,  and  displayed  great  valour  in  the 
Holv  Land,  also  died  tliere. 

FREDERIC  II.,  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
and  sen  of  Henry  VI.,  was  born  in  1194,  and 
elected  king  of  the  Romans,  two  years  aftc. 
In  1210,  he  was  elected  emperor  of  Germany. 
lie  died  in  1250,  aged  57. 

FREDERIC  III.,  surnamed  the  Fair,  son  of 
Albert  of  Austria,  was  the  rival  of  Lewis  of  Ba- 
varia, in  a  wintest  for  the  imperial  throne.  He 
was  defeated  by  him  at  the  battle  of  Michael 
dorff,  and  taken  prisoner;  he  died  in  1330. 

FREDERIC  IV.,  surnamed  the  Pacific,  em- 
peror of  Germany,  was  the  last  of  the  German 
princes,  who  submitted  to  a  coronation  at  Rome. 
He  was  a  weak,  indolent,  and  superstitious 
.Muce,  who  saw  his  subjects  revolt,  with  in- 


FR 

liiffercnco,  and  afterwards  fled  from  Vienna; 
he  was  reduced  to  beg  his  bread,  and  died  ia 
1493. 

FREDERIC  I.,  king  of  Denmark,  distinguish- 
ed hiniself  by  his  wisdom,  prudence,  :  nd  by  lite 
luiiity  of  hits  public  measures,  paiticulariy  in  in- 
structing LutherauiBm  among  his  subjects ;  he 
died  hi  1533. 

FREDERIC  II.,  king  of  Denmark,  was  the 
patron  ot  literature  and  of  learned  men  ;  and 
the  liberal  protector  of  Tycho  Brahe  ;  he  died 
ia  158H. 

FREDERIC  III.,  arclibishop  of  Bremeu,  suc- 
ceeded his  father.  Christian  IV.,  as  king  of  Den- 
mark, aiid  improved  the  condition  of  his  pe> 
pie,  by  making  them  more  independent  of  tne 
nobles,  and  by  making  the  crown  hereditary ; 
he  died  in  Ki'O. 

FREDERIC  IV.,  king  of  Denmark,  was  en- 
aged  in  war  with  Charles  XII.,  of  Sweden,  and 
lost  some  part  of  his  territories,  which  he  after- 
wards recovered  ;  he  died  in  1730. 

FREDERICK  v.,  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
rni<rned  on  the  throne  of  Denmark  from  174<5  u> 

06.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Christian 
VIL 

FREDERIC  AUGUSTUS  I.,  king  of  Poland, 
and  elector  o''  Saxony,  recommended  himself  to 
the  PoJeb,  by  his  valour  against  the  Turks,  and 
was  elected  their  king  in  1G9(>  He  was  beaten 
by  ('harles  XIL,  and  stripped  of  his  dominions, 
which  he  afterwards  recovered  and  maintained 
till  his  death,  in  1733.  He  was  the  patron  of  lite- 
rature, and  his  court  was  for  a  long  time  one  of 
ttie  most  brilliant  in  Europe. 

FREDERIC  AUGUSTUS  II.,  succeeded  his 
father  on  the  throne  of  Poland,  in  1734.  The 
last  of  his  reign  was  disturbed  by  a  war  with 
the  king  of  Prussia,  who  invaded  his  kingdom, 
and  reduced  him  to  unconditional  submission, 
lie  died  in  17G3. 

FREDERIC,  prince  of  Hesss  Cassel,  manied 
a  sister  of  Charles  XIL,  of  Sweden,  and  obtain- 
ed possession  of  the  Swedish  throne  In  1720. 
He  died  in  1757. 

FREDERIC  WILLIAM,  elector  of  Branden- 
burg;, distinguished  hinisel!  by  his  war  with  Po- 
land, and  afterwards  v.itli  Lewis  XIV.  After 
epelling  the  Swedes,  who  had  invaded  his  do- 
ninions,  he  devoted  his  attention  to  the  com- 
m.erce  of  his  people,  and  to  internal  improve- 
ments.    He  died  in  1688. 

FREDERIC  L,  elector  of  Brandenburg,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  ambitious  of  raising  hi3 
duchy  into  a  kingdom,  and  joined  Leopold,  em- 
peror of  Germany,  in  a  war  against  several 
states,  to  accomplish  the  object:  he  died  in  1713. 

FREDERIC  WILLIAM  T.,  king  of  Prussia, 
son  of  the  preceding,  succeeded  his  father,  in 
1713.  He  began  his  reign  by  a  strict  reform  in 
the  e.xpenditures  of  his  kingdom,  by  encourage- 
ing  commerce  and  industry,  and  by  inviting 
foreign  artisans  to  settle  in  his  dominions  ;  at 
the  same  time  he  provided  for  his  security  by 
creating  an  army  of  60,000  men.  He  died  in 
1740. 

FREDERIC  II.,  son  of  the  preceding,  ascend- 
ed the  throne  in  1740.  He  was  distinguished  by 
the  appellation  of  "  the  Great,"  to  which  hia 
superior  talents  and  conspicuous  achievements 
gave  h'm  a  just  claim.  During  his  reign,  he 
was  engaged  in  war  with  a'lriost  every  poten- 
tate of  Europe ;  and,  in  most  instances  success- 
fully. At  the  same  time,  he  was  solicitous  for 
the  welfase  of  his  subjects,  and  devoted  a  part 
of  every  day  to  a  vediess  of  their  .grievances 
109 


FR 


PR 


He  encouraged  coimuerce  and  the  arts,  invited 
literary  men  from  all  parts  of  Europe  to  his 
court,  administered  justice  impartially,  and  re- 
lieved the  unforiunaie  and  distressed,  wherever 
to  be  found.  In  the  midst  of  all  his  cares,  he 
found  time  to  devote  to  literary  pursuits,  and 
was  himself  a  philosopher  and  an  author,  but 
of  infidel  principles;  he  died  in  178{i.  aged  75. 

FREDFRIC,  surnamed  the  Wise,  elector  of 
Saxony,  was  the  friend  of  the  emperor  Maximi 
lian,and  might  have  succeeded  him  had  he  not 
declined.  He  was  the  firm  and  zealous  friend 
of  Luther,  and  the  reformation,  and  died  in 
152G. 

FREDERIC  v.,  elector  of  Palatine,  n-anied 
adauj-'hter  of  James  I.,  of  England.  lie  was 
elected  king  of  Bohemia  by  tlie  protestant.s,  but 
opposed  anil  defeated  by  Ferdinand,  of  Austria. 
Tlje  deatli  of  Gustavus,  who  had  promised  to 
assist  Wni,  put  an  end  to  his  hopes,  and  he  died 
a  month  afterwards,  in  1G32. 

FREDERIC,  Colonel,  son  of  the  unfortunate 
Theodore,  king  of  Corsica,  was  engaged  in  the 
service  of  the  elector  of  Wirtembergfwho  ho 
noured  him  with  his  friendship.  He  went  to 
England  as  agent  of  the  elector,  and  there  com- 
rnitted  suicide,  in  1796. 

FREEKE,  William,  born  in  lGf)4.  He  wrote, 
among  other  things 


great  favourite  of  John  IV.,  of  PortugcU  ;  he 
died  in  1657. 

FRELINGHUYSEN,  Theodorus  Jacobus, 
minister  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  at  Ra- 
ritcn,  New-Jersey ;  was  an  able  and  succe«sful 
preacher. 

FREMINET,  Martin,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  died  in  1619. 

FEEMONT  D'ABLANCOURT,  Nicholas,  a 
native  of  France,  who  fled  to  Holland,  at  the 
(evocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes, and  vsas  his- 
toriographer to  the  prince  of  Orange  ;  he  died 
in  1693 

FREXICLE  DE  BESSY,  Bernard,  a  marhe- 
niatician,  and  author  of  a  treatise  on  right-an- 
trled  triangles,  and  other  works :  he  died  in  Jt'75. 

FRERES.  Theodore,  a  painter,  born  in  1643, 
at  Enkhiiysen:  the  best  of  bis  pieces  are  pre- 
served in  Amsrerdam. 

FRERET,  Nicolas,  of  Paris,  a  hi^loriau  and 
chronologisT,  ayd  opposer  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton's 
ystem  of  chronology,  born  at  Paris,  in  1G88, 
died  1749.  He  wasa  complete  sceptic  ;  and  Vol- 
taire, for  the  worst  of  purposes,  rt\  ised  two  of 
his  works:  viz.  "  The  Letters  of  Thrasybuiua 
to  Leucippus,"  and  "  Examination  of  the  Apo- 
llogists  for  Christianity." 

FRERON,  Elie  CaHierine,  a  French  critic 


A  Dialogue  by  way  of  jland  journalist  of  considerat)letalent5,and  known 
question  and  answer,  concerning  the  Deity,"  I'as  having  been  the  constant  object  of  the  satire 
and  "  A  brief  and  clear  confutation  of  the  Doc-j|nf  Voltaire,  was  born  at  Quimper,  in  1719.  and 
trine  of  the  Trinity  :"  which  two  pieces  being hdied  in  1776.  His  "  Letters  on  certain  writings 
laid  before  the  house  of  commons,  were  voted]  of  the  Times."  he  beg&n  in  1749,  and  publishtu 
to  be  burnt,  as  containing  much  blasphemy,  and 
accordingly  were  so ;  the  author  being  after- 
wards fined  5001.,  and  obliged  to  give  security 
for  his  good  behaviour  for  three  years,  and  to 
make  a  recantation  in  the  four  courts  in  West- 
minster-hall. 

FREEMAN,  John,  an  Ennlish  painter,  wJio 
lived  in  the  reian  of  Charles  II.  i 

FREGOSO,  Baptist,  doge  of  Genoa,  was  de- 
posed and  banished  for  his  haughtiness;  the 
lime  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

FREHER,  ilarquard,  a  German,  who  studied 
the  civil  law  in  France.  He  was  counsellor  to 
Casimir,  prince  Palatine,  afterwards  professor 
of  law,  at  Heidleberg,  and  engrtged  in  import- 
ant affairs  by  the  elector,  Frederic  IV. ;  he  died 
in  1614. 

FREIGR'S,  John  Thomas,  a  learned  German, 
employed  as  a  teacher,  at  Friburg,  and  at  Basi 


of  the  Times. 
13  volumes.  In  1754,  he  began  his  "  Annee 
Literalre,"  of  which  he  published  7  vohimos 
that  year,  and  eight  every  year  after,  till  hia 
death  ;  and  in  that  work,  Freron,  as  a  zcalfms 
enemy  of  the  modern  philosophy,  attacked  Vol- 
taire with  spirit.  He  represented  him  as  a  skil- 
ful plagiary ;  as  a  poet,  brilUant,  but  inferior  to 
Corneille,  Racine,  and  Boilean  ;  is  an  elegant, 
hut  inaccurate  historian  ;  and  rather  the  tyrant 
than  the  kins  of  literature. 

FRESNAYE,  John  Vauguelin  de  la,  an  earif 
French  poet,  king's  advocate  for  Caen,  and  pre- 
sident ol"  that  city  ;  he  died  in  1C06. 

FRESNE,  Charles  du  Cange  du,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  born  at  Amiens,  in  1610,  died  lfj5*». 
His  best  works  are  a  "  Latin  and  Greek  Glossa- 
'  the  "  History  of  Constantinople  under  the 
French  Emperors,"  &c. 
I    FRESxVOY,  Charles  Alphonso  du,  an  excel- 


wa?  afterwards  chosen  rector  of  the  college  of  ijlent  French  poet  and  painter,  born  at  Paris,  in 
*'-^     TT.  .......  ,-oo  ||1611.    After  his  death,  his  poem,  "  De  Arte 

Graphica,'"  was  printed  with  a  prose  fransla- 


Altorf     He  died  in  1583. 

FREIND,  John,  an  EnsUsh  physician,  and 
elegant  writer,  horn  in  1G75,  died  1728.  The 
most  elaborate  of  his  numerous  works  is  "  The 
History  of  Physic,  from  the  time  of  Galen  to 
the  beginning  of  the  16th  ccnturj-,  chiefly  witli 
regard  to  practice  ,"  ar.d  this  is  justly  deemed  a 
masterly  performance,  both  for  use  ana  ele- 
gance. 

FREIND,  Robert,  brother  to  the  physician, 
and  head  master  of  We.stminster  school,  borni 
in  1667;  he  published  an  edition  of  Cicero'sj 
"  Orator."  and  died  in  1751.  i 

FREINSHEMIUS,  John,  a  most  irgenious''tas ,  . 

and  learned  man,  bom  at  Ulm,  in  Swabia,  inl'ture,  and  all  the  fine  arts.  He  had  also  a  taste 
1608.  He  is  said  to  have  understood  almost  all;|for  laying  out  gardens,  which  procured  him  the 
the  European  languages,  besides  Latin,  Greek, jlplace  of  overseer  of  the  king's  gardens,  whose 


tion  and  notes,  by  De  Piles,  and  dedicated  to 
jColbert.  It  was  afterwards  translated  into  En- 
jglish,  by  Drydr-n,  wiio  prefixed  to  it  an  original 
i"  Preface,  containing  a  parallel  between  paint 
ling  and  poetry."  This  poem  will  keep  his  name 
lalive  as  long  as  either  poetry  or  painting  shall 
Innd  any  esteem.  A  later  version  of  Du  Fres- 
noy  has  been  made  by  Mr.  Mason,  and  enriched 
with  notes  by  Sir  Jos'hua  Re)Tiolds. 

FRESNY,"  Charles  Riviere  du,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  Paris,  in  1648.    He  had  a  good  natural 
for  naisic,  painting,  sculpture,  architec- 


and  Hebrew.  He  was  professor  of  eloquence, 
at  Upsal,  librarian  and  historiographer  toChris-j 
tina,  of  Sweden,  and  afierv/ards  professor  at. 
Heidleberg,  where  he  died  in  Ifino. 

FREIRE  DE  ANDRADE,  Hyacinthe.a  Por- 
tuguese, abbot  of  St.  Marv  de  Chans,  and  ai 
200 


valet  de  chambre  he  likewise  was.  He  died  in 
1724  ;  and  in  1731,  his  works  were  collected  and 
printed  in  6  vols.,  consisting  of  "  dramatic  per- 
formances, songs,  aniusements  serious  and  co- 
mical," &;c. 
FRETEAU  DE  ST.  JUST,  Emmanuel  Marie 


FR 


Michael  Philip,  a  Fiencli  noblenian,  who,  from 
dissatisfaction  wiili  the  court,  embraced  the  po- 
pular party,  at  tJie  revolution  ;  but  was  con 
iemned  by  Robespierre,  and  executed  in  1793. 
FREVVEN,  Accepted,  au  English  prelate, 
educated  at  Magdalen  cohege,  Oxford,  of  which 
he  became  president,  afterwards  chaplain  to 
Charles  I.,  dean  of  Gloucester,  bishop  of  Litch- 
field and  Coventry,  and  archbishop  of  York  ; 
he  died  in  1664. 

FREY,  John  Cecil,  an  eminent  German  phy- 
sician, died  iu  1631. 

FBEY  PAG,  Frederic  Gottlehb,  a  burgomas- 
ter of  Nuremberg,  known  as  a  writer,  died  in 
1776. 

FREZIER,  Amadee  Francis,  a  Frenchman, 
who  travelled  through  Chili  and  Peru, an  account 
of  which  he  published  ;  he  died  in  1772. 

FRIART,  Rowland,  an  eminent  architect,  of 
tlie  17th  century. 

FRICHE,  or  FRISCHE,  James  de,  a  Bene- 
dictine, who  wrote  the  life  of  St.  Augustilie, 
and  diGd  in  1G93. 

FRISBIE,  Levi,  minister  of  Ipswick,  Mass., 
distinguished  as  a  very  faithful  and  successful 
preacher;  he  published  some  sermons,  and 
died  in  1806. 

FRISBTE,  Levi,  professor  of  the  Latin  lan- 
guage, and  afterwards  of  moral  philosophy, 
of  Harvard  college,  Mass.,  was  distinguished 
for  his  talents  and  learning  ;  he  died  in  18-2-2. 

FRISCH,  John  liconard,  distinguished  as  the 
founder  of  the  silk  manufacturies  of  Branden- 
burg, and  as  the  first  encourager  of  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  mulberry  tree  in  Prussia  ;  he  died 
in  1743. 

FRISCHLIN,  Nicodemus,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, professor  at  Tubingen,  known  as  a  dra- 
matic writer,  and  as  a  translator ;  he  died  in 
1500. 

FRISCHMUTH,  John,  rector  of  the  universi- 
ty of  Jena,  died  in  1687. 

FRISIUS,  John,  principal  of  the  college  at 
Zurich,  into  which  he  introduced  the  study  of 
the  Hebrew  and  other  oriental  languages ;  lie 
died  in  1565.  His  three  sons  were  professors  at 
Zurich. 

FRITH,  John.     See  FRYTH. 
'  FRiZON, Peter,  master  of  the  Jesuit's  college, 
of  Navarre,and  author  of  a  history  of  the  French 
cardinals,  &c.,  died  in  1651. 

FROBENIUS,  John,  an  eminent  and  learned 
German  printer.  He  was  the  first  of  the  Ger- 
mans who  brought  the  art  to  any  perfection  ; 
and  the  great  character  of  this  printer  was  the 
principal  motive  which  led  Erasmus  to  fix  iii; 
quarters  at  Basil,  in  order  to  have  his  own 
works  printed  by  him.  He  died  at  Basil,  in 
1527,  lamented  by  all,  but  by  none  more  than 
Erasmus,  who  wrote  his  epitaph  in  Greek  and 
Latin. 

FROBTSHER,  Sir  Martin,  an  eminent  navi- 
gator, a! id  the  fiist  Englishman  that  attempted 
to  find  out  a  north-west  passage  to  China.  He 
was  born  in  Yorkshire,  and  was  killed  in  battle 
in  1594. 

FRORLICH,  Erasmus,  a  Jesuit,  eminent  for 
Iiis  knowledge  of  mathematics  and  medallic  his- 
tory, died  in  1758. 

FROIDMONT,Libert, a  native  of  Liege,dean 
of  St.  Peters,  and  professor  of  philosophy,  at 
Louvain,  died  in  1653. 

FROILA  I.,  king  of  Spain,  is  known  for  a 
victory  gained  over  the  Saracens,  in  760.  He 
caused  his  brother  to  be  murdered,  and  was  him- 
aelf  killed  by  another  brother,  in  763. 


j     FROILA  II.,  king  of  Spain,  in  923,  died  of  a 
leprosy. 

FROISSARD,  orFROISSART,  John,  born  at 
Valenciennes,  about  1337.  His  chief  work  is  a 
history,  which  comprises  what  happened  in 
France,  Spain,'  and  England,  from  1326  to  1400. 
He  was  also  a  poet,  as  well  as  a  historian.  He 
died  in  1402  His  history  was  translated  re- 
cently by  Mr.  Johnes,  of  Havod,  Wales. 

FROMAGE,  Peter,  a  superior  of  the  Jesuits, 
who  died  in  Syria,  in  1740. 

FRONTEAU,  John,  a  native  of  Angers,  chan- 
cellor of  Paris  university,  and  afterwards  prior 
of  Benay.  in  Anglers;  he  died  in  1662. 

FRONTENAC,  Louis  count,  governor-gene- 
ral of  Canada,  whose  e.\ertions  conduced  to  the 
protection  and  property  of  Canada;  he  died  ia 
1698. 

FRONTINUS,  Sextus  Julius,  a  Roman  writer, 
In  high  repute  under  Vespasian,  Titus,  Doini» 
tian,  Nerva,  and  Trajan.  Nerva  made  him  cu- 
rator of  the  aqueducts,  v/hich  occasioned  him 
tovvriie  his  treatise  "  De  Aquieductibus  Urbis 
Rnmce."  He  wrote  also,  "Tres  Libros  Strata- 
gematum,"  or,  concerning  the  stratagems  used 
in  war  by  the  most  eminent  Greek  and  Roman 
commanders  ;  and  afterwards  added  a  fourth, 
containing  examples  of  those  arts  and  maxims 
discouriied  of  in  the  former.  These  two  works 
are  stiil  extant. 

FRONTO,  Marcus  Cornelius,  a  Roman  ora- 
tor, preceptor  to  Vereius  and  M.  Aurelins. 

FROWDE,PhiIip,  author  of  several  pieces  of 
poetry,  some  of  which  in  Latin  were  pure  and 
elegant  enough  to  entitle  them  to  a  place  in  the 
Musre  AngJicanto.  He  likewise  wrote  two  tra- 
gedies, "  The  Fall  of  Saguntum,"  and  "  Philo- 
tas."     Hedi('dinl738. 

FRUGON  J,  Charles  Innocent,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Genoa,  died  in  1768. 

FRUMENTIUS,  a  Romish  saint,  consecrated 
bisliop  of  the  Ethiopians,  by  Athanasiu;^,  died  in 
360. 

FRYE,Thomas,  a  painter,  who  acquired  seme 
eminence  in  London,  where  he  died,  in  1762. 

FRYTH,  John,  an  English  martyr,  who  was 
converted  to  Lutheranism,  at  Oxford.  He 
preached  his  doctrines  so  boldly,  that  he  was 
sent  to  the  Tower,  and,  on  his  refusing  to  re- 
cant, was  burnt  at  Smithfield,  in  1533. 

FUCHSIUS,  or  FUCHS,  Leonard,  an  esp.i- 
nent  physician  and  botanist,  of  Munich  and  In- 
goldstadt,  died  iu  ]56'>. 

FUESSLI,John  Gaspard,  an  eminent  artist 
of  Zurich,  author  of  the  history  of  the  artists  of 
Switzerland,  died  in  1782. 

FUGGER,  Huldric,  born  at  Augsburgh,  in 
152G,  was  eminent  for  his  affection  to  learning 
and  learned  men.  He  laid  out  great  sums  in 
purchasing  good  manuscripts  of  ancient  authors, 
and  getting  them  printed  ;  and  for  this  purpose, 
he  allowed  for  sometime  a  salary  to  the  famous 
Henry  Stephens.  His  relations  were  so  in- 
censed at  him  for  the  moneys  he  expended  in 
this  way,  that  they  brought  an  action  asainst 
him  for  it,  and  got  him  to  be  declared  incapable 
of  managing  his  affairs.  He  died  in  1584,  hav- 
ing bequeathed  his  library  to  the  elector  Pala- 
tine, and  a  fund  for  the  maintenance  of  six 
scholars. 

FULBERT,  an  Italian,  who  acquiied  great 
celebrity  as  a  preacher  in  France,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  Cbartres ;  be  died  in  1028. 

FULDA,  Charles  Frederic,  native  of  Swa- 
bia,  eminent  as  a  Lutheran  divine,  and  as  a  me- 
clianic  ;  lie  died  in  1788. 

201 


FU 

FULGENTIUS,  St.,  an  eceiesiasticai  writer 
and  bishop  of  Ruspa,  ia  Africa,  born  in  464, 
died  in  529. 

FULGINAS,  Sigismund,  a  historian  of  the 
35th  century,  in  the  service  of  pope  Julius  II 

FULKE,  VVilham,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  master  of  Pembroke 
hall,  Oxford,  and  a  professor  there;  he  died  in 
1589. 

FULLER,  Nicolas,  a  distinguished  English 
scholar  and  critic,  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  died 
in  1622. 

FULLER,  Thomas,  an  English  historian  and 
divine,  born  in  1(508,  died  in  1661.  He  is  cele- 
brated particularly  as  author  of  a  "  History  of 
the  War,"  "The  Church  History  of  Britain, 
from  the  birth  of  Jesus  Christ,  to  the  year  1648 ;' ' 
"  The  History  of  the  University  of  Cambridge 
since  the  Conquest,"  &c.  &c.'  He  had  a  me- 
mory so  tenacious  and  comprehensive,  that  it 
enabled  him  to  do  things  which  are  hardly  cre- 
dible. He  could  repeat  500  strange  words  after 
twice  hearing  ;  and  could^make  use  of  a  sermon, 
verbatim,  if  he  once  heard  it. 

FULLER,  Isaac,  a  celebrated  English  pain- 
ter, in  the  reign  of  Charles  11.,  died  in  London! 

FULLO,  Peter,  a  heretical  bishop  of  Anliocli, 
jn  the  5ih  centurv. 

FULTON,  Robert,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania, 
was  born  in  1765.  He  early  evinced  a  genius  for 
meciianics  and  painting,  and  went  to  England 
to  improve  himself  in  the  latter.  His  attention, 
however,  was  soon  turned  to  mechanics,  and  he 
became  a  civil  engineer.  From  that  time,  his 
tiiricovenes  and  inventions  were  numerous  and 
important.  But  that  which  will  continue  his 
name  to  posterity,  and  associate  him  with  the 
benefactors  of  mankind,  was  the  successful  ap- 
plication of  steam  to  the  propelling  of  boats. 
The  discovery  was  made,  and  the  first  e.xperi- 
raent  tried  at  Paris,  in  1303  ;  after  which  he  re- 
turned to  America  and  exhibited  a  boat  in  suc- 
cessful operation  on  the  waters  of  New- York. 
Vessels  propelled  by  his  machinery  are  now  in 
common  use  throughout  the  United  States,  and 
in  Europe.  He  died  suddenly,  in  the  midst  of 
his  career,  in  Feb.,  1815. 

FULVIA,  an  extraordinary'  Roman  lady,  and 
wile  of  Mark  Antony,  who  had  no  more  of  her 
sex  than  her  body  ;  for  her  temper  and  courage 
breathed  nothing  but  policy  and  war.  This  lady 
v,'as  an  admirable  coadjutor  to  her  cruel  hus 
u'od  during  the  massacres  of  the  triuniviraie. 
Si;e  put  several  persons  to  death  of  her  own 
head,  either  out  of  avarice  or  a  spirit  of  re- 
venue ;  and  even  people  whom  her  husband  did 
not  know.  Antony  caused  the  heads  of  those;, 
whom  he  had  proscribed  to  be  brought  to  a  ta- 1 
bie,  and  fed  his  eyes  a  long  while  with  iLes?  no 
happy  spectacles.  The  head  of  Cicero  was  one 
of  thein,  which  he  ordered  to  be  fixed  on  the 
rostrum  from  whence  Cicero  had  made  so  ma  .y 
speeches  auainst  him  ;  bur.  before  that  order 
v/as  exec'ited,  Fulvia  took  the  head  and  spi 
upon  it,  and  placing  it  on  her  lap,  drew  out  the 
tongue,  which  she  pierced  several  times  with 
her  bolkin,  utteruig  all  the  while  the  most  op- 
probrious language  against  Cicero. 

FUNCCIUS,  or  FUNCK,  John  Nicholas,  a 
celebrated-critic,  born  at  Marpurg,  in  1693,  died 
in  1778. 

FURRTiERE,  Anthony,  an  ingenious  and 
earned  Fre.icliman,  born  at  Paris,  in  1620,  was 
eminent  in  the  civil  and  canon  law;  but  he  is 
chiefly  known  by,  and  valued  for,  his  "  Utiiver- 
sal  Dictionary  of  the  French  Tongue,"  in  which 
202 


GA 

jhe  explains  the  terms  of  art  in  all  sciences.  H,; 
died  in  1688. 

FURINI,  Francesco,  a  painter,  of  Florence, 
jadmired  for  the  elegance  displayed  in  his  figures; 
ihe  died  in  i646. 

I  FURIUS,  called  Bibaculus,  perhaps  from  his 
excessive  drinking,  an  ancient  Latin  poet,  born 
at  Cremona,  about  the  year  of  Rome  650,  or  100 
|3.  C.  He  wrote  annals,  of  which  Macrobius 
has  preserved  some  fragments. 

FURNEAUX,  Philip,  D.  D.,  an  English  dis- 
senting clergyman,  died  in  1783. 

FURST,  or  FURSTIUS,  Walter,  revered  by 
his  countrymen  as  one  of  the  founders  of  Swiss 
iibertv,  lived  abont  1307. 

FURSTEMBURG,  Ferdinard  de,  a  native  of 
Westpiialia,  promoted  in  the  church  by  pope 
Alexander  VII.,  and  made  bishop  of  Munster, 
and  apostolical  vicar  of  northern  Europe,  died 
in  1683. 

FUSI,  Anthony,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
afterwards  became  a  protestant  at  Geneva,  died 
in  1630. 

FUST,  or  FAUSTUS,  John,  a  citizen  of 
Meniz,  and  one  of  the  earliest  printers.  He  had 
the  policy  to  conceal  his  art ;  and  to  this  policy 
we  are  indebted  for  the  tradition  of  "  The  Devil 
and  Dr.  Faustus,"  handed  down  to  the  present 

nies.    About  1460,  he  associated  with  John  of 

uttemburgh ;  their  types  were  cut  in  wood, 
and  fixed,  not  moveable  as  at  present.  Having 
printed  off  a  considerable  number  of  copies  oi' 
the  Bible,  to  imitate  those  which  were  com- 
monly sold  in  MS.,  Fust  undertook  the  sale  of 
them  at  Paris,  where  the  art  of  printing  was 
then  unknown.  As  he  sold  his  printed  copies 
for  60  crowns,  while  the  scribes  demanded  500, 
this  created  universal  astonishment;  but,  when 
he  produced  copies  as  fast  as  they  were  wanted, 
and  lowered  the  price  to  30  crowns,  all  Paris 
was  agitated.  The  uniformity  of  the  copies  in- 
creased tlie  wonder ;  informations  were  given 
in  to  the  police  against  him  as  a  magician ;  his 
lodgings  were  searched,  and  a  great  number  of 
copies  being  found,  they  were  seized  ;  the  red 
nk  with  which  they  were  embellished  was  said 
to  he  his  blood  :  it  was  seriously  adjudged  that 
he  was  in  league  with  the  devil ;  and,  if  he  had 
not  fied,  most  probably  he  would  have  sharen 
the  l^ate  of  those  whom  ignorant  and  supersti- 
tious judges  condemned,  in  those  days,  for  witch- 
craft.    Fust  died  at  Menlz,  in  1466. 

FUZELIER,  Lewis,  a  dramatic  writer,  of  Pa- 
ris, and  the  conductor  of  a  periodical  paper,  call- 
ed the  Mercury,  died  in  1752. 

FYOT  DE  LA  MARCHE,  Claude,  count  of 
Bosjam,  a  favourite  of  Lewis  XIV.,  and  coun- 
sellor of  state,  and  afterwavda  prior  of  Notre 
Dame ;  he  died  in  1721. 


G.^.AL,  Barent,  a  Dutch  landscape  painter, 
of  some  celebrity,  born  about  1650 

G\BBIANI,  Antonio  Dominico,  a  painter,  of 
Florence,  patronised  by  the  duke  Cosmo  HI., 
died  in  1728. 

G  ABINIUS,  Aulus,  a  Roman  consul,  employ- 
d  against  Alexander,  king  of  Judea,  died  in  40 
B.C. 

GABRIEL,  Sevcrus,a  Gree'<  bishop ;  he  wrote 
various  theological  tracts,  and  died  after  1577. 

G  \BRIEL,  Slonito,  a  Maronite.  who  assisted 
e  Jay  in  the  polyalol  Bible ;  he  ded  in  lOiH 

GAbRIEL,  James,  a  disllnguished  Pre:    ' 


GA 

architect,  and  inspector  general  of  buildings  in 
France,  died  in  174'2. 

GABKiLLE,  de  Bourbon,  a  lady  of  great 
virtue,  wile  of  Lewis  de  la  Tremorille  ;  she  died 
iu  1525. 

GABRIXO,  Augustine,  a  fanatic,  of  Bressia, 
who  called  himself  monarcb  of  the  Trinity,  Uc, 
liis  followers  were  about  80 ;  he  was  conhned  in 
a  inad  house,  and  his  sect  was  dispersed. 

GABKINO.     See  RlENZl. 

GABURET,  Nicholas,  au  eminent  French 
surgeon,  under  Lewis  XIII.,  died  in  16G2. 

GACON,  Francis,  a  French  poet,  known  for 
his  severe  satires  against  Bossuet,  Rousseau, 
&c.,  died  in  1727. 

GADBIIRY,  John,  an  astrologer,  and  pupil  of 
Liiiy,  born  in  1627,  died  by  shipwreck,  on  a  voy- 
age to  Jamaica.  Partridge  put  forth  a  book 
ia  1G93,  entitled,  "  The  Black  Life  of  John 
Gadbury." 

GADDESDEN,  John  of,  an  Englishman,  the 
first  employed  as  physician  at  the  court ;  author 
<jf  "Rosa  Anglica." 

GADDI,  Gaddo,  a  Mosaic  painter,  of  Florence, 
died  in  1312. 

GADDI,  Taddeo,  son  of  the  preceding,  died 
in  1350. 

GADDT,  Agnolo,  son  and  pupil  of  Taddeo: 
died  in  1387. 

GADSDEN,  Christopher,  lieutenant  governor 
of  South-Carolina,  was  an  early  friend  and 
advocate  of  the  rights  of  the  colonies,  and  took 
a  decided  part  in  favour  of  their  separation  and 
independence  ;  he  died  in  1805. 

GAELEN,  Alexander,  Van,  a  Dutch  painter, 
who  painted  three  battles,  between  Charles  I 
and  Cromwell ;  he  died  in  1728. 

GAERTNER,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Calu,  in 
Swabia,  a  distinguished  naturalist,  author  of 
a  great  work  called  Carpolojiy,  which  he  dedi- 
cated to  Sir  Joscpli  Banks  ;  he  died  in  ITOl. 

G^:TAN0,  Scipio,  an  admired  Florentine 
painter,  died  in  1538 

GAFF  A  REEL,  James,  a  French  writer,  li- 
brarian to  Richelioti,  who  enabled  him  to  make 
a  large  collection  of  MSS.  ;  he  was  author  of 
Bevera!  works,  and  died  in  1681. 

GAFCJRIO,  Frcnchino, a  native  of  Sodi,  head 
of  the  choir,  in  Milan  cathedral ;  ha  wrote  several 
works  on  music,  and  died  ia  1520. 

GAGE,  Thomas  an  Irishmtin,  missionary  to 
Ihe  Pijilipprnes  ;  lie  died  in  1651. 

GAGE,  Thomas,  the  last  governor  of  Mass., 
appctnted  by  the  kins,  after  the  conquest  of 
Canada,  in  17(50,  was  appointed  governor  of 
J.Ionire?.l,  he  was  exceedingly  odious  to  the! 
Americans,  and  died  in  England,  in  1787. 

GAGER,  William,  a  civilian  and  poet,  wasj 
entered  of  Christ  church,  Oxford,  in  1574,  wheitr, 
he  arrived  at  the  desree  of  LL.  D.  ife  defend-] 
eJ  the  stage  agaiastlho  attacks  of  Dr.  Rainolds  ;j 
he  wrote  in  Latrn,  "Mcleager"  and  "Ulysses' 
Redux,"  tragedies;  and  "  Rhales,"  a  comec^y.j 

GAGNIER,  John,  an  eminent  orientalist,  who, 
in  1723,  published  Abulfeda's  "Life  of  Mo-! 
hammed,"  iu  Arabic,  with  a  Latin  translation,] 
aud  i:otPS ;  he  was  born  at  Paris,  and  died  in  1725. 

G.^GT^Y,  John,  first  almoner  to  Francis  L, 
and  author  of  commentaries  on  the  New  Testa- 
msiit ;  UR  died  in  1549. 

GAGUINUS,  Robert,  a  French  historian,  died 
in  1301.  He  was  the  author  of  several  works; 
the  principal  of  which  is  a  history  iu  H  books 
"  De  Gestis  Francorum,  from  1-.206  to  1500." 

GAICTIES,  John,  priest  of  the  oratory,  and 
jCii-'.Km  of  goissons,  died  in  1730. 


_GA 

GAILLARD,  de  Lonjumeau,  bishop  of  Apt, 
v.as  the  first  projector  of  a  universal  iiistorical 
dictionary  ;  he  died  in  16'J5. 

GAILLARD,  Gabriel  Henry,  a  French  histo- 
rical writer,  and  member  of  the  French  academy: 
died  in  1806. 

GAINAS,  a  Goth,  of  great  valour,  became  a 
general  under  Arcadius  and  desolared  Thrace, 
because  refused  a  church  for  the  Arians;  he 
was  killed  A.  D.  400. 

GAINSBOROUGH, Thomas,  born  at  Sudbury 
in  Sufiblk,  1727,  very  early  discovered  a  pro- 
pensity to  painting.  Nature  was  his  teacher, 
and  the  woods  of  Suflblk  his  academy.  Here 
he  would  pass  in  solitude  his  mornings,  in  mak- 
ing a  sketch  of  an  old  tree,  a  marshy  brook,  a 
fevv  cattle,  a  shepheid  and  his  flock,  or  any 
other  accidental  objects  that  were  presented. 
From  delineation  he  proceeded  to  colouring ; 
and  after  painting  several  landscapes  from  tile 
age  of  10  to  12,  he  quitted  Sudbury  for  London, 
where  he  commenced  portrait  painter.  His 
landscapes  will  estaWish  his  name  on  the  record 
of  fine  arts  with  honours  such  as  never  before 
attended  a  native  of  England.  Tliese  subjects 
he  painted  with  a  faitJiful  adheience  to  nature : 
indeed,  the  brilliancy  of  Claude,  and  the  simpli- 
city of  Ruysdael,  appear  combined  in  Mr.  G's 
romantic  s;en'es.  While  we  lament  him  as  an 
artist,  let  us  not  pass  over  those  virtues  which 
were  an  honour  to  human  nature,  that  gene- 
rous heart,  whose  strongest  propensiMes  were 
to  relieve  the  genuine  claims  of  poverty.  If  he 
selected,  for  the  exercise  of  his  pencil,  an  infant 
from  a  cottage,  all  the  tenants  of  the  humble 
roof  generally  participated  in  the  profits  of  the 
picture  ;  and  some  of  them  frequently  found  in 
his  habitation  a  permanent  abode.  His  libera- 
lity was  not  confined  to  this  alone  ;  needy  rela- 
ti*-es,  and  unfortunate  friends,  were  further  in- 
cun)brances  on  a  spirit  that  could  not  deny  ; 
and,  owing  to  this  generosity  of  temper,  that 
atrlucnce  was  not  left  to  his  family  which  so 
much  merit  might  promise,  and  such  real  worth 
deserve.    He  died  in  1788. 

GALADIN,  Mahomet,  a  popular  emperor  of 
the  Moguls,  died  in  169.5. 

GALANTIKI,  Hippolito,  a  delicate  miniature 
painter,  of  Genoa,  died  in  1706. 

GALANUS,  Clement,  an  Italian,  missionary 
to  America,  wrote  a  grammar  of  that  language, 
about  1650. 

GALAS,  Matthew,  a  general,  who,  from 
being  a  page,  rose  to  high  standing  :  he  was  ii.i 
the  service  of  the  emperor  Frederic  IL,  and 
Philip  IV.,  of  Spain  ;  he  died  in  1647. 

GALATEO,  Ferrari  Antonio,  a  scholar  and 
Physician,  born  at  Galatinia ,  he  was  author  of 
iseveral  wijiks,  and  died  in  1517. 

GALATIN,  Peter,  author  of  the  valuable 
work  "  De  Arcanis  Catholicae  Veritatis  ;"  he 
died  about  1530. 

GALEA,  Servius  Sulpicius,  emperor  of  Rome 
after  Nero :  he  was  slain  by  the  guards,  wJio 
'raised  Otho  to  the  throne,  A.  D.  69." 

GALE,  John,  a  learned  divine,  among  the 
baptists,  born  at  London,  in  1G80.  His  lather 
was  a  citizen  of  good  repute.  He  is  chiefly 
known  for  his  writings  against  "Wall's  De- 
fence of  Infant  Baptism,"  and  died  in  1721. 

GALE,  Theophiius,  a  learned  divine,  among 
the  non-conformists,  born  in  1628,  died  in  1678. 
He  wrote  a  large  and  laborious  work,  called 
"The  Court  of  the  Gentiles." 

GALE,   Thomas,  dean  of  York,   formerly 
head-master  of  St.  Paul's  school,  and  celebra 
203 


GA 

ted  for  ills  kiifjwlt^il:;e  of  Die  (xioek  language, 
aiid  anliquilits,  \^  as  bom  in  1636,  died  in  1702. 

GALE,  Ro;;er,  F.  R.  and  A  SS.,  son  of  the 
dean,  first  vice  president  of  the  society  of  nnti- 
qiiaries,  and  treasurer  to  the  royal  society,  born 
1672,  was  considered  as  one  of  the  most  learnfcd 
men  of  his  age,  and  most  hitrlily  skilled  in  the 
antiquities  of  his  countty.     He  died  in  1744. 

GALE,  Samuel,  the  youngest  of  the  dean's 
sons,  born  in  1682.  He  was  one  of  the  revivers 
of  the  society  of  antiquaries,  in  1717,  and  their 
first  treasurer.  He  was  a  man  of  (Treat  learn- 
ing and  uncommon  abilities,  and  well  versed  in 
the  a.-,  iquitinh  of  England,  for  which  he  left 
ma!iv  valuable  collections  behind  him.  He  died 
i:!  1754. 

G  ALEANO,  Joseph,  a  physician  of  great re- 
pKf(!,  at  Palermo.  We  owe  to  him  a  collection 
of  little  pieces  of  the  Sicilian  poets.  He  was 
bon  in  1'  05,  and  dii;d  in  1675,  i/reatly  regretted  ; 
for  he  was  a  kind  of  oracle  with  his  country- 
incn. 

GAT.EN,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Zealand, 
cliaiicellor  of  Douay  university,  and  author  of 
several  works. 

GALRN,  Olaudian,  after  Hippocrates,  prince 
of  the  Greek  physicians,  was  a  native  of  Per- 
gainus,  in  the  Lessor  Asia,  where  he  was  born 
.^bnlit  ir?l.  He  chose  physic  for'his  profession, 
b»  injj'  determined  thereto  by  a  dream  which  his 
faiher  bad  a  little  before  his  death  ;  and  at  28 
years  of  aze  had  made  some  considerable  ad- 
vances toward  improving  his  art:  for  instance, 


GA  

system,  and  brougtit  several  new  arguments  to  ; 
confirm  it.   This  startled  the  \e!?u;t;,  who  there- 
u,  on  procured  a  citation  lor  him  to  appear  be-  j 
fore  the  holy  ofiice,  at  Rome,  in  1615,  where  he  ' 
was  cijargeil  witii  heresy,  for  maintaining  Ihcsi; ! 
two  propositions :  1.  That  the  sun  is  in  the  ceri-  ' 
trc  of  the  world,  and  immoveable  by  a  local ' 
motion  ;  and,  2.  That  the  earth  is  not  the  centre  | 
of  the   world,  nor  immoveable,   but  actually  i 
moves  by  a  diurnal  motion.     The  first  of  these  I 
positiotis  was  declared  to  be  absurd,  false  in  phi- 
losophy, and  foimally  heretical,  beins  contrary* 
to  the  e.xpress  word  of  God  ;  the  second  was  al- 
so alleged  to  be  philosophically  false,  and,  in  a 
theological  view  at  least,  erroneous  in  point  of 
faith.      The  inquisition  pronounced  sentence 
against  him  and  his  bi  oks.    They  obliged  him 
to  abjure  his  errors  in  the  most  solemn  manner, 
committed  him  to  the  prison  of  their  office  dur- 
ing pleasure,  which  was  till  1C34,  and  hi-  "  Dia- 
logues of  the  System  of  the  World"  were  burnt 
at  Ron)e.    Galilei  died  Jan.  8.  1649.     He  was 
the  author  of  several   noble    and    useful    in- 
ventions and  discoveries  in  astronomy,  geome- 
try and  mechanics  ;  the  principal  of  wliich,  be- 
sides those  already  mentioned,  are,  in  the  first 
of  those  sciences,  the  trepidation  or  vibration 
of  the  moon,  as  also  the  inequalities  or  moun- 
tains in  its  surface.    In  geometry,  he  invented 
ithe  c.vclojd,  or  trochoid,  ;   and,  in  mechanics, 
ifirst  found  the  exact  degree  of  celerity  in  the  | 
|dcscent  of  bodies  by  the  force  of  gravity      tOi 
jwhich  may  be  added  the  machine  with  uiiich 
lie  had  acquired  a  particular  skill  inthe  wounds  i;the  Venetians  render  their  Laguna  fluid  and 
of  the  nerves  :  and  was  possessed  of  a  method  linavieabie  ;  the  invention  whereof  wa^  his. 
of  treafin?  them  never  known  before.     The  i     GALISSONNIERE,  RoUand  Jlichael  T^a/ria, 
ponti.T  of  Periramus  iiave  him  an  opportunity  {'marquis,  a  French  admiral :  after  serving  with' 
of  trying  iiis  new  method  upon  the  gladiators";  [idistinction  in  the  navy,  was  made  governor  of  i 
and  he  was  so  successful,  that  not  a  single  one  HCanada.   He  died  in  1756. 
T^ri-hed  by  any  wounds  of  this  kind.     F>ytiiis  !     GALLAND,  Antony,  a  learned  antiquary,  of 
vve  (\rA,  as  well  as  by  several  other  instances,  iFrance,  and  professor  of  Arabic  in  the  inyal 
that  Galen  studied,  understood,  and  practised  j  college  at  Paris,  born  in  1646,  died  in  1715.     He 
surgery,  as  well  as  physic.  Disiinguished  above  Ij is  chiefly  known  as  the  translator  or  author  of 
his  cotemporaries,  f.nk  prince  of  physicians  con-  ij"  Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments." 
tinued  to  practise  at  Rome,  the  capital  of  the||     GALL.'^IsI),  Augustus,  a  F'ench  counsellor 
world,  till  he  was  obliged  to  submit  to  fate  like  jjof  state,  wrote  some  memoirs,  &c.,  and  died  ia 
other  mortals.      His  death   happened  in  201.jil6'4. 

There  are  reckoned  above  500  books  of  his  upon  I      GALLE,  or  GALL^EUS,  ServaMus,  pastor 
physic  only,  and  about  half  that  number  upon  j|of  the  church  a?  Haerlem,  died  in  1709 
Giber  sciences.  |i      GALLET,   N.,  a  French   spice  merchant, 

GALEN,  Bernard  Van,  a  native  of  West- jjknown  for  some  comic  pieces,  died  in  1757. 
phalia,  known  as  a  bishop  and  a  ceneral ;  be  j     GALLIENUS.  a  Roman  eir 
wa-^  engaged  in  a  war  with  the  Turks,  attacked  i  assassinated  in  2^8. 
the  United  States,  Sweden,  &c.,  and  died  in 
1678 

GALEOTI,  Nichola-q.  an  Italian  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  the  lives  of  the  generals  of  his  order ;  he 
died  in  1748. 

G.ALEOTI,  Marcio,  a  native  of  Nanii,  tutor 
to  the  son  of  Matthias  Oorvinus,  tlie  king,  and 
being  invited  to  France  by  Lewis  XL,  on  going 
to  pay  his  respects  to  liim,  fell,  and  so  injured 
himself  as  to  cause  his  death. 

GAT,ERITTS.  C.  Valerius  Ma.ximianus.  from 
a  herdsnian  in  Dacia,  became  emperor  of 
Rome;  he  died  in  311. 

G.'\T.GArT^i='.  a  Caledonian  chief,  famous  for 
his  noble  resistance  against  the  invasions  of  the 
Kon>f!n«. 

GALILFT,  Galileo,  a  most  eminent  astrono- 
mer and  mathematician,  inventor  of  the  tele- 
scope. &c.,  horn  at  Flor-c^nce,  Feb.  19.  1.164. 
HavinT  observed  some  solar  spots,  in  1612.  he 
printed  tha'  discovery  the  followina  year,  at! 
Bom?  :  in  which,  and  in  some  other  pieces,  he 
vcnturcl  ♦<>  assert  the  truth  of  the  Copernican  I 
204 


emperor.    He  waa 


G  ALLIG.'M,  Eleonora,  was  the  daughter  of  a 
joiner,  and  Mary  de  Medicis'  nurse.  That  prin- 
cess carried  her  with  herinto  France,  when  she 
went  thither,  in  1606,  to  be  married  to  Hentv 
IV. :  and  Galligai,  under  the  titl*  :€  bed  cham- 
ber woman  to  that  queon,  governed  her  just  aa 
she  pleased.  She  married  Concino  Concini  af- 
terwards marshal  D'Ancre;  and  their  inordi- 
i.ate  pride  and  ambition  wasatleryth  punij^hed 
by  the  assassination  of  the  husbaiid  and  the 
execution  of  the  wife. 

GALLTTZIN,  I^asil.  anoblc  Russian  :  t'^ough 
unsuccesful  in  his  ambitious  views,  he  was 
a  man  of  sreat  merit.     He  died  in  1713. 

GALLTT7IX,  Michael  Michaelowitz,  prince 
of,  distimrui^hed  himself  under  Peter  the  Great 
asainst  Gharles  XII.,  of  Sweden  ;  he  died  17.m 

GALLOGHE.  Lewis,  a  painter,  of  the  French 
school,  died  in  1761. 

GALLOIS.  John,  a  learned  Frenchmati.  bom  ' 
at  Paris,  in  1622.     He  was  a  universal  srl-o'ar; 
but  is  now  men-orable  chieRy  for  haviT':  been 
the  first  who  ptshlished  the  Journal  des  Savan% 


GA 

in  conjunction  with  M.  de  Sallo,  wiio  had  form 
ed  the  design  of  tliat  work.    He  died  in  1707. 

GALLOIS,  Juhan  Jean  Ca>sar  le,  a  French 
physiologist,  who  distinguished  liimself  by  his 
•'  Experiments  on  the  Principle  of  Life,  parti- 
cularly on  that  of  the  Motion  of  the  Heart,  and 
the  Seat  of  this  Principle  ;"  he  died  in  1818. 

GALLONIO,  Antonio,  an  ecclesiastic  at 
Rome,  died  in  1G05. 

GALLOWAY,  Joseph,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
of  Pennsylvania,  was  a  member  of  the  first  con 
gress,  in  1774,  but  afterwards  deserted  the 
American  cause,  lie  die4  in  England,  in 
1803. 

GALLUCCI,  Tarquinio,  an  Italian  Jesuit 
died  in  1649. 

GALLUCCI,  Giovanni  Paulo,  an  Italian  as 
tronomer,  wrote  "  on  the  Instruments  of  Astro- 
Romy." 

GALLUCCI,  Angelo,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  author 
of  "  Comraentarii  de  Bello  Belgico,"  died  in 
1674. 

GALLUS,:C.  Vibius,  a  Roman  emperor,  was 
assassinated  by  his  soldiers,  in  253. 

GALLUS,  Flavins  Claudius  Constantius,  bro- 
ther of  the  emperor  Julian,  was  put  to  death  on 
suspicion  of  cruelty,  in  354. 

GALLUS,  Cornelius,  an  ancient  Roman  poet, 
the  particular  favourite  of  Augustus  Cj«sar, 
who  made  him  governor  of  Egypt  after  the  death 
of  Antony  and  Cleopatra ;  but  he  was  guilty  of 
such  mal-administration  in  his  government,  that 
he  was  condemned  to  banishment,  and  to  lose 
his  estate.  This  disgrace  giieved  him  so,  that 
he  put  an  end  to  his  life,  vvlien  he  was  about  43 
years  of  age,  in  the  year  of  Rome  728.  | 

GALLY,  Henry,  an  Englishman,  promoted  to 
«evftral  benefices,  w^rote  some  sermons,  &c.,  died 
in  17^9. 

GALVANI,  Lewis,  an  Italian  philosopher, 
from  whom  Calvinism,  which  has  made  so 
much  noise  in  the  philosophical  world,  took  ir,s 
name.  It  is  said,  that  a  fit  of  illness,  by  which 
liis  wife  was  attacked,  led  him  to  the  discoverv 


GA 

tian,  and  a  bishop  among  the  Moravian  brethren. 
He  was  not  only  a  good  scholar,  but  a  man  of 
great  parts,  and  of  singular  mechanical  ingenui- 
ty ;  he  died  universally  respected,  in  1771. 

GANDY,  James,  a  painter,  who  came  to  Ire- 
land with  the  duke  of  Ormond,  and  died  there 
in  1C89. 

GANGANELLI,  John  Vincent  Antony,  was 
born  in  1705,  the  son  of  a  physician  ;  and,  from 
being  a  petty  monk  of  the  order  of  St.  Francis, 
ascended  to  the  papacy.  May  19, 1709,  when  lie 
assumed  the  name  of  Clement  XIV.  Thus  be- 
coming sovereign  pontiff  in  the  most  critical 
and  tempestuous  times,  in  his  commerce  with 
the  world,  he  practised  the  humility  of  a  Fran- 
ciscan monk ;  but,  on  occasion  of  splendour,  he 
sustained  the  papal  grandeur  with  appropriate 
magnificence.  The  most  striking  incident  of  his 
life  was  his  being  the  instrument,  under  Provi- 
dence, of  annihilating  the  mighty  order  of  the 
Jesuits.  To  the  resentment  of  that  order  it  is 
supposed  he  at  last  fell  a  sacrifice,  his  robnst 
constitution  and  regularity  of  life  seeming  to 
promise  him  a  much  longer  period  than  69  years; 
for  he  died  in  1774,  poisoned,  as  is  supposed,  in 
the  sacrament ;  he  liimself  declaring  his  suspi- 
cions before  lie  died,  and  all  the  after  symptoms 
strongly  confirming  the  sanie. 

GANO,  John,  collected  the  first  baptist  society 
in  New- York,  and  was  its  minister;  he  di'stin- 
guished  himself  in  the  American  war,  and  died 
in  1804. 

Gx\.'^SEVOORT,  Peter,  a  distinguished  offi- 
cer of  the  American  army  during  the  revolu 
tion.  He  rendered  his  country  essential  service 
by  defending  fort  Stanwix,  when  besieged  by  St. 
Lcger:  and  afterwards,  by  preventing  the  co- 
operation of  that  officer  with  Burgoyne,  he  con- 
tributed essentially  to  the  surrender  of  the  lat- 
ter.    He  died  in  1812. 

GARAMONT,  Claude,  a  French  engraver  and 
letter  founder,  was  a  native  of  Paris,  and  began 
to  distinguish  himself  about  ISiO.  He  brought 
his  types  to  so  great  a  degree  of  perfection,  that 


of  his  theory  respecting  metallic  irritation  and  I  he  can  neither  be  denied  the  glory  of  having 
"    '    ■  ■  ■'        "-■       ■      •  .      .      .  surpassed  whatever  had  been  done  in  this  way 

before,  nor  that  of  not  being  excelled  by  any  of 
his  successors  in  this  useful  mechanic  art.  Ga- 
ramont  died  in  1561  ;  and  all  his  fine  types  came 
into  the  hands  of  Fournier  the  Elder,  an  emi- 
nent letter  founder  at  Paris. 

GARASSE,  Francis,  a  Jesuitical  writer,  and 
author  of  the  enmity  between  the  Jesuits  and  the 
janeenists,  in  the  cliurch  of  Rome,  was  born  at 
Angouleme,  in  3585,  and  died  in  1631. 

GARBIEN,  Lorenzo,  a  painter,  of  Bologna, 
and  pupil  of  Ludovici  Caracci,  died  in  1654. 

GARBO,  Raphael  del,  a  historical  painter, of 
Florence,  died  in  1534. 

GABCIAS  II.,  king  of  Navarre  after  Sancho 
II.,  died  in  1000. 

GARCII-ASSO,  Garcias  Lasso  de  la  Vega,  a 
celebrated  Spanish  poet,  born  at  Toledo,  in  fSOO, 
died  1536,  by  a  stone  thrown  by  a  countryman 
from  a  turret,  falling  upon  his  head. 

GARDEN,  Alexander,  a  distinguished  episco- 
pal clergyman,  of  Charleston,  South- Carolina. 
He  came  from  Scotland  to  Charleston,  in  1720, 
and  resided  there  until  his  death,  in  1753. 

GARDEN,  Alexander,  M.  D.,  a  scientific  phy- 
sician, of  South-Carolina,  who  introduced  into 
medical  use  the  Virginian  snake  root ;  he  died 
about  1771. 

GARDIE,  Pontusde  la,  a  French  adventurer, 
successively  in  the  employment  of  marshal  Bri- 
sac,  the  Danes,  and  Swedes ;  he  died  in  1585. 
20.5 


animal  electricity.  The  pliysician  haviiig  pre 
scribed  for  his  wife  soup  made  of  boiled  frogs, 
Galvani  prepared  them  himself;  and  having  ac- 
cidentally touched  a  frog  after  he  had  skinned 
it,  he  observed  it  in  an  involuntary  mot  ion, 
which  induced  him  to  make  some  experiments 
that  conducted  him  to  the  discovery.  He  was 
born  at  Bolncna,  in  1737,  died  1798. 

GALVANO,  Antony,  a  native  of  the  East  In- 
dies, governor  of  the  Moluccas.  Became  poor 
by  his  liberahty,  and  died  in  a  hospital,  at  Lis- 
bon, in  1557. 

GAM,  David,  a  brave  Welchman,  who  fell  in 
battle  not  ly  defending  Henry  V.  He  was  knight- 
ed by  his  sovereign  just  as  he  expired. 

GAMA,Vaseo  de,  a  celebrated  Portuguese  na- 
vigator, who  discovered  the  course  to  the  East 
I  Indies  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  was  born  at 
i  Sines,  in  Portugal,  and  died  in  1525. 

G  A  M  ACHES,  Stephen  Simon,  author  of  Phy- 
i  sical  Astronomy,  &c.,died  in  1756. 

GAM ACHF.S,  Philip  de,  author  of  Commen- 
taries on  the  Summa  of  Aquinas,  died  in  1625. 

GAMALIEL,  a  Jewish  doctor  of  the  law,  and 
a  secret  disciple  of  our  Saviour. 

GAMBARA,  Lorenzo,  an  Italian  poet,  author 
of  a  Latin  poem  on  Columbus  ;  he  died  in  1586.; 

GAMBARA,  Veronica,  an  Italian  lady,  whc| 
devoted  herself  to  literature,  and  published  sonii 
poems  ;  she  died  in  1550. 

GAJVIBOLD,  John,  a  truly  primitive  Chris 
18 


GA 

GARDIN  DUMESNIL,  N.,  professor  of  rheto- 
ric  at  Paris,  and  an  eminent  scholar  ;  lie  wrote 
on  Latin  synoiiymes,  and  died  in  1S02. 

GARDINER,  Steplien,  bishop  of  Winchester, 
and  chancellor  of  England,  was  born  at  Bury 
St.  Edmund's,  in  Suffolk,  1483.  His  character  as 
►  a  minister  is  to  be  drawn  from  the  general  his- 
tories :  he  had  a  large  portion  of  haughtiness, 
boundless  ambition,  and  deep  dissimulation  ;  for 
!ie  looked  on  religion  as  an  engine  of  state,  and 
made  use  of  it  as  such.     He  died  in  1555. 

GARDINER,  James,  a  colonel  in  the  army  of 
George  II.,  born  in  Scotland,  16S3,  was  equally 
admirable  for  the  virtues  of  piety  and  personal 
courage,  and  died  bravely  fighting  against  the 
rebel,  at  Preston-pans,  near  Edinburgh,  in  1745. 

GARENGEOTjRene,  Jacques,  Croissant  de,  a 
French  surgeon  of  great  reputation  ,■  he  wrote 
several  valuable  works,  and  died  in  1759. 

GARE3S0LES,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Mon- 
taubaT;  who  wrote  several  theological  works, 
died  in  1650. 

CARET,  John,  a  Benedictine  of  St.  Maur, 
born  at.  Havre  de  Grace,  died  in  1694. 

GARLANDE,  Jean  de,  a  grammarian,  ob- 
tained some  celebrity  by  his  poem  on  the  "  Con- 
tempt of  the  World,"  &c. ;  he  was  living  in 
1801. 

GARNET,  Henry,  a  person  memorable  in 
EngHsh  history,  for  having  been  privy  to,  and 
aiding  in,  the  celebrated  conspiracy  called  "  The 
Gunpowder  Plot,"  was  executed  at  the  west 
end  of  St.  Paul's,  May  3,  1606. 

GARNETT,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  English  physi- 
cian and  natural  philosopher,  was  born  in  1766. 
After  having  studied  medicine  and  chymistry, 
and  graduated  at  Edinburgh,  he  delivered  seve- 
ral courses  of  lectures  on  chymistry  and  expe- 
rimental philosophy,  at  Manchester,  Liverpool, 
&c.  He  was  soon  after  elected  professor  of 
philosophy,  in  Anderson's  Institution  at  Glas- 
gow; and  his  leisure  hours  in  Scotland  were 
employed  in  collecting  materials  for  his  "  Tour 
through  the  Highlands,  and  part  of  the  Western 
Isles."  Dr.  Garnett  afterwards  accepted  an  in- 
vitation from  the  new  royal  institution,  in  Lon- 
don ;  where,  for  one  season,  he  was  professor 
of  natural  philosophy  and  chymistry,  and  deli- 
vered the  whole  of  the  lectures.  On  retiring 
from  this  situation,  as  being  too  laborious  for 
the  state  of  liis  health,  he  commenced  a  course 
of  lectii'.es  at  his  house,  on  Zoonomia,  or  the 
Laws  of  Animal  Life,  arranged  according  to 
theBrunoniati  theory.  From  a  patient,  whom 
he  attended  in  a  fever,  he  caught  the  infection, 
and  died  in  1802. 

GARNIEFv,  Robert,  a  French  tragic  poet, 
-    born  ill  1534,  died  1590. 

GARNIER,  John,  a  Jesuit,  professor  of  rhe- 
toric and  philosophy,  died  in  1681. 

G  ARNISR,  Julian,. a  Benedictine  monk,  died 
in  17-23. 

GAROBALO,  Bonvenuto,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Ferrara,  died  in  1695. 

GARRARP,  Mark,  an  eminent  painter,  born 
at  Bruges,  in  Flanders,  in  1561.  He  was  prin- 
cipal painter  to  queen  Elizabeth,  and  died  in 
1635. 

GARRARD,  James,  was  an  officer  of  the  re- 
volutionary army,  aud  ome  of  the  first  settlers 
of  Kentucky,  of  "which  state  he  was  afterwards 
governor ;  he  died  in  ^822. 

GARRICK,  David  an  excellent  English  actor, 

born  at  Hereford,  and  baptized  there,  Feb.  28, 

1716.   Having  perforraed  a  noviciate  at  Ipswich, 

lie  made  his  appearance  at  Goodman's  Fields ; 

206 


GA 

and,  Oct.  1741,  acted  Richard  III.  for  the  tirt^t 
time.  His  acting  was  attended  with  the  loudtst 
acclamations  of  applause  ;  and  hia  fame  was  so 
quickly  propagated  through  the  town,  that  ihe 
more  established  theatres  of  Drury  Lane  and 
Covent  Garden  were  deserted.  These  patentees, 
alarmed  at  the  great  deficiency  in  the  receipts  of 
tiieir  houses,  and  at  the  crowds  which  constantly 
filled  the  theatre  of  Goodman's  Fields,  united 
their  efforts  to  destroy  the  new-raised  seat  of 
theatrical  empire ;  in  consequence  of  which, 
Garrick  entered  into  an  agreement  v.ith  Fleet- 
wood, patentee  of  Drurj'  Lane,  for  oOOl.  a  year. 
The  fame  of  our  English  Roscius  was  now  so 
extended,  that  an  invitation  from  Ireland,  upon 
very  profitable  conditions,  was  sent  him  to  act 
in  Dublin  during  the  months  of  June,  July, 
and  Angust,  1742 ;  which  invitation  he  accepted. 
His  success  there  exceeded  all  imagination  ;  he 
was  caressed  by  all  ranks  as  a  prodigy  of  thea- 
trical accomplishments ;  and  the  play-house  waii 
so  crowded  during  this  hot  season,  that  a  very 
mortal  fever  was  produced,  which  was  callecf 
Garrick's  fever.  He  returned  to  London  before 
the  winter,  and  now  attended  closely  to  his  the- 
atrical profession,  in  which  he  was  irrevocably 
fixed.  April,  1747,  he  became  joint  patentee  of 
Drury  Lane  theatre  with  Mr.  Lacy  ;  and  in 
July,  1749,  married  Mademoiselle  Violetti.  In 
1763,  he  undertook  a  journey  into  Italy  for  the 
benefit  of  his  health ;  and  during  his  travels, 
gave  frequent  proofs  of  his  theatrical  talents  ; 
for  he  could,  without  the  least  preparation-, 
transform  himself  into  any  character,  tragic  oi 
comic,  and  seize  instantaneously  upon  any  pas- 
sion of  the  human  mind.  After  he  had  been 
abroad  about  a  year  and  a  half,  he  turned  his 
thoughts  homewards,  and  arrived  in  London 
April,  1765.  In  1769  he  projected  and  conducted 
the  memorable  Jubilee  at  Stratford,  in  honour 
of  Shakspeare,  so  much  admired  by  some,  and 
so  much  ridiculed  by  others.  On  the  death  of 
Mr.  Lacy  in  1//3,  the  whole  managemeut  of 
the  theatre  devolved  on  him  ;  but,  being  ad  • 
vanced  in  years,  aud  much  afilicted  with  chroni- 
cal disorders,  he  finally  left  it  in  June,  1776,  and 
disposed  of  his  moietv  of  the  patent  to  Messieurs 
Sheridan,  Linley,  and  Ford,  for  35,000^.  Ha 
died  Jan.  20,  1779.  Notwithstanding  his  con- 
stant employ  as  both  actor  and  manager,  he 
was  perpetually  producing  various  little  things 
in  the  dramatic  way  ;  some  of  which  are  origl 
nals;  others  translations  or  alterations  from 
other  autliors,  adapted  to  the  taste  of  the  present 
times. 

GARRIEL,  Peter,  he  wrote  an  account  of 
Montpelier  cathedral,  in  1631. 

GARSAULT,  Francis  Alexander,  a  learned 
Frenchman ;  he  wrote  the  anatomy  of  the  horse, 
and  died  at  Paris,  in  1778. 

GARTH,  Sir  Samuel,  an  excellent  poet  and 
phj'Sician,  and  author  of  a  most  admirable  satire, 
called  "The  Dispensary,"  was  born  in  York- 
shire. After  having  eminently  distinguished 
himself,  as  well  by  his  various  poetical  produc- 
tions as  by  his  professional  merit,  he  died  Jan. 
18, 1718-19. 

GARTHSHORE,  Maxwell,  a  physician  and 
an  accoucheur,  who  practised  in  London,  with 
great  reputation,  near  fifty  years,  was  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  ;  born  in  1732,  in  Scotland, 
died  in  London,  in  1812  Some  papers  of  his 
will  be  found  in  "The  Philbsophical  Transac- 
tions." 

G  ARZI,  Lewis,  a  painter,  considered  the  BUC 
cessful  rival  of  Carlo  Marat,  died  in  1721 


i 


GA 


GA 


critical  and  theological  writer,  born  in  London, 
in  ]5T4,  died  in  J  654. 


GASCOIGNE,  Sir  William,  chief  justice  of 
the  King's  Bench  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV  ,  was 
born  in  1350.     How  much  he  distinguislied  liim- 
self  in  his  high  office  appears  from  the  several 
abstracts  of  his  opinions,  arguments,  distinctions, 
and  decisions  which  occur  in  our  old  books  of 
Jaw  reports  ;  but  he  is  said  to  have  distinguished 
himself  above  his  brethren  by  a  most  memorable 
transaction  in  the  latter  end  of  the  king's  reign 
k  A  servant  of  the  prince  of  Wales,  afterwards 
Henry  V.,  being  arraigned  for  felony  at  the  bar 
of  the  King's  Bench,  the  nevfs  soon  reached  his 
master's  ears,  wlio,  hastening  to  the  court,  or- 
dered him  to  be  unfettered,  and  offered  to  rescue 
him  ;  in  which,  being  opposed  by  the  judge,  who 
commamled  him  to  leave  the  pritoiier  and  de- 
part, lie  rushed  furiously  up  to  the  bench,  and, 
as  it  is  generally  affirmed,  struck  the  chief  justice 
then  sitting  in  the  execution  of  his  office.    Here- 
upon Sir  William,  after  some  expostulation  upon 
the  outrage,  indignity,  and  unwarrantable  in- 
terruption of  the  proceedings  in  that  place,  di- 
rectly committed  him  to  the  king's  bench  prison, 
tnere  to  wait  his  father's  pleasure.    The  prince 
submitted  to  his  punishment  with  a  calmness  no 
loss  sudden  and  surprising  than  the  offence  had 
been  which  drew  it  upon  him ;  and  the  king, 
being  informed  of  the  whole  affair,  v.as  so  far 
from  being  displeased  with  the  justice,  that  he 
returned  thanks  to  God,  "That  he  had  given 
liim  both  a  judge  who  knew  how  to  administer, 
and  a  son  who  could  obey  justice."     The  prince 
also,  who  had  for  some  time  led  a  dissolute  life 
was  entirely  reformed  thereby,  and  afterwards 
became  with  the  title  of  Henry  V.,  that  renowned 
king  who  conquered  France.    Sir  William  died 
in  1413. 

GASCOIGNE,  George,  a  celebrated  poet  in 
the  early  part  of  the  reigii  of  queen  Elizabeth, 
was  bred  to  the  law,  but  became  a  soldier,  and 
Ferved  with  credit  in  the  wars  of  the  Low  Coun- 
tries. He  was  author  of  four  dramatic  pieces, 
and  several  poems  ;  the  most  remarkable  of 
which  was  a  satire  called  "  The  Steel  Glass;" 
he  died  in  1577.  His  works  were  most  collected 
m  1587. 

GASPARINI,  a  celebrated  grammarian,  born 
In  1370,  died  in  1431.  He  is  deservedly  recorded  as 
Dne  of  the  first  restorers  of  good  Latin  in  Italy. 

GASSENDl,  Peter,  a  very  eminent  French 
philosophical,  moral,  and  mathematical  writer, 
born  in  1592,  died  at  Paris,  in  1055. 

GASSION,  John  de,  a  native  of  Pan,  marshal 
of  France,  eminently  distinguished  for  his  valour 
in  war,  fell  at  the  siege  of  Lens,  in  1647. 

GAST,  John,  a  native  of  Dublin,  he  published 
some  works  of  merit,  for  which  the  university 
of  Dublin  honoured  him  with  a  degree  of  D.  D. 
without  the  usual  expenses ;  he  died  in  1788. 

GASTALDI,  John  Baptiste,  a  native  of  Siste- 
roR,  an  eminent  physician,  died  in  1747. 

GASTAUD,  Francis,  an  ecclesiatic  of  Aix, 
he  insulted  the  bishop  of  Marseilles  in  his  writ- 
ings, and  was  denied  the  honours  of  sepulture ; 
lie  died  in  1732. 

GASTON  of  France,  John  Baptist,  duke  of 
Orleans,  was  son  of  Henry  IV.,  and  brother  of 
Lewis  XTII. ;  he  died  in  1660- 

GASTON  DE  FOIX,  duke  of  Nemours,  early 
distinguished  himself  in  the  army  in  Italy  ;  he 
fell  in  battle  in  1512. 

GASTRELL,  Francis,  bishop  of  Chester,  and 
a  controversial  writer,  born  in  1662,  died  in  1725. 
GATAKER,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  and 


GATAKER,  Charles,  son  o£  the  preceding, 
ana  a  writer  on  controversial  divinity,  bori-  iu 
1014,  died  in  16fc0. 


GATES,  Sir  Thomas,  one  of  the  first  govern- 
ors of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  about  JC09,  and 
again,  on  returning  from  England,  in  1611;  he 
died  in  the  East-Indies. 

GATES,  Horatio,  a  major  general,  and  a  dis- 
tinguished officer  of  the  American  army  during 
the  revolution.  He  was  a  major  in  the  Britisli 
service,  at  the  defeat  of  general  Braddock  ;  at 
the  declaration  of  independence,  he  was  inadu 
adjutant  general,  afterwards  commander  of  the 
northern  army,  to  which  general  Burgoyne  sur 
rendered  in  1777;  in  1780,  he  was  appointed 
conunander  of  the  southern  army  ;  after  the  war 
he  returned  to  his  farm,  from  which  he  reniovtcl 
to  New- York,  where  he  died  in  1806. 

GATIMOSIN,  the  last  of  the  Mexican  kings. 
He  was  cruelly  tortured  in  a  fiery  ordeal  by 
Cortez,  and  three  years  after  was  hanged  in  his 
capital  in  1526. 

GA.UBIL,  Anthony,  a  French  misfionary  in 
China,  where  he  resided  30  years  ;  he  died  in 
1759. 

GAUBIUS,  Jerome  David,  a  native  of  Hei- 
delberg, professor  of  medicine,  and  lecturer  on 
botany  and  chymistry,  died  in  1780. 

GAUD,  Henry,  a  painter  and  engraver,  of 
Utrecht,  died  in  1639. 

GAUDEN,  John,  bishop  of  Worcester  born 
in  1G05,  celebrated  for  his  zeal  in  the  cause  cf  llie 
unfortunate  king  Charles,  and  reputed  (llioueh 
falsely)  the  author  of  "Eikon  Basihke,"  dittl 
in  1662. 

GAUDENTIO,  a  painter,  of  Milan,  born  about 
1480. 

GAUDENTIUS,  St.,  a  bishop  of  Brescia,  he 
wrote  sermons,  letters,  &;c.,  and  died  in  427. 

GAUDENZIO,  Paganin,  a  native  of  Valte- 
line,  Greek  professor,  died  in  1648. 

GAULI,  Giovanni  Baptista,  a  painter,  of  Ge- 
noa, died  at  Rome,  in  1709. 

GAULMIN,  Gilbert,  a  French  writer  of  some 
celebrity,  died  in  1665. 

GAUPP,  John,  a  native  of  Lindau,  educated 
at  Jena,  was  an  able  mathematician  ;  he  died 
in  1738. 

GAURICO,  Luca,  all  Italian  professor  of 
astronomy,  at  Fcrrara,  died  in  1558. 

GAUSSEM,  Jane  Catharine,  a  celebrated 
actress,  retired  from  the  theatre  from  motives 
of  religion  ;  she  died  at  Paris,  in  1767. 

GAUSHIER,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  French  abbe, 
he  wrote  a  "  Tract  against  Pope's  Essay  oh 
Man,"  and  died  of  a  fall  in  1755. 

GAVANTS,  Bartholomew,  a  Barnabite  monk, 
author  of  some  works  ;  died  at  Milan,  in  1638. 

GAVESTON,  Peter,  a  favourite  of  Edward 
II.,  was  proud,  overbearing,  and  cruel ;  he  was 
beheaded  in  1312. 

GAY,  John,  an  English  poet,  born  in  K88. 
His  amiable  qualities  recommended  him  to  the 
acquaintance  of  Swift  and  Pope,  who  were 
exceedingly  struck  with  the  open  sincerity,  the 
undisguised  simplicity  of  his  manners,  and  the 
easiness  of  his  temper.  In  1712  he  produced 
his  celebrated  poem,  called  "  Trivia,  or,  the 
Art  of  walking  the  Streets  ;"  and  the  following 
year,  at  the  instance  of  Pope,  formed  the  plan 
of  his  "  Pastorals."  The  "  Shepherd's  Week" 
came  out  in  1714,  with  a  dedication  to  Lord 
BoUngbroke.  Gay  was  soon  after  introduced  at 
court,  and  for  several  years  experienced  the 
usual  vicissitudes  of  favour  and  of  mortification 
incident  to  such  a  life.  His  opinions  of  a  court 
207 


GE 


GK 


friendship  are  pretty  plainly  intimated  in  his  I  ployed  himself  many  years  in  a  new  translation 
"  Beggar's  Opera ;"  which,  being  brought  upon  of  the  Bible ;  owing,  however,  to  various  causes, 
the  stage  in  1727,  was  received  with  greater  it  waa  left  unfinished  ;  only  the  first  twelve 
applause  than  had  ever  been  known  on  any  occa-|  books  of  the  Old  Testament  being  printed. 
Bion,beingactedinLondon63dayswithoutiater-  I  GEDOYN,  Nicolas,  a  French  writer.  He 
luption,  and  renewed  the  next  season  with  amaz-  studied  at  Paris,  was  a  Jesuit  10  years  ;  he  wrote 
ing  succes?.  He  wrote  several  other  plays  of  no  iSonie  ingenious  essays,  and  died  in  1744. 
great  celebrity;  but  what  will  always  distin-  |  GEE,  John,  a  distinguished  minister  in  Bos- 
guisb  him  as  a  poet  arc  his  "Fables,"  whichjlton,  died  in  1748. 

will  be  read  and  admired  so  long  as  any  taste      GEEK,  Charles  de,  a  native  of  Sweden,  iBUch. 
for  that  kind  of  writing  shall  exist.     He  died  in  [respected  as  a  man  of  science,  and  benefactor 
1732,  and  was  buried  in  Westminister  Abbey.      of  the  poor ;  he  died  in  lTi8. 

GAY,  Ebenezer,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Hingham,  ||     GEINOZ,  Francis,  a  learned  Swiss  abbe,  au- 
Mass. :  he  published  several  sermons,  and  died 
in  1787. 

GAYOT  DE  PIT  AVAL,  Francis,  a  French 
author,  born  at  Lyons,  was  unfortunate  in  ah 
his  pursuits  ;  he  died  in  1743. 

GAZA,  Theodore,  a  very  eminent  gramma- 
rian, and  translator  of  Greek  writings,  born  at 
ThessalonicH,  in  Greece,  in  1398.  died  in  1478. 

G\ZALI,  or  ABON  HAMED  MOHAMMED 
ZELV  EDDLNT  AL  THOUSI,  a  mussulmau  doc- 
tor, died  at  Khorassan,  in  1112. 

GAZLET,  William,  a  native  of  Arras,  and  an 
ecclesiastic  ;  he  wrote  a  Chronological  History, 
and  died  in  1612. 

GAZOLA,  Joseph,  a  physician,  of  Verona, 
died  in  1715. 

GAZON  DOURXIGNE,  S.  M.  M.,  a  native  of 
Quimper,  a  famous  critic,  died  in  1784. 

GAZZOLI,  Benozzo,  an  Italian  painter,  died 
in  1478. 

GEBELIN,  Anthony  Court  de,  celebrated  as 
author  of  "  Le  Monde  Primitif  compare  a  Monde 
Moderne,"  born  in  J727,  died  in  1784.  When 
the  plan  of  his  great  work,  "  Le  Monde  Primitif," 


ithor  of  some  valuable  dissertations  on  Ancient 

jMedals  ;  he  died  in  1752. 

I    GEJER,  Martin,  a  native  of  Jjcipsic,  and  pro- 

iiessor  of  lie  bn:w.  died  in  liiSl 

I    GELASJUS  the  Eider,  bishop  of  Ca;sarea,  in 

'Palestine,  in  the  4th  century. 

I     GELASiUS  of  Cyzicus,  bishop  of  Ca:sarea, 

jin  470. 

I    GELASIUS  L,  bishop  of  Rome  after  Felix  IL, 

m  492,  some  of  his  works  are  extant ;  he  died 

in  498. 

GELASIUS  II.,  a  Campanian  by  birth,  raised 
to  the  pontificate  in  1118,  died  in  1119. 

GELDENHAUR,  Gerard  Eobanus,  a  German, 
well  skilled  in  poetry,  died  in  1542. 

GELDER,  Arnold  de,  a  Dutch  painter,  of 
Dort,  died  in  1727. 

GELDORP,  GuEildorp,  a  painter,  of  Louvain, 
excelled  in  portraits  and  history ;  he  died  in 
16G8. 

GELEE,  Claude,  commonly  called  Claude  of 
Lorrahie.     See  CLAUDE. 

GELENIUS,  Sigismund,  a  learned  man,  bom 
at  Prague.    His  disregard  for  honours  was  very 


made  its  appearance,  M.  d'Alenibert  was  so  uncoiomou  ;  he  died  at  Basil,  in  1555. 
struck  with  it,  that  he  asked  with  enthusiasm,      GELLERT,  Christian  Fauchtegott,  a  German 
si  c'etoit  une  societe  de  40  hommes  qui  etoil  comic  poet,  born  in  Misnia,  in  1715,  died  in  17C 


charges  de  I'executer?"  The  French  academy 
were  so  well  satisfied  with  the  undertaking,  that 
they  twice  decreed  to  him  the  prize  of  1200  livres, 
vvliich  they  give  annually  to  the  author  of  the 
most  valuable  work  that  has  appeared  in  the 
course  of  the  year. 

GEBER,  John  an  Arabian  physician  of  the 
9th  century.  His  works  contain  much  know- 
ledge. 

GED,  William,  an  ingenious  artist,  memora- 
ble for  a  new  invention  in  the  art  of  printing. 
From  any  types  of  Greek  or  Roman,  or  any 
other  character,  he  formed  a  plate  for  every 
page  or  sheet  of  a  book  from  which  he  printed, 
instead  of  using  a  type  for  every  letter,  as  is  done 
in  the  common  way.  This  scheme  has  recently, 
through  the  ingenuity  and  perseverance  of  Ea"rl 
Stanhope,  and  Mr.  Andrew  Wilson,  arrived  at 
a  high  degree  of  practical  perfection.  On  the 
29th  May  1810,  Mr.  Wilson  was  honoured  with 
the  gold  medal,  by  the  Society  of  Arts,  for  his 
exertions  in  Stereotype  printing.  Mr.  Ged  died 
in  1749. 

GEDALI  A,  a  famous  rabbi,  who  died  in  1448. 

GEDDES,  Michael,  a  learned  divine,  received 
the  degree  of  LL  D.,  from  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford ;  he  died  in  1713. 

GEDDES,  James,  born  in  Scotland,  in  1710, 
died  in  1748-9,  leaving  behind  him  "  An  Essay 
on  the  Composition  and  Manner  of  Writing  of 
the  Ancients,  particularly  Plato,"  which  has 
great  merit. 

GEDDES,  Dr.  Alexander,  a  man  of  very  pro- 
found research  in  biblical  literature,  was  born 
in  1737,  and  died  near  London,  in  1802.     Dr. 
Geddes  was  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  had  em-  jj 
208 


GELLI,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  Italian  com- 
ic poet,  born  at  Florence,  in  1498,  died  in  15fi3. 

GELLIBERAND,  Henry,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, and  professor  of  astronomy  at  Gresham 
College,  born  in  London,  in  1597,  died  in  1636. 

GELLIUS,  Aulus,  a  celebrattd  grammarian, 
who  lived  in  the  2d  century,  under  Marcus  Au- 
relius  and  some  succeeding  eniperors,  and  is 
now  known  by  his  "  Noctes  Attic®,"  a  collec- 
tion of  observations  on  authors,  which  he  gather- 
ed up  from  reading  or  conversation,  and  put 
together  for  the  use  of  his  children.  He  called 
them  "Noctes  Atticae,"  because  they  were  com- 
posed in  the  evenings  of  a  V4anter  which  he  spent 
at  Athens.  The  chief  value  of  it  is,  that  it  has 
preserved  many  facts  and  monuments  of  anti- 
quitv,  which  are  not  to  be  found  elsewhere. 

GELON,  king  of  Syracuse,  in  484  B.  C,  was 
universally  respected  by  his  subjects. 

GEMELLI-CARRERI,  Francis,  an  Italian 
writer,  author  of  an  interesting  account  of  a 
vovage  round  the  world,  between  1693  and  1698. 

GEMIGNAGNO,  Ovinentio  de  St.,  a  Tuscan 
painter,  died  in  1530. 

GEMIGNANO,  Giacinto,  a  painter,  born  at 
Pistoie,  died  in  1681. 

GEMINIANI,  Francisco,  a  fine  performer  on 
the  violin,  and  composer  for  that  instrument, 
born  at  Lucca,  in  Italy,  about  1680,  died  in  1762. 

GEMIS TUS,  George,  he  lived  to  above  the 
age  of  100,  distinguished  for  his  learning  and 
virtues. 

GEMMA,  Reinier,  a  Dutch  physician,  of  Doc- 
kum,  was  also  an  astronomer  and  mathemati- 
cian ;  he  died  in  1555. 

GENDRE,  Le<vi3  le,  a  French  historian, 


__ GE 

wrote  a  history  of  Fi  ance,  from  the  commence- 
ment of  the  monarchy  to  the  death  of  Lewis 
XIll.,  maaners  and  customs  of  the  Frtncli,&c., 
and  died  in  1733. 

GENDRE,  Gilbert  Charles  le,  marquis  of  St. 
Aubin,  died  at  Paris,  in  1746. 

GENDRE,  Nicholas  le,  a  French  sculptor, 
died  at  Paris,  in  1670. 

GENDRE,  Lewis  le,  a  deputy  in  the  national 
convention,  died  in  1797. 

GENEBRARD,  Gilbert,  a  Benediciine  monk, 
bom  at  Riom,  died  in  1597. 

GENESIUS,  Josephus,  one  of  tiie  Byzantine 
historians,  flourished  in  940. 

GENEST,  Charles  Claude,  a  French  poet,  and 
author  of  tragedies,  died  in  1719. 

GENET,  Francis,  bishop  of  Vaison,  born  at 
Avignon,  in  1640,  is  Isnovvn  for  the  Theology  of 
Grenoble. 

GENGA,  Gerome,  an  Italian  painter  and 
architect,  died  in  1551. 

GENGA,  Barrholomew,  son  of  the  preceding, 
an  eminent  architect,  died  in  1558. 

GENGIS-KHAN,  or  ZINGiS  KUAN,  a  most 
illustrious  Mogul  prince,  wlio  being  obliged  to 
fly  from  Delhi,  on  account  of  a  general  revolt 
of  his  subjects,  took  shf^Uer  at  the  coun  of  Aventi 
khan,  Cham  of  the  Tartars,  and  married  iiis 
daughter ;  but  the  jealousy  of  Aventi  obliged 
him  to  escape  a  second  time  ;  and  being  pur^iuod 
bj  Aventi  and  his  son,  he  defeated  them  both  ; 
and,  their  army  revolting  to  him,  ho  soon  in- 
creased it.  From  this  event  he  became  as  re- 
nowned a  conqueror  as  Alexander  the  Great.  In 
the  space  of  28  years  he  subdued  the  greater 
part  of  Asia,  and  rendered  himself  as  famous  for 
his  skill  in  government,  as  for  the  valour  of  his 
arms.  He  was  born  in  1163,  and  died  in  1227, 
leaving  his  domiuions  (which  extended  1800 
leagues  from  east  to  west,  and  1000  from  north 
to  south,)  properly  divided  to  his  four  sons. 

GENNADIUS,  a  patriarch  of  Coiistantinoplc, 
after  Anatolius,  in  458,  died  in  471. 

GENNADIUS,  an  ecclesiastical  writer  of 
Marseilles,  died  493.  Tiiere  are  two  works  of 
his  remaining :  "  De  DogmatibusEccle.^iasticis," 
and  "  De  Illustribus  Ecclesia;  Scripioribus." 

GENNADIUS,  a  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
wrote  the  Christian  faith  in  Greek,  Latin,  and 
Turkish ;  he  died  in  a  monastery,  in  1400. 

GENNARI,  Benedetto,  a  painter,  of  Bologna, 
was  patronisedby  Lewis  XIV.,  Ciiarles  II.,  &c. 
and  died  in  1715. 

GENNARI,  Csesare,  son  of  the  preceding,  t 
painter,  was  eminent  iu  historical  pieces;  lie 
died  in  1688. 

GENNARO,  Joseph  Aurelius,  a  native  of 
Naples,  was  a  respectable  author ;  he  died  in 
1762. 

GENOELS,  Abraham,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp, 
born  in  1640. 

GENOVESI,  Anthony,  celebrated  as  a  lecturer 
in  philosophy,  died  in  1769. 

GENSElliC,  king  of  the  Vandals,  a  conqueror 
and  tyrant,  who  captured  Rome  in  435,  and  suf- 
tered  his  soldiers  during  14  days  to  pillage  it,  and 
massacre  the  defenceless  inhabitants ;  he  died  in 
477. 

GENSONNE,  Armand,  an  advocate  of  Bour 
deau^,  was  guillotined  in  1793. 

GENTILE,  Ludovico,  a  painter,  of  Brussels. 
His  portrait  of  Alexander  VII.  is  admired  ;  he 
died  in  1670.  v 

GENTILIS  DEFOLIGNO,  a  physician,  and 
an  author,  ^iod  in  1348. 
GENTILEBCHI,  Horatio,  an  Italian  painter 


who  adorned   the  ceilings  of  OreciiWich  and 
York  house,  England,  where  he  died 

GENTILEfcCllI,  Artemisia,  daughter  of  the 
preceding,  enunent  as  a  liistorical  painter. 

GENTILIS,  Scipio,  a  native  of  Ancona,  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law,  died  in  1610. 

GENTILIS,  John  Valentine,  was  condemned 
to  lose  his  head  at  Berne,  for  the  violence  of 
his  rt'ligious  ojunions,  in  1567. 

GENTILIS,  Alberico,  a  native  of  Ancona, 
and  prcfcssor  of  law,  at  Oxford,  died  in  1608. 

GENTILLET,  Valenthie,  a  native  of  Dau- 
phine,  and  syndic  of  the  city  of  Geneva,  lived 
bout  1578. 

GENTLEMAN,  Francis,  an  actor  and  dra 
matic  writer,  born  in  Ireland,  1728,  died  1784. 
He  was  author  of  eleven  dramatic  pieces ;  and 
of  "  The  Dramatic  Censor." 
GEOFFREY,  of  Monmouth.  See  JEFFERY. 
GEOFFROl,  Stephen  Francis,  a  French  phy- 
sician,who  wrote  a  Materia  Medica,  died  in  1731 
GEORGE,  St.,  the  patron  of  England,  sup- 
posed to  have  suftbrcd  in  the  reign  of  Uioclesian. 
GEORGE  of  Trebizond,  a  native  of  Candia, 
and  secretary  to  pope  Nicolas  V.,  published  se- 
veral works,  and  died  in  1484. 

GEORGE  the  Cappadocian,  Arian  bishop  of 

\lexandria ;  was  assassinated,  iu  consequence 

of  his  oppression,  in  361. 

GEOKGE,  surnamed  Amira,  a  learned  Ma- 

r.ite,  who  published  a  grammar  of  the  Syria.c 

and  i.'haldee  ;   he  died  iii  1641. 

GEORGE,  duke  of  Clarence,  brother  of  Ed- 
ward IV.,  of  England,  condemned  to  death  for 
coi'.spirijig  against  his  brotlier,  in  1478. 

GEORGE,  prince  of  Servia,  died  in  conse- 
quence of  a  wound  received  in  1457,  in  a  battle 
against  tlie  Hangatians. 

GEORGE  LEWIS  I.,  son  of  ErncFt  Anrustin, 
of  Brunsvv-ick,  called  to  the  throne  of  Ei'.gl.-'.nd 
on  tho  death- of  queen  Anne,  in  1714. 

GEORGE  AUGUSTUS  II.,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, succeeded  to  the  throne,  in  1727.  His  reign 
was  more  splendid  than  useful. 

GEORGE  III.,  king  of  Groat  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, succet-ded  his  grandfather  Geuvpe  II.,  on 
the  tiirone,  in  17G0.  His  reign  wa's  of  ('O  yeau^ 
duration,  and  was  rendered  prominent  by  xln- 
loss  of  the  American  colonies,  by  the  acquisilion 
of  India,  and  by  long  and  sanguinary  wars, 
with  the  different  powers  of  Europe.  During 
the  latter  part  of  his  reign,  the  kingdom  was  go- 
verned by  a  regency,  in  consequence  of  his  men- 
ial derangement.     He  died  in  1820. 

GERARD,  Tom,  or  Tung,  was  the  institu- 
tor  and  first  grand  master  of  the  knights  hospi- 
talers of  Jerusalem,  afterwards  of  Molta;  ho 
diedinl1i;0. 
GERARD, Balthazar,  the  assassin  ofW'iilJam 
I  prince  of  Orange,  whom  he  shot  through  the 
head  with  a  pistol  as  he  was  going  out  of  hU  pa- 
lace at  l-elft.  His  sentence  was  the  same  as  that 
of  Damien  ;  and   this  fanatic  died,  in  his  own 
conceit,  a  martyr  of  the  church  of  Rome,  1584. 
GERARD,  John,  a  learned  protestant  divine, 
of  Quedlimburg,  died  in  1638. 

GERARD.  John,  a  native  of  Jena,  professor 
and  rector  of  the  university,  author  of  several 
works,  died  in  1668.  His  son,  John  Ernest,  died 
professor  of-  divinity  at  Gei=sen,  in  1707. 
I  GERARD,  John,  ..  native  of  England,  emi- 
nent as  a  botanist,  published  a  work  on  plants, 
and  died  in  lti07. 

I    GERARD,  Dr.  Alexander,  professor  of  divi- 
nity in  the  university  of  Aberdeen,  and  author 
lof  several  esteemed  works,  died  in  1795. 
18*  209 


6£ 


GI 


GERARD,  Gilbert,  was  for  many  years  pas- [1 
tor  of  the  English  church  at  Anisterdani,  and  af-  ] 


terwards  professor  of  Greek  in  King's  college, 
and  of  divinity  in  the  university  of  Aberdeen. 
He  died  in  1815. 

GERARDI,  Christofaro,  an  excellent  land- 
scape painter,  of  Florence,  di^:d  in  1555. 

GERARDI,  Mark,  an  eniinenl  painter,  of 
Bruges,  patronised  by  queen  Elizabeth,  died  in 
1635. 

GERBAI3,  John,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne. 
wlio  wrote  in  support  of  the  liberties  of  the  Gal- 
ilean church,  died  in  1699. 

GERBELIUS,Nich.ila-is,  an  eminent  German 

lawyer,  born  at  Pfurzeim,  died  in  15G0. 

•  GERBERO-V.  Gabriel,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 

who  v/rote  on  the  Jansenist  controversy,  and 

was  imprisoned  for  it ;  he  died  in  prison,  in  1711. 

GERBTER,  Sir  Balthazar,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, of  Antwerp,  born  in  15D2,  died  in  16G1. 

GERBILLOX,  John  Francis,  a  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary in  Cliina,  much  respected  by  the  em- 
peror, for  whom  lie  wrote  elements  of  geometry; 
he  died  in  1707. 

GERDKS,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Bremen,  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  at  Duisburg,  died  in  1765 

GERDIL,  Hyacinth  Sigismond,  a  native  of 
Piedmont,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Macerata, 
and  tutor  to  the  prince  royal  of  Sardinia,  was 
made  a  cardinal  in  1777.  He  died  at  Rome,  in 
1802.  His  writings  are  chiefly  on  religious  and 
philosophical  subjects. 

GERHARD,  Ephraira,  professor  of  law  at 
Altdorf,  died  in  1718. 

GERLACH,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Swabia,  and 
chaplain  to  the  embassy  to  Constantinople  ;  he 
wrote  ecclesiastical  history,  &;c.,  and  died  in 
1613. 

GERMAIN,  Tlioinas,  a  native  of  Pads,  emi- 
nent as  a  goldsmith,  died  in  1748. 

GERMANICUS,  Cassar,  son  of  Drusus,  and 
paternal  nephew  to  the  emperor  Tiberius,  who 
adopted  him:  he  was  a  renowned  general,  but 
still  more  illustrious  for  his  virtues.  He  took  the 
title  of  Germanicus  from  his  conquests  in  that 
country  ;  and,  thougli  he  had  the  moderation  to 
refuse  the  empire  offered  to  hun  by  iiis  army, 
Tiberius,  jealous  of  his  success,  and  of  the  uni- 
versal esteem  he  acquired,  caused  him  to  be 
poisoned,  A.  D.  29,  aged  34.  He  was  a  protector 
of  learning,  and  composed  several  Greek  come- 
dies and  Latin  poems,  some  of  which  are  still 
extant. 

GERMANIO,  Anastasio,  a  native  of  Pied- 
mont, and  bishop  of  Tarentasia,  died  in  1627. 

GERMANU3,  bishop  of  Cyzicuni,  made  pa- 
triarch of  Constantinople,  and  was  degraded  for 
supporting  image  worship ;  he  died  in  740. 

GER.MYX,  Simon,  a  Dutch  painter,  of  Dort, 
whose  landscapes  are  admired,  died  in  1719. 

GERRY.  El  bridge,  a  native  of  Massachusetts, 
was  a  member  of  congress  in  1770,  and  a  signer 
of  the  declaration  of  independence;  minister  to 
France,  with  Mr.  Marshall  and  Mr.  Pinkney;  go- 
vernor of  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  and  after- 
wards vice-president  of  the  United  States.  He 
died  at  vVashington,  in  1814 

GERSON,  John,  an  illustrious  French  theolo- 
gical and  critical  writer,  born  in  1363,  died  1429. 

GERSTEN,  Christian  Lewis,  mathematical 
professor  at  Giessen,  was  imprisoned  12  years 
for  writ'ng  an  offensive  letter  to  his  sovereign  ; 
he  was  author  of  several  works,  and  died  inl762. 

GERV'AIS,  Armand  Francis,  a  Carmelite  ec- 
clesiastic, was  confined  for  writing  against  the 
Bemardiues ;  he  died  in  prison,  ia  1741. 
310 


GERVAISE,  Nicholas,  miss^ionary  to  Siam, 
and  afterwards  to  Guiana,  where  he  was  miu- 
dered  by  the  natives,  in  1729. 

GESNER,  Conrad,  an  eminent  physician  and 
natural  philosopher,  call.id  the  Pliny  of  Ger- 
many, burn  at  Zurich,  in  1516,  died  1565. 

GES.XER,  Solomon, bookseller  at  Zurich, in 
Switzerland,  and  author  of  many  elegant  and 
admired  poems,  in  the  German  language,  born 
in  1730,  was  for  several  years  before  his  death  a 
iHember  of  the  senate  of  his  native  city.  He 
was  an  admirable  landscape  painter  as  well  as  a 
poet.  Of  his  writings,  the  best  known  in  Eng- 
land is  "  The  Deatii  of  Abel."  He  died  in  1788. 

GESNER,  John  .Mat:Iiew,  a  German,  much 
known  as  the  author  of  some  valuable  editions 
of  the  classics;  he  died  at  Gottingen,  in  1761. 
j  GESNER,  John  James,  professor  in  the  uni- 
versity at  Zurich,  publisJied  some  vi'orks,  and 
died  m  1787. 

GESNER,  Solomon,  a  native  of  Silesia,  be- 
|came  divinity  professor  atWittemberg ;  he  wrote 
1  several  works,  and  died  in  1605. 
j  GETA,  Septimius,  brother  of  Caracalla,  by 
I  whom  he  was  slain  through  jealousy,  A.  D.  212. 
I  GETHIN,  lady  Grace,  an  English  lady,  wife 
of  sir  Richard  Gethin,  distinguished  for  her  ta- 
llents  ;  her  works  were  pubUshed  after  her  death, 
;in  1700. 

I  GETHING,  Richard,  an  Englishman,  distin- 
guished for  his  penmanship  ;  settled  in  London 
: about  1616. 

]  GEUSS,  John  Michael,  of  Holstein,  professor 
'of  mathematics  at  Copenhagen,  and  an  author, 
died  in  178!). 

j  GEVARTITJS,  John  Gasper,  an  eminent  cri- 
j  tic,  and  author  of  several  works,  died  at  Ant- 
werp, in  1GG6. 

GHELEN,  or  GELENIUS,  Sigismund.  Sec 
GELENIUS. 

GHEZZI,  Peter  Loone,  a  painter,  knighted  by 
Francis  I.,  duke  of  Parma,  died  in  1755. 

GHILTNI,  Jerome,  an  Italian  writer,  bom  at 
Milan,  in  1589,  lived  to  be  80  years  old,  and  was 
th§  author  of  several  works ;  "the  most  consider- 
able of  which  is  his  "Theatre  of  Learned  Men." 

GHIRLANDAIO,  or  GHIRLANDENI,  Do- 
menico,  a  Florentine  painter,  born  in  1449,  died 
1493. 

GHISOLFI,  Giovanni,  a  painter  of  Milan, 
died  in  1683.  His  perspective  views  are  much 
admired. 

GIAFAR,  or  SADEK  the  Just,  a  Mussulman 
doctor,  who  wrote  a  book  on  prophecies,  &c., 
died  at  Medina,  in  764. 

GIAHEDH,  or  LARGE  EYED,  the  head  of 
the  Motazales,  a  sect  who  united  religion  and 
philosophy. 

GfANNONI,  Peter,  an  esteemed  historian, 
born  at  Naples,  in  1680,  died  1748. 

GIARDINI,  Feli^,  an  eminent  performer  on 
the  violin,  and  a  composer  of  music,  was  bom  at 
Piedmont.  In  1750  he  went  to  Eygland,  where 
he  met  with  great  encouragement,  and  had  a 
Joint  interest  in  the  opera.  He  died  in  Russia, 
1793. 

GIBBON,  Edward,  an  eminent  historian,  bom 
at  Putney,  in  1737.  In  1774,  Mr.  Gibbon  wag 
elected  to  a 'seat  in  parliament,  which  he  vacat- 
ed in  1780  ;  in  the  course  of  which  period,  how- 
ever, he  was  some  time  a  lord  of  trade.  His  ce- 
lebrated "  History  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the 
Roman  Empire,"  will  probably  last  as  long  aa 
the  language  in  which  it  is  written.  It  abounds 
in  proofs  of  unexampled  learning,  of  a  mind  pe- 
netrating anCsagacloos,  aud  of  talents  for  ridi- 


GI 

cule  agreeable  and  exquisite.  Upon  the  subject 
of  Christianity,  however,  he  has  indulged  niucli 
latitude,  wliicii  has  justly  raised  him  a  great 
number  of  oppciiems.  Tiie  greater  part  of  iliit 
immortal  history  was  written  at  Lnusanne,  in 
Switzerland      Mr.  Gibbon  died  in  1794. 

GIBBONS,  Grinling,  a  famous  sculptor  em 
ployed  by  Charles  II.,  died  in  1721. 

GIBBONS,  Orlando,  a  distinguished  organist 
of  the  royal  chapel  in  England,  died  in  16i25. 

GIBBS,  James,  an  architect,  who  designed  se 
veral  of  the  principal  buildings  in  England,  died 
in  1754. 

GIBBS,  Sir  Vicary,  an  eminent  English  law 
yer,  w'as  born  at  Exeter,  and  educated  at  Cam 
bridge.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  parliament 
for  that  university,  and  was  afterwards  made 
king's  attorney  and  solicitor-general,  a  judge, 
and  then  chief-justice  of  the  common  pleas.  lie 
died  in  1820. 

GIBEEIN.    See  GEBELIN. 

CIBERT,  Balthasar,  a  native  of  Aix,  who 
held  the  chair  of  rhetoric  at  Mazarin  50  yea 
he  wrote  several  works,  and  diedui  1771. 

GIBERT,  John  Peter,  a  native  of  Aix,  and  a 
professor,  wrote  several  works  on  theology  ;  he 
died  at  Paris,  in  17:16. 

GIBERTI,  John  Matthew,  a  native  of  Paler 
mo,  who  became  governor  of  Tivoli,  and  bishop 
of  Verona,  died  in  1543. 

GIBIEUF,  William,  a  priest,  who  wrote  a 
book  on  the  liberty  of  God,  and  the  Creator,  a 
work  of  great  merit ;  he  died  in  1650. 

GIBSON, Thomas,  an  eminent  painter,  known 
at  Oxford  and  London,  died  in  1751. 

GIBSON,  Thomas,  a  physician  in  England, 
eminent  as  a  botanist,  &c.,  wrote  several  works; 
he  died  in  1562. 

GIBSON,  Edmund,  bishop  of  London,  born  in 
1669,  and  eminent  as  an  antiquarian,  theologi- 
gical,  political,  and  controversial  writer,  died  in 
1748.  He  published  an  edition  of  "  Camden's 
Britannia,"  in  English,  and  the  posthumous 
works  of  sir  Henry  Spelman 

GIBSON,  Richard,  an  eminent  English  pain- 
ter, greatly  in  favour  with  Charles  L,  to  whom 
he  was  page  of  the  back  stairs.  He  was  a  dwarf, 
and  maf»1ed  one  Mrs.  Anne  Shepherd,  who  was 
also  a  dwarf.  Charles  I.  was  pleased  to  honour 
their  marriage  with  his  presence,  and  to  give  the 
bride.  Waller  wrote  a  poem  on  this  occasion, 
"  Of  the  Marriage  of  the  Dwarfs,"  which  begins 
thus : 

"  Design  or  chance  make  others  wive ; 

But  nature  did  this  match  contrive  ; 

Eve  might  as  well  have  Adam  fled, 

As  she  denied  her  little  bed 

To  him,  for  whom  Heav'n  seem'd  to  frame 

And  measure  out  this  only  dame,"  &c. 

They  appear  to  have  been  of  an  equal  stature, 
each  of  them  measuring  three  feet  ten  inches. 
They  had,  however,  nine  children ;  five  of  which 
attained  to  maturity,  and  were  well  proportion- 
I  ed  to  the  usual  standard  of  mankind.  He  died 
in  1689,  aged  75,  and  his  wife  died  in  1709,  at  the 
age  of  89. 

GIBSON,  William,  nephew  of  Richard,  be- 
came eminent  as  a  painter ;  he  died  in  1702. 

GIBSON,  William,  a  self-taught  mathemati- 
cian of  the  most  wonderful  powers,  born  in 
1720,  died  1791. 

GIBSON,  Edward,  kinsman  to  William,  and 
instructed  by  him,  died  young. 

GIDEON,  one  of  the  judges  of  Israel,  died 
133GB.  C 


GI 

GIFANIUS,  Hubertus,  or  Obertus,  a  critic  and 
civilian,  died  at  Prague,  in  1604. 

GIFFORD,  Dr.  Andrew,  an  eminent  English 
dissenting  divine  and  antiquary,  born  in  1700, 
died  1784.  He  was  assistant  librarian  at  the  Bri- 
tish Museum  ;  to  which  post  he  was  remarkably 
suited,  liaving  a  peculiar  talent  for  receiving  and 
communicating  knowledge.  As  a  minister  of 
the  Gospel,  he  was  lively  and  evangelical ;  he 
was  master  of  the  pathetic,  and  persuasion 
dwelt  on  his  lips ;  his  heart  was  in  the  work; 
and,  upon  some  occasions  particularly,  it  might 
have  been  said  of  him,  as  was  suid  of  one  of 
the  blessed  reformers:  "  Vividus  vultus,  vividi 
oculi,  vividaj  manus,  denique  omnia  vivida." 

GIFFORD,  Richard,  an  English  divine,  au- 
thor of  several  learned  works,  died  in  1807,  much 
respected. 

GIFFORD,  John,  a  political  writer  and  histo- 
rian, (whose  real  name,  however,  is  said  to  have 
been  John  Richard  Green,)  was  born  in  1758.  He 
embraced  tiie  law  as  a  profession  ;  but,  having 
dissipated  his  little  fortune,  he  was  obliged  to  go 
abroad  under  the  assumed  name  which  he  ever 
after  retained.  He  returned  in  1788;  and,  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  French  revolution,  devoted 
his  pen  to  the  defence  of  government  in  church 
and  state.  He  contributed  to  the  establishment 
of  the  "  British  Critic  ;"  and  compiled  a  "  His- 
tory of  France  ;"  and  a  "  Historvof  the  Politi- 
cal Life  of  William  Pitt."     He  died  in  1818. 

GIGGEO,  Anthony,  an  Italian  divine,  who 
wrote  "Thesaurus  Lingua-  Aiabicffi,"  in 4  vols, 
foho,  besides  other  works,  died  in  1632. 

GILBERT,  Sir  Humphrey,  an  enterprising, 
but  unfortunate  navigator,  related  to  sir  Walter 
Raleigh.  He  took  possession  of  Newfoundland 
in  the  name  of  queen  Elizabeth,  wrote  a  book 
to  prove  the  existence  of  a  north-west  passage 
to  China,  and  di<,d  in  1583. 

GILBERT,  Thomas,  B.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
who  made  a  convert  of  Dr.  South  to  his  Opinion 
of  predestination  ;  he  died  in  1694. 

GILBERT,  Sir  Xfiey,  chief  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer, and  a  voluminous  law  writer,  was  born 
in  1674,  and  died  at  Bath,  in  1726. 

GILBERT,William,  a  learned  physician,  who 
first  discovered  several  of  the  properties  of  the 
loadstone,  born  at  Colchester,  in  1540,  died  1603. 

GILDAS,  surnamed  the  Wise,  a  native  of 
Wales,  and  the  most  ancient  British  w  riter  ex- 
tant ;  for  his  famous  "  Epistle"  was  written  A. 
D.  560,  and  is  a  most  severe  censure  of  the  de- 
pravity of  the  Britons  at  that  time. 

GILDON,  Charles,  anEnglisli  poet  and  critic, 
born  in  1665.  He  is  best  known  by  his  "  Com- 
plete Art  of  Poetry,"  and  died  in  1723. 

GILES  of  Viterbo,  an  Italian  cardinal,  favour- 
ite of  popes  Juhus  III.,  and  Leo  X.,  died  in  1532. 

GILES,  John,  or,.iEgidius,  the  first  English- 
man on  record  entered  among  the  Dominicans; 
he  lived  in  the  1.3th  century. 

GILIMER,  or  GELIMER,  was  the  last  of  the 
Vandal  kings  of  Africa. 

GILL,  Alexander,  an  English  scholar,  mastei 
of  St.  Paul's  school,  who  wrote  some  theologi- 
r.al  tracts,  died  in  1635. 

GILL,  Alexander,  son  of  the  above,  assisted 
his  father  in  his  school,  was  a  good  Latin  poet ; 
hP  died  in  1642. 

GILL,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  English  Calvin- 
istic  divine,  a  learned  orientalist,  and  volumin- 
ous writer  on  theological  subjects,  born  1697, 
and  died  in  Jjondon,  1771.  His  greatest  work  is 
a  "  Commenta.y  on  the  Bible." 

GILLEB,  Peter,  a  learned  adventur^^r,  who 
211 


went  into  foreign  coini' rics  to  learn  tlaeir  man-[i    GIOSEPPINO,  an  eminent  Neapolitan  painter, 


ners  ;  he  died  at  Rome,  in  1555. 

GILLESPIE,  Ge.)i;,'e,  a  famous  preacher  of 
the  churcl)  of  Sjotlaud,  died  in  1648. 

GILLOT,  (Jlaude,  a  French  paiiUer  and  en- 
graver, di.scipje  to  Vaieau,  died  in  17iJ2. 


born  in  1.560,  died  in  1640. 

GIOTTINO  Touiaso,  a  painter,  of  Florence, 
died  ill  1356. 

GIOTTO,  an  eminent  Florentine  p^i'iiter, 
sculptor,  and  architect,  born  in  1276,  died  in 


GILLRAY.  James,  a  celebrated  caricature ',1336. 
designer  and  engraver,  died  in  1815.  jj     GIR  ALDI,  Lilio  Gregorio,  an  ingenious  critic, 

GILPIX,  Bernard,  an  eminent  Etjglish  divine|!a:itiqiiary,  and  historian,  and  07ie  ot  the  most 
and  reformer,  born  in  1.517,  died  1533.  (jleariied  men  that  modern  Italy  has  produced, 

GILPIN,  Richard,  a  popular  nnn-conformist|!died  in  1552. 
minister  in  and  about  London  ;  he  afterwards       GIRALDI,  John  Baptist  Cintio,  an  Italian 
practised  phj'sic,  and  died  in  1657.  j'poet,  born  at  Ferrara,  in  1504,  died  in  1573.    "■=■ 

GILPIN,  William, an  English  divine, hiogra-|j works  consist  chiefly  of  tragedies;   and 


HJ3 


pher,  and  delineator  of  nature's  picturesque 
beauties,  was  born  in  1724,  died  1804.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,"  An  Exposition  of  the  Nev/ 
Testament;"  "  An  Essay  on  Prints  ;"  and  nu- 
merous Essays  and  Observations  on  Picturesque 
Scenery,  &c.,  in  difl'erent  parts  of  England. 
To  these  we  should  add,  his  "  Sermons  to  a 
Country  Congregation 


make  no  scruple  to  rank  him  among  the  best 
trasic  writers  that  Italy  has  produced. 

GIRALDUS,  Sylvester,  a  learnfid  Welchman, 
who  wrote  a  History  of  Ireland,  and  other  W'orks 
of  grrat  erudition,  died  about  1215. 

GIRALDUS,  Canibrensis,  an  ancient  British 
historian,  v.-ho  died  about  the  latter  end  of 
lithe  12ih  century,  having  written  "A  History 


GILPIN,Sawrey,R.  A.,  a  celebrated  painter,  (|  of  the  World,"  in  v/liich  his  information  res 
particularly  of  horses  and  wild  animals,  was'lpecting  ecclesiastical  atfairs  is  e.xtremely  valu- 
born  in  1733,  and  was  brother  of  the  preceding,   able. 

He  went  to  London  at  the  a?e  of  14,  and  was  ar-|j  GIR.\NDON,  Francis,  was  inspector-general 
tided  to  Mr.  Scott,  a  ship-painter,  who  lived  in;:of  sculpture  to  Lewis  XIV. ;  he  died  jn  1715. 
Covent-Garden,  where  Mr.  Giipin  caught  hisj]  GIRAKD,  John  Baptist,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Dol, 
first  rehsh  for  animal  painting,  frtiquentiyamus-,  was  tried  by  the  parliament  of  Aix,  for  using 
ing  himself  in  sketching  the  carts  and  horses,! {sorcery  upon  a  young  girl  ;  but  was  acquitted, 
market-groups,  &c.  He  was  afterwards  patron-!j  GIRARD,  Gabriel,  a  French  ecclesj;istic,.wa3 
ised  by  William,  duke  of  Cumberland,  at  Wind- |j  almoner  to  the  duchess  of  Berri,  &c. ;  he  died  in 
Bor;  and  from  his  roval  hiuhness'  stud  he  ac-;il748. 

quired  that  knowledge'of  the  horse  which  he  hasji  GIRON,  D.  Piene,  dukeof  Ossuna,  aSpaniard, 
60  ably  exhibited  in  his  works.  The  historicalijwho  encouraged  the  famous  conspiracy  again.>;t 
compositions  he  has  left,  show  that  he  mightjiVenice,  which  forms  the  subject  of  one  of  the 
■    -         .      .      .      «        .  finest  pieces  of  English  tragedy ;    he  died  in 

jsrison  in  1624. 

GIROXST,  James,  of  Anjou.  known  as  a  po- 
pular preacher:  his  sermons  were  published  in 
1704:  he  died  in  1669. 

GlilTIN,  John,  an  English  painter,  whose 
views  of  London  and  Paris,  are  much  admired  ; 
he  died  in  1802. 

GIR  Y,  Lewis,  one  of  the  first  members  of  the 
French  academy,  and  authorof  several  valuable 
works  ;  he  died  in  lGo5. 

GISBERT,  John,  a  native  of  Cahors,  profes.?or 
of  divinity  at  Toulouse,  and  author  of  Anti- 
Probalasimus,  died  in  1710. 

GI?BERT,  B!aise,a  Jesuit  of  Cahors,  wrote  a 
work  on  Education,  Sec,  died  in  1731. 

GISELINUS,  a  physician,  a  native  of  Bruges, 
died  in  1551. 

j  GIST,  Mordecai,  a  brigadier  general  in  the 
I  American  war;  was  in  the  battle  of  Camden, 
died  in  1792. 

GIULANO,  Di-Majano,  a  Florentine,  sculptor 
and  architect,  who  died  at  Naples,  in  1447.  Se- 
veral buildings  at  Naples,  are  the  monumenta 
of  his  srenius. 

GIUSTI,  Antonio,  a  painter,  of  Florence,  of 
much  excellence,  died  in  1705. 

GLAIN,  N.  Saint,  a  zealous  Protestant,  bom 
at  Limoses.  about  1620,  remarkable  for  having 
been,  by  reading  of  Spinoza's  book,  changed  uito 
as  zealous  an  Atheist. 

GL  ANIJOR,  Mauliias,  a  phvsician  to  the  arch- 
bishop of  Bremen,  died  in  1C52. 

GL.ANVIL,  Joseph,  a  distinguished  philoso- 
phical and  theological  writer,  born  at  Plymouth, 
in  163G,  died  in  1680.  In  "  Sonie  Philosophical 
Considnrations,  touching  the  Being  of  Witciies 
and  Witchcraft,"  he  defended  the  possibility 
of  witchcraft,  which  drew  h.im  into  a  contro- 
versy tliat  ended  only  with  his  life.    During  the 


have  claimed  the  palm  in  the  first  department 
of  art.  The  Triumpii  of  Camillus,  TJiomedcs' 
Horses,  his  poetical  subjects,  and  drawings  of 
animals,  possess  a  taste  peculiar  to  himself.  His 
chef  d'ffiuvre  is  in  the  possession  of  S.  Whit- 
bread,  esq.  M  P.  It  consists  of  a  group  of  tigers, 
and  is  a  noble  and  spirited  composition.  He  ex- 
celled much  in  giving  an  expression  of  terrible, 
but  majestic  fierceness,  to  that  noblest  of  all  ani- 
mals, the  lion.     He  died  at  Brompton,  in  1807. 

GINNANI,  Francis,  page  to  duke  Anthony 
Farnese,  wrote  several  works  on  agriculture  ;  he 
died  in  1766. 

GIOCONDO,  Fra  Giovanni,  a  schoolmaster 
at  Verona,  who  instructed  Julius  Csesar  Scali- 
ger  ;  he  died  in  1521. 

GIOIA,  Flavio,  of  Amalfl,  in  Naples,  a  cele- 
brated mathematician,  who,  from  liis  knowledge 
of  the  magnetic  powers,  invented  the  mariner's 
compass,  by  which  the  navigation  of  Europeans 
was  extended  to  the  most  distant  regions  of  the 
globe;  before  this  in^'enlion,  navigation  was 
confined  to  coasting.  It  is  said  that  the  Chinese 
knew  the  compass  long  before ;  be  this  as  it  may, 
the  Europeans  are  indebted  to  Gioia  for  this  in- 
valuable discovery.     He  was  born  about  1300. 

GIOLITO  DEL  FERRARI,  a  printer,  of  the 
16th  century,  at  Venice,  ennobled  by  Charles  V., 
died  in  1547. 

GIORDANI,  Vital,  a  Neapolitan  niathemaii- 
cian  ;  author  of  several  works  on  the  mathema- 
tics, died  in  1711. 

GIORDANO,  Luca,  a  painterof  Naples,  he  was 
knighted  bvthe  king  of  Spain,  and  died  in  1705. 

4lORGiANI,  or  ALSEID  ALSCHERIF 
ABON  HASSAN,  or  HOUSSAIN  ALI,  a  n.i- 
tive  of  Georgia,  author  of  Theological  and  Phi- 
losophical terms. 

GIORGIONE,  an  illustrious  Venetian  painter, 
born  in  1478,  died  in  1511. 
212 


I 


GL 

coarse  «f  it,  he  endeavoured  to  confirm  his  opin 
ion  hy  tt  collection  of  several  narratives  relative 
to  it. 

GLANVILLE,  Ranulph,  chief  justiciary  of 
all  England,  and  an  eminent  writer  on  jurispru 
dence,  wlno  first  collected  the  English  laws  into 
one  body,  flourished  toward  the  end  of  the  12tli 
century. 

GLAPHYRA,  a  priestess  of  Bellona's  temple 
known  foi  her  amours  with  Marc  Antony. 

GLAPTHORNE,  Henry,  a  poet  and  dramatic 
writer,  who  lived  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  and 
published  five  plays. 

G  LASER,  Christopher,  apothecary  to  Louis 
XIV.,  and  author  of  a  valuable  treatise  on  chy- 
mistry,  died  in  1G79. 

GLASS,  John,  a  Scotch  divine,  who,  in  1727, 
publisiied  a  treatise  to  prove  that  the  civil  esta- 
blishment of  religion  was  inconsistent  with 
Christianity  ;  for  this  he  was  deposed,  and  be- 
came the  father  of  a  new  sect,  called  in  Scot- 
land, Glassites,  and  in  England,  Sandemonians. 
He  was  born  at  Dundee,  in  1698,  and  died  in 
1773. 

GLASS,  John,  bom  at  Dundee,  traded  to  the 
Brazils,  whence  returning  in  17G5,  with  great 
property,  he  was  murdered  by  the  seamen,  who 
were  aftorwards  executed. 

GLASfcSIUS,  Solomon,  D.  D.,  a  German  di- 
vine, superintendent  of  the  schools  and  churches 
in  Saxe  Gotha,  and  author  of  several  works  ;  he 
died  in  1656. 

GLAUBES,  John,  a  painter,  of  Utrecht,  whose 
pieres  are  nn.ch  admired  ;  he  died  in  1726. 

GLAUBER,  John  Gotlief,  a  painter,  whose 
pieces  were  in  a  finished  style,  died  iu  1703. 

GLAUBER,  Diana,  sistei  of  the  preceding 
painters,  born  in  1650,  was  also  distiiiguished 
for  the  execution  of  her  pencil ;  she  became 
blind  in  her  old  age. 

GLAUBER,  John  Rodolphus,  a  celebrated 
German  chymist,  and  chymical  writer,  of  the 
17th  ceatiirv. 

GLEDITSCH,  John  Goltlieb,  a  native  of 
Leipsic,  ai:d  lecturer  in  botany,  physiology,  &c., 
died  in  1786. 

GLEICHEN,  Frederic  William  Von,  a  noble- 
man, of  Bayreuth,  he  constructed  a  curious  mi- 
croscope, and  died  in  1783. 

GLEN,  John,  a  painter  and  engraver  on  wood, 
of  Lioge,  of  the  16th  centurv. 

GLENDOVVER,  Owen,  a  celebrated  Welch 
warrior,  who  for  more  than  fourteen  years  op- 
posed the  sovereignty  of  Heiry  IV.  of  England, 
by  force  of  arms,  declaring  him  to  be  a  usurper, 
and  the  murderer  of  Richard  II.,  born  in  13.54, 
died  in  1415. 

GLENIE,  James,  a  mathematician,  engag- 
ed in  the  military  service  of  Great  Britain,  died 
in  1617.  He  was  the  author  of  a  History  of 
Gunnery,  and  several  valuable  mathematical 
works. 

GLENN,  James,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
South-Carolina,  was  succeeded  by  Lyttleton,  in 
1755.  He  promoted  the  prosperity  of  the  colony, 
by  an  advantageous  treaty  with  the  Indians. 

GLICAS,  a  Byzantine  historian,  his  "Annals 
from  the  Creation,"  were  published  in  Greek 
and  Latin  in  1660. 

GLISSON,  Francis,  an  English  medical  and 
anatonjiral  author.  His  Treatise  on  the  Liver  is 
his  chef-d'oeuvre  ;  he  died  in  1677. 

GLOUCESTER,  Robert  of,  the  most  ancient 
poet  in  the  records  of  English  history,  flourished 
in  the  time  of  Henry  11. 

GLQVEK,  Richard.    This  very  ingeniou-s 


■  ■ GO 

gentleman  was  brought  up  in  the  mercantile 
line,  and,  by  a  remaikablo  speech  that  he  de- 
livered in  behalf  of  the  merchants  of  London 
at  the  bar  of  the  House  of  Commons,  about  the 
vear  1740,  previous  to  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Spanish  war,  acquit ed,  and  with  great  justice, 
the  character  of  an  able  and  steady  patriot ; 
which  character  he  retained  through  life.  In 
the  belles  lettreshe  alsomade  noinconsiderabie 
figure,  being  the  author  of  an  epic  poem  of  very 
high  celebrity,  entitled  "  Leonidas  ;"  the  subject 
of  which  is,  the  gallant  actions  of  that  great 
general,  and  his  heroic  defence  of,  and  fall  at, 
the  pass  of  Tiieimopylae  ;  he  wrote  also,  "  Bo- 
adicea,"  "  Medea,'*' and  "  Jason,"  tragedies  ; 
and  died  in  1785,  aged  74. 

GLUCK,  Christopher,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  born  in  Bohemia,  in  1716.  He  intro- 
duced a  new  style  of  music  iuto  Paris,  and  died 
at  Vienna,  in  1787. 

GLYNN,  Robert,  a  native  of  Cambridge,  au- 
thor of  the  Day  of  Judgment,  a  poem  of  great 
rit ;  he  obtained  the  prize  of  Cambridge,  and 
died  in  18C0. 

GMELIN,  Dr.  Samuel  Gottleib,  a  celebrated 
eastern  traveller,  who  has  left  an  account  of  hta 
travels  in  3  volumes.  He  was  born  in  Swabia,  in 
1745,  and  died  in  1774,  at  Achuict  Kent,  a  village 
of  Mount  Caucasus. 

GMELIN,  John  George,  born  at  Tubingen, 
published  some  works  ;  he  died  in  1755. 

GMELIN,  John  Frederic,  a  professor  in  the 
university  of  Gottingon,  was  born  at  Tubingen, 
in  1748.  He  was  a  voluminous  and  able  wriier 
on  every  part  of  natural  history  ;  but  is  niost 
celebrated  for  his  edition  of  Linna;us'  "System 
of  Nature."  The  world  is  also  indebted  to  him 
for  the  discovery  of  several  excellent  dyes,  ex- 
tracted from  different  vepetablc  and  mineral 
substances  ;  he  dif  d  in  1805. 

GOADBY,  Robert,  a  printer  and  bookseller,  of 
Sherborne,  in  Dorsetshire,  at.d  author  of  several 
useful  publications,  died  in  1778.  His  "  Illustra- 
tion of  the  Holy  Scriptures,"  is  a  book  that 
has  been  very  generallv  read,  and  widely  circu- 
lated. "The  Life  ofBamfylde  Moore  Carew, 
King  of  the  Beggars,"  was  likewise  written  by 
him. 

GOAR,  James,  a  Dominican  friar,  of  Paris, 
published  "  Gra;corum  Eucologium,"  &.c. ;  he 
died  in  1653,  much  respected. 

GOBBO,  Pietro  Paolo  Cortonese,  a  much 
admired  painter,  of  Corlwna,  d'ed  in  1640. 

GOFBO,  Andrea,  an  Italian  historical  painter 
died  about  J527. 

GOBEL,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Hanne, 
bishop  of  Lydda  :  was  accused  by  Robespierre, 
of  atheism,  and  guillotined  in  1793. 

GOBELIN,  Giles,  a  famous  French  dyer, 
whose  name  has  been  given  ever  since  to  the 
finest  French  scarlets  ;  his  house,  and  the  small 
river  that  he  made  use  of  at  Paris,  are  still  called 
the  Gobelins  ;  an  academy  for  drawing,  and  a 
ni  anufactory  of  finp  tapestries,  were  erected  in 
this  quarter,  in  lOfifi,  and  for  this  reason  the 
tapestries  are  called  "  Oft  the  Gobelins."  He 
flourished  about  3630. 

GOBIEE,  Charles,  a  Jesuit,  of  St.  Maloes,  wrote 
the  "  History  of  the  Mariannes,"  &c. ;  he  died 
in  1708. 

GOBRYAS,  one  of  the  seven  Persian  nobles, 
who  conspired  to  dethrone  the  usurper  Smerdis. 

GOCLENIUS,  Conrad,  a  German,  esteemed 
by  Erasnms  for  his  virtues  and  learning ;  he 
died  in  1539. 

GOCLENIUS,  Rodolphus,  considered  as  the 
213 


GO 


GO 


founder  of  modern  magnetism :  was  bom  at 
Wittemberg,  and  died  in  1621. 

GOCLENIUS,  Rodolphus,  a  voluminous  wri- 
ter, 50  years  professor  of  logic  at  Marpurg,  died 
in  1628. 

GODDARD,  Jonathan,  an  English  physician 
and  chymist,  and  one  of  the  first  promoters  of 
the  Roval  Society,  born  in  1G17,  died  in  1G74. 

GODEAU,  Anthony,  a  French  bishop,  born  in 
1605.  He  was  a  very  voluminous  author,  both 
in  prose  and  verse  ;  but  it  may  suffice  to  mention 
one  work  in  each  way,  as  chiefly  worth  notice  : 
his  "Ecclesiastical  History,"  and  a  "Transla- 
tion of  the  Psalms  into  French  verse ;"  he  died 
in  1672. 

GODEFROI,  or  GODFREY,  of  Bouillon, 
duke  of  Lower  Lorraine,  a  most  celebrated 
crusader,  and  victorious  general :  he  took  Jeru- 
salem from  the  Turks  in  1099,  and  was  pro- 
claimed king ;  but  his  piety,  as  historians  relate, 
would  not  permit  him  to  wear  a  diadem  of  gold 
in  the  city  where  his  Saviour  had  been  crowned 
with  thorns  ;  he  died  in  1100.  I 

GODEFROI,  Denys,  a  native  of  Paris,  and 
author  of  Corpus  Juris  Civilis,&c.,  died  in  1G22. 

GODEFROI,  Theodore,  counsellor  of  state,' 
of  Fiance,  died  in  lGi2.  '  His  brother  James, j 
was  law  professor  at  Geneva,  where  he  diedj 
in  1659. 

GODEFROI,  Denys,  son  of  Theodore,  an  au- 
thor ;  he  died  in  1581.  I 

GODESCHALC,  surnamed  Fulgentius,  a| 
monk,  in  Saxony,  in  the  9th  century,  known  fori 
his  controversy  about  predestination  and  grace; 
he  died  in  889.  ■ 

GODEW YCK,  Margarita,  a  female  painter,  I 
of  Do;t,  much  admired,  died  in  1677. 

GODFREY,  of  V'iterbo,  chaplain  and  secre-| 
tar>'  to  king  Conrad  III.,  and  the  emperors  Fre-| 
deric  and  Henry  VI.  He  laboured  49  years  in; 
compiling  a  Chronicle  from  the  Creation  of  thej 
World  to  1186.  It  is  written  in  Latin  prose  and 
verse,  and  entitled  "  Pantheon."  | 

GODFREY,  Sir  Edmundbury,  an  able  ma-! 
gistrate,  who  exerted  himself  in  the  discovery] 
of  the  popish  plot,  was  found  dead,  pierced  by  I 
his  own  sword,  supposed  to  have  been  kiiicd 
by  the  papists  in  1678. 

GODFREY,  Thomas,  the  inventor  of  Had- 
ley's  quadrant,  died  in  Philadelphia.,  in  1749. 

GODFREY,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
a  poet ;  died  at  Wilmington,  in  1763. 

GODIVA,  the  name  of  a  beautiful  lady,  wife 
of  Leofric  earl  of  Mercia,  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
the  Confessor.  Having  an  extraordiiiarv-  affec- 
tion for  Coventry,  she  solicited  her  hu.sband  to 


release  the  inhabitants  of  that  city  from  a  grie-j  flourished  about  1480, 


protesting  his  innocence  of  the  said  murder  ; 
supposed  by  the  historian  of  those  times  to  have 
been  choked  with  a  piece  of  bread,  as  a  judg- 
ment from  heaven,  having  wished  i:  might  stick 
in  his  throat  if  he  were  guilty  of  the  murder, 
which  he  certainly  was. 

GODWIN,  Thomas,  an  English  prelate,  who 
embraced  the  tenets  of  the  protestants,  but  on 
the  accession  of  Mary,  was  persecuted  ;  he  was 
afterwards  favoured  by  Elizabeth,  who  at  length 
became  displeased  with  him,  which  hastened 
his  death  in  1590. 

GODWIN,  Dr.  Francis,' an  excellent  matiie- 
matician,  philosopher,  and  historian,  born  in 
1561.  In  1583,  he  wrote  an  entertaining  piece, 
which  came  out  about  five  years  after  his  death, 
under  the  title  of  "  The  Man  in  the  Moon  ;  or 
a  Discourse  of  a  Voyage  thither,  by  Domingo 
Gonsales,"  in  1G38.  But  his  principal  work  is, 
■'  A  Catalogue  of  the  Bishops  of  England,  since 
the  first  planting  of  the  Chrisiian  Religion 
in  this  Island;  together  with  a  brief  History 
of  their  Lives  and  memorable  Actions,  so  neal 
as  can  be  gathered  of  Antiquity;"  he  died  iu 
1633. 

GODWIN,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  learned  English 
writer,  and  e.xcellent  schoolmaster,  born  in  1.587, 
died  in  1642.  His  chief  work  is,  "  Romnna; 
Historise  Anthologia,"  an  English  Exposition 
of  the  Roman  Antiquities,  &,c. 

GODWIN,  Mary  Wollsto.necraft.  a  lady  of  very- 
superior  literary  accompiisinncnts,  who  distin^ 
guishcd  herself  by  many  able  productions,  but 
chiefly  by   "A  Vindication  of  ».he  iiigbts  of 
Women,  with  .Stiictures  on  floral  and  Political 
Subjects."      She  also  wrote  well  on  female 
educatior*  and  ronduct,  and  her  practical  skill 
in  education  was  even  superior  to  her  bptcnia-' 
tions  on  the  subject.    For  soundness  of  under- 
standing, and  sensibility  of  heart,  she  was,  per- 
haps, never  exceiled ;   but  there  were  certaia  i 
pecuUarities  of  system  both  in  her  wriuu^s  and ' 
her  conduct,  against  which  every  lover  n>  reli- 
gion cr  morals  must  protest.    She  was  born  in, 
iTCS,  and  died  in  1797. 

GOERCE.  William,  an  eminent  scholar,  of  ■ 
Middlebury,  author  of  Jewish  Antiquities,  &c., 
died  in  1715.  " 

GOERING,  Jacob,  for  many  years  minister  of 
the  German  Lutheranchurch  in  New- York,  died 
in  1307. 

GOERTZ,  John  baron  of,  a  memorable  Swede, 
who  endeavoured  to  excite  an  insurrection  in 
England  in  favour  of  the  pretender  ;  he  was  he- 
headed  m  1719. 

GOES,  Hugo  Vander,  a  painter,  of  Bruges, 


vous  tax.  To  this  he  evasively  consented,  on  j 
condition  that  she  would  ride  naked  through 
the  streets  of  Coventry  ;  which  she  performed, 
covering  her  body  with  her  hair,  and  coijimand- 
ing  ah  persons  to  keep  within  doors  and  from} 
the  windows  on  pain  of  death  The  pictures] 
of  Leofric  and  Godiva  are  in  the  window  of ' 
Trinity  Church  ;  and  every  year  on  the  P'ri- 
day  after  Trinity  Sunday,  there  is  a  procession 
through  the  town,  with  a  figure  representing  a 
naked  wo-niau  on  horseback 


GOESIUS,  William,  a  critic,  of  Leyden,  au- 
thor of  notes  on  Petronius,  died  in  1686. 

GOETZE,  George  Henry,  a  native  of  Leipsic ; 
he  was  superintendent  of  the  churches  of  Lubec, 
and  died  in  1702. 

GOEZ,  John  Augustus  Ephraim,  a  native  of 
Aschnrleben,  eminent  as  a  naturalist ;  he  died 
in  1786. 

GOEZ,  Damian  de,  a  Portuguese  writer,  and 
a  great  traveller,  became  acquainted  with  the 
i  learned  men  of  Europe. 


GODOLPHIN, -lohn,  an  eminent  eivilian,  oft      GOFF,  Thomas,  born  in  Essex,  1592,  and 
England,  born  in  1G17,  died  in  1678.     He  pub-';diedin  1627.  He  was  a  divine;  but  wrote  several 

pieces  on  different  subjects,  among  which  are 
four  tragedies. 


lished  several  books  which  were  held  in  much 
esteem. 

■GODWIN,  Earl;  brother  to  Edward  tlie  Con-: 

fessor,  invaded  England,  in  1052.     Being  tried' 

for  the  murder  of  prince  Alfred  his  brother,  he' 

was  pardoned,  but  died  at  the  king's  table,  while  • 

214 


GOFF,  William,  one  of  the  judges  of  king 
Charles  I.,  and  major-general  under  Cromwel\ 
came  to  America  in  1660 ;  he  Uved  in  coBCCai- 
meat  till  his  death,  in  1679. 


"  GO 

GOGAV^A,  Antonius  Hennanius,  a  German 
physiciati,  flourished  about  1592. 

GOGUET,  Antony- Yvea,  a  French  writer,  and 
author  of  a  celebrated  work,  entitled, "  L'Ori- 
gine  de  Loix,  des  Arts,  des  Sciences,  et  de  leur 
Progres  ches  led  Anciens  Peuples,"  born  at  Pa- 
ris, in  1716,  died  1758. 

GOLD  AST,  Melchior  Haiminsfield,  a  learned 
civilian,  of  Switzerland,  author  of  many  valua- 
ble works,  died  in  1635. 

GOLDHAGEN,  John  Eustachius,  of  Magde- 
burg, translated  Herodotus,  &;c. ;  he  died  in  1772. 

GOLDMAN,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Breslaw, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  military  architecture, 
died  in  1665. 

GOLDONI,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer,  born 
at  Venice,  in  1707,  produced  a  number  of  come- 
dies, which  were  remarkably  successful.  He 
died  in  1793. 

GOLDSMITH,  Francis,  a  poet  and  translator, 
who  lived  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 

GOLDSMITH.Oliver,  an  eminent  English  his- 
toric, dramatic,  and  mKcellaneous  writer,  was 
born  at  Elpliin,  in  Ireland,  Nov.  29, 1729.  Quit- 
ting home  to  taste  of  foreign  climes,  he  encoun- 
tered many  difficulties  ;  and  having  experienced 
all  the  vicissitudes  to  which  a  pennyless  wan- 
derer must  necessarily  be  subject,  arrived  in 
England  in  1758.  Shortly  after,  he  became  an  as- 
sistant at  an  academy  at  Peckham ;  then  a  writer 
in  "  The  Monthly  Review ;"  and  afterwards  in 
"  The  Public  Ledger,"  in  which  his  "  Citizen  of 
the  World"  originally  appeared,  under  the  title 
of  "  Chinese  Letters."  Fortune  seemed  now  to 
take  some  notice  of  a  man  she  had  long  neglect 
ed.  The  simplicity  of  his  character,  the  integrity 
of  his  heart,  and  the  merit  of  his  productions, 
made  his  company  acceptable  to  the  better  sort. 
He  took  handsome  chambers  in  the  temple,  and 
lived  in  a  genteel  style.  His  "Traveller,"  his 
"Vicar  of  Wakefield,"  his"  Good-natured  Man 
a  Comedy, ' '  raised  him  up,  and  ensured  him  suc- 
cess to  any  thing  that  should  follow  ;  as  "  The 
Deserted  Village,"  "She  Stoops  to  Conquer," 
&c.  Notwithstanding  the  success  of  liis  works 
by  which  he  cleared  vast  sums,  his  circum 
stances  were  by  no  means  prosperous ;  and  this 
has  been  imputed  to  two  causes  :  partly  to  the 
liberality  of  his  disposition ;  and  partly  to  an  un 
fortunate  habit  of  gaming,  the  arts  of  which  he 
very  little  understood.  He  died  April  4,  1774. 
Goldsmith,  like  SmoIIet,  Guthrie,  and  others, 
who  subsisted  by  their  pens,  is  supposed  some 
times  to  have  sold  his  name  to  works  in  which 
he  had  little  or  no  concern. 

GOLIUS,  James,  a  learned  orientalist,  born 
at  the  Hague ;  travelled  into  several  countries  ; 
he  published  several  learned  works,  and  died  in 
1667. 

GOLIUS,  Peter,  brotlier  of  the  preceding,  an 
excellent  orientalist,  assisted  in  the  edition  of  the 
great  Arabic  Bible,  printed  at  Rome,  in  1671 ;  he 
died  in  1673. 

GOLTZIUS,  Henry,  a  famous  Dutch  painter 
and  engraver,  born  in  1558,  died  1617. 

GOLTZIUS,  Hubert,  a  German  writer  on  Ro- 
man antiquities,  born  in  1526.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  several  excellent  works,  in  all  which  he 
applies  medals  to  the  clearing  up  of  ancient  his- 
tory.   He  died  in  1583. 

GOLYDDAN,  a  bard  in  the  court  of  Cadwal- 
lader,  in  thp  beginning  of  the  8th  century. 

GOMAR,  Francis,  a  native  of  Bruges,  known 
for  his  strong  defence  of  Calvin's  principles 
against  Arminius  ;  he  died  in  1641. 

GOMBAULD,  John  Ogier  de,  a  French  poet 


GO 

and  theological  writer,  born  L567,  died  in  1666. 
At  the  age  of  90,  he  published  a  large  collection 
of  "  Epigrams  ;"  and  some  years  after  a  trage- 
dy, called  "Danaides." 

GOMBERVILLE,  Marin  Lc  Roi,  a  French- 
man, member  of  the  academy,  and  author  of 
Romances,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1674. 

GOMEllSAL,  Robert,  an  English  divine,  po- 
et, and  dramatic  author,  born  1600,  died  1646. 

GOMEZ,  de  Cividad  Alvarez,  a  Latin  poet,  of 
Guadalaxara,  died  in  1558. 

GOMEZ,  de  Castro  Alvarez,  a  learned  Span- 
iard, author  of  the  life  of  Cardinal  Ximenes ; 
he  died  in  1580. 

GOMEZ,  Magdalene  Angelica  Poisson  de,  a 
French  lady,  who  wrote  some  romances,  &c., 
died  in  1770. 

GONDEBAUD,  third  king  of  Burgundy,  be- 
came tributary  to  Clovis,  king  of  the  Franks;  he 
died  in  516. 

GONDRIN,  Lewis  Antony,  a  favourite  of 
Louis  XIV.,  who  gratified  that  monarch  by  em- 
ploying 1200  men  to  destroy  a  wood  which  was 
oflensive  to  him. 

GONDY,  John  Francis  Paul,  afterwards  Car- 
dinal de  Retz,  born  1613,  died  1679.  This  extraor- 
dinary man  has  drawn  his  own  character  in  his 
"  Memoirs,"vvhich  are  written  with  such  an  air 
ofgrandeur,  impetuosity  of  genius,  and  inequali- 
ty, as  give  us  a  very  strong  representation  of 
his  conduct.  He  was  a  man  who,  from  the 
greatest  degree  of  debauchery,  and  still  lan- 
guishing under  its  consequences,  preached  to 
the  people,  and  made  himself  adored  by  them. 
Voltaire  says,  that  "  in  his  youth  he  lived  like 
Cataline,  and  like  Attieus  in  his  old  age."  Of 
his  Memoirs,  "  several  parts,"  says  the  same 
Voltaire,  "  are  worthy  of  Sallust,  but  the  whole 
is  not  equal."  They  are  supposed,  hovi'ever, 
to  be  written  with  impartiality ;  the  author 
having  every  where  spoken  with  the  same  free- 
dom of  his  own  infirmities  and  vices,  as  any 
other  writer  could  have  done. 

GONET,  John  Baptist,  a  Dominican  friar, 
professor  at  Bourdeaux,  and  author  of  a  sys- 
tem of  theology  ;  he  died  in  1681. 

GONGORA,  Lewis  de,  a  Spanish  poet,  born 
in  1652,  died  in  1627.  His  works  are  all  posthu- 
mous, and  consist  of  sonnets,  elegies,  a  comedy, 
a  tragedy,  &c.  The  Spaniards  have  a  very 
high  opinion  of  this  poet,  even  so  as  to  entitle 
him  prince  of  the  poets  of  their  own  nation. 

GONNELLI,  John,  a  Tuscan  sculptor  and 
painter,  who  lost  his  sight  at  the  age  of  20 ;  but 
modelled  in  clay ;  and  by  his  exquisite  sensa- 
tion of  feeling,  wrought  his  statues  to  great  pea-- 
fection,  and  drew  portraits  with  striking  resem- 
blance.   He  died  at  Rome  in  1673. 

GONSALVA,  or  GONSALVO,  Fernandez, 
duke  of  Terra  Nuova,  and  called  The  Great 
Captain,  a  renowned  Spanish  general  under 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  was  born  at  Cordova 
in  1443,  and  died  in  1515.      " 

GONTHIER,  a  Latin  poet,  author  of  a  histo- 
ry of  Constantinople,  in  1203. 

GONTHIER,  Leonard  and  John,  Frenchmen 
and  brothers,  eminent  in  the  art  of  painting  or 
staining  glass :  the  time  of  their  birth  and  death 
is  uncertain. 

GONZAGA,  Lucretia,  an  illustrious  lady  of 
the  16th  century,  as  remarkable  for  wit,  learn- 
ing, and  style,  as  for  high  birth.  She  wrote 
such  beautiful  letters,  that  the  utmost  care  was 
taken  to  preserve  them ;  and  a  collection  of 
them  was  printed  at  Venice,  in  1552.  All  that 
came  from  her  pen  was  so  much  esteemed,  that 
215 


GO 


GO 


a  colit^ctioii  was  made  even  of  the  notes  that 
she  wrote  to  her  servants,  several  of  which  are 
to  be  met  wich  in  the  edition  of  her  letters, 

GONZAGA,  Scipio,  a  nobie  Italian,  wbo 
wrote  some  poems,  and  left  manuscripi  memoirs 
of  himself,  he  died  in  1593 

GONZAGA,  Vespasian,  duke  of  Sabblone 
ta,  a  riiy  which  he  founded,  he  died  in  1591, 
much  respected. 

GONZALEZ,  Thyrsus,  a  Spaniard,  general 
of  the  Jesuits,  who  died  at  Rome,  in  1705. 

GOOCtI,  Sir  William,  a  diKlinguished  officer 
in  the  military  service  of  Great-Britain,  com- 
mander of  the  forces  raised  for  the  Spaiashwar, 
and  aftcrwardf:  a  major-general,  and  governor 
of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  after  Drysdale,  in 
1727. 

GOODALL,  Walter,  a  Scotchman,  known 
as  a  philologist,  and  author  of  a  vindication  of 
Mary ',  he  died  in  1758. 

GOODRICH,  Elizur,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Dur- 
ham, Conn.  ;  was  disti:  guished  for  his  literary 
and  scientilic  acquirements :  he  was  well  ver 
sed  in  the  languages,  and  familiar  with  mathe 
matical  and  philosophical  iiive.«tigation :  he 
Jmblished  several  sermons,  and  died  in  1797. 

GOODRICH,  Chauiicey,  son  of  the  prece 
ding,  was  an  eminent  lawyer  and  statesman 
of  Hartford,  Conn.  He  was  a  representative 
and  afterwards  a  senator  in  congress,  a  coun- 
sellor and  lieutenant-j;-jvernor  of  Connecticut, 
and  mayor  of  the  city  of  Hartford  For  depth 
and  solidity  of  judgment,  great  professional  at- 
tainments, strict  integrity,  benevolence  and  pi- 
ety, he  had  few  equals  ;  and  his  death,  whici) 
happened  in  1815,  was  lamented  as  a  public  ca- 
lamity. 

GOODWIN,  Thomas,  a  puritanical  divine, 
one  of  the  members  of  the  assembly  of  divines  at 
Westminster,  and  author  of  theological  works, 
he  died  in  1679 

GOODWIN,  John,  a  most  acute  and  subtle 
controversialist  of  the  17th  century.  He  wrote 
a  vindication  of  the  death  of  Charles  I.,  which 
at  the  Restoration  was  burnt  by  the  common 
hangman.  He  was  excepted  out  of  the  act  of 
indemnity,  and  died  soon  after.  His  works  are 
numerous,  but  mostly  in  support  of  Arminian 
doctrines. 

GOOKIN,  Daniel,  author  of  the  historical 
collections  of  the  Indians  in  New-England,  and 
major-general  of  Massachusetts  :  died  in  i(i87 

GOOKIN,  Nathaniel,  minister  of  Hampton, 
N.  H.  ;  much  respected  for  his  faithfulness; 
he  died  in  1734. 

GOOL,  John,  Van,  a  Dutch  painter,  bom  at 
the  Hague,  in  1685. 

GORDIAN  I.,  emperor  of  Rome,  Invested 
vnth  the  purple  in  Africa,  much  against  his 
will,  in  237,  in  the  reign  of  Maximinus,  and 
soon  aftei  killed  bv  a  general  of  that  monarch. 

GORDON,  Robert,  of  Stralogh,  author  of 
"Theatrura  Scotiae,"  an  excellent  work,  con- 
taining a  description  of  tlie  whole  country  of 
Scotland,  with  maps  of  ever>' county.  He  died 
about  the  middle  of  the  17th  century. 

GORDON,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
greatly  distinguished  by  his  writings  on  political 
and  religions  subjects.  He  was  concerned  with 
Mr.  Trenchard  in  the  composition  of  "Cato's 
Letters,"  and  "The  Independent  Whig;"  and 
published  English  translations  of  Sallust  and 
Tacitus,  with  additional  discourses  to  each  au- 
thor.   He  died  in  1750. 

GORDON,  James,  a  Jesuit,  who  taught  phi- 
lost^by  and  languages  at  Paris  and  Bourdeaux, 
216 


died  in  1630.    Another  of  that  name,  was  au 
Uior  of  a  commentary  on  the  Bible. 

GORDON,  Alexander,  a  learned  Scotchman, 
an  excellent  draftsman  and  antiquary,  and 
secretary  to  the  Antiquarian  Society,  in  1740. 
He  published  a  Journey  through  most  parts  of 
tlie  counties  of  Scotland,  with  66  copper- plates ; 
"  The  Lives  of  Pope  Alexander  VI.  and  his  son 
Casar  Borgia;"  "A  Complete  History  of  the 
Ancient  Aniphitheatres,"  &c.  &c. 

GORDON,  Hon.  George,  commonly  called 
Lord  George  Gordon,  a  man  whose  restless 
spirit  has  furnished  too  many  materials  for  fu- 
ture history,  to  pass  unmentiontd  in  this  collec- 
tion, lie  w.is  son  of  Cosmo-George,  duke  of 
Gordon,  and  born  in  1750.  At  an  early  period 
of  life  he  entered  into  tlie  royal  navy,  which 
he  quitted  during  tlie  American  war,  in  conse- 

usnce  of  an  altercation  with  the  earl  of  Sand- 

ich,  relative  to  promotion.  He  afterwards  re- 
presented the  borough  of  Ludgershall  in  parlia- 
ment during  several  sessions ;  and,  as  he  ani- 
madverted with  great  freedom,  and  often  with 
great  wit,  on  the  proceedings  of  both  sides  of 
the  House,  it  was  usual  at  that  period  to  say, 
that  "  there  were  three  parties  in  parliament, 
the  ministry,  the  opposition,  and  Lord  George 
Gordon  ;"  at  length,  however,  taking  a  very  vio- 
lent part  in  the  House  against  a  "  Bill  for  the 
Relief  of  Papists  from  certain  Penalties  and  Dis- 
abilities," he  headed  a  popular  association  to 
oppose  the  measure ;  which  transaction  gave 
rise  to,  though  it  certainly  did  rot  authorize, 
the  dreadful  riots  by  which  the  kingdom,  and 
particularly  the  metropolis,  was  for  some  days 
devastated  in  1780.    For  this  Lord  George  was 

icd  on  a  charge  of  high  treason ;  but  acquit- 
ted, on  the  ground  that  his  intentions  in  assem- 
bling the  people  were  not  malicious  and  traitor- 
ous. May  4,  1786,  he  was  excommunicated  by 
the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  for  contempt,  in 
not  appearing  in  court  as  witness  in  a  cause. 
Jan.  28,  1788,  having  received  sentence  on  two 
convictions,  for  libelling  the  French  ambassa- 
dor and  queen,  and  the  criminal  justice  of  Great 
Britain,  he  retired  to  Holland,  but  was  sent 
back  under  a  guard,  and  committed  to  New- 
gate. In  July,  1769,  he  presented  a  petition  to 
Ithe  national  assembly  of  France,  for  its  inter- 
ference in  his  behalf;  but  Lord  Gren\ille  in- 
|formed  the  French  ambassador  that  Uie  applica- 
tion in  his  favour  cou'.d  not  be  admitted,  and 
the  ambassador  acquainted  him  with  it.'  He 
died  in  Newgate,  in  1793 ;  and  his  last  moments 
were  embittered  by  the  knowledge  th.Ht  he  could 
not  be  buried  among  the  Jews,  whose  religion 
he  had  embraced,  during  his  imprisonment,  and 
to  Avhich  he  was  warmly  attached. 

GORDON,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Aberdeen, 
professor  and  author  ;  he  died  in  1751. 
.  GORDON ,  Sir  Adam,  an  English  divine,  rector 
of  Hinckworth,  and  prebendary  at  Bristol,  au- 
thor of  sermons  and  other  works,  died  in  1817. 

GORDON,  Patrick,  succeeded  Sir  William 
Keith,  as  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1726. 
His  administration  was  prudent,  judicious,  and 
advantageous  to  the  colonists ;  he  died  in  1736. 

GORDON,  William,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  and  author  of  a  history  of  the  Re- 
volution of  the  United  States,  &c. ;  he  died  in 
1807. 

GORE,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Alderton,  and 
author  of  some  Latin  poems,  died  in  1684. 

GORELLI,  an  Italian  poet,  who  wrote,  after 
the  manner  oif  Dante,  a  history  of  We  country 
from  1010  to  1384. 


\ 


GO 


GORGIAS,  Leontinus,  a  pliiloaopher,  of  Sici- 
•yi  of  great  eminence,  417  B.  C. 

GORHAM,  Nathaniel,  a  member  of  congress 
In  1784,  and  president  of  that  body  ;  afterwards  a 
delegate  from  Massachusetts  to  the  convention 
which  formed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States  ;  lie  died  in  1796. 

GORIUS,  or  GORIO,  Antonius  Franciscus, 
a  historian,  critic,  and  antiquarian,  of  Florence, 
and  author  ofsome  valuable  works,  died  in  1757. 

GORLiEUS,  Abraham,  an  antiquarian,  of 
Antwerp;  died  in  1G09. 

GORL/EUS,  David,  a  native  of  Utrecht 
the  17th  century  ;  he  wrote  on  philosophy,  and 
advanced  some  new  opinions. 

GOROPIUS,  John,  a  physician,  of  Brabant 
wlio  settled  at  Antwerp,  and  maintained  that 
Flemish  was  the  language  of  Adam  ;  he  died  in 
1572. 

GORRAN,  Nicholas  de,  an  eloquent  preach- 
er, and  confessor  to  Philip  the  Fair :  he  died  in 
1295. 

GORREUS,  a  protestant  physician  at  Paris, 
who  published  a  translation  of  Nicander,  and 
died  in  1572. 

GORTER,  John,  became  medical  lecturer 
and  public  physician  at  Harderwyck  ;  he  wrote 
various  works,  and  died  in  1762. 

GORTON,  Samuel,  the  first  settler  of  War- 
wick, Rhode-Island,  was  persecuted  for  his  re- 
ligious opinions  in  Massachusetts,  and  for  a 
time  imprisoned  ;  he  died  after  tlie  year  1676. 

GOS^fOLD,  Bartholomew,  an  Englishman, 
who  first  discovered  and  gave  name  to  Cape 
Cod,  in  lf)02  ;  he  died  in  Virginia,  in  1607. 

GOSSELINI,  Julian,  a  writer,  born  at  Rome ; 
he  was  appointed  secretary  to  Ferdinand  Gon- 
zaga,  viceroy  of  Sicily,  and  died  in  1587. 

GOSSELIN,  Antony,  regius  professor  of  his 
tory  and  eloquence  at  Caen,  and  principal  of 
the  college  du  Bois,  published  a  "  History  of  the 
Ancient  Greeks,  in  Latin,  1636 

GOSSON,  Stephen,  a  divine  and  poet,  born 
in  Kent,  in  1554,  educated  at  Christ  Church, 
O.Kford,  took  orders,  and  obtained  the  living  of 
St.  Botolph,   BishopsgatCj  where  he  died,   i 
'      He  wrote  three  plays  ;  and  afterward 


GOrriGNIES,  Giles  Francis,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Rome,  and  author  of  seveiaJ 
'"^fl^^rj,"^'*'^^'  works ;  he  died  in  1685. 

GOTTLEBER,  John  Christopher,  an  excel- 
'^•"^erman  critic  ;  he  died  in  1786. 

GOl  rsCHED,  John  Christopher,  a  German 
poet  ot  Koningsberg,  wlio  was  the  means  of 
banishing  buffoonery  from  the  stage;  he  died 
in  1762. 


1623. 

in  1579,  published  an  invective  against  poets, 

players,  &c.  called  "  The  Schoole  of  Abuse 

GOTH,  Stephen,  archbishop  of  Upsal,  who, 
in  attempting  to  restore  the  Catholic  religion  in 
Sweden,  nearly  kindled  a  civil  war,  in  the  16th 
century. 

GOTHOFRED,  the  name  of  a  very  learned 
family,  originally  of  France.  Denis  Gothofred, 
a  celebrated  lawyer,  born  in  1549,  died  in  1622. 
He  is  now  best  known  by  an  edition  of  the 
"Corpus  Juris  Civilis."  Theodosius,  the  eld- 
est son  of  Denis,  born  in  1.530,  became  a  coun- 
sellor of  state,  and  died  in  1649.  James,  another 
son  ofDenis,  born  in  1587,  was  preferred  to  the 
first  offices  in  the  republic  of  Geneva,  and  died 
there  in  1652.  Denis,  the  son  of  Theodosius, 
born  in  1615,  died  in  1681.  He  inherited  his 
father's  taste  for  French  history,  and  made 
great  additions  to  what  bis  father  had  done. 
Of  this  kind  are  the  histories  of  Charles  V[., 
Charles  VH.,  and  Charles  VIII.,  magnificently 
printed  at  the  Louvre.  John,  son  of  the  fore- 
going, had  also,  like  his  father,  a  passion  for  the 
history  and  antiquities  of  France.  He  gave  an 
edition  of  "  Philip  de  Coramines,"  and  other 
works,  and  died  in  17.32. 

GOTTTISCHALC,  vid.  Godeschalc. 

GOTTI,  Vincent  liewis,  an  Italian,  made 
cardinal  by  Benedict  XIII. ;  he  died  in  1742. 


GOUDELIN,  or  GOUDOULI,  Peter,  a  poet 
of  Gascony,  so  celebrated  that  he  is  called  the 
Homer  of  Gascony  ;  he  died  in  1649. 

GOUDIMEL,  Claudius,  an  excellent  musi- 
cian ;  he  was  put  to  death  for  setting  the  psalms 
of  Marot  and  Beza  to  music. 

GOUDINOT,  John  a  native  of  Rheims,  zeal- 
ously attached  to  the  tenets  of  the  Jausenisis ; 
he  died  in  1749. 

GOUFFIER,  Marie  Gabriel  Augusta  Laurent, 
count  de  Choiseul,  ambassador  from  France  to 
the  Porte.  During  the  revolution  he  went  to 
Russia,  where  he  was  made  a  privy  counsellor, 
and  keeper  of  the  imperial  library.  In  1802, 
he  returned  to  France.  On  the  restoration  of 
Louis  XVIIL,  he  was  made  a  peer  of  France, 
and  died  in  1817.  He  was  author  of  "Voyage 
en  Grcce,"  &c. 

GOUGE,  William,  one  of  the  ministers  of 
the  assembly  of  divines,  and  appointed  one  of 
the  annotators  of  the  Bible  ;  he  died  in  1653. 

GOUGE,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding,  wrote 
many  books,  and  distributed  many  thousand 
copies  of  the  Bible  and  Catechism,  &c.,  among 
the  300  schools  established  in  Wales. 

GOUGES,  Mary  Olympe  de,  a  native  of  Mon- 
taubun,  whose  heroic  conduct  indefending  Louis 
XVf.,  caused  her  to  be  guillotined  in  1792. 

GOUGH,  Richard,  a  very  learned  and  eminent 
Erifrlish  antiquary,  born  in  1735,  in  London,  and 
educated  at  Cambridge.  The  principal  of  his 
very  numerous  works  are,  "British  Topogra- 
phy," a  new  edition  of  "  Camden's  Britannia," 
and  "  Sepulchral  Monuments  of  Great  Britain." 
Mr.  Gough  died  at  Enfield,  in  1809. 

GOUJET,  Claude  Peter,  a  French  writer,  born 
at  Paris,  in  1697,  died  in  1767.  He  published 
"  Supplements  to  Moreri's  Dictionary,"  and  to 
"  Dupiu's  Dictionary  of  Ecclesiastical  Writers," 
&c. 

GOUJON,  John,  a  sculptor,  of  Paris,  called 
the  Coreggio  of  sculpture ;  he  was  killed  in  the 
njassacreof  St.  Bartholomew,  in  1572. 

GOULART,  Simon,  a  Frenchman,  who  suc- 
ceeded Calvin  as  minister  at  Geneva,  and  wrote 
several  valuable  works  ;  he  died  in  1628 

GOULD,  Robert,  an  English  poet  of  some 
celebrity,  in  the  17th  century,  died  in  1709. 

GOULIN,  John  a  French  writer  of  merit, 
died  in  1799. 

GOULSTON,  Theodore,  an  English  physi- 
cian of  great  celebrity,  died  in  1632. 

GOULU,  John,  a  Frenchman ;  he  translated 
Epictetus,  Arian,  &c.,  and  died  in  1625. 

GOUPIL,  James,  royal  professor  of  phvsic  at 
Paris,  in  1555 ;  he  edited  several  Greek  medical 
works,  and  died  in  1564. 

GOUPY,  Joseph,  a  French  artist,  who  taught 
the  princess  of  Wales,  died  in  1747. 

GOURDON,  Simon,  a  native  of  Paris,  who 
lived  an  austere  life,  was  author  of  Cases  of 
Conscierice,  and  died  in  1729. 

GOURNAY,  Mary  de  Jars,  lady  of,  a  French- 
woman devoted  to  literature,  and  much  attached 
to  Montaigne,  whom  she  called  her  father  ;  she 
died  in  1545. 
''   GOUBVILLE,  John  Herauld,  author  of  "  Me- 
19  ::i7 


GR 

luoirs,"  containing  anecdotes  of  the  French  ini-J 
iiisters,  from  Mazarin  to  Colbert,  &c. ;  he  died' 
in  1705.  ;' 


G0U3SET,  James,  a  French  protestant,  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  at  Groningen,  and  author  of  a 
Hebrew  dictionary,  died  in  1704. 

GOUTHIERES,  James,  a  French  advocate, 
author  of  some  valuable  works,  died  in  1638. 

GOUVION,  N.,  a  French  officer,  who  served 
in  America,  afterwards  general  in  the  army  of 
the  north,  where  he  was  killed,  in  1793. 

GOUX  DE  LA  BOULAYE,  Francis  le,  of 
Anjou,  who  travelled  through  Asia  and  Africa, 
and  published  an  account  of  his  travels,  in  1653. 
GOUYE,  John,  a  Jesuit  and  mathematician,  of 
Dieppe,  and  member  of  the  academy  of  sciences ; 
iie  died  in  1725. 

GOUYE  LONGUEMARE,  a  French  author, 
wrote  on  the  history  of  France,  and  died  in  1763. 
GOVEA,  Martial,  a  Latin  poet  of  the  16tli  cen- 
tury, and  author  of  a  Latin  grammar. 

GOVEA,  Andrew,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
established,  under  John  III.  of  Portugal,  the  col- 
lege of  Coimbra  ;  he  died  in  1548. 
'  GOVEA,  Antony,  youngest  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, professor  of  lavr  at  Toulouse,  died  of  eat- 
ing cucumbers,  in  1565. 

GOWER,  John,  an  English  lawyer  and  poet, 
cotemporary  with  Chaucer,  but  older,  being  born 
about  1320.  Though  Gower  was  born  first, 
yet  he  outlived  Cliaucer,  and  was  his  successor 
in  the  laurel.  In  his  character  as  a  lawyer,  he 
iiiade  so  considerable  a  fisure,  that  he  is  said  to 
have  been  reused  to  the  first  rank  in  that  profes- 
sion, and  to  have  sat  chief  justice  of  the  Com- 
mon Pleas.  His  principal  production,  as  a  poet, 
IS  "  Confessio  Amantis,"  a  folio,  first  printed  by 
Caxton.     He  died  in  1402. 

GOYEX,  John  Van,  a  painter,  of  Leyden, 
distinguished  for  his  landscapes;  he  died  in 
1^356. 

GOZON,  Deodati,  grand  master  of  the  order 
cf  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  di^d  in  1353. 

GOZZI,  Count  Gaspar,  a  Venetian  noble,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  lyrical  and  satirical  poems  ; 
he  died  in  1756. 

GRA  AF,  Eegnier  de,  a  celebrated  Dutch  phy- 
sician and  writer  on  anatomy,  born  in  1641,  died 
1673. 

GEAAF,  Barent,  a  painter,  of  Amsterdam, 
who  died  in  1709. 

GRA  AW,  Henry,  a  native  of  Hoorn,  disciple 
to  Van  Campen,  died  in  1662. 

GRABE,  John  Ernest,  a  learned  theological 
and  critical  writer,  and  editor  of  the  "  Septua- 
gmt,"  from  the  Alexandrian  MS.  in  the  king  of 
F.ngland's  palace,  at  St.  James',  was  born  at 
Koningsberg,  in  1666.  and  died  1712. 

GR.ACCHUS,  Sempronius,  a  Roman,  ban- 
ished to  a  solitary  island,  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 
for  his  licentious  conduct. 

GRACCHUS,  Tiberius,  who,  being  elected  tri- 
bune of  the  Roman  people,  demanded  of  the 
f^enate,  in  their  nanie,  the  execution  of  the  Agra- 
rian law,  by  which  all  persons  possessing  above 
500  acres  of  land,  were  to  be  deprived  of  the  sur- 
plus, for  the  benefit  of  the  poor  citizens,  among 
whom  an  equal  distribution  was  to  be  made. 
Having  carried  his  plan  into  execution  by  vio- 
lent measures,  he  fell  a  victim  to  his  ze^l,  beine 
assassinated  by  his  own  party,  133 B.C.  Caius"", 
his  brother,  pursuing  the  same  steps,  caused  a 
sedition,  in  which  he  was  killed  by  the  consul, 
Opimius,  121  B.  C. 

GR.-\CCIIUS,  Rutulius,  a  Roman  poet,  of  the 
HJth  cei-turv,  of  sjnie  merit. 
218 


GR 

GKACI.\N,'Balthazar,  a  Spanish  jesuit, whose 

ermons  were  esteemed  ;  he  died  in  1658. 

GRADENIGO,  Peter,  a  doge  of  Venice,  who 
Changed  the  government  of  his  couritry  from  a 
iJemociacy  jo  an  aristocracy  ;  he  died  in  1303. 

GRyECIAUS,  Julius,  a  native  of  Frejus  ;  he 
was  put  to  death  by  Caligula,  for  refusing  lo  be- 
come the  accuser  of  M.  Siivarms. 

GRAEME,  John,  a  Scotch  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer  of  considerable  merit,  born  in 
1748,  died  1772. 

GR.^VIUS,  John  George,  a  celebrated  critic. 
See  GREVIUS. 

GRAFFIO,  a  Jesuit  of  Capua,  in  the  16th  cen- 
ury,  author  of  two  volumes  on  moral  subjects. 

GRAFIGN Y,  Frances,  a  French  novelist  and 
dramatic  writer,  born  in  1694,  died  1758. 

GRAFTO^J,  Richard,  an  English  priute'r,  in 
the  16th  century.  He  compiled  the  greater  part 
of"  Hall's  Chronicle  ;"  and,  iu  1562,  published 
'An  Abridgment  of  the  Chronicles  of  England." 
His  large  Chronicle  appeared  in  1569.  Graftoi 
was  a  great  promoter  of  the  reformation,  bj 
printinc  Bibles.     He  was  living  in  1572. 

GRAFTON,  Augustus  Henry  Fitzroy,  duke 
of,  was  educated  at  Cambridge  university,  of 
which  he  was  afterwards  chancellor,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  family  honours,  in  1757.  He  was 
made  secretary  of  state,  and  aftei  wards  first  lord 
of  the  treasury,  which  office  he  held  till  1770. 
From  1771  until  1775,  he  was  lord  privj'  seal, 
and,  after  that  time,  was  an  opponent  of  the  mi- 
nistry tiU  his  death,  in  1811.  The  celebrated  let- 
ters of  Junius,  were  many  of  them  addressed  to 
him,  with  a  severity  which  must  have  been  dic- 
tated by  private  hatred. 

GRAHAM,  George,  clock  and  watch  maker, 
was  born  at  Gratwick,  a  village  iu  the  north  of 
Cumberland,  in  1675 ;  and,  in  1688,  went  lo  Lon- 
don. He  was  not  put  apprentice  lo  Tompion, 
as  is  generally  said ;  but,  after  he  had  l^een  some- 
time with  another  master,Tompiou received  Lim 
nto  his  family  purely  for  his  merit,  and  treated 
him  with  a  kind  of  parental  afi'ection  till  his 
death.  That  Graham  was,  without  competition, 
the  most  eminent  of  his  profession,  is  but  a 
small  part  of  his  chai'acter ;  he  was  the  best  me- 
chanic of  his  time,  and  had  a  complete  know- 
ledge of  practical  astronotny ;  so  that  he  not  only 
gave  to  various  movements  for  the  mensuration 
)f  time,  a  degree  of  perfection  which  had  never 
before  been  attained,  but  invented  several  astro 
nomical  instruments,  by  which  considerable  ad- 
vances have  been  made  in  that  science ;  he  made 
great  improvepreuts  in  those  which  had  before 
been  in  use  ;  and,  by  a  yvonderful  manual  dex- 
terity, constructed  them  with  greater  precision 
and  accuracy  than  any  other  person  in  the  world. 
He  was  many  years  a  member  of  the  royal  so- 
ciety, to  which  he  communicated  several  ingeni- 
ous and  important  discoveries,  and  died  in  1751. 
GRAHAM,  Catherine  Macauley,  a  celebrated 
English  historian.  She  began  her  literary  career 
with  the  "  History  of  England,  from  James  L  to 
the  Brunswick  line."  Her  other  workswere  a 
"  History  of  England  from  the  Revolution  to  the 
present  time,  in  a  series  of  Letters  to  a  Friend ;" 
"A  Treatise  on  the  Immutability  of  Moral 
TrtUh  ;"  "  An  Address  to  the  People  of  England, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland,  on  the  present  important 
Crisis  of  Aflairs;"  "Letters  ouEducation,"  &c. 
She  died  in  1791. 

GRAHAM,  James,  a  Scotch  poet,  and  a  c!er 
gyman  of  the  church  cf  England ;  he  died  ju 
early  life,  in  1811. 
I   GRAHAM,  Isabella,  a  native  of  Scotland,  n^ 


GI! 

laine,  in  1789,  to  New-ifork,  where  slie  eeta- 
Tlished  a  seminary  for  young  ladies,  which  was 
extensively  useful.    She  was  a  rare  examplo  of 
piety  artd  active  benevolence.   She  died  in  1814. 
GRAIN,  John  Baptiste  le,  a  French  historian, 
born  in  1565,  died  in  1643. 
GRAINDORGE,  Andrew,  a  physician  and  phi- 
losopher of  the  Epicurean  sect ;  he  died  in  1676. 
GRAINGER,  Dr.  James,  a  physician  and  poet, 
born  at  Dunse,  in  Scotland,  about  1723,  died  at 
St.  Christopher's,  in  the  West  Indies,  1767.    He 
was  author  of  several  medical  tracts,  wrote  an 
excellent  poem  on  the  "  Sugar  Cane,"  and  ano- 
ther on  "  Solitude,"  and  published  a  good  trans- 
lation of  "Tibullus." 

GRAMAYE,  John  Baptist,  provost  of  Arn- 
heirn  ;  he  wrote  a  history  of  Africa,  and  died  in 
1635. 

GRAM.MOND,  Gabriel,  lord  of,  president  of 
the  parliament  of  Toulouse,  and  author  of  the 
history  of  Lewis  Xllt. ;  he  died  in  1654. 

GRAMONT.  There  were  three  French  no- 
bles of  this  name,  who  distinguished  themselves 
by  "  Memoirs  of  the  leiens  of  Lewis  XIIT.  and 
XIV.,"  and  died  at  tlie  lattcr  end  of  the  17th,  or 
beginning  of  the  18th  century. 

GRANBY,  Marquis  of,  a  celebrated  English 
general,  born  in  1720,  died  in  1770. 

GR  ANCOL  AS,  John,  doctor  of  the  Sorbnnne, 
and  author  of  some  works ;  he  died  in  1732. 

GRAND,  Antony  le,  a  Cartesian  philosopher, 
of  the  17th  century,  author  of  some  historical 
treatises. 

GRAND, Joachim  le,  a  French  political  writer, 
much  esteemed  at  the  court  of  Lewis  XIV. ;  he 
died  in  17.33. 

GRAND,  Mark  Antony  le,  a  French  actor, 
whose  comedies  were  received  with  applause  ; 
(•ie  died  in  1728. 

GRAND,  Lewis,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
i)orn  at  Luzigni,  in  Autun  ;  he  wrote  some  va- 
luable theological  works,  and  died  in  1780. 

GRAND,  Peter  le,  a  captain  of  a  Dieppe  pri 
vafeer,  famous  for  his  courage. 

GRANDET,  Joseph,  a  French  priest,  of  An 
gers,  of  great  amiableness  ;  he  wrote  several 
volumes  of  biography,  and  died  in  1724. 

GRaNDI,  Francis  Lewis,  a  native  of  Cremo 
na,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Florence,  &c. ,  he 
wrote  various  mathematical  works,  and  died  in 
1742. 

GRA\NDIER,Urban,  curate  and  canon  of  Lou 
don,  in  France,  famous  as  a  martyr  to  the  super 
stitious  belief  of  magic  ;  being  burnt  alive  on  a 
charge  of  having  bewitched  several  Ursuline 
nuns  of  Loudon.  He  was  born  at  Bouvere,  near 
Sable,  and  suffered  in  1634. 

GR  ANDIN,  Martin,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne 
and  author  of  a  system  of  theology,  died  in 
1G91. 

GRANDIUS,Guido,  a  mathematician,  of  Cre- 
mona, translated  Euclid  into  Italian,  and  died 
in  1742. 

GRANDUET,  Charles,  a  French  actor,  who 
played  with  success. 

GRANET,  Francis,  a  French  writer,  highly 
spoken  of  by  Abbe  de  Fontaine ;  he  died  in  1741. 
GRANGE,  Joseph  de  Chancel,  a  French  wri- 
ter, who  was  imprisoned  and  exiled  for  writing 
against  Philip,  duke  of  Orleans;  he  died  in  1758. 
GR  A-NGE,  Nicolas,  an  able  writer,  who  trans- 
lated Lucretius,  Seneca,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1775. 
GRANGER,  James,  a  learned  and  ingenious 
English  divine,  author  of  a  very  valuable  work 
in  4  vols.,  4to,  under  the  title  of  "  A  Biographi- 
cal History  of  England."   When  vicar  of  Ship- 


pake,  in  Oxfordshire,  lie  was  seized  n  uii  a  siid 
(leu  fit  while  administering  the  san  anient  aLllie 
communion-table,  by  the  bursting  of  a  vessel  in 
liis  brain,  in  1776,  and  died  the  next  morning. 
This  death  was  similar  to  tliat  of  the  cardinal 
de  Beruile. 

GRANGER,  Gideon,  a  native  of  Connecticut; 
he  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1787,  and  was 
soon  after  admitted  to  the  bar  of  his  native 
state,  where  he  practised  law  with  considerable 
reputation.  He  was  appointed  postmaster- ge- 
neral of  the  United  States,  in  1801,  and  retained 
the  office  until  1814,  after  which  he  removed  to 
New- York,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  tii'! 
senate  of  that  state  ;  he  died  in  1822. 

GRANT,  Francis,  lord  ('uUen,  an  eminejvt 
lawyer  and  judge,  of  Scotland,  died  in  1726, 
universally  respected. 

GRANT,  Patrick,  a  Scotch  judge,  who  wroto 
against  the  rebellion  ;  he  died  in  1762. 

GRANVILLE,  George,  viscount  l-ansdownc, 
an  eminent  English  poet,  born  in  Devonshire 
in  1667,  died  in  1735.  Having  vainly  endea- 
voured to  get  employment  in  arms,  for  tlie 
defence  of  James  II.,  to  whose  cause  he  waa 
warmly  attached,  he  passed  the  course  of  king 
William's  reign  in  private  life,  enjoying  the 
company  of  his  muse,  which  he  employed  in 
celebrating  the  reigning  beauties  of  that  age ; 
as  Waller,  whom  he  strove  to  imitate,  had  done 
tljose  of  the  preceding.  We  have  also  several 
dramatic  pieces  of  his,  which  were  all  well  re- 
ceived. 

GRAP ALDUS,  Francis  Marias,  a  native  of 
Parrna,  so  distinguished  as  an  ambassador  to 
the  pope,  that  Julius  II.,  crowned  him  with  his 
own  hand. 

GRAS,  Anthony  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Paris, 
who  translated  C.  Nepos  ;  he  died  in  1761. 

GRAS,  James  le,  an  advocate  of  Rouen,  who 
translated  Ilesiod  into  French  verse,  in  the  17lh 
century. 

GRASWINCKEL,  Theodore,  a  native  of 
Delft,  eminent  as  a  lawyer,  and  a  man  of  letters ; 
he  vindicated  the  Venetians  against  the  duke 
of  Savoy,  and  died  in  1666. 

GRATAROLUS,  William,  a  learned  physi- 
cian, of  Basil,  wrote  many  books,  and  died  in 
i.5r2. 

GRATJAN,  one  of  the  most  virtuous  of  the 
Roman  emperors,  son  of  Valeniinian,  born  in 
359,  was  assassinated  by  rebels  in  383. 

GRATIAN,  a  private  soldier,  raised  to  the 
throne  of  Britain,  in  407 ;   he  reigned  4  months. 

GRATIAN,  a  monk  of  Tuscany,  in  the  12th 
century ;  he  was  employed  24  years  in  recon- 
ciling the  contradictory  canons  one  to  another. 

GRATIANI,  Jerome,  an  Italian  of  the  17th 
century ;  he  wrote.  Conquest  of  Grenada,  &,c. 

GRATIUS,  Faliscus,  an  eminent  Latin  poet, 
supposed  to  have  been  cotemporary  with  Ovid. 
We  have  the  fragment  ol  a  poem  of  his  on 
hunting,  called  "  Cynegeticon." 

GRATIUS,  Ortuinus,  a  learned  German,  who 
wrote  several  works ;  he  died  in  1542. 

GRATT AN,  Right  Hon.  Henry,  a  statesman, 
and  an  orator,  born  in  Dublin,  about  1750.  He 
was  bred  to  the  bar,  but  relinquished  that  pro- 
fession for  the  senate.  He  was  elected  into  the 
Irish  parliament  in  1775,  and  by  his  powerful 
eloquence  obtained  for  his  country  a  participa- 
tion in  the  commerce  of  Britain  :  for  which  he 
was  rewarded  with  a  vote  of  .50,000^.  He  was 
the  active  and  vigilant  leader  of  the  opposition, 
■'II  the  Union,  which  measure  ho  resisted  vvilii 
\\\  his  power.  In  the  British  pariiameut  he 
219 


Gil 

ciiiefly  exerted  his  taleiits  in  advocating  t!ic 
tatholic  claims,  to  wiiich  cause  he  fell  a  mar- 
tyr, by  leaving  Ireland  in  an  exhausted  state  of 
health,  to  carry  to  England  the  petition  with 
which  he  had  been  intrusted.  He  died  soon 
after  his  arrival,  May  14,  1820,  and  was  buried 
in  Westminster  Abbey. 

GRAUNT,  John,  a  well  known  author  of 
"Observations  on  the  Bills  of  Mortality,"  born 
in  London,  in  1620,  died  in  1G74. 

GRAUNT,  Edward,  a  learned  man,  head  of 
Westminster  school,  died  in  160]. 

GRAVELOT,  Henry  Francis  Bourguignon,  a 
very  famous  engraver,  bom  at  Paris,  in  1699, 
died  ir.  1773. 

GRAVEROL,  Francis  a  French  advocate , 
lie  wrote  Sorberiana,  and  died  in  1694. 

GRAVES,  Thomas  Lord,  a  gallant  British  ad- 
miral, born  at  Thanckes,  in  Cornwall,  died 
in  1802. 

GRAVES,  Richard,  52  j'ears  rector  of  Cla- 
verton,  near  Bath,  was  born  at  Mickleton,  in 
Gloucestershire,  in  1715;  at  the  age  of  16  he 
was  chosen  a  scholar  of  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford ;  and  in  1736  elected  a  fellow  of  All 
S'ouls.  He  was  presented  to  the  living  of  Cla- 
verton,  in  1750  ;  and  from  that  time  to  his  death 
in  1804,  never  absented  himself  a  single  month 
at  any  one  time :  thus  setting  an  example  worthy 
the  approbation  and  imitation  of  all  clergymen. 
-Mr.  Graves  was  the  intimate  friend  and  corres- 
pondent of  Shenstone,  as  well  asof  many  other 
literary  characters,  and  was  author  of  an  inge- 
nious satirical  novel,  called  "  The  Spiritual 
Quixotte;"  besides  a  dramatic  piece,  essays,  and 
many  poems,  translations,  and  sermons  on  vari- 
ous subjects.  He  always  enjoyed  good  health, 
and  but  a  few  months  before  his  death,  when 
nearly  90  years  of  age,  published  "  The  Invalid, 
with  the  obvious  Means  of  enjoying  Life,  by  a 
Nonagenarian."  There  is  an  ease,  and  spright- 
iiness,  and  an  epigrammatic  turn  in  his  writ- 
ings, which  was  peculiar  to  himself,  and  will 
make  them  be  always  read  with  pleasure. 

GRAVESANDE,  WilHam  James,  a  cele- 
brated mathematician  and  moral  philosopher, 
born  in  1688,  at  Bois-le-Duc,  in  Holland,  died 
in  1742. 

GRAVINA,  Peter,  an  Italian  poet,  who  pub- 
lished a  4to  vol.  of  poems  much  admired. 

GRAVINA,  John  Vincent,  an  eminent  dra- 
matic poet,  critic,  antiquary,  and  lawyer,  of 
Italy,  bom  at  Roggiano,  in  1664,  died  in  1718. 
The  greatest  of  all  his  works,  and  for  which  he 
will  be  ever  memorable,  is  his  three  books,  "  De 
Ortu  et  Progressu  Juris  Civilis." 

GR  AY,  Thomas,  eminent  for  a  few  poems  that 
he  has  left,  was  born  in  London,  in  1716,  and 
died  in  1771.  He  was  perhaps  the  most  learned 
man  in  Europe,  equally  acquainted  with  the 
elegant  and  the  profound  parts  of  science.  A 
new  arrangement  of  his  poems,  with  notes  and 
aaditions,  wiis  made  and  printed  in  8vo.,  in  1799. 

GRAYSON,  William,  a  senator  of  the  United 
States,  from  Virginia ;  of  great  abilities  and 
unimpeacljable  imegrity ;  he  died  in  1790. 

GRAZZINI,  Antony  p'ranois.surnamedLasca, 
considered  nearly  of  equal  merit  as  a  writer  with 
Hoccace  ;  he  died  in  l.>53. 

GREAT  R  AK  ES,  Valentine,  a  most  extraordi- 
nary person,  celebrated  for  his  power  (real  or 
supposed)  of  curing  the  king's  evil  and  other 
diseases  by  stroking  the  affected  parts  with  his 
hands.  He  was  born  in  Ireland,  in  1628,  but  it  is 
not  recorded  in  what  yoar  he  died.  He  was 
iiving,  however,  in  IGsl. 
220 


GR 

GREAVES,  John,  an  eminent  mathematician 
and  antiquary,  born  at  Cojmnre,  Hants,  in  1C02, 
published  several  learned  works,  and  died  in 
1052. 

GRECOURT,  John  Baptist  Joseph  Villartde,  a 
French  poet,  who  became  a  favourite  of  men  of 
wit  and  rank  ;  he  died  in  1743. 

GREEN,  Robert,  a  dramatic  author  in  queen 
Elizabeth's  reign,  born  in  1.550.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  wit  and  humour,  but  in  the  life  that  hr. 
led  prostituted  great  talents  to  the  purposes  of 
vice  and  obscenity ;  and  upon  tl^.e  whole,  both 
in  theory  and  practice,  seems  to  have  been  a 
most  perfect  libertine.  His  works  of  different 
kinds  are  very  numerous ;  many  of  ihfm  are 
pastoral  romances  in  prose  and  verse.  His  dra- 
matic pieces,  amounting  to  four  or  five,  may  be 
seen  in  the  "  Biographia  Dramatica  ;"  he  "died 
in  1592.  One  of  his  biographers  says  of  him. 
tliat  his  works  contain  the  seeds  of  viiiue.  while 
his  acts  display  the  tares  of  folly. 

GREEN,  Matthew,  an  ingenious  English  poet, 
born  in  1696,  of  a  good  family  among  the  dis- 
senters ;  held  an  office  in  the  custom-house  of 
London,  and  died  in  1737.  His  poems  were  first 
collected  and  published  in  12mo,  in  1796.  The 
most  celebrated  ofthem  is  entitled  "The  Spleen," 
in  which  (says  Mr.  Mclmouth)  "  there  are  n)0!e 
original  thoughts  thrown  together,  than  I  have 
ever  rpad  in  Che  same  compass  of  lines. 

GREEN,  Dr.  Maurice,  an  eminent  musician 
and  composer,  who  was  successively  organist 
and  composer  to  the  Royal  Chapel,  professor 
of  music  in  the  university  of  Cambridge,  and 
master  of  the  royal  band.  About  1750,  he  con- 
ceived a  project  of  reforming  church-music, 
and  had  made  a  considerable  progress  in  the 
work ;  but,  his  health  failing  him,  he  transmitted 
the  further  prosecution  of  it  to  his  friend  Dr. 
Boyce,  who  completed  and  published  it.  Dr. 
Green  was  born  in  London,  and  died  in  1755. 

GREEN,  John  Richard.  See  GIFFORD. 
John. 

GREEN,  John,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  an 
eminent  controversial  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
born  at  Hull,  about  17^:8,  died  in  1779. 

GREEN,  Samuel,  the  first  printer  in  North- 
America,  who  printed  first  the  freeman's  oathj 
then  an  almanac;  he  died  after  1685. 

GREEN,  Edward  Burnnby.  a  gentleman  well 
known  in  the  regions  of  Parnassus,  by  "  Tians- 
lations  of  Anacreon  and  Pindar,"  and  many 
sinsrle  poems  and  essays  ;  he  died  in  1788. 

GREENE,  William,  deputy  governor  and  go- 
vernor of  the  colony  of  Rhode-Island,  died  in 
1758. 

GREENE,  William,  chief  justice  and  after- 
wards governor  of  the  state  of  Rhode-Island, 
died  in  1809. 

GREENE,  Nathaniel,  a  major-general  in  the 
amiy  of  the  United  Stales,  during:  the  revolu- 
tion, distinguished  himself  in  the  battics  of  Tren- 
ton and  Princeton,  and  afterwards,  in  that  of 
Germantown,  where  he  commanded  the  left, 
and  of  Monmouth,  where  he  commanded  the 
right  wing  of  the  army.  He  was  appointed 
quarter  master  general,  in  1778,  and  in  1760  to 
the  command  of  the  southern  army,  with  which 
he  gained  the  victory  at  the  Eutaw  Springs. 
His  bravery,  skill,  and  services,  were  such  as 
to  merit  the'exprcss  approbation  of  congress,  and 
of  his  country  ;  he  died  in  Georgia,  in  1786. 

GREENHILL,  John,  a  very  ingenious  En- 
glish painter,  the  most  excellent  of  all  the  disci 
pies  of  Sir  Peter  Lely,  who  is  said  to  have  con- 
■  lerrd  hija  so  much  a  rival,  that  he  ncvci 


Gil 


GR 


suffered  him  to  see  him  paint;  he  was  born  at  coiuniended  by  Dr.  Halley  as  very  jirupur  I'ur 
Salisbury,  and  died  in  167G.  practice. 

GREENUP,  Christopher,  a  soldier  of  the  re-  |  G II P.GORY,  David,  a  distinguished  niathe- 
volution,  and  a  representative  in  congress,  from  maiician,  wiio  tii>,t  introduced  Newton's  Priiici- 
Kentucky,  was  governor  of"  that  state,  in  1804  ;  Ipiir  into  the  nniversity  schools  ;  he  died  in  1710. 
he  died  in  1818.  GREGORY,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  physician 

GREENVILLE,  Sir  Richard,  grandfather,  and  moral  writer,  died  in  1773.  His  writings 
of  the  well  known  Sir  Bevil  Greenville,  com-  jare  spirited  and  elegant,  and  calculated  for  gc 
mandcd  a  fleet  in  America,  in  1585,  against  the 


Spaniards,  but  was  taken,  and  died  of  his 
wounds. 

GREENVILLE,  Sir  Bevil,  distinguished  in 
the  civil  wars  for  defending  his  sovereign;  he 
fell  at  the  battle  of  Lansdowne,  in  1643. 

GREENWOOD,  Isaac,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics and  natural  philosophy,  in  Harvard  col- 
lege, from  1728  to  1738. 

GREGORIUS,  GeorgiusFlorentinns,  a  learn- 
ed bishop  of  Tours,  in  the  6ih  century  ;  he  was 
an  able  writer,  bat  censured  by  Gibbon  ;  he  died 
about  595. 

GREGORY,  George,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
?.nd  miscellaneous  writei-,  was  settled  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  supported  and  defended  the  ini- 
nistrv  by  his  writings  ;  he  died  in  1808. 

GREGORY,  St.,  suniamed  the  Great,  a  mild 
and  brnevolent  pontiif,  died  in  604. 

GREGORY  II.,  an  enlightened  and  virtuods 
pontiff,  died  in  731. 

GREGORY  III.,  acharitable,  butmagni.flcent 

fioiitiff,  who  added  splendour  to  the  holy  see  ; 
le  died  in  1741. 

GREGORY  IV.,  who  visited  France,  to  re 
concile  the  iarring  interests  of  the  royal  family 
of  France,  but  without  success ;  he  died  in  884. 

GREGORY  v.,  Brunon,  a  German,  pope  after 
John  XVI. :  he  died  in  9S9. 

GREGORY  VI.,  John  Gratian,  who  attempt- 
ed to  restore  the  revenues  of  the  church  ;  he  ab- 
dicated the  tiara  in  104fi. 

GREGORY  V(T.,  Hildebrand, succeeded  Alex- 
ander II. ;  he  abdicated  the  pontificate,  and  died 
ill  un'i. 

G  REGORY  VIII.,  Albert  de  Mora,  succeeded 
Ur!;an  HI.,  and  died  two  months  after,  in  1187. 

GREGORY  IX.,  Usjoiin,  elected  pope  in  1227. 
He  excited  the  Christian  princes  to  undertake  a 
crusade,  and  died  in  1241. 

GREGORY  X.,  Theobald,  summoned  a  ge- 
neral council  at  Lyons,  and  endeavoured  to  heal 
all  schisms  in  religion ;  he  died  in  1276. 

GREGORY  XI.,  Peter  Roger,  a  promoter  of 
concord  and  benevolence  among  the  Christian, 
princes  ;  he  died  in  1378. 

GREGORY  XII.,  elected  pope  in  1406,  dtuing 
the  schism  of  the  West ;  he  died  in  1417. 

GREGORY  XIIL,  Hugh  Buoncompagno, 
sleeted  pope  after  Pius  V.,  in  1572  ;  he  reform- 
ed the  calendar,  and  adopted  the  style  which 
bears  his  name.     He  died  in  1585. 

GREGORY  XIV.,  Nicholas  Sfondrate,  elect- 
ed pope  after  Urban  VII.,  and  died  m  1591. 
•     GREGORY  XV.,  Alexander  Ludovisio,  made 
pope  in  1621,  died  in  1623. 

GREGORY,  James,  a  very  eminent  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1639,  died  in 
1075.  T!ie  chief  inventions  of  Gregory  are,  the 
reflecting  telescope,  the  burning  concave  mir- 
ror, and  the  quadrature  of  the  circlo  by  an  in- 
finite converging  series.  He  was  likewise  the 
first  who  denionstrated  the  meridian  lit)e  to  be 
analagous  to  a  scale  of  lograrithic  tangents,  of 
the  half  complement  of  latitude  :  he  also  invent- 
ed and  demonstrated  geometrically,  by  the  help 
of  the  hyperbola,  a  very  swift  converging  series 
for  making  the  logarithms,  and  therefore  re- 

19* 


neral  utility.  Those  by  which  he  is  best  know) 
jare,  "  A  Comparative  View  of  the  state  of  Man 
[and  other  Animals;"  "  A  Father's  Ijegncy  to 
his  Daughters  ;  and  "  An  Essay  on  the  Ofnco 
and  Duties  of  a  Physician  ;"  by  the  latter  of 
Iwhich  he  plamly  shows  that  he  thought  the 
medical  art,  to  be  generally  admired,  i'.eeded 
only  to  be  better  known  ;  and  that  the  affecta- 
tion of  concealment  retarded  its  progress,  ren- 
dered it  a  suspicious  art,  and  tended  to  draw 
ridicule  and  disgrace  on  its  professors. 

GREGORY,  John,  an  English  divine,  who 
wrote  several  works ;  he  died  in  1646. 

GREGORY,  Edmund,  author  of  the  "  His- 
torical Anatomy  of  Christian  Melancholy,"  &:c. 
died  in  1650. 

GREGORY,  Nazianzen,  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople, born  in  324,  died  in  339.  He  was 
one  of  the  ablest  champions  of  the  orthodox 
aith  concerning  the  Trinity,  whence  he  had 
the  title  given  him  of  "  THE  DIVINE,"  by 
unanimous  consent. 

GREGORY,  Nyssen,  bishop  of  Nyssa,  in  371, 
and  author  of  the  Nicene  Creed,  died  in  396. 

GREGORY,  Theodorus,  bishop  of  Neo-Cesa- 
ea,  surnamcd  Thaumaturgus,  a  disciple  of 
Origen,  and  famous  for  his  conversion  of  the 
Gentiles  ;  he  died  about  2C5. 

GREGORY  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse,  au- 
thor of  some  learned,  but  injudicious  works ; 
he  «iiedin  1527. 

GREGORY,  Dr.  George,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
and  a  learned  and  indngtrious  moral  and  miscel 
laneous  writer,  died  vicar  of  West-Ham,  in  1808. 
GRENADA,  Lewis  de,  who  refused  the  bish- 
opric of  Braganza,  being  so  much  attached  to 
a  monastic  life  ;  he  died  in  1588. 

G  REN  AN,  Benignus,  a  Latin  poet,  poetical 
rival  of  professor  Coffin ;  he  died  in  1723. 
GRENCE,  a  French  painter  of  great  merit. 
GRENVILLE,  George,  a  celebrated  British 
statesman,  known  in  parliamentary  history  for 
his  two  bills  for  a  more  regular  payment  of  the 
navy,  in  1757,  a.nd  for  the  trial  of  contested  elec- 
tions in  1770. 

GRESHAM,  Sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  mer- 
chant, born  in  London,  in  1519,  and  died  in  1579. 
He  was  well  acquainted  with  the  ancient  and  se- 
veral modern  languages,  had  a  very  comprehen- 
sive knowledge  of  all  affairs  relating  to  com* 
merce,  whether  foreign  or  domestic;  and  his  sue- 
ce.ss  was  not  less,  being  in  his  time  esteemed  the 
richest  commoner  in  England  He  transacted 
queen  Elizabeth's  mercantile  affairs  so  constant- 
ly, that  he  was  called  "  The  Royal  Merchant;" 
and  his  house  was  sometimes  appointed  for 
the  reception  of  foreign  princes  upon  their  first 
arrival  in  London  ;  but  the  most  shining  part 
of  his  character  appears  in  his  public  benefac- 
tions. Th»  Royal  Exchange,  which  he  built, 
wa.s  a  singular  ornament  to  the  city  of  London, 
and  a  great  convenience  to  the  merchants,  wh.o 
wanted  such  a  place  to  meet  and  transact  their 
affairs  in  ;  and  the  donation  of  his  own  man- 
sion-house, in  Bishop-sgate-street,  for  a  scat  of 
learning  and  the  liberal  arts,  with  the  handsome 
provision  made  for  the  endov/ment  and  sijpport 
of  it,  was  such  an  instance  of  a  gpuerous  and 
221 


GR 

public  spiiil  as  has  been  equaJled  by  few,  and 
must  perpetuaie  his  iiieUiOiy  with  the  highest 
t  steem  and  gratitude,  so  long  as  any  regard  to 
learning  and  virtue  is  preserved  ;  nor  ought  his 
charities  to  the  poor,  his  8  ahns-houses,  and  his 
liberal  coutributioiii  to  the  10  prisons  and  hos- 
pitals in  Jjondon  and  Soutbwark,  to  be  forgotten 
in  the  delineation  of  Sir  Thomas  Gresham's  be- 
nevolent character. 

GRESSET,  John  Baptist  Lewis,  a  celebrated 
I'rench  poet,  and  author  of  Vert-vert ;  he  died 
iu  1T77. 

GRETSER,  James,  a  learned  Jesuit,  24  years 
prolessor  at  Ingoldstadt :  he  died  in  1635. 

GRRUZE,  a  very  eminent  French  painter. 

GRl'lVENBROECK,  an  admired  Flemish  pain- 
ter, of  the  17th  century. 

GREVILLE,  Fulk,  or  Foulk,  lord  Brooke, 
an  eminent  statesman,  historian  and  dramatic 
writer,  born  in  Warwickshire,  in  1554,  was 
assassinated  by  one  of  his  domestics  in  1(328. 

GREVIN,  James,  a  poet  and  physician;  he 
wrote  several  plavs,  &c.,  and  died  in  1573. 

GREVIUS.  or"GR.EVlUS,  John  George,  a 
celebrated  Latin  critic,  born  in  1GS2,  at  Naum- 
bourg,  in  Saxony,  died  in  1703. 

t;REW,  Obadiah,  an  English  divine,  who 
sided  with  the  presbyter  ians,  but  opposed  their 
views  in  cutting  off  the  king ;  he  died  in  1S98. 

GREW,  Nehemiah,  a  learned  writer  and  phy- 
sician, and  secretary  to  the  Royal  Society,  born 
at  Coventry,  in  1628.  His  chief  works  are  "  A 
(Catalogue  of  the  natural  and  artificial  Rarities 
belonging  to  the  Society;"  "A  Comparative 
Anatomy  of  the  Stomach  and  Guts;"  and  "The 
A;iatomy  of  Plants,"  &.c.  ;  he  died  in  1711. 

GREY,  Lady  Jane,  an  illustrious,  but  unfor- 
tunate personage  of  the  blood  royal  of  England 
by  boti)  parents;  hergrandmotiieronher  fa.Ler's 
side,  Henry  Grey,  marquis  of  Dorset,  being  queen 
consort  to  Edward  IV.,  and  her  grandmother 
on  her  mother's,  lady  Frances  Brandon,  being 
daughter  to  Henry  VH.,  queen  Dowager  of 
France,  and  mother  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots. 
Bhe  was  born  m  1537,  and  fell  a  victim  to  the  am- 
bition of  her  parents,  who  on  the  demise  of 
Eaward  VI.,  overcame  her  by  their  persuasions 
to  sutler  herself  to  be  proclaimed  queen  of  Eng- 
land. Though  only  an  innocent  agent,  she 
was,  on  the  accession  of  Mary,  declared  guilty 
of  high  treason,  and  beheaded  in  1554,  aged  17 
years.  She  was  eminent  for  her  piety  and 
learning,  being  mistress  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
languages,  in  both  of  which  she  wr.i»e  elegant 
lette.'s,  which  were  printed  after  her  death. 

GREY,  Dr  Zachary,  an  ingenious  English 
scholar,  born  in  Yorkshire,  in  1687,  died  at 
Amprhill,  in  1766.  He  was  the  author  of  nearly 
30  publications  ;  but  his  edition  of  "  Hudibras," 
5i  volumes  8vo.,  is  the  work  which  will  best  pre 
serve  his  memory. 

GREY,  Dr.  Richard,  a  learned  English  divine 
and  polemical  writer,  born  in  1693,  died  in  1771. 
He  published  "  Jlemoria  Technica  ;  or  a  new 
Method  of  Artificial  Memory  ;"  "  A  System  of 
English  Ecclesiastical  Law  ;"  "  A  new  and  easy 
Metliod  of  learnins  Hebrew  without  points,"  &c. 

GRIBALDUS,Matthew,  a  learned  civilian,  oi" 
Padua,  who  left  Italy  to  embrace  protesrantism  ; 
he  embraced  the  auti-trinilarian  doctrine,  'or 
which  he  was  persecuted ;  he  died  of  the  plague, 
in  1564. 


GRIBNER,  Michael  Henry,  professor  of  law 
at  Wittemberg,  wrote  several  works  on  jurispru- 
dence, and  died  in  1734 

GRIDLEY,  Jeremy,  attorney  general  of  the||MoRtpcl!er,died  in  J791 

2%2 


GR 

province  of  Massachusetts,  of  great  distincnoii ; 
lie  died  in  1767. 

GRIERSON.Constantia,  born  at  Kilkenny,  in 
Ireland,  1706,  died  1733.  She  was  an  excellent 
scholar,  not  only  in  Greek  and  Roman  literature, 
but  in  histcrj',  divinity,  philosophy,  and  matlie- 
matics  ;  and  wrote  elegantly  both  in  verse  and 
prose. 

GRIESBACH,  John  Jacob,  a  learned  critic  and 
divine,  born  in  Hesse  Darmstadt,  1745.  In  1775, 
he  published  his  editir^i  of  the  "  Greek  Testa- 
ment," with  various  readings;  an  inestimable 
work.  His  "  Critical  Notes  upon  the  Scriptures" 
are  very  valuable.  He  died  at  Jena,  where  he 
was  diviniiv  professor,  in  1812. 

GRIFFET,  Henry,  a  Jesuit,  of  Moulins,  who 
died  at  Brussels,  in  1775.  He  published  Daniel's 
Histoiy  of  France. 

GRIFFIER,John,  an  eminent  painter,  called 
old  Grjffier ;  he  died  in  London,  in  1718.  His  son, 
called  young  Griffier,  was  an  excellent  landscape 
painter,  and  was  living  m  1713. 

GRIFFIN,  Cyrus,  a  member,  and  president  of 
congress  ;  a  warm  friend  of  the  independence 
of  the  colonies ;  and,  in  1780,  a  judge  of  the 
United  States'  district  court  for  Virginia ;  he 
idled  in  1810. 

GRIFFIN,  the  last  i)rince  of  Wales  before  its 
lina!  subjugation  by  the  English,  was  murdered 
bv  his  conquerors. 

GRIFFITH,  Michael,  a  native  of  London,  who 
became  a  Jesuit,  and  was  missionary  of  his  order 
in  F  ngland  ;  he  died  in  1653. 

GRIFFITH,  Elizabeth,  a  novelist  and  drama- 
tic writer  of  some  eminence,  first  distinguished 
by  "  The  Letters  of  Henrj'  and  Frances,"  which 
contained  the  genuine  correspondence  between 
lier  and  her  husband  before  their  marriage.  Her 
next  publication  was,  "  Memoirs  of  Ninon  de 
L'Enclos."  Beside  these,  she  wrote  three  novels, 
four  comedies,  the  "  Morality  of  Shakespeare's 
Drama  illustrated,"  and  ''E&says  addressed  to 
W'hich  closed  and 
She  died  in  Ireland, 
1793. 

GRIFFITHS,  Ralph,  first  editor  of  the  Month- 
ly Review,  beeun  in  1749,  which  he  edited  very 
ably  ;  he  died  in  1803. 

GRIGNAN,  Frances  Margaret  de  Sevigne, 
countess  of;  the  correspondence  between  hei 
and  her  mother  is  hiirhly  esteemed  ;  she  died  in 
1705. 

GRIGNION,  Charles,  an  engraver,  who  ac- 
quired great  reputation  in  England,  until  his 
manner  was  superseded  by  a  more  fashionable 
and  imposing  style  ;  he  died  in  1810,  aged  94. 

GRIGNON,  Jaques,  an  eminent  French  en- 
graver of  portraits,  flourished  toward  the  end 
of  the  17th  centurv. 

GRIGNON,  t'har'es,  an  English  painter  of 
some  celebrity,  who  was  sent  by  the  royal  aca- 
demy to  Rome,  where  he  painted  a  picture  of 
the  death  of  captain  Cook,  ficc. ;  he  died  at  Leg- 
horn, in  1804. 

I  GRIM  ALDI,  John  Francis,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, born  at  Bologna,  in  1606,  studied  under  Car 
jracci,  to  whom  he  was  related,  and  died  in  1680. 
GRIMANI,  Domenico,  son  of  the  doge  of  Ve- 
nice, a  Icamed  man,  died  in  1523. 

GRIMANI,  Hubert,  an  excellent  portrait  pain 
ter,  of  Delft,  died  in  1629. 

GRIMAREST,  Leonard,  a  Frenchman,  whc 
wrote  the  life  of  Charles  XII.,  &c.  ;  he  died  in 
1720. 
CRIMAUD,  N.  de,  professor  of  naedicifle  ai 


JYoung  Married  Women," 
crowned  her  licerarv  career. 


GR 

GRIMMER,  James,  an  adiiiiicil  landscape 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in  1546. 

GRIMOUX,  a  French  painter,  who  affected  to 
make  no  distinction  between  night  and  day  ;  h 
died  in  1740. 

GRIMSTON,  Sir  Harbottle,  master  of  the 
rolJs  to  Charles  II.,  an  eminent  law  writer,  and 
oiiginal  editor  to  Judge  Croke's  Reports,  born  in 
ir>d4,  died  in  168.3. 

GRINDAL,  Edmund,  archbishop  of  Canter 
Mury,  an  able  theological  writer,  born  in  1519, 
Jied  at  Crovdon,  in  15S3. 

GRINGOXNEUR,  Jacquemin,  a  Parisian 
painter  of  the  14th  century,  who  is  said  to  have 
invented  cards  to  amuse  the  melancholy  hours 
of  Charles  VI.,  king  of  France. 

GRINGORE,  Peter,  herald  at  arms  to  the  duke 
of  Lorraine,  died  in  1544. 

GRISAUNT,  WilHam,  an  English  physician, 
astronomer  and  mathematician  of  some  note  ; 
the  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

GRISWOLD,  Roger,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
lawyer  of  Connecticut,  was  a  distinguished  and 
influential  member  of  Congress  under  the  ad- 
mi  aistration  of  the  first  President  Adams,  and 
Ills  successor.  In  1801  he  was  appointed  secre- 
tary of  war,  an  office  which  he  declined  ;  he 
^vas  afterwards  successively  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court,  and  lieuienant  governor  and  go- 
vernor of  his  native  state.    He  died  in  1812. 

GRIVE,  John  de  la,  a  French  geographer, 
born  at  Sedan  ;  author  of  "  Topography  of  Pa- 
ris," &c.  ;  he  died  in  1757. 

GROCHOWSKl,  a  Pole,  who  was  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Byezekociny  with  Kosciusko,  in  1791,  in 
which  he  was  mortally  wounded. 

GROCYN,  William, born  at  Bristol.  1442,  died 
lo]9.  He  was  a  greater  master  of  the  Greek 
and  Latin  languages,  and  introduced  a  better 
pronunciation  of  the  latter,  than  had  been  knov/n 
before  in  England.  He  was  professor  of  Greek 
at  Oxford,  where  he  is  said  to  have  taught 
Erasmus. 

GRODITIUS,  Stanislaus,  a  Jesuit,  of  Poland, 
author  of  8  vols,  of  Latin  sermons,  &c.  ;  he  died 
inlG13. 

GRONOVIUS,  John  Frederic,  an  eminent  ci 
vihan,  historian,  and  critic,  born  at  Hamburgh, 
in  ir,13,  died  in  1672. 

GRONOVIUS,  James,  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  a  writer  on  the  belles  lettres,  born  at  De- 
venfer,  iu  1645,  and  died  in  1716.  His  chef 
d'ceuvre  is,  "  Thesaurus  Antiquiiatura  Grjeca- 
rum,"  13  vols,  folio. 

GROPPER,  John,  an  able  polemic,  of  West- 
phalia, who  had  a  great  abhorrence  of  women, 
lie  died  in  1559. 

GROS,  Peter,  an  able  sculptor,  who  embel- 
lished the  capital  of  France  with  his  art ;  he 
die.?  in  1710. 

GROS,  Nicholas,  a  theologian,  of  Rheims, 
■.vhose  opposition  to  the  bull  unigenitus  obliged 
him  to  flee  from  France  to  England  ;  he  was  au- 
thor of  several  works,  and  died  in  1751. 

GROSE,  Francis,  F.S.  A.,  who,  after  havirvg 
illustrated  the  "  Antiquities  of  England,  Wales, 
and  Scotland,"  in  a  series  of  views  of  monastic 
and  nther  ruins,  was  on  the  point  of  completing 
his  design  by  those  of  "  Ireland,"  where  he  had 
been  employed  about  a  month  before  his  death, 
which  happened  in  1791,  in  the  ."iSdyearof  his 
Bge.  He  published  also  "  A  Treatise'on  ancient 
Armour  and  Weapons ;"  "  A  Clas,-jical  Die 
tionary  of  the  Vulgar  Tongue  ;"  "  A  provincial 
Glossary,  with  a  Collection  of  local  Proverbs 
and  popular  Superstitions;"  and  "Rules  for 


GR 

drawing  Caricatures;  the  Subject  il!u?traied 
Willi  four  Copperplates  ;  with  an  Essay  on  Co- 
mic PaiiUing." 

GROSLEY,  Peter  John,  a  Frenchman,  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  belles  letters,  &c.,  and 
author  of  several  works;  he  died  in  1735. 

GROSSETESTE,  Robert,  an  English  prelate 
who  wrote  commentaries  on  Aristotle,  &c.  Dr. 
P&Zg'i  wrote  his  life  ;  he  died  in  1253. 

GROSTESTE,  Claude,  a  minister  of  Savoy, 
who  went  to  London  on  the  revocation  of  thf 
edict  of  Nantes  ;  lie  wrote  several  works,  and 
died  in  1713. 

GROSVENOR,  Benjamin,  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, and  minister  of  a  dissenting  congregation 
there  ;  he  wrote  an  Essay  on  Health,  &:c.,  and 
died  iu  17.58. 

GROTIUS,  Hugo,  or  Hugo  de  Groot,  born  at 
Delft,  in  1583,  died  in  1645.  He  was  eminent  as  a 
lawyer,  philosopher,  uialhematician,  historian, 
poUtical  and  poetical  writer  ;  but  his  chief  works 
are  "  Treatise  of  the  Truth  of  the  Christian 
Religion ;"  and,  which,  suigly,  is  sufficient  to 
render  his  name  immortal,  his  "  Treatise  of  the 
Rights  of  War  and  Peace,"  "  De  Jure  Belli  et 

GROTIUS,  V/illiam,  brother  of  Hugo,  was  a 
distinguished  lawyer  and  a  writer  on  law  ;  he 
died  in  1662. 

GROVE,  Henry,  a  learned  divine  among  the 
English  dissenters,  born  at  Taunton,  in  1683,  died 
in  1738,  leaving  some  very  excellent  theological 
treatises. 

GROVE,  Joseph,  an  English  historical  and 
critical  writer,  died  in  1764.  His  best  work  is  a 
"  Life  of  cardinal  Wolsey." 

GRUBER,  Gabriel,  a  very  distinguished  Je- 
suit, born  at  Vienna,  who  at  an  early  age  made 
great  proficiency  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  He 
practised  and  taught  successively,  rhetoric,  his- 
tory, mathematics,  hydraulics,  chyniistry, archi- 
tecture, and  medicine,  in  which  he  obtained  the 
degree  of  doctor.  His  recreations  were  physi- 
cal and  chymical  experiiiients,  drawing  and 
painting.  On  the  suppression  of  the  society  of 
Jesuits,  the  empress  Maria  Theresa  took  him 
into  her  service,  and  intrusted  to  him  the  su- 
perintendence of  ship- building  at  Trieste,  as 
well  as  the  draining  of  the  Sclavonian  and  Hun- 
garian morasses.  As  soon  as  he  learned  that  the 
society  continued  to  exist  in  the  Russian  em- 
pire under  tlie  protection  of  the  government,  he 
joined  the  society  at  Polocz,  where  he  applied 
himself  to  his  favourite  studies  for  several  years. 
Being  sent  to  St.  Petersburgh  several  times  on 
the  business  of  the  society,  he  gained  the  esteem 
of  their  imperial  majesties.  In  1802  he  wa3 
elected  general  of  the  society,  and  showed  much 
tranquillity  and  perseverance  in  very  arduous 
and  trying  circumstances.  By  his  exertions,  the 
I  order  increased  in  Russia,  and  was  restored  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples.  His  amiable  and  phi- 
iianthropic  behaviour,  and  the  variety  and  ex- 
jtent  of  his  knowledge,  procured  him  many 
friends,  as  well  as  the  confidence  and  good- will 
of  men  of  the  highest  rank.  With  those  abili- 
ties and  information  which  form  a  great  mind, 
he  united  the  piety  and  virtue  of  a  true  member 
of  a  relidous  order.     He  died  in  1805. 

GRUCHIUS,  Nicolas,  of  Rouen,  was  the  first 
who  explained  Aristotle  in  Greek  ;  he  died  in 
1572. 

GRUDIUS,  Nieolas    Everard,  treasurer  of 
'habant ;  he  wrote  sacred  and  profane  history 
in  Latin,  and  died  in  1571. 
GRUE,  Thomas,  a  Frenchman,  in  the  latter 
223 


GU 

part  of  the  ITtli  ceiUuiy,  who  iiantiaiea  Kos-s 
IJ.istory  of  aU  Rehgons  into  French,  &c. 

GRUET,  N.,  a  youn?  poet  of  pronusing  abili- 
ties ;  he  was  killed  by  the  discharge  of  a  fowling 
piece,  in  1778. 

GRUGET,  Claude,  a  Parisian,  of  the  16th 
century,  who  tianslated  Spanish  and  Italian 
works  into  French. 

GRUIMER,  John  Frederic,  an  able  theologian 
and  scholar,  of  Cobourg,  and  author  of  several 
works  on  language  ;  he  died  in  1778. 

GRUTERUS,  Janus,  a  celebrated  philologer, 
antiquary  and  historian,  born  at  Antwerp,  in 
25;:u,  died  in  1C27. 

GliUTERUS,  Peter,  a  practitioner  of  physic, 
in  Flanders,  who  published  "  A  Century  of 
Latin  Letters,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  1G34. 

GRYLLUS,  son  of  Xenophon,  slew  Epami- 
nondas,  and  fell  himself  at  the  battle  of  Ma- 
tinea,  3fi3  B.  C. 

GRYN.'EUS,  Simon,  a  learned  German,  Greek 
professor  at  Vienna,  and  afterwards  at  Heidel- 
berg, became  a  protestant,  for  which  he  sufiered 
much  ;  he  died  in  1541. 

GRYNJEUS.  John  James,  a  native  of  Berne, 
and  minister  and  professor  at  Basril ;  he  died  in 
1617. 

GRYN^.US,  Thomas,  was  professor  of  Greek 
and  Latin,  at  Berne  and  Basil ;  he  left  four  sons, 
all  eminent  in  literature. 

GRYPHIARDER,  John,  professor  of  history 
and  poetry,  at  Jena,  died  in  1612. 

GRYPHIUS,  Sebastian,  a  very  celebrated 
printer,  of  Lyons,  in  France,  born  in  Germany, 
in  1493.  The  books  printed  by  him  are  highly 
\'alued  by  the  connoisseurs,  being  no  less  accu- 
rate than  beautiful ;  he  died  in  1536. 

GRYPHIUS,  Andrew,  the  Corneille  of  Ger- 
nianv.  died  in  1664. 

GRYPHIUS,  Christian,  son  of  Andrew,  was 
professor  of  eloquence  at  Breslaw  ;  he  was  a 
man  of  extensive  erudition,  &c.,  and  died  in 
1706. 

GT^A  DE  MALVES,  John  Paul  de,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  who  first  conceived  the  idea  of  an 
encyclopedia,  which  was  executed  by  d'Alem- 
bert ;  he  died  in  178;i. 

G  U  ADAGNOLO,  Philip,  a  learaed  orientalist, 
bom  at  Masliano,  and  author  of  several  works ; 
ho  died  ir  l'656. 

GU.'VGUfN,  Alexander, an  author,  who  wrote 
some  topographical  works;  he  died  at  Cracow, 
after  1581 

GTIALBERT,  St.  John,  a  Florentine,  who 
founded  a  monastery  at  Vallombrosa,  which 
spot  is  immortalized  by  Milton  ;  he  died  in  1073. 
GUAIiDUS,  Prioratus,  an  Italian,  historio- 
prophcr  to  the  emperor  ;  he  wrote  the  histories 
of  Ferdinard  11.  and  III.,  &c.,  and  died  in  1078. 

GUALTERUS,  Rodolphus.  author  of  Com- 
mentarips  on  the  Bible,  &c.,  died  in  1586 

GU  ARIN,  Peter,  an  excellent  Hebrew  scholar, 
of  Rouen  :  he  died  in  1729. 

GUARINI,  an  eminentscholar,  of  a  noble  Ve- 
ronese family,  professor  of  languaees  at  Ferrara, 
and  author  of  some  works;  he  died  in  1400. 

GU.ARlNf,  John  Baptist,  a  celebrated  Italian 
pnef,  born  at  Ferrara.  in  1537,  died  in  1612  The 
"  Pastor  Fido"  has  immortalized  the  name  of 
Guarini. 

GUARTNT.  Guarino,  a  well  known  architect, 
who  embellished  Turin  and  Paris;  be  died  in 
1083. 

GT^APCO,  Octavian,  a  native  of  Turin,  who 
distincuished  himself  by  his  writings ;  he  died 
in  1783. 

224 


GU _I_~~^ 

GUAY  TkoUIA,  Rene  du,  a  famous  admiral. 
See  I)U-GRAY, 

GUAZZI,  Stephen,  an  Italian,  author  of  .some 
poems,  dialogues,  &c.,  much  esteemed ;  he  died 
in  1565. 

GUAZZI,  Mark,  of  Padua,  eminent  in  arms 
and  literature ;  he  wjcte  a  History  of  Charles 
Vlir.,  and  died  in  1556. 

GUDIN  DE  LA  BRENELLERIE  Paul  Philip 
a  French  writer,  author  of  tragedies,  essays  on 
{various  subjects,  &c.,  died  in  1812. 

GUDILS,  Marquard,  an  able  critic,  of  Hoi- 
stein,  who  owed  his  elevation,  being  couiis«:llor 
to  the  duke  of  Hoistein,  to  the  friends  of  his 
pupil  Schas,  who  left  him  his  property  ;  he  died 
in  ]t;89. 

GUDIUS,  Gottlob Frederic,  a  Lutheran  minfa- 
ter,  author  of  sonie  valuable  works. 

GUEDRIER  DE  ST  AUSTIN,  Henry  Mi- 
chael, a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  distinguished  as 
a  casuist;  he  died  in  1742. 

GUERARD,  Robert,  of  Rouen,  who  wrote  an 
abridgment  of  the  Bible  in  questions  and  an- 
swers, &c. ;  he  died  in  1715. 

GUERART,  Benjamin,  governor  of  the  state 
of  South  Carolina,  died  at  Charleston,  in  1789. 

GUERCHEVILLE,  Antoinette  de  Pons.mar- 
chiotiess  of,  a  French  lady,  who,  when  Henry 
IV.  meditated  an  attack  on  her  virtue,  replied 
that  she  was  not  noble  enoug'.  to  be  his  wife, 
but  loo  noble  to  be  his  mistress. 

GUERCHI,  Claude  Lewis  de  Regnier,  count 
de,  a  French  general,  who  distinguished  himself 
in  the  wars  of  Italy  and  Flanders;  he  died  in 
1768. 

GUERCINO,  (so  called  from  a  cast  that  he 
had  in  one  of  his  eyes,  for  his  true  name  v  as 
France.eco  Barbieri  da  Cento.)  a  celebrated 
Italian  painter,  born  near  Bologna,  in  1590,  died 
in  1C66. 

GUERET,  Gabriel,  eminent  as  an  advof^atc  at 
thcbar.andasan  author;  hediedatParis,inl688. 

GUERICK,  Otho,  a  Prussian,  and  the  most 
celebrated  mathematician  of  his  time,  bcrn  in 
1G02,  died  in  l(i86.  He  was  inventor  of  the  air- 
pump,  ax)d  wrote  largely  on  natural  philosophy. 

GUERIN,  Francis,  professor  of  the  college  of 
Beauvais,  translated  Tacitus  and  Livy  into 
French. 

GUERINIFKE,  Francis  Robichon,  author  of 
"  rEcoie  de  Cavalerie,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  1751. 

GUERRE,  Martin,  a  Frenchnian,  whose  wife, 
in  his  absence,  received  another  man.  as  her 
husband ;  but  he  returning,  tlie  impostor  was 
hanged,  in  16.50. 

GUESCLIX,  Bertrand  du,  constable  of 
France,  a  renowned  general,  who  checked  the 
victorious  progress  of  Edward  III.,  of  England, 
after  king  John  of  France  was  taken  prisoner; 
he  was  born  in  Brittany,  in  1311.  died  in  1380. 

GUETTARD,  John  Stephen,  a  French  physi- 
cian and  botanist,  whose  application  was  the 
cause  of  hi-;  death,  in  1786 :  he  wrote  on  plants. 

GUEULETTE.Thomas  Simon,  a  French  ad- 
vocate, author  of  some  novels  and  comedies ;  he 
died  in  1766. 

GUEVAR.A,  Antony  de  a  Spanish  writer, 
whose  life  of  M.  A.  Antonius  has  been  translat- 
ed into  all  the  languages  of  Europe  :  he  died  in 
1544 

GUEVARA,  Lewis  Velcz  de,  a  Spanish  poet, 
and  author  of  several  humorous  comedies,  born 
at  Andalusia,  and  died  hi  1646. 

GT'GLTELMINT,  Dominic,  a  mathematician, 
patronised  by  Lewis  XIV.,  and  aitthor  of  se- 
veral valuable  works :  he  died  in  1710. 


GU 

""gUIBERT,  author  of  Gesta  Dei  per  Francos  ; 
he  died  in  1124. 

GUIBERT,  James  Antliony  Hippolite,  a  French 
writer  on  military  affairs,  born  at  Montauban,  in 
1743.  He  acquired  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  the 
cross  of  St.  Louis,  by  his  active  services  in  the 
French  army,  and  published,  in  1770,  his  cele- 
brated work,  "  Essai  general  de  Tactique;"  a 
work  which,  though  known  and  admired  over 
all  Europe,  drew  upon  its  author  the  envy  too 
often  attendant  on  merit,  which  embittered  a 
gieat  part  of  his  days.  He  was  also  a  dramatic 
writijr,  and  produced  three  tragedies,  "  The  Con- 
stable of  Bourbon,"  "  The  Gracchi,"  and  "An- 
na Builen,"  neither  of  which,  however,  was 
published  ;  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
Frencli  academy  ;  and  died  of  an  almost  broken 
heart,  in  1790 ;  exclaiming'  on  his  death-bed,  al- 
luding to  his  enemies,  "They  will  one  time  know 
ine,  and  do  me  justice." 

GUICCIARDINI,  Francisco,  a  celebrated  his- 
lorian,  of  Italy,  was  born  at  Florence,  in  1482, 
and  died  in  1540. 

GUIOCIARDINI,  Lewis,  nephew  of  the  prc- 
cvjding,  and  a  historical  writer  of  the  most  ap- 
proved fidelity.  His  principal  work  is  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Low  Countries,  and  of  the  Affairs  of 
Europe,"  from  1530  to  lotiO.  He  was  born  atFlo- 
reuce,  in  15-23,  and  died  in  1583. 

GUICHARD,  Claude  de,  historiographer  to 
tlie  duke  of  Savoy,  and  author  of"  The  Funerals 
of  the  Ancients  ;"  he  died  in  1607. 

GITICHERON,  yamuel,  a  French  advocate 
and  historian  ;  he  wrote  "  History  of  the  House 
of  Savoy,"  and  died  in  1GIJ4. 

GLTIDI,  Alexander,  an  eminent  Italian  poet, 
bjni  at  Pavia,  in  1650,  died  in  1712. 

GLriDO,Reni,an  Italian  painter,  born  at  Bolog- 
na, in  1575,  died  in  1642.  The  heads  of  this  pain- 
ter have  been  considered  as  not  at  all  inferior  to 
Uapliael's. 

GUIDO,  Cagnacci,  ahistorical  painter,  of  Bo- 
logna, of  great  merit,  died  in  1680. 

GUIDOTTI,  Paul,  a  painter  and  anatomist, 
who,  in  attempting  to  fly,  fell  and  broke  his 
liinbs;  he  died  in  1629. 

GUIGNARD,  John,  a  Jesuit,  who  was  execut- 
ed at  Paris  for  high  treason,  in  1595. 

GUIGNES,  Joseph  de,  a  native  of  Pontoise; 
he  became  interpreter  to  the  French  king  in  1741, 
and  wrote  many  works  ;  he  died  in  1800. 

GUILD^  WiUiara,  D.  D.,  a  Scotch  divine,  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  and  philosophy  at  Aberdeen  ; 
he  died  in  1662. 

GUILLAIN,  Simon,  a  sculptor,  rector  of  the 
painting  and  sculpture  academy  at  Paris ;  he 
died  in  1658. 

GIJILLANDIUS,  Melchior,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  botanist  in  Prussia,  wrote  an  excel- 
lent commentary  on  the  Papyrus,  &c. ;  he  died 
in  1539. 

GUILLELMA,  of  Bohemia,  the  foundress  of 
an  infamous  sect  which  started  up  in  Italy  in  the 
13th  century,  and  which,  under  the  mask  of  de- 
votion, used  to  practise  all  manner  of  lewdness. 
Guillelma  imposed  so  effectually  upon  the  world 
by  a  show  of  extraordinary  devotion  all  her  life 
time,  that  she  was  not  only  reputed  hoiy  at  her 
death,  but  also  revered  as  a  saint  a  considerable 
time  after  it.  However,  her  frauds,  and  the  de- 
lusions she  had  employed,  were  at  last  discover- 
ed ;  upon  which  her  body  was  dug  up,  and  burnt, 
in  1300.  She  died  in  123J,  and  had  been  buried 
in  Milan. 

GUILLEMEAU,  James,  a  French  surgeon, 
aullior  of  some  valuable  works :  he  died  in  1G12. 


GU 

GUILLET  DE  STT^EORGE,  George,  first 
historiographer  to  the  academy  of  painting  and 
sculpture  in  Paris ;  he  wrote  the  History  ot  Ma- 
homet II.,  and  other  works,  and  died  in  1705. 

GUILLIAUD,C|aude,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
author  of  commentaries  on  some  of  the  Gospels, 
&c.  ^     * 

GUILLIM,  John,  the  reputed  author  of  a  ce- 
lebrated book,  entitled,  "  The  Display  of  Heral- 
drie,"  was  born  in  Herefordshire,  in  1565,  died  in 
1621.     See  BARKHAM. 

G  triLLOTlN,a  physician,  of  Saintes,  inventor 
of  the  guillotine  ;  he  died  ofgrief  that  this  instru- 
ment was  so  much  abused. 

GUiSCARD, Robert,  a  famous  Norman  knight, 
who  assisted  in  the  conquest  of  Naples  from  tlie 
Saracens ;  he  died  in  1085. 

GUiSCARD,  Charles,  a  Prussian  officer  of 
distinction,  a-uthor  of  "  Military  Memoirs  of  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  1775. 

GUISE,  Claude  de  Lorraine,  duke  of,  settled 
in  France,  and  became  founder  of  the  family  of 
Guise  there ;  he  died  ni  1513. 

GUISE,  Francis,  duke  of,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, a  man  of  great  talents  ;  in  him  began  r'le 
factions  of  Conde  and  Guise  ;  he  died  in  1563. 

GUISE,  Henry,  duke  of,  memorable  in  the  his- 
tory of  France  as  a  gallant  officer ;  but  an  impe- 
rious, turbulent,  seditious  subject,  who  j)Iacc(l 
himself  at  the  head  of  an  armed  force,  and  cal- 
led his  rebel  band,  Tlie  League ;  the  plan  w<is 
formed  by  the  cardinal,  his  younger  bioiiiei  ; 
and,  under  the  pretext  of  defending  the  Roman 
catholic  reUgion,  the  king,  Henry  III.,  and  the 
freedom  of  the  state,  against  the  "designs  of  the 
Huguenots,  or  French  proteslants,  they  carried 
on  a  civil  war,  massacred  the  Huguenots,  and 
governed  the  king,  wlio  forbade  his  appearance 
at  Paris  ;  but  Guise  now  became  an  open  rebel, 
entered  that  city  against  the  king's  express  or- 
der, and  put  to  the  sword  all  who  opposed  him  ; 
tile  streets  being  barricadoed  to  prevent  his  pro- 
gress, this  fatal  day  is  called  in  the  French  his- 
tory. The  Day  of  the  Barricades.  Masters  of 
Paris,  the  policy  of  the  Guises  failed  them  ;  for 
they  suffered  the  king  to  escape  to  Blois,  though 
jliewas  deserted  in  his  palace  at  Paris  by  his 
very  guards.  At  Blois,  Henry  convened  an  as- 
sembly of  the  states  of  France  ;  the  duke  of 
Guise  had  the  boldness  to  appear  to  a  summons 
-<ent  him  for  that  purpose  ;  a  forced  reconcilia- 
tion took  place  between  him  and  the  king,  by 
the  advice  of  this  assembly  ;  but  it  being  acci- 
dentally discovered,  that  Guise  had  formed  a  plan 
to  dethrone  the  king,  that  weak  monarch,  in- 
stead of  resolutely  bringing  him  to  jr.siice,  had 
him  privately  assassinated,  Dec.  23,  1558,  in  ilie 
38th  year  of  "his  age  His  brother,  the  cardinal , 
shared  the  same  fate  the  next  day. 

GUISE,  Charles,  duke  of,  eldest  son  of  Henry, 
was  arrested  on  his  father's  murder,  but  escap- 
ed ;  he  was  reconciled  to  the  king,  but  the  jea- 
lousy of  Richelieu  drove  hiinfrom  the  kingdom; 
he  died  in  1640. 

GUISE,  Lewis  de  Lorraine,  cardinal  of,  son 
of  Henry,  well  known  as  illustrious  in  arms,  and 
in  the  arts  of  peace  ;  he  died  in  1621. 

GUISE,  Henry  of  Lorraine,  duke  of,  grandson 
of  Henry,  was  remarkable  for  his  intrigues  with 
the  duke  of  Bouillon,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1664. 

GUISE,  William,  an  English  divine,  eminent 
for  his  translations  from  the  oriental  languages^ 
born  in  Gloucestershire,  in  1653,  died  in  1C83  Fo- 
reigners have  styled  him  "the  immortal  onia 
ment  of  the  university  of  Oxford." 
I  GUITTON,  John,  a  citizen  of  Rorhelle,  wa? 
£^i5 


GU 

elected  mayor,  captain  general,  and  governor, 
when  that  city  was  besieged  by  cardinal  Riche- 
lieu, in  1637.  He  wouid  not  accept  the  command, 
unless  it  was  agreed  that  a  poignard,  which  he 
produced,  should  lie  on  the  table  in  the  town- 
house,  for  him  to  put  to  death  the  first  man  who 
proposed  to  surrender.  When  he  was  told  that 
J'amine  had  swept  oft' the  greatest  part  of  the  in- 
habitants, he  coolly  answered,  "  No  matter, 
while  there  is  one  left  to  shut  the  gates." 

GUITTON,  d'Are^zo,  an  early  Italian  poet, 
flourished  in  the  middle  of  the  ]3th  century. 

GULDENSTAEDT,  John  Antony,  a  famous 
traveiler,  bom  at  Riga ;  visited  Astracan,  Cau- 
cabiis,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1781. 

GUNDLING,  Nicolas  Jerome,  a  native  of  Nu- 
remberg, professor  at  Halle,  and  author  of  some 
valuable  works,  he  died  in  1729. 

GUNNERUS,  John  Ernest,  a  native  of  Chris- 
tiana, founder  of  the  royal  rjorwegian  society  at 
Drontheim  ;  he  died  in  1773. 

GUNNING,  Peter,  an  English  prelate,  born 
at  Hoo,  in  Kent,  was  one  of  the  committee  ap- 
pointed to  review  the  liturgy  ;  he  died  in  1684.  |i  syllables  of  the  gamut,  ut,  re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  liv 

GUNTER,  Edmund,  an  English  matlienia-j|ed  about  1026. 
tician,and  professorof  astronomy  atGresliam  col-  ]  GUY,  Thomas,  founder  of  Guy's  hospital,  wna 
lege,  born  in  Herefordshire,  in  1581,  was  bred  for  j  the  son  of  Thonias  Guy,  lighterman  and  coal- 
the  church,  and  took  orders  ;  but  genius  and  in-  dealer  in  Horsley-down,  Southwark.  He  was 
clination  leading  him  chiefly  to  mathematics,  he  put  apprentice,  in  16C0,  to  a  bookseller,  in  the 
applied  early  to  that  study,  and  distinguished  porch  of  Mercer's  chapel,  and  set  up  trade  with 
himselfbymany  important  improvements  in  ma-  a  stock  of  about  200Z.,  in  the  house  that  forms 
thematical  instruments  for  the  use  of  naviga-i  the  angle  between  Cornhill  and  Lombard-street, 
lion;  of  those  the  most  celebrated  are,  a  new;  The  English  Bibles  being  at  that  time  very  badly 
projection  of  the  sector,  the  invention  of  a  small  printed.  Mr.  Guy  engaged,  with  others,  in  a 
portable  quadrant,  the  discovery  of  a  new  varia-  scheme  for  printing  them  in  Holland,  and  im- 
tion  in  the  mariner's  compass,  and  of  a  scale,!  porting  them  ;  but  this  being  put  a  stop  to,  he 
which,  after  him,  is  called  "  Guuter's  Scale."  contracted  with  the  university  of  Oxford  for 
He  died  in  1626.  }  their  privilege  of  printing  them,  and  carried  on  a 

GUNTHER,  a  German  poet,  in  the  beginning  great  Bible  trade  for  many  years  to  considerable 
eif  the  18th  century,  who  was  poisoned  by  a  ri-  advantage.  Thus  he  began  to  accumulate 
val,  when  going  to  be  presented  to  Augustus  II.,:imoney,  and  his  gains  rested  in  his  hands  ;  for. 


GU 

Iknownas  an  able  antiquarian,  and  correct  writ- 
er;'he  died  in  1638. 

GUTHRIE,  William,  a  very  laborious  and  vo- 
I  luminous  writer  on  history,  politics,  and  other 
{subjects,  bom  atBreichen,  in  Angusshire,in  I'UJ, 
idiedin  1709.  His  principal  works  are,  "Hii^tories 
jof  the  World,"  of  "  England,"  and  of  "  Scot- 
lland."  He  was  a  "  writer  by  profession,"  and 
is  said  to  have  lent  his  name  to  booksellers  for 
publications  in  which  he  had  no  concern.  Such 
is  asserted  to  have  been  the  case  with  respect  to 
the  Geographical  Grammar,  called  "Guthrie's;" 
which,  however,  is  a  work  that,  for  its  general 
utility  and  comparative  pei-fection,  confers  cre- 
dit on  the  compiler,  whoever  he  he. 

GUTTEMBERGH,John  of,  a  citizen  of  Stras- 
bourg, to  whom  is  attributed  the  invention  of 
the  art  of  printing,  in  conjunction  with  Fust,  or 
Faustus,  and  Peter  Schoeffer,  or  Schuffer,  the 
servant,  and  afterwards  the  son-in-law,  of  Faus- 
I  tus,  by  whom  it  was  further  improved.  He  was 
I  born  at  Mentz,  in  1408,  and  died  there,  in  1467, 
GUY,  a  monk  of  Arezzo,  who  invented  the  six 


king  of  Poland. 

GURTLER,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Basil,  author 
of  a  German  and  French  Lexicon,  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1707. 

GUSMAN,  Lewis,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  author  of 
the  historv  of  his  fraternity,  in  the  Indies,  &c.  ; 
he  died  hi  1605. 

GUSSANVILLAN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Char- 
tres,  edited  the  works  of  Gregory  the  Groat. 

GUSTAVUS  VASA,  who,  having  deliveroil 
Sweden  from  the  Danish  yoke,  was,  in  152:3, 
elected  king  of  that  country.  He  was  born  in 
1490,  and  died  in  1560. 

GUSTAVUS  ADOLPHUS,  the  greatest  king 
that  Sweden  ever  had.  He  conquered  Tngria, 
Livonia,  Bremen,Venden,Wiesmar,  Pomerania 


being  a  single  man,  and  very  penurious,  his  ex- 
'  penses  were  next  to  nothing.  His  custom  was, 
]to  dine  on  his  shop-counter,  with  no  other  table 
:  cloth  than  an  old  newspaper:  he  was  also  as  lit 

tie  nice  with  regard  to  his  apparel.  The  bulk  of 
;his  fortune,  however,  was  acquired  bypurchas- 
jing  seamen's  tickets  during  queen  Anne's  wars, 

and  by  South-sea  stock,  in  the  memorable  year 
jl729.  He  was  76  years  of  age  when  he  forhied 
I  the  design  of  building  the  hospital,  near  St.Tho- 

mas',vhich  bears  his  name.  The  charge  of 
,  erecting  this  vast  pile  amounted  to  18,793Z.,  be- 
I  sides  2l9,499i.  which  he  left  to  endow  it :  and  he 
I  just  lived  to  see  it  roofed  in.     He  died  Dec.  17, 

1724,  iu  the  81st  vear  of  his  age,  after  having  de- 


dicated to  charitable  purposes  more  money  than 
<Scc.     He  shook  the  throne  of  the  emperor  Fer-!  any  one  private  man  upon  record  in  England, 
dinand  II.     He  protected  the  Lutherans  inGer-j|     GUYARD,  de  Berville,  a  French  author  of 
many,  and  by  his  victories  humbled  the  house  some  merit,  died  in  poverty,  aged  73. 
of  Austria.    The  glory  of  this  action  has  beeUji     GUYARD,Anthony,  a  Benedictine  monk,  au- 
unjustly  attributed  to  cardinal  Richelieu,  whojithor  of  several  works,  died  at  Dijon,  in  1770. 
liad  the  art  of  raising  his  reputation  from  thejj     GUYET,  Francis,  an  eminent  critic,  of  An- 


victories  which  Gustavus  was  content  to  gam. i 
He  carried  the  war  beyond  the  Danube,  and 
would  perhaps  have  dethroned  the  emperor,  had 
iie  not  been  slain  at  the  battle  of  Lutzen,  AD. 
1663,  in  the  37th  year  of  his  age,  after  he  had  de- 
feated the  imperial  army  commanded  by  Wal- 
stein.  He  carried  to  his  tomb  the  name  of  "The 
Creat  Gustavus,"  the  love  of  his  subjects,  and 
the  esteem  of  his  enemies. 


gers,  died  in  1655,  much  esteemed. 

GT'YON,Claude,a  French  historian, author  of 
an  ecclesiastical  history,  and  other  works ;  he 
died  in  1771. 

GUYON,  Johanna  Mary  Bouviers  de  la 
Mothc,  a  French  lady,  memorable  for  her  writ- 
ings and  her  sufferings  in  the  cause  of  (iuietism, 
born  at  Montargis,  in  1648,  died  in  1717.  Some  of 
her  spiritual  songs  have  been  translated  by  Cow 


GUSTAVUS  III.,  king  of  Sweden,  came  to  per. 
the  throne  in  1771,  was  shot  at  a  masked  ball,:    GUYS,Peter  Augustine,  a  native  of  Marseilles, 
and  having  languished  some  time,  died  in  1792. 1  eminent  as  a  man  of  letlera,  and  a  merchant, 
GUTHIERES,  James,  a  French  advocate,lldied  in  1799. 
226 


HA 

"  GUYSE,  Jolia,  D.  D.,  minister  of  an  inde 
pendent  congregation  at  London,  and  author  of 
several  theological  works  ;  lie  died  in  1761. 

GUYTON  DE  MORVEAU,  Lewis  Bernard 
an  eminent  lawyer,  of  Dijon,  and  advocate  ge 
neral  to  the  parliament  oftliat  city.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  prolicient  in  natural  philosophy 
and  cliymistry,  and  as  the  author  of  a  course  of 
chymistry,  in  4  vols.,  and  other  writings  on  the 
saiU'-  subject ;  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  le 
gion  of  honour,  and  a  baron  of  the  empire,  by 
Napoleon,  and  died  in  1815. 

GWINNET,  Button,  a  native  of  England 
came  to  South-Carolina,  in  1770,  and  soon  re- 
moved to  Georgia.  He  was  a  decided  friend  of 
the  revolution,  a  member  of  congress,  in  1776 
and  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of  independence 
He  was  killed  in  a  duel,  in  1777. 

GWVNN, Eleanor,  better  known  by  the  name 
of  Nell;  who  rose  from  an  orange  girl  to  be  the 
mistress  of  Charles  IL  ;  she  died  in  1687. 

GWYNNE, Matthew,  a  distinguished  English 
physician,  died  after  1639. 

GYLIPPf  JS,  a  Lacedaimonian  general,  sent  to 

assist  Syracuse  against  the  Athenians,  414  B.  C. 

GYZEN,  Peter,  a  landscape  painter,  whose 

views  on  the  Rhine  are  much  admired  ;  he  was 

born  at  Antwerp,  about  1636. 

II 

IIAANSBERGEN,  John  Van,  a  painter,  of 
Utrecht.  The  figures  which  he  introduced  into 
his  landscapes  were  very  much  admired;  he 
died  in  1705. 

HAAS,  William,  a  printer  and  type-founder, 
was  the  first  who  engraved  French  type  in  the 
style  of  Baskerville  ;  he  invented  a  new  print 
ing  press,  and  died  at  St.  Urban  monastery,  in 
1800. 

HABAKKUK,  the  eighth  of  the  minor  pro 
pheis,  supposed  to  be  of  the  tribe  of  Simeon. 
His  style  is  poetical,  beautiful,  and  sublime. 

HABERT,  Francis,  a  native  of  Berry,  one  of 
the  most  ancient  poets  of  France ;  he  wrote 
some  fables,  &;c.,  and  died  in  1569. 

HABERT  DE  Cl^RISl,  Germain,  an  eccle- 
siastic, of  Bayeux,  wiio  wrote  some  poams  ;  he 
died  in  1655. 

HABERT,  Henry  Lewis,  the  friend  of  Gas- 
eendi,  and  the  publisher  of  his  works,  with  an 
elegant  Latin  preface,  died  in  1679. 

HABICOT,  Nicolas,  a  surgeon,  born  atBonaj', 
was  eminent  in  his  profession,  and  wrote  a  trea 
tise  on  the  plague  ;  he  died  in  1624. 

HABLNGTON,  William,  an  English  poet  and 
historian,  born  in  Worcestershire,  in  1605,  died 
in  1654.  His  amatory  poems  were  entitled 
"  Castara,"'and  printed  in  1634-5  and  1640.  He 
also  published  a  tragi-comedy,  called  "  The 
Ciiieen  of  Arragon." 

HACHETTE,  Jane,  a  heroine,  of  Beauvais, 
in  Picardy  ;  she  successfully  headed  a  body  of 
women,  in  an  assault  against  the  Bourguignons, 
who  besieged  her  native  place  in  1472. 

HACKAERT,  John,  a  Dutch  painter,  born  at 
Amsterdam,  in  1635.  The  mountainous  scene- 
ry in  his  landscapes  is  much  admired. 

HACKET,  John,  an  English  prelate,  of  great 
merit,  was  chaplain  to  James  I.  bishop  of  Lich 
field  and  Coventry, ;  he  spent  eight  years  in  re- 
pairing his  cathedral,  at  the  expense  of  20,000/., 
nearly  all  his  own,  and  died  in  1670. 

HACKET,  William,  an  English  fanatic,  in 
the  reign  of  Eli:iabeth.  He  was  hung  and  quar- 
tered for  blasphemy,  in  1592. 

HACKSPAN,  Theedore,  a  I<utheran  minis- 


HA 

ter,  well  skilled  in  oriental  literature  ;  his  books, 
on  theological  subjects,  are  mucii  esteemed  ;  lie 
died  in  1659. 

HADDICK,  N.,  count  of,  an  Austrian  gene- 
ral, distinguished  himself  against  the  Turks,  in 
1789,  and  "died  tne  next  year. 

HADDOCK,  Sir  Richard,  a  valiant  admiral, 
who  distinguished  himself,  on  various  occasions, 
under  Charles  II.  and  his  successors ;  he  died 
very  old,  in  1714. 

HADDON,  Walter,  an  eminent  English  scho- 
lar, professor  of  civil  law,  in  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward ;  he  was  a  zealous  promoter  of  the  refor- 
mation, and  died  in  1571. 

HADRIAN.    See  ADRIAN. 

KAEN,  Antony  de,  privy  counsellor,  and  phy- 
sician to  the  empress  Maria  Theresa,  was  au- 
thor of  "  Ratio  Medendi,"  and  a  treatise  on 
magic  ;  he  died  in  1776. 

HAERLEM,  Theodore  Van,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Haerlem.  His  Chritt  and  his  apostles, 
in  the  church  of  Utrecht,  are  much  admired  ; 
he  died  in  1470. 

HAG  EDORN,  a  German  poet,  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury. His  works,  in  imitation  of  Fontaine,  dis- 
play genius,  vivacity,  and  great  delicacy. 

HAGEN,  John  Van,  a  landscape  painter,  born 
in  Cleves.  His  pieces  are  much  admired.  He 
died  at  the  end  of  the  17th  century. 

HAGGAI,  the  tenth  of  the  minor  prophets, 
lived  in  the  reign  of  Darius  Hystaspes.  lie  was 
of  the  sacerdotal  race. 

HAGUENIER,  John,  a  French  poet.  His 
pieces  are  on  light  subjects,  but  possess  great 
wit  and  elegance  ;  he  died  in  1738. 

HAGUENOT,  Henry,  author  of  medical  trea- 
tises, was  a  physician,  of  Montpelier ;  he  died  in- 
1776. 

H.\HN,  Simon  Frederick,  author  of  the  "  His- 
tory of  the  Empire,"  was  a  very  extraordinary 
character.  At  the  age  of  10,  lie  knew  several 
languages,  and  at  24,  was  professor  of  historv  at 
Helmstadt ;  he  died  in  1729. 

HAILES.     See  DALRYMPLE. 

HAILLAN,  Bernard  de  Giraid,  lord  of,  a 
French  historian,  born  at  Bourdeaux,  in  1535, 
died  in  1010.  He  published  a  history,  which 
reaches  from  Pharamond  to  the  death  of  Charles 
Vlf.,  and  was  the  first  wlio  composed  a  body  of 
the  French  hi;5tory  in  French. 

HAINES,  Joseph,  commonly  called  count 
Hahies,  a  very  eminent  low  comedian,  and  a 
person  of  great  facetiousness  of  temper  and 
readiness  of  wit,  died  in  1701. 

HAKEM,  the  third  of  the  Fatimite  caliphs, 
was  a  violent  persecutor  of  the  Christians  and 
Jews,  and  pretended  to  be  the  visible  image  of 
God.  He  was  assassinated  by  the  intrigue  of 
hist?ister,  in  1021. 

HAKEWELL,  John,  mayor  of  Exeter,  in 
1832.  Another  brother,  William,  was  of  Exeter 
college ;  he  warmly  espoused  the  party  of  the 
puritans,  and  published  "  The  Liberty  of  the 
Subject  against  the  power  of  Impositions,"  &.c, 

HAKEWELL,  George,  a  learned  divine,  horn 
at  Exeter,  in  1579,  died  in  lf>49.  His  principal 
work  is  "  An  Apology,  or  Declaration  of  tlko 
Power  and  Providence  of  God  in  the  govern- 
ment of  the  World,  proving  that  it  doth  not  de- 
cay," &c. 

HAKLUYT,  Richard,  famous  for  his  skill  in 
the  naval  history  of  England,  was  born  in  Here- 
fordshire, in  1553,  and  died  in  1616.  He  is  au- 
thor of  a  "  Collection  of  Voyages  and  Discove- 
ries," in  3  vols,  folio,  and  of  several  otner  usefui 
works. 

227 


HA 


HA 


HALDE,  Jolin  Baptist  du,  a  learned  French-  [(been  a  man  of  gieat  wit  and  learning,  and  et  as 

'"'    'great  Hieekness,  modesty,  and  piety.  Kis  works 

jniake  5  vols,  in  folio,  and  have  gained  !iim  the 
appellation  of  the  "  Christian  Seneca  " 

HALL,  Lyman,  governor  of  Georgia,  was  a 
zealous  advocate  for  tlie  revolution,  a  member 
of  congress  in  1776,  and  a  signer  of  the  decla- 
tion  of  independance.    He  died  about  1790. 

HALLE,  Antony,  a  good  Latin  poet  and  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence  at  Caen  ;  be  died  at  Taris 
in  1675. 

HALLE,  Peter,  professor  of  canon  law  in  the 
universitv  of  Paris,  born  at  Bayeux,  in  Norman- 
dy, in  1611,  died  in  1689, 

HALLE,  Claude  Guy,  of  Paris,  distinguished 
as  a  painter,  died  in  1736.  His  son,  ^oel,  was 
also  respectable  in  the  same  art ;  he  died  in  1758. 

HALLER,  Albert,  an  illustrious  physician, 
and  voluminous  writer,  born  at  Berne,  in  Swit- 
zerland, in  1702,  died  in  1777.  He  is  supposed  to 
have  been  tlie  most  acute,  various,  and  original 
genius,  that  has  appeared  in  the  medical  world 
since  Boerhaave. 

HALLEY,  Edmund,  a  most  eminent  English 
philosopher  and  astronomer,  born  inLondon.in 
1656.  His  astronomical  discoveries  greatly  im 
proved  the  art  of  navigation,  and  his  works  are 
highly  valued  in  every  part  of  Europe.  He  died 
at  Gr'eenwicli,  in  Jan.  1741-2. 

HALLIFAX,  George  Saville,  marquis  of.  See 
SAVILLE. 

HALLIFAX,  Dr.  Samuel,  bishop  and  arch- 
deacon of  St.  Asaph,  was  a  prelate  of  great 
knowledge  and  ability ;  an  incomparable  civi- 
lian, and  an  e.\tremely  acute  public  speaker. 
His  sermons  at  bishop  "Warburton's  lectures  are 
niucli  esteemed ;  and  liis  Analysis  of  bishop 
Builer's  Analogy  (a  book  entirely  abstruse  and 
metaphysical)  is  written  with  great  elegar.ce  of 
style,  as  well  as  with  much  profundity  of  think- 
ing. He  was  born  at  Chesterfield,  in  1730,  and 
died  in  1790. 

HALS,  Francis,  an  admired  portrait  painter, 
of  Mechlin  :  he  died  in  16G6. 

HALS,  Dirk,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  a 
painter  of  festive  and  low  scenes;  he  died  in 


man,  born  at  Paris,  in  1674,  died  in  1743.  We 
have  of  his,  a  valuable  work,  entitled  "  Grande 
Description  de  la  Chine  et  de  ia  Tartaric,"  in  4 
vols,  folio. 

HALE,  Sir  Matthew,  a  most  learned  lawjer, 
and  clfief  justice  of  the  Ring's  Bench,  born  in 
1609.  The  attainments  of  t*ir  ^latthew  werej 
wonderful ;  for  he  had,  beside  his  peculiar  pro- 
fession, a  considerable  kriowledge  in  the  civif 
law,  in  arithmetic,  algebra,  and  other  mathe- 
matical sciences,  as  well  as  in  physic,  anaio- 
mj',  and  surgery ;  was  very  conversant  in  ex- 
perimental philosophy,  and  other  branches  of 
philosophical  learning,  and  in  ancient  history! 
and  chronology  ;  but^  above  all,  he  seemed  to 
have  made  divinity  his  chief  study;  so  that 
those  who  read  what  he  has  written  upon  theo- 
logical questions,  might  be  inclined  tolliinkthai 
he  had  studied  nothing  else.  His  principal 
works  are  legal,  philosophical,  and  religious;  ot 
the  former,  the  most  valuable  are,  his  "  Pleas  of 
the  Crown,"  and  a  "  History  of  the  Common 
Law  of  England."     He  died  in  1676. 

HALES,  John,  an  English  divine  and  poet, 
born  at  Bath,  in  1584,  died  in  1656.  After  his 
death,  iliere  came  out  a  collection  of  his  works, 
with  this  title,  "  Golden  Remains  of  the  ever- 
memorable  Mr.  John  Hales,  of  Eton  College," 
&c 

HALES,  Stephen,  a  very  celebrated  natural 
philosopher  and  mathematician,  born  in  Kent, 
in  1677,  died  in  1761.  Among  many  other  use- 
ful inventions  of  his,  was  that  of  ventilators  ; 
which  he  continued  to  improve  as  long  as  he 
lived.  His  "Statical  Essays"  have  been  often 
printed,  and  are  well  known. 

HALI-BEIGH,  a  Polander,  whose  original 
name  was  Bobowski.  Being  taken  by  the  Tar- 
tars, while  a  child,  he  was  sold  to  the  Turks, 
who  educated  him  in  their  religion.  He  acquired 
the  knowledge  of  17  languages,  and  became  in-j 
terpreter  to  the  grand  signior;  translated  into 
the  Turkish  language  the  catechism  of  thej 
church  ot  England,  and  all  the  Bible  ;  composed] 
a  Turkish  grammar  and  dictionary,  and  other, 
things  which  were  never  printed     His  principal!!  1656. 


work  is  "  A  Treatise  upon  the  Liturgy  of  thel 
Turks,  their  Pilgrimages  to  Mecca,  their  Cir- 
cumcision, and  Manner  of  visiting  the  Sick." 
He  died  in  1675. 

H  ALKET,  Lady  Anna,  was  born  in  London, 
in  1022,  and  married  Sir  James  Halket,  in  1656. 
Her  father,  Robert  Murray,  was  preceptor  to 
Charles  I.  From  her  MSS.  was  selected  a  vo- 
lume of  meditations  ;  she  died  in  1699. 

HALL,  John,  an  English  lawyer  and  poet,! 
celebrated  as  a  political  writer,  died  in  1656.      . 

HALL,  Henry,  an  English  divine,  who  pub 
lished  some  occasional  sermons,  and  was  great-! 
]y  beloved  ;  he  died  in  1763.  I 

HALL,  John,  a  surgeon  of  Kent,  who  flou-| 
rished  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  :  he  published! 
a  compendium  of  Anatomy,  &c.  1565.  I 

HALL,  Jacob,  a  noted  rope  dancer  in  the  age! 
r.f  Charles  IL 

HALL,  Richard,  an  English  popish  priest. 
He  left  England  to  avoid  the  penal  laws  against! 
his  religion,  and  became  divinity  professor  ati 
Douny  ;  he  was  author  of  some  theological 
works,  and  died  in  1604. 

HALL,  Joseph,  an  eminent  and  learned  bi- 
shop of  Norwich,  born  in  1574,  died  in  1656.  His! 
"  Meditations"  are  well  known  ;  and  bis  poeti-j 
cal  talents,  chiefiy  exercised  in  satire,  were  veryiiter,  bor; 
respectable.    He  is  universallv  Jillowed  to  havef,  His  most  celebrated  v/ork  was 

228 


HAMBERGER,  George  Albert,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  of  Franconia,  and  author  of  a 
valuable  work  on  optics  and  other  subjects  ;  he 
died  in  1726. 

HAMBERGER,  George  Christopher,  a  learn- 
ed German,  published  Orpheus  and  other  volu- 
minous works  ;  he  died  in  1773. 

HAMEL,  du  Monceau,  Henry  Lewis  du,  of 
Paris,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  mechnnicn, 
agriculture  and  commerce  ;  he  died  in  1762. 

HAMEL,  John  Baptist  du,  a  celebrated 
French  philosopher  and  divine,  born  at  Vire,  in 
1624,  died  in  1706. 

HAMILCAR  BARCAS,  a  famous  Carthagi- 
nian general,  s'ai-n  in  battle  227  B  C. 

HAMILTON,  Patrick,  abbot  of  Feme,  in  Scot- 
land. He  was  condemned  to  the  flames,  for  his 
adherence  to  the  tenets  of  Luther,  and  endured 
the  sentence  with  wonderful  fortitude.  He  was 
not  only  pious,  but  learned  and  polite.  He  suf- 
fered in  1527,  aged  23. 

HAMILTON,  James,  first  duke  of,  a  distin- 
guished commander  under  Charles  I.  He  main- 
tained his  master's  cause  in  the  North,  after  its 
ruin  in  England  ;  was  at  lenglli  defeated  at 
Preston,  and  beheaded  in  1649. 

HAMILTON,  Count  Antony,  an  elegant  wri- 
in  Ireland,  in  1646,  of  a  Scotch  family. 
Memoirs  of  tne. 


HA 

Count  de  Grammont ;"  but  he  wrote  aleo  some 
poems  and  Fairy  Talcs,  which  are  excellent  in 
their  kind,  and  died  17'20. 

HAMILTON,  William,  duke  of,  was  secre- 
tary of  Btate  for  Scotland.  He  died  in  IGS'Z  of 
wounds  received  at  the  battle  of  Worcester. 

HAMILTON,  William,  an  ingenious  poet, 
distinguished  by  tlie  liveliness  of  his  imagina- 
tion and  the  delicacy  of  his  sentiments.  He  was 
born  of  an  ancient  and  honourable  family  in 
1704,  and  died  in  1754.  His  poems  were  printed 
at  Edinburgh,  1700. 

HAMILTON,  George,  earl  of  Orkney,  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne, 
and  at  Blenheim  ;  he  died  in  1737. 

HAMILTON,  sir  William,  thirty-seven  years 
British  ambassador  at  the  court  of  Naples,  w 
born  in  the  year  1729,  and  died  in  London,  in 
1603.  The  zealous  and  successful  efforts  which 
he  made  during  his  long  residence  in  Italy,  in 
bringing  to  light  the  buried  treasures  of  antiqui- 
ty need  not  here  be  enumerated  ;  indeed,  his 
whole  life  was  devoted  to  studies  connected 
With  the  fine  arts.  His  "  Observations  on  Mount 
Vesuvius,  Mount  ^tna,  and  other  Volcanoes, 
in  a  Series  of  Letters  to  the  Royal  Society," 
were  published  with  notes  in  1772. 

HAMILTON,  Ehzabeth,  a  distinguished  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  born  at  Belfast,  in  1758.  Miss 
Hamilton  remained  single  througli  life,  and  died 
at  Harrowgate,  in  1816.  Her  principal  works  are, 
"Letters  of  a  Hindoo  Rajah;"  "Memoirs  of 
Modern  Philosophers ;"  "Letters  on  the  Prin- 
ciples of  Education  ;"  and  the  "  Life  of  Agrip- 
pina.  Wife  of  Gennanicus."  After  her  death, 
her  "  Memoirs,"  with  a  Selection  from  her 
Correspondence,  w^ere  edited  by  Miss  Benger, 
and  published. 

HAMILTON,  Andrew,  an  eminent  lawyer  of 
Philadelphia,  and  speaker  of  the  house  of  as- 
sembly ;  he  died  in  1741.  His  son  James  Ha- 
milton was  repeatedly  governor  of  Pennsylva- 
nia between  1748  And  1771. 

HAMILTON,  Andrew,  governor  of  the  co- 
lony of  New-Jersey,  and  deputy  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  died  in  1702. 

HAMILTON,  John,  a  counsellor  of  the  colony 
of  New-Jersey,  who  was  at  the  head  of  its  go- 
vernment for  several  years  ;  he  died  in  1746. 

HAMILTON,  John,  was  several  times  gover- 
nor of  Pennsylvania  ;  he  died  in  New- York,  in 
1783. 

HAMILTON,  Alexander,  secretary  of  the 
Treasury  of  the  United  States,  under  general 
Washington,  and  a  major  general  in  the  Ameri- 
can army,  was  born  in  the  island  of  St.  Croix,  in 
1757,  and  came  to  New- York,  in  1773.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  revolution  he  joined  the 
army,  was  aid-de-catnp  to  the  commander  in 
chief,  and  continued  in  the  service  until  the  sur- 
render of  Cornwallis,  at  Yorktown,  where  the 
Americans  unde^  his  command  stormed  and 
took  the  British  works.  He  afterwards  com- 
menced the  practice  of  the  law  in  New- York, 
and  rose  to  the  highest  eminence  in  the  pro- 
fession. He  was  killed  in  a  duel  with  colonel 
Burr,  in  1804.  As  a  statesman  and  a  financier, 
he  revived  the  public  credit,  and  placed  the 
United  States  revenue  on  a  permanent  footing. 
He  always  possessed  the  confidence  of  Washing- 
ton, and  his  death  was  lamented  by  the  whole 
community,  as  an  irreparable  loss  to  his  coun- 
trv. 

HAMILTON.  Paul,  was  a  firm  and  decided 
patriot  of  ih'2  revolution,  governor  of  the  state 


HA 


the  Navy  of  the  United  States  under  President 
Madison.    He  died  in  1816. 

HAMILTON,  Hugh,  a  learned  English  pre- 
late, professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  Trinity 
college,  Dublin,  afterwards  dean  of  Armagh 
and  bishop  of  Clonfert  and  of  Ossory  ;  he  died 
ill  1805. 

HAMILTON,  William,  an  English  historical 
painter,  and  member  of  the  royal  academy,  died, 
in  1801. 

HAMLET,  the  name  of  a  prince  of  Denmark, 
whose  history,  as  related  by  Saxo-Grammaticus, 
has  furnished  Shakspeare  with  the  ground\vork 
of  one  of  his  finest  plays. 

HAMMOND,  Anthony,  an  English  poet  and 
an  author,  distinguished  also  as  a  wit  and  as  a 
man  of  fashion  ;  he  died  about  1730. 

HAMMOND,  Dr.  Henry,  a  learned  English  di- 
vine and  commentator,  born  at  Chertsy,  in 
1605,  died  in  1G60.  His  chief  works  are,a  "  Prac- 
tical Catechism ;"  a  "  Paraphrase  and  Annota- 
tions on  the  New  Testament ;"  and  a  "  Para- 
phraseand  Commentary  on  the  Old  Testament ;" 
of  which  heonlypublished  the  Psalms,  and  went 
through  a  third  part  of  the  book  of  Proverbs. 

HAMMOND,  James,  an  elegant  Englislj  poet, 
born  in  1710,  died  in  1742.  He  was  equerry  to  tha 
prince  of  Wales  ;  and  is  said  to  have  divided 
his  life  between  pleasure  and  books :  in  his  re- 
tirement forgetting  the  town,  and  in  his  gayety 
losing  the  student.  Of  his  literary  hours  the 
principal  effects  arc  exliibitedin  his  memorable 
■  Love  Elegies." 

HAMON,  John,  a  French  physician,  who 
wrote  on  religious  subjects  in  an  admired  style  ; 
he  died  in  1687. 

HAMPDEN,  John,  a  celebrated  political  cha- 
racter in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  famous  for  sus- 
taining singly  the  weight  of  a  royal  prosecution, 
on  his  refusing  to  pay  the  ship-money  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.,  was  born  in  London,  in  1594. 
Having  in  1625-G  obtained  a  seat  in  the  house  of 
commons,  he  soon  grew  to  be  one  of  the  most 
popular  men  in  the  nation ;  and  after  he  had 
held  the  chief  direction  of  his  party  in  the  house 
against  the  king,  he  took  up  arms  in  the  same 
cause,  and  was  one  of  the  first  who  opened  the 
war  by  an  action  at  a  place  called  Brili,  about  5 
miles  from  Oxford  ;  but  he  was  cut  off  early  by 
a  mortal  wound,  which  he  received  by  a  pistol 
bursting  in  his  hand,  in  a  skirmish  with  prince 
Rupert,  June  18,  1643,  and  of  which  he  died  the 
21th.  Clarendon  has  given  Hampden  the  cha- 
racter of  a  great,  rather  than  a  good  man;  but 
when  passive  obedience  and  non-reslsrance 
were  disgraced  by  law,  he  came  to  be  esteemed 
a  good  as  well  as  a  great  man,  and  has  conti- 
nued to  be  thought  so"  from  that  time  to  this. 

HAMPTON,  James,  translator  of  Poiybius, 
died  1778. 

HA  MSA,  a  Mahometan  doctor,  known  for  his 
attempt  to  eradicate  the  tenets  of  Mahoinei  and 
to  establish  his  own.  He  flourislied  about  1020. 
HANCOCK,  John,  minister  of  Lexington, 
Massacliusetts,  respected  and  beloved  ;  ha  died 
in  1752. 

HANCOCK,  John,  mmister  qf  Braintree,  son 
of  the  preceding ;  died  in  1744. 

HANCOCK,  Thomas,  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 
college,  died  in  1764. 

HANCOCK,  John,  LL.  D.,  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  friends  of  the  .American  revolution, 
was  president  of  congress  in  1776,  and  s'  ned 
the  declaration  of  independence  in  that  ca- jci- 
ty.     He  wa^j  afterwards  governor  of  Maaaachu 


t;f  South  Carolina,  and  afferwarda  secretary  of  ilsetts  for  several  years.    He  died  in  1793. 


HANDEL,  George  Frederic,  an  iUustrious 
masterin  music,  born  at  Halle,  in  Upper  Saxony, 
in  IG84.  His  compositions,  particuiarly  his  ora- 
torios, have  been  repeatedly  performed,  to  the 
present  day,  with  uninterrupted  success  and  un- 
rivalled glory.  He  died  in  1759,  and  vas  bu- 
lled in  Westminster  Abbey,  where,  by  his  own 
order,  and  at  his  own  expense,  a  monument  is 
erected  to  his  memory. 

HANGEST,  Jerome  de,  a  doctor  of  the  Sar- 
bonne  who  wrote  against  Luther ;  he  died  in  1538. 

HANIFAH,  a  saint  among  the  Mussulmans, 
the  head  of  all  their  sects;  he  died  at  Babylon. 

HAXKINS,  Martin,  was  professor  of  history, 
politics  and  eloquence  at  Breslaw,  and  an  author ; 
he  died  in  1709. 

HANMER,  Meredith,  D.D.,  treasurer  of  Tri- 
nity church,  Dublin.  He  translated  the  ecclesi- 
astical histories  of  Eusebius,  Socrates  and  Eva- 
grius,  and  died  in  1604. 

HANMER,  Jonathan,  a  non-conformist  di- 
vine. He  is  the  author  of  ecclesiastical  anti- 
'luity  and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  1687. 

H  a:>MER,  Sir  Thomas,  Bart.,  a  distinguished 
s^•aJesm.1n  and  polite  writer,  born  in  1676.  In 
]  713  he  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  house  of 
comnjous;  which  office,  difficult  at  all  times, 
b;U  at  that  time  more  particularly  so,  he  dis- 
chirged  with  becoming  dignity.  He  "died  in  1746. 

ilANA'ECKEN,  Mennon,  a  historian  and  di- 
\ine,  of  Germany,  was  professor  of  morals, 
theology.  &c.  at  Marpurg,  and  died  in  1671. 

HANNECKEN,  Philip  Lewis,  son  of  the 
jc.Qceding,  was  professor  of  Hebrew  and  elo 
(jucnce  at  Giessen.  Kis  works  were  chiefly  on 
tlieolonical  controversy  ;  he  died  in  1706. 

H  ANNEMAN,  John,  a  painter,  at  the  Hague, 
and  an  excellent  copyist  of  Vandyck  ;  he  died  in 
IGaO. 

HANNIBAL,  a  great  Carthaginian  general, 
was  the  son  of  Hamilcar,  who  made  him  swear 
on  the  altar,  that  he  would  never  be  reconciled 
TO  the  Romans.  At  25  years  of  age,  he  took 
v.pon  him  the  command  of  the  army.  After 
iaking  Salamanca  and  Saguntum,  in  Spain,  he 
ilefeated  the  Gauls,  and  passed  the  Alps  in  de- 
fiance of  the  snow,  and  of  Publius  Cornelius  ; 
(iiiving  mollified  the  rocks  with  vinegar,  and  cut 
tUrough  them  with  iron.  He  took  Turin,  and 
.It  Pavia  defeated  CovVielius  Scipio.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  defeated  Flaminius,  and  slew  15,000 
;;ien  ;  lie  next  overthrew  Varro  at  Canna?,  with 
-tCOCO  foot,  and  2700  horse,  the  flower  of  the 
Roman  youth,  and  sent  to  Carthage  tv/o  or  three 
laskets  of  gold  rings  taken  from  the  hands  of 
.►630  slain  Roman  gentlemen.  And  now  had 
Hannibal  gone  straight  to  Rome,  he  had  cer- 
tainly ruined  that  commonwealth  ;  but  going  to 
i,';ipua,  where  he  wintered,  the  delights  of  the 
jilace  so  debauched  his  v/hole  army,  that  the 
Romans  recovered  themselves  from  the  conster- 
nation into  which  the  loss  of  five  battles  had 
throv,'n  them.  Two  years  after,  Marcellus  gave 
liini  battle,  and  conquered,  but  was  himself 
killed  in  an  ambush.'  Hannibal  was  defeated 
jifterwards  by  Sempronius  Gracchus,  and  at  last 
met  with  a  total  overthrow  by  Scipio ;  when 
falling  (or  fearing  to  fall)  into  the  hands  of  the 
Romane,  he  took  poifon,  which  he  had  kept  in 
a  ring  for  that  purpose  189  B.  C,  aged  70 

HANNIBALIANUS,  Flavius  Claudius,  was 
murdere<\  by  Constantius,  in  338. 

HANNO,  a  Carthaginian,  employed  by  his 

countrymen  to  make  the  circuit  of  Africa;  in 

consequence  of  which  he  explored  various  re- 

{jions,  and  made  great  geographical  discoveries. 

?3t) 


HA 

Some  supposed  voyages  of  Hanno  are  published 
n  the  Oxford  Geographers. 

HANNSACHS,  a  German  poet.  His  works, 
in  five  volumes  folio,  are  indifte'-ent;  he  died  in 
1576. 

HANRIOT,  Francis,  an  associate  of  Marat 
and  Robespierre,  and  equally  atrocious  in  his 
character.  He  was  guillotined,  July,  1794,  exe- 
crated for  his  cruelty  and  rapine. 

HANSO>f,  John,  a  distmguished  member  of 
Congress  from  Maryland,  and  for  two  yeara 
president  of  that  body  ;  he  died  in  1783. 

HANWAY,  Jonas,  was  born  at  Portsmouth, 
in  1712.  Being  bred  to  commence,  he  left  Eng- 
land, and  entered  into  business  at  Lisbon  as  a 
merchant ;  from  Lisbon  he  removed  to  Peters- 
burgh,  where  he  was  appointed  agent  to  the 
British  factory  ;  and,  with  the  view  of  opening 
a  trade  through  Russia  into  Persia,  he  undertook 
a  laborious  and  dangerous  course  of  travels,  of 
which  he  afterwards  published  an  interesting 
account  a*  his  return  to  England.  To  the  cha- 
ritable disposition  and  benevolent  exertions  of 
air.  Haiiway,  London  owes  in  a  great  measure 
the  institution  of  the  Marine  Society,  the  sup- 
port of  the  Magdalen  Hospital,  the  improvement 
of  its  streets  and  avenues  ;  and  the  poor  of  Vtt 
rious  descriptions,  their  most  effectual  comfor" 
and  support.     He  died  in  1786. 

HARCOURT,  Harriet  Eusebia,  an  EngHsh 
lady,  who  established  a  female  monastery  en 
her  lands  in  Yorkshire,  which  was  dissolved  at 
her  death,  in  1745. 

HARDENBURGH,  Jacobus  R.,  D.  D.,  first 
president  of  Queen's  College,  New-Jersey,  was 
indefatigable  in  his  labours,  and  much  blessed  ; 
he  died  in  1790. 

HARDER,  John  James,  was  professor  of  rhe- 
toric, afterwards  of  medicine  and  anatomy,  at 
Basil ;  a  man  highly  esteemed  for  his  learning 
and  abilities;  he  died  in  1711.  His  brother, 
James,  was  professor  of  oriental  languages  at 
Leyden,  and  a  learned  divine. 

HARDEBY,  Geofl'rey,  an  ^ufrustine  monk, 
confessor  to  Henry  II.,  professor  at  Oxford,  and 
an  author  ;  he  died  in  1360. 

HARDI,  Alexander,  a  French  poet,  who  ig 
said  to  have  written  600  pieces  for  the  theatre. 
Of  these,  however,  no  more  remain  than  41, 
which  were  published  by  himself  in  six  vols. 
He  was  the  first  French  dramatist  who  intro- 
duced the  custom  of  being  paid  for  his  pieces, 
and  died  at  Paris,  in  1630. 

HARDIME,  Peter,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp, 
died  in  1748.     His  brother,  Simon,  excelled  as 

flower  painter,  and  died  in  1737. 

HARDING,  John,  an  old  English  chronicler, 
born  in  1438,  died  after  14G1. 

HARDING,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  and 
polemical  writer,  born  in  1512,  died  about  1570. 

HARDINGE,  Nicolas,  an  eminent  English 
scholar,  and  author  of  some  Latin^  and  other 
poems  ;  he  died  in  1759. 

HARDINGE,  George,  an  eminent  English 
lawyer,  a  member  of  parliament,  and  attorney 
and  solicitor  general  to  the  queen ;  he  died  in 
1816. 

HARDION,  James,  a  Frenchman,  who  pub- 
lished "  Universal  Histoi7,"  18  vols.,  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1766. 

HARDOUIN,  John,  a  French  Jesuit,  eminent 
as  a  critical,  historical,  and  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, born  at  Kimper,  in  Brctagne,  in  1647,  died 
in  1729. 

HARDUIN,  Alexander  Xavier,  of  Arras, 
known  as  a  grammarian,  died  in  1786. 


^__^ HA ^ 

HARDWICKE.    See  YORKE,  Philip.      - 

HARDY,  Sir  Charles,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  New- York,  afterwards  an  admiral  in  the 
British  navy,  and  cntninander  in  chief  of  the 
western  squadron,  in  177>j,  the  year  of  his  death. 

HARDY,  Josiah,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  governor  of  the  province  of  New-Jersey,  in 
1761. 

HARE,  Dr.  Francis,  bishop  of  Chichester, 
and  author  of  some  celebrated  polemic  tracts, 
died  in  1740. 

HARGRAVE,  Francis,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent law-writers  of  his  day,  was  born  in  1739, 
and  died  in  1821.  He  was  many  years  one  of  his 
majesty's  counsel,  and  recorder  at  Liverpool ; 
and  among  his  numerous  publications  may  be 
manlioned,  a  "Collection  of  State  Trials,"  11 
vols,  folio,  in  1781.  In  1813,  owing  to  ill  health 
and  other  circumstances,  he  parted  with  his 
library,  which  was  purchased  by  parliament  for 
)?tK)3Z.,  to  be  placed  in  the  library  of  Lincoln's 
Ir-H,  for  the  public  use.  It  contained  300  MSS. ; 
a(«l  his  law  books  were  enriched  with  valuable 
notes. 

HARTOT,  Thomas,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian. He  acconipanied  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  to 
America,  and  gave  the  public  an  account  of 
Virginia  ;  he  died  in  1621. 

HARIRI,  an  Arabian  author,  lived  in  1120 

HARLAY,  Achille  de,  a  firm,  dignified,  and 
learned  president  of  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
after  De  Thou ;  he  died  in  1616. 

HARLAY  DE  SAIVCY,  Nicholas  de,  was 
ambassador  of  France  to  England,  under  Henry 
UI. ;  he  died  in  1629. 

HARLAY,  Francis  de,  archbishop  of  Paris, 
lie  favourite  of  Lewis  XIV.  ;  he  died  in  1695. 

HARLAY,  Achille  de,  first  president  of  the 
Darliament  of  Paris,  was  an  upright  magistrate ; 
(*i)d  died  in  1712. 

HARLEY,  Robert,  afterwards  earl  of  Oxford 
ind  earl  Mortimer,  and  lord  high  treasurer  in 
the  reign  of  queen  Anne,  was  born  in  London, 
in  1601.  On  the  8th  of  March,  1711,  he  was  in 
great  danger  of  his  life ;  the  marquis  of  Guis- 
card,  a  French  papist,  then  under  examination 
of  a  committee  of  the  privy  council  at  Whitehall, 
stabbing  him  with  a  penknife,  which  he  took 
up  in  the  clerk's  room,  where  he  waited  before 
he  was  examined.  Guiscard  was  imprisoned 
and  died  in  Newgate,  the  17th  of  the  same 
month ;  whereupon  an  act  of  parliament  passed, 
making  it  felony,  without  benefit  of  clergy,  to 
attempt  the  life  of  a  privy  counsellor  in  the  exe 
cution  of  hisofiice.  After  the  death  of  queen 
Anne,  viz.  June  10, 1715,  Harley  was  impeached 
by  the  house  of  commons  of  high  treason,  and 
high  crimes  and  misdemeanors  ;  and  was  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower  by  the  house  of  lords, 
where  he  suflTered  confinement  till  July  1,  1717, 
and  then,  after  a  public  trial,  was  acquitted  by 
his  peers;  he  died  in  1724,  and  Pope  has  cele- 
brated his  memory  in  the  following  lines : 

*'  A  soul  supreme  in  each  hard  instance  tried, 
Above  all  pain,  all  anger,  and  all  pride. 
The  rage  of  power,  the  blast  of  public  br.jath, 
The  lust  of  lucre,  and  the  dread  of  death." 

This  nobleman  laid  the  foundation  of  the  Hai- 
leian  Collection  of  MSS  now  in  the  British 
Museum  ;  which  was  enlarged  by  his  son  Ed- 
ward, who  succeeded  to  his  title  and  estates, 
and  at  whose  death,  it  consisted  of  8900  volumes. 
and  above  40,000  original  rolls,  charters,  and 
other  deeds  and  instruments  of  great  antiquity. 
HARLOW,  aaeminenl  English  portrait  and 


HA 

historical  painter,  died  in  the  bloom  of  life,  in 
1819.  The  admirable  arrangement  and  pow- 
erful effect  with  which  he  represented  the  scene 
from  Henry  VHI.,  in  which  Mrs.  Siddons  is 
the  principal  figure, and  all  the  Kemble  fami- 
ly are  introduced,  is  a  masterly  proof  of  his 
taste,  judgmeni,  and  skill,  as  a  historical  pain- 
tor  ;  as  his  portraits  of  West,  Northcotc,  Fuseli, 
&CC.,  were  of  his  fidelity  in  that  branch  of  the 
art.  As  a  copyist  also  he  was  entitled  to  higii 
praise.  His  copy  ol"  a  picture  of  Rubens  might 
be  taken  for  the  original ;  and  his  copy  of  Ra- 
phael's famous  picture  of  The  Transfiguration, 
which  he  painted  with  astonishing  rapidity, 
was  highly  admired  at  Rome,  where  the  original 
might  be  compared  with  it. 

HARMER.  Thomas,  an  eminent  dissenting 
divine,  and  critical  writer  on  biblical  liierature, 
born  at  Norwich,  in  1715,  vva.s54vcars  pastor  of 
a  congregation  at  Wattesfieid,  in  Suffolk,  and 

ed  in  1788. 

HARMODIUS.     See  ARISTOGITON. 

HARO,  Don  Louis  de,  a  favourite  of  Philip 
IV.,  prime  minister,  and  a  great  diplomatist ;  he 
died  in  1631. 

HAROLD  I.,  king  of  England,  eon  of  Canute; 
he  died  the  5th  year  of  his  reign,  in  1039. 

HAROLD  [I.,  son  of  earl  Godwin,  took  pos- 
session of  the  English  crown,  on  the  death  of 
Edward  the  Confessor.  In  repelling  the  inva- 
sion of  his  kingdom,  by  William  of  Normandy, 
he  was  slain,  Oct.  10G6,  in  the  first  year  of  his 
reign. 

HARP  ALUS,  a  Grecian  astronomer,  inventor 
of  the  cycle,  480  B.  C 

HARPALUS,  an  officer  intrusted  by  Alex- 
ander with  the  treasures  of  Babylon,  with  which 
he  fled  away. 

H  ARPE,  Jean  Francois  la,  an  eminent  French 
orator,  critic,  poet,  and  dramatic  writer,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1740,  died  in  1802. 

HARPOCRATION,  Valerius,  an  ancient  rhe- 
torician of  Alexandria,  who  has  left  an  excellent 
"Lexicon  upon  tiie  Ten  Orators  of  Greece." 
He  flourished  about  175. 

HARPSFIELD,  Nicholas,  archdeacon  of  Can- 
terbury, an  English  divine,  attached  to  the  po- 
pish religion  ;  he  died  in  1572. 

HARRINGTON,  John  lord,  an  English  noble- 
man, distinguished  by  the  talents  and  genius 
which  he  displayed  at  a  very  early  age  ;  he  died 
in  1613,  aged  22, 

HARRINGTON,  Sir  John,  an  ingenious  Eng- 
lish poet,  and  translator  of  Ariosto's  "  Orlando 
Purioso;"  by  which  he  gained  a  considerable 
reputation,  and  for  which  he  i.s  now  principally 
known  ;  he  was  born  at  Helston,  near  Bath,  in 
1581,  and  died  in  1512. 

HARRINGTON,  James,  an  emiaent  political 
writer,  born  in  Northamptonshire,  in  1611,  died 
in  1677.  His  chief  work  is  called  "Oceana," 
and  is  a  kind  of  political  romance,  in  imitation 
of  Plato's  "  Atlantic  Story,"  where,  by  Oceana, 
Harrington  means  England ;  exhibiting  a  plan 
of  republican  government,  which  he  would  have 
erected,  by  forming  the  three  kingdoms  into  a 
genuine  commonwealth. 

HARRINGTON,  Henry,  an  eminent  English 
physician  and  poet,  died  at  Bath,  in  1816. 

HARRIS,  Walter,  an  English  physician,  in 
the  reign  of  William  HI.  He  wrote  some  es- 
teemed books  on  the  diseases  of  children. 

HARRIS,  Robert,  was  president  of  Trinity 
college,  Oxford,  wrote  some  sermons,  and  died 
in  10,5^. 

HARRIS,John,an  English  divine,and  a  distfn- 
23-1 


HA 

guished  mathematician,  secretary  to  the  royal 
society,  died  in  1730. 

HARRIS,  William,  minister  of  a  dissenting 
congregation  in  London,  died  in  1740. 

HARRIS,  William,  a  protestant  dissenting 
minister,  of  eminent  abilities  and  character,  and 
author  of  a  historical  and  critical  Account  of 
the  Lives  of  James  I.,  Charles  I.,  and  Oliver 
Oiomwell,  all  tending  to  recommend  republican- 
ism, in  5  vols.,  after  the  manner  of  Mr,  Bayle. 
lie  died  in  1770. 

HARRIS,  James,  an  English  gentleman,  of 
very  uncommon  parts  and  learning,  born  in  the 
( 'lose,  al  Salisbury,  in  1709,  died  in  1780.  He  is 
tiie  author  of  "  Three  Treatises,  concerning 
-Art,  Music,  and  Painting,  and  Poetry,  and  Hap- 
piness ;"  "Hermes,  or,  a  Philosophical  Inqui- 
ry concerning  Universal  Grammar,"  (which 
bishop  Lowth,  in  the  preface  to  his  "  English 
Ciammar,"  calls  the  most  beautiful  and  perfect 
example  of  analysis  that  has  been  exhibited  since 
the  days  of  Aristotle;)  "  Philosophical  Arrange- 
liients  ;"  and  "  Philological  Inquiries." 

HARRIS,  James,  earl  of  Malmesbury,  an  En- 
glish ambassador  at  the  court  of  Berlin,  St.  Pe- 
tersbuiy;,  and  afterwards  at  the  Hague,  and  a 
member  of  the  privy  council,  w^as  raised  to  the 
peerage  in  1800.- e.nd  died  in  1820. 

HARRISON,  William,  an  elegant  poet,  and 
secretary  to  the  English  ambassador  at  the 
Hague,  died  in  London,  in  1713. 

HARRISON,  William,  in  English  writer,  au- 
thor of  tiie  Pilgrim,  a  pastoral  tragedy,  1709. 

HARRISON,  John,  a  colonel  in  the  parlia- 
ment army,  and  one  of  the  judges  of  the  un- 
fortunate Charles ;  he  was  executed  for  hisper- 
lidy,  after  the  restoration. 

HARRISON,  Robert  Hansen,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  of  Maryland,  was  chief  justice  of  the 
general  court,  and  governor  of  that  state.  He 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
the  United  States,  in  1789,  but  declined  the  of- 
fice, and  died  in  1790. 

HARRISON,  John,  a  most  accurate  English; 
mechanic,  inventor  and  maker  of  the  famous 
time-keeper,  for  ascertaining  the  longitude  at 
sea,  born  at  Foulby,  near  Pontefract,  in  York- 
shire, 1693,  died  1776.  After  many  experiments, 
he  made  a  time-keeper  in  the  form  of  a  watch, 
with  which  two  trials  were  in  voyages  to  the 
West  Indies  ;  and,  being  found  to  answer,  the 
discoverer  received  from  parliament  the  sum  of 
24,000Z. 

HARRISON,  Benjamin,  one  of  the  delega- 
tion from  Virginia,  who  signed  the  declaration 
of  Independence. 

HART,  Oliver,  minister  of  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,published  several  sermons,  and  died  in 
1795. 

HART,  Levi,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Preston, 
Conn.,  instructed  many  young  men  for  the  mi- 
nistry, and  died  in  1808. 

HART,  Jolin,  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
Independence,  and  an  active  and  useful  revo- 
lutionary patriot,  he  died  in  1779. 

HARTE,  Walter,  a  divine,  poet  and  histori- 
an, born  earlv  in  thp  18th  centuiy,  and  educa- 
ted in  the  free-school  of  Marlborough.  Lord 
Chesterfield,  to  whose  son  Harte  was  tutor) 
describes  him  as  a  man  of  consummate  erudi- 
tion His  greatest  poetical  work,  called  "  The 
Amaranth,"  vvas  published  in  1767:  his  "  His- 
torv  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,"  in  1765;  and  his 

'  Essays  on  Husbandry,"  in  1764.  He  died  in 
)773. 

HARTLEY,  David,  an  English  physician 
232 


HA 

of  eminence,  bom  in  Yorkshire,  in  1705.  His 
principal  work  is  entitled  "  Observations  on 
Man,his  Frame,his  Duty,and  hisEjspectalions. ' 
He  died  in  1757. 

H  ARTM  AN,  John  Adolphus,  a  convert  from 
the  Jesuits,  to  Calvinism,  and  professor  of  phi- 
losophy and  poetry,  at  Castel,  and  afterwards 
of  history,  at  Marpurg  ;  he  died  in  1744. 

HARTSOEKER,  Nicolas,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy, at  Heidelberg,  and  mathematician  to 
the  elector  palatine,  died  in  1725. 

HARTUNGUS,  John,  professor  of  Greek  at 
Heidelberg,  for  some  time  in  arms  against  the 
Turks  ;  he  died  in  1579. 

HARVARD,  John,  an  eminent  American  di- 
vine, founder  of  Harvard  college,  Massachu- 
setts, died  in  1638. 

HARVEY,  Gideon,  an  eminent  English  phy- 
sician, attendant  upon  Charles  II.  in  his  exile, 
and  after  his  restoration ;  he  died  in  1700. 

HARVEY,  William,  an  eminent  English  phy- 
sician who  first  discoverbd  the  circulation  of  the 
blood  and  the  motion  of  the  heart,  in  animals, 
born  at  Folkstone,  in  Kent,  in  1578,  died  in 
1657. 

HARVEY,  Sir  John,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Virginia.  His  tyranny  and  rapacity  caused 
his  impeachment  and  removal,  in  1635. 

HARWOOD,  Dr.  Edward,  an  English  dis- 
senting divine,  and  excellent  classical  scholar, 
born  in  1729,  died  in  1794.  His  chief  works 
are,  "  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  New 
Testament,"  "  A  View  of  the  various  editions 
of  the  Greek  and  Roman  Classics,"  and  an  edi- 
tion of  the  "  New  Testament  in  Greek,  with 
English  notes." 

HASE,  Theodore,  professor  of  Hebrew  at 
Bremen,  his  native  town,  died  in  1731. 

HASE,  James,  brother  of  the  preceding,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  learning  and  writings,  died  in 
1723. 

HASSELaUlST,  Frederic,  a  Swedish  bota- 
nist and  natural  historian,  bom  in  East  Goth- 
land, in  1722,  died  at  Smyrna,  in  1752. 

HASTED,  Edward,  a  topographer,  born  at 
Hawley,  in  Kent,  in  1732.  His  "  History  of 
Kent"  is  well  known  and  esteemed.  In  the 
latter  part  of  his  life  he  was  much  reduced  in 
circumstances,  and  was,  by  lord  Radnor,  pre- 
sented with  the  mastership  of  the  hospital  at 
Corsham,  Wilts.    He  died  there  in  1812. 

H.\STINGS,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  earl 
of  Huntington,  was  celebrated  for  her  accom- 
plishments, and  for  her  public  and  private  cha 
rity.    She  died  in  1740,  deservedly  lamented. 

HASTINGS,  Rt.  Hon.  Warren,  was  born 
near  Daylesford,  in  Worcestershire,  in  1733. 
Having  been  educated  at  Westminster  school, 
he  went  out  to  the  East  Indies  as  a  writer,  and 
in  course  of  time  became  governor  of  Bengal. 
He  was  removed  from  Madras  to  the  presidency 
of  Calcutta  at  a  critical  period,  when  the  state 
of  Hindostau  became  perilous  from  the  rapidly 
increasing  power  of  Hyder  Ally,  the  sovereign 
of  Mj'sore,  and  the  intrigues  of  the  French,  who 
were  taking  advantage  of  the  rupture  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  colonies.  In  this  exigency, 
the  governor-general  had  to  rely  solely  upon  his 
own  exertions;  and  he  succeeded,  beyond  all 
expectation,  in  saving  British  India  from  a  com- 
bination of  enemies.  Party  spirit  at  home,  how- 
ever, turned  his  merit  into  a  crime,  and  charges 
were  brought  against  him  in  parliament.  He 
returned  in  1786,  and  an  impeachment  followed, 
ihe  trial  of  which  lasted  nine  years,  and  termi- 
nated in  an  acquittal.    After  this  he  led  a  re- 


_  HA 

tired  life  on  the  wreck  of  his  fortune,  and  an 
annuity  from  liie  India  company.  He  lired, 
however,  to  see  his  pians  tor  the  security  of 
India  publicly  applauded  ;  but  received  no  other 
recompense  for  his  sufferings,  than  tlial  of  being 
sworn  of  the  pri  vy-council  Sir  Warren  died 
in  1818. 

HATSELL,  John,  clerk  of  the  house  of 
commons,  from  1768  to  1797,  died  in  1820. 

H.VTTON,  Sir  Christopher,  an  eminent  states- 
man, and  lord  chancellor  under  Glueen  Eliza- 
beth, died  in  1591. 

HAUSTEAD,  Peter,  a  clergyman  and  a  comic 
writer,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 

HAUTE-FEUILLE,  I'abbe,  a  French  gentle- 
man, sJiilled  in  mechanics,  who  made  considera- 
ble improvements  in  the  movements  of  watches, 
and  invented  a  specular  gnomon  for  regulating 
clocks  and  watches  by  the  sun,  &c.,  born  in 
1647,  died  in  1724. 

HAUTEROCHE,  Noel  le  Breton  de,  a  French 
dramatic  poet  and  actor,  died  at  Paris,  in  1707. 

HAUTETERRE,  Anthony  Dadine  de,  profes- 
sor of  law  at  Toulouse,  author  of  a  treatise  on 
monastic  life,  and  other  works,  indicative  of 
great  faients  and  learning;  he  died  in  1682. 

HAVARD,  WiUiam,  a  respectable  actor,  and 
dramatic  writer,  of  Dublin,  died  in  1778. 

HAVEN,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Ports- 
mouth, New-Hampshire,  published  many  ser- 
mons, and  died  in  1806. 

HAVEN,  Jason,  minister  of  Dedham,  Massa- 
cliuseiis,  author  of  many  published  sermons, 
died,  much  respected,  in  1803 

HAVERCAMP,  Sigibert,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
critic,  and  professor  of  history,  eloquence,  and 
the  Greek  tongue,  at  Leyden.  He  was  particu- 
larly skilled  in  the  science  of  medals,  and  was 
tlie  author  of  some  works  in  this  way  that  were 
very  much  esteemed.  He  gave  good  editions, 
as  well  as  grand  ones,  of  several  Latin  and 
Greek  authors ;  of  Eutropius,  TertuUian's  *'Apo 
logetic,"  Josephus,  Sallust,  &c. ;  and  his  edi- 
tions of  those  autliors  are  reckoned  the  best 
He  died  in  1742,  aged  58. 

HAVERS,  Clopton,  an  English  physician, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  bones,  died  early  in 
the  18th  century. 

HA  WES,  Stephen,  an  English  poet,  who 
flourished  about  1500. 

HA  WES,  Dr  William,  an  English  physician, 
who  has  immortaUzed  his  name  by  being  the 
founder  of  the  Royal  Humane  Society,  for  the 
recovery  of  persons  apparently  dead  by  drown- 
ing, suffocation,  or  strangulation,  was  born  at 
Islington,  in  1736,  and  died  in  1808.  Dr.  Hawes 
was  a  truly  amiable  and  benevolent  man  ;  and 
gave  a  strong  proof  of  his  phiJantiirophy  in  his 
unwearied  attention  to  the  above-mentioned  in- 
stitution, which  has  been  found  highly  useful, 
and  to  establish  which  he  employed  many  years 
of  his  life.  So  much,  indeed,  did  this  engross 
his  mind,  and  engage  his  attention,  that  his  own 
immediate  interests  appeared  to  him  to  be  very 
subordinate  considerations ;  yet  he  was  always 
ready  to  afford  his  professional  assistance  to 
distress.  It  would  be  difficult  for  the  enemies 
of  Dr.  Hawes,  (if  such  a  truly  benignant  cha- 
racter could  have  any  enemies,)  to  say  any  thing 
to  his  disadvantage.  There  was  a  remarkable 
simplicity  in  his  manners,  the  result  of  an  inno- 
cent and  unsuspecting  heart ;  and  his  name 
ought  to  be  recorded  among  the  benefactors  of 
th^ii  country,  for  the  establishment  of  an  insti- 
luiiori,  which  has  been  a  source  of  renewed 
happiness  to  thousands,  who  might  otberwist 


HA 

have  sunk  into  wretchedness,  arising  from  the 
untimely  loss  of  tlieir  dearest  relatives. 

II A  WEIS,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  known 
as  chaplain  to  Uie  countess  of  Huntington,  and 
as  piincipaJ  of  a  seminaiy  which  she  founded 
for  the  educationof  students  in  divinity;  he  died 
in  1820. 

H  AWKE,  Edward  lord,  a  brav»  and  intrepid 
English  admiral,  appointed  rear  of  the  white,  in 
1747,  being  then  styled  by  George  II.  "  His  own 
Admiral;"  and,  by  successive  promotions,  he 
became  vice-admiral  of  Great  Britain,  in  1765. 
He  was  one  of  the  greatest  characters  tl;at  eve» 
adorned  the  British  navy ;  but  most  of  all  re- 
markable for  the  daring  courage,  which  induced 
him,  on  many  occasions,  to  disregard  those  forms 
of  conducting  or  sustaining  an  attack,  which, 
by  the  rules  and  ceremonies  of  service,  had  be- 
fore been  considered  as  indispensable.  His  de- 
feat of  the  French  armament,  under  marshal 
Conflans,  off  Belleisle,  will  never  be  forgotten. 
He  died  in  1781. 

HAWKESWORTH,  Dr.  John,  an  English 
writer,  of  a  very  soft  and  pleasing  cast,  born  at 
Bromley,  in  Kent,  in  1715,  died  in  1773.  As  an 
author,  "The  Adventurer"  is  his  capital  work  ; 
the  merits  of  which,  it  is  said,  procured  him  the 
degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Dr.  Herring,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  When  the  design  of  compiling 
a  narrative  of  the  discoveries  in  the  South  Seas 
was  on  foot,  he  was  recommended  as  a  proper 
person  to  be  employed  on  the  occasion  ;  but  the 
performance  did  not  answer  expectation.  Works 
of  taste  and  elegance,  where  imagination  and 
the  passions  were  to  be  affected,  were  his  pro- 
vince ;  not  works  of  dry,  cold,  accurate  narra- 
tive. However,  he  executed  his  task,  and  is 
said  to  have  received  for  it  the  enormous  stun 
of  6000Z. 

HAWKINS,  Sir  John,  an  English  admiral, 
who  signalized  himself,  in  the  reign  of  Eliza- 
beth, by  opposing  the  Spanish  armada,  and  in  his 
expeditions  to  the  West  Indies  ;  he  died  in  1595. 

HAWKINS,  Sir  John,  to  whom  the  public 
are  indebted  for  a  good  edition,  with  notes,  of 
"Walton's  Angler,"  as  well  as  a  valuable  "  His- 
tory of  Music,"  was  born  in  1719,  and  died  in 
1789.  Some  short  time  before  his  death,  lie 
wrote  a  "  Life  of  Dr.  Samuel  Jolmson," 
which,  though  replete  with  literary  anecdote 
and  entertainment,  met  with  but  an  indifferent 
reception  from  the  critics. 

HAWKINS,  William,  governor  of  the  state 
of  Georgia,  died  in  1819. 

HAWKSMOOR,  Nicolas,  an  English  archi- 
tect, pupil  to  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  died  in  1736. 

HA  WKWOOD,  Sir  John,  born  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  II.,  died  in  1394.  Though  bred  a 
tailor,  having  afterwards  taken  to  arms,  ho 
signalized  himself  in  the  wars  in  Italy,  by  his 
valour  and  conduct,  which  raised  him  to  the 
highest  posts.  He  gained  so  great  honour  and 
reputation  for  having  restored,  in  those  parts, 
military  discipline,  which  was  almost  lost,  that, 
after  his  death,  the  Floientinee  erected,  in  their 
city,  a  black  marble  statue  as  an  acknowledg 
ment  for  the  services  he  had  done  them. 

HAWLEY,  Joseph,  distinguished  as  a  states 
man  and  patriot,  and  regarded  as  having  been 
one  of  the  ablest  advocates  of  American  libertj' ; 
he  died  in  1788. 

HAWLEY,  Gideon,  many  years  a  missionary 
to  the  Stockbndge,  Mohawk,  and  Oneida  In- 
dians, and  eminently  useful  to  them ;  he  died  ir* 
807. 

HAY,  James,  a  Scotchman,  who  went  to 
233 


HA 


HE 


England  with  James  1.,  where  lie  was  ennobled 
and  employed  on  several  embassies,  and  to  ne- 
gotiate a  marriage  between  the  prijice  of  Wales 
and  A  princess  oi  France  ;  he  died  in  1636. 

HAY,  William,  born  in  Sussex,  in  1695,  was 
remarkable  for  his  personal  deformity ;  on  whicl 
subject  be  wrote  an  excellent  "  Essay,"  wherein 
lie  alluded  to  his  own  case  with  singular  good 
humour.  He  was  representative  in  parliament 
for  Seaford,  and  died  in  1755  ;  having  written , 
beside  the  above  essay,  "  lltligio  Pliilosophi,' 
''  Imitations  of  Martial,"  and  some  other  pieces 
which  were  collected  and  printed  in  1794. 

HAYDN,  Joseph,  was  bom  of  low  parentage, 
at  Rhorau,  in  Austria,  in  17.33.  At  an  early  age 
he  was  received  into  the  choir  of  the  cathedral 
in  Vienna.  He  afterwards  got  his  living  by 
leaching  music,  and  by  composition.  In  1791, 
he  went  to  England,  aud  published  several  of 
Isis  works  ;  in  consequence  oi\\  hich  the  univer 
sity  of  Oxford  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
doctor  of  music.  In  1793,  he  returned  to  Ger- 
many, w  here  he  composed  his  sublime  oratorio 
(if  "The  Creation,"  and  "The  Seasons,"  and 
died  in  1809.  His  works  are  very  numerous  and 
valoabJe.  Wliile  Haydn  was  in  England,  a 
ship  captain  entered  his  chamber  one  morning 
'•  You  are  Mr.  Haydn  1"  "  Yes."  "  Can  you 
make  me  a  march  to  enliven  my  crew  "?  You 
shall  have  thirty  guineas ;  but  I  must  have  it  to- 
day, for  to-morrow  I  start  for  Calcutta."  Haydn 
agreed :  tlie  seaman  left  him  ;  the  composer 
opened  his  piano,  and  in  a  quarter  of  an  hour 
the  march  was  written.  Haydn  appears  to  have 
had  a  delicacy,  rare  among  the  musical  birds  of 
prey  and  passage,  who  go  to  feed  on  the  un- 
wieldy wealth  of  England  ;  he  thought  so  large 
a  sum,  for  a  labour  eventually  so  slight,  a  spe- 
I  ies  of  plunder — came  home  early  in  the  even- 
ing, and  made  two  other  marches,  in  order  to 
allow  the  liberal  s?aman  his  choice,  or  to  give 
ihem  all  to  him.  At  daybreak  the  purchaser 
i;ame — "  Where  is  my  march  V  "  Here,  try  it 
on  the  piano."  Haydn  played  it.  The  captain 
counted  the  thirty  guineas  on  the  piano,  took  up 
the  march,  and  went  down  stairs.  Haydn  ran 
jifter  him  ;  "  I  have  made  two  others,  both  bet- 
ter, come  up  and  hear  them,  and  take  your 
choice."  "  1  am  satisfied  with  the  one  t  have." 
The  captain  still  went  down.  "  I  will  make  you 
a  present  of  them."  The  captain  went  down 
only  the  more  rapidly,  and  left  Haydn  on  the 
stairs.  Haydn,  from  one  of  those  motives  not 
easily  defined,  determined  on  overcoming  this 
singular  self-denial.  He  unmediately  went  to 
(lie  exchange,  ascertained  the  name  of  the 
ship,  made  a" roll  of  his  marches,  aud  sent  them, 
with  a  polite  billet,  to  the  captain  on  board.  He 
ivas  surprised  at  receiving,  shortly  after,  his  en- 
velope, unopened,  from  the  Enghshman,  who 
.lad  judged  it  to  be  Haydn's.  The  composer 
;ore  the  whole  in  pieces  on  the  spot.  Tbe  anec- 
dote is  of  no  great  elevation  ;  but  it  e.ypre.eses 
fieculiarity  of  character;  and  certainly  neitlier 
I  hie  captain  nor  the  composer  could  have  been 
Lasily  classed  among  tlie  common,  or  the  vulgar 
of  men.  Haydn  soon  adopted  the  custom  of 
chopping,  and  frequently  wandered  in  the  morn- 
•ag  from  house  to  house  of  the  music-sellers, 
j'le  used  to  mention  his  dialogue  with  one  of 
those  persons.  He  had  inquired  for  any  par- 
1  icularJy  good  music,  "  You  are  come  exactly  at 
ihe  right  time,"  was  the  shopkeeper's  answer, 
'for  I  have  just  printed  off  Haydn's  sublime 
music.  "  Oh  !  as  for  that,  I  will  have  ncthiLg 
te  do  with  it."  "  How,  sir,  notliiug  to  do  v.itii 
234 


j ITaydn I  what  fault  is  to  be  found  v.iiii  ii 

dh!  fault  enough;  but  there  is  no  use  i 
.-peaking  about  it  now ;  it  does  not  please  ji:i 
Micw  me  something  else."  The  music-selicr, 
who  was  an  entiiusiast  about  Haydn's  compo- 
sitions, looked  at  the  inquirer,  "  iS'o,  sir,  1  have 
other  music,  no  doubt,  but  it  is  not  fit  for  you," 
and  turned  his  back  upon  him.  Haydn  was  go- 
ing out  of  the  shop,  laughing,  when  he  met  an 
acquaintance  coming  in,  who  pronounced  hi.s 
name.  The  music-seller,  wliose  vexation  had 
revived  with  the  sound,  turned  round  and  saifl, 
"  Yes,  sir,  here  is  a  gentleman  who  actually 
does  not  hke  that  great  man's  music."  The  mis- 
take was  of  course  soon  cleared  up,  and  liie 
person  was  known  who  alone  might  presume  to 
object  to  Haydn's  music. 

HAYER  DU  PERRON,  Peter  le,  a  native  of 
Alencon,  distinguished  for  his  poems,  odes, 
songs,  &c. ;  he  was  born  in  1603. 

HAVER,  John  Nicholas  Hubert,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  author  of  a  work  on  the  immortali- 
ty of  the  soul,  and  other  valuable  writings  ;  he 
died  at  Paris,  in  1780. 

HAYES,  Charles,  an  ingenious  mathematical 
writer,  author  of  a  treatise  on  liuxiens,  and 
other  works  ;  lie  died  in  London,  in  1760. 

HAYES,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  born  in  170S.  He  became  professor 
of  music  at  Christ  ChurcJi  College,  Oxford,  and 
published  a  coUectioa  of  English  ballads  ;  butia 
best  known  by  his  cathedral  music  and  catches. 
He  defended  Handel  against  Avison,  with  some 
asperity,  and  died  in  1777. 

HAYLEY,  William,  an  Enghsh  poet,  ana 
miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  182G. 

HAYLEY,  William,  a  poet,  dramatist,  ang 
miscellaneous  writer,  born  in  1745,  was  eda 
catcd  at  Cambridge.  On  leaving  the  university 
he  retired  to  his  estate  of  Eartham,  in  Sussex ; 
he  died  at  Felpham,  in  1820. 

HAYMAN,  Francis,  a  painter,  of  seme  dis- 
tinction, born  at  Exeter,  in  1708,  became  a  mem 
ber,  and  librarian  ef  the  royal  academy,  ana 
died  in  1776. 

HAYMON,  a  native  of  the  TxTolese,  in  the 
115th  century,  of  gigantic  stature.'  He  is  said  to 
[have  been  10  feet  in  height,  with  strength  pro- 
portionate to  his  size. 

HAYNES,  Hopton,  assay  master  of  the  Eng- 
lish mint,  known  as  the  author  of  a  work  on  the 
attributes  and  worship  of  God,  and  the  charac- 
ter ar.d  offices  of  Christ ;  he  died  in  1749. 

HAYNES,  Samuel,  an  English  clergyman: 
he  published  a  collection  of  state  papeis,  and 
died  in  1752. 

HAYNES,  John,  governor  of  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut,  of  v.hich  latter  colony  he  waa 
one  of  the  founders  ;  he  died  in  1654. 

HAY'TER,  Rev.  John,  an  excellent  Greek 
scholar,  who  was  employed  by  the  prince  of 
Wales,  (present  king.)  for  many  years,  in  un- 
rolling and  decyphering  the  MSS.  found  at  Her- 
culaneum.  He  died  at  Paris,  of  apoplexy,  in 
1518,  in  his  63d  year. 

HAY'WOOD,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  English 
historian,  died  in  1627. 

HAY'WOOD,  Elizabeth.    See  liEYWOOD. 

HAYWOOD,  Henr>-,  minister  in  South  Ca- 
rolina to  tlie  Socinian  baptists,  died  in  1755. 

HAZAEL,  servant  of  Benhadad,  king  of  Sy- 
ria, was  sent  by  his  master  to  inquire  of  tlie 
prophet  Elisha,  the  result  of  his  sickness.  On 
his  return,  he  killed  the  king,  and  usurped  hia 
throne,  889  B.  C. 
I    HEAD,  Richard,  a  native  of  Ireland,  known 


HE 

as  tiie  author  of  "  The  English  Rogue,"  a  co- 
medy, and  Several  other  dramatic  pieces ;  he 
died  in  1678. 

HEADLEY,  Henry,  an  ingenious  poet,  and 
excellent  young  man,  was  born  at  Irstead,  in 
Norfolk,  in  17C6,  and,  after  passing  under  the 
tuition  of  Dr.  Parr,  was  admitted  to  Trinity  col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  died  in  1788.  Before  the  age 
ef  20  lie  publi<?hed  a  volume  of  "  Poems  ;"  but 
he  is  principally  known  to  the  literary  world  by 
two  volumes  of  "  Select  Beauties  of  Ancient 
English  poetry,  with  Remarks,"  1787:  a  work 
very  deservedly  in  high  esteem  ;  and  v/hich  was 
elegantly  republished  by  ISIr.  Sharpe,  in  1810, 
witli  a  biographical  sketch  of  the  author,  by  the 
Rev.  Henry  Kelt,  B.  D.,  Fellow  of  Trinity  Col 
k-ge,  Oxford. 

HEARNE,  Thomas,  an  English  antiquary 
and  indefatigable  collector  and  editor  of  books 
and  MSS.  chiefly  concerning  English  history, 
born  in  1678,  and  died  in  1735. 

HEATH,  Nicholas,  archbishop  of  York,  and 
chancellor  of  England  in  the  reign  of  Mary, 
died  in  1560. 

HEATH,  James,  an  English  historian,  born 
in  London,  in  1C29,  and  died  in  1664. 

HEATH,  Thomas,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
and  a  Jesuit ;  he  was  sent  as  a  missionary  to 
England,  where  he  died  about  1568. 

HEATH,  Benjamin,  a  lawyer  of  eminence, 
and  town-clerk  of  Exeter,  who  wrote  several 
works,  but  is  best  known  by  "  A  Rovisal  of 
Shakspeare's  Text,  wherein  the  alterations  in- 
troduced into  it  by  the  more  modern  editors  and 
critics  are  particularly  considered,  1765. 

HEATH,  William,  a  brigadier,  and  after- 
"wards  a  major-general  in  the  American  army 
during  the  revolution  ;  he  wa^  distinguished  for 
liis  patriotism  and  zeal,  and  died  after  the  war 
at  Roxbury,  Massachusetts 

HEATHCOTE,  Dr.  Ralph,  a  very  learned  di- 
vine and  controversial  writer,  born  in  1721,  and 
died  in  1795.  When  very  you^ig,  he  published, 
at  Cambridge,  "Histoiia  Astronomias,"  which 
'aid  the  foundation  of  that  merit  which  he  after- 
wards acquired  in  the  literary  world.  The  doc- 
tor was  deeply  engaged  in  the  Middletonian 
controversy  upon  the  miraculous  powers.  In 
1775  he  published  "  A  Sketch  of  Lord  Boling- 
broke's  Philosophy  ;"  and,  in  the  latter  end  of 
the  same  year,  came  out,  "  The  use  of  Reason 
asserted  in  Matters  of  Religion."  The  doctor 
also  was  engaged  in  the  compilation  of  the 
"Biographical  Dictionary,"  12  vols.  8vo,  1761, 
and  had  a  considerable  sum  from  the  booksellers 
for  several  new  articles  in  the  .edition  of  1784. 
In  1771  appeared  "  The  Ircnarch  ;  or.  Justice 
of  Peace's  Manual ;"  and  he  then  qualified 
himself  for  acting  for  the  liberty  of  Souihv/ell 
and  Scrooby.  The  first  volume  of  "  Sylva  ;  or. 
The  Wood,"  was  published  in  1786,  and  a  se- 
cond edition  in  1788.  He  had  intended  publish- 
ing a  second  volume  of  this  work,  but  indisposi- 
tion prevented  his  accomplishing  it. 

HEATHFIELD,  Lord.    See  ELIOT. 

HEBENSTREIT,  John  Ernest,  a  physician 
and  writer  educated  at  Jena ;  he  went  afterwards 
to  Leipsic,  where  he  died  in  1756. 

HEBER,  son  of  Selah,  and  father  of  Pheleg, 
died  817  B.C.  aged  464.  The  Jews  derive  triei 
name  of  Hebrews  from  him.  I 

HEBERDEN,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish tihvsician  and  medical  writer,  born  in  1710, 
died  in"  1801. 

HEBERT,  Ja?nes  Rene,  a  French  revolution- 
ist, distinguisbed  for  liis  abusive  writings  andl 


HE 

his  bitterness  against  the  queen.    He  was  guil- 
lotined by  order  of  Robespierre,  in  1794. 

HECAT^US,  a  historian  of  Abdera,  at  the 
court  o('  the  Ptolemies,  author  of  a  history  of 
the  Jews,  &;c. 

HECHT,  Christian,  a  minister,  of  Eesen,  iu 
East  Friezland,  died  in  1748. 

HECK,  Nicholas,  an  admired  Dutch  landscape 
and  historical  painter,  born  in  1580. 

HECK,  Martin  Heimskirk,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  also  an  eminent  landscape  painter. 

HECK,  John  Van,  a  landscape  painter,  of  Ou- 
denard,  died  in  1689. 

HECKEWELDER,  John,  a  native  of  Eng- 
land, was  for  many  years  a  Moravian  mission- 
ary among  the  Delaware  Indians,  and  author  of 
an  account  of  the  manners  and  customs  of  the 
Indian  tribes  which  once  inhabited  Pennsylva- 
nia ;  he  died  in  1823. 

H  ECQUET,  Philip,  a  French  physician,  who 
is  immortalized  in  Gil  Bias,  under  the  name  of 
Doctor  Sangrado.  He  was  a  man  of  piety,  and 
author  of  several  medical  works ;  he  died  in 
1737. 

HEDELIN,  Francis,  a  French  grammarian. 
poet,  antiquary,  preacher,  and  writer  of  roman- 
ces ;  but  chiefly  distinguished  by  a  book  entitled, 
"  Pratique  du  Theatre,"  born  at  Paris,  in  1604, 
died  in  1676. 

HEDERICUS,  orHEDERICH,  Benjamin,  a 
native  of  Upper  Saxony,  an*l  author  of  a  cele- 
brated "  Greek  Lexicon,"  was  born  in  Misnia, 
in  1675,  and  died  in  1748. 

HEDLINGER,  John  Charles,  a  Swiss  engra- 
ver, wIk)sg  medals  are  much  admired,  died  iu 
1771. 

HEDWIG,  John,  a  German,  professor  of  bo- 
tany, whose  researches  respecting  the  cryptoga- 
mia  class  of  plants  will  immortalize  his  fame  ; 
he  was  born  in  1731,  and  died  at  Leipsic,  in  1799. 

HEEDE,  William,  a  historical  painter,  born 
at  Furnes,  died  in  1728.  His  brother.  Vigor  Van, 
also  eminent  in  the  same  branch  of  the  pro- 
fession, died  in  1708. 

HEEM,  John  David  de,  a  painter,  of  Utrecht, 
whose  fruits  and  flowers  were  much  admired  , 
he  died  in  1674. 

HEEMSKIRK.     See  HEMSKIRK. 

HEERE,  Lucas  de,  an  eminent  historical 
painter,  of  Ghent,  died  in  1584. 

HEGESIPPUS,  a  Jew,  converted  to  Christi- 
anity, in  157.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  church 
to  his  own  time.  Another  of  the  same  name, 
wrote  an  account  of  the  destruction  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

HEIDEGGER,  John  Henry,  an  eminent  pro- 
testant  divine,  professor  at  Heidelberg,  at  Slein- 
furt  and  at  Zurich,  where  he  died  in  1698. 

HEIDEGGER,  John  James,  born  in  Switzer- 
land, in  1661,  and  famous  for  his  humour  and 
his  ugliness.  His  judgment  and  taste  in  operatic 
amusements  gained  him  the  favour  of  George 
H.  and  his  court,  and  acquired  him  the  chief 
management  of  the  Opera-house  in  the  Hay- 
market.  He  also  improved  another  species  of 
diversion,  not  less  agreeable  to  the  king,  which 
was  the  masquerades  ;  and  over  these  he  always 
presided  at  the  king's  theatre.  He  was  likewise 
appointed  master  of  the  revels.  Fron  tiiese 
several  employments,  he  gained  a  regu  iar  in- 
come, amounting  in  some  years  to  .5000/.,  which 
be  spent  with  much  liberality  ;  and  his  charity 
was  boundless  ;  it  being  well  attested,  that  after 
a  successful  masquerade  he  has  been  knr.VTi)  to 
give  away  several  hundred  pounds  at  a  time. 
He  is  supposed  to  liavc  been  the  most  liard-fsJJi- 


HE 


HE 


'*-  ^ 


lured  man  in  the  kingdom,  and  innumerable 
jests  are  related  of  him  ;  but  being  good  hu- 
moured, and  always  the  first  to  joke  on  his  own 
utiUness,  lie  blunted  every  shaft  of  ridicule  ;  he 
died  in  1640. 

HEIL,  Daniel  Van,  a  painter,  of  Brussels, 
born  about  1704. 

HEIL,  John  Baptist,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  an  eminent  historical  and  portrait  painter  ; 
he  wa-s  born  in  1609.  Leonard  Van,  another 
brother,  was  also  distinguished  as  a  painter, 
particuiarly  of  tlowere  and  insects. 

HEIN,  Peter,  a  Dutchman,  wlio,  from  obscu 
rity,  rose  to  the  command  of  the  fleets  of  his 
country,  was  killed  in  a  battle  with  the  French, 
in  16i9. 

HEINECCIUS,  John  Gottlieb,  a  German  law 
professor  and  writer,  born  at  Eisemberg,  in  1681, 
died  1741. 

HEINECKEN,  Christian  Henrj',  an  extraor- 
rlinary  youth,  born  at  Lubeck,  in  IT^l.  He  spoke 
his  maternal  tongue  fluently  at  ten  months  ;  at 
one  year  old  he  knew  the  principal  events  of  the 
Pentateuch  ;  iu  two  monihsniore  he  was  master 
of  the  entire  histories  of  the  Old  and  New  Tes- 
tament ;  at  two  years  and  a  half  he  answered 
tiie  principal  questions  in  geography,  and  in  an- 
cient and  modern  history.  He  spoke  Latin  and 
French,  German  and  Low  Dutch,  with  great  fa- 
cility, before  the  commencement  of  his  fourth 
year,  1725,  in  which  he  died.  His  constitution 
was  so  delicate,  that  he  was  not  weaned  till  a 
lew  months  before  his  death. 

HEINSIUS,  Daniel,  professor  of  politics  and 
history,  at  Leyden,  and  librarian  of  the  univer- 
sity there,  born  at  Ghent,  in  1580,  died  1655. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  a  critic  by  his  la- 
bours upon  Theocritus,  Hesiod,  Seneca,  Ho- 
i<ier,Tlieophrastus,  Ovid, Livy,  Terence,  Horace 
&c.,  and  wrote  poems  in  various  languages, 
wiiich  have  been  often  printed,  and  always 
aJniired. 

HEINSIUS,  N.,  grand  pensionary  of  Holland, 
was  an  able  statesman,  and  a  man  of  strong 
powers  of  mind.    He  died  at  the  Hague,  in  17^20. 

HEINSIUS,  Nicholas,  the  son  of  Daniel,  born 
at  Leyden,  in  1620,  became  as  great  a  Latin 
jtoet,  and  a  greater  critic,  than  his  father,  and 
t]ied  in  1681. 

HEISS,  N.,  a  German  historical  writer,  ofthe 
17th  century. 

HEISTER,  Lawrence:  a  physician,  surgeon, 
and  naturalist,  born  at  Frankfort,  in  1683,  died 
in  1758.  His  principal  works  are,  "Compendium 
Anatomicum,"  and  "  Institutions  of  Surgery." 

HELE,  Thoma.s,  an  Englishman,  who,  after 
serving  in  the  army,  settled  at  Paris,  where  he 
became  an  esteemed  dramatic  writer,  in  the 
French  language  ;  he  died  in  1780. 

HELENA,  St.,  the  mother  of Constantine  the 
Great,  was  distinguished  for  her  piety  and  Chris- 
tian charity,  and  as  the  founder  of  several 
churches      She  died  in  323. 

HELIODORUS,  of  Phoenicia,  flourished  about 
398.  In  his  youth  he  wrote  a  romance,  by  which 
he  is  now  better  known  tha.i  by  his  bishopric  of 
Tricca,  to  which  he  was  afterwards  promoted  It 
is  entitled,  "  Ethiopics,"  and  relates  the  amours 
of  Theagenes  and  Ohariclea  The  learned  Heu- 
tius  is  of  opinion,  that  Heliodorus  was  among 
the  romance  writers,  what  Homer  was  amons 
the  poets. 

HELIOGABALUS,MarLUS  Aurelius  Antoni- 
nus, emperor  of  Rome.  He  was  cruel,  vindic 
ti%'e,  and  licentious,  and  was  assassinated  A.  D 

236 


HELLENICUS,  a  Greek  historian,  w.in  died 
411  B.C. 

HELLOT,  John,  a  French  philosophical  and 
chymical  writer,  and  a  distinguished  chymiat, 
died  in  1766. 

HELMBREKER,  Theodore,  a  Dutch  land- 
scape and  historical  painter,  of  Haerlem,  died  at 
Rome,  in  1694. 

HELMONT,  John  Baptist  Van,  commonly 
called  Van  Helmont,  a  man  of  great  learning,  es- 
pecially in  physic  and  natural  philosophy,  bom 
at  Brussels,  in  1577.  By  his  skill  in  physic  he 
performed  such  unexpected  cures,  that  he  was 
put  into  the  inq.uisiiion,  as  a  man  that  did  things 
iieyond  tiie  reach  of  nature.  He  cleared  him- 
self before  the  inquisitors;  but,  to  be  more  at 
liberty,  retired  afterwards  into  Holland,  where 
iie  died,  in  1644. 

HELiMONT,  Matthew  Van,  a  painter,  of  Ant- 
werp, died  in  1726. 

HELOISE,  the  concubine,  and  afterwards  the 
wife,  of  Peter  Abelard  ;  a  nun,  and  afterwards 
nriore.*s  of  Argentuil ;  and,  lastly,  abbess  ofthe 
Paraclete.  She  was  born  about  the  beginning  of 
! he  12th  century,  and  died  in  1163.  See  ABE- 
LARD. 

HELSHAM,  Richard^  M.  D.,  professor  of 
physic  and  natural  philosophy  in  Dublin  college, 
and  author  of  lectures  on  natural  philosophy. 

HELSE,  Bartholomew  Van  der,  a  painter,  of 
Haerle'ii,  died  in  1670. 

HELVETIUS,  Adrian,  a  Dutch  physician,  who 
distinguished  himself  at  Paris,  during  the  pre- 
valence of  an  epidemic  there,  by  his  successful 
practice  :  he  died  in  1721. 

HELVETIUS,  John  Claude,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  physician  to  the  queen  of  France, 
counsellor  of  state,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1755. 

HELVETIUS,  Claude  Adrian,  who  wrote 
the  celebrated  book  "De  I'Esprit,"  On  the 
Mind,  and  "  De  I'Homme,"  On  Man,  and  whom 
Voltaire  calls  "  a  true  philosopher,"  was  born 
at  Paris,  in  1715,  and  died  in  1771.  His  hypo- 
tliesis  is  materialism  in  the  worst  sense. 

HELVICUS,  Christopher,  professor  of  Greek 
and  eastern  languages,  and  of  divinity  at  Giessen 
university  ;  he  died  in  1617. 

HELYOT,  Peter  a  native  of  England,  of 
the  order  of  Franciscans,  author  of  a  history 
of  the  monastic  orders,  &c.,died  in  1716. 

HEMEL.\R,  John,  a  Flemish  poet  and  orator, 
and  author  of  some  extremely  useful  comuien 
taries  upon  the  medals  ofthe  Roman  emperors, 
from  the  time  of  Julius  Ceesar  down  to  Justinian, 
was  born  at  the  Hague,  and  died  in  1640. 

HEMMERLIN,  or  MALLEOLUS,  Fehx,  a 
canon,  and  writer  of  Zurich,  in  1428. 

HEMMINGl'^ORD,  Walter  de,  canon  of  Gia- 
borough  abbey,  England,  and  author  of  a  history 
of  Engl md,  from  1066  to  1308;  he  died  in  1347 

HE.VI3K1RK,  Martin,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  a  village  of  his  name  in  Holland,  in  1498 
Most  of  his  works  were  engraved ;  but  it  ih 
visible  tha'  be  did  not  understand  the  chiaro 
obscuro,  and  that  his  manner  of  designing  was 
dry.  He  has,  however,  been  called  the  Ra- 
phael of  Holland,  and  died  in  1574. 

HEMSKTRK,  Egbert,  a  Dutch  painter. 

HEMSKIRK.  Egbert,  the  Youncer,  a  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  also  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter     he  died  in  1704. 

HEMSTERHUIS,  or   HEMSTBRHUSIUS, 

Tiberius,  a  learned  critic,  born  at  Groningen,. 

^  professor  of  mathematics  and  philosophy, 

„.    \msierdam,  and  of  Greek  and  hietory,  at 

liLeyden ;  he  died  in  1766. 


HE  

~  HEMSTERHUSIUS,  Francis,  grandson  of  the 
preceding,  was  in  tiie  service  of  the  United 
States,  lie  was  author  of  "  CEuvres  Philoso- 
phiques,"  and  other  works,  and  died  in  1790. 

HENAULT,  John  d',  a  Frenchman,  who  ac- 
quired considerable  celebrity  as  a  poet,  died  in 
1682. 

HENAULT,  Charles  John  Francis,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1685,  was  admitted  counsellor  in  parlia- 
ment, in  1706,  with  a  dispensation  on  account  of 
liis  age,  and,  in  1710,  was  made  president  of  the 
first  chamber  of  inquests.  He  spent  several 
years  in  making  himself  master  of  the  Roman 
law,  the  ordinances  of  the  French  kings,  their 
customs,  and  public  law ;  but  history  was  his 
favourite  study;  and  he  is  deservedly  accounted 
the  first  framer  of  chronological  abridgments  ; 
in  which,  without  stopping  at  detached  facts,  he 
attends  only  to  those  which  form  a  chain  of 
events  that  perfect  or  alter  the  government  and 
character  of  a  country,  and  traces  only  the 
springs  which  exalt  or  humble  a  nation,  extend- 
ing or  contracting  the  space  that  it  occupies  in 
the  world.  The  first  edition  of  his  work,  the  re- 
sult of  forty  years'  reading,  appeared  in  1744, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  chancellor  Dragues- 
seau,  with  the  modest  title  of,  "  An  Essay." 
The  success  it  met  with  surprised  him.  He 
made  continued  improvements  in  it,  and  it  has 
gone  through  nine  editions,  and  been  translated 
into  Italian,  English,  and  German,  and  even  into 
Chinese.  He  wrote,  in  early  life,  three  tragedies, 
which  met  with  inditfereut  success;  but  after- 
wards he  composed  three  delightful  comedies. 
Henault  died  in  1771. 

HENDERSON,  Alexander,  a  leader  of  the 
presbytcrian  party  in  Scotland,  and  one  of  the 
divines  sent  to  meet  Charles  I.  at  Newcastle. 
He  died  about  1646. 

HEN  DERSON,  John,  of  Covent  Garden  thea- 
tre, an  admirable  actor  in  various  characters  of 
the  immortal  Shakespeare.  His  private  life  was 
exceedingly  amiable.  He  was  born  in  London, 
iji  1747,  and  died  in  1785. 

HENDERSON,  John,  B.  A.,  of  Pembroke  col- 
lege, Oxford,  born  in  Ireland,  in  1757,  displayed, 
at  a  very  early  period  of  life,  an  uncommon 
thirst  after  knowledge,  which  be  gratified  with 
unremitting  ardour.  The  favourite  subjects  of 
his  studies  were  metaphysics, divinity,  morality, 
chymistry,  and  medicine  ;  and  the  virtues  of  his 
heart  were  superior  even  to  the  astonishing 
powers  of  his  understanding.  He  died,  however, 
the  victim  of  intemperance,  in  1783. 

HENGEST,  a  Saxon  chief,  who  went  to  Eng- 
land to  assist  in  repelling  the  Picts,  and  received 
the  kingdom  of  Kent  as  a  reward  for  his  ser 
vices  ;  he  died  in  489. 

HENLEY,  Anthony,  a  member  of  the  British 
parliament,  distinguished  for  his  eloquence,  the 
wit  and  ease  of  his  writings,  the  elegance  of  his 
manners,  and  his  patronage  of  literary  men  ;  he 
died  in  1711.  I 

HENLEY,  John,  better  known  by  the  appella-l 
tion  of  "  Orator  Henley,"  was  born  at  Melton, [ 
BIowbray,in  LeicestersJiire,  in  1692.  He  publish-; 
ed  several  pieces;  as  a  translation  of  Pliny's 
"  Epistles,"  of  several  works  of  Abbe  Vertot, 
of  Montfaucon's  "  Italian  Travels,"  in  folio,! 
and  many  other  lucubrations ;  but  his  celebrity 
he  acquitred  as  a  popular  orator  near  Clare  Mar-' 
ket.  He  preached  on  Sundays  upon  theological! 
matters,  and  on  Wednesdays  upon  all  other 
sciences  He  struck  medals,  which  he  dispersed 
as  tickets  to  his  subscribers,  a  star  rising  to  the 
luiddlc,  with  tlii^  mouo,    "  ad  sutnaia,''    and. 


HE 

below,  "  Inveniam  viam,  aut  faciam."  Each 
auditor  paid  one  shilling.  He  was  also  author 
of  a  weekly  paper,  called  "  The  Hyp  Doctor," 
for  which  he  had  1001.  a  year  given  him.  This 
singular  character  died  in  1756. 

HENLEY,  Samuel,  D.D.,  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  in  the  college  of  Williamsburg,  Vir- 
ginia, afterwards  head  of  the  East  India  college, 
at  Hertford,  England  ;  he  died  in  1816. 

IlENNINGES,  Jerome,  a  German  historian, 
in  the  16th  century. 

HENNUYER,  John,  a  bishop  of  Lisieux,  in 
France,  justly  memorable  for  his  huma)iily  at  the 
time  of  the  dreadful  massacre  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew, died  in  1577. 

HENRION,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Troyes, 
was  engaged,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1720, 
in  writing^a  work  on  weights  and  measures. 

HENRY,  of  Huntingdon,  an  early  English  his» 
torian,  diedinllGB. 

HENRY  I.,  surnamed  the  Fowler,  emperor 
of  Germany,  was  elected  to  the  throne  in  919. 
He  was  a  wise  and  politic  prince,  was  success- 
ful in  his  wars,  strengthened  his  empire,  and 
promoted  harmony  and  union,  among  the  Ger- 
man princes.    He  died  in  938. 

HENRY  II.,  surnamed  the  Lame,  was  grand 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  ascended  tho  imperial 
throne  in  1002.    He  died  in  1024. 

HENRY  III.,  emperor  of  Germany,  succeed- 
ed to  the  throne  in  1039.  He  made  war  with  se- 
veral of  tlie  popes,  expelled  three  of  them,  and 
was  crowned  by  a  fourth.    He  died  in  1055. 

HENRY  IV.,  emperor  of  Germany,  succeed- 
ed his  father,  Henry  III.,  when  only  six  years 
old  ;  during  his  minority,  the  kingdom  was  go- 
verned by  his  mother,  lie  was  involved  in  wars 
with  the  popes,  was  dethroned  by  his  children, 
and  died  in  poverty  and  obscurity,  in  1106. 

HENRY  v.,  sou  of  the  preceding,  deposed 
his  father  in  1106.  He  died  in  1125,  leaving  the 
character  of  an  unnatural  son,  animpious  bypo- 
jcrite,  and  an  insidious  and  iu)perious  master. 

HENRY  VI.,  ascended  the  throne  of  the  em- 
ipire  in  1190.  He  detained  Richard  of  England, 
iwho  had  lallen  into  his  hands,  a  prisoner,  and 
'obtained  a  large  sum,  as  his  ransom.  He  died 
!  in  1197. 

HP:NRY  VII.,  was  elected  emperor  in  1308. 
I  He  entered  Rome,  sword  in  hand,  and  was 
crowned  by  the  pope,  1312,  and  died  the  fol- 
lowing year. 

HENRY,  Raspon,  margrave  of  Thuringia, 
was  raised  to  the  imperial  throne  in  1246,  but 
died  the  following  year. 

HENRY  I.,  king  of  France,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  in  1031.  He  died  in  1060,  with  the  reputa- 
tion of  a  brave  warrior,  and  a  benevolent  man. 

HENRY  TI.,  succeeded  his  father,  Francis  T., 
as  king  of  France,  in  1547.  He  was  enga;.'ed  in 
wars  with  England,  and  with  Charles  V.,  of 
Spain,  and  supported  the  glory  of  his  arms,  by 
his  bravery  and  success.  He  died  of  a  wound, 
accidentally  inflicted  at  a  tournament,  in  1559. 

HENRY  III.,  was  chosen  king  of  Poland,  but 
quitted  that  throne,  to  succeed  his  brother,  as 
king  of  France.  After  a  reign,  distracted  by  the 
quarrels  between  the  protestants  and  catholics, 
he  was  killed  by  a  priest,  named  Clement,  in 
1589.  In  his  person,  the  house  of  Valois  became 
extinct. 

HENRY  IV.,  kingof  France,  was  born  atPau, 
in  15.53.  His  right  to  the  throne  was  disputed, 
because  he  was  a  protestant;  but,  after  the  mas- 
sacre of  St.  BarthoU.mev»',  he  signalized  himself 
against  the  leai:uers  ;  aiu.L  ileiay  HI.  dying,  he 
237 


HE 

fcticceeded  him, in  opposition  to  cardinal  de  Bour- 
bon. In  1589,  with  4000  men,  be  defeated 30,000, 
commauded  by  the  duke  of  Mayenne,  &c.  He 
afteivvardB  embraced  the  catftolic  religion,  and 
was  crovAMied.  He  also  defeated  18,000  Spani 
ards,  in  Burgundy,  and  reduced  the  leaguers  to 
liieir  duty,  whoui  he  pardoned.  A  young  scho- 
lar, John  Chaste),  would  have  struck  him  in  the 
mouth  with  a  knife,  but  missed  him  ;  the  king 
said, ''  And  is  it  so,  that  the  Jesuits  must  be  con- 
demned by  my  mouth?"  and  thereupon  they 
were  banished.  A  protestant  minister  told  him, 
'•  He  denied  God  with  his  mouth,  and  therefore 
lie  was  struck  there  ;  but  if  he  denied  him  in  his 
heart,  the  next  stroke  might  be  thereabouts  too." 
He  concluded  a  peace  with  Spain,  and  an  agree- 
ment with  Savoy,  in  1601  ;  and  was  stabbed  with 
a  knife,  by  Ravillac,  in  his  coach,  at  Paris,  May 
14,  leiO.  'Above  fifty  historians,  and  five  hun- 
dred panegyriiits,  poets,  and  orators,  have  spoken 
in  his  praise.  But  the  "  Henriade"  of  Voltaire 
13  tne  most  likely  to  immortalize  him. 

HENRi"  I.,  king  of  England,  and  duke  of 
Normandy,  was  the  third  sou  of  William  the 
Conqueror.,  and  ascended  the  throne  in  1100. 
Although  absolute  in  power,  he  reigned  with 
wisdom,  opposed  the  encroachments  of  the 
cimrch  of  Rome,  abolished  the  curfew,  regula- 
ted the  w  eights  and  measures  of  his  kingdom, 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  that  liberty,  of  which 
Enelishmen  are  so  justly  proud.  He  died  in 
118o. 

HENRY  n.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Eng 


HE 

laws,  and  died  with  tlie  reputation  of  a  great 
and  good  king,  in  1509.  By  his  marriage,  the 
rival  claims  of  the  houses  of  York  and  Lancas- 
ter, were  united  and  settled. 

HENRY  VIII.,  son  and  successor  to  Henry 
VII,,  ascended  the  throne,  in  1509,  aged  18.  Al- 
though for  a  short  time  popular,  he  soon,  by  his 
arbitrary  and  capricious  conduct,  proved  him- 
self a  tyrant.  lie  obtained  the  title  of  defender 
of  the  faith,  from  the  pope,  by  opposing  Luther. 
He  afterwards  quarrelled  with  the  pope,  who 
refused  to  divorce  him  from  his  wife,  and  re- 
nounced iiis  authority,  and  declared  himtelf 
head  of  the  church,  thus  introducing  the  refor- 
mation into  England.  He  was  six  times  mar- 
ried ;  two  of  his  wives  perished  on  the  scafTo.d, 
and  two  others  were  divorced.  Although  bene- 
fits resulted  from  his  reign,  he  must  be  detested 
for  his  tyranny  and  oppression  ;  he  died  in  1547. 
HENRY,  prince  of  Wales,  oldest  son  of  James 
I.,  died  in  1C12,  aged  18,  latnented  by  the  nation, 
who  viewed  in  him  their  future  friend  and  com- 
mon benefactor. 

HENRY,  of  Huntingdon,  an  early  English 
historian,  died  in  1168. 

HENRY,  Matthew,  an  eminent  dissenting- 
Iteacher,  and  voluminous  writer,  born  in  lGfi'2, 
jdied  in  1714.  His  best  known  work  is  his  "  Ex- 
position of  the  Bible.  " 

I  HENRY,  Dr.  ROBERT,  minister  of  one  of 
jthe  churches  of  Edinburgh,  and  author  of  the 
;"  History  of  Great  Britain,"  in  5  vols.,  born  at 
'St.  Ninian's,  in  1718,  died  in  1790.      A  posthu- 


land  in  1154.    He  added  Brittany  and  Ireland;  mous  volume,  being  the  6th,  has  been  published 


to  his  dominions,  attempted  to  repress  the  ambi- 
tion of  the  clerg}',  and  died  of  a  broken  heart, 
at  the  rebellion  of  his  children,  in  1189.  His 
1  eign  was  marked  with  wisdom,  valour,  and  po- 
pularity, and  was  calculated  to  advance  the 
welfare  of  his  people. 


I  since  his  death. 
I    HENRY,  Philip,  an  English  dissenting  clergy- 
jman,  eminent  for  his  piety,  benevolence,  and 
i  moderation,  died  about  1670- 
I    HENRY,  David,  a  printer,  was  for  more  than 
half  a  century,  an  active  manager  of  the  Gentle- 


HENRY  HI.,  succeeded  John,  as  king  of|  man's  Magazine,  he  was  born  in  the  neighbour- 
England,  in  1216.  He  was  defeated  in  his  warsilhood  of  Aberdeen,  in  1710.  A  concurrence  of 
abroad,  and  imprisoned  by  his  baronsat  home,' circumstances  placing  him  within  the  notice  of 
and  died  after  a  weak  and  disgraceful  reign,  inl  Mr.  Edward  Cave,  of  St.  Gate,  he  at  length 
1272.  became  related  to  his  patron,  by  marrsing  his 

HENRY  IV.,  third  son  of  Henry  III.,  usurped!  sister,  in  1736.  Those  useful  and  popular  publi- 
tlie  throne  in  1399,  and  by  that  act,  gave  rise  to  cations  which  describe  the  curiosities  in  West- 
the  long  wars  between  the  houses  of  York  and'  mhister  Abbey,  St.  Paul's  Church,  the  Tower  of 
Lancaster;  he  died  in  1413.  j  London, &c.printedfor Newbury, wereoriginally 

HENRY  v.,  son  of  Henry  IV.,  on  ascending;  compiled  by  Mr.  Henry,  and  were  improved  by 
the  throne,  abandoned  his  dissolute  associates,],  him  through  many  successive  impressions.  He 
and  his  equally  dissolute  habUs,  and  became  a  i  published  in  1772,  "  The  Complete  English  Far- 
mer; or,  A  Practical  System  of  Husbandry,  in 


wise  and  virtuous  monarch.  He  formed  the  de 
sign  of  conquering  France,  fought  the  battle  of 
Aginnourt,  married  Catherine,  and  was  declar- 
ed heir  to  the  throne  of  that  kingdom  ;  but  died 
suddenlv  in  the  midst  of  his  successes,  in  1422. 

HENRY  VI.,  son  of  Henry  V.,  succeeded  his 
father  on  the  English  throne,  when  only  ten 
months  old,  and  his  grandfather  Charles  VI.  as 
sovereign  of  France.  He  was  crowned  king  of 
France  at  Paris  ;  but  his  claims  were  opposed 
by  the  duke  of  Orleans,  under  the  name  of 
Charles  VII.  who  recovered  the  French  domin- 
ions, and  expelled  the  English.  He  was  after-: 
wards  deposed  at  home  by  the  duke  of  York, 
and  committed  a  prisoner  to  the  tower,  where 
he  was  murdered,  in  1471. 

HENRY  VII.,  opposed  and  defeated  Richard 


III.  and  was  crowned  king  of  England,  on  the 
field,  after  the  battle  of  Bosworth,  in  1485.  He 
was  devoted  to  the  happiness  of  his  subjects, 
tnd  contributed  materially  to  the  establishment 
of  commerce,  the  encouragement  of  industry, 
and  to  the  protection  of  the  arts.  Se  checked 
the  encroachments  of  the  nobles,  made  salutary, 


I  which  is  comprised  a  general  View  of  the  vvhole 
Art  of  Husbandry;"  from  this  he  withheld  his 
name,as  he  did  also  from  "  A  Historical  Account 
of  all  the  Voyages  round  the  World,  performed 
by  Enghsh  Navigators,"  in  4  vols.,  in  1774  ;  to 
which,  in  1775,  Mr.  H.  added  a  5th,  containing 
Captain  Cook's  Voyage  in  the  Resolution  ;  and 
in  1786,  a  6th,  containing  the  last  Voyage  of 
Captain  Cook;  introduced  by  an  admirable 
summary  of  all  the  voyages  undertaken  for  dis- 
covery only,  in  the  Southern  and  Northern  hem- 
ispheres, and  in  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  Oceans. 
He  died  in  1792. 

HENRY,  Patrick,  a  native  of  Virginia,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  commanding  eloquence,  was 
the  first  man  who  proposed  to  the  colonies, 
'hostile  measures  against  Great  Britain.  He 
was  the  first  governor  of  Virginia,  after  the  de 
claration  of  Independence,  and  a  member  of  tJie 
old  congress  ;  he  declined  the  appointments  of 
secretary  of  state,  under  president  Washington, 
and  of  minister  to  France,  under  his  successor ; 
he  died  in  1799. 


im 

HENRY,  John,  a  member  of  congress,  iVoin 
Maryland,  in  1778,  atttirvvards  elected  a  senator 
of  tlie  United  States,  and  in  1797,  governor  ol 
the  state  ot  Maryland  ;  he  died  in  179S. 

HERACLITtfS,  a  celebrated  Ephesian  philo- 
sopher, who  is  said  lO  have  continually  bewail- 
ed the  vviclied  lives  of  men,  and  as  often  as  he 
came  among  them  to  have  fallen  a  weeping ; 
contrary  to  Democritus,  who  made  the  follies  of 
mankind  the  subject  of  laughter;  he  flourished 
about  500  B.  C. 

IIERACLIUS,  son  of  a  governor  of  Africa, 
dethroned  Phocas,  and  ascended  the  throne  of 
Constantinople,  in  610  ;  he  died  in641. 

HERACHUS,  patriarch  of  Jerusalem,  about 
1170. 

HERALDU6,  Desiderius,  a  counsellor  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  eminent  for  his  writings 
on  law  and  on  the  belles  lettres,died  in  1649. 

HERBELOT,  Bartholomew  d',  an  eminent 
orientalist,  born  at  Paris,  in  1625,  died  in  1695. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Bibliotheque  Orientale,  or 
A  Universal  Dictionary,  containing  whatever 
relates  to  the  Knowledge  of  the  Eastern  world." 

HERBERT,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  author 
of  "  Travels  in  Asia  and  Africa,"  was  engaged 
in  the  civil  wars  of  his  country,  at  first  on  the 
side  of  tlie  parliament,  afterwards  for  the  king. 
At  the  restoration  he  was  created  a  baronet,  and 
died  in  1682. 

HERBERT,  Mary,  countess  of  Pembroke,  a 
great  encourager  of  letters,  and  herself  an  in- 
genious poet.  Her  character  may  be  highly 
judged  of,  from  the  epitaph  written  by  Ben  Jon- 
son,  viz. 

"  Underneatli  this  sable  hearse 
Lies  the  subject  of  all  verse  : 
Sidney's  sister,  Pembroke's  mother. 
Death  !  ere  thou  hast  kill'd  another, 
Fair,  and  good,  and  Icarn'd  as  she. 
Time  shall  throw  a  dart  at  thee." 

HERBERT,  Edward,  lord  Herbert  of  Cher- 
bury,  in  Shropshire,  an  eminent  English  states- 
maa,  and  writer  on  history,  philosophy,  and 
criticism,  born  in  Montgomery  Castle,  in  1581, 
died  in  1648. 

HERBERT,  George,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
a  divine  and  poet,  of  whose  judgment  the  great 
Lord  Bacon,  had  so  liigh  an  opinion,  that  he 
would  not  suffer  his  works  to  be  printed  till 
they  had  passed  Herbert's  examination  ;  he  v\^as 
born  in  1.593,  and  wrote  a  volume  of  devout 
poems  called  "  The  Temple."  He  also  wrote 
a  valuable  work  in  prose,  entitled  "  A  Priest  to 
tiie  Temple ;"   he  died  about  1635. 

HERBERT,  William,  earl  of  Pembroke, born 
in  Wiltshire,  in  1580,  died  of  apop't'xy,  in  1630. 
He  was  chancellor  of  Oxford,  a:*  made  the 
university  a  present  of  a  large  collection  of 
manuscripts.  Pembroke  College  vvas  so  named 
in  honour  of  him. 

HERBERT,  William,  a  topographical  anti- 
quary, born  in  1718,  died  at  Cheshunt,  in  1795, 
published  a  new  edition  of  "  Atkyns's  History 
of  Gloucestershire;"  and  a  continuation  of 
"  .Ames's  Topographical  Antiquities." 

HERBIN,  Augustus  Francis  Julian,  a  native 
of  France,  distinguished  as  an  oriental  scholar, 
died  i!i  1806. 

•1ER.8INIU?,  John  a  nrotestant  clergyman, 
of  Poland,  died  in  1676. 

HERDER,  John  G•^ttfried,  a  German  writer, 
preacher  lo  the  duke  of  Saxe  Weimar,  ecclesi- 
asiiciil  co!i'ispI!ar  &c.,  difd  in  1803. 

K1:RC!IA;3,  Ferdinand  de,  a  poet  of  Seville, 


HE 

wno  published  some  elegant  lyric  and  heroic 
poetry,  about  1582. 

HERISSANT,  Lewis  Anthony  Prosper,  an 
eminent  French  poet  and  physician,  died  at 
Paris,  in  1709. 

HERITIER,  Nicolas  1',  a  French  poet,  and 
dramatic  writer,  and  historiographer  of  France, 
died  in  1680. 

HERITIER,  Marie  Jeanne  P.  de  Villandon,  a 
French  poetess  and  novel  writer,  died  ai  Paris, 
in  173 1. 

HERITIER  DE  BRUTELLE,  Charle-s  Lou- 
is 1' ,  a  botanist,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1746.  In  1784 
he  published  a  splendid  work,  called  "  Stirpes 
Nova) ;"  two  years  after  which  he  went  to  Eng- 
land, and  collected  from  the  gardens  the  mate- 
rials of  his  "  Hortum  Anglicum,"  winch  he 
left  unfinished,  being  assassinated  in  Augusr, 
1801,  as  was  suspected,  by  his  eon. 

HERLICIUS,  David,  a  German  astrologer, 
born  in  1557. 

HERMAN,  Paul  a  celebrated  botanist,  a  na- 
tive of  Halle,  in  Saxony,  died  in  1695. 

HERMAN,James,  an  eminent  mathematician 
of  Basle,  and  the  friend  of  Leibnitz.  He  was 
born  in  1678,  and  died  in  1733,  leaving  various 
works. 

HERMANT,  Godefroi,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  and  rector  of  the  university  of  Paris,  died 
in  1690. 

HERMAS,  Pastor,  or  Shepherd,  one  of  the  fa- 
thers, supposed  to  have  died  at  Rome,  A.D.  81. 

HERMES,  an  Egyptian  legislator,  priest,  and 
philosopher,  who  lived,  as  some  think,  in  the 
year -of  the  world  '2076,  in  the  reign  of  Ninus, 
after  Moses ;  and  was  so  skilled  in  all  profound 
arts  and  sciences,  that  he  acquired  the  surname 
of  Trismegistus,  or,  "  thrice  great."  Some 
writers  think  that  Hermes  Trismegistus  was  no 
other  than  Moses,  and  state  that  he  flourished 
1930  B.  C. 

HERMEAS,  a  heretic,  of  Galatia,  in  the  2d 
century. 

HERMILLY,Vaquetted',  anative  of  France, 
author  of  the  history  of  Majorca  and  Minorca, 
&c.,died  at  Paris,  in  1778. 

HERMOGENES,  of  Tarsus,  a  Greek  rhetori- 
cian, flourished  about  the  year  161.  At  15  he 
became  a  teacher ;  at  17  he  wrote  his  "  Art  of 
Rhetoric;"  but,  at  25,  he  lost  his  memory,  and 
the  faculty  of  speech.  Of  his  works  some  por- 
tions remain,  which  were  printed  at  Geneva,  in 
1614. 

HERMOGENES,  a  heretic,  of  the  2d  centur^^j 
of  the  sect  of  stoics. 

HEROD,  falsely  called  the  Great,  king  and  ty- 
rant of  Judea,  who,  on  the  strength  of  a  misin-  . 
terpreted  prophecy,  caused  all  the  male  children 
of  Bethlehem,  and  its  neighbourhood,  to  be  mas- 
sacred by  his  soldiers,  at  the  time  of  the  birth  of 
Clirist,  in  the  vain  hope  of  destroying  the  Sa- 
viour of  mankind.     He  died  A.  D.  3. 

HEROD  ANTIPAS,  son  and  successor  to  He- 
rod the  Great ;  he  put  to  death  John  the  Baptist. 
Our  Saviour  was  made  to  appear  before  him  by 
Pilate. 

HERODIAN,  a  Greek  historian,  of  Rome,  who 
flourished  under  the  reigns  of  Severus,  Cara- 
calla,  Ileliogabalus,  Alexander,  and  Maxirain. 
His  history  contains  eight  books,  and  is  greatly 
adm'ired.  It  comprises  the  events  from  A.  D.  180 
to  238.    Herodian  died  about  247. 

HERODOTUS,  an  ancient  Greek  historian, 

of  Ilalicarnaspup,  in  Caria,  born  about  484,  and 

died  in  4i.l  B.  C.     He  is  called  "  The  Father  of 

Hisrop/;  "  his  work  iswiitten  in  the  Ionic  dia- 

9.W 


HE 

led,  and  divided  into  nine  books,  wliich  contain 
the  most  remarkable  occurrences  within  a  pe- 
riod of  240  years,  from  the  reign  of  Cyrus,  the 
first  king  of  Persia,  to  that  of  Xerxes,  when  the 
historian  was  living.  These  nine  books  are  cal- 
•ed  the  Nine  Muses,  each  of  them  being  distin- 
guished by  the  name  of  a  Muse. 

HEROPHILUS,  a  physician  and  able  anato- 
mist, of  Chalcedon,  570  B.  C. 

HERRERA  TORDESILLAS,  Antonio  de,  a 
celebrated  Spanish  historian.  He  published  a 
•'  History  of  the  World  from  1554  to  1598;"  and 
;  what  is  much  more  esteemed)  a  general  "His- 
tory of  the  Indies  from  1492  to  1554 ;"  and  also 
wrote  a  History  of  Spain.  He  was  born  in  1565, 
and  died  in  1625. 

HERRJCK,  Robert,  a  poet,  born  in  London, 
1591 ,  received  his  education  at  Cambridge ;  after 
which  he  obtained  the  vicarage  of  Dean  Prior. 
Devonshire.  At  the  time  of  the  rebellion,  he 
was  deprived  of  this  living;  but  at  the  restora- 
tion he  recovered  it,  and  died  not  long  after- 
wards. His  poetical  works  were  printed  in  1618 
under  the  title  of  "  Hesperides." 

HERRING,  Dr.  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Qan- 
terbury,  born  in  Norfolk,  1693.  When  the  re 
bellion  broke  out  in  Scotland,  in  1745,  and  the 
Highlanders  defeated  the  king's  troops  at  Pres 
ton-pans,  the  archbishop  (then  of  York)  contri 
1)uted  much  to  remove  the  general  panic,  and 
awaken  the  nation  from  its  lethargy.  He  con 
vened  the  nobility,  gentry,  and  clergy,  of  his  dia 
cese,  and  addressed  them  in  a  noble  and  animat 
ed  speech,  which  had  such  an  effect  upon  his 
auditory,  that  a  subscription  ensued  to  the 
amount  of  40,000/.,  and  the  example  was  sue 
cessfuUy  followed  by  the  nation  in  general.  On 
the  death  of  Dr.  Potter,  in  1747,  he  was  translat 
ed  to  the  see  of  Canterbury,  and  died  in  1757. 

HERSCHEL,  Sir  William,  an  eminent  Eng 
lish  astronomer,  discoverer  of  the  planet  Geor 
gium  Sidus,  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called  Her 
schel,  died  in  1822.  aged  84. 

HERSENT,  Charles,  or  Hersan,  a  French  di 
vine,  known  as  the  author  of  a  severe  satire 
against  Richelieu  :  he  died  in  1660. 

HERSEY,  Ezekiel,  an  eminent  physician,  of 
Ilinoham,  Mass.,  who  gave  1000/.  sterling  to 
wards  founding  a  professorship  of  anatomy  and 
surgerv  in  Harvard  college  ;  he  died  in  1770. 

HERSEY,  Abner,  brother  of  Ezekiel,  gave 
500Z.  to  establish  a  professorship  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  physic  in  Cambridge  ;  he  died 
after  1770. 

HERTZBERG,  Ewald  Frederic,  comte  de, ; 
very  eminent  statesman,  of  Prussia,  born  at  Lot 
tin,  in  Pomerania.  He  became  known  in  the 
literary  world  at  the  age  of  17,  and  on  leaving 
college,  by  a  "  Dissertation  on  History."  On  his 
return  from  the  university,  being  known  toFre 
deric  II.,  who  saw  him  possessed  of  merit,  in 
1745,  he  entered  the  diplomatic  career  as  secre 
tary  of  legation,  and  progressively  rose  to  the 
highest  point  of  rank  and  confidence  in  the  state 
The  remembrance  of  him  will  always  be  closely 
connected  with  that  of  the  great  king  wliom  h» 
had  the  honour  to  serve.     He  died  in  1795. 

HERVEY,  Augustus  John,  earl  of  Bristol 
a  captain  of  the  royal  navy,  and  a  lord  of  the 
admiralty ;  he  died  in  1/  /9. 

HERVEY,  James,  an  English  divine,  of  ex 
emplarj'  virtue  and  piety,  born  at  Hardingstone, 
in  Northamptonshire,  in  1714,  died  in  1758.  His 
etiir-f  writings  are,  "  Meditations  and  Contem 
plations;"  "Remarks  on  Lord  Bolingbroke's 
Letters  on  the  Study  and  Use  of  History ;"  and 
2-10 


HE 

"  Theron  and  Aspasio  ;  or,  a  Series  of  Dialogues 
and  Letters  on  the  most  important  subjects." 

HERWART,  or  HER VART,  John  Frederic, 
of  Augsburg,  chancellor  of  Bavaria,  lived  at  the 
beginning  of  the  17th  century. 

HESHUSIUS.Tillemannus,  a  German  divine, 
was  a  teacher  of  theology,  and  the  author  of  se- 
veral theological  works;  he  died  in  1588. 

HESIOD,  a  very  ancient  Greek  poet,  but  whe- 
ther cotempory  with,  or  older  or  younger,  than 
Homer,  is  not  yet  agreed  among  the  learned. 
The  "Theogony,"  and  "Works  and  Days,"  are 
the  only  undoubted  pieces  of  this  poet  now  ex- 
tant. 

HESSE,  William,  prince  of,  was  distinguish- 
ed for  his  attention  to  literature,  and  for  his  pa- 
tronage of  literarv  men  ;  he  died  in  1597. 

HESSELS,  or  HESSELIUS,  John,  professor 
of  theology  at  Louvain,  was  distinguished  for 
his  eloquence  and  learning  ;  he  died  in  1566. 

HESYCHIUS,  a  celebrated  grammarian  and 
le.xicographer,  of  Alexandria,  who  flourished 
about  A.  D.  300. 

HETHERINGTON,  William,  an  English  di- 
vine, who  died  in  1778,  leaving  20,000/.  as  a 
perpetual  fund  for  the  relief  of  ^  blind  persons 
with  Wl.  a  year. 

HETZER,  Lewis,  a  German  socinian  ;  he 
published  a  translation  of  the  Bible,  which  was 
suppressed,  and  died  in  1540. 

HEURNIUS,  John,  a  celebrated  Dutch  physi- 
cian, born  at  Utrecht,  in  1543,  died  in  1601. 
There  are  several  productions  of  his,  but  his 
principal  one  is,  "  A  Treatise  upon  disorders  of 
the  Head."  He  also  published  Hippocrates,  in 
Greek  and  Latin,  with  explanatory  commenta- 
ries, which  have  undergone  many  editions. 

HEUSCH,  William  de,  a  landscape  painter, 
of  Utrecht,  who  died  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
17th  centur}'.  His  nephew  Jacob,  and  another 
of  the  same  family,  named  Abraham,  were  also 
successful,  as  painters. 

HEUSINGER,  John  Michael,  a  Saxon  di- 
vine, eminent  for  his  piety,  was  made  professor 
at  Gotha,  and  afterwards  at  Eisenach,  where 
he  died  in  1751. 

HEUSINGER,  James  Frederic,  nephew  of 
the  preceding,  was  an  able  scholar,  and  a  dis- 
tinguished teacher  ;  he  died  in  1778. 

HEVELIUS,  John,  an  eminent  astronomer, 
born  at  Dantzic,  in  1611,  died  in  1687;  leaving 
behind  him  several  valuable  treatises. 

HEVIN,  Prudent,  an  eminent  French  sur- 
geon, and  writer  on  surgery,  died  at  Paris,  in 
1789 

HEWJIS,  Joseph,  a  member  of  the  conti 
nental  congress  from  North-Carohna,  and  a 
signer  of  the  declaration  of  Independence ;  he 
died  m  1779. 

HEWSON,  William,  a  distinguished  anato- 
mist and  lecturer,  for  some  time  the  assistant 
and  partner  of  Dr.  Hunter,  and  author  of  several 
medical  works;  he  died  in  1774. 

HEXHAM,  John  of,  an  English  Benedictine, 
and  historical  writer,  of  the  12th  century. 

HEY,  John,  D.  D.,  born  in  1734,  was  educated 
at  Cambridge,  and  in  1780,  became  the  first 
Norrisian  professor  of  divinity,  which  chair  he 
resigned  in  1795;  he  died  in  London,  in  1815, 
leaving,  besides  other  works,  "  Lectures  on  Di- 
vinity." 

HEYDEN,  John  Van  der,  an  eminent  Dutcli 
landscape  painter,  died  in  1712. 

HEYLIN,  Dr.  Peter,  an  English  divirie  and 
historian,  horn  at  Burford,  in  Oxfordshire,  in 
ICOO.    In  1C21,  he  published  his  "  Microccsmus, 


HI 

or,  Description  of  the  Great  World  ;"  which  is 
ahiiost  the  only  work  that  lie  is  known  by  now ; 
but  that  is  in  no  very  high  esteem,  being  super- 
seded by  things  abundantly  better  of  the  kind  ; 
he  died'in  }GO:i. 

HEYNE,  Christian  Gottlieb,  born  in  Silesia, 
ITJi),  succeeded  Gesner,  in  1763,  In  the  profes 
.•■orship  of  rhetoric  at  Gottingen,  wliere  also  he 
became  secretary  to  the  Society  of  Sciences. 
He  drew  up  a  catalogue  of  the  library  at  Got- 
tingen, wl^i-icli  made  150  folio  volumes.  King 
George  HI.  placed  his  three  younger  sons  under 
his  care  at  Gottingen,  and  they  all  treated  him 
with  the  greatest  respect;  he  died  suddenly, 
July  14,  1812.  His  principal  works  were,  an 
edition  of  Horaer,  with  illustrations,  8  vols, 
anorlter  of  Virgil,  with  notes;  and  "  Opuscula 
Atadeniica,"  tJvol3.8vo. 

HEY  WOOD,  John,  a  noted  English  poet  and 
jester  of  iiis  time,  was  one  of  the  first  who 
wrote  English  plays.  He  found  means  to  become 
a  favourite  with  Henry  VHI.,  and  was  well  re- 
warded by  that  monarch  for  the  mirth  a  nd  quick- 
ness of  his  conceits  ;  he  was  born  in  London, 
and  died  in  1565. 

HEYWOOD,  Jasper,  son  of  the  preceding, 
translated  three  tragedies  of  Seneca,  and  wrote 
various  poems  and  devices,  some  of  which  are 
printed  in  a  book  called  "  The  Paradise  of 
Dainty  Devices,"  in  1573,  4to  ;  he  was  born  in 
13^^.,  and  died  in  1597. 

HEYWOOD,  Thomas,  an  actor,  and  most 
voluminous  play-writer,  in  the  reigns  of  queen 
ICiizabelh  and  James  I.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
the  autftor  of  220  plays,  of  which  only  24  are 
now  extant. 

HEY  WOOD, Eliza, a  very  voluminous  writer, 
born  in  London,  in  1693,  died  in  1756.  Her  latter 
and  best  writings  are  "The  Female  Spectator," 
4  vols.  "  Epistles  for  the  Ladies,"  2  vols.  "  For- 
tunate Foundling,"  1  vol.  "  Adventures  of  Na- 
ture," "  History  of  Betsy  Thoughtless,"  4  vols., 
"  Jenny  and  Jemmy  Jessamy,"  3  vols.,  "  Invisi- 
ble Spy,"  2  vols.,  " The  Husband"  and  "The 
Wife,"  2  vols. ;  all  in  12mo. ;  and  a  pamphlet, 
entitled,  "  APresent  foraServant  Maid."  When 
young,  she  dabbled  in  dramatic  poetry,  but  with 
ro  great  saccess :  none  of  her  plays  being  either 
EKich  approved  at  first,  or  revived  afterwards. 

HEYWOOD,  Oliver,  an  English  non-confor- 
mist divine,  and  a  writer  on  theological  sub- 
jects :  h;^  died  in  1702. 

HEYWOOD,  Nathaniel,  a  native  of  Bolton, 
ejected  for  non-conformity  ;  died  in  1677. 

HEYWOOD,  Thomas,  junior,  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  he 
was  from  South  Carolina. 

IH'VCOOMES,  the  first  Indian  in  New-Eng- 
land, converted  to  Christianity, was  minister  at 
Martha's  vineyard  ;  he  died  in  1690. 

HICETAS,  of  Syracuse,  an  ancient  philoso- 
pher, who  flourished  about  340  B.  C.  He  taught 
that  llie  sun  and  the  stars  were  motionless,  and 
that  the  earth  moved  round  them  ;  fhis  is  men- 
tioned by  Cicero,  and  u;obably  gavethe  first  hint 
of  that  system  to  Copernicus. 

niCKHL.  acelebratsd  portrait  and  historical 
painter,  died  at  Hamburgh,  Aprji'  1799. 

HlCKE-'i,  John,  joined  the  duke  of  IMon- 
mouth's  rebellion,  in  lfi85,  au<f  for  this  disloyal 
act  was  executed. 

HICKE?,  Geoi'ge,  an  English  divine,  anti- 
quary, c:ific,  and  polemical  writer,  of  uncom- 
mon parir^  and  learn. ng.  bora  in  Yorkshire,  in 
1642,  died  in  1715.  His  "  Ijinguarum  Septen- 
trionalinm  Thesaurus,"  published  in  1705,  ex- 


HI 

hibits  a  splendid  and  durable  monument  of  liis 
iiidustry. 

HICKMAN,  Henry,  ejected  for  non-conformi- 
ty, minister  of  an  English  congregation  at  Ley- 
den,  and  author  of  several  works ;  he  died  in 
l(i88. 

HIERO  I.,  king  of  Syracuse,  478  B.  C,  cele- 
brated by  the  pen  of  Pindar. 

HIERO  II.,  kingof  Syracuse,  268  B.  C,  was  at 
one  lime  the  enemy,  and  afterwards,  the  frienti 
of  the  Romans. 

niEROCLES,  an  enemy  and  persecutor  of 
the  Christians  in  the  4th  century. 

HIEROCLES,  a  Platonic  philosopher  of  the 
5th  century,  taught  at  Alexandria  with  great  re- 
putation, and  wrote  seven  books  upon  Provi- 
dence and  Fate.  These  books,  however,  are 
lost,  and  all  we  know  of  them  is  by  the  extracts 
which  are  to  be  met  witn  in  Photius.  Hierccles 
wrote  also  "  A  Commentary  upon  the  Golden 
Verses  of  Pythagoras,"  wliich  is  still  extant, 
and  has  several  times  been  published  with  those 
verses. 

HIERONIMUS,  or,  as  he  is  commonly  called, 
Jerome,  a  very  celebrated  father  of  tlie  church, 
born  on  the  confines  of  Dalmatia,  about  329, 
died  in  420. 

HIFFERNAN,  Paul,  a  native  of  Ireland,  but 
chiefly  resident  in  England,  and  known  as  a 
dramatic  writer,  translator,  and  compiler,  was 
born  in  Dublin,  in  1719,  and  died  in  1777.  Some 
very  curious  and  entertaining  memoirs  of  this 
singular  character,  will  be  found  in  the  Euro- 
pean Magazine,  vol.  XXV. 

HIGDEN,  Ralph,  an  early  English  chronicler ; 
died  in  1363. 

HIGDEN,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  political 

writer  in  the  time  of  queen  Anne,  died  in  1715. 

HIGGENS,  or  HIGINS,  John,  an  English,  di 

vine,  who  instructed  youth,  and  wrote  several 

school-books ;  he  died  after  1604. 

HIGGINSON,  Francis,  first  minister  of  Sa- 
lem, Massachusetts,  arrived  from  England  in 
1629,  and  died  in  1630. 

HIGGINSON.  John,  son  of  the  preceding, 
much  respected ;  died  in  1708,  aged  93 ;  he  was 
a  minister  72  j'ears. 

HIGGONS,  Sir  Thomas,  a  writer,  and  an  am- 
bassador from  England  to  Saxony  and  Vienna ; 
he  was  knighted  for  his  services,  and  di*d  in 
1691. 

HIGGONS,  Bevil,  a  dramatic  poet  and  histo- 
rian ;  died  in  1738. 

HIGHMORE,  Nathaniel,  an  eminent  Englisli 
anatomist ;  he  died  in  1684. 

HIGHMORE,  Joseph,  an  eminent  English 
painter,  born  in  London,  in  1692,  died  in  1780,. 
Mr.  Hignmore  was  also  a  respectable  writer,  and, 
among  several  other  things,  published  in  1766, 
two  small  volumes  of  "  Essays,  Moral,  Religi- 
ous, and  Miscellaneous." 

HILARION,  a  native  of  Gaza,  founded  a 
tnonastic  order  in  Palestine,  and  died  in  371. 

HILARIUS,  an  ancient  father  of  the  Chris- 
tian churcli,  and  bishop  of  Poictiers,  who  flou- 
rished in  the  4th  century. 

HJLARIUSE,  Joseph,  eminent  as  a  medalist 
and  antiquary,  at  Vienna  ;  died  in  1798. 

HILARY,  St.  a  native  of  Poictiers,  in  France, 
bishop  of  that  town,  in  355;  was  banished  by 
Constantius,  into  Phrvgia  ;  and  died  in  ?67. 

HILDEBERT,  bishop  of  Mans,  and  then 
archbishop  of  Tours,  distinguished  for  piety, 
learning,  &c. ;  died  in  the  12th  century. 

HILDKSLEY,  Mark,  an  English  bishopmuch 
esteemed  ;  he  died  in  1772. 


21 


,241 


HI 


HI 


HILL,  Aaron,  a  celebrated  poet  and  miscella-i  HILLEL,  the  prince,  great  grandson  of  Judas 
neous  writer,  born  in  London,  in  1C85,  died  in  Hakkadosh,  wasoneoi  tno  writers  of  tlieGemu- 
1750.  His  principal  works  are,  •' EJlrid,  or' ra;  he  flourished  in  the  middle  ofthe4tlicenturv. 
The  Fair  Inconstant,"  a  tragedy;  "Rinaldo,"ii  HILLIARD,  Nicliolas,  limner  to  queen  Eli- 
an opera;  another  trasedy,  called,  "  The  Fatal,  zabeth,  whose  picture  he  drew  seveial  times, 
Vision,  or.  The  Fall  of  Siam;"  and  two  trajie- 1!  was  born  at  Exeter,  in  1547,  died  in  16J9.  He 
dies,  called,  "  Merope,"  and  "  Zara  ;"  whichljimitated  the  style  of  Holbein  ;  and  Isaac  Oliver 
were  brought  upon  the  stage  in  Drury-Iane,  by  i  was  his  pupil.  Donne  has  celebrated  this  painter 


Garrick. 

HILL,  Joseph,  an  English  puritan  divine,  who 
tied  to  Holland;  author  of  an  improved  edition 
•  •f  "  Schrevelii  Lexicon,"  &;c. ;  he  died  in  1707. 

HILL,  Sir  John,  an  English  writer,  born 
r.bont  17JC,  died  in  1775.  He  v^as bred  an  apo- 
iiiecary,  and  set  up  in  St.  Martin's  lane,  West- 
minster ;  but,  manyjng  early,  and  without  a 
!ortime,  he  was  obliged  to  look  round  for  other 


in  apoem,  called, "  The  Storm ;"  where  he  says, 

"  A  hand,  an  eye, 
By  Hilliard  drawn,  is  wonli  a  history." 

H I  LLIARD,Timothy,minister  of  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  died  in  1790,  much  respected  for  his  tal- 
ents and  qualifications. 

niMERILS,  a  Greek  grammarian,  who  kept 


sources  than  his  profcEsion.    Being  possessed  jja  scnool  at  Athens,  in  the  time  of  Julian. 
of  quick  natural  parts,  he  soon  made  hiniselfjj     HINCKLEY,  John,  an  English  divine,  who 
acquainted  with  the  theoretical  as  well  as  prac-jj published  some  works ;  he  died  in  1C91. 
Tical  parts  of  botany  ;  and  being  recommended'      HINCMAR,  or  HINCMARUS,  archbishop  of 
to  the  duke  of  Richmond  and  lord  Petre,  he,  un-jJRheii'is,  a  zealous  supporter  of  the  Gailican 
derthejr  patronage,  executed  asclieiiseof  travel-  i church  ;  he  died  in  882. 

ling  over  several  parts  of  England,  to  gatherj  HIPPARCHIA,  a  celebrated  lady  who  flour- 
certain  of  the  most  rare  and  uncommon  plants,  liished  in  the  time  of  Alexander.  She  addicted 
wiiich  he  afterwai-ds  published  by  subscription.!  herself  to  philosophy,  and  wrote  some  things 
About  1746,  he  translated  from  the  Greek  a  Uvhich  have  not  been  transmitted  down  to  us ; 
small  tract,   written    by  Theophrnstus,    "  On  !  among  which  were  "  Tragedies ;  Philosophical 


Gems;"  and  this  being  well  executed,  pro 
cured  him  friends,  reputation,  and  money.  En- 
couraged by  this,  he  engaged  in  works  of  greater 
extent  and  importance.  The  first  that  he  tmder- 
fook  was,  "  A  General  Natural  History,"  3  vols. 
folio.  He  next  engaged,  in  conjunction  with 
George  Lewis  Scott,  Esq.,  for  a  "  Supplement  to 
Chamber's  Dictionary."  He  at  the  same  time 
started  the  "  Britisli  Magazine;"  and,  when 
engaged  in  a  number  of  twese  and  other  works, 
some  of  which  seemed  to  require  a  man's  whole 
attention,  carried  on  a  daily  essay,  under  the  ti-  | 
tie  of  "  The  Inspector  "  He  next  applied  himself 
to  the  preparation  of  certain  simple  medicines: 
namely,  the  "  Essence  of  Water-dock,  Tincture 
of  Va!eri^tn,  Pectoral  Balsam  of  Honey,  and 
Tincture  of  Bardana."  The  well-known  sim- 
plicity of  these  medicines  made  the  public  judge 
favourably  of  their  effects,  insomuch  that  they 
had  a  rapid  sale.  Soon  after  the  publication  of 
the  first  of  these  medicines,  he  obtained  the 
patrij  lage  of  the  earl  of  Bute  ;  under  which  he 
published  a  very  pompous  and  voluminous  bo- 
tanical work,  entitled,  "  A  System  of  Botany  ;" 
und  having,  a  year  or  two  before  his  death,  pre- 
f=ented  an  elegant  set  of  his  botanical  works  to 
the  king  of  Sweden,  that  monarch  invested  him 
with  one  of  the  orders  of  his  court. 

HILL,  Robert,  a  man  remarkable  for  his  per 
severance  and  talent  in  learning  many  languages 
by  the  aid  of  books  alone,  and  that  under  every 
disadvantage  of  laborious  occupation(as  a  tailor) 
and  extreme  poverty  ;  he  was  bom  at  Miswell, 
near  Tring,  in  Hertfordshire,  in  1699,  and  died 
in  1777. 

HILL,  William,  an  English  scholar,  who  pre- 
pared an  edition  of  Dionysjus  Periegetis;  be 
died  in  1667. 

HILL,  George,  an  eminent  clergyman,  of 
Scotland,  professor  of  Greek,  and  aftertvards 
of  divinity  at  the  college  of  St.  Salvador,  prin- 
cipal of  St.  Mar3''s  College,  and  chaplain  to  the 
king  ;  he  died  in  1820. 

HILL,  Thomas  Ford,  an  eminent  English  an 
tiqivarv  and  philologist,  died  Sept.,  17«J5. 

HILLEL,  the  Elder,  a  Jewish  doctor,  of  the 
Mi'5chna,  born  about  30  B.  C,  he  reduced  the 
Jewish  traditions  into  six  treatises. 
242 


Hypotheses,  or  Suppositions ;  some  Reasonings 
and  Questions  proposed  toTheodorus,  surnamed 
the  Atheist,"  &c. 

HIPPARCHUS,  a  great  astronomer,  bom  at 
Nice,  in  Bithynia,  flourished  between  160  and 
125  B.  C.  He  is  reckoned  to  have  been  the  first 
who  from  vague  and  scattered  observations  re- 
duced astronomy  into  a  science,  and  prosecuted 
the  studv  of  it  svstematicallv. 

HIPPARCHUS,  son  of  Pisistratus,  was  slain 
by  Harmodius  and  Aristogiton,  528  B.  C. 

HIPPOCRATES,  the  father  of  physic  and 
prince  of  physicians,  born  in  the  island  of  Cos, 
in  the  80th  Olympiad,  flourished  at  the  time  of 
the  Peloponnesian  war.  He  was  the  first  man 
that  we  know  of,  who  laid  down  precepts  con- 
cerning physic.  On  account  of  his  wonderful 
skill  and  foresight  in  this  art,  he  passed  with 
the  Grecians  for  a  god,  and  after  his  death  hacf 
divine  honours  paid  him.  He  died  at  about  90 
years  nf  age.  His  works  have  often  been  printed. 

HIPPciNAX,  a  satirist  of  Ephesus,  as  re- 
markable for  his  wit  as  the  deformity  of  his 
person.  Bupalus  and  Anthernms,  two  eminent 
statuaries,  caricatured  him  in  a  statue :  on  which 
he  wrote  such  bitter  invectives  against  them,that 
they  both  despatched  themselves  ;  or  (as  others 
say)  left  Ephesus  on  the  occasion. 

"  Acer  hostis  Bupalo,"  says  Horace. 

In  the  Anthologia,  there  are  some  epigrams  on 
Hipponax. 

HIRAM,  king  of  Tyre  ;  he  furnished  Solomon 
with  materials  for  the  temple,  and  died  1000 
B.  C. 

HIRE,  Laurence  de  la,  a  much  admired 
French  paint<>r,  died  in  1656. 

HIRE,  VhiTcp  dc  la,  a  celebrated  French  ma- 
thematician, s»n  of  Laurence  ;  his  works  are 
numerous  and  \'^luable ;  he  died  in  1718. 

HIRE,  Philip  d^  la,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
a  painter,  whose  portraits  are  admired  ;  he  died 
in  1719. 

HISCAM,  or  HISIAM,  1.5th  caliph  Of  the 
Ommiades,  ascended  t^e  throne  in  723,  and  died 
in  743. 

HITCHCOCK,  Enos,  D.  D.,  minister  ef  Pro- 


DA 

manner  of  hie  execution,  see  CH  ASTEL,  whose 
punishment  was  siuiiiar. 

DAMO,  the  daughter  of  Pythagoras,  was  well 
skilied  in  the  philosophy  of  her  father. 

DAMOCLES,  a  flatterer  of  the  tyrant  Diony- 
eiiis ;  wlio,atfecting  upon  some  occasion  or  other, 
to  admire  the  fortune  of  that  pr»nce,  Dioiiysius, 
to  coiiviiioe  him  that  princes  are  iiot  always  so 
happy  as  Uiey  seem  te  be,  invited  liini  to  a  feast, 
aud  caused  a  naked  sword  Jo  he  hung  ovei  his 
Lead,  which  was  only  ;:eld  by  a  single  hair.  Da- 
mocles, extremely  struck  witii  a  sense  of  the 
hazardous  si; nation  he  was  ii;,  changed  his  opi- 
nion at  once,  and,  for  his  own  pariiouiar  part, 
begged  of  Dionysius,  thai  lie  juight  letire  from 
court,  and  liish  life,  info  that  mediociity  of 
condition,  wiiere  no  danger  was,  and  where  he 
slioiild  not  he  subject  to  a  reverse  of  fortune. 

DAMOCHJTUS,aGreek  historian,  author  of 
a  treatise  on  tactics. 

DAMON,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher,  cele- 
brated for  his  fnendsliip  with  Pythias. 

DAMON,  an  Athenian  musician,  the  friend 
of  Socrates. 

D AMOURS,  Lewis,  a  French  lawyer,  author 
of  some  works  of  little  merit. 

DAMPiER,  John,  a  native  of  Blois,  author 
of  some  elegant  Latin  poems,  died  in  15.50. 

DAMPIF.R,  VVi'iiam,  a  famous  EngUsh  navi- 
palor,  born  \u  Somersetshire,  in  16.52,  died  1699. 
His  "  V'oya£;e  round  the  World"  is  well  known, 
iiud  has  gone  through  many  editions. 

DAMPIEERE,  N.,  a  French  officer,  whodis- 
linKuished  himself  under  general  Dumourier, 
died  of  a  wound  by  a  cannon  ball,  in  179.3. 

DAN,  the  fifth  son  of  Jacob,  by  Bilkah,  Ra- 
chel's maid. 

DANA,  Francis,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
of  Massachusetts,  was  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can congress  in  1776,  and  minister  from  that  bo- 
dy to  the  court  of  St.  Petersburg  ;  afterwards 
chief  .Uistice  of  the  state  of  Massachusetts.  Ke 
wasdistinsviiished  for  the  fidelity  and  ability  with 
which  he  discharged  his  public  duties,  and  for 
his  attachment  to  the  institutions  of  his  coun- 
try.    He  died  in  1811. 

DANCER,  Daniel,  a  most  singular  example 
of  penuriousness,  with  the  means  of  plenty.  He 
li\'ed  at  Pinner,  in  Middlesex,  with  a  sister  of 
liis,  wiio  was  of  a  consenial  disposition  ;  and, 
though  possessed  of  :'000l.  a- year,  besides  great 
sums' in  specie  and  ba.K  notes  concealed  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  his  house,  he  denied  hhnself  the 
common  necessaries  of  life.  He  usually  iiad 
his  body  girt  with  a  havband,  to  keep  together 
his  tattered  garments ;  the  stockings  he  wore 
had  been  sofreqttently  darned  and  patched,  that 
scarcely  any  of  the  orginal  could  be  seen;  but 
in  dirty  or  cold  weather,  thev  were  thickly  co- 
vered with  ropes  of  hay,  whicli  served  a?  sub- 
stitutes for  boots.  He  rarely  washed  his  face 
or  hands,  and  never  allowed  his  bed  to  he  made, 
or  his  house  to  be  cleaned.  He  hid  bank  notes 
among  the  cobwebs  in  his  cowhouse,  and  guineas 
in  the  fire-place,  covered  with  soot.  A  number 
of  singular  eccentricities  ate  recorded  of  him, 
in  "  P>io2raphical  Curiosities,"  12mo,  1797.  He 
died  in  October,  1794. 

D  \NCHET,  Anthony,  a  French  dramatic 
poet,  horn  atRiom,  in  1671,  die.d  1748 

D  ANDINI,  Jerome,the  first  Jesuit  who  taught 
philosophy  at  Paris.  He  wrote  a  commentary 
on  Aristotle,  and  died  in  in;J4. 

DANDINI,  Pietro,  an  eminent  painter,  born 
at  Florence,  died  in  1712. 

DANDINI,  Ciijsar'j,  a  Jii.5to:ical  pain'.er,  o 


DA_ 

Florence,  who  finished  his  pictures  in  a  superior 
style. 

DANDINI,  Hercule  Francois,  professor  of  the 
law  at  Padua,  and  author  of  some  learned 
works,  died  in  1747. 

DAxXDOLO,  Henry,  duke  of  Venice,  a  brave 
admiral,  and  great  politician,  who  look  Coii- 
btantinople,  in  1203,  and  had  the  moderation  U> 
1  el  use  the  imperial  dignity.  He  died  iii  1;^J0. 
D.ANDOLO,  Andrew,  doge  of  \  ci;i.c,  . 
which  lie  wrote  a  histoiy.  He  conespondvd 
with  Petrarch,  and  died  in  1354. 

DAKDRE  BAllDON,  Michael  Francois.  He 
was  a  professor  in  the  academy  of  paintiufe,  a..  J 
was  admired  for  his  historical  writings  ,  he  dii  d 
m  1783. 

DANDRIEU,  John  Francis,  a  famous  musi- 
cian, of  Paris,  who  composed  tinee  bti.ks  oi 
pieces  for  the  harpsichord,  and  u.o  fcr  J.l  or- 
gan ;  he  died  in  1740. 

DANEAU,  or  DANiEUS,  LauiLtit,  a  Ca!- 
vhiist  preacher,  who  taught  theology  ul  ?zA., 
and  published  commentaries  on  Matthew  and 
Mark,  he  died  in  1596. 

DANES,  Peter,  Greek  professor  at  Paas.  He 
was  a  prelate  of  great  eloquence,  an-i  lak  x.^ne 
learning  ;  he  died  in  1577. 

DANET,  Peter,  a  French  abbe,  of  the  unn.bi  r 
of  those  learned  persons  who  were  pnchi  .I'l^p- 
on  by  the  duke  of  Moniausier,  to  iiliis;.a  i,c  ;)o 
jsical  authors  for  the  use  of  the-  cia^pMn.  He 
ad  Phffidrus  allotted  to  his  suaie,  v,  I  ;l..  ;.j 
published  with  aLaiininterpreiauoi:.  u..d  r.oic^. 
He  was  also  author  of  "  A  Classical  a.  :!  Li;..w- 
rical  Dictionary,"  in4to,  and  died  in  t*(."J. 

DANFORTH,  Thomas,  anEnalisnii.j..,  who, 
after  his  arrival,  was  elected  by  ilie  peop.e  of 
Maine,  as  their  president;  he  died  in  ll9l. 

DANFORTH,  Samuel,  minister  of  EoxLurj  , 
Mass.,  published,  besides  several  sern.oiii;,seihL 
astronomical  works  ;  he  died  in  1C4.7. 

DANFORTH,  John,  minister  of  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  son  of  the  preceding,  uisi;i;igni&h(  ti  »t;.- 
his  learning,  zeal,  and  pietj' ;  he  piibiitii^d  seve- 
ral sermons,  and  died  in  1730. 

DANFORTH,  Samuel,  minister  of  Taunton, 
Mass.,  author  of  a  MS.  Indian  diclionar, ,  u.^o 
in  1727. 

DANGEAU,  Louis  rourcillon  de,  a  n^tmhei 

the  French  academy  of  sciences,  a. id  li.a^.Lr 

of  a  great  variety  oi  languages.     He  wns  an 

industrious  and  good  mat',  and   the  ;.iw„Gr  o. 

many  works;  he  died  in  J7'23. 

DANGEAU,  Philip deCouicilioii,  mau:uiLdo, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  an  acion.piih.i.cu  and 
virtuous  nobleman.  He  was  a  greai  luvouriic 
of  the  age,  and  died  in  1723. 

DANHEWER,  John  Conrad,  theological  pro- 
fessor at  Strasburg,  and  author  of  soii;e  ihto 
logical  tracts,  died  in  16C6. 

DANICAN,  Andrew,  a  Frenchman,  of  mauy 
good  qualities,  who,  cnly  two  mc.i.ihs  before  he 
died,  played  at  the  san;e  time,  two  games  ol 
'  hess,  with  the  best  players,  he  being  biiiidfoltJ- 
ed,  and  beat  them  both,  died  in  1795. 

DANIEL,  the  last  of  the  four  great  prophets, 
was  of  the  royal  blood  of  Judah,  aud  w  as  car- 
ried away  into  captivity,  606  B.  C 

DANIEL,  Arnauld,  count  of  Provence.  He 
wrote  several  poems,  from  which  Petrarch  took 
many  ideas;  he  died  in  1189. 

DANIFJi,  Samuel,  an  eminent  English  poet, 
and  historian,  who  flourished  in  the  reiuns  of 
Elizabeth  and  James  I.,  to  the  fonnerof  whom 
he  was  poetlaureat,  was  born  neai  'J"cnii)tv.n,  in 
Soii;t:ic'u.hir<;,  in  15G2.  His  "  Ilisiorv  of  I.i,^- 
147 


DA 

land"  is  written  with  great  brevity  atid  polite- 
ness, and  liis  political  and  moral  reflections  arc 
useful  and  instructive.  He  wrote  also  some 
plays,  which  have  much  merit,  and  died  in  1619, 
Tile  judicious  Mr.  Hcadley  has  observed,  that 
he  was  the  Atticus  of  his  day. 

DANIEL,  Gabriel,  a  very  ingenious  and  learn 
ed  Frenchman,  bom  in  1649,  wrote  a  great  many 
books  upon  different  subjects,  but  is  most  me- 
morable for  his  "  History  of  France,"  in?  vols. 
4to.  He  died  in  1728;  and  by  his  death  the  Je- 
suits lost  one  of  the  greatest  ornaments  their  or- 
der ever  could  boast. 

DANIEL,  Peter,  a  learned  advocate  of  Or- 
leans, died  at  Paris,  in  1603. 

DANIEL,  Robert,  president  of  the  council 
of  North  Carolina,  and  deputy  governor  of  S.  C; 
was  succeeded,  in  1717,  by  gov.  Johnson. 

DANTE,  Peter  Vincent,  a  native  of  Perouse. 
He  was  eminent  for  his  skill  in  mathematics, 
and  was  famed  as  a  poet ;  he  died  in  1512. 

DANTE,  Vincent,  grandson  of  the  preced 
ing,  well-known  as  a  painter,  sculptor,  and  ma- 
thematician, died  at  Perouse,  in  1567. 

DANTE,  Alighieri,  an  eaninent  Italian  poet, 
bmn  at  Florence,  in  1265.  He  discovered  an 
early  inclination  and  genius  for  poetr>' ;  but  was 
ainbitious  ;  and,  ha\ing  attained  some  of  the 
most  considerable  posts  in. the  commonwealth, 
was  crushed  by  the  ruins  of  the  faction  which 
he  embraced.  He  died  in  exile  at  Ravenna,  in 
1121.  The  most  considerable  of  h'n  works,  is 
liis  po-m  entitled,  "  The  Comedy  of  Hell,  Pur- 
gatory, and  Paradise." 

DANTE,  John  Bapriste.  of  the  same  family, 
probably,  with  the  preceding,  and  native  of  Pe- 
rugia, was  an  excellent  raatiiematician  ;  and  is 
memorable  for  having  fitted  a  pair  of  wings  so 
exactly  to  his  body,  as  to  be  able  to  fly  with 
them.  He  made  the  experiment  several  times 
over  the  lake  Trasimenus,  and  succeeded  so 
well,  that  he  had  the  courage  to  perfom  before 
the  whole  city  of  Perugia.  He  shot  himself 
from  the  highest  part  of  the  city,  and  directed  his 
flight  over  the  square,  to  the  admiration  of  tha 
spectators  ;  but,  unfortunately,  the  iron  with 
which  he  managed  one  of  his  wings,  failed,  and 
then,  not  being  able  to  balance  weight  of  his 
body,  he  fell  on  a  church,  and  broke  his  tliigh. 
He  flouris!ied  tou-ard  the  end  of  the  15th  centu- 
ry, and  died  before  he  was  forty  years  old. 

DANTE,  Ignatius,  a  descendant  of  the  great 
poet,  well  known  for  his  great  skill  in  raathe- 
luatics  and  astronomy,  died  in  1576. 

DANTON,  George  James,  one  of  the  most 
atrocious  and  unptincipled  among  the  associates 
of  Robespierre  and  Marat ;  he  was  guillotined  in 
1794. 

DANTZ,  John  Andrew,  a  learned  Lutheran 
divine  of  Germany,  who  wrote  a  Hebrew  and  a 
Chaldee  Grammar ;  died  in  1727. 

DARAN,  James,  a  na;ive  of  Gascony,  sur- 
geon-general of  the  army  of  Turin  aiid  Milan. 
He  was  an  expert  operator,  and  a  good  writer  ; 
he  died  in  1784. 

DARCET,  N.,  an  able  chymist  and  physician, 
professor  in  the  national  institute  at  Paris  ;  he 
died  in  1801. 

DARCI,  Patrick,  count,  an  eminent  philoso- 
pher and  mathematician,  wai  born  in  Ireland,  in 
1725,  and  died  in  1779. 

D'ARCON,  John  Claudius  Eleonore  Limi- 
ceaud,  an  eminent  French  engineer,  who  dis- 
played great  talents  in  conducting  the  siege  of 
Gibraltar,  in  1730.  He  joined  the  popular  side, 
during  the  French  revolution,  and  died  in  1800. 
148 


DA 

DARGONNE,  Dom  Bonaventure,  a  learned 
Carthusian  monk,  who  died  m  1704. 

DARIUS,  the  Mede,  the  same  as  Cyaiare», 
son  of  Astyages,  died  at  Babylon,  about  348 

DARIUS  I.,  king  of  Persia,  destroyed  Baby- 
lon, and  restored  the  captive  Jews  to  their  coun- 
try ;  he  was  defeated  at  Marathon,  and  died  in 
485  B.  C. 

DARIUS  II.,  king  of  Persia,  and  father  of 
Cyrus  the  Younger  :  died  404  B.  C. 

DARIUS  III.,  Codomanus,  the  last  king  of 
the  ancient  Persian  empire,  who  was  conquered 
by  Alexander  the  Great,  and  at  last  treacherously 
assassinated  by  Bessus,  his  own  general,  govern- 
or of  Bactriana  (who  hoped  thereby  to  succeed 
to  his  sovereignty),  331  B.  C. 

DARKE.  Wifiiam,  a  brave  oflicer  in  the 
American  war  ;  died  in  1801. 

DARQUIER,  Augustine,  an  eminent  astrono- 
mer, built  an  observatory  himself,  and  took 
pupils  gratis.  He  was  an  able  author  and  a  vir- 
tuous man  ;  he  died  at  Toulouse,  in  1802. 

DARWIN,  Dr.  Erasmus,  an  eminent  poet, 
philosopher,  and  physician,  born  at  Elston,  near 
Newark,  Nottinghamshire,  1731,  and  educated 
at  Chesterfield  scliool,  under  the  Rev.  Mr.  Bur- 
rows ;  whence  he  went  to  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge.  He  afterwards  settled  as  a  physi- 
cian  at  Litchfield.  His  principal  publications 
are,  "  The  Botanic  Garden,"  a  poem  with  phi- 
losophical notes,  4to,  1791.  "  Zoonomia,"  4to, 
1794.  "  Pbjtologia,"  and  "  The  Shrine  of  Na- 
ture," a  poem  :  this  last  was  publislied  after  his 
death,  which  happened  April  18,  1802.  In  his 
Zoonomia  atheism  is  unbJushingly  avowed. 

DARVvIN,  Charles,  snn  of  the  preceding, 
born  at  Litchfield,  in  1758.  He  is  well  known 
as  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  means  of  dis- 
tinguishing pus,  from  mucus ;  he  died  in  1778. 

DASSIER,  John,  a  medalist  to  the  republic  of 
Geneva.  His  nephew  was  appointed  second 
engraver  in  the  British  mint,  in  1740. 

DASSOUCI,  a  French  musician  and  poet  of 
the  17th  century.  He  procured  the  patronage 
of  the  great  by  his  wit  and  drollery. 

DATAMES,  an  illustrious  Persian  genera!, 
who  was  assassinated  by  Mithridates,  361  B.  C. 

DATI,  AMgnstin,a  native  of  Sienna,  where  he 
taught  rhetoric  and  the  classics  ;  he  died  in  1478. 

DATI,  Carlo,  professor  of  polite  literature  at 
Florence,  where  he  was  born,  became  famous 
as  well  for  his  works  as  for  the  eulogies  which 
many  writers  have  bestowed  on  him.  He  died 
in  1675. 

D.\UBENTON,  John  Lewis  Marie,  born  in 
Burgundy ;  an  eminent  anatomist,  and  a:i  ac- 
tive associate  of  Buffbn.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  works  on  natural  subjects,  and  died 
in  1799. 

DAUBENTON,  William,  confessor  to  Philip 
v.,  of  Spain,  author  of  orations  and  sermons, 
died  in  1723. 

DAUMIUS,  Christian,  an  excellent  classical 
scholar,  regent  of  the  college  of  Zwickau,  died 
in  1687. 

DA  UN,  Leopold  count,  a  great  general  who 
distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of  Mari'; 
Theresa,  and  against  the  king  of  Prussia ;  be 
died  at  Vienna;'  in  1766. 

DAUNOIS,  countess,  acquired  some  celebri- 
ty, by  her  romances  and  travels  in  Spain ;  she 
died  in  1705. 

DAURAT,  John,  an  eminent  French  poet, 
born  in  1507.  Some  have  said  that  the  odes,  epi- 
grams, hymns  and  other  poems,  in  Greek  and 


HO 

first  published  in  1577,  in  2  vols,  folio  ;  and  then 
ill  1587,  in  3;  the  two  first  ot  wliicli  are  gene- 
rally bound  together.  The  continuations  iVoni 
1577,  to  1587,  were  by  Slow,  Thin,  Fleming,  and 
otliers. 

HOI.L,  Francis  Xavicr,  a  Jesuit,  professor 
of  belles  letters,  and  of  ecclesiastical  law,  in 
several  Goi  man  universities ;  he  died  at  Heidel- 
burt;,  in  1784. 

'  HOLLAND, Philemon,  a  very  laborious  trans- 
lator, was  horn  at  Chelniford,  Essex,  and  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  lie  died 
in  1G3G,  at  the  age  of  85,  having  published 
translations  of  Livy,  Pluiy,  Plutarch,  Suetonius, 
Xenophon,  and  "Camden's  Britannia;"  to 
which  last  he  made  additions. 

HOLLAR,  Wentzel,  or  Wenceslaus,  a  most 
admired  engraver  of  views  and  portraits,  bon 
at  Prague,  in  Bohemia,  in  3607,  died  in  1()G7. 

HOLL19,  Denzil,  lord,  second  son  of  the  earl 
of  Clare,  an  eminent  English  patriot,  born 
1597,  died  in  1680.  He  nobly  maintained  and 
defended  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  house 
of  commons,  of  which  he  was  a  most  worthy 
member,  against  the  arbitrary  measures  of 
Charles  I.  and  his  favourites,  falsely  styled 
"  The  King's  Friends."  His  lordship  was  also 
a  political  writer. 

IIOLLIS,  Thomas Felham,  duke  of  Newcas- 
tle, was  employed  in  several  high  ofiices  during 
the  reign  of  Gco.'ge  XL  He  retired  from  the  ad- 
niiiiistration  soon  after  the  accession  of  George 
UL,  and  died  in  17i;8. 

HOLLIS,  Thomas,  born  in  London,  in  1720, 
died  in  1774.  He  was  possessed  of  a  large  for- 
tune ;  more  than  half  of  which  he  devoted  to 
charities,  to  the  encouragement  of  genius,  and 
to  the  support  and  defence  of  liberty.  His  stu 
dious  hours  were  devoted  to  the  search  of  noble 
authors  hidden  by  the  rust  of  time,  and  to  do 
their  virtues  justice  by  brighteni))g  their  actions 
for  the  review  of  the  public.  A  new  edition  of 
"Toland's  Life  of  Milton"  was  published  un- 
der his  direction,  in  1761 ;  and  in  1763,  he  gave 
an  accurate  edition  of  Algernon  Sidney's  "  Dis 
courseson  Government;"  on  which  the  pains  and 
expense  that  he  bestowed  are  almost  incredible 

HOLLIS,  Thomas,  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 
college,  and  founder  of  a  professorship  of  ma 
ihematics  aiid  theology,  in  that  seminary  ;  he 
died  in  England,  in  1731. 

HOLMES,  George,  a  distinguished  English 
antiquary,  employed  to  arrange  the  valuable  pa- 
pers in  the  Tower  ;  he  died  in  1749. 

HOLMES,  Dr  Nathaniel,  an  English  divine, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  the  Hebrew 
languages ;  he  died  in  1678. 

HOLMES,  Robert,  I)  D.,  an  English  divine, 
successively  canon  of  Salisbury  and  dean  of 
Winchester,  distinguished  as  a  poet  and  scholar, 
and  for  his  devotion  to  biblical  criticism ;  he 
died  at  Oxford,  in  1805. 

HOLSTEN,  Cornelius,  an  eminent  painter, 
of  Haerleni,  who  lived  about  the  end  of  the  17th 
century. 

IIOLSTETNIUS,  Lucas,  a  German  commen- 
tator, on  Greek  and  Latin  authors,  born  at  Ham- 
burg, in  1596,  and  died  in  1661. 

HOLT,  sir  John,  chief  justice  of  the  court 
of  king's  bench,  in  the  reign  of  king  William, 
was  born  in  1642,  died  in  1708.  He  published 
chief  justice  Kelynge's  Reports,  with  annota 
tions  upon  them,  by  himself;  and  his  integrity 
and  uprightness  as  a  judge  are  celebrated  by  the! 
author  of  the  "Tattler,"  No.  14,  under  the  cha- 
racter of  Verus,  the  magistrate.  I 

21 


HO 

HOLT,  John,  an  English  miscellaneous  wri 
ler,  died  near  Liverpool,  in  1801.  At  the  time 
of  ills  death  he  was  engaged  in  writing  a  histo- 
ry of  tiiat  city. 

IIOLWELL,  John  Zephaniah,  a  governor  of 
Bengal,  and  one  of  the  wretched  prisoners  con- 
fined in  the  Black  Hole,  in  Calcutta,  20th  June, 
1756,  wherein  a  great  number  of  gentlemen 
were  sufibcated  ;  but  Mr.  Holwell,  with  a  few 
others,  surviving,  he  published  a  "  Narrative" 
of  the  dreadful  affair.  He  also  wrote  a  great 
immberof  tracts,  ciiiefiy  on  Indian  affairs,  and 
(iiod,  aged  near  90,  in  1798. 

HOLYDA,  Barten,  an  ingenious  and  learned 
English  divine,  poet  and  philosopher,  born  ftt 
Oxford,  in  1593,  died  in  1661.  He  wrote  "  Tecli- 
nogamia,  or  the  Marriage  of  the  Arts,"  a  com- 
edy, acted  by  some  Oxford  scholars,  at  Wood- 
stock, in  1621,  before  king  James  ;  and  a  "  Sur- 
vey of  the  World,"  in  10  books,  a  poem,  in 
166 1  ;  but  the  work  that  he  is  known  and  es- 
teemed for  now,  is  his  "Translation  of  the  Sa- 
tires of  Juvenal  andPersius;"  for  though  his 
poetry  is  but  indifferent,  yet  his  translation  is  ge- 
nerally allowed  to  be  faithful, and  his  notes  good. 

HOLYOAKE,  Francis,  a  learned  Englishman, 
memorable  for  having  made  an  "  Etj'mologicai 
Dictionary  of  Latin  Words,"  born  in  War- 
wickshire, in  1567,  died  in  1633. 

HOLYOAKE,  Thomas,  an  officer  in  the  Eng- 
lish army,  afterwards  a  clergyman,  and  author 
of  a  Latin  and  English  Dictionary ;  he  died  in 
1675. 

HOLYOAKE,  Edward,  president  of  Harvard 
college,  died  in  1767. 

HOLYWOOD,  John,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian, died  at  Paris,  in  1256. 

HOMBERG,  William,  a  native  of  Batavia, 
in  Java ;  he  went  to  Europe,  and  settled  at 
Paris,where  he  became  a  distinguished  chymist, 
and  physician  to  the  duke  of  Orleans  ;  he  died 
in  1715. 

HOME,  David,  a  celebrated  Scotch  divine  and 
writer,  the  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

HOME,  Henry,  lord  Kaimes,  one  of  the  se- 
nators of  the  college  of  justice  in  Gotland,  and 
eminent  as  a  critical  and  philosophical  writer, 
born  in  Scotland,  in  1696,  died  in  1782.  His 
principal  works  are,  "  Sketches  of  the  History 
of  Man,"  ''  Elements  of  Criticism,"  and  "The 
Gentleman  Farmer." 

HOME,  John,  was  born  in  the  city  of  An- 
crum,  in  Roxburgshire,  in  1724,  and  died  at 
Merchiston  House,  near  Edinburgh,  in  1808, 
Mr.  Home  was  originally  educated  for  the 
church  of  Scotland,  inducted  into  a  living  in 
the  Lothians,  the  duties  of  which  he  discharged 
with  the  greatest  propriety.  As  soon,  however, 
as  it  was  known  that  he  was  the  author  of  the 
excellent  tragedy  of  "Douglas."  he  became 
very  unpopular,  from  the  puritanical  spirit  of 
the  times,  which  rendered  it  criminal  in  the 
eyes  of  the  multitude,  that  a  clergyman  should 
even  read  a  play,  far  less  be  the  author  of  one 
On  this,  Mr.  Home  gave  in  his  resignation,  and 
contented  himself  with  the  income  of  a  small 
paternal  estate.  He  was  always,  as  far  as  his 
means  would  admit,  the  friend  and  patron  of 
merit;  and  under  his  fostering  hand,  many 
sparks  of  literary  genius,  that  would  otherwise 
have  lain  dormant,  were  brought  to  light.  He 
was,  in  early  life,  a  very  kind  patron  to  Mac- 
pherson,  the  translator  of  Ossian,  who  had  af- 
terwards an  opportunity  of  manifesting  his  gra- 
titude by  a  bequest  of  SOOOi.  Though  Mr.  Home 
wrote  several  tragedies  besides  "  Douglas" 
^  245 


IIO 

some  of  wbich  possess      merit,  noae  of  tiiein 
were  successful  on  ihe  stage. 

HOMER,  t!ie  most  ancient  of  tl)c  Greek  poets, 
was  the  father  oi  poetry,  as  Hcr.idotas  was  of 
history,  and  Hippocrates  of  physic.  As  niucti 
as  lie  has  celebrated  t!if?  praises  of  others,  he 
has  bwen  so  very  modest  about  iiimself,  that  we 
do  ;jot  find  the  least  mention  of  him  throughout 
his  poems:  so  t'lat  where  he  was  born,  who 
were  his  parents,  what  age  ho  lived  in,  and  al- 
most every  circumstaMce  of  his  life,  remain,  at 
this  day,  in  a  great  measure,  if  not  wholly,  un-1 
known.  The  only  incontestable  works  which 
Homer  has  left  behind  him  are  the  "  Iliad'  and 
the  "  Odyssey."  It  was  by  these  poems  that 
all  the  wortnies  of  antiquity  were  formed. 
Hence  the  law^^ivers,  the  lounders  of  monar- 
chies and  commonwea'ths,  took  the  model  of 
their  politics  ;  hence  tiie  philosophers  drew  the 
first  principles  of  morality  which  they  taught 
the  people ;  hence  physicians  have  studied  dis- 
eases and  tJjeir  cures ;  astronomers  have  learn- 
ed the  knowledge  of  the  heavens,  and  geo>ne- 
tricians  of  the  earth :  kings  and  princes,  the  art  1 
to  govern;  and  captains,"to  form  a  battle,  to! 
encamp  an  army,  to  besiege  towns,  to  fight,  and 
gain  victories.  "  Homer  (says  Sir  William  | 
Temple)  was,  without  doubt,  the  most  universalj 
genius  that  has  been  known  in  the  world,  and! 
Virgil  the  most  accomplished.  To  thefir^t  must; 
be  allowed  the  most  fertile  invention,  the  richest: 
vein,  the  most  general  knowledge,  and  the  most' 
lively  expressions:  to  the  last,  the  noblest  ideas,! 
the  justest  institution,  the  wisest  conduct,  and  j 
the  choicest  elocution.  The  colouring  of  b!)th 
s^ems  equal,  and  indeed  in  both  is  ad.mirable.  | 
Homer  had  more  fire  and  rapture,  Virgil  morel 
light  and  sweetness;  or,  at  lea.st,  the  poetical; 
fire  was  more  raging  in  the  one,  but  clearer  inj 
the  other  ;  which  makes  the  first  more  amazing,  | 
and  the  latter  more  asreeable.  In  shoi-t,  these! 
two  immortal  poets  must  be  .allowed  to  havej 
so  much  excelled  in  their  kinds  as  to  have  ex-, 
ceeded  all  comparison,  to  have  even  extinguish- 1 
o4  emulation,  and,  in  a  manner,  confined  ti  ne: 
poetry,  not  only  to  their  two  languages,  but  toi 
their  very  persons."  The  first  appearance  of  I 
Homer's  works  in  Greece,  was  about  120  years' 


HO 

1  HONOR lUS,  son  of  Theodosius  the  Great, 
and  emperor  of  the  West,  died  at  Ravenna,  in 

HONORIU3  I.,  pope  after  Boniface  V.,  died 
in  6^^S. 

HOiVORinS  II.,  Lambert,  bishop  of  Ostia, 
and  pope  in  1124.  died  in  1130. 

HO>fORIUS  HI.,  Censio  Savelli,  succeeded 
Innocent  111.,  as  pope,  and  died  in  1227. 

HONOKIUS  IV.,  James  Savelii,  was  elected 
pope  in  128.5,  and  died  in  1287. 

HONTAN,  baron  de,  author  of  a  volume  of 
travels  iu  ?torth  America,  filled  with  improba- 
bihties  ;  he  lived  in  the  17ih  century. 

HONTHEIM,  John  Nicholas  de,  suffragan  to 
the  archbishop  of  Treves,  died  in  1790. 

HONTHOIIST,  Herard,  an  eminent  and  ad- 
mired painter,  of  Utrecht,  died  in  1660. 

HOOD,  Samuel,  viscount,  a  celebrated  British 
admiral,  K.  B.,  and  governor  of  Greenwich 
Hospit.al,  born  in  172-1,  died  at  Bath,  in  1816. 

fiOOFT,  Petrus  Cornelius  V.in,  an  eminent 
Dutch  poet  and  historian,  born  at  Amsterdam  : 
he  died  in  1647. 

HOGG  EVE  EN,  Henry,  an  eminent  Dutch 
philolncrist,  born  atLeyden,  in  1712,  died  in  17U4. 
His  '•  Ductrina  Particularum  Linguae  Grieca," 

2  vols.  4to,  in  179^,  is  execTited  with  a  prodi- 
gious abundance  of  learning,  and  is  a  lasting 
foundation  for  his  well-eanipd  fame. 

HOOGSTRAETEN,  I'heodore  Van,  an  ad- 
mired landscape  painter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in 
1040. 

HOOGSTRAETEN,  James,  a  Dominican, and 
inquisitor  general,  known  for  the  virulence  with 
which  he  wrote  against  Luther  and  Erasnius. 
He  died  at  Tologne,  in  1527. 

HOOGSTRATEN,  David  Van,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  critic,  lexicofrrapher,  and  poet,  born  at 
Rotterdam,  in  lfi.>3,  died  in  1724. 

HOOGUE,  Romai!!  de,  a  Dutch  engraver  and 
designer,  whose  works  are  liighly  esteemed. 

H()OKE,  Robert,  an  eminent  ETiglish  mathe- 
matician and  philosopher,  born  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  in  1635,  died  hi  1702.  He  distinguished 
himself  by  many  noble  inventions  and  im- 
provements in  mechanics;  invented  pendulum 
watches,  and  several  astronomical  instruments 


before  Rome  was  built :  that  is,  about  200  yearsi'for  making  observations  both  at  sea  and  land 


after  the  supposed  time  of  Homer.    The  Arun-jjand  was  particularly  serviceable  to  Mr.  Boyle 
delian  marbles  give  907  years  before  Christ,  asjjin  completing  the  air  pump.     His  writings  are 

numerous  and  valuable. 

IIOOKE.  NathanasI,  author  of  a  valuable 
"Roman  History,"  and  oiher  works ;  he  died 
in  17^. 

HOOKER,  John,  an  eminent  English  anti- 
quary, born  at  Exeter,  in  1524.  He  afterwards 
epresented  his  native  place  in  parliament,  and 
died  in  IGOl. 

HOOKER,  Richard,  an  eminent  English  di- 
vine, author  of  an  excellent  work,  entitled  "  The 


the  period  when  he  flourished 

HOMJdEL,  Charles  Frederic,  a  voluminousj 
writer,  of  Leipsic,  died  in  1781.  | 

HOMMOND,  Charles  Francis  1",  an  instruct- j 
er  of  youth,  at  Paris,  author  of  an  Epitomej 
HistoricB  Sacrae,  and  "  De  viris  UlustribusUrbisi 
Romaj,"  &;c.,  died  in  1794. 

HONDEKOETER,  Gilles,  a  la-idscape  and! 
flower  painter,  at  Utrecht,  born  in  ISr^S.  | 

HONDEKOETER,  Gysbrecht,sonof  the  pre 


cedins,  was  also  a  painter,  and  was  born  in  1613.1  Laws  of   Ecclesiastical  Polity,   in  8  books," 
HONDEKOETER,  Melchior,   a    landscapej  was  born  in  1553,  and  died  in  1600.     Of  Hook- 
er and  this  work,  pope  Clement  VIII.  said, 


painter,  of  Utrecht,  died  in  1G\?5. 

HONDIUS,  Abraham,  an  eminent  painter,  of  | 
Rotterdam,  died  in  1693.  \ 

HONDIUS,  Jesse,  an  eminent  selftaucht  en- j 
graver  on  copper  and  ivory,  and  a  writer  ofi 
distinction,  in  Flanders ;  be  died  in  1614.  | 

HONE,  George  Paul,  a  lawyer,  of  Nurcmben?, 
and  coimsellor  to  the  duke  of  Meimingen,  died  \ 


This  man  indeed  deserves  the  name  of  an 
author.  His  books  will  get  reverence  by  aire ; 
for  there  are  in  them  such  seeds  of  eternity, 
that  they  siiail  continue  till  the  last  fire  shall  de- 
vour all  learning." 

HOOICER,  Thomas,  first  mini-ster  of  Can- 
bridge,  Mass.,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  Con- 


in  1747.  Imecticut ;    he  published  several  sermons,    and 

HONESTIS,  Petrus  de,  or  Petrus  Damiani,  idled  in  1647. 
an  Italian,  made  bishop  of  Ostia  and  a  cardi:ial,i     HOOKER,  John,  minister  of  Northampton, 
by  pop'i  Stephen,  and  afterwards  his  ambassa-iiMass.,  was  able  and  faithful  in  his  o/Rcc ;  he 
dor  at  France  :  he  died  in  1072.  died  ia  1777. 

246 


HO 


lio 


iiOOLE,  Cliarlcs,  an  English  te^icher  and  di-fjbfatedg»ainiiiaiian,  of  Esjypt,  Uuunshed  about 
vine,  prubcadary  of  Lincoln  cathedral ;  liedied:|A.  D.  380.  Tlieie  ar«  extant  under  his  iiamu 
in  ]8t3<3,  [jtwo  booJvs  "Concerning  the  Hieroglyphics  of 

HOOLE,  John,  a  poet  and  translator  of  con.  the  Egyptians." 
siderablo  reputation,  was  born  in  London,  1727, ij       H(JRATII,    three    Roman    brotiiers,    who 
ami  educated  iii  Hertfordshire,  under  Mr.  Janie8||  fonght  and  conquered  the  ihi'ie  Curiatii  of  Alba, 
JBeiiiiett,   the    publialier    of    Roger    Aschani's;|6G7  B.  C. 

vvoriis.  In  1744,  he  was  placed  as  a  clerk  in  thej  HORATIUS,  Codes,  a  renowned  Roman 
India  House,  in  which  establishment  he  remHin-|  knight,  who  saved  the  city  by  his  noble  defence 
ed  till  the  end  of  the  year  1785,  when  he  resign-j  of  a  wooden  bridge,  attacked  by  Porsenna. 
ed  his  o/Rce  of  auditor  of  Indian  accounts,  andj  Wliile  he  and  two  associates  opposed  the  enemy 
soon  after  retired  to  the  neighbourhood  of  Dor-  [at  the  entrance,  he  desired  his  fellow  citizens  to 


king)  in  Surrey,  where  he  died  in  1833,  having 
pr,H)a!:ed  elegant  translations  of  the  works  of 
Tasdo,  Ariosto,  and  Metastatio,  and  written 
three  tragedies.  He  was  a  very  amiable  charac- 
ter, and  greatly  esteemed  bv  Dr.  Joimson. 

HOOPER,  or  HOPER,  John,  bishop  of  Glou- 
cester, was  born  in  Somersetshire,  in  1493.  I  n  the 
per.MLicution  under  Mary,  refusing  to  recant  his 
opinio'ia,  he  was  burned  in  the  city  of  Glouces 
tar,  and  sntFered  deaih  with  admirable  constan 
cy,  in  1.555. 

HOOPER,  George,  O.  D.,  a  distinguished  En 
glisii  prelate,  bishop  of  St.  Asaphs,  and  after 
wards  of  Bath  and  Wells ;  he  died  in  1727. 

HOOPER,  William,  a  member  of  the  conti 


cut  away  the  britlge  behind  him  ;  this  being  exe- 
cuted, he  fell  into  the  Tyber;  but,  tliough  wound- 
ed, and  oppressed  by  heavy  armour,  he  gained 
the  shore.     He  flourished  .>00  B.  C. 

HORATIUS,  Q,uiaiusFlaccus,  or  Horace,  an 
ancient  Roman  lyric  and  satiric  poet,  who  flour- 
ished in  the  age  of  Augustus,  was  born  at  Venu- 
sium,  about  6oB.  C.  His  poetical  talents  soon 
made  him  known  to  some  of  the  greatest  men  in 
Rome.  Virgil,  as  he  has  told  us,  was  the  rirst  who 
recommended  him  to  Maecenas ;  and  this  cele- 
brated patron  of  literature  and  loanied  men  grew 

jso  fond  of  him,  that  he  became  a  suitor  for  him 
to  Augustus,  and  got  hi.-i  estate  (which  had  been 

(forfeited)  to  be  restored.     Augustus  was  highly 


nentp.l  congress,  from  North  Carolina,  and  aiitaken  with  his  greatmeritandaddress;  admitted 
signer  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  helihim  to  a  close  familiarity  with  him  in  his  private 
die>.i  iu  1790.  i  hours,  and  afterwards  made  him  no  small  offers 

HOORNBECK,  John,  an  eminent  Dutch  di-  jof  preferment.  Tiie  poet  had  the  greatness  of 
vine,  professor  of  divinity  at  Utrecht,  and  after-limind  to  refuse  them  all ;  the  life  he  loved  best, 
wards  at  Leyden,  and  a  theological  writer  ;  hejland  lived  as  much  as  he  could,  was  ihe  very  re- 
diod  in  IfinO.  Inverse  of  a  court  lite  ;  a  life  of  retirement  and 

HOPKINS,  Ezekrel,  a  learned  prelate,  bishopj'study,  free  fro.m  the  noise  and  hurry  of  ambition, 
of  Raphoe,  and  afterwards  of  Londonderry  ;  hell  He  died  about  8  B.  O. 
di;=d  in  1690.  |      HORMAN,  William,  a  native  of  Salisbury, 

HOPKINS,  Charles,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  ji  distinguished  as  a  divine  and  as  a  botanist,  died 
distinguished  in  England  as  a  poet  and  drama- 1  in  1535. 
tic  wiiter ;  he  died  in  1699.  |     HORMISDAS,  a  pope  of  Rome,  in  514,  died 

HOPKINS,  John,  brother  of  the  preceding,  iin  523,  and  was  a.^terwards  canonized. 
wa>j  also  celebrated  as  a  poet ;  the  time  of  his  i     HORMfSDAS  II.,  succeeded   his  father  a3 
death  is  not  known.  Iki'ig  of  Persia,  in  578.    His  subjects  revolted  un- 

HOPKINS,  Edward,  governor  of  Connecti-  der  his  gcneral,Varanes,  who  deteated  him.and 
cut,  and  a  benefactor  of  Harvard  college;    he!|deprived  him  of  sight.    He  died  in  590. 
founded  grammar  schools  in  New-FIaven  andj     HORNE,  George,  bishop  of  Norwich,  borli  at 


Hartford,  Conn.,  and  died  in  1657. 

HOPKINS,  Samuel,  minister  of  West  Spring 
field,  Mass.,  died  in  1755,  much  esteemed. 

HOPKINS,  Stephen,  LL.  D.,  chief  justice 


Oiham,  in  Kent,  in  17.10,  and  died  in  1792.  This 
divine  united,  in  a  remarkable  degree,^depth  of 
learning,  brightness  of  imagination,  sanctity  of 
manners,  and  sweetness  of  temper.     Four  vo- 


and  governor  of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island,  aljlumes  of  his  incomparable  "  Sermons"  are  pub- 


member  of  Congress  in  1776,  and  a  signer  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence  :  he  died  in 
1785. 

HOPKINSON,  Francis,  a  member  of  con- 
gress, from  New- Jersey,  and  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  Independence ;  he  was  after- 
wards a  judge  of  the  district  court  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  for  Pennsylvania,  and  died  in  1791. 
He  was  distinguished  also  as  a  popular  writer, 
and  as  a  poet. 

IIOPPNER,  John,  R.  A.,  an  eminent  English 
portrait  painter,  and  translator  of  "  Oriental 
Tales"  into  English  verse  ,1305),  was  born  17.59, 
and  died  in  Charles-street,  St.  James'  square,  inl 
1810.  I 

HOPTON,  Arthur,  a  distinguished  English; 
matJiematician,  and  writer  on  mathematical: 
subjects,  died  in  1614,  ased  26.  i 

HOPTON,  Ralph,  lord,  an  English  officer,! 
distinguished  for  his  valour,  particularly  during 
the  civil  wars  ;  he  died  in  1652. 

HOPTON.,  Susanna,  an  English  lady,  author 
of"  Daily  Devotions"  and  other  religious  works;, 
she  died  in  1709.  | 

HORAPOLLO,  or  ilORUS  APOLLO,  a  cele-i 


jlished.  His  "  Commentary  on  the  Psalms,"  in  2 
I  vols.  4to,  "will  (as  the  writer  of  his  epitaph  ex- 
presses it)  continue  to  be  a  companion  to  the 
Iclcset,  till  the  devotion  of  earth  shall  end  in  the 
ihalielujah.^  of  heaven."  Dr.  Home  also  wrote  a 
celebrated  piece  of  irony,  in  reply  to  Adam 
Smith's  Sketch  of  David  Hume's  Life. 

HORNECK,  Dr.  Anthony,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish divine,  born  in  the  Lower  Palatinate,  in 
1641,  diMJ  in  1696 

HORNER,  Francis,  an  English  lawyer,  and  a 
member  of  parliament,  of  some  distinction,  died 
in  1817. 

HORNIUS,  George,  professor  of  history  in  the 
univf-rsifyof  Levden,  died  in  1670. 

HORNSBY,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  born  in  1734,  and 
died  in  1810,  at  the  Observatory,  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford.  He  was  Savilian  professor  of  as- 
tronomy, professor  of  natural  philosophy,  reader 
in  experimental  philosophy,  and  librarian  totlie 
Radciiffe  library  ;  and  his  long  and  eminent  ser- 
vices in  the  cause  of  science,  and  successful  la- 
bours in  completing  the  astronomical  arrange- 
'.ueiiis  at  liie  Observatory,  will  ever  be  remem- 
bered witii  gratitude  by  the  university. 
247 


HO 

""iJORREBOW,  Feter,  professor  of  astronomy, 
mdtbemaiics,  and  plulosophy,  at  Copenbageii, 
and  a  wnier  on  the  Coperiiican  system ;  he  died 
in  1764. 

HORROX,  Jeremiah,  an  English  astronomer, 
memorable  from  being  the  first,  Irom  the  begin- 
ning of  the  world,  wlto  had  observed  the  tran- 
sit of  Venus  over  the  sun's  disk.  He  was  born 
in  1619,  and  died  in  1G41. 

HORSLEY,  John,  author  of  a  very  learned 
and  excellent  work,  entitled,  "  Britannia  Roma- 
na  ;"  being  an  ample  account  of  tlie  vestiges  of 
the  Romans  in  Britain.  He  was  born  in  North- 
umberland, and  died  in  1731. 

HORSLEY,  Samuel,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  was 
born  in  the  parish  of  St.  Martin's  in  the  Fields, 
where  his  father  was  clerk  in  orders,  and  was 
educated  at  Trinity  hall, Cambridge.  He  became 


HO 

;    HORTENSIUS,  Martin ,~an  astronomer,  of 
Delft;  he  died  in  1639. 

I    HOSE  A,  the  first  of  the  minor  propliets,  floar- 
iished  under  the  reigns  of  Jerobo&uiand  Uzziah. 

HOSIUS,  Stanislaus,  a  native  of  Poland,  was 
jsecretary  to  the  king  of  Poland,  bishop  of  Culra 
jand  of  VVarmia,  and  afterwards  a  cardioal  He 
jdiedin  1579. 

HOSKINS,  John,  an  eminent  English  por- 
trait painter,  died  in  16G4. 
I  HOSPJNIAN,  Rodolphus,  a  learned  Swiss 
iwriter,  who  has  done  prodigious  service  to  the 
iprotestant  cause,  bom  at  Altdorf,  in  1547,  died 
|in  1020.  He  wrote  an  excellent  work  of  vast  ex- 
Itent,  called, "A  History  of  the  Errors  of  Popei7.-"' 

HOSl'lTAL,  William  Francis  Antony,  mar- 
'quis  de  1',  a  great  mathematician,  of  France, 
born  in  1661,  died  in  1704. 


one  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  his  day,  as  a  |     HOSPITAL,  Michael  de  I',  chancellor 


theologist,  a  mathematician,  and  a  profound 
classic.  He  was  many  years  rector  of  St.  Mary's, 
Newington,  the  first  parish  to  which  he  was  ever 
promoted,  and  which  preferment  he  held  long 
after  his  episcopal  elevation.  His  lordship's  first 
seat  on  the  right  reverend  bench  was  in  1788,  as 
bishop  of  St.  David's.  In  1793,  he  was  trans- 
lated to  the  see  of  Rochester,  with  which  he  held 
the  deanery  of  Westminster;  and,  in  1802,  ele- 
vated to  the  more  lucrative  bishopric  of  St. 
Asaph.  No  man  of  the  age,  perhaps,  possessed 
more  of  what  is  generally  understood  by  the 
idea  of  recondite  learning,  or  was  more  pro- 
foundly versed  in  classical  chronology.  He  edited  | 
and  illustrated  some  of  the  most  important  of 
Sir  Isaac  Newton's  works,  in  5  vols.  4to,  and 
was  himself  the  author  of  several  esteemed  ma- 
themalical  and  theological  productions.  As  a 
fcenator,he  was  deservedly  considered  in  the  first 
class;  there  were  few  important  discussions  in 
the  house  of  lords,  especially  when  the  topics  re- 
ferred to  the  hierarchical  establishments  of  Eng 
land,  the  French  revolution,  or  the  African  slave 
trade,  (of  which  he  was  a  systematic  opponent,) 
in  which  his  lordship  did  not  participate.  The 
reverend  prelate  was  many  years  a  leading  mem- 
ber of  the  royal  society ;  but  withdrew  from  it, 
as  has  been  said,  in  consequence  of  a  certain 
high  appointment  takinsr  place,  of  v.'hich  he  dis- 
approved. His  concluding  words,  on  retiring, 
were,"  I  quit  that  temple  where  philosophy  once 
presided,  and  where  Newton  was  her  ofiiciating 
minister  !"  His  lordsliip  died  at  Brighton,  Oct. 
4,1806. 

HORSTIUS,  James,  a  German  physician,  and 
professor  of  medicine  in  the  university  of  Helm- 
stadt;  he  died  in  1600. 

HORSTIUS,  Gregory,  of  such  reputation  in 
the  practice  of  physic,  that  he  was  usually  cal- 
led the  .iEsculapius  of  Germany.  He  was  born 
iu  Torgau,  in  1578,  and  died  in  1636. 

HORTE,  John,  an  English  divine,  bishop  of 
Kilmore,  and  afterwards  of  Tuam,  in  Ireland ; 
lie  died  in  1751. 

HORTENSIA,a  celebrated  Roman  matron, 
who,  when  the  senate  laid  a  heavy  tax  on  the 
women  of  Rome,  pleaded  with  so  much  elo- 
quence Ln  behalf  of  her  sex,  that  the  tax  was  con- 
biderabiy  diminished. 

HORTENSIUS,  Quintus,  a  celebrated  Roman 
orator  and  poet,  who,  being  eclipsed  at  the  bar 
by  Cicero,  quitted  it  for  a  military  life,  and  be- 
came military  tribune,  praetor,  and  consul.  He 
died  about  50  B.  C. 

HORTENSIUS, Lambert,  a  Dutch  philologist, 
poet,  and  historian,  a  native  of  Utrecht ;  lie  died 
in  1577. 

248 


jFrance,  to  which  ofiice  he  was  raised  on  the 
[death  of  Henry  II..  in  the  midst  of  tuibulence 
and  faction.  He  displayed  great  abilities,  and 
|was  distinguished  for  the  firmness,  iniegntj,  and 
mildness  of  his  administration  ;  he  died  in  1573. 
I  HOSSCH,  Sidronius,  a  Flemish  Jesuit,  author 
of  some  elegant  Latin  poems,  &c.,  died  in 
1653. 

HOSTE,  Paul  1',  a  French  Jesuit,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Toulon,  and  a  mathematical 
writer  ;  he  died  in  1700. 

HOSTUS,  Matthew,  a  German  antiquary, 
died  in  1587. 

HOTMAN,  Francis,  a  learned  French  civi- 
ian,  and  commentator  on  Latin  autJiors,  born 
at  Paris,  in  1524,  died  in  1590. 

HOTTINGER,  John  Henry,  a  native  of  Zu- 
rich, distinguished  for  his  great  learning  and  ta- 
lents. His  a'Dihties  were  so  conspicuous,  that 
he  was  educated  at  the  public  expense  ;  he  was 
professor  of  divinity  and  oriental  languages  at 
Zurich,  professor  at  Heidelberg,  and  ecclesiasti- 
cal counsellor  to  the  elector  Palatine.  His  writ- 
ngs  are  very  numerous.     He  died  in  1667. 

HOTZE,  an  Austrian  general,  born  in  Zurich j 
distinguished  for  his  bravery,  was  killed  in  bat- 
tle about  1799. 

HOUARD  DE  LA  MOTHE,  Anthony,  a 
French  lawyer,  skilled  in  the  profession,  and  au- 
thor of  several  works  connected  with  it ;  he 
died  in  1803. 

HOUBIGOUT,  Charles  Francis,  a  learned 
divine,  bom  at  Paris,  in  1686.  He  published  an 
excellent  edition  of  the  Hebrew  Bible,  with  a 
Latin  version,  and  notes,  4  vols,  folio,  1753,  and 
many  other  learned  works,  and  died  m  17^3,  in 
the  98th  vear  of  his  age. 

HOUBRAKEN,  Arnold,  a  Dutch  painter,  au- 
thor of  tlie  "  Lives  of  the  Flemish  painters," 
was  bom  at  Dordt,  in  1660. 

HOUBRAKEN,  Jacob,  an  eminent  Dutch 
portrait  and  historical  engraver,  born  in  1C98, 
died  at  Amsterdam,  in  1780. 

HOUCHARD,  John  Nicholas,  a  French  ge- 
ueral,  who  raised  himself  to  the  highest  rank  in 
j'le  army  during  the  revolution  ;  he  was  guillo- 
ined  in  1793. 

HOUDARD  DE  LA  MOTTE,  Anthony,  a 
French  Writer.    See  MOTTE. 

HOUPRY,  "Vincent,  a  Jesuit,  distinguished 
as  a  popular  preacher  and  writer,  died  at  Paris, 
in  17:}0,  aged  99. 

HOUGH,  John,  bishop  of  Worcester,  memo- 
rable for  the  noble  stand  he  made,  when  presi- 
dent of  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  aeainst  James 
II.,  who  wanted  arbitrarily  to  imjiose  ullows 
and  officers  upon  the  college  by  his  royal  roan- 


DE 

public  life,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  Highlands,  until  his  death,  in  1818. 

DENELLE,  one  of  the  infamous  friends  of 
Marat,  wno  killed  his  wife  and  five  children 
with  his  own  hands.  He  suffered  a  merited 
death,  on  the  scaffold. 

DENHAM,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  poet,  born 
in  Dublin,  in  1615.  In  1641  lie  published  his  tra- 
gedy called  "The  Sophy,"  which  was  ex- 
tremely admired  by  the  best  judges;  and  in  1642 
was  first  printed  his  "  Cooper's  Hill,"  "  a  poem 
(says  Dryden)  which,  for  majesty  of  style,  is, 
and  ever  will  be,  the  standard  of  good  writing." 
Pope  has  celebrated  this  poem  very  highly  in 
his  "Windsor  Forest;"  and  all  men  of  taste 
have  agreed  in  their  commendations  of  it.  He 
died  in  1668. 

DENIS,  Michael,  principal  keeper  of  the 
imperial  library  at  Vienna,  died  in  1800.  His 
writings  on  various  subjects  were  highly  es 
teemed. 

DEN  MAN,  Thomas,  M.  D.  an  eminent  phy- 
sicia.'i  and  writer  on  midwifery,  born  at  Bak«- 
well,  Derbyshire,  1733,  died  in  London,  1815. 

DENNER,  Balthasar,  a  portrait  painter,  of 
Hamburgh,  who  refused  in  London,  SOOguinetts 
for  iiis  piciure  of  an  old  woman  ;  he  died  in  1747. 

DENNIE,  William,  proprietary  governm  of 
Pennsylvania,  in  1756.  He  was  superceded  in 
1751),  as  unpopular  and  obnoxious  to  the  people. 

DEiVNlE,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Massaclmsotis, 
was  educated  a  lawyer;  he  however  soon  re 
linqiiished  the  profession  for  literary  pursuiis, 
ami  as  editor  of  the  "  Famier's  Museum,  '  a 
newspaper  published  in  New-Hampshire,  and 
aiterwardsof  ihe  "Port  Folio,"  in  Philadelphia 
gave  evidence  of  a  powerful  and  highly  calri- 
vaied  mind,  and  of  a  genius  of  superior  order  ; 
he  died  in  1812. 

DENNIS,  John,  a  celebrated  critic,  born  in 
liondon,  1657.  Though  it  is  now  become  fash- 
ionable to  speak  lightly  of  him,  he  had  qualities 
enough  to  recommend  him  to  the  acquaintance 
of  some  of  the  most  eminent  personages  for 
birrh,  wit,  and  learning,  of  his  time;  but  the 
black  passions  were  so  predominant  in  him,  and 
his  prid'i,  envy,  jealousy,  and  suspicion,  hurried 
him  into  so  many  absurd  and  ridiculous  mea 
suifs,  that  his  life  appears  to  have  been  nothiup: 
but  a  mixture  of  folly  and  madness. — lie  began 
to  be  a  writer  as  early,  if  no;,  earlier,  than  1690, 
and  so  continued  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which 
hapiiened  in  1733.  He  had  better  talents  for 
judging  of  the  performances  of  others,  than  for 
producing  any  thing  of  himself;  which  made  a 
smart  fellow  say,  that  "  Dennis  was  the  fittest 
man  in  the  world  to  instruct  a  dramatic  writer; 
for  he  laid  down  excellent  rules  for  writing  good 
plays,  and  showed  what  were  bad  by  his  own." 

DENNY,  Sir  Anthony,  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing a!id  pietv,  privy  counsellor  of  Henry  VHI., 
he  died  in  1.550. 

DRNTON,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  pre- 
bendary of  York,  an  intimate  friend  of  Tillot- 
son.  He  published  some  sermons  and  religious 
tracts  and  died  in  1708. 

DENTRECOLLES,  Francis  Xavier,  a  Je- 
suit, who  went  to  China  as  a  missionary,  in  1741, 
and  wrote  several  works  in  the  Chinese  lan- 
guage. 

DENYS,  James,  a  historical  painter,  born 
at  Antwerp  in  1645. 

D'EON.    See  EON. 

DEPARCIEUX,  Anthony,  a  learned  French 
mathematician,  who  published  several  valuable 
works ;  he  died  m  1768, 

DERI'Y,  James  Stanley,  earl  of,  an  English 


DE 

nobleman,  celebrated  for  his  courage  during  the 
civil  wars.  He  was  finally  taken  and  basely 
beheaded  in  1651. 

DERCYLLIDAS,  a  Laceda;monian  general, 
who  avenged  his  country  against  the  Persians, 
400  B.  C. 

DEREING,  Edward,  an  eminent  divine, 
preacher  at  St.  Paul's,  London,  before  the  court. 
He  wrote  sermons,  lectures,  &c. ;  he  died  1576. 

DERHAM,  William,  a  very  eminent  philo- 
sopher and  divine,  born  at  Stoughton,  near  Wor- 
cester, 1657,  and  died  1735,  having  spent  his  life 
in  the  most  agreeable  and  improving  study  of 
nature,  and  made  all  his  researches  there  in  sub- 
serviency to  the  cause  of  religion  and  virtue. — 
His  works  are  extremely  numerous;  of  these 
the  best  known  are  his  "  Physico-Theology ; 
or,  A  Demonstration  of  the  Beinji  and  Attri- 
butes of  God,  from  his  works  of  Creation  ;" 
and  "  Astro  Theology,  or,  A  Demonstration  of 
the  Being  and  Attributes  of  God  from  a  Survey 
of  the  Heavens;"  botli  which  are  works  of 
considerable  merit. 

BERING,  Sir  Edward,  first  a  republican,  and 
afif  wards  a  royalist ;  a  member  of  parliament 
during  the  civil  wars.  His  speeches  were 
published  in  4to. 

DERMODY,  Thomas,  a  poet  of  considerable 
caient,  bui  so  devoid  of  common  prudence,  tliat 
file  best  of  patronage  was  found  to  be  useless 
o  him  He  was  born  in  the  south  of  Ireland, 
Jan.  1775.  His  father,  who  was  a  schoolmaster 
at  Ennis  for  some  time,  is  said  to  have  employ- 
ed this  son,  vvhen  only  in  his  ninth  year,  as 
Greek  and  Latin  assistant  at  his  own  school; 
and,  to  increase  the  wonder,  we  are  told  that 
lie  had  written  as  much  genuine  poetry  at  ten, 
as  either  Cowley,  Milton,  or  Pope,  had  pro- 
duced at  nearly  double  that  age.  With  all  his 
.al-nt,  however,  he  was  of  so  uniformly  de- 
piaved  a  conduct,  that  he  no  sooner  excited 
cor:;pass!on,  and  profited  by  generosity,  than  he 
despised,  or  at  least  neglected,  the  advice  of 
his  benefactors  ;  and  atlength,  wasted  by  dis- 
ease, arising  from  habitual  intemperance,  he 
difd  at  an  obscure  liovet,  near  Sydenham,  Kent, 
1802.  in  bis  28th  year. 

DERRICK,  Samuel,  a  linen  draper  of  Dublin ; 
afterwards  a  writer  of  pamphlets  in  London, 
and  master  of  ceremonies  at  Bath  and  Tun- 
bridi-e,  died  1769. 

Df'UlYK,  or  DERICK,  Peter  Cornelius,  a  land- 
.scape  painter  of  Delft ;  pupil  of  Jacobs.  He  died 
in  lO.lO. 

DERYKE,  William,  a  historical  painter  at 
Antwerp,  died  1697. 

DESAGULIERS,  John  Theophilus,  a  cele- 
brated lecturer  on  experimental  philosophy, 
who  made  several  improvements  in  mecha- 
nics, wa.^  born  at  Rochelle,  in  1683,  but  went  to 
Eni-Iand  vvhen  an  infant.  His  most  celebrated 
publication  is,  "  A  Course  of  Experimenal  Phi- 
losophy, 1734,"  2  vols  4to.    He  died  in  1749. 

DESAULT,  Peter,  a  French  physician,  who 
wrote  on  the  cure  of  syphilis,  without  saliva- 
tion, and  on  the  stone  ;  he  died  in  1737. 

DESAULT,  Peter  Joseph,  a  French  surgeon, 
of  great  abilities,  who  attended  Lewis  XVII., 
and  died,  probably  by  poison,  for  this  humanity. 
He  was  author  of  a  valuable  treatise  on  surgery, 
and  died  in  1795. 

DES  BARREAUX,  James  de  Vallec,  lord,  a 
French  nobleman,  counsellor  of  parliament,  at 
Paris.  He  was  an  infidel  and  libertine,  but,  be- 
fore he  died,  gave  himself  up  to  meditation  and 
penitence ;  he  died  in  1647. 

DESBILLONS,  Francis  Joseph,  a  French 

153 


DE 

Jesuit,  who,  after  spending  15  years  in  "the  col- 
J?5e  of  Lewis  XIV.,  at  Paris,  retired  to  publish 
his  fabSes,  530  in  number,  2  vols.  He  died  in  1T8-. 

DESBOIS,  Francis  Alexander,  a  Frenchman, 
author  of  a  military  dictionary,  a  dictionary  of 
agriculture,  and  one  of  birds ;  he  died  in  1784. 

DESCARTES.     See  CARTES. 

DEoERICIUS,  or  DESERITZ,  Joseph  [nno- 
cent,  a  Hungarian,  made  a  Roman  cardinal,  au- 
thor of  many  works,  died  in  1765. 

DESGODETS,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Paris, 
an  eminent  architect,  taken  by  the  Algerines, 
and  kept  16  months  in  slavery.  He  wrote  large- 
ly on  the  subject  of  his  profession,  and  died  in 
1728. 

DESHAIS,  John  Baptist  Henry,  a  French 
paintei-,  of  very  superior  merit,  who  obtained 
lie  prize  of  the  academy  of  Paris,  in  1751.  He 
died  young. 

DESIDERIUS,  or  DIDIER,  the  last  king  of 
Lomhardv.    He  succeeded  Astolphus,  in  756. 

DES.VI.\rnS,  Joseph  Francis  Edward  de  Cor- 
s:;mbleu,  a  generous  and  benevolent  French 
writer,  of  great  abilities,  author  of  a  comedy, 
and  of  some  elegant  poetr>' ;  he  died  in  1751. 

,DES  MAIZEAUX,  Peter,  secreiary  of  the 
royal  society  of  London,  was  born  at  Auvergne, 
i;i  1666.  He  retired  early,  probably  as  a  refugee, 
iiito  England,  and  died  there,  in  1745.     He  had 


I)E 

1800,  esteemed  by  the  French  soidiers,  honoured 
by  the  Auscrians,  and  beloved  by  ail  who  !:n  jw 
him.  His  body  was  carried  to  Milan,  embalmed, 
and  placed  in  the  liospital  of  Mount  St.  Bernard, 
where  a  monument  has  been  erected  to  his  !iie- 
mory.  Dessaix,  united  to  bravery,  the  niosttm- 
impeachable  integrity;  and  well  deserved  of  iiis 
country  tlie  superb  monument  since  ereci^rd  ai 
Paris.  On  this,  is  commemorated  the  shf-e  he 
had  in  the  great  battles  of  Landau,  Kehl,  Weis- 
sembourg,  Malta,  Chebreis,  the  pyramids.  Snli- 
man,  Sammanhout,  Kene,  Thebes,  and  Ma- 
rengo. 

DESTOUCHES,  Andre  Cardinal,  a  celebra- 
ted French  musician,  born  at  Paris,  in  1672,  died 
in  1749. 

DESTOUCHES,  Philip  Nericaut,  a  Fre-;cti 
dramatic  writer,  bOrn  at  Tour,  in  IGcU,  died  in 
1754.  Destouches  hadnotthegayetyof  R  'g-ail, 
nor  the  stro;ig  warm  colouring  of  Moiiere  ;  h\\\, 
he  is  always  polite,  tender,  and  iiatuiai. 

DEVAUX,  John,  a  native  of  Paris  e.-t^nnind 
as  a  surceon,  and  as  the  author  of  several  woi  I'vs. 
died  in  1729. 

DEVEREUX,  Robert,  earl  of  Fssex,  boni  ii. 
Hertfordshire,  in  15G7,  is  memorabit;  km  liaving 
been  a  great  favourite,  a-id  an  un'japoy  vitMii^ 
to  the  arts  of  his  enemies,  and  his  own  uu<f>i- 
tion,  ill  the  reign  of  queen  Eiiza'uelli.     TI..-  2..«t 


i  itimate    connexions  with  St.  Evremoat  aidi  great  siiock  he  received  iii  regaid  to  the  queen's 
Kayle;   gave  a  very  handsome  edition  of  the|!favour,aro-:e  from  a  warm  dispute  l>»'wve*i  »»'^r 


v»orks  of  the  former,  in  3  vols.  4io,  with  the 
life  of  the  author  prefixed,  and  drew  up  the  life 
o?"  liie  latter,  which  was  printed  before  the  udi- 
tvon  ot'  his  "Dictionary,"  in  1730.  He  puhlish- 
p1  alio  the  "  Miscellaneous  Works  of  Bayle," 
in  4  vols,  folio.  He  was  the  editor  of  othc 
things  ;  and  whatever  he  published,  he  always 
accompanied  with  literary  anecdotes. 

DESM ARES,  Toussaint,  a Frencli  priest, who 
distinguished  himself  by  his  sermons,  and  other 
writings  :  he  died  in  1687. 

DESMARETS,  Nicholas,  minister  of  state, 
and  comptroller,  in  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIV., 
dit'd  in  1721. 

DESMOULINS,  Benedict  Camille,  the  friend 
of  Danton,  and  one  of  the  original  members  of 
the  Jacobin  club,  at  Paris.  He  was  one  of  the 
most  vile  and  ferocious  of  that  bloody  club,  and 
was  beheaded  in  1794. 

DE3M0XTIER  Charles  Albert,  a  French 
poet  and  d-amatic  writer,  born  at  Villcrs  Cote- 
lets,  in  1760,  died  in  1801. 

D'ESPANGE,  John,  minister  of  a  French 
congregation  in  London.  He  was  admired  as  a 
preacher,  and  died  in  1660. 

DE3PARD,  Edward  Marcus,  an  Irish  officer, 
long  in  the  English  service,  who  laid  a  plan  to 
assassinate  his  king,  which  being  detected,  he 
waa  tried  and  beheaded,  in  1803. 

DESPAUTERE,  John,  a  Flemish  gramma- 
rian, whose  books  were,  at  one  time,  in  great 
repute  :  he  died  in  1.520. 

DESPIERRE3,  John,  superior  of  the  Bene- 
dictine colleze,  at  Douay,  eminent  as  a  mathe- 
matician and  as  a  mechanic,  died  in  1664. 

DESPL  \CE3,  an  eminent  French  engraver, 
died  in  i749. 

DE3P0RTES,  Claude,  a  painter,  of  Cham- 
p:igne,  hiihly  favoured  by  Lewis  XIV.  and  XV., 
died  in  1743. 

DESSAIX,  Louis  Charles  Antb-jnv,  a  br 


majesty  and  hims^elf,  about  the  choice  of  soiue 
Ifil  and  able  person  to  superintend  t!ie  a;]'iii  s  o;' 
[Ireland.  The  queen  looked  upon  f=ir  Wiliinm 
JKnolles,  uncle  to  Essex,  as  the  most  piopti  jmm- 
;  son  for  that  charge  :  Essex  conteui'e.!  lisat  Sii 
j  George  Carew  was  a  much  fitter  man  for  it. 
I  When  the  queen  could  not  be  persuaded  to  ?\)- 
i  prove  of  his  choice,  he  so  far  forgot  Ijim-sc'i' : 
jhi?  duty,  as  to  turn  his  back  upon  iier  i:i  a  v 
itemptuous  manner:  which  insolence,  iie. 
I  jesty  not  beinir  able  to  bear,  she  gave  him  a  h  v 
Ion  the  ear,  and  bid  him  go  and  be  hanged  Up 
immediately  clapped  his  hand  on  his  sword; 
and  the  lord  admiral  stepping  in  bf^'.ween,  'jo 
swore  a  great  oath,  declaring  that  he  neitlier 
jcould  nor  would  put  up  with  an  affront  of  tiiat 
mature  ;  that  be  would  not  have  taken  ii  ar  the 
hands  of  Henry  VITL,  and  in  a  great  pa«i(m 
;  immediately  withdrew  from  court.  He  vv;l~  -if- 
tei-wards  reconciled  and  reslored,iuappeaiau^e, 
to  the  queen's  favour:  3'et  there  is  good  reason 
to  doubt  whether  lie  fever  recovered  it  in  reality  ; 
and  his  friends  have  been  apt  to  date  hi.s  ruin 
from  this  unlucky  accident.  He  was  axecuied 
on  a  charge  of  treason,  Feb.  25,  IfiOI. 

DEVEREUX,  Robert,  earl  of  Essex,  son  of 
Elizabeth's  favourite,  appeai-ed  in  parliament  a 
violent  opposer  to  the  measures  of  'jovernmenl, 
and  fought  many  bartles  at  the  head  of  the  re 
publican  troops  ;  he  died  in  1646. 

D'EWES,  Sir  Symonds,  an  eminent  English 
historian,  and  antiquary,  born  at  Coxden,  in 
Suffolk,  1602,  died  in  1650.  When  he  was  little 
more  than  30  years  of  age,  he  had  finished  that 
j  large  and  accurate  work  for  which  he  is  chiefly 
memorable,  viz.  "  The  Journals  of  all  the  Par- 
liaments during  the  reign  of  Queeii  Elizabetli, 
both  Lords  and  Commons,"  <fec 

DEWEY,  Daniel,  an  eminent  lawyer, of  Mas- 
sachusetts, was  a  member  of  the  council  of  that 
'state,  a  member  of  C()ngrf>ss,  and  a  judge  of  the 


and  very  succossf  til  French  general,  in  the  revo- 1  supreme  co;irt  of  the  state;  he  died  in  1815, 
lutionary  war,wasborn  in  Aijust,  1768.  Hei  DE  WITT,  John,  the  famous  pensionary,  was 
fell  at  the  battle  of  Marengo,  at  the  moment  the!;  the  second  son  of  Jacob  De  Witt,  (burrroma=trr 
victwy  turned  in  favour  of  Lis  countrymen,  in  lof  Do:  t,  and  deputy  to  the  states  of  Holland,': 
154  ^' 


HU 

HUDSON,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  English  cri 
tic,  and  Iteeper  of  the  Bodleian  library,  and 
principal  of  St.  Mary-hall,  Oxford ;  he  died  in 
17J9. 

HUDSON,  William,  an  eminent  botanist, 
born  in  VVeatmoreland,  about  1730.  In  1762  he 
pubiislied  ''  Flora  Anglica,"  and  died  in  1793. 

HUET,  Peter  Daniel,  bishop  of  Avrances,  in 
France,  and  a  celebrated  philosophical,  histori- 
cal, and  commercial  writer,  born  at  Caen,  in 
l(aO,aiiddiedin  1721. 

HUFNAGEL.,  George,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
distinguished  as  a  writer  on  natnral  history,  and 
of  Latin  poetry ;  he  died  in  IGOO. 

HUGH  CAPET,  count  of  Paris  and  Orleans, 
was  raised  to  the  tiirone  of  France  by  his  me- 
rits and  courage,  in  987,  and  thus  became  the 
head  of  the  third  race  of  the  French  monarchy 
he  died  in  93(5. 

nUGriE3,  John,  an  English  poet,  dramatic 
author,  and  essayist,  born  at  Marlborough,  in 
1(377,  died  in  1721).  His  last  work  was  ''  Thf 
Siege  of  Damascus,"  a  tragedy,  which  is  still 
occasionally  acted.  Several  papers  in  the  "  Tat- 
tlers," "Spectators,"  and  "  Guardians,"  were 
written  by  him. 

HUGHES,  Jabez,  younger  brother  of  the  pre 
ceding,  distinguished  as  a  scholar,  and  as  a 
translator  from  the  Latin  and  Spanish  ;  he  died 
in  1731. 

HUGHES,  Jabez,  of  Cambridge,  known  as  the 
editor  ofChrysostom's  treatise  on  the  Priesthood 
he  died  in  1712. 

HUGO,  of  Cluni,  abbot  of  Cluni,  and  a  saint 
of  the  Romirih  calendar,  died  in  16U9. 

HUGO,  Herman,  a  learned  Jesuit,  who  wrote 
on  metaphysical  subjects,  and  was  also  distin- 
guished in  Iiis  time  as  a  poet,  was  born  at  Brus- 
sels, in  1588,  and  died  of  the  plague,  at  Rhim 
berg,  in  1629. 

HUGO,  Charles  Lewis,  a  French  and  Latin 
writer,  abbot  of  Etival,  and  titular  bishop  of 
Ptolemais  ;  he  died  in  1735. 

HUGTENBURGH,  John  Van,  an  eminent 
Dutch  painter,  died  in  1733.  His  brother,  James, 
was  a  landscape  painter  of  reputation.  He  died 
in  169ii. 

HULDRIC,  John  James,  professor  of  law,  ai 
Zuricli,  where  he  died  in  1731. 

HULL,  Tliomas,  a  respectable  actor  and  dra 
matic  writer,  and  founder  of  the  theatrical  fund 
for  the  relief  of  distressed  actors  and  actresses, 
was  bred  to  the  practice  of  physic,  but  quitted 
that  profession  for  the  stage,  of  which  he  died 
the  father,  at  the  age  of  80,  in  1808. 

HULME,  Nathaniel,  an  English  physician  of 
reputation,  and  author  of  several  essays  on  me- 
dical subjects  ;  he  died  in  1807. 

HULSEMANN,  John  a  Lutheran  divine, 
professor  of  divinity  at  Leipsic,  and  a  theolo- 
gical writer  ;  he  died  in  16G1. 

HULSIUS,  Anthony,  a  distinguished  oriental 
scholar,  and  professor  of  divinity  at  Leyden  ; 
he  died  in  1685. 

HULSIUS,  Henry,  a  theological  writer,  and 
professor  at  Douisburgh,  where  he  died,  in  172il. 

HULST,  Peter  Van  der,  an  excellent  painter  of 
animals,  a  native  of  Dort ;  he  died  in  1708. 

HUME,  David,  a  celebrated  philosopher  and 
historian,  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1711,  and  died 
in  1776.  His  "  Essays,"  and  "  History  of  Eng- 
land," are  so  well  known,  as  scarcely  to  need 
mention.  The  latter  has,  undoubtedly,  the  pre- 
fereiice,  in  the  public  mind,  over  every  other 
e-ttant.  The  former  are  very  strongly  tinctured 
«vjth  infideiity. 


JW 

HUMPHREY,  Lawrence,  an  English  writer, 
was  professor  of  divinity,  and  president  of  Mag- 
dalen college,  Oxford,  and  afterwards  dean  of 
Gloucester,  and  of  Winchester ;  he  died  in  15L'0. 

HUMPHREYS,  David,  LL.  D.,  a  soldier  of 
the  revolution,  aid-de-camp,  successively,  to 
Putnam,  Greene,  and  Washington;  afterwards, 
ambassador  from  the  U^nited  States  to  Usbon, 
and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Spain  ;  he  died 
at  New- Haven,  in  1818.  He  rendered  essential 
service  to  his  country,  by  his  poetical  and  pa- 
triotic writings,  which  were  read  and  admired, 
both  here  and  in  Europe  ;  also,  by  the  introduc- 
tion, into  the  United  States,  of  a  valuable  breed 
of  fine-wooled  sheep,  from  Spain. 

HUNNERIC,  king  of  the  African  Vandals, 
known  for  his  severe  persecution  of  the  Chris- 
tians, died  in  484. 

HUNNf  ADES,  John  Corvinus,  a  general  of 
the  Huugadan  armies  in  the  13th  century,  and 
was  distinguished  for  his  bravery,  and  his  great 
success  in  the  wars  with  the  Turks  ;  he  died  in 
1456,  lamented  by  the  pope,  by  the  Christians, 
and  even  by  the  infidels. 

HUNNIUS,  Giles,  a  distinguished  Lutheran 
divine,  professor  of  divinity  at  Marpurg,  and 
afterwards  at  Wittemberg ;  he  died  in  1603. 

HUNT,  Walter,  an  English  carmelite,  known 
for  his  opposition  to  the  union  between  the 
Greek  and  Latin  churches  ;  he  died  in  1470. 

HUNT,  Jeremiah,  D.  D.,  an  English  clergy- 
man and  theological  writer,  died  in  1744. 

HUNTER,  Robert,  author  of  the  celebrated 
"Letter  on  Enthusiasm,"  which  has  been  as- 
cribed to  Swift,  and  still  more  commonly  to  the 
earl  of  Shaftesbury.  He  wrote  also  a  farce, 
called  "  Androboros,"  and  died  governor  of  Ja- 
maica, in  1734. 

HUNTER,William,  M.  D.,  a  most  celebrated 
English  physician  and  anatomist,  born  in  1718, 
died  in  1783.  The  most  splendid  of  Dr.  Hunter's 
medical  publications  is,  "  The  Anatomy  of  the 
Human  Gravid  Uterus."  His  Anatomical  Mu- 
seum was  the  most  complete  of  all  the  private 
ones  in  Europe,  and  was  collected  by  him  at  the 
expense  of  upwards  of  20,000i. 

HUNTER,  John,  younger  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  very  eminent  English  surgeon,  and 
anatomical  writer,  born  in  1728,  died  suddenly, 
in  1793.  At  the  age  of  20  he  began,  as  assistant 
to  his  brother,  the  career  that  ended  in  his  be- 
coming, both  in  theory  and  practice,  the  first 
surgeon  in  the  world.  His  anatomical  researches 
were  various,  persevering,  and  successful :  with 
the  office,  use,  situation,  or  communication,  of 
the  several  parts  of  the  human  structure,  no 
man  was  better  acquainted ;  and  his  numerous 
writings  may  be  considered  as  a  basis  on  which 
the  whole  art  of  physic  may  securely  rest.  Mr. 
Hunter's  most  valuable  treatises  may  be  found 
in  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions,"  from  the 
62d  to  the  82d  volumes. 

HUNTER,  Anne,  widow  of  Mr.  John  Hunter, 
the  anatomist,  was  distinguished  as  the  author 
of  several  beautiful  poems,  and  as  the  intimate 
friend  of  the  celebrated  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Carter ; 
she  died  in  1802. 

HUNTER,  Dr.  Henry,  an  eminent  presby- 
terian  divine,  equally  admired  for  his  pulpit  elo- 
quence, and  beloved  for  bis  benevolence,  was 
born  at  Culross,  in  Perthshire,  in  1741,  and  died 
at  Bristol,  in  1802.  His  works  are  numerous, 
but  the  most  important  are  translations.  Hia 
principal  original  publication  is  a  course  of  ser- 
mone,  in  6  vols.  8vo.,  entitled  "  Sacrt-d  Biogra- 
phv."  The  most  distinguished  of  his  transia- 
251' 


IIU 


yi 


tions  are,  "St.  Pierre's  Studifs  of  Katuie  ;"(itiiitio;!,  and  delVndcr  of  Wicklijle,   and   was 
"  Sonnini's  Travels  in  Egypt ;"  "Sauriu's  Ser-i|  burnt  alive  by  the  council  of  Constance,    in 


mons;"  and  the  "Physiognomical  Essays  cf 
Lavater." 

HUNTINGDON,  Selina,  countess  dowager 
of,  daughter  of  Washington,  earl  Ferrers,  was' 
born  in  17C7,  married  in  1728,  Theophilas  earlj 
Hnntingdon,  by  whom  she  had  issue  four  sons 
and  three  daughters,  and  died  in  ]791.  Her 
ladysliip  had  been  a  widow  45  years ;  and  her 
great  religious  concerns,  as  head  of  a  very  nu 


1415. 

HUSSEY.  Giles,  a  most  ingenious  Enelsb 
portrait  painter,  in  1710,  died  suddetilv,  while 
working  in  his  garden  at  Beaston,  Ashburlon, 
Devonshire,  in  1788.  Professor  Barry,  in  !;itj 
noble  painting,  which  adorns  the  larsc  room  at 
the  Society  of  Arts  in  the  Adelpiii,  has  tliought 
Mr.  Jlussey  entitled  to  an  eminent  place  in  hie 
Elysium,  and  has  introduced  him  behind  Piii- 


rnerous  sect  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, she  left  Idias ;  observing,  thathis  abilites  were  calculated 
by  wiil  in  the  hands  of  committees  for  man- 'to  iiave  raiged  his  country  to  an  immortal  ro|U- 
aging  them  in  both  kingdoms.  Her  religious  tation  (but  for  the  protessional  envy  and  lan- 
principles  have  been  long  since  known;   and  cour  of  a  wretched  cabal),  and  that  he  appeared 


her  unbounded  benevolence  bore  the  best  testi- 
mony of  the  purity  of  her  intentions;  having, 
in  the  course  of  herlife,  expended  above  100,009< 
in  public  aijd  private  acts  of  charity. 

HUNTINGTON,  Henry  of,  an  Enghsh  chro- 
nicler of  the  i2th  century;  he  wrote  a  history 
of  England  from  the  earliest  accounts  to  tht 
death  of  king  Stephen. 

HUNTINGTON,  Robert,  a  learned  Englisl 
divine,  and  writer  of  travels,  born  in  153G,"died 
Ih  1701 

HUNTINGTON,  Joseph,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
Coveutrj-,  Conn.,  author  of  "  Calvinism  Improv 
fd,"  which  was  answered  by  Dr.  Strong,  of 
Bradford,  Conn. ;  he  died  in  1795. 

HUNTINGTON,  Samuel,  an  eminent  lawyer 
of  Connecticut,  was  a  member  of  congress  from 
that  state,  in  1776,  and  a  signer  of  the  declai  a 
lion  of  Independence  ;  afterwards  a  judge  and 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court,  and  lieuten 
ant  governor  of  the  state  ;  he  died  in  1796. 

HUNTINGTON,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Con- 
necticut, removed  to  OJiio,  in  1801,  and  was 
afterwards,  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court, 
and  Governor  of  that  state;  he  died  in  1817. 

HUNTINGTON,  Jedediah,  a  general,  and  a 
distinguished  officer  in  the  American  arniyj 
during  the  revolution,  afterwards  treasurer  of 
the  state  of  Connecticut,  and  collector  of  the 
customs  for  the  port  of  New-London  ;  he  died 
in  1818. 

Hl^NTORST.  Gerard,  one  of  the  best  Dutcl'j 
painters  of  the  I'jth  centurv. 

HURD,  Dr.  Richard,  bishop  of  Worcester. 
•His  "  Dialogues  on  Oiivalry  and  Romance," 
"  Sermons  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Chapel,"  and  "  Life 
and  Works  of  Bishop  Warbunon,"  arc  his 
}>rincipal  literary  productions.     In  178.3,  on  the 

(ieath  of  arclibishcp Cornv.allis,  Dr.  Hurd,  who!  

liad  been  preceptor  to  the  prince  of  Wales  and  ;den 
the  duke  of  York,  was  oifered  the  primacy  ;  but 
rf>quested  of  th.e  kinir  permission  to  decline  it. 
He  died  in  1808.  in  the  SPlh  vear  of  his  a?e. 


no  less  amiable  as  a  man,  than, he  was  adniira- 
ble  as  an  artist. 

HUTCHESON,  Dr  F.ar.cis,  a  very  fine  v,-ri;tr 
on  moral  philosophy,  and  an  excellent  tnan, 
born  in  Ireiaiid,  in  iC94,  died  in  17'i7.  F=is 
"  Moral  Philosophy"  was  publisJied  at  Glasgow, 
in  1755. 

HUTCHINS,  John,  author  of  ihe  hibtcry, 
.Hnd  antiquities  of  Dorsetshire  :  he  died  in  J773- 

HUTCHINS,  Tliomas,  geographer  general 
of  the  United  Slates  ;  lie  published  severaj  la-a]^, 
and  died  at  Pittsburgh,  in  i7bi>. 

HUTCHINSON,  Ann,  an  artful  woman  in 
IMassachusetts,  whose  religion!?  oi'inions  v/eve 
liereticai.and  wiiich  were  condemn<  d  by  a  cowu- 
cil  of  inini.sters:  she  was  banished  fnmi  ihe  co- 
llonv,  and  was  murdered  bv  the  Indians,  west  of 
New-Haven,  in  1643. 

HUTCHINSON,  Thom.ns,  governor  of  ^rns^a- 
chusetts,  odious  for  Jiis  arbitrary  conduci  in 
his  office ;  he  published  a  History  of  the  C  olony 
of  Massachusetts,  fcc,  and  aied  in  England, 
in  1780. 

HUTCHINSOxV,  John,  an  English  pliik.so- 
phical  and  critical  author,  celebraied  as  the  op- 
ponent of  Dr.  \A'oodward  in  natural  history,  aiid 
of  Sir  Isaac  Newton  in  piiiiosophy ;  he  was  born 
in  Yorkshire,  in  1G74,  and  died  in  1737. 

HUTCHINSON,  John  Hely,  a  celebrated 
Irish  lawyer  and  siatreman  ;  not  a  little  remark 
able  for  his  aviditj'  after  lucrative  offices.  iJe- 
ing  at  one  and  the  same  time  a  privy  counsellor, 
reversionary  secretary  of  staie,  major  of  the  4\U 
regiment  of  horse,  provost  of  Trinity  Coilege, 
Dublin,  and  searcher,  packer,  and  gaugercf  tlic 
port  of  Strangford.  A  late  British  niicister,  lord 
North,  n^ade  the  followirg  rf  mark  on  him  :  "  If 
England  and  Ireland  were  given  to  this  ii:an,  he 
wouid  solicit  the  Isie  of  Man  for  a  potato  gar- 
den." Mr.  Hutchinson  was  born  in  1715,  a;.d 
died  in  1794. 
I      HUTTEN,   T'lric  de,   a  patirical  writer,  of 


Germany,  rtistinauished  for  his  zeal  in  sutport 
HURDiS,  Dr.  James,  a  learned  divine,  and  aijof  the  refornvation,  his  hostility  »o  tl.e  church 
?t,  born  at  Eishopstone,  Sussex,l|or  Rome,  and  the  eccentricity  and  profiij 


very  pleasing  poet 


;acy  of 
in  1763,  died  at  Buckland,  in  Berkshire,  in  IHOl^jlhis  private  life ;  he  died  on  an  islasid  in  li.c  Jake 
Dr.  Hurdis  v.'as  poetry  professor  in  the  univer-ijof  Zurich,  in  1529 

sity  of  Oxford.  His  principal  poems  are,  '•  The  HUTTEN,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Sile.sia,  founder 
Village  Curate,'  "  The  Favourite  Village,"  !  of  an  anabaptist  seer,  called  the  Moravian  bieth- 
"  Sir  Thomas  More,"  a  tragedy,  and  "  Adria-!ren  ;  the  time  of  his  death  is  not  known,  although 
no ;  or,  The  First  of  Jane."  He  also  publishedjit  is  ?aid.  he  was  burnt  as  a  heretic 
"Twelve  Dissertations  on  the  Nature  and  Occa-|  HUTTER,  Elias,  a  protestant  divine,  disiin- 
sion  of  Psalm  and  Prophecy."  jguished  as  a  learned  orientalist ;  he  died  at  Nu- 

HUKE,  Charles,  a  French  divine,  was  pro- jremburg,  in  1002. 
feasor  of  languages  in  the  university  of  Paris,  |     HUTTER,  Leonard,  a  learned  German  di- 
and  afterwa'^ds  principal  of  the  college  of  Ben-   vine,  professor  of  theology,  at  Wittcmberg,  and 
court.     He  wrote  a  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,  &c.,  {rector  of  the  university  there  :  he  died  iti  If^lfi. 
and  died  in  1717.  Ii     HUTTON,  Martl.ew,  professf"-  of  divinity  jn 

HUSS,John,  a  celebrated  German  reformer  | Cambridge,  bishop  of  Durham,  and  afterwards 
and  martyr,  born  in  Bo'ieniia,  in  i:^76.     He  was  ;  archbishop  of  York  ;  he  died  in  1605. 
the  first  opposer  of  the  doctrine  of  transubstan-J     IIUTTON,    William,  the    historian  of  Bi. 
252 


^Y 

laingliam,  and  author  of  various  other  works. 
was  born  at  Derby,  in  1723,  and  died  at  Ben 
nett's  Hill,  near  Birmingham,  in  1815,  aged  92 

HUXHAM,  Dr.,  an  English  physician,  who 
made  some  improvements  in  medicine,  which 
still  bear  his  name  ;  he  died  in  1763. 

HUYGENS,  Constantine,  secretary  to  the 
prince  of  Orange,  and  president  of  his  council, 
was  the  author  of  14  books  of  Latin  poems,  &c 
He  died  in  1687. 

IIUYGENS,  Christian,  a  very  celebrated  Dutch 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  born  at  the 
Hague,  in  1G29,  and  died  in  1695. 

HCJYSUM,  Justus  Van,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  born  at  Amsterdam,  died  in  1716. 

HUYSUM,  John  Van,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  also  distinguished  as  a.  painter;  as  were 
his  two  brothers.    He  died  in  1749. 

HYDE,  Edward,  earl  of  Clarendon,  and  chan 
cellor  of  England,  born  in  Dinton,  in  Wiltshire, 
in  HiOB,  and  died  in  1674.  His  nam®  is  immor- 
ttilized  by  his  ''  History  of  the  Rebellion,"  in 
the  time  of  Charles  I.  He  was  afterwards,  how 
ever,  impeached  of  high  treason,  and  fled  to 
France,  where  he  died. 

HYDE,  Henry,  earl  of  Clarendon,  son  to 
the  chancellor,  born  in  16.38,  died  in  1709.  Hii 
"  State  Letters,"  during  his  government  of  Ire 
land,  and  his  "  Diary,""  for  the  years  1687  to 
1690,  were  published  in  1763,  from  the  Claren 
don  press,  in  Oxford. 

HYDE,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  eminent  divine,  and 
professor  of  the  oriental  languages,  born  in 
1636.  He  published,  beside  other  things,  "  A 
catalogue  of  the  books  in  the  Bodleian  library  ;" 
"  De  Ludis  orientalibus  libro  duo,"  a  work 
which  is  held,  at  present,  in  very  high  esteem ; 
and  "  The  religion  of  the  ancient  Persians,"  a 
work  of  profound  and  various  erudition,  abound- 
ing with  many  new  lights,  on  the  most  curious 
and  interesting  subjects.     He  died  in  1703. 

HYDE,  Lawrence,  viscount  Hyde,  and  earl  of 
Rochester, was  the  second  son  of  the  chancellor, 
and  was  always  employed  about  the  court,  either 
as  a  member  of  the  cabinet,  or  as  an  ambassador 
abroad.  He  died  in  1711,  with  the  reputation  of 
an  able  statesman. 

HYDE,Edward,  was  lieutenant  governor,  and 
governor  of  the  colony  of  North  Carolina ;  he 
died  in  1712. 

HYDER-ALIKHAN,  an  Asiatic  prince,  son 
of  the  king  of  Mysore,  and  himself  sovereign 
of  Suba  of  Servia,  was  distinguished  for  his 
intrepidity,  and  for  his  hostility  to  the  Euro 
peans,  whom  he  considered  as  intruders  in  the 
country,  a^d  whom  he  invariably  opposed  ;  he 
died  in  1782,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son. 
Tippoo  Saib. 

H  YGINUS,  Caius  Julius,  the  freednian  of  Au 
gustus,  was  the  author  of  several  Latin  works. 

HYGINUS,  a  philosopher,  of  Athens,  was 
pope  of  Rome  in  153 ;  he  sulfered  martyrdom, 
and  was  canonized. 

HYLL,  Albayn,  an  English  physician  and 
medical  writer,  died  at  London,  in  1559. 

HYPATIA,  a  most  beautiful,  virtuous,  and 
learned  lady  of  antiquity,  daughter  of  Theon, 
who  governed  the  Platonic  school  at  Alexandria, 
the  place  of  her  hinh-  and  education,  in  the  lat- 
ter part  of  the  4th  century.  Socrates  tells  us, 
that  Hypati'i  "  arrived  at  such  a  pitch  of  learn- 
ing, as  very  far  to  exceed  all  the  philogopuersbf 
her  time."  But  our  notions  of  Hypatia  will  be 
prodigiously  heightened,  when  we  consider  her 
succeeding  her  father,  as  she  actually  did,  in  the 
government  of  the  Alexandrian  scbool :  teach- 


ID 

ing  out  of  that  chair,  where  Amiiiomiis,  !ii...r. 
cles,  and  many  great  and  colebratoil  phii  ).-;v 
phers  had  taught;  and  this  at  a  limi'  too,  '.vm<m 
men  of  immense  learning  abonuritd,  both  at 
Alexandria,  and  in  many  other  parts  of  the  llo- 
man  empire.     She  was  murdered,  A.  D.  415. 

HYPERIDES,  a  disciple  of  Plato,  who  pro- 
cured the  banishment  of  Demosthenes  from 
Athens ;  he  was  put  to  death  by  Antipater,  322 
B.C. 

HYPERIUS,  Andrew  Gerard,  a  divine,  who 
embraced  the  doctrines  of  the  reformation,  and 
was  divinity  professor  at  Murpurg,  died  in  15(54. 

HYPSICLES,  a  mathematician,  of  Alexan- 
dria, under  Marcus  Aurelius. 

HYRC  ANUS,  John,  prince  and  high-priest  of 
the  Jews,  after  his  father.  He  restored  his  nation 
to  independence,  from  the  power  of  Antiochus, 
king  of  Syria,  and  died  106  B.  C.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son  of  the  same  name,  who  died 
30  B.  C. 

HYW^ELL,  ap  Owain,  a  prince  of  North 
Wales  ;  he  died  in  1171. 

HYWELL,  ap  Morgan,  a  prince  of  Glamor- 
gan, in  Wales,  died  in  1043,  aged  130. 

HYWELL,  Dda,  or  Good,  a  legislator  of 
Wales,  died  in  948. 

I 


lAMBLICUS,  an  Arabian  king,  was  deprived 
of  his  dominions  by  the  Romans,  but  his  son 
was  restored  22  B.  C. 

lAMBLICUS,  a  Greek  author,  in  the  age  of 
Marcus  Aurelius. 

lARCHI,  Solomon  Ben  Isaac,  an  illustrious 
Jewish  rabbi,  was  born  in  France,  in  1J04,  and 
died  in  1180 

I  ARCH  AS,  a  learned  Indian  philosopher. 

IBARRA,  Joachim,  eminent  as  a  printer  to 
the  king  of  Spain,  died  in  1785. 

IBAS,  bishop  of  Edessa,  a  Nestorian,  was 
banished  in  449,  and  restored  in  451. 

IBBOT,  Benjamin,  a  learned  English  divine, 
and  chaplain  to  the  king,  died  in  1725. 

IBEK,  Cotheddin,  a  slave,  who  usurped  the 
throne  of  India,  after  the  death  of  his  master. 

IBEK  Azzeddin,  an  officer  in  the  Egyptian 
court,  who  married  the  Sultan's  widow,  and 
ascended  his  throne,  but  was  assassinated  A.  D. 
1257. 

IBEK,  an  Arabian  author,  who  died  in  1348. 

IBRAHIM  IMAM,  a  Mahometan  chief-priest, 
murdered  by  the  caliph  Marvan,  in  748. 

IBRAHIM,  son  of  Massoud,  was  the  eighth 
caliph  of  the  race  of  the  Gaznevides ;  he  died 
in  1098. 

IBRAHIM,  brother  of  Haroun  Raschid,  wng 
made  caliph  of  Bagdad  in  817,  and  died  in  859. 

IBRAHIM,  a  learned  mussulman  doctor,  of 
Shiraz. 

IBRAHIM,  son  of  Achmet,  succeeded  hia 
brother  as  emperor  of  Turkey,  in  1640,  and  was 
assassinated  in  1649. 

IBRAHIM,  Effendi,  a  Pole,  established  a 
printing  press  in  Turkey. 

IBYCUS,  a  Greek  lyric  poet,  flourished  about 
540  B.  C.  He  was  murdered  by  robbers  ;  and 
in  his  dying  momenta  he  observed  cranes  flyii.g 
over  his  head,  whom  he  implored  to  be  Iiis 
avengers.  His  murderers  walking  in  Rhe;,Muni 
some  time  afterwards,  and  seeing  some  cranes 
in  the  air,  one  of  them  said  to  his  compauioiis, 
"  there  come  the  witnesses  of  Ibycus  death." 
Thoy  were  overheard,  tried,  and  executed. 

IDACIUS,  a  Spanish  prelate,  and  an  author 
of  the  5th  century. 
22  253 


IN 

IDRIS,  Gawr,  a  Welch  astronomer,  after 
TV-horn  one  of  the  highest  mountains  of  Wales 
is  named. 

IFLAND,  Augustus  William,  a  celebrated 
German  actor  and  dramatic  writer,  died  at  Ber- 
lin, ill  1814.  He  was  interred  with  great  pomp. 
IGN'ATIUS,  surnamed  Theoplirastus,  bishop 
of  Antioch,  born  in  Sj'ria,  and  educated  under 
l.'ie  apostle  and  evangelist,  St.  John.  He  was 
torn  to  pieces  by  lions,  at  Rome,  by  command 
of  the  emperor  Trajan,  A.  I).  107.  His  epistles 
are  very  interesting  remains  of  ecclesiastical 
antiquity  on  many  accounts  ;  but  the  most  im- 
)inrtaiit  use  of  his  writings  respects  the  authen- 
ticity of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  which  he  frequent- 
ly alludes  to  in  the  very  expressions  that  they 
stand  in  at  this  day. 

IGXATIUS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  in 
847.  died  in  878. 
IGNATIUS.     See  LOYOLA. 
IGOR,  sovereign  prince  of  Russia,  died  in 
945. 

ILDEFONSE,  St.,  bishop  of  Toledo,  and  au 
Ihor  of  an  Ecclesiastical  History,  died  iu  667. 

ILI VE,  Jacob,  an  English  printer  aud  miscel 
Janeous  writer,  died  in  1768. 

ILLESCAS,  Gonsalvo,  a  Spanish  ecclesias 
tic.  author  of  the  livesof  the  popes,  died  in  1580 
ILLT YD  VARCHOG,  or  ILLUTUS,  asaint 
who  is  said  to  have  taught  the  Welch  an  im- 
proved method  of  ploughing.  He  died  in  480. 
ILLYRIUS,  Matthias  Flaccus,  or  Francow- 
ilz,  was  a  learned  divine,  who  completed  his 
education  under  Luther  and  Melancthon ;  he 
died  in  1575. 

DIBERT,  Bartholomew,  a  poet  of  Nismes, 
died  i;i  J790. 

IMBERT,  John,  an  advocate  of  Rochelle, 
died  in  the  16th  century. 

IMBERT,  Joseph  Gabriel,  a  painter,  of  Mar- 
seilles, who  entered  a  monastic  order,  and  died 
in  1749. 

IJIHOFF,  James  William,  a  very  famous  ge- 
nealogist, born  at  Nuremberg,  in  1651,  died  in 
172-3. 

IMPERIALI,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, and  one  of  the  24  nobles  of  Genoa,  died 
in  1623. 

IMPERIALI,  John,  son  of  the  preceding, 

eminent  as  a  writer  and  physician,  died  in  1653. 

IMPERIALI,  Guiseppe  Renato,  a  cardinal, 

known  for  a  magnilicent  library  which  adorns 

^he  city  of  Rome";  he  died  in  1737. 

INA,  a  king  of  the  West  Saxons  ;  he  went 
to  Rome  in  726,  and  founded  an  English  college. 
IN.\CHUS,  founded  the  kingdom  of  Argos, 
about  !3.i8B.  C. 

IXCHOFER,  Melchior,  a  German  Jesuit. 
He  wrote  a  satire  against  the  Jesuits,  and  died 
in  1648. 

INDULPHUS,  a  Scotch  king,  said  to  be  the 
77th  since  the  foundation  of  that  monarchy. 

INGENHOUZ,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  natu- 
ral philosopher,  who  happily  applied  his  chymi- 
cal  discoveries  to  the  purposes  of  medical  and 
agricultural  improvements.  Many  of  his  dis 
quisitions  will  be  found  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions  of  London,  vol.  65  to  72.  He  was 
born  at  Breda,  but  was  latterly  resident  in  Eng- 
land, and  died  at  Bowood  park,  the  seat  of  the 
marquis  of  Lansdowne,  in  1799. 

INGHEN,  William  Van,  a  Dutch  painter, 
who  died  in  the  17th  century. 

INGOLDSBY,  Richard,  governor  of  the  co- 
lony of  New- York  was  succeeded  by  governor 
Beekman,  in  1700. 
254 


IR 

INGOULT,  Nicholas  Lewis,  a  native  of  Gi- 
sors,  was  eloquent  as  a  preachi;r  of  the  Jesuits, 
and  died  in  1753. 

INGRAM,  Robert,  an  English  divine,  and  the 
author  of  various  works,  died  in  1804. 

INGRASSIA,  John  Philip,  a  celebrated  phy- 
sician, of  Palermo,  died  in  1581. 

INGUIMBERTI,  Dominic  Joseph  Marie  d', 
a  learned  divine,  and  bishop  of  Carpentras,  waa 
a  munificent  and  pious  prelate,  and  died  in  1757. 

INGULPHUS,  abbot  of  Croyland,  was  born 
in  London,  in  1030,  wrote  "  Historia  Mouasierii 
Croylandensis,"  and  died  in  1109. 

INNOCENT  I.,  was  elected  pope  in  402,  and 
died  in  417. 

INNOCENT  n.,  was  elected  pope  after  Hono- 
rius  II. ;  he  was  driven  into  France  by  a  rival 
pope, but  afterwards  returned,  and  died  at  Rome, 
in  1143. 

I  INNOCENT  III.,  Lothaire  Conti,  elevated 
to  the  popedom,  in  1198.  He  persecuted  the 
Albigenses,  and  raised  the  papal  authority  to 
its  greatest  height.     He  died  in  1216. 

INNOCENT  IV.,  Sinibaldi  de  Fifisque,  car- 
dinal, was  elected  pope  in  1243,  aaid  was  the 
first  who  invested  the  cardinals  with  a  red  hat, 
as  a  mark  of  dignit}'.    He  died  in  1254. 

INNOCENT  v.,  Peter  de  Tarantaise,  arch 
bishop  of  Lyons,  was  made  pope  in  1276,  and 
died  the  same  vear. 

INNOCENT  VI.,  Stephen  Albeit.,  bishop  of 
Ostia,  was  elected  pope  in  1352,  and  died  in  1362. 

INNOCENT  VII.,  Come  de  Meliorati,  waa 
elected  pope  in  1404,  and  died  in  1406. 

INNOCENT  VIII.,  John  Baptist  Ciho,  a  no- 
ble Genoese,  was  elected  pope  in  1484,  and  died 
in  1492. 

INNOCENT  IX.,  John  Anthony  Facchinetti, 
an  Italian,  was  elected  pope  in  1591,  aud  died 
two  months  after. 

INNOCENT  X.,  John  Baptist  Pamphili,  was 
elected  pope  in  1644.  He  published  a  bull  against 
the  Jansenists,  and  died  in  1655. 

INNOCENT  XL,  Benedict  Odescalchi,  an 
Italian,  was  elected  pope  in  1676,  and  died  in 
1689. 

INNOCENT  XII.,  Anthony Pignatelli.  a Nea  ■ 
politan,  elected  pope  in  1691;  he  condemned  Fen 
elon's  Maxims  of  the  Saints,  and  died  in  1700. 

INNOCENT  XIII.,  Michael  Angelo  Conti,^ 
a  native  of  Rome,  and  the  eighth  pope  of  the 
family,  was  elected  in  1721,  and  died  in  1724. 

INSTITOR,  Henry,  a  Dominican,  inquisitor- 
general  of  Mayence,  Treves,  and  Cologne,  and 
author  of  some  works. 

INTAPHERNES,  one  of  the  seven  nobles  of 
Persia,  who  conspired  against  the  usurper, 
Smerdis,  521 B.  C.  ^       .     . 

INTERIAN  DE  AYALA,  John,  a  Spaniard, 
author  of  some  poems,  died  in  1770. 

INVEGES,  Augustino,  a  Sicilian  historian, 
and  antiquary,  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  died 
in  1677.  ^    ^ 

IRELAND,Samuel,a  gentleman, bred, we  have 
been  told,  to  trade  ;  but,  endowed  with  a  turQ 
to  science  and  literature,  he  soon  distinguished 
himself  as  the  draftsman,  engraver  and  illus- 
trator of  several  elegant  and  esteemed  works  ; 
among  which  were,  "  A  Picturesque  Tour 
through  Holland,  Brabant,  and  part  of  France, 
in  1789;'*  "Picturesque  Views  on  the  River 
Thames,  and  on  the  Medway  ;"  "  Graphic  Il- 
lustrations of  Hogarth  ;"  "  Picturesque  Views 
of  the  Severn  and  Avon;"  and  "Picturesque 
Views,  with  an  Historical  Account,  of  the  Ims 
\oi  Court  in  London  and  Westminster."     He 


died  June  11,  1800,  (being  the  very  day  on  whicii 
the  concludinL'  sheet  of  his  last  mentioned  work 
want  to  press.)  of  a  broken  lieart,  as  is  believ- 
ed ;  having  been  most  illiberally  accused  (with- 
out any  proof)  of  being  concerned  in  tile  forge- 
ry of  "the  pretended  Shakspeare  MSS.;  from 
which  his  son,  W.  H.  Ireland  (the  real  fabrica- 
tor of  that  most  ingenious  literary  imposition,) 
in  a  confessional  pamphlet,  publicly  and  solemn- 
ly exculpated  him. 

IRELAND,  John,  author  of  "  Illustrations  of 
Hogarth,"  and  "  Life  and  Letters  of  Mr.  John 
Henderson,'  the  actor,  was  born  near  Wem,  in 
Shropshire,  and  died  in  the  vicinity  of  Birming- 
hnni  in  1808. 

IRENiEUS,  Saint,  bishop  of  Lyons,in  France, 
who  wrote  an  elaborate  work  "  against  Here- 
bies,"  part  of  which  is  still  extant  under  his 
name.  He  sutfered  martyrdom  in  the  5th  per- 
secution of  the  Christians  under  Severus,  A.  D. 
203. 

IRETON,  Henry,  son-in-law  to  Oliver  Crom- 
well, and  a  brave  general  in  his  array,  died  in 
1C51. 

IREVISA,  John,  an  Englishman,  who  trans- 
lated the  "  Polychronicon,"  in  1387. 

IRNERIUS,  called  also  Wernerns,  or  Guar- 
nerus,  a  German  lawyer  of  the  12th  century, 
who  was  properly  the  restorer  of  the  Roman 
law.    He  died  in  1150. 

IRONSIDE,  Gilbert,  an  Englishman,  who,  at 
the  restoration,  was  made  bishop  of  Bristol ; 
he  died  in  1671. 

IRVINE,  William,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army  during  the  revolution,  and  af- 
terwards a  member  of  congress,  from  Pennsyl- 
vania ;  ha  died  in  1804. 

IRWIN,  Eyles,  was  Born  at  Calcutta,  of  Irish 
parents,  educated  in  England,  and  afterwards 
employed  in  a  civil  cap^tcity,  in  the  East.  He 
was  distinguished  as  a  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  and  died  in  1817. 

ISAAC,  son  of  Abraham  and  Sarah,  was  the 
father  of  Esau,  the  progenitor  of  the  Edomites, 
and  of  Jacob,  the  ancestor  of  the  Israelites.  He 
died  171S  B.  C. 

ISAAC,  Angelus,  Greek  emperor,  in  1185. 
He  was  imprisoned  by  his  brother,  and  died  in 
1204. 

ISAAC,  Caro,  a  rabbi,  of  Spain,  who  retired 
to  Jerusalem,  and  devoted  himself  to  study  and 
solitude  ;  he  died  in  the  16th  century. 

ISAAC  COMMENUS,  Greek  emperor,  in 
1057.  After  a  turbulent  reign,  he  retired  to  a 
monastery,  and  died  in  1061. 

ISAACSON,  Elenry,  an  Englishman  ;  he  wrote 
a  valuable  chronological  work,  and  died  in  1654. 

ISABELLA,  daughter  of  Philip  the  Fair, 
king  of  France,  was  born  in  1292,  and  married 
to  Edward  II.,  of  England.  Her  conduct  was 
licentious,  and  she  died  in  prison. 

ISABELLA,  of  Bavar\a,  married  Charles  VI., 
of  France,  in  1385,  and  died  little  lamented,  in 
1435. 

ISABELLA,  daughterof  John  II.,  of  Castile, 
married  Ferdinand  V.,  king  of  Arragon,  in 
1469.  Slie  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Castile 
in  1474,  and  thirs  united  the  two  kingdoms. 
Her  reign  is  remarkable  for  the  discovery  of 
America  by  Colnmbtis.     She  died  in  1504. 

Is'ABELLA,  daughter  of  Alphonso,  duke  of 
Calulw^n.  was  married  to  John  Gaieazzoaforea, 
in  14^9,  and  died  in  1524. 

ISABELLA^  sister  of  the  king  of  Poland, 
maiTied  John  Zopolita,  king  of  Hungary^  in 
1539,  and  died  in  1558. 


JA 

IS^US,  a  celebrated  Greek  orator,  and  na- 
tive of  Chalcis,  in  Syria,  the  scholar  of  Lysias, 
and  preceptor  of  Demosthenes.  He  flourished 
396  years  before  Christ,  and  was  the  first  who 
applied  eloquence  to  state  affairs,  in  which  be 
was  followed  by  his  scholar  Demosthenes. 

ISAIAH,  the  greatest  of  the  prophets,  was  of 
the  lineage  of  David.  He  prophesied  from  735 
to  681  B.C.,  and  is  said  to  have  been  cut  in  two 
with  a  wooden  saw,  by  the  cruel  king  Manasseh. 

ISDEGERDES,  king  of  Persia,  was  valiant, 
but  cruel.  He  persecuted  the  Christians,  and 
died  in  420. 

ISELIN,  James  Christopher,  was  professor 
of  divinity  at  Basil,  where  he  died  in  1737. 

ISHMAEL,  son  of  Abraham,  by  Hagar,  1910 
B.  C.     He  was  the  progenitor  of  the  Arabians. 

ISHMAEL  I.,  sophy  of  Persia,  was  distin- 
guished for  his  valour  and  wisdom,  and  died  in 
1523. 

ISHMAEL  II.,  sophy  of  Persia,  murdered  his 
eight  brothers,  and  at  last  was  poisoned  by  hii 
own  sister,  in  1579. 

ISIDORE,  of  Alexandria,  placed  over  a  mo- 
nastery, by  Alhanasius,  died  in  403. 

ISIDORE,  St.,  surnamed  Pelusiota,orDaciate, 
t'rom  his  retiring  into  a  solitude  near  the  town 
which  bears  both  these  names,  was  the  most 
celebrated  of  the  disciples  of  John  Chrysostom. 
He  died  about  440;  and  we  have  remaining 
2012  of  his  letters,  in  five  books. 

ISIDORE,  of  Cordova,  v^as  bJshoD  of  Cordo- 
va, in  the  age  of  Ilonorius. 

ISIDORE,  of  Seville,  a  bishop  of  that  city, 
was  called  the  doctor  of  the  age  ;  he  died  in  636. 

ISIDORUS,  of  Charax,  a  Greek  author,  300 
B.C. 

ISINGRINIUS,  Michael,  an  eminent  printer, 
of  Basil,  of  the  16th  century. 

ISMENIAS,  a  Theban  general,  who  refused 
to  kneel  before  a  Persian  king. 

ISOCR  ATES,  a  Greek  orator,  born  at  Athens, 
in  the  first  year  of  the  86th  Olympiad,  i.  e.  43(i 
years  before  Christ,  died  at  the  age  of  98.  Wa 
have  21  orations  of  his  composing. 

ISRAEL,  Manasseh  Ben,  a  learned  rabbi,  of 
the  Low  Countries,  who  offered  Cromwell  two 
hundred  thousand  pounds  for  permission  to  tha 
Jews  to  settle  iji  England.    He  died  in  1657. 

ITTIGIUS,  Thomas,  a  German  divine,  and 
professor  of  divinity  at  Leipsic,  died  in  1710. 

IVES,  or  YVES,  bishop  of  Chartres,  in  1093, 
led  a  life  of  great  piety  ;  he  died  in  1115,  and  wati 
canonized. 

IVETEAUX,  Nicholas  Vauquelin  seigneur 
de,  a  French  poet,  and  preceptor  to  Lev/is  XIII., 
when  dauphin  ;  he  died  in  1649,  after  leading  a 
licentious  life. 

IWxAN  v.,  John  Alexiowitz,  succeeded  to 
the  throne  of  Russia  in  1062.  He  was  a  weak 
prince,  unworthy  of  a  throne,  and  died  in  1696. 

IVVAN  VI.,  of  Brunswick  Bevern,  succeeded 
to  the  tljrone  of  Russia  in  1740,  at  the  age  of 
three  months.  He  was  imprisoned,  and  at  last 
put  to  death,  in  1746. 

IZAACKE,  Richard,  an  Englishman,  wrote 
the  history  of  Oxford,  and  died  in  1724. 


AAPHAN,  Ebn  Tophail,  an  Arabian  phi- 
loeophci,  cotemporary  with  Averroes,  who 
died  about  1198.  He  composed  a  p.hilosophi- 
cal  romance,  entitled  "  The  Life  or  History  of 
Hai  Ebn  Yokdhan;"  in  which  he  endeavours 
to  demonstrate,  how  a  man  may,  by  tlie  mere 


JA 


JA 


lici'it  of^ nature,  attain  the  knowledge  of  things 
waiural  and  supernatuia) ;  more  particularly  the 
knowledge  of  God,  and  the  affairs  of  another 
life. 

JABLONSKI,  Daniel  Ernest,  a  popish  divine, 
of  Germany.  He  endeavoured  to  reconcile  tht 
Lutherans  and  Calvinists  ;  wrote  some  disser- 
tations and  other  works,  and  died  in  1741. 

JABLONSKI,  Theodore,  counsellor  of  the 
court  of  Prussia,  was  a  man  of  extensive  erudi- 
tion, and  highly  esteemed.  His  pubhcations 
were  numerous. 

JABLONSKI,  Paul  Ernest,  professor  of  theo 
logy  at  Frankfort,  the  author  of  several  learned 
works  ;  he  died  in  1757. 

JABLONSKI,  Charles  Gustavus,  a  German 
author,  he  died  at  Halle,  in  1787. 

JACETIUS,  Francis  de  Cataneis,  professor 
of  Platonic  philosophy,  at  Florence,  died  in 
1552. 

JACHAIA,  Ben  Joseph,  a  Portuguese  rabbi, 
wrote  a  paraphrase  on  Daniel,  and  died  in 
1539. 

JAOKSON,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  pre- 
sident of  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford,  and  a 
man  of  learning  and  piety  ;  he  died  in  1640. 

JACKSON,  John,  an  English  divine,  theologi- 
cal and  historical  author,  born  in  1686,  died  in 
1763.  His  last  and  capital  work  was,  "  Chrono- 
logical Antiquities,"  1752. 

JACKSON,  Joseph,  a  letter-founder  of  distin- 
suished  eminence,  bom  in  1733.  In  testimony 
of  his  abilities,  let  it  suffice  to  mention,  as  mat- 
ters of  difficulty  and  curiosity,  the  fac-simile 
types  which  he  formed  for  Doomsday-Book,  and 
the  Alexandrian  New  Testament ;  and,  as  a  pat- 
tern of  the  most  perfect  symmetry,  the  types 
with  which  Mr.  Bensley  printed  the  splendid 
•idition  of  the  Bible,  published  by  the  late  Mr. 
Macklin.     Mr.  Jackson  died  in  1792. 

JACKSON,  Arthur,  an  ejected  non-conformist 
divine,  wrote  a  commentary  on  the  Bible,  and 
died  in  1666. 

JACKSON,  Cyril,  D.  D.  an  eminent  divine, 
horn  at  Stamford,  in  1746,  and  educated  at  Ox- 
ford. He  was  sub-preceptor  to  his  present  ma- 
jesty; in  consequence,  he  was  made  dean  of 
Christ-Church,  which  he  resigned  in  1809.  This 
elegant  scholar  declined  the  mitre,  though  the 
primacy  of  Ireland,  as  well  as  an  English  bishop- 
ric, had  been  offered  him.  He  died  at  Felpham, 
Sussex,  in  1819. 

JACKSON,  Dr.  William,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  prebendary  of  York,  regius  profes- 
sor of  Greek  at  Oiford,  and  bishop  of  Oxford : 
ho  died  in  1811. 

JACKSON,  William,  a  musical  composer  of 
considerable  eminence,  and  author  of  several  in- 
genious literary  productions  in  prose  and  verse, 
was  born  at  Exeter,  in  1730.  His  musical  pro- 
ductions are  too  numerous  to  be  here  detailed, 
and  too  well  known  to  require  it.  In  1782,  he 
jmblished  "  Tliirty  Letters  on  various  Subjects." 
In  1791,  he  published  "  Observations  on  the  pre- 
sent State  of  Music  in  London  ;"  and  in  1798, 
ne  added  another  volume  to  hia  Letters,  under 
the  title  of  "  The  Four  Ages  ;  with  Essays  on 
various  Subjects."  Mr.  Jackson  was  organist 
of  the  cathedral  at  Exeter  ;  and,  besides  his  mu- 
sical talents,  was  an  excellent  painter,  chiefly 
iu  the  landscape  way.    He  died  in  1803. 

JACOB,  son  of  Isaac  and  Rebecca,  obtamea 
his  brother's  birthright,  and  went  to  Egypt, 
where  he  died  1689  B.  C,  aged  147. 

JACOB,  Ben  Napthali,  a  famous  Jew  rabbi, 
to  Uie  5th  century,  and  inventor  (with  Ben  Aser} 
256 


of  the  points  in  Hebrew  to  serve  for  vowels,  and 
of  the  accents,  to  facihtate  the  reading  of  that 
language. 

JACOB,  Ben  Haim,  a  rabbi,  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury, who  rendered  himself  famous  by  the  col- 
lection of  the  Masore,  which  is  properly  a  cri- 
tique upon  the  books  of  the  Bible,  in  order  to 
settle  the  true  reading. 

JACOB,  Henry,  an  Englishman,  wrote  against 
the  Brownists,  and  died  in  1621. 

JACOB,  Henry,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  an 
able  Orientalist,  and  died  in  1652. 

J.\COr,  a  Hungarian  monk,  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury, preached  a  crusade  against  the  Saracens. 

JACOB,  Giles,  an  English  law  writer,  biogra- 
pher, and  lexicographer,  born  at  Komsev,  in 
Hampshire,  in  1G86,  died  in  1744.  Besides  a 
Law  Dictionary,  he  publislied  two  volumes,  en- 
titled "  The  Poetical  Register  ;  or.  Lives  and 
Characters  of  the  English  poets." 

JACOB  AL  BARD  A  I,  was  an  able  leader  of 
the  Eutychians,  and  a  disciple  of  Severus. 

JACOB^US,  Oliger.  professor  of  philosophy, 
at  Copenhagen,  and  an  author  ;  he  died  in  1701. 

JACOBS-,  Jurian,  a  Swiss  painter,  died  in 
1664. 

JACOMB,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  a  fellow  of  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge,  was  ejected  for  non-con- 
formity, and  died  in  1687. 

JACOPONE.  da  Todi,  an  Italian  poet,  cotem- 
porary  with  Dante,  died  in  1306. 

JACQUELOT,  Isaac,  a  French  protestant 
minister,  who,  on  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  became  chaplain  to  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia ;  he  died  in  1708. 

JACQUET,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Lyons,  was 
an  admirer  and  imitator  of  Eosseau.  and  died 
in  1793. 

J-irCQUIER,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  eminent 
as  a  mathematician  and  divine,  died  in  1788. 

JADDUS,  high-priest  of  Judea,  when  Alex- 
ander approached  Jerusalem  to  destroy  it. 

JADELOT,  Nicholas,  a  Frenchman,  known 
as  a  physician  and  an  author,  died  in  1793. 

JAEGER,  John  Wolfgang,  a  Lutheran  di- 
vine, and  divinity  professor,  at  Tubingen  ,  he 
wrote  several  Latin  works,  and  died  iu  1720. 

JAGO,  Richard,  an  English  divine  and  poet, 
born  in  1715.  About  1732  he  was  entered  as  a 
servitor  in  University  college,  Oxford  ;  in  which 
humiliating  situation  he  was  visited  by  his 
schoolfellow,  Shenstone,  then  a  commoner  in 
Pembroke  college,  who  introduced  him  to  hii 
fellow-  collegians.  In  1767,  he  published  a  poem 
called  "  Edge  Hill,"  by  which  his  poetical  repu- 
tation was  completely  established  ;  and  he  died 
rector  of  Kihncote,  Leicestershire,  in  1781.  A 
collection  of  his  poems  was  published  in  1784. 

JAILLOT,  Alexis  Hubert,  a  French  sculptor, 
and  geographer  to  the  king,  died  in  1780. 

JAMBLICUS,  the  name  of  two  celebrated 
Platonic  philosophers,  in  the  4th  century,  one 
of  whom  was  a  native  of  Chalcis,  and  the'  other 
of  Apaniea,  in  Syria. 

JAMES,  St.,  the  Great,  son  of  Zebedee,  one  of 
the  apostles,  w'as  put  to  death  by  Herod,  A.  D. 
44. 

JAMES,  St.,  the  Less,  brother  of  Simon  and 
Jude,  was  also  one  of  the  apostles.  He  was 
surnamed  the  Just,  and  put  to  death,  A.  D.  62. 

JAMI2S,  St.  o  bishop  of  Nisibis,  distinguish- 

e4  for  hio  paUiotisiU   aud  Viciicvulmi&o  ;    Vi*  died 

about  350. 

JAMES  I.,  Iting  of  Scotland,  was  taken  by 
the  English,  imprisoned  18  years,  and  then  libe- 
rated.   Jle  was  assassinated  in  1437. 


JA 

JAMES,  II.,  king  of  Scotland,  succeeded  his 
father,  James  I.,  and  was  killed  in  H'M. 

JAMES  III.,  succeeded  his  father,  James  IT., 
of  Scotland,  was  odious  for  his  cruelties,  and 
put  to  dirdih  by  his  rebellious  suO^ccts  in  1488. 

JAMES,  i  v.,  succeeded  his  failier,  James  III. 
He  was  an  active  and  patriotic  monarch,  but 
was  slain  at  the  fatal  battle  of  Floddenfield, 
iu  15i:i. 

JAMES  v.,  son  and  successor  of  James  IV. 
He  supported  the  religious  establishment  of  his 
country,  and  left  his  dominions  to  his  only  child, 
Mary  Stuart.     He  died  in  1542. 

JAMliS  VI.,  of  Scotland,  and  I.  of  England, 
was  sou  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots.  Ihough 
learned  and  inieliigent,  his  favourites  were 
worthless  characters.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  works,  and  died  in  1625. 

JAMES  II.,  of  England,  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther Charles  II.  Kis  oppressive  government  and 
popish  principles,  alienated  his  subjects  from 
hii'ji,  who  mvited  William  III.,  of  Holland,  to 
the  throne.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1701. 

JAMES  I.,  king  of  Arragon,  surnamed  the 
Warrior,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1213,  and 
died  in  1276. 

JAMES  11.,  king  of  Arragon,  succeeded  Ilia 
brother,  Alplionso  HI.,  in  1291.  He  united  Va- 
ientia  and  Catalonia  to  his  crown,  and  died  in 
1327. 

JAMES,  of  Voraigne,  provincial  of  the  Do- 
minicans, compiled  the  Golden  Legend,  and  died 
rn  1298. 

JAMES,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  was 
a  distinguished  collector  of  curious  MSS.,  and 
died  in  1G32. 

JAMES,  Richard,  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
educated  at  Oxford,  was  a  learned  scholar  and 
Cifitic  ;  he  died  in  1638. 

JAMES,  Dr.  Robert,  an  English  physician  of 
great  eminence,  and  particularly  distiuguislied 
by  the  preparation  of  a  most  excellent  fever 
powder,  born  in  1703,  died  in  1770.  His  princi- 
pal writings  are,  a  "  Medicinal  Dictionary," 
Tlie  Practice  of  Physic,"  and  "  A  Dispensa- 
tory." 

JAMES,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  an  Englishman, 
educated  at  Cambridge,  was  an  author,  and  died 
in  1804. 

J  AMET,  Peter  Charles,  a  French  writer,  bora 
in  1701. 

JAMISON',  George,  a  celebrated  Scottish 
painter,  usually  called  the  Vandyke  of  Scotland, 
born  in  1.53G,  died  in  Edinburgh,  in  1G44. 

JAMYN,  Ainadts,  a  French  poet,  who  be- 
came secretary  to  Cliarles  IX.,  and  died  in  1.585. 

JANE  WAY,  James,  educated  at  Oxford,  was 
ejected  for  non-conformity,  and  died  in  1674. 

JANICON,  Francis  Michael,  a  French  writer, 
born  in  Paris,  was  educated  in  Holland,  and 
died  in  1730. 

JANSENIUS,  Cornelius,  a  divine,  envoy  of 
I'hilip  II.  of  Spain,  to  the  council  of  Trent,  died 
in  1576. 

JANSEN,  Cornelius,  bishop  of  Ypres,  and 
principal  of  the  sect  called  Jansenists,  born  at 
Leerdam,  in  Holland,  in  15?5,  died  in  1638 

J  ANSON,  or  JANSONIUS,  James,  a  native 
of  Amsterdam,  and  professor  of  theology,  at 
Louvain  ;  he  died  in  1625. 

JA NSON,  Ah rahara,  of  Antwerp,  an  excellent 
painter  in  the  16th  century. 

JANSSENS,  an  emment  Dutch  painter,  died 
in  1665. 

JANSSENS,  Victor  Honorius,  a  painter,  of 
Brussels,  died  in  1739. 


JE 

JANSSENS,  Abraham,  a  ceJ«ihrated  painter, 
born  at  Antwerp,  in  165'J.  He  once  challenged 
Rubens,  who  prudently  yielded  to  liim  ;  telling 
him,  that  he  should  kave  the  public  to  de- 
termine the  question  of  their  respective  merits. 
Jansiien,  however,  was  a  good  artist,  as  may 
be  seen  by  a  tine  picture  of  !)is  in  the  DusseldoiSi' 
gallery,  representing  theresurrection  of  Lazaru.^. 

JANU.'VIlILrs,  St.,  bishop  of  Benevento,  waa 
beheaded  in  the  persecution  of  Dioclesian. 

JAPHET,  son  of  Noah,  the  progenitor  of  tbo 
nations  of  Europe  and  Asia,  was  born  2443 
B.  C. 

JARDINS,  Mary  Catherine  des,  a  Frencli 
lady,  famous  for  her  poetry  and  romances,  died 
in  1683.  She  is  said  to  have  been  the  inveiilor 
of  novels.  Her  works  were  printed  in  10  vols, 
at  Paris,  in  1702. 

JARDYN,  Karel  du,  a  Dutcit  painter  of  note, 
died  in  1678. 

JAROSLAW,  grand  duke  of  Russia,  in  the 
10th  century,  was  a  patron  of  learned  inoii. 

JARRIGE,  Peter,  a  Jesuit,  who  became  a 
protestant,  and  afterwards  recanted.  He  wrote 
for,  and  against,  the  Jesuits,  and  died  ni  ItjTO. 

JARRY,  Laurence  Juiliard  du,  a  French  poet 
and  divine,  who  excelled  as  a  preacher ;  he 
died  in  1730. 

JARS,  Gabriel,  a  Frencliman,  and  mineralo- 
gist of  some  note,  died  in  17(58. 

JARVIS,  Abraham,  D.  O.,  second  bishop  of 
the  episcopal  clirach  in  Connecticut,  died  at 
New-Haven,  in  1813. 

JAUCOURT,  Lewis  de,  a  learned  French- 
man, and  an  author ;  he  died  in  17S0. 

JAULT,  Augustus  Francis,  professor  of  Sy- 
riac  in  the  Royal  Coi'ege  at  Paris,  was  cele- 
brated as  a  phy.sioian,  and  died  in  1757. 

JAY,  Guy  Michel,  le,  an  advotate  oi'thiB  par- 
liament of  Paris,  ruined  iiiniself  by  printing  a 
polyglot  Bible,  and  died  in  1675. 

JEACOCKE,  Caleb,  was  a  baker,  and  an  au- 
thor, died  in  1783. 

JEANES,  Henry,  educated  at  Oxford,  was 
the  author  of  several  works  ;  lie  died  in  1662. 

JEANNIN,  Peter,  aBurgundian,  advocate  in 
the  parliament  of  Dijon,  and  favourite  of  Henry 
IV. ;  he  died  in  1622,  after  seeing  seven  succes- 
sive kings  on  the  throne  of  France. 

JEAURAT,  Sebastian,  a  Frenchman,  dis- 
tinguished as  an  able  mathematician ;  lie  tlijd 
in  1803. 

JEBB,  Samuel,  an  English  physician  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  born 'at  Nottingham,  died 
in  1772. 

JEBB,  Dr.  John,  born  in  London,  in  llTiC). 
He  was  eminent  both  as  a  non-conformist  divine, 
and  a  physician.  In  the  knowledge  of  the 
Christian  Scriptures  he  was  particularly  con- 
versant, as  his  theological  lectures  at  Cam- 
bridge gave  incontestable  proofs  ;  his  skill  in  the 
medical  profession  was  great  and  scientific,  and 
his  practice  uncommonly  successful.  His  ardour 
in  the  cause  of  liberty  also,  was  unabating  ami 
incorruptible  :  and  his  publications,  theoiogical, 
medical,  and  political,  gained  great  approbation  ; 
he  died  in  1786. 

JEBB,  Sir  Richard,  bart.,  M.  D.  F.  R.  and 
A.  S.  S..  son  of  the  preceding,  one  of  the  censors 
of  the  college  of  physicians  in  1731,  and  iihj'- 
sician  extraordinary  to  his  Britannic  Majesty, 
born  in  1729,  died  in  1787. 

JECHONIAS,  king  of  Judah,  was  carried  pri- 
soner to  Bahyion  hy  Nebuchadnezzar. 

JEFFERY,  Thomas,  an  English  dissenting; 
clergyman,  and  an  author  of  the  IHth  century. 
22*  257 


JE 


JEFFERY,  John,  a  popular  divine,  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  died  in  1720. 

JEFFERY,  of  Monmoutli,  ap  Arthur,  bisho{; 
of  St.  Asaph,  a  famous  British  historian,  who 
flourisiied  in  the  tinie  of  Henry  I. 

JEFFREYS,  lord  George,  baron  Wem,  com 
monJy  known  by  the  name  of  judge  Jeffreys, 
the  infamous  lord  chancellor,  under  James  II., 
died  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower,  in  1689.  He  was 
one  of  tlie  greatest  advisers  and  promoters  of  all 
the  oppressive  and  arbitrary  measures  of  that 
unhappy  tyrannical  reign;  and  his  sanguinary 
and  inhuman  proceedings  will  ever  render  his 
name  detested. 

JEFFREYS,  George,  a  writer,  and  fellow  of 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  died  in  1755. 

JEFFRIES,  Sir  Herbert,  lieutenant  governor 
of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  and  successor  to  Sir 
William  Berkeley,  as  chief  magistrate,  died  in 
1678. 

JEHU,  the  tenth  king  of  Israel  885  B.  C,  was 
deprived  of  his  kingdom  by  Hazael,  king  of  Sy- 
ria, and  died  856  B.  C. 

JEKYL,  Sir  Joseph,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
statesman,  was  master  of  the  rolls  to  George  1., 
and  died  in  17C8. 

JEKYL,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  brother  to  Sir  Jo- 
seph, educated  at  Cambridge,  was  an  author  of 
various  works,  between  1674  and  1682. 

JELLINGER,  Christopher,  a  German,  who 
obtained  a  living  in  England,  from  Which  he 
was  ejected  for  non-conformity,  in  1662. 

JENCKES,  Joseph,  lieutenant  governor  and 
governor  of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island;  he 
died  in  1740. 

JENISCHIUS,  Paul,  a  learned  native  of  Ant- 
werp, died  in  1647. 

JENKIN,  Robert,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Cambridge,  and  author  of  valuable  theological 
tracts,  died  in  1727. 

JENKIN,  William,  a  puritan,  ejected  for 
non-conformity,  in  1662. 

JENKINS,  Henry,  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  re- 
markable for  his  longevity,  being  at  the  time  of 
his  death,  (1670,)  169  years  old.  He  remember- 
ed the  battle  of  Floddenfield,  and  was  exami- 
ned in  court  on  a  circumstance  that  happened 
140  years  before.  He  retained  his  faculties  to 
the  last ;  but,  as  lie  was  born  before  parochial 
registers  were  kept,  no  parish  would  support 
him  ;  so  that  lie  subsisted  by  begging. 

JENKINS,  Sir  Leoline,  a  learned  civilian  and 
an  able  statesman,  under  Charles  II.,  born  in 
Glamorganshire,  in  1623,  died  in  1685. 

JENKINSON,  Charles,  earl  of  Liverpool,  a 
statesman  of  profound  ability,  but  extremely 
unpopular,  was  the  son  of  colonel  Charles  Jeu- 
kinson,  and  first  introduced  himself  into  life  as 
a  political  writer,  and  a  critic  in  The  Monthly 
Review.  From  this  source  he  derived  the  pat- 
ronage of  the  late  earl  of  Bute,  and  all  those 
honours  and  rewards  to  which  he  afterwards  at- 
tained. He  was  for  many  years  president  of 
the  board  of  tracie.  In  the  year  1782,  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  family  title  of  a  baronet ;  in  1786, 
)ie  was  created  lord  Hawksbury,  and  in  1796, 
earl  of  Liverpool.  He  was  supposed  to  be  high 
in  the  confidence  of  his  majesty  ;  and  his  tho- 
rough knowledge  of  the  commercial  interest  of 
his  country,  and  acquaintance  with  subjects  of 
political  economy,  have  been  displayed  in  nu- 
merous tracts  ;  the  greater  part  of  which,  how- 
ever, were  written  on  subjects  creating  a  tem- 
porary interest,  rather  than  as  illustrative  of 
general  principles.  From  this  description  of  his 
Jast  valuable  work,  "  On  th^  Coins  of  the 
258 


Realm,"  ought,  however,  to  form  an  exception. 
He  died  in  1808,  in  his  80th  year. 

JENKS,  Benjamin,  a  pious  divine,  born  in 
Shropshire,  in  1646,died  in  1724.  His  bes  "known 
writings  are  "  Prayers  and  Ofiices  of  Devotion 
for  Families,"  and  "  Meditations  on  various 
important  Subjects." 

JENKYNS,  David,  made  a  Welch  judge  by 
Charles  I. ;  he  was  distinguished  for  his  loyalty, 
and  died  in  1650. 

JENNENS,  Charles,  a  non -conformist  gentle- 
man, of  considerable  fortune,  at  Gopsal,  in  Lei- 
cestershire, who  compiled  the  words  for  some 
of  Handel's  oratorios,  and  began  an  edition  of 
Shakspeare ;  but  died  when  he  had  published 
"  King  Lear,"  "  Hamlet,"  "  Othello,"  "  Juhus 
CjEsar,"  and  "  Macbeth."  His  death  happened 
^n  1773. 

JENNINGS,  David,  D.  D.,  a  dissenting  mi- 
nister and  author,  died  in  1762. 

JENSON,  Nicolas,  or  Jansonius,  an  eminent 
printer  and  letter-founder,  of  Venice,  died  in 
1481. 

JENYN9,  Soame,  born  in  London,  in  1705, 
and  well  known  in  the  literary  world,  as  the 
author  of  "  The  Internal  Evidences  of  tha 
Christian  Religion  ;"  an  "  Essay  on  the  Origia 
of  Evil ;"  and  various  poetical  pieces.  He  waa 
many  years  M.  P.  for  the  town  of  Cambridge  ; 
he  was  also  a  commissioaer  for  trade  and  plan- 
tations, and  died  in  1787. 

JEPHSON,  Robert,  a  successful  poet,  drama- 
tic and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  many  years 
master  of  the  horse  to  the  lord  lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  and  died  in  1803. 

JEPTHAH,  a  judge  of  Israel,  known  in  sa- 
cred history  for  his  remarkably  rash  vow. 

JEREMIAH,  second  of  ih'e  great  prophets, 
was  born  629  B.  C,  and  died  586  B.  C. 

JERNIIv'GHAM,  Edward,  a  poetical,  miscel- 
laneous, and  dramatic  writer,  born  in  Norfolk, 
in  1727.  He  was  descended  from  an  ancient 
Roman  Catholic  family,  and  was  educated  a« 
Douay  and  Paris  ;  but  on  his  return  to  England, 
he  joined  in  communion  with  the  established 
church.    He  died  in  1812. 

JEROBOAM  I.,  king  of  Israel,  son  of  Solo- 
mon, died  954  B.  C. 

JEROBOAM  II.,  sonofJoash,  king  of  Israel, 
826  B.  C,  died  784  B.  C. 

JEROME.    See  HIERONIMUS. 

JEROME,  of  Prague,  so  called  from  the  place 
of  his  birth,  in  the  capital  city  of  Bohemia, 
where  he  is  held  to  be  a  protestant  martyr.  He 
was  a  disciple  of  John  Huss,  and  died  in  the 
same  cause,  in  1416. 

JEROME,  of  St.  Faith,  or  Joshua  Larchi,  a 
Spanish  Jew  of  great  influence,  who  became  a 
convert  to  Christianity,  and.  It  is  said,  5000  Jews 
followed  his  example.  He  died  in  tlie  ISth  cen- 
tury. 

JERVAS,  Charles,  a  painter,  of  Great  Britain, 
more  likely  to  be  immortalized  by  Mr.  Pope'a 
friendship  and  panegyric,  than  by  his  own  pic- 
tures. He  was  a  writer  also,  and  published  a 
translation  of  "  Don  Q.uixotte"  without  under- 
standing the  Spanish  language,  and  died  about 
1740. 

JESSEY,  Henry,  a  non-conformist  minister, 
ejected  in  1662. 

JESTYN,  ap  Gwrgant,  prince  of  Glamorgan, 
succeeded  his  uncle  as  king,  in  1043. 

JESUAJ^  Levita,  a  Spanish  rabbi,  of  the  15th 
century. 

JESUS,  a  Jew,  who  foretold  the  calamities 
3f  lii5  nation,  before  Uie  siege  of  Jerusalem. 


JO 


JO 


f      JEtSUS,  soil  of  Suach,  a  native  ol"  Jerusalem 
was  author  of  Ecclej^iasticus,  200  6.  C. 

JEiJUS  CHJUtST,  the  Blessed  Saviour  of  the 

world,  hom  at  Bethlehem,  A.  M.  4004,  and  wa: 

crucified  by  the  Jews,  Friday,  April  3,  A.  1).  3ti 

JETiIRO,  father-in-law  of  Moses,  was  priest 

and  king  of  the  Midianites. 

JEUISiE,  Jean  le,  a  French  divine,  of  great 
piety,  and  mucli  esteemed  by  Massillon ;  iic 
died  in  1672. 

JEWEL,  John,  bisliop  of  Salisbury,  and  a 
great  polemic  writer  in  defence  of  the  Engiisl 
clmrcii  against  popery;  he  was  born  in  1522, 
and  died  fn  1571. 

JEZED  I.,  iifth  caliph,  or  succeesor  of  Maho- 
met, in  (i80.    He  died  in  683. 

JOAB,  a  general  under  David,  was  put  to 
death  1014  B.  C. 

JOACHIM,  abbot  of  Corazzo,  made  a  rul 
grlmage  to  the  Holy  Land  ;  he  pretended  to  be 
a  prophet,  and  died  in  1202,  leaving  a  numerous 
sect  behind  him. 

JOACHIM,  George,  mathematical  professor 
at  VVittemberg,  an  able  defender  of  the  Coper- 
nican  system  ;  he  died  in  1570. 

JOAN,  Pope,  a  woman,  placed  among  the 
successors  of  St.  Peter  as  John  VIII.,  or  John 
VH.  This  story  was  believed  for  more  than 
200  years,  but  is  now  generally  discredited. 

JOAN  of  Arc,  commonly  called  the  Maid  of 
Orleans,whose  heroic  behaviour  in  re- animating 
the  expiring  valour  of  the  French  nation,  tiiough 
by  the  most  superstitions  means  (pretending  to 
be  inspired,)  deserved  a  better  fate.  Siie  was 
burnt  by  the  English  as  a  sorceress,  in  1431,  at 
the  age  of  24. 

JOAN,  queen  of  Naples,  murdered  her  first 
and  second  husbands,  and  adopted  a  relation  as 
her  successor,  who  put  her  to  death  in  1381. 

JOAN  lF.,queen  of  Naples,  after  Ladisiaus, in 
1414,  disgraced  herself  by  her  debaucheries,  and 
died  in  1434. 

JOASH,  son  of  Ahaziah,  was  proclaimed  king 
of  Israel  at  the  age  of  seven  years,  and  slain  483 
B.C. 

JOASII,  son  of  Jehoaliaz,  king  of  Israel,  de 
feated  the  Syrians,  took  the  king  of  Judah  pri 
soner,  and  died  &2f3  B.  C. 

JOB,  patriarch  of  Uz,  celebrated  in  sacred 
history  for  his  sufferings  and  patience  ;  he  died 
about  1500  B.  C. 

JOBERT,  Lewis,  a  leKi-ned  French  Jesuit 
born  at  Paris,  in  lfi47,  died  in  1719.  We  have 
several  tracts  of  piety  of  his  writing,  besides  a 
piece  entitled,  "  La  Science  des  Medailes,"  in 
good  esteem. 

JODELLE,  Stephen,  lord  of  Limodin,  born 
in  1532,  at  Paris,  and  said  to  be  first  of  all  the 
French  who  wrote  comedies  and  tragedies  in  his 
own  tongue  in  the  ancient  form  ;  he  died  in  1573. 
JOEL,  the  second  of  the  minor  prophets, 
flourished  about  790  B.  C. 

JOHN,  Baptist,  the  forerunner  of  Christ,  son 
of  Zach arias  and  Elizabeth,  was  beheaded  by 
Herod  A.  D.  29. 

JOHN  the  Evangelist,  brother  of  James  the! 
Great,  called  to  the  apostleship  at  the  age  of  26,' 
was  a  favourite  of  his  master,  and  tlie  writer  of  i 
the  Apocalypse;  he  died  atEphesus,  A.  D.  100.' 
JOHN,  surnamed  Mark,  was  the  disciple  of! 
the  Apostles. 

JOHN,  a  native  of  Nicomedia,  was  put  to, 
death  in  the  persecution  of  Dioclesian,  in  303. 

JOHN,  St.,  a  native  of  Cyprus,  was  raised  to, 

the  see  of  Alexandria,  in  610.  ! 

JOfljN,  secretary  to  Honoriiis,  seized  the' 


j  throne  of  Constantinople  on  his  master's  death, 
and  was  belica<ied  in  425. 

JOHiV  I.,  surnamed  Z-imisces,  seized  the 
throne  of  Constantinople,  by  assassinating  Ni- 
cephoraa  Phocas,  in  969.  He  displayed  great 
valour  ;igainst  the  Saracens,  and  was  poisoned 
in97fj.  ^ 

JOHN  II.,  Coninenus,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
of  Constantinople,  in  1118.  He  was  successful 
in  his  wars,  was  a  virtuous  prince,  and  died 
in  1143.  ' 

JOHN  III.,  Duces,  was  emperor  of  Nice,while 
the  Latins  were  masters  of  Constantinople  ;  he 
died  in  1255.  »- 

JOHN  IV.,  Lascaris,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
of  Constantinople,  in  1259.  His  sceptre  was 
seized  by  Michael  Palaologus,  who  put  him  ia 
prison,  where  he  died. 

JOHN  v.,  Cantacuzenus,  emperor  of  Con- 
stantinople.    See  CANTACUZENUS. 

JOHN  VI.  ,Palciologus,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
of  Constantinople,  in  J341.  This  weak  and 
unfortunate  monarch  died  in  1390. 

JOHN  VII.,  Palaologus,  succeeded  his  father 
as  emperor,  in  1425,  and  died  in  1448. 

JOHI<  I.,  pope,  a  Tuscan,  succeeded  to  the 
popedom,  in  523.  He  was  imprisoned  by  Theo- 
doric,  and  died  in  526. 

JOHN  II.,  a  native  of  Rome,  was  elected  pope 
in  533,  and  died  in  535. 

JOHN. III.,  a  Roman,  was  elected  pope  in 
560,  and  died  in  573. 
JOHN  IV.,  elected  pope  in  640,  died  in  642. 
JOHN  v.,  a  Syrian,  elected  pope  in  685,  died 
in  C87. 

JOHN  VI.,  a  Greek,  elected  pope  in  701,  died 
in  705. 


JOHN  VII.,  a  Greek,  succeeded  John  VL  He 
was  a  weak  pontiff,  and  died  in  767. 

JOHN  VIII.,  a  Roman,  elected  pope  in  872^ 
and  died  in  882  ;  300  of  his  letters  are  preserved. 

JOHN  IX.,  a  native  of  Tivoli,  elected  pope  in 
898,  died  in  900. 

I  JOHN  X.,  archbishop  of  Ravenna,was  elected 
jpope  in  914.  More  capable  of  leading  an  army, 
than  guiding  the  church,  he  defeated  the  Sara- 
Icens  in  battle,  and  was  put  to  death  in  928. 

JOHN  XI.,  son  of  Aiberic,  duke  of  Spoletto, 
was  made  pope  in  931,  at  the  early  age  of  25; 
he  died  in  93(5. 

JOHN  XII.,  a  Roman  noble,  elected  pope  in 
9.56.  Being  accused  of  various  crimes,  he  was 
deposed  by  a  general  council,  and  killed  in  964. 

JOHN  XIII.,  a  Roman,  was  elected,  pope  in 
965  by  the  emperor,  ajrainst  the  will  of* the  Ro- 
jinan  people  ;  he  died  in  972. 

lOHN  XIV.,  succeeded  to  the  popedom  in 
983.  He  was  imprisoned  by  the  anti-pope  Boni- 
face VIII.,  and  died  in  984. 

JOHN  XV.,  pope  after  John  XIV.,  died  soon 
after  his  elevation. 

JOHN  XVI.,  a  Roman,  was  made  pope  in 
985.  He  was  the  first  who  rewarded  meritori- 
ous deeds  bv  canonization,  and  died  in  996. 

JOHN  XVII.,  a  Roman,  elected  pope  in  1003, 
after  Sylvester  II. 

JOHN  XVIII.,  a  Roman,  elected  pope  after 
John  XVII.  He  died  in  1009,  after  having  re- 
signed the  dignity. 

JOHN  XIX.,  succeeded  his  brother  as  pope, 
in  1024.  He  crowned  the  emperor  Conrad  II., 
and  died  in  1033. 

JOHN  XX.,  the  name  given  by  some  to  the 
anti-pope  Philagathus,  or  to  John,  or  to  the 
woman  wlio  is  said  to  have  filled  the  papal  chair, 
under  the  name  of  pope  Joan. 

259 


JO 

JOHN  XXL,  elected  pope  in  127G,  died  by  tiie 
faU  of  a  building  in  1277. 

JOHN  XX[1.  d'F.use,  was  elected  pope  in 
13] <3,  and  died  in  1334. 

JOHN  XXni.,  BaltJiasnr  Cns?a,  a  Neapoli- 
tan, was  elected  pope  in  1  ilO,  and  died  in  14 IP. 

JOHN,  king  oi  England,  wa.?  the  son  of  Henry 
IV.  This  monarch,  being  compelled  by  the 
barons,  signed  JJagna  Charta,  tht  basis  of  British 
freedom  ;  he  died  in  1216. 

JOHN,  king  of  France,  surnamed  the  Good, 
sncceeded  to  tlie  throne  in  1530.  He  was  de- 
feated in  battle  and  taken  prisoner  by  Edward, 
the  black  prince ;  he  died  in  1364. 

JOHN  HI.,  king  of  Sweden,  son  of  Gusta^Tis 
Vasa,  ascended  the  throne  in  l.'5fi8.  He  attempted 
to  restore  the  popish  religion,  but  was  unsuc- 
cessfnl,  and  died  in  1592. 

JOHN  II.,  king  of  Castile ;  he  was  a  brave 
warrior,  and  died  in  1454. 

JOHN  IF.,  king  of  Navarre,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  of  Arragon,  in  1458,  and  died  in  1479. 

JOHN,  son  of  the  emperor  Henry  VII.,  was 
elected  to  the  kingdom  of  Bohemia,  in  1309,  and 
after  conquering  Silesia,  declared  himself  king  of 
Poland.  He  was  a  prince  of  greatvalour,  and  was 
mortally  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Crecy,  in  1346. 

JOHN  I.,  king  of  Portugal,  was  raised  to  the 
throne  in  1384.  Under  his  reign  the  Portuguese 
began  their  famous  discoveries ;  he  died  in  1433. 

JOHN  II.,  king  of  Portugal,  surnamed  the 
Great,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1481.  He 
carried  his  arms  into  Africa,  and  died  in  1495. 

JOHN  III.,  king  of  Portugal,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  in  1521,  and  died  in  1557. 

JOHN  IV.,  surnamed  the  Fortunate,  was  son 
of  the  duke  of  Braganza.  By  the  assistance  of 
his  brave  countrynien  he  shook  off  the  Spanish 
yoke,  and  was  proclaimed  king  in  1630  ;  he  died 
in  1636. 

JOHN  v.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Portugal, 
in  1707.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  interests  of 
his  country,  and  died  in  1750. 

JOHN,  of  Gaunt  or  Ghent,  duke  of  Lancaster, 
and  son  of  Edward  III.,  was  a  prince  of  dis- 
tinguished valour  and  prudence,  and  a  patron 
of  the  poet  Chancer;  he  died  in  1399. 

JOHN  SOBIESKI,  king  of  Poland.  See  SO- 
BIESKI. 

JOHN,  of  Austria,  Don,  was  the  natural  son 
of  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  and  a  celebrated 
warrior  ;  he  died  by  poison,  in  1578. 

JOHN,  Fearless,  Duke  of  Burgundy,  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  Nicopolis  against  Bajazet; 
he  was  assassinated  in  1419. 

JOHN,  of  France,  duke  of  Berry,  was  son  of 
king  John,  and  distinguished  at  the  battle  of 
Poictiers;  he  died  in  1416. 

JOHN  v.,  duke  of  Brittany,  surnamed  the 
Conqueror,  died  in  1399. 

JOHN  VI.,  duke  of  Brittany,  a  prince  of 
great  valour  and  benevolence,  died  in  1440. 

JOHN  v.,  count  of  Armagnac,  was  son  of 
John  IV.,  of  Navarre.  For  his  misconduct,  he 
was  banished  from  France,  and  killed  in  1743. 

JOHN,  of  Leyden.    SeeBOCCOLD. 

JOHN,  of  Salisbury,  an  Englishman,  bishop 
of  Chartres,  and  one  of  the  most  learned  per- 
sons in  the  12th  century.  The  only  things  re- 
maining of  his,  are  his  "  Life  of  St.  Thomas 
of  Canterbury  ;"  "  A  Collection  of  Letters  ;" 
and  his  "  Polyeration." 

JOHN,  of  Paris,  a  celebrated  Dominican,  and 
theolosfical  professor  at  Paris,  died  in  1304. 

JOHN,  of  Udino,  a  celebrated  painter,  at 
Rome,  died  in  1564. 
260 


I  JOHNES,  Thomas,  born  at  Ludlow,  in  Shrop- 
jshire,  in  1748,  was  bred  at  Eton  and  Oxlord. 
He  was  a  member  of  parliament,  first  for  Car- 
digan, and  afterwards  for  the  county  of  Radnor. 
His  estates  at  Hafod,  in  Cardiganshire,  were 
conducted  on  the  most  libera!  scale,  and  wtie  a 
strong  attraction  to  all  visiters  of  thai  part  of 
Wales.  But  in  1807,  the  elegant  mansion,  a 
most  valuable  library,  and  a  printirg  L';-^al>!i^h- 
luient,  from  which  had  issued  many  ek^gant  pro- 
ductions, were  destroyed  by  an  accidental  riie, 
I  while  Mr.  Johnes  was  attending  his  duty  in 
j  parliament.  In  1811  he  lost  a  favourite  dangh- 
|ter,  from  the  elTects  of  which  sh(.ck  hene\er 
jrecovered.  He  died  in  1816.  Rir.  Johnes  re- 
printed, with  great  care  and  attention,  geiicially 
with  notes  and  illustrations,  at  his  private  press, 
above  alluded  to,  the  valuable  works  of  "  Frois- 
sart,"  "  de  Joinville,"  and  "  Monstrelet." 

JOHNSON,  Martin,  an  excellent  painter  of 
landscapes,  died  in  the  reign  of  James  II. 

JOHNSON,  Samuel,  an  Engli:>h  divine,  of 
remarkable  learning,  and  steadiness  in  suftering 
for  the  principles  of  the  revolution,  in  1688 
He  was  born  in  1649,  and  died  in  1703. 

JOHNSON,  John,  a  non  juror  divine,  who, 
though  promoted  in  the  established  church,  ex- 
pressed a  mean  opinion  of  her  articles  and  litur- 
gy- ;  he  died  in  1725. 

JOHNSON,  or  JANSEN,  Cornelius,  an  ex- 
cellent painter,  a  native  of  Amsterdam.  In  the 
reign  of  James  I.,  he  drew  several  fine  portraits 
of  that  monarch,  and  most  ofhis  court,  and  died 
in  1665. 

JOHNSON,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer  of 
merit,  died  in  1748.  The  dramatic  pieces  which 
this  author  produced  are  enumerated  in  the 
"  Biographia  Dramatica." 

JOHNSON,  Maurice,  an  excellent  Enghsh 
antiquary,  died  in  17.5-5. 

JOHNSON,  Dr.  Samuel,  born  at  Litchfield, 
in  1709,  where  his  father  was  a  reputable  book- 
seller. He  was  entered  of  Pembroke  college, 
Oxford,  in  1728,  but  left  the  university  without 
taking  any  degree.  In  IMarcli,  1737,  he  went  to 
London,  where  he  appears  to  have  met  with 
disappointments  which  disgusted  him  with  the 
town ;  for,  in  August,  we  find  him  desirous  of 
returning  again  into  his  native  country,  to  take 
upon  himself  the  office  of  master  of  a  charity 
school,  in  Shropshire,  then  vacant,  the  salary 
of  which  was  601.  a  year.  But  the  statutes  of 
the  school  requiring  tlie  person  who  should  be 
elected  to  be  a  master  of  the  arts,  this  attempt 
seen>s  to  have  been  frustrated.  In  1740,  he  be- 
gan to  write  the  "Debates  in  the  Senate  of  Lil- 
tiput,"  printed  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine; 
and,  after  producing  some  poems,  translations, 
and  biographical  works,  which  met  with  a  good 
reception,  (])articularly  "  London,"  the  "  Va- 
nity of  Human  Wishes,"  and  "  The  Life  of 
Savage,")  he  brought  forth  "  Irene,"  a  tragedy, 
in  1749.  This  not  meeting  with  the  success  that 
he  expected,  he  set  about  his  "  Dictionary." 
The  execution  of  this  cost  him  the  labour  of 
many  years;  but  he  was  amply  repaid  by  the 
fame  which  he  acquired.  During  the  recesses 
of  this  stupendous  labour,  he  published  hia 
"  Ramblers."  The  reputation  of  these  works 
rained  him  the  honorary  degree  of  doctor  of 
laws,  in  the  university  of  Dublin,  which  ^'as 
soon  after  followed  by  the  same  degree  from 
Oxford.  To  this  succeeded  his  "  Idlers."  •  His 
next  publication  was  "  Rasselas,  Prince  of  Abys- 
sinia," a  beautiful  little  novel,  in  the  Eastern 
style,  abounding  witji  the  most  useful  and  mo 


JO 


JO 


jal  maxims,  suited  to  the  several  conditions  of 
life.  Of  his  political  works,  which  followed  at 
distant  intervals,  the  public  are  more  divided 
about  the  merits :  it  is,  Jiowever,  but  fair  to  pre- 
sume that  they  were  his  candid  opinions  upon 
the  subjects,  and,  as  such,  deserving  of  no  cen- 
sure from  the  judgment  of  impartiality.  Hi* 
last  undertaking,  "  The  Lives  of  the  British  Po- 
ets," would  alone  have  been  sufficient  to  im- 
mortalize his  name,  as  it  by  far  excels  any  thing 
executed  upon  a  similar  plan,  by  others;  and, 
though  the  critical  remarks,  in  a  few  instances, 
incorporate  a  little  too  much  with  political  opi- 
nions, their  general  excellence  must  always  give 
them  deserved  celebrity.  It  is  said,  that  he  was 
executing  a  second  part  of  "  The  Prince  of 
Abyssinia,"  and  was  in  hopes  to  have  finished 
it  before  his  death,  which  event  happened  Dec. 
13,  1764.  The  editor  of  the  "  Biographia  Dra- 
matica,"  after  bestowing  many  just  encomiums 
on  the  genius  of  Dr.  J.,  says,  it  would  be  the 
highest  injustice,  were  I  not  to  observe,  that  no- 
thing but  that  genius  can  possibly  exceed  the 
extent  of  his  erudition ;  and  it  would  bo  adding 
a  greater  injury  to  his  still  more  valuable  quali- 
ties, were  we  to  stop  here  ;  since,  together  with 
the  ablest  head,  he  seems  to  have  been  possess- 
ed of  the  very  best  heart  at  present  existing. 
Every  line,  every  sentiment,  that  issues  from  his 
pen,  tends  to  the  great  centre  of  all  his  views, 
the  promotion  of  virtue,  religion,  and  humani- 
ty ;  nor  are  his  actions  less  pointed  toward  the 
same  great  end.  Benevolence,  charity,  and 
pi8ty,  are  the  most  striking  features  of  his  cha- 
racter •  and  while  his  writings  point  out  to  us 
what  a  good  man  ought  to  be,  his  own  conduct 
sets  us  an  example  of  what  he  is."  A  statue  to 
Dr.  Johson's  memory  has  been  erected  in  St 
Paul's  cathedral.  In  an  East  India  newspaper 
we  meet  with  the  following  poetical  picture  of 
this  celebrated  character : 

"  Herculean  strength  and  a  stentorian  voice, 
Of  wit  a  fund,  of  words  a  countless  choice ; 
In  learning,  rather  various  than  profound, 
In  truth  intrepid,  in  religion  sound  : 
A  trembling  frame  and  a  distorted  sight. 
But  firm  in  judgment  and  in  genius  bright ; 
In  controversy  rarely  known  to  spare, 
But  humble  as  the  publican  in  pray'r  ; 
To  more  than  merited  his  kindness,  kind, 
And,  tho'  in  manners  harsh,  of  friendly  mind  ; 
Deep  tinged  with  melancholy's  blackest  shade. 
And,  tho'  prepared  to  die,  of  death  afraid. — 
Such  Johnson  was — of  him  with  justice  vain. 
When  will  this  nation  see  his  like  again. 

JOHNSON,  Thomas,  a  London  apothecary, 
and  the  best  herbalist  of  his  time,  died  in  1644. 

JOHNSON,  Samuel,  LL.  D.,  a  member  of 
congress,  and  senator  from  North  Carolina,  af- 
terwards a  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  and  go- 
vernor of  that  state ;  he  died  in  1816. 

JOHNSON,  Sir  Nathaniel,  governor  of  the 
colony  of  South  Carolina,  in  1708.  He  display- 
ed great  ability  and  judgment  in  defending  th( 
colony  from  the  French  and  Indians ;  he  died 
in  1713. 

JOHNSON,  Edward,  an  inhabitant  of  Mas 
sachusetts,  author  of  a  work,  entitled  "  The 
Wonder  Working  Providence  of  Sion's  Saviour. 
in  New-England,  from  1628  to  1652." 

JOHNSON,  Robert,  the  last  proprietary  go- 
vernor of  South  Carolina,  in  1719,  afterwards 
appointed  to  the  same  office  by  the  crown ;  he 
died  in  1735. 

JOHNSON,  Sir  William,  superintendent  of 


Indian  attairs,  in  the  colony  of  New-YorK 
known  for  the  great  influence  and  authutity  he 
acquired  over  that  people  ;  he  died  in  17  74- 

JOHNSON,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Corv- 
necticut,  distinguished  as  the  first  convert  to 
episcopacy  in  the  colony,  and  afterwards  att 
president  of  King's  college,  New- York:  he  died 
in  1772. 

JOHNSON,  William  Samuel,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  an  eminent  lawyer, 
and  for  several  years,  agent  of  the  colony  of 
New- York,  in  England.  He  was  afterwards  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Connecticut,  a 
delegate  to  congress,  and  to  the  conventioii 
which  formed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  first  senator  of  theU.  S.,  from  Con- 
necticut. He  was  also  president  of  Columbia 
college.  New- York,  for  several  years.  He  died 
at  Stratford,  in  1819,  aged  93. 

JOHNSON,  Thomas,  an  eminent  lawyer,  and 
a  firm  patriot,  of  Maryland,  governor  of  that 
state  after  the  revolution,  and  afterwards  an  as- 
sociate judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  Uni- 
ted States ;  he  die4  in  1819. 

JOHNSTON,  Dr.  Arthur,  a  physician,  but 
more  celebrated  as  a  Latin  poet,  was  born  at 
Aberde>!ri,  in  1587,  of  which  university  he  af- 
terwards became  principal ;  he  died  at  Ox- 
ford, in  1641.  His  "  Epigrams,"  and  version 
of  the  "  Psalms,"  are  excellent. 

JOHN3TON,  Charles,  born  in  Ireland,  was 
bred  to  the  bar  ;  bnt,  being  exceedingly  deaf,  he 
relinquished  that  profession-  In  17^0^  he  pub- 
lished "  Chrysal,  or  the  Adventures  of  a  Gui- 
nea;" a  pofitical  Eomance,  in  which  all  the 
scenes  and  characters  were  sketched  from  real 
life.  This  was  followed  by  "  The  Reverie  ;  or, 
a  Flight  to  the  Paradise  of  Fools  ;"  the  "  Histo- 
ry of  John  Juniper,  Esq.,  alias  Juniper  Jack," 
&c.  &c.  In  1782,  Mr.  Johnston  went  to  India, 
where  he  died  about  1800. 

JOHNSTON,  Gabriel,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  North  Carolina,  died  in  1762.  His  adminis- 
tration contributed  to  the  increase  and  prosperi- 
ty of  the  colony,  and  to  the  advancement  of, 
learning  there. 

JOHNSTONE,  James,  a  Scotch  physician, 
distinguished  for  his  treatment  of  a  malignant 
fever,  at  Kidderminster,  died  in  1802. 

JOHNSTONE,  George,  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners sent  to  treat  with  America,  during  tb» 
war;  he  died  in  1787. 

JOINVILLE,  John  Sieur  de,  an  eminent 
French  statesman,  and  author  of  "  The  History 
of  St.  Louis,"  a  very  curious  and  interesting 
piece,  died  in  1318,  aged  90. 

JOLOGOEH,  a  Welch  bard,  who,  from  1370 
to  1420,  was  in  the  court  of  Owen  Glendowr. 

JOLY,  Guy,  known  by  his  long  and  faithful 
attachment  to  the  famous  cardinal  de  Rhetz, 
whom  he  attended  both  in  his  prosperity  and 
adversity.  He  wrote  "  Memoirs  of  his  Times,'* 
from  1G48  to  1665 ;  which,  as  Voltaire  expresses 
it,  "  are  to  those  of  the  cardinal,  what  the  ser- 
vant is  to  the  master." 

JOLY,  Claude,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  who 
died  in  1700. 

JONAH,  the  fifth  of  the  minor  phophets,  was 
sent  to  denounce  judgments  on  Nineveh.  He 
died  about  761  B.  C. 

JONAS,  Anagrimus,  a  learned  Icelander, 
who  acquired  a  great  reputation  for  astronomy 
and  the  sciences,  died  in  1640,  at  the  age  of  95. 

JONAS,  Justus,  a  famous  protectant  divine 
and  polemical  writer,  in  Germany,  bom  in  Thu- 
ringia,  in  1493,  died  io  1555. 

261 


JO 

JONATHAJf,  son  of  Saul,  and  the  faithful 
friend  of  David,  was  slain  in  battle  by  the  Phi 
listines,  1055  B.  C. 

JONATHAN,  a  general  of  the  Jews,  and  bro 
ther  of  Judas  Maccabeus,  was  a  valiant  man 
and  cruelly  put  to  death,  144  B.  C. 

JONES,  William,  an  English  divine,  of  learn 
ing  and  pieiy,  whose  works  are  highly  esteem- 
ed ;  he  died  in  1801. 

JONES,  Jeremiah,  a  dissenting  divine,  and 
author,  died  in  1724. 

JONES,  John,  a  Benedictine  monk,  educated 
at  Oxford,  was  made  vicar-general  of  his  or 
der,  and  died  in  1636. 

JONES,  David,  a  native  of  Wales,  wrote 
some  poetical  pieces,  and  died  in  1780. 

JONES,  John,  a  Welch  antiquary,  who  was 
employed  40  years,  from  1590  to  1630  in  collect 
ing  W'elch  MSS. 

JONES,  Rice,  a  Welch  poet,  died  in  1801. 

JONES,  John,  a  dramatic  writer,  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  I. 

JONES,  Inigo,  a  celebrated  Enghsh  architect 
born  in  London,  in  1572,  died  in  1552.  His  abi 
lities  in  all  human  sciences  surpassed  most  of 
his  age.  His  designs  and  buildings  were  many 
and  important ;  but  for  an  account  of  these  we 
must  refer  the  reader  to  Campbell's*'  Vitruvius 
Britannicus." 

JONES,  John,  a  medical  writer,  bom  in 
Wales,  died  in  1580. 

JONES,  Sir  William,  judge  of  the  king's 
bench,  in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  and  Charles  I. 

JC*:"£3,  Sir  Tliomas,  a  judge  of  the  king's 
bench,  under  Charles  II.  and  James  II. 

JONES,  William,  one  of  the  last  of  those 
genuine  mathematicians,  admirers,  and  cotem- 
poraries  of  Newton,  who  cultivated  and  im- 
proved the  sciences  in  the  present  century,  fa- 
ther to  Sir  William  Jones, was  born  in  Anglesey, 
in  the  year  1680,  and  died  in  1749. 

JONES,  Henry,  a  native  of  Drogheda,  in  Ire- 
land, and  no  mean  dramatic  poet,  though  ori 
finally  a  journeyman  bricklayer,  died  very  poor, 
in  1770.  His  principal  performance,  "  The 
Earl  of  Essex,"  a  tragedy,  appeared  in  1753. 

JONES,  Griffith,  born  in  London,  in  1721,  died 
in  1786.  This  genlleniaii  was  many  years  edi- 
tor of  the  London  Chronicle,  of  the  Daily  Ad- 
vertiser, and,  we  believe,  of  the  Public  Ledgerj 
In  the  '•  Literary  Magazine,"  with  Johnson, 
and  m  the  "  British  Magazine,"  with  SmoUet 
and  Goldsmith,  his  anonymous  labours  were  of- 
ten associated.  His  modest  mind  shrunk  from 
public  attention ;  and  his  labours  were  most 
frequently  directed  to  the  improvement  of  the 
younger  and  more  untutored  classes  of  man- 
kind. His  translations  from  the  French  are 
verv  numerous,  but  cannot  now  be  traced. 

JONES,  Sir  William,  one  of  the  judges  of 
the  supreme  court  of  judicature,  in  Bengal,  and 
an  excellent  poet,  to  whose  translations  we  are 
indebted  for  many  beautiful  effusions  of  the 
Persian  muse,  was  born  in  London,  in  1716,  and 
died  in  1794,  at  the  premature  age  of  48.  En- 
dowed by  nature  with  a  mind  of  extraordinary 
vigour,  Sir  William,  by  unwearied  industry, 
aided  by  superior  genius,  successfully  explored! 
the  hidden  sources  of  Oriental  science  and  lite 
rature  ;  and  his  attainments  in  this  interesting] 
branch  of  learning  were  such  as  to  make  himi 
far  beyond  all  competition,  the  most  eminent 
Oriental  scholar,  in  this,  or  perhaps  any  other 
age.  Unlike  many  other  eminent  literary  cha- 
racters of  the  age.  Sir  AVilliam  was  a  sincere 
and  pious  Christian ;  iostead  of  labouring  by  bis 


JO 

writings,  to  propagate  the  doctrines  of  infidelity 
as  has  been  a  favourite  practice  with  some  mo- 
dem philosophers  of  reputation,  he  was  desir- 
ous to  lend  the  Scriptures  his  utmost  support ; 
and,  in  one  of  his  latest  annual  discourses  to 
the  Asiatic  Society,  he  has  done  more  to  give 
validity  to  the  Mosaic  history  of  the  creation 
than  has  been  done  by  the  researches  of  any  co- 
temporary  writer.  The  following  e^•itaph,  writ- 
ten by  and  for  himself,  is  equally  admired  for 
its  truth  and  its  elegance. 

"  Here  was  deposited 

the  mortal  part  of  a  man 

who  feared  GOD,  but  not  death  ; 

and  maintained  independence, 

but  sought  not  riches ; 

who  thought  none  below  him, 

but  the  base  and  unjust ; 

none  above  him  but  the  wise  and  virtuous  ; 

who  loved  his  parents,  kindred,  friends, 

and  country : 

and  having  devoted  his  life  to  their  service, 

and  the  improvement  of  his  mind, 

resigned  it  calmly, 

giving  glory  to  his  Creator, 

wishing  peace  on  earth, 

and  good  will  to  all  his  creatures, 

on  the day  of 

in  the  year  of  our  blessed  Redeemer . . . ." 

JONES,  Richard,  a  Welchman,  and  an  in- 
genious author,  died  in  the  i7th  century. 

JONES,  David,  speaker  of  the  colonial  as- 
sembly  of  New- York,  and  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  that  state,  died  in  1775. 

JONES,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  eminent 
as  an  inst  meter  of  mathematics,  at  Cambridge, 
died  in  1807. 

JONES,  John  Paul,  a  native  of  Scotland,who, 
after  being  engaged  in  the  merchant  service  of 
Great  Britain,  came  to  America,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution,  and  received  a 
lieutenants  commission  in  the  navy  of  tUo  Uni- 
ted States.  He  was  soon  after  promoted,  and, 
as  captain  of  the  Ranger,  and  afterwards  of  the 
Bonne  Honmie  Richard,  fought  battles  and  gain- 
ed victories, which  gave  him  reputation  through- 
out Europe,  and  which,  for  their  desperation, 
have  seldom  been  equalled.  He  also  annoyed 
the  enemy's  merchant  vessels  in  every  sea. 
After  the  peace,  he  was,  for  a  time,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Russia.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1792. 

JONES,  John,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  physician, 
of  New  York,  afterwards  professor  of  surgery 
in  King's  college ;  he  died  in  1791. 

JONES,  William,  speaker  of  the  house  of 
assembly,  and  governor  of  the  state  of  Rhode- 
Island,  died  ill  1822. 

JONG,  Ludolph  de,  a  Dutch  painter  of  emi- 
nence, died  in  1697. 

JONGHE,  Baldwin,  or  Junius,  a  Franciscan 
monk,  and  the  author  of  several  works,  died  in 
1634.     ^    ' 

^  JONIN,  Gilbert,  a  Jesuit,  known  as  an  emi- 
nent poetjTdied  at  Tournon,  in  1638. 

JOiVSIUS,  John,  a  native  of  Holstein,  and  an 
elegant  writer,  died  in  1659. 

JONSON,  Benjamin,  a  celebrated  English 
poet,  born  in  Westminster,  in  1574.  He  wag 
brsd  a  bricklayer,  but  went  afterwards  to  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge;  where,  howe^-er, 
his  continuance  was  short  in  proportion  to  his 
finances,  which  W'-uId  not  supply  the  decent 
conveniences  of  a  learned  ease.  In  this  exi- 
gence he  turned  bis  thoughts  upon  the  play^- 


JO 

houses:  his  inclination  and  genius  lay  to  com- 
positions for  the  Biage  ;  and  he  had  the  example 
of  eiiakspeare,  who  had  taken  the  same  course, 
in  the  like  difficalties,  with  success.  The  first 
play  Jonson  printed  was  the  comedy  entitled 
"  Every  man  ia  his  humour  ;"  after  which  he 
produced  a  play  regularly  every  year,  for  some 
years  successively.  In  1019,  on  the  death  of 
Daniel,  he  sticceoded  to  the  vacant  laurel ;  and 
this  oliice  obliged  him  to  provide  the  Christmas 
divtrsion  of  a  masque :  accordingly,  in  his 
works,  we  have  a  series  of  these  and  other  en 
tertainments  of  alike  kind,  most  of  which  were 
presented  at  court  from  lfil5  to  1625.  He  died 
in  lCv>7,  and  was  interred  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
Over  his  grave  is  a  common  pavement  stone, 
aiid  on  it  are  engraven  these  words, 

"  O  RARE  BEN  JONSON." 

JOHNSTON,  John,  a  polish  naturalist,  tra- 
velled over  Europe,  and  dit^d  in  1G75. 

JOIIAM,  king  of  Israel,  S9f)  B.  C. ;  he  was 
elain  884  B.  C. 

JOR.\M,  king  of  Judah  889  B.  C.  ;  he  died  in 
885  F.  C. 

JORDAENS,  James,  an  eminent  painter  of 
the  Flemish  school,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1503, 
died  in  lf>'6.  He  improved  under  Rubens,  for 
whom  he  worked,  and  from  whom  he  drew  his 
best  principles. 

JORDAN,  Sir  Joseph,  an  English  admiral,  by 
whose  extraordinary  valour,  the  Dutch  were 
defeated  at  the  batt,!t;  of  Solebay,  in  1672. 

JORDAN, Charles  Stephen,  a  Prussian  writer, 
highly  esteemed  by  Frederick  the  Great,  who 
erected  a  monument  to  him,  with  this  inscrip- 
lion,  "  Here  lies  Jordan,  the  friend  of  the  mu- 
ses and  of  the  king."     He  died  in  1746. 

JORDAN,  John  Christopher,  privy  coun- 
sellor to  the  king  of  Bohemia,  was  an  eminent 
antiquary,  and  died  in  1740. 

JORDAN,  Dorothea,  an  eminent  English  ac 
tress,  was  the  daughter  of  Capt.  Bland,  of  a 
most  respectable  fatnily  in  Ireland.  Her  mother 
eloped  with  her  father;  they  both  took  to  the 
etage;  and  our  heroine  was  born  among  the 
Thet^pian  corps.  As  aii  actress,  she  commenced 
her  career  in  Dublin  ;  but  soon  quitted  that  for 
Tate  Wilkenson's  York  company  ;  where  she 
soon  distinguished  herself  so  much  as  speedily 
to  attract  the  notice  of  the  London  managers. 
She  died  at  St.  Cloud,  in  France,  in  1816;  and 
was  indebted,  we  beheve,  to  the  kindness  of  a 
casual  English  traveller  for  a  decent  interment. 
The  obscurity  of  her  retreat,  and  the  penury  in 
which  she  ended  a  life  that  had  led  to  much 
higher  expectations,  very  much  interested  and 
astonislied  the  public. 

JORDAN,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer,  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.  Langbaine  speaks  of  him  as 
havine  been  an  actor  also. 

JORDANO,Luca,  an  eminent  Italian  painter, 
was  born  at  Naples,  in  IC32,  died  in  1705, 

JORDEN,  Edward, an  English  physician,  and 
an  author,  died  in  1632. 

JORNANDES,  a  Goth,  author  in  the  time  of 
Justinian. 

JORTIN,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  English  divine 
and  ecclesiastical  historian,  born  in  London,  in 
1698,  died  in  1770.  His  chief  works  are,  "  Dis- 
courses concerning  the  Truth  of  the  Christian 
Religion  ;"  "  Miscellaneous  Observations  upon 
Authors,  ancient  and  modern  ;"  "  Remarks 
upon  Ecclesiastical  History,"  "  Life  of  Eras- 
mus ;"  and  "  Remarks  upon  the  works  ef  Eras- 
nms  " 


JO 

JOSEPH,  son  of  Jacob  and  Rachel,  was  the 
favourite  of  his  father.  In  Egypt  he  rose  to  be 
the  governor  of  the  country,  and  died  1636  B.  C. 

JOSEPH,  husband  of  Mary,  the  mother  of 
Jesus  Christ,  was  of  the  tribe  of  Judah,  and  of 
he  lineage  of  David. 

JOSEPH,  of  Arimathea,  a  counsellor,  and 
disciple  of  our  Saviour. 

JOSEPH  I.,  15th  emperor  of  the  house  of 
Austria,  w  as  crowned  king  of  Hungary,  in  1687, 
elected  king  of  the  Rcmians,  in  1690,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  empire  of  Germany,  in  1705 ;  he 
died  in  17U. 

JOSEPH  II.,emperorofGermany,  was  elected 
king  of  the  Romans,  in  1764.  and  crowned  em- 
peror the  following  year ;  he  was  a  benevolent 
monarch,  but  too  fond  of  innovation;  he  died 
in  1790. 

JOSEPH,  king  of  Portugal,  of  the  Braganza  fa- 
n'iiiy,ascendedthethroneinl750,anddiedinl777. 
His  reign  was  turbulent  and  unfortunate. 

JOSEPH  MEIR,  a  learned  rabbi,  was  born 
in  France,  in  1495,  and  died  in  1554. 

JOSEPH,  Ben  Gorion,  a  Jewish  historian, 
who  flourished  in  the  10th  century. 

JOSEPH,  of  Paris,  a  capuchin,  and  confidant 
of  Richelieu,  died  in  1638. 

JOSii>PH,  Father,  an  apostate  monk,  who 
raised  6000  banditti  in  1678,  to  extirpate  the  ca- 
tholic religion  in  Hungary. 

JOSEPHUS,  Flavius,  the  ancient  historian 
of  the  Jews,  born  at  Jerusalem,  A.D.  37,  died 
n  93.  His  "  History  of  the  Jewish  War  and 
the  Destruction  of  Jerusalem,"  in  7  books,  was 
composed  at  the  command  of  Vespasian,  and 
is  singularly  interesting  and  aft'ecting,  as  the 
i)istorian  was  an  eye-witness  of  all  that  he  re- 
lates. St.  Jerome  calls  him  "  the  Livy  of  the 
Greeks."  His  "Jewish  Antiquities,"  in  20 
books,  written  in  Greek,  are  a  very  noble  work: 
we  have  also  a  discourse  "  upon  the  Martyrdom 
of  the  Maccabees  ;"  which  is  a  master-piece  of 
eloquence,  for  he  vi^as  certainly  a  great  orator,  as 
well  as  a  great  historian. 

JOSHUA,  the  son  of  Nun,  anrl  successor  of 
Moses,  in  conducting  the  Israelites  to  Canaan  i 
he  died  1424  B.C. 

JOSIAH,  king  of  Judah,  641  B.  C,  died  610 
B.C. 

JOSSELYN,  John,  a  native  of  GreatBritain, 
who  came  to  America  in  1663,  and  wrote  an 
account  of  New-England,  &c.  As  a  historian 
he  is  not  esteemed  worthy  of  great  credit. 

JOUBERT,  Francis,  a  priest  of  Montpelier, 
confined  hi  the  Bastile,  for  his  attachment  to  the 
Jansenists  ;  he  died  in  1763. 

JOUBERT,  Laurence,  a  French  physician 
and  medical  writer,  born  at  Valence,  in  1520, 
died  in  1582. 

JOUBERT,BartholomewCatharine,a  French 
general  of  great  celebrity,  second  in  command 
under  Buonaparte  in  the  conquest  of  Italy,  was 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Novi,  in  1799. 

JOURDAIN,  Amable  Brechillet,  an  oriental 
scholar,  distinguished  for  his  attainments  in  the 
study  of  the  eastern  languages,  died  in  1818. 

JOUSSE,  Daniel,  a  French  lawyer,who  wrote 
some  valuable  works,  died  in  1781. 

JOUVENCY,  Joseph,  a  French  Jesuit,  pro- 
fessor of  belles-letters  at  Caen,  and  a  writer, 
died  in  1719. 

JOUVENET,  John,  a  French  painter,  whose 
pieces  are  esteemed,  died  in  1717. 

JOVIANUS,  Flavius  Claud,  a  Roman  empe- 
ror, elected  by  the  army  after  the  death  of  Jutiau 
tbe  lipostate,  in  363.  He  at  first  refused,  saying, 
263 


JU 


JU 


that  he  would  not  command  idolatrous  soldiers  ;i|Tibe'-ius.  She  was  banished  by  the  latter  for 
but,  upon  an  assurance  that  they  would  embrace  iiher  debaucheries. 

Christianity,  he  accepted  the  throne,  imraediate-  |  JULIA,  the  daughter  of  Titus  ;  her  charac- 
ly  shut  up  all  the  pagan  temples,  and  forbade  tlieirl.ter  was  infamous. 

sacrifices;  but  he  did  not  long  enjoy  the  dignity  to  1 1  JULIA  DOMNA,  the  wife  of  the  empercy 
which  his  merit  had  raised  him ;  being  suffocated  jSeverus,  was  well  skilled  in  philosophy  and  the 
la  his  bed  by  the  fames  of  a  fire  which  had  been'  sciences. 

made  to  dry  the  chamber,  in  334,  in  the 33d  year'  JULIAN,  the  Roman  emperor,  commonly 
of  his  age,  and  8th  month  of  his  reign.  j'styled  the  Apostate,  because  he  professed  Chris- 

JOVINIAN,  a  monk  of  Milan,  who  became j Inanity  before  he  ascended  the  throne;    after 


the  head  of  a  sect,  and  died  in  consequence  of 
his  debauchery,  A.  D.  406. 

JO  VIUS,  Benedictus,  brother  of  the  historian, 
Isnown  as  a  poet  and  historical  writer. 

JOVIUS,  Paul,  an  Italian  Giovio,  well  known 
by  his  histories,  was  born  at  Como,  in  Italy,  in 
1483,  and  died  in  1552. 

JOYEUSE,  Anne  de,  a  duke  and  admiral  of 


France,  and  a  favourite  of  Henry  III. ;  he  died  |!  Edward  III 


which  he  openly  embraced  paganism  and  perse- 
Icuted  the  Christians.  He  was  killed  in  battle 
363. 

{     JULIAN,  St.  archbishop  of  Toledo,  author  of 
a  work  against  the  Jews,  died  in  690. 
j    JULIANA,  a  singular  character  of  Norwich, 
I  who  in  her  zeal  for  mortification,  confined  her- 
self between  four  walls  ;  she  lived  in  the  time  of 


iD  1587. 

JOYEUSE,  Francis  de,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  an  able  minister  of  Henry  HI.  and 
IV.,  and  Lewis  XIII. ;  he  died  in  1615. 

JOYNERAVilliam,or  Lyde.an  English  writer, 
Who  embraced  popery,  and  died  in  1706. 
-  JUAN,  George,  a  Spaniard,  knight  of  Malta, 
known  as  an  able  mathematician ;  he  died  at 
Madrid,  in  1773. 

JUBA,  king  of  Mauritania,  was  driven  from 
bis  kingdom  by  Cssar,  and  destroyed  himself 
48  B.C. 

JUBA,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  carried 
prisoner  to  Rome  by  Caesar,  but  under  Augustus, 
tie  recovered  his  dominions. 

JUD  A,  Hakkadish,or  the  Saint,  a  rabbi,  cele- 
brated for  his  learning  and  riches,  who  lived  in 
the  time  of  the  emperor  Antoninus,  and  was 
the  friend  and  preceptor  of  that  prince.  He 
collected,  about  26  years  after  the  destruction  of 
the  Temple,  in  a  book  which  he  called  the 
"Misna,"  the  constitutions  and  traditions  of 
the  Jewish  magistrates  and  doctors  who  pre- 
ceded him 

JUDA,  Leo,  son  of  a  priest  of  Alsace,  was 
well  skilled  in  Hebrew,  and  died  minister  of 
Zurich,  in  1542. 

JUDA-CHING,  a  rabbi,  of  Fez,  of  the  11th 
century,  author  of  an  Arabic  dictionary  and 
other  works. 

JUD  AH,  the  fourth  son  of  Jacob  and  Leah, 
was  the  head  of  a  tribe,  and  died  in  1636  B.  C. 

JUDAS  ISCARIOT,  so  called,  from  the  place 
of  his  birth,  betrayed  his  Lord  and  Master  Je- 
sus Christ  for  30  pieces  of  silver,  and  immedi- 
ately hanged  himself. 

JUDE,^St.,  an  apostle,  and  the  author  of  an 
epistle,  was  brother  of  James  the  Less,  and  suf- 
fered martyrdom,  A.  D.  80. 

JUDEX,  Matthew,  a  learned  German,  divini- 
ty professor  at  Jena,  died  in  1564. 

JUGLARIS,  Aloysius,  an  Italian  Jesuit.  He 
wrote  100  panegyrics  on  Jesus  Christ  and  40  on 
Lewis  XIII.,  and  died  in  1653. 

JUGURTHA,  a  brave  Numidian  prince,  who 
sustained  a  war  of  five  years  against  the  power' 
of  Rome :  he  was  at  last  betrayed,  thrown  into 
a  dungeon,  and  died  of  hunger. 

JUIGNE  BROISSINIERE,  D.  Seigneur  de' 
Moliere,wrote  a  Theological  and  Histoncal  Dic-j 
tionary,  published  in  1644.  | 

JULIA,  a  virgin  and  martyrof  Carthage,  440. i 

JULIA,  daughter  of  Caesar  and  Cornelia,  a' 
Roman  lady  of  great  virtue,  and  the  wife  of, 
Pompey ;  she  died  53  B.  C. 

JULIA,  daughter  of  Augustus,  was  the  wife' 
of  Metellu3,  afterwtirds  of  Agrippa,  and  then  oft 
264 


JULIEN,  Peter,  one  of  the  best  statuaries 
that  France  ever  possessed.  His  last  work  was 
a  marble  statue  of  Poussin.  His  bathing  nymph, 
in  white  marble,  and  the  statue  of  La  Fontaine, 
are  considered  as  his  chefs  d'oeuvres.  He  dieff 
at  Paris,  in  1805,  at  an  advanced  age. 

JULIO,  Romano,  an  Italian  painter,  the 
disciple  of  Raphael,  with  whom  he  was  a  par- 
ticular favourite,  died  in  1546,  leaving  immortal 
proofs  of  his  great  abilities. 

JULIUS  I.,  pope  and  saint,  was  elected 
pope  in  337,  and  died  in  352  ;  he  was  a  man  of 
learning  and  piety. 

JULIUS  II.,  pope,  called  before  Julian  de  la 
Rovere,  equally  distinguished  for  his  warlike  ex- 
ploits and  poluical  negotiations,  was  born  at 
Arbizala,  in  1440,  and  died  in  1513.  He  built  the 
famous  chnrch  of  St.  Peter  at  Rome,  and  was  a 
generous  patron  of  the  polite  arts. 

JULIUS  III.,  John  Marie  du  Mont,  a  native 
of  Arezzo,  was  elected  pope  in  1550.  He  dis- 
solved the  council  of  Trent,  where  he  presided 
in  the  name  of  Paul  III.,  and  died  in  1556- 

JUNCKER,  Ciiristian,  an  able  medalist,  waa 
born  at  Dresden,  and  died  in  1714. 

JUNCTIN,or  GUINTINO,  Francis,an  Italian, 
and  a  Carmelite,  who  quitted  the  catholic  for 
the  protestant  religion,  and  settled  in  France, 
where  he  died  in  1580. 

JUNGERMAN,  Godfrey,  professor  of  law  at 
Leipsic,  died  in  IGIO. 

JUNGERMAN,  Lewis,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, distinguished  for  works  on  botany  and 
natural  history,  died  in  1653. 

JUNGIUS,  Joachim,  professor  of  mathema- 
tics at  Glossen,  died  in  1657. 

JUNILIUS,  a  bishop  of  Austria  in  the  6tli 
centur>'. 

JUNIUS,  Adrian,  a  learned  Dutchman,  and 
author  of  numerous  works ;  he  died  in  1575. 

JUNIUS.    See  BOYD,  Hugh. 

JUNIUS,  or  DU  JOHN,  Francis,  professor 
of  divinity  at  Leyden.  His  best  known  work 
is  a  Latin  version  of  the  Hebrew  Bible,  he  died 
in  1602. 

JUNIUS,  Francis,  or  Francois  du  John,  bora 
at  Heidelberg,  in  1589,  died  in  1677.  He  waa 
highly  distinguished  for  his  skill  and  researches 
in  the  Anglo-Saxon  and  Gothic  languages. 

JUNTA,  Thomas,  a  physician  of  Venice,  and 
an  author,  died  in  the  16th  century. 

JUNTAS.  There  were  two  of  the  name,  prin- 
ters of  celebrity,  who  had  establishments  at  Ve- 
nice, Florence,  and  Geneva.  One  of  them  died 
in  1519 ;  the  time  of  the  death  of  the  other  is 
not  known. 

JURET,  Francis  a  native  of  Dijon,  wLoss 


JU 

poetical  pieces  are  in  higli  esieem ;  he  died  ii 
16-2r.. 

.KJRIEU,  Pet^r,  a  French  protestant  divine 
sometimes  called  the  GoUah  of  the  protestants 
born  in  1G37,  died  in  1713.  His  theological  and 
polemical  writings  are  held  in  much  esteem  ; 
particnlarlj'  his  "Treatise  of  Devotion,'  and 
hJs  "  Preservative  against  Popery." 

JUEIN,  Dr.  James,  a  distinguished  person 
who  cultivated  medicine  and  mathematics  with 
equal  success.  He  was  secretary  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  London,  as  well  as  president  of  the 
Co!ioa;"e  of  Physicians  there,  and  died  in  1750. 

JUSSIELT,  "Anthony  de,  a  celebrated  French 
physician,  botanist.and  traveller,  born  at  Lyons, 
in  IGStt,  died  in  1758. 

JUSdIEU,  Bernard  de,  a  Frenchman,  emi- 
nent as  a  botanist  and  physician.;  he  died  in 
1779. 

JUSTEL,  Christopher,  counsellor  and  secre- 
tary to  the  French  king,  was  the  author  of  se- 
veral works,  and  died  in  1G4!). 

JUSTEL,  Henry,  son  and  successor  of  Chris- 
topher. On  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  he  went  to  London,  and  was  made 
keeper  of  the  king's  library  ;  he  died  in  1693. 

JOSTI,  N.  de,  a  celebrated  German  mineral- 
ogist, and  professor  of  natural  history  at  Got- 
tingen,  was  born  in  1720. 

JUSTIN,  an  ancient  Latin  historian,  who 
abridged  the  large  work  of  Trogus  Pompeius,  in 
44  books,  comprising  a  history  of  the  world 
from  Ninus  to  AugustusCa;sar,  which  is  written 
with  great  purity  and  elegance.  He  flourished 
about  A.  D.  2.50. 

JUSTIN,  surnamcd  the  Martyr,  one  of  the 
earliest  writers  of  the  Christian  church,  was 
born  at  Neapolis,  the  ancient  Sichem  of  Pales- 
tine, in  the  jirovince  of  Karaaria,  and  beheaded 
for  the  Christian  religion  uiuler  Marcus  Aure- 
lius,  A.  D.  167. 

JUSTIN  I.,  from  a  soldier,  rose  to  the  rank 
of  general,  and  was  proclaimed  emperor  of  the 
east  by  his  army,  on  the  death  of  Anastasius, 
in  oia:  he  died  A.  D.  527. 

JUSTIN  II.,  sutcesscr  of  Justinian,  in  563. 
He  was  a  weak  prince,  but  hia  wife  governed 
him  and  his  empire  with  ability  ;  he  died  in 
578. 

JUSTINIAN,  the  first  Roman  emperor  of  his 
name,  celebrated  for  having  collected  the  im- 
mense variety  and  number  of  the  Roman  laws 
into  one  body,  called  "  The  Code  ;"  to  which 
the  emperor  gave  his  own  name;  he  also  had 
the  decisions  of  judges  and  other  magistrates. 
together  with  the  authoritative  opinions  of  the 
most  eminent  lawyers,  collected  ;  and  the  name 
of  "  Digests"  or  "Pandects"  given  to  them.  Be- 
sides these,  for  the  use  chiefly  of  young  students 
in  the  law,  Justinian  ordered  4  books  of  "  In- 
stitutes" to  be  drawn  up,  containing  an  abstract 
or  abridgment  of  tlie  text  of  all  the  laws  :  and 
lastly,  the  laws  of  modern  date,  posterior  to 
that  of  the  former,  were  thrown  into  one  vol. 
in  the  year  541,  and  called  the  "Novella?,"  or 
"New  Code."  This  most  important  transac 
tion  in  the  state  has  rendered  Justinian's  name 
Immortal. 

JUSTINIAN  IT.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in 
685.  He  was  successful  against  the  Saracens, 
but  was  of  an  infamous  character,  and  was 
assassinated  in  711. 

JUSTINIANI,  St.  Lawrence,  a  noble  of  Ve- 
nice, was  made  the  first  patriarch  of  Venice,  in 
1451  ;  he  died  in  1455,  and  Myaa  canonized  by 
pope  Alexander  VIII 


KA " 

JUSTINIANI,  Bernard,  nephew  to  the  pre- 
ceding, went  ambassador  from  Venice  to  Le>y- 
is  XI.  of  France  ;  he  wrote  several  historical 
works,  and  died  in  1489. 

JUSTINIANI,  Augustin,  bishop  of  Nebo,  in 
Corsica,  was  a  learned  man,  and  professor  of 
Hebrew  at  Paris.     He  was  iost  at  sea  in  loJC. 

JUSTINIANI,  Fabio,  bishop  of  Ajaccio,  was 
an  author,  and  died  in  1627. 

JUVARA,  Philip,  a  Sicilian  architect,  who 
erected  beautiful  editices  at  Turin  ;  he  died  in 
17;i5. 

JUVENAL, Dccius  Junius,  a  Roman  poet  and 
satirist,  was  born  about  the  beginning  of  tht: 
emperor  T'laudius'  reign,  and  died  in  his  bOth 
year.  Juvenal,  as  a  poet,  improved  on  Horace 
and  Persius,  being  elegant  and  witty  with  the 
former,  and  great  and  sublime  with  ihe  laiter. 
JUVENAL,  de  Carleneas  Felix,  a  French 
writer,  highly  respected,  died  in  1760. 

JUVENCUS,  Cassius  Vectius  Aquilinus,  a 
Spaniard,  of  noble  birth,  in  the  4th  century,  and 
author  of  a  poem. 

JUXON,  William,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
was  imprisoned  by  the  parhament;  he  was  re- 
instated in  office  at  the  restoration,  and  died  in 
1863 

K 

KABBETE,  John,  an  excellent  Dutch  pain- 
ter, died  in  IGtiO. 

KAHTER,  John,  a  professor  of  Theology,  at 
Rinletz,  and  an  author,  died  in  1649. 

KAIN,  Henry  Lewis  le,  a  celebrated  French 
actor,  died  at  Paris,  in  177S. 

KALB,  baron  de,  a  native  of  Germany,  and 
a  brigadier-general  of  the  French  army.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  American  revolution, 
he  volunteered  his  services  in  the  cause  of  free- 
dom, was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major-gene^ 
ral,  and  was  for  a  time  commander  of  the  south- 
ern army.  He  was  killed  at  the  battle  ol  Cam- 
den, in  1781,  and  a  monument  was  ordered  by 
congress  to  be  erected  to  his  memory. 

KALE,  William,  a  Dutch  painter,  died  in 
1693. 

KALGREEN,  N.,  a  dramatic  writer,  of  Swe- 
den, died  in  1798. 

KALRAAT,  Barent  Van,  a  native  of  Dordf, 
eminent  as  a  painter,  died  in  1721. 

KALUBKO,  Vincent,  a  Polish  historian, 
elect  J  bisnop  of  Cracow,  dii  d  in  1223. 

KAM  HI,  emperoi  of  China  in  1661,  wag  a 
liberal  patron  ot  the  literature  and  arts  of  Eu- 
rope, and  of  Christian  missions ;  he  died  in 
1722. 

KAMPEN,  Jacob  Van,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  in  the  17th  century. 

HANDLER,  John  Joachim,  an  ingenious  ar- 
tist, of  Saxony,  died  in  1776. 

KANOLD,  John,  a  German  physician,  and 
an  author,  died  in  1739. 

KANT,  Immanuel,  an  eminent  metaphysi- 
cian, born  at  Koningsberg,  in  1724,  and  died  in 
1304. 

KASTNER,  Abraham  Gothelf,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Gottingen,  secretary  of  the  roy- 
al society,  and  keeper  of  the  observatory  at  that 
place,  died  in  1800. 

KATEB,  a  Persian  poet  at  the  court  of  the 
Saniaiiides. 

KATTERFELTO,  Dr.,  an  eccentric  sort  of 
quack  philosopher,  who  for  several  years  gulled 
the  gi:nd  iieople  of  F-i?;!and  with  the  t'Tjiibition 
of  experimenta  ia  electricity,  &c.,    »'hich  h.e- 


23 


265 


KE 

called  "  Wonderful  Wonder;"  insinuating  that 
his  practices  were  magical,  and  performed  un- 
der the  supernatural  agency  of  tiie  Black  Cat, 
his  constant  companion  on  those  occasions.  He 
is  supposed  to  have  been  a  Prussian  by  birth, 
and  died  in  Yorksiiire,  in  1799 

KALTFFMAN,  Mary  Angelica,  an  eminent 
paintress,  and  royal  academician,  in  London, 
was  born  in  1740,  died  at  Rome,  in  1807.  The 
Germans  styled  her  "  The  Paintress  of  the 
Soul ;"  and  her  mental  acquirements  and  moral 
conduct  were  no  less  distinguished  than  her  ta- 
lents as  an  artist.  She  was  at  one  time  of  her 
life  the  dupe  of  a  viliainous  artiiice,  by  which 
she  was  drawn  into  an  unfortunate  matrijnonial 
connexion 

KAUNITZ,  RITBERG,  prince,  a  celebrated 
statesman,  and  for  40  years  prime  minister  of 
Austria  ;  he  died  in  1794. 

KAY,  William,  a  native  of  Breda,  distin- 
guished as  a  historical  painter,  died  in  1568. 

KEACH,  Benjamin,  a  baptist  teacher,  and  au- 
thor of  works  of  great  merit,  died  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  18th  century. 

iCEATE,  George,  a  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  born  at  Trowbridge,  in  1729,  died  1797. 
What  will  chiefly  distinguish  him  as  a  writer 
is, "  An  Account  of  the  Pelew  Islands  "  which 
he  compiled  from  the  papers  of  captain  Wilson. 

KEATING,  Jeffry,  an  Irish  clergyman  and 
a:i  author,  died  in  1650. 

KEBLE,  Joseph,  an  eminent  English  law- 
yer, born  in  1632,  died  in  1710.  He  was  a  man 
of  incredible  industry,  having  published  several 
books  in  his  lifetime;  beside  which,  he  left 
above  100  large  folios,  and  more  than  50  thick 
quartos,  in  manuscript.  His  principal  works 
are,  "  An  Assistance  to  Justices  of  the  Peace, 
for  the  easier  Performance  of  their  Duty,"  and 
*'  Reports,"  taken  at  the  king's  bench  at  West- 
minster, from  the  12th  to  the  30th  year  of  the 
reign  of  Charles  H. 

KECKERMAN,  Bartholomew,  professor  of 
Hebrew  at  Heidelberg,  fell  a  sacrifice  to  his  in- 
tense application  to  study,  in  1609. 

KEENE,  Edmund,  an  English  bishop,  and 
vice-chancellor  of  St.  Peter's  college, Cambridge, 
died  in  1781. 

KEILL,  John,  an  eminent  mathematician 
and  philosopher,  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1671, 
died  in  1721.  His  works  are  numerous,  and  in 
high  repute. 

KEiLL,  James,  an  eminent  physician  and 
anatomist,  younger  brother  of  the  preceding, 
born  in  1673,  died  in  1719. 

KEITH,  James,  a  brave  and  experienced 
field-marshal,  in  the  king  of  Prussia's  service, 
born  in  Scotland,  in  1695,  distinguished  himself 
in  the  memorable  wars  of  that  illustrious  mo- 
narch, and  was  killed  in  the  unfortunate  affair 
cf  Hohkerchen,  in  1758. 

KEITH,  Sir  William,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Pennsylvania,  from  1717  to  1720,  and  author 
of  a  histcrv  of  Virginia  ;  he  died  in  1749^ 

KELLER,  James,  a  learned  Jesuit,  of  Sekin- 
gcn,  the  friend  of  the  emperor  Maximilian,  died 
at  Munich,  in  1631. 

KELLEY,  Edward,  a  famous  English  necro- 
mancer, was  born  in  1555.  Behaving  indis- 
creetly in  Germany,  he  was  imprisoned  by  the 
emperor  Rodolphus  II.,  by  whom  he  had  been 
knighted ;  and,  endeavouring  to  make  his  es- 
cape out  of  the  window,  so  hurt  himself  by  a 
fall,  that  he  died  soon  after,  in  1595.  His  chief 
worlis  are,  "  A  Poem  of  Chvraistry ;"  "A  Poem 
cf  the  Pliilosopher's  Stone ;"  and  "  A  true  aad 


KE 

faitliful  Relation  of  what  passed  for  many  years 
beiween  Dr.  John  Dee  and  some  Spirits,  &;c., 
London,  1659." 

KELLY,  Hugh,  born  in  Ireland,  in  1739,  was 
bound  apprentice  to  a  stay-maker.  At  the  ex- 
piration of  his  indentures  he  set  out  for  London, 
to  procure  a  livelihood  by  his  business.  This 
liatipened  in  17G0  ;  aad  he  encountered  all  the 
difficulties  which  a  person  poor  and  without 
friends  could  be  subject  to  on  his  first  arrival  in 
town.  lie  soon  after,  about  1762,  commenced 
author,  and  was  intrusted  with  the  management 
of  "  The  Public  Ledger,"  and  other  periodical 
publications,  in  which  he  wrote  many  original 
essays  and  pieces  of  poetry.  For  several  years 
after  this  period,  he  continued  writing  upon  a 
variety  of  subjects,  as  the  accidents  of  the  timea 
chanced  to  tall  for  the  assistance  of  his  pen.  In 
I7'j7,  the  "  Babler"  appeared  in  2  pocket  vols., 
which  had  at  first  been  inserted  in  "  Owen's 
Weekly  Chronicle,"  in  single  papers ;  as  did 
the  "  iMemoirs  of  a  Magdalen,"  under  the  title 
of  "  Louisa  Mikiinay."  He  died  in  1777,  leav- 
ing six  dramatic  pieces. 

KELLY,  John,  LL.  D.  a  Scotch  divine,  who 
translated  the  Bibie  into  the  Manks  tongue,  and 
published  a  grammar  of  that  language;  he  died 
iu  1809. 

KEMP,  John,  LL.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
came  to  America  soon  after  the  revolution.  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  mathematics,  and 
afterwards  of  geography,  history,  and  expert 
mental  philosophv,  in  Columbia  college,  New- 
York.     He  died  in  1812. 

KEMPIS,  Thomas,  famous  for  his  transcend- 
ant  piety  and  devotion,  was  born  at  Kenipen,  in 
the  diocess  of  Cologne,  about  1380,  and  died  in 
1471.  His  well-known  book,  "  De  Imitatione 
Christi,"  of  tlie  Iinitation  of  Jesus  Christ,  has 
been  translated  into  almost  all  the  languages  in 
the  world. 

KEN,  Thomas,  an  English  prelate,  chaplain 
to  the  king.  He  devoted  his  life  to  pious  and 
literary  pursuits,  and  died  in  1710. 

KENDAL,  George,  lost  all  his  preferments  in 
the  church  for  non-conformity,  in  16G2.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  works. 

KENNEDY,  John,  an  English  clergyman, 
author  of  Scripture  Chronology,  17.53. 

KENNEDY,  James,  regent  of  Scotland  dur- 
mg  the  minority  of  Jam&a  II.  He  was  made 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  and  died  in  1472. 

KENNEDY,  John,  a  Scotch  physician  and 
antiquary,  died  in  1760. 

KENNET,  Basil,  D.  D.,  born  at  Postling,  in 
Kent,  in  1674,  died  in  1714.  He  was  author  of 
the  "  Antiquities  of  Rome;  "The  Lives  and 
Characters  of  the  ancient  Grecian  Poets  ;"  "  An 
Exposition  of  the  Apostles'  Creed,"  &c. 

KENNEJT,  White,  an  English  prelate.  He 
was  an  eloquent  and  popular  preaclier,  and  had 
a  valuable  manuscript  collection.  He  died  in 
1728. 

KENNETH  II.,  the  69th  king  of  Scotland, 

I  ascended  the  throne  in  823.      He  brought  to 

Scone  the  famous  stone  chair  in  which  the 

kings  of  Scotland  were  crowned,  and  died  in 

854. 

KENNETH  III.,  son  of  Malcolm,  defeated 
|the  Danes,  and  also  the  English  ;  he  v/as  assassi- 
nated in  994. 

'!  KENNICOTT,  Dr.  Benjamin,  well  known 
jinthe  learned  world  for  his  elaborate  edition  of 
jithe  Hebrew  Bible,  and  other  very  valuable  pub- 
Ijlications,  was  canon  of  Christ  Church,  Oxfordr 
j  keeper  of  the  Radclifte  Library,  a:;d  vicar  of 


KE 


CulHam  in  Oxfordshire.    He  was  born  in  1718, 
and  di^d  in  1783. 
KENRICK,  Dr.  William,  was  the  son  of  a 

Btay-maker,  at  or  near  Watford,  Herts,  and 
brought  up  to  the  business  of  a  rule  maker. 
However,  he  seems  early  to  have  abandoned 
it,  and  to  have  devoted  bis  talents  to  the  culti- 
vation of  letters.  His  first  production  as  a  poet 
was  a  volume  of  "Epistles  Philosophical  andi 
Moral,"  in  1759,  addressed  to  Lorenzo;  ai!||tantiicum 
avowed  defence  of  Infidelity.  He  was  for  a 
considerable  lime  a  writer  in  "  The  Monthly 
Review."  In  the  year  1766  he  produced  his 
pleasant  comedy  of  "  Fa!staft''s  Wedding."  It 
Was  at  first  intended  to  have  been  given  to  the 
{lublic  as  an  original  play  of  Shakspcare  re- 
trieved from  obscurity  ;  and  it  tnusl  be  acknow- 
Jedged  a  most  happy  imitation  of  our  great  dra- 
matic bard.  Dr.  Keurick  also  translated  the 
Emilius"  and  "Eloisa"  of  Rousseau,  and  the 
"Elements  of  the  History  of  England,"  by 
Milot ;  produced  several  dramatic  performances; 
a  volume  of  "Poems,  ludicrous,  satirical,  and 
mora!,"  and  an  iufinite  variety  of  other  publica- 
tions both  original  and  translated,  and  died  in 
1779. 

KENT,  William,  an  English  painter,  but 
much  more  eminent  as  an  architect,  born  in 
1685,  died  in  1748.  Mr.  WalpoJe  considers  him 
as  the  inventor  of  modern  gardening. 

KENTIGERN,  or  St.  Mungo,  a  Scotchman 
and  bishop  of  Glasgow,  in  the  6th  century. 

KEN  YON,  Lloyd,  lord,  an  English  judge, 
bom  in  1733.  In  1782,  he  was  made  attorney- 
general  ;  in  1684,  master  of  the  rolls ;  and  in 
1788,  lord  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench, 
which  office  he  filled  with  distinguished  integri- 
ty. His  lordship  possessed  an  uncommon  strength 
of  mind,  and  an  intuitiveness  of  perception, 
wliicli  enabled  him  at  once  to  discern  the  direct 
path  of  justice,  however  attempted  to  be  con- 
cealed by  legal  chicanery,  and  subtleties  of 
practice.  To  his  exertions,  England  is  indebted 
for  much  of  that  reform  which  has  been  intro- 
duced into  the  practice  of  the  law,  and  particu- 
larly with  regard  to  attorneys,  whose  misconduct 
never  faijed  to  meet  Ins  just  resentment  and  in- 
dignation. His  endeavours  on  the  Bench,  were 
uniformly  directed  to  the  promotion  of  every 
moral  and  religious  duty,  to  the  discouragement 
of  vice,  and  to  the  exposure  of  those  false  prin 
ciples  of  honour,  the  baneful  effects  of  which 
we  have  too  often  reason  to  contemplate.  lie 
died  at  Bath,  in  1802. 

KEPLER,  John,  a  celebrated  German  astro- 
nomer, and  author  of  many  valuable  discoveries 
in  that  science,  born  in  1571,  died  in  1630. 

KEPPEL,  Rt.  Hon.  Augustus  viscount,  son  of 
William,  earl  of  Albemarle,  greatly  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  the  naval  service  of  his  country. 
■  He  was  created  a  peer  o  Great  Britain,  by  the 
title  of  visco\int  Kepple,  and  was,  at  two  differ- 
ent periods,  first  lord  of  the  admiralty.  Re- 
specting his  services  during  the  American  war, 
while  he  commanded  the  channel  fleet,  we  must 
refer  to  historv  for  the  detail.     He  died  in  1786. 

KERCKCHOEE,  Joseph  Van  der,  a  painter 
of  Brussels,  of  some  note,  died  in  1724. 

KERCKRING,  Thomas,  a  physician,  obtain- 
ed celebrity  in  his  profession,  and  died  at  Ham- 
burgh in  1093. 

KERGUELIN  DE  TREMARA,  Yves  Joseph 
a  distinguished  French  naval  commander,  died 
in  179^ 

KERI,  Francis  Borgia,  a  learned  Jesuit,  of  ji 


Hungary,  and  an  author,  died  in  1' 


Kl 

KERKHERDERE,  John  Gerard,  historio- 
grapher to  the  emperor  Joseph  I.  died  in  1738. 

KERSAINT,  Armand  Guy  Simon,  count  of, 
a  French  naval  officer  of  merit.  He  belonged 
to  the  party  of  Girondists  in  the  convention,  and 
wp.H  condemned  .*•  die  in  1793. 

KERSEY,  Joim,  a  mathematician,  born  in 
IG16,  died  about  ITCO.  He  published  "Elements 
of  Algebra,"  and  "  Dictionarium  Anglo  Bri- 
Itantiicuni  :  or  a  General  Englis-h  Dictionary." 

KERVILLARS,John  Marin  de,  a  Jesuit,  who 
tran:<lated  Ovid  into  French  ;  he  died  in  1765. 

KESSEL,  John  Van,  a  Dutch  painter  of  em- 
inence in  the  17th  century. 

KETEL,  Cornelui!?,  a  Dutch  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  who  resided  sometime  m  Eng- 
land, and  being  introduced  to  queen  Ehzabetli, 
painted  her  a  picture.  After  his  return  to  Hol- 
land, he  laid  aside  his  pencil,  and  painted  with 
his  fingers.    He  died  1602. 

KETT,  William,  a  tanner,  of  Norfolk,  who 
headed  an  insurrection  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
III.  ;  he  was  defeated  and  executed  in  1549. 

KETTLEWELL,  John,  an  eminently  learn- 
ed and  pious  English  divine,  born  in  1653,  and 
died  in  1695.  His  most  celebrated  work,  entitled 
"  Measures  of  Christian  Obedience,"  has  gain- 
ed him  a  lasting  reputation. 

KEULEN,  Janssen  Van,  a  Dutch  portrait 
painter,  and  favourite  of  Charles  I.,  died  in  1665. 

KEYSLER,  John  George,a  learned  antiquary, 
of  Germany,  born  in  1(189,  died  in  J743.  He  was 
author  of  several  learned  works ;  but  is  most 
generally  known  by  a  "  Dissertation  on  the  con- 
secrated Mistletoe  of  the  Druids  ;  and  by  "  Tra- 
vels through  Germany,  Bohemia,  Hungary. 
Switzerland,  Italy,  and  Lorraine,"  illustrated 
with  copper-plates  engraven  from  drawings  ta- 
ken on  the  spot. 

KHERASKOF,Michael,  a  Russian  pcet  of  the 
18ih  century,  and  counsellor  of  state. 

KHiLiiOF,  Prince,  a  Russian  nobleman,  am- 
bassador to  Charles  XII.,  of  Sweden  ;  he  was 
imprisoned  by  that  monarch,  and  died  in  1798. 

KICK,  Cornelius,  a  painter,  of  Amsterdam,  of 
gre.1t  merit,  died  in  1695. 

KIDDER,  Dr.  Richard,  bishop  of  Eath  and 
Wells,  author  of  "  A  Commentary  on  the  five 
books  of  7»Ioscs  ;  with  a  dissertation  concerning 
the  writer  of  the  said  books  ;  and  a  general  ar- 
gument to  each  of  them."  He  was  a  very  clear, 
elogart,  learned  writer,  and  cneof  the  best  di- 
vines of  his  lime  ;  and  was  unfortunately  killed 
in  his  bed,  together  with  bis  wife,  by  the  fall  of 
a  stack  of  chimneys,  in  1703. 

KIEN-LONG,  emperor  of  China,  died  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  18th  century,  after  reigning  CO 
years.  He  was  a  popular  and  benevolent  mon- 
arch. 

KIERINGS,  Alexander,  a  Dutch  painter  of 
eminence,  died  in  1G46. 

KILBURN,  Richard,  an  English  author  of 
the  17th  century. 

KILBYE,  Richard,  Hebrew  professor  at  Ox- 
ford, and  one  of  the  translators  of  the  bible,  died 
in  1620. 

KILBYE,  Richard,  a  minister  of  England, 
who  wrote  "  Binder  of  a  loaded  Conscience," 
died  in  1617. 

KILI.AN,  Cornelius,  a  native  of  Brabant,  for 
150  years  corrector  of  the  press;  he  died  inlCO? 

KILLEN,  William,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Delaware,  chief  Justice  of  tlie  supreme  court, 
and  chancellor  of  that  state;  he  died  in  1805. 

KILLIGREW,  f  atlierine,   an  English  lady 


■had  a  great  knowledge  of  the  learned    ]sa\ 
g67 


^KI 

guages,  and  wrote  elegant  Latin  poen;s;  sh< 
died  in  1600. 

KILLIGREW,  Sir  William,  anEnglish  drama 
tic  poet  born  at  Hanworlh,  in  1605,  died  in  1693 

KILLIGREW,  Thomas,  brother  of  tiie  former, 
born  in  1611,  and  disiinguisJftd  by  uncommon 
natural  parts,  was  page  of  honour  to  Charles  I., 
and  groom  of  the  bedchamber  to  Charles  II., 
with  whom  he  had  suftered  many  years'  exile 
During  his  absence  from  his  country,  he  applied 
liis  leisure  hours  to  poetry,  and  wrote  11  plays. 
He  died  in  1682,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey.  Killigrew  was  a  man  of  very  droll  hu- 
mour, with  which  he  used  to  divert  the  merry 
monarch,  Charles  II.,  who  on  that  account,was 
fonder  of  him  than  of  his  best  ministers,  and 
would  give  him  access  to  his  presence  when  he 
denied  it  to  them. 

KILLIGREW,  Dr.  Henry,  brother  of  the 
former,  born  in  1612  His  writings  were  on  op 
psite  themes  of  theology  and  the  drama ;  that 
is,  sermons  and  plays. 

KILLIGREW,  Anne,  "  a  grace  for  beauty, 
and  a  muse  for  wit,"  was  the  daughter  of  Hen- 
ry Killigrew,  and  born  in  London,  a  little  before 
the  Restoration.  She  became  eminent  in  the 
arts  of  poetry  and  painting,  and  died  in  1685. 

KILLIGREW,  Margaret,  wife  of  the  duke 
of  Kewcastle,  and  author  of  13  folio  volumes ; 
she  died  in  1673. 

KJL WARDEN,  Arthur  Wolfe,  lord,  an  Irish 
judge,  of  great  virtue  and  impartiality  in  public 
life,  was  killed  by  a  mob  in  the  streets  of  Dublin, 
in  1803. 

KIMBER,  Isaac,  a  learned  protestant  dissent- 
ing minister,  born  in  1692,  died  in  London,  in 
1755.  This  gentleman  was  the  author  of  many 
literary  productions,  highly  esteemed  for  purity 
of  style  and  impartiality ;  among  which  were 
"The  Life  of  Oliver  Cromwell,"  "The  Life 
of  Bishop  Beveridge;"  a  "  History  of  England," 
in  which  he  was  concerned  with  Messrs.  Bai 
ly,  Hodges,  and  Kidpath  "  The  Reign  of  George 
II."  "History  of  England,"  esteemed  one  of 
the  best  abridgments  of  the  English  history 
extant.  In  1731,  he  was  engaged  as  editor  of 
"  The  London  Magazine,"  which  he  conducted 
with  credit  to  himself,  and  advantage  to  the 
proprietors,  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which  was 
occasioned  by  a  fit  of  apoplexy. 

KIMBER,  Edward,  son  of  the  preceding,  born 
in  1719,  died  in  1769.  He  served  an  apprentice- 
ship to  Mr.  John  Noon,  bookseller,  in  Cheapside ; 
but  his  active  genius  led  him  early  in  life  to 
prefer  a  military  occupation  under  the  late  gen- 
eral Oglethorpe,  from  whom  he  received  an 
ensigncy,  was  with  him  at  settling  the  then 
itifant  colony  of  Georgia,  and  signalized  him- 
.self  in  an  expedition  to  the  gatesof  St.  Augustine, 
in  Florida;  "  A  Relation  or  Journal,"  of  which, 
jvrinted  in  1744,  was  the  first  production  of  his 
pen.  Upon  quilting  the  army  he  succeeded  his 
father  as  editor  of  "The  London  Magazine," 
which  flourished  to  the  time  of  his  death,  and 
then  gradually  declined  till  it  was  entirely 
dropped,  in  1785.  In  1750,  he  published  "A 
Letter  from  a  Citizen  of  London  to  his  Fellow- 
citizens,  &c.,  occasioned  by  the  late  Earth- 
quakes ;"  and  soon  after,  "  The  Life  and  Ad- 
ventures of  Joe  Thompson,"  2  vols.,  and  several 
other  novels,  of  considerable  merit.  Ke  also 
compiled,  "The  Peeragescf  England,  Scotland, 
and  Ireland,"  contrived  for  the  pocket,  and  a 
"  History  of  England,"   in  19  vols,  with  plates. 

KJ.MCHI,  David,  a  Jewish  rabbi  and  com- 
menlator  in  the  IStij  cenlurv.     Izi  1232.  he  was 
«68 


KI 

appointed  to  arbitrate  the  differences  between 
the  French  and  Spanish  synagogues  concerning 
the  books  of  Maimonides.  His  "  Hebrew  Gram- 
mar" was  printed  at  Venice,  in  1545;  and  his 
''  Talmudical  Dictionary"  in  1506.  His  "  Com- 
mentaries on  the  Psalms,  Prophets,  and  other 
books  of  Scripture,"  are  very  valuable. 

KINASTON,  Francis,  an  Englishman,  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  and  an  author,  died  in  1642. 

KING,  John,  bishop  of  London,  born  in  1559, 
died  in  1621.  James  I.  used  to  style  him  "  the 
king  of  preachers  ;"  and  lord  chief  justice  Coke 
often  declared  that  "  he  was  the  best  speaker 
of  the  star-chamber  in  his  time." 

KING,  Henry,  bishop  of  Chichester,  son  of 
the  preceding,  and  an  elegant  poet.  He  turned 
the  Psalms  into  verse,  and  published  "  Poems, 
Elegies,  Paradoxes,  and  Sonnets."  Ke  was 
horn  in  1591,  and  died  in  1669. 

KING,  John,  second  son  of  the  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, and  an  author,  died  in  1639. 

KING,  Edward,  fellow  of  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1633.  He  was  unfortunately 
drowned  in  1637,  in  his  passage  from  Chester, 
in  the  Irish  sea ;  a  circumstance  %vhich  gave 
birth  to  the  admirable  "Lycidas"  of  Milton, 
who  says  of  him,  that 

"  He  knew 

Himself  to  sing,  and  build  the  lofty  rhyme." 

KING,  Dr.  William,  an  ingenious  and  hu 
mourous  English  writer,  born  in  London,  in 
1663,  died  in  1712.  His  poetical  and  political 
works  are  numerous  ;  but  his  most  useful  book 
is  "  A  Historical  Account  of  the  Heathen  Gods 
and  Heroes,  necessary  for  the  understanding  of 
the  ancient  Poets." 

KING,  Dr.  WiUiam,  archbishop  of  Dublin, 
born  in  1650,  wrote  a  celebrated  treatise,  '•  De 
Origine  Mali,"  on  the  Origin  of  Evil ;  wherein 
he  undertook  to  show  how  all  the  several  kinds 
of  evil  with  which  the  world  abounds  are  con- 
sistent with  the  goodness  of  God,  and  may  be 
accounted  for  without  the  supposition  of  an  evil 
principal.    He  died  in  1729. 

KING,  Peter,  chancellor  of  England,  and  fa- 
mous for  his  ecclesiastical  learning,  as  well  as 
his  knowledge  in  the  law,  was  born  in  1669,  and 
died  in  1734. 

KING,  Dr.  William,  principal  of  St.  Maiy 
Hall,  Oxford,  and  an  ingenious  theological  and 
political  writer,  born  in  1685,  died  in  1763. 

KING,  Sir  Edmund,  a  surgeon  and  chymist, 
esteemed  by  Charles  II.,  whom  he  attended  in 
his  last  illness. 

KING,  John  Glen,  D.  D.,  F.  R.  and  A.  S.  S., 
author  of  "  The  Rites  and  Ceremonies  of  the 
Greek  Church  in  Russia,"  &c.,died  in  1787. 

KING,  Edward,  F.  R.  and  A.  S.  S.,  an  emi- 
nent English  antiquary,  poet,  and  biblical  critic, 
author  of  "Morsels  of  Criticism,"  and  other 
works,  born  in  1735,  died  in  London,  in  1807. 

KING,  Thomas,  a  very  eminent  comedian, 
who  continued  42  years  an  ornament  of  the 
English  stage,  was  born  in  London,  in  1730,  and 
first  appeared  at  Drury-lane  Theatre,  in  1748. 
His  first  essays  being  passed  over  without  notice, 
he  repaired  to  Bath,  and  afterwards  to  Ireland, 
where  he  rapidly  accomplished  himself  in  his 
profession.  He  was  recalled  to  Drurj'-lane  stage 
in  the  year  1749,  when  he  was  received  as  one 
of  the  first  comic  performers  of  the  day.  Foi 
forty  years,  he  was  constantly  before  the  public ; 
and  those  wiio  recollect  his  Lord  Ogleby,  Sir 
Peter  Teazle,  Tom,  Brass,  ar>d  Lissardo,  nnist 
1*  latiicr  fusUdious  iu  ti.ei:  recopuyu  ol'  aiiV 


Kl 


KL 


successor  in  lliose  parts,  finally  quitted  the  stage  I'lord  Bute,  he  became  clerk  of  the  works  atKev 


in  1801.  Ill  private  life,  he  was  full  of  whim 
anecdote,  and  pleasantry  ;  and  his  general  con 
duct  bore,  even  on  the  most  trying  occasions, 
the  stamp  of  the  strictest  integrity.  His  acting 
was  characterised  by  a  union  of  chasteness  with 
vigour,  vvnich  always  produced  the  most  ad- 
mirable effect.     Mr.  King  died  in  1805. 

KING,  liJdward,  an  eminent  and  learned  Eng- 
lish antiquarian,  and  fellow  of  the  Royal  Soci- 
ety, &c  ;  he  died  in  1807. 

KliVSEY,  James,  LL.  D.,  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  New- Jersey,  in  1774,  and  afterwards 
chief  justice  of  that  slate  ;  he  died  in  1802. 

KIPPINGTDS,  Henry,  a  sub-rector  of  Bremen 
LTniver-sity,  and  an  author,  died  in  1678. 

KIPPIS,  Dr.  Andrew,  a  very  celebrated  Eng- 
lish bioicrapher,  being  the  principal  author  and 
conductor  of  the  second  edition  of  the  "  Bio- 
graphia  Britanuica,"  was  born  in  1725.  His 
father,  a  respectable  tradesman,  dying  in  the 
year  17.?0,  he  went  to  reside  with  his  grand- 
father, Andrew  Kippis,  of  Seaford,  in  Lincoln- 
shire, and  received  his  classical  education  at 
the  grammar  school  in  that  town.  In  1741,  he 
removed  to  Northampton,  and  commenced  his 
academical  studies  under  Dr.  Doddridge.  After 
a  residence  of  five  years  at  tlie  academy,  he  was 
Invited  by  several  congregations  to  become  their 
minister,  but  gave  the  preference  to  an  invita- 
tion from  Boston  and  Lincolnshire,  where  he 
went  to  reside  in  September,  1746.  Here  he 
continued  four  years ;  and  in  November,  1750, 
accepted  the  pastoral  charge  of  a  congregation 
at  Dorking,  in  Surrey.  The  congregation  meet- 
ing in  Princes-street,  Westminster,  having  been 
without  a  minister  about  two  years,  he  was 
chosen,  in  June,  1753,  to  succeed  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Obadiah  Hughes.  In  September  following,  he 
married,  at  Boston,  Miss  Elizabeth  Bott ;  and 
in  the  month  of  October  fixed  his  residence  in 
Westminster.  In  Juno,  17G7,  he  received  the 
degree  of  D.  D.  from  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh, on  the  unsolicited  recommendation  of  the 
late  learned  professor  Robertson.  The  interests 
of  literature,  science,  and  religion,  have  re- 
ceived from  the  exertion  of  his  talents  as  a 
writer  the  most  essential  advantages.  His  first 
efforts  in  literature  were  made  in  the  "  Gentle- 
man's Magazine  ;"  a  periodical  publication  cal- 
led the  "  Library;"  and  the  "  Monthly  Review:" 
to  each  of  which  he  contributed  many  impor- 
tant articles,  especially  in  the  historical  and 
pliilological  departments  of  the  last.  His  im- 
proved edition  of  Dr  Doddridge's  Lectures  is  a 
work  of  great  value;  and  -'The  History  of 
Knowledge,  Learning,  and  Taste,  in  Great  Bri- 
tain," prefi-iced  to  the  New  A.nnual  Register, 
merits,  and  has  received,  the  approbation  of  the 
public.  He  published,  at  different  times,  several 
single  sermons  entitled  to  very  high  praise.  The 
greater  part  of  these  he  republished,  with  other 
praciical  discourses,  in  the  year  1794 ;  but  tiie 
work  which,  next  to  the  studies  immediately 
connected  with  his  olfice  as  a  Christian  minister, 
engaged  his  principal  attention,  and  by  which 
he  will  ever  be  distinguished,  is  the  "  Biogra- 
phia  Britannica."  This  great  national  publi 
cation  has  given  him  a  high  rank  among  the 
literati  of  his  country,  and  will  carry  down  his 
name  v/ith  distinguished  reputation  to  posterity. 
This  great  and  good  man  d'ed  in  1795. 

KIRBY,  John  J  ishua,  an  artist,  born  in  171G, 
was  originally  a  house  painter  at  Ipswich.  In 
J754  he  published  Dr.  Brook  Taylor's  "  Method 
of  Perspectivf*  roade  ei-sy."    By  the  favour  of 


2S* 


and  iu  1781  published,  at  the  king's  expense, 
"The  Perspective  of  Architecture."  Mr.  Kirby 
was  a  member  of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian 
Societies,  and  died  iu  1774. 

KIRBY,  Ephraim,  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
was  the  first  reporter  of  law  cases  and  decisions, 
in  the  United  States.  He  was  afterwards  a 
judge  of  the  district  court  of  the  U.  S.  at  New- 
Orleans,  and  died  in  1804. 

KIRCH,  Mary  Margaret,  a  native  of  Leipsic. 
She  was  much  attached  to  astronomical  studies, 
and  in  1702,  discovered  a  comet,  on  which  she 
published  observations  ;  she  died  in  172t). 

KERCHER,  Atiianasius,  a  famous  German 
philosopher,  and  mathematician,  bom  in  1601, 
died  in  .1630,  after  having  published  22  vols,  in 
folio,  11  in  4to.,  and  3  in  8vo.  His  works  are 
rather  curious  than  useful,  savouruig  much  of 
vision  and  fancv. 

KIRCHER,  Conrad,  of  Augsburg,  known  for 
his  Greek  concordance  of  tlie  Oid  Testament, 
in  1602. 

KIRCHMAN,  a  learned  German,  died  at  Lu- 
beck,  in  1643. 

KIRCHMAN,  N.,  an  eminent  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Petersburg,  was  unfortunately 
killed  while  making  experiments  on  electricity, 
in  1758 

KIRCHMAYER,  John  Gasper,  professor  of 
logic,  at  Wittemberg.  He  was  a  learned  man, 
published  valuable  commentaries,  and  died  i» 
1700. 

KIRK,  Colonel,  an  English  officer  in  the 
service  of  James  II.,  who  distinguished  himself 
by  his  cruelty. 

KIRKLAND,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  writer  on  surgery,  borii  in  1721,  died 
in  1798. 

KIRKL.AND,  Samuel,  a  missionary  among 
the  Seneca  Indians  for  10  vears ;  he  died  at 
Paris,  New-York,  in  1808. 

KIRSTENIUS,  Peter,  a  German  physician, 
author  of  an  "  Arabic  Grammar,,"  and  of  se 
veral  other  works  in  Arabic,  born  in  1.177,  died 
in  1640.  It  is  observed  in  his  epitaph,  that  he 
understood  26  languages. 

KIRSTENIUS,  George,  a  native  of  Stettin, 
eminent  as  a  botanist,  died  in  1660. 

KIRWAN,  William,  dean  of  Killala,  a  dis- 
tinguished ornament  of  the  church,  was  origi- 
nally a  Romish  priest ;  but  became  a  zealous 
adher.  nt  and  powerful  «"pporter  of  the  pro- 
testant  faith.  He  was  certainly  one  of  the  most 
popular  orators  that  ever  appeared  in  the  pulpit, 
and  no  man  ever  made  a  more  powerful  impres- 
sion on  his  audience.  He  was  at  all  times  ready 
to  exert  his  great  powers  in  forwarding  the  ob- 
jcct-s  of  benevolence  ;  many  of  them  owe  ex- 
istence and  prosperity  to  his  unparalleled  exer- 
tions. He  was  born  about  1754,  and  died  near 
Dublin,  in  1805. 

KLAPROTH,  Martin  Henry  Von,  professor 
of  chymistry  at  Berlin,  and  an  eminent  writer 
on  that  science,  died  in  1817. 

KLEBER,  I.  B.,  a  famous  general  in  the 
French  revolutionary  army,  was  born  at  Stras- 
burg,  in  1750.  He  accompanied  Buonaparte 
to  Egj'pt,  and  was  by  him  left  to  command 
there  on  his  departure.  Kleber  afterwards 
captured  Cairo,  and,  formed  an  alliance  with 
Murat  Bey.  In  1800  he  was  assassinated  by  an 
Arab. 

KLETST,  Ewald  Christian  de,  disUnguiehert 
as  an  officer  in  the  PrusFian  service,  and  as  a 
Doet.    He  was  killed  in  bartle,  in  1753. 


^m 


K.LINGSTADT,  a  painter,  bora  at  Riga, 
v.lio^e  pieces  were  exquisitely  finished  ;  he  died 
ill  nJ4. 

KLOCKER,  David,  a  painter,  liberally  patro- 
nised by  the  king  of  Sweden,  died  in  1C98. 

KLUPSTOCK,  Frederick  Tlieopliilus,  a  very 
celebrated  German  poet,born  in  17-24,diedin  1803. 
His  "  Mesoiab,"  by  which  Ins  name  is  chiefly 
inimortalized,  was  published  at  Halle,  iu  1751. 
He  was  likewise  author  "f  three  tragedies, 
called  "The  Death  of  Adam;"  "  Sciomon  ;" 
and  ■  David."  His  funeral  was  conducted  with 
extraordinary  pomp  ;  being  attended  by  the  sen- 
ate of  Hamburgh,  the  diploinatic  buiiy,  the  cler- 
gy, men  of  letters,  and  merchants.,  i-i  a  proces- 
sion of  7G  coaches:  at  Altona,  it  was  joined  by 
50  more  carriages  to  the  village  of  Ottensen, 
where  he  was  buried  with  all  the  most  honour- 
able ceremonies  that  could  be  devised. 

KN'APTON,  George,  a  portrait  painter,  and 
keeper  of  the  king's  pictures,  died  in  1778. 

KNELLER,  Sir  Godfrey,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  LubeCjabout  1648.  His  great  patron  in 
England  was  Charle?  II. ;  but  after  the  dcatii  of 
that  monarch,  he  was  well  received  by  king! 
.latnes  and  his  queen,  and  constantly  employed 
by  them  until  the  Revolution.  It  is  very  rc- 
inarkble  of  this  painter  that  he  had  the  honour 
to  draw  10  crowned  h<-ad3  ;  4  king:,  of  England 
and  three  queens  ;  ihecxar  of  Muscovy  ;  Cliarlesj  " 

II.,  king  of  Spain,  afterwards  enjperor,  when  hej'cation  ;"  "  Winter  Evenings ,"  "^ Personal  No- 
wa«:  in  Engiand  ;  and  the  French  king,  Levt'isi  bility  ;"  ''•  Christian  Philosophy  ;"'•  St  rmons; 


KG ^ 

Jike  Luther,  one  of  those  extraordinary  persons, 
of  whom  few,  if  any,  are  observed  to.-peak  with 
fsuflicient  temper ;  all  is  either  extra\  agant  en- 
jcornium  or  senseless  invective.  Afcer  liis  death, 
came  out  a  "  Hisiory  of  the  Reformation  with- 
in the  realm  of  Scotland,"  Sec,  to  which  are  sub- 
joined all  his  other  works. 

KNOX,  John,  many  years  a  bookseller  of 
eminence  in  London,  who  devoted  the  for- 
tune he  acquired  in  this  business  to  the  im- 
provement of  his  comitry,  in  the  planning  a 
herring  fishery,  and  the  settlement  of  new 
towns  on  the  north  east  of  Scotland.  He  visit- 
ed and  explored  that  kingdom  16  times  in  23 
years,  begi'ining  in  1754  ;  and.  in  two  volumes, 
eave  a  systematic  view  of  Scotland  in  general ; 
he  died  in  1790. 

KNOX,  Vicesimus,  D.  D.,  a  learned  divine 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  born  in  1752.  At  the 
death  of  his  father,  he  was  elected,  in  his  rnom, 
master  of  Tunbridge  school,  where  he  presided 
33  years;  retiring  from  it  in  1812,  aiid  being 
himself  succeeded  by  his  son,  the  present  m;ii- 
ter.  The  duties  of  a  parish  priest  he  discharg- 
ed for  nearly  forty  years,  with  a  zeal  and  abili- 
ty perhaps  "never  surpassed;  scatcely,  during 
that  long  period,  requiring  any  assistance  in  the 
performance  of  the  church  service.  He  died  at 
his    son's,  in  ISC'l.     His  principal  works  are, 

Essays,  Moral  and  Literary;"  "•Liberal  Edn- 


XiV. ;  besides  several  eh'ctors  and  princes.  He 
was  genUcman  of  the  privy  chamber  to  king] 
William,  to  queen  Anne,  and  to  George  I.  ;  and  j 
was,  in  several  reigns,  a  deputy-lieutenant  of  j 
the  county  of  Middlesex,  and  in  the  commission' 
of  the  peace  for  that  and  other  counties.  He  I 
died  in  17il. 

KNIGHT,  Dr  Samuel,  archdeacon  of  Berks, 
and  author  of  "  Lives  of  Erasmus  and  Dean 
C.iiPt,"  died  in  1746. 

KNOLLE.S,  Sir  Robert,  a  very  eminent  gene- 
ral, who  rose  by  degrees  from  the  rank  of  a  pri- 
vate, and  with  30,(K)0  men  in  the  wars  of  Ed- 
ward III.,  marched  to  the  gates  of  Paris  Re- 
turning home,  laden  with  wealtii  and  honouis, 
lie  founded  Rochester  bridge. 

KNOLLES,  Richard,  author  of  "  The  Gene- 
ral History  of  the  Turks,  from  the  beginning  of 
that  Nation  to  the  rising  of  the  Ottoman  fami- 
ly," &c.,  which  has  immortalized  his  name.  He| 
died  in  1610,  leaving  behind  ijim  the  character  of 
a  judiciou-^,  learned,  and  worthy  man. 

KNOLLIS,  Francis,  an  English  statesman, 
distinguished  tor  his  zaal  in  the  cause  of  refor- 
mation. He  was  one  of  the  commissioners  at 
the  trial  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  and  died  in 
I.JDO. 

KNORR  VON  ROSENROT,  Christian,  a 
learned  German,  died  in  1689 

KNOTT,  Edward,  an  English  Jesuit,  was  pro- 
fe.<sor  in  the'English  college  at  Rome  ;  he  died 
in  1655-6. 

KXDWLER,  William,  an  English  divine 
and  translator  of  Chrysosioin's  Comment,  died 
in  1767. 

KNOWLES,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  an 
able  divine,  and  an  author,  died  in  1802. 

KNOWLTON,  Thomas,  an  English  bota- 
nist, died  in  1782. 

KNOX,  .John,  an  eminent  Scottish  minister, 
a  chief  instrument  and  promoter  of  the  reforraa- 1 
tion  in  that  Lountry.  and  a  steady  and  undar.  it-i 
'•d  patriot  in  I'he  worst  of  times,  born  inJj05.  j 
*-iddied  in  1572.  As  to  his  character,  he  was,! 
270 


Elegant  Extracts;"  "Elegant  Epistles," 
"  Domestic  Divinity,"  &,c. 

KNOX,  Hugh,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  congrega- 
tional clergyman  at  the  island  of  St.  Croix, 
where  he  died  after  a  long  and  useful  life,  at 
a  very  advanced  age. 

KNOX,  Henry,  a  distinguished  officer  of  the 
revolution,  was  commander  of  the  artillery  un- 
til the  capture  of  CornwallLs,  after  which  he 
was  made  a  major  general  in  the  army.  He  was 
afterwards  secretary  at  war,  under  Washing- 
ton, and  died  in  1810. 

KNUPPER,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Leipsic, 
eminent  as  a  painter,  died  in  16<;0. 

KNUZEN,  Matthias,  a  celebrated  atheist, 
.born  in  Holstein,  about  1650.  He  was  the  only 
'person  on  record  who  openly  taught  ailicism; 
and  he  undertook  long  journeys  on  purpose  to 
make  proselytes.  His  follov/ers,  were  called 
conscienciaries.bccause  they  asserted  that  there 
was  no  other  god,  no  other  religion,  no  other 
lawful  magistracy,  than  conscience. 

KNUZEN,  Martin,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Koningsbers,  died  in  1751. 

KNYGHTON,  Henry,  author  of  a  chronicle 
of  theEnslish  history,  and  of  the  deposition  of 
Richard  III. 

KOECEGER,  Winceslans,  a  native  of  Ant 
werp,  and  eminerit  as  a  painter,  died  in  1604. 

KOEMPFER,  Engelbert,  an  eminent  German, 
botanical  writer,  and  author  of  a  "  History 
of  Japan,"  horn  in  1651,  died  in  1716. 

KOENIG,  Daniel,  a  Swiss,  who  translated 
into  Latin,  Arbuthnot's  Tables  of  Ancient 
Coins,  published  in  1750. 

KOENIG,  Samuel,  profesFor  of  piiilosophy 
and  natural  law  at  Franoker,  and  librarian 
to  the  stadtho'der,  and  the  princess  of  Orange. 
He  was  author  of  several  works ;  and  died 
in  1757,  with  the  character  of  being  one  of  the 
best  mathemaiicians  of  the  age. 

KOENIG,  George  Matthias,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, born  in  IfilH,  died  in  1699.  He  was  well 
veised  intheUlles  lettres,  in  divinity,  and  in 


KO 

the  oriental  languages,  and  gave  several  public 
bpecimens  ot"  liis  learning ;  but  is  principally 
known  by  a  work  entitled  "  BiblioCheca  vetns 
et  nova,"  4to.  This  is  a  biographical  diction- 
ary, wiiich  has  been  very  useful  to  other  biogra- 
pliers. 

IvOERTON,  Joaana,  anativoof  Amsteidam, 
celebrated  for  ingenuity  and  taste  in  embroidery, 
dravvin<;,  and  water  colours  ;  she  died  in  1715. 

KOETS,  Uoelof,  a  German  painter.  It  is 
eaid  his  portraits  amounted  to  5000,  and  all  of 
them  superior.     He  died  in  1725. 

KOLLOCK,  Henry,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  pres- 
byterian  clergyman,' professor  of  theology  in 
Princeton  college,  New- Jersey,  afterwards  pas 
for  of  a  church  in  Bavannah,  Georgia,  died  in 
IdiO. 

KONIG,  George  Matthias,  a  learned  German, 
professor  of  poetry  and  of  Greek,  at  Altdorf. 
If  0  was  an  able  scholar,  and  died  in  1G99. 

KONIG,  Emanaei,  a  p'lysician,  of  Basil,  pub- 
lished various  works,  and  died  in  1731. 

KORNMANN,  Henry,  a  German  lawyer  and 
author,  in  the  beginning  of  ihe  17th  century. 

KORTdOLT,  Christian,  professor  of  divini- 
ty at  Keil,  died  in  1694. 

KORTHOLT,  Christian,  grand>;on  of  (he 
preceding,  and  professor  of  theology  at  Gottin- 
gen,  oubiisued  Leibnitz's  Latin  letters,  and  died 
in  17i>l. 

KOSCIUSKO,  Thaddous,  a  famous  Polish 
general,  was  bred  at  Warsaw,  and  served  in 
the  American  war  as  aid-de-camp  to  general 
Washington.  He  aflerv/ards  headed  the  Poles 
in  their  resistance  to  Russian  oppression,  but  in 
vaiu  ;  he  was  severely  wounded  and  rnade  pri- 
saner  by  the  Russians,  who,  however,  treated 
liim  with  great  respect,  and  the  emperor  Paul 
gave  him  an  estate.  He  died  in  Switzerland, 
in  1817. 

KO  rTER,  Christopher,  a  fanatic,  who  lived 
at  Sp roltovv  ;  he  died  in  1047. 

KOTTERUS,  Christopher,  a  tanner,  of  Sile- 
sia, and  o;ie  of  the  three  fanatics  whose  visions 
were  published  at  Amsterdam  in  16.57,  with  the 
following  title,  "  Lux  in  Tenebris."  He  died 
in  li'4T. 

KOTZEBUE,  Augustus  Von,  born  at  Wei- 
mar, in  17(il.  He  was  intended  for  the  profes- 
sion of  the  law ;  but  the  drama  had  more  at- 
tractions for  him,  and  he  wrote  numerous  plays, 
the  best  of  which  have  been  translated.  His 
"Stranger,"  "Lover's  Vows,"  and  "  Pizarro,' 
have  had  great  success.  Kotzebue  was  assas- 
sinated, in  1819,  by  a  fanatical  student  of  Jena, 
named  Sandt,  who  then  stabbed  himself,  but 
recovered  from  his  wounds,  and  sufiered  de- 
capitation for  the  murder. 

KOUCK,  Peter,  a  Dutchman,  and  principal 
painter  to  Charles  V.,  died  in  1550. 

KOTTLI  KHAN,  Thamas,  alias  NADIR 
SCHAH,  born  in  1687,  in  the  province  of  Che- 
rasan,  in  Persia.  He  was  the  son  of  the  gover- 
nor of  a  Persian  fortress  ;  and  engaging  in  the 
service  of  the  Schah  Thamas,  whose  throne 
Eschref,  a  usurper,  possessed;  and  had  lorded 
it  over  the  Persians  for  five  years  with  the  ut- 
most barbarity,  the  sophi  gave  him  at  length 
the  command  of  his  army.  The  new  general 
entirely  defeated  Eschref,  conducted  Schah 
Thamas  in  triumph  to  Ispahan,  and  established 
him  upon  the  throne  of  his  ancestors.  Es- 
chref, having  got  to:^8ther  his  treasures  and  his 
wonisn,  tied  toward  Candahar  with  10,000  men. 
KouH  Khan,  at  the  head  of  15,000  men,  went 
in  Dursuit  of  hira,  and  recommended  it  to  the 


KU 

king  to  go  against  the  Turks  with  the  rest  of 
ins  army ;  assuring  him  thai,  as  soon  as  he 
Had  secured  Eschref,  he  would  fly  to  his  assist- 
ance. Kouli  Khan  at  last  came  up  with  the 
usurper,  and  prepared  for  an  engagement  vvhicli 
was  very  soon  decisive.  The  Aghvvans,  sur 
rounded,  were  either  cut  to  pieces  or  taken  : 
Eschref  was  among  the  prisoners,  and  all  hia 
treasures  fell  into  the  liands  of  the  victor. 
Kouli  Khan  ordered  both  his  eyes  to  be  put  out, 
and  some  days  after  had  him  beheaded.  He 
then  hastened  back  lo  succour  tiie  sophi,  whom 
he  supposed  to  be  engaged  with  the  Turks  ;  bat 
was  surprised  to  find,  when  he  came  near  Ispa- 
han, that  he  had  concluded  a  peace  with  the 
Porte,  disbanded  his  army,  and  sent  him  orders 
to  do  the  same.  These  orders  he  received  with 
indignation,  etclanning  against  the  ignominious 
peace  and  his  etieminaie  prince.  lastead  of 
disbanding  iiis  army,  which  now  consisted  of 
70,000  men,  he  marched  with  it  to  Ispahan, 
seized  the  Schah  Thamas,  imprisoned  him  in  a 
strong  fortress,  and  in  an  assembly  of  the  chief 
men  of  Persia  got  him  deposed,  and  his  son,  an 
infant  six  months  old,  proclaimed  Schah,  by  the 
name  of  Schah  Abbas  III.  In  his  name,  Kouli 
Kh:in  assumed  to  himself  the  sovereign  power, 
and  preicatly  issued  a  inatiifesto  disclaiming 
the  late  peace  with  the  Turks.  After  having 
recovered  all  that  had  been  taken  from  Persia, 
he  concluded  a  peace  with  the  Ottoman  Porte  in 
1736.  The  following  year,  the  young  Schah 
Abbas  died,  and  Kouli  Khan  procured  hunself 
to  be  proclaimed  his  successor.  As  he  thought 
war  would  be  a  better  prop  to  his  throne  than 
peace,  he  immediately  carried  his  victorious 
arms  against  the  Mogul,  and  in  one  single  bat- 
tle conquered  almost  all  that  empire.  In  this 
ftxpedition  he  killed  200,000  people  ;  and  brought 
away  a  treasure  worth  about  145  millions,  in 
which  was  the  imperial  throne,  set  with  dia- 
monds of  an  immense  value.  Taking  from  the 
Mogul  all  the  country  that  lay  between  the  for- 
mer limits  of  Persia  and  the  [ndus,  and  subdu- 
ing the  whole  country  of  the  Usbeck,  he  vast- 
|ly  enlarged  the  bounds  of  his  empire;  but  he 
now  fell  into  a  state  which  seemed  to  border 
upon  distraction:  he  attempted  to  change  the 
religion  of  Persia  to  that  of  Omar  ;  hanged  up 
the  chief  priests ;  put  his  own  son  to  death; 
and  was  guilty  of  such  cruelty,  that  he  was  as- 
sassinated in  1747,  in  his  GOth  year;  having 
reigned  above  20  years  over  one  of  the  most 
powerful  empires  on  the  globe. 

KRACHENINNIKOW,  Stephen,  a  Russian 
naturalist,  professor  of  botany  and  natural  his- 
tory, at  Petersburg,  died  in  1755. 

KRANTZ,  Albert,  a  famous  histnrian  and 
divine,  professor  of  divinity,  at  Rostock,  and 
author  of  several  learned  works,  died  in  1574. 

KRAUSE,  Francis,  a  German,  eminent  as  a 
hi.sitorical  paiuter,  died  in  1754 

KRES.A,  Father,  confessor  to  the  king  of  Bo- 
hemia, died  in  1715. 

KRUGER,  John  Christian,  author  of  poems 
and  comedies,  died  at  Hamburgh,  in  1750. 

KUHLMAN,  Q,uirinus,  a  famous  fanatic, 
born  at  Rreslaw.  He  was  at  last  burnt  at  Mos- 
cow, rn  1689,  for  some  seditious  prophecies. 

KUHNIUS,  Jachim,  a  learned  native  of 
Pomerania,  and  principal  of  the  college  of  Oc- 
:ingen;  he  acquired  great  celebrity  by  his  pub- 
lications, and  died  in  1G97. 

KUICK,  John  Van,  a  painter,  of  Dordt,  ac- 
cused of  heresy,  was  cruellv  burnt  by  the  Jesuits 
in  1572 

111 


LA 


LiE 


KUNCKET,  John,  an  able  chyniist  and  in  Firmianus,  an  eniinfin  lather  of  the  Christian 
genious philosopher,  was  born  at  Sieswic,  and  church.  He  is  the  most  eioqnent  of  all  the  ec- 
diedin  1702.  ,  clesastical  Latin  autiiors,  and  uro^e  in  such  a 

KTJNZE,  John   Christopher,  D.  D.,  a  distin-lpure,  smooth,  and  iiaiural  style,  ai.d  so  much 
guished  clergyman  of  the  Lutheran  church  in  in  the  taste  and  manner  of  the  Roii:an  orator, 
Philadelphia,  afterwards  pastor  of  a  Lutheran  that  he  is  generally  distinguished  by  the  title  of 
church  in  New- York,  and  professoi  of  oriental;;"  The  Christian  Cicero." 
languages  in  Columbia  college  ;  he  died  in  1807. ;j     LACY,  John,  an  actor  and  dramatic  writer 

KUPIESKl,John,  a  pahiter,  of  Bohemia, born  'of  some  eminence,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 
in  1667,  was  patronised  by  the  emperor  Chariesij     LACYDAS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  ol  Cyrene, 
III.,  and  other  princes.  !  who  was  tenderly  attached  to  a  tavourite goose, 

KUSTER,  Ludolf,  a  learned  German  critic,'  died  212  B.  C. 


born  in  1670.  He  published  editions  of  Suidas 
Aristophanes,  aiid  several  works  of  a  smaller 
kind,  and  died  in  1716 

KUYP,  Jacob,  an  eminent  landscape  painter, 
at  Dordt,  flourished  about  1643. 


L  vDISLAUS  I.  si^cceeded  to  the  Hungarian 
throne  in  1077.  He  was  an  able  politician,  a 
brave  general,  and  a  pious  man  ;  he  was  cauon- 
'izcdin  1108. 

L.ADISLAIS  III.,  kinc  of  Hungary,  a  licen- 


KUYP,  or  CUYP,  Albert,   a   verv  eminent'ltious  nninarcn,  who  was  assassinated  in  12C0. 


landscape  painter,  was  born  at  Dordt,  in  1606. 
The  time  of  Ins  death  is  uncertain. 

KYD,  Thomas,  an  English  dramatic  writer  in 
the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth. 

KYDERMINSTER,  Richard,  al>bot  and  his- 
torian, of  the  Benedictine  convent  of  Win- 
chonibe,  died  in  1531. 

KYNESTON,  John,  an  English  divine,  who 
gained  great  reputation  by  a  Latin  oration, 
which  he  pronounced  ;  he  died  in  1783. 

KYNWELMARSH,Franris,  an  Englishman, 
who  wrote  some  poetry  in  the  16th  centurj-. 

KYRLE,  John,  the  celebrated  Man  of  Ross, 
as  Pope  calls  him  in  his  poem  "On  the  Use  ofi 
Riches."     He  possessed  a  small  estate  of  500^, 


LADIriLAUS  IV.,  grand  duke  of  Lithuania, 
[and  kingo!  Poland,  was  made  king  of  Hungary, 
iin  1440.  He  was  defeated  and  slaiu  in  battle 
[with  the  Turks,  in  1444. 

I  LADISLAUS  v.,  succeeded  Ladislaus  TV. 
jit  is  said  he  was  poisoiud  by  the  Hussites, 
vvhose  sec;  hr  persecuted. 
I  L.\D]SLAT:r5  VI.,  son  of  the  king  of  Poland, 
raised  to  the  throne  of  Hungai-y,  in  1490,  had  a 
'turbulent reisn.  and  died  in  15C0. 
I  LADieLAUS,  or  LAUJSCELOT,  the  Libe- 
jral  and  Victorious,  count  of  Provence,  succeed- 
led  his  father,  as  king  of  Naples,  in  1386.  His 
'right  to  the  throne  was  disputed,  and  he  died 
in  1414,  after  a  turbulent  reism. 


year  at  Ross,  and  literally  became,  as  the  poetll     LADISLAUS  [..  king  of  Poland,  succeeded 
sings,  a  blessing  to  the  who|e  community.    He  jto  the  throne  in  1081.    He  was  fond  of  peace, 

but  brave  in  war ;  he  died  in  1102. 
LADISLAUS  II.,  king  of  Poland,  succeeded 


died  in  1724,  at  the  age  of  90, 
L 


LABADIE,  John,  a  celebrated  French  enthu- 
siast, born  in  1610,  died  in  1674. 

LAB.\T,  John  Baptist,  a  celebrated  traveller 
and  missionary,  of  the  order  of  St.  Dominic, 
born  at  Paris  "in  lG6:3,die(i  in  1738.  His  "  Voy- 
ages and  Travels"  into  dilferent  kingdoms,  are 
works  of  much  amusement,  and  of  good  repu- 
tation. 

L.\BBE,  Philip,  a  Jesuit,  of  Bourges,  of  great 
lEarning,  memory,  and  indefatigable  applica- 
tion ;  he  died  in  1607. 

LABBE,  Louisa,  a  poetess,  called  the  fair 
rope-maker,  because  she  married  a  rich  rope- 
maker,  of  Lyons.  Her  works  were  published  at 
Lyons,  in  1555  and  1762  ;  she  died  in  15G6. 

L.\BEO,  Quintus  Fabms,  a  Roman  consul  of 
literary  talents. 

LABEO,  Antistius,a  Roman  lawyer  who  op- 
posed the  government  of  Augustus. 

LABERIUS,  an  ancient  Roman  kniKht  in  the 
time  of  Julius  Caesar,  who  excelled  in  writing 


his  father,  Bolislaus,  in  1139;  he  made  war 
against  his  brothers,  and  was  at  last  banished 
from  the  throne,  and  died  in  1139. 

LADISLAUS  III.,  king  of  Poland,  in  1296, 
oppressed  his  people  so  that  they  revolted,  and 
placed  Wenceslaus  on  the  throne,  after  whose 
dfath  Ladislaus  was  replaced  on  the  throne, 
and  governed  with  justice  and  moderation.  He 
died  in  1333. 

L.ADISLAUS  v.,  surnamed  Jagellon,  grand 
duke  of  Lithuania, obtained  the  crown  of  Poland 
in  1386,  by  marriage.  His  reign  was  mild  but 
vigorous,  and  he  died  in  1434,  highly  respected. 
I  LADISLAUS  VI.,  king  of  Poland,  son  of 
Ladislaus  V.,  was  duke  of  Lithuania,  and  king 
of  Hungary. 

LADISLAUS,  Sigismund,  VH.,  king  of  Po- 
land and  Sweden,  after  the  death  of  his  father, 
in  16.32.  He  defeated  the  Turks  in  various  bat- 
tles, and  died  in  1648. 

L'ADVOCAT,  John  Baptist  I'Abbe,  a  learned 
French  critic,  grammarian,  geographer,  and  his- 


mimes,  or   little  satirical   productions  for  the  torian,  author  of  "  Dictionnaire  Geographique 

stage.  Portatif ;"  "  Dictionnaire  Historique  Portatif ;" 

LABOUREUR,  John  le,  a  Frenchman,  who  ,  and  a  "  Hebrew  Grammar."     He  died  in  1765. 


from  a  gentleman's  servant  rose  to  become  al-; 
moner  to  the  king.  He  wrote  several  work3,and; 
died  in  1675.  j 

LACARRY,  Giles,  a  French  Jesuit,  and  profes-' 
sor  of  theology,  wrote  some  useful  works,  and 
died  in  1684.  ' 

LA  COLONIE,  John  Martin  de,  served  in  the! 
Austrian  army,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  marshal ; 
hediedinl7^9  \ 

LACOMBE,  James,  a  French  historian,  born 
in  1-24. 


L'ADVOCAT,  Louis  Francis,  author  of  a 
treatise  on  morals,  died  at  Paris,  in  1735. 

LJEIAVS,  Caius,  a  Roman  consul  and  comic 
poet,  died  126  B.  C. 

LAER,  Peter,  a  Dutch  painter,  some  of  whose 
pieces  are  elegant,  died  in  1675. 

LAET,  John  de,  a  native  of  Antwerp,  and 
author  of  some  useful  works,  died  in  1640. 

L.(?:VINUS,  Torrentinus,  commonly  called 
Vander  Bekin.  was  a  native  of  Ghent.  He 
went  a.0  amliassador  to  Philip  II.,  of  Spain, 


L.VCOMBE  DE  PREZEL,  Honore,  brother  j  founded  the  Jesuit's  college  at  Lf^uvaine,  and 
of  the  preceding,  author  of  several  dictionaries.  Idied  in  1595. 
LACTANTIUS,  Firmian,  or  Lucius  Cselius      L.SVIUS,  a  Romaii  poet 
272 


LA  

LAPITAU,  Joseph  Francis,  a  French  Jesuit 
and  missionary  to  North  America,  died  in  1755, 
leaving  behind  him  a  curious  comparison  be- 
tween the  maimers  of  the  ancients  and  those  of 
the  American  savages. 

LAFITAU,  Peter  Francis,  distinguished  as  a 
preacher,  was  the  favourite  of  Clement  IX., 
and  died  in  1764. 

L  AGALLA,  Julius  Caesar,  a  Neapolitan,  phy- 
sician to  the  pope  ;  he  was  a  learned  man,  and 
died  in  1623. 

LAGERLOOF,  Peter,  professor  of  eloquence 
at  Upsal,  author  of  the  ancient  and  modern  his- 
tories of  Northern  Europe  ;  he  died  in  1599. 

LAGNY,  Thomas  Fantet  sieur  de,  a  French- 
man, member  of  the  academy  of  sciences  at 
Paris,  and  autlior  of  several  works  ;  lie  died  in 
ITM. 

LAGRANGE,  Joseph  Lewis,  an  eminent  ma- 
thematician, of  Turin,  afterwards  professor  of 
the  Norman  and  Polytechnic  schools  at  Paris  ; 
he  died  in  1813. 

L  AGUN  A,  Andrew,  a  Spanish  physician,  and 
favourite  of  Charles  V.,  died  in  15G0. 

LAHARPE  DES  UTINS,  N.,  a  native  of 
Vaux,  distinguished  himself  in  the  Freneh  army 
of  Italy,  under  Buonaparte,  and  was  killed  in 
3796. 

LAHAYE,  William  Nicholas  de,  a  French 
engraver  of  great  merit,  born  in  1725. 

LAIDLIE,  Archibald,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, pastor  of  a  church  at  Flushing,  Zealand, 
and  afterwards  of  a  Dutch  reformed  church  in 
the  city  of  New- York,  eminent  as  a  theologian 
and  preacher ;  he  died  in  1778. 

LAINEZ,  Alexander,  a  French  poet,  whose 
pieces  possess  great  elegance,  died  in  1700. 

LAINEZ,  James,  a  Spaiiiard,the  successor  of 
Loyola,  as  general  of  the  Jesuits  ;  he  was  at  the 
council  of  Trent,  and  died  in  1565. 

LAING,  Malcom,  a  Scottish  historian,  born 
in  Orkney,  in  1762.  He  published  a  "  History  of 
Scotland,"  chiefly  distinguished  by  its  partiali- 
ty, and  its  hostility  to  the  character  of  the  un- 
fortunate queen  Mary.  His  last  literary  under- 
taking was  an  edition  of  Ossian's  poems,  the  au- 
thenticity of  which,  he  demolished  by  a  pre- 
hminary  dissertation.    Mr.  Laing  iied  in  1819. 

IjAIRE,  Francis  Xavier,  a  learned  French 
author,  died  at  Sens,  in  1800. 

LAIR  ESSE,  Gerard,  an  eminent  Flemish 
]>ainter  and  engraver,  born  at  Liege,  in  1640. 
The  Hollanders  esteem  him  the  best  history 
painter  of  their  country,  and  commonly  call  him 
tfieir  second  Raphael ;  Hemskirk  is  their  first. 
He  died  in  1711. 

LAIS,  a  courtezan,  of  such  renown  in  anti- 
quity, that,  like  Homer,  several  cities  claimed 
the  glory  of  her  birth  ;  but  that  honour  is  most 
generally  given  to  Hyecara,  a  city  of  Sicily. 
Retiring  to  Thessaiy,  she  fell  a  sacrifice  to  the 
envy  and  jealously  excited  by  her  beauty  ;  for 
Jser  rivals,  seeing  themselves  eclipsed,  became 
desperate,  and,  having  conducted  her  into  the 
temple  of  Venus,  there  stoned  her  to  death, 
340  B.  C. 

LAKE,  Arthur,  an  English  prelate,  respected 
as  an  amiable  man,  died  in  1626. 

LALANDE,  Michael  Richard  de,  a  cele- 
brated French  musician  and  composer,  died  in 
1723. 

LALANDE,  Joseph  Jerome  Francis,  a  most 
celebrated  astronomer  of  France,  born  in  1732. 
His  principal  works  are,  "  Connoissance  du 
Temps,"  '-Tour  in  Italy,"  and  a  valuable 
'•  Treatise  of  Astroaomv."    Dr.  Young  has  ob- 


LA 

served,  that  "  an  undevout astronomer  is  mad  ;" 
and  the  eccentricities  of  Lalande  might  justify 
the  conclusion  that  Young  would  have  drawn 
from  the  atheistical  principles  he  openly  pro- 
fessed. He  went  so  far  as  to  read  public  lec- 
tures on  those  baneful  and  hope- blasting  doc- 
trinee,  in  the  Lycee  of  Paris,  a  society  i'omied 
of  pretended  philosophers  of  the  same  descrip- 
tion ;  he  died  in  1607. 

LALLI,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  poet,  waa 
employed  by  the  pope  in  civil  afTairs,  and  died 
in  1637. 

LALLY,  Thomas  Arthur,  count,  a  gallant 
general  in  the  service  of  France,  though  a  na- 
tive of  Ireland  ;  but  being  compelled  to  surren- 
der Pondicherry  to  the  English,  he  incurred  the 
suspicion  of  treacliery,  and  was  executed  iu 
1766. 

LAMBALLE,  Marie  Therese  Louise,  of  Sa- 
voy Carignan,  princess  of,  wife  of  the  duke  of 
Bourbon  Penthievre,  ardently  attached  to  the 
French  queen,  for  which  she  was  inhumanly 
murdered,  in  171)2,  by  the  tyrants  of  the  French 
revolution. 

LAMBECIUS,  Peter,  a  learned  German,  and 
rector  of  the  university  of  Hamburgh.  He  re- 
nounced protestantism  for  popery,  and  died  ia 
1680. 

LAMBERT,  John,  a  general  in  Cromwell's 
army,  memorable  for  having  opposed  Oliver's 
acceptance  of  the  crown,  died  about  1C70. 

LAMBERT,  Anne  Thereee.  marquise  de,  a 
most  ingenious  French  lady,  bcin  at  Paris,  in 
1647,  died  in  1733,  havuig  been  the  author  of 
si.me  very  pleasing  moral  productions,  which 
have  been  collected  and  printed  in  2  \olumes. 

LAMBERT,  Claude  Francis,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic, and  an  author,  died  in  1763. 

LAMBERT,  Daniel,  remarkable  for  having 
greatly  exceeded  the  ordinary  dimensions  of 
mankind,was  born  at  Leicester,  in  1770,  and  died 
at  Stamford,  in  1809.  He  had  exhibited  hitnself 
in  Picadilly  two  or  three  years  before  hlsdoarh  ; 
not  long  before  which  event,  on  being  weighed, 
he  was  found  to  be  52  stone  11  lbs.  in  weight 
(14  lbs.  to  the  stone,)  which  is  10  smne  11  lbs. 
more  than  the  great  Mr.  Bright,  of  Essex,  ever 
weighed.  His  coffin  was  6  feet  4  inches  long, 
4  feet  4  inches  wide,  and  2  feet  4  inches  deep, 
and  consisted  of  112  superficial  feet  of  elm 
timber. 

LAMBERT,  George,  an  English  landscape 
painter,  died  in  1765. 

LAMBERT,  George  Henry,  an  able  mathe- 
matician, of  Alsace,  and  an  author,  died  in 
1728. 

LAMBERT,  of  Schawemburg,  a  German  Be- 
nedictine, published  a  dry  chronicle,  from  Adam 
to  A.  D  i077  ;  he  died  in  1669. 

LAMBIN,  Denys,  professor  of  belles-lettres, 
at  Paris.  He  was  esteemed  as  a  critic  and  a 
scholar,  and  died  in  1672. 

LAMBRUN,  Margaret,  was  a  Scotch  wo- 
man, and  one  of  the  retiime  of  Mary  queen  of 
Scots,  as  was  also  her  husband,  who  dying  cf 
grief  for  the  tragical  end  of  that  princess,  his 
wife  took  up  a  resolution  of  revenging  the  death 
of  both  upon  queen  Elizabeth.  For  that  pur- 
pose she  put  on  a  man's  habit;  and,  assuming 
the  name  of  Anthony  Sparke,  repaired  to  the 
court  of  the  queen  of  England,  always  carry- 
ing with  her  a  brace  of  pistols,  one  to  kill  Eliza- 
beth, and  the  other  to  shoot  herself,  in  order  to 
avoid  the  hands  of  justice;  but  her  design  hap- 
pened to  miscarry  by  an  accident  which  saved 
the  queen's  life.  One.  day,  as  she  was  pushing 
S73 


LA 

through  Uie  crowd  to  come  up  to  Ler  majenty, 
who  was  then  walking  in  her  garden,  she  chan- 
ced to  drop  one  of  the  pistols.  This  being  seen 
by  the  guards,  she  was  seized,  in  order  to  be 
sent  immediately  to  prison,  but  the  queen  not 
suspecting  her  to  be  one  of  her  own  sex,  had  a 
mind  first  to  examine  her.  Accordingly,  de- 
manding her  name,  country,  and  quality,  Mar- 
garet replied  with  an  unmoved  sK^adiness,  "  Ma- 
dam, thoug!)  I  appear  in  this  habit,  I  am  a  wo- 
man ;  my  name  is  Margaret  Lambrun ;  I  was 
several  years  in  the  service  of  queen  Mary,  my 
mistress,  whom  you  have  so  unjustly  put  to 
deatii ;  and  by  her  death  you  have  also  caused 
that  of  my  husband,  who  died  of  grief  to  sieso 
innocent  a  queen  perish  so  iniquitously.  Now,  I 
as  I  had  the  greatest  love  and  afi'ection  for  both 
those  personages,  I  resolved,  at  the  peril  of  my 
life,  to  revenge  their  death  by  killing  you,  who 
are  the  cause  of  both."  The  queen  pardoned 
her,  and  granted  her  a  safe  conduct  till  she 
should  be  set  upon  the  coast  of  France. 

LAMI,  Bernard,  a  philosopher  of  a  noble 
family  of  Mons  ,  he  was  a  warm  admirer  of 
the  principles  of  Descartes,  and  died  in  1715. 

i.-'lMI,  Doni.  Francis,  a  French  writer,  who 
distinguished  himself  cigainst  Spinosa  ;  he  died 
in  1711. 

LAMI,  John,  ecclesiastical  professor  at  Flo- 
rence, was  a  facetious  and  agreeable  man,  and 
died  in  1774. 

LAMLV,  a   celebrated   Grecian  courtezan, 
some  time  mistress  to  Ptolemy  I.,  king  of  Egypt. 
LAMOIGXON,  Christian  Francis  de,  advo- 
cate-general and  president  of  the  parliament,  of: 
Paris,  died  in  1677. 

LAMPE,  Frederic  Adolphus,  rector  of  Bre- 
men university,  and  an  author,  died  in  1729. 

LAMPLUGH,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  and 
archbishop  of  York.  He  crowned  king  Wil-j 
Jiam,  after  exhorting  the  people  to  adhere  to 
James  11  ,  he  died  in  1691. 

LAMPPJDIUS,  ^lius,  aLatin  historian,  who 
flourished  under  the  emperors  Dioclesian  and 
Constantine,  in  the  4th  century.  We  have  of 
his  writing  the  lives  of  four  emperors,  viz. 
Commodus,  Antoninus,  Diaduracnus,  and  He-' 
liogabalus 

LAMPRIDIUS,  Benedict,  a  Latin  poet,  of  • 
Cremona,  died  in  1540.  I 

LAXA,  Francis  de,  a  iesuit,  of  Brescia,  bom 
in  16.37.     From  his  works,  it  appears  that  he 
had  an  idea  of  aerostation  prior  to  Montgolfler.l 
LANCASTER,  James,  a  celebrated  English- 
navigator,  died  in  1620. 

LANCASTER,  Nathaniel,  D.  D.,  an  English 
divine  and  an  author,  died  in  1775.  | 

L.\NCELOT,  Claude,  a  native  of  Paris,  and; 
tutor  to  the  prince  of  Conti,  was  a  Benedictine! 
monk,  and  the  author  of  several  works;  he! 
died  in  1659. 

LANCELOTTI,  John  Paul,  an  Italian,  era- 1 

ployed  by  pope  Paul  IV.,  to  compile  the  canon; 

law  ;  he  died  in  1591.  | 

L.ANCJEAN,   Remi,  the  most   eminent   ofj 

Vandyck's  pupils,  died  in  1671.  j 

L.^NCrSI,  John  Maria,  an  eminent  Italian 


LA ^ 

style  was  agreeable,  and  imitative  of  Titian  and* 
Salvator  Rosa. 

LANDA,  Catherine,  a  learned  lady,  author 
of  an  elegant  Latin  letter  to  Peter  Bembo,  died 
in  1526. 

LANDEN,  John,  bom  in  Northamptonshire, 
in  1719,  died  in  1790,  having  written  largely  on 
mathematics,  and  advanced  that  science  con- 
siderably by  his  studies  and  experiments. 

LANDINI,  Christopher,  a  learned  Venetian 
of  the  15th  century. 

LANDO,  Hortensio,  an  Italian  physician,  of 
the  16th  century,  who  wrote  several  works. 

LANDO,  Bassiano,  a  physician,  of  Padua,au- 
thor  of  some  medical  works,  was  assassinated 
in  1562. 

LANDRI,  bishop  of  Paris,  and  founder  of 
the  hospital  called  Hotel  de  Dieu,  died  about 
660. 

LANE,  Jane,  a  female  of  extraordinary  sa- 
gacity and  spirit,  who  assisted  in  the  escape  and 
preservation  of  Charles  II.,  after  the  battle  of 
Worcester,  and  was  amply  rewarded  at  the 
restoration.  Charles  (disguised  in  her  faiiier'e 
livery)  rode  before  her  on  horseback  from  Bent- 
ley  Hall  to  Staffordshire,  to  Mr.  Norton's  near 
Bristol. 

LANFRANC,  John,  an  Italian  painter ;  he 
excelled  chiefly  in  fresco,  and  died  1647. 

LANFRANC,  a  physician,  of  Milan;  he 
restored  surzery  to  a  regular  and  respectable 
system,  and  died  in  1300. 

LANFRANC,  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
in  the  reign  of  William  I.,  died  in  1089.  He  re- 
built the  cathedral  of  Canterbury,  and  has  the 
character  of  a  great  statesman,  as  well  as  a 
learned  prelate. 

LANFRAXCO,  Giovanni,  an  eminent  Ital- 
ian painter,  disciple  of  the  Carracci,  born  in 
1581,  died  in  1647. 

LANG,  John  Michael,  professor  of  divinity 
at  Altorf.  died  in  1731. 

LANGALIERE,  Philip  de  Gentils,  marquis 
de,  distinguislied  himself  in  the  service  of 
France  during  20  years.  He  was  afterwards 
in  the  service  of  the  emperor,  and  king  of  Po- 
land, and  died  in  1717. 

LANGBAINE,  Gerard,  an  English  writer, 
who  acquired  literary  ceiebrity  by  his  edition  of 
Longinus  ;  he  died  in  1657. 

LANGBAINE,  Gerard,  born  in  1656,  was  au- 
thor of  "  An  account  of  the  English  Dramatic 
Poets,"  which  has  been  of  great  use  to  later  bio- 
graphers ;  he  died  in  1692. 

LANGDALE,  Marmaduke,  an  Englishman 
of  great  courage,  who  espoused  the  royal  cause 
in  the  rebellion  :  he  died  in  1681. 

LANGDON,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  minister  of  a 
church  in  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  and 
afterwards  president  of  Harvard  college ;  he 
died  in  1797. 

LANGDON,  John,  LL.  D.,  an  active  and 
powerful  advocate  of  the  revolution,  was  a 
member  of  Congress  in  1775,  and  afterwards  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  formed  the 
federal  constitution,  a  senator  iu  Congress,  and 
governor  of  the  sta'e  of  New-Hampaliire  ;  he 


physician  and  anatomist,  born  at  Rome,  in  1654,|  died  at  Portsmouth,  in  1819. 
died  in  1720.  !      LANGE,  Joseph,  Greek  professor  at  Friburg, 

LANCRET,    Nicholas,    a    famous    French!  in  1600  ;  he  turned  catholic  in  the  latter  part  of 
painter,  born  at  Paris,  in  1690,  died  in  1743.   his  life. 


There  are  a  great  many  prints  after  his  paint- 
iiigs. 

LANCRINCK,  Prosper  Henricus,  an  excel 
lent  landscape   painter  in  the  English  school 
born  at  Antwerp,  in  1628,  died  in  1692,    His 
.     274 


LANGE,  Charles  Nicholas,  a  Swiss  naturalist, 
about  1720. 

LANGE,  Rodolphus,  canon  of  Munster,  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  poet ;  he  died  in  1519. 

L ANGELANDE,  Robert,  author  of  "  The  Vi  ■ 


LA 

sioas  of  Pierce  riovvinan,"  and  one  of  the  most 
aiicieiit  Eii;^lisi)  poets,  flouiibtied  about  tliemid 
die  of  the  lltli  century. 

LANCJHAM,  iSiinon,  archbishop  of  Canter 

bury ;    lie  was  made  treasurer  of  Eiigiaud  by 

:    Edward  HI.,  and  died  in  1376. 

j        LAxVGHORNE,  Dr.  John,  rector  of  Blagden, 

I    in  Somersetshire,  and  author  of  several  literary 

i    productions  ;  among  which  the  best  known  are, 

"Poems,"  in  2  vols.,  "Sermons,"  in  2  vols., 

"  TheodosiusandConstaiitia,"  "  Frederick  and 

Piiaramond,    or  the  Consolations   of   Human 

I    liife  ;"  and  a  translation  of  "  Plutarch's  Lives." 

I    He  was  born  in  173.5,  and  died  in  1779. 

L.A.NGLUS,  John,  of  Lawenburg,  practised 
physic  at  Heidelberg  ;  he  was  physician  to  four 
successive  electors  palatine,  and  died  in  150.'). 

LA\"GLA\D,  John,  principal  of  Mau;daien 
Hall,  Oxford,  and  bishop  of  Lincoln,  was  a 
popular  preacher  and  a  benevolent  man;  he 
died  in  1517. 

LANGLG,  John  Maximilian,  minister  of  the 
reformed  church  at  Rouen  ;  he  wrote  a  defence 
of  Charles  I.,  and  died  in  1674. 

L  ANGLE,  Samuel  de,  son  of  the  precedius; 
on  ttie  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  lie 
went  to  En»laiid,  was  made  D.  D.  at  Oxford, 
and  died  in  l(i99. 

LAiX'GLEY,  Batty,  an  English  architect,  au 
tliorof  some  useful  books,  died  in  1751. 

LANGTON,  John,  an  Enjiiish  Carmelite 
monk,  was  at  the  council  of  Basil. 

L  VNGTON,  Stepiien,  made  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  by  the  pope,  in  tlie  reign  of  king 
John,  died  in  1223.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
illustrious  men  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived, 
for  his  learning  and  his  writings. 

IjANGUET,  Hubert,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
niiiiister  of  state  to  the  elector  of  Saxony,  and 
afterwards  in  liie  service  of  the  prince  of  Orange ; 
he  died  in  1581 

LANGUET,  John  Baptist  Joseph,  doctor  of 
the  Sorboane,  the  celebrated  vicar  of  St.  Sulpice 
at  Paris,  and  one  of  those  extraordinary  men 
wliom  Providence  raises  up  for  the  relief  of  the 
indigent  and  wretched,  for  the  good  of  si.x;iety, 
and  the  glory  of  nations,  was  born  at  Dijon, 
June  6,  1657,  and  died  in  1750. 

LANGUET,  John  Joseph,  archbishop  of  Sens, 
a  polemical  divine,  esteemed  for  his  benevolence 
and  pii-'ty  ;  he  died  in  1753. 

LANIER,  a  painter,  emploved  by  Charles  I. 

L  ANNOY,  or  LAUNO  Y,  Charles  de,  an  able 
general  in  the  service  of  the  emperor  Charles  V., 
wiio  took  Francis  I.  prisoner  at  the  battle  of 
Pavia  ;  he  died  in  1527. 

LANSBERGHE,  Philip,  a  learned  mathe- 
matician, of  Ghent,  and  the  author  of  several 
works  ;  he  died  in  1632. 

LANSDOWNE.     See  GRANVILLE. 

LANZANO,  Andrea,  an  Italian  painter 
who  excelled  in  his  art,  died  in  1712. 

LANZI,  Lewis,an  Italian  Jesuit,  distinguished 
as  an  antiquary.  On  the  suppression  of  his  or- 
der, he  was  made  sub  director  of  the  gallery  at 
Florence.  He  was  author  of  an  essay  on  the 
Tuscan  language,  and  other  works,  and  died 
in  1810. 

L.\NZONI,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Ferrara,  em- 
inent as  a  physician,  and  an  antiquary ;  he  died 
in  1730. 

LAPARELLI,  Francis,  an  Italian,  eminent 
as  an  architect,  mechanic,  and  engineer.  He 
assisted  Michael  Angelo  in  his  designs  for  St. 
Peter's  church,  at  Rome,  and  died  in  1590. 

L.A.PIDE,  Cornelius,  a  French  Jesuit,  author 


LA 

of  10  vols,  foiio,  of  commentaries  on  the  Scrij) 
tures,  died  in  1637. 

JiAPO,  Arnuiphus  di,  a  native  of  Florence, 
known  as  an  able  architect,  died  in  i^OO. 

L ARCHER,  Peter  Henry,  a  French  writer, 
author  of  a  translation  of  Herodotus,  of  Xeno- 
phon,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1812. 

LARDNER,  Dr.  Nathaniel,  a  very  eminent 
dissenting  divine,  author  of  "  The  Credibility 
of  the  Gospel  History  ;"  of  "  The  'iV'stiinonies 
of  the  Ancient  Jews  and  Pagans  in  favour  of 
Christianity;"  "The  Hi.story  bfHr.retics,"  dec.  ; 
[he  was  born  in  1634,  and  died  in  1768. 

LARGILLIERE,  Nicholas  de,  a  French 
painter  of  great  merit.  He  pamted  portraits  of 
James  11.,  of  England,  and  his  queen,  and  died 
in  1705. 

LAPwOON,  Marcellu?,  a  painter,  born  at  the 
Hague,  was  celebrated  for  his  astonishing  cor- 
rectness as  a  copyist  ;  he  died  in  1705. 

L ARREY,  Isaac  de,  a  French  Calvinist, who, 
on  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nuates,  fled  to 
Holland,  and  was  made  historiographer  to  the 
states  ;  he  died  in  1719. 

LARUOaiJE,  Mar.thew  de,  a  French  protes- 
tant  minister,  of  deserved  popularity  ;  he  died 
in  1684. 

LARROaUE,  Daniel  de,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, and  author  of  several  works,  died  in  1731. 

LASCAPJS,  Constaaline,  one  of  those  learn- 
ed Greeks  who  quitted  Constantinople  upon 
its  being  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1453,  atid  took 
ret uiie  in  Italy.  He  was  author  of  a  "Greek 
Grammar,"  and  other  small  works  of  a  similar 
kind. 

LASCARIS,  John,  surnamed  Rhyndacenns, 
was  of  the  imperial  family.  He  was  an  admi- 
rable scholar,  and  died  in  1535. 

LASCI  or  LASKO,  John  de,  a  learned  Pole, 
made  bishop  of  Vesprim.  He  declared  in  fa- 
vour of  the  reformation,  and  was  dismissed  from 
his  bishopric  ;  he  died  in  15G0. 

LASENA,or  LASCENA,  Peter,  a  learned 
Italian,  and  an  author,  died  in  1030. 

liASSELS,  Richard,  an  Englishman,  who 
embraced  the  catholic  religion ;  he  published 
"  travels  in  Italy,"  and  died  in  1708. 

LATIMER,  Hugh,  bishop  of  Worcester,  one 
of  the  first  reformers  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land, born  in  1470.  It  is  a  remarkable  circum- 
stance, though  not  altogether  without  parallel, 
that,  from  being  a  papist  he  became  a  zealous 
protestant,  active  in  supporting  the  reformed 
doctrine,  and  assiduous  to  make  converts.  For 
his  zeal,  however,  in  the  protestant  faith,  he 
was,  with  Ridley,  bishop  of  London,  burnt  at 
Oxford,  in  1555. 

LAUD,  William,  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  was  born  in  1573, 
and  beheaded  in  1645  for  high  treason  ;  he  fell 
a  sacrifice  to  party  violence,  and  high  church 
sentiments. 

LAUDER,  William,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
memorable  for  an  ati<;mpt  to  ruin  the  reputation 
of  Milton  ;  an  attempt  which  ended  in  the  de- 
struction of  his  own.  He  began  first  to  retail 
part  of  his  design  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine, 
1747  -,  and  finding  that  his  forgeries  were  not 
detected,  was  encouraged.  In  1751,  to  collect 
them,  with  additions,  into  a  volume,  entitled 

An  Essay  on  Milton's  Use  and  Imitation  of 
the  Moderns  in  his  Paradise  Lost."  The  fideli- 
ty of  his  quotations  had  been  doubted  by  seve- 
ral people  ;  and  the  falsehood  of  them  was  soon 
ifter  demonstrated  by  bishop  Douglas,  in  a 
pamphlet  entitled,  "  Milton  vindicated  from  the 
275 


LA_ 

Charge  of  Plagiarisiu,  brotiglit  against  him  by 
Lauder ;  and  Laiider  liimseii"  convicted  ol  scve 
ral  Forgeries  and  gross  Impositions  on  the  Pub 
lie."  The  appearance  of  this  detection  over 
whelmed  Lauder  with  confusion.  He  subscribed 
•  a  confession  dictated  by  Dr.  Johnson  ;  and,  find 
ing  that  his  character  was  not  to  be  retrieved 
quitted  the  kingdom,  and  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  life  in  universal  contempt.  He  died  at 
Barbadoes,  in  1770.     See  BOVVLE. 

LAUDOHN,  or  LOUDON,  Gideon  Ernest, 
field -marsbal,  and  commander  in  chief  of  the 
Austrian  forces,  born  in  1716,  died  in  1790.  So 
higli  was  his  reputation,  that  Frederic  the  Great, 
©f  Prussia,  used  to  say,  he  feared  nobody  so 
much  as  Laudohn. 

LAUGIER,  Mark  Antony,  a  French  Jesuit, 
the  author  of  several  works,  died  in  1769. 

LAUNAY,  Francis  de,  a  French  advocate  of 
eminence,  and  an  author  of  law  publications, 
died  in  1693. 

LAUNOI,  John  de,  a  learned  French  writer, 
known  tor  his  defence  of  the  rights  of  the  Gal- 
ilean church,  died  in  1678. 

LAUNOY,  Charles  de,  a  French  general. 
See  LANNOY. 

LAURA  DE  NOVES,  the  mistress  of  Pe- 
trarch, who  wrote  in  her  praise  318  sonnets  and 
88  songs,  most  of  which  breathe  the  warmest 
spirit  of  poetry.  She  was  born  at  Avignon, 
in  1310,  and  died  in  1348 

LAURATI,  Peter,  a  celebrated  Italian  pain- 
ter, who  flourished  in  the  I5th  century. 

LAURENS,  or  LAURENTIUS,  Andrew, 
professor  of  medicine,  at  Montpelier,  and  phy- 
sician to  Henry  IV.,  died  in  1609. 

LAURENS,  Honorus,  brother  of  Andrew, 
an  advocate  in  the  parhamentof  Paris,  and  af- 
terwards archbishop  of  Embrun  ;  he  died  in  1612. 

LAURENS,  Henry,  a  member  of  Congress 
from  South  Carolina,  and  president  of  that 
body  in  1777.  He  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
British,  while  on  his  way  to  Hnliand,  as  ambas- 
sador from  the  United  Stales,  and  confined  in 
the  lower,  and  treated  with  great  rigour  until 
1781.  On  his  liberation,  he  went  to  France, 
and  afterwards,  joined  the  American  ministers 
in  signing  the  treaty  with  Great  Britain.  He 
died  in  Carolina,  in  1792. 

LAURENS,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
a  distinguished  officer  of  the  American  army, 
during  the  war  of  the  reA'olution,  and  rendered 
essential  services  to  his  country.  He  was  mor- 
tally wounded  in  an  action  with  a  small  partj' 
of  the  enemv  in  Carolina,  and  died  in  1782. 

LAURENT,  Peter  Joseph,  a  native  of  Flan- 
ders, celebrated  for  his  astonishing  mechanical 
powers  ;  he  died  in  1775. 

LAURENTIO,  Nicholas,  a  remarkable  cha- 
racter in  the  history  of  modern  Rome,  who,  al- 
though the  son  of  a  vintner,  rose  to  the  supreme 
power,  but  was  murdered  by  the  populace. 

LAURI,  Filippo,  an  eminent  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Rome  in  1623,  died  in  1694. 

LAVATER,  Lewis,  an  ecclesiastic,  known  for 


LA -__' 

vanced.  Success  inflamed  his  imagination,  and 
he  became  an  enthusiast  in  the  study  of  physi- 
ognomy. The  opinions  relative  to  it,  whieli  he 
propagated,  were  a  medley  of  acute  observa- 
tion, ingenious  conjecture,  and  wild  reverie. 
His  books,  published  in  the  German  language, 
were  multiplied  by  many  editions,  and  transla- 
tions. This  amiable  clergyman  (for  such  h* 
was,)  was  born  at  Zurich,  in  1741,  and  dierf 
there  in  1801,  in  consequence  of  a  wound  whick 
he  received  from  a  French  soldier  a  twelve 
month  before. 

LAVINGTON,  George,  bishop  of  Exeter 
born  in  1683,  and  died  at  Exeter,  in  1762.  Be 
sides  sermons,  he  published,  "  The  Enthnsiasn? 
of  the  Methodists  and  Papists  compared." 

LAVIROTTE,  Lewis  Anne,  a  French  physi 
cian  o.  eminence,  died  in  1759. 

LAVOISIER,  Antoine  Laurent,  a  celebrated 
French  medical  and  chymical  writer,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1743,was  murdered  by  the  guillotine  un- 
der the  execrable  tjranny  of  Robespierre,  with 
27  other  farmers-general,  in  1794. 

LAW,  John,  of  Edinburgh,  a  famous  pror 
jector,  who  raised  himself  to  the  dignity  of  comp- 
troller-general of  the  finances  of  France,  upon 
the  sti'ength  of  a  scheme  for  establishing  a  bank, 
an  East- India,  and  a  Mississippi  company,  with 
the  profits  of  which  the  national  debt  of  France 
was  to  be  paid  off;  but  this  great  fabric  of  false 
credit  fell  to  the  ground,  and  almost  overthrew 
the  French  government,  ruining  some  thousands 
of  families  ;  and  it  is  remarkable,  that  the  same 
desperate  game  was  played  by  the  South  Sea 
directors  in  England  in  the  same  fatal  3'ear, 
1720.  Law,  being  exiled  as  soon  a?  the  credit 
of  his  projects  began  to  fail,  retired  to  Venice, 
where  he  died  in  poverty,  m  1729. 

LAW,  Edmund,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  an  emi- 
nent theolosical  writer,  born  in  1702,  died  in  1787. 

LAW,  William,  an  able  English  diaeenting 
divine,  and  author  of  the  "  Serious  Call  ;"  he 
died  in  1761. 

LAW,  Jonathan,  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
was  successively  a  judge  and  chief  justice  of 
the  superior  court,  lieutenant-governor,  and  af- 
terwards governor,  of  that  state ;  he  died  in 
1750. 

LAW,  Richard,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  lawj'er 
of  Connecticut,  was  for  several  years,  a  judge 
and  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  that 
state,  and  afterwards  judge  of  the  United  States 
district  court.     He  died  in  1806. 

LA  WES,  William,  an  eminent  English  mu- 
sician and  composer,  was  killed  ai  the  siege 
of  Chester,  in  the  army  of  Charles  I. 

LA  WES,  Henry,  bis  brother,  and  also  a  great 
musician,  in  which  art  he  is  by  some  thought  to 
have  excelled  William,  was  born  at  Salisbury, 
in  1600,  and  died  in  1662. 

LAWRENCE,  Stringer,  a  distinguished  gene- 
ral on  the  East- India  Company's  establishment, 
born  in  1697,  died  in  1775.  In  gratitudefor  his  emi- 
nent services  in  the  command  of  their  forces  on 
the  coast  of  Coromandel,  during  a  period  of  20 


his  abilities  as  a  protestant  controversialist,  died  jiyears,  the  Company  erected  a  noble  monument 
in  1586.  _  Ijto  his  memory  in  Westminster  Abbey. 


LAVATER.  John  Caspar  Christian,  a  Swiss 
divine,  of  warm  fancy,  and  natural  acute- 
ness,  by  which  he  was  led  to  turn  his  attention 
to  the  expression  of  human  sentiment  and  cha 
racter.  He  perceived  that  not  only  transient 
passion,  but  evn  the  more  permanent  quali'.i'^s 
of  character,  are  often  very  distinctly  expressed  ; 
out  carried  his  obscvations  in  this  way  much 
Cartlier  than  any  other  person  bad  before  ad- 
276 


LAWRENCE,  James,  a  captain  in  the  navy 
I  of  the  United  Sta'es,  distinguished  for  his  bra- 
Ivery  and  skill,  was  wounded  in  an  action  with 
jthe  British  frigate  Shannon,  in  1813,  and  died 
four  davs  afterwards. 

LAVk  SON,  Sir  John,  captain  of  a  ship  in  the 
navy  of  tlie  parliament,  and  afterwards  rear- 
admiral  under  the  duke  of  York;  he  was  kill- 
ed in  1G65. 


LE 


LE 


LAVVSON,  John,  surveyor  general  of  Northlj  being  censured  and  suspended  for  disobedience 
Carolina,  and  author  of  a  work,  containing  a  of  orders,  he  retired  to  priva 


natural  history  of  that  country  to  about  the 
year  1700. 

LAY,  Benjamin,  an  eccentric,  but  benevolent 
quaker,  who  distinguished  himself  by  his  deci 
ded  opposition  to  slavery,  and  to  the  use  of  arti 
cles  of  luxury.  He  was  a  native  of  England 
but  removed  to  the  West  Indies,  and  afterwards 
to  Philadelphia,  where  lie  died 

LAYARD,  Charles  Peter,  an  English  divine, 
and  dean  of  Bristol ;  he  died  in  1803. 

LAZARELLI,  John  Francis,  a  native  of  Ga- 
beo,  and  a  poet,  died  in  1694. 

LEAKE,  Richard,  master  gunner  of  England, 
was  distinguished  for  bravery  in  several  naval 
actions ;  he  was  born  at  Harwich,  in  1629,  and 
died  in  1696. 

LEAKE,  Sir  John,  a  brave  and  successful 
English  admiral,  born  in  1636,  was  distinguished 
by  many  great  actions  ;  but  chiefly  by  his  relief 
and  preservation  of  Gibraltar  from  the  French 
and  Spaniards,  in  1705.    He  died  in  1720. 

LEAKE,  Stephen  Martin,  an  ingenious  wri- 
ter on  coins,  and  on  heraldry,  born  in  1702,  died 
in  1773. 

LEAKE,  Dr.  John,  physician  to  the  West 
minster  Lying-in- Hospital,  of  which  he  was  the 
founder,  died  in  1792.  His  writings  on  midwife- 
ry, and  on  female  diseases,  are  in  very  high  es- 
teem. 

LEAPOR,  Mary,  an  ingenious  English  lady, 
and  author  of  some  poems,  died  in  1735. 

LEAMING,  Jeremiah,  an  episcopal  clergy 
man,  of  New-England,  and  a  theological  wri 
ter  ;  he  died  in  1804. 

LEBID,  an  Arabian  poet,  employed  by  Ma 
hornet  to  answer  satirical  works  against  him. 

LE  BLANC,  Marcel,  one  of  the  fourteen  je 
suits  whom  Lewis  XIV.  sent  to  Siam,  died  in 
1693. 

LECLAIR,  John,  a  native  of  Lyons,  an  emi 
nent  musical  composer,  was  assassinated  in 


1764. 

'     LECTIUS,  James,  a  native  of  Geneva,  a  po 

j  et  and  critic,  died  in  1611. 

[     LEDESMA,  Alphonsus,  a  Spanish  poet,  died 
in  1623. 

LEbYARD,  John,  a  distinguished  American 
traveller,  a  native  of  Connecticut.  He  ac 
companied  captain  Cook  in  his  last  voyage,  and 
witnessed  his  death.  After  suffering  incredible 
hardships  in  his  different  journeys,  he  died  at 
Cairo,  in  1789,  while  preparing  to  penetrate  the 
interior  of  Africa. 

LEE,  Samuel,  an  Englishman,  ejected  from 
bis  living  for  non-conformity  in  1686,  and  em 
barked  for  Nortii  America. 

LEE,  Nathaniel,  an  eminent  English  drama 
tic  poet.  He  is  the  author  of  eleven  plays,  all 
acted  with  applause.  His  thoughts  are  wonder 

I  fully  suited  to  tragedy ;  but  frequently  lost  in 

I  Buch  a  cloud  of  words,  that  it  is  difficult  to  see 
the  beauty  of  them.     He  died  in  1691. 

LEE,  Thomas,  president  of  the  council  of 
Virginia,  in  1749.  The  administration  of  the 
affairs  of  the  colony  devolved  on  him  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  1750, 

LEE,  Charles,  a  native  of  Wales,  After 
serving  in  the  English  army  under  generals 
Abercrombje  and  Burgoyne,  came  to  Virginia, 
in  1773,  and  at  the  commencement  of  the  revo- 
huionnry  vvar,  was  appointed  a  major-general  in 
the  army,  and  afterwards  to  the  ctjmmand  of  the 

;  troops  in  the.  southern  stales.  He  rendered  great 

'  and  important  services  to  the  United  States,  but 


private  life,  and  died 
from  chagrin  and  mortification,  on  account  of 
his  disgrace,  about  1782. 

LEE,  Richard  Henry,  an  eminent  citizen,  and 
distinguished  patriot  of  the  revolution,  was  a 
member  of  congress  from  Virginia,  in  1776,  and 
first  proposed  to  that  body  the  declaration  of  In- 
dependence, which  he  afterwards  signed.  He 
was  subsequently  president  of  congress,  and  a 
senator  of  the  United  States,  under  the  federal 
constitution.  He  died  in  1794,  and  his  name 
will  be  remembered  with  gratitude,  as  one  of  the 
most  conspicuous  actors  of  the  revolution,  so 
long  aa  Americans  enjoy  the  benefits  resulting 
from  that  event. 

LEE,  Arthur,  LL.  D.,  brother  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  also  an  ardent  friend  to  the  rights  of 
the  colonies,  and  rendered  them  essential  servi- 
ces, while  agent  of  Virginia,  at  London.  He 
was  afterwards  minister  to  France,  from  the 
United  States,with  Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr.  Deane ; 
he  died  in  1792. 

LEE,  Francis  Lightfoot,  a  member  of  con- 
gress, from  Virginia,  in  1775,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence ;  he 
died  at  Richmond,  in  1797. 

LEE,  Thomas  Sim,  a  member  of  congress, 
and  of  the  corivention  which  formed  the  federal 
constitution,  afterwards  governor  of  Maryland  ; 
he  died  in  1819. 

LEE,  Charles,  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States,  died  in  1815. 

LEE,  Ezra,  a  revolutionary  officer,  who  was 
engaged  in  several  of  the  principal  contests  of 
the  war.  He  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  his  su- 
perior officers,  and  was  selected  to  take  charge 
of  the  marine  "  Turtle,"  in  an  attempt  to  blow 
up  the  British  ship  Asia,  in  the  harbour  of  New- 
York.    He  died  in  1821. 

LEE,  Samuel,  a  learned  and  distinguished 
English  divine,  afterwards  fiist  minister  at  Bris- 
tol, Rhode  Island  ;  he  died  in  1691,  on  his  return 
to  England. 

LEECHMAN,  Dr.  William,  piincipal  of  the 
college  of  Glasgow,  born  in  1706,  died  in  1785. 
His  publications  were  few,  but  they  are  gene- 
rally known  and  admired,  and  will  remain  last- 
ing monuments  of  a  devout  and  benevolent 
heart  as  well  as  of  an  enlarged  and  highly  cul- 
tivated understajjding. 

LEEPE,  John  Anthony  Van  der,  a  Dutch 
nainter,  celebrated  for  his  sea  views,  died  in 
1720. 

LEESE,  Anna,  a  native  of  England,  of  ob- 
scure origin,  and  of  doubtful  character,  was  the 
founder  of  the  society  of  shakers.  She  came 
to  America,  and  settled  near  Albany,  where  she 
died  in  1784. 

LEETE,  William,  a  native  of  England,  came 
to  America  to  enjoy  his  stern  repuWican  prin- 
I  ciples,  and  settled  at  Guilford.  He  was  chosen 
governor  of  New-Haven,  and  on  the  union  of 
the  colonies,  lieutenant-governor  and  governor 
of  Connecticut.    He  died  in  1683. 

LEEURO,  Gabriel  Van  der,  a  native  of  Dordt, 
who  excelled  in  painting  animals ;  he  died  in 
1688. 

LEGGE,  George,  lord  Dartmouth,  an  eminent 
English  admiral,  who  commanded  the  force  sent 
to  demolish  Taagier,  in  1683.  In  1688,  he  was 
made  admiral  of  the  fleet;  but,  after  the  revo- 
luticn  was  effected,  he  was  committed  to  the 
Tower,  on  suspicion  of  corresponding  with  the 
abdicated  king;  aad  he  died  iu  that  prison,  in 


24 


277 


LE 

LEGUAXO,  Stefano  Maria,  a  historical  pain- 
ter, tlie  pupil  of  Carlo  Maratti  Hia  pieces  are 
masterly,  particularly  in  the  diffusion  of  light 
and  shade  ;  he  died  in  Italy,  in  1715. 

LEIBXITZ,  Godfrey  William  de,  baron  of 
Leipsic,  an  eminent  statesman,  poet,  and  law- 
yer, but  more  eminent  as  a  writer  on  philoso- 
phy, born  in  1646,  died  in  1716.  His  philoso- 
phical writings  are  very  numerous,  and  have 
rendered  his  name  immortal. 

LEIGH,  Sir  Edward,  an  English  critic  and 
Hebrew  lexicographer,  died  in  1671. 

LEIGH,  Charles,  F.  R.  S.,  an  able  naturalist, 
of  England.  He  wrote  a  natural  history  of 
Lancashire,  Cheshire,  &c.,  and  a  history  of 
Virginia.  He  died  in  the  beginning  of  the  18th 
century. 

LEIGHTON,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh, author  of  "  Zion'sPlea,"  and  "  Looking 
Glass  of  the  Holy  War,"  both  directed  against 
the  government.  He  was  inconsequence  punish- 
ed by  having  his  nose  slit,  his  ears  cut,  and  run- 
ning the  gauntlet.    He  died  in  1644. 

LEIGHTON,  Robert,  an  eminent  Scotch  pre- 
late and  theological  writer,  died  in  1684. 

LEISLER,  Jacob,  known  as  the  leader  of  a 
rebellion,  in  the  colony  of  New- York,  for  which, 
he  was  accused  of  treason,  condemned,  and  ex- 
ecuted, about  1691. 

LEISMAN,  John  Anthony,  a  German  pain- 
ter, some  of  whose  pictures  are  very  much  ad- 
mired ;  he  died  in  1698. 

LELAND,  John,  the  first  and  last  antiquary- 
royal  in  England,  was  born  in  London,  and  died 
in  1552.  He  has  been  styled  the  father  of  Eng- 
lish antiquaries. 

LEL.\ND,  Dr.  John,  a  celebrated  English 
dissenting  divine,  settled  in  Dublin,  who  distin- 
guished hiniseif  by  some  very  estimable  and  la- 
borious publications,  particularly  "  A  View  of 
the  Deistical  Writers  of  England,"  and  "  The 
Advantage  and  Necessity  of  the  Christian  Re- 
velation." He  was  born  in  1691,  and  died  in 
176G. 

LELAND,  Dr.  Thomas,  author  of  a  •'  Histo- 
ry of  Ireland,"  a"  Life  of  Philip  of  Macedon," 
and  translator  of  Demosthenes,  was  born  in 
1722,  aud  died  in  1785. 

LE  LONG,  James,  author  of  "  Historical  Li- 
brary of  France."     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1721. 

LELY,  Sir  Peter,  an  excellent  porirait  and 
historical  painter,  born  in  1617,  at  Westphalia, 
but  afcervvards  settled  in  England,  under  the  pa- 
tronaze  of  Charles  II-,  died  In  1680. 

LEMENS,  Balthasar  Van,  a  native  of  Ant- 
werp, eminent  as  a  historical  painter,  died  in 
London,  in  1T04. 

LE  MERCIER,  Andrew,  a  minister  of  Bos- 
ton, for  many  years  pastor  of  a  French  protest- 
ant  clmrch  in  that  place ;  he  died  in  1762. 

LEMERY,  Nicolas,  a  celebrated  French 
ehvmical  writer,  born  at  Rouen,  in  1645,  died  in 
1715. 

LEMERY,  Lewis,  son  of  the  precoding,  was 
born  at  Paris,  and  became  physician  to  the  king. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  useful  books,  and 
died  in  1743. 

LEMNIUS,  Lffiviniua,  born  at  Zealand, 
where  he  became  a  physician,  and  afterwards 
took  orders.  He  wrote  on  astrology,  plants,  &c., 
and  died  in  1568. 

LEMOINE,  Francis,  a  French  painter,  who, 
without  genius,  became,  by  application,  an  emi- 
nent artist ;  he  died  in  1737. 

LEMON,  George  William,  an  English  divine, 
who  diftinguish^  himself  by  the  publication 
278 


LE - 

of  a  large  volume  on  "  English  Etymology,' 
being  a  derivative  dictionary,  in  which  he  ha-; 
not  only  invesliguit'd  the  radical  meaning  of 
many  obscure  and  almost  unintelligible  words, 
but  exploded  many  vulgar  errors,  and  illustra- 
ted many  passages  iu  ancient  Enghsh  writers. 
He  was  born  in  1726,  and  died  in  1797. 

LE  MONNIER,  Peter  Charles,  a  celebrated 
French  astronomer,  aud  one  of  those  who  made 
the  journey  to  the  north  in  1785,  for  the  admea- 
surement of  the  globe,  died  at  Paris,  in  1799. 

LE  MONNIER,  Lewis  William,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  a  distinguished  physician  and 
an  able  philosopher.  He  wrote  several  valuable 
articles  for  the  French  Encyclopedia,and  died  in 
1799. 

L'ENCLOS,  Ninon  de,  a  very  distinguished 
French  courtezan,  who,  with  a  fine  understand- 
ing and  philosophic  spirit,  would  reason  like 
Socrates,  though  she  acted  like  Lais ;  while, 
therefore,  the  great  Conde,  the  Villarcoaux,  the 
Sevignes,  the  Rochefoucaults,  enjoyed  her  as  a 
mistress,  the  learned  consulted  her  as  a  philo- 
sopher and  a  critic.  This  bewitching  woman 
died  in  1706,  aged  90,  retaining  her  personal 
charms  to  the  last.  She  left  some  cliildren,  and 
one  of  her  sons  died  before  her,  a  very  treigica) 
death  indeed.  Not  knowing  her  to  be  his  mo- 
ther (for  all  her  operations  were  conducted  with 
secrecy  and  mystery,)  he  actually  fell  in  love 
with  her  ;  and  when,  to  get  rid  of  his  passion, 
she  discovered  herself  to  him,  through  shame 
and  despair  he  poignarded  himself  in  her  pre- 
sence. 

L' ENFANT,  James,  an  eminent  French  pro- 
testant  minister,  born  in  1691,  died  in  1728.  He 
was  author  of  three  capital  works,  viz.  Histo- 
ries of  the  Council  of  Constance,  Basil,  and 
Pisa.  Besides  these,  he  published  the  New 
Testament,  translated  into  French  from  the  ori- 
ginal Greek,  with  notes,  in  conjunction  with 
Beausobre  ;  which  version  was  much  esteemed 
by  the  protestants. 

L'ENGLET,  Nicholas  du  Fresnoy,  avery  vo- 
luminous  French  writer,  bom  in  1674,  died  in 
1755.  His  "  Metliode  pour  etudier  I'Histoire," 
&c.  seems  to  have  been  thought  his  best  produc- 
tion. His  end  was  very  tragical :  for,  falling 
asleep  as  he  was  reading  by  the  fire,  he  fell  into 
it,  and  his  head  was  nearly  burnt  off  before  the 
accident  was  perceived. 

LENNARD,  Sampson,  a  friend  of  Sir  Philip 
Sidney,  with  whom  he  distinguished  himself  at 
the  battle  of  Zutphen.  He  was  also  an  eminent 
translator  from 'Latin  and  French;  he  died  in 
1630. 

LENNOX,  Charlotte,  a  writer  of  novels  and 
plays,  the  daughter  of  colonel  Ramsay,  lieuten- 
ant-governor of  New- York,  was  born  in  1720, 
and  died  in  1804.  Hepr  best  known  novel  is 
"  The  Female  auixotte."  The  latter  part  of 
her  life  was  clouded  by  sickness  and  penury ; 
her  chief  support  being  derived  from  "  The 
Literary  Fund." 

LENS,  Bernard,  painter  and  enameller  to 
George  II.,  died  in  1741. 

LENTHAL,  William,  speaker  of  the  long 
parliament,  a  dubious  character  during  the  civU 
wars,  who  sought  his  own  fortunes  by  secretly 
siding  with  the  republicans ;  he  died  under  con- 
trition, in  1663. 

LENTULUS,  Cneius,  a  Roman  consul,  his- 
torian, and  poet,  he  was  put  to  death  by  Tibe- 
rius. 

LEO  I.,  or  Ancient,  succeeded  Marcian,  on 
the  throne  ef  Constantinople,  ii^  457.    He  was 


LE 


LE 


{taised  by  some  historians,  but  greatly  censured 
y  others,  and  died  in  474. 

LEO  II.,  or  Younger.  He  ruined  hia  consti- 
tution by  his  debaucheries,  and  died,  aged  Ifi, 
soon  after  liis  accession. 
LEO  HI.  was  the  son  of  a  cobbler,  who  served 
In  the  army  with  such  success  that  he  became 
a  general,  and  in  711,  seated  himself  on  the  un- 
perial  throne  of  Constautimple.  He  was  de 
tested  as  a  tyrant,  and  excommunicated  by  the 
popes  of  Rome,    l;e  died  in  741. 

LEO  IV.  succeed,3d  to  the  tlirone  in  775.  He 
warred  against  the  Saracens  with  success,  and 
died  in  780. 

LEO  v.,  the  Armenian,  becam«  a  general 
by  his  valour  in  the  Roman  armies,  and  so  great 
was  his  popularity,  that  he  prevailed  on  his 
soldiers  to  proclaim  him  emperor,  in  813.  He 
was  assassinated  in  820. 

LEO  VI.,  or  the  Philosopher,  also  called  the 


LEO,  an  archbishop  of  Th&ssalonica,  in  the 
9th  century,  distinguished  as  a  mathemaiician, 
one  of  the  great  revivers  of  Grecian  literature. 

LEO,  Pilatus,  Greek  professor,  al  Florence, 
aboi!  1360;  first  gave  lectures  on  Hoiuer,  and 
other  Greek  authors. 

LEO,  of  Modena,  a  celebrated  rabbi,  author 
of  an  Italian  history  of  the  rites  and  customs  of 
tho  Jews,  and  other  works.  He  lived  in  the 
17tli  century. 

LEO,  the  tjrammarian,  compiled  in  the  12tll 
century  a  chronicle  of  Constantinople. 

LEO,  John,  a  native  of  Grenada,  eminent 
as  a  geographer,  and  author  of  the  lives  of 
Arabian  philosophers,  and  a  description  of 
Africa,  in  Arabic.     He  died  in  152G. 

LEO,  of  Byzantium,  a  pupil  of  Plato,  put  to 
death  by  the  treachery  of  Pliilip. 

LEO,  of  Orviette,  a  Dominican,  who  wrote 
an  acrount  of  the  Popes,  and  another  of  the 


Wise,  succeeded  to  the  mrbne  m  880.  He  maoe  tlEmnerors,  in  1308. 
war  against  the  Bulganans,  Hungarians,  ana  li  LEO,  Peter  Cieca  de,  a  Spaniard,  who  tra- 
Saracens  ;  deposed  the  patriarchs,  Photius  and  veiled  in  America,  and  publislied  an  interesting 
Nicolas.  He  protected  men  of  letters,  and  died  |laccountv)f  Peru,  in  1550,  a  work  of  great  merit. 
in  911.  jl    LEONE,  Arto,  or  Conaria,  a  historical  painter, 

LEO  I.,  pope,  surnamed  the  Great.    During  who  died  in  1564. 
his  reign,  Genseric  ferociously  entered  Rome.  II    LEONI,  Giacomo,  a  Venetian  architect,  who 
and  having  taken  possession  of  the  city,  gave  itlisettJed  in  England,  and  published  a  line  edition 


up  to  pillage  for  14  days.  Leo  was  a  iearneo 
and  osefulpope,  and  died  in  461. 

LEO  II.,  pope,  was  an  aole  and  resolute  pon- 
tiff. He  first  established  the  kiss  of  peace,  at 
the  mass,  and  the  use  of  holy  water ;  he  died  in 
683. 

LEO  III.,  pope.  His  nephew  attempted  his 
destruction,  but  he  escaped  to  Charlemagne, 
who  espoused  his  cause  and  seated  him  again  in 
the  pontifical  chair.  He  was  an  eloquent  and 
popular  pontiff,  and  died  in  818. 

LEO  IV.,  pope.  He  was  a  wise  and  courage- 
ous pontiff,  and  boldly  met  the  Saracens,  wno 
came  to  pillage  his  city,  defeating,  and  taking  a 
vast  number  prisoners,  who  were  kept  to  fortify 
and  adorn  the  city  ;  he  died  in  855. 

LEO  V. ,  pope  after  Benedict  IV. ,  in  903.  He 
was  soon  after  exiled,  and  died  of  grief. 

LEO  VI  ,  pope  after  John  X.,  in  9'28.  He  died 
about  7  months  after. 

LEO  VII.,  a  Roman,  elected  pope  after  John 


of  Palladio  ;  he  died  in  1746. 

LEONICENUS,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, of  Italy,  to  whom  wc  owe  the  first  trans*' 
lation  of  any  of  Galen's  works,  and  the  "  Apho- 
risms of  Hippocrates,"  born  in  1428,  died  in 
1524. 

LEONICUS  THOM^US,  Nicholas,  a  learn- 
ed Venetian,  who  read  Lectures  at  Padua,  with 
■2;reat  reputation.  He  translated  some  Greek 
works,  and  died  in  1524. 

LEONID  AS  I.,  king  of  Sparta,  a  celebrated 
warrior,  who  died  gloriously  in  defending  th* 
pass  of  Thermopylae  against  Xerxes,  480  years 
B.  C. 

LEONTIUM,an  ancient  courtezan  at  Athens; 
famous  first  for  her  lasciviousness,  and  after- 
wards for  her  application  to  the  study  of  phi- 
losophy under  Epicurus. 

LEOPOLD,  St.,  marquis  of  Austria,  in  1096. 
By  his  virtues,  he  deserved  the  surname  of 
Pious  ■  he  was  canonized  by  Innocent  VIII.,  in 


XI.    He  possessed  many  virtues,  and  diet,  in  0S9. 1.1485, 
LEO  VIII.,  elected  by  authority  of  the  em-|(    LEOPOLD  J.,  was  made  king  of  Hungary, 


peror  Otho,  on  the  deposition  of  John  XII.,  in 
963.  He  was  a  pontiff  of  great  merit  and  re- 
spectability ;  he  died  in  965. 

LEO  IX.,  Bruno,  bishop  of  Toul,  was  elected 
pope  in  1048,  and  deserved  the  name  of  saint, 
given  him  in  the  Ronrian  calendar.  His  sermons 
and  other  works  are  still  c^ctant ;  he  died  in  1054. 

LEO  X.,  pope  of  Rome,  ever  to  be  remem- 
bered by  protestanta  as  having  been  the  cause 
of  the  Reformation  begun  by  Luther,  was  born 
at  Florence,  in  1475,  and  died  in  1521.  He  was 
a  lover  and  patroniser  of  learning  ard  learned 
men,  and  equally  favoured  arts  and  sciences, 
being  himself  a  man  of  taste.  For  this  he  has 
been  often  celebrated,  and  by  Pope  in  particular: 

"But  see !  each  Muse  in  Leo's  golden  days 
Starts  from  her  trance,  and  trims  her  wither'd 

bays ; 
Rome's  ancient  genius,  o'er  its  ruins  spread. 
Shakes  off  the  dust,  and  rears  his  rev'rend  head. 
Then  Sculpture  and  her  sister  arts  revive  ; 
Stones  leap  to  form,  and  rocks  begin  to  live  ; 
With  sweeter  notes  each  rising  temple  rung ; 
A  Raphael  painted  and  a  Vida  sung." 


in  1655,  and  of  Bohemia,  in  1656,  and  was  elected 
emperor  in  1658.  He  engaged  in  a  war  with  the 
Turks,  and  also  with  Lewis  XIV,  who  pillaged 
and  destroyed  his  frontier  towns ;  he  died  in  1605. 

LEOPOLD  II.,  Peter  Joseph,  for  25  years 
(grana  auke  of  Tuscany  elected  emperor  of 
iGermany  in  1790 ;  and  in  this  high  dignity,  he 
evinced  great  abilities.  He  was  preparing  to 
declare  war  against  France,  when  he  died  in 
1792. 

LEOPOLD,  duke  of  Lorraine,  was  celebrated 
for  his  military  talents,  and  after  having  settled 
a  peace,  he  devoted  himself  t»  the  prosperity 
and  happiness  of  his  domains,  with  great  suc- 
He  died  at  Luneville,  in  1729,  universally 
lamented. 

LEOPOLD.William,  archduke  of  Austria,  bi- 
shopof  Passau,  &c.,  was  at  the  head  of  the  impe 
rial  armies  in  the  30  years  war  iigainst  the  French 
and  Swedes,  and  was  greatly  distinguished,  both 
in  the  field  and  cabinet ;  he  died  in  1662. 

LEOTAITD,  Vincent,  a  French  Jesuit,  and 
mathematician,  author  of  a  work  in  which  he 
oroves  the  impossibility  of  squaring  the  circle  t 
he  died  in  1672. 

279 


LE 

LEOWICa,  or  LEOVITIUS,  Cyprian,  a  no- 
lile  Boliemian,  author  of  a  collection  of  astro- 
logical productions,  and  incoherent  reveries, 
He  piophesied  that  the  world  would  end  in  1584 ; 
he  died  in  1574. 

LEPAUTE,  John  Andrew,  a  French  clock 
maker,  who  ro.n<Je  some  valuable  improvements 
in  the  art,  and  died  in  1802. 

LEPICIER,  Bernard,  a  French  engraver,  se- 
cretary and  historian  to  the  royal  academy  of 
painting,  at  Paris ;  he  published  a  catalogue  of 
ihe  kin^s  pictures,  in  2vs.  4to.,  and  died  in  1755. 

LEPIDUS,  Marcus  .iEmilius,  one  of  the  Ro- 
man triumvirs  with  Augustus  and  Antony. 

LEPRINCE,  John,  a  French  musician  and 
painter  of  great  skill.  Being  taken  by  a  priva- 
teer and  robbed  of  every  thing  except  his  violin, 
he  seized  the  instrument  and  played  with  such 
effect,  that  the  sailors  restored  his  property ;  he 
died  in  1781. 

LE  QUIEN,  Michael,  a  learned  Dominican, 
who  wrote  against  Courayer,  on  the  validity  of 
the  ordination  of  the  English  bishops ;  he  died 
in  1703, 

LERNUTIU9,  John,  a  Latin  poet,  bom  at 
Bruges,  died  in  1619. 

LESBONAX,  a  philosopher,  of  Mitylene,  in 
the  1st  century.  Some  of  his  grammatical 
works  still  remain. 

LESCAILLE,  Catherine,  a  native  of  Hol- 
land, called,  for  the  sweetness  of  her  poetry,  the 
Dutch  Sappho,  and  the  tenth  muse  ;  she  died 
in  1711. 

LESLEY,  John,  a  celebrated  bishop  of  Ross, 
in  Scotland,  born  in  1527,  died  in  159G.  His  ex- 
ertions to  save  the  life  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots, 
his  mistress,  has  endeared  his  name  to  posteri- 
ty :  indeed,  all  parties  agree  in  speaking  of  him 
as  a  man  of  incomparable  learning,  an  able 
statesman,  a  zealous  churchman ;  and  of  his 
fidelity  to  his  queen  as  admirable  and  exempla- 
ry. He  is  author  of  a  history  of  Scotland  to 
1561. 

LESLIE,  Dr.  John,  bishop  of  Clogher,  in  Ire- 
land, memorable  for  his  exertions  in  defence  of 
the  royal  cause,  and  for  having  endured  a  siege 
in  his  castle  of  Raphoe,  before  he  would  sur- 
render it  to  Oliver  Cromwell,  being  the  last 
which  held  out  in  that  country.  He  was  born 
in  Scotland,  and  died  in  1671,  aged  about  100 
years,  having  been  above  50  years  a  bishop. 

LESLIE,  Charles,  second  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, studied  law,  which  he  afterwards  forsook 
for  divinity,  and  became  a  famous  theological 
disputant.  His  tracts  on  religion  and  politics 
amount  to  50.  He  left  also  2  folio  volumes  of 
theological  works,  and  was  a  man  of  great  ta 
lents ;  he  died  in  1722. 

LESSLNG,  Gotthold  Ephraim,  a  German 
poet,  in  the  time  of  "Voltaire,  published  various 
thmgs,  but  without  judgment. 

LESSIUS,  Leonard,  a  Jesuit,  professor  of  di 
vinity  at  Louvaine.  He  wrote  many  learned 
works,  and  died  in  1623. 

L' ESTRANGE,  Sir  Roger,  an  English  gen 
tleman,  bom  in  1616,  was  concerned  in  raising 
forces  and  in  some  unsuccessful  enterprises  in 
favour  of  Charles  I.,  during  the  civil  wars,  for, 
which  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  kingdom. i 
Upon  the  restoration  he  returned,  and  printed 
the  first  English  newspaper,  under  the  title  of 
the  Public  Intelligencer,  in  1663 ;  which  he  laid 
down  upon  the  publication  of  the  first  London 
Gazette.  He  was  author  of  many  political, 
tracts,  translated  several  things  from  the  Greek, 
Latin,  and  Spanish,  and  died  in  1705. 
S80 


LE 

I  LETHIEULLIER,  Smart,  Esq.  an  English 
gentleman,  bom  of  a  French  family,  who  made 
[a  most  valuable  collection  of  medals,  bookB, 
MSS.,  and  natural  curiosities;  he  died  in  1760. 

LETI,  Gregorio,  an  Italian  miscellaneous 
writer  and  historian,  born  at  Milan,  in  1630, 
died  in  1701.  His  "  History  of  Geneva"  is  the 
best  of  his  works. 

LETTSOM,  John  Coakley,  M.  D.,  long  distin- 
guished for  pubUc  and  private  benevolence,  and 
for  every  species  of  useful  exertion,  both  in  the 
medical  profession,  and  as  a  member  of  society 
at  large,  was  bom  in  1744,  and  died  in  London, 
in  1815.  His  writings  are  very  numerous,  as 
well  moral  as  medical ;  and  all  of  them  discov- 
er the  philanthropist  and  the  physician. 

LEUCIPPUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  philosopher 
and  mathematician,  flourished  about  4'2(i  B.  C. 

LEUNCLAVIUS,  John,  a  German  hisiori- 
an  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  bom  in  Westphalia, 
in  1533,  died  in  1593. 

LEUSDEN,  John,  professor  of  Hebrew  at 
Utrecht,  and  eminent  for  his  learning  and  ta- 
lents as  a  writer  ;  he  died  in  1699. 

LEUWENHOEK,  Anthony  de,  a  very  cele- 
brated Dutch  physician,  born  at  Delft,  in  lKi-2, 
died  in  1723.  He  became  famous  all  over  Eu- 
rope by  his  experiments  and  discoverits  with 
microscopes. 

LEVER,  Sir  Ashton,  collector  of  a  valuable 
museum  of  natural  history ;  the  expense  of 
which  having  impaired  his  fortune,  he  was 
permitted  to  sell  it  by  lottery,  but  lost  consider- 
ably, not  a  sufficient  number  of  tickets  having 
been  sold. 

LEYERETT,  John,  a  native  of  England, 
was,  after  his  arrival  in  America,  intrusted 
with  several  important  offices,  among  which 
were  those  of  major  general  and  governor  of 
1  Massachusetts  :  he  died  in  1S70. 

LEVERETf ,  John,  F  R.  S.,  a  grandson  of 
the  preceding,  was  a  member  and  spea.ker  of 
the  house  of  assembly,  and  a  judge  of  the  su- 
perior court  of  Massachusetts.  He  was  chosen 
[president  of  Harvard  college,  in  1708,  and  con- 
tinued in  that  olfice  until  bis  death,  which  hap- 
pened in  1724. 

LEVESaUE  DE  PONILLI,  Lewis,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  inscriptions  of  France, 
and  governor  of  Rheims.  He  wrote  "  Theory 
of  agreeable  Sensations,"  &c.,  and  died  in 
1746. 

LEVESQUE,  Peter  Charies,  a  distinguished 
French  writer,  died  at  Paris,  in  1812. 

LEVI,  third  son  of  Jacob,  by  Leah,  died  1612 
B.  C. 

LEVI,  David,  a  Jew,  born  in  London,  in 
1740,  was  first  a  shoemaker,  and  afterwards  a 
hatter;  but  became,  in  the  result,  a  valuable 
acquisition  to  the  literary  circle.  He  died  in 
1799,  leaving  behind  him  the  following,  among 
other,  works  :  "  Rites  and  Ceremonies  of  the 
Jews;"  "Lingua  Sacra,  or,  a  Hebrew  and 
English  Dictionary  ;"  "  The  Pentateuch  in  He- 
brew and  English;  "  a  translation  of  the  "  He- 
brew Ijiturgy,"  and  "  Dissertations  on  the 
Prophecies." 

LEVINGSTON,  James,  a  brave  Scotchman, 
who  served  in  the  wars  of  Bohemia,  Hol- 
land, Sweden,  and  Germany,  and  afterwards 
gentleman  of  the  bed-chamber  to  Charles  J.; 
he  died  in  1672. 

LEWIS,  John,  a  native  of  Bristol,  educated 
at  Oxford.  He  became  master  of  Eastbridge 
hospital,  Canterbury,  and  was  a  man  of  great 
industry  and  learning.    He  published  the  life 


LI 


LI 


cf  VVickliife,  tlie  life  of  Caxton,  various  liisto- 1 
lies,  &c.,  and  died  in  1746.  I 

LEWIS,  Mattliew  Gregory,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, in  1773.  He  was  educated  at  Westminster , 
Bciiooi,  and  afterwards  obtained  a  seat  in  parlia-| 
mem.  He  went  to  visit  some  estates  tliat  his 
J'atiier  had  left  him  in  Jamaica,  and  died  on  his 
passage  home  in  1818.  His  dramas  are  enume- 
rated  in  tcie  "  Biographia  Drainatica;"  but  tiie 
book  that  conferred  an  infamous  celebrity  upon 
iiim,  was  a  most  licentious  novel  called  "  Tlie 
Monk."  It  gave  him  also  the  nick-name  of 
Monk  Lewis. 

LEWIS,  kings  of  France.    See  L0U[3. 

LEWIS,  Meriwether,  a  native  of  Vnginia, 
was  private  secretary  to  Mr.  Jellerson,  and  was 
appointed  by  him  governor  of  the  territory  of 
Louisiana.  By  order  of  government,  he  with 
Cap£.  Clark,  explored  the  Missouri  and  country 
vvidat,  to  the  Pacific  ;  an  account  of  the  expedi- 
tion was  published  in  1806.    He  died  in  V^>M. 

LEWIS,  Francis,  of  New- York,  was  one  of 
Ihe  signers  of  the  declaration  of  Indeitendence. 

LEV,  Sir  James,  chief  justice  of  Irelati<l,  and 
afterwards  of  England,  was  finally  created  ba- 
ron of  Ley,  and  earl  of  Marlborough,  and  lord 
high  treasurer,  by  James  I. 

LBYBOURN,  William,  originally  a  painter, 
and  afterwards  an  emuieut  mathemalioian-,  died 
about  Vm. 

LEYDECKER,  Melchior,  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Utrecht,  and  author  of  a  curious  trea- 
tise on  the  republic  of  the  Hebrews ;  he  died 
in  1721. 

LEYDEN,  Lucas  Van,  a  Dutch  painter  and 
engraver.  He  acquired  great  celebrity  by  his 
painting  the  history  of  St.  Hubert,  which  he 
Sinished  before  the  age  of  15 ;  he  died  in  1533. 

LEYDEN,  John,  a  distinguished  physician 
and  poet,  of  Scotland,  was  appointed  professor 
of  the  Hiridoostanee  language,  at  the  college  of 
Calcutta,  and  a  judge  at  that  place.  He  died 
in  1811. 

LEYS3EN3,  >f.,  a  native  of  Antwerp,  wiio 
■tudied  painting,  and  was  very  successful  in  his 
professinu  ;  he  died  in  1730. 

L'HERlTfER,  a  most  indefatigable  French 
botanist,  confessedly  the  greatest  (nexttoBuf- 
Ibn)  that  France  ever  produced,  was  born  near 
Paris,  in  I7:yi,  and  assassinated  in  the  street  at 
Berne,  Aug.  15,  1800 ;  being  mistaken,  as  it  was 
supposed,  for  some  other  person. 

LHUYD,  Edward,  keeper  of  the  Ashmolean 
museum  at  Oxford,  and  a  celebrated  antiquary 
and  linguist,  died  in  1709. 

LHWYD,  or  LHUYD,  Humphrey,  an  anti 
quarian,  born  at  Denbigh.  He  studied  physic 
at  Oxford,  practised  in  his  native  town,  and 
died  in  1570,  leaving  behind  him  the  character 
of  an  excellent  rhetorician,  and  sound  philo- 
sopher. 

LIBANIUS,  a  famous  sophist  of  antiquity, 
born  at  Antioch,  in  314.  His  epistles  and  ora- 
tions are  in  high  esteem. 

LIBAVIUS,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Saxony,  an 
able  physician,  who  wrote  against  Paracelsus  ; 
he  died  in  1616. 

LIBERI,  Peter,  a  native  of  Padua,  eminent 
as  a  painter.  His  best  piece  is  Moses  striking 
the  rock  ;  he  died  in  1677. 

LIBERIUS,  pope  after  Julius  I.,  in  352.  He 
subscribed  very  reluctantly  for  the  condemna- 
tion of  Athanasius.     He  died  in  366. 

LICETUS,  a  celebrated  physician,  of  Italy, 
born  in  Glenoa,  in  1577,  died  in  1655.'  Hia  work 
''  De  Monstris' '  has  great  merit. 

24* 


LICIITENBERG,George  Christopher,  proles- 
sor  of  philosophy  in  the  university  of  Goiiingcn, 
atid  one  ot  the  most  ingenious  writers  of  Ger- 
many, died  in  1799. 

LlCINlUS,Tegula,  a  Latin  poet,  200  B.C. 
Nothing  but  fragments  remain  of  his  comic 
compositions. 

LlClNiUS,  C.  Flavius  Valerianus,  son  of  a 
Dalmaiian  peasant,  rose  to  the  rank  of  generai 
in  the  Roman  armies,  and  married  the  sister  of 
Constaiitine.   He  was  killed  in  battle,  A.  D.  324. 

LICLVIUS,  Caius,  a  Roman  tribune,  author 
of  the  law  to  forbid  any  man  the  possession  of 
more  than  50J  acres  of  land. 

LIDDEL,  Duncan,  a  native  of  Aberdeen,  S 
physician,  and  professor  of  matheniaiics  ai 
llolmstadt.  He  returned  to  hie  native  town, 
where  he  established  six  scholarships  at  tlio 
university,  and  died  in  1613. 

LIEUTAUD,  Joseph,  physician  to  Lewis 
XVI.,  and  member  of  the  academy  of  sciences 
of  Paris.  He  wrote  Elements  of  Physiology 
Synopsis  of  the  Practice  of  Medicine,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1780. 

LIEVENS,  John,  a  native  of  Leyden,  emi- 
nent as  a  historical  and  portrait  painter,  invited 
by  Charles  I.  to  England,  to  paint  the  persons 
of  the  court. 

LIGARIUS,  auintus,  a  proconsul  of  Africa- 
was  one  of  the  murderers  of  Caesar. 

LfGER,  Lewis,  author  of  the  Paris  Guide, 
and  some  useful  works  on  gardening  ;  he  die<i 
in  1717. 

LIGHTFOOT,  John,  a  most  eminent  divine, 
born  in  Staffordshire.  He  was  one  of  the  mos* 
learned  rabinical  scholars  that  England  evei 
produced.  His  works  are  published  in  2  vols. 
folio  ;  he  died  in  1675. 

LIGNAC,  Joseph  Adrain  de,  anativeof  Poic- 
tiers,  a  priest  and  author  of  Lstters  to  an  Ame- 
rican, on  Buffou's  Natural  History,  he  diedio 
1762. 

LIGON^IER,  John,  earl  of,  a  very  distinguish- 
ed field  marshal  in  the  English  army.  He  serv- 
ed with  honour  in  all  the  wars  of  qu«een  Anne^ 
under  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  and  in  every 
succeeding  vvar,  and  died  in  1770,  aged  92. 

LIGORIO,  Peter,  a  Neapolitan,  distinguisheo 
as  a  painter  and  arcliitect.  His  designs  compose 
30  vols. ;  he  died  in  1580. 

LILBURNE,  John,  a  famous  English  enthu- 
3ia:5t,  born  in  1618,  died  in  1657.  He  was  th<> 
chief  ringleader  of  the  levellers,  a  modeller  ot 
state,  and  publisher  of  several  seditious  pam 
phlets;  and  of  so  quarrelsome  a  disposition,  a* 
to  have  it  appositely  said  of  him,  that  if  thei«t 
were  none  living  hut  him,  John  would  be  agains' 
Lilburne,  and  Lilburne  against  John. 

LILIENTAL,  Michael,  a  Prussian,  profeeso- 
at  Koningsberg.  He  published  various  works 
which  are  preserved  in  the  memoirs  of  the  Ber- 
lin academy  ;  he  died  in  1750. 

LILLO,  George,  an  excellent  dramatic  wri- 
ter, born  in  London,  in  1693.  Though  strongly 
attached  to  the  muses,  he  seemed  to  have  laiu 
it  down  as  a  maxim,  that  the  devoti<m  paid  to 
them  ought  always  to  tend  to  the  promotion  of 
virtue,  moralitv  and  religion.  In  pursuance  of 
this  aim,  Lillo  was  happy  in  the  choice  of  hia 
subjects,  and  showed  great  power  in  affecting 
the  heart,  by  working  up  the  pas-sions  to  such  a 
height  as  lo  render  the  distresses  of  common 
and  domestic  life  equally  interesting  to  the  au- 
diences as  that  of  kings  and  heroes  ;  and  the 
ruin  brought  on  private  families  by  an  indul 
gence  of  avarjce,lu8t,  &c.,  as  the  havnck  mada 
•281 


LT 


LI 


ill  Slaves  and  empires  by  ambition,  cruelty,  or  state,   and   lieiuenanl- governor  of  his  native 

ryranny.      His  "George  Barnwell,"   "  Fatai  stale  ;  he  was  appointed  to,  but  did  not  accept, 

(Jiiriosity,"  and  "  Arden  of  Fevershain,"  are.itlie  office  of  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 

al!  planned  on  common  and  weJi-known  stories;  lUniled  Stales.     He  died  in  l«-iO. 

yet  they  have  much  more   frequently  drawn  I     Li\D,  Dr.  James,  a  celebrated  medical  wri- 

tears  from  an  audience  tlian  iht  more  pompous, iter,  died  in  1794. 

tragedioeof  "  Alexander  the  Great,"  "  All  for; I     LLN'DANUS,  WiUiam,  a  Dutchman,  made 

Love,"  &c.    He  died  in  1739.  j  first  bishop  of  Ruremonde,  by  Philip  IL,  of 

LILLY,  William,  a  famous  English  asirolo-  'Spain.  He  wrote  some  Latin  books  in  defence 
ger,  born  in  lSO-2,  died  in  1681.  In  him  we  have  ilof  the  cailiolic  religion,  and  died  m  1588. 
an  instance  of  the  geiieral  superstition  and  igno-|j  LIXDENBRUCH,  Frederic,  a  Fleming,  the 
ranee  that  prevailed  in  the  time  of  the  civil  war  lilaborious  and  learned  editor  of  V^irgil,  Terence, 
between  Cliarles  1.  and  his  paiiiaraent ;  for  tlie  ijand  other  classics.  He  died  in  1638. 
king  consulted  this  astrologer  to  know  in  whatj  LINDSAY,  John,  a  learned  divine,  forma]iy 
quarter  he  siioald  conceal  himself  if  he  could  lyears  minister  of  the  dissenting  congregation  in 
escape  from  Hampton  court;  and  general  Fair-  jAldersgate  street,  London.  He  wrote  several 
fax,  on  the  other  side,  sent  for  iiim  to  his  army,  I'books,  and  died  in  1768. 

to  ask  him  if  he  could  tell  by  his  an  whether  I  LINDSAY,  Sir  David,  of  the  Mount,  Lyon 
God  was  with  them  and  their  cause.  Lilly,  who  iKing  at  Arms,  an  ancient  Scotch  writer  aud  dra- 
made  his  fortune  by  favourable  predictions  to  jmaticpoet,  born  in  1496,  died  in  1557.  His  chief 
botli  parties,  assured  the  general  that  God  would!  writings  were,  ''Satires  on  the  Vices  of  the 
be  wiih  him  and  his  army.  His  almanacs  were  j  Clergy."  His  poetical  works  were  published  in 
in  repute  upwards  of  36  years,  and  to  be  found  i  1806. 
in  almost  every  family  in"  England.  |     LINDSAY,  David,  after  studying  in  foreign 

LILY,  William,   an  English  grammarian,  ijuniversities,  returned  to  support  the  reformed 
born  at  Oldiiam,  in  Ham|)shire,  in  1466.      He  iirehgion  against  queen  Mary.    He  wrote  a  his- 
<vas  appointed  first  master  of  St.  Paul's  school,  ''tory  of  Scotland,  and  died  in  1593. 
by  the  rounder,  Dean  Colet^  in  1510,  and  died  i|    LINDSEY,  Theophilus,  born  in  1723,  took  hia 
of  the  plague  at  London,  in  152-2.     He  is  highly  'Idegrees  in  arts  at  Cambridge,  and  obtained,  af- 


praised  by  Erasmus,  who  revised  the  syntax  m 
his  "  Grammar,"  for  his  uncommon  knowledge 
in  the  languages,  and  admirable  skill  in  the 
instruction  of  youth. 

LILY,  George,  eldest  son  of  the  grammarian, 
patronised  at  Rome,  by  cardinal  Pole.  He  wrote  | 
some  his'orica!  books,  and  was  the  first  who 
published  a  correct  map  of  England  ;  he  died  in 
1559. 

LILY,  Peter,  second  son  of  the  grammarian, 
was  a  dignitary  of  the  church  of  Canterbury. 
He  had  a  son  named  Peter,  who  was  D.  D.,  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  and  archdeacon  of  Taun- 
ton ;  he  died  in  1614. 

LIMBORCH,  Philip,  a  celebrated  professor 
of  divinity,  in  Holland,  born  in  1633,  died  in 
1712.  His  best  work  is  a  "  History  of  the  In- 
quisition." 

LIMN^US,  John,  a  German  lawyer,  of  Je- 
na, known  as  the  author  of  various  learned 
works  ;  he  died  in  1663. 

LIN  ACRE,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  very  learned  Eng- 
lish physician,  born  in  1460,  died  iu  1524.  He 
projected  the  foundation  of  the  college  of  phy- 
sicians, was  the  first  president  after  its  erection, 
and  held  tbat  office  for  the  seven  years  that  he 
lived  afterwards. 

LINANT,  Michael,  a  French  poet,  the  inti- 
mate friend  of  Voltaire,  who  three  limes  obtain- 
ed the  prize  of  the  French  academy ;  he  died 
in  1749. 

LINCOLN,  Benjamin,  a  distinguished  officer 
and  a  major-general  in  the  American  army,  dar- 
ing the  revolution.  His  services  were  conspi- 
cuous through  the  war.  He  was  second  in  com- 
mand at  the  capture  of  Burgoyne,  commander 
of  the  forces  in  the  southern  states,  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Charleston,  aud  exchanged,  and  af- 
terwards shared  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  and 
superintended  the  capitulation  of  Cornwallis. 
After  the  war,  be  was  repeatedly  in  public  life, 
was  lieuienant-gover:.or  of  Massachusetts,  and 
collector  of  the  port  of  Boston  until  1809.  He 
died  iu  1810. 


LINCOLN,  Levi,  a  member  of  congress  from 
Massachusetts,  was  attorney-general  of  the  Uni  ^ 

led  Slates,  and  for  a  ome,  acting  secretary  of  ij  1778;  leaving",  aniong  other  works,  1, 
282 


ter  other  preferments,  the  valuable  living  of 
Catlerick,  in  Yorkshire  ;  which,  however,  he 
resigned,  in  1773,  having  embraced  the  Socinian 
system.  He  then  settled  in  Loudon,where  he 
opened  a  chapel,  in  Essex-street,  Strand,  in 
which  he  officiated  till  1793,  when  he  retired 
from  the  ministry.    He  died  in  1808. 

LINDWOOD,  William,  divinity  professor,  at 
Oxford,  ambassador  to  Spain,  and  afterwards 
bishop  of  St.  David's.  He  wrote  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury,  and 
died  in  1446. 

LINGELBACK,  John,  a  celebrated  Germaa 
landscape-painter,  of  the  17ih  century. 

LINGUET,  Simon  Nicolas  Henry,  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Rheims.  He  was  educated  a 
lawyer,  and  rose  to  the  highest  emuience  as  an 

vocate.  He  wrote  "Theory  of  Laws,  Me- 
moirs of  the  Bastile,  Political  Annals,"  and  many 
other  works.  He  fell  under  the  guillotine,  in 
1794. 

LINIERE,  Francis,  a  French  poet  of  great 
literary  merit,  but  of  dissipated  character,  and 
an  obstinate  atheist,  died  in  1704. 

LINING,  John,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
was  a  distinguished  physician  of  South  Caroli- 
ne published  an  account  of  the  yellow 
fever  in  1753,  the  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

LINLEY,  Thomas,  a  very  eminent  English 
composer  of  music,  and  one  of  the  proprietors 
of  Drury-lane  theatre,  died  in  1795. 

LINN,  William,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  presb)rte- 
rian  clergyman,  of  New- Jersey,  afterwards  set- 
tled at  New- York  ;  he  died  in  1808. 

LINN,  John  Blair,  D.  D.,  minister  of  a  pres- 
byterian  church  in  Philadelphia,  known  as  a 
poet ;  he  died  in  1804. 

LINN^US,  Charles  Von,  the  father  of  mo- 
dern botany,  w£is  born  at  Smaland,  in  Sweden, 
1707.  He  made  the  tour  of  Lapland,  in  1732, 
and  traversed  what  is  called  the  Lapland  De- 
sert, enduring  great  hardships,  merely  from  an 
ardent  love  of  science  ;  and,  after  six  months 
thus  employed,  returned  to  IJpsal ;  in  the  uni- 
versity of  which,  at  the  age  of  34,  he  was  made 
professor  of  physic  and  botany.  He  died  in 
"ystema 


LI 

aNaturte,  sistens  regna  tria  Naturae;  2.  Biblio- 
theca  Dotaaica  ;  3.  Ciitica  Botaiiica ;  4.  Genera 
Plaatariiui  eiumque  Chaiacteres  Naturalis;  5. 
Anionitates  iEcademicae;  6.  Materia Medica,  &c. 
LINT,  Peter  Van,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
known  as  an  eminent  historical  and  portrait 
painter  of  the  17th  century. 

LINTRUSI,  Severinus,  professor  of  divinity 
and  eloquence,  at  Copenhagen,  and  author  of 
some  theological  works  in  Latin;  he  died  in 
1732. 

L[NUS,  St ,  successor  of  St.  Peter,  at  Rome, 
he  is  ranked  among  the  martyrs  of  that  city. 

LIOTARD,  John  Stephen,  a  crayon  painter, 
of  great  fame,  born  at  Geneva,  in  1703. 

LIOTARD,  Peter,  a  French  botanist,  who  be- 
gan the  study  after  he  was  40  years  old,  and 
pursued  it  with  so  much  zeal,  that  he  was  made 
director  of  the  public  garden,  at  Grenoble  ;  he 
died  in  1796. 

LIPPI,  Philip,  who  from  a  Carmelite,  became 
a  painter.  He  was  a  native  of  Florence,  and 
died  in  1488. 

LIPPI,  Lawrence,  a  painter,  of  Florence,  who 
excelled  in  historical  pieces  and  in  portraits. 
He  also  possessed  merit  as  a  poet ;  he  died  in 
1604. 

LIPSrUS,  Justus,  a  most  acute  and  learned, 
Flemish  critic  and  commentator  on  ancient  au 
thors,  born  near  Brussels,  in  1547,  died  in  1G08. 

LIRON,  John,  a  Benedictine  of  St.  Maur,  au- 
thor of  several  French  works  of  great  merit 
died  in  1749. 

LIS,  John  Van  der,  a  painter,  born  at  Olden 
burgh.  His  pieces  on  Scriptural  subjects  and 
moral  sports,  possess  great  merit ;  he  died  in 
1629. 

LISLE,  Claude  de,  a  native  of  Lorraine,  ex 
celled  as  a  teacher  of  geography.  He  wrote 
"Historical  Relation  of  Siam,"  "Abridgment 
of  Universal  History,"  &.c. ;  he  died  at  Paris, 
iu  1720. 

LISLE,  William  de,  an  eminent  French  geo- 
grapher, born  at  Paris,  in  1675,  died  in  1728. 

LISLE,  Joseph  Nicholas  de,  an  able  astrono- 
mer, brother  to  William.  He  had  the  friend- 
ship of  Newton  and  Halley,  and  was  invited  to 
Russia,  where  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
observatory  ;  he  died  in  1768. 

LISLE,  Sir  George,  learnt  the  art  of  war  in 
Flanders,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the  civil 
wars  of  Great  Britain.  He  was  knigiited  on 
the  field  of  battle,  at  Newbury,  by  Charles  I., 
for  his  bravery  ;  he  died  in  1648. 

LISOLA,  Francis  de,  was  4  years  ambassa- 
dor to  England  from  the  emperor  Ferdinand  III. 
He  wrote  on  the  ambitious  views  of  Lewis 
XIV.,  which  highly  offended  the  French;  he 
died  in  1677. 

LISTER,  Matthew,  president  of  the  college 
of  physicians,  and  physician  to  queen  Anne,  and 
Charles  I.,  who  knighted  him  ;  he  died  in  1657 

LISTER,  Martin,  nephew  to  sir  Matthew, 
studied  physic  abroad,  and  on  his  return,  settled 
at  York,  where  he  acquired  great  reputution. 
He  afterwards  removed  to  London,  and  attend- 
ed the  duke  of  Portland  on  his  journey  to  Paris  ; 
be  died  in  1711. 

LITHGOW,  William,  a  Scotchman,  famous 
for  his  travels  on  foot  over  Europe,  Asia,  and 
Africa,  and  his  sufferings  by  imprisonment  and 
torture  at  Malaga.  He  was  born  the  latter  end 
of  the  15th,  and  died  about  the  middle  of  the 
16th  century. 

LITTLE,  William,  an  English  historian, 
who  wrote  the  history  of  hia  country  from  the 


LI 

invasion  of  William  the  Conqueror,  to  1197,  in 
five  books. 

LITTLEBURY,  Isaac,  an  English  divine 
who  published  a  translation  of  Herodotus. 

LITTLETON,  or  LYTTLETON,  Thomas, 
judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  IV.,  and  author  of  a  cele- 
brated treatise  on  tenures  or  titles,  by  which  all 
estates  were  anciently  held  in  England ;  he 
died  in  1481. 

LITTLETON,  Adam,  an  excellent  English 
philologist  and  grammarian  ;  an  indefatigable 
restorer  of  the  Latin  tongue,  as  appears  from  his 
"  Latin  Dictionary,"  and  an  excellent  critic  in 
the  Greek,  born  i"n  1627,  died  in  1()94. 

LITTLETON,  Edward,  an  English  divine 
and  poet,  in  1734. 

LITTLETON,  Edward,  a  distinguished  mem- 
ber of  parliament,  chief  justice  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas,  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal, 
and  afterwards  made  a  peer,  by  the  title  of  lord 
Littleton  ;  he  died  in  1G15. 

LITTLETON,  John,  an  active  member  of 
parliament.  His  attachment  to  Essex  was  the 
cause  of  his  being  condemned  as  a  conspirator, 
though  he  was  saved  from  execution  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh  ;  he  died  in  prison  in  1600. 

LI  VIA,  wife  of  Tyherius  Claudius  Nero,  af- 
terwards married  to  Augustus,  died  A.  D.  29. 

LIVINGSTON,  John,  a  Scotch  presbyter, 
banished  because  he  refused  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance,  on  account  of  his  religious  opinions. 
He  went  to  Holland,  where  he  continued  to 
preach.  He  was  author  of  some  letters,  and 
died  in  1672. 

LIVINGSTON,  William,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  of  New- York,  and  a  zealous  advocate 
of  the  rights  of  the  colonies,  removed  to  New- 
Jersey,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  Congress, 
and  aVter  wards  governor  of  that  state;  he  died 
in  1790. 

LIVINGSTON,  John,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  di- 
vine, of  New- York,  born  in  1746.  He  was  pastor 
of  the  Dutch  reformed  church  in  the  city  of  New- 
York,  and,  at  the  same  time,  professor  of  theolo- 
gy in  the  theological  seminary  of  that  church  ; 
and  on  its  removal  to  dueen's  college,  N.  J.,  he 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  institution  ;  he 
died  at  New-Brunswick,  in  January,  1825. 

LIVINGSTON,  Brockholst,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  New- York,  was  engaged  in  the  army 
during  a  part  of  the  revolution,  and  was  at  the 
capture  of  Burgoyne.  He  went  to  Spain,  in 
),  as  private  secretary  to  Mr.  Jay,  and  on  his 
return,  soon  rose  to  professional  eminence  in 
his  native  city.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  New-York,  and  afterwards  of  the 
United  States,  until  his  deatli  in  1823. 

LIVINGSTON,  Philip,  a  member  of  Con- 
gress, in  1776,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  de- 
claration of  Independence ;  he  died  in  1778. 

LIVINGSTON,  Robert  R.,  a  distinguished 
member  of  congress  from  New- York,  was  one 
of  the  committee  which  drew  up  the  declaration 
of  Independence,  and  after  its  adoption,  was,  in 
1780,  appointed  secretary  for  foreign  affairs. 
He  was  afterwards  chancellor  of  the  state  of 
New- York,  and  minister  from  the  United  States 
to  France.  He  materially  assisted  Fulton,  by 
supplying  him  with  funds,  both  in  France  and 
at  home,  to  enable  him  to  pursue  his  experi- 
ments, and  to  carry  his  discoveries  into  effect. 
He  died  in  1813. 

LIVINIUS,  or  LIVINEUS,John,  Latin  trans- 
lator of  some  of  the  works  of  Gregory  and 
Chrysoatom,  was  a  student  at  Cologne,  where 
283 


LO 


LO 


he  was  distinguished  as  a  Grecian  scholar ;  he 
died  in  1599. 

LrVIUS,  Andronicus,  a  Roman  comic  poet, 
whose  plays  are  lost.    He  lived  240  B.  C. 

LIVIUS,  Titus,  the  best  of  the  Roman  histo- 
rians, born  at  Padua,  59  B.  C.  The  history  of 
Livy,  like  other  great  works  of  antiquity,  is 
transmitted  down  to  ua  exceedingly  mutilated 
and  imperfect.  Its  books  were  originally  142, 
of  which  only  35  are  extant.  It  commenced 
with  the  foundation  of  Rome,  and  concluded 
about  13  B.  C.  The  encomiums  bestowed  upon 
Livy,  by  both  ancients  and  moderns,  are  great 
and  numerous ;  but  probity,  candour,  and  im- 
partiality, are  what  have  most  particularly 
distinguished  him  above  all  historians.  He 
died  A.  D.  17. 

LLOYD,  William,  an  English  prelate,  suc- 
cessively, king's  chaplain,  prebend  of  Salisbury, 
vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  dean  of  Bangor,  prebend  of 
St.  Paul's,  and  "bishsp  of  St.  Asaph.  He  was 
a  zealous  promoter  of  the  revolution.  His  pub- 
lications were  numerous  ;  he  died  in  1717. 

LLOYD,  Nicholas,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  "A  Historical,  Geographical,  and  Political 
Dictionary,"  in  1670.  He  was  rector  of  New- 
ington,  and  died  in  IGPO. 

LLOYP,  Robert,  an  English  poet  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  born  in  17:13,  was  a  compa- 
nion of  Wilkes,  Churchill,  Colman,  &c.,  and 
died  in  the  fleet  prison,  in  1764.  He  wrote  a 
poem  called  "The  Actor;"  "The  Capricious 
Lovers,"  an  opera,  and  other  dramatic  pieces. 

LLOYD,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Wales,  joined 
the  society  of  qnakers,  and  came  to  America 
with  William  Penn.  He  was  lieutenant  go 
Ternor  of  Pennsylvania,  and  president  of  the 
colonial  council.'  He  died  in  1(594. 

LLWELYN  AB  GRUPYDD,  a  Welch  prince 
Who  heroically  resisted  the  invasion  of  Edward 
L  of  England ;  but  he  fell,  and  thn  liberty  of 
his  country  perished  with  him  in  1-282. 

LLYWARCH  AP  LLYWELYN.  a  Welch 
bard  of  merit ;  who  flourished  from  1170  to  1220. 

LLYWARCH  HExV,  a  Welch  poet,  distin- 
guished also  as  an  able  defender  of  his  country 
against  the  Saxon  invasion,  in  which  he  is  said 
to  have  lost  21  sons.  He  flourished  about  630. 
and  died  aged  150. 

LLYWELYN  AP  JORWERTH,  king  of 
North  Wales.  He  was  a  wise,  active,  and  war- 
like prince  ;  he  died  in  1240. 

LLYWELYN  APSIT3YLT,  a  Welch  king 
af  South  Wales.  He  was  killed  in  battle,  in 
1021. 

LLYWELYN  VARDD,  a  Welch  poet,sorae 
of  whose  pieces  have  been  preserved.  He 
Sourished  between  1130  and  1180. 

LLYWELYN  O  LANGEWYDD,  or 
LLYWELYN  SION,  a  Welch  bard,  of  Gla 
sorgan,  who  died  in  1616.  He  often  presided  at 
.he  meetings  of  "the  bards. 

LLYWELYN,  Thomas,  author  of  a  history 
*f  the  different  editions  of  the  Welch  Bible,  in 
Jvhich  he  evinced  great  learning  ;  he  died  in 
1796. 

LOBB,  Theophilus,  a  native  of  London,  an 
eminent  physician.  He  wrote  some  theologi- 
cal, and  some  medical  tracts,  and  died  in  17G3. 

LOBEL,  Matthias,  a  native  of  Lisle,  who  de- 
voted himself  to  the  study  of  botany.  After 
travelling  in  most  parts  of  the  continent,  he 
went  to  England,  where  he  was  nominated 
physician  and  botanist  to  James  I. :  he  died  iu 
1616. 

LOBINEAU,  GuyAlexis,  a  FrenciiBenedictibe 
284 


monk,  eminently  known  by  his  works  :  "  Tlifi 
History  of  Britany,"  2  vols,  folio,  "The  Con- 
quest of  Spain,"  "History  of  Paris,"  5  voi^, 
folio,  &.C. ;  he  died  in  1727. 

LOBKOWITZ,  Boleslaus  de  Hasscnslein, 
baron  de,  a  Bohemian  nobleman,  who,  alter 
visiting  several  countries,  and  making  hiinstif 
famous  as  a  negotiator  and  warrior,  entered 
the  clerical  profession  ;  he  died  m  1510. 

LOBO,  Jerome,  a  Jesuit,  of  Lisbon,  who  was 
sent  on  a  mission  to  the  Indies,  and  penetrated 
into  Abyssinia,  of  which  he  published  a  very 
accurate  account,  and  died  in  1678. 

LOBO,  Rodriguez  Francis,  a  celebrated  Por- 
tuguese poet,  whose  works  were  published  in 
1721 

LOCK,  Matthew,  an  excellent  musician,  of 
Exeter,  published  some  musical  pieces,  in  1G57 ; 
and  after  the  restoration,  was  employed  as  a 
composer  of  operas.  His  vocal  mu&ic  is  still 
greatly  esteemed  ;  he  died  in  1677. 

LOCKART,  Alexander,  author  of  "  Memoirs 
of  Scotland,"  was  horn,  near  Edinburgh,  in 
1673,  and  killed  in  a  duel,  in  1732. 

LOCKE,  John,  the  most  celebrated  philoso- 
pher of  the  age  he  lived  in,  and  one  of  the 
brightest  ornaments  of  English  literature,  was 
born  in  1632.  By  the  patro^nage  of  lord  Shatts- 
bury,  he  held  a  respectable  situation  under  go- 
vernment, and  wrote  some  able  political  tracts. 
His  lordsihip,  however,  bein£r  at  length  compel- 
led to  fly  to  Hollanil,  to  avoid  being  prosecuted 
for  high  treason,  Mr.  Locke  followed  liim.  In 
1685,  the  English  demanded  him  of  the  States 
General,  on  suspicion  of  bis  being  concern- 
ed in  Monmouth's  rebellion.  On  this,  he  kept 
himself  private  for  several  months,  and  em- 
ployed the  time  in  preparing  for  the  press  that 
work  which  has  immortalized  his  name  and 
fame,  "  The  Essay  on  the  Human  Understand- 
ing." It  was  not  published,  however,  till  after 
the  revolution,  an  event  which  restored  him  to 
hisnntive  country.  The  latter  years  of  his  life, 
he  devoted  chiefly  to  religious  retirement,  and  to 
the  writing  of  works  on  tiieology,  and  died  at 
the  seat  of  lady  Masham,  in  1704. 

LOCKE,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  native  and  distiiu 
guished  minister  of  Massachusetts,  was,  for 
several  years,  president  of  Harvard  college  ;  he 
died  after  1773. 

LOCKER,  John,  an  English  gentleman,  de- 
voted to  literary  pursuits,  and  an  authorof  some 
works ;  he  died  in  1760. 

LOCKMAN,  John,  author  of"  Rosalinda,"  a 
musical  drama,  "  David's  LamentationB,"  and 
other  works  ;  he  died  in  1771. 

LOCKWOOD,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  American 
clergyman,  settled  in  Andover,  Connecticut, 
died  in  1791, 

LOCKYER,  Nicholas,  Cromwell's  chaplain, 
and  authorof  some  theological  tracts  ;  he  died 
in  lf>84. 

LODBROG,  Regner,  a  celebrated  king  of 
Denmark,  at  the  beginning  of  the  9th  century. 
He  was  a  warrior  and  poet,  full  of  fanaticism 
and  religious  frenzy. 

LODGE,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  English  physician 
and  dramatic  writer,  died  in  1625.  We  find  him 
characft.ized,  by  many  of  his  cotemporary 
poets,  as  a  man  of  very  considerable  genius. 

LOEWENDAL,  Ulric  Frederic  W'oldemar, 
count  de,  a  native  of  Hamburgh,  distinguished 
as  an  officer  in  the  service  of  Poland,  and  after- 
wards of  Denmark,  against  Sweden.  He  was 
tinaily  a  field-marshal  of  France,  and  died  in 
1755. 


TcT 


LOGAN,  Frederic,  baron  de,  a  German  poet, 
of  considerable  merit,  wliose  Epigrams,  &c. 
have  been  edited  by  liessing ;  he  died  in  1655. 

LOGAN,  John,  a  Scotch  divine  and  poet,  bom 
about  1748,  died  in  London,  in  1788.  His  poems 
were  publislied  in  1781 ;  and  in  1790,  two  vo- 
himes  of  his  sermons  were  printed ;  for  he  had 
obtained  much  distinction  as  an  eloquent  and 
affecting  preaclier. 

LOGAN,  James,  a  native  of  Ireland,  distm 
guislied  for  liis  talents  and  learning,  cane  to 
Pennsylvania  with  the  proprietor,  in  1699,  and 
held  theoiiicesof  chief  justice  of  the  colony  and 
president  of  the  council.  On  the  death  of  the 
governor,  in  1736,  the  administration  devolved 
on  him  for  two  years. 

LOGAN,  an  American  Indian  chief,  known 
for  liis  friendship  to  the  white  people,  until  his 
family  were  wantonly  murdered  by  them,  in 
1774, "and  afterwards,  for  the  hostility  with 
Which  he  avenged  his  loss. 

LOGES,  Mary  Bruneau,  a  French  lady,  much 
admired  for  her  wit  and  genius,  particularly  by 
the  king  of  Sweden,  and  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
and  called  the  tenth  muse.  She  has  left  none 
of  her  poetry  behind  her. 

LOHENSTEIN,  Daniel  Gaspard  de,  a  learn- 
ed German,  who  wrote  some  dramatic  pieces, 
and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  1683. 

LOIR,  Nicholas,  a  painter,  born  at  Paris,  the 
disciple  of  Le  Brun.  He  died  professor  of  the 
academy  of  painting. 

LOKMAN,  surnamed  the  Wise,  sometimes 
called  Abre  Anam,  or  father  of  Anam,  a  philo- 
sopher and  fabulist  of  great  account  among  the 
Easterns.  Being  once  asked  how  he  had  attain 
ed  so  exalted  a  pitch  of  wisdom  and  virtue, 
Lokman  replied,  "It  was  by  always  speaking 
the  truth,  by  keeping  my  word  inviolably,  and 
by  never  interraeddhng  in  affairs  that  did  not 
concern  me." 

LOLLARD,  Walter,  founder  of  the  religious 
sect  called  Lollards,  who  denied  the  power  and 
influence  of  the  virgin  Mary  over  Christ ;  taught 
that  the  mass,  baptism,  and  extreme  unction, 
were  of  no  use  or  avail ;  rejected  the  form  of 
the  penitential,  and  renounced  all  obedience 
both  to  the  ecclesiastical  and  civil  magistrates. 
He  was  burnt  for  heresy  at  Cologne,  in  1322. 

LOLME,  John  Lewis  de,  LL.  D.,  a  native  of 
Geneva,  in  which  country  he  practised  as  an 
advocate  till  he  went  to  England,  where  hepuli- 
lished.  in  1775,  a  celebrated  treatise,  "On  the 
Constitution  of  England;"  a  workweU  known 
and  justly  esteemed.  Junius  recommended  it 
to  the  public,  as  deep,  solid,  and  ingenious ;  and 
in  the  British  senate  it  was  honoured  with  the 
applause  of  a  Camden  and  a  Chatham.  He 
published,  besides,  a  "  History  of  the  Flagel- 
lants, or  Memorials  of  Human  Superstition,  im- 
itated from  the  AbbeBoileau."  Dr.  De  Lolme, 
died  in  Switzerland,  in  1807. 

LOM,  Jossu  Van,  a  physician,  who  practised 
at  Tournay  and  Bruges.  His  works  on  medical 
subjects,  written  in  elegant  Latin,  were  publish- 
ed in  3  vols.  Amsterdam,  1745. 

LOMAZZO,  John  Paul,  a  native  of  Milan, 
known  as  a  landscape,  and  portrait  painter. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  painting,  in  Italian,  and 
died  in  1598. 

LOMB.\RD,  Peter,  well  known  by  the  title 
of  master  of  the  sentences,  from  a  work  of  his, 
which  is  looked  on  as  the  source  and  origin  of 
the  scholastic  theology  in  the  Latin  church.  He 
was  bora  at  Novara,  in  Lombaxdy,  and  died  in 
1104. 


LO 

LOMBARD,  John  Lewis,  professor  of  artil- 
lery, at  Mentz.  He  wrote  on  the  movement  of 
projectiles,  principles  of  gunnery,  &c. ;  he  died 
in  1794. 

LOME  ART,  Lambert,  an  architect  and  pain- 
ter, a  native  of  Liege,  died  in  1565. 

LOMENIE,  Henry  Augustus,  count  de  Brien- 
ne,  for  some  time  ambassador  to  England,  and 
secretary  of  state  in  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIV., 
of  France  ;  he  died  in  1666. 

LOMENIE,  Henry  Lewis,  count  de  Brienne, 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  also  his  successor 
in  his  high  offices.  But  the  loss  of  his  wife, 
whom  he  tenderly  loved,  affected  his  under- 
standing, and  he  was  dismissed;  he  died  in 
1698. 

LOMENIE  DE  BRIENNE,  Stephen  Charlea 
de,  of  the  same  family,  was  made  archbishop 
of  Toulouse,  and  afterwards  cardinal,  and 
prime-minister  of  Lewis  XVI. ;  but  his  abilities 
were  below  his  high  station,  which  he  quitted, 
after  having  disgraced  Calonne ;  he  died  in 
1798. 

LOMONOZOF,  a  celebrated  Russian  poet,and 
great  refiner  of  his  native  tongue,  born  in  1711, 
died  in  1764.  The  odes  of  Lomonozof  are  great- 
ly admi!-ed  for  originality  of  invention,  subli- 
mity of  sentiment,  and  energy  of  language. 
He  is  in  fact  the  Pindar  of  Russia.  Lomonozof 
made  also  no  inconsiderable  figure  in~history, 
having  published  two  works  relative  to  that  of 
his  own  country. 

LONDE,  Francis  Richard  de  la,  a  French 
poet,  of  considerable  merit,  who  also  wrote  on 
history,  morals,  and  antiquities ;  he  died  ia 
1765. 

LONDON,  John  Campbell,  earl  and  baron  of, 
was  commander-in-chief  of  the  British  forces 
in  America,  and  governor  of  the  colony  of  Vir- 
ginia. 

LONG,  Edward,  a  judge  of  the  vice-admi- 
ralty court,  in  the  West  Indies,  and  author  of  a 
History  of  Jamaica,  &.C. ;  he  died  in  England, 
in  1813. 

LONG,  James  le,  a  priest  of  the  oratory,  born 
at  Paris.  He  was  professor  at  several  univer- 
sities, and  was  well  skUled  in  ancient  and  mo- 
dern languages,  and  in  mathematics  and  philo- 
sophy ;  he  died  in  1721. 

LONG,  Thomas,  an  able  divine,  born  at  Exe- 
ter. He  was  author  of  the  history  of  the  Dona- 
tists,  Examination  of  Hales'  Treatise  on  Schism, 
&c. ;  he  died  in  1700. 

LONG,  Dr.  Roger,  a  very  eminent  astrono 
mer,  and  author  of  an  excelient  treatise  on  that 
science.  He  erected  in  one  of  the  rooms  of 
Pembroke  college,  of  which  he  was  master,  a 
sphere  of  eighteen  feet  diameter,  elevated  to 
the  latitude  of  Cambridge,  wherein  thirty  per- 
sons might  sit  conveniently  :  it  is  turned  with 
great  ease  by  a  small  winch,  though  the  whole 
weight  is  above  1000  lbs.  He  was  born  in  Nor- 
folk, in  1679,  and  died  in  1770. 

LONGBEARD,  William,  a  facetious  priesV 
notorious  for  raising  seditions  in  London,  in  the 
reign  of  Richard  I.  He  was  torn  to  pieces  by 
horses,  and  then  hung  upon  a  gallows. 

LONGEPfERE,  Hilary  Bernard  de,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  born  at  Dijon.  He  translated  into 
verse,  Anacreon,  Theocril^jis,  Sappho,  fcc,  and 
was  the  author  of  some  ti-ftfjedies.  He  died  in 
1727. 

LONGINUS,  Dionysius,  a  Grecian  philoso- 
pher and  orator,  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  th»» 
Sublime,"  which  raised  his  leputatinn  to  such 
a  height  as  no  critic,  either  before  ar  since,  cou  id 
-285 


LO 


LO 


ever  reach.  His  coteniporaries  had  so  greatf 
an  opinion  of  his  judgment  and  taste,  that  they' 
appointed  hira  sovereign  judge  of  all  authors ; 
and  every  thing  was  received  or  rejected  by  the 
public  according  to  the  decision  of  Longinus. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  Aurelian,  in  273. 

LONGLAND,  or  LANGELAND,  Robert,  an! 
English  poet,  born  in  Shropshire.  His  "  Vision 
of  Pierce  Plowman,"  abounds  with  severe  re- 
flections on  the  Romish  clergy,  and  exhibitsa  cu- 
rious picture  of  the  times.  It  was  finished  in 
1369. 

LONGLAND,  John,  an  Englishman,  made 
dean  of  Salisbury,  in  1.514,  and  seven  years  af 
ter  bishop  of  Lincoln  :  his  worlis  appeared  in 
folio,  in  153-».     He  died  in  1547. 

LONGOMONTANUS,  Christian,  an  eminent 
astronomer,  born  in  Denmark,  in  15f52,  died  in 
1647.  He  was  author  of  several  works,  which- 
ehow  great  capacity  in  mathematics  and  astro- 1 
nomy ;  but  his  "  Astrouomia  Danica"  is  the! 
most  distinguished. 

LONGUEIL,  Gilbert  de,  a  learned  physician,' 
of  Utrecht,  authorof  ReumrksonPiautus,  Ovid, 
Nepos,  a  Dialogue  on  Birds,  with  their  Greek, 
Latin,  and  German  names,  and  a  Greek  and 
Latin  Lexicon  ;  he  died  in  1543. 

LONGUE[L,  Christopher  de,  an  able  French 
scholar,  highly  favoured  by  Lewis  XH.,  and  by 
pope  Leo  X.,  who  engaged  him  to  write  against 
Luther;  lie  died  in  1522 


LORING,  Israel,  bom  in  1682,  was  settled  as 
minister  of  Sudbury,  Massachusetts,  and  died 
in  1772. 

LORIT,  Henr}',  or  Glareanus,  from  Glaris,  in 
Switzerland,  where  he  was  born.  He  studied 
at  Basil,  Cologne,  and  Paris,  was  the  friend  of 
Erasmus.  He  wrote  much  on  classical  sub- 
jects, and  died  in  1563. 

LORME,  Philibert  de,  an  eminent  French 
architect  and  antiquary,  born  at  Lyons,  died  in 
1557,  leaving  behind  several  books  of  architec- 
ture greatly  . stti.med. 

LORME,  John  de,  a  French  physician,  who 
attended  the  wife  of  Henry  III.,  Mary  de  Medi- 
cis,  and  other  branches  of  the  royal  family. 
He  was  universalJy  esteemed,  and  died  in  1G34. 

LORME,  Charles  de,  son  of  the  prectding, 
physician  to  Lewis  XIII.  He  acquired  great 
fame  and  opulmce,  and  died  in  1678. 

LORRALNE,  Robert  le,  a  celebrated  French 
sculplor,  born  at  Paris,  in  1666,  died  in  1743. 

LORRAINE,  Charles  of,  cardinal,  and  arch- 
bishop of  Rheims,  son  of  the  duke  of  Guise. 
His  influence  at  nne  time  was  nearly  unlimited 
in  France  ;  he  died  in  1574. 

LORRIS,  William  de,  a  poet  of  considerable 
merit,  author  of  the  "  Romance  of  the  Rose." 
in  imitation  of  Ovid's  Art  of  Love,  died  about 
16-20. 

LORRY,  Anne  Charles,  a  French  physician 
well  known  for  his  Latin  treatises  on  melancho- 


LONGUERUE,  Louis  Dufour  de,  a  French'lly  and  its  alTections  ;  also  a  treatise  on  cuta 
critic  and  theological  writer,  born  in  1652,  diedilneous  diseases  ;  he  died  in  1783. 
in  1732.  LOSA,  Isabella,  a  native  of  Cordova,  so  il- 

LONGUEVAL,  James,  a  French  Jesuit,  whojlustrious  for  her  knowledge  of  Latin,  Greek, 
wrote  a  History  of  the  French  Church,  in  10  vols,  and  Hebrew,  that  she  was  honoured  with  the 
Dissertation  on  Miracles,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1735.  Idesree  of  D.  D.     She  died  in  1.546. 

LONGUS,  a  Greek  sophist,  author  of  fourij  LOT,  son  of  Haran,  and  nephew  of  Abra- 
pastorals,  and  the  Loves  of  Daphnis  and  Chloe,[  ham.  When  Sodom  was  about  to  be  destroyed, 
edited  in  1660,  4to.  iJGod,  nut  of  mercy  to  Abraham,  spared  Lot. 

LONI,  Alexander,  of  Florence,  eminent  as  a  LOTEK,  John,  a  good  landscape  painter,  of 
painter,  disd  in  1702.  the  Ennli^h  school,  though  a  native  of  Holland, 

LONICERUS,  John,  a  learned  German,  pro- |i died  in  1681. 
fessor  of  languages  at  Marpurg.     He  compiledll     LOTIi  AIRE  L,  son  of  Lewis  the  Debonnaire, 
a  Greek    and  Latin  Lexicon,   and    publislied  was  partner  on  the  throne  of  Germany  with 


Dioscoridcs  ;  he  died  in  1569. 

LONICENUS,  Adam,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  sagacious  physician,  who  died  at  Frank- 
fort, in  15-36.  He  was  tJie  author  of  maiiyj 
works,  chiefly  on  natural  history.  | 

LOON,  Theodore  Van,  of  Brussels,  whose 
excellent  paintings  adorn  the  public  edifices  of 
Rome  and  Venice,  was  born  in  1630. 

LORD.  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  an  American  di- 
vine, settled  at  Norwich,  Connecticut ;  he  died 
in  1784,  aced  90. 

LOREDANO,  John  Francis,  a  learned  and 
ingenious  senator,  of  Venice,  author  of  a  life 
of  Adam,  History  of  the  Kings  of  Cyprus,  &c.. 
was  born  in  1606. 

LORENZETTI,  Ambrogio,  a  painter,  of  Si- 
enna, and  the  first  who  painted  with  success, 
storms,  rain,  and  the  eflecl  of  winds ;  he  died 
in  13.50.    • 

LORENZTNI,  Lawrence,  a  native  of  Flo- 1 
rence,  eminent  as  a  mathematician.     He  was^ 

imprisoned  twenty  years,  during  which  time  he  j  his  brothers  or  sons,  until  his  death,  which  hai>- 
wrote  12  books  on  conical  and  cylindrical  sec-|  pened  in  S40. 
tions,  in  Latin  ;  he  died  in  1721.  '      LOUIS  11..  the  Young,  eldest  son  of  Lothaire 

LOREXZINI,  or  LAURE.NTINI,  Francis]!  I.,  was  made  kimr  of  Italy  in  844,  and  succeeded 
Maria,  an  Italian  poet,  who  wrote  "  Sacred,]  to  the  imperial  throne  in  855.  He  was  a  brave 
Dramas;"  he  was  born  at  Rome,  in  1680,  and  :and  virtuous  monarch,  and  anxious  to  preserve 
died  in  1743.  ,  the  dignity  of  the  thrrme  ;  he  died  in  875. 

LORIMER,  Dr.  John,  an  English  physician.]  LOUIS  III.,  surnamed  the  Blind,  succeeded 
and  author  of  an  Essay  on  Magnetism,  born  in(|to  the  throne  in  890,  and  was  crowned  by  Bene- 
17.33,  died  July,  1795.  idict  IV.  He  was  soon  after,  surprised  anil  taken 

^:83  " 


!his  father,  in  817,  and  made  king  of  Lombard^  , 
three  years  after.  He  revolted  against  his  fa-  I 
ther,  seized  him,  and  shut  him  in  prison.  This  | 
conduct  brought  on  a  war  in  which  nn  immense  | 
number  of  lives  were  sacrificed.  Lothaire  died 
in  885.  ] 

LOTHAIRE  II.,  duke  of  Saxony,  afterwards  : 
king,  and  then  emperor  of  Germany  ;  he  died  . 
in  11.57. 

LOTHAIRE,  king  of  France,  son  of  Lewis 
IV.     His  wife,   Emma,  gave  bim  poison,  of    ' 
wliich  he  died  in  986. 

LOTHAIRE,  king  of  Lorraine,  abandoned    1 
his  wife  to  marry  his  mistress,  but  pope  Nicho- 
las I.  had  the  spirit  to  interfere,  and  to  compel    ] 
his  majesty  to  again  take  his  lawful  wife.     He   ' 
died  in  869. 

LOUISE,  surnamed  the  Debonnaire,  or  the    ] 
Feeble,  son  of  Charlemagne,  was  proclaimed    ' 
king  of  France,  and  emperor  of  the  West,  in 
814.    He  was  in  a  perpetual  quarrel  either  with 


LO 

5y  Iris  rival,  Berenger,  who  put  out  his  eyes ; 
he  die.!  in  934. 

LOUIS  IV.,  called  th«  Child,  succeeded  his 
fath«r,  tlie  emperor  Arnold,  when  he  was  only 
seven  years  old.  His  reign  was  a  scene  of 
civil  war  and  desolation  ;  he  died  in  911. 

LOUIS  v.,  was  elected  emperor  of  Germany, 
in  1314 ;  and  after  much  civil  discord,  was  killed 
by  a  fall  from  his  horse  in  1347. 

LOUIS  I.,  king  of  France.  See  LOUIS  L, 
ihe  Deboanaire. 

LOUIS  II.,  the  Stammerer,  was  the  son  of 
Charles  the  Bald,  and  succeeded  his  father  as 
king  of  France,  in  877.  He  was  a  weak  prince, 
and  died  in  879. 

LOUIS  III.,  son  of  Louis  II.,  shared  the  king- 
dom with  his  brother  Carloman,  with  whom  he 
liveil  in  perfect  union ;  Louis  died  in  882,  and 
Cadomaa  became  sole  king  of  France. 

LOUIS  IV.jSurnamed  Transmarine,  because 
he  resided  13  years  in  England,  succeeded  to 
the  throne  of  France  in  936.  He  was  killed  by 
a  fall  from  his  horse  while  hunting  in  954. 

LOUIS  v.,  auraamedthe  Lazy,  succeeded  his 
father  Lothaire  in  988.  He  was  vigorously 
preparing  to  march  against  the  Saracens,  when 
he  was  poisoned  by  his  queen  Blanche,  in  987. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Hugh  Capet. 

LOUIS  VI.,  called  the  Big,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  in  1108.  He  was  disturbed  by  external 
quarrels,  and  internal  factions ;  but  Ire  was  a 
wise  and  papular  monarch,  benevolent  as  a 
man,  impartial  as  a  judge;  he  died  in  1137. 

LOUIS  VII.,  the  Young,  son  and  successor  of 
the  preceding,  was  early  engaged  in  a  quarrel 
with  the  pope,  and  was  excommunicated  by 
him.  He  made  a  crusade  with  an  army  con- 
sisting of  80,000  men,  to  Palestme,  but  was  de- 
feated by  the  Saracens ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1180. 

LOUIS  VlII.,  surnamed  the  Lion,  succeeded 
his  father,  Philip  Augustus,  in  1223.  He  waged 
successful  war  agdinst  the  English,  and  took 
large  possessions  from  them  ;  he  died  in  122S. 

LOUIS  IX.,  called  Saint,  son  of  the  preceding. 
He  made  two  crusades,  during  the  last  of  which 
he  died  at  Tunis,  in  1270,  and  was  canonized 
by  Boneface  VIII. 

LOUIS  X.,  called  Hutin,  succeeded  his  father, 
Philip  the  Fair,  in  1314,  and  died  in  1316. 

LOUIS  XI.,  ascended  the  throne  in  1481,  an 
ungrateful  wrecch,  who  rebelled  against  his 
father,  and  afterwards  poisoned  his  brother, 
During  his  reign,  rebellion  and  carnage  were 
common  occurrences ;  and  he  has  been  deserved 
ly  called  the  Tiberius  of  France.  He  died  in 
1483. 

LOUIS  XII.,  surnamed  the  Just,  ascended 
the  throne  in  1498.  He  engaged  in  war  with 
uearly  all  the  neighbouring  states,  but  was  an 
amiable  monarch,  and  greatly  beloved  by  his 
subjects  ;  he  died  io  1515, 

LOUIS  Xni.,  surnamed  the  Just,  ascended 
the  throne  in  1610.  He  was  guided  in  his  con 
duct  by  the  celebrated  cardinal  Richelieu,  who 
from  motives  of  ambition  kept  him  at  war  dur 
iug  most  of  his  reii^n  ;  he  died  in  1642. 

LOUIS  XIV.,  surnamed  the  Great,  was  bom 
in  1638.  Hia  reign  is  celebrated,  as  an  era  of 
magnificence,  learning  aFid  licentiousness,  in 
France ;  he  died  in  1715,  leavinQ:  behind  him 
monuments  of  unprecedented  splendour  and  ex- 
pense, in  palaces,  gardens,  &.c. 

LOUIS  XV.,  ascended  the  throne  in  1715 
During  hie  reign,  France  was  almost  constantly 
at  war.  The  contest  with  England,  concerning 
the  possession  of  Canada,  ended  with  greal  loss 


LO 

of  territory  to  France.     Louis  died  of  a  second 
attack  of  the  bniall  pox,  in  1774. 

LOUIS  XVI.,  ascended  the  throne  in  1774, 
having  married  the  celebrated  Maria  Antoinette 
of  Austria,  in  1770.  He  was  a  benevolent,  vir- 
tuous, and  amiable  man,  much  attached  to  re- 
ligion, and  anxious  to  make  his  subjects  happy. 
By  his  subjects  he  was  treated  in  the  vilest 
manner,  called  a  tyrant  and  traitor,  and  finally 
beheaded  by  a  perjured  tribunal,  in  1793. 

LOUIS  XVIII.,  brother  to  Louis  XVI.,  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  Terror,  and  that  of  Buonaparte, 
being  obliged  to  leave  his  country,  he  wandered 
from  place  to  place,  as  his  safety  required.  He 
finally  went  to  England,  where  he  remained  till 
1814,  wnen  the  allied  powers  placed  him  on  the 
throne  of  France.  On  the  approach  of  Napoleon 
from  his  retirement,  he  was  obliged  again  to 
fly,  but  was  again  placed  on  his  throne  by  the 
allies.  He  was  a  mild  and  amiable  prince,  con- 
sulting the  wishes  and  happiness  of  his  people ; 
he  died  in  1825. 

LOUIS  I.,  called  the  Pious,  king  of  Germany, 
was  a  powerful  monarch,  and  rendered  himself 
formidable  to  his  neighbours  ;  he  died  in  876. 

LOUIS  II.,  son  and  successor  of  the  preced- 
ing, defeated  his  uncle  Charles  the  Bald ;  he 
died  in  882. 

LOUIS  HI.,  king  of  Germany.  See  LOUIS 
III.,  emperor. 

LOT'IS  I.,  of  Anjou,  king  of  Hungary  and 
Poland,  succeeded  Charles  II.,  in  1342,  and  died 
in  1382. 

LOUIS  II.,  was  king  of  Hungary,  after  his 
father  Ladislaus,  and  was  drowned  in  a  marsh, 
as  he  fled  from  a  field  of  battle,  in  1526. 

LOUIS,  prince  of  Tarentum,  married  Jane, 
queen  of  Naples,  and  was  crowned  king  of 
Naples,  in  1352. 

LOUIS  I.,  duke  of  Anjou,  second  son  of  John, 
king  of  France.  The  kingdom  of  Naples  was 
left  h\:a  by  the  will  of  queen  Jane,  but  failing 
to  obtain  it,  he  died  of  a  broken  heart,  in  1384. 
LOUIS,  Antony,  secretary  to  the  academy  of 
surgeons,  at  Paris,  was  one  of  the  best  anato- 
mists in  Europe.  He  wrote  many  professional 
works,  and  died  in  1792. 

LOUPTIERE,  John  Charles  de  Relongue  de 
la,  of  the  Arcadian  academy,  at  Rome,  wrote  a 
collection  of  poems,  in  2  vols. ;  he  died  in  1784. 
LOUVET,  Peter,  was  master  of  requests  to 
queen  Margaret,  he  wrote  some  learned  works, 
and  died  in  1646. 

LOUVET  DE  COUVRAY,  John  Baptist, 
during  the  revolution,  he  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  French  convention,  and  although 
proscribed,  escaped  the  scaffold.  He  was  au- 
thorof  some  licentious  works,  and  died  in  1797. 
LOUVILLE,  Eugene  d'Allonville,  chevalier 
de,  a  nobleman,  who  served  as  a  colonel  under 
Philip  v.,  king  of  Spain  He  afterwards  devo- 
ted himself  to  mathematics  and  astronomy,  and 
died  in  1752. 

LOVE,  James,  an  English  actor  and  dramatic 
writer,  died  in  1774.  Though  this  person  passed 
by  the  name  of  Love,  bis  real  family  name  was 
Dance. 

LOVE,  Christopher,  an  English  clergyman 
and  divinity  writer  of  great  reputation,  was 
beheaded  in  1651  by  the  republicans,  on  a  charge 
of  high  treason  in  holding  correspondence  with 
king  Charles  I. 

LOVELACE,  Richard,  an  En?rlish  poet  and 

dramatic  writer,  born  in  1618,  died  in  1658.    He 

wrote  two  plays,  neither  of  which  have  been 

printed :  "  The  Scholar,"  a  comedy ;  and  "  The 

287 


LO 

Soldier,"  a  tragedy.  His  poems,  which  are 
extremely  scarce,  were  printed  under  the  title 
of  Lucasta ;  the  first  part  in  1640,  the  second  in 
1659. 

LOVELACE,  Francis,  governor  of  the  colo 
ny  of  New-York,  from  1667,  until  its  surrender 
to  the  Dutch,  in  1673. 

LOVELACE,  John,  lord  baron  of  Hurley, 
came  to  America  as  governor  of  the  colony  of 
New- York,  in  1708,  and  died  the  ensuing  year. 

LOVEIOND,  Edward,  a  poet  of  considerable 
talents,  died  in  1775.  His  brother  collected  and 
published  his  poems  in  1785. 

LOWE,  Peter,  a  Scotch  surgeon,  who  for  22 
years  was  in  the  armies  of  Flanders  and  France, 
hnally  settled  at  Glasgow.  He  left  some  book^ 
on  his  profession. 

LOWE,  Mauritius,  an  English  painter  of 
considerable  eminence,  died  in  extreme  poverty, 
the  effect  of  indolence,  in  1793. 

LOWELL,  John,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
of  Massachusetts,  was  a  member  of  congress. 
from  that  state,  a  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals, 
from  the  admiralty  courts  of  the  states,  and  a 
judge  of  the  circuit  court  of  the  U.  S.,  he  died 
in  1802. 

LOWEN,  John  Frederick,wrote  some  poems, 
printed  at  Hamburgh,  and  a  romance  :  he  died 
in  1773. 

LOWER,  Sir  William,  a  famous  cavalier 
in  the  troubles  of  Charles  I.,  and  a  dramatic 
writer,  died  in  1662. 

LOWER,  Dr.  Richard,  a  celebrated  Englis! 
physician,  died  in  1691.  He  was  author  of  an  ex 
cellenl  book,  "  De  Corde ;"  and  of  another,  "  De 
Motu  et  Colore  Sanguinis  et  Chyli  in  eum  tran- 
situ;" and  practised  the  transfusion  of  blood 
from  one  animal  into  another ;  but  whether  he 
was  the  inventor  of  this  operation  we  know 
not. 

LOWMAN,  Moses,  40  years  dissenting  mi 
nisier  at  Surrey,  was  well  skilled  in  Jewish  an 
tiquities,  and  history.  He  wrote  a  work  on  Re 
velations,  and  died  in  1752. 

LOWNDES,  William,  LL.  D.,  a  member  of 
congress  from  South  Carolina,  distinguished  for 
bis  talents,  eloquence,  and  application  to  the 
business  of  his  office  ;  he  died  in  1822. 

LOWIH,  William,  a  distinguished  English 
tbeolo2ical  writer  and  commentator,  born  in 
London,  in  1661,  died  in  1732. 

LOWTH,  Dr.  Robert,  son  of  the  preceding 
bishop  of  London,  &c.,  born  in  1710,  died  in 
1787.  His  literary  character  is  well  known  by 
his  learned  "  Preelections"  on  Hebrew  poetry, 
which  were  translated  into  English  by  Mr.  Gre 
gory,  in  1787.  But  perhaps  the  most  useful  of 
his  achievements  ace  what  refer  to  his  own 
language ;  which  owes  to  him,  what  nothing 
said  in  it  can  ever  pay,  the  "  First  Institutes 
of  Grammar;"  and,  in  his  "Translation  of 
Isaiah,"  the  sublimest  poetry  in  the  world. 

LOYER,  Peter  le,  a  native  of  Anjou,  and  au 
thor  of  a  curious  history  of  spectres,  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1634. 

LOYOLA,  Ignatius,  of,  the  founder  of  the 
Jesuits,  born  in  1491,  at  the  castle  of  Loj'ola,  in 
Spain,  was  first  page  to  Ferdinand  V.  king  of 
Spain,  and  then  an  officer  in  his  army;  in  which 
he  signalized  himself  by  his  valour,  and  was 
wounded  in  both  legs  at  the  siege  of  Pampeluna, 
in  1521.  To  this  circumstajice  the  Jesuits  owe 
their  origin ;  for  while  he  was  under  cure  of 
his  wounds,  a  Life  of  the  Saints  was  put  into 
his  hands,  which  determined  him  to  forsake  the 
military  for  the  ecclesiastical  profession.  His 
283 


LU , 

first  devout  exercise  was  to  dedicate  bimaelf  to 
the  blessed  virgin  as  her  knight:  he  then  went 
a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land;  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  Europe  he  continued  his  theological  stu- 
dies in  the  universities  of  Spain,  though  he  was 
then  33  years  of  age.  After  this  he  went  to 
Paris,  and  in  France  laid  the  foundation  of  this 
new  order,  the  institutes  of  which  he  present- 
ed to  pope  Paul  III.,  who  made  many  objections 
to  them  ;  but  Ignatius  eidding  to  the  three  vows 
of  chadtily,  poverty,  and  obedience,  a  fourth 
implicit  submission  to  the  holy  see,  the  institu- 
tion was  confirmed  in  1540.  The  pious  founder 
died  in  1555. 

LITBIENETSKI,  Theodore,  a  native  of  Cra- 
cow, eminent  as  a  painter ;  he  died  in  1716.  | 

LUBIENETSKI,  Stanislaus,  a  genUeman  of  ] 
Poland,  and  celebrated  Socinian  minister,  born  | 
at  Cracow,  in  1623,  died  by  poison,  in  1675.  He  | 
wrote  several  books ;  the  chief  of  which  is  a 

History  of  the  Reformation  of  Poland."    The    ! 
Sociuians  look  upon  him  as  a  saint,  if  not  a 
martyr. 

LUBIN,  Eilhard,  a  learned  protestant,  born 
in  Oldenburgh,  and  professor  of  poetry,  at  Ros- 
tock ;  he  died  in  1621. 

LUBIN,  Augustin,  geographer  of  the  French 
kine,  was  the  author  of  several  works,  and  died 
in  1695. 

LUC,  Jean  Andre  de,  bom  at  Geneva,  in 

26.  As  a  chymist  and  geologist  he  was  pre- 
eminent ;  and  his  labours  were  all  rendered 
subservient  to  the  best  interests  of  mankind,  in 
illustrating  the  evidences  of  natural  and  re- 
vealed religion.  His  principal  work  is,  "  Geo- 
logical Travels  in  the  North  of  Europe,  Eng- 
land, France,  Switzerland,  and  Germany."  Mr. 
De  Luc,  died  at  Windsor,  in  1817. 

LUCA,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Verona, 
quitted  the  law  for  the  church,  and  became  a 
cardinal.  He  wrote  a  work  on  civil  law,  and 
died  in  1683. 

LUCAN,  Marcus  AnnsBus,  a  Latin  poet,  born 
at  Cordova,  in  Spain,  A.  D.  39.  He  was  con 
deinned  by  Nero  to  be  bled  to  death  in  a  batii, 
A.  D.  65.  His  chief  work  is  his  "Pharsalia ;" 
which  indeed  is  rather  a  history  of  the  civil 
wars  than  a  true  poem,  none  of  the  rules  of 
poetry  being  observed  in  it. 

LUCAS,  Tudensis,  a  bishop,  author  of  a 
History  of  Spain,  from  Adam  to  1236 ;  he  died 
in  the  13th  century. 

LUCAS,  Van  Leyden,  a  very  eminent  painter 
and  engraver,  of  Holland,  died  in  1533, 

LUCAS,  Richard,  a  learned  divine,  vicar  of 
St.  Stephens.  He  pubhshed  5  vols,  of  sermons, 
and  other  works,  and  died  in  1715. 

LUCAS,  Dr.  Charles,  a  celebrated  Irish  pa- 
triot, and  writer  on  medicine,  born  in  1713,  died 
in  1771.  So  high  was  his  parliamentary  cha- 
racter, that  the  corporation  of  Dublin,  many  of 
the  peers,  the  speaker,  and  numerous  members 
of  the  house  of  commons,  with  the  several 
guilds,  to  the  amount  of  2000  persons,  attended 
his  funeral ;  and  the  corporation  settled  a  pen- 
sion on  bis  widow. 

LUCAS,  Paul,  a  great  French  traveller,  bom 
in  1664,  died  in  1737.  His  travels  consist  of 
several  volumes,  are  passably  written,  and  amu- 
sing enough ;  but  not  of  the  best  authority. 

LUCAS,  Francis,  born  at  Bruges.  He  was 
dean  of  St.  Omer,  and  published  Notes  and 
Commentaries  on  the  Old  and  New  Teatament. 
He  died  in  1619. 

LUCCHESINI,  John  Vincent,  a  historian, 
aad  secretary  to  the  pope,  was  born  at  Lucca. 


LU 

He  composed  some  works  of  great  merit,  and 
,  died  in  1744. 

LUCIAN,  a  celebrated  Greek  critic  and  satir- 
ist, born  at  Somosata,  A.  D.  90,  died  in  180.  He 
was  not  only  one  of  the  finest  wits  of  his  own 
time,  but  of  all  antiquity,  being  a  perfect  master 
ill  the  great  art  of  mixing  the  usetul  with  the 
entertaining. 

LUCIFER,  bishop  of  Cagliari,  in  Sardinia, 
autlior  of  a  new  schism.,  called  Luciferians ;  lie 
died  in  370. 

LUCILIUS,an  ancient  Latin  poet,  who  wrote 
SO  books  of  "Satires."  It  is  said  that  he  wa: 
the  first  inventor  of  that  kind  of  poem.  He 
died  103  B.C. 

LUCIUS  I.,  pope  and  saint,  was  elected  in 
253,  and  the  next  year  sufl'ered  martyrdom. 

LUCIUS  II., Gerard  de  Caccianemici,  a  native 
of  Bologna,  elected  pope,  in  1144,  and  died  soon 
after. 

LUCIUS  III.,  Humbaldo  Allineigoli,  a  native 
of  Lucca,  elected  pope  in  1181.  The  inquisition 
originated  under  this  pontiflT. 

LUCRETIA,  the  famous  Roman  matron, 
wife  of  Coilatinus,  and  the  cause  of  the  revolu- 
tion of  Rome  from  a  monarchy  to  a  republic. 
This  lady,  being  violated  by  Sextus,  the  eldest 
son  of  Tarquin,  king  of  Rome,  stabbed  herself, 
509  B.  C.  The  bloody  poniard,  with  her  dead 
body,  exposed  to  the  senate,  was  the  signal  of 
Roman  liberty.  The  expulsion  of  the  Tarquins, 
and  the  abolition  of  the  regal  dignity,  was  in- 
stantly resolved  on,  and  carried  into  execution. 

LUCRETIUS,  Titus  Cams,  an  ancient  Ro- 
man philosopher  and  poet,  much  esteemed  for 
his  learning  and  eloquence,  wrote  6  books  "  De 
.Natnra  Rerum,"  was  born  about  96  B.  C,  and 
died  54  B.  C.  His  poem  has  been  translated 
into  English  by  Mr.  Creech,  and  his  version  is 
generally  esteemed. 

LUCULLUS,  a  renowned  Roman  general 
and  consul,  died  60  B.  C. 

LUDLOW,  Edmund,  a  chief  of  the  republi- 
can party  in  the  civil  wars  of  England  in  the 
17th  century,  born  in  1620,  died  in  1693,  leaving 
"  Memoirs  of  his  own  Times." 

LUDLOW,  Roger,  a  native  of  England,  who 
came  to  America,  in  1630.  He  was  elected 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  and,  removing  to 
Connecticut,  he  held  the  offices  of  magistrate 
and  governor  of  that  colony.  The  first  code  of 
laws  of  Connecticut,  was  compiled  by  him. 

LUDOLPH,  Job,  a  very  learned  and  good 
man,  bom  at  Erfurt,  and  author  of  a  grammar 
of  the  Ethiopic  language,  and  a'history  of  Ethi- 
opia, besides  some  other  works ;  he  died  in  1704. 

LUDOLPH,  Henry  William,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  learned  and  pious  man,  of  srreat  re- 
spectability. He  was  presented  to  the  Czar  of 
Russia,  who  treated  him  with  great  kindness*, 
for  which  he  wrote  a  Russian  grammar ;  he 
dif  d  in  1710. 

LUDWELL,  Philip,  governor  of  North  and 
South  Carolina,  in  1692,  was  succeeded  by  Har- 
vey soon  after  that  time. 

LUDWIG,  John  Peter,  professor  of  law,  at 
Masdeburg,  a  privy  counsellor  to  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia; he  died  in  1743. 

LT^GO,  John,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  born  at  Mad- 
rid, a  professor  of  theolo-jy,  at  Rome.  He  was 
mnde  ca.dinal  by  pope  Urban,  introduced  Je- 
suit's bark  into  France,  wrote  7  vols,  folio,  and 
d  ed  in  16G0. 

IJ'^nO  Francis,  brother  of  John,  a  learned 
T>iH.ii,  rortnr  of  two  colleges,  went  missionary  to 
luiia,  wr  "ft  2  tbiio  vols.,  and  died  in  1652. 

2 


LU 

LUISINO,  or  LUISINI,  Francis,  an  eminen. 
Venetian  scholar,  professor  of  Latin  and  Greek, 
at  Reggio  ;  he  died  in  1568. 

LUISINUS,  Aloysius,  a  Venetian  physician, 
who  published  "de  Morbo  Gallico,"  &c.,  1560. 
LUITPRAND,  a  king  of  Lonibardy,  known 
for  his  conquests,  in  Italy  ;  he  died  in  744. 

LUITPRANDUS,  a  Lombard  historian,  who 
wrote  the  history  of  his  own  times  in  six  books, 
he  died  in  1000. 

LUKE,  St.  the  evangelist,  was  a  physician, 
at  Antioch,  converted  to  Christianity  by  the 
preaching  of  St.  Paul. 

LULLE,  Raymond,  styjed  The  Enlightened 
Doctor,  was  born  in  Majorca,  in  1236.  Medicine 
and  chyniistry  were  his  chief  professions  ;  but 
at  last  he  undertook  the  propagation  oi  tiie  gos- 
pel in  Africa,  and  was  stoned  to  death  in  Mau- 

"  ania,  in  1315. 

LULLI,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  and  superintendent  of  music  to  Louis 
XIV.,  born  at  Florence,  in  1634.  In  1686,  the  king 
was  seized  with  an  indisposiiion  which  threat- 
ened his  life  ;  but  recovering  from  it,  Lulli  was 
required  to  compose  a  Te  Deum  upon  the  occa- 
sion. He  did  compose  one.  not  more  remark- 
able for  its  excellence,  than  for  the  unhappy  ac- 
cident which  attended  the  performance  of  it. 
He  had  neglected  nothing  in  the  composition  of 
the  music,  or  the  preparations  for  the  execution 
of  it;  and,  the  better  to  demonstrate  his  zeal, 
he  himself  beat  the  time;  but,  with  the  cane 
he  used  for  this  purpose,  he  gave  himself,  in  the 
heat  of  action,  a  blow  upon  the  end  of  his  foot ; 
and  this,  ending  in  a  gangrene  which  bafiled  all 
the  skill  of  his  surgeons,  put  an  end  to  his  life, 
in  1687. 

LUMLEY,  Joanna  lady,  translated  into  La- 
tin, from  the  Greek,  three  of  Isocrates'  orations, 
which  are  still  preserved  at  Westminster ;  she 
died  in  1620. 

LUNEAU  DE  BOISJERMAIN,  Peter  Joseph 
Francis,  a  voluminous  French  writer,  who  pub- 
lished works  on  Geography,  Reading,  Ortho- 
graphy, History,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1802. 

LUSIGNAN,  Guy,  a  celebrated  French  war- 
rior during  the  crusades,  who  became  king  of 
Jerusalem  ;  he  died  in  1194. 

LUSSAN,  Margaret  de,  a  voluminous  fe- 
male writer,  in  England,  who  supported  herself 
with  her  pen.  She  wrote  Romances,  History, 
Anecdotes,  &c. ;  and  difd  in  1758. 

LUTHER,  Martin,  an  illustrious  German  di- 
vine, and  reformer  of  the  church,  born  at  Isle 
ben,  in  Saxony,  in  1483.  He  studied  at  Erfurth, 
being  designed  for  a  civilian  ;  but  an  awful  ca- 
tastrophe made  such  an  impression  upon  his 
mind,  that  he  resolved  to  retire  from  the  world. 
As  he  was  walking  in  the  fields  with  a  fellow- 
student,  they  were  struck  by  lightning,  Luther 
to  the  ground,  and  his  companion  dead  by  his 
side.  He  entered  into  the  order  of  Augustine 
hermits  at  Erfurth  ;  from  this  place  he  removed 
to  Wittembergh,  being  appointed  by  the  elec- 
tor of  Saxony,  professor  of  theology  and  philo- 
sophy in  the  university  just  founded  there  by 
that  prince.  In  1512,  he  was  sent  to  Rome,  to 
plead  the  cause  of  some  convents  of  his  order 
who  had  quarrelled  with  their  vicar-general : 
this  gave  him  an  opportunity  of  observing  the 
corruption  of  the  pontifical  court,  and  the  de- 
bauched lives  of  the  dignitaries  of  the  clnirth, 
and  probably  gave  him  the  first  disgust  to  the 
Romish  ecclesiastical  government,  especiatlj-  as 
he  had  engaged  in  the  monastic  life  from  tro- 
tives  of  genuine  piety.  Upon  l-i?;  rff.^ni  t< 
i  2S9 


LY 

Witlembergh,  it  was  remarked  lliat  he  grew 
unusually  pensive,  and  more  austere  in  his  life 
and  conversation;  he  hkewise  read  and  ex-' 
pounded  the  sacred  writings  in  lectures  and  ser- 
mons, and  threw  new  ligbts  on  obscure  passa- 
ges: the  minds  of  liis  auditors  being  thus  pre- 
pared, a  favourable  occasion  soon  offered  for 
carrying  into  execution  his  grand  plan  of  re-i 
formation.  In  1517,  pope  Leo  X.  published  his! 
indulgencies.  Albert,  archbishop  of  Mentz  and, 
Magdeburgh,  was  commissioner  for  Germany,| 
and  was  to  have  half  the  sum  raised  in  that 
country  ;  Tecelius,  a  Dominican  friar,  was  de-j 
pnted  to  collect,  with  others  of  his  order,  for 
Saxony  ,  and  he  carried  his  zeal  so  far,  as  toj 
declare  his  commission  to  be  so  extensive,  that; 
no  crime  could  be  too  great  to  be  pardoned  ;  by! 
purchasing  indulgencies,  not  only  past  sins,  but| 
those  intended,  were  to  be  forgiven.  Against! 
these  vile  practices  Luther  openly  preached,! 
with  wonderful  success,  and  thus  began  the! 
Beforination  in  Germany.  Luther  died  in  1546.! 
LUTTI,  Benedetto,  an  eminent  Italian  pain-j 
ter,  born  at  Florence,  in  1666,  died  in  1724. 

LUXEMBOURG,  Francis  Henry  de  Montmo-I 
-rency,  duke  of,  a  famous  general,  and  marshal 
of  France,  died  in  1694. 

LUYKEN,  John,  a  Dutch  engraver,  born  at 
Amsterdam  ;  he  died  in  1712. 

LUYTS,  John,  a  native  of  Holland,  profes- 
sor of  mathematics  and  philosophy,  at  Utrecht.  I 
He  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1712. 

LYCOPHRON,  son  of  Periander,  of  Corinth, 
628  B.  C.  murdered  by  the  Corcvreans. 

LYCOPHRON,  a  Greek  tragic  poet  and 
grammarian,  flourished  about  304  years  before 
Cliiiit,  and  wrote  a  poem  entitled  "  Alexan- 
dria," containing  a  long  course  of  predictions, 
which  he  supposes  to  be  made  by  Cassandra, 
daughter  of  Priam,  king  of  Troy.  This  poem 
ha.s  created  a  great  deal  of  trouble  to  the  learn- 
ed, on  account  of  its  obscurity.  Suidas  has 
preserved  the  titles  of  20  tragedies  of  his  com- 
posing. 

LYCURGUS,  a  celebrated  Spartan  legislator 
flourished  870  B.  C. 

LYCURGUS,  an  Athenian  orator,  408  B.  C 
He  studied  under  Plato  and  Isocrates. 
LY'DE.  SeeJOL\ER. 
LYDGATE,  John,  an  Augustine  monk  of  St 
Edmundsbury,  and  a  poet,  flourished  in  the 
rrign  of  Henry  VI.  He  was  a  disciple  and  ad- 
mirer of  Chaucer  ;  and,  according  to  some  cri- 
tics, excelled  his  master  in  the  art  of  versifica- 
tion.    He  died  in  1440. 

LYDI  AT,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English  chro- 
nologer  and  astronomer,  born  in  1572,  died  in 
1646. 

LYE,  Edward,  a  learned  divine  and  anti 
quary,  born  in  1704.  He  published,  among  other 
works,  an  edition  of  the  "  Etymologicon  Angli 
canum,"  by  Junius,  with  many  additions,  and 
to  which  he  prefixed  an  Anglo-Saxon  Gram 
mar ;  "  The  Gothic  Gospels,"  with  a  Grammar 
of  that  language  ;  and  after  his  death,  which 
happened,  in  1767,  came  out  his  "  Anglo  Saxon 
mad  Gothic  Dictionary." 

LYLY,  or  LILLY,  John,  born  in  1553.  Hf 
took  his  masters'  degree  at  Magdalen-college. 
Oxford,  in  1575  :  and  afterwards  went  to  court, 
where  he  was  taken  much  notice  of  by  queen 
Elizabeth,  and  had  expectations  of  being  pre- 
ferred to  the  post  of  master  of  revels;  but  was 
after  many  years'  attendance,  disappointed.  Hei 
is  considered  as  the  first  who  attempted  to  re 
term  and  purify  the  English  language.  For  this' 
290 


LY 

;  purpose  he  wrote  a  book  entitled,  "  Euphuea 
and  his  England,"  in  1582,  which  met  with  a 
degree  of  success  unusual  with  the  first  at- 
tempteis  of  reformation  ;  being  almost  immedi- 
ately and  universally  followed.  He  also  wrote 
.9  plays,  and  died  in  distressed  circumstances 
about  1600. 

j  LYNCH,  Thomas,  jun.,  a  native  of  South 
jCarohna,  born  in  1749.  He  was  a  member  of 
I  the  Congress  of  1776,  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
•  the  declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  lost 
[at  sea  after  1779. 

LYNDE,  Sir  Humphrey,  an  English  author, 
who  wrote  against  popery  ;  he  died  in  1636. 

LYNDE,  Benjamin,  a  judge,  and  afterwards 
j  chief  justice  of  the  superior  court  of  Massa- 
Ichusetts,  died  in  1745. 

LY'NDE,  Benjamin,   son  of  the  preceding, 

so  held  the  othce  of  chief  justice  of  Massa 
chusetts,  which  he  resigned,  in  1772. 

LYNDON,  Josias,  governor  of  the  colony  ot 
Rhode  Island,  died  in  1778. 

LY'ONNET,  Peter,  secretary  to  the  states  of 
Holland,  a  man  highly  eminent  for  his  great  and 
various  learning: "viz.  he  knew  9  languages, 
was  skilled  in  music,  painting,  engraving,  sculp- 
ture, divinity,  law,  natural  history,  &c. ;  he 
died  in  1789. 

LYONS,  Israel,  a  celebrated  English  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Cambridge,  in  1739,  died  m 
1775. 

LYSANDER,  a  famous  Spartan  general,  who 
defeated  the  Athenian  fleet,  and  ended  the  27 
years  war.    He  fell  in  battle,  .396  B.  C. 

LY3ERUS,  Polycarp,  an  able  German  theo- 
logian, author  of  several  learned  commenta- 
ries on  the  Scriptures  ;  he  died  in  1601. 

LYSERUS,  John,  a  protestant  divine,  of  the 
same  family  as  the  above,  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing, and  famous  for  a  work  in  defence  of  poly- 
gamy ;  he  died  in  1684. 

LYSIAS,  an  ancient  Athenian  orator.  Plu- 
tarch and  Photius  relate,  that  425  orations  were 
formerly  exhibited  under  the  name  of  Lysias; 
of  which  34  onlv  are  now  extant.  He  died  378 
B.C. 

LYSIM  ACHUS,  one  of  Alexander's  generals, 
was  killed  in  battle,  286  B.  C 

LYSIPPUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  statuary, 
wlio  flourished  in  the  time  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  and  chiefly  excelled  in  the  hair  of  the 
heads,  and  the  proportion  of  his  figures. 

LY'SIS,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher,  master 
of  Epaminondas,  died  388  B.  C. 

LYSONS,  Daniel,  an  English  physician,  au- 
thor of  many  Essays,  particularly  on  Camphor 
and  Calomel  in  Fevers,  on  Intermittent  Fe- 
vers, Dropsies,  &c.  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1800. 

LYSONS,  Samuel,  an  antiquary,  bom  in 
1763.  He  studied  at  the  Middle  Temple,  and 
was  there  called  to  the  bar.  On  the  death  of 
Mr.  Astle,  he  was  appointed  keeper  of  the  re- 
cords in  the  Tower.  His  chief  works  are,  "  An- 
tiquities of  Gloucestershire  ;"  "  Collection  of 
Roman  Remains ;"  and  "  Magna  Britannia,"  in 
conjunction  with  his  brother.    He  died  in  1819. 

LYTE,  Henry,  a  native  of  Somersetshire, 
where  he  established  the  best  botanical  garden 
in  England  ;  he  died  in  1607. 

LYTTELTON,  Edward,  lord  keeper  of  the 
great  seal  of  England,  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
I  ,  and  an  eminent  law- reporter,  born  in  1589, 
died  in  1645. 

LYTTELTON,  George  lord,  an  elegant  his- 
torian, poet,  and  miscellaneous  wriler,  born  in 
1709,  died  in  1773.    His  principal  writings  a-  c. 


MA 

"  The  Progress  of  Love ;"  "  Persian  Letters  ;" 
"  Observations  on  the  Conversion  and  Apostle 
ship  of  St.  Paul,"  and  "  The  History  of  Henry 
the  Second." 

LYTTELTON,  Thomas  lord,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  young  nobleman  of  very  considerable 
parliamentary  talents,  but  of  a  gay  and  dissi- 
pated mind;  he  was  cutoff  from  a  race  of  luxury 
and  sensuality,  if  not  of  infidelity,  under  cir- 
cumstances peculiarly  impressive  ;  having  been 
warned  in  a  vision  three  days  before  his  death, 
which  happened  accordingly  without  any  pre- 
vious illness.  His  lordship  was  born  in  1744, 
and  died  in  1779. 

LYTTELTON,  Dr.  Charles,  bishop  of  Car- 
lisle, and  an  eminent  antiquary,  died  in  1768. 

M 

MAAS,  Dirk,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose  repre- 
sentations of  battles  and  landscapes,  were  much 
admired,  was  born  in  1G56. 

MAAS,  Arnold,  a  Dutch  painter,  eminent  for 
representing  people  in  conversation. 

MAAS,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  Dutch  portrait 
painter,  died  in  1693. 

MABILLON,  John,  a  very  learned  theological 
and  historical  writer,  of  France,  born  in  1632, 
died  in  1707. 

MABLY,  Gabriel  Bonnoi  de,  better  known 
by  the  name  of  Abbe  de  Mabiy,  born  in  1709, 
died  in  1785.  He  was  a  man  of  great  talents, 
and  wrote  several  valuable  works;  bui  his 
"Treatise  sur  la  Maniere  d'ecriere  THistoire," 
is  that  by  which  he  is  be:<i  known  in  England. 

MABOUL,  James,  bishop  of  Aeth,  in  France, 
admired  for  his  eloquence  as  a  preacher ;  he  died 
in  1723. 

M ABUSE,  John,  a  Hungarian  painter.  His 
best  picture  is  the  decapitation  of  St.  John ;  he 
died  in  1562. 

MAC  ARDELL,  James,  an  English  mezzo- 
tinto  engraver,  died  in  1765. 

MACARIUS,  St.,  a  celebrated  hermit,  said  to 
Jiave  been  a  disciple  of  St.  Anthony,  born  at 
Alexandria,  in  301.  Fifty  homilies  in  Greek, 
attributed  to  him,  are  extant. 

MACARIUS,  St.,  born  at  Alexandria,  where 
he  presii!ed  over  .5000  monks  ;  he  died  in  39-1. 

MACARTNEY,  George,  carl,  a  celebrated 
Irish  statesman,  who,  after  having  been  sent  on 
several  important  embassies,  and  being  knighted 
by  the  king  of  Poland,  and  by  the  king  of  Eng- 
land, was  selected  as  ambassador  extraordinary 
from  Great  Britain  to  China.  On  his  return,  he 
was  made  an  Irish  baron.  He  married  lord 
Bute's  dancrhter,  and  died  in  1806. 

MACAULAY.    See  GRAHAM. 

MACBETH,  usurper  of  the  Scottish  crown, 
slain  in  1054. 

MACBRIDE,  David,  an  Irish  physician, 
who  acquired  great  celebrity  as  a  practitioner, 
in  Dublin.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Medicine,"  a  work  lormerly  in  great 
request;  he  died  in  1788. 

MACCABEES,  seven  brothers,  Jews,  who, 
with  their  mother  were  put  to  death,  at  Antioch! 
during  the  persecution  of  Antiochus  Epiphanes. 
iG8  B.C. 

MACCLINTOCH,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  Ame- 
rican clergyman,  settled  at  Greenland,  New- 
Hampshire  ;  he  died  in  1804. 

M  ACDIARMID,  John,  an  English  writer,  au 
tlior  of  "  An  Inquiry  in  the  System  of  Military 
Defence,"  and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  1808. 

MACE,  Francis,  a  writer  of  the  Sorbonne 


MA 

who  published  "  Chronological  Abridgmeiit  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testament,"  "A  Moral  Histo- 
ry," &c.  ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1721. 

MACE,  Thomas,  a  practitioner  on  the  Itite, 
distinguished  among  musical  men,  was  born  in 
1613,  and  died  in  1679. 

MACEDO,  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  of  Portugal,  who 
was  promoted  to  offices  of  trust,  by  pope  Alex- 
ander VII.  He  published  109  different  works, 
and  wrote,  or  pronounced  150,000  verses  extem- 
poraneously ;  he  died  in  1681. 

MACEDONIUS,  Arian,  bishop  of  Constan- 
tinople, in  341.  He  was  deposed  by  a  council, 
and  caused  great  commotion  and  trouble  in  his 
diocess. 

MACER,  iEmelius,  a  Latin  poet,  of  Verona, 
in  the  aire  of  Augustus. 

MACER,  Lucius  Claudius,  declared  himself 
emperor  on  Nero's  death  ;  he  was  put  to  death 
by  Galba,  in  68. 

MACFARLANE,  Henry,  a  Scotch  writer,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  the  reign  of  George  III.,  in 
4  vols- 

MACFARLANE,  Robert,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  born  in  Scotland,  in  1734.  He  was  for 
some  years  a  reporter  of  speeches  in  parliament, 
lie  afterwards  kept  a  boarding-school  of  great 
reputation.  Mr.  Macfarlane  published  "The 
History  of  George  III  ,"  and  translated  the  po- 
ems of  Ossian  into  Latin.  He  died  in  1804  of 
bruises  received  at  a  Brentford  election. 

MACGREGORE,  James,  an  Irish  clergyman 
who  came  to  America,  to  avoid  religions  perse- 
cuiioii,  and  was  settled  in  Londonderry,  New- 
Hampshire  ;  he  died  in  1729. 

MAC'HAM,  Robert,  an  Englishman,  who,  in 
the  reign  of  Edward  HI.,  eloped  with  his  mis- 
tress, and  with  her  was  shipwrecked  on  the 
Island  of  Madeira,  which  was  before  unknown. 
The  crew  escaped  with  the  news,  and  a  ship 
being  sent  to  the  newly  discovered  island,  found 
the  two  lovers  buried  under  a  tree. 

MACHAULT,  John  de,  a  French  Jesuit, 
rector  i.f  Clermont  college  at  Paris.  He  wrote 
Latin  notes  on  tiie  History  of  Thuanus,  said  to 
be  seditious,  and  which  were  burned  by  the 
hangman  ;  he  died  in  1619.  Two  other  Jesuits 
of  the  same  name  were  able  writers. 

M  \CMET,  Gerard,  principal  of  the  college 
of  Navarre,  confessor  to  Charles  VII.  of  France, 
and  bi>hop  of  Castres,  died  in  1448. 

MACHIAVEL,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, borii  in  1469,  was  secretary,  and  after 
wards  historiographer,  to  the  republic  of  Flo 
rence,  and  v^^rntea  historyof  that  commonwealth 
from  1215  to  ]494.ofall  his  writings,  that  by  which 
he  has  been  chiefly  distinguished  is  a  treatise 
of  politics,  entitled  "The Prince;"  the  purpose 
of  vv^hicM  is,  ro  describe  tlie  arts  of  government, 
as  they  are  usually  exercised  by  wicked  princes 
and  tyrants ;  a'lrl  which  is  considered  as  a  mas- 
terpiece in  its  kind.     He  died  in  1530. 

M'KEAN,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished 
actorin  the  American  revolution,  was  a  member 
of  congress  from  Delaware,  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  declaraTidu  of  Independence,  president 
of  congress,  and  governor  of  Delaware ;  he 
died  in  1817. 

M'KEAN,  Joseph,  D.  D.  LL.  D.,  professor  of 
rhetoric  and  oratory  in  Harvard  college,  died  at 
Havana,  where  he  had  gone  for  his  health,  in 
1818. 

M'KEEN,  Joseph,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished  cler 
gyman,  of  New-Hampshire,afterwards  president 
of  Bowdoin  college,  Maine  ;  he  died  in  1807. 

MACKENZIE,  Sir  George,  an  ingenious  wri 
291 


MA 


MA 


ter,  born  at  Dundee,  in  1636.  He  was  bred  to 
ihe  bar,  made  king's  advocate,  and  knighted. 
He  wrote  numerous  and  valuable  works  upon 
the  laws  and  antiquities  of  Scotland,  and  died 
in  England,  in  1691. 

MACKEY,  Joini,  an  Englishman,  who  fol- 
lowed the  fortunes  of  James  II.  in  his  exile ;  but 
traitorously  betrayed  his  master's  secrets  to 
William  III  He  wrote  some  curious  and  in- 
teresting works,  and  died  in  1726. 

MACKLAINE,  Archibald,  a  pious  divine, 
born  in  Ireland,  in  1722,  but  educated  at  Glas- 
gow. He  was  pastor  of  the  English  congre- 
gation at  the  Hague  from  1745  till  1794,  wlien 
the  French  invasFon  induced  him  to  leave  Hol- 
land, and  he  sc  tied  at  Bath,  where  he  died  in 
1804.  His  best  known  work  is  a  translation  of 
Mosheim's  ''  i  cciesiastical  History.'" 

MACLAVRIN,  Colin,  an  eminent  Scot«h  ma- 
thematician and  philosopher,  born  in  Scotland 
in  1698,  died  in  1746.  His  writings  are  very  nu 
merous,  and  highly  valuable  for  the  purposes 
of  geographv  and  navigation. 

MACLEAN,  John,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, came  to  America,  in  1791,  and  was  soon 
after  ajipointed  professor  of  chymistry  and  na- 
tural history,  and  afferwards  of  mathematics 
and  natural  philosophy,  at  Princeton  college, 
New-Jersey.  He  was  subsequently  professor 
of  natural  philosophy  and  chymistry,  in  the 
college  of  William  and  Mary,  Virginia,  which 
he  resigned  on  account  of  his  health,  and  died 
at  Princeton,  in  1814. 

MACKLIN,  Robert,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
remarkable  for  his  longevity.  He  died  in  New- 
Hampshire,  in  1787,  at  the  age  of  one  hundred 
and  fifteen. 

MACKLIN,  Charles,  an  actor  and  dramatic 
writer,  remarkable  for  his  longevity,  having 
been  born  in  the  north  of  Ireland  about  thi 
month  of  May,  1690.  and  lived  till  July  11,  1^97. 
His  real  name  was  M'Laughlin,  which,  to  ren 
der  more  pleasing  to  the  Enghsh  ear,  he  changed 
to  Macklin.  He  became  an  actor  in  the  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields  company,  in  1716.  His  last  siagf 
performance  was  his  ever  memorable  characlei 
of  Shylock,  at  Covent-Garden  theatre,  in  1790, 
when  his  memory  whoily  failed  liLm,  and  he 
took  leave  of  the  audience  for  ever. 

MACKLIN,  Tlionias,  a  print-seller  in  Fleet- 
street,  Loi/don,  to  ivhose  spirited  and  enterj.ris 
ing  exertions  the  pvofes»ors  of  historical  paini 
ing  and  engraving  were  indebted  for  manv  bril- 
liant opportunities  of  displaying  and  improving 
their  talents  in  the  exhibition  of  "The  Poet.-' 
Gallerj'."  Mr.  Macklin's  edition  of  the  Bible 
will  ever  remain  an  unrivalled  monument  of 
the  taste  and  energy  of  the  individual  who 
planned  and  carried  into  execution  so  very 
magnificent  an  undertaking.  He  was  born  at 
Dublin,  in  1751.  and  died  in  1800. 

M'KNIGHT,  Charles,  an  eminent  physician 
and  surgeon,  of  tin'  revolutionary  army,  after- 
wards settled  at  New- York  ;  he  died  in  1791. 

MACKNIGHT,  Dr.  James,  an  emnient  cler- 
gyman of  the  church  of  Scotland,  distinguished 
by  his  learned  and  useful  labours  in  illustration 
and  defence  of  the  New  Testament,  was  born 
in  1721,  and  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  1800.  Of 
his  various  works,  the  most  distinguished  is, 
"The  Harmony  of  the  Four  Gospels." 

MACNEIL,  Hector,  a  Scotch  poet  and  no- 
velist of  much  celebrity,  died  in  1818. 

MACON,  Anthony  le,  a  native  of  Dauphiny. 
who  translated  Decameron,  to  please  the  queen 
of  Naples,  to  whom  lie  was  private  secretary. 
292 


|1  MACPHERSON,  David,  sub-comtnissifoiier 
ijOf  the  public  records,  died  in  1816  ;  haviiujub- 
jjlished  "Geographical  Illustrations  of  Scottish 
, [History,"  "  Annals  of  Commerce,"  and  "His- 
|tory  of  the  European  Commerce  with  India," 
MACPHERSON,  James,  a  Scotch  gentleman, 
ijdistinguished  in  the  literary  world  by  the  publi- 
cation of  what  he  called  a  Translation  of  the 
poems  of  Ossian,  the  son  of  Fingal,  which  ap- 
peared in  the  year  1762,  and  excited  a  long  and 
acrimoniouscontroversyrespectiugtheir  authen- 
ticity. Mr.  Macpherson  also  pubUsbed  a  trans- 
lation of  the  "Iliad,"  in  heroic  prose;"  "A 
History  of  Great  Britain  from  the  Restoration, 
in  1660  to  the  Accession  of  the  House  of  Hano- 
ver," and  "Original  State  Papers  from  the 
Stuart  and  Hanover  Collections."  He  was 
born  in  1738,  and  died  in  1796. 

MACPHERSON,  sir  John,  governor  general 
of  India,  died  in  Englai  d,  in  1821. 

MAC'QUART,  James  Henry,  a  native  of 
Rheims,  eminent  as  a  physician,  author  of  a 
translation  of  Haller's  works  5  vols. ;  he  died 
in  J 768. 

MACQUER,  Philip,  a  French  lawyer,  but 
chiefly  celebrated  for  his  chronological  abridg- 
ment in  the  manner  of  Henault,  was  born  in 
1720,  and  died  in  1770. 

IMACQUER,  Peter  Joseph,  a  French  physi- 
cian and  chymist  of  great  reputation  ;  he  died 
in  1784. 

MACRET,  Charles  Francis  Adrian,  an  emi- 
nent engraver,  bom  at  Abbeville,  in  1783. 

MACRIANUS,  Titus  Fuivius  Juhus.  an  Egyp- 
tian, who,  from  a  private  sf)ldier,  became  a  ge- 
neral, and  then  emperor,  A.  D.  258 

MACRINUS,  Marcus  Opilius  Severus,  an 
African,  who,  from  the  most  obscure  situation, 
rose  to  the  dignity  of  emperor,  on  the  death  of 
Caracalla :  he  was  put  to  death  A.  D.  218. 

MACRINUS,  Joim.  a  Latin  poet,  of  France, 
called  the  French  Horace  ;  he  died  in  1557. 

MACROBIUS,  Ambro.sius  Aurelius  Theodo- 
ius,  an  ancient  Latin  critic  and  antiquary,  who 
flourished  toward  the  latter  part  of  the4th cen- 
tury. 

M  ACWKORTER,  Alexander,  D.  D.,  an  emi- 
nent presbyterian  clergyman,  of  New-Jersey, 
died  in  1807. 

MADAN,  Martin,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  "  Thoughts  on  Polygamy,"  of  a  literal  trans- 
lation of  Jisvenal  and  Persius,  and  of  several 
other  publications,  was  born  in  1726,  and  died 
in  1790. 

MADDEN,  Dr.  Samuel,  an  Irish  divine,  pat- 
riot, aid  dramatic  poet.  In  1731,  heprojectcda 
scheme  for  promoting  learning  in  the  college  at 
Dublin,  by  premiums.  In  n40  we  find  him  set- 
ting apart  the  annual  sum  of  lOOZ.  to  be  distribu- 
ted by  way  of  premiums,  to  the  inhabitants  of 
Ireland  only,  viz  :  50/  to  the  author  of  the  best 
invention  for  improving  any  useful  art  or  manu- 
facture ;  25Z  to  the  person  who  should  execute 
the  best  statue  or  piece  of  sculpture  ;  and  25Z. 
to  the  person  who  should  finish  the  best  piece 
of  painting,  either  in  history  or  landscape ;  the 
premiums  to  be  decided  by  the  Dublin  Society, 
of  which  Dr.  Madden  was  the  institutor.  The 
good  effects  of  these  well  applied  benefactions 
have  not  only  been  felt  in  the  kingdom  where 
they  were  given,  but  have  even  extended  their 
iufluence  to  its  sister  country ;  having  given  rise 
to  the  society  for  the  encouragement  of  arts  and 
sciences,  in  London.     He  died  in  1765. 

MADDERSTEG,  Michael,  an  eminent  pain 
ter,  of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1709, 


n. 


MA 


MA 


MADISON,  James,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  the  epis- 
copal church  in  Virginia,  and  a  professor  and 
president  in  ihe  coilbge  of  William  and  Mary 
in  that  state  ;  he  died  in  1812. 

MADISON,  George,  son  of  the  preceding. 
was  governor  of  the  state  of  Kentucky.  He 
died  in  18l6. 

MA  DOG,  a  Welch  prince,  said  to  have  sailed 
with  10ship3and300  men  about  1170,  and  never 
to  have  )eturned;  some  suppose  he  came  to 
America. 

MADOX,  Isaac,  bishop  of  Worcester,  born 
in  Loudo;),  in  1C97,  died  in  1759.  He  published 
"  A  Vindication  of  the  Government,  Doctrine 
and  Worship  of  the  Church  oi"  England  esta 
blished  in  ihe  Retgn  of  (iueen  Elizabeth,"  was 
a  great  benefactor  to  the  Loudon  hospitals,  and 
the  first  promoter  of  the  Worcester  infirmary, 
in  1745.  His  lordship  rose  to  preferment  from 
a  very  low  station  in  life. 

MADOX,  Thomas,  a  learned  antiquary,  and 
historiographer- royal,  who,  with  indefatigable 
industry,  collected  and  explained,  at  ditferent 
times,  a  number  of  records  relating  to  the  an 
'  dent  laws  and  constitution  of  England,  died  in 
1727.  His  chief  works  are,  "  The  History  and 
Antiquities  of  the  Exchequer;"  and  "  Firnia 
Burgi,  or  A  Historical  Essay  concerning  th( 
Cities,  Towns,  and  Boroughs  of  I']iigland."  Mr 
Madox'.<  large  and  valuable  collection  of  trans 
cripts,  in  94  vols,  folio  and  quarto,  were  pre 
sented  by  his  widow  to  rhe  British  IMuseum 
where  tliey  are  now  preserved. 

MTECENf  AS,  Caius  Clinius,  the  great  friend 
and  counsellor  of  Augustus  Cresar,  and  himself" 
a  very  polite  scholar,  but  chiefly  memorable  for 
having  been  the  patron  and  protector  of  men  oi 
letters,  died  8  B.  C.  All  the  protectors  and  pal 
rons  of  learning  since  his  death  have  usually 
been  called  Maecenases. 

MAES,  Godfrey,  of  Antwerp,  an  eminent 
historical  painter,  died  in  1660. 

M.liSTLINUS,  Michael,  a  German  astrono 
mer,  of  great  learning,  master  of  Kepler,  died 
in  13M.    • 

MAFFEI,  Francis  Scipio,  of  Verona,  a  cele- 
brated dramatic  writer,  antiquary,  and  critic 
born  in  1;>75,  aiiddiefi  in  1"55. 

MAFFEI,  Raphael,  a  learned  author,  died  in 
15.21. 

MAFFEI,  Vegio,  a  Latin  poet,  born  in  Lom 
hardy,  in  1407,  was  author  of  "Epigrams,"  and 
a  "  Supplement  to  Virgil,"  which  he  called  the 
I3t!i  bo-ik  of  the  "  JEwM.'"  Julius  Scalige 
and  Gerard  Vossius  liave  dpclared  him  a  great 
poet.  Hi's  prose  works  are  also  esteemed.  He 
died  in  1450.  : 

MAFFEI,  Bernardin,  alearned  cardinal,  who 
distinguished  himself  by  a  "  Commentary  upon 
Tally's  Epistles,"  and  a  "  Trearise  upon  Me 
dais  and  In'^criptions,"  died  in  1529. 

MAFFEI,  John  Peter,  a  leariied  Jesuit,  horn 
in  153S;  who,  after  livinsr  in  !i!"!i  iavonr  witii 
several  popes,  died  in  If'.OI.  We  iiave  of  his; 
"  A  Latin  Lifn  o:'  Ignati'is  Loyola,"  "  A  Hig-: 
toryof  the  Imlies,"  a-d  "  A  Latin  translationi 
of  some  letters  written  by  the  Missionaries  from! 
the  Indies."  i 

MAGALOTTF,  Lorenzo,  count,  a  native  ofj 
Florenc",  was  a-i  elegant  and  curious  natural-; 
ist ;  he  died  in  171'2.  I 

MAGANZA,  John  Baptist,  a  historical  pain-, 
ter.  of  Viccnza,  died  in  1617.  I 

MAGELIIAENS,  John  Hyacinth  de,  F.  R.  S.,i 
a  studious,  ingenious,  and  learned  man,  parti- 
cularly distinguished  among  the  literati  in  Eiig- 

25* 


[land  and  other  countries  for  his  intimate  ac- 
quaintance with  most  branches  of  natural  phi- 
losophy, and  no  less  ingenious  in  his  experi- 
ments therein,  particularly  in  mechanics,  was 
born  at  Lisbon,  in  17^3.  Among  his  smaller 
works  was  a  much  esteemed  tract  on  impreg- 
nating common  water  with  fixed  air;  and  his 
celebrated  invention  to  imitate  the  qualities  and 
effects  of  all  medical  waters,  Bath,  Tunbridge, 
dec.     He  died  in  1790. 

MAGELLAN,  Ferdinand,  a  celebrated  Por- 
tuguese navigator,  who,  in  1519,  discovered  and 
passed  the  straits  at  the  extremity  of  South 
America,  which  have  been  since  called  by  hia 
name.  He  soon  after  took  possession  of  the 
liadrone  and  Phiilippine  islands,  where  he  was 
killed  by  ttie  natives,  in  1520. 

MAGGI,  Charles  Maria,  an  Italian  poet,  and 
one  of  the  most  active  restorers  of  elegant  taste 
'n  Italj?:  he  died  in  1C99. 

MAGINUS,  John  Anthony,  a  native  of  Pa- 
dua, and  mathematical  professor  at  Bologna ; 
he  died  in  1!>17. 

MAGISTRIS,  Simon  de,  an  Italian,  well 
known  for  his  deep  knowledgeof  Latin,  Greek, 
and  Hebrevv.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Cyrene, 
and  left  .several  works;  he  died  in  1802. 

RIAGIUS.  Jerome,  an  ingenious  and  learned 
mathematician,  philosopiier,  and  critic,  of  Tus- 
cany, judge  of  tlie  admiralty  for  the  Venetians, 
in  the  isle  of  Cyprus,  which  city  he  bravely  de- 
fended against  the  Turks,  inventing  several  ma- 
chines to'annoy  the  besiegers  and  destroy  their 
works ;  but,  the  city  being  taken,  those  savages 
burned  hi.s  curious  library,  carried  him  in  chains 
to  Constantinopie,  and  strangled  him  in  prison, 
in  1572. 

M.4GIUS,  Bartholomew,  brother  of  Jerome, 
a  physician  of  Bologna,  author  of  a  treatise  on 
gunshot  wounds,  died  in  1552. 

MAGLIABECCHI,  Antony,  librarian  to  the 
grand  duke  of  Tuscan}',  and  editor  of  some 
scarce  Latin  authors,  born  at  Florence,  in  1633, 
died  in  1714.     His  name  is  very  famous  among 
the  learned  ;  but  a  prodigious  memory  was  hi3 
distinguishing  talent.     .As  an  instance  of  this. 
Mr.  Spence  tells  the  following  story  of  him, 
whicii  indeed  seems  iiardly  credible:  "A  gen- 
tleman, to  make  trial  of  thefo:ceof  his  memo- 
ry, lent  him  a  manuscript  that  he  was  going  to 
print.     SoniC  time  after  it  was  returned,  the 
£ent!eman  came  to  liim  with  a  melancholy  face, 
and  pretended  that  it  was  lost.     Magliabecchi, 
being  requested  to  recollect  what  he  remember- 
ed of  it,  wrote  the  whole  without  missing  a 
word,  or  varying  the  spelling."     His  attention 
wag  wholly  absorbed  by  his  hooks  and  sttidies. 
As  he  led  a  mostsfdentary  life,  and  yet  arrived 
to  an  extreme  old  age,  (for  he  died  in  his  81st 
yea'-,)  it  may  bo  csjrious  to  subjoin  an  account 
of  the  regimen  that  he  observed  ;  which  is  given 
us  by  IMarmi,  who  composed  his  eulogium.  "  He 
always  kept  his  head  warmly  covered,  and  took, 
at  certain  rimes,  treacle,  which  he  esteemed  an 
excellent  preservative  agairst  noxious  vapours. 
He  loved  strong  wine,  but  drank  it  soberly,  and 
"n  small  quantities.     He  lived  upon  the  plainest 
and  most  ordinary  food.     He  took  tobacco,  to 
which  he  was  a  slave  to  excess  ;  but  was  abso- 
lute masterof  himself  in  every  other  particular." 
"  VGNEXTIUS,  a  German,  who,   from  a 
private  soldier,  becameemperor  of  Rome,  A.D. 
350. 
M.\G]VI,  Valerian,  a  native  of  Milan,  sent 
issionary  to  the  north  of  Europe,  by  pope  Ur- 
ban Vlil.,  died  in  16GL 

293 


MA 

MAGNON,  John,  a  French  poet,  who  formed 
a  plan  of  writing  an  Encyclopedia  in  verse ;  he 
was  murdered  in  1662. 

MAGNUS,  John,  archbishop  of  Upsal,  who 
warmly  opposed  the  reformation  in  Sweden,  of 
whicii  country  he  wrote  a  history  in  24  books  ; 
he  d'ied  in  1544. 

MAGNUS,  Olaus,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
and  his  successor  as  archbishop.  He  is  author 
of  a  iblio  work  on  the  manners  and  customs  of 
the  people  of  the  North  ;  he  died  in  1560. 

MAHMED,  Aga,  a  noble  Persian,  of  great 
renown  as  a  warrior ;  he  died  in  1788. 

MAHOMET,  or  MOHAMMED,  a  celebrated 
impostor,  and  founder  of  the  Mahometan  reli- 
gion, born  in  371,  at  Mecca,  a  city  of  Arabia, 
of  the  tribe  of  the  Korashites,  which  was  reck- 

ied  the  noblest  in  all  that  country,  and  was  de 


MA 

ans.  It  is  the  universal  doctrine  of  iiie  luan  ■ 
imetans,  that  their  religion  is  to  be  propaguif  d 
jby  the  sword,  and  that  all  true  mussitimen  are 
bound  to  fight  for  it.  To  reconcile  tiie  mjnii-- 
of  tlie  cowardly,  and  add  vigour  to  the  bi  avt- , 
he  invented  his  doctrine  of  fate  and  de.-dnj' , 
telling  them,  that  those  who  were  slain  in  battle, 
though  they  had  tarried  at  home  in  their  houses, 
must,  nevertheless,  have  died  at  that  moment, 
the  time  of  every  man's  life  being  predetermin- 
ed by  God  ;  but  that  those  who  died  fighting 
for  the  faitli,  gained  the  advantage  of  dying  mar- 
tyrs for  their  religion,  and  immediately  entered 
into  Paradise,  as  the  reward  of  it.  Having  at 
length  been  established  in  the  temporal  sove- 
reignty, which  he  had  long  been  aiming  at,  Ma- 
homet assumed  all  the  insignia  belonging  there- 
still  retaining  the  sacred  character  of  chief 


scended  in  a  direct  line  from  Pher  Koraish,  thej  pontiff  of  his  religion,  as  well  as  the  royal  witli 
Ibuuder  of  it.  In  his  40th  year  he  began  tojlwhich  he  had  been  invested.  He  transmitted 
take  upon  him  the  style  of  the  Apostle  of  God,  :them  both  together  to  all  his  successors,  who 
and  under  that  character  to  propagate  ihe  im-  jby  the  title  of  caliphs  reigned  after  him.  He 
posture  which  he  had  concerted.      On  his  first  ]died  Sept.  12,  632,  in  consequence  of  having,  3 


appearance,  he  was  treated  with  derision  and 
contempt,  and  called  by  the  people,  a  sorcerer, 
magician,  liar,  impostor,  and  teller  of  fables,  of 
•which  he  frequently  complains  in  the  Koran  ; 
80  that  for  the  first  year  he  made  little  or  no  pro- 
gress ;  but  persevering  in  his  design,  which  he 
managed  with  great  address,  he  afterwards  gain- 
ed many  proselytes,  among  which  were  some 
of  the  most  considerable  men  of  the  city.  The 
main  arguments  which  Mahomet  used  to  delude 
men  into  a  belief  of  this  imposture,  were  pro- 
mises and  threats,  being  those  which  he  knew 
would  work  the  easiest  on  the  alfections  of  the 
vulgar.  His  promises  were  chiefly  of  paradise  ; 
which  svith  great  art  he  framed  agreeably  to  the 
customs  and  taste  of  the  Arabians :  for  they,  ly- 
ing within  the  torrid  zone,  were,  through  the 
nature  of  their  climate,  as  well  as  the  then  ex- 
cessive corruption  of  their  manners,  exceeding- 
ly given  to  the  love  of  women  ;  and  the  scorch- 
ing heat  and  dryness  of  the  country  making  ri- 
vers of  water,  cooling  drinks,  shaded  gardens, 
and  pleasant  frails,  most  refreshing  and  delight- 
ful to  them,  they  were  from  hence  apt  to  place 
their  highest  enjoyment  in  things  of  this  nature  ; 
and  therefore,  to  answer  the  height  of  their  car- 
nal desires,  he  made  the  joys  of  heaven  to  con- 
sist totally  in  these  particulars,  which  he  promi- 
ses them  abundantly  in  many  places  of  the  Ko- 
ran. On  the  contrary,  he  described  the  punish- 
ments of  hell,  which  he  threatened  to  all  who 
would  not  believe  in  him.,  to  consist  of  such  tor- 
ments as  would  appear  to  them  the  most  aff.ict- 
iiig  and  grievous  to  be  borne :  as  that  they  should 
drink  nothing  but  boiling  and  stinking  water, 
nor  breathe  any  thing  but  exceeding  hot  winds, 
things  most  terrible  in  Arabia  ;  that  they  should 
dwell  for  ever  in  continual  fire,  intensely  burn- 
ing, and  be  surrounded  with  a  black,  hot,  salt 
smoke,  as  with  a  coverlid,  &c.,  and,  that  he 
might  omit  nothing  which  could  work  on  their 
fears,  he  terrified  them  with  the  threats  of  griev- 
ous punishments  in  this  Hfe.  He  pretended  to 
receive  all  his  revelations  from  the  angel  Ga- 
briel, who,  he  said,  was  sent  from  God  on  pur- 
pose to  deliver  them  to  him.  He  was,  it  seems, 
subject  to  the  falling  sickness,  so  that,  whenever 
the  fit  was  upon  him,  he  pretended  it  to  be  a| 
trance,  and  that  tlien  the  angel  Gabriel  was' 
coni3  from  God  with  some  new  revelations  to 
him.  His  pretended  revelations  he  put  into  se- 
veral chapters,  the  collection  whereof  makes  upj 
the  Koran,  which  is  the  bible  of  the  Mahomet- 1 
294 


years  before,  eaten  of  a  shoulder  of  mutton 
which  had  been  poisoned  by  a  daughter  of  his 
host,  at  Caibar.  He  was  buried  in  the  plac^j 
wliere  he  died,  which  weis  in  the  chamber  of  his 
best-beloved  wife,  at  Medina,  where  he  lies  to 
this  day. 

MAHOMET  I.,  emperor  of  the  Turks,  was 
son  of  Bajazet  I.,  and  succeeded  his  brother 
Moses,  whom  he  slew  in  1413.  He  restored  the 
power  of  the  Ottomans  to  its  ancient  glory. 

MAHOMET  II.,  the  11th  sultan  of  the  Turks 
was  born  at  Adrianople,  in  1420  ;  and  is  to  be 
remembered  chiefly  for  taking  Constantinople, 
in  1453,  and  thereby  driving  many  learned 
Greeks  into  the  West,  which  was  a  greatcause 
of  the  restoration  of  learning  in  Europe,  as  the 
Greek  literature  was  then  introduced  there.  He 
was  the  first  of  the  Oitoman  emperors  whom 
the  Western  nations  diiinified  v/ith  the  title  of 
Grand  Seignior,  or  Great  Turk  ;  which  posteri- 
ty has  preserved  to  his  descendants.  He  died 
in  1481. 

MAHOMET  III.  succeeded  his  father  Amu- 
rath  III.,  in  1595.  He  began  his  reign  by  stran;;- 
ling  19  of  his  brothers,  and  drowning  10  of  his 
father's  wives.  He  invaded  Hunaary  witii 
200,000  men,  and  died  in  1003. 

MAHOMET  IV.,  emperor  of  the  Turks,  re 
duced  Candia  with  the  loss  of  200,000  men  ;  he 
ihen  invaded  Poland  and  laid  the  kingdom  un- 
der an  annual  contribution,  of  20,000  crowns. 
He  was  afterwards  deposed,  and  died  in  1691. 
^MAHOMET  v.,  succeeded  to  the  throne,  in 
1730.  He  was  more  respectable  for  his  pacific 
disposition  than  for  his  military  exploits;  he 
died  in  1754. 

MAHUDEL,  Nicholas,  a  physician,  at  Paris, 
luthor  of  a  "  Dissertation  on  the  ancient  Spa- 
lish  Money  ;"  He  died  in  1747. 

MAIER,  Michael,  a  celebrated  German  al- 
chymist,  who  wrote  10  treatises  on  his  profes- 

■y.i.     He  lived  in  the  17th  century. 

MAIGNAN,  Emanuel,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
an  able  mathematician,  and  philosopher,  and 
'or  some  time,  filled  a  professional  chair,  at 
lome  ;  he  died  in  1676. 

MAIGROT,  Charles,  a  learned  doctor  of  the 
:5o;bonne,  bishop  of  Conon.  He  went  mis- 
ionary  to  China,  and  wrote  an  Examination  of 
h«  Ciiine?e  worship,  &:c. ;  he  died  in  1720. 

MMLiT.A,  Joseph  Anne  Maria  de  Moyrice 
3e,  a  jfcsiiit,  born  in  Savoy,  aujost  learned  ar.d 
■liiiablo  aian,  wiio  spent  45yeais  as  a  mission 


MA 


MA 


ary  in  China.  He  translated  the  "Great  Annals 
of  China,"  published  in  12  vols.  4to. ;  and  died, 
at  Pekin,  in  1748. 

MAILLARD,  Oliver,  a  French  doctor  of  di- 
vinity, eminent  as  a  preacher,  and  author  of 
3  vols,  of  Latin  Sermons  ;  he  died  in  1730. 

M  AILLE  DE  BREZE,  Simon  de,  archbishop, 
nf  Tours,  was  distinguished  at  the  council  of 
Trent.    He  died  in  1597. 

MAILLE,  Francis,  a  native  of  Provence, 
celebrated  for  his  longevity  and  the  gallantriee 
of  his  old  age  ;  he  died  in  1709,  ageti  119. 

M.-^ILLE,  Urban  de,  marquis  de  Breze,  well 
known  as  a  warrior,  and  afterwards  as  ambas- 
sador, from  France  to  Sweden,  and  Holland ; 
he  died  in  1650.  His  son  was  distinguished  as 
a  naval  officer. 

MAILLEBOIS,  N.  count  de,  lieutenant  gene- 
ral in  the  French  armies,  distinguished  himself 
in  tlie  German  wars  ;  and  died  in  1792. 

MAILLEBOIS,  John  Baptist  Desmarcts,  dis- 
tinguished himself  m  the  wars  of  Spain  and 
Italy,  and  the  conquest  oi  Corsica,  for  which  he 
was  made  marshal  of  France ;  he  died  in  1762. 

MAILLET,  Benedict  de,  a  learned  French- 
man, for  16  years  consul  general,  in  Egypt,  and 
author  of  an  account  of  that  country  •,  he  died 
in  173a 

MAIMBOURG,  Lewis,  a  French  divine,  cele- 
brated in  the  republic  oi  letters,  born  in  1610, 
died  in  1686.  He  wrote  the  "History  of  Ari- 
anism,  of  the  Croisades,  of  the  Decay  of  the 
Empire,  of  Lulheranism,  of  Calvinism,  of  tiie 
Pontiticate  of  St.  Leo;"  and  was  composing 
t)ie  "  History  of  the  Schism  of  England"  when 
he  died. 

jNIAlMONIDES,  Moses,  or  Moses  the  son  of 
I^faimon,  a  celebrated  rabbi,  called  by  the  Jews 
The  Eagle  of  the  Doctors,  born  in  Spaisi,  in 
1131,  died  in  1201.  Of  the  works  of  Maitnoui- 
(\o.r,  the  most  considerable  is  his  "  Jad,"  wliicli 
has  always  been  esteemed  a  great  and  useful 
work,  being  a  complete  code  or  pandect  of  Jew- 
ish law,  digested  into  a  clear  and  regular  form, 
and  illustrated  throughout  with  intelligent  com- 
ments of  his  own. 

MAINFROY,  prince  of  Tarento,and  king  of 
Sicily  by  usurpation.  He  besieged  Rome,  but 
was  "afterwards  defeated  and  slain,  in  1266. 

IMAINTENON,  Francis  d'  Aubigne,  Mad- 
ame de,  wife  of  Scarron,  the  French  poet,  and 
afterwards  of  Louis  XIV.;  she  was  born  in  the 
-{nison  at  Niort,  in  1G35.  She  founded  the  cele- 
brated convent  of  St.  Cyr,  at  Versailles,  for  the 
maintenance  of  36  nuns,  ladies  of  quality,  and 
24  assistant  sisters.  Upon  this  foundation, 
which  the  king  sufficiently  endowed,  300  young 
ladies  of  distinction  were  received  and  educa- 
ted gratis.  HerUfe  of  penitential  piety  after  her 
marriage  atoned  for  her  ingratitude  to  madame 
de  Montespan,  who  raised  her  from  indigence, 
and  whom  she  supplanted  ;  her  extensive  chari- 
ty to  the  poor,  and  exemplary  life,  from  this 
period,  made  amends  to  society;  she  died  in 
1719. 

MAIRAN,  John  James  d'Ortons  de,  a  French 
philosopher,  who  succeeded  Fontenelle,  as  se- 
cretary to  the  academy  of  sciences.  He  was 
author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Phosphoric  Light," 
&c.,and  died  in  1771. 

MAIRE,  John  le,  a  French  poet,  who  wrote 
some  indecent  allegories,  and  died  about  1548. 

MAIRE,  James  le,  a  Dutch  navigator,  who  in 
1 6 16,  sai led  to  South  Ame rica,  New-Guinea,  and 
Caiavia  ;  he  died  in  1617. 

M.v;r:',  N.  le,  a  surgeon  of  Lyons,  who  ac 


quired  eminence  by  his  treatises  on  the  Nervous 
Fluid,  and  on  Magnetism  ;  he  died  in  1787. 

MAI  RET,  John,  a  French  poet,  patronised 
by  cardinals  Richelieu  and  La  Valette  ;  he  died 
iin  1686. 

MAISIERES,PhiUpde,  who  was  made  coun- 
|sellor  of  state  by  Charles  V.,  and  governor  of 
the  dauphin.  Disgusted  with  the  world  he  re- 
tired from  it,  and  died  in  1405. 

MAISTRE,  Anilfony  le,  born  in  Paris,  re- 
tiring from  tlie  bar,  he  led  a  life  of  austerity, 
land  wrote  the  life  of  St.  Bernard,  &c. ;  he  died 
|in  1658. 

I  MAISTRE,  Lewis  Isaac  le.  He  took  orders, 
but  being  suspected  of  Jansenism,  he  was 
thrown  into  the  bastile,  where  he  translated 
tiie  Bible,  with  annotations,  in  32  vols.  8vo ; 
hedied  in  ie84. 

MAITLAND,  John,  lord  of  Thyrlestane.  He 
practised  law  with  great  success,  and  was  by 
James  VI.,  made  secretary  of  state,  and  the 
lord  chancellor  of  the  kingdom  ;  he  died  in  1595 

MAITLAND,  V^illiam,  a  voluminous  writer, 
who  published  histories  of  "Scotland"  and 
"  London,"  was  born  in  1693,  and  died  in  1757. 

i«  A  ITT  AIRE,  Michatl,  a  learned  editor  of 
the  Latin  and  Greek  classics,  born  in  London, 
in  1668,  died  in  1747. 

MAIUS,  or  ilAY,  John  Henry,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  of  Germany,  professor  of  oriental  lan- 
guages at  several  universiiies,  and  author  of 
several  works ;  he  died  in  1719. 

MAJOK,  John  an  eminent  English  divine, 
divinity  proi'essor,  and  provost  of  the  universi- 
ty of  St.  Aiidrewo.  He  wrote  several  works  iu 
Latin,  and  died  about  1550. 

MAJOR,  John  Daniel,  a  native  of  Breslaw, 
and  medical  profcss(,r  at  Kiel,  where  he  found- 
ed a  botanical  garden.  He  wrote  on  natural 
iiistory,  and  died  in  1G93. 

MAJORAGIUS,  Mark  Anthony,  professor  of 
belles  leitrts,  and  auihor  of  some  learned  com- 
mentaries ;  he  died  in  1j35. 

MAJORIANUS,  Julius  Valerius,  emperor  of 
rl'.e  West,  was  successful  in  his  war  against  tlie 
Vandals.  He  was  universally  respected  for  his 
virtues  ;  but  was  murdered  in  461. 

MAKIN,  Thomas,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Peinisylvania,  known  as  the  author  of  two  Latin 
poems,  published  in  1728. 

MALACHI,  the  last  of  the  12  minor  prophets. 
He  foretold  chielly  tlie  coming  of  John  the 
i  Baptist. 

MALACHY,  St.,  a  learned  Irish  bishop,  who 
died  iu  1148. 

MALAGRIDA,  Gabriel,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  for 
a  long  time  regarded  as  a  saint,  and  consulted 
as  an  oracle.  He  was  afterwards  burnt  alive, 
hi  1761,  at  the  age  of  75,  as  a  false  prophet. 

MALAVAL,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  who 
althoueh  he  lost  his  sight  when  only  nine  months 
old,  acquired  celebrity  as  a  mystical  writer  on 
quietism  ;  he  died  in  1719. 

MALAVAL,  John,  a  native  of  Pezan,  who 
gained  eminence  at  Paris,  as  a  surgeon  ;  he  died 
in  1758. 

MALBONE,  Edward  G.,  a  distinguished  mi- 
niature painter,  born  at  Rhode-Island  ;  he  died 
in  1807. 

MALCOLM  IV.,  grandson  of  David,  king  of 
Scotland.  He  was  a  liberal  and  benevolent 
prince,  and  founded  several  monasteries;  he 
died  in  1165. 

MALCOLM,  James  Peller,  a  native  of  Ame- 
rica, who  went  to  England,  and  studied  painting 
at  the  Royal  Academy  ;  but  afterwards  took  to 
295 


MA 

engraving.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries ;  and  ainong  other  works,  pub- 
lished ''Londinuin  Redivivujn,"  "Anecdotes 
of  the  Manners  and  Customs  of  London,"  and 
"Miscellaneous  Anecdotes."  Mr.  M.  died  in 
distressed  circumstances,  in  iyi5. 

M.\LDONAT,  John,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  born 
in  1534,  made  himself  famous  by  an  excellent 
"  Commentary  upon  the  Gospels,"  in  1582,  andj 
died  in  1.58:J. 

MALEIiRANCIIE,  Niclinlas,  a  celebrated! 
French  divine  and  philosopiier,  born  in  lti38,l 
died  in  1715.  He  wrote  several  works;  off 
which  the  first  and  principal,  as  indeed  it  gave 
rise  t!  almost  ail  that  followed,  was  his  '  Searcli 
after  Truth."  His  design  in  this  book  is,  to 
point  out  to  us  the  errors  into  which  we  arei 
daily  led  by  our  senses,  imaginatioii,  and  pas- 
sioiis  ;  and  to  prescribe  a  method  for  discovering! 
the  truth,  which  he  does  by  starting  the  notion i 
of  seein^i  ail  things  in  God.  I 

MALEGUZZI-VALEiU,  Veronica,  a  learned  I 
Italian  lady,  who  supported  publicly,  two  theses 
on  the  liberal  arts;  she  died  in  1690. 

MALELAS,  John,  author  ofa  chronicle  from 
the  creation  to  the  age  of  Justinian,  taught  rhe- 
'toric  at  Antioch,  about  900. 

MALERMI,orMARKRBI,  a  Venetian  monk, 
who  translated  the  Bible  into  Itaijai;,  in  the  1  Jih 
centurv. 

MALESHERBES.Christian  William  Lamoig- 
r.or.,  a  celebrated  Frenchman,  and  advocate  at 
Paris.  In  1750,  he  was  appointed  presid^^nl  o 
the  court  of  Aides,  and  afti.'r  serving  his  country 
25  yea.'S,  retired.  He  was  recalled  by  Lewis 
XVI.,  to  become  minister  of  the  interior.  When 
Lewis  was  dragged  before  the  revolutionary 
tribunal,  Malesherbf^s  boldly  appeared  to  defend 
him,  but  it  was  in  vai?i ;  his  noble  and  virtuous 
defender,  was  condemned  by  the  same  tribunal, 
and  v/ith  his  daughter,  and  a  grandchild,  as- 
cended the  scafiuld,  where  they  were  e.vecuied 
in  179;J.     He  wrote  several  celebrated  works. 

M.\.LEZ[EIT,  Nicolas  de,  a  French  author, 
tufor  to  the  dukes  of  Maine  and  Biirguruh'.  He 
published  "  Elements  of  Geography,"  (Sec,  and 
died  in  1727. 

MALFILLASTRE,  James  Charles  Lewis, 
a  French  poet,  who  wrote  sonnets,  odes,  &c.  ; 
he  died  in  i7iJ7. 

MALMERBS,  Francis  de,  a  noted  French 
poe:,  who  has  always  been  considered  by  his 
conntrymoa  as  the  father  of  their  poetry,  born 
in  155.5,  di.'d  in  1623.  Boileau  observes,  tliat  he 
was  the  iirst  in  France  who  taught  the  muse 
harmonious  lumbers,  a  just  cadence,  purity  of 
!angua;re,  regularity  of  composition,  and  or.icr  ; 
ill  short,  who  laid  down  all  those  rules  for  tine 
writinn;  which  future  poets  were  to  follow  if 
they  huped  to  succeed. 

M\M\!;(1E,   Claude,  a  French   historian, 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Honorary  Dignities  | 
in  Fran.-.fi  ;"  he  died  in  1655. 

MALIPIERRA,  Olympia,  a  Venetian  lady  of 
noble  birth,  who  wrote  poems  of  some  merit; 
slie  died  in  1559. 

MALLEMANS,  Claude,  a  profes-!or  of  philo- 
sophy at  Paris,  and  autiior  of  a  "Philosophical 
System  of  the  World;"  he  died  in  17-2.3. 

MAIiLEMANS,    John,   brother  of  Claude, 
tf)0k  orders,  and  wrote  a  "  History  of  Religion,"!' 
from  the  creation  to  the  reign  of  Jovian ;  hei 
died  in  1740. 

M.ALLET,  Henry,  a  writer  of  Geneva,  au  i 
th.ir  of  a  "  History  of  Denmark  andof  Xorthernj 
.Antiquities.  1 

296 


MA 

MALLET,  David,  or  M  ALLOC  H,  a  dramatic 
writer,  born  ia  Scotland  about  1700.  In  1740, 
he  wrote  a  "  Life  of  Lord  Bacon,"  was  associ- 
ated with  Thompson  the  poet,  in  the  composi- 
tion of  the  "  Ma.sque  ot  Alfred,"  and  wrote  a 
tragedy  or  two,  and  several  poems.  The  prin- 
cipal works  of  this  author  have  been  collected 
in  3  volumes.  As  a  writer,  he  cannot  be  placed 
in  any  high  class;  there  being  no  species  of 
composition  in  which  he  was  eminent ;  he  died 
in  1765. 

MALLET,  Edmund,  a  French  divine,  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  in  the  college  of  Navarre,  at 
Paris.  He  was  one  of  the  writers  for  the  En- 
cyclopedia, of  the  articles  on  divinity  and  belles 
lettrtrs,  and  the  author  of  several  other  works  ; 
he  died  in  1807. 

M.\LLET,  Dupan,  an  eminent  political  wri- 
ter, who  took  refuge  in  England  from  the  revo- 
lutionary mania  of  France,  and  was  no  less  dis- 
tinguished by  tue  extent  of  his  knowledge  and 
[he  vigour  of  his  siyie,  than  by  the  probity  and 
independent  spirit  of  his  character.  lie  was 
born  at  Geneva,  about  1750,  and  died  in  1800. 

MALLINKROTT,  Bernard,  a  very  learned, 
but  turbulent  man,  <lean  of  the  cathedral  of 
Munster.  He  was  degraded  and  imprisoned  ; 
and  died  in  lGfi4. 

MALMSBUivY.     See  Vl^ILLIAM. 

MALONE,  Edmund,  born  in  1741,  was  the 
son  of  an  Iri.sli  judge,  and  was  educated  at  the 
university  of  Dublin.  In  1767,  he  was  called  to 
the  bar  in  London;  but  he  continued  a  very 
siiort  time  in  tiie  profession,  and  turned  his  pur- 
suits to  literature.  In  1790  he  published  an 
edition  of  Shakspeare ;  and  in  1795  exposed, 
the  Shakspearean  imposture  of  the  Ireland  fa- 
mily. Fie  brought  out  a  "  Life  of  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds  ;"  a  "  Life  of  Drvden  ;"  a  "  Biogra- 
phical Sketch  of  the  Right  Hon.  William  Wind- 
ham."    He  died  in  1812. 

MAL0T;L\,  Paul  James,  professor  of  medi- 
cine in  the  royal  college  of  Paris,  and  physician 
to  the  queen.  He  wrote  on  "  Chymistry  and 
Medicine,''  and  died  in  1777 

M.\LPIGH1,  Marcello,  an  eminent  Italian 
physician  and  anatomist,  born  in  1628,  died  in 
1094.  His  discoveries  in  anatomy  were  con- 
siderable, particularly  respecting  the  liver  and 
kidnevs. 

MA  ETON,  Thomas,  author  of  a  "Treatise  ! 
on  Perspective,  illustrating  the  principles  of  Dr.  ] 
Brook  Taylor,"  well  known  for  his  public  lec- 
tures on  that  art,  and  for  his  theoretical  and   ' 
practical  geometry,  was  born  in  1726,  and  died 
in  1801.  I 

MALVASIA,  Charles  Cccsar,  author  of  an  ' 
"  Italian  History  of  the  Painters  of  Bologna,"  in  I 
1660.  j 

MALVEZZI,  Virgilio,  marquis  of,  an  Italian  i 
student  at  law,  who  afterwards  took  to  arms,  i 
and  was  employed  by  Philip  IV.  He  wrote  vari-  ' 
ous  works  in  Spanish  and  Italian  ;  and  died  in  ' 
1G54.  ' 

aiALUS,  Stephen  Louis,  a  French  mathema    ■ 
tician,  professor  in  the  military  school  at  Metz, 
afterwards  served  as  an  engineer  in  the  army  in 
Egypt,  where  he  distinguished   liimself  by  liis  I 
discoveries  and  writings  ;  he  died  in  1812.  ' 

jMAMBRUX,  Peter,' an  ingenious  and  learn- 
ed French  poet  and  critic,  born  in  1581.  He 
is,  in  Latin  poetry,  one  of  the  most  perfect  and 
accomplished  among  the  imitators  of  Virgil,  and 
has  written,  in  the  same  metre,  the  same  num- 
ber of  book?,  and  in  the  three  diflerent  kinds  i 
i  to  which  that  illustrious  poet  applied  himself. 


-  _  MA 

.'ijiua  we  have  of  Mambrun  "Eclogues;" 
"  (jcn  girs,"  and  a  heroic  poem  in  12  books 
fiiiiLkd  "  Constantine,  or  Idolatry  overthrown." 
lltdied  ill  Ifitil. 

MAMMEA,  Julia,  mother  of  the  emperor 
Sevcrus,  known  for  her  virtues  and  judicious 
conduct ;  she  was  assassinated  in  235. 

M.\N,  Cornelius  de,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Delft,  died  in  1706. 

MAN  All  A,  Prosper,  an  Italian  marquis,  and 
poet,  and  tutor  to  prince  Ferdinand,  of  Parma  ; 
he  died  in  1800. 

MANASSEH,  son  of  Hezekiah,  succeeded 
his  father  at  the  age  of  12.  His  conduct  wa,s  at 
first  w  icked  and  disgraceful,  but  he  became  an 
e.vcniplary  monarch, and  re-established  the  wor- 
ship of  the  God  of  his  fathers ;  he  died  643 
B.  C. 

MANCtNELLl,  Antonio,  an  Italian  poet,  and 
orator,  died  in  1506. 

MANCO-CAP  AC,  founder  of  the  Peruvian 
empire,  declared  himself  the  descendant  of  the 
sun,  and  was  worshipped  as  a  deity. 

MANDEVILLE,  s'r  John,  an  Englishman, 
famous  for  his  tra^ciS,  born  about  1300,  died  in 
1372.  He  travelled  through  almost  all  coun- 
tries, made  himself  master  of  almost  all  Ian 
guages ;  and  left,  at  his  death,  an  account  of 
his  travels,  in  English,  French,  and  Latin, 
which  abounds  iii  improbabilities. 

MANDEVILLE,  Bernard  de,  a  celebrated 
writer  in  the  18th  century,  born  in  Holland, 
wliere  lie  studied  physic,  and  took  the  degree  of 
doctor  in  that  faculty.  He  wrote  several  books, 
all  of  ll't m  ingenious  and  witty,  but  some  which 
are  .'Uiposed  to  have  had  a  very  ill  effect  upon 
socieiy.  His  chief  work  is.  "  The  Fable  of  the 
Bees  ;  or,  Private  Vices  made  Public  Benefits." 
He  died  in  1733. 

MANDRILLON,I.,  a  Frenchman,  who  tra- 
velled in  America,  and  Holland.  On  his  return 
to  France,  he  became  suspected  by  Robespierre, 
who  ordered  him  to  the  guillotine,  in  1793.  He 
wrote  the  "  American  Speciator." 
•MANRTHO,  an  ancient  Egyptian  historian. 

MANET7M,  Gianozzo,  a  native  of  Florence, 
illustrious  as  one  of  those  men,  to  whom  the 
revival'  of  literature  may  be  attributed.  He 
was  the  author  ofmany  works,  and  died  in  1459. 

M.\NETTI,  Rutilio,  a  native  of  Siena,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter,  died  in  163Q. 

MANETTI,  Xavier,  professor  of  botany  and 
medicine,  at  Florence,  was  keeper  of  the  impe- 
rial garden,  and  author  of  several  learned  books ; 
he  died  in  1785. 

MANFREDI,  Eustachio,  a  celebrated  mathe- 
matician of  Italy,  born  in  1674,  acquired  great 
reputation  by  his  "  Ephemerides,"  and  by  his 
other  works,  and  died  in  1739. 

MANFREDI,  Bartholomew,  an  eminent  pain- 
ter, born  at  Mantua,  in  1574. 

MANGE.'*, KT,  Thomas,  a  learned  Benedic- 
tine antiquary,  librarian,  and  counsellor  to  the 
duke  of  Lorraine.  He  wrote  on  medals,  and 
died  in  17G3. 

MANGENOT,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Paris,  au- 
thor of  eclogues,  fables,  tales,  &;c.,dicd  in  1768. 

MANGET,  John  James,  physician  to  the 
elector  of  Brandenburgh,  and  the  learned  au- 
thor of  many  works,  was  born  at  Geneva,  and 
died  in  1742. 

MANGEY,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  prebendary  of 
London.  He  was  the  author  of  commentaries, 
and  practical  sermons,  and  died  in  1755. 

MANIlilUS,  Marcus,  a  poet  in  the  reign  of 
Tiberius 


MA 

MANLEY,  Mary,  an  English  female,  of  con- 
siderable reputation  as  a  writer,  but  of  a  wanton 
and  licentious  character.  She  wrote  plays  and 
romances,  and  died  in  1724. 

MANLIUS,  Torquatus,  a  famous  Roman, 
who  put  his  son  to  death  for  fighting  without 
orders,  384  B.  C. 

MANLIUS  CAPITOLINUS  MARCUS,  a  re- 
nowned Roman  consul  and  general,  who  saved 
the  Capitol  when  it  was  attacked  by  the  Gauls  in 
the  night.  He  was  alarmed  by  the  cries  of 
seese,  which  were  ever  after  held  sacred,  and 
the  general  himself  styled  the  Capitolinus.  He 
was  thrown  from  the  Tarpeian  rock,  384  B.  C. 

MANLY,  John,  a  captain  in  the  navy  of  the 
United  States,  distinguished  for  his  services  in 
the  revolutionary  war  ;  he  died  in  1793. 

MANNING,  James,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
baptist  clergyman,  who  was  elected  first  presi- 
dent of  the  college  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  a 
member  of  congress  from  that  state ;  he  died 
n  1791. 

MANNINGHAM,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  a  learned 
prelate,  who  became  bishop  of  Chichester,  and 
published  some  sermons;  he  died  in  1722. 

MANNORI,  Lewis,  an  advocate  of  Paris, 
who  published  "  Memoirs  ot  Pleadings"  in  13 
vols.  ;  he  died  in  1778. 

MANNOZZI,  John,  a  painter,  who  adorned 
the  palace  of  Lorenzo  de  Medicis,  by  the  works 
of  his  art ;  he  died  in  1636. 

MANSARD,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  first  ar- 
chitect to  the  king  of  France.  He  adorned  Paris 
with  many  elegant  designs,  and  died  in  1666. 
His  nephew  succeeded  him,  and  died  in  1708. 

MANSFIELD,  Peter  Ernest,  count  de,  an 
able  statesman  in  the  service  of  the  emperor 
of  Gern)any  ;  he  died  in  1604. 

MANSFIELD,  Ernest  de,  natural  son  of  the 
preceding,  distinguished  by  the  emperor  Ro- 
dolphus  II. ;  he  died  in  1626. 

MANSFIELD,  earl  of.     See  MURRAY. 

MANSTEIN,  Christopher  Herman  de,  a  dis- 
tinguished officer  in  the  Russian  and  Prussian 
service,  author  of  "Memoirs  of  Russia;"  he 
was  shot  in  battls,  in  1757. 

MANTEGNA,  Andrea,  an  Italian  painter  of 
great  eminence,  originally  a  shepherd,  died  at 
Mantua,  in  1517. 

M  ANTIC  A,  Francis,  professor  of  law  at 
Padua,  was  made  a  cardinal  at  Rome.  H.e 
wrote  several  books  in  Latin,  and  died  in  1614. 

MANTINUS,  James,  a  Spanish  physician, 
of  the  16th  century,  who  practised  at  Venice, 
and  translated  the  works  of  Avicenna  and  Aver- 
roe  into  Latin. 

MANTON,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  a  popular  preach- 
er, in  London,  and  before  parliament.  At  the 
restoration,  he  was  chaplain  to  the  king.  He 
wrote  sermons  and  Calvinistic  tracts,  and  died 
in  1677. 

MANTUAN,  Baptist,  an  Italian  poet,  whose 
works  possess  much  animation, and  were  printed 
at  Paris,  in  3  vols,  folio,  in  1513. 

MANUEL,  Commenus,  emperor  of  the  east, 
made  war  against  Dalniatia,  Hungary,  and 
Egypt;  he  died  in  1180. 

MANUEL,  PalJEologus,  king  of  Constanti- 
nople, resigned  his  throne  to  his  son  John,  as  be- 
ing more  capable  of  repelling  the  invasion  of  the 
Turks  ;  he  died  in  1425. 

MANUTIUS,  Aldus,  the  first  of  those  cele- 
brated printers  at  Venice,  who  were  as  illus- 
trious for  their  learning  as  for  uncommon  skill 
in  their  profession, was  born  at  Bassano,  in  Italy, 
about  the  middle  of  the  15th  century,  and  thence 
297 


MA 

ia  sometimes  called  Bassianua.  He  was  the  firsi 
who  printed  Greek  neatly  and  correctly  ;  and 
he  acquired  so  much  reputation  in  his  art,  thai 
whatever  was  finely  printed  was  proverbially 
said  to  have  come  from  the  press  of  Aldus.  In 
short,  ho  carried  it  to  such  perfection,  that  all 
improvements  afterwards  were  greatly  indebted 
to  his  previous  advancemeuls.  He  died  in 
1516. 

MAXUTIUS,  Paul,  the  son  of  Aldus,  was 
born  at  Venice,  in  1512,  and  brought  up  to  his; 
father's  profession.  He  published,  with  com- 
mentaries, editioiis  of  "  Tully's  Epistles,"  and 
other  works,  and  died  in  loi4. 

MANUTIUS,  Aldus,  the  son  of  Paul,  also  a 
learned  man  and  a  printer,  died  in  1597,  leaving 
behind  him  "Commentaries  upon  Cicero," 
three  books  of  epistles,  and  other  works  in 
Italian  as  well  as  in  Laiin. 

MANZO,  John  Daptist,  marquis  de  Ville,  an 
Italian,  who  after  serving  with  reputation  in 
the  Spanish  army,  devoted  himself  to  literature, 
at  Naples,  and  wrote  a  Life  of  Tasso,  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1645. 

M.4NZ0ULI,  Tomaso,  amuch  admired  histo- 
rical painter,  of  Italy,  died  in  1.570. 

AL^PES,  Walter,  a  pof>t,  chaplain  to  Henry 
JI.  He  wrote  in  Latin,  and  his  verses  are  still 
admired. 

MAPLETOFT,  Dr.  John,  avery learned  Eng- 
lish medical  and  theological  writer,  born  in  1631, 
died  in  1721. 

MARACCI,  Lewis.     See  MARRACCL 

MARACCI,  Joim,  a  historical  painter,  of 
Lucca,  died  in  1704.  i 

MARAIS,  Marin,  a  celebrated  musician,  andi 
composer,  born  in  Pari.s,  in  1656. 

MARALDI,  James  Philip,  a  celebrated  ma-l 
thematiciaa,  who  was  engaged  with  Cassiniaii; 
constructing  the  great  meridian  line  through! 
France  ;  he  died  in  1729. 

MARANA,  John  Paul,  born  near  Genoa,  in 
1642,  published  at  Paris,  "The  Turkish  Spy," 
which  became  very  popular.  He  died  in  Italy, 
in  1693 

MARAT,  John  Paul,  one  of  the^most cruel  of 
the  atrocious  leaders  of  the  French  revolution. 
He  had  studied  medicine,  and  was  an  empiric. 
As  a  revolutionist  he  prom;)ted  revolt,  pillage, 
and  murder,  and  himself  delighted  in  shedding 
innocent  blood.  He  declared  that  300,009  more 
lives  must  be  sacrificed  before  France  would  be 
safe.  This  monster  was  killed,  in  1793  by  a 
young  lady,  Charlotte  Corday,  wiiose  lover 
Marat  had  sacrificed. 

MARATTI,  Carlo,  a  famous  Italian  paiiiter 
and  engraver,  was  born  in  1625,  and  died  in 
1713. 

MARBACH,  John,  a  protestant  divine,  of 
Jiindau,  who  wrote  a  curious  book,  comparing 
the  doctrines  of  Jesus,  with  those  of  the  Jesuits' 
he  died  in  1581. 

MARB0DU.-5,  or  MARBOD-^US,  surnamed 
Galus,  a  monk,  bishop  of  Rennes,  author  of  se 
veral  works,  died  in  1123. 

MARCA,  Peter  dc.  a  French  bishop,  and  as  a 
polemical  writer,  one  of  the  greatest  ornaments 
of  the  Galilean  church,  born  in  1594,  diod  in 
1C62. 

M.\RCEL,  N.,  a  painter  of  fruits  and  flow- 
ers at  Frankfort,  died  in  1683. 

MARCEL,  William,  a  French  advocate,  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  the  origin  of  the  French 
Monarchy,"  4  vols,  and  other  works;  he  died 
in  170?. 

MARCELLT,  Benedict,  a  noble  Venetian, 
298 


MA 

who  excelled  in  music,  philosophy  and  poetry 
he  died  in  1739. 

MARCELLINUS,  a  pope  of  Rome,  in  296. 

MARCELLINU3,  Ammianus,  an  ancient 
Rouian  historian  of  great  merit,  flourished  in 
the  latter  ages  of  the  empire,  under  Gratian, 
Valcntinian,  and  Theodosius  the  Great,  and 
composed  a  history  in  31  books,  comprising  the 
period  from  A.  D.  99  to  378.  He  died  about 
3Q0,  leaving  behind  him  the  character  of  an  im- 
partial, faithful,  and  accurate  historian. 

MARCELLUS,  a  physician,  who  flourished 
under  Adrian,  and  the  Antonines. 

MARCELLUS,  a  physician,  of  Bordeaux, 
author  of  some  medical  works,  in  381. 

MARCELLUS  I.,  pope  after  Marcellinus,  died 
in  .310. 

MARCELLUS  II.,  pope  after  Julius  III.,  died 
a  few  weeks  after  his  elevation,  in  1555. 

M.\RCH,  Ausius,  a  poet,  of  Valentia,  in  the 
15th  century,  who  wrote  after  the  maimer  of 
Petrarch. 

MARCHAXD,  Prosper,  of  Paris,  but  settled 
in  Holland,  where  he  wa  the  principal  author 
of  a  "Journal  Literaire,"  which  was  reckoned 
excellent  in  its  kind.  He  composed  "  L'Histoire 
de  rimprimerie;"  gave  a  new  edition  of  the 
"Dictionary  and  Letters  of  Bayle :"  and  died 
in  1756. 

M.ARCHE,  Oliver  de  la,  a  French  writer,  gen- 
tleman to  Philip  the  Good.  His  works  are  "Me- 
moirs or  Chronicles"  4to,  in  1610,  a  Treatise 
on  Duels,"  &c. ;  he  died  m  1501. 

MARCHETTI,  Alexander,  a  physician  and 
poet,  and  professor  of  mathematics  at  Pisa,  died 
in  1714. 

M.\RCHIN,  Ferdinand  count,  a  native  of 
Liege,  who  signalized  himself  in  the  French 
armies  on  many  occasions.  He  was  sent  am- 
bassador to  Spain,  by  Lewis  XV.,  and  died  in 
1706. 

MARCIANUS,  an  obscure  Thracian,  raised 
to  imperial  dignity  on  the  death  of  Theodosius 
II.  He  was  a  man  of  many  virtues,  and  died 
in  457 

MARCILIUS,  Theodore,  a  learned  German 
critic,  who  visited  Paris,  and  was  made  profes- 
sor of  the  Latin  tongue  there  ;  he  died  iu  1617. 

MARCION,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  century,  whose 
father  was  a  bishop,  and  excommunicated  him 
for  i  ncontinence.  It  is  said,  that  before  his  death, 
he  wishsd  to  renounce  his  errors. 

MARDONIUS,  son-in-law  to  Darius,  was  at 
the  head  of  the  army  of  Xerxes,  in  hid  invasion 
of  Greece,  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Platea, 
479  B.C. 

MARDUEL,  John,  a  native  of  Lyons,  wiio 
became  minister  of  St.  Roch,  where  his  conduct 
as  a  pastor  was  inost  exemplarv  ;  he  died  in 
1787. 

MARE,  or  MARA,  William  de  la,  a  Latin 
poet,  of  noble  birth,  who  flourished  about  1510. 

M.\RE,  Philibert  de  la,  counsellor  in  the  par- 
liament of  Dijon,  and  an  elegant  Latin  writer  ; 
he  died  in  1687. 

MARE,  Nicholas  de  la,  a  French  magistrate, 
and  author  of  a  valuable  treatise  on  Pofice  ;  he 
died  in  1723. 

MARECHAL,  George,  a  native  of  Calais,  son 
of  a  poor  ofl^cer.  He  become  a  surgeon  of  great 
fame,  and  died  in  1736. 

MARECHAL,  Peter  Sylvan,  a  native  of  Pa- 
ris, who  studied  law,  and  afterwards  became  a 
periodical  writer  during  the  revolntion.  Snrwe 
of  his  writings  are  profane  and  iiulLcent ;  he 
died  in  1803. 


MA 

MARETfcf,  Roland  des,  a  nativeof  Paris,  and 
author  of  Latin  pliilological  letters,  of  great 
merit ;  he  died  in  1653 

MARETS,  Jolin  des,  a  French  writer,  very 
debauched  in  his  youth.   He  afterwards  became 

I    a  great  saint  and  fanatic,  and  uttered  various 

[  prophecies.  He  wrote  dramatic  pieces,  whicli 
gained  him  applause,  and  died  in  1676. 

MARETS,  Irianiuel  des,  a  celebrated  French 
divine,  of  the  Reformed  cimrch,  born  in  1599, 

!  died  in  16(53.  A  clironological  table  of  the  works 

I  of  this  celebrated  divine  may  be  found  at  tlie 
end  of  his  "  System  of  Divinity."    Their  num- 

!  her  is  prodigious,  and  the  variety  of  their  sub- 
jects shows  an  unbounded  genius. 

MARGARET,  sister  of  Edpar  Atheling,  fled 
to  Scotland  on  iheinvasionof  William  the  Con- 
queror, and  married  Malcolm,  king  of  the  coun- 
try. She  was  an  amiable  and  benevolent  prin- 
cess, and  died  in  3093. 

MARGARET,  daughter  of  Waldemar  III., 
king  of  DcMunark,  bom  in  1353,  was  styled  the 
Semiramis  of  the  North.  She  succeeded  her 
father  in  the  vhrone  of  Denmark,  her  husi>and  in 
that  of  Norway,  and  the  crown  of  Sweden  was 
given  lier  as  a  recompense  for  delivering  the 
Swedes  from  the  tyranny  of  Albert,  their  king. 
Thus  possessed  of  the  three  kingdoms,  she 
formed  the  grand  political  design  of  a  perpetual 
union,  which  she  accomplished,  pro  tempore 
only,  by  the  famous  treaty  styled  the  union  of 

I  Colmar.     She  died  in  1412. 

MARGARET,  da-Ughter of  Raymond  Beren- 

;-ger,  count  of  Provence,  married  St.  Lewis,  in 

!  1254,  and  attended  him  in  his  wars  to  the  holy 
land,  where,  on  his  captivity,  she  behaved  with 
heroic  intrepidity;  she  died  in  1285. 

MARGARET,  daughter  of  Robert,  duke  of 
Burgundy,  married  Louis  Rutin,  kin,':  of  France 
in  1305  She  was  a  beautiful,  but  sensual  wo- 
man, and  was  strangled  in  1315. 

MARGARET,  daughter  of  Maximilian  L, 
married  to  the  infant  of  Spain,  and  afterwards 
to  the  duke  of  Savoy.     She  displayed  lier  reli- 

;  gions  zeal  against  the  Lutherans,  and  died  1530. 

MARGARET,  of  Anjou,  daughter  of  Rene 

d'Anjou,  king  of  Naples,  and  wife  of  Henry 

I  VI.,  king  of  Ensriand,  an  ambitious,  enterpris- 
ing, courageous  woman.     Intrepid  in  the  field. 

i  she  signalized  herself  by  heading  her  troops  in 
several  battles  against  the  house  of  York  ;  and 
if  she  had  not  been  the  instrument  of  her  hus- 
band's misfortunes  by  putting  to  death  the  duke 
of  Gloucester,  his  uncle,  her  name  would  have 
been  immortalized  for  the  fortitude,  activity, 

!  and  policy  with  wJiich  she  supported  the  rights 
of  her  husband  and  son,  till  the  fatal  defeat  at 

!  Tewksbury,  which  put  an  end  to  all  her  enter- 
prises ;  the  king  being  taken  prisoner,  and  prince 
Edward,  their  only  son,  basely  murdered  by 
Richard,  duke  of  York.  Margaret  was  ransom- 
ed by  her  father,  and  died  in  Anjou,  in  1482. 

MARGARET,  daughter  of  Francis  I.,  of 
France,  married  Emanuel  Philibert,  duke  of 
Savov.  and  died  highlv  respected  in  1574. 

MARGARET,  of  France,  daughter  of  Henry 
IV.,  disgraced  heiself  by  the  levity  and  licen- 
tiousness of  her  character.  She  was  divorced 
in  1509,  and  devoted  the  rest  of  her  life  to  litera- 
ry and  religious  exercises. 

MARGARET,  of  Vaiois,  queen  of  Navarre, 
and  sister  of  Francis  I.,  of  France,  born  in  1452, 
She  was  celebrated  as  a  M'riter  both  in  verse 
and  prose.  Her  "  Heptameron"  or  novels,  have 
been  often  republished.  She  died  in  1549. 
MARGARET,  daughter  of  Florent,  count  of 


MA 


Holland,  fabulously  said  to  have  given  birth  to 
'365  children. 

I  MARGARET,  of  York,  sister  of  Edward  IV., 
married  Charles  the  Rash,  duke  of  Burgundy, 
j  known  by  the  opposition  she  made  to  the  eleva- 
tion of  Hcnrv  VIL,  of  England. 

MARGARET,  countess  of  Richmond  and 
Derby,  married  Edward,  earl  of  Richmond,  and 
on  his  death  she  was  married  to  Sir  Henry  Staf- 
ford, who  dying,  she  took  Thomas  Stanley,  earl 
of  Derby.  She  was  a  woman  of  virtue  and  in- 
telligence, and  died  in  1509. 

MARGARET,  duchess  of  Newcastle,  famous 
for  her  voluminous  productions,  in  letters,  plays, 
poems,  philosophical  discourses,  and  orations. 
She  died  in  1673. 

MARGARITONE,  an  Italian  painter,  who 
invented  the  mode  of  gildingcn  Armenian  bole, 
or  clay  •  he  died  in  1275. 

MARGON,  WiUiam  PJantavitde  ia  Pause  de, 
a  French  author  and  journalist,  who  was  ban- 
ished for  his  libelous  publications;  he  died  in 
17G0. 

MARGRAAF,  Andrew  Sigismund,  a  cele- 
brated practical  chymist,  of  Berlin,  who  made 
great  improvements  in  tlie  modes  of  analysis  ; 
he  died  in  1782. 

MARGUNIO,  Massineo,  a  native  of  Candia, 
who  printed  Greek  books  at  Venice,  and  after- 
wards became  bishop  of  Cerigo.  He  wrote 
Greek  odes,  and  died  in  1C02. 

MARIA  THERESA,  queen  of  Hungary  and 
Bohemia,  married  Francis  Stephen  of  Lorraine, 
who  was  crowned  emperor,  in  1745.  Her  reign 
began  with  a  war,  in  which  all  the  neighbour- 
ing nations  were  engaged,  and  Maria  was  near 
losing  her  throne.  After  the  war  had  continued 
eight  years,  a  peace  was  concluded  at  Ai.x-la 
Chapelle,  and  Maria  immediately  devoted  her- 
self to  repairing  the  ravages  which  her  subjects 
had  suffered  during  the  commotion.  She  built 
hospitals,  encouraged  connnerce  and  science, 
and  did  every  thing  which  humanity  and  muni- 
ficence could  devise,  to  lender  her  infirm  soldiers 
comfortable.  The  king  of  Prussia,  again  de- 
clared war  against  her,  but  in  this  terrible 
struggle,  she  maintained  her  elevation,  and  a 
peace  was  established.  After  a  long  feign, 
during  which  she  displayed,  heroism,  virtue, 
and  charity,  to  a  degree  which  endeared  her  to 
her  subjects,  she  died  at  Vienna,  in  1780. 

MARIA  ANTOINETTE-,  queen  of  France, 
was  the  daughter  of  the  emperor  Francis  I., 
and  Maria  Theresa ;  she  was  married  to  Lewis 
XVI.  of  France,  in  1770.  This  celebrated  queen, 
was  humane  and  benevolent  to  her  stibject.s, 
but  foiid  of  magnificence  and  pleasure.  She 
was  doomed  in  the  latter  part  of  her  reign  to 
witness  themost  horrid  scenes  of  riot  and  murder 
among  her  subjects,  the  execution  of  her  hus- 
band, and  her  own  trial  and  condemnation. 
She  bore  all  these  calamities  with  great  forti- 
tude and  scienity,  but  such  was  their  effect  on 
her,  that  the  colour  of  her  hair  charged  to  a 
silvery  white.  She  was  guillotined,  being  carried 
to  the  scalfold  in  a  cart,  on  the  Ifith  Oct.,  1793. 

MARIAMNE,  wife  of  Herod  the  Great,  and 
mother  of  Alexander  the  high-priest  of  the  Jews, 
slain  bv  order  of  Herod,  28  B.  C. 

MARIANA,  John,  a  Spanish  historian,  born 
in  1593,  died  in  1624.  He  wrote  several  works, 
theological  and  historical :  the  most  considerable, 
of  all  his  performances,  is  his"  History  of  Spain." 

MARIANUS,  Scolus,  a  Scotch  monk,  related 
to  the  venerable  Hede,  and  authorof  a  Chronicle 
from  Jesus  Christ,  to  10b3. 

299 


MA 

MARIETTE,  Peter  John,  secretary  to  the 
French  king,  and  chancellor  comptroller,  died 
in  1774.    He  wrote  on  pictures  and  engravings. 

MARIGNAN,  John  James  Medichino,  mar- 
quis de,  a  native  of  Milan,  who  was  prevailed 
on  by  Francis  Sforza,  duke  of  Milan,  to  murder 
Visconlj,  a  Milanese  nobleman  ;  he  died  in  1555. 

MARIGNY,  James  Carpenlier  de,  an  ecclesi- 
astic, more  admired  for  his  wit  than  the  purity  of 
his  morals.  He  was  the  author  of  poems,  and 
several  histories;  he  died  in  1762. 

MARIKOWSKY,Martin,  a  physician  of  Hun- 
gary, eminent  for  his  writings  and  practice  ;  he 
died  in  1772. 

MARILLAC,  Louis  de,  a  French  officer, 
raised  by  Louis  XITI.  to  the  rank  of  marshal  of 
France,  and  afterwards  found  guilty  of  extortion 
and  peculation,  for  which  he  was  beheaded,  in 
1632. 

MARIN,  Michael  Angelo,  a  French  novel 
writer,  whose  works  tend  to  promote  the  cause 
of  virtue  and  religion.;  he  died  in  1767. 

MARIN  ARI,  Honorio,  an  Italian  painter,  pu- 
pil and  imitator  of  Carlo  Dolce ;  he  died  in  1715. 

MARINELLA,  Lucretia,  an  ingenious  Vene- 
tian lady,  who  lived  in  the  17th  century,  and 
wrote  a  work  called  "  A  Demonstration  that 
the  Women  are  more  noble,  more  political, 
more  courageous,  more  knowing,  more  virtuous, 
and  better  Managers,  than  the  Men." 

MARINI,  John  Ambrose,  a  native  of  Genoa, 
and  author  of  two  Romances,  which  were  very 
popular. 

MARINO,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  poet,  of 
eminence,  who  went  to  France,  and  was  patro- 
nised by  queen  Margaret,  and  Mary  de  Medicis. 
His  works  are  numerous ;  he  died  at  Rome,  in 
1622. 

MARIO  NUZZI.  or  MARIO  DE  FIORI,  an 
eminent  painter  of  flowers  and  landscapes,  died 
at  Rome,  in  1673. 

MARION,  Francis,  an  active  and  successful 
partisan  officer  of  the  revolution,  who  for  his 
activity,  braveiy,  and  usefulness,  received  the 
thanks  of  congress  and  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  brigadier  general;  he  died  in  1795. 

MARIOTTE,  Edme,  a  native  of  Dijon,  known 
as  an  able  mathematician,  a.nd  learned  ecclesi- 
astic ;  he  (yed  in  1684. 

MARIUs  CAIUS,  a  celebrated  Roman,  seven 
times  consul.  Tiy  a  series  of  exploits,  he  be- 
came the  most  popular  commander  of  Rome, 
but  his  disputes  with  Sylla  proved  fatal  to  the 
Roman  people  ;  he  died  8!3  B.  C. 

MARIUS,  Marcus  Aurelius,  a  common  soldier, 
who  rose  to  the  imperial  purple  of  Rome.  He 
was  a  man  of  astonishing  strength  of  body  ;  but 
was  slain  by  a  soldier  soon  after  his  elevation. 

MARIVAUX,  Peter  Carlet  de  Chamblain  de, 
a  French  author  and  writer  of  romances,  born 
in  1688,  died  in  1763.  The  great  characteristic  of 
both  his  works  was,  to  convey  a  useful  moral 
under  the  veil  of  wit  and  sentiment. 

M.-^RK,  St.,  an  evangelist,  the  disciple  of 
Peter,  by  whose  direction  he  is  supposed  to  have 
written  his  Gospel  for  the  use  of  the  Roman 
Christians,  in  72. 

MARK,  pope,  after  Silvester  L,  in  1335;  he 
died  the  same  voar. 

MARK  ANTONY.  See  ANTONTUS,Marcus. 

MARKHAM,  Gervase,  an  Englisn  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  who  lived  in  the  reigns 
of  Elizabeth,  James  I.,  and  Charles  I. 

MARKHAJI,  Wilham,  a  nephew  of  Penn, 
was  secretary  and  lieutenant  governor  of  Penn- 
svlvania  ;  he  died  in  1704. 
300 


MA 

MARKLAND,  Jeremiah,  a  very  acute  and 
learned  English  critic,  born  in  1693,  died  in  177U. 

MARLOE,  Christopher,  an  English  dramatic 
author,  born  about  1562,  and  bred  a  student  at 
the  university  of  Cambridge  ;  but  afterwards, 
becoming  a  player,  trod  the  same  stage  with  the 
incomparable  Shakspeare.  He  was  accounted 
an  excellent  poet  in  his  time,  even  by  Ben  Jon- 
son  himself;  and  Hey  wood,  his  fellow-actor, 
styles  him  the  best  of  poets.  He  was  murdered 
in  1593,  in  an  atfray. 

MARLORAT,Augustin,anAugustinemnnk, 
of  Lorraine,  who  embraced  the  tenets  of  the 
protestants,  and  was  an  eminent  theological 
writer,  he  was  murdered  in  1662. 

MARMION,  Sbeckerley,  an  English  dramatic 
writer,  born  in  1602,  died  in  1639. 

MARMOL,  Lewis,  a  Spaniard,  taken  prison 
er  by  the  Turks,  at  Tunis,  and  kept  in  slavery 
8  years.     He  wrote  a  description  of  Africa. 

MARMONTEL,  John  Francis,  a  French 
novelist,  admired  at  once  for  the  vigour  and 
the  delicacy  of  his  genius,  was  born  at  Bort,  in 
1719.  Seldom  has  wisdom  been  arrayed  in  ? 
more  charming  dress  than  in  his  "  Moral  Tales," 
"  Belisarius,"  &c.  He  died  in  great  retirement, 
but  in  a  state  bordering  on  want,  in  1799.  Three 
years  before  his  death,  being  nominated  to  the 
legislature,  he  went  to  the  Electoral  Assembly, 
and,  thanking  his  iellow-citizens  for  this  mark 
of  respect,  said  to  them,  "You  behold,  my 
friends,  a  body  enfeebled  by  age ;  but  the  heart 
of  an  honest  man  never  grows  old." 

MARNEZIA,  N.  de  Lezia,  a  member  of  the 
French  convention,  who  reprobated  the  violence 
of  their  proceedings,  and  retired  to  America. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  good  works,  and 
died  in  1797. 

MARNIX,  Philip  de,  a  native  of  Brussels 
who  warmly  embraced  the  tenets  of  Luther. 
He  was  afterwards  consul  at  Antwerp,  and  died 
in  1598. 

MAROLLES,  Michael  de,  born  in  France,  in 
1600,  died  in  1681.  He  attached  himself  to  the 
translating  of  ancient  Latin  writers,  was  cer- 
tainly a  man  of  great  learning,  and  discovered 
all  his  life  a  love  for  the  arts.  He  collected 
about  100,000  prints,  and  these  made  one  of  the 
ornaments  of  the  French  king's  cabinet. 

MAROT,  John,  a  French  poet  of  some  emi- 
nence, born  in  Normandy,  in  1463,  died  in  1523. 

MAKOT,  Clement,  son  of  the  preceding,  a 
celebrated  French  poet,  and  valet  de  chambre  to 
Francis  I.,  born  in  14G5,  died  in  1544. 

MAROT,  Francis,  a  French  painter,  the  pu- 
pil of  la  Fosse,  died  in  1719. 

MARQUARD-FREKER,  a  native  of  Augs- 
burgh,  counsellor  of  state  to  the  elector  palatine, 
and  professor  of  civil  law  at  Heidolheig.  He 
wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1614. 

MARQUET,  Francis  Nicholas,  a  native  of 
Nancy,  eminent  as  a  physician  and  botanist. 
He  wrote  an  account  of  the  plants  of  Lorraine, 
in  10  vols.,  and  some  other  curious  works ;  he 
died  in  1759. 

MARRACCI,  Luigi,  a  very  learned  Italian 
theological  writer  and  antiqrary,  born  in  1612, 
died  in  1700.  He  was  author  of  several  pieces 
in  Italian  ;  but  the  grand  work,  which  has  uiade 
him  deservedly  famous  all  over  Europe,  i.«,  his 
edition  of  the  "  Koran,"  in  the  original  Arabic, 
with  a  Latin  version,  notes,  and  confutation  of 
his  own. 

CARRIER,  D.  Mnrtin.  of  Paris,  made  a  cu- 
rious collection  of  ecclesiastical  writers,  which 
he  published ;  he  died  in  1644. 


MA 


MA 


MARSAIS,  Caesar  Cliesneau  du,  a  Frencli 
grammarian  and  an  eminent  writer  and  Christ- 
ian. He  wrote  for  tlie  EncycJopaedia,  also  on 
the  Doctrines  of  tlie  Gallican  Church,  "  True 
Principles  of  Grammar,"  "  Logic,"  fee,  and 
died  in  1756. 

MARSH,  Narcissus,  an  eminent  Irish  prelate, 
and  scholar,  bishop  of  Armagh.  He  built  a  no- 
ble library  at  Dublin,  endowed  alms-houses,  &;c. 
He  was  an  able  orientalist  and  philosopher,  and 
died  in  1713. 

,  MARSH,  Ebcnezer  Grant,  professor  of  Ian 
guages  and  ecclesiastical  history  in  Yale  col 
lege,  died  soon  after  his  appointment  to  that 
station,  in  1803. 

MARSHAL,  Walter,  an  English  divine,  was 
ejected  from  his  living,  at  Kursley,  for  non-con 
formity,  and  went  to  Gosport,  where  he  preach 
ed  to  a  dissenting  congregation.  He  wrote  some 
religious  works,  and  died  in  1690. 

MARSHALL,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
and  celebrated  critic,  especially  in  the  Gothic  and 
Anglo-Saxon  tougues,  born  in  1G21,  died  in  1685. 
MARSHALL,  William,  an  able  and  eminent 
writer  on  "  Rural  Economy"  and  statistics.  He 
died  in  Yorkshire,  in  1818. 

MARSHALL,  Nathanael,  D.  D.,  an  English 
divine,  chaplain  to  George  H.,  and  canon  of 
Windsor.  He  published  sermons  in  3  vols.,  and 
other  works,  in  1730. 

MARSHAM,  sir  John,  a  learned  author,  born 
in  London,  was  one  of  the  six  clerks  in  chance- 
ry, member  for  the  city  of  Rochester,  and  v/as 
knighted  and  made  a  baronet  by  Charles  II.  He 
is  celebrated  for  his  Chronological  Dissertation, 
and  died  in  1685. 

MARSIGLI,  Lewis  Ferdinand,  an  Italian  no 
bleman,  famous  in  letters  and  in  arms,  born  at 
Bologua,  in  1G58,  died  in  1730.  He  was  founder 
in  1712,  of  the  academy  of  arts  and  sciences,  at 
Bologna,  called  "  The  Institute,"  and  author 
ot  a  physical  "  History  of  the  Sea,  and  a  De- 
scription of  the  Danube,  from  Vienna  to  Bel- 
grade." 
MARSILIUS.  See  MENANDRINO. 
MARSOLLIER,  James,  a  French  historian, 
whose  works  are  still  read  and  valued  ;  lie  died 
in  1724. 

MARSTON,  John,  an  English  dramatic  au- 
Ihor,  died  about  1G34. 

MARSY,  Francis  Marie  de,  a  French  author 
who  wrote  an  Analysis  of  Bayle,  in  4  vols.,  for 
wiiicli  he  was  sent  to  the  Basiile.  He  was  au- 
thor of  many  other  works,  and  died  in  1764. 

MARSY,  Balthasar,  a;i  eminent  sculptor,  of 
Cambray,  died  in  1763. 

MARTEL,  Francis,  a  surgeon,  in  the  service 
of  Henry  IV.,  of  France,  author  of  an  Apology 


in  JG: 

MARTELIERE,  Peter  de  la,  an  advocate, 
who  distinguished  himself  hi  the  celebrated  trial 
between  the  university  of  Paris,  and  the  Jesuits  • 
lie  died  in  1631. 

MARTELLI,  Lewis,  an  Italian  poet,  died  in 

MARTELLI,  Peter  James,  author  of  seven 
volumes  of  prose  and  verse;  ho  was  secretary 
to  the  senate  of  Bologna,  and  died  in  1727. 

MARTENNE,  Edmund,  a  Benedictine  of  St. 
Maur,  author  of  a  commentarv  on  the  Rules  of 
St.  Benedict,  and  some  other  books ;  he  died  in 

MARTIAL,  D'Auvergne,  a  French  poet,  au- 
thor of  a  historical  poem  on  Charles  VIL,  "  Ar- 
[ireis  de  L'aniour,"  &c.,  died  in  1508. 


se 


MARTIALIS,  Marcus  Valerius,  an  ancient 
Latin  poet,  born  in  Spain,  A.  D.  29.    He  is  ge- 
nerally allowed  to  have  excelled  all  those,  whe- 
ther ancient  or  modern,  who  have  attempted 
n.P^','."^'^'^  epigram.    He  died  at  the  age  of  75. 
MARTIANAY,  John,  a  Benedictine,  who 
ably  edited  the  works  of  St.  Jerome,  in  5  vols, 
toho,  with  a  life  of  that  father  ;  he  died  in  1717. 
MARTIGNAC,    Stephen  Algai,  lord  of,  a 
French  writer,  who  published  the  lives  of  the 
bishops  of  Paris,   and   translated  Horace,  Te- 
rence, Juvenal,  Ovid,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1698. 

MARTIN,  St.,  was  converted  to  Christianity, 
and  became  bishop  of  Taurus.  He  is  regarded 
as  the  apostle  of  Gaul.  His  confession  of  faith 
IS  still  extant ;  he  died  in  397. 

MARTIN  I.,  pope,  caused  the  doctrines  of  the 
Monothehtes  to  be  condemned  ;  he  died  in  655. 
MARTIN  II.,  pope,  after  John  VIII.,  in  882  ; 
he  died  two  years  after. 

MARTIN  HI.,  a  native  of  Rome,  pope  after 
btephen  VIII.  He  was  a  benevolent  pontiff,  and 
founded  several  churches  ;  he  died  in  946. 

MARTIN  IV.,  a  Frenchman,  made  pope  after 
Nicholas  III.  ;  he  died  at  Perouse,  in  1285. 

MARTIN  v.,  Otho  Colonna,  an  illustrious 
Roman,  made  pope  after  the  abdication  of  Gre- 
gory XII.,  in  1417. 

MARTIN,  Benjamin,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated matlieniaticians  and  opticians  of  the  age 
born  in  London,  in  3704,  and  died  in  1782. 

MARTIN,  David,  a  learned  French  prolestant 
divuie,  of  most  amiable  manners,  author  of  a 
"History  of  the  Bible,"  with  424  plates,  also 
ol  sermons,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1721. 
^  MARTIN,  Dom  James,  a  Benedictine  of 
^ianguedoc,  who  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  Religion 
of  the  ancient  Gauls,  a  History  of  the  Gauls, 
and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  1751. 

MARTIN,  Thomas,  an  English  antiquarian. 
He  wrote  the  History  of  his  native  town,  and 
was  in  possession  of  a  large  collection  of  anti- 
quities, pictures,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1771. 

MARTIN,  Claude,  a  native  of  Lyons,  who 
went  to  India  as  a  soldier,  but  left  the  army  and 
remained  in  that  country.  He  became  immense 
ly  rich  and  built  a  magnificent  edifice  at  Luck- 
•Kiiow.  He  then  made  a  very  curious,  and  valu 
able  collection  of  the  natural  productions  of 
the  coiuitry,  and  died  in  1799. 

MARTIN,  Alexander,  LL.  D.,  governor  of 
the  Slate  of  North-Carolina,  a  senator  in  con- 
ginss  from  that  state,  died  in  1807. 

MARTINDALE,  Adam,  an  English  mathe- 
inatician  and  divine,  who  was  chaplain,  in  the 
I  family  of  lord  Delaware.  He  was  author  of 
"Land  Meter's  Vade  Mecum,  Almanacs,  &,c, 
and  died  in  1700. 
I  MARTINEAU,  Isaac,  a  Jesuit,  confessor  and 
friend  to  the  duke  of  Bunjundy,  and  author  of 
Psalms  of  Penitence  ;  he  died  in  1720. 

MARTINI,  Raymond,  a  Dominican  friar  and 
great  orientalist,  who  flourished  in  the  13th 
century.  He  was  selected  at  Toledo,  in  1250,  to 
study  Hebrew  and  Arabic,  in  order  to  confute 
the  Jews  and  Mahometans.  This  he  attempted 
in  a  very  learned  work,  called  "Pugio  Fidei." 
MARTINI,  Martin,  a  Jesuit,  long  resident  in 
China,  where  he  wrote  some  valuable  books,  on 
the  manners  and  habits  of  the  Chinese  &;c  • 
he  died  in  1651.  '        ' ' 

MARTINIERE,  Anthony  Augustin  Bruzen 
dela,  born  in  1684,  was  secretary  to  the  king  of 
Naples,  and  geographer  to  the  king  of  Spain, 
and  died  in  1749.  ' 

MARTINIUS,  Matthias,  divinity  professor 
301 


MA 


MA 


atPaderbom,  and  Breruen.    He  wrote  a  Phi- 
losophical Lexicon,  and  died  in  1630. 

MARTINUSIUS,  Geurge,  or  VTISINO- 
VISCH,  a  native  of  Croatia,  who  from  a  lighter 
of  stoves,  became  a  bishop,  minister  and  friend  I 
to  the  king  of  Hungary,  and  finally  a  cardinal. 
He  was  assassinated  in  1551. 

MARTiNELLI,  a  landscape  painter  of  gjeat 
eminence,  born  at  Naples,  in  1670,  died  in  1720. 

MARTYN,  John,  a  botanical  writer,  born  in 
London,  in  1699,  died  in  1768. 

MARTYR,  Peter,  a  Milanese,  employed  as  a 


husband's  sons,  of  which  crime,  she  was,  how 
ever,  p;ibably  innocent;  she  died  in  1321. 

MfiJ:  i',  of  Anjou,  daughter  of  Lewis  IL,  and 
wife  oi  Charles  VII.,  of  France.  She  was  a 
woman  of  a  very  heroic  character,  and  died  in 
14b3. 

MARY,  daughter  of  Henry  VH.,  of  Englatfd, 
married  Lewis  XII.,  of  France,  and  was  grand- 
mother to  the  unfortunate  lady  Jane  Grey  ;  she 
died  in  1534. 

MARY  THERESA,  of  Austria,  daughter  of 
Philip  IV.,  or'  Ppain,  married  Lewis  XIV.,  of 
(France,  in  1660,  and  died  in  1683. 

MARY  DE  MEDICIS,  dangliter  of  Francis 
ill.,  duke  of  Tuscany,  w  a.-  married  to  Henry  IV., 
of  France,  in  1600.  She  was  banished  by  her 
son  Lewis  XIII,  together  with  her  favourites  and 
ilaitcndants,  and  died  in  poverty,  at  Cologne,  in 


negotiator  by  Ferdinand  of  Spain.  He  was  au 
tlior  of  a  Hikory  of  ihe  Discovery  of  America, 
&.C.,  and  died  in  1525. 

MARTYR,  Peter,  a  distinguished  commenta- 
tor on  the  Bible,  born  at  Florence,  in  1500,  died 
in  1562. 

MARUCELLI,  John  Stephen,   an  eminent]  1642. 
Italian  painter  died  in  1706.  MARY  LECZINSKA,  daughter  of  Stanislaus, 

MARULLUS,  Michael  Tarchanistis,  a  verynkingof  Poland,  married  Lewis  king  of  France, 
learned,  but  atheistical  and  blasphemous  Greek,  ||in  1725,  and  is  represented  as  a  very  amiable 
who  left  his  native  country,  and  resided  in  Italy,  j  and  virtuous  princess  ;  she  died  m  1768. 
He  was  drowned  in  1500.  I    MARY,  of  Cleves,  married  Henry  I.,  prince 

MARULLUS,  a  poet  of  Calabria  in  the  Sthjlof  Conde.  She  was  loved  with  so  much  ardour 
century,  who  came  to  Padua,  to  wail  upon  liby  the  duke  of  Anjou,  afterwards  Henry  III., 
Attila.  Marullus  expected  an  ample  reward  foriithat  when  he  came  to  the  throne,  he  designed 
the  flatteries  with  which  he  had  fJled  his  paue-ijto  annul  her  marriage,  and  take  her  himself; 

but  her  sudden  death,  probably  by  poiton,  at 
the  ase  of  18,  in  1574,  left  him  disconsolate. 
JNiARY,  of  Arragon,  daughter  of  Sancho III., 


gyric  upon  Attila ;  but  when  that  prince  was 
informed  that  the  poet  deduced  his  origin  from 
Heaven,  and  styled  him  a  god,  he  ordered  boih 
the  verses  and  tlie  versifier  to  be  burned.  AiiJla, 
however,  forgave  him 


wife  of  Otho,  was  put  to  death  in  998,  for  false- 
ly accusing,  and  destroying  the  count  of  Mo 


MARVELL,  Andrew,  a  very  ingenious  poll-  idcna.  ^  ^,     ,       ^,        ^  tj 

tical  and  critical  writer  and.  poet,  born  in  lb20,||  MARY,  daughter  of  Charles,  duke  of  Bur- 
died  in  1678  He  manfullv  supported  tiie  reli-j  gundy,  married  MaxmiiHan,  sonof  the  emperor 
gious  and  civil  liberties  of  his  country,  by  hisjif'rederic,  and  tiius  transferred  the  dominions 
WTitings  and  his  pariiameniaiy  interest,  a-ainstjjof  Burgundy  to  the  house  of  Austria  ;  she  died 
the  aibitrarv  encroachments  of  the  court  on hin  1462.  ,,.„,.,.     ,. 

both;  and  repeatedly  declined  all  inducements!     MARY,  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Philip,  king 


which  the  king  oflered  him,  to  go  over  to  the 
court  party.  _        ^     „ 

MARVIELLES,  N.  de,  a  French  officer,  au- 
thor of  some  poetical  pieces  of  merit,  in  Latin 
and  French  ;  he  died  in  1775. 

MARY,  the  mother  of  our  blessed  Saviour, 
was  of  the  tribe  of  Judah,  and  of  the  royal 
house  of  David. 

MARY,  wife  of  Cleophas,  called  in  Scripture 


the  sister  of  the  Virgin,  and 


mother  of  the'iand   afierv/E 


of  Spain,  married,  in  1521,  Lewis,  king  of  Hun- 
gary, who  was  slain  at  the  battle  of  Mohats. 
Slie  was  a  woman  of  courage  and  firmness,  and 
a  great  protector  of  literature  ;  she  died  in  1558 
MARY  STUART,  queen  of  Scots,  famous 
for  her  beautv,  wit,  learning,  and  misfortunes, 
daughter  of  James  V.,  king  of  Scotland,  snc- 
Iceeded  her  father,  in  1542,  eight  days  after  her 
birth.     In  1.5.58,  she  married  Francis,  daupliin, 


king   of   France  ;    by  which 


lude,   and 


apostles  James  the  Less,  simon, 

MARY,  queen  of  England,  eldest  daughter 
of  Henry  VIll.,  and  Catharine  of  Arragon. 
She  was  a  learned  woman,  but  bigoted  in  the 
popish  superstition,  exceedingly  jealous,  and 
violent  and  sanguinary  in  her  resentments. 
During  her  reign,  fire,  fasgots,  and  tiie  stake, 
were  the  horrid  means  used  to  make  proselytes 
to  the  Romish  church.  The  sacrifice  of  the  in- 
nocent ladv  Jane  Grey  and  her  husband,  to  a 
mean  fit  of" jealousy,  showed  a  degree  of  baroa- 
rity  rarelv  equalled  in  civilized  lite.  Slie  mar- 
ried Philip  of  Spain,  whose  coldness  toward 
iier,  together  with  the  loss  of  Calais,  is  said  to 
have  so  preved  on  her  mind,  that  she  fell  into  a 
fever,  of  which  she  died  in  1558. 

MARY,  queen  of  England,  wife  of  William 
m  was  daughter  of  James  II.,  by  the  daughter 
of  lord  Clarendon.  She  is  represented  as  a  meek, 
inoflfensive  character,  little  inclined  to  meddle 
with  public  affairs,  and  of  a  humane  and  bene 
volent  disposition  ;  she  died  in  1694. 

MARY,  daughter  of  Henry  HI.,  duke  of  Bra- 


Uneans  she  became  queen  of  France.  This 
'monarch  dviiigin  1560,  she  returned  into  Scot- 
jland,  and  "married  ber  cousin,  Henry  Stuart, 
i(lord  Darnley,)  in  1555;  but  excluding  him  Ironi 
jany  share  of  tiie  government  (eis  he  suspected) 
by  the  advice  of  Rizzio,  an  Italian  musician, 
her  favourite  and  secretary,  the  kine,  by  the  as- 
_  stance,  of  some  of  the  principal  nobility,  sud- 
denlv  surprised  them  together,  and  Rizzio  was 
slain  in  the  queen's  presence,  in  1366.  The  next 
vear  the  king  was  blown  up  with  gunpowder, 
"in  a  private  house,  to  which  he  had  retired  with 
a  few  friends.  The  earl  of  Bothwell,  the  new 
favourite  of  Mary,  was  undoubtedly  the  contri- 
ver of  this  murder ;  he  was,  however,  acquitted 
by  the  nobles  of  his  and  Mary's  party  ;  and,  in 
about  two  months  after,  the  queen,  to  the  as- 
tonishment of  all  Europe,  married  this  ambi- 
tious villain.  This  shameful  conduct  occasion- 
ed the  revolt  of  the  cliief  nobility,  and  her  best 
„ubjects,  by  whom  she  was  taken  prisoner,  com- 
pelled to  resign  the  crown,  and  her  son  James 
VI.,  was  crowned.  The  queen  soon  after  es- 
caped from  prison  and  raised  an  army  to  oppose 
the  regent,  Murray,  but  was  defeated,  and  fled 


hant    married  Philip  the  Bold,  of  France,  in   ^.„..  ,,  ^      •     j 

bant,  ™^™/^;'^'j;^dof  poig^ningoneofhw  where  she  was  detained  a 


1274. 


302 


MA  MA 

prisoner,  charged  by  her  own  subjects  with  thelj  MASON,  John,  a  learned  and  pious  dissent- 
murder  of  her  husband,  liing  Henry.  During  hing  minister,  author  of  Self  Knowledge,  Prac- 
the  long  imprisonment  of  the  queen,  she  was  Jtical  Discourses  for  FamiUes,  and  other  works. 
justly  considered  as  the  head  of  the  popish  par-  jHe  died  in  1763. 

ty,  who  wished  to  see  a  princess  of  their  per-i|  ftlA.SON,  William,  an  excellent  English  poet 
suasion  on  the  throne  of  England.  She  counte-  |jand  divitie,  born  in  1725,  died  in  1797. 
nanced,  if  she  was  notdirectly  concerned  in,  the'l  MASON,  George,  an  English  writer,  author 
plots  against  the  life  of  Elizaberh,  who  was  re-';of  "  Essays  on  Gardening;"  "Answer  to  Tom 
duccd  to  the  necessity  of  sacrificing  her  to  herj  Paine,"  and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  1806. 
own  personal  safety.  She  was  tried  for  a  con-  j  MASON,  John,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
spiracy,  condemned,  and  beheaded,  in  1587.       |  Connecticut,  distinguished  ibr  his  successful  ex- 

MARY,  a  French  poetess,  who  resided  in!;pcdition  against  the  Pequot  Indians,  of  which 
England,  in  the  13th  century.  Her  poems  on -he  wrote  an  account ;  he  was  commander  of  the 
chivalry,  &c.,  are  preserved  in  the  British  ma-ljtroops  and  lieutenant  governor  of  the  colony, 
seum  I  He  died  in  1673. 

MAS,  Lewis  da.    See  DUMAS. 

MASACCIO  Thomas,  an  eminent  Italian 
painter,  who  /as  regarded  as  the  chief  artist 
of  the  secof  ige  of  modern  painting  ;  he  died 
in  1443. 

MASCARDI,  Augustine,  a  learned  Italian  Je- 
suit, for  whose  benefit,  pope  Urban  VII.  found 
ed  a  professorship.   He  was  the  author  ol  many 
works,  but  always  poor  and  in  debt. 
in  1640. 


MASCARON,  Julius,  bishop  of  Agen,  and 
a  most  eminent  French  preacher,  born  in  1634, 
died  in  1703.  His  eloquence  was  astonishing  ; 
and  It  is  related  tliat  his  preachiiig  had  such  aa 
effect  upon  the  Hugonots,  that,  of  30,000  Calvin- 
ists,  which  he  found  at  his  coming  to  the  see  of 
Agdfa,  28,000  forsook  their  church. 

MASCHERONI,  Laurent,  of  Bergamo,  an 
eminent  mathematician,  the  well-known  author 
of  Compass  Geometry,  died  at  Paris,  in  1800. 

MASCLEF,  Francis,  a  French  theologician, 
and  canon  of  .Amiens.  He  wrote  a  Hebrew 
grammar,  and  other  books,  and  died  in  1728. 

M.4SCRIER,  John  Baptist  de,  a  French  wri- 
ter, author  of  a  description  of  Egypt,  from  Mai 
let's  Memoirs,  Christian  Reflections,  &c. ;  he 
died  in  1760 

MA3ENIUS,  James,  a  Jesuit,  professor  of 
eloquence  and  poetry,  at  Cologne,  and  author 
of  a  Latin  poem  on  the  Fall  of  ]\Ian,  from 
which,  it  is  said,  Miltoa  borrowed  ideas ;  he 
died  in  1681. 

MASHAM,  lady  Damaris,  a  very  learned 
lady,  who  wrote  a  discourse  concerning  the 
Love  of  God.  Besides  learning,  she  possessed 
every  other  virtue,  and  died  in  1708 

M.VSIUS,  Andrew,  born  near  Brussels,  a  very 
learned  orientalist,  who  wro!-e  a  Syrjac  gram- 
mar, and  translated  pieces  from  the  Syriac  ;  he 
died  in  1753. 

M.\SKELINS,  Rev.  Dr.  Nevil,  a  most  emi- 
nent mathematician,  and  manv  years  astrono- 
mer royal  at  Greenwich,  wa«!  born  in  1332,  and 
educated  at  Carnhndge.  He  determined  the 
method  offindinf;  the  longitude  at  sea  by  lunar 
ob.serv.Htions.  He  pub'ished  '*  The  Nautical 
Alma';ac,"  and  several  other  scientific  works, 
and  died  in  1811. 

MASO,  Thomas,  or  FINIGUERRA,  a  gold- 
smith, of  Florence,  said  to  have  invented  the 
art  ol  taking  impressions  from  engravings  on 
copper,  abonf  14^0. 

MASONT,  Francis,  a  native  of  Durham,  chap- 
lain to  .Tames  I.,  and  author  of  some  valuable 
writings;  he  died  in  1621. 

MASON,  Sir  ,Inhn,  a  statesman  of  eminence, 
in  the  reign  of  Hflnry  VIII.,  and  his  successors. 
Henry  employed  him  on  several  embassies,  and 
made  him  his  privy  connseUor.  He  maintained 
his  influence  at  court  under  Edward,  MarJ',  and 
Ellz-abelh  ;  he  died  in  j566. 


MASON,  John,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
and  a  distinguished  presbyterian  clergyman,  of 
New- York,was  eminent  for  his  learning, talents, 
and  eloquence.  He  died  in  New- York,  in 
1792. 

MASON,  George,  a  distinguished  statesman, 
of  the  state  of  Virginia,  died  in  1792. 

M ASaUE  DE  FER,  or  IRON  MASK,  a  per- 
He  died  json  routined  in  the  bastile,  who  always  wore  a 
mask  with  steel  springs,  which  concealed  his 


features,  without  preventing  his  eating.  Though 
no  person  could  ever  discover  who  he  was,  it  is 
certain  from  the  treatment  he  received,  that  he 
was  a  person  of  high  birth.  He  died  in  1708, 
and  was  buried  privately. 

MASSAC,  Johii  Baptist,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  born  at  Paris,  died  in  1767. 

MASSANIELLO,orANELLO.  SeeANEL- 
LO. 

MASSARI,  Lucio,  a  native  of  Bologna,  emi- 
nent as  a  historical  painter,  died  in  1633. 

MASSARIA,  Alexander,  a  physician,  born  at 
Vicenza.  He  wrote  "  Practice  of  Medicine," 
and  otiier  works,  and  died  in  1598. 

lASSASOIT,  an  Indian  sachem,  who  resi- 
ded in  Naraganset  bay,  when  the  pilgrims  land- 
ed at  Plymouth,  in  1620.  He  was  distinguished 
for  his  friendship  to  the  whites,  and  for  the  good 
faith  he  always  observed  toward  them.  He 
died  about  the  year  1655. 

M.ASSE,  .foiin  Baptiste,  a  Parisian,  miniature 
painter  to  the  French  king ;   he  died  in  1767. 

IIASSRI,  Raymond,  a  physician,  of  Orleans, 
author  of  Psean  Aurehanus,  and  other  works, 
abr.ut  1600. 

MASSENA,  Andrew,  prince  of  Esling,  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  and  fortunate  of  Buo- 
naparte's field  marshals.  He  was  born  at  Nice, 
in  17.53,  and  commanded  id  chief  in  the  memo- 
rable compaign  of  Switzerland  ;  when,  at  the 
battle  of  Zurich,  he  had  to  contend  against  the 

chdnke  Charles  and  marshal  Suwaroft';  yet, 
the  fruits  of  this  campaign  were  70,000  prisoners ! 
Fie  ended  his  military  career  by  the  command 
of  thp  army  of  Portugal,  in  1810-11,  and  died 
n  1R17 

MASSF.VILLE,  Lewis  le  Vavasseur  de,  a 
native  of  Montebourg,  an  able  topographical 
writer,  and  author  of  a  History  and  Geography 
of  Normandy  ;  he  died  in  1733. 

MASSIEU,  William,  an  ingenioiis  and 
learned  French  writer  on  classical  antiquity, 
and  autiiorof  an  edition  of  Demosthenes,  born 
in  1665,  died  in  1722. 

M.ASSTLIiON,  John  Baptiste,  a  very  cele- 
brated preacher,  of  France,  and  considered  in 
tliat  country  as  a  consummate  master  of  elo- 
quence, was  born  in  1663,  died  in  1742. 

MASSTNGER,  Philip,   an  excellent  English 
dramatic  poet,  born  in  1585,  died  in  1639.     He 
was  held  in  high  esteem  bv  the  poets  of  thai 
303 


MA 

age.    His  works  were  collected  by  Mr.  Mason 
and  Mr.  Davies,  in  1779. 

MASSINISSA,  an  African  king,  who  became 
a  most  faithful  ally  of  Rome,  died  in  149  B.  C. 

MASSOLINO,  de  Panicale,  of  Florence,  an 
admirable  painter ;  he  died  in  1450. 

MASSON,  Anthony,  a  French  engraver 
whose  portraits  were  much  admired,  died  in 
1702. 

MASSON,  Innocent  le,  a  Carthusian,  who 
rebuilt  the  Grande  Chartreuse,  at  Paris,  when 
destroyed  by  fire  ;  he  died  in  1703. 

MASSON,  Anthony,  a  Minim,  author  of  a 
History  of  the  Deluge,  and  of  Noah  ;  he  died 
in  1700. 

MASSON  DES  GRANGES,  Daniel,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  authorof  the  "  Modern  Philosopher, 
or  the  Unbeliever  condemned  at  the  tribunal  of 
Reason  ;"  he  died  in  17G0. 

MASSON,  Papirius,  a  French  annalist  of  good 
reputation.    He  died  in  1611. 

MASSON,  John,  a  reformed  minister,  origi 
nally  of  France,  but  who  fled  to  England  to 
enjoy  that  liberty  in  religion  which  his  own 
Country  refused  him,  and  died  in  Holland,  about 
the  middle  of  the  18th  century. 

MASSON,  Francis,  an  erninent  Scotch  gar- 
dener and  botanist.  He  visited  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  the  West-Indies,  Portugal,  Jladeira, 
and  North-America,  to  collect  plants  for  the 
royal  gardens,  and  died  at  Montreal,  in  1805. 

MASSUET,  Rene,  a  learned  French  Bene 
dictine,  known  by  his  edition  of  Iraenaeus,  with 
learned  dissertations,  in  1710. 

luASTELLETA,  John  Andrew,  a  painter,  of 
Bologna,  born  in  1577,  died  in  a  fit  of  melan- 
choly. 

MATANI,  Anthony,  an  ItaUan  physician, 
professor  of  medicine  at  Pisa,  and  author  of  se- 
veral learned  works  on  his  profession,  he  died 
in  1769. 

MATERNUS,  DE  CILANO,  George  Christ- 
ian, author  of  a  Dissertation  on  the  Aurora 
Borealis,  and  other  works,died  in  Lower  Saxony 
in  1773. 

MATHER,  Richard,  came  to  Massachusetts, 
in  1635,  and  settled  there.  He  was  an  eminent 
divine,  and  author  of  several  religious  works  : 
he  died  in  1G99. 

MATHER,  Samuel,  son  of  the  preceding, 
came  with  hi.=  father  to  New-England,  but  re- 
turned to  Great  Britain,  where  he  became  a  dis- 
tinguislipd  preacher;  he  died  in  1671. 

MATHER,  Increase,  D.  D.,  brother  to  the 
preceding,  was  for  several  years  a  clergj'man 
of  Boston,  and  afterwards,  president  of  Har- 
vard college  ;  he  was  author  of  several  \\  orks, 
and  died  in  1723. 

MATHER,  Cotton,  D.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  distinguished  for  his  n'cat  learn- 
ing and  piety,  and  may  be  considered  as  the 
most  eminent  clcrgjman  of  his  day  in  New- 
England.  He  was  settled  at  Boston,  where  he 
died  in  1727.     His  writings  were  numerous. 

MATHER,  Samuel,  son  of  Dr.  Cotton  Mather, 
was  also  a  clergyman  of  Boston.  He  died  in 
1785 

MATHER,  Nathaniel,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  settled  at  London,  died  in  1697. 

MATHER,  Eleazer,  first  minister  of  Norta- 
ampton,  Mass.  .was  born  in  1537, and  died  in  1G69. 

MATHIAS  S».,  one  of  the  twelve  apostles, 
in  the  room  of  the  traitor  Judas. 

MATHIAS,  son  of  Maximilian  II.,  was  em- 
peror of  Germany,  after  his  brother  Rodolphus 
II..  in  1612.     He  died  at  Vienna,  in  1616. 
304 


MA . 

I  MATHIAS  CORVINUS,  king  of  Hungary 
iand  Bohemia,  in  1458.  He  broke  the  conspiracy 
of  Hungarian  lords,  who  in\ited  Frederic  HI., 
to  take  possession  of  the  crown.  He  was  a 
great  warrior,  but  a  good  and  benevolent  king, 
and  introduced  order,  and  reformed  abuses 
among  his  subjects ;  he  died  in  1490. 

MATHIAS,  Christian,  a  native  of  Holstein, 
professor  of  divinity  and  philosophy  at  various 
universities.  He  wrote  Historia  Patriarcharum 
&c.,  and  died  in  1655. 

MATHON  DE  LA  COUR,  James,  a  French 
mathematician,  and  an  active  member  of  the 
academy  at  Lyons.  He  wrote  Elements  of  Dyna- 
mics, and  Mechanics,  and  other  works,  and  died 
in  1770. 

MATHON  DE  LA  COUR,  Charies  Joseph, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  distinguished  at  Paris 
for  his  literary  labours,  and  the  prizes  he  obtain- 
ed in  the  various  learned  academies  there.  A- 
mong  his  works,  he  wrote  on  the  danger  of 
reading  books  hostile  to  religion.  He  was  exe- 
cuted in  1793. 

MATIGNON,  James  de,  an  able  warrior,  was 
commander-in-chief  in  Normandy,  in  1572,  and 
was  made  marshal  by  Henry  III.  "of  France  ;  he 
died  in  1597. 

MATILDA,  or  MAUD,  daughter  of  Henry  I., 
king  of  England,  married  Henry  IV.,  king  of 
Germany,  and  was  afterwards  acknowledged 
queen  of  England  ;  but  her  conduct  not  suiting 
the  nobles,  she  was  deposed,  and  Stephen  placed 
on  the  throne  ;  she  died  in  1167. 

MATSYS,  duintin,  sometimes  called  the 
blacksmith  of  Antwerp,  famous  for  having  been 
Transformed  from  a  farrier  to  a  painter  by  the 
[force  of  love,  and  for  the  sake  of  a  mistress; 
I  became  eminent  in  his  new  profession,  and  died 
in  1529. 

I  BIATTEI,  Paolo  da,  a  painter,  of  Naples,  ce- 
jlobrated  for  the  correctness  of  his  pieces,  died 
iin  1728. 

MATTHEW,  or  LEVI,  a  tax  gatherer,  be- 
came a  disciple  of  our  Saviour.  He  wrote  his 
gospel  about  A.  D.  64,  and  is  supposed  to  have 
suffered  martyrdom. 

MATTHEVv-  CANTACUZENUS,  son  of 
John,  emperor  of  Constantinople,  and  partner 
on  the  throne  with  him  in  1534.  He  composed 
some  commentaries  on  Solomon's  Song. 

MATTHEW,  of  Westminster,  an  English 
historian,  of  the  14th  century,  very  much  es- 
teemed for  his  veracity,  acuteness,  and  dili- 
gence. 

MATTHEW^S,  Tobias,  an  able  and  eloquent 
divine,  in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  was  made  bi- 
shop of  Durham,  and  afterwards  of  York;  he 
died  in  1628. . 

MATTHEWS,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Glamor- 
ganshire, eminent  as  a  naval  commander;  he 
idled  in  1751. 

MATTHEWS,  Samuel,  governor  of  the  co- 
lony of  Virginia,  in  1656.  died  in  England,  while 
residing  there  as  the  a2ent  of  the  colony. 

MATTHEWS,  John,  an  active  friend  of  the 
revolution,  a  member  of  congress  from  South 
i  Carolina,  durini  that  struggle,  and  afterwards 
! governor  of  taat  state  ;  he  died  in  1802. 

MATTHIEU,  Peter,  a  French  historian,  who 
became  historiographer  to  Henrj'  IV.,  and  at- 
tended Lewis  XIII.  at  the  siege  of  Montauban. 
He  wrote  the  history  of  France,  and  histories 
of  several  of  the  French  kings  ;  he  died  in  1621 . 

MATTHK)LUS,  Peter  Andrew,  an  able  au- 
thor, born  at  Sienna.  He  published,  in  Italian, 
some  valuable  commentaries  on  Dioscorides. 


MA 

His  works  were  edited  by  Bartholin  ;  he  died  in 

1577. 

MATTI,  Don  Emanuel,  a  Spanish  poet  of 
eminence,  member  of  the  Arcadia,  at  Rome. 
Pope  Innocent  XII.,  made  him  dean  of  Alicant ; 
he  died  in  1737. 

MATURING,  a  native  of  Florence,  eminent 
as  a  painter,  was  a  pupil  of  Raphael,  whose 
works  he  rivalled  ;  he  died  in  1527. 

MATY,  Dr.  Matthew,  an  eminent  physician, 
critic,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  born  in  Hol- 
land, in  1718,  but  settled  in  England;  he  was 
secretary  to  the  Royal  Society,  and  principal 
librarian  of  the  British  Museum.  He  died  in 
1776. 

MATY,  Paul  Henry,  M.  A.,  F.  R.  S.,  son  of 
the  preceding.  His  whole  life  was  taken  up  in 
literary  pursuits.  In  January,  1782,  he  set  on 
foot  a  Review  of  Publications,  principally  fo- 
reign ;  and  no  man  was  better  qualified  for  the 
employment.  He  was  born  in  1745,  and  died  in 
1787. 

MAUCHARD,  Burchard  David,  professor  of 
anatomy  and  physic,  at  Tubingen,  and  physician 
to  the  duke  of  Wirtemberg.  He  wrote  various 
tracts  on  his  profession,  and  did  in  1751. 

MAUCROIX,  Francis  de,  a  Frenchman,  fa- 
mous lor  his  many  translations  from  Greek  and 
Latin  authors.  He  was  intimate  with  Boileau 
and  Racine,  and  died  in  1708. 

MAUDUIT,  Michael,  an  eminent  French  di- 
vine, who  wrote  against  atheists  and  deists,  also 
a  translation  of  the  Psalms,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1709. 

MAUDUIT,  Israel,  F.  A.  S.,  a  political  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  best  known  as  author  of 
"  Considprations  on  the  German  War,"  &c., 
died  in  1787. 

M.'VUGIN,  John,  of  Anjou,  translated  Ma- 
chieval's  Discourses  into  French,  about  IS-TO. 

M.VUPERTUIS,  Peter  Lewis  Moreau  de,  an 
eminent  French  philosopher,  born  in  1698.  In 
17:}6  lie  v/as  placed  at  the  head  of  the  academi- 
cians who  were  sent  into  the  North  by  the  king 
of  France,  in  order  to  determine  the  figure  of  the 
earth,  which  was  executed  with  great  success. 
He  died  in  1759. 

MAUPERTUY,  John  Baptist  Drouet  de,  a 
Parisian,  was  bred  to  the  law,  but  afterwards 
took  orders.  He  wrote  his  ''  History  of  the  Ho- 
ly Church  atVienne,"  andother  religious  books, 
and  died  in  1736. 

MAUPIN,  N.  Aubigny,  a  celebrated  singer  at 
the  Pa'is  opera.     She  died  in  1707. 

MAUR,  St.,  a  disciple  of  St.  Benedict,  who 
died  about  531.  A  congregation  bearing  his 
name,  was  formed  in  France,  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury, which  has  produced  some  learned  men. 

MAUR,  Don  Charles  de,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician and  engineer,  was  employed  in  the 
Spanish  army,  and  also  in  the  construction  of 
canals  and  roads.  He  wrote  Elements  of  Ma- 
thematics, and  died  in  1785. 

MAURAN,  Peter,  a  leading  man  among  the 
Albigenses,  in  Languedoc,  was  condemned  to 
make  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land,  because  he 
denied  transubsiantiation ;  he  lived  in  the  13th 
century. 

MAUREPAS,  John  Frederic  Phillippeaux, 
count  of,  a  statesman,  of  France,  eminent  for 
his  genius,  aciivitv,  and  profound  sagacity,  was 
born  in  1701,  and  died  in  1781. 

MAURICE,  of  Nassau,  prince  of  Orange, 
succeeded  his  father  in  the  government  of  the 
Low  Countries,  in  1584.  He  added  to  his  do- 
minions by  conquest,  and  was  considered  the 
ablest  general  of  his  time  •  he  died  in  1625. 

26* 


_^ MA 

MAURICEAU,  Francis,  a  French  surgeon, 
who  applied  himself  with  success  and  reputa- 
tion to  the  disorders  of  women,  and  was  at  the 
head  of  all  the  operators  in  obstetrics.  One  of 
his  works  upon  this  subject  has  been  translated 
into  several  languages.     He  died  in  1709. 

MAURITIUS  TIBERIUS,  a  Cappadocian, 
who  distinguished  himself  at  the  head  of  the  Ro- 
man armies,  and  finally  wa^  made  emperor,  but 
dethroned  and  put  to  death  by  Pliocas,  in  602. 

MAUROLICO,  Francis,  abbe  of  Santa  Maria 
del  Porto,  in  Sicily,  and  professor  of  mathema- 
tics there,  was  the  author  of  several  mathema- 
tical works  ;  he  died  in  1675. 

MAURUS,  Terentianus,  a  Latin  poet  in  the 
time  of  Trajan. 

MAURY,  Jean  Siffrein,  an  eminent  preacher 
at  Paris,  distinguished  at  the  commencement  of 
the  revolution,  for  his  defejice  of  che  clergy  and 
of  royalty,  irj  the  states-general.  He  was  after- 
wards archbishop  of  Paris,  and  a  cardinal,  and 
died  at  Rome,  in  1817. 

MAUSSAC,  Philip  James,  president  of  the 
court  of  aids,  at  Montpellier,  and  an  elegant 
Greek  scholar  and  writer  ;  he  died  in  1650. 

MAUTOUR,  Philibert  Bernard  Moreau  de, 
auditor  of  the  Paris  chamber  of  accounts,  and 
member  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions.  He 
wroie  some  poems  and  other  works,  and  died 
in  1737. 

MAXCY,  Jonathan,  D.  D.,  professor  of  divi- 
nity, and  president  of  Brown  university,  and 
afterwards  president  of  Columbia  college.  South 
Carolina  ;  he  died  in  1820. 

MAXENTIUS,  Marcus  Aurelius  Valerius, 
son  of  Ma.\imianus  Hercules,  declared  himself 
emperor  of  Rome,  in  30!i.  He  was  defeated  by 
Constantino,  and  drowned  in  the  Tiber,  in  312. 

MAXIMIANUS,  Marcus  Aurehus  Valerius 
Hercules,  a  Roman  emperor,  who  rose  to  that 
dignity  from  the  rank  of  a  common  soldier.  He 
was  put  to  death  by  order  of  Constantine,  his 
son-in-law,  in  310. 

MAXIMIANUS,  Galerius  Valerius,  a  shep- 
herd, raised  to  the  Roman  throne  by  Dioclesian, 
who  gave  him  his  daughter  in  marriage  ;  he 
died  in  311. 

MAXIMILIAN  I.,  archduke  of  Austria,  son 
of  Frederic  IV.  He  was  elected  king  of  the 
Romans,  and  afterwards  emperor.  He  was  un- 
steady in  his  attachments,  and  little  to  be  de- 
pended upon  in  political  affairs  ;  he  died  in  1519. 

MAXIMILIAN  11.,  son  of  Frederic  L,  was 
elected  king  of  the  Romans,  in  1582,  and  two 
years  after,  succeeded  liis  father  as  king  of  Hun- 
gary a*?;!  flohemia,  and  emperor  of  Germany. 
He  was  a  peaceful  and  well  disposed  prince,  and 
died  in  1575. 

MAXIMILIAN,  duke  of  Bavaria,  deserved 
by  his  courasr.?,  the  title  of  Defender  of  Germa- 
ny, by  his  wisdom,  that  of  Solomon.  He  was 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  an  elector  of  Germany  ; 
he  died  in  1651. 

MAXIMILIAN,  Emanuel,  elector  of  Bavaria, 
distinguished  himself  by  his  services  in  the  cause 
of  the  emperor  Leopold.  His  merits  placed  him 
at  the  head  of  the  Hungarian  army,  and  he  was 
made  governor  of  ih^  Low  Countries  by  the 
king  of  Spain  ;  he  died  in  1726. 

MAXIMILIAN,  Leopold,  elector  of  Bavaria, 
son  of  the  emperor  Charles  VII.,  died  in  1777. 

MAXIMINUS,  Cains  Julius  Verus,  son  of  a 
peasant,  rose  by  his  valour  to  be  emperor  of 
Romo,  in  255.   He  was  a  tyrant,  and  fell  by  as- 

ssination,  in  25ti. 

MAXIMUS,  Magnus,  a  Soaaiard,  proclaimed 
305 


MA 

emperor  of  Rome  by  his  army,  but  he  was  de- 
feated and  beheaded  by  Theodosius,  in  388. 

MAXIMUS,  of  Tyre,  a  Platonic  philosopher, 
who  was  at  Rome  in  146.  His  discourses  still 
remain. 

MAXIMUS,  a  Cyntc,  tutor  to  the  apostate 
Julian,  whom  he  encouraged  in  h'is  opposition 
to  Christianity ;  he  was  put  lo  death  in  366. 

MAY,  Thomas,  an  English  dramatic  poet, 
and  historian,  born  in  1594.  We  have  several 
translations  of  his  from  Latin  auJiors,  and  other 
compasitions  of  tiis  own  also  in  verse.  But  he 
was  most  famous  for  that  of  '  Lucan's  Pharsa- 
lia;"  and  his  own  continuation  of  that  poem 
to  the  death  of  Julius  Csesar,  both  in  Latin  and 
English,  has  considerable  merit.  He  died  in 
1650. 

MAY,  Lewis  du,  a  protestant  French  liisto- 
rian.  He  wrote  "  State  of  the  German  Em- 
oire,"  and  several  other  works,  and  died  in 
1681. 

MAYENNE,  Charles,  of  Lorraine,  duke  of, 
son  of  Francis,  duke  of  Guise,  and  one  of  the 
most  distinguitohed  waniois  of  his  time.  He 
was,  however, defeated  by  Eienry  IV.,  of  France, 
Vho  afterwards  became  his  friend,  and  added 
the  Isle  of  France  lo  his  government ;  he  died 
in  1611. 

MAYER,  John  Frederic,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
of  Leipsic,  professor  at  Wittemberg  and  Ham- 
burg, and  author  of  dissertations  on  the  Scrip- 
tures ;  he  died  in  1712. 

MAYER,  Tobias,  one  of  the  greatest  astro- 
nomers and  mechanics  of  his  age,  was  born  inj 
VVirtemburg,  in  172.'!,  died  in  1762,  having  pub-! 
lished  several  e.\cel!eni  works. 

MAYERNE,  Sir  Theodore,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, born  at  Geneva.  He  became  physician 
to  Henry  IV.,  of  France,  and  afterwards  to 
James  I.,  of  England,  and  his  queen.  His 
works  were  printed  in  folio  ;  he  died  in  1635. 

MAYHEW,  Thomas,  was  governor  of  Mar-' 
tha's  Vineyard,  and  distinguished  for  his  regard: 
to  the  spiritual  and  temporal  welfare  of  the  In-i 
dians  under  his  authority ;  he  died  in  1681.  ! 

MAYHEW,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding,! 
was  the  first  clergyman  of  Martha's  Vineyard,! 
and  was  distinguished  for  his  ministerial  labours! 
among  the  Indians  of  that  island.  He  perished: 
at  sea,  aged  37.  | 

MAYHEW,  John,  a  son  of  the  preceding,  and! 
a  clergyman   of   Martha's  Vineyard,  died  in! 

MAYHEW,  Experience,  wa,s  also  a  minister) 
among  the  Indians  at  Martha's  Vineyard,  andj 
translated  a  part  of  the  Bible  into  their  lan- 
guage. 

MAYHEW,  Jonathan,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  distinguished  American  divine,  set- 
tled at  Boston,  author  of  several  religious  works. 
He  died  in  1766. 

MAYNARD,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  English 
lawyer,  celebrated  for  his  eloquence,  died  in 
1690. 

MAYNARD,  Francis,  a  French  poet  of  wit 
and  gayety,  secretary  to  queen  Margaret,  and 
author  of  odes  and  songs,  died  in  1646. 

MAYNE,  Dr.  Jasper,  an  English  poet  and 
divine,  born  in  1604.  He  wrote  "  The  City 
Match,"  acomedy  ;  and  "  The  Amorous  War," 
a  tragi- comedy,  and  died  in  1672. 

MAYNWARING,  Arthur,  an  English  po- 
litical writer  and  poet,  born  in  1668,  died  in 
I71«. 

MAYO,  Richard,  an  Enelish  divine,  author 
of  several  works,  died  in  1695. 
306 


ME 

MAYOWjJohn,  a  learned  English  physician, 
celebrated  as  a  chymist,  and  for  his  experiments 
on  air  ;  he  died  in  1679. 

MAZARD,  Stephen,  of  Lyons,  a  man  who 
greatly  improved  the  manufactory  of  hats ;  lie 
died  in  1736. 

MAZARINE,  Julius,  cardinal,  and  first  mi- 
nister of  state  in  France,  to  Louis  XIV.,  born 
in  1602,  died  in  1661. 

MAZEAS,  John  Mathurin,  professor  in  the 
college  at  Navarro,  and  a  writer  in  mathema- 
tics;  he  died  in  1802. 

MAZELINE,  Peter,  a  sculptor,  of  Rouen, 
whose  works  are  still  admired ;  he  died  in 
1706. 

MAZOCHI,  Alexius  Symmachus,  an  Italian 
antiquary,  died  in  1771. 

MAZUIER,  Claude  Lewis,  a  member  of  the 
French  convention  during  the  revolution.  His 
moderate,  yet  bold  and  firm  conduct  marked 
him  for  the  guillotine,  by  which  he  suffered  in 
1794. 

MAZZUCHELLI,  Grammaria,  a  nobleman, 
of  Brescia,  eminent  as  a  philologist  and  histo- 
rian ;  he  died  in  1765. 

MAZZUCHELLI,  Peter  Francis,  an  eminent 
painter,  of  Rome,  died  in  1616. 

MAZZUOLI,  Francesco,  or  Parmesan,  an 
eminent  painter,  born  at  Parma.  He  excelled 
in  etching,  of  which  he  has  been  called  the  in- 
ventor, and  was  regarded  as  the  rival  of  Cor- 
regio;  he  died  in  1540.  There  was  another  ar- 
tist of  the  same  name,  in  the  16th  century,  who 
excelled  in  historical  pieces. 

MEAD,  Matthew,  an  English  dissenting  di- 
vine, and  author  of  some  meritorious  works, 
died  in  1699. 

MEAD,  Richard,  a  most  eminent  English 
physician,  born  in  1673,  died  in  1754.  His"  Me- 
dical Works"  were  collected  and  published. 
Those  for  which  he  is  most  celebrated,  ar>^  on 
"  Pestilential  Contagion,"  and  on  "  Poisons." 
During  almost  half  a  century  he  was  at  the  head 
of  his  profession.  He  was  a  most  generous 
patron  of  learning  and  learned  men,  in  all  sci- 
ences, and  in  every  country. 

ME.^DOWCROFT,  Richard,  an  English  di- 
vine and  author,  died  in  1769. 

MECHAIN,  M.,  of  Lyons,  an  eminent  a?tro- 
nomer,  whose  talents  were  usefully  employed  ; 
he  died  in  1805. 

MEDE,  Joseph,  B.  D.,  an  English  author; 
his  works  are  chiefly  on  divinity ;  he  died  in 
1638. 

MEDICIS,  Cosmo  de,  bom  at  Florence,  in 
1399,  was  a  merchant,  but  bestowed  vast  ex- 
pense and  attention  in  promoting  learning  and 
the  sciences.  He  collected  a  fine  library,  and 
enriched  it  with  rare  manuscripts.  He  re- 
moved to  Venice,  where  he  was  received  as  a 
king;  but  his  countrymen  soon  recalled  him; 
and  in  effect  he  presided  over  the  common- 
wealth 34  years.  He  died  in  1646,  and  over  hia 
tomb  was  inscribed.  Father  of  the  People,  and 
Freer  of  his  Country. 

MEDICIS,  Lorenzo  de,  surnamed  the  Great, 
and  Father  of  Letters,  was  an  illustrious  grand- 
son of  Cosmo  de  Medicis,  and  born  in  14^.  He 
was  a  great  merchant,  and  as  great  a  statesman, 
equally  fit  to  entertain  an  ambassador  as  a  fao 
tor.  His  public  services  so  recommended  him 
to  the  Florentines,  that  they  declared  him  chief 
of  the  republic ;  and  he  was  so  universally  ea 
teemed  by  the  princes  of  Europe,  that  they  o(  i 
ten  made  him  the  arbiter  of  their  differences. 
Hediedin  1492. 


ME 


ME 


MEDICIS,  John,  surnamed  the  Invincible, 
was  in  the  service  of  Francis  I.,  of  France ;  he 
died  in  1536,  aged  28. 

MEDICIS,  Lorenzo  de,  an  Italian,  related  to 
the  great  Cosmo.  He  caused  Alexander  de  Me- 
dicis,  the  duke  of  Florence,  to  be  assassinated 
in  1537. 

MEDICIS,  Hippolyto  de,  natural  son  of  Ju- 
lian, was,  in  1529,  raised  lo  the  rank  of  car- 
dinal, by  his  cousin,  Clement  VII.,  and  sent  le- 
gate to  Germany.  He  possessed  great  talents 
as  a  negotiator,  and  military  man ;  he  died  in 
1535. 

MEDICIS,  Sebastian  de,  of  the  same  illustri- 
ous family,  was  distinguished  by  his  learning ; 
he  died  in  1580. 

MEDICIS,  Peter  de,  of  the  same  family,  an 
eminent  and  highly  celebrated  painter,  was  born 
at  Florence,  in  1586. 

MEDINA,  John  Baptiste,  a  highly  celebrated 
painter,  born  at  Brussels,  and  created  knight 
in  Scotland  ;  he  died  in  1711. 

MEEN,  Henry,  an  English  divine,  published 
"  Remarks  on  the  Cassandra  of  Lycophoron," 
one  of  the  most  obscure  of  the  Greek  poets  ;  aiid 
died  in  1817. 

aiEGASTHENES,  a  Greek  historian,  about 
292  Ij.  C. 

MEHEGAN,  William  Alexander,  a  French 
historian,  who  wrote  "  Picture  ol  modern  His- 
tory," and  other  works;  he  died  in  176G. 

MEIBOMiUS,  John  Henry,  a  learned  pro- 
fessor of  physic  at  Helmstadt,  his  native  place, 
was  afterwards  first  physician  at  Lubec.  He 
wrote  some  professional  works,  and  died  in 
1655.  , 

MEIBOMIUS,  Henry,  a  German  physician, 
born  hi  1C38,  and  known  by  the  pubiicatioa  of 
"  Scriptores  Rerum  Germanicarum,"  a  very 
useful  collection.    He  died  in  1700. 

MEIBOMIUS,  Marcus,  a  very  learned  person 
of  the  same  family,  born  in  1611,  who  published 
"  Notes  upon  Diogenes  Laertius,"  &c.,  at.d 
died  in  1711. 

MEIBOMIUS,  Henry,  a  native  of  Helmstadt, 
celebrated  for  his  great  knowledge  in  medicines, 
his  general  learnirig,  and  his  critical  powers ;  he 
died  in  1625. 

MEIR,  George  Frederic,  a  German  philoso- 
phical writer,  born  in  Saxony,  in  1718,  died  in 
1777. 

MEISNER,  Balthasar,  a  Lutheran  divine,  and 
theological  professor  at  Wittemberg,  was  author 
of  several  books,  and  died  in  1G28. 

MEISSONIER,  Justus  Aurelius,  of  Turin, 
eminejit  as  a  painter,  scuptor,  goldsmith  and  ar- 
chitect, designer  and  goldsmith  to  the  king  of 
France  ;  he  died  in  1750. 

MELA,  Pomponius,  an  ancient  Latin  geogra- 
phical writer,  born  in  Spain,  who  flourished  in 
the  reign  of  the  emperor  Claudius.  His  3  books 
of  "  Cosmography,  or  De  Situ  Orbis,"  have 
been  thought  worthy  of  the  attention  and  la- 
bours of  the  ablest  critics. 

MELANCTHON,  Philip,  a  celebrated  Ger- 
man divine,  coadjutor  with  Luther  in  the  Re- 
formation, and  one  of  the  wisest  and  greatest 
men  of  his  age,  bom  at  Bretten,  Feb.  16,  1497, 
died  in  1560. 

MELANIPPIDES,  two  Greek  poets  of  merit. 
One  of  them  grandfather,  flourished  520  B.  C. 
the  other  his  grandson,  460  B.  C.  Their  works 
are  lost. 

MELCHISEDECK,  high-priest  of  God,  and 
king  of  Salem,  met  Abraham  after  his  defeat 
-o/  the  king  of  Sodom,  and  gave  him  hisblessing; 


MELCTHAL,  Arnold  de,  one  of  the  founders 
of  Swiss  liberty,  in  1310. 

MELEAGER,  a  Greek  poet  of  Syria,  188  B.  C. 

MELETIUS,  bishop  of  Lycopolis,  in  Egypt, 
who  founded  a  new  sect,  which  supported  the 
Arians.    He  died  about  A.  D.  346. 

MELISSUS,  a  philosopher  of  Samos,  who 
maintained  that  the  universe  is  infinite,  and 
inunoveable,  444  B.  C. 

MELITO,  St.,  bishop  of  Sardis,  in  Asia,  in 
170,  and  autlior  of  several  works  which  are  lost. 

MELITUS,  a  Greek  orator  and  poet,  the  ac- 
cuser of  Socrates.  His  iniquity  was  discovered 
after  the  death  of  Socrates,  and  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  death,  400  B.  C. 

MELLAN,  Claude,  a  celebrated  French  en- 
graver, invited  to  England  by  Charles  II. ;  he 
died  in  1688. 

MELLON,  John,  an  American  clergyman, 
settled  at  Lancaster,  Mass.,  and  afterwards  at 
Hanover,  N.  H.  ;  he  died  in  1807. 

MELMOTH,  William,  a  learned  English 
lawyer,  born  in  1666.  He  wrote  an  admirable 
treatise  "  On  the  great  importance  of  a  religi- 
ous life,"  and  died  in  1743. 

MELMOTH,  William,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  1710.  He  translated  the  epistles 
of  "Phny"  and  "Cicero"  and  wrote  some 
elegant  letters  under  the  assumed  name  of  sir 
Tliomas  Fibrosbone.     He  died  in  17S9. 

MELON,  John  Francis,  secretary  of  the  aca- 
demy at  Bourdeaux,  died  in  1738. 

MELOT,  John  Baptist,  a  French  writer  of 
merit,  member  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions, 
and  librarian  to  the  king  of  France ;  he  died  in 
1760. 

MELVIL,  sir  James,  author  of  some  useful 
and  entertaining  memoirs  of  England  and  Scot- 
land, was  born  in  1530.  He  was  privy  coun- 
sellor, and  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  to 
Mary  queen  of  Scots,  till  her  confinement  at 
Lockleven.    He  died  in  1606. 

MEMMl,  Simon,  a  portrait  painter,  of  Sienna, 
died  in  1345. 

MEMNON,  a  Rhodian,  general  of  Darius, 
opposed  Alexander's  invasion. 

MENAGE,  Giles,  called  iheVarroof  his  time, 
was  born  in  France,  in  1613,  and  died  in  1692. 
He  composed  several  works,  the  principal  of 
which  are  "  Origines  de  la  Langue  Francoise," 
"  Miscellanea,"  a  collection  of  pieces  in  Greek, 
Latin,  and  French,  prose  and  verse. 

MENANDER,  an  ancient  Greek  comic  poet, 
born  at  Athens,  in  the  3d  year  of  the  109th 
Olympiad.  The  kings  of  Egypt  and  Macedon, 
sent  ambassadors  to  invite  him  to  their  courts, 
and  even  fleets  to  bring  him  over ;  but  IMenander 
preferred  the  free  enjoyment  of  his  studies  to  the 
promised  favours  of  the  great.  Only  four  of 
his  numerous  comedies  are  preserved.  He  was 
accidentally  drowned  293  B.  C. 

MENANDRINO,  Marsilio,  also  called  Mar- 
silius  of  Padua,  the  place  of  his  birth,  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  philosophers  and  lawyers  of 
the  14th  century. 

MEN.\RD,  Claude,  a  French  magistrate,  of 
Angers,  and  an  eminent  antiquarian  ;  he  died 
in  1652. 

MENAiyD,  Dom  Nicholas  Hugues,  a  Bene- 
dictine of  St.  Maur,  and  an  author,  died  in  1644. 

MENARD,  Leo,  a  counsellor  of  Nismes,  and 
author  of  a  history  of  that  place,  died  in  1767. 

MENASSEH-BEN-ISRAEL,  a  Portuguese 
rabbi,  of  the  sect  of  the  Pharisees,  author  of 
some  Hebrew  works,  died  in  1660. 

MENCKE.Otto,  alearned  German  critic,  born 
307 


ME 

in  1644,  died  in  1707.    The  most  considerable 
of  his  works,  and  wliicli  is  alone  sufficient  to 
perpetuate  his  name,  is  the  "  Acta  Eruditorum 
of  Leipsic. 

MENCKE,  John  Burchard,  son  of  Otto,  was 
bom  in  1674,  and  author  of  numerous  learned 
works.  He  continued  the  "  Acta  Eruditorum" 
25  years,  and  died  in  1732. 

MENDAJORS,  John  Peter  de,  a  Frenchman, 
author  of  a  history  of  Gaul,  died  in  1747. 

MENDEZ  PINTO,  Ferdinand,  a  Portuguese, 
celebrated  for  his  adventures,  an  account  of 
which  he  published.  He  flourished  in  the  ICth 
century. 

MENDEZ,  Moses,  an  English  poet,  and  dra 
matic  writer,  died  in  1758. 

MENDELSOHN,  Moses,  a  Jew,  of  Berlin 
acquired  a  great  literary  reputation. 

MENDOZA,  Gonzales  Peter  le,  archbishop 
of  Seville,  served  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  with 
great  ability,  and  died  in  1495. 

MENDOZA,  John  Gonzales,  an  Augustine 
friar,  sent  by  the  Spanish  king  as  ambassador  to 
China,  in  1.584 ;  he  wrote  a  history  of  that 
country,  in  1589. 

MENECRATES,  a  physician,  of  Syracuse,so 
proud  of  his  success,  that  he  assumed  the  title 
of  Jupiter. 

MENEDEMUS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  in  the 
age  of  Alexander. 

MENEDEMLTS,  a  Cynic  philosopher,  and  a 
fanatic,  who  pretended  to  be  sent  from  hell  to 
notice  the  actions  of  mankind. 

MENESES,  Alexis  de,  a  Portuguese  Augus 
tine  monk,  made  viceroy  of  Portugal,  by  Philip 
II. ;  he  died  in  1G17. 

MENESTRIER,  John  Baptist  le,  a  French 
antiquarian,  died  in  1034. 

MENESTRIER,  Claude  Francis,  a  French 
Jesuit,  of  astonishing  memory,  and  author  of 
history  of  Lewis  XIV.,  died  in  1705. 

MENGOLI,  Peter,  a  learned  a!id  popular 
lecturer  on  mechanics,  at  Bologna,  died  in  1690. 

MENGS,  Antony  Raphael,  an  eminent  pain- 
ter, born  in  Bohemia,  in  1726,  died  at  Rome,  in 
1779.  He  was  also  an  author,  and  his  works  on 
taste,  on  painters,  and  the  philosophy  and  pro- 
gress of  the  arts,  were  published  at  Parma,  in 
1780. 

MENINSKI,  Franciscus  a  Mesgnien,  or  ME- 
NIN,  an  eminent  German  orientalist;  he  died 
in  1698. 

MENNO,  Slmonis,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Fries- 
land,  and  an  anabaptist  leader.  His  followers 
are  still  to  be  found  in  the  Low  countries,  by 
the  name  of  Mennonites.     He  died  in  1565. 

MENOCHIUS,  James,  a  civilian,  of  Pavia, 
of  distinguished  abilities,  died  in  1007. 

MENTEL,  John,  a  printer,  of  Strasburg,  and 
the  first  printer  there.  He  published  a  Bible  in 
1466,  and  died  in  1578. 

MENTZEL,  Christian,  a  German,  celebrated 
for  his  knowledge  in  medicine  and  botany,  died 
in  1791. 

MENZIKOFF,  Alexander,  a  Russian  prince, 
deeply  concerned  in  the  politics  of  the  reign  of 
Peter  11.  He  died  in  exile,  'in  November,  16-29. 
He  has  been  compared  to  cardinal  Wolsey,  for 
his  rise  from  a  very  low  origin,  (that  of  a  pastry 
cook,)  and  his  fall,  accelerated  by  bis  impru- 
dence and  ostentation. 

MENZINI,  Benedict,  an  Italian  poet,  whose 
writincs  were  much  admired  ;  he  died  in  1704. 

MERUADO,  Michael  de,  or  MOERCATI,  a 
Tuscan,  and  physician  to  pope  Clement  VIII., 
iied  in  1593. 
308 


ME 

MERCATOR,  Marius,  an  ecclesiastical  au 
thor,  and  pupil  of  St.  Augustine,  died  about  451 

MERCATOR,  Gerard,  one  of  the  mostfan-ous 
geographers  of  his  time,  born  in  1512,  died  in 
1594. 

MERCATOR,  Nicolas,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician and  actronomer,  was  born  atllolstein, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century.  He  pub- 
lished several  works  on  astronomy  and  mathe- 
matics. 

MERCER,  Hugh,  a  native  of  Scotland,  was 
a  brigadier  general  in  the  American  army  of  the 
revolution,  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Prince- 
|ton,  in  1777,  while  endeavouring  to  counteract 
]the  disorder  into  which  his  troops  had  been 
thrown  by  the  enemy. 

MERCIER,  Bartholomew,  abbe  of  St.  Leger, 
and  the  learned  author  of  several  works,  died 
in  1799. 

MERCIER,  John,  a  celebrated  philologer,  of 
France,  died  in  1572. 

MERCURIAL13,  Jerome,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, of  great  abilities,  and  author  of  several 
works,  died  in  1606. 

MERCY,  Francis  de,  a  Frenchman,  and  ge- 
neral in  the  Bavarian  army,  distinguished  for 
his  braverv,  was  killed  in  1645. 

MERDDIN,  son  of  Mervyn,  a  Welch  poet, 
one  of  the  three  great  bards  of  Wales,  flourish- 
ed about  560. 

MERE,  George  Brossin,  chevalier  de,  a  French 
writer,  admired  for  his  rank  and  learning  ;  he 
died  in  1690. 

MERIAN,  Maria  Sibylla,  a  German  lady,  ce- 
lebrated for  her  skill  in  drawing ;  she  died  in 
1647. 

MERLIN,  Ambrose,  a  British  writer,  in  the 
5th  century.    His  history  is  somewhat  fabulous. 

MEROViEUS,  king  of  France  after  Clod  ion, 
in  448,  and  progenitor  of  the  Merovingean  race. 

MERRET,  Christopher,  an  English  physician 
and  writer,  died  in  1695. 

MERRICK,  James,  an  English  divine  and 
poet,  and  author  of  the  poetical  version  of  tiie 
Psalms,  born  in  1720,  died  in  1769. 

MERRY,  Robert,  an  English  poet,  born  in 
1755,  emigrated  to  America  on  account  of  poli- 
tics, and  died  there  in  1798. 

MERSENNCS,  Marin,  a  celebrated  mathe- 
matician and  divine,  died  at  Paris,  in  1648. 

JIERTON,  Walter  de,  founder  of  the  college 
at  Oxford,  which  bears  his  name.  He  was  lord- 
chanceilor,  and  afterwards  bishop  of  Rochester. 
He  died  in  1277. 

MERULA,  George,  an  Italian,  a  teacher  of 
youth,  and  an  author,  died  in  14^6. 

MERULA,  Paul,  a  learned  Hollander,  and 
professor  of  historv  ntLevden,  died  in  1607. 

MERVILLE,  Michael' Guyot  de,  a  French 
journalist  and  bookseller,  drowned  himself  in 
the  lake  of  Geneva,  in  1765. 

MERY,  Joiin,  an  eminent  French  surgeon, 
died  in  1700. 

MESNAGER,  Nicholas,  employed  by  Lewis 
XIV.  in  uegotiaiiug  commercial  affairs  ;  he  died 
in  1714. 

MESNARDIERE,  Hippolytus  Julius  Pillet  de 
la,  a  French  Poet,  patronised  by  Richelieu  ;  he 
died  in  1663. 

MESSALINA,  Valeria,  wife  of  the  emperor 
Claudius,  of  infamous  character,  was  put  to 
death  A.  D.  46.  Another  of  the  same  name 
was  wife  of  Nero. 

MESSENGUY,  Francis  Philip,  professor  of 
belles  lettres  at  Beauvais,  and  author  of  several 
works,  died  in  1769. 


ME 

MESSEJVIUS,  John,  a  learned  Swede,  and 
profepsor  in  the  university  at  Upsal ;  he  died  in 
1636. 

MESSIER,  Charles,  a  distinguished  French 
astronomer,  and  a  member  of  the  National  In- 
stitute, died  in  1817. 

MESSIS,  Quintin.    See.  MATSYS. 

MESTON,  William,  a  Scotch  poet,  and  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Aberdeen,  died  in  1745. 

METASTASIO,  Pietro  Bonaventura,  an  ele- 
gant Italian  poet,  born  in  1C98,  died  in  1782. 

METELLI,  Augustino,  an  Italian  painter,  ce- 
lebrated for  his  excellence  in  the  perspective  ; 
he  died  in  1660. 

METELLUS,  Q.  CiEcilius,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man, called  Numidicus,  from  tlie  war  he  carried 
on  against  Numidia. 

METEREN,  Emanuel  Van,  of  Antwerp, 
wrote  the  history  of  the  Low  Countries,  and 
died  In  1612. 

METEZEAU,  Clement,  a  Frenchman,  of  the 
reign  of  Lewis  XIII.,  immortalized  his  name 
by  tl>e  famous  canal  near  Rochelle. 

METHOCHITUS,  Theodore,  an  officer  of 
the  court  of  Andronicus,  wrote  a  Roman  histo- 
ry, and  died  at  Coiistantinople,  in  1332. 

METHODl  US,  bishop  of  Tyre,  suffered  mar- 
tyrdom, at  Clialas,  in  311. 

METIUS,  James,  of  Holland,  was  the  inven- 
tor of  telescopes  with  glasses.  He  flourished 
about  1600. 

METON,  an  Athenian,  inventor  of  the  gold- 
en numbers,  432  B  C. 

METRODORUS,  a  disciple  of  Demetrius, 
and  preceptor  nf  Anaxarchus,  the  philosopher, 
and  Hippocrate.^,  the  physician.  He  taught  the 
eternity  and  itilinitv  of  the  universe. 

METRODORUS,  an  eminent  philosopher  and 
painter,  was  sent  by  the  Athenians,  to  Paulus 
iEmilius,  who,  after  having  taken  Perseus,  king 
of  Macedon,  demanded  tv/o  men  of  them,  the 
one  to  instruct  his  children,  and  the  other  to 
paint  his  triumph. 

METTRIE,  Julian  Offiay  de  la,  a  French 
physician,  of  impious  sentiments,  died  in  1751. 

METZU,  Gabrie',  a  Dutch  painter  of  emi- 
nence, died  in  1658. 

MEURSIUS,  John,  a  learned  Dutch  critic, 
historian  and  antiqiary,  bom  in  1579,  died  in 
1639.  He  was  the  author  of  many  valuable 
works. 

MEUSNIER,  Philip  a  French  painter,  patro- 
nised by  Lewis  XIV.  and  XV  ,  died  in  1734. 

MEYER,  James,  a  Flemish  historian,  born  in 
1491 ,  died  in  1552. 

MEYER,  Felix,  an  eminent  German  land- 
scape painter,  born  in  107?,  died  in  1713. 

MEYER,  Jeremiah,  a  miniature  painter,  born 
at  Tubingen,  in  1735.  Vf  went  to  England,  and 
was  placed  under  Zinche,  whom  he  soon  sur- 
passed. He  was  appointed  painter  in  enamel 
to  their  majesties,  was  one  of  the  tirst  members 
of  the  royal  academy,  and  died  at  Rouen,  in 
1789. 

MEYER,  Ileomanus,  a  native  of  Holland, 
was  a  distinguished  minister  of  the  reformed 
Dutch  church  in  New  Y<  !v,  and  professor  of 
oriental  literature,  and  assistani  professor  of 
theolosv  in  that  church  ;  he  died  in  1791. 

MEZERAI,  Francis  Eude?  de,  an  eminent 
French  historian,  born  in  1610,  died  in  1683.  He 
was  extremely  negligent  in  hi.  person,  and  so 
careless  in  his  dress  that  he  might  have  passed 
for  a  beggar.  He  used  to  study  and  write  by 
candle  lisht,  even  at  noonday  in  summer,  and 
always  waited  upon  his  company  to  the  door 


MI 

with  a  candle  in  his  hand.  He  was  secretaiy 
of  the  French  academy.  As  a  historian,  he  is 
valued /or  his  integrity  and  faithfulness,  but  his 
style  is  neither  polished  nor  accurate. 

MEZIRIAC,  Claude  Caspar  Eachet,  sieur 
de,  a  Jesuit,  known  as  a  poet  in  several  laa- 
guages  ;  he  died  in  1638. 

MfCAH,  the  sixth  of  the  minor  prophets,  pro- 
phesied of  the  Messiah. 

MICAL,  N.,  abbe,  a  celebrated  French  me- 
chanic, died  in  1789. 

MICHAEL  I.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  cf 
Constantinople,  in  811 ;  he  was  a  mild  and  virtu- 
ous  monarch. 

MICHAEL  II.,  a  Phrygian,  of  low  descent, 
he  persecuted  the  Christians,  was  an  oppressive 
and  unpopular  monarch,  and  died  in  829. 

MICHAEL  in.,  surnamed  the  Drunkard,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  in  842.  His  minority  was 
governed  by  his  mother,  a  w^oman  of  great  abili- 
ties. But  when  he  assumed  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment, his  profligate  conduct  produced  his  assassi- 
nation, in  867. 

MICHAEL  IV.,  called  the  Paphlagonian,  as- 
cended the  imperial  throne  in  1034,  but  stung 
by  remorse  of  conscience  for  the  murder  of  the 
last  emperor,  he  retired  to  a  monastery,  in  1041, 
and  died  soon  after. 

MICHAEL  v.,  surnamed  Calafates,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  in  1041.  He  was  a  suspi- 
cious and  cruel  monarch,  and  bad  his  eyes  put 
out  in  1042. 

MICHAEL  VI.,  or  Warrior,  raised  to  the 
thione  by  the  empress  Theodora,  he  was  un- 
popular, and  resigned  his  crown  in  1057. 

MICHAEL  VII.,  Palaeologus,  was  deprived 
of  his  throne  by  his  mother,  he  afterwards  re- 
ascended  it,  but  retired  to  a  monastery  in  1078. 

MICHAEL  VIII.,  Palapolofins,  was  regent  of 
the  eastern  empire,  and  taking  advantage  of  his 
situation,  assumed  the  supreme  power;  he  died 
n  1282. 

MICHAEL  PALiEOLOGUS,  son  of  Androni- 
;us  the  Elder,  was  in  1214,  emperor  under  his 
father,  and  died  in  1220. 

MICHAEL  FOEDERWITZ,  wag  elected 
czar  of  Russia,  in  1913.  He  was  a  brave  and 
prudent  prince,  and  died  in  1645. 

MICHAEL  ANGELO,  of  Battles,  a  celebrated 
Roman  painter,  died  in  1660. 

MICHAEL  CERULARIUS,  patriarch  of 
Constantinople,  in  1043  ;  he  prevented  the  union 
of  the  eastern  and  western  churches,  and  was 
banished  in  1059. 

MICHAEL  ANGELO  BUANAROTTI,  an 
illustrious  Italian  painter,  sculptor,  and  archi- 
tect, born  in  1474,  died  at  Rome,  in  1564.  He 
has  the  name  of  the  greatest  designer  that  ever 
lived.  Being  asked  why  he  did  not  marry,  he 
answered,  "  Painting  was  his  wife,  and  his 
works  his  children."  The  most  celebrated  of 
all  his  works,  is  his  "  Last  Judgment,"  printed 
for  pope  Paul  III.  In  architecture,  he  surpassed 
all  the  moderns,  and  as  some  think,  the  universi- 
ty also.  St.  Peters  at  Rome,  the  Capitol,  and  his 
own  house,  are  proofs  of  his  ability.  He  was 
also  an  excellent  poet. 

MICHAEL  ANGELO  DU  CARAVAGIO,  a 
celebrated  Italian  painter,  born  in  1569,  was  at 
first  a  day  labourer,  but  seeing  some  painters  at 
work  on  a  wall  which  he  had  helped  to  raise,  he . 
was  so  charmed  with  their  art,  that  he  immedi- 
ately applied  himself  to  the  study  of  it,  ar.d  in  a 
llfew" years  was  admired  as  the  f^uthor  of  a  new 
;  style  of  painting.    His  pieces  are  to  be  found  in 
jlmost  of  the  cabinets  of  Europe. 

309 


MI 

MICHAELIS,  John  David,  a  very  learned 
O'erman  writer  on  divinity,  and  tlie  oriental 
languages,  was  born  in  1717,  and  died  in  1791. 
His  works  are  numerous,  but  his  most  celebrated 
is  "Introduction  to  the  New  Testament,"  a 
translation  of  which  was  published  in  English, 
in  1761. 

MICHELI,  Peter  Anthony,  an  able  botanist, 
of  Florence,  died  in  1737. 

MICHELI,  James  Bartholomew,  aGenevese, 
devoted  to  philosopl.ical  and  mathematical  pur- 
suits ;  he  died  in  17(36. 

MICKLE,  William  Julius,  well  known  in  the 
literary  world,  as  the  translator  of  the  '•  Lusiad 
of  Camoens."  He  was  also  author  of  the 
"Concubine,"  a  poem  in  the  manner  of  Spen- 
ser, and  "Almada  Hill,"  a  poem.  He  was 
born  in  1734,  and  died  in  1788. 

mCRELIUS,  John,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Stettin,  and  a  distinguished  theological  dispu- 
tant, died  in  1658. 

MIDDLETON,  Richard,  of  the  order  of  the 
Cordeliers,  distmguished  for  his  learning,  died  in 
1304. 

MIDDLETON,Williani,  a  naval  commander, 
who  made  a  version  of  the  psalms  into  Welch 
verse  ;  he  died  in  1595. 

MIDDLETON,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer, 
died  about  1630. 

MIDDLETON,  sir  Hugh,  a  citizen  and  gold- 
smith, of  London,  memorable  for  his  public 
spirit  in  supplying  that  city  with  water  ;  he  died 
in  1681. 

MIDDLETOX.  Dr.Conyers,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish divine  and  critical  author,  born  in  1683. 
In  1735,  he  published  "  A  Dissertation  concern- 
ing the  Origin  of  Printing  in  England,"  showing 
that  it  was  first  introduced  by  William  Caxton, 
at  Westminster.  In  1741,  came  out  his  great 
work  "The  History  of  the  Life  of  M.  Tullius 
Cicero."  In  1743,  he  published  "  The  Epistles 
of  "  M.  T.  Cicero  to  M.  Brutus,  and  of  Brutus 
to  Cicero,  with  English  notes  to  each  epistle, 
together  with  a  preiatory  dissertation,"  &c. 
He  died  in  1750. 

MIDDLETON,  Erasmus,  an  English  divine, 
author  of  the  "  Biographia  Evangelica;"  he 
died  in  1805. 

MIDDLETON,  Arthur,  a  member  and  presi- 
dent of  the  convention  of  South-Carolina,  at 
the  conunencement  of  the  revolution ;  he  died 
after  1776. 

MIDDLETON,  Arthur,  a  member  of  congress 
from  South-Carolina,  in  1776,  and  a  signer  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence ;  he  died  in  1767. 

MIDDLETON.  Thomas  Fanshaw,  D.  D.,  a 
distinguished  English  cler?>nian,  and  bishop  of 
Calcutta,  was  the  first  English  bishop  in  India. 
He  was  appointed  in  1814,  and  died  in  1822. 

MIEL.  Jan,  a  celebrated  Flemish  painter,  died 
in  1664. 

MIERIS,  Francis,  of  Leyden,  excelled-  as  a 
painter,  and  died  in  1681. 

MIERIS,  William,  son  of  Francis,  was  also 
an  eminent  painter,  and  died  in  1747. 

MIFFLIN,  Thomas,  an  early  advocate  of  the 
rights  of  the  colonies,  member  of  congress  from 
Pennsylvania,  a  major-gteneral  in  the  American 
army,  and  afterwards  governor  of  the  state  of 
Pennsylvania ;  he  died  in  1800. 

MIGNARD,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  French 
painter,  died  in  1G68. 

MIGNARD,  Peter,  first  painter  to  the  king 
of  France,  and  director  and  chancellor  of  the 
royal  academy  of  painting,  born  in  1610,  died 
in  1695. 

310 


MI 

I  MIGNON,  Abraham,  a  German  painter,  whose 
[pieces  are  admired,  died  in  1679. 

MILBOLRNE,  Luke,  a  divuie  and  poet,  au- 
thor of  "  Poetical  Translation  of  the  Psalms  ;" 
he  was  born  in  1667,  and  died  in  1720. 

MILDMAY,  sir  Walter,  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  and,  in  1506,  was  appointed  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer.  He  was  the  founder  of 
Emanuel  coUege,  and  died  in  1589. 

MILL,  John,  a  very  learned  English  divine, 
editor  of  a  Greek  New  Testament,  with  various 
leadings  and  critical  notes ;  he  was  born  in  1645, 
and  died  in  1707. 

AULL,  Henry,  an  ingenious  mechanic,  was 
born  in  London,  about  1680.  In  the  science  of 
hydrauiics,  he  was  probably  unequalled.  He 
died  in  1770. 

RHLLAR,  John,  a  popular  professor  of  law, 
at  Glasgow,  died  in  1801. 

MILLEDGE,  John,  a  representative  and  se- 
nator in  congress  from  Georgia,  and  afterwards 
governor  of  that  state.    He  died  in  1818. 

MILLER,  Joseph,  better  known  as  Joe  Miller, 
a  comedian  and  compiler  of  a  ceie'orated  jest- 
book.     He  was  born  in  1684,  and  died  in  1738. 

MILLER,  James,  an  English  dramatic  poet, 
born  in  1703,  died  in  1744.  He  pubhshed  seve- 
ral plays,  and  many  occasional  pieces  of  poetry, 
the  most  distinguished  of  which,  is  his  "  Harle- 
quin Horace." 

MILLER,  Philip,an  eminent  English  botanist, 
and  author  of  the  "  Gardener's  Dictionary," 
born  in  Scotland,  in  1691,  died  in  1771. 

MILLER,  lady,  author  of  "Letters  from 
Italy,  in  the  years  1770-71."  "  Poetical  Amuse- 
ments at  a  Villa  near  Bath,"  &c.;  she  died  in  1781. 

MILLER,  Edward,  M.  D.,  author  of  several 
musical  productions.  He  was  father  of  the  pro- 
fession in  the  north  of  England,  and  performed 
in  the  oratorios  of  Handel. 

MILLER,  Edward,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Dela- 
ware, and  professor  of  the  practice  of  medicine 
in  the  college  of  physicians  in  New- York;  lie  was 
a  distinguished  practitioner,  and  died  in  1812. 

MILLES,  Dr.  JerennaU,  an  eminent  English 
divine  and  antiquary,  born  in  1713,  died  in  1784. 
He  was  dean  of  Exeter  ;  was  ardently  engaged 
in  the  Chattertonian  controversy,  and  published 
the  supposed  Rowley's  poems. 

MILLETIER,  Theopilus  Brachet,  sieur  de 
la,  a  lawyer,  and  afterwards  a  protestant  di- 
vine, and  then  a  catholic ;  he  died  in  1665. 

MILLOT,  Abbe  de,  author  of  several  useful 
abridgments  of  history.  Histories  of  France 
and  England,  Elements  of  General  History,  &c., 
was  born  in  1726,  and  died  in  1785. 

MILLS.  Samuel  J.,  an  American  clerg>man, 
distinguished    for  his   piety  and  zeal  in  pro- 
moting the  missionary  cause  in  his  country.  He 
i;died  on  his  return  from  Africa,  where  he  had 
igone   as  agent  of  the  American  colonization 
|j.society,  in  1818. 

;      MILNE,  Dr.  Colin,  a  divine  and  naturalist, 
j'authorof  "A  Botanical  Dictionary,"  "  Linnaei 
Institntiones  BotaniciE  ;"  he  died  in  1815. 

MILNER,  Joseph,  a  divine,  born  in  1744.  He 
became  vicar  of  a  church  at  Hull ;  was  author 
;  of  "  An  Answer  to  Gibbon's  attack  of  Christ- 
;jianity,"and  "A  History  ofthe  Church  of  Christ." 

I  RULNER,  Dr.  Isaac,  brother  of  Joseph,  «as  a 

II  mathematical  tutor  at  the  university  of  Cam- 
ij bridge.  Mr.  Wilberforce  and  Mr.  Pitt  were 
!j  among  his  pupils.  He  afterwards  became  dean 
h of  Carlisle,  continued  his  brother's  '•History 
;of  the  Church  of  Christ,"  and  died  in  1?20. 

l|     MILO,  an  athlete,  u.^'Ciotcna.  celebrated  foi 


MI 

hh.  piodigious  strength.  He  was  devoured  by 
wild  beasts,  500  B.  C. 

MILO,  Titus  AnnJus,  a  Roman,  who  killed 
Clodius  in  the  Appian  Way. 

MILTIADES,  a  famous  Athenian  general. 
He  died  489  B.  C. 

MILTON,  John,  a  most  illustrious  English 
poet,  and  famous  politician,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, in  1608.  In  1625,  he  was  admitted  of 
Clirist's  college,  Cambridge.  His  father  designed 
him  for  the  church,  and  he  was  himself  inclined 
to  that  profession  for  some  time,  but  after  he 
had  taken  the  degree  of  M.  A.,  in  1632,  he  left 
the  university  and  returned  to  his  father.  During 
his  retirement  for  five  years,  he  enriched  his 
mind  with  tlie  choicest  stores  of  Grecian  and  Ro- 
man learning,  making  poetry  his  principal  study. 
The  poems  entitled  "  Comus,"  "L'allegro,"  "  II 
Penseroso,"  and  "  Lycidas,"  all  written  during 
this  time,  would  have  transmitted  his  fame  to 
the  latest  posterity,  if  he  had  never  produced 
any  tiling  else.  On  the  death  of  his  mother,  in 
1638,  he  visited  foreign  countries,  and  passed 
nearly  two  years  in  France  and  Italy,  where 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  talents  in  poetry. 
Millon  returned  to  England,  in  1659,  and  em- 
ployed himself  in  educating  his  sister's  two 
sons  :  and  being  solicited  by  several  friends  for 
the  same  favour  for  their  children,  he  took  a 
handsome  garden-house,  in  Aldersgate-street, 
fit  for  the  purpose.  Here  he  wrote  many  po- 
Icjiiic  and  controversial  tracts.  In  1643,  he 
married  a  daughter  of  Richard  Powell,  Esq 
She  had  not  lived  with  her  husband  much  more 
than  a  month,  when,  under  a  pretence  of 
visiting  her  friends,  she  deserted  him.  About 
two  years  afterwards,  he  was  surprised  by  the 
entrance  of  his  wife,  who  imploring  pardon  and 
reconciliation  on  her  knees,  was  again  received 
to  his  bosom. 


11 soon  his  heart  relented 

Towards  her,  his  life  so  late  and  sole  delight, 
Now  at  his  feet  submissive  in  distress." 


At  the  subversion  of  the  monarchy  by  the  death 
of  the  king,  Milton,  whose  principles  were 
strongly  republican,  was  taken  into  the  service 
of  the  "commonwealth,  and  made  Latin  secre- 
tary to  the  council  of  state.  In  1651,  he  pub- 
lished his  celebrated  piece  entitled  "  Pro  Populo 
Anglicano  Defensio  contra  Claudii  Salmasii 
Defensionem  Regiam  ;"  which  spread  his  fame 
over  all  Europe.  While  writing  this,  he  lost 
his  eyesight,  which  had  been  decaying  several 
years.  In  1652,  he  lost  his  wife  ;  but  he  imme 
diately  married  a  second.  At  the  restoration 
he  was  included  in  the  general  amnesty ;  and 
having  married  a  third  wife,  removed  to  a  house 
in  the  Artillery-walk.  His  circumstances  were 
much  reduced  by  losses  at  the  restoration  ;  but 
his  principles  not  suffering  him  to  seek  or  accept 
of  any  public  employment  at  court,  he  sat  down 
to  his  studies,  and  apphed  himself  diligently  to 
finish  his  grand  poem,  "  Paradise  Lost,"  which 
was  published  in  1667,  and  in  1670,  he  pubUshed 
"  Paradise  Regained,"  to  which  was  added 
"Samson  Agonistes,  a  dramatic  poem."  In 
lfif59,  he  published  his  "  History  of  Britain," 
which  had  occupied  him  many  years.  He  died 
of  the  gout,  in  1674. 

MTIVfNERMUS,  an  ancient  Greek  amatory, 
poet  and  musician,  flourished  in  the  37th  Olym- 
piad. 

MINET.LIUS.  John,  a  Dutch  grammarian  of 
note,  died  in  1633. 


MI 

MINOS,  a  fabulous  son  of  Jupiter,  and  king 
of  Crete ;  he  lived  1432  B.  C. 

MINOT,  Lawrence,  an  English  poet  anterior 
to  Chaucer,  supposed  to  have  died  about  1352. 
His  poems  were  first  discovered  in  manuscript, 
in  the  Cottonian  Ubrary,  and  have  since  been 
presented  to  the  public. 

MINOT, George  Richards,  alawyer,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, author  of  a  continuation  of  Hutchin- 
son's History  of  Massachusetts,  and  of  an  Ac- 
count of  the"  Insurrection  in  that  state  ;  he  died 
in  1802. 

MINTO,  Walter,  a  native  of  Scotland,  was 
professor  of  mathematics  and  natural  philoso- 
pliy  in  Princeton  college.  New- Jersey ;  he  died 
in  1796. 

MINUTIUS  FELIX,  a  Roman  orator  in  the 
3d  century. 

MIRABAUD,  John  Baptist,  secretary  of  the 
French  academy,  and  an  author,  died  in  1760. 

MIR  A  BEAU,  Victor  Riquelti,  marquis  de, 
of  Paris,  a  man  well  known  in  the  republic  of 
letters,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  political 
sect  called  the  Economists,  of  whose  principles 
Dr.  Adam  Smith  has  made  such  good  use.  He 
was  also  author  of  other  works,  and  died  in 
1790. 

MIRABEAU,  Honore  Gabriel  Riquetti  count 
de,  a  celebrated  French  nobleman,  born  in  1749, 
died  in  1791.  A  few  hours  before  he  died,  he  de- 
plored the  fate  of  the  French  empire,  exposed 
as  it  was  to  factions  and  intrigues  of  every 
kind.  The  French  directory  decreed  a  public 
mourning  of  eicht  days  ;  and  all  the  places  of 
!  amusement  in  Paris  were  shut  on  the  day  of  his 
jdeath. 

MIRABEAU,  Boniface  Riquetti,  viscount  de, 
(served  with  distinction  in  America.  He  opposed 
!the  French  revolution,  emigrated,  and  died  in 
11792. 

i     MIRABELLA,  Vincent,  an  Italian  author, 
died  in  1674. 

MIRjEUS,  Aubertus,  a  learned  German  wri 
ter,  died  in  1640. 

MIRANDULA,  JohnPicus,  earl  of,  an  Italian, 
and  a  prodigy  of  learning,  born  in  1463,  died  in 
i 1494. 

MIRANDULA,  John  Francis  Picus,  prince 
of,  succeeded  to  the  principality  in  1499.  He 
was  a  lover  of  learning,  and  was  assassinated 
in  1533. 


MIREVELT,  Michael  Jansen,  a  painter,  of 
Delft,  died  in  1641. 

MISSON,  Francis  Maximilian,  a  distinguished 
advocate,  in  the  parliament  of  Paris,  in  favour 
of  the  protestants,  and  author  of  "  Travels  in 
Italy."     He  died  in  1721. 

MITCHEL,  Jonathan,  a  distinguished  Ame- 
rican clergyman,  settled  at  Cambridge,  Mass. ; 
he  died  in  1668. 

MITCHELL,  Joseph,  a  dramatic  poet,  bom  in 
Scotland,  in  1684,  died  in  1738. 

MITCHELL,  John,  M  D.,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish botanist  and  physician.  His  botanical  re- 
searches led  him  to  America,  in  1741,  where  he 
resided  several  years.  He  afterwards  returned 
to  England,  and  died  there. 

MITHRIDATES,  king  of  Pontus,  a  renowned 
general,  and  at  first  victorious  over  the  Romans  ; 
but  being  at  length  conquered  by  Pompey,he  took 
poison,  w^hich  proving  ineffectual,  he  was  slain, 
at  his  own  request,  by  one  of  his  attendants,  64 
B.  C.  aged  72. 

MITTARELLI,  John  Benedict,  of  Venice, 
generalof  the  order  of  the  Calmudenses  ;  he  died 
in  1777 

311 


MO 

MOCENIGO,  Lewis,  doge  of  Venice,  defeated 
•he  Turks  in  the  celebrated  battle  of  Lepanto,  in 
(571,  and  died  in  1576. 

MODREVIUS,  Andreas  Fricius,  secretary  of 
*lie  king  of  Poland,  was  a  learned  author  of  the 
iCth  century. 

MOEBIUS,  Godfrey,  medical  professor  at  Je- 
na, and  the  author  of  several  medical  works ; 
he  died  in  1664. 

MOEBIUS,  George,  professor  of  theology  at 
Leipsic,  and  an  author ;  he  died  in  1697. 

MOINE,  Peter  le,  an  indifferent  French  poet, 
died  in  1672. 

MOINE,  Abraham  le,  a  French  divine,  who 
left  France,  and  became  minister  of  a  protestant 
congregation  in  London.    He  died  in  1760. 

MOINE,  Stephen  le,  a  French  protestant  mi- 
nister, highly  skilled  in  the  Greek,  Latin,  and 
oriental  languages,  and  professor  of  divinity  at 
Leyden,  born  in  1624,  died  in  1689. 

MOINE,  Francis  le,  an  excellent  French 
painter,,  born  in  1688  He  ran  himself  through 
with  a  sword,  in  a  fit  of  lunacv,  and  died  in  1737. 

MOIVRE,  De.     See  DEMOIVRE. 

MOLA,  Pietro  Francesco,  a  Swiss  painter  of 
celebrity,  died  in  1665. 

MOL A, Giovanni  Battista,  an  eminent  psunter, 
wl)o  studied  at  Paris,  was  born  in  1620. 

MOL  ANUS,  or  VERMUELIN,  John,  an  ec- 
clesiastic,and  professor  of  theology  at  Louvaine  ; 
he  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1585. 

MOLANUS,  Gerald  Walter,  a  Lutheran  di- 
viae,  abbot  of  Lockum,  and  a  correspondent  of 
Bossuet ;  he  died  in  1722. 

MOLAY,  James  de,  the  last  grand  master  of 
the  Templars.  Philip  the  Fair,  summoned  him 
to  Paris,  where  he  came  with  60  knights,  who 
were  seized  and  burnt  alive  in  1314. 

MOLES  WORTH,  Robert,  viscount,  an  emi- 
i!d!it  statesman  and  political  writer,  under  Wil- 
liam III.,  born  in  1656,  died  in  1725.  He  wrote  a 
celebrated  "  History  of  Denmark." 

MOLEVILLE,  Bertrand  de,  a  French  states- 
man, and  minister  of  marine  under  Lewis  XVI. 
He  died  in  1819. 

MOLIERE,  John  Baptist  Pocquelin  de,  a 
comedian  and  dramatic  poet,  the  restorer  of  co- 
i.iedy  in  France,  born  in  1620.  In  1653,  he  pro- 
duced his  first  play,  called  "  L'EIourdi,"  or  tl)e 
Blunderer,  and  continued  the  remainder  of  his 
life  to  write  new  plays,  which  were  very  greatly 
and  very  justly  applauded  ;  and  if  we  consider 
tile  number  of  works  which  he  composed  while 
lie  was  himself  an  actor,  and  interrupted  by  per- 
petual avocations  of  one  kind  or  other,  we  must 
admire  the  quickness,  as  well  as  fertility  of  his 
genius.  His  last  comedy  was  "  Le  Malade  Im- 
agiiraire,"  or  the  Hypochondriac,  and  it  was 
acted  for  the  fourth  time,  Feb.  17th,  1673.  On 
this  very  day  Moliere  died  in  his  53d  year. 

MOLIERES,  Joseph  Privat  de,  a  French  phi- 
lo.sopher  and  professor  in  the  royal  college  at  Pa- 
ris.    He  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1742. 

MOLINA,  Lewis,  a  Spaniard  of  noble  birth, 
and  professor  of  divinity  at  Ebora ;  he  died  in 
1600. 

MOLIN^US,  Carolus,  or  Charles  DU  MOU- 
LIN,a  famous  lawyer,bom  at  Paris,in  1500.  He 
was  called  the  French  Papinian,and  died  in  1566. 

MOLIN.^US,  or  DU  MOULIN,  Peter,  a  pro- 
testant minister,  of  France,  afterwards  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  at  Leyden.    He  died  in  1656. 

MOLINEX,  John,  canon  of  Valenciennes, 
wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1607. 

MOLINET,  Claude  du,  canon  of  St.  Gene- 
vieve,published  several  works,  and  died  in  1687. 
312 


MO 

MOLINETTl,  Anthony,  a  Venetia:i  piiytjtiau 
of  great  reputation  ;  he  died  in  1669. 

MOLINIER,  John  Baptist,  a  distinguislu d 
preacher,  of  Toulouse,  and  author  of  Bcriiiuus  ; 
he  died  in  1745. 

MOLLINOS,  Michael  de,  a  Spanish  ecclesias- 
tic, who  caused  great  controversy  in  the  ciiurcii. 
He  was  founder  of  the  sect  called  quietiais,  aijtl 
died  in  1696. 

MOLL,  Herman,  an  eminent  English  geogra- 
pher, died  in  1732. 

MOLLER,  Henry,  a  protestant,  Hebrew  pro- 
fessor at  Wittemberg,  and  author  of  Latin 
poems,  died  in  158J. 

MOLLER,  Daniel  William,  a  celebrated  tra- 
veller, and  professor  in  Altorf  university ;  he 
died  in  1712. 

MOLLER,  John,  of  Sleswick,  an  able  writer, 
died  in  1734. 

MOLLOY,  Charles,  an  eminent  Irish  politi- 
cal and  dramatic  writer,  died  in  1767. 

MOLO,  a  learned  rhetorician,  who  had  Cicero 
among  his  pupils. 

MOLSA,Tarquina,a  very  accomplished  lady. 
The  senate  of  Rome  passed  a  decree  in  which 
all  her  accomplishtnents  are  set  forth,  bestowing 
the  right  of  citizenship  on  her  and  her  fajnily. 
She  was  born  in  1542,  and  died  in  1617. 

MOLSA,  Francis  Maria,  an  eminent  Italian 
poet,  died  in  1544. 

MOLYNEUX.  William,  an  excellent  mathe- 
matician and  astronomer,  born  in  1658,  died  in 
1098. 

MOLYNEUX,  Samuel,  an  Englishman,  born 
in  1689.  He  devoted  his  time  to  scientific  pur- 
suits, until  he  was  made  one  of  the  board  of  ad- 
miralty. 

MOLYNEUX,  sir  William,  a  gallant  soldier 
in  the  service  of  Henry  VIII.  at  the  battle  of 
Flodden-Field. 

MOMBRITIUS,  Monimus,  an  Italian,  and  au- 
thor of  the  Lives  of  the  Saints,  printed  in  1479. 

MOMPESSON,  William,  a  divine  and  rector 
of  Cyam,  in  Derbyshire,  at  the  time  ofihe  plague 
which  nearly  depopulated  that  town  in  ItiCG. 
During  the  calamity,  he  at  the  imminent  risk  of 
his  life,  performed  the  duties  of  a  physician, 
legislator,  and  priest,  in  his  afflicted  parish.  i 

MONALDESCHl,  Lewis,  of  Rome,  author  ' 
of  Roman  Annals,  in  Italian,  died  in  1380.  i 

MONALDESCHl,  John,  equery  of  the  queen  I 
of  Sweden,  was  put  to  death  in  1657,  for  writing  i 
an  account  of  her  intrigues. 

MONAIMY,  Peter,  born  in  Jersey,  a  painter 
of  sea-pieces,  died  in  1749.  ' 

MONANTHEUIL,  Henry  de,  professor  of     j 
mathematics  at  Paris,  in  1577 ;  he  translated 
Aristotle's  mechanics.  | 

MONARDES,  Nicholas,  a  Spanish  physician,     , 
who  acquired  great  reputation  by  his  practice,     ] 
and  works  which  he   published  :   lie  died   in 
1578. 

MONBODDO,  James  Burnett,  lord,  one  of 
the  lords  of  session  in  Scotland,  and  a  philoso- 
phical and  metaphysical  writer,  born  in  1714, 
died  in  1799.  He  wrote  "  Dissertation  on  the 
Origin  and  Progress  of  Language,"  and  "  An- 
cient Metaphysics."  In  the  latter  work,  he 
strenuously  maintains  that  the  ourang-outang, 
is  a  class  of  the  human  species  ;  he  also  endea- 

Ivours  to  estabhsh  the  reality  of  mermaids  and 
other  fictitious  animals. 
MONBRON,  N.  Fougeret  de,  a  Frenchman, 
Kknown  for  his  virulence  as  an  author  ;  he  died 
'in  1760. 
il    MONCEAUX,  Francis  de,  born  at  Arras,  was 


MO 

ambassador  of  Alexander  Farnese,  to  Henry 
IV.  ;  lie  wrote  several  works. 

MOiVCKTON,  Robert,  a  brigadier-general  un 
der  Wolfe,  in  his  expedition  against  Quebec, 
afterwards  lieutenant-governor  of  Nova-Scotia, 
and  governor  of  the  colony  of  New- York ;  he 
died  in  1782. 

MONCONYS,  Balthasar  de,  a  Frenchman, 
who  published  his  Travels  in  the  East,  in  1GG5. 

MONCRIF,  Francis  Augustin  Paradis  de. 
member  of  the  French  academy,  wrote  several 
works,  and  died  in  1770. 

MONDON  VILLE,  John  Joseph  Cassanca  de, 
a  celebrated  French  musician,  died  in  1772. 

MONGA  (J LT,  Nicolas  Hubert,  an  ingenious 
and  learned  French  critic,  editor  of  "  TuUy's 
Letters  to  Atticiis,  with  a  Translation  and  Com 
ments  ;"  born  in  1674,  died  in  1746. 

MONIN,  John  Edward  du,  author  of  elegant 
poems,  was  assassinated  in  1586. 

MONie,  Judah,  a  converted  Jew,  teacher  of 
Hebrew  at  Harvard  College,  died  in  1674. 

MONK,  George,  duke  of  Albemarle,  a  brave 
English  general,  resiored  Chaiies  II.  to  his 
crown  and  kingdom.  lie  was  author  of  some 
political  and  military  tracts.  Born  in  L608,  died 
in  1670. 

MONK,  Nicholas,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
and  bishop  of  Hereford,  died  in  1661. 

MONK,  the  lion.  Mrs.,  daughterof  lord  Moles- 
worth,  of  Ireland,  a  celebrated  poetess,  died  in 
1715 

MONMOUTH,  James,  duke  of,  natural  son 
of  Charles!  II.,  king  of  Englaiid,  born  in  1649. 
He  dis'tinguished  himself  by  his  valour  and  mi 
litary  skill,  as  lieutenant-general  in  the  service 
of  France  On  his  return  to  England,  iie  was 
aent  to  quell  on  insurrection  in  Scotland,  which 
he  effected.  Being  a  protestant,  he  was  deluded 
into  ambitious  schemes  for  the  exclusion  of  the 
duke  of  York.  He  conspired  against  his  father 
and  the  duke,  and,  when  the  latter  came  to  the 
crown  with  the  title  of  James  II.,  he  openly  ap- 
pea-ed  in  arms.  He  was  dijfeated,  taken,  "tried 
for  high  treason,  and  beheaded  in  1685. 

MON  NIER,  Peter  le,  professor  oi  philosophy  at 
Paris,  and  author  of  several  works,  died  in  1799. 

MONNOYE,  Bernard  de  la,  a  noted  French 
poet,  born  in  1641,  died  in  1728. 

MONNOYER,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent 
Flemish  painter,  born  in  1635,  died  in  1699. 

MONRO,  Dr.  Alexander,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  anatomist,  born  in  Scotland  in  1697, 
died  in  1767.  His  "  Osteology"  has  been  trans- 
lated into  several  languages. 

MONRO,  Alexander,  D.  D.,  a  learned  Scotch 
divine,  a.^d  principal  of  the  university  of  Edin 
burgh,  died  in  1713. 

MONRO,  Dr.  John,  an  English  physician,  ce- 
lebrated for  his  Hkill  in  cases  of  insanity,  born 
in  1715,  died  in  1791. 

MONSEY,  Dr.  Messenger,  many  years  phy- 
Bician  of  Chelsea  hospital.  In  his  character 
and  humour,  he  resembled  the  celebrated  dean 
Swift.    He  died  in  1788,  aged  96. 

MONSIfiNORI,  Francis,  of  Verona,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  died  m  1519. 

MONSON,  sir  William,  a  famous  English  ad- 
miral, and  author  of  "Naval  Tracts,"  born  in 
1569,  died  in  1642. 

MONSTRELET,  Enguerand  de,  a  French 
historian,  died  in  14.53. 

,    MONT,  Deodatede.  -in  eminent  French  paint- 
er, a  pu|)i!  or"  Rubenti.  di«=d  *•  1634. 
:    MONTAGUE,  Charles  C:  iville,  governor  of 
SottUi  Carolina,  in  1766.  died  ia  1784 


MO -__ 

MONTAGUE,  Richard,  an  English  prelate 
and  chaplain  of  James  I.  He  was  an  excelleot 
scholar,  and  died  in  1641. 

MONTAGUE,  Charles,  earl  of  Halifax,  a  dis- 
tinguished wit  and  statesman  under  W^illiam 
111.,  queen  Anne,  and  George  I.,  born  in  1661, 
died  in  1715. 

MONTAGUE,  Edward,  earl  of  Sandwich,  an 
illustrious  English  general,  admiral,  and  states- 
man, and  a  political  and  philosophical  writer. 
He  was  blown  up  in  his  ship,  in  an  engagement 
with  the  Dutch,  orf  Southwold  bay,  in  1672. 

MONTAGUE,  lady  Mary  W^ortley,  a  woman 
of  great  talents,  and  an  elegant  writer.  She 
accompanied  her  husband  in  an  embassy  to 
Constantinople,  about  1716,  from  which  place 
she  wrote  letters  to  Pope,  Addisdn,  and  other 
eminent  literary  men  of  the  time,  which  are 
very  interesting,  and  contain  many  curious  facts 
concerning  the  manners  and  politics  of  the 
Turks.  She  introduced  inoculation  for  the 
smallpox  into  England,  the  benefit  of  which 
has  extended  to  millions,  and  died  in  1162. 

MONTAGUE,  Edward  Wortley,  son  of  lady 
Mary,  equally  remarkable  for  his  talents  and 
eccentricities,  was  born  in  1714,  and  died  ia 
1776-  In  his  youth,  he  ran  away  from  West- 
minster school,  and  apprenticed  himself  to  a 
chimney-sweeper ;  he  afterwards  connected 
himself  with  a  fisherman ;  he  next  became  ca- 
bin boy  in  a  ship  bound  for  Spain,  and  while  in 
that  country,  was  menial  servant  to  a  muleteer. 
In  this  situation  he  was  discovered,  and  brought 
back  to  his  friends.  After  receiving  a  suitable 
education,  he  visited  the  countries  of  the  East, 
and  contracted  such  a  fondness  for  the  manners 
of  the  people,  that  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his 
life  in  strict  conformity  to  them.  He  was  au- 
thor of  "  Reflections  on  the  Rise  and  Fall  of  the 
Ancient  Republics,"  and  "An  Examination  into 
the  Causes  of  Earthquakes." 

MONTAGUE,  Elizabeth,  a  learned  lady,  au- 
thor of  "  Essay  on  the  Writings  and  Genius  of 
Shakspeare,  compared  with  the  Greek  and 
French  Dramatic  Poets  ;  with  some  Remarks 
upon  the  Misrepresentations  of  Mons.  de  Vol- 
taire."   She  was  born  in  1719,  and  died  in 

10. 

MONTAIGNE,  Michael  de,  an  eminent 
French  writer,  bom  in  1533,  died  in  1592. 

MONTALBANI,  Ovid,  professor  of  astrono- 
my at  Bologna.  He  published  several  works, 
and  died  in  1672. 

MONTALEMBERT,  Mark  Rene,  a  distin- 
guished French  general,  and  a  man  of  learning; 
he  died  in  1799. 

MONTAMY,  Didier  Francis  d'Arclais,  lord 
de,  of  Normandy,  employed  in  the  service  of 
the  duke  of  Orleans,  published  a  work  on  Co- 
lours, and  died  in  1765. 

MONTANI,  Gemiano,  mathematical  profes- 
sor at  Bologna  He  wrote  several  works,  and 
died  in  the  17th  century. 

MONTANUS,  Benedict  Arias,  a  learned 
Spaniard,  whom  Philip  II.  employed  in  the  pub- 
lication of  a  new  Polyglot  bible  ;  be  died  in 
1600. 

MONTANUS,  an  ancient  heresJarch  among 
the  Christians,  and  founder  of  a  sect  in  the  Qd 
century  called  the  Montanists.  They  pretended 
to  the  gif^  of  prophecy,  and  prohibited  second 
marriages. 

MONTANUS,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician, regarded  by  his  countrymen  as  a  second 
Galen,  was  author  of  several  works ;  born  In 
1488,  died  in  1551. 

31S 


MO 

MONTARRAGO,  or  MASCARENHAS, 
Prere  de,  a  learned  Portuguese  author,  died  in 
1730. 

MONTAULT,  Philip  de,  duke  of  Noailles, 
renounced  the  pro testant  faith,  and  rose  to  high 
rank  in  the  armv ;  he  died  in  1684. 

MONTAUSIER,  Charles  de  Sante  Maure, 
duke  de,  peer  of  France.  He  was  a  man  of  in- 
tegrity and  virtue,  and  died  in  1690. 

MONTBEILLARD,  Philibert  Gueneau  de, 
an  eminent  naturalist,  of  Namur,  who  assisted 
Buffon  in  his  great  work  ;  he  died  in  1785. 

MONTCALM,  Lewis  Joseph  de  St.  Veran, 
marquis  de,  a  brave  general.  He  fell  on  the 
field  of  battle  with  Wolfe,  at  the  conquest  of 
Quebec,  in  1759. 

MONTCHRESTIEN  DE  VATEVILLE,  An- 
thony, a  French  poet,  engaged  in  the  civil  wars, 
was  "put  to  death  in  1621. 

MOiS'TECUCULI,  count  Sebastian,  an  Ita- 
lian. He  poisoned  the  son  of  Francis  I.  of 
France,  at  the  instigation  of  the  wife  of  Henry 
IL,  brother  to  the  murdered  prince.  He  was 
put  to  death  in  1536. 

MONTECUCULLI,  Raynard  de,  a  distin- 
guished general,  born  in  1608,  died  in  1680. 

MONTE  MAYER, George  de,aCastilian  poet, 
in  the  reign  of  Philip  IL  of  Spain,  died  in  1560. 

MONTENAULT,  Charles  Philip,  a  French 
writer,  died  in  1749. 

MONTESPAN,  Athenais  Mortimar,  raadame 
<Je,  a  celebrated  French  lady,  wife  of  the  marquis 
of  Montespan,  and  one  of  the  mistresses  of  Louis 
XIV.  ;  she  died  in  1717. 

MONTESQUIEU,  Charles  de  Secondat,  ba- 
ron de,  an  illustrious  Frenchman,  president  of 
f  he  parliament  of  Bourdeaux,  born  in  1689,  died 
m  1755.  His  "  Spirit  of  Laws"  has  immortal- 
ized his  name. 

MONTEZUMA,  the  last  king  of  Mexico,  was 
conquered  by  Cortez,  and  stoned  to  death  by  his 
own  subjects  in  1520. 

MONTFAUCON,  Bernard  de,  a  very  learned 
French  Benedictine,  famous  for  his  knowledge 
of  ecclesiastic  and  pagan  antiquities,  born  in 
1655,  died  in  1741. 

MONTFLEURY,  Zachary  Jacob,  of  Anjou, 
author  of  some  tragedies,  died  in  1^5. 

MONTFORT  Simon,  count  de,  a  renowned 
Frencn  aenerii,  slam  at  the  siege  of  Toulouse 
by  a  stone  thrown  at  him  by  a  woman,  in  1218. 

MONTGAILLARD,  Bernard  de,  a  mendicant 
friar.  He  was  a  celebrated  preacher,  but  pros- 
tituted his  eloquence  to  bloody  purposes.  He 
died  in  1628. 

MONTGERON,  Lewis  Bassille  Carre  de,  of 
Paris,  was  imprisoned  for  the  fanaticism  of  his 
writings,  and  died  in  1754. 

MONTGOLFIER,  James  Stephen,  a  French 
paper  maker,  inventor  of  air  balloons,  was  born 
in  1747,  and  died  in  1799. 

MONTGOLFIER,  James,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  died  in  1810,  in  the  70th  year  of  his 
age. 

MONTGOMERIE,  John,  aid  to  George  II., 
and  afterwards  governor  of  the  colonies  of 
New- York  and  New-Jersey ;  he  died  in  1731. 

MONTGOMERY,  Richard,  a  major-general 
in  the  American  army,  fell  in  an  attack  upon 
Quebec,  in  1775. 

MONTGOMERY,  Gabriel  de,  count  of,  a 
French  protestant  nobleman  of  distinguished 
bravery.  He  was  beheaded  by  order  of  Cathe- 
rine de  Medicis,  in  1574. 

MONTGON,  Charles  Alexander,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  was  spy  to  the  duke  of  Bourbon, 
314 


MO 

and  confessor  to  Philip  V.  of  Spain ;  he  died  in 

70. 

MONTI,  Joseph,  professor  of  botany  at  Bo- 
logna, died  in  1750. 

MONTICELLI,  Andrew,  an  admired  Italian 
painter,  died  in  1716. 

MONTIGNI,  Stephen  Mignol  de,  a  French- 
man, eminent  as  a  mechanic.  He  improved 
the  French  manufactures,  and  died  in  1782. 

MONTJOSIEU,  Lewis  de,  born  at  Rouergne, 
was  the  author  of  a  curious  book  on  the  sculp 
ture  of  the  ancients,  published  in  1649. 

MONTLUC,  Blaise  de,  a  brave  Frenchman, 
who  rose  to  be  marshal  of  France.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  various  battles,  and  died  in 
1577. 

MONTMAUR,  Peter  de,  Greek  professor  in 
the  royal  college  at  Paris.  He  was  successively 
a  druggist,  advocate,  and  poet,  and  died  in  1648. 

MONTMORENCY,  Matthew  de,  constable 
of  France,  of  one  of  the  most  illustrious  fami- 
lies of  Europe.  He  married  a  natural  daughter 
of  Henry  I.  of  England,  and,  for  his  second 
wife,  the  widow  of  Lewis  VI.  of  France.  He 
died  in  1160. 

MONTMORENCY,  Charles  de,  of  the  same 
family,  was  made  marshal  of  France,  and  was 
at  the  battle  of  Cressy ;  he  died  in  1381. 

MONTMORENCY,  Anne  de,  a  famous  mar- 
shal of  France,  born  1495,  was  slain  in  the  civil 
war  against  the  Huguenots,  1567. 

MONTMORENCY,  Henry  de,  second  son  of 
Anne,  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Dreux,  and  took  Conde  prisoner.  He  was  made 
a  marshal  of  France,  and,  under  Henry  IV., 
constable  ;  he  died  in  1614. 

MONTMORENCY,  Henry,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  made  admiral  of  France  at  the  age 
of  18,  and,  by  his  valour,  supported  the  lionour 
of  his  house  ;  he  was  beheaded  for  rebellion  in 
1632. 

MONTPENSIER,  Anne  Marie  Louisa  d'Or- 
leans,  dutchess  de,  inherited  the  boldness  and 
intrigue  of  her  father,  and,  during  the  civil 
wars,  embraced  the  party  of  Conde ;  she  died 
in  1693. 

MONTPETIT,  Arnold  Vincent,  an  ingenioui 
man,  who  left  the  law  for  painting,  and  that  for 
the  study  of  mechanics,  in  which  he  excelled ; 
he  died  in  1800. 

MONTPEZAT,  Anthony  de,  a  marshal  of 
France,  died  in  1544. 

MONTROSE,  James  Graham,  marquis  of, 
memorable  for  his  valour  and  military  abilities 
as  a  general,  and  for  his  attachment  to  Charles 
I.  and  II.  Being  defeated  by  the  parliamentary 
forces,  he  concealed  and  disguised  himself;  but 
being  betrayed  and  delivered  up,  to  the  etema] 
disgrace  of  the  Scots  republicans,  he  was  hang- 
ed and  quartered  at  Edinburgh,  in  1050. 

MONTUCLA,  Joseph  de,  a  member  of  the 
French  national  institute.  He  was  devoted  tc 
mathematical  studies,  had  the  good  fortune  to 
escape  the  storms  of  the  revolution,  and,  in  his 
old  age,  to  receive  a  pension  from  Buonaparte. 
He  dfed  in  1800. 

MOODY,  Joshua,  a  minister  of  Portsmoutb, 
New-Hampshire,  afterwards  settled  at  Boston  ; 
be  died  in  1697.  He  suffered  much  persecution 
from  the  governor  of  New-Hampshire,  for  at- 
tempting to  enforce  strict  church  discipline,  anc 
afterwards  at  Boston,  for  opposing  the  violeni 
but  then  popular  measures  against  witchcraft 

MOORE,  Philip,  an  amiable  and  exemplary 
1  man  and  divine,  died  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  in 
1 1783. 


MO 


•  MOORE,  sir  Jonas,  an  able  mathematician 
and  an  author,  patronised  by  Charles  I.,  died  in 
1681. 

MOORE,  Robert,  an  eminent  penman  and 
writing  master,  died  in  England,  in  1727. 

MOORE,  Edward,  an  English  fabulist  and 
dramatic  writer  of  eminence,  born  in  1712,  died 
in  1757. 

MOORE,  Francis,  an  ingenious  English  me 
chanic,  whose  inventive  talents  raised  him  into 
eminent  notice  without  the  assistance  ot  erudi- 
tion or  of  patronage.  The  machinery  which 
he  made,  and  which  grew  to  such  a  magnitude 
in  their  scope  and  tendency  as  to  attract  the  no- 
tice of  the  legislature,  have  very  much  improv- 
ed the  mechanic  arts  and  assisted  the  manufac- 
turer.    He  died  in  1787. 

MOORE,  Dr.  John,  was  born  in  1730,  and  edu- 
cated at  Glasgow,  where  he  studied  medicine 
and  surgery,  and  afterwards  went  abroad,  and 
practised  in  the  British  army.  In  the  year  1771) 
he  published  "  A  View  of  Society  and  Manners 
in  France,  Switzerland,  and  Germany,"  and 
two  years  after  a  continuation  of  it,  called  "A 
View  of  Society  and  Manners  in  Italy."  He 
also  puijiished  " Medical  Sketches;"  an  excel- 
lent novel  called  "Zeluco;"  "  A  View  of  the 
Cause  and  Progress  of  the  French  Revolution  ;" 
"  Edv/ard,"  a  novel ;  a  series  of  letters  entitled 
"Mordaunt;  being  Sketches  of  Life,  Character, 
and  Manners  in  various  Countries."  Dr.  Moore 
possessed  great  insight  into  human  nature,  and 
that  ha])py  union  of  acute  discernment  with  a 
lively  imagination,  by  which  he  was  enabled  to[ 
describe  its  intricacies  with  the  greater  pleasant 
jy.     He  died  in  1802. 

MOORE,  sir  John,  K.  B.,  a  gallant  British 
general,  and  eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  wai 
born  at  Glasgow,  in  1761,  and  killed  by  a  cannon 
ball,  in  the  moment  of  victory  achieved  by  tlie 
British  troops  under  his  command,  at  the  battle 
of  Corunna,  Jan.  16,  1809.  His  whole  life  ha 
been  devoted  to  the  service  of  his  country.  He 
has  left  a  nanse  that  will  be  immortal  in  the  mi 
litarv  annals  of  his  countrv. 

MbOEE,  John,  D.  D.,  archbishop  of  Canter 
6ury  in  KSS,  died  in  1805. 

MOORE,  James,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
South  Carolina,  and  speaker  of  the  house  o^' 
assembly  of  that  colony,  in  1725. 

MOORE,  sir  Henry,  a  popular  governor  of 
the  colony  of  New- York,  died  in  1769. 

MOORE,  Benjamin,  bishop  of  the  episcopal 
church  in  the  diocess  of  New- York,  professor 
of  rhetoric  and  logic  in  Columbia  college,  and 
president  of  that  institution  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  which  happened  in  1816. 

MOORE,  Zephaniah  Swift,  D.  D.,  a  congre- 
gational clergyman  in  Massachusetts,  was  pro- 
fessor of  languages  in  Dartmouth  college,  presi- 
dent of  WiUiams  college,  and  afterv»-ards  first 
president  of  the  college  at  Amherst,  Mass.;  he 
died  in  18i3. 

MORABIN,  James,  author  of  a  life  of  Cicero, 
died  at  Paris,  in  1762.  ^ 

MORALES,  Ambrose,  historiograplier  to  the 
king  of  Spain,  wrote  a  Spanisli  Chronicle,  and 
died  in  1590. 

MORAND,  Sauveur  Francis,  gi  celebrated 
surgeon  and  medical  writer  ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in 
1773.  j 

MORAND,  an  ingenious  architect,  of  Lyons,' 
was  guillotined  in  1'93.  j 

MOR ANDE,  N.  Thevenot  de,  an  unprincipled 
Trench  writer;  he  was  massacred  at  Paris,  in 


MORANDI,  John  Maria,  of  Florence,  einv- 
nent  as  a  painter,  died  in  1715. 

MORANT,  Philip,  M.  A.  and  F.  S.  A.,  a  learn- 
ed and  indefatigable  English  antiquary  and  bio- 
grapher, born  in  1700,  died  in  1770.  His  writings 
were  very  numerous. 

MORATA,  Olympia  Fulvia,  a  learned  Italian 
lady,  who  spoke  Latin  and  Greek  :  she  died  in 
1555. 

MORDAUNT,  Charles,  earl  of  Peterborough, 
a  renowned  English  statesman,  general,  poli 
tical  writer,  and  poet,  born  in  1658,  died  in 
1735. 

MORE,  sir  Thomas,  chijicellor  of  England  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  was  born  in  London, 
in  1480.  After  having  teen  long  in  habits  of 
uncommon  familiarity  and  confidence  Avilh  the 
king,  he  was  beheaded  by  his  order,  July  5, 1435, 
on  Tower- Hill.  Sir  Thomas  More  was  author 
of  many  and  various  works. 

MORE,  Henry,  an  English  philosopher  and 
poet,  born  in  1614,  died  in  1687.  He  possessed 
much  natural  enthusiasm,  and  was  enraptured 
with  the  Platonic  system. 

MORE,  Alexander,  a  protestant  divine,  and 
divinity  professor  at  Geneva,  afterwards  minis- 
ter of  the  reformed  church  at  Paris.  He  was 
an  eloquent  preacher,  and  died  in  1670. 

MORE,  sir  Francis,  an  English  lawyer  and 
author  ;  he  died  in  1621. 

MORE,  John,  a  learned  prelate  of  the  English 
church,  whose  library  was  purchased  by  George 
II.,  and  given  to  Cambridge  university  ;  he  died 
in  1714. 

MORE,  St.  Antonio,  a  Dutch  painter,  died  in 
1575. 

MORE,  or  MOORE,  James,  an  English  wri- 
ter, and  a  friend  of  the  duke  of  Wharton  ;  he 
died  in  1734. 

MORE,  Henry,  an  English  dissenting  minis- 
ter, whose  poems  possess  merit,  died  in  1802. 

MOREAU,  James  a  French  physician  and  an 
lauthor,  died  in  17!i9. 

MOREAU,  Victor,  an  advocate,  and  a  gene- 
al  in  the  French  army,  was  born  at  Morlaix,  in 
1761.  In  1803,  he  was  banished  by  order  of  the 
first- consul,  and  visited  the  U.  S.  He  after- 
wards joined  the  enemies  of  his  country,  and,  at 
the  battle  of  Dresden,  was  shot  by  a  cannon-ball, 
which  terminated  his  life  on  the  2d  Sept.,  1813. 
MOREAU,  Jacob  Nicholas,  historiographer 
France,  and  an  able  writer,  he  suffered  on 
the  scatfold  in  1794. 

MOREELSE,  Paul,  a  Dutch  painter,  died  in 
1638. 

MOREL,  the  name  of  several  celebrated 
printers  to  the  kings  of  France,  who,  like  the 
Stephenses,  were  also  very  learned  men. 

MOREL,  Andrew,  an  eminent  Swiss  anti- 
quarv,  died  in  1703. 

MORELL,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  learned  English 
divine,  lexicographer,  and  classical  editor,  born 
in  1701,  died  in  1784.  His  chief  work  is  an 
abridL'ment  of"  Ainsworth's  Latin  Dictionary." 
MORELY,  lord,  son  of  sir  Thomas  Parker, 
vas  a  great  favourite  of  Henry  VIIL,  and  died 
n  1547. 

MORERT,Lewis,  D  D.,  author  of  a  celebrated 
hir^tovical  dictionary,  born  in  1643,  died  in  1680 
MORES,  Edward  Rowe,  an  eminent  English 
antiquary,  born  in  1730,  died  in  1778. 

MORETT,  an  ingenious  artist  and  geldsmith, 
employed  by  Henry  VIII. 

MORGAGNI,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian,  emi- 
nent as  an  anatomist,  died  in  1771. 
MORGAN,  William,  a  native  of  Wales,  rvP- 
315 


MO 

ed  to  the  see  of  Landaff ;  he  was  zealously  en- 
gaged in  translating  the  Bible  into  Welch,  and 
died  in  lo*)4. 

MORGAN,  Mwynvawr,  or  the  Courteoue,  a 
Welch  prince  and  an  able  warrior ;  he  died  in 
1001. 

MORGAN,  prince  of  Powj's,  went  on  a  pil- 
grimage to  the  Holy  Land,  and  died  in  1126. 

MORGAN,  George  Cadogan,  a  native  of 
Wales,  teacher  of  a  dissenting  congregation  at 
Norwich,  and  an  author ;  he  died  in  1798. 

MORGAN,  John,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  a  distin- 
guished physician,  of  Philadelphia,  professor 
of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the 
medical  school  of  that  city,  and  afterwards 
chief  physician  to  the  general  hospitals  of  the 
American  army.    He  died  in  1789. 

MORGAN,  Daniel,  a  brigadier-general,  and  a 
distinguished  officer,  of  the  American  army, 
durinf!  the  revolution,  died  in  1799.  His  servi- 
ces as  an  officer  were  highly  important  and  duly 
appreciated  by  his  countrymen. 

MORGUES,  Matthew  de,  sieur  de  St.  Ger- 
main, a  French  preacher  of  great  eminence, 
born  in  1582,  died  in  1670,  leaving  a  "  History 
of  Lewis  the  Just." 

MORHOFF,  Daniel  George,  a  very  learned 
German  critic,  poet,  and  Latin  historian,  born  in 
1639,  died  in  1691. 

MORICE,  sir  William,  a  learn<;d  Englishman, 
and  secretary  of  state  under  Charles  XL  ;  he 
died  in  1676. 

MORILLO,  Bartholomew,  an  admired  Span- 
ish paimer,  died  in  1685 

MORIN,  John  Baptist,  physician,  and  regius 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Paris,  born  in  1583, 
died  in  1656.  His  "  Astrologia  Gallica,"  had 
cost  him  thirty  years'  labour,  and  was  printed 
in  1661,  with  two  epistles  dedicatory  ;  the  one 
from  the  author  to  Jesus  Christ,  the  other  ad- 
dressed to  the  queen  of  Portugal. 

MORIN,  John,  a  learned  Frenchman,  convert- 
ed from  the  protestant  to  the  catholic  faith.  His 
works  are  numerous ;  he  died  in  1659. 

MORIN,  Simon,  a  celebrated  French  fanatic, 
burnt  alive  at  Paris,  in  1653,  for  having  assum- 
ed the  title  of  the  Son  of  God. 

MORIN,  Stephen,  a  learned  French  theologi- 
cal and  biblical  writer,  born  in  1625,  died  in  1700. 
In  one  of  his  works  he  endeavours  to  prove 
that  the  Hebrew  language  is  as  old  as  the  crea 
tion,  and  that  God  himself  inspired  it  into 
Adam. 

MORIN,  Henry,  also  changed  his  religion,  and 
died  in  1728. 

MORLV,  Peter,  a  learned  French  critic,  em 
ployed  by  the  pope  to  superintend  the  editions 
of  the  Septuagint  and  the  Vulgate ;  he  died  in 
1608. 

MORIN,  Lewis,  a  French  physician,  and 
member  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  at  Pan^  ; 
he  died  in  1715. 

MORIN,  John,  professor  of  philosophy,  at 
Chartres,  died  in  1764. 

MORINIERE,  Adrian  Claude  le  Fort  de  la, 
author  of  several  works,  died  at  Paris,  in  1696. 

MORISON,  Robert,  physician,  and  profe>sor 
of  botany  at  Oxford,  born  in  1620,  wrote  a 
"Historvof  Plants,"  and  died  in  16S3. 

MORiSOT,  Claude  Bartholomew,  a  French 
writer,  uied  in  1661. 

MORLAND,  Samuel,  an  eminent  statesman, 
employed  bv  Cromwell  in  several  embassies 

MORLAND,   George,  an   exquisite  painter, 
chiefly  of  rustic  scenes,  was  born  in  London,  in 
1764.    As  a  faithful  copier  of  nature,  it  is  uni- 
3l§ 


MO 

jversally  allowed  none  could  excel  him.  For 
seven  years  of  the  prime  of  his  life,  he  confined 
himself  to  picturesque  landscape  ;  but,  taking 
to  an  irregular  course  of  drinking,  he  was  led 
from  the  woodside  to  the  alehouse  ;  his  sheep 
were  changed  for  pigs,  and  the  field  for  the 
stable.  He  had  always  favourites  whom  he  pre- 
ferred, and  would  paint  for  none  who  did  not 
hit  his  peculiar  humour.  His  genuine  pictures 
are  in  few  hands,  Euid  his  drawings  are  still 
more  scarce.     He  died  in  1804. 

MORLEY,  Dr.  George,  bishop  of  Winchester, 
memorable  for  having  negotiated  with  the  Dutch 
for  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.,  bom  in  1597. 
died  in  1684. 

MORLIERE,  James  Augustus  de  la,  a  French 
writer  of  romances,  died  in  1785. 

MORLIN,  Joachim,  a  Lutheran  divine,  born 
in  1514 ;  he  was  made  bishop  of  Sambia,  by 
the  king  of  Poland. 

MORNAC,  Anthony,  an  eminent  French  ad- 
vocate and  an  author,  died  in  1619. 

MORNAY,  Philip  de,  baron  du  Plessis  Marly, 
an  illustrious  French  protestant,  a  political  and 
polemical  writer,  and  privy  councillor  of  Henry 
IV.,  born  in  1549,  died  in  1628.  His  most  im- 
portant work,  and  for  which  he  has  been  most 
distinguished,  is  a  book  "  Upon  the  Truth  of 
the  Christian  Religion,"  in  which  he  employs 
the  weapons  of  reason  and  learning  with  great 
force  and  skill  against  Atheists,  Epicureans, 
Heathens,  Jews,  Mahometans,  and  other  Infi- 
dels. 

MOROSONS,  Francis,  a  Venetian,  distin- 
guished himself  against  the  Turks,  at  the  siege 
of  Candia,  and  defeated  them  in  a  great  naval 
battle.    He  died  in  1699. 

MORRIS,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Anglesea.  About 
80  MS.  volumes  of  antiquities,  collected  by  him, 
are  preserved.    He  died  in  1765. 

MORRIS,  Richard,  an  eminent  critic  and  poet, 
was  en;rajred  in  the  publication  of  two  editions 
of  the  VVelch  Bible  ;  he  died  in  1764. 

MORRIS,  Robert  Hunter,  chief  justice  of 
New-Jersey,  and  lieutenant-governor  of  the  co- 
lony of  New- York  ;  he  died  in  1764. 

MORRIS,  Lewis,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  afterwards  governor  of  the  colony  of 
New  Jersey  ,  he  died  in  1746. 

MORRIS,  Robert,  an  eminent  merchant,  of 
Philadelphia,  was  a  member  of  congress  from 
Pennsylvania,  in  1776,  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  after- 
wards appointed  treasurer  of  the  United  States, 
and  rendered  essential  service  to  the  country, 
during  three  years  of  the  war,  by  his  skill  as  a 
financier,  and  by  pledging  himself  individually 
for  the  public  credit ;  he  died  in  1806. 

MORRIS,  Gouverneur,  a  distinguished  Ame- 
rican statesman  and  orator,  was  a  delegate 
to  congress  from  New-York,  and  to  the  con- 
vention which  formed  the  federal  constitution. 
He  was  afterwards  ambassador  from  the  United 
States  to  France ;  and  on  his  return  from  Europe, 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  United  States' 
senate.     He  died  in  1816. 

MORTIMER,  John,  author  of  an  esteemed 

Treatise  on  Husbandry,"  died  in  1736. 

MORTIMER,  Thomas,  grandson  of  the  pre- 
cedincr,  a  writer,  of  some  eminence  on  comther- 
cial  subjects,  was  born  in  London,  in  1730.  In 
1761,  he  published  "Every  Man  his  own  Bro- 
ker," and  was  the  following  year  appointed 
vice-consul  for  the  Austrian  Netherlands ;  which 
situation  he  held  till  1768.  He  then  resumed  his 
literary  pursuits,  and  published  "  Elements  of 


MO 


Commerce,  Politics,  and  Finances ;"  "  An  Epi- 
^lome  of  Universal  History  and  Biography;"  a 
'twnslation  of  M.  Necker's  great  work  on  the 
•'  Finances  ot  France  ;"  "  History  of  England," 
to  1763  ;  the  "  British  Plutarch  ;"  and  a  "  Gene- 
ral Dictionary  of  Commerce,  Trade,  and  Manu- 
factures."    Mr.  Mortimer  died  in  1809. 

MORTIMER,  John  Hamilton,  an  eminent 
English  historical  painter,  bora  in  1T39,  died  in 
1779. 

MORTON,  Thomas,  an  English  bishop,  and 
chaplain  to  king  James.  He  was  esteemed  for 
his  benevolence  and  piety,  and  died  in  1*359. 

MORTON,  James,  earl  of,  a  Scotchman,  who 
promoted  the  reformation.  He  was  made  chan- 
cellor and  regent  of  Scotland.  His  enemies  at 
last  condemned  him  for  high  treason,  in  1681. 

MORTON.William,  a  barrister,  distinguished 
in  the  civil  wars,  and  in  1665,  made  justice  of 
Ihe  king's  bench. 

MORTON,  John,  rose  by  his  abilities  to  llie 
office  of  lord.chancellor  of  England,  and  died  in 
1500. 

MORTON,  Nathaniel,  one  ofthe  early  settlers 
of  Plymouth,  author  of  a  History  of  the  Church 
of  that  colony,  and  of  "  New-England's  Memo- 
rial," published  in  1669. 

MORTON,  Charles,  a  native  of  England, 
came  to  America,  and  was  settled  as  a  minister 
in  Massachusetts.    He  died  in  1698. 

MORTON,  Joseph,  proprietary  governor  of 
South-Carolina,  in  1682,  and  afterwards  in  1C85. 

MORTON,  John,  a  member  of  congress  from 
Pennsylvania,  in  1776,  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence ;  he  died  in 
1776. 

MOSCHOPULUS,  Emmanuel,  a  native  of 
Crete,  in  the  14th  century,  and  author  of  a  Trea- 
tise on  Grammar. 

MOSCHUS,  a  Grecian  pastoral  poet  of  anti- 
quity, cotemporary  of  Bion  and  Theocritus. 

MOSELEY,  Dr.  Benjamin,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish physician,  whose  practice,  however,  chiefly 
laid  in  Jamaica.  On  his  return  to  England,  he 
was  made  physician  to  Chelsea  hospital.  His 
writings  were  chiefly  on  Tropical  Diseases ;  and 
he  was  an  inveterate  enemy  to  vaccination ;  he| 
died  in  1819.  I 

MOSES,  the  great  legislator  o^  the  Jews,  was] 
born  in  Egypt,  1571  B.  C,  and  died  at  the  age 
of  120. 

MOSES,  Mendelshon.  See  MENDELSHON. 

MOSES,  Miconti,  a  Spanish  rabbi,  of  the 
14th  century. 

MOSHEIM,  John  Laurence,  an  illustrious 
German  divine,  ecclesiastical  historian,  and 
critic,  born  in  1695,  died  in  1755.  His  "  Ecclesi- 
astical History,  from  the  birth  of  Christ  to  the 
beginning  of  the  18th  century,"  is  unquestiona- 
bly the  best  that  is  extant. 

MOSS,  Robert,  an  English  divine,  and  a  po- 
pular preacher,  was  chaplain  to  king  William 
and  his  two  successors  ;  he  died  in  1729. 

MOSS,  Charles,  an  Englisli  prelate  and  con- 
troversial writer,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  and  af- 
terwards of  Bath  and  Wells;  he  died  in  1802. 

MOSSOP,  Henry,  an  eminent  English  trage- 
dian, died  in  1774. 

MOT  HE  LE  VAYER,  Francis  dela.counsellor 
of  state,  and  preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Anjou, 
only  brother  to  Lewis  XIV.,  was  born  at  Paria 
in  1588,  and  died  in  1672.  We  have  no  French 
author  that  approaches  nearer  to  Plutarch  than 
he.  His  Treatise  concerning  the  education  of 
the  Dauphin,  and  that  on  Pagan  Philosophy,  are 
his  best  performances. 


RIO 

MOTHE  LE  VAYECtle  Boutigne,  master 
ol'  requests  to  the  French  king,  and  a  writer  of 
several  works ;  he  died  in  1585. 

MOTHERBY,  Dr.  George,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish physician,  and  celebrated  as  the  author  of 
"  A  New  Medical  Dictionary,"  born  in  1731, 
died  in  1793. 

MOTTE,  Anthony  Houdart  de  la, an  ingenious 
French  critic  and  miscellaneous  author,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1672,  died  in  1731.  His  "  Discours  sur 
Hoinere"  is  a  masterpiece  of  elegance.  His 
works  consist  of  epic  poetry,  tragedy,  comedy, 
lyric,  pastoral,  and  fables  ;  besides  a  vast  varie- 
ty of  discourses,  critical  and  academical,  in 
prose. 

MOTTEUX,  Peter  Anthony,  a  French  refu- 
gee, settled  in  England,  where  he  became  an 
eminent  dramatic  writer,  gave  a  very  good  trans- 
lation of  "  Don  Quixotte,"  and  wrote  several 
''  Songs,"  "  Prologues,"  "  Epilogues,"  &.c., 
died  in  1717. 

MOTTEVILLE,  Frances Bertrand,  dame  de, 
a  celebrated  French  lady,  born  in  1G15,  died  iu 
1689,  leaving  a  very  agreeable  work,  under  the 
title  of  "  Memoires  pour  servir  a  I'Histoire  d' 
Anned'Austria." 

MOTTLEY,  John,  an  English  dramatic  wri- 
ter, born  in  1692,  died  in  1750.  He  wrote  five 
plays,  some  of  which  met  with  tolerable  suc- 
cess, and  published  a  "  Life  of  the  great  Czar 
Peter." 

MOUCHERON,  Isaac,  a  Dutch  painter,  cele- 
brated for  his  landscapes,  died  in  1744. 

MOUFET,  Thomas,  a  medical  writer,  who 
first  introduced  chymical  medicines  in  England ; 
he  died  about  1600. 

MOUHY,  Charles  de  Fieux,  a  native  of  Metz ; 
he  wrote  several  romances,  and  died  in  1784. 

MOULIN,  Charles  du.    See  MOLINiEUS.   ■ 

MOULIN,  Peter  du,  a  French  protestant  di- 
vine and  polemical  writer,  bom  in  1568,  died  in 
1658. 

MOUIjIN,  Peter  du,  son  of  the  preceding, 
chaplain  to  Charles  II.,  of  England,  preoendary 
of  Canterbury,  and  a  theological  writer,  born  in 
1G04,  died  in  1684. 

MOULIN,  Lewis,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  violent  independent ;  he  wrote  a  worJc 
dedicated  to  Cromwell,  and  died  in  1680. 

MOULIN,  Gabriel,  a  catholic  minister,  of 
Maneval,  wrote  a  History  of  Normandy,  1631. 

MOULTRIE,  John,  an  eminent  physician, 
of  South  Carolina,  died  in  1773. 

MOULTRIE,  John,  M.  D.,son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  also  a  distinguished  physician  of  South 
Carolina,  and  afterwards  lieutenant-governor  of 
East  Florida. 

MOULTRIE,  William,  a  major-general  is 
the  American  army,  during  the  revolution,  an4. 
afterwards  governor  of  the  state  of  South  Ca- 
rolina ;  he  died  in  1805. 

MOUNSEY.     See  MONSEY. 

MOUNTFORT,  William,  an  English  drama- 
tic writer  and  eminent  actor,  born  in  1659,  wa« 
assassinated  in  1692. 

MOURET,  John  Joseph,  a  celebrated  French 
musician,  died  in  1738. 

MOURGUES,  Michael,  a  French  Jesuit,  and 
author  of  a  Treatise  on  Preach  Poetry ;  he  died 
in  1713. 

MOURGUES,  Matthew  de,  an  ex-jesuit,  and 
author  of  controversial  works ;  he  died  at  Paris, 
iu  1670. 

MOUVANS,  Paul  Richard,  surnamed  Le 
Brave,  a  protestant  officer,  was  slain  in  the  ci 
vil  wars  of  France,  io  1568. 

317 


MU 

MOXON,  Joseph,  hydrographer  to  Charles  II. 
of  England  he  wrote  mathematical  and  astro- 
nomical works,  and  died  about  ITOO. 

MOYLE,Walter,a  very  ingenious  and  learned 
English  political  and  miscellaneous  writer,  born 
in  1672,  died  in  1721. 

MOYSE,  Henry,  page  to  James  I.,  a  Scotch- 
roan,  died  in  1630. 

MOZART  John  Chrysostom  Wolfgang  The- 
ophilus,  a  very  celebrated  German  musician  and 
composer,  born  at  Saltzburg,  in  1756,  died  in 
1791. 

MUDGE,  John,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  who,  for  his 
skill  in  the  science  of  mechanics,  was  no  less 
eminent  than  in  that  of  medicine  ;  of  which  his 
improvement  in  the  formation  of  reflecting  tele- 
Bcopes,  his  excellent  medical  treatises,  and  long 
and  extensive  practice,  bear  ample  testimony. 
He  died  in  1793. 

MUDGE,  Zachary,  an  English  divine,  preben- 
dary of  Exeter  cathedral,  died  in  1769.  Three 
Of  his  sons,  were  distinguished  for  their  genius 
and  learning. 

MUDO,  Hernandez,  a  Spanish  painter  of 
eminence;  he  was  deaf  and  dumb,  and  was 
emploved  by  Philip  II. 

MUEHLENBERG,  H.  M.,  D.  T).,  pastor  of 
the  first  Lutheran  church  in  Pennsylvania,  was 
distinguished  for  his  learning.  He  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, in  1787. 

MUEHLENBERG,  G.  Henry  Ernest,  D.  D., 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  also  a  Lutheran  divine, 
eminent  for  his  literary  and  scientific  attain 
Bients  ;  he  died  in  1815. 

MUET,  Peter  le,  a  French  architect,  and  the 
author  of  valuable  treatises  on  architecture  ;  he 
died  in  1669. 

MUGGLETON,  Lodovick,  an  English  tailor 
of  notorious  fame  as  a  schismatic,  who  damned 
all  the  world  that  differed  from  his  strange  mode 
of  faith.  He  was  born  in  1607  ;  his  books  were 
burnt  by  the  hangman,  liimself  pilloried  and 
imprisoned,  and  lie  died  in  ]6'J7. 

MUIS,  Simeon  de,  an  eminent  orientalist  and 
professor  of  Hebrew  at  Paris  ;  he  died  in  1664 

MULGRAVE,  Constantine  Phipps,  lord.  See 
PHIPPS. 

MULLER,  John,  a  celebrated  engraver,  who 
flourished  about  IGOO.  He  studied  under  Golt- 
zius,  whose  manner  he  successfully  imitated. 

MULLER,  John.   See  REGIOMONTANUS, 

MUMMIUS,  Lucius,  a  Roman  consul,  known 
far  his  triumph  over  Corinth,  Thebes,  &c. 

MUNCER,or  MUNTZER,  Thomas,  a  Saxon 
divine,  one  of  the  disciples  of  Luther,  and  chief 
of  the  German  Anabaptists.  In  conjunction  with 
ytork,  he  pulled  down  all  the  images  in  the 
churches  which  Luther  had  left  standing;  and 
then,  finding  an  army  in  his  followers,  he  com- 
menced leveller,  and  oi)enly  taught  that  all  dis- 
tinctions of  rank  were  usurpations  on  the  rights 
of  mankind.  At  the  head  of  40,000  men^  he 
ravaged  the  country.  The  landgrave  of  Hesse 
at  length  defeated  him  ;  7000  of  the  enthusiasts 
fell  inbattle,  and  the  rest,  with  their  leader  fled : 
he  was  taken  and  beheaded  at  Mulhausen,  in 
1525. 

MUNCKER,  Thomas,  a  learned  author,  died 
in  1680. 

MUNDAY,  Antony,  a  dramatic  author,  died 
in  1633. 

MUNDTNUS,  a  celebrated  anatomist,  was 
born  at  Florence,  and  died  in  1318. 

MUNICH,  Eurchard  Christopher,  of  Olden- 
burgh,  learned  the  art  of  war  under  Eugene  and 
*Iiii. borough.    He  distinguished  hrniself  m  thei 
318 


MU 

service  of  Peter  I.  of  Russia,  who  made  bim  a 
marshal ;  he  died  in  1767. 

WUNNICKS,  John,  professor  of  physic  and 
botany  at  Utrecht,  died  in  1711. 

MUNSTER,  Sebastian,  a  German  Lutheran 
divine,  eminent  for  his  great  knowledge  in  the 
Hebrew  and  other  oriental  languages,  the  ma- 
thematics, and  natural  philosophy,  and  for  a 
great  number  of  works  which  he  published  on 
all  these  subjects,  born  in  1489,  died  in  1552. 

MUNTING,  Abraham,  a  learned  botanist, 
of  Gronenger,  died  in  1683. 

MUNUS,  Don  Juan  Baptista,  a  most  volu- 
minous Spanish  writer,  who  published  130  vols, 
of  historical  and  other  works,  many  original 
documents  and  letters  of  Columbus,  Zimenes, 
&c.,  and  other  productions  relating  to  America, 
and  was  employed  in  1779  by  the  king  of  Spain 
to  write  the  History  of  the  New  World.  He^ 
died  at  Madrid,  about  1799. 

MURALT,  Bealt  Lewis  dc,  a  Swiss,  who 
travelled  over  Europe,  author  of  letters  on  the 
French  and  English  ;  he  died  in  1760. 

MURAT,  Joachim,  a  soldier  of  fortune,  who 
emerged  from  obscurity  during  the  French  re- 
volution, became  a  distinguished  general  in  the 
armies  of  France,  a  duke  and  marshal  of  the 
empire  under  Napoleon,  and  afterwards  Idng 
of  Naples.  He  married  a  sister  of  Buonaparte ; 
was  w  ith  him  in  several  of  his  celebrated  cam- 
paigns, in  Eg%'pt,  in  Austria,  and  in  Russia,  and 
was  shot  byorder  of  the  allied  sovereigns,  Oct., 
1815. 

MURATORI,  Lewis  Antony,  an  eminent 
Italian  antiquary,  and  Latin  historian  and  cri- 
tic, horn  in  1672,  died  in  1750.  The  principal 
of  his  very  voluminous  works  are,  "  Rerum 
Italicarum  Scriptores  ah  anno  Erae  Christianis 
.500  ad  1500,"  27  vols,  foho;  "  Autiquitatea 
Italicce,  medii  ^Evi,  sive  Dissertationes  de  3Iori- 
bus  Italici  Populi,  ab  Inclinatione  Roraani  Im 
peril  usque  ad  annum  1500."  6  vols,  folio  ;  "  Ah- 
uali  d'ltalia  del  principio  dell'  era  volgare  fino 
air  anno  1500,"  12  vols. 

MURETUS,  Mark  Antony,  a  very  ingenious 
and  learned  French  poet  and  critic,  born  in  1526, 
died  in  1585. 

MURILLO,  Bartholomew,  a  Spanish  painter, 
whose  pieces  were  so  much  admired  as  to  obtain 
for  him  from  the  king,  a  patent  of  nobility  ;  he 
died  in  1682. 

MURPHY,  Arthur,  a  barrister  at  law,  and 
celebrated  dramatic  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
born  about  the  year  1727.  At  19  years  of  age, 
he  was  sent  to  England,  and  intended  for  a 
mercantile  life ;  but  literature  and  the  stage 
drew  his  attention,  and  soon  absorbed  his  mind. 
On  the  18th  of  October,  1754,  he  made  his  first 
appearance  at  Covent  Garden  theatre,  in  the 
character  of  Othello;  after  which  he  confined 
himself  to  writing  plays  for  others  to  act.  His 
dramas  are  22  in  number,  of  which  his  tragedy 
of  the  Grecian  Daughter  and  several  comedies 
and  farces,  still  keep  possession  of  the  stage. 
He  also  wrote  a  periodical  paper  in  the  manner 
of  the  Spectator,  called  "  The  Gray's  Inn  Jour- 
nal ;"  and  toward  the  close  of  his  life  publisiied 
an  excellent  translation  of  "  Tacitus."  He  died 
in  1805. 

MURRAY,  James,  earl  of,  natural  son  of 
James  V.  of  Scotland.  He  was  guilty  of  bar- 
barous conduct  towards  Mary,  queen  of  Scots, 
who  had  ennobled  him,  and  was  shot  in  1571. 

MURRAY,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  portrait  paint- 
er, patronized  by  the  royal  family  of  England 
h«  died  in  1724. 


^ MU         

/AfcatilA  V,  VVilliam,  a  Scotch  dissenting  mi- 
Ai>fei-,  unil  aa  author;  he  died  in  1753. 

.MHIRAY,  James,  a  Scotch  divine,  refused 
preil'riucat  at  home,  settled  in  London,  and  died 
in  17.58.  Another  dissenting  divine  of  the  same 
name  wrote  a  Jiistory  of  tlie  American  war,  and 
other  worits,  and  died  in  1782. 

MUlillAY,  William,  earl  of  Mansfield,  bori 
in  1705,  died  in  1793  In  17.56  he  was  appointed 
to  the  office  of  lord  chief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench,  which  he  held  for  upwards  of  30  years, 
with  a  splendour  and  reputation  unrivalled. 
His  judgments  in  that  court  were  particularly 
fortunate ;  for,  during  the  wiiole  time  of  hi:? 
presiding  there,  there  were  few  or  no  instances 
yf  their  being  either  arraigned  or  reversed.  He 
thrice  refused  the  office  of  lord  high  chancellor, 
and  never  took  any  grant  or  emolument  from 
Hie  king,  for  himself  or  any  person  belonging  to 
him. 

MURRAY,  Joseph,  a  dist.inguislied  lawyer,  of 
New- York,  known  as  the  liberal  benefactor  of 
King's  (now  Columbia)  college,  in  that  city. 

MURRAY,  William  Vans,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  Maryland,  was  a  member  of  Congress 
from  that  state,  and  afterwards  minister  from 
the  United  States  to  the  Batavian  republic,  and 
ambassador,  with  Messrs.  Ellsworth  and  Davie, 
to  France ;  he  died  in  1803. 

MURRAY,  James,  a  native  of  Rhode- Island, 
was  a  distinguished  officer  in  the  British  army 
in  India,  and  rendered  important  services  to 
that  government;  he  died  at  Calcutta,  in  1806. 

MURRAY,  John,  jun.,  an  eminent  merchant, 
of  New- York,  distinguished  for  his  philanthropy 
and  benevolence.  Many  of  the  charitable  in- 
etitutions  of  that  city  owe  their  origin  to  him. 
He  died  in  1819. 

MURTOFjA,  Gaspard,  an  Italian  poet,  died  at 
Fome,  in  16i24. 

MUSA,  Antonius,  a  Greek  physician,  in  the 
S(  rvice  of  Augustus,  who  first  recommended 
the  cold  bath. 

MUSjflUS,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  who  lived 
before  Homer,  of  whom  we  have  nothing  now 
remaining,  except  a  poem  on  "The  Loves  of 
Hero  and  Leander,"  and  the  titles  of  some 
poems  recorded  bv  ancient  authors. 

MUSCHENBR'OECK,  Peter  de,  a  very  distin- 
guished natural  philosopher  and  mathematician 
born  at  Utrecht,  in  \^%%  died  in  1761. 

MUSCULUS,  Wolfgangus,  a  famous  divine 
born  ill  Lorraine.  He  left  the  Benedictines 
and  embraced  Luther's,  doctrines,  and  promot- 
ed the  ieformation  at  Bern.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  learning  and  eloquence.    He  died  in 

MUSCULUS,  Andrew,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
and  professor  at  Frankfort  on  tlie  Oder ;  he  died 
in  1580. 

MUSGRAVE,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  En- 
glish physician  and  antiquary,  and  secretary  to 
the  Royal  Society,  born  in  1657,  died  in  1721. 

MUSIUS,  Cornelius,  professor  of  belles  let- 
tres  in  Flanders;  he  was  cruelly  put  to  death, 
on  account  of  his  rehgion,  in  1572. 

MUSS  ASA,  a  warhke  princess,  who  succeed- 
ed her  father  as  sovereign  of  Congo.  She  dress- 
ed in  male  attire,  and  often  conducted  her  sol- 
diers to  battle.  She  tlourished  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury 

MUSS  ATI,  Albertin,  a  historian  and  poet,  of 
Padua,  and  minister  to  the  emperor  Henry .VII. ; 
he  dipd  in  16.36. 

MUSSO,  Cornelius,  a  famous  preacher,  and 
mwnber  of  the  coiuicil  of  Trent.    His  sermons 


NA  

are  curious,  and  contain  quotations  from  Homer 
as  frequently  as  from  the  Scriptures.  He  died 
at  Rome,  in  1574. 

MUSTAPHA  I.,  succeeded  to  the  Turkish 
throne  in  1617,  and  was  strangled  in  1623. 

MUSTAPHA  H.,  succeeded  to  the  Turkish 
throne  in  1695.  He  was  an  able  warrior,  but 
gave  himself  up  to  lu.xury,  and  was  compelled 
to  descend  from  the  throne  in  1703. 

MUSTAPHA  HI.,  ascended  the  throne  in 
1757,  and  died  in  1774. 

MUSURUS,  Marcus,  a  celebrated  Greek  poet, 
and  critic,  to  whom  we  are  obliged  for  the  first 
editions  of  "  Aristophanes"  and  "Athenseus," 
died  in  1517. 

MUTI  AN,  Jeremy,  an  admired  German  paint- 
er, died  \\\  1590. 

MUTIUS,  CiBlius  Scasvola,  an  illustrious  Ro- 
man, distinguished  for  his  attack  on  Porsenna. 

MUTIUS,  Huiric,  historical  professor  at  Basil, 
died  in  the  I6th  contury. 

MUY,  Louis  Nicolas  Victor,  count  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Mai-seilles,  his  bravery  raised  him  to  be 
a  marshal  of  France,  and  minister  of  war.  He 
died  in  1775. 

MUYS,  William,  of  Sleenvick,  was  an  able 
writer  on  philosophy  and  botany,  and  died  in 
1744. 

MUZIO,  Jerome,  an  Italian  author,  died  in 
1576. 

MYDORGE,  Claude,  an  able  mathematician, 
of  Paris,  died  in  1647. 

MYLNE,  Robert,  an  architect,  born  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1734.  He  was  employed  in  the  erec- 
tion of  Blackfriars'  Bridge,  and  was  appointed 
surveyor  ofSt.  Paul's  Cathedral,  died  in  1811. 

MYN,  Herbert  Vander,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
painter,  died  in  1741. 

MYREPSUS,  Nicolas,  a  physician,  of  Alex- 
andria, of  the  13th  century. 

MYSON,  a  celebrated  Greek  philosopher, 
ranked  by  some  among  the  seven  Wise  men. 

MYTENS,  Arnold,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter, 
died  in  1602. 

MYTENS,  Martin,  a  Swedish  painter,  much 
respected  by  the  emperor  Charles  VI.,  died  in 
1755. 


N 


NABI-EFFENDI,  a  Turkish  poet  of  great 
merit,  of  the  I7th  century. 

NABIS,  king  of  Lacedffimon,  noted  for  his 
cruelties,  died  194  B.  C. 

NABONASSAR,  a  king  of  Babylon,  supposed 
to  be  the  Baladan  of  Scripture,  founded  that 
epoch  which  began  747  B.  C. 

NABOPOLASSAR,  king  of  Babylon,  inva- 
ded and  divided  the  kingdom  of  Syria  626  B.  C  , 
and  died  21  years  after. 

N.(EVIUS,  Cneius,  of  Campania,  an  ancient 
Latin  poet,  died  203  B.  C. 

NAfllJM,  one  of  the  minor  prophets,  in  the 
reign  of  Hezekiah. 

NAIRON,  Fanstus,  aMaronite,  and  professor 
of  Syriac  in  the  Sapienza  college  at  Rome,  died 
in  1707.  He  maintained  that  the  Maronites  had 
preserved  inviolate  the  Christian  faith. 

NALSON,  Valentine,  an  English  divine,  and 
author  of  sermons,  died  in  1724. 

N  ALTON,  James,  was  ejected  for  non-con- 
formity in  1662,  and  died  in  1663. 

NANCEL,  Nicholas  de,  a  French  physician, 
and  author  of  some  eminence,  died  in  1610. 

NANFAN,  John,  colonial  governor  of  New 
lYork,  about  1701. 

3J9 


NA 

NANI,  John  Baptist,  a  noble  Venetian  states 
man,  and  author  of  a  "  History  of  Venice,"  of 
much  reputation,  born  in  1616,  died  in  1678. 

NANNIUS,  Peter,  professor  at  Louvain,  wrote 
several  works,  and  died  in  1557. 

NANaUIER,  Simon,  a  French  poet  of  the 
16th  century. 

NANTEUIL,  Robert,  a  celebrated  French  de- 
signer and  engraver  to  Louis  XiV.,  bom  in  1630, 
died  in  1678. 

NANTIGNI,  Lewis  Chazot  de,  a  French 
writer,  and  author  of  "  Historical  Genealogies 
of  kings  and  emperors,"  &;c. ;  he  died  in  1755. 

NAOGEORGUS,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Bava- 
ria ;  he  wrote  satires  against  the  papists,  and 
died  in  1578. 

NAPIER,  John,  lard,  a  Scotch  nobleman,  ce- 
lebrated as  a  philosopher  and  mathematician, 
and  as  the  inventor  of  logarithms  for  the  use  of 
navigators,  born  in  1550,  died  in  1G17. 

NARES,  James,  doctor  of  music,  organist  of 
the  chapel-royal  at  St.  James',  master  of  the 
children  of  the  said  royal  chapel,  and  composer 
of  divers  anthems,  which  manifest  the  strength 
of  his  genius,  and,  together  with  his  other 
works,  will  perpetuate  his  name,  and  rank  him 
with  the  first  in  his  profession  ;  he  was  born  in 
1715,  and  died  in  1783. 

N ARSES,  king  of  Persia,  died  A.  D.  303. 

NARSES,  a  Persian  eunuch,  who  was  in  the 
service  of  the  Roman  emperors,  and  at  the  head 
of  their  armies  defeated  the  Goths.  He  died  in 
552. 

NASH,  Thomas,  a  satirist  against  the  puri- 
tans, and  a  dramatic  writer,  born  about  1564. 
He  settled  in  London,  where  he  died  in  1601. 

NASH,  Richard,  commonly  called  Beau  Nash, 
or  king  of  Bath,  born  at  South  Wales,  in  1674, 
and  died  at  Bath,  in  1761 

NASH,  Francis,  a  brigadier-general  in  the 
American  army,  during  the  revolution  ;  he  was 
iiilled  at  the  battle  of  Germantown,  in  1777. 

NASINI,  Joseph  Nicholcis,  an  Italian  painter 
of  some  celebritv  ;  he  died  in  1736. 

NASMITH,  James,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine 
and  writer,  died  in  1808. 

NATALIS,  Michael,  an  engraver,  of  Liege, 
eminent  in  his  profession,  died  in  1670. 

NATHAN,  a  prophet  in  the  age  of  David. 

NATHAN,  Isaac,  or  Mordecai,  the  first  who 
published  a  Hebrew  concordance,  which  he  com- 
pleted in  1448. 

NATTIER,  John  Mark  le,  a  French  painter, 
patronised  by  the  French  king ;  he  died  in  1766. 

NATTIER,  Lawrence,  of  Swabia,  published 
a  book  on  ancient  gems,  and  died  in  1763. 

NAUCLERUS,  John,  professorof  law  atTu- 
bingen,  and  an  author,  died  in  the  I6th  century. 

NAUDE,  Gabriel,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
treated  with  kindness  by  Richelieu  and  Maza- 
rin,  died  in  1653. 

NAUDE,  Philip,  born  at  Metz,  was  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Berlin,  and  died  in  1729. 

NAUNTON,  sir  Robert,  a  statesman,  and 
secretary  of  state  to  James  I.  His  "  Fragmenta 
Regalia"  contains  some  curious  anecdotes  of 
the  court  of  queen  Elizabeth.  Sir  Robert  died 
In  1633. 

NAVAGERO,  Andrew,  a  noble  Venetian, 
who  was  employed  as  ambassador  to  Francis  I. ; 
he  died  in  1529. 

NAVAGERO,  Bernard,  of  the  same  family, 
was  made  a  cardinal,  and  was  present  at  the 
council  of  Trent ;  he  died  in  1565. 

N.WARRE,  Peter,  a  famous  warrior  of  the 
16th  century. 
320 


NE 

NAVARETTA,  Ferdinand,  a  Spanish  Domi- 
nican, who,  for  his  eloquence,  was  employed  as 
a  missiormry  in  China ,  he  died  in  1689. 

NANARETTA,  Balthasar,  a  Spanish  Domi- 
nican, and  an  author  of  the  16th  century. 

NAVIER,  Peter  Toussaint,  a  native  of  St. 
Dizier,  eminent  for  his  discovery  of  nitrous 
ether,  and  the  combination  of  mercury  with 
iron.    He  died  in  1779. 

NAYLER,  James,  a  remarkable  enthusiast^ 
bom  in  1616,  he  became  a  convert  of  the  fam- 
ous George  Fox  to  quakerism,  and,  commencing 
preacher,  he  set  out  for  Bristol,  attended  by  a 
numerous  cavalcade  singing,  "  Holy,  holy,  holy, 
Lord  God  of  Sabaoth  ;  Hosannah  in  the  highest ; 
holy,  holy,  holy.  Lord  God  of  Israel."  He  was 
brought  before  parliament,  tried  and  condemned 
as  guilty  of  blasphemy,  and  sentenced  to  impri- 
sonment for  life.  But  two  years  after,  he  was 
liberated,  and  died  in  1666. 

NEAL,  Daniel,  a  non-conformist  divine,  bom 
in  1678.  In  1706,  he  was  chosen  pastor  of  an 
Independent  congregation  in  London.  As  a 
writer,  his  principal  productions  are,  "A  His- 
tory of  New-England,"  and  "  A  History  of  the 
Puritans."     He  died  in  1743. 

NEANDER,  Michael,  a  learned  protestant, 
born  in  Silesia,  and  rector  of  the  university  of 
Ilfeldt  40  years  ;  he  died  in  1595.  A  physician 
and  author  of  the  same  name,  died  at  Jena,  in 
1581. 

NEARCHUS,  one  of  Ale.xander's  captains, 
and  who,  under  his  command,  navigated  the 
Indian  ocean.  We  have  a  very  curious  account 
of  his  "  Voyage  from  the  Mouth  of  the  Indus  to 
Babylon."  Arrian,  however,  calls  the  veracity 
of  Nearchus  in  question. 

NEBl^CHADNEZZAR  I.,  or  NABUCHA- 
DONOSOR,  king  of  Nineveh  and  Babylon,  is 
supposed  to  have  been  the  founder  of  the  king- 
dom of  Nineveh. 

NEBUCHADNEZZAR  H.,  king  of  Babylon, 
supposed  to  have  been  a  son  of  the  former.  He 
was  banislied  from  the  society  of  men,  horded 
among  wild  beasts,  and,  after  7  years,  was  restor 
ed  to  his  throne.     He  died  about  5l)2  B.  C. 

NECHCor  the  PHARAOHNECHO,  of  Scrip- 
ture, died  about  600  B.  C. 

NECK,  John  Van,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter, 
died  in  1714. 

NECKER,  Noel  Joseph,  of  Flanders,  obtained 
celebrity  in  medicine  and  botany,  and  died  la 
1793. 

NECKER,  James,  a  native  of  Geneva,  known 
as  a  financier.  He  went  as  ambassador  to  France, 
where,  in  1765,  he  obtained  the  office  of  Syndic 
to  the  East  India  Company,  and  in  1775,  was 
made  director  of  the  royal  treaisury  ;  was  twice 
piime  minister  of  France;  but  the  revolution 
destroyed  his  popularity,  and  he  retired  to 
Switzerland,  where  he  died  in  1804,  aged  72. 
He  is  author  of  a  work  on  the  Finances  of 
France,  and  a  Treatise  on  the  Influence  of  Reu- 
nions Opinions. 

NECKHAM,  Alexander,  an  Englishman  and 
abbot  of  St.  Mary's,  admired  as  a  learned  man 
and  a  poet  ;   he  died  in  1227. 

NECTARIUS,  made  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople by  the  younger  Thcodosius,  in  381.  Hav- 
ing governed  tlie  church  with  great  piety,  and 
abolished  the  use  of  confession  in  the  East,  he 
died  in  397. 

NEEDH  AM,  Marchamont,  an  English  political 
and  satirical  writer,  born  in  Oxfordshire,  i7i  1620, 
died  in  1678. 

NEEDHAM,  John  Tuberville,  an  English 


_^ NE 

jtoman  catholic,  educated  at  Douai.  Though 
%  learned  man,  he  was  superstitious :  be  died  in 
1781. 

NEEDLER,  Benjamin,  educated  at  Oxford, 
was  an  ejected  non-conformist,  and  died  in  1682. 

NEEDLER,  Thomas,  an  English  writer,  of 
the  navy  office,  died  in  1718. 

NEEFS,  Peter,  an  admired  Flemish  painter, 
educated  under  Steenwick. 

NEER,  Arnold  Van  der,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
painter,  died  in  1703. 

NEHEMIAH,  a  Jew.  He  was  permitted  to 
rebuild  Jerusalem,  and  governed  his  nation  with 
justice  30  years.     He  died  430  B.  C. 

NELLER,  George  Christopher,  a  learned  di- 
vine, and  counsellor  to  the  elector  of  Treves ; 
he  died  in  1784. 

NELSON,  Robert,  a  learned  and  eminently 
pious  English  gentleman,  born  in  1656,  died  in 
1715.  He  published  several  works  of  piety,  and 
left  his  whole  estate  to  charitable  uses.  There 
is  a  great  degree  of  excellence  in  all  his  writ- 
ings ;  but  his  "  Companion  for  the  Festivals  and 
Fasts,"  &c.,  will  perpetuate  his  memory. 

NELSON,  Horatio,  viscount,  an  illustrious 
English  seaman,  fourth  son  of  the  Rev.  Edward 
Nelson,  Vas  born  in  1758.  He  entered  the  navy 
at  the  age  of  12,  and,  for  his  gallant  conduct  in 
several  engagements,  was  at  last  created  a  vis- 
co  tnt.  and  his  honours  made  hereditary  in  his 
family.  He  was  killed  in  an  engagement  with 
the  French  and  Spanish  fleets,  off  Trafalgar,  on 
the2!st  Oct.,  1805. 

NELSON,  Valentine.    See  NALSON. 

NELSON,  William,  one  of  the  judges  of  the 
colony  of  Virginia,  president  of  the  council,  and, 
for  a  time,  at  the  head  of  the  administration 
there  :  he  died  in  1772. 

NELSON,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  patriot 
of  the  revolution,  and  afterwards  governor  of 
the  state  of  Virginia ,  he  died  in  1789. 

NELSON,  Thomas,  jun.,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  a  member  of  congress  in  1776,  and  one 
of  the  signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence. 

NEMESIANUS,  Aurelius  Olympius,  a  cele- 
brated Latin  poet,  was  born  at  Carthage,  and 
flourished  about  the  year  281.  We  have  still 
remaining  a  poem  of  this  author,  called  "  Cyne- 
geticon."  and  four  eclogues. 

NEMRSIUS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  who  em- 
braced Christianity,  and  was  made  bishop  of 
Emesa,  in  Phoenicia,  in  the  beginning  of  the  5th 
century. 

NEMOURS,  Mary  d'Orleans,  a  French  lady 
of  quality,  bom  in  1625.  and  celebrated  as  au- 
thor of  "  Memoirs  of  the  War  of  the  Fronde ;" 
she  died  in  1707. 

NENNIUS,  an  English  historian,  about  the 
beginning  of  the  9th  century.  His  "  History  of 
Britain"  comes  down  to  the  8th  century. 

NEPER,  John.  lord.    See  NAPIER. 

NEPOS,  Cornelius,  a  Latin  historian,  who 
flourished  in  the  time  of  Julius  Cassar.  All 
that  we  have  left  of  his  at  present  is  "  The 
Lives  of  the  illustrious  Greek  and  Roman  Cap- 
tains."    He  died  in  the  reign  of  Augustus. 

NEPOS,  Flavins  Julius,  a  Dalmatian,  who, 
by  marrying  the  niece  of  the  emperor  Leo,  ob- 
tained the  Western  empire.  He  was  assassi- 
nated in  480. 

NERI,  Philip  de,  an  eminent  Florentine  his- 
torian, died  in  1556. 

NERI,  St.  Philip  de,  a  Florentine,  celebrated 
as  the  founder  of  a  charitable  order  of  priests ; 
be  died  in  1595. 

NERI,  Pompeio,  a  Flwrentine.  professor  of 


^__^ NE 

law  at  Pisa.    He  waa  a  learned  writer,  and  died 
in  1776. 

NERO,  Claud.  Domit.  Caesar,  emperor  and  ty- 
rant of  Rome,  slew  himself  in  despair,  A.  D.  W. 

NERVA,  Cocceius,  a  Roman  emp«ror  after 
Domitian,  and  a  monarch  of  excellent  charac- 
ter; he  died  A.  D.  98. 

NESBIT,  Thomas,  a  Scotchman,  skilled  in 
antiquities  and  heraldry,  died  in  1725. 

NESLE,  N.  de,  a  native  of  Meaux,  admired 
as  a  poet,  died  in  1767. 

NESSE,  Christopher,  a  dissenting  minister 
in  London,  born  in  1621,  died  in  1705;  leaving 
four  volumes,  entitled  "  The  History  and  Mys- 
tery of  the  Old  and  New  Testament." 

NESTOR,  son  of  Neleus  and  Cloris,  a  great 
commander  at  the  siege  of  Troy  with  Agamem- 
non, and  highly  esteemed  for  his  wisdom  and 
eloquence.    Homer  says  he  lived  300  years. 

NESTOR,  a  monk  of  the  convent  of  Petcher- 
sti,  at  Kiof,  in  Russia,  born  in  1056,  died  in  1115. 
His  great  work  is  his  "  Chronicle  ;"  which  con- 
tains a  series  of  the  Russian  annals  from  858  to 
about  1113.  Mr.  Mulier  informs  us,  that  "  the 
labours  of  Nestor,  and  his  three  continuators, 
have  produced  a  connected  series  of  the  Russian 
history,  so  complete,  that  no  nation  can  boast  a 
similar  treasure  for  so  long  and  unbroken  a  pe- 
riod " 

NESTORIUS,  a  Syrian,  bishop  of  Constan- 
tinople in  431.  He  was  deposed  for  denying  the 
incarnation  of  the  Redeemer. 

NETSCHER,  Gaspard,  an  eminent  Polish 
painter,  settled  in  Holland,  born  in  1636,  died  in 
1684. 

NEUBAUER,  Ernest  Frederic,  professor  of 
theology,  at  Gressen,  died  in  1748. 

NEUBAUER,  Francis,  a  Bohemian,  a  cele- 
brated musician,  died  in  1795. 

NEUHOFF,  Theodore  de,  a  German,  bom  at 
Metz,  better  known  by  the  style  of  Theodore  1 
king  of  Corsica.  Being  at  Leghorn  in  1736,  be 
was  encouraged  by  the  English  minister  to  go 
to  Corsica,  and  head  the  malecontents  against 
the  Genoese  government.  At  Tunis,  he  nego- 
tiated for  arms  and  ammunition,  and  vessels, 
with  which  he  embarked  for  Corsica,  where  he 
was  crowned  king  of  the  island  ;  but  the  Ge- 
noese having  applied  to  the  French,  he  waa 
obliged  to  abandon  Corsica  in  1737.  He  retired 
to  England,  and  was  for  many  years  confined  in 
the  King's  Bench  prison  for  debt.  Being  re- 
leased by  an  act  of  insolvency  in  1756,  he  gave 
in  a  schedule  the  kingdom  of  Corsica,  as  his  es- 
tate, to  his  creditors,  and  died  in  December  of 
the  same  year. 

NEUVILLE,  Charles  Frey  de,  a  French  Je- 
suit, and  an  eloquent  preacher,  died  in  1773. 

NEUVILLE,  Didier  Peter  Chicaneau  de,  pro 
fessor  of  hisiory,  at  Toulouse,  died  in  1781. 

NEVE,  Timothy,  an  English  divme,  died  in 
1798. 

NEVERS,  Philip  Julian  Mazarine  Mancini, 
duke  de,  nephew  of  cardinal  Mazarine,  wrote 
some  poeti-y  of  little  merit,  and  died  in  1707. 

NEVISAN,  John,  an  Italian  lawyer,  author 
of  "Sylva  Nuptiales  ;"  he  died  in  1540. 

NEWCOMB,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
poet,  and  translator,  of  considerable  merit,  who 
died  about  1764,  upwards  of  90  years  of  age. 

NEWCOME,  William,  a  learned  prelate, 
archbishop  of  Armagh,  and  author  of  various 
theological  publications  ;  he  died  in  1799. 

NEWCOMEN,  Matthew,  a  non-conformist  di- 
vin*^,  ejected  in  1662,  and  one  of  the  Westmin- 
ster assembly  of  divines :  he  died  in  1666. 
321 


Nl 

NEVVELli,  Samuel,  one  of  the  first  Ameri- 
can miosionaries  to  India ;  he  died  at  Bombay, 
in  1821. 

NEWELL,  Harriet,  wife  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  and  was  born 
in  1793.  She  accompanied  her  husband  to  In- 
dia, and  died  at  the  Isle  of  France,  in  1812. 

.NEWLAKD,  Peter,  a  learned  Dutchman, 
and  an  able  professor  of  mathematics  and  phi- 
losophy, at  Utrecht  and  Amsterdam  ;  he  died  in 
1794. 

NEWMAN,  Francis,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  New- Haven,  died  in  1661. 

NEWMAN,  Samuel,  an  English  divine,  who 
removed  to  America  in  1638,  and  settled  in  Mas- 
sachusetts. He  published  a  concordance  of  the 
Bible,  and  died  in  1663. 

NEWTON,  John,  an  English  mathematician, 
and  chaplain  to  Charles  II. ;  he  died  in  1678.      i 

NEWTON,  Richard,  a  learned  divine,  and 
principal  of  Harthall ;  he  died  in  1753. 

NEWTON,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  the  Saracens,  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1607. 

NEWTON,  sir  Isaac,  a  most  celebrated  Eng- 
lish philosopher  and  mathematician,  and  one  of 
the  greatest  geniuses  that  ever  appeared  in  the 
world,  was  born  at  Woolstrope,  in  Lincolnshire 
in  1642.  and  died  in  1727.  His  discoveries  in  op 
tics,  (particularly  his  invention  or  improve 
ment  of  the  reflecting  telescope,)  and  in  otner 
branches  of  natural  philosophy  and  the  mathe 
matics,  are  generally  known.  Of  his  numerous 
works,  the  most  esteemed  are,  "Treatise  on 
Optics,"  and  "Naturalis  Philosophiee  PrincipLa 
Mathematica." 

NEWTON,  Dr.  Thomas,  bishop  of  Bristol, 
and  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  born  in  1703,  died  in 
1782,  having  distinguished  himseli"by  publisliing 
an  edition,  with  annotations,  of  "  Milton's  Pa 
radise  Lost,"  and  "Paradise  Rej/ained ;"  but 
more  by  his  learned  and  valuable  "  Dissertations 
en  the  Prophecies." 

NEWTON,  John,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  sermons  and  other  valuable  religious  works 
be  died  in  1607. 

NICAISE,  Claude,  a  learned  French  anti 
quarj',  born  at  Dijon.  He  published  some  works 
and  died  in  1701. 

NICANDER,  an  ancient  Greek  poet  and  me 
dical  writer,  of  whose  numerous  v/orlcs  (for 
Fabricius  has  enumerated  many)  only  two  have 
reached  us;  his  "  Theriaca"  and  "  Alexiphar 
maca."  These,  however,  are  valuable  remains 
and  place  him  in  the  foremost  rank  of  didactic 
poets,  blending  pretty  equally  amusement  with 
icstriiction.    He  hved  about  140  B.  C. 

NICAUSIS,  or  BALKIS,  was,  according  to 
the  Arabians,  the  same  person  that  is  styled  the 
>,oueen  of  Sheba  in  the  Scriptures. 
'  NICCOLLS,  Richard,  an  English  poet  of  con 
siderable  merit,  born  in  1584.  The  most  mate 
rial  of  his  ^vorks  are,  his  additions  to  the  Mirror 
for  Magistrates,  under  the  title  of  "  A  Winter 
Night's  Vision,  1610;"  to  which  he  subjoined 
•'  England's  Eliza,"  &c. 

NICEPHORUS,  Blemmidas,  a  monk,  of 
Mount  Athos,  in  the  13th  century,  who  refused 
the  dignitv  of  patriarch  of  Constantinople. 

NICEPHORUS,  Gregoras,  a  Greek  historian, 
born  about  the  close  of  the  13th  century.  He 
compiled  a  history,  from  1204  to  1341. 

NICEPHORUS,  Callisius,  a  Greek  historian, 

who  flourished  in  the  14th  century,  and  wrotej 

an  "  Ecclesiastical  History,"  in  23  books,  ISofj 

which  are  still  extant,  containing  the  transac-i 

322 


NI 

tions  of  the  church  from  the  birth  of  Christ  tc 
the  death  of  the  emperor  Phocas,  in  610. 

NICEPHORUS,  1.,  chancellor  of  theEastera 
empire,  seized  the  throne  in  802,  and  banished 
the  empress  Irene.    He  fell  in  battle. 

NICEPHORUS  II.,  Phocas,  a  noble,  so  popu- 
lar, that  his  virtues  elevated  him  to  the  throne, 
in  963.    He  was  assassinated  in  969. 

NICEPHORUS  HI.,  a  Romaa  general,  raised 
to  the  throne  of  Constantinople  by  his  army,  in 
1078.     He  was  deposed  three  years  after. 

NICERON,  John  Francis,  a  French  friar  and 
celebrated  philosopher  and  mathematician,  born 
in  1613,  died  in  1646. 

NICERON,  John  Peter,  commonly  called  fa 
ther  Niceron,  a  very  eminent  French  biographer, 
born  in  1685,  died  in  1738.  He  wrote  "  Memoirs 
of  Men  illustrious  in  the  Republic  of  Letters, 
with  a  critical  Account  of  their  Works,"  &c. 

NICETAS,  David,  of  the  9th  century,  author 
of  the  Life  of  Ignatius,  of  Constantinople. 

NICETAS,  surnamed  SERRON,  of  Constan 
tinople,  an  eminent  Greek  commentator  on  sa- 
cred history,  in  the  11th  century. 

NICETAS,  Arhominales,  a  Greek  historian, 
who  wrote  a  "  History  or  Annals,  fmm  the 
death  of  Alexis  Comnenus,  in  1118,  loTliat  of 
Boudouin,  in  1205,"  and  died  in  1206. 

NICHOLAS,  Abraham,  an  English  penman 
of  some  note,  died  in  1744. 

NICHOLLS,  Frank,  physician  to  George  II, 
of  England  ;  he  wrote  some  medical  works,  and 
died  in  1779. 

NICHOLS,  Richard,  governor  of  the  colonies 
of  New- York  and  New  Jersey,  was  distinguish- 
ed for  the  wisdom  and  prudence  of  his  admi- 
nistration.   He  returned  to  England  in  1667. 

NICHOLS,  Dr.  WMlliam,  an  English  divine, 
and  controversial  writer,  born  in  1664,  died  ic 
1716. 

NICHOLSON,  William,  a  writer  on  mathe- 
matics, horn  in  London,  in  1753,  was  an  inde- 
fatigable and  enterprising  man,  but  died  poor, 
in  1815  ;  having  given  to  the  world,  "  An  Intro- 
duction to  Natural  Philosophy,"  "The  Naviga- 
tor's Assistant ;"  Memoirs  and  Travels  of  coun^ 
Benyowsky  ;"  "  A  Dictionary  of  Chymistry;" 
"  A  Journal  of  Natural  Philosophy,  Chymistry, 
and  the  Arts." 

NICHOLSON,  sir  Francis,  lieutenant-govern- 
or of  the  colony  of  New-York,  and  afterwards, 
successively,  governor  of  Virginia,  in  1690,  of 
Maryland,  in  1694,  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  1713,  and 
of  South  Carolina  in  1720.  He  died  iu  London^ 
in  1728. 

NICHOLSON,  James,  a  captain  in  the  Ame- 
rican navy,  during  the  revolutionary  war ;  hs 
was  born  in  Maryland,  in  1734. 

NICIAS,  a  renowned  Athenian  general,  put 
to  death  by  the  Syracusans,  413  B.  C. 

NICODEMUS,  a  learned  Jew,  who  visited 
our  Saviour  by  night. 

NICOLAl,  John,  a  French  Dominican,  and 
professor  of  theology,  at  Paris  ;  he  wrote  theolo- 
gical works,  and  died  in  1673. 

NICOLAS,  a  proselyte,  of  Antioch,  one  of 
the  seven  deacons  of  the  first  church  at  Jerusa- 
lem. 

NICOLAS,  St.,  bishop  of  Myra,  lived  in  the 
age  of  Constantine  the  Great,  and  assisted  at  the 
Nicene  council. 

NICOLAS  I.,  surnamed  the  Great,  was  elect- 
ed pope  in  858.  He  was  the  cause  of  the  schism 
i  between  the  Greek  and  Latin  churches,  and  died 
in  B67. 

NICOLAS  II,,  Gerard,  of  Burgundy,  was 


NI 

ejected  pope  in  1058.  He  extended  the  papal 
/power,  and  died  in  lOGl. 

NICOLAS  III.,  John  Gaetan,  was  elected  pope 
in  1277.  He  sent  missionaries  to  Tartary,  and 
died  in  1280. 

NICOLASIV.,N.de  Rubeis,  was  elected  pope 
6i  1288.  He  was  a  man  of  learning,  and  died 
in  12a2. 

NICOLAS  v.,  Thomas  de  Sarzanne,  an  Ita- 
lian, was  elected  pope  in  1447.  He  gained  uni- 
versal respect  for  his  wisdom  and  moderation, 
and  died  in  1455. 

NICOLAS,  of  Damascus,  a  philosopher  and 
historian  of  th«»  age  of  Augustus. 

NICOLAS,  of  Cusa,  son  of  a  fisherman,  rose 
by  his  merit,  and  was  appointed  ambassador  by 
Eugenius  IV.,  to  several  courts.  He  died  in 
1454. 

NICOLAS,  of  Lyra,  a  Jew,  converted  to 
Christianity.  He  taught  divinity  with  reputa- 
tion, and  died  in  1340. 

NICOLAS,  of  Munster,  founder  of  a  sect 
called  the  House  of  Love,  died  in  1540. 

NICOLAS,  of  Pisa,  an  eminent  architect  and 
sculptor,  flourished  in  the  I3th  century. 

NICOLAS  EYMERICK,adominican,of  Gi- 
ronne^id  author  of  the  Directory  of  the  In- 
quisitOTS ;  he  died  in  1399. 

NICOLAS,  Augustine,  an  advocate  of  Besan- 
con,  and  an  author,  he  died  in  ItJOS. 

NICOLE,  John,  a  French  lawyer  of  some  re- 
putation, died  in  1G78. 

NICOLE,  Claude,  usually  called  the  Presi- 
dent Nicole,  born  in  France,  in  1611, died  in  1685. 
His  works  consist  of  translations  into  French 
verse  of  several  works  of  "Ovid,"  "Horace," 
"Persius,"  "Martial,"  "  Seneca  the  tragedian," 
"Claudian,"  and  others. 

NICOLE,  Peter,  an  eminent  French  divine. 
He  was  a  Saxsenist,  a  man  of  great  abilities,  and 
left  some  works ;  he  died  in  1695. 

NICOLE,  Francis,  a  distinguished  French 
mathematician,  died  in  1758. 

NICOLL,  John,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
was  a  distinguished  physician  of  New  York. 
From  a  sincere  attachment  to  the  constitution 
and  discipline  of  the  church  of  Scotland,  he 
engaged  in  establishing  a  presbyterian  church 
in  New- York,  to  which  he  devoted  a  great  part 
of  his  estate.    He  died  in  1743. 

NICOLO  DEL  ABBATE,  a  celebrated  Ital- 
ian painter,  of  the  16th  century. 

NICOLSON,  William,  archbishop  of  Cashel, 
in  Ireland,  born  in  1655,  died  in  1727 ;  distin- 
guished as  a  historian,  critic,  and  antiquary. 
His  three  books,  called  severally,  "  The  English, 
Irish,  and  Scottish  Historical  Libraries,"  are 
works  in  very  good  esteem. 

NiCOMEDES,  a  mathematician  of  the  2d 
century. 

NICON,  patriarch  of  the  Russian  empire. 
Hia  publication  of  the  Bible  in  the  Russian 
language  created  enemies  among  the  clergy,  and 
he  was  compelled  to  abdicate  his  office  in  1679. 

NICOT,  John,  ambassador  from  France  to 
Portugal.  He  wrote  a  French  and  Latin  Dic- 
tionary, &c.,  and  died  in  1600. 

NIDHARD,  John  Everard,  an  Austrian  Je- 
suit, was  made  inquisitor-general  of  Spain,  and 
minister,  and  died  in  1681. 

NIEUHOFF,  John  de,  a  Dutchman,  and  am- 
bassador from  the  Dutch  East  India  Company 
to  China,  in  the  17th  century. 

NIEUWENTYT,  Bernard,  a  learned  Dutch- 
man, and  the  author  of  several  mathematioal 
works ,  he  died  in  1730. 


NO  _ 

NIGER,C.  Pescennius  Justus,  governor  of  Sy- 
ria, proclaimed  emperor  of  Rome  by  his  army, 
in  193,  but  afterwards  defeated  and  slain  by  his 
rival. 

NIGIDIUS  FIGULUS,  Publius,  was  one  of 
the  most  learned  authors  of  ancient  Rome  after 
Varro,  a  philosopher  of  the  Pythagorean  sect, 
and  a  great  astrologer  ;  he  also  applied  himsejf 
to  state  affairs,  and  was  a  very  able  minister. 
He  died  in  e.xile,  45  B.  C. 

NIGRISOLl,  Jerome,  an  Italian  physician 
and  author,  died  in  1689. 

NILES,  Samuel,  an  American  clergyman, 
settled  at  Braintree,  Mass. ;  he  died  in  1762. 

NINUS,  the  founder  of  the  Assyrian  empire, 
was  son  of  Belus,  and  husband  of  Semiramis. 
to  whom  he  left  the  kingdom,  |164  B.  C.  =-  //<*  I^ 

NIPHUS,  Augustin,  a  famous  philosopher, 
of  Calabria,  died  in  1550. 

NISBET,  sir  John,  lord  advocate  of  Scotland, 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

NfSBET,  Charles,  D.  D.,  a  clergyman  of  Scot- 
land, was  chosen  first  president  of  the  college 
of  Carlisle,  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1783,  and  held 
that  office,  with  reputation  and  success  until  hia 
death  in  1804. 

NIVELLEDE  LA  CHAUSSEE,  Peter  Claude, 
an  admired  French  poet,  died  in  1754. 

NIVERNOIS,  Lewis  JuhusMancini,  duke  of, 
minister  of  state,  and  ambassador  abroad,  ne- 
gotiated the  peace  of  1763,  at  London.  He  is 
known  as  a  poet  and  a  writer,  and  died  in  1798. 

NIZOLIUS,  Marius,  an  Italian  grammarian 
of  the  16th  century. 

NOAH,  son  of  Lamech,  was  saved  from  de- 
struction in  the  ark,  built  by  the  direction  of 
God.    He  died  2029  B.  C. 

NOAILLES,  Lewis  Antony  de,  cardinal  and 
archbishop  of  Paris.  Though  by  birth,  duke  of 
St.  Cloud,  he  preferred  the  ecclesiastical  state  t« 
political  distinction  ;  he  died  in  1729. 

NOAILLES,  Adrian  Maurice,  duke  de,  a  dis- 
tinguished French  military  officer,  was  promo- 
ted to  the  rank  of  marshal,  and  died  in  1766. 

NOBLE,  Eustache  de,  a  Frenchman,  who 
by  his  abilities,  rose  to  be  procurer  of  the  par 
liament  of  Metz.  He  wrote  several  works,  and 
died  in  1711. 

NOGAROLA,  Isotta,  a  learned  lady,  of  Ve- 
rona, well  acquainted  with  philosophy,  theolo- 
gy, and  the  learned  languages  ;  she  died  in  1468. 

NOGAROLA,  Lewis,  a  noble  Venetian,  waa 
at  the  council  of  Trent ;  he  died  in  1559. 

NOINVILLE,  James  Bernard  de,  the  author 
of  several  works,  died  in  1768. 

NOIR,  John  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Sees,  con- 
demned for  heretical  opinions.  His  works  pos- 
sess great  merit.     He  died  in  1692. 

NOLDIUS,  Christian,  a  Danish  divine,  and 
author,  died  in  1673. 

NO  LIN,  Denys,  an  advocate  in  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  quitted  his  profession  for  divini- 
ty, and  died  in  1710. 

NOLIN,  John  Baptist,  a  geographer,  of  Paris, 
died  in  1762. 

NOLLET,  Dominic,  a  Dutch  historical  pain- 
ter, died  in  1736. 

NOLLET,  John  Anthony,  a  learned  man  and 
philosopher,  whose  experiments  contributed 
much  to  the  advancement  of  science.  He  died 
at  Paris,  in  1770. 

NOLLIKINS,  Joseph  Francis,  a  painter,  of 
Antwerp,  die^  in  1748. 

NONIUS,  Marcellus,  a  learned  grammarian 
and  peripatetic  philosopher.  His  works  wer« 
printed  in  1471. 

323 


NO 


NO 


iVONNlUS,  Lewis,  a  learned  physician  at 
Antwerp,  in  the  17th  century,  and  author  of  a 
famous  treatise,  entitled  "  Dieieticon,  sive  de 
Re  Cibaria."  He  also  printed  a  commentary 
upon  the  Greek  medals,  and  those  of  Julius 
Cffisar,  Augustus,  and  Tiberius. 

NONNIUS,  Peter,  or  NUNES,  agreatmalhe 
matician,  born  in  Portugal,  in  1497.  He  was 
author  of  several  mathematical  works,  and  died 
ill  1577. 

NONNUS,  a  Greek  poet,  sumamed  Panopo- 
lites,  from  the  place  of  his  birth,  bemg  a  native 
of  Panopolis,  in  Egypt,  where  he  was  born  ir 
the  5th  century.  He  is  the  author  ot  a  para- 
phrase in  Greek  verse  upon  the  gospel  of  St. 
John,  the  diction  of  which  is  perspicuous,  neat, 
elegant,  and  proper  for  the  subject. 

NOODT,  Gerard,  an  eminent  civilian,  born 
at  Nimeguen.  His  works  are  all  on  law  sub 
jects.    He  died  in  1725. 

NORADIN,  son  of  Sanguin,  or  Emadeddin, 
sultan  of  Aleppo  and  Nineveh.  He  attacked 
and  defeated  the  crusaders,  and  died  in  1174, 
universally  respected. 

NORDBERG,  I.  A.,  chaplain  and  companion 
of  Charles  XH.,  of  Sweden,  in  all  his  military 
adventures.     He  died  in  1745. 

NORDEN,  Frederick  Lewis,  bom  in  Holstein, 
in  1708.  He  was  a  skilful  navigator,  a  great 
designer,  and  a  good  mathematician.  Having  a 
strong  desire  to  examine  the  wonders  of  Egypt, 
he  went  thither  under  the  patronage  of  the  king 
of  Denmark,  and  published  the  result  in  "  Tra- 
vels in  Egypt  and  Nubia."  Going  afterwards 
to  England,  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Snciety,and  on  this  occasion  gave  the  pub- 
lic "  Drawings  of  some  Ruins  and  Colossal  Sta- 
tues at  Thebes,  in  Egypt,  with  an  account  of  the 
same,  in  a  Letter  to  the  Royal  Society."  He 
died  in  France,  in  1742. 

NORDEN,  John,  an  able  topographer,  and 
surveyor  of  the  king's  lands,  in  the  reign  of 
James  I. ;  he  died  in  1625. 

NORDEN  FLEICHT,  Chederig  Charlotte  de, 
of  Stockholm,  celebrated  among  the  Swedes  for 
her  elegant  poems  ;  she  died  in  1793. 

NORDENSCHOLD.  a  native  of  Sweden,  and 

governor  of  Finland,  known  for  his  extensive 

knowledge  of  political  economy ;  he  died  in  1764. 

NORES,  Jason  de,  a  native  of  Cyprus,  who 

went  to  Padua,  and  taught  philosophy.  He  died 

NORGATE,  Edward,  an  Englishman,  and  an 
ingenious  artist,  died  in  1649. 

NORM  ANT,  Alexis,  advocate  of  the  parlia 
menl  of  Paris,  deservedly  celebrated  for  his  Iovp 
of  justice ;  died  in  1745. 

NORRIS,  John,  an  Englishman,  educated  at 
Cambridge ;  he  was  a  benefactor  to  his  College 
and  died  in  1777. 

NORRIS  John,  a  learned  English  divine  and 
Platonic  philosopher,  moral  writer,  and  poet 
bom  in  1657,  died  in  1711. 

NORRIS,  Henry,  a  learned  cardinal,  bom  at 
Verona,  in  1631,  distinguished  himself  by  a 
«•  History  of  Pelagianism,"  and  died  at  Rome 
in  1704. 

NORRIS,  John,  a  merchant,  of  Salem.  Mas- 
eacbuselts,  distinguished  as  one  of  the  founders, 
and  a  liberal  benefactor  of  the  theological  insti- 
tution at  Andover,  in  that  state;  he  died  in 
1808.  His  wife,  Mary,  left  by  will,  30  000  dol- 
lars to  the  same  institution,  and  a  like  dum  to 
other  religious  objects. 


James  II.,  a  great  natural  philosopher,  and  au- 
thor of  "  A  Philosophical  Essay  on  Music." 
He  was  born  about  1640,  and  died  in  1^. 

NORTH,  Dr.  John,  brotlier  of  the  preceding, 
born  in  1645,  was  a  man  of  great  learning,  an 
admirer  of  Plato,  and  published  an  edition  of 
some  of  his  pieces,  viz.  "  Socratis  Apologia, 

Crito,"  "  Pha-do,"  &c.     He  died  in  1683. 

NORTH,  George,  M.  A.,  an  eminent  English 
divine  and  antiquary,  bom  in  1707,  wrote  a 
"  Table  of  English  Silver  Coins,  from  the  Con- 
quest, to  the  Commonwealth,  with  Remarks," 
and  died  in  1772.  ' 

NORTH,  Frederick,  earl  of  Guilford,  better 
known  as  lord  North  ;  the  minister,under  whose 
administration,  England  lost  her  American  colo- 
nies. He  was  born  in  1732,  and  died  in  1792, 
having  been  blind  several  years. 

NORTON,  lady  Frances,  an  English  ladv 
who  wrote  "Applause  of  Virtue,"  &c.  •  she 
died  in  1720. 

NORTON,  John,  a  visiter  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  IL,  who  published  "The  Scholar's 
Vade-mecum  ;"  in  which  he  attempted  to  altPr 
the  orthography  and  structure  of  the  EugUs'h 
language. 

NORTON,  Thomas,  an  English  la#er  and 
dramatic  writer,  assisted  Sternhold  and  Hop- 
kins, in  their  noted  version  of  the  Psalms,  27  of 
which  he  turned  into  English  metre.  He  died 
about  1600. 

NORTON,  John,  one  of  the  early  emigrants 
from  Great  Britain  to  America,  and  a  distin- 
guished clergyman,  in  the  infant  colony  of  Mas- 
sachusetts :  he  died  in  1663. 

NOSTRODAMUS,  Rlichael,  an  able  French 
physician  and  eelebrated  astrologer,  was  bora 
in  1503,  and  died  in  1566. 

NOTT,  Edward,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
Virginia,  from  1705  until  his  death,  the  ensuing 
year.  He  was  respected  by  the  colonists,  and 
his  short  administration  was  popular. 

NOUE,  Francis  de  la,  of  Brittany,  a  colonist, 
engaged  In  the  civil  wars  of  France ;  he  was 
distinguished  as  a  brave  man,  and  was  killed  in 
battle  in  1591. 

NOUE,  Stanislaus  Louis  de  la,  of  the  same 
family,  served  with  great  reputation  in  the 
French  army,  and  was  killed  in  1760. 

NOUE,  Denis  de  la,  an  eminent  printer,  of 
Paris,  died  in  1650.  ^  ' 


^OUE,  John  Sauvre  de  la,  of  Meaux,  a  ce- 
lebrated actor  and  dramatic  writer  :  he  died  in 
1761. 

NOUE,  N.  la,  a  famous  financier,  of  France, 
in  the  17th  century. 

NOV.ARIN'.  Lewis,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Ve- 
rona, and  an  author,  died  in  1650. 

NOVATIAN,  a  pagan  philosopher  of  the  3d 
century,  who  was  converted  to  Christianity,  but 
founded  a  new  heresy.  His  followers  were 
called  Novatians. 

NOVATUS,  a  priest  of  Carthage,  of  great  in- 
consistency of  opinion,  he  died  in  the  3d  cen- 
turj'. 

NOWEL,  Alexander,  an  English  divine.  His 
catechism,  published  in  1572,  wai=  extensively 
used,  aiid  much  admired.     He  died  in  1576. 

NOV,  William,  attorney-general  in  the  reign 
of  Chirles  L.  ce!ebrated  for  the  manv  valuable 
I  law  books  whict-  be  wrote.  He  was  born  in 
j  1577,  and  died  in  1634, 

I     NOYES,  J^mes,  a  native  of  Fnglan-l,  came 
vr>PTM    v.„r.-.i     1    ..  ^   •,/■    J    ,  J^°  America  id  t6:VI,  and  soon  after  st.Jed  at 

NORTH,  Francis,  lord  Guilford,  keeper  of   Newbury,  Massachusetts,  as  pastor  of  a  church 
the  great  seal,  m  the  reigns  of  Charles  U.  andjl  there.    He  died  in  1656         ^  acnurca 

324 


oc 

AfOYES,  James,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
^ttled,  as  a  clergyman,  at  Stonington,  Con 
nocticut.    He  died  in  1719. 

NOYES,  Nicholas,  minister  of  a  church  at 
Salem,  Massachusetts,  died  in  1717. 

NUCK,  Anthony,  a  Dutch  physician,  and 
professor  of  anatomy  at  Leyden. 

NUGENT,  Robert,  earl  of,  an  Irish  catholic 
who  became  a  protestant,  waa  promoted  to 
office,  and  died  in  1788. 

NUGENT,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  an  Irishman 
author  of  a  French  dictionary.  His  daughter 
was  married  to  Edmund  Burke. 

NUMA  POMPILIUS,  second  king  of  Rome, 
known  for  the  laws  which  he  established,  and 
his  respect  for  religion.     He  died  672  B.  C. 

NUMENIUS,  a  Greek  philosoplier  of  the  2d 
century,  and  a  follower  of  Pythagoras  and  Plato. 

NUMERIANUS,  Marcus  Aurelius,  son  of  the 
emperor  Cams,  succeeded  his  brother  in  284, 
but  was  soon  after  assassinated. 

NUNEZ,  Ferdinand,  a  Spanish  critic,  and 
professor  of  belles  lettres,  at  Alcala  and  Sala- 
manca ;  he  died  in  1552. 

NYE,  Philip,  an  ejected  non-conformist,  died 
in  1672. 

NYE.  Nathaniel,  a  mathematician,  in  the 
the  reigfi  of  Charles  II. 

NYMANNUS,  Gregory,  professor  of  anato- 
my and  botany,  at  Witteraberg,  died  in  1638. 


OAKES,  Urian,  an  English  clergyman,  who 
fettled  in  Massachusetts,  and  was  chosen  pre- 
■ident  of  Harvard  college  ;  he  died  in  1681 

OATES,  Titus,  an  infamous  c'laracter,  whose 
public  conduct  may  be  found  in  every  history 
of  England  under  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  and 
James  II.     He  was  born  in  1619,  and  died  in  1705. 

OBADIAH,  the  fourth  of  the  minor  prophets. 

OBRECHT,  Ulric,  a  learned  German  critic 
»nd  Latin  historian,  born  in  1646,  died  in  1701. 
So  extensive  and  various  was  his  learning,  that 
he  has  been  styled  "  The  Epitome  of  Human 
Science." 

OBSEQ,UENS,  Julius,  a  Latin  critic,  who 
flourished  about  the  year  395,  and  wrote  a  book 
"De  Prodigiis.' 

OBSOPiEUa,  John,  a  German  physician  and 
critic,  born  at  Brettin,  in  1556,  died  in  1596. 

O'BURNE,  James,  a  celebrated  ventriloquist, 
born  in  Ireland,  but  for  many  years  resident  in 
England,  died  in  1796. 

OCCAM,  or  OCCHAM,  William,  a  famous 
scholastic  divine,  of  the  order  of  Cordeliers, 
who  acquired  so  great  a  reputation  as  to  be  en- 
titled, the  Invincible  Doctor;  he  died  in  1347 

OCCLEVB,  Thomas,  an  English  poet,  flour- 
ished about  1420. 

OCCUM,  Sampson,  a  Monegan  Indian,  con- 
verted to  Christianity,  became  a  missionary 
among  the  Western  Indians ;  he  died  in  1792.     j 

OCELLUS,  a  Greek  Pythagorean  pliiloso-j 
pher,  surnaraed  Lucanus,  author  of  a  celebrat-j 
ed  tract,  called  "  The  Universe."  He  flourished! 
500  B.C. 

OCHINUS,  Bernardin,  an  Italian,  vicar-gene- 
ral of  the  capuchin  order.  He  changed  his  re- 
ligion several  times,  and  died  in  1564. 

OCKLEY,  Simon,  an  eminent  orientalist, 
professor  of  Arabic  in  Cambridge,  and  author 
of  "  A  History  of  the  Saracens,  from  the  death! 
of  Mahomet,  in  632  to  705."  He  was  born  in 
1678,  and  died  in  1720.  I 

OCTAVIA,  daughter  of  Caius  Octaviusj  sia- 


OL 

ter  to  Augustus  Caisar,  wife  of  Mark  Antony, 
and  one  of  the  most  illuatrious  ladies  of  aticient 
Rome  for  her  wisdom  and  virtues,  died  11  B.  C. 

OCTAVIA,  the  wife  of  Nero,  who  divorced 
and  put  her  to  death. 

ODAZRI,  John,  a  painter  and  engraver,  of 
Rome,  died  in  173L 

ODELL,  Thomas,  an  English  dramatic  wri- 
ter, and  deputy  master  of  the  revels,  died  in 
1749.  He  brought  four  dramatic  pieces  on  the 
stage,  which  met  with  some  share  of  success. 

ODENATUS,  king  of  Palmyra,  was  assassin- 
ated in  267,  and  his  wife,  Zenobia,  assumed  the 
government. 

ODIN,  a  famous  hero,  who  lived  about  70  B. 
C.  in  tlje  kingdom  of  Denmark.  He  was  a  war- 
rior, poet,  priest,  and  monarch,  and  worshipped 
by  his  countrymen,  as  a  god,  after  his  death. 

ODO,  Saint,  abbot  of  Clugni,  distinguished  for 
his  great  learning  and  sanctity  ;  iie  died  in  943. 

ODO,  of  Kent,  flourished  in  the  12th  century, 
a  very  learned  and  eloquent  Benedictine  prior 
and  abbot.  He  died  in  1171,  having  composed 
many  valuable  works. 

CECOLAMPADIUS,  John,  a  German  divine, 
eminent  among  the  reformers  of  the  church, 
born  in  1482,  died,  of  the  plague,  in  1.531. 

CECUMENIUS,  a  Greek  writer  of  the  10th 
century. 

OFFA,  king  of  Mercia,  was  the  first  who  es- 
tablished the  Peter-pence  tribute ;  he  died  in  794. 

OGDEN,  Samuel,  a  learned  and  pious  Eng- 
lish divine,  born  in  1716,  died  in  1778. 

OGDEN,  Matthias,  an  ofiicer  in  the  American 
army  during  the  revolution,  and  afterwards  a 
brigadier-general  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States  ;  he  died  m  1791. 

OGDEN,  Jacob,  a  respectable  physician,  of 
New- York,  in  1765. 

OGILBY,  John,  an  eminent  geographer,  cri- 
tic, and  poet,  of  Scotland,  born  in  1600.  His 
principal  works  are  translations  of  "  Virgil," 
and  "  Homer,"  and  a  versification  of  "  Esop's 
Fables  ;"  an  "  Atlas,"  comprised  in  several  fo- 
lio volumes.     He  died  in  1676. 

OGILVIE,  Dr.  John,  a  divine  of  the  church 
of  Scotland,  born  in  1733.  He  was  greatly  dis- 
tinguished for  learning  and  piety,  published 
many  poems,  and  died  in  1814. 

OGLE,  Samuel,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
Maryland  ;  he  died  in  1751. 

OGLE,  Benjamin,  governor  of  the  state  of 
Maryland,  died  at  Annapolis,  in  1809. 

OGLETHORPE,  James,  an  able  British  ge- 
neral, and  a  distinguished  philanthropist.  He 
served  under  prince  Eugene,  and  in  the  senate 
of  his  country,  but  is  most  renowned  for  his 
successful  enterprise  in  Georgia,  of  which  state 
he  was  the  founder.  He  died,  in  England,  in 
1785,  at  the  age  of  97. 

OISEL,  James,  professor  of  civil  law,  at  Gro- 
ningcn,  died  in  1686. 

OKOLSKI,  Simon,  a  Polish  author,  who  died 
in  the  17th  century. 

OKSKI,  Stanislaus,  a  Pole,  who  studied  divi- 
nity under  Luther  and  Melancthon,  and  after- 
wards turned  catholic  ;  he  died  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury. 

OLAF,  a  king  of  Norway  in  the(|Oth  century, 
sent  missionaries  to  Greenland  to  convert  the 
natives. 

OLAHUS,  Nicolas,  a  Hungarian  bishop:  he 
wrote  a  chronicle  of  his  time,  and  died  in  1568. 

OLAUS,  Magnus,  avchhishop  of  Upsal,  in 
Sweden,  and  historian  of  the  northe.'-n  naiiuiis, 
died  in  1555. 

2iJ  :l'25      • 


OL 


OL 


OLAVIDES,  N.,  count  de,  a  native  of  Span- [Returning  to  Ireland,  he  ?oon  distinguished  bim- 
ish  America,  educated  at  Madrid,  published  thel;?elf  by  his  writings,  both  on  religious  and  poli- 
Triuniph  of  the  Gospel,  and  died  in  the  reignjitical  subjectP,  by  which  he  gained  the  esteem  of 
of  Charles  III.  ilall  parties,  as  a  friend  to  freedom,  liberality  and 

OLDCASTLE,  sir  John,  called  the  good  lord|ifoleratior..  His  addresses  to  the  catholics  gained 
Cobham,  the  first  author,  as  well  as  the  first  jihim  the  most  flattering  notice  of  the  Irish  go- 
nsartvr,  on  the  reformation  from  popery,  wasijvernnior.r ;  he  died  in  London,  in  1802,  aged  73. 
born"  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  He  was  one  OLEASTER,  Jerom,  a  Portuguese  Doniini- 
of  iJjt!  leaders  in  the  refoi-ming  partj',  whojican,  was otiered  a  bishopric,  which  hedeclined 
drew  up  a  number  of  articles  against  the  cor- [.Tor  the  ofiice  of  grand-inquisitor;  he  died  in 
ruptions  which  then  prevailed  among  church- i:I553. 

men,  and  denied  the  scriptural  dominion  of  thei     OLEN,  an  ancient  Greek  poet.     His  age  is 
pope.     As   a  heretic,  he  was  hung  in  chains!  fabulous. 


alive  upon  a  gallows,  and  fire  bdng  put  under 
him,  ne  was  burnt  to  death  in  1418. 

OLDENBURG,  Henry,  a  learned  German 
gentleman,  who,  being  settled  in  Lo'.sdon  as 
consul  for  Bremen,  becaive  <irst  secretary  to  the  j 
Royal  Society  ;  to  Avhich  office,  he  applied  him-  : 
self  with  extraordinary  diligence,  and  began 
the  publication  of  the  "Philosophical  Trar.-^ac- 
tions,"  vnth  No.  1,  in  16*54.     He  died  in  1H78. 

OLDENBURGEN,  Philip  Andrew,  professor 
of  hisiorv-  and  law  at  Geneva,  died  in  1678.  IIT.>7. 

OLDERMAN,  John,  a  German,  and  Greek ||    OLIVARES,  Gasper  de  Guzman,  count  de, 
professor  at  Heltnsradt,  wrote  some  valuab!e|!an  illustrious  Spaniard,  ministerunder  Philip  V. 


OLESMKI,  Ibi;rneus,  a  noble  Pole,  was  made 
cardinal,  and  died  in  1455. 
I    OLIMPO,  Bailhasar,  an  Italian  poet,  of  the 
tlSth  centurj'. 

OLTVA,  "Alexander,  genera!  of  the  Augustin 
nionks,  a  celebrated  cardinal,  and  learned  theo- 
[logical  writer,  was  born  in  1408.  and  died  in 
j4?3. 

OLR'A,  John,  a  learned  ecclesiastic,  of  Ro- 
Ivign,  and  secretary  to  the  conclave ;  he  died  in 


disserta-ioTAs,  and  died  in  1753. 

OLDFIELD.  Anne,  a  celebrated  Engl's:i  ac- 
tress, a.)d  accomplished  woman,  was  boin  in 
1683,  and  died  in  1730. 

OLDFIELD,  T.  P..  an  English  youth  of  extra- 
ordinary genius,  died  In  1804,  in  his  16th  year. 
At  the  age  of  five  and  a  half  .voars  his  body  was 
debilitated  wiili  sickness,  but  his  mind  presented 
the  finest  display  of  human  perfection.     H*^  he- 


He  occasioned  the  total  separation  of  Portugal 

:from  Spain,  and  di^-d  in  1643. 

I    OLIVER,  Isaac,  a  celebrated  English  historl- 

|ca!  and  portrait  painter,  was  born  in  1556,  and 

iditd  in  1617. 

'    OLIVER,  Pet"r,  an  eminent  English  minia- 

jture  painter,  dk-d  in  1661. 

i    OLIVER,  of  Malmsbury,  a  Benedictine,  was 

an  able  mechanic,  but  attempting  to  fly  with 


came  a  great  proficient  in  mathemaiics,  philoso-jiwings  which  he  had  made,  he  fell  and  broke  his 
pliy.  astronomy,  geography,   history  ai'd  paint-  lileg.     He  died  in  1660. 


ing.  His  memory  was  extremely  retentive.  He 
never  forgot  any  thing  with  which  he  was  once 
acqualrited,  and  he  would  frfrquenlly  take  admi- 
rable likenessesof  persons  who  strucltbim  from 
n)eniory  He  was  never  known  to  be  out  of 
temper"  and  though  he  suffered  an  iilness  of 
ten  years,  never  renin<'d  or  seemed  impatient. 

OLDHAAT,  John,  an  eminent  Engli.sli  po«=t, 
was  born  in  1653.  His  genius  lay  chiefly  in  I 
satire.     He  died  in  1683. 

OLDISWORTH,  William,  a  political  and 
miscel.aneous  writer,  in  the  reigns  of  queen  Anne 
and  George  I.  He  was  one  of  the  original  au- 
thors ')f  the  "E,\aminer,"  published  several 
other  works,  and  died  in  1734. 

OLDJHXON,  John,  an  English  historian  and 
poet,  a  violent  party  writer,  and  a  severe  and 
malevolent  critic,  died  in  1742.  He  was  a  man 
'of  learning  and  abilities. 

OLDYS",  William,  Norroy  king  at  arms,  well 
versed  in  English  antiquities,  a  correct  writer, 
and  a  good  historian,  born  in  l'^96,  died  in  1761. 

OliEARIUS.  Godfrey,  a  learned  German,  and 
professor  of  divinitv  at  Leipsic,  died  in  1713. 

OLEARIUS,  Godfrey,  a  learned  Greek  pro- 
fe.«sor  and  writer,  born  in  1672,  and  died  in  Ml!^. 
havmg  pablished  several  works,  and  translated 
"Stanley's  History  of  Philosophy"  into  Latin, 
with  "  Notes  and  Dissertations"  of  his  own. 

OLEARIUS,  Adam,  a  German  writer,  and 
minister  to  the  duke  of  Holstein ;  who  having 
occasion  to  send  an  ambassador  to  the  great 
duke  of  Muscovy,  and  the  king  of  Prussia,  ap- 
pointed Olearius  secretary  to  the  embassy.  On 
his  reiurn,  he  drew  up  "  A  Relation  of  his 
Journeys."  which  was  published  in  1656.  He 
was  born  in  1599,  and  died  in  1671. 

O'LE.ARY,  Arthur,  a  native  of  Ireland,  who 
entered  into  the  Franciscan  order  of  Capuchins. 
326 


OLIVER,  William,  an  able  physician,  of 
jBat!:,  died  in  1764. 

OLIVER,  Claude  Matthew,  an  advocate  in 
the  parliament  of  Aix,  of  great  eloquence.  He 
was  an  author  of  merit,  and  died  in  1736. 

OLIVER,  Daniel,  a  merchant,  of  Boston, 
eminent  for  piety  and  benevolence,  died  in  1732. 

OLIVER,  Andrew,  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  died  in  1774.  He 
rendered  himself  unpopular  toward  the  close 
of  his  life  by  favouring  the  claims  of  the  British 
government  upon  the  colonies. 

OLIVER,  Peter,  LL.  D.,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts,  and 
like  his  brother,  became  extremely  unpopular 
with  the  colonists.  He  retired  to  England,  where 
he  died,  in  1791. 

OLIVER,  Thomas,  lieutenant-governor  of 
Massachusetts,  at  the  commencement  of  the  re- 
volution. He  espoused  the  cause  of  the  mother 
country,  and  went  to  Errland,  where  he  died. 

OLIVET,  Joseph,  a  Frenchman,  chiefly  me- 
morable for  an  e.vrellent  edition  of  "  Cicero's 
Works,"  died  in  1768. 

OLIVETAN,  Robert,  a  relation  of  Caleric, 
who  printed,  nt  Neufchatel,  in  1535,  the  first 
French  translation  of  the  Bible,  from  the  He- 
brew and  Greek  texts.  He  was  poisoned  the 
ensuing  year. 

OLIVEYRA,  Chevalier  Francis  de,  a  noble 
Portuguese,  employed  in  various  embassies, 
flis  enlightened  mind  abandoned  the  popish  re- 
ligion for  the  protestant.  He  afterwards  went 
to  England  and  died  in  1783. 

OLONNOIS,  John  David,  a  Frenchman  fa- 
mous for  his  bold  adventures  on  the  ocean,  in 
the  i7th  centurj'. 

OLYBRIUS,  Flavins  Anicius,  husband  of  the 
sister  of  Valentinian  III.,  was  sent  into  Italy 


OP 


against  a  rebel,  whom  he  proclaimed  emperor 
of  the  West.  He  afterwards  deposed  him  and 
USUI  ped  the  throne  himself,  and  died  in  472. 

OLYMl'tODORUS,  a  peripatetic  philosopher 
of  Egypt,  in  the  asteof  the  second  Theodosius. 

0LZ0FF3K1,  Andrew,  a  learned  Polish  di- 
vine, was  ambassador  to  Vienna.  He  died  in 
1678. 

OMAR  I.,  caliph  of  the  Saracens,  the  second 
after  Mahotnet,  and  one  of  the  most  rapid  con- 
querors in  modern  history.  lie  drove  the  Greeks 
from  Syria  and  Phoenicia;  Jerusalem  was  sur- 
rendered to  him  ;  his  generals  tooii  the  capital 
of  Persia  ;  and  soon  after,  Memphis  and  Alex- 
andria submitted  to  his  victorious  poops  :  and 
in  this  conquest,  the  famous  Alexandrian  libra- 
ry was  burnt  by  these  savages,  who  heated  their 
stoves  with  its  valuable  books.  He  was  assas 
sinared  by  a  Persian  slave,  in  Gl'J,  the  10th  year 
of  his  reign,  and  fi3ii  of  his  age. 

OMAR  ir.,  13th  caliph  of  the  race  of  the  Om- 
miades,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  717.  He  was 
cruel  to  the  Christians,  and  was  assassinated 
in  720. 

OMEIS,  Magnus  Daniel,  professor  of  belles 
lettres  at  .\ltorf,  and  author  of  several  works  ; 
died  in  1708. 

ONESICRITUS,  a  cynic  philosopher,  among 
the  attendants  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

O.VF^IMUS,  a  Phrvuiaa  slave,  converted  to 
Christianity  by  St.  Paul. 

ONivRLOS,  surnamed  the  Proselyte,  a  famous 
Rabbi  of  the  first  century,  and  author  of  the 
Chaldee  Targimi  on  the  Pentateuch. 

OiVOMACRITUS,  a  Greek  poet,  about  510 
B.  C.  The  poems  entitled  Orpheus,  are  ascribed 
to  him. 

0N05ANDER,  a  Greek  author  who  flourish- 
ed about  A.  D.  50,  and  wrote  commentaries  up- 
on *' Plato's  politics,'-  W'iich  are  lost;  but  his 
name  is  particnlarly  famous  for  his  treatise  "  Of 
the  duty  and  virtiie.=!of  : he  general  of  an  army," 
which  lia-^  been  tran.slated into sfvesal languages. 

ONUPHlllUS,  Panvinius,  acelebrated  Augus- 
tine monk,  born  at  Verona,  in  1529,  who,  applv- 
in>»  himself  tothestudy  of  eeciesiastieal  iiislo.'-y, 
contiiiued  the  "  Lives  of  the  Popes"  begun  by 
Platina.  He  acquired  the  title  of  the  father  of 
history  ;  and  die!  in  15*38. 

OOKT,  Ada.n  Van,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Antwerp,  was  born  in  1557. 

OOST,  James  Van,  a  celebrated  Dutch  pain- 
ter, died  in  IflCO. 

OPIE,  John,  an  eminent  English  artist,  and 
professor  of  painting,  in  the  Royal  Academy 
He  was  not  m«rely  an  excellent  artist,  but  wa.s 
also  an  admirable  writer  upon  the  art.  He  was 
born  in  Vdl.  was  t'le  s;on  of  a  humble  carpen- 
ter: he  was  drawn  from  his  obscurity  by  llir 
kind  j)atraiiage  of  Or.  Woitior  (usually  called 
Pete>-  Pindar)  and  died  in  London,  in  1807. 

OPITIU3,  Heiiry,  a  Lutheran  divine,  and  pro- 
fessor (if  oriental  languages,  at  Kei! ;  he  died  in 
1712. 

OPlTinS,  Martin,  a  famous  Silesian  poet, 
stvled  the  "  Vir:;;!"  of  Ger;nany;  he  died  in 
1G;'9,  aged  42  years. 

OPO'lLVUS,  John,  a  famous  German  printer, 
editor,  and  commentator  on  Greek  and  Latin 
author-!,  born  in  1597,  aiid  died  in  IS-IB. 

OPP.r^UE,  John  Mevneir,  baro.-.  d',  preside-.n 
of  the  parliament  of  Aix,  made  hi.niself  odious 
by  the  atrocities  which  b?  committed  against 
the  Vaudois.     He  died  in  1558. 

OPPIA>f,  a  Greek  poet  and  grammarian,  who 
flourished  about  the  year  220,  linder  the  emperor 


OR 

Caracalla,  who  gave  him  a  crown  of  gold  tor 
every  line  of  his  poems,  whence  they  got  the 
title  of  golden  verses.  He  died  at  30  years  of 
age. 

OPSOP.-EUS,  John,  from  a  corrector  of  the 
press,  became  an  eminent  physician,  and  profes- 
sor of  medicine,  at  Heidelberg  ;  he  died  in  1(319. 

OPTATUS,  an  African  bishop,  wiio  flourished 
in  the  14th  century,  under  the  empire  of  Valenli- 
nian  and  Valens.  He  wrote  the  '  History  of  the 
Donatists,"  the  "  Sacred  Geography  of  Africa." 

ORDORAN,  a  monk,  atSeus,  and  an  author, 
died  in  the  14th  century:; 

ORELLANA,  Francis,  a  Spaniard,  who  ac- 
con)panred  Pizarro  to  Peru.  He  was  the  first 
European  who  saw  the  great  river  Amazon,  and 
perished,  in  1550,  in  attempting  to  discover  its 
mouth. 

ORGANA,  Andrew,an  eminent  painter, poet, 
and  architect,  born  at  Florence,  in  1329,  and 
died  in  1389.  The  greatest  part  of  his  paintings 
are  at  Pisa.  In  his  picture  of  the  universal 
judg'ii'dnt,  he  painted  iiis  friends  in  iieaven,  and 
liis  foes  in  hell. 

ORIBASHTS,  an  eminent  physician  and  medi- 
cal writer,  of  the  4th  century.  He  settled  at 
Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  and  died  in  370. 

ORIBASTIUS,  of  Pergamos,  was  physician 
to  the  apostate  Julian. 

ORIGEN,  an  illustrious  fatlier  of  the  Christ- 
ian church,  and  a  man  of  great  parts  and  learn- 
ing, born  at  Alexandria,  about  the  year  185,  and 
died  in  254. 

ORIGEN",  a  Platonic  philosopher,  and  the 
friend  of  Porpliyry. 

ORIGNY,  Peter  .\dam,  author  of  a  History 
of  ancient  Eaiypt,"  died  at  Rheims,  in  1774. 

ORKAN,  son  oi'Othoman,  made  himself  em- 
peror of  Turkey,  in  i326,  by  destroying  his  elder 
brothers.      He  died  in  1360. 

ORLANDI,  Pclegrini  Anthony,  an  eminent 
Italian  bookseller,  and  -the  author  of  several 
works,  died  in  1730. 

OR  LAY.  Bernard  Van,  an  eminent  Dutch 
pai/iter,  and  a  disciple  of  Rapliael,  died  in  1560. 

ORLEANS,  Louis,  of  France,  duke  of,  son 
of  diaries  V.,  was  basely  murdered  by  his  un- 
cle John,  duke  of  Burgundy,  in  1-107. 

ORLEANS,  .Charles,  duke  of,  son  of  Louis, 
of  France,  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of 
Agiucourt,  and  after  a  captivity  of  25  years,  in 
En,?land,  returned  to  France,  and  died  in  1465. 

ORLEANS,  Louis,  duke  of,  prince  of  the 
bloi>d,  son  of  Philip,  the  regent,  and  an  accom- 
plished scholar :  he  died  in  1752. 

ORLEANS,  Louis,  an  advocate,  of  Paris,who 
boldiv  defended  the  cause  of  the  league  against 
Henry  IV.     He  died  in  1627. 

ORLEANS,  Peter  Joseph,  a  French  Jesuit, 
and  an  author  of  several  v.'orks,  died  in  1698. 

ORLEANS,  Philip  Louis  Joseph,  duke  of, 
boni  in  1747.  This  prince  was  early  addicted 
to  low  pleasures.  After  a  short,  but  disgraceful 
service  in  ;he  navy  of  France,  he  joined  the 
factiou.s  ar:d  the  vile  in  their  schemes  of  revo- 
lution; and  by  bis  opulence  and  influence, 
greatly  subserved  their  interests.  He  voted  for 
the  death  of  Louis  XVI.  with  inditference,  and 
was  yoon  a.^'ter  himself  accused,  and  led  to  the 
scaffold.  i>i  November,  1793. 

ORLE\NS  IE  LA  MOTTE,  Louis F.ancis 
Gabrid'  de  bi?boDof  Amiens,  was  a  pious  and 
chariiabie  prelate,  and  died  in  1771 

0R:ME;  Robert,  author  of  a  "History  jf  the 
military  transactions  of  the  British  nation  in 
Hindustan,  from  the  year  1745,"   and   "Hjs- 

327 


OS 

turical  Fragments  of  the  Mogul  Empire,"  was 
'jnni  ill  India,  in  1728,  and  died  near  London,  in 
ISOl.  lie  was,  by  some  persons,  complimented 
with  the  title  of  the  British  Thucydides. 

OROBIO,  Balthasar,  a  Spanish  Jew,  who 
professed  the  Roman  catholic  faith,  and  became 
professor  of  metaphysics  at  Salamanca  ;  he  died 
in  1687. 

ORONO,  an  Indian,  chief  of  the  Penobscot 
tribe,  was  faithful  in  his  attachment  to  the  white 
people,  and  labourfid  to  promote  Christianity 
among  his  own.  He  died  in  1801,  aged  113. 
His  wife  died  in  180S,  aged  115. 

OROSIUS,  Paul,  a  learned  Spanish  ecclesias- 
tic, wlio  flourished  in  the  5th  century,  and  wrote 
a  history  under  the  title  of  "  Miseria  Humana." 
containing  an  account  of  the  wars,  plagues, 
earthquakes,  floods,  conflagrations,  thunder  and 
lightning,  murder,  and  other  crimes,  which  had 
happened  from  the  beginning  of  the  world  to 
the  year  of  Christ  416. 

ORPHEUS,  of  Thrace,  an  ancient  Greek  poet, 
who  flourished  before  Homer,  and  before  the 
siege  of  Troy.  He  was  an  excellent  musician, 
poet  and  physician. 

ORSATO,  Sertorio,  an  Italian  writer,  and 
professor  of  philosophy,  at  Padua;  he  died  in 
1678. 

ORSATO,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  physician 
and  antiquary,  of  Padua;  he  died  in  1720. 

ORSI,  John  Joseph,  an  ingenious  poet  and 
philosopher,  of  Bologna ;  he  died  in  1733. 

ORSI,  Francis  Joseph  Augustin,  an  able  Tus- 
can writer,  raised  to  the  purple,  by  Clement 
XIII.     He  died  in  1761. 

ORTE,  N.  viscount  d,'  governor  of  Bayonne, 
refused  to  put  the  protestants  to  death  at  the  St. 
Bartholomew  massacre. 

ORTELIUS,  Abraham,  a  celebrated  geogra- 
pher, of  Antwerp,  died  in  1598. 

ORTON,  Job,  a  dissenting  minister,  born  at 
Shrewsbuiy,  in  1717,  and  died  in  1783.  He  wrote 
"Memoirs  of  Dr.  Doddridge,"  "Letters  to  a 
Youns  Clergyman,"  and  an  "  E-tposition  of  the 
Old  Testament." 

ORVILLE,  James  Philip  d',  a  Dutch  critic  and 
author,  died  in  1751. 

OSBORN,  sir  d'  Anvers,  governor  of  the 
colony  of  New- York,  committed  suicide  a  few 
davs  after  his  arrival  in  America,  in  1753. 

OSBORN,  Jolm,  a  native  of  Massachusett 
distinguished  as  a  poetical  writer,  died  in  1753. 

OSBORNE,  Francis,  an  English  writer  of  grjat 
abilities,  was  born  in  1588.  Of  all  his  works, 
that  best  known  is  his  "  Advice  to  a  Son."  He 
died  in  1658. 

OSGOOD,  Samuel,  an  officer  of  the  revolu 
tionary  army,  afterwards  a  member  of  congress 
from  Massachusetts,  and  post-master-general  of 
the  United  States  ;  he  died  in  1812. 

OSIANDER,  Andrew,  a  Bavarian,  one  of 
Luther's  first  disciples,  was  a  professor  at  Ko- 
nigsbere,  and  a  voluminous  writer.  He  died 
in"!  .552. 

OSIUS,  bishop  of  Cordova,  presided  at  the 
council  of  Nice,  in  325. 

OSIUS,  or  OSIO,  FelLx,  professor  of  rhetoric 
at  Padua,  died  in  1631. 

OSMAN  I.,  son  of  Achmet  I.,  succeeded  to 
the  Turkish  throne  in  1618.  He  introduced  an 
Arab  militia  to  replace  the  Janissaries ;  but  the 
latter  hurled  him  from  the  throne,  and  put  him 
to  death,  in  1622. 

OSM*.N  II.,  emperor  of  Constantinople  in 
1754.  di-d  in  1757. 
OSMOND,  St.,  made  chancellor  of  England, 
328 


OT 

and  bishop  of  Salisbury,  by  William  the  Con- 
queror, died  in  1099. 

OSORIO,  Jerome,  a  learned  Portuguese  di- 
vine, and  an  excellent  writer,  born  at  Lisbon, 
in  1506,  and  died  in  1580.  His  diction  is  easy 
and  elegant;  for  which  reason  he  is  called  the 
Cicero  of  Portugal. 

OSORIO,  Jerome,  canon  of  Evora,  and  an 
author,  died  in  the  16th  century. 

OSS  AT,  Arnaud  d',  a  most  celebrated  French 
cardinal  and  statesman  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
IV.,  was  born  in  1536,  and  died  in  1604.  His 
"Despatches"  areas  useful  to  an  ambassador, 
who  hopes  to  succeed  in  his  employment,  as  the 
Bible  and  the  Corpus  Juris  to  such  divines  and 
(lawyers  as  would  succeed  in  their  respective 
professions. 

OSSIAN,  a  Gaelic  poet,  supposed  to  have 
flourished  in  the  3d  century,  and  to  have  been 
the  son  of  Fingal  His  poems  were  translated 
by  Mr.  M'Pherson,  in  1762. 

OSTADE,  Adrian  Van,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Lubec,  in  1610,  and  died  in  1685.  Na- 
ture guided  his  pencil  in  every  thing  he  under- 
took. 

OSTERWALD,  John  Frederick,  a  celebrated 
Swiss  protestant  minister,  born  in  1663,  and  died 
in  1747.  He  was  author  of  many  excellent 
works,  the  best  of  which  is  his  "  Instructions 
in  the  Christian  Religion." 

OSTERWY,  Maria  Van,  a  native  of  Delft, 
was  an  elegant  artist,  and  died  in  1693. 

OSWALD,  king  of  Northumberland,  became 
a  Christian,  and  was  killed  in  battle,  in  643. 

OSW.\LD,  Erasmus,  professor  of  Hebrew  at 
Fribourg,  published  a  Hebrew  translation  of  the 
New  Testament,  and  died  in  1579. 

OSYMANDYAS,  an  Egyptian  king,  the  first 
who  formed  a  public  library. 

OTHO,  Marcus  Salvius,  emperor  of  Rome 
in  69.     He  held  his  office  only  three  months. 

OTHO  I.,  surnamed  the  Great,  crowned  em- 
peror of  Germany  in  936.  He  was  a  valiant 
prince,  and  died  in  973. 

OTHO  II.,  surnamed  the  Bloody,  was  son 
and  successor  of  Otho  I. ;  he  died  in  983. 

OTHO  III.,  only  son  of  Otho  II.,  was  crown- 
ed emperor  in  983,  and  died  in  1002. 

OTHO  IV.,  surnamed  the  Proud,  son  of  Henry 
the  Lion,  duke  of  Saxony,  was  elected  emperor 
in  1197,  and  died  in  1218. 

OTHO,  Venius,  a  Dutch  painter  of  great  emi- 
nence, born  at  Leyden,  in  1556.  His  genius  was 
so  active,  that  he  at  once  applied  himself  to  phi- 
losophy, poetry,  mathematics,  and  painting,  and 
acquired  an  excellence  in  all  parts  of  the  latter. 
He  died  at  Brussels,  in  1634. 

OTHO,  bishop  of  Frisengen,  and  an  author, 
died  in  1158. 

OTIS,  James,  a  lawyer,  of  Massachusetts, 
distinguished  as  a  zealous  defender  of  the  rights 
of  the  colonies ;  he  died  in  1798. 

OTIS,  James,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  son  of  the  preceding,  was  one 
of  the  most  active  and  zealous  friends  of  colo- 
nial rights  in  America.  He  became  insane  se- 
veral years  previous  to  his  death,  and  was  killed 
by  lightning,  in  1783. 

OTROKOTSKIFORTS,  Francis,  a  Hunga- 
rian, and  protestant  minister.  He  embraced 
the  Catholic  faith,  and  died  in  1718. 

OTT,  Henry,  a  learned  Swiss  divine,  a 
professor  of  Hebrew  at  Zurich  ;   he  died  in 
1682. 

OTTER,  John,  author  of  Travels  in  Turkey, 
&c.,  died  in  1748. 


ow 

(/rWAY,  ThomaiS,  an  eminent  English  poet 
an'i  dianiatic  writer,  born  i;i  1651,  had  his  edu- 
ratiuii  at  Oxlbrd,  but,  leavin;i  tlie  university 
Without  any  degree,  he  went  V)  Loudon,  and 
applying  liiniseli'  to  rli,!  play-houses,  both  wrote 
and  acted  ibr  a  support.  He  excelled  in  touch- 
ing tlie  tender  passions  in  tragedy,  of  which 
Ms  "  Orphan,"  and  "  Venice  Preserved,"  con- 
tain the  strongest  specimens.     He  died  in  1685. 

OLJDENARDE,  Robert  Van,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  painter,  died  in  1743. 

OUDIN,  Casimir,  a  learned  French  monk, 
born  in  1638,  and  died  in  1717,  havi'ig  published 
•  A  Supplement  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Writers 
omitted  by  Bellarmine;"  a  work  which  did  him 
much  Jionour 

OUDIN,  Francis,  a  josuit,  author,  and  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Dijon  ;  he  died  in  17.52. 

OUDINET,  Mark  Anthony,  a  French  medal- 
ist, died  in  1712. 

OLJDRI,  John  Baptist,  an  admired  French 
painter,  died  in  1755. 

OriGHTRFJD,  William,  an  English  divine, 
celebrated  for  his  uncommon  skill  in  the  ma- 
thematics, born  in  1573,  and  died  in  ISflO.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  valuable  works. 

OUSEL,  Philip,  a  native  ot  Dantzic,  was 
theological  professor  at  Frankfort,  on  the  Oder, 
and  was  well  skilled  in  Hebrew.  He  died  in 
17'2-t. 

OUWALER,  Albert,  a  historical  painter, 
of  Haerieni,  died  in  1515. 

OVER  \LL,  John,  hi.^hop  of  Norwich,  was 
born  in  1559,  and  died  m  1619.  He  iiad  the  cha- 
racter of  b.Mug  the  beat  scholastic  divine  in  ihe 
Enclish  nation 

OVERBEivS,  Bonaventure  Van,  of  Amster- 
dam, an  eminent  designer  and  antiquarian,  died 
in  17(16. 

OVCRBURY,  sir  Thomas,  a  polite  English 
wriie;-,  born  in  1-581,  was  poisoned  in  the  Tow 
cr,  in  1!>13,  by  order  of  Robert  Car,  earl  of  Ro- 
chester, and  the  countess  of  Essex.  He  w;\s 
the  author  o*"  several  works  in  verse  and  pr ..;,;. 

OVl-D,  PubMub  Naso,  one  of  the  finest  poets 
of  the  .\u'jus:i:i  -jge,  born  at  Sulnio,  in  the  year 
of  Rome,  710.  IT,;  was  exceedi  i?ly  amorous  in 
his  youth,  and  addicted  beyond  meas'ire  to  wo- 
men. He  wrote  several  works,  the  best  of 
whicii  is  his  Metauiorplioses  He  was  exiled 
by  Augustus,  and  died  about  60  years  of  age. 

OVIEDO,  John  (ionsalvo  de,  a  I'^arned  Span- 
iard. F!e  became  thi>  friend  of  Columbus,  whom 
he  acco'npanied  in  his  second  voyage  to  I  he  new 
world. 

OvVAIN,  a  prince  of  Powj'S,  was  slain  in 
1114. 

O  WAIN,  son  of  Me.xen  WIertig,  a  brave  war 
rior,  wlio  became  a  saint  in  the  British  calen- 
dar. 

OWAIN,  or  OWP.N  TUDOR,  lord  Pen- 
myiydd,  in  Anglesea,  married  the  widow  o:'  j 
Henry  V.,  in  \42^.  His  second  son  was  the, 
earl  of  Richmond,  father  of  Henry  VH.  i 

OVVAIN  CIVEILOG,  a  Welch  warrior,  who 
CdeA  in  1197. 

OWATN  GLANDWR,  or  OWEN  GLEIV- 
DOWER,  the  last  of  the  Welch  princes,  was 
in  the  service  of  Richard  II.,  but  was  disgraced 
fcy  Henry  IV. 

'  OWT^N,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  English  divine, 
P'liong  the  independents,  and  sometimes  styled 
the-oracle  and  the  metropolitan  of  that  sect,  was 
bor-  in  1516.  and  died  in  1683.  He  was  a  very 
To'.''i:ninnns  writer. 

"f.S.  Jah:r,  in  Latin  cal.'ed  Andoenus,  an 


PA 

lerninent  epi  grauimatist,  born  about  1550,  and 
'died  in  London,  in  162'2. 

OWEN,  Dr.  Henry,  a  very  celebrates  Eng- 
Hsii  divine,  whose  biblical  knowlerif^e  was,  per- 
haps, superior  to  that  of  any  of  his  cotompo;  aries. 
He  was  born  m  1715,  published  many  excellent 
iworks  of  divinity,  and  died  in  1795. 
I  OWEN,  Geoi'^,  an  English  physician  and 
lauthor,  died  in  1558. 

I  OWRN,  Charles,  an  English  dissenting  di- 
jvine,  died  in  1712. 

I  OWEN,  Jofm,  an  eminent  English  clergyman, 
one  of  tne  founders,  and  for  many  yea.s  secrC' 
tary,  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bib'.e  Society. 
He  died  in  1822. 

OWTRAM,  William,  an  eminenc  p.-eacher 
and  scholar,  in  the  reign  of  Cnarles  It. 

OXENBRIDGd,  John,  an  eminent  divine, 
and  popuiar  prea. her,  ac  Boston  ;  he  published 
some  jeligious  i.ca,'Xs  and  sermons,  and  died  in 
1674. 

OXENtiTtERN,  Axel,  prime  minister  toGus- 
tavus  A  doiplHiS,  deserved  his  elevation  by  his 
merit  a;]d  abilities,  a  id  died  in  1654. 

OZ.'^NH  M,  James,  an  eminent  mathema- 
tical wriitr.  'lio'J  a   Paris,  in  1717,  aged  77. 

OZELL,  .l.inn,  aa  Suglish  dramatic  and  mis^ 
cellaneous  writer.  His  plays,  ihougii  al;  t  ans- 
latioos,  are  very  nume -ous.     He  died  in  .'743. 


PAAS,  Crispin,  of  Cologne,  an  eminent  en- 
graver in  the  r7tn  century. 

PA  AW,  Pemr,  a  piiysician  and  botanist,  of 
Amsterdam,  died  in  1617 

PABO,  a  Briiish  prince  of  the  5th  century; 
rt!id  founder  of  .he  rhurch  of  Mona. 

PAC\,  Wiliim  a  meinber  of  congrjss  from 
Maryiand,  .i  id  '  le  of  Uie  signers  of  the  rieciara- 
i.on  oi  liid.'ijruidence,  afterwards  goveri^.jr  of 
:hat  sfaie,  and  a  judgt  of  the  district  co'trt  of 
the  (J.iited  Sraus  for  Maryland;  h^- died  in  1799. 

PACATIANUS.  Titus'Julius  Marinus,  a  Ro- 
ma;) general,  who  revolted  against  tho  «ini*eror 
Philip  ;  he  waf  de^f-a  jd  and  slam  in  ^40. 

PACE,  Ruha  i;  a  iearned  F.-igiishman,  em- 
ploved  Ml  neLCorlaiio.K-  by  Henry  Vill.  He  was 
highiv  esieeuie<l   and  di^^d  in  1532. 

P  VCHECO,  John  de,  marquis  de  Villena,  the 
favourite  of  Henry  IV.  of  Castile,  and  prime 
minister      He  died  in  1473. 

PACHYMER!  JS,  George,  an  eminent  ByzJ^n- 
tine  historian,  floa-ishcd  about  1280,  and  died  in 
1310. 

PACIAUDI,  Pan'  Marie,  an  able  and  loanied 
antiquarian,  of  Turin  ;  he  (tied  in  MS'r. 

PACIF'O'J^,  M-ix!  r.i.i,  nf  a  i.obie  tunny  of 
Ascoli,  in  1400,  was  an  f  lei'-drit  Latin  poet 

PACIUS,  Julius,  an  Itf'vn,  distinguished  for 
his  leaturesou  juiisprndenc-j,  died  in  1635. 

PACOiiUe,  son  of  Orodes,  king  of  Parthia, 
defeated  the  Roman  genera!  Crassus.  U't  was 
sJaiii  39  B.  C 

PACLTVIUS,  Marcus,  an  eminent  Latin  tragic 
poet,  in  high  reputation  at  Rome,  about  154  B.C. 

PADARN,  a  British  bishop.  He  is  one  of  the 
three  blessed  visiters,  who  first  preached  the 
gospel  in  Wales. 

PADERNA,  Paul  Anthony,  of  Bologna,  att 
eminent  painter,  died  in  1708. 

PADUAN,  Lewis  Leo,  acquired  celebrity 
as  R  pointer  and  engraver  of  medals,  nud  died 
in  1615. 

PADIJANINO,  Francisco,  a  historical  paitt 
ter,  of  Padua,  died  in  1617. 

28*  329 


PADILLA,  Mary  de,  a  Spanish  lady,  the 
favourite  of  Peter  the  Cruel,  king  of  Castile. 

PAEZ,  Francis  Aivarez,  a  Portuguese,  bishop 
of  Coron  ;  he  died  in  1532. 

Pagan,  Peter,  professor  of  poetry  and  his 
tory,  at  Marpurg,  died  in  1576. 

PAGAN,  Biaise  Francis,  count  de,  a  valiant 
French  officef  and  eminent  mathematician,  was 
born  in  1604,  and  died  in  1665. 

PAGANI,  Gregorio,  a  celebrated  painter,  of 
Florence,  died  in  1560. 

PAGANO,  Paul,  a  distinguished  painter,  of 
Milan,  died  in  1716. 

PAGE,  William,  an  English  divine  and  au- 
thor, died  in  1669. 

PAGE,  John,  governor  of  the  colony  of  Vir- 
ginia, espoused  the  cause  ol'  the  colonies  at  the 
commencement  of  the  revolution,  and  was  dis 
tinguished  as  an  ardent  patriot.  He  was  a 
member  of  congress,  after  the  adoption  of  tiie 
federal  constitution,  and  governor  of  the  state 
of  Virginia.     He  died  in  1808. 

PAGE,  Benjamin,  a  distinguished  physician, 
of  New-Hampshire,  died  in  1824. 

PAGE,  John  Odlin,  son  of  the  preceding,  an 
eminent  citizen  of  New-Hampshire  ;  he  died  in 
France,  in  1811. 

PAGET,  William,  lord,  ambassador  to  France, 
and  secretary  of  state,  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
Vlir. ;  he  died  in  1504. 

PAGI,  John  Baptist,  of  Genoa,  an  eminent 
painter  and  engraver,  died  in  1629. 

PAGI,  Anthony,  a  famous  French  Cordelier, 
and  one  of  the  ablest  critics  of  his  time,  was 
born  in  Provence,  in  1624,  and  died  in  1699. 

PAGI,  Francis,  nephew  ot  the  preceding,  and 
author  of  "  A  Chronological  History  of  the 
Popes,"    was  born  in  1654.  and  died  in  1721. 

PAGNINUS,  Sanctes,  a  Dominican,  of  Lucca, 
well  skilled  in  the  learned  languages  ;  he  died 
in  1536. 

PAINE,  Thomas,  a  political  writer,  bom  at 
Thetford,  England,  in  1737,  and  bred  a  stay- 
maker  :  coming  over  to  America,  he  contributed 
much  to  the  revolution  by  a  pamphlet  entitled 
"  Common  Sense;"  in  1790,  he  went  to  London. 
and  published  "  The  Righ:s  of  Man,"  in  an- 
swer to  Burke.  To  avoid  a  prosecution,  he 
went  to  France,  and  was  ciiosen  a  member  of 
the  national  assembly.  He  was  thrown  into 
prison  by  Robespierre,  and  narrowly  escaped  the 
guillotine.  He  returned  to  the  United  States, 
and  died  in  1809. 

PAINE,  Robert  Treat,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished 
lawyer,  of  Massachusetts,  was  a  member  of 
the  first  congress  from  that  state,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence.  He 
was  afterwards  one  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Massachusetts.      He  died  in  1814. 

PAINE,  RobertTreat,  son  of  the  preceding,  a 
distinguished  poet,  was  born  in  1773,  and  died 
in  1811. 

PAINTER,  Gamaliel,  an  officer  of  the  revo 
Jution,  w.as  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  of  Mid- 
dlebury,  Vt.,  and  held  several  important  offices 
in  tiiat  state ;  he  died  in  1819. 

PAJON,  Claude,  a  French  protestant  divine, 
and  author,  died  in  1685. 

P.\JOT,  Lewis  Leo,  count  of  Osembray,  a 
nobleman  of  great  learning  and  abilities.  He 
enjoyed  the  favour  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  died  in 
1753. 

PAKINGTON,  Dorothy,  an  English  lady 
eminently  distinguished  for  her  learning;  she 
died  in  1679. 

PAL.^M0N,  Q.  Rhemmius,  a  celebrated 
33a 


PA 

grammarian,  who  taught  at  Rome,  about  A.  D. 
40.  His  arrogance,  however,  surpassed  his  me- 
rit He  asserted  that  learning  was  born  when 
he  was  bom,  and  would  die  when  he  died. 

PALiEOLOGUS,  Michael,  emperor  of  the 
East,  took  Constantinople  from  the  Latins,  and 
put  an  end  to  their  empire.     He  died  in  1283. 

PALiEPHATUS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  who 
lived  before  the  Christian  era. 

PALAFOX,  John  de,  an  illustrious  Spaniard, 
appointed  bishop  of  Los  Angelos,  in  America, 
and  distinguished  for  his  benevolence  to  the  na- 
tives ;  he  died  in  1659. 

PALAGE,  N.  de  la  Curne,  a  member  of  the 
French  aeademv,  and  an  author,  died  in  1781. 

PALAPRAT;  John,  of  Toulouse,  a  distin- 
guished lawyer  and  poet,  died  in  1721. 

PALATI,  John,  a  Venetian  historian  of  the 
17th  century. 

PALEARIUS,  Aonius,  an  eminent  Italian 
writer,  was  condemned  at  Rome  as  a  heretic, 
and  burnt  to  death  in  1566,  for  saying  that  Lu- 
ther's followers  were  to  be  commended  in  some 
degree 

PALEY,  Dr.  William,  a  learned  divine,  and 
elegant  writer  on  ethics,  was  born  in  1743,  and 
died  in  1805.  He  was  archdeacon  of  Carlisle, 
sub-deacon  of  Lincoln,  and  rector  of  bishop 
Wearraoutb. 

PALFIN,  John,  of  Ghent,  an  eminent  surgeon, 
and  medical  writer,  died  in  1730. 

PALINGENIUS,  Marcellus,  or  PIERRE  AN- 
GELO  MANZOLI,  an  ItaUan  poet  of  the  16th 
century. 

PALISSY,  Bernard  de,  a  native  of  Agen,  an 
eminent  potter  and  chymist.  He  was  patronis- 
ed by  Henry  HI.,  and  died  about  1590. 

pAlLADINI,  Arcangela,  an  Italian  lady,  of 
Pisa,  celebrated  as  a  portrait  painter ;  she  died 
in  1622. 

PALL  ADINO,  James,  an  ecclesiastical  writer, 
called  also  James  of  Taramo,  his  best  work  is 
a  pious  romance,  published  in  1572. 

PALLADIO,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  Italian 
architect  in  the  16th  century.  He  immortalized 
his  name  by  four  books  of  architecture.  He 
was  born  in"l508,  and  died  in  1580. 

P  ALLADIUS,  of  Cappadocia,  a  Greek  bishop 
and  anchorite,  and  author  of  a  History  of  the 
Anchorites,  or  Hermits,"  died  in  the  5th  centu- 
ry. 

PALLADR^S,  Rutilius  Taurus  .F.milian,  a 
Laui  author  of  a  treatise  "  De  Re  Rustica." 

P.\LLAJrOLO,  Anthony  and  Peter,  two 
Florentine  brothers,  eminent  as  painters.  They 
both  died  in  1498. 

I  PALL.AS,  a  freedman  of  Claudius,  who  was 
put  to  death  bv  Nero. 

PALLAS,  Peter  Simon,  born  at  Berlin,  in  1741 , 
was  bred  to  surgery  and  medicine,  wrote  seve- 
ral works  on  different  subjects,  and  died  in  1811 

P  ALL  AVICINI,  Anthony,  of  a  noble  Genoese 
family,  employed  by  the  pope  in  several  embas- 
sies, was  made  a  cardinal,  and  died  in  1507. 
I  PALLAVICINI,  Ferrante,  an  eccentric  Ita- 
|lian,  distinguished  for  his  learning  and  mental 
'endowments.  These  he  prostituted  to  the  basest 
■of  purposes,  and  was  at  last  condemned  to  death 
in  1644,  for  satirizing  the  pope. 

I  PALLAVICINI,  Sforsa,  an  eminent  cardi- 
'nal,  who  composed  a  "  History  of  the  Council 
lof  Trent,"  in  opposition  to  that  by  father  Paul, 
ijwas  bom  at  Rome,  in  1607,  and  died  in  1667. 

|i  PALLIOT;  Peter,  an  eminent  bookseller  ani 
llprinter,  of  Paris,  died  in  1698. 

II  PALUSES,  Sir  Hngh,  an  Englfeh  adWiraTj 


PA 

feriowu  tor  his  dispute  with  admiral  Keppel  in 
the  battle  of  Ushant,  in  1778.  He  died  governor 
of  Greenwich  hospital,  in  1786. 

PALLUEL,    Francis    Crette    de,    of  Paris, 
(   strongly  attached  to  agricultural  pursuits,  died 
in  1799. 

PALM  A,  James,  the  Elder,  an  Italian  painter, 
and  a  pupil  of  Titian,  died  in  1588. 

PALMA,  James,  the  Younger,  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  a  celebrated  painter,  died  in  1628. 

PALMER,  Sanmel,  an  emitieu.  printer,  of 
London,  in  whose  office  th<i  celebrated  Dr. 
Fianklia  was  sometime  employed.  He  died  in 
1752. 

PALMER,  John,  an  actor  of  very  considera- 
ble talents,  belonginjE;  to  Drury-Lane  theatre, 
was  born  about  1742,  and  came  on  the  stage  in 
1762.  In  his  piofessioii  he  excelled.  He  died 
suddenly  on  the  .^tage,  immediately  after  utter- 
ing the  words  ''  There  is  another  and  a  better 
■  world,"  in  1798. 

PALMIERI,  Matthew,  a  Florentine,  and  a 
poet  of  the  15ih  century,  distinguished  in  the 
councils  of  his  country. 

PALONINI,  Anthony,  a  Spanish  ecclesiastic, 
known  as  a  painter  and  a  writer. 

PALSGRAVE,  John,  a  learned  English  critic, 
grammarian,  and  dramatic  writer,  who  flourish- 
ed in  the  reigns  of  Heiirv  VII.,  and  Henry  Vlii. 

PALUDANUS,  John,  a  Freiichma-i,  and  pre 
fessor  of  divinity  at  Louvaine,  was  an  able  divinr 
and  writer;  he  died  in  1630. 

PALUDANUS,  Bernard,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Leyden,  travelled  over  the  four 
quarters  of  the  globe,  and  di«d  in  1634. 

PAMEIjIUS,  James,  a  learned  Fleming;,  and 
author  of  several  works;  he  died  in  i.567. 

PAMMACflUS,  8t.,  a  Ro^nan  senator,  con- 
verted toChrisiianity,  and  who,  by  Lh  conduct 
and  writings,  displayed  great  zeal  in  lis  tavour. 
He  died  in  410. 

PAMPHYLIU3,  a  Macedonian,  under  Philip; 
he  was  an  able  painter. 

PAMPHYLU3,  St.,  a  priest,  of  Cffsarea,  in 
Palestine,  who  suffered  martyrdom  under  Max- 
imin,  in  308. 

PAN.\GIOTI,  a  Greek,  of  Chios,  interpreter 
to  the  i^rand  seignor;  he  died  in  1673. 

PANARD,  Ci)arles  Francis,  a  French  poet, 
beloved  for  his  probity  and  the  gravity  of  his 
manners;  he  died  in  1765. 

PANCIROLLUS,  Guy,  a  famous  Italian  law- 
yer, and  writer  on  legal  subjects,  he  died  in  1.599. 

PANCKOUCKE,  Andrew  Joseph,  a  book- 
seller, of  Lisle,  and  an  indefatigable  writer; 
be  died  in  1753. 

PANCKOUCKE,  Charles  Joseph,  son  of  the 
preceding,  followed  his  father's  prof(^*3ion,  ac- 
quired celebrity  in  the  typographical  art,  and 
died  at  Paris,  in  1799. 

PANEL,  Alexander  Xavier,  a  native  of 
Franche  Comte,  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  be- 
came a  preceptor  to  the  royal  family  of  Spain, 
and  died  in  1777. 

PANETIUS,  a  stoic,  of  Rhodes,  who  settled 
at  Rome.     He  flourished  about  150. 

PANIGAROLA,  Francis,  an  Italian,  and 
bishop  of  Aati,  was  sent  into  France,  to  suppprt 
the  interests  of  the  lefigue  against  Henry  IV. 
He  died  in  1594. 

PANIN,  Nakita  Ivanowitz,  count  de,  a  Rus- 
sian statesman,  and  general  in  the  armies  of  the 
czar  Peter,  was  born  at  Lucca.  He  was  an 
able  statesman  and  general,  and  died  in  1783 

PANINI,  Pan!,  an  eminent  Italian  painter, 
iied  ia  1758. 


PA 

PANNARTZ,  Arnold,  a  German,  who  es- 
tablished a  printing-press  in  Italy,  during  t'he 
pontificate  ot"  Paul  U. 

PANNONII  S,  James,  or  John,  a  Hungarian 
bishop,  and  anchor  of  poems ;  he  died  in  1472. 

PANOPION,  a  Roman,  saved  from  death,  by 
the  fidelity  of  his  servant. 

PANOKMITA,  Anthony,  a  Sicilian,  who  had 
such  veneration  for  classical  works,  that  he  sold 
an  estate  to  purchase  a  copy  of  L;vy.  He  died 
in  1471. 

PANSA,  C.  Vibius,  a  Roman  consul,  killed 
in  fightinj;  against  Antony. 

PANT/ENUS,  a  stoic,  of  Sicily,  at  the  head 
of  the  Alexandrian  school,  in  the  reign  of 
Commodus. 

PANTIN,  William,  a  physician,  of  Bruges, 
and  a  n.edital  writer;  he  died  in  1583. 

PANVLMUS.     See  ONUPHRIUS. 

PANZACHIA,  Maria  Helena,  an  Italian  lady, 
of  noble  birth,  and  a  celebrated  painter.  She 
was  horn  in  1668. 

PAOLI,  Sebastian,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Lucca, 
skilled  in  annquarian  history  ;    he  died  in  1751. 

PAOLI,  Hyacinth,  a  native  of  Corsica,  who, 
in  1735,  possessed  great  influence  among  bis 
countrymen  as  a  chief  magistrate. 

PAOLI  Pascal  de,  a  celebrated  general  of  Cor- 
sica, born  there  in  1725,  and  died  near  London, 
in  1807.  While  endeavouring  to  rescue  his 
native  island  from  the  tyranny  of  the  Genoese 
gnverinnent,  and  defending  its  liberties  against 
Gallic  eiicroachn!entt<  and  invasion,  being  over- 
powered by  the  French,  he  retired,  in  1769,  with 
a  few  fo!lowers,to  England,  where,  in  a  few 
years,  he  ended  his  illustrious  career. 

PAOLUCCIO,  Paul  Anafeste,  a  noble  Vene- 
tian, and  the  first  doge  of  Venice,  in  697.  He 
died  in  717. 

PAPERBROCH,  Daniel,  a  Jesuit,  of  Antwerp, 
and  an  author  of  learning  and  virtue  ;  he  died 
in  1714. 

PAPHNUTIUS,  bishop  of  Thebes,  who  op- 
posed the  celibacy  of  the  clergy,  and  warmly 
supported  the  cause  of  Athanasius,  at  the  council 
of  Tyre. 

PAPIAS,  a  bishop  of  ITierapolis,  author  of 
the  doctrine  of  the  millenium.  Some  suppose 
him  to  have  been  a  disciple  of  St.  John.  A 
gramn»arian  of  that  name  lived  in  1053. 

P.\PILLON,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  lawyer, 
of  Dijon,  died  in  1596. 

P.APIN,  Isaac,  a  French  ])rotestant  divine, 
who  after  being  engaged  in  controversy,  joined 
the  Roman  catholics,  in  1690.    He  died  in  1709. 

PAPINIAN,  a  learned  lawyer  of  the  .3d  cen- 
tury. He  was  put  to  death  by  Caracalla,  for 
refusing  to  vindicate  that  tyrant's  murder  of  his 
brother  Geta,  in  212.  His  works  on  jurispru- 
dence are  niucii  esteemed. 

PAPIRIUS,  Cursor,  a  Roman  dictator,  who 
triumphed  over  the  Samnites. 

PAPIRIUS  PR^TEXTATUS,  a  Roman 
youth,  and  a  senator,  who  refused  to  reveal  to 
his  mother  the  secrets  of  the  Roman  senate. 

PAPON,  John  Peter,  a  native  of  Pujet,  was 
a  priest  of  the  oratory,  and  an  author  ;  he  died 
in  1803. 

PAPPUS,  a  philosopher  and  author,  of  Alex- 
andria, of  the  4th  century. 

PAPYRIUS  MASS'ON,  John,  a  learned  French 
lawyer  and  annalist,  born  in  1544,  and  died  in 
1611.     He  was  a  voluminous  writer. 

PARABOSCO,  Girolamo,  a  comic  writer,  of 
Placentia,  of  the  16th  century. 
PARACELSUS,  Aureolas  Philippus  Theo- 
^31 


PA 

phrastus  Bombast  de  Hoenheim,  a  famous  Swiss 
physician,  and  medical  and  philosopliical  wri- 
ter, born  ill  1493.  He  studied  alchymy,  and  pre- 
tended be  was  let  into  the  secret  of  the  philo- 
sopher's stone.  He  wrought  niany  extraordina- 
ry cures,  but  was  almost  always  intoxicated, 
and  died  in  1541. 

PARADLV,  William,  a  laborious  French  his- 
torian and  writer  ;  he  died  in  1582. 

PARAMO,  Lewis  de,  a  Spanish  inqiusitor 
who,  ill  1588,  pablished  a  curious  and  valuable 
account  ol  tne  inquisition 

PARCELLES,  John,  a  native  of  Leyden,  and 
an  eminent  painter,  was  born  in  1579 

PARCIEUX.Anthonyde,  a  celebrated  French 
mathematician  and  author,  died  in  1768.     H 
nephew  also  professed  equal  abilities,  and  died 
in  1798. 

PARDIES,  Ignatius  Gaston,  a  French  Jesuit, 
distinguished  in  mathematics  and  philosophy  ; 
he  died  in  1673. 

PARE,  Ambrose,  an  eminent  French  surgeon 
and  writer,  died  in  1590. 

PARE,  David,  a  protestant  divine,  born  in 
•Silesia.  The  greater  pan  of  his  life  was  era- 
ployed  in  controversy  ;  he  died  in  1622. 

PARE,  Phihp,  one  of  the  most  laborious 
gramma ria  IS  and  critics  that  Germany  ever 
produced,  was  born  in  1576,  and  died  in  1648 

PARE,  Daniel,  son  of  the  preceding,  applied 
himself,  vigorously  t'l  the  study  of  the  clas^it-!, 
and  published  several  laborious  pieces  ;  he  -.vas 
unfortunately  killed  by  a  gang  of  highwaymen, 
in  1645. 

P.\REJA,  Juan  de,  a  native  of  the  West- 
. Indies,  aiid  originally  a  slave  to  a  painter,  in 
\Yhose  art  he  deservedly ^^came  celebrated ;  he 
died  in  1^70. 

PARE  -  XIN,  Dominic,  a  French  Jesuit,  who 
went  as  missionary  to  Cniiia,  u,  U98.  He  was 
well  received  by  the  emperor,  and  died  there,  in 
J  741. 

PARENT,  Anthony,  a  French  mathemati- 
cian, and  a:i  author,  died  in  1716. 

PARF  VlT ,  Francis,  the  historian  of  iht 
Frencii  drama,  died  in  1698. 

PARIS,  son  of  Priam,  king  of  Troy,  and  me 
morable  in  poetiua!  history  for  carryihg  off 
Helen,  the  wife  of  Menelaus,  king  of  Mycens 
in  his  absence,  which  occasiined  the  famous 
siege  of  Troy,  wherein  he  was  slain,  1188  B.  C 

PAKiS,  Franci.s,  a  native  of  Chatillon,  and 
an  author,  died  in  1718. 

PARIS,  Francis,  an  abbe  at  Paris,  of  the 
order  of  t!ie  Jansenists.  He  renounced  tlu 
honours  Y/hi'.'!i  he  might  have  obtained,  for  tiie 
austerities  of  aa  ecclesiastical  life,  aid  died  in 
1727. 

PARIS,  Matthew,  an  eminent  Enghsh  hitio- 
rian,  was  a  Benedictine  monk,  and  8ouiish«-il 
in  the  13th  cf-ntury.  He  wrote  a  Universal 
History,  from  the  creation  of  the  world,  to  the 
year  of  his  death,  A.  D.  1259. 

PARISEAU,  N.,  a  native  of  Paris,  and  a 
distinguished  dramatic  writer,  was  guillotined 
in  1744. 

PARKER,  Matthew,  the  second  protestant 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  born  in  1504. 
He  was  deeply  versed  in  Saxon,  literature,  and 
iDe  early  English  history ;  he  published  a  work 
on  the  antiquity  of  the  English  church,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1575- 

PARKSR,  Samuel,  an  English  prelate,  who 
was  made  bishop  of  Oxford  by  James  II.  He 
eacriftced  his  religion  to  bxa  interestB,  and  died 
in  1687. 

332 


_  jPA 

PARKER,  George,~earl  of  Macciesfifcid,7('ii 
of  Parker,  the  first  earl  and  lord  chanceiior  of 
England,  celebrated  for  his  knowledge  of  uta- 
lhema:ics  ;  he  died  in  1766. 

PARKER,  Richard,  an  Englishman,  leadfr 
of  the  rebelUon  in  tiie  British  fleet,  at  i;:e  None, 
in  1797,  for  which  he  was  executed. 

PARKER  Thomas,  first  minister  of  New- 
bury, Mass.,  was  a  good  scholar  and  zeaious  di- 
vine ;  he  died  in  1677. 

PARKER,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  bishop  of  Mass., 
distinguished  for  his  benevolence  ;  he  died  in 
1804. 

PARKHURST,  John,  a  learned  divine,  bora 
in  1728.  He  died  at  Epsoin,  in  1797,  leaving, 
among  other  works,  "  A  Hebrew  and  Engiiitli 
Lexicon,"  and  "A  Greek  and  English  Leiicoa 
to  the  New  Testament." 

PARKINSON,  Jolui,  an  eminent  English  bo- 
tanist, died  about  1645. 

PARMEGI.ANO,  an  Italian  painter,  celebra- 
ted for  the  gracefulness  of  his  figures;  he  died 
in  1540. 

PARKMAN,  Ebenezer,  minister  of  Wesibo- 
rough,  Mass.,  and  author  of  some  sermons ;  he 
died'  in  1782. 

PAKMENIDES,  of  Elis,  a  Greek  philobo- 
pher,  who  flourished  436  B.  C 
PARMENIO,  one  of  Alexander's  generals. 
PARMENTIER,  James,  a  Frenchman,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter,  died  in  1730. 

PARMENTIER,  Jean,  or  Jehan,  a  native  of 
Dieppe,  a  celebrated  merchant  and  navigator, 
died  in  1530. 

PARNELL,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine  and 
ingenious  poet,  born  in  Dublin,  in  1679,  and  died 
in  1717.     He  wrote  "  Tlie  liermit." 

PARODI,  Dominico,  a  painter,  of  Genoa,  and 
an  eminent  statuary,  died  in  1740. 

PARR,  Thomas,  an  Englisliman,  who  lived 
n  the  reigns  of  ten  sove  eigns ;  he  marrit;d  his 
second  wife  when  ht  wa^s  120  years  of  age,  had 
a  child  by  her,  and  died  in  1C35,  aged  1-52. 

PARR,  Catherine,  the  last  queen  to  Henry 
\  III.,  '.vhose  perfections,  though  a  widow,  at- 
aried  his  heart,  and  whose  prudence  preserved 
her  from  the  effects  of  his  cruelty  and  ciprlce. 
She  survived  the  king,  who  left  her  a  legacy  of 
4000/.  She  afterwards  married  sir  ThomasSey 
mour,  and  died  in  cMldbed,  in  1543. 

PARRHASIUS,  a  celebrated  painter,of  Ephe- 
sus,  who  flourished  about  4:^0  F.  C. 

PARRHASIUS,  James,  an  Italian  gramma- 
rian, who  taught  biMles  lettres  and  rhetoric  at 
Milan  ;  he  was  born  in  1740.  , 

PARROCEL,  Joseph,  an  eminent  French  / 
painter,  died  in  1704. 

PARRY,  Richard,  an  English  divine  and  au- 
thor, died  in  1780. 

Px\RRY,  Richard,  an  able  divine,  was  made 
bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  in  1604. 

PARSONS,  or  PERSONS,  Robert,  an  in- 
triguing English  Jesuit,  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Elizabeth  ;  he  sought  the  destrucUon  of  (hat 
princess,  and  the  subversion  of  the  protestant 
religion,  and  died  in  1610. 

P.\FvSONS.  Dr.  James,  an  excellent  English 
physician  and  medicul  writer,  born  in  l/Oo^and 
died  in  1770.  Re  wrote  well  on  physic,  anato- 
my natu'.al  history,  antiquities,  languages,  and 
:hi  fine  arts 

PARSONS,  William,  an  English  comic  actor, 
of  the  highes-t  eminence,  who  trod  the  stage  45 
years,  and  died  in  1795. 

PARSONS,  Moses,  a  usef id  and  beloved  mr- 
nister,  of  Byfield,  Mass.,  died  in  1T33. 


. PA 

PARSONS,  Jonathan,  an  eminent  American 
clergyman,  of  Massachusetts,  died  in  1776. 

PARSONS,  Samuel  Holden,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  Connecticut,  and  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army  during  t^e  revolution  ;  he  was 
drowned  near  Pittsburg,  in  1789. 

PARSONS,  Theophilus,  LL.  D.,  a  native  of 
Massachusetts,  was  born  in  1750.  After  leaving 
college,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  practice  of 
law,  and  soon  rose  to  the  highest  eminence  in 
his  profession.  He  was  appointed  chief  justice 
of  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  in  1806,  and  re- 
tained the  office  until  his  death,  in  1813  ;  during 
which  time,  he  performed  his  official  duties  with 
an  ability,  fidelity,  and  integrity,  rarely  equal- 
led. 

PARTHENAY,  Anne  de,  an  illustrious  lady, 
well  skilled  in  Greek  and  Roman  literature,  and 
an  ornament  to  the  court  of  the  dutchess  of  Fer- 
rara. 

PARTHENAY,  John  de,  lord  of  Soubise,  a 
heroic  leader  among  the  protestants  of  France ; 
died  in  Io'jS. 

PARTHENAY,  Catherine  de,  daughter  and 
heiress  of  the  preceding,  died  in  1631. 

PARTRIDGE,  Ralph,  first  minister  atDuxbo- 
rough,  Ma.ss.,  died  in  1658. 

PARTRIDGE,  William,  lieutenant-governor 
of  the  colony  of  New-Hampshire  ;  he  died  in 
1729. 

PARUTA,  Paul,  a  noble  Venetian,  called  the 
Cato  of  Venice,  died  in  1598.  He  wrote  several 
works. 

PAS,  Manasses  de,  marquis  de  Feuquierres, 
distinguished  for  his  valour  in  the  field,  was 
ambassador  to  Sweden  and  Germany,  and  head 
of  the  French  army,  in  1635.     He  died  in  1610. 

PAS,  Anthony  de,  marquis  of  Feuquierres,  a 
famous  French  officer,  died  in  1711. 

PASCAL,  Blaise,  a  Frenchman,  highly  emi- 
nent as  a  mathematical  genius,  born  in  1623, 
and  died  in  l'">62.  He  wrote  the  "  Provincial 
Letters,"  published  in  1656,  which  have  been 
translated  into  several  languages. 

PASCHAL  I.,  St.  Paschasiiia,  a  Roman,  was 
elected  pope  in  817,  and  died  in  824. 

P.ASCHAL  II.,  Reinier,  a  Tuscan,  was  elect- 
ed pope  ill  1099,  and  died  in  1118. 

P/VSCHIIIS.  George,  professor  of  iioral  phi- 
losopiiy  at  Kiel,  and  an  author,  died  in  1707 

PASOR,  George,  a  proteslant,  Greek  profes- 
sor at  ^rancker,  and  an  author  ;  he  died  in  1637. 

PASO":,  Matthias,  son  of  George,  went  to 
England  and  delivered  lectures  on  the  Orien- 
tal languages  with  great  reputation.  He  died 
at  Groninjer,  in  1658. 

PASaUALlNO,  a  distinguished  Italian  paint- 
er, died  in  1700. 

PASaniER  or  PAQUIER,  Stephen,  a  learn- 
ed French  lawyer  and  poet ;  he  wrote  against 
the  Jesuits,  and  died  in  1615. 

PASSEMANT,  Claude  Simeon,  a  celebrated 
constructer  of  optical  and  mathematical  instru 
ments;  he  died  in  1769. 

PASSERAT,  John,  a  celebrated  professor  of 
eloquence,  in  the  royal  college  at  Paris,  and  one 
of  the  politest  writers  and  most  excellent  critics 
of  his  time ;  he  died  in  1602. 

PASSERI,  Giovanni  Battista,  a  painter,  and 
an  author,  died  at  Rome,  in  1879.  His  nephew 
was  also  celebrated  as  a  portrait  painter,  and 
died  in  1714. 

PASSERI,  Gio.  Battista,  an  Italian  antiquary, 
and  an  author,  died  in  1780. 

PASSEROTTl,  Bartholomew,  an  admired 
Italian  painter,  died  in  1595. 


PA ' 

PASSINELLI,  Lorenzo,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, of  Bologna,  died  in  1700 

PASSION  EI,  Dominico,  an  Italian  cardinal,  a 
learned  man,  and  a  distinguished  patron  of  lite- 
rature, died  in  1761. 

PATEL,  a  celebrated  French  painter,  who  is 
calied  by  hi»  countrymen,  the  French  Claude. 

PATER,  Paul,  a  Hungarian,  was  an  able 
machematical  professor  at  Thorn  and  Dantzic, 
and  died  in  1724. 

PATER,  John  Baptist,  a  painter,  of  Valen- 
ciennes, died  in  17  i6. 

PATERCULUS,  Caiut  Velleius,  an  eminent 
Roman  historian,  lived  49  years,  and  died  in  the 
year  of  Rome  784,  having  left  a  "  History  of 
Greece  and  Rome,  from  168  B.  C.  to  A.  D.  8," 
in  which  many  particulars  are  related  which 
are  not  found  elsewhere. 

PATERSON,  Samuel,  an  eminent  bibliogra- 
pher ;  he  wrote  several  works,  the  objects  of 
which,  were,  public  utility,  sound  policy,  and 
moral  admonition.    He  died  in  1802,  aged  74. 

PATIN,  Guy,  a  French  writer  of  much  wit 
and  learning,  and  professor  of  physic  iu  the 
Royal  College  of  Paris.  His  "  Letters,"  pub- 
lished since  his  death,  have  made  his  name  fa- 
mous.    He  died  in  1672,  aged  70. 

PATIN,  Charles,  second  son  of  Guy  Patin, 
published  a  great  number  of  valuable  works, 
and  died  in  1693. 

PATKLTL,  John  Reginald  de,  a  Livonian  gen- 
tleman, who  resented  the  oppression  which  hia 
country  suffijred  from  the  Swedes.  He  was  base- 
ly seized,  and  put  to  death,  by  order  of  Charles 
XII.,  in  1707. 

PATRICK,  St.,  the  apostle  and  guardian  saint 
of  Ireland,  was,  as  is  supposed,  a  native  of 
Wales,  or  of  Cornwall,  who  was  seized  by  pi- 
rates and  carried  to  Ireland,  where  he  converted 
the  inhabitants  to  Christianity;  he  died  about 
4C0. 

PATRICK,  Peter,  a  native  of  Thessalonica, 
in  the  age  of  Justinian,  whom  he  served  as  am 
bassador. 

PATRICK,  Samuel,  an  English  divine,  known 
for  his  edition  of  "  Hederic's  Greek  Lexicon." 

PATRICK,  Simon,  a  very  learned  bishop  of 
Ely,  died  in  1707,  having  published  many  ser- 
mons, tracts  against  popery,  and  paraphrases 
and  commentaries  upon  the  Holy  Scriptures. 

PATRIX,  Peter,  a  French  poet,  favourite  of 
the  duke  of  Orleans.  He  wrote  some  licentious 
poems,  of  which  he  heartily  repented  before 
his  death,  which  happened  in  1672. 

PATRIZI,  Francis,  author  of  dialogues,  in 
Italian,  on  tlie  manner  of  studying  and  writing 
history  ;  he  died  in  1494. 

PARTRTZI.  Francis,  a  native  of  Tstria,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy,  at  Ferrara,  Padua,  and 
Rome.  He  wrote  some  Italian  poems,  and  died 
in  1597. 

PATRU,  Oliver,  an  eminent  French  lawyer. 
He  introduced  correctness  and  purity  of  lan- 
gun.ge  into  pleadings,  wrote  several  works,  and 
died  in  1681,  aged  85. 

PATTEN,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  rector 
of  Childreyi  He  publiahed  sermons  and  other 
religious  works,  and  died  in  1754. 

PATTERSON,  William,  a  member  of  the 
senate  of  the  United  States,  and  governor  of  the 
state  of  New-Jersey,  and  afterwards  a  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States ;  he  died 
in  1806. 

PATTISON,  William,  an  English  poet  of 
genius,  died  of  want  and  the  smallpox,  at  20 
years  of  age,  in  1726. 

333 


TA 

PATL'^,  Cla-ide  Peier,  of  ParU,  author  of 
some  poems  and  diiuaatic  pieces  of  merit;  he 
died  in  1757. 

P  AUCTON,  Alexis,  a  French  mathematician, 
autiior  of  a  ireaiise  on  weigiits  and  measures, 
and  of  otlier  works,  died  in  179i» 

PAUL,  Marii,  or  MARCO  PAlJLO,  a  Vene- 
tian traveller,  into  China,  iu  1272,  of  which  he 
published  an  accouiit. 

PAUL,  St.,  originaliycailed  SAUL,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Tarsus,  in  Ciiicia,  and  educated  amoniz 
the  Pharisees  of  Jernsalwni,  under  the  care  O'' 
Gamaliel.  He  was  imprisoned  at  Rome,  and 
put  to  death  by  Nero,  A.  D.  66. 

P.AUL  L,  pope  a.fer  his  brother  Stepiien  IL, 
in  757;  he  died  iO  years  after,  much  respected 
for  his  wisdom  and  leaiuiiiij. 

PAUL  [I.,  Peier  Barb),  a  Venetian  noble, 
ekciod  pope  after  Pius  11.,  died  in  1471. 

PAL'L  [II  ,  .Alexander  Farnese,  pope,  memo- 
rable for  refusing  to  divorce  Henry  VIII.  o; 
Eiiifland,  from  his  quee.i  Catherine  of  Arra.:on ; 
he  .lied  in  1543. 

^  PAUL  IV.,  John  Peter  CaratFa,  succeeded 
Mavcelius  II.  on  the  papal  throne,  in  1555.  He 
wa^  very  haughty  and  cruel  toward  the  pro- 
testanis,  and  died  uniamenced,  iu  1559. 

PAUL  v.,  Camilias  Bo/ahese,  pope,  after 
Leo  XI.,  in  lo05.  He'embellished  Rome  with 
sculp  ure,  aqueducts,  and  paiuii.i;zs,  and  died, 
greatly  respeced,  in  1<>21. 

PAUL,  P«rowitz,  emperor  of  Russia,  son  of 
the  great  Cfcierine  and  Peter  III.  He  married 
for  his  second  wife  a  niece  of  the  king  ot  Prussia. 
Before  he  came  to  the  throne,  he  visited  most 
of  ihe  nations  of  Europe,  to  obtain  such  infor- 
mation as  woiiid  he  advantageous  "o  ni^  subjects. 
But  he  afljrwaids^rew  tyrauaicai,  and  banished 
a  grrat  number  of  peisons  »o  Siuena.  He  wa.s 
a^jsassinaied  i'l  1801. 

P.\UL,  a  celebrated  heresiarch,  of  Samosaca. 
a  city  ourhe  Euphrai-^s.  He  wa»  bishop  of  An 
tiocii,  in  2»j0  ;  but  avowing  his  oeiief  that  Jesus 
Christ  was  only  a  good  man,  endowed  vvitn 
great  wisdom,  he  wa*  depoaod  by  tue  Synod  of 
Antioch,in  270. 

PAUL,  of  Tyre,  a  rhetorician,  who  went  as 
ambassador  from  his  country  to  Adrian,  A.  D. 
12.1. 

P.-iUL,  thesiieutiary,  a  Greek  writer,  so  called 
from  tile  «)(Tice  he  held  i.i  iue  palace  of  the  e.a- 
pe-'or  Jiistinian. 

PAUL,  of  Sancta  Maria,  a  Jew,  converted  to 
Christianity.  He  became  tutor  to  John  II., 
king  of  Castile,  and  was  appointed  bisiiop  of 
Carthagena,  and  then  of  Bu;gos.  Thisleiirneu 
prelate  died  in  1445. 

PAUL,  deacon  of  Aquileia,  was  secretary  to 
Didier,  the  last  kin-^  of  tue  Lombards.  He  was 
afterwards  banished,  but  left  his  exile  for  the 
court  of  the  duke  of  Beneveuto.  He  wrote  somei 
histories,  and  died  in  801.  j 

PAUL,  B'atliei,  a  most  illnsfiious  person  and! 
universal  sclio:ar,  but  particularly  s..iiied  in  the! 
canou  aad  civil  law,  and  in  physic.  He  wro  (V 
uiany  political  and  asiatomicai  works;  but  is 
priiicipallv  celebrated  for  his  ''  History  of  th^-, 
Counci  of  Trent,"  the  rarest  piece  of  liis.oryj 
ihe  world  ever  saw.  | 

PAUL,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Spain,  author  of  j 
"A  Hist..y  of  tile  Spanish  Fathera,"  edited  at 
Antwerp  in  U>35. 

PAUL  a  physicia.1,  of  .^}?ina,  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury, an  thor  of  several  medical  works. 

PAU:^A,  St.,  a  Roman  lady  of  noble  birth. 
and  great  learning,  wiio  embraced  Ciiri&tiaiiitv, 


PA 

built  a  monastery  at  Beiiiiehem,  and  displayed 
all  the  virtues  and  mortificaviuus  of  a:i  ascetic 
life .  she  died  in  407. 

PAULET,  William,  Marquis  of  VVinchester, 
son  of  sii  Joan  Paulei,  one  of  the  courtiers  of 
Henry  V'lli.,  and  of  Iris  inree  successors.  He 
declared  that  he  retained  his  places  by  being  a 
wiliow,  and  not  an  oak ;  he  died  iu  157J. 

PAULI,  Himon,  was  professor  oi'  medicine  at 
Copenhagen,  and  pliysician  to  Christiaii  V., 
who  rewarded  nis  services  by  making  him  a 
bishop.  He  wrote  several  books  on  his  profes- 
sion, and  died  in  1(580 

P.\ULIA\,  Aime  Henry,  a  learned  Jesuit,  of 
Nismes,  who  wrote  largely  on  philosophy  and 
physic  :  he  was  born  in  1722. 

PAULINUS,  St.,anativeof  Bourdeaux.  He 
married  a  Spanish  lady,  by  whom  he  was  per- 
suaded to  embrace  Christianity.  He  afterwards 
went  to  Italy,  where  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Nola,  and  died  in  -131 

PAULMIER  UE  GRENTEMESNIL,  Juliaa 
de,  a  Frencnma:!,  physician  to  Charles  IX., 
whom  he  restored  to  health.  He  was  a  very 
copious  autiior  in  the  line  of  his  profession,  and 
died  i>i  1670. 

PAULMY,  Mark  Anthony  Rene  de  Voyer, 
marquis  de,  distinguished  as  a  man  of  letters, 
and  for  bis  valuable  library.  He  was  raised  to 
the  dignity  of  minister  of  stale,  and  was  the 
author  of  several  works ;  he  died  iu  1787. 

P\ULZE,  N.,  a  Frenchman  of  great  intelli- 
gence and  erudition,  made  farmer-general  of 
France.  He  formed  a  company  for  the  im- 
provement of  Guyenne.  He  was  imprisoned 
during  tile  revolution,  and  guillotined  in  1794. 

PAUSAXIAS,  an  ancient  Greek  writer,  who 
flourished  in  Cappadocia,  about  170  A.  D.,  and 
has  left  us  a  curious  "Description  of  Greece." 

PAUS.\NIUS,  a  Lacedsmonian,  governor  of 
the  kingdom  during  his  nephew's  nhnority.  He 
made  a  secret  treaty  with  the  Persians,  and 
took  refuge  in  a  temple  to  escape  punishment ; 
but  his  mother  placed  the  tirst  stone  to  secure 
him  there,  so  that  he  was  starved  to  death,  474 
B.C. 

PAU3IA3,  a  painter,  of  Sicyon,  about  352  B. 
C.  He  tirst  applied  colours  to  wood  and  ivory, 
bv  means  of  tire. 

"  PAUTRE,  Anthony  le,  an  architect,  of  Paris, 
patronised  by  Lewis  XIV.  He  was  maiie  a 
member  of  the  academy  of  sculpture  in  1^71, 
and  di'.d  a  few  years  after.  He  couiributed  to 
tUe  embellishment  of  Paris. 

PAUTRE,  John,  a  relation  of  the  preceding, 
was  ail  eminent  designer  and  engraver.  His 
works  appeared  in  three  vols.,  folio,  with  more 
than  1,000  engravings. 

PAUVV,  N.  ue,-a  German,  author  of  "Re- 
cherclies  sur  les  Americains,  its  Egyptiennes, 
les  Chinoises,  et  les  Grecs  ;"  he  died  in  1799. 

PAUVV,  Cornelius,  a  native  of  Utrecht,  emi- 
nent for  his  learning. 

PAVILLO.V,  Stephen,  a  French  poet,  and  ' 
advocate,  of  Paris,  who  received  a  pension  from 
Lewis  XiV. :  he  was  born  iu  1652. 

PA  VILLON,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  Frencli 
ecclesiastic,  made  bishop  of  Alet,  by  cardiiial 
Richelieu.  He  wad  deposed,  and  died  in  exile, 
in  1677. 

PAYNE,  Nevil,  a  dramatic  author,  in  the 
reign  of  ciiarles  II.  He  wrote  several  works, 
a  id  died  in  1675. 

PAYNE,  Roger,  an  English  bookbinder,  of 
very  singular  habits.  His  workmanship  was  of 
so  superior  a  style,  tliat  lord  Spencer  gave  liiu* 


PE  PE 

I  pontii)',  and  laboured  to  reform  the  habits  of  his 
clergy. 

PEIiAGIUS  II.,  a  Rodian,  who  succeeded  on 
th<>  pai)al  tiiroite  alter  Benedict  1.,  in  57B.  In 
his  time,  a  plague  raged  at  Ronie  ot  so  latal  a 
nature,  tliat  persons  seized  with  il  died  sneezing 
and  gaping. 

PAZZI,  James,  a  banker,  of  Florence,  of  anj|  PEL.AGIUS,  an  illustrious  Spaniard,  related 
illustrious  family,  lie  headed  the  taction  which;!  to  the  kinft  ol  the  Visigoths,  and  afterwards 
opposed  the  MedJcis,  and  conspired  to  seizel  king  of  Eton  and  Asturias:  he  died  in  737. 
upon  the  sovereign  power  ot  Italy  ;  but  was  ta-  j  PELETIER,  Claude  de,  a  Parisian,  counsel- 
ken  and  suffered  death,  about  1478.  lilor  of  the  Chaielet,  and  ot  the  parliament,  pre- 
PEACOCK,  Reginald,  an  Englishman,  niadeilsideni  of  the  chamber  of  requests,  pr0V()st  of 
duke  of  Gloucester,  bishop  ot  St.  Asaph,  and  j  the  merchants,  and  builder  ol  the  quay  at  Paris, 
afterwards  of  Chichester  ;  but  denying  irausub-  <  which  bears  his  name,  and,  finally,  counsellor  of 


J5  guineas  for  binding  a  volume.  lie  always 
rorked  alone.    He  died  in  1797. 

PAYS,  Rene  le,  a  French  poet,  well  known 
at  court  bv  his  miscellanies ;  he  died  in  1(590. 

PAYSON,  Phillip,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Chelsea, 
Mass.,  and  a  distinguished  classical  scholar ;  he' 
died  in  1801.  I 


s*aniiation,  he  was  banished,  and  his  books  pub 
licly  burnt ;  he  died  in  1486. 

PEAPS,  William,  a  dramatic  writer,  of  Eton, 
England,  who  wrote  "  Love  in  its  Ecstacy,"  in 
1649. 

PEARCE,  Dr.  Zachary,  bishop  of  Rochester, 
author  ol  several  works,  one  of  which  is  a  Com 


j  stale  ;  he;  died  m  1711. 
I     PELL,  hi.  John,  an  English  divine,  and  veiy 
eminenr  niatliemaiician;  he  died  in  I(>85. 

PELLEGRIN,  Simon  Jos(  ph,  a  French  ecclc- 
siasiic  and  poe;,  who  obtained,  in  1704,  the 
prize  of  the  French  academy  tur  his  poetical 
epistle  to  the  king  ;  he  died  in  1745. 


mei'fary,  with  notes,  on  the  four  Evangelists,(|     PELLEGRINI,  Antonio,  a  native  of  Padua, 


and  the  Acts  of  the  Aposiles  ;  he  died  in  1774, 
asied  84. 

"PEARSON,  John,  an  English  prelate,  chap- 
lain to  lord  keeper  Finch,  and  to  lord  Goring. 
He  was  afterwards  made  master  of  Trinity  col-| 
lege,  and  is  particularly  known  for  his  "  Expo- 
sition of  the  Creed  ;"  he  died  in  1686. 

PECHANTRE,  Nicolas  de,  a  French  poet, 
who  thr^e  times  obtained  the  laurel  at  the  aca- 
demy of  Floral  games,  and  acquired  great  po- 
pularity ;  he  died  in  1709. 

PECHLTN,  John  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Ley- 
den,  and  prolossor  of  medicine,  at  Kiel,  and  phy- 
»fif  ian  to  ihe  duke  of  Holstein.  He  wrcK-  many 
works  on  his  profession,  and  died  in  1706. 

PFCH.MEJA,  John  de,  a  Frenchman,  profes- 
sor of  elonnrnce.  He  wrote  a  eulogium  on  Col- 
be 


celebrated  as  a  hi^torical  painter;  he  died  in 
11741. 

!     PELLEGRINO,  or   PELLEGRIN,  Tibaldi, 
,'of  Ivologna,  an  eminent  painter  and  aichiiect, 

died  in  1.391,  aged  70. 

PFLLEGRiNO,  of  Modena,  a  celebrated  Ita- 
ilian  painier,  bred  under  Raphael,  was  born  in 
'1511,  and  was  killed  in  an  atfiay. 
I  PELLFRIN,  Joseph,  a  Fiench  antiquary. 
I  His  cabinet  of  medals,  Sec.  was  purchased  by 
jthe  king  of  France.  He  died  in  1782.  aged  99. 
PELLETIEH,  John  le,  a  native  of  Eonen, 
jlearued  in  the  languages,  in  mathematics,  chy- 
imistry,  astronomy,  &c.     He  wrote  the  lives  of 

several  persons,  some  religious  works,  and  died 
lin  1711. 


j!     PELLETIER,  Gaspaid,  physician  and  coun- 

a''d  w.is  .1  most  amiable  and  friendly  man.i  selior,  at  Middlebuig,  in  Zealand.     He  acquired 

1785.  !  reputa.  ion  in  liis  profession,  and  published  t-ome 


He „.  

PF"<.'K,  Francis,  an   eminent  English   anti-JI  works  on  botany  ;  he  died  in  1659 
qnary,  hioiaapher,  and  critic,  was  born  in  1692, i      PELLETIER,  Berlrand,  disiuiguished  at  Pa- 

for  his  knowledge  of  chymirtry  and  phar- 


lai!! 


(lied  in   174S.      He  wrote  several  books 
iC  which  are  the  lives  of  Milton  and  Crom 


PF(H\V/FLTi,  Dr.  Henry,  a  very  eminent 
EniTlif  !i  divine,  and   popular   preacher  among 

"  raivnii«i!c  metliodists,  was  born  in  174 

d  (liP'^l  in  1787,  having  passed  an  active  life  in 
tile  iV'"^c'*-o  and  promotion  of  charity. 

['it'OJ'K'J',  John,  a  physician,  born  at  Dieppe, 
disriM.?u!shed  for  having  "discovered  the  recepta- 
cle oi  <he  chyle  ;  he  died  in  1674. 

P'  'CfiUET,  Anthony,  a  French  writer,  grand 
master  ol'  the  water- works,  and  the  forests  of 
lei!,  an(t  master  of  the  military  school  there. 
}\r  wrote  several  works  on  law,  and  died  in 
17*^0. 

PCELE,  George,  an  English  poet  and  drama- 
tin  'v.!»ef^  who  flourished  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  and  died  about  1.598 

PKERE  WILLIAMS,  William,  an  English 
law  wirer;  he  died  in  1736. 

PEGGE,  Samuel,  a  learned  antiquary-,  who 
published  several  works,  and  died  in  1800, 
kged  68. 

PEIREF-C,  Nicholas  Claude  Fabri,  an  illus- 
trious antiquary,  and  patron  of  learned  men; 
fie  di(!d  in  1637,  aged  .57. 

FELAGITJS,  the  heresiarch,  founder  of  the 
ect  of  Pelagians,  was  born  in  Britain,  in  the  5th 
ientnry. 

PF.LAGIUS  I.,  a  native  of  Rome,  elected 
pope,  in  .';;5.    He  was  a  moderate  and  pious 


macy,  and  author  ot  various  disseriations  in 
the  memoirs  of  the  French  academies,  and  of 
lobservations  on  arsenic  ;   he  died  in  1797. 

PELLETIER,  James,  a  French  physician, 
and  medicai  and  mathematical  writer;  Le  died 
jin  1582,  aged  65 

I  PELLICAN,  Conrad,  a  native  of  Alsace,  who 
presidpd  over  the  convent  of  Basle,  but  alfer- 
wards  embraced  the  tenets  of  Luther,  and  v^ent 
to  Zniich,  where  he  taught  Hebrew.  He  dietl 
in  15.36. 

i  PFLLISON-FANTANIER,  Paul,  a  French 
writer,  was  born  in  1624,  and  died  in  1693.  His 
chief  works  are  "  A  Commentary  upon  the  In- 
stitutes of  Justinian,"  and  a  "History  of  the 
French  academv,  from  its  establishment  to  1652." 

PELLOITTIER,  Simon,  a  protestant  divine, 
born  a'  Leipsic.  He  was  ni ember  of  the  Berlin 
academy,  and  distinguished  as  an  active  pastor 
and  an  able  writer  .  he  died  in  1757. 

PELOPIDAS,  a  celebrated  Theban  v.'arrior, 
and  statesman,  the  friend  of  Epaminondas; 
he  wafi  slain  in  battle,  1^64  B.  C. 

PEMRERTON,  Henry,  F  R.  S.,  an  Engli.sfi 
physician  of  eminence.  He  wrote  on  chymistry 
and  philosophy,  and  died  in  1771. 

PiMBERTON,  Ebenezer,  a  distinguished 
Anjeiicau  divine,  and  pastor  of  a  church  in 
Bi'PiMn  :  he  died  in  1717. 

PFMBERI^ON,  Fbcnezer,  D.  D.,  son  of  tM 
precedhig,  was  in  the  ministry  at  Nevi^- VorlK 
333 


PE 


PE 


and  aftsrwards  in  Boston  ;  he  published  several 
sermons,  and  died  in  1777. 

PEMBERTOxV,Thomas,  a  distinguished  Ame- 
rican historian,  born  in  1728,  and  died  in  1807. 
He  devoted  himself  to  the  histoiy  of  his  country, 
and  wrote  15  historical  and  other  manuscript 
volumes,  which  now  belong  to  the  M;i3sachusetts 
Historical  Society. 

PEMBLE,  William,  an  English  divine,  who 
ranked  high  as  a  scholar,  died  in  1623. 

PEMBROKE,  Thomas,  an  excellent  English 
portrait  and  historical  pamter,  died  in  1730. 

PENDLETON,  Edmund,  an  eminent  lawyer 
and  statesman,  of  Virginia,  was  distinguished 
for  his  support  of  the  rights  of  the  colonies,  and 
for  his  patriotism  during  the  war  of  the  revolu- 
tion. He  was  a  member  of  congress,  in  1774, 
and  afterwards  a  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals! 
in  Virginia  ;  he  died  in  1803 

PENHALLOW,  Samuel,  of  New  Hampshire,! 
author  of  a  "  History  of  he  early  Indian  War 
of  New-England  ;"  he  died  in  1726. 

PENN,  Wllhara.  a  distinguished  Brinsli  ad- 
tmiral,  who  commanded  at  tne  reduction  of  Ja- 
maica, in  1655,  and  was  knighted  by  Charles  II., 
for  his  services ;  he  died  in  1670.  I 

PENN,  William,  a  distinguished  quaker, 
founder  and  legislator  of  the  colony  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  born  in  London,  in  1644.  At  the  agej 
of  24,  he  became  a  preacher  among  the  qua  ] 
kers.  In  1681,  Charles  II.,  granted  Mr.  Penn  and! 
Ilis  heiR,  by  letters  patent,  the  province  of  Penn-j 
sylvania,  and  made  them  absolute  proprietors! 
and  governors  of  that  country.  He  died  inj 
England,  in  1718.  I 

PEiVN,  Thomas,  son  of  WilUam  Penn,  was] 
born  in  1702.  For  nearly  fifty  years  after  ihe^ 
death  of  his  father,  he  took  an  active  and  inriu-j 
«nr.ial  part  in  the  administration  of  Pennsylva-j 
Bia,  and  was  distinguished  for  his  liberality  tO| 
the  literary,  charitable  and  religious  institutions 
of  that  colony.     He  died  in  London,  in  1775. 

PENN,  John,  a  nif^mber  of  congress,  from; 
North  Carolina,  in  1776,  and  one  of  the  signers, 
©f  the  declaration  of  Independence.  ! 

PENN.\NT,  Thomas,  an  English  gentleman, j 
of  eminent  knowledge  in  natural  history  and 
antiqnities;  he  wrote  a  number  of  valuable 
books,  and  died  in  1798,  aged  72.  1 

PENNI,  Giovanni  Francisco,  an  eminent  Ita-j 
lian  painter,  and  disciple  of  Raphael ;  be  died^ 
in  1528,  aged  40 


PENRY,  John,  or  AP-HENRY,  a  Brownist, 
educated  at  Oxford.  He  wrote  against  episco- 
pacy, under  the  name  of  Martin  Mar-Prelate. 
His  writings  were  considered  seditious,  and  he 
was  tried  and  executed  in  1593. 

PENS,  George,  of  Nuremberg,  a  very  dietin- 
guished  painter  and  engraver,  m  the  16th  cen- 
tury. 

PEPIN  the  Short,  son  of  Charles  Martel,  the 
first  monarch  of  the  second  French  dynasty,  was 
elected  in  752.  He  was  a  heroic  and  firm  prince, 
and  died  in  768. 

PEPIN  the  Fat,  mayor  of  the  palace,  and 
governor  of  Austrasia,  Neustria,  and  Burgundy. 
He  was  a  man  of  wisdom  and  vigour,  and  died 
in  714. 

PEPPERELL,  sir  William,  a  native  of 
Maine,  and  heutenant-general  in  the  British  ser 
vire ;  he  commanded  the  expedition  which  took 
Louisburg,  and  died  in  1759. 

PEPUSCH,  Dr.  John  Christopher,  one  of  the 
greatest  theoretic  musicians  of  modern  times. 
He  became,  so  early,  a  proficient  on  the  harpsi- 
cnord,  that  at  the  age  of  14  he  was  sent  for  to 
court,  and  appointed  to  teach  the  prince,  father 
of  the  kinsr  of  Prussia.  At  33  he  went  over  to 
England,  was  retained  at  Drury-lane,  and  assist- 
ed in  setting  the  operas  which  were  performed 
there.     He  died  in  1752. 

PEPYS,  Samuel,  a  learned  Englishman, 
known  as  the  indefatigable  secretary  of  the  ad- 
inirality,  in  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.,  and  his 
brother ;  he  died  in  1703. 

PERAND.-^,  Santa,  a  native  of  Venice,  and 
an  eminent  historical  painter,  died  in  1738. 

PERAU,  Gabriel   Lewis  Calabre,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  of  the  Sorbonne,  who  wrote  "  Livt 
of  Illustrious  Frenchmen,"  and  edited  Bossuet's 
works,  &c.     He  died  in  1767. 

PERCEVAL,  Spencer,  son  of  the  earl  of 
Earaorit,  was  born  in  1762.  He  was  educated  ai 
Cambndje,  and  became  an  eminent  lawyer. 
An  assassin  named  Beliingham,  shot  him  with  s 
pistol,  in  the  lobby  of  the  house  of  commons 
in  1812. 

PERCIVAL,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  eminent  physi 
cian.  a;id  medical  and  miscellaneous  writer 
was  born  in  1740.  and  died  in  1804,  and  left  be 
hind  him  an  excellent  moral  character. 

PERCY,WiIIiam,  progenitor  of  the  illustriou! 
house  of  that  name,  and  one  of  the  courtiers  oi 
William  the  Conqueror.     His  descendants,  dia 


PE.NNiCUlK.Aleiaider,  a  Scotch  physician, jltinguished  by  their  zeal  in  the  cause  of  tliei 
who  published  a  topographical  account  of  ||  sovereigns,  were  raised  in  1377,  to  the  rank  o: 
Tweedale:  he  died  in  1722.  I  earl  of  Northumberland,  by  Richard  11.     Thi 

most  celebrated  among  them  was,  Henry,  sur 
named  Hotsp^ir,  who  was  at  last  defeated  a 
the  battle  of  Shrewsbury,  in  1403. 

PERCY,  George,  succeeded  capt.  John  Smith 
as  president  of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  in  1609 
and  was  superseded  the  following  year. 
PERCY,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Dromore,  Ire 


Tweedale ;  he  died  m 

PENVINGTON,  lady,  wife  of  sir  Joseph,! 
bart.— Family  misunderstandings  having  separ  | 
ated  her  from  her  children,  she  wrote  for  their j 
use,  "  An  unfortunate  Mother's  advice  to  herl 
absent  Daughters,"  a  work  of  great  merit;  she! 
died  in  1783.  ! 

PENNINGTON,  Isaac,  son  of  a  lord  mayor  of 


l»ondon,  was  converted  bv  Fox,  and  became  a  j  land,  was  ed 
zealous  quaker      As  a  writer   and  travelling'  more,  in  1811 
minister,  he  was  active  in  spreading  the  tenetsi 
he  had  embraced,  for  which  he  was  much  per-| 
^cuted  ;  he  died  in  1679  I 

PEN.NY,  Thonas,  a  celebrated  English  natu-i 
ralist,  who  travelled  over  England  and  other; 
countries,  in  search  of  botanical  knowledge.       ! 

PENROSE,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  and| 
ingenious  poet,  died  in  1779,  aged  :<o. 

PENRUDDOCii,  John,  a  colonel  during  thej 
civil  wars,  in  the  royal  service,  who  was  be-; 
beaded  in  1655.  He  was  a  man  of  great  piety  j 
and  many  virtuesf.  ! 

3se 


ated  at  Oxford,  and  died  at  Dro 

he  was  author  of  several  works 

PERDICCAS,  one  of  the  generals  and  sue 

cessors  of  Alexander  ;  he  was  slain  in  his  tent 

by  some  of  his  olficers,  321  B.  C. 

PEREFIXE,  Hardouin  de  Beaumont  de 
archbishop  of  Paris,  and  author  of  a  very  e;x 
cellent  "  History  of  Henry  IV.  of  France ; 
he  died  in  1670. 

PER  ElR.\-GOMEZ,George,  an  eminentSpar. 
ish  physician  author  of  a  "  Treatise  to  prov 
thp  Brute  Creation  to  be  mere  Machines." 

PEREIRA  DE   FIGUEIREDO,   Anthony, 
Portuguese  divine,  who  took  part  In  tlie  dtspn; 


PE 


between  the  courts  of  Rome  and  Lisbon.    Hej5 
wrote  a  Translaiion  of  the  Bible,  in  23  vols.  8vo, 
/anci  other  works,  and  died  in  1797. 

PEREZ,  Anthony,  a  Spanish  writer,  who 
publishe-*  "Lettei-s,"  wliich  are  interesting  and 
well  written  ;  he  died  in  1598. 

PERGOLESI,  John  Baptist,  a  eelebraied  mu- 
sician, composer  and  poet,  was  born  at  Naples, 
in  1704,  and  died  in  1737. 

PERIANDER,  a  tyrant  of  Corinth,  a  poli- 
tician and  warrior,  he  died  588  B.  C. 

PERIANDER,  Giles,  of  Brussels,  was  pro- 
fessor of  belles  lettres,  at  Menti;,  and  an  author. 
He  flourished  about  1570. 

PERICLES,  a  celebrated  Athenianstatesman, 
orator,  and  general.  He  prided  himself  that  he 
never  caused  any  citizen  to  go  into  mourning. 

PERINGSKIOLL,  John,  professor  of  antiqui- 
ties, at  Upsal,  and  secretary  and  counsellor  to  the 
king  of  Sweden.  He  wrote  on  history  and 
chronology,  &c.,  and  died  in  1720. 

PERIZONIUS,  James,  a  learned  German, 
professor  of  eloquence,  history  and  Greek,  at 
JLeyden.  He  published  various  works  in  Latin, 
on  history,  classical  literature  and  antiquities, 
and  died  in  1717. 

PERKINS,  William,  a  strict  Calvinist,  whose 
writings  drew  upon  him  the  attacks  of  Armi- 
nius,  which  occasioned  the  calling  of  the  Synod 
at  Dordt,  for  the  settlement  of  theological  dis 
putes ;  he  died  in  1602. 

PERKlNS.William,  remarkableforlongevity, 
died  in  New-Hampshire,  in  1732,  aged  116. 

PERNETY,  James,  historiographer,  of  Ly- 
ons, and  member  of  the  academy  there.  He 
was  an  able  writer  on  history,  education,  &c., 
and  died  in  1777. 

PERNETY,  AnthoHy  Joseph,  a  Frenchman, 
librarian  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  author  of  a 
Dictionary  of  Painting,  Sculpture,  and  Engrav 
ing,  and  some  other  works.  He  was  born  in 
1716. 

PEROUSE,  John  Francis  Galoup  de  la,  a  ce- 
lebrated French  circumnavigator,  was  lost  on 
his  return  from  a  voyage  round  the  worid,  in 
1788. 

PERRAULT,  Claude,  physician  and  archi- 
tect ;  he  published  a  book  of  the  Five  Orders  of 
J  Architecture,  and  other  works,  and  died  in  1688. 
I     PERRAULT,  Charles,  brother  of  Claude,  a 
celebrated  French  post,  biographer,  and  miscel- 
laneous writer  ;  he  died  in  1703,  aged  77. 

PERREIR,  Jean,  an  eminent  naturalist,  of 
France.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  the 
pursuit  of  scientific  research,  and  died  at  New 
York,  in  1805. 

PERRIER,  Charles,  a  French  writer  of  lyric 
poems ;  he  died  In  1692. 

PERRIER,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  who,  from 
a  beggar,  became  a  most  eminent  painter  and 
engraver ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1650. 

PERRON,  James  Davy  du,  a  cardinal,  emi 
nent  for  great  parts  and  learning :  his  talents 
were  so  great,  that  «one  durst  dispute  with  him 
He  died  in  1618. 

PERRON,  Anquetil  du,  historiographer  to  the 
archives  of  foreign  relations  in  Paris ;  very  ce 
lebrated.     He  died  in  1805,  aged  73. 

PERRONET,  John  Rodolphus,  an  able  and 
celebrated  civil  engineer,  or  France,  member 
of  many  learned  societies,  and  afterwards  di 
rec'.o;  o^  the  school  of  engineers,  at  Paris.  He 
wrote  on  his  profession,  and  died  in  1794. 

PERROT,  Nicholas,  archbishop  of  Siponto, 
ai^d  author  of  a  commentary  on  Martial :  be 
died  in  1480. 

29 


PERROT,  Nicolas,  sieur  d'Ablancourt,  cele- 
Ibrated  for  his  excellent  translations  into  French 
of  the  Greek  and  Latin  classics.  He  died  in 
1664,  aged  58. 

PERROT,  sir  John,  one  of  the  favourites  of 
Edward  VI.,  of  England,  was  made  kniglitof 
the  Bath  at  his  coronation.  He  was  distinguish- 
ed as  a  naval  officer,  but  was  afterward*  con- 
demn-d  for  high  tieason,  and  respited  by  Eliza- 
beth.    He  died  in  1.588. 

PERRY,  captain  John,  a  celebrated  English 
engineer,  patronised  by  czar  Peter,  of  Russia,  of 
winch  country  he  wrote  the  history  ;  he  died  in 

'^ERRY,  Oliver  Hazard,  a  captain  in  th« 
Aniorican  navy,  distinguished  by  an  important 
victoiy  which  be  gained  over  the  British  naval 
torce  on  lake  Erie,  in  1813.     He  died  in  1820. 

PERSEUS,  son  of  Philip,  of  Macedon,  was 
defeated  by  Paulus  iEmilius,  his  kingdom  de- 
stroyid,  and  himself  taken  prisoner  to  Rome. 
168  B.  C.  * 

PEESruS,  Aulus  Flaccus,  an  ancient  Latin 
poet  and  Roman  knight,  who  wrote  satires  in 
the  reign  of  Nero  ;  he  died  A.  D.  62 

PERTINAX,  Publius  Helvius,  from  an  in- 
structor of  youth,  became  a  snidier,  and  on  the 
death  of  Commodus  in  195,  was  raised  to  the 
imperial  throne  of  Rome.  He  was  afterwaids 
assassinated. 

PERUGINO,  Pietro,  an  Italian  painter,  who 
succeeded  particularly  in  the  elegant  expression 
of  his  female  figures;  he  died  in  1524. 

PERUZZl,  Balthasar,  an  Italian  painter,  who 
excelled  in  chiaro  obscuro :  he  died  poor,  in 
1556.  *^      ' 

PESELLI,  Pesello,  an  elegant  historical  paint- 
er, of  Florence ;  he  died  in  1517,  aged  77. 

PESSELIER,  Charles  Stephen,  a  French 
financier,  of  great  industry  and  abilities,  mem- 
ber of  many  learned  societies.  He  wrote  on 
taxation,  finances,  &c.,  and  died  in  1763. 

PETAVIUS,  Dionysius,  or  DENIS  PETAN, 
a  French  Jesuit,  of  great  erudition,  and  an  aii- 
thor ;  he  died  in  1652,  aged  69. 

PETER,  chief  of  the  apostles,  was  son  of 
John,  and  brother  of  Andrew,  of  the  city  of 
Bethaaida.  He  was  a  bold  and  powerful  preach- 
er of  the  Gospel.  Nero  caused  him  to  be  cru- 
cified with  his  head  down,  A.  D.  66. 

PETER,  St.,  a  bishop  of  Alexandria,  and  a 
learned  and  pious  prelate.  He  suffered  martyr- 
dom, in  311. 

PETER  CHRYSOLOGUS,  St,  archbishop 
of  Ravenna,  died  in  458. 

PETER  the  Hermit,  a  French  officer,  Of 
Amiens,  who,  quitting  the  military  profession, 
commenced  hermit  and  pilgrim.  He  travelled 
to  the  Holy  Land,  in  1093 ;  after  which,  he  re- 
ceived a  commission  from  pope  Urban  II.  to 
excite  all  Christian  princes  to  a  general  war 
against  the  Turks  and  Saracens.  The  time  of 
his  death  was  about  1100. 

PETER  III.,  king  of  Arragon,  married  Con- 
stance, daughter  of  the  kin^  of  Sicily,  and,  hav- 
ing formed  the  plan  of  seizing  that  kingdom, 
against  the  pretensions  of  Charjes  of  Anjou, 
he  caused  all  the  French  in  tliat  island  te  be 
assassinated  at  the  same  time,  which  was  done 
on  Easter  day,  1282.  This  massacre  has  since 
been  called  the  Sicilian  Vespers. 

PETER  the  Cruel,  king  of  Castile,  succeeded 
his  father,  Alphonso  XI.,  in  1350.  He  was  so 
wanton  and  cruel,  tliat  three  days  after  he  had 
married  Blanche,  daughter  of  the  dokeof  Bour- 
bon, he  repudiated  her,  with  every  mark  of  ais- 
337 


PE 


PE 


grace.  Another  of  his  queens  was  treated  with 
equal  indignity.  He  became  odious  to  his  sub- 
jects, and  was  killed  by  his  brother,  in  1369. 

PETER  the  Great,  czar  of  Piussia,  who  ci- 
vilized that  nation,  and  raised  it  from  ignorance 
and  barbarism  to  politeness,  knowledge,  and 
power,  was  born  in  1672.  The  history  of  his 
life  and  reign  would  demand  a  volume,  and  is 
so  eventful,  as  to  defy  abridgment.  He  spared 
no  pains  nor  fatigues  to  obtain  knowledge  which 
he  thought  would  be  beneficial  to  his  subjects, 
and  was  emphatically  and  justly  called  the 
"  Father  of  his  Country."     He  died  in  1725. 

PETER  11  ,  emperor  of  Russia,  son  of  Alexis 
Petrowitz,  succeeded  the  empress  Catherine  at 
the  age  of  15.  He  banished  the  favourite  mi- 
nister, Menzikoff,  and  died  in  1738,  aged  15. 

PETER  HI.,  emperor  of  Russia,  ascended  the 
throne  in  1761.  His  attempts  to  reform  his  sub-] 
jects  proving  abortive,  he  was  dethroned  by  his 
queen,  Catherine  H.,  who  assumed  the  reins  of 
government.    He  died  in  1762. 

PETER  NOLASQUE,  a  native  of  Langue- 
doc,  in  the  service  of  James,  king  of  Arragon. 
He  established  the  order  of  mercy,  whose  sole 
business  was  the  redemption  of  Christian  slaves 
from  the  power  of  infidels.    He  died  in  1256. 

PETER  of  Sicily,  author,  in  the  8th  century, 
of  a  curious  and  interesting  history  of  the  Ma- 
nichees,  in  Greek  and  Latin,  in  1604. 

PETER  of  Cluni,  or,  the  Venerable,  was 
a  man  of  great  learning,  who  granted  a  friendly 
asylum  to  the  unfortunate  Abelard,  in  1130.  He 
received  pope  Innocent  II.  at  his  abbey  with  be- 
coming magnificence. 

PETER,  an  ecclesiastic,  preceptor,  and  then 
secretary,  to  William  11.,  king  of  Sicily.  He 
was  invited  to  England  by  Henry  II.,  and  was 
made  archbishop  of  Bath,  and  then  of  London. 
He  died  in  120f . 

PETER,  the  wild  boy,  a  youth  found  in  the 
woods  in  Hanover,  in  1726,  and  carried  to  Eng- 
land by  the  order  of  queen  Caroline ;  but  no 
care  nor  pains  could  ever  make  him  articulate  a 
word ;  he  died  in  1785. 

PETER  LOMBARD.  See  LOMBARD. 

PETER  MARTYR.  See  MARTYR. 

PETER  D'OSMA,  a  Spanish  ecclesiastic,  in 
the  15th  century,  who  was,  perhaps,  the  fore- 
runner of  the  reformation,  as  he  wrote  and 
preached  against  the  infallibility  of  the  church 
of  Rome. 

PETERS,  Gerard,  of  Amsterdam,  a  distin- 
guished landscape  painter,  in  the  16th  century. 

PETERS,  Bonaventure,  of  Antwerp,  a  paint- 
er, whose  marine  pieces  are  much  admired ;  he 
died  in  1652. 

PETERS,  Francis  Lucas,  an  eminent  land- 
scape painter,  born  at  Mechlin,  died  in  1654. 

PETERS,  Hugh,  a  turbulent  Englishman, 
who  became  an  actor,  then  a  bishop  and  lectur- 
er, then  an  adulterer,  for  which  he  was  obliged 
to  flee  to  America;  but  returned  to  England, 
where,  for  his  violence  against  Charles  I.,  he 
was  hanged  and  quartered,  in  1660. 

PETERS,  Hugh,  an  English  Jesuit,  known  in 
history  as  the  friend  and  confessor  of  James  IT., 
by  whose  advice  the  ruin  of  that  monarch  was 
hastened. 

PETERS,  Charles,  an  English  divine,  cele- 
brated for  his  theological  writings,  died  in  1777. 
PETHION  DE  VILLENEUVE,  Jerome, 
mayor  «f  Paris,  and  member  of  the  national 
convention.  He  was  a  violent  opposer  of  roy- 
alty, and  his  influence  hastened  the  downfall 
•r  Louis  XVI.  He  permittdd  riot  and  murder 
338 


n  the  streets  of  Paris ;  but  found  an  equal  and 
a  rival  in  Robespierre,  who  finjdly  outlawed 
him,  and  set  a  price  on  his  head.  He  perished 
by  starvation,  in  1793. 

PETIS  DE  LA  CROIX,  Francis,  interpreter 
of  the  oriental  languages  to  Louis  XIV.,  born 

1654,  and  died  in  1713,  after  having  compiled 
several  useful  works  relating  to  oriental  history. 

PETIT,  John  Lewis,  a  celebrated  surgeon, 
born  in  Paris.  He  was  invited  to  visit  the  king 
of  Poland,  and  afterwards  went  to  Spain  to  at- 
tend on  Ferdinand.  He  invented  some  valua- 
ble surgical  instruments,  and  wrote  on  surgery, 
and  died  in  1750. 

PETIT,  Peter,  of  France,  celebrated  for  his 
mathematical  and  philosophical  writings;  he 
died  in  1667,  aged  69. 

PETIT,  Samuel,  an  eminent  Frewch  scholar, 
and  professor  of  theology,  Greek,  and  Hebrew, 
at  Geneva.  He  wrote  on  classical  literature, 
and  died  in  1645. 

PETIT,  Anthony,  an  eminent  physician,  at 
Paris,  and  afterwards  at  Orleans.  He  was  a 
copious  and  learned  writer  on  several  parts  of 
his  profession,  and  died  in  1794. 

PETIT,  Peter,  a  learned  Frenchman,  born  at 
Paris,  was  the  author  of  various  works  of  great 
interest,  and  died  in  1687. 

PETITOT,  John,  an  eminent  painter  and 
chymist,  born  at  Geneva,  in  1607.  To  him  ia 
ascribed  the  invention  of  painting  in  enamel ; 
he  died  in  1691. 

PETIVER,  James,  F.  R.S.,  an  English  bota- 
nist. He  collected  a  museum,  for  which  sir 
Hans  Sloane  offered  4000Z.  He  was  author  of 
several  works  on  botany,  and  died  in  1718. 

PETRARCH,  Francis,  an  Italian,  eminent 
for  great  parts  and  learning,  and  who  has  been 
called  the  father  of  modern  poetry.  At  Vaucluse, 
near  Avignon,  in  1327,  he  commenced  an  amoui 
with  a  young  damsel  named  Laura,  who  lived 
in  the  neighbourhood,  and  whom  he  has  made 
famous  bv  his  poetry.     He  died  in  1374. 

PETRE,  sir  William,'  LL.  D.,  he  had  the  art 
to  continue  in  power  under  the  dissimilar  reigns 
of  Cromwell,  Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI.,and  Ma- 
ry ;  and  under  Elizabeth  he  was  made  secreta- 
ry of  state.  He  was  a  man  of  great  talents,  and 
died  in  1574. 

PETRONIUS  M  AXIMUS,  a  Roman  senator, 
who  assassinated  Valentinian  III.,  and  seized 
the  throne,  in  455. 

PETKONIUS  ARBITER,  Titus,  a  polite  wri- 
ter of  antiquity,  who  flourished  in  the  reign  of 
iVero.  He  was  bled  to  death  by  order  of  Nero, 
A.  D.  65. 

PETTUS,  sir  John,  deputy  governor  of  the 
royal  mines,  and  member  of  parliament,  under 
Charles  11.  He  wrote  on  mining,  and  on  histo 
ry,  and  died  in  1690. 

PETTY,  sir  William,  an  eminent  English 
physician,  but  chiefly  celebrated  for  his  know- 
ledge in  mathematics  and  mechanics,  and  for 
his  writings  upon  political  arithmetic ;  he  died 
in  1687,  aged  64. 

PETYT,  William,  a  native  of  Yorkshire, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  ancient  law,  on 
which  he  wrote  several  works;  he  died  in  1707. 

PEUCER,  Gaspard,  an  eminent  physician 
atid  mathematician,  professor  of  medicine,  at 
Wittemberg.  He  was  a  Lutheran,  and  married 
Melancthon's  daughter.  His  opinions  caused  his 
imprisonment  for  10  years,  during  which  time, 
he  wrote  several  learned  works;  he  died  in 
1602. 

FEUTSMAN,  Peter,  a  painter,  of  Rotterdam, 


PH 


I    Jf^o  being  in  an  anatomical  room  during  an 

I  ybanhqnake,  was  so  frislited  at  the  motion  of 

/the  skeletons,  tbat  lie  dfed  in  1692. 

f      PEUTINGER,  Conrad,  a  learned  German, 

secretary  of  the  senate  of  Augsburg,  and   an 

able  negotiator.     He  published  many  learned 

.  works,  and  died  in  1547. 

PEYER,  John  Conrad,  a  German  physician, 
in  the  J7th  century,  distinguished  for  having 
first  given  an  account  of  the  intestine  glands. 

PEYRERE,  Isaac,  a  French  heretical  wiiter, 
born  in  1594,  and  died  in  1676.  He  believed  that 
Adam  was  not  the  first  man. 

PEYRESC.    SeePEIRESC 

PEYROUSE.     See  PEROUSE. 

PEYSSONNEL,  Charles,  a  French  writer, 
who  went  secretary  of  an  embassy  to  Constan- 
tinople, and  was  afterwards  consul  at  Smyrna. 
He  was  a  philosopher  and  antiquary,  and  wrote 
several  learned  dissertations  ;  he  died  in  1757. 
His  son  was  also  consul  at  Smyrua,  and  a  man 
of  science,  and  general  information,  and  died  in 

vm. 

PEZAY,  Masson,  marquis  of,  he  instructed 
Lewis  XVI.,  in  niilitary  exercises,  and  was  re- 
warded with  the  place  of  inspector-general  of 
the  coasts,  but  was  afterwards  disgraced,  and 
died  in  1778. 

PEZENAS,  Esprit,  a  learned  Jesuit,  professor 
of  philosophy,  and  hydrography,  at  Marseilles. 
He  died  inl77G. 

PEZRON,  Paul,  a  very  learned  and  ingenious 
French  historian  and  antiquary,  born  in  1C39, 
and  died  ir\  170G. 

PFANNER,  Tobias,  called,  from  his  extensive 
knowledge,  tlie  living  Arcliives  of  the  house  of 
Saxony.'   He  died  in  1717. 

PFEFFERCORN,  John,  a  famous  converted 
Jew,  who  had  nearly  persuaded  Waxiuiilian  to 
burn  all  books  except  the  Bible.  He  wrote  on 
the  Scriptures,  and  died  in  1520. 

PFEFFEL,  author  of  "  A  History  of  Germa- 
Hy,"  died  at  Paris,  in  1807,  aged  81. 

PFIEFFER,  Augustus,  a  learned  orientalist, 
professor  of  oriental  languages  at  Witlcmiberg, 
Leipsic,  and  other  places.  He  published  several 
able  works,  and  died  in  1693. 

PFEiFFER,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Lucerne,  and 
a  famous  general  in  the  service  of  Charles  TX. 
of  France,  whose  life  he  once  preserved  ;  he 
died  in  1594. 

PH^DON,  a  native  of  Elis,  the  disciple  of 
Socrates,  and  Ibuiidcr  of  the  sect  called  Elean 
philosoplievs. 

PHiEDRUS,  an  ancient  Latin  author,  ad- 
mired for  the  eleirance  of  his  language ;  he 
lived  iu  the  reign  of  Tiberius. 

PH.(EDRUS,  Thomas,  professor  of  eloquence 
at  Rome,  early  in  the  IGth  century,  and  called 
the  Cicero  of  his  time. 

PHAER,  Thomas,  an  English  pby?ician,  who 
published  various  medical  Works,  ciiietiy  com 
piled  from  the  French.  He  also  translated  a 
part  of  the  iEueid  ;  he  died  in  1560. 

PKALARIS,  a  celebrated  tyrant  of  antiquity, 
born  at  Crete ;  he  was  particularly  cruel  to- 
ward his  enemies.  He  was  put  to  death  by  his 
subjects,  in  his  brazen  bull  that  Periilus  made, 
and  in  which  he  was  the  first  to  suffer  death, 
563  B.  C. 

PHARAMOND,  v^as  first  king  of  France, 
and  institutor  of  the  Salique  law,  which  pre^ 
vents  women  from  inheriting  real  estate.  On 
this  law  is  fo\nided  one  which  excludes  females 
from  inheriting,  the  throne  of  France.  He  died 
in  428. 


PH 

PHARNACES,  son  of  Mithridates,  king  of 
Pontus,  revolted  against  his  father.  Caesar  de- 
feated him  with  such  facility  that  he  wrote  to 
the  senate  only  the  following:  "Veni,  vidi, 
vici." 

PHERECRATES,  a  Greek  comic  poet,  who 
flourished  about  330  B.  C. 

PHERECYDES,  a  philosopher,  of  Scyros, 
.560  B.  C,  and  master  of  the  great  Pythagoras- 
There  was  another  of  the  same  name  456  B.  C, 
author  of  "  A  History  of  Athens." 

PHIDIAS,  the  most  famous  sculptor  of  anti- 
quity, an  Athenian,  and  cotemporary  of  the 
celebrated  Pericles  ;  he  died  in  432  B.  C. 

PHILANDER,  William,  a  Frenchm.an,  arch- 
deacon of  St.  Antoninus.  He  wrote  a  commen- 
tary on  Vitruvius,  and  another  on  duintillian; 
he  died  in  1505.  * 

PHILELPHUS,  Francis,  a  learned  Italian,  au- 
thor of  several  works,  professor  of  eloquence 
at  Venice,  and  secretary  of  an  embassy  to  Con- 
stantinople. His  son  Marius  was  also  a  man 
of  learning,  and  died  in  1180. 

PHILEMON,  a  comic  poet,  of  Athens,  flour- 
iphed  274  B.  C. ;  he  is  said  to  have  died  at  101 
years  of  age. 

PHILETUS,  a  Greek  poet  and  grammarian, 
of  Cos,  preceptor  to  Ptolemy  Philadelphus. 

PIIILIDOR,  Andre  Danican,the  niost«ki!ful 
r.hess-pioyer  perhaps  that  ever  was  known.  He 
was  also  an  excellent  musician,  and  produced 
many  French  dramatic  pieces  of  considerable 
merit.     He  died  in  1795,  aged  69. 

PHILIP,  St.,  a  native  of  Bethsaida,  was  tho^ 
Hrst  whom  Jesus  cailed  to  become  his  disciple. 
He  was  a  fisherman,  and  left  a  family  at  home- 
.*»nother  of  the  same  name,  who  was  a  deacon 
in  the  church,  converted  a  eunuch  of  Candaco. 

PHILIP  IE,  king  of  Macedon,  and  father  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  was  equally  renowned  as 
a  legislator,  poiiiician,  and  w.Trrior.  He  vvas 
jassas.sinared  at  a  banquet,  by  Fausanias,  a  cap- 
itain  of  guards,  336  E.  C. 

PHILIP  v.,  king  of  Macedon,  succeeded  to 
jthc  throne  220  B.  C.  His  jealousy  of  the'  Eo- 
iuan  power,  and  his  alliance  with  Hannibal 
proved  liis  rsiin.  His  dominions  were  invaded 
by  the  consul  Laevinus,  and  he  was  conquered, 
lie  put  to  death  his  eldest  son,  Demetrius,  ami 
died  nSE.  C. 

PHILIP,  Marcus  Julius,  an  Arabian,  who, 
from  the  rank  of  a  common  soldier,  ascended 
the  imperial  throne  of  Rome,  by  the  murder  of 
the  younger  Gordian,  in  244.  He  was  assassi- 
nated in  249. 

PHILIP  I.,  king  of  France,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther, Henry  I.,  inlOfiO.  He  was  a  wicked  and 
ambitions  prince.  Dissatisfied  with  his  queen, 
Bertha,  he  carried  away  Bertrande,  wife  of  the 
count  of  Anjou,  and  married  her.  He  was  at 
war  witli  England  and  the  Flemings,  and  was 
defeated  by  both.    He  died  in  1108. 

PHILIP  II.,  surnamed  Augustus,  king  of 
France,  succeeded  his  lather,  Lewis  VII.,in  1180. 
He  was  a  wise  and  politic  prince,  an  intrepid 
warrior,  an  enlightened  legislator,  and  an  im- 
partial judge.  In  conjunction  with  Richard  I., 
of  England,  he  made  a  crusade  to  tlie  Holy 
Land,  with  300,000  men,  but,  though  victorious, 
he  returned  with  little  glory.  He  afterwards 
invaded  England,  and  was  crowned  king,  at 
London,  but  the  nobles  throwing  off  their  alle- 
giance, he  retired,  and  died  in  1223. 
"  PHILIP  HI.,  or  the  Hardy,  was  proclaimed 
king  of  France  in  1270,  while  in  Africa,  on  a 
crusade  with  his  father  Lewis  IX.  He  defeated 
339 


PH 

the  Saracens,  and  made  a  truce  with  them  for 
10  years  ;  he  died  in  1285. 

PHILIP  IV.,  or  the  Fair,  succeeded  his  father 
Philip  III.  He  engaged  in  a  long  and  bloody 
war  with  Edward  I.,  of  England,  the  emperor 
of  Germany,  and  the  count  of  Flanders,  at  the 
same  time.  In  a  battle  with  the  Flemings,  25,000 
of  his  enemies  were  killed,  and  an  equestrian 
statue  was  erected  to  the  monarch,  in  the  church 
of  Notre  Dame,  in  honour  of  the  victory;  he 
died  in  1314. 

PHILIP  v.,  surnamed  the  Long,  king  of 
France,  the  son  of  Philip  the  Fair,  succeeded 
to  the  throne  in  1316.  He  made  war  against 
the  Flemings,  renewed  the  alliance  with  Scot- 
land, and  banished  the  Jews  from  his  kingdom. 
He  permitted  great  cruelties  against  lepers,  who 
,were  either  put  to  death  or  confined  ;  he  died 
in  1531. 

PHILIP  DE  VALOIS,  first  king  of  France, 
of  the  collateral  branch  of  the  Valois,  ascended 
the  throne  in  1328.  His  elevation  was  disputed 
fcy  Edward  HI.,  of  England,  and  a  terrible  war 
ensued,  in  which,  at  the  celebrated  battle  of  i 
Cressy,  the  French  lost  80,000  men.    Richard' 

Proposed  to  decide  the  war  by  single  combat,  bul| 
hilip  declined.    He  died  in  1.350.  I 

PHILIP!.,  son  of  the  emperor  Masimilian,! 
and  Jane,  queen  of  Spain,  obtained  the  Spanish 
throne.  He  possessed  but  moderate  abihties,' 
and  died  in  1506,  aged  28.  I 

PHILIP  II.,  son  of  Charles  V.  and  Isabella! 
of  Portugal,  was  made  king  of  Sicily  and  Na  j 
fles,  in  1554.  Ho  was  afterwards  made  kingj 
of  England,  by  marriage  with  queen  Mary;  and 
two  years  after,  ascended  the  Spanish  tliront',| 
hy  the  abdication  of  his  father.  He  made  war 
against  France  and  England,  and  v."as  unsuc- 
cessful. Though  a  man  of  great  abilities,  he| 
was  superstitious  and  cruel  in  the  extreme  ;  he 
died  in  1598. 

PHILIP  III.,  son  cf  Philip  II.  and  Anne  of 
Austria,  became  king  of  Spain  at  the  age  of  20. 
He  cruelly  banished  all  the  Moors  from  liis  king- 
dom, and  thus  deprived  hiinself  of  the  arts  and 
services  of  a  million  of  his  subjects.  At  the 
siege  of  Ostend.  he  lost  80,000  men,  and  the  place 
was  of  no  use  to  him  when  taken  ;  he  died  in 
1621. 

PHILIP  IV.,  son  of  Pliilip  HI.  and  Margaret 
of  Austria,  became  king  of  Spain,  in  1621.  He 
renewed  the  war  with  Holland,  and  also  de- 
clared war  against  France,  in  both  of  which 
he  was  unsuccessful.  Tlie  Portuguese  rebelled  ( 
against  him,  and  after  many  bloody  attempts  toj 
reduce  them,  he  acknowledged  their  indepen-| 
dance.  This  weak  and  effeminate  monarch  died  I 
ill  1665. 


PHILIP  v.,  duke  of  Anjou,  son  of  Lewis, 
the  dauphin  of  France,  and  Maria  Anne,  of 

Bavaria,  ascended  the  Spanish  throne,  in  ITOO.j      PHILIPS,  Ambrose,  an  English  pastoral  and 
His  elevation   was   opposed   by  the  archduke 'dramatic  poet,  and  political  writer, died  m  1749, 


PII 

PHILIP  DE  DREUX,  bishop  of  Bcauvais,  in 
France.  He  became  a  famous  general,  and 
joining  the  crusades,  behaved,  with  great  val- 
our at  the  siege  of  Acre.  He  afterwards  joined 
Pliiiip  Augustus  against  the  Englisli,  and  died 
in  1217. 

PHILIP,  duke  of  Swabia,  was  elected  em- 
peror of  Germany,  in  1198.  He  was  a  prince  of 
great  wisdom,  and  strong  powers  of  mind ; 
his  memory  is  still  respected  in  Germany.  He 
died  in  1206. 

PHILIP  the  Bold,  son  ofjohn,  king  of  France, 
and  duke  of  Burgundy,  was  a  brave  and  vir- 
tuous prince,  but  unfortunately  so  profuse  in 
his  expenses,  that  his  body  was  seized  after 
death,  by  his  creditors,  and  it  was  with  difficulty 
his  dutchess  could  redeem  it.    He  died  in  1404. 

PHILIP  of  Orleans.    See  ORLEANS. 

PHILIP,  infant  of  Spain,  was  placed  in  pos- 
session of  the  dutchies  of  Parma  and  Placentia, 
and  after  having  signalized  himself  in  war,  he 
devoted  himself  to  the  prosperity  and  improve- 
ment of  his  subjects;  he  died,  universally  re- 
gretted, in  1765. 

PHILIP,  governor  of  Jerusalem,  in  the  time 
of  Antioclius  Epiphanes,  behaved  with  great 
cruelty  to  the  Jews,  and  compelled  them  to 
change  their  religion.  He  was  put  to  death  by 
his  rival  Lvsias. 

PHILIP  the  Solitary,  a  Greek  author,  about 
1105. 

PHILIP,  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, wl;o  travelled  into  the  Levant,  Persia, 
and  India,  and  afterwards  visited  all  the  con- 
vents in  Europe  ;  he  died  in  1671. 

PHILIP,  ati  Indian  sachem,  notorious  for  the 
bloody  wars  he  v.-aged  with  the  early  settlers 
of  New-England,  which  had  nearly  extermina- 
ted the  colonists.  He  was  killed  by  them  in 
1678.  and  his  forces  destroyed. 

PHILIPS,  Thomas,  a"  native  of  Ickford ; 
he  wrote  the  Lii'e  of  Cardinal  Pole,  a  work  of 
great  celebrity,  in  v/hich  he  supports  the  princi- 
ples of  the  Romish  church,  and  thus  b.-ought 
upon  himself  a  host  of  opponents.  He  died  at 
Liege,  in  1774. 

PHILIPS,  Fabian,  a  learned  English  anti- 
quary, who  was  a  zealous  supporter  oT  Charles 
[.,  aiid  stronslv  protested  against  his  execution 
He  died  in  \m. 

PHILIPS,  Edward,  a  nephew  of  Hilton, 
born  in  1530.  He  published  several  works,  one 
of  which  was  a  dictionary  entitled  "  A  New 
World  of  Words." 

PHILIPS,  Catherine,  an  English  lady  of 
great  wit  and  accomplishments,  chieriy  distin- 
guished for  her  skill  in  poetry ;  she  died  in  1664, 
aged  33. 

PHILIPS,  John,  an  eminent  English  poet, 
died  in  1708. 


opposed  by 
Charles  of  Austria,  in  which  England,  Holland, 
Savoy,  Prussia,  and  Portugal  joined  him,  and 
one  of  the  most  bloody  wars  on  record  ensued, 
in  which  France  finally  joined  the  Spaniards.  | 
A  peace  was  signed  between  the  allied  powers' 
at  Utrecht,  in  1713.     He  died  in  1746. 

PHILIP  the  Good,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
of  Spain,  in  1419.  He  joined  the  English  against, 
France,  but  afterwards  abandoned  them,  and 
joined  the  duke  de  Berri  of  Fraace,  against  his 
brother  Lewis  XL,  and  engaged  in  all  thetu-j 
ir.ults  of  war.  He  lost  the  title  ol  Good,  by  burn- 
ing the  town  of  Dinan,  near  Liege,  and  putting  its 
inhabitants  to  the  sword ;  he  died  in  1467. 
340 


aged  78. 

PHILLIPS,  George,  was  the  first  minister  of 
W^atertovvn,  Mass.,  and  died  in  1664. 

PHILLIPS,  Sanmel,  a  clergyman,  at  Ando- 
ver,  Mass.,  wrote  some  sermons,  and  died  1771. 

PHILLIPS,  John,  LL.  D.,  a  native  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, distinguished  for  his  liberal  endow- 
ment of  an  academy  at  Andover,  and  another 
at  Exeter.  His  brother  Samuel  joined  him  in 
his  laudable  undertakings. 

PHILLIPS,  Samuel,  LL.  D.,  a  member  of 
congress  in  1775.  and  afterwards  lieutenant-go- 
vernor nf  Massachusetts ;  he  died  in  1802.  He 
[jwas  distinguished  for  his  patriotism,  integrity. 


FH 


PI 


institutions. 

/    PHlI-Lli'S,  John,  a  lawj'er,  of  Massachusetts, 
'wiis  presicteiit  of  the  senate  of  that  state,  and 


first  mayor  or'  the  city  of  Boston.    He  died  in 
1823. 

PHILO,  Judffiiis,  an  ancient  Greek  writer, 
on  moral  philosopliy,  and  of  a  noble  family 
among  the  Jews,  flourished  at  Alexandria  in 
the  reit'n  of  Caligula.  He  was  twice  sent  by  the 
Jews  of  that  city  to  Rome,  to  plead  their  cause 
against  Apiou,  and  on  his  second  mission  is 
said  to  have  become  a  Christian. 

PHILO.  a  grammarian,  of  Byhlns,  who  trans- 
lated Sanchdiiiathon,  from  the  Phoenician  into 
Greek. 

PHII.O,  an  architect,  of  Byzantium,  SOO  B.  C. 
He  is  tlie  author  of  a  treatise  on  military  ma- 
chines, &c. 

PHILOLAUS,  Qf  Cretona,  an  ancient  philo- 
soplier  of  tlio  Pytliagorcan  school.  He  made 
the  heavens  his  principal  object  of  contempla- 
tion, and  is  generally  supposed  to  have  been  the 
author  of  that  system  which  Copernicus  after- 
wards revived,  and  which  is  now  known  to  be 
the  true  svstem  of  astronomy. 
.  PHILOrCEMEN,  of  Megalopolis,  celebrated 
as  a  genera)  in  the  Achaean  league,  against  tJie 
Si.artans  and  ^itolians.  lie  was  poisoned  by 
Dmocrates,  133B.C. 

PHILOPONUS,  John,  an  Alexandrian,  au- 
thor of  a  Commentary  on  the  Creation,  and 
Ijead  of  the  tri-t heists  in  the  7th  century. 

PHILOST ORGIUS,  an  ancient  ecclesiastical 
historian,  who  flourished  in  Cappadocia  about 
riic  year  420. 

PHILDSTPiATUS,  Flavius,  an  ancient  Greek 
sophist  and  critic,  wlio  wrote  the  Life  of  Apol- 
lonius  Tyaneus,  vviiich  is  highly  celebrated. 
lie  died  in  244. 

PHILOXENUS,  a  difhyramlMc  poet,  at  the 
court  of  Dionysius,  of  Syracuse.  He  died  380 
B.  C. 

PHILPOT,  John,  a  native  of  H.impshire,  a 
warm  advocate  for  the  reformaiion,  vv as  made 
arcluieacon  of  Winchester,  by  Edward  VI. ;  but 
in  the  next  rcisn,  was  convicted  of  heresy,  and 
burnt  at  Smithfield,  in  1555. 

PUINEHAS,  sou  of  Eleazar,  was  commend- 
ed for  ills  zeal  in  the  cause  of  God,  for  killing 
the  Israelite  and  the  Midiauitish  woman,  who 
commitled  foruicalion  in  the  camp  of  Israel, 
1455  B.  C. 

PIHPPS,  Constantine  John,  lord  Mulgrave, 
an  eminent  English  circumnavigator:  he  died 
in  1792,  aged  4G. 

PHfPS,  .sir  William,  governor  of  the  colony 
©f  Massachusetts,  was  born  of  obscure  parents, 
in  1650,  and  died  in  1(!S5.  He  was  knighted  for 
his  success  in  obtaining  a  large  property  from  a 
Spanish  wreck,  which  laid  the  foundation  of 
his  fortune. 

PHLEGON,  a  native  of  Tralies,  wrote  se- 
veral works  full  nf  erudition.  He  was  the  em 
peror  Adrian's  freedman. 

PHOCAS,  a  Chaicedonian  nohle,  who  seized 
on  the  empire  of  the  East  by  the  murder  of  the 
empeior  Maurice  and  hischildren,  in  602.  He 
radius,  governor  of  Africa,  conspired  against 
him,  and  cut  off  his  head,  in  610. 

PIIOCAS,  John,  a  monk  of  the  12th  century 
born  in  Crete.  He  built  a  small  church  oii 
Momit  C^armel,  wiiere  he  fixed  his  residence. 
He  wrote  a  description  of  tne  IIo!y  Land,  &c. 
PHOCION,  a  renowned  Athenian  general  and 
phUo3op!ier,  the  disciple  of  Plato,     He  was 


and  liberality  to  different  religious  and  literary;  condemsied  on  a  false  accusation  of  treason,  by 

his  ungrateful  fellow-citizens,  and  put  to  death, 
by  poison,  318  B.  C 

PHOCYLIDES.  a  Greek  poet,  of  Miletus, 
about  540  B.  C. 

PHORMIO,  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  of 
Eph^isus. 

PHOIIMIO,  an  Athenian  general,  who  dis- 
played great  bravery  during  the  Peloponnesian 
vvar.  He  sold  his  jiroperty  to  supply  the  army 
but  refused  to  be  commander-in-chief. 

PHOTINUS,  bishop  of  Sirmium,  was  depoi5- 
ed  for  supporting  that  Christ  was  only  a  man ; 
he  died  in  376. 

PHOTIUS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  in  the 
9th  century,  and  the  greatest  man  of  the  age  ia 
which  he  lived.  Of  his  works,  the  most  consi- 
derable is  his  "  Bibliotheca."    He  died  in  886. 

PHRAATES  in.,  king  of  Partiiia,  was  mur 
dered  by  his  two  sons,  36  B.  C. 

PHEAATES  IV.,  was  raised  to  the  Parthian 
throne  by  his  father,  whom  he  soon  murdered  ; 
but  he  at  last  perished  himself  by  liie  hand  of 
his  own  son. 

PHRANZA,  George,  a  Greek  author,  who 
wrote  a  Chronicle  of  his  own  Times,  to  1461, 

PHREAS,  or  FREAS,  Jolm,  an  English  wri- 
ter of  the  14th  century. 

PIIRYNE,  a  celebrated  courtezan,  of  Athens, 
the  mistress  of  Prexiteles,  o28  B.  C. 

PHRYNICUS,  a  Greek  oraior,  of  Bithynia, 
under  Commodus. 

PHRYNIS,  a  musician,  of  Mitylene,  who  is 
said  to  have  added  two  strings  to  the  lyre,  438 
IB.  C. 

I  PIA,  Philip  Nicholas,  an  eminent  chymist, 
I  and  chief  surgeon  ot  the  hospital  at  Strasburg: 
he  died  in  17S9. 

PIAZZI,  Jerome  Bartholomew,  a  historian 
of  the  "  Inquisition  in  Italy,"  of  which  court 
he  was  formerly  a  judge;  but  became  after- 
wards a  convert  to  the  church  of  England,  and 
died  at  Cambridge,  in  1745. 

PlAZETTA,Joiin  Baptist,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er, of  Venice,  died  in  1754. 

PIBRAC.     SeeFAUR. 

PICARD,  John,  a  French  ecclot^icistic.  He 
acquired  ceiebrity  as  an  astronomei ,  and  died 
in  1683. 

PICART,  Bernard,  a  very  famous  French  en- 
graver ;  he  died  in  1733,  aged  60. 

PICART,  Michael,  professor  of  philosophy 
and  poetry,  at  Altorf,  died  in  1620. 

PICCINI,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  musical  com- 
poser, of  Naples,  died  in  1800. 

PICCOLOMINI,  James,  an  Italian,  made  car- 
dinal by  Pius  IT.,  was  author  of  a  history  of  his 
own  times,  and  died  in  1479. 

PICCOLOMINI,  Alexander,  an  Italian,  and 
archbishop  of  Patras,  the  author  of  dramatic 
pieces,  &c.,  was  the  first  who  used  the  Italian 
language  in  philosophical  subjects ;  he  died  in 
1578. 

PICCOLOMINI,  Francis,  of  the  same  family, 
wrote  Commentaries  on  Aristotle,  and  died  in 
16G4. 

PICHEGRU,  Charles,  a  distinguished  French 
general,  born  at  Arbois,  in  1761.  He  subjugated 
Holland ;  was  exiled  to  Cayenne,  whence  he 
escaped  to  England.  He  returned  to  Paris,  iu 
1804,  where  he  was  imprisoned,  and  died  on 
the  6th  of  April. 

PICHON,  John,  a  French  Jesuit,  and  author, 
died  in  1751. 

PICHOT,  Peter,  a  physician  of  eminence  at 
Bourdeaux,  in  the  IGlh  century. 


09* 


341 


Pi 

PICHOU,  N.,  a  French  poet,  was  assassinated 
iiil631. 

PICKERING,  John,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  New-Hampshire,  was  chief  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  that  state,  and  afterwards 
judge  of  the  district  court  of  the  United  States 
for  the  district  of  New- Hampshire;  he  died  in 
1805. 

PICTET,  Benedict,  a  native  of  Geneva,  and 
professor  of  divinity  there,  was  a  n-an  of  great 
ability,  and  a  pious  and  vigilant  pastor ;  he  died 
in  172<=. 

PiCUS.     See  MIRANDULA. 

PIDOU,  Francis,  lord  of  St.  Olon,  a  French- 
man, employed  as  ambassador  to  Madrid,  and 
other  courts  ;  he  died  in  17'20. 

PIERCE,  Edward,  an  eminent  English  paint- 
er, in  ihe  reign  of  Charies  1.  and  U. ;  he  died  in 
1715. 

PIERCE,  James,  an  eminent  English  presby 
terian  divine  ;  but,  in  consequence  of  his  be 
coming  an  Arian,  he  was  expelled  from  his  con 
gregation,  and  died  in  1730. 
.  PIERINO,  or  PIRINO  DEL  VAGA,  a  cele 
brated  Italian  painter,  and  disciple  of  Raphael ; 
Le  died  in  1547,  aged  47. 

PIERIUS.     See  VALERIANUS. 

PIERQ.UIN,  John  was  40  years  minister  at 
Chatel,  in  the  diocess  of  Rheims,  wrote  several 
works,  and  died  m  1742. 

PIERSON,  Christopher,  a  celebrated  painter, 
of  the  Hague,  died  in  1714. 

PiERSON,  Abraham,  a  pious  and  learned 
minister,  settled  about  1640  at  Southampton, 
L.  I.,  and  afterwards  in  Connecticut. 

PIERSON,  Abraham,  a  distinguished  cler 
IKyman,  of  Connecticut,  and  iirst  president  of 
Yale  Oiillege,  died  at  Saybrook,  in  1707. 

PiaTRO  DI  PETRI,  a  historical  painter, 
Rome,  died  in  1716. 

PIETRO  DE  LA  FRANCISCA,  a  Florentine 
painter  and  writer,  died  in  1473. 

PIGALLE,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  sculp- 
tor, of  Paris,  died  in  1785. 

PIGANIOL  DE  LA  FORCE,  John  Aymar 
de,  a  French  geographer  of  some  eminence,  died 
in  1753. 

PIGHIUS,  Albert,  a  native  of  Kampen,  and 
author  of  controversial  works  against  the  re' 
/ormers,  died  in  1542. 

PIGHIUS,  Stephen  Vinand,  a  very  learne<j 
Cerraan  annalist,  born  in  1520,  and  died  in  1604. 

PIGNONI,  Simon,  an  eminent  Florentine 
painter,  died  in  1612. 

PIGNORIUS,  Laurentius,  a  learned  Italian, 
and  an  author,  died  in  1631. 

PIGRAY,  Peter,  an  eminent  surgeon,  era 
ployed  in  the  armies  of  Henry  IV.  and  Lewis 
Xni. ;  he  died  in  1613. 

PIKE,  Zebulon  Montgomery,  a  brigadier-ge- 
neral of  the  army  of  the  United  States,  was 
killed  at  York,  in  Upper  Canada,  in  an  attack 
upon  that  place,  in  1813. 

PILATE,  Pontius,  a  Roman  governor  of  Ju- 
dea,  under  whose  administration  our  blessed 
Saviour  suffered  death.  Pilate  was  removed 
from  his  government,  and  exiled  to  Gaul,  where 
lie  hanged  himself,  A.  D.  37. 

PILATRE  DU  ROSIER,  Francis,  a  native] 
of  Metz,  and  one  of  the  first  who  ascended  in  a 
tallooQ.  lo  17B5,  he  and  bis  friend,  in  an  as- 
cent from  Boulogne,  were  killed,  by  falling  to  the 
earth  from  a  height  of  1500  feet. 

PILES,  Roger  de,  an  eminent  French  painter, 
and  biographer,  born  in  1635,  and  died  m  1709. 

riLKINGTON,  L»titia,  an  English  wU  sad 
343 


PI 

poetess,  born  in  Dublin,  in  1712,  and  died  in 
1750. 

PILON,  Germain,  a  native  of  Maine,  known 
as  an  able  sculptor  and  architect,  died  in  1590. 

PILON,  Frederic,  an  Irishman,  wiio  stuaied 
medicine,  which  iie  quitted  for  the  stage.  He 
afterwards  became  an  author,  and  died  in 
1788. 

PILPAY,  an  Indian  bramin,  gvmnosophist, 
and  mora!  fabulist,  flourished  230  B.  C. 

PiN^US,  Severinus,  an  eminent  sargeon,  of 
Paris^  and  author  of  a  very  curious  Latin  book. 
He  died  in  1619,  aged  69. 

PIN  AS,  John,  an  eminent  painter,  of  Har- 
laem,  in  169G.  His  brother  James  also  acquired 
celebiity  as  a  painter. 

PINDAR,  of  Thebes,  prince  of  lyric  poets, 
born  somewhat  above  500  years  B.  C.  The 
grandeur  of  his  poetry  and  his  deep  erudition, 
made  Plato  call  him  the  Wisest,  and  the  Divine; 
jfischylus,  the  Great ;  and  Athenaus,  the  Most 
Sublime. 

PINEAU,  Gabriel  du,  of  Angers,  gained  great 
celebrity  at  Paris  as  a  lawyer,  by  his  genius  and 
eloquence.  He  was  so  universally  respected, 
that  he  acquired  the  appellation  of  Father  of 
the  Peoph!.     He  died  in  1G44. 

PINEDA,  John,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  who  taught 
theology  and  philosophy  in  several  colleges, 
and  died  in  1637.  He  wrote  "  Commentaries  ou 
Job,"  and  a  History  of  the  Church. 

PINELLI,  John  Vincent,  an  Italian  noble- 
man, celebrated  for  his  love  of  letters,  and  for 
the  immense  and  valuable  library  that  he  form- 
ed ;  he  died  in  1601,  aged  68. 

PINET,  Anthony  du,  a  native  of  Besancon, 
who  defended,  in  the  i6th  century  the  protest- 
ant  tenets,  which  he  embraced. 

PINET,  N.,  a  merchant,  of  Paris,  to  whose  in- 
trigues was  imputed  the  scarcity  of  grain  in 
1789.    He  was  murdered  the  same  year. 

PINGERON,  I.  C,  a  native  of  Lyons,  and  an 
author,  died  in  1795. 

PINGRE,  Alexander  Guy,  Hbrarian  of  St. 
Genevieve,  celebrated  as  a  philosopher  and  as- 
tronomer, was  the  author  of  various  works,  and 
died  in  1796. 

PINKNEY,  William,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguish- 
ed lawyer,  of  Maryland,  was  born  in  1765.  He 
was  minister  of  the  United  States  to  the  court 
of  St.  James ;  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States ;  a  representative  in  Congress ;  minister 
to  St.  Petersburg,  and  to  Naples;  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  senate  of  the  United  States  from  Ma- 
ryland. In  all  these  offices,  he  acquitted  him- 
self with  distinguished  abihty.    He  died  in  1822. 

PINON,  James,  of  Paris,  distinguished  at  the 
bar  for  liis  eloquence  and  integrity.  He  died  in 
1641. 

PINSON,  Richard,  a  native  of  Normandy,  in 
the  service  of  Caxton.  He  excelled  as  a  printer, 
and  printed  the  Magna  Charta,  and  other  books 
and  died  in  1530. 

PINTOR,  Peter,  a  Spaniard,  and  physician 
to  pope  Alexander  VII.  He  was  an  eble  writer, 
and  died  in  1503. 

PINTURICCIO,  Bernardino,  the  inventor,  in 
Italy,  of  a  new  way  of  painting,  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury:  he  died  in  1513,  aged  59. 

PIPER,  Francis  le,  an  English  painter  of  emi- 
nence, died  in  1740. 

PIPER,  count,  counsellor  of  state  to  Charlea 
XII.. of  Sweden,  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Russians,  at  the  battle  of  Pultowa,  and  died  in 
imprisonment,  in  1716. 

FIRAI^fiSI,  Jolm  Daptist,  a  celebrated  arcbi- 


j_ ^PI 

feet  and  engraver,  born  at  Venice,  about  1711 
/and  died  in  1778 

f  PIROMALLI,  Paul,  a  Dominican,  of  Calabria 
sent  missionary  to  the  East  He  was  a  learned 
man,  and  died  in  1667 

PIRON,  Alexis,  a  French  poet,  and  very  keen 

satirist.     lie  wrote  some  dramatic  pieces,  and 

died  in  1773,  aged  84. 

PISAN,  Thomas,  an  astrologer,  of  Bologna. 

i   It  is  said  he  died  in  1380,  the  very  day  he  had 

foretold. 

PISAN,  Christina  de,  daughter  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  celebrated  for  her  beauty  and  wit ; 
she  wrote  "  A  History  of  Charles  V.,"  and  died 
in  1420. 

PfSANI,  Victor,  a  Venetian  general ;  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  against  the  Genoese  and 
Dalmatians,  and  died  in  380. 

PISCATOR,  John  Fischer,  professor  of  the- 
ology, at  Strasburg,  was  the  author  of  valuable 
Commentaries  on  the  Bible,  and  died  in  154G. 

PISISTRATUS,  an  AUienian  general,  who, 
though  he  seized  the  sovereign  power  of  hL« 
country,  respected  the  laws  and  privileges  of 
his  fellow-citizens,  and  died  528  B.  C. 

PISO  CNEIUS,  a  Roman  consul,  was  ac- 
cused of  poisoning  Germanicus,  upon  which  he 
destroyed  himself,  A.  D.  20. 

PISSELEU,  Anne  de,  a  woman  of  great 
beauty,  born  in  Picardy,  wife  of  the  duke  of 
Etampes,  and  a  courtezan  to  Francis  I.  Slie 
died  in  1576. 

PISTORIUS,  John,  a  lawyer,  of  Nidda,  who 
changed  his  profession  and  religion, and  became 
counsellor  to  the  emperor  of  Germany.  He  died 
in  1608. 

PITAU,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Antwerp,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter  and  engraver,  died  in  1(571. 

PITCAIRNE,  Dr.  Archibald,  a  physician  and 
poet,  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1652,  and  died  in 
1713.  His  writings  are  chiefly  medical  and  ma- 
thematical. 

PITCAIRNE,  Dr.  W^illiam,  a  very  eminent 
English  physician,  president  of  the  college,  and 
F.  R.  S.     He  died  in  1791,  aged  80. 

PITHOU,orPITHCEUS,  aFrench  gentleman, 
of  eminence  in  the  republic  of  letters,  born  iii 
1539,  and  died  in  1596.  He  published  several 
works,  and  v/as  the  first  who  made  the  world 
acquainted  with  the  "Fables  of  Phaedrus." 

PITHOU,  Francis,  of  Troves,  procureur-ge- 
neral  of  the  chamber  of  justice  under  Henry  IV. 
He  was  a  learned  and  an  amiable  man,  and 
died  in  1621. 

PITISCUS,  Samuel,  a  Iserned  man,  bom  at 
Zutphen,  author  of  various  works,  died  in  1717. 

PITISCUS,  Bartholomew,  iJie  learned  author 
of  "Thesaurus  Mathematicus,"  died  in  1613. 

PITKIN,  William,  a  judge  and  chief  justice 
of  the  superior  court  of  the  colony  of  Connec- 
ticut ;  he  died  in  1723. 

PITKIN,  William,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
a  judge  and  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court 
of  Connecticut,  and  goveriior  of  that  colony. 
He  died  in  1769. 

PITOT,  Henry,  a  celebrated  French  mathe- 
matician, and  friend  of  the  great  Reaumur ;  he 
died  in  1771.  | 

PITS,  or  PITSEUS,  John,  an  English  bio- 
grapher, bora  in  1560,  and  died  in  1616. 

PITT,  Christopher,  an  elegant  English  poet, 
and  translator  of  "  Vida,"  and  "  Virgil ;"  was 
born  in  1699,  and  died  in  1748. 

PITT,  William,  earl  of  Chatham,  a  most 
illustrious  English  statesman,  son  of  Robert 
Pitt,  esq.    He  was  bom  in  1708,  and  died  ia 


PL 

1778.  Of  lord  Chatham,  his  eloquence  was  one 
of  the  most  striking  characteristics,  Uie  Uiusic 
and  majesty  of  his  voice  ;  the  persuasive  grace- 
fulness and  irresistible  force  ot  his  action  ;  and 
his  power  of  eye  ;  all  carried  conviction  with 
his  argument. 

PITT,  William,  a  celebrated  statesman,  se- 
cond son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  1759. 
His  father  taught  him  to  argue  with  logical 
precision,  and  to  speak  wiih  eloquence  and 
force.  At  the  age  of  22,  he  accepted  the  office 
of  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  and  under  this 
administration,  the  American  war  was  con- 
cluded.   He  died  in  180o. 

PITTACUS,  a  native  of  Rlitylene,  and  one 
of  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece.  He  died  579 
B.  C. 

PIUS  I.,  St.,  succeeded  to  the  popedom  in 
142,  and  suffered  martyrdom  in  157. 

PIUS  II.,  JEneas  Sylvius  Piccolomini.  See 
^NEAS  SYLVIUS. 

PIUS  Hi.,  Francis  Thodeschini,  succeeded 
Alexander  XI.  in  the  papal  chair,  in  1503,  and 
died  21  days  after. 

PIUS  IV.,  John  Angelo,  cardinal  de  Medicis, 
brother  to  the  marquis  deMarignan,  and  not  of 
the  Florence  family,  succeeded  to  the  popedont 
ia  1559,  and  died  in  1565. 

PIUS  v.,  Michael  Ghisleri,  an  Italian,  of  the 
Dominican  order,  was  elected  pope  in  1566,  and 
died  in  1572.  Under  his  auspices  the  celebrated 
battle  of  Lepanto  was  fought,  in  which  the  in- 
fidels were  dreadfully  defeated. 

PIUS  VI.,  John  Angelo  Braschi,  was  born  in 
1717,  and  succeeded  Clement  XIV.,  as  pope,  in 
1775 ;  he  rendered  his  name  famous  by  draining 
the  Pontine  marshes.  Buonaparte  entered  his 
states,  and  niade  him  purchase  a  peace  by  a 
contribution  of  several  millions.  He  entered  a 
second  time,  and  made  the  pope  a  prisoner  in 
his  capital,  carried  him  over  the  Alps  to  Va- 
lence, where  lie  died  in  1799,  of  excessive  fa- 
tigue. 

PIVATI,  John  Francis,  a  Venetian  lawyer, 
known  for  his  compilation  of  a  Dictionary  of 
the  Arts  and  Sciences,  10  vols.,  in  1746. 

PIX,  Mary,  a  dramatic  writer  of  no  mean  ta- 
lents, in  the  reign  of  William  III. 

PIZARRO,  Francis,  a  Spanish  general,  dis- 
coverer and  conqueror  of  Peru,  in  conjunction 
with  Diego  Almagro,  a  Spanish  navigator.  Al- 
magro,  for  revolting,  was  beheaded  by  Pizarro, 
who  was  assassinated  by  Almagro's  friends,  in 
1541. 

PIZZI,  Joachim,  a  Jesuit,  of  Rome,  possessed 
genius  as  a  poet,  and  vigour  as  a  writer.  He 
died  in  1790. 

PLACCIUS,  Vincent,  an  able  German  philo- 
loger,  and  an  author,  died  Ih  1699. 

PLACE,  Francis,  an  eminent  English  painter 
and  engraver,  died  in  1728. 

PLACENTINUS,  Peter,  a  Germas  Domini- 
can, and  an  author,  died  in  1548. 

PLACETTE,  John  de  la,  a  French  protest- 
ant  minister,  who,  on  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  retired  to  Holland,  and  died  ia 
1718. 

PLANTIN,  Christopher,  a  celebrated  printer, 
of  Antwerp,  who  carried  that  art  to  great  per- 
fection ;  he  died  in  1598,  aged  65. 

PLANUDES,  Maximus,  a  monk,  of  Con6tan- 
tinople,  of  the  4th  century ;  be  wrote  a  curious 
Lifb  of  .^.sop. 

PLATER,  George,  a  delegate  to  congress, 
from  Maryland,  judge  of  the  court  of  appealSi 
and  goveruor  of  that  state ;  he  died  in  179-3. 
343 


PO 

PLATINA,  Bartboloinew  Sacchi,  a  learned 
Italian,  and  author  ol'  a  History  of  tUe  Popes, 
from  St.  Peter  tu  Sextus  IV.  ;  he  died  in  1481, 
aged  GO. 

PLx\TO,  3  most  illustrious  philosopher  of  an- 
tiquity-, died  at  Athens,  348  B.  C,  agfjd  81.  His 
writings  are  very  valuable ;  his  language  beau- 
tiful and  correct;  and  liis  philosophy  sublime. 

PLATOFF,  count,  hetman  of  the  Cossacks 
in  the  service  of  Russia  ;  he  assisted  in  over- 
turning the  seemingly  invincible  power  of  Buo- 
naparte ;  he  died,  venerable  in  years  and  in  ho- 
nours, in  1818. 

PLAUTUS,  Marcus  Accius,  a  comic  writer, 
in  Italy.     He  di.?d  about  134  B.  C. 

PLAYFAIR,  John,  D.  D.,  bnrn  near  Dundee, 
TBI  1749,  was  professor  of  uiaihcniatics  at  Edin- 
burgh. He  wrote  on  several  subjects,  and  died 
in  1819. 

PLAYFORD,  John,  born  in  1G13,  publislx^d 
an  "  Introduction  to  the  Skill  of  Music,"  which 
succeeded  so  well  as  lo  go  through  many  edi- 
tions.    He  died  about  1G(»3. 

PLEMPIUS,  Vopiscus  Fortunatus,  a  native 
of  Amsterdam,  and  p-.ot'essor  of  medicine  at 
Louvain  ;  he  died  in  1871. 

PLESSIS  RICHELIEU.     See  RICHELIEU. 

PLINY,  Caius  Secandus,  the  Elder,  one  of 
the  most  leanjed  of  the  ancient  Roman  wri- 
ters, born  at  Veroia,  about  A.  D.  93.  He  was 
suffocated  by  the  sulpluirous  smoke  of  Mount 
Vesuvius,  in  his  friend's  house  near  it,  A.  D.  78. 
He  left  a  "  Natural  History,"  in  37  books. 

PLINY,  Ctecilius  Secundus,  the  Younger,  ne- 
phew of  the  preceding,  born  A.  D.  62,  andliiied  in 
113.  Htf  was  an  eminent  lawyer  and  an  elo- 
quent speaker.  He  attained  the^igniry  of  con- 
sul, under  Trajan,  whose  panegync  ho  pronoun- 
ced in  the  senate. 

PLOT,  Dr.  Robert,  an  eminent  English  phi- 
losopher and  naturalist,  died  in  !G96,  aged  .55. 

PLOTINUS,  an  illustrious  Platonic  philoso- 
pher.    He  died  in  270,  aged  66. 

PLOWDEN,  Edmund,  an  eminent  serjeant- 
at-law.    He  died  in  1584,  aged  67. 

PLUCHE,  Antony,  a  Freuch  writer  on  na- 
tural history.  His  "Spectacle  de  la  Nature," 
is  known  to  all  the  world.  In  English  it  is 
called  "  Nature  Displayed."  He  died  in  1761, 
aged  93. 

PLUKENET,  Leonard,  a  well  known  Eng- 
lish botanist  and  author,  died  in  1705. 

PLUMIER,  Charles,  a  famous  French  bota 
nist,  employed  by  Lewis  XIV.  to  visit  the  West 
Indies  in  search  of  curious  plants.  He  died  in 
1706. 

PLUaUET,  Francis  Andrew,  a  native  of 
Bayeux,  aud  professor  of  history  at  Paris.  He 
was  an  able  writer,  and  an  elegant  lecturer,  and 
died  in  1790. 

PLUTARCH,  a  great  philosopher  and  histo- 
rian of  antiquity,  was  born  in  Greece.  His 
works  have  been  divided  into  "  Lives"  aud 
"Morals;"  and  treasures  of  learning,  wisdom, 
and  historv  may  be  found  in  them.  He  died 
about  .\.  D".  140. 

PLUVINEL,  Antony,  grand  chamberlain  to 
Henry  IV,,  of  France,  and  his  ambassador  to 
Holland  ;  he  died  in  1G20. 

POCAHONTAS,  an  Indian  princess,  celebra- 
ted in  the  annals  of  Virginia,  for  her  heroic  at- 
tachment to  the  colonists  She  married  Mr. 
Rolfe,  an  English  gentleman,  and  from  them 
are  descended  some  of  the  most  respectable  fa- 
milies in  Virgiuia.  She  died  in  EnglaHd.  in 
1616. 

344 


.  POCUCK,  sir  George,  K.  B.,  a  gallant  Engil^li 
ajlmiral,  who  immortalized  his  memory  by  tbe 
capture  of  the  Havana,  and  by  many  other 
important  services;  he  died  in  1792.  aged  8G. 

POCOCKE,  Dr.  Edward,  a  most  learned  En^ 
glish  critic  and  commentator,  and  famous,  par- 
ticularly, for  his  great  skill  in  the  wienial  lan- 
guages :  he  died  1691,  aged  87. 

POCOCKE,  Dr.  Eichard,  bishop  of  Meath, 
in  Ireland,  and  celebrated  for  his  travels,  of 
which  he  published  an  account  in  a  Description,, 
j  of  the  East,  with  observations  on  Palestine.  He 
died  in  1765,  ased  Gl. 

I  POERSO:,', ^Charles  Francis,  of  Paris,  aa 
leminRut  painter,  died  in  1725. 
I  rOGGIO  BRACCIOLINI,  Jolm  Francis,  a 
I  Florentine,  cf  great  parte  and  learning.  He  wrote 
i"  Moral  Pieces,  Orations,  Letters,"  and  a  His- 
tory of  Florence.    He  died  in  1459,  age<l  79. 

POILLY,  Francis,  a  French  engraver  of  groat 
reputation,  died  in  1693. 

POINSINET,  Anthony  Alexander  Henry,  a 
French  dramatic  writer,  died  in  17G9. 

POIRET,  Peter,  a  mystic  enthusiast,  of  Metz, 
became  minister  of  Heidelberg,  and  died  in 
1719. 

POIRIER,  Germain,  a  native  of  Paris,  and  a 
Benedictine,  was  a  member  of  the  national  in-  , 
stiTufe.  and  died  in  1803. 

POIS,  Aiithony  le,  professor  to  Charles  III., 
duke  of  Lorraine ;  he  v/as  well  skilled  in  anli 
quities,  asd  died  in  1578. 

I  POIS,  Nicolas  le,  brother. of  Anthony,  emi 
|nent  as  a  physician,  and  the  author  of  valuable 
metlica!  tracts,  republished  in  1736. 

POISLE,  John,  a  counsellpr  in  the  pariia- 
ment  of  Paris,  who  acquired  riches  by  his  bri- 
bery and  corruption,  which  procured  his  disgrace 
in  1.5S3. 

POISSON,  Nicholas  Joseph,  a  French  priest, 
admired  for  his  eloquence ;  he  was  the  friend 
of  Descartes,  and  died  in  1710. 

POISSON,  Raymond,  son  of  a  malhemali- 
Ician  at  Paris,  was  one  of  the  first  comedians 
jof  the  French  stage,  and  died  in  1690. 
I     POISSON,  Paul,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
eminent  al^o  as  a  comedian,  and  died  iii  1735. 

POISSONNIER.  Peter  Isaac,  a  French  phy- 
sician, who  acquired  such  reputation  as  a  medi 
cal  man,  that  he  was  sent  to  the  court  of  Russia. 
He  died  in  1797. 

POITIERS.Diana  de,  dutchessof  Valentinois , 
was  sole  mistress  of  Henry  II.  of  France,  and 
of  the  kingdom  for  many  years.  Slw  died  in 
15GG. 

POIVRE,  N.,  went  as  missionary  to  China. 
After  his  return,  he  was  employed  by  the  go - 
vemuient,  and  died  in  1780. 

POLAN,  Amand,  a  native  of  Silesia,  and 
professor  of  theology  at  Basil,  died  in  1610. 

POLE,  Reginald,  cardinal,  an  eminent  slates- 
man,  and  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  the 
reijn  of  queen  Mary  ;  he  died  in  15-58,  aged  .58. 

POLEMBERG,  Cornelius,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  died  in  16C0. 

POLEMON.  a  Greek  philosopher,  the  disciple 
of  Xeuocrates,  died  270  B.  C 

POLENI,  John  Marquis  of  Padua,  eminent 
as  a  professor  of  astronomy,  and  mathematics, 
died  in  1761. 

POLI,  Martin,  a  distinguished   professor  of 
chymistry  at  Rome,  died  in  1714. 
1    POLIDORO,  Da   Caravaggio,    an    eminent 
Italian  painter,  was  assassinated  by  his  servant, 
in  1543,  aged  48. 
POLIEB,  Charles  le,  a  native  of  Lausanoo; 


PO 

was  tutor  to  lord  Tyrone's  children,  and  died  in 
Ireland,  in  1782. 

POLIGNAC,  Melchior  de,  a  great  statesman, 
of  France,  under  Louis  XIV.,  and  a  cardinal  ;j 
le  died  In  1741,  aged  79.  i 

POLINIERE,  Peter,  a  native  of  Coulonce,' 
known  as  a  oiathematician,  philosopher  and 
chymist,  was  the  first  who  read  lectures,  on  those 
sciences  at  Faris.    He  died  in  1734. 

POLITI,  Alexander,  an  Italian,  professor  of 
eloquence  and  Greek,  at  Pisa,  he  died  in  1752. 

POLITIANO,  Angelo,  a  most  ingenious  and 
learned  historian,  critic  and  poet,  born  in  Tus- 
cany, in  1454,  and  died  in  1494. 

POLLIO,  Cains  Asinius,  a  celebrated  Roman, 
the  friend  of  Virgil  and  Horace,  died  A.  D.  4. 

POLLOCK,  Thomas,  an  eminent  citizen  of 
North-Carolina,  and  for  several  years  at  tlie 
head  of  the  colonial  administration  there ;  he 
died  about  1722. 

POLLUX,  Julius,  an  Egyptian,  in  the  reign 
of  Commodus,  and  the  author  of  "  A  Greeic 
Vocabularv." 

POLYyENUS,a  Macedonian,  author  of"  Stra- 
tagems of  illustrious  Commanders  in  War." 
died  in  164. 

POLYBIUS,  an  ancient  Greek  universal 
I  historian,  born  in  Arcadia,  about  200  B.  C  He 
died  at  82  years  of  age. 

POLYCARP ,  bishop  of  Smyrna,  at  the  end 
i  of  the  Jst  century,  a  disciple  of  St.  John  the 
i  Evangelist.  He  was  burnt  at  Smyrna,  A.  D. 
1167. 

POLYCLETUS,  a  sculptor,  born  at  Sicyon. 
He  flourLshed  about  230  B.  C. 
I      POLYDORE.     See  VIRGIL. 
I     POLYGNOTUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  paint- 
!  er,  of  Rhodes. 

POLYHISTOR,  or  ALEXANDER  CORNE- 
LIUS, author  of  a  "  Universal  History,"  flou- 
rished about  80  B.C. 

POMBAL,  Sebastian  Joseph  Carvalho,  mar- 
quis de,  a  famous  Portuguese  minister  of  state; 
he  died  in  1782,  aged  85. 

POMET,  Peter,  a  druggist,  of  Paris,  known 
I  to  tlie  v/orld  as  the  author  of  a  "  General  His- 
I  tory  of  Drugs;"  he  died  in  1C99,  aged  41. 
I  POME  Y,  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  of  Lyons,  author  of 
I  "A  French  and  Latin  Dictionary,"  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1673. 

POMFRET,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  a 
poet  of  considerable  merit ;  he  died  in  1703, 
aged  36. 

POMPADOUR,  Jane  Antoinette  Poieson, 
marchioness  of,  a  beloved  mistress  of  Louis  XV. 
She  died  in  1764.  aged  44. 
POMPEY,  Cneius  the  Great,  the  renowned 
:  rival  of  Julius  Caesar.  Being  defeated  by  him, 
at  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  he  fled  to  Egypt, 
where  he  was  basely  assassinated  48  B.  C. 

POMPIGNAN,  John  Janies  ie  Franc,  mar- 
quis of,  a  French  poet,  little  inferior  to  Racine. 
He  pronounced  a  discourse  in  favour  of  Christ] 
ianity,  before  the  French  academy,  in  1760,1 
which  drew  upon  him  the  ridicule  of  his  associ-| 
ates.    He  died  in  1784,  highly  esteemed. 

POMPIGNAN,  John  George  le  Franc  de,  aj 
learned  French  prelate,  and  brother  of  the  pre-[ 
ceding.  He  wrote  various  works,  and  died  in  1790. 
PAMPONATIUS,  Peter,   an  eminent  philo- 
lopher,  bom  at  Mantua,  in  1462,  and  died  in 
'  1525.    He  was  almost  a  dwarf,  yet  possessed  an 
e.Talted  Kenius. 
POMPOMUS.    See  MELA. 
POMPONIUS  L^ETUS,  Julius,  a  learned  phi- 
losopher, born  in  1425.  and  died  in  1495.  ] 


PO 


PONA,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian,  and  the  au- 
thor of  several  works,  died  in  1588. 

PONA,  Francis,  a  physician,  of  Verona,  and 
an  author,  died  in  1652. 

PONIATOWSKI.  See  STANISLAUS  AU- 
GUSTUS. 

PONS,  John  Francis  de,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
of  an  illustrious  family,  was  a  learned  author, 
and  died  in  1732. 

PONT,  Lewis  du,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  whose 
meditations  have  been  published.  He  died  iu 
1624. 

PONT  DE  VESLE,  Antony  de  Ferriol,  count 
de,  a  comic  writer,  was  made  intendant-general 
of  Marine,  and  died  in  1774. 

PONTANUS,  John  Jovian,  a  learned  Italian, 
was  preceptor  and  secretary  to  Alphonso  of 
Arragon,  and  died  in  1503. 

PONTANUS,  or  DUPONT,  Peter,  a  gramma- 
rian, of  Bruges,  though  deprived  of  sight  at  the 
age  of  3,  he  acquired  great  reputation  as  a 
teacher  of  belles  lettres,  at  Paris,  where  he  died 
in  the  16th  century. 

PONTANUS,  James,  a  Bohemian  Jesuit,  who 
taught  belles  lettres  in  Germany  with  great  repu- 
tation, and  died  in  1626. 

PCN'iViNUS,  John  Isaac,  historiographer  to 
file  king  of  Denmark,  was  the  author  of  vanout 
workfi,  and  died  in  1640. 

PONTAS,  John,  a  leartied  French  ecclesias- 
tic, aiid  author,  died  in  1728. 

PONTCHASTEAU,  Sebastian  Joseph  de 
Cambout,  baron  de,  a  French  author,  nearly  al- 
lied to  Richelieu.  His  acts  of  charity  and  de- 
votion were  singular.    He  died  in  1699. 

PONTEDERA,  Julian,  prtjfessor  of  botany  at 
Padua,  and  anchor  of  various  works,  died  in 
1757. 

PONTHIEU,  Adelaide,  a  French  lady,  whose 
adventures  during  the  crusades  under  St.  Louis, 
have  furniehed  a  subject  for  a  romance,  a  trage- 
dy and  an  opera. 

PONTOPPIDAN,  Eric,  a  Danish  divine,  who 
became  bishop  of  Bergen,  in  Norway,  died  in 
1750. 

PONTORMO,  James,  a  Florentine  painter  of 
eminence,  died  in  1556. 

POOL,  Rachel  Van,  a  Dutch  female  painter  of 
eminence,  died  in  1750.  Her  husband,  Julian 
Pool,  was  also  eminent  in  portraits,  and  died  in 
1745. 

POOLE,  Matthew,  an  English  non-conformist 
minister,  and  celebrated  critic  and  casuist,  died 
in  1679,  aged  55.  He  was  author  of  several 
useful  works. 

POPE,  sir  Thomas,  an  English  statesman  un- 
der Henry  VIII.,  and  Mary;  memorable  as  the 
founder  6+'  Trinity  College,  Oxford;  he  died  in 
1258,  a^ed  50. 

POPE,  Alexander,  a  celebrated  English  poet 
and  epistolary  writer,  born  in  1688,  and  died  in 
1744. 

POPHAM,  sir  Home  Riggs,  a  distinguished 
Ejielish  naval  officer;  he  died  in  1820. 

POPHAM,  sir  John,  an  eminent  English  judge, 
was  born  in  1531 ;  made  chief  justice  of  the 
King's  Bench,  in  1592 ;  published  "  Reports"  and 
"  Cases"  in  tiie  reign  of  Elizabeth,  and  died  in 
1607. 

POPPLE,  William,  an  English  dramatic  wri- 
ter, died  in  1764. 

PORDAGE,  John,  an  English  enthusiast, dur 
ing  the  civil  wars,  died  in  1670. 

PORDENONE,    John   Anthony    Licinio,   a 
celebrated  Italian  painter,  and  rival  of  the  great 
Titian,  died  in  1540.    His  nephew,  called  the 
345 


'O 


PO 


younger  Fordenone,  was  also  emiiieut  in  tlie  art, 
and  died  in  1570. 

POREE,  Charies,  a  French  Jesuit,  and  very 
great  gtnius.  born  in  1675,  aud  died  in  1741. 
tie  waa  eloquent ;  abeaaiitul  poet;  and  had  a 
peculiar  faculty  of  inspiring  iiis  pupiis  with  the 
love  of  learning  and  virtue.  He  wrote  several 
orations,  comedies  and  trasedies,  in  Latin. 

PORPHYRY,  of  Tyre,  a  Platonic  philosopher, 
of  great  fame  among  the  ancients,  born  at  Tyre, 
A.  D.  233,  and  died  at  Rome,  in  304. 

PORSENNA,  king  of  Etruria,  famous  for  his 
siege  of  Rome,  in  order  to  restore  the  exiled 
King  Tarquiu  the  Prond  ;  he  died  506  B.  C. 

P0R30N,  Richard,  professor  of  the  Greek 
language,  in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  was 
born  in  1759;  had  the  reputation  of  being  the 
best  Greek  scholar  in  Eng'.and ;  yet  his  learning 
scarcely  produced  him  a  living.      He  died  in 

PORTA,  Joseph,  a  native  ofCastel-Nuovo, 
celebrated  as  a  nainter,  died  in  1585. 
.   PORTA,  John  Baptist,  a  Neapolitan,  of  great 
learning,  who  invented  tbe  camera  obscura. 
He  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1515. 

PORTA,  Simon,  or  PORTIQS,  a  Neapolitan, 
distinguished  for  his  learning,  was  professor  oi 
philosophy  al  Pisa,  and  died  in  1554. 

PORTE,  Joseph  de  la,  a  French  author  of  va- 
rious works,  died  in  1779. 

PORTE,  Peter  de  la  a  domestic  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Louis  XIV.  He  was  concerned  in  the 
court  intrigues,  sent  to  the  bastile,  and  died  in 

idsn. 

PORTER,  Francis,  an  Irishman,  educated  in 
Fiance,  afterwards  divinity  professor  at  Rome, 
and  author  of  several  works,  died  m  1702. 

PORTER,  John,  a  clergyman,  of  Bridgewa-| 
ter.  Mass.,  and  author  of  sermons;  he  died  inj 
1802. 

PORTES.  Philip  des,  a  French  poet,  who  was! 
liberally  rewarded  by  the  nionarclis  of  France 
for  his  poetical  works.  He  was  an  eminent 
friend  of  learned  men,  and  died  in  1800. 

PORTEUS,  Dr.  Beiiby,  bishop  of  London, 
was  bom  in  1731,  and  died  in  1809.  His  single 
sermons  and  charges  are  numerous,  and  his 
"  Lectures,"  at  St.  James'  church,  are  well 
^'"own.  .        ,  r^      ,.       J 

PORTUS,  Francis,  a  native  of  Candia,  edu- 
cated at  the  court  of  Hercules  II.,  of  Ferrara. 
He  taught  the  Greek  language,  embraced  the:! 
protestant  faith,  and  died  in  1581.     His  son 
iEmihns,  was  also  an  able  Greek  scholar. 
PORUS,   a  renowned  king  of  India,   con 


was  murdered,  together  with  his  son,  by  his  re- 
bellious soldiers,  in  267. 

POSTLETHVVAYTE,  Malachi,  author  of  a 
much  esteemed  Commercial  Dictionary,  died  in 

POTAMON,  a  philosopher,  of  Alexandria,  in  i 
the  aseof  Augustus. 

POTE,  Joseph,  a  respectable  printer  and  bock- 
seller,  at  Eton,  and  editor  of  several  learned 
and  valuable  works ;  he  died  in  1787. 

POTEMKIN.  Gregorv  Al'e.xander,  a  Russiaa 
prince,  descended  from  a  Polish  family.  He 
was  the  favourite  of  the  empress  Catherine, 
and  her  war  minister,  and  died  in  1791. 

POTENGER,  John,  an  English  poet,  and 
raiscelianeous  writer,  died  in  1733,  aged  86. 

POTER,  Paul,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter, 
died  in  1654. 

POTT,  John  Henry,  a  learned  German  chy- 
mi«t,  author  of  several  works  published  in  1738 

POTT,  John,  a  physician,  was  at  the  head  ot 
the  administ.anon  oV  Virginia,  in  1628,  during 
the  absence  of  the  governor  of  the  colony. 

POTT,  Percival.  F.  R.  S.,  a  very  eminent 
English  surgeon :  he  died  in  17S8,  aged  75. 

POTTER,  Christopher,  an  English  divine, 
was  distinguished  for  his  loyalty  during  the  civil 
war.-*,  and  died  in  1646. 

POTTER,  Francis,  an  English  divine,  emi- 
nent also  as  a  painter,  died  in  1678. 

POTTER,  Dr.  John,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, a  celebrated  antiquary,  critic,  historian, 
and  theological  writer  ;  he  died  in  1747,  aged  *.3. 

POTTER,  Robert,  prebendary  of  Norwich 
cathedral,  was  born  in  1721.  A  great  part  of 
his  life  was  employed  in  the  translation  into 
English  of  the  three  great  writers  of  the  Greek 
drama.  His  translations  are  justly  admired. 
Hedj.edin  1804. 

POUCHARD,  Julian,  a  Frenchman,  Greek, 
professor  in  the  royal  college  at  Paris,  died  ia 
17a5.  „        ^  ,. 

POUGET,  Francis  Arae,  an  able  French^di- 
vine,  and  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  died  in  17-33. 

POfTLLE,  Lewis,  preacher  to  the  king,  and 
abbe  of  Nogent.  He  was  celebrated  for  hisel^o- 
quence,  and  also  for  his  poetry  ;  he  died  in  i'/tl 

POUP.\RT,  Francis,  a  native  of  Mans,  v/ho 
studied  philosophy  at  Paris,  wrote  several  works, 
and  died  in  1709. 

POURBUS.  Peter  and  Francis,  father  and  son, 
1  two  celebrated  Flemish  painters ;  the  former  died 
lin  1533,  the  latter  in  1622. 

POURCHOT,  Ednie,  a  Frenchman,  and  pro- 
ifessor  of  philosophv  at  Paris,  died  in  1734. 

POURFOUll,  Francis,  a  French  physician. 


quered  by  Alexander  the  Great,  who  was  so 

fharmed'bv  his  undaunted  valour  and  fortitude,:      . 

tbaYhe  So  ed^iim  his  dominions,  and  became  and  a  skilful  herbalist,  died  in  1,41 

loav  .le.esiorea  uimuio  |     pQuggf^Qa^par^  a  painter,  whose  land' 


POMDIPPUS,  a  comic  poet,  of  Cassandra, 
flourished  about  SiO  B.C. 

POSiDONlUS,  an  astronomer,  of  Alexandria, 
lived  in  the  age  of  Fompey.  Another,  a  stoic 
phiiosophnr,  of  Rhodes,  lived  30  B.  C. 

POSSEVIN,  Antonv,  a  Jesuit,  of  Mantua, 
was  distinguished  as  a  preacher,  and  employed 
bv  the  pope  in  embassies  to  di^Terent  courts ;  he 
died  in  1611.  . 

POST,  Francis,  an  eminent  painter,  ol  Haer- 
lem,  diedin  ifiSO. 

P03TEL,  William,  a  French  visionary,  sent 
to  the  East  bv  Francis  I.,  to  collect  MSS.    He 
was  afterwards  professor  royal  of  mathematics,.! 
and  died  in  a  monastery,  in  1581 


scapes  are  much  admired,  died  in  1675. 

POUSStN.  Nicolas,  an  eminent  French  land- 
scape .and  historical  painter,  born  in  Normandy, 
in  1594,  and  died  in  1065. 

POWEL,  David,  a  learned  Welchman,  the 
author  of  various  works  ;  he  died  in  1590. 

POWELL,  George,  an  eminent  English  ac- 
tor, and  a  dramatic  writer  ;  he  died  in  1714. 

POWELL,  William  Samuel,  a  learned  Eng- 
lish divine,  and  theological  writer,  born  in  1717, 
and  died  in  1775. 

POWELL,  Foster,  a  celebrated  English  pe- 
de=5irian :  he  died  in  indigence,  in  1793. 

POWELL,  John  Joseph,  an  English  barrister, 

_  a  writer  of  some  eminence  on  "The  Law  of 

POST [lUMUSrMar"  Cass.  Latienus.  a  Ro-llMortgases,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  1801.  ,  .  ,  .„ 

i-t^i  l1uauj»,  iHd.   X.A  .^  ^_^^jj     p^y^^jj^TAN,  a  powerful  Indian  chief  m 


man  general,  was  made  em; 
346 


PR 


PR 


V*ginia,  notorious  for  his  hostility  to  the  Ene- 
/ish.  He  was  the  father  of  Pocahontas;  and,  on 
/I)er  mariiage,  became  reconciled  to  the  whites, 
and  died  in  ](il8. 

POWNALL,  Thomas,  an  English  antiquary, 
born  in  1722,  and  died  in  1805.  He  was  called 
governor  Pownall,  having  been  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  and  other  American  colonies. 

POYET,  William,  a  native  of  Angers,  and 
chancellor  of  France,  in  1538.  He  was  dis- 
graced in  1545,  and  died  in  1548. 

POYNINGS,  sir  Edward,  a  gentleman,  of 
Kent,  employed  in  the  government  of  Ireland 
by  Henry  VH.,  where  he  displayed  great  courage 
and  wisdom.  In  the  succeeding  reign  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  Tournay,  in  Flanders. 

POZZO,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Trent,  eminent 
as  a  painter  and  architect,  died  in  1709. 

POZZO,  Modesta.  See  FONTE  RIODE- 
RATA. 

PRADON,  Nicolas,  a  French  poet,  who  af- 
fected to  rival  Racine  ;  he  died  in  1698. 

PRATT,  Ephraim,  of  Plymouth,  Mass.,  noted 
for.  longevity.  He  died  in  1804,  aged  116  He 
could  then  number  nearly  1500  descendants. 

PRATT,  Samuel  Jackson,  an  English  miscel- 
laneous writer,  author  of  poems,  novels,  and 
some  dramatic  worlcs ;  he  died  in  1814. 

PRATT,  Benjamin,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Massachusetts,  and  afterwards  chief  justice  of 
the  colony  of  New- York  ;  he  died  in  1763. 

PRATT,  right  hon.  Charles,  earl  Camden,  a 
most  eminent  English  lawyer  and  statesman, 
born  in  1713.  In  1759,  he  was  appointed  attor- 
ney-general ;  in  1762,  he  was  called  to  the  degree 
©f  serjeant-at-law,  appointed  chief  justice  of 
the  common  pleas,  and  knighted.  His  lordship 
presided  in  that  court  with  a  dignity,  weight, 
and  impartiality  never  exceeded  by  any  of  his! 
predecessors;  and,  when  John  VVjIkes,  esq., 
was  seized  and  committed  to  the  Tower,  on  an 
illegal  general  warrant,  his  lordship,  with  the 
intrepidity  of  a  British  magistrate,  and  the  be- 
coming fortitude  of  an  Englishman,  granted  him 
a  iiabeas  corpus,  and,  on  his  being  brought  be- 
fore the  court  of  common  pleas,  discharged  h 


declared  himself  against  it,  and,  strongly  oppos- 
ing it,  was  removed  from  his  station,  in  1770. 
He  was  appointed  president  of  the  council  in 
1782,  and  resigned  iMs  office  in  March,  1783; 
but  soon  after  resumed  it,  and  held  it  till  his 
death,  1794. 

PR  AXAGORAS,  a  Greek  historian,  of  Athens 
about  135. 

PRAXEAS,  author  of  a  heresy,  in  the  2d 
century. 

PRAXITELES,  a  famous  Greek  sculptor 
about  .364  B.  C. 

PREBLE,  Edward,  a  captain  in  the  Ameiri- 
can  navy,  distinguished  for  his  services  and  suc- 
cesses against  the  emperor  of  Morocco  and  the 
Bev  of  Tripoli,  in  1803-4  ;  he  died  m  1807. 

PREMONTVAL,  Peter  le  Guay  de,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Berlin,  aijU 
author  of  various  works  ;  he  died  in  176?. 

PRESTON,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  English  drama- 
tic writer,  in  the  reign  ol' queen  Elizabeth,  died 
master  of  Trinity-hall,  Cambridse,  in  1598. 

PRESTON,  John,  master  of  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge,  was  an  able  writer  in  favour  of  the 
puritans,  and  died  in  1628. 

PRESTRE  LE.    See  VAUBAN. 

PRETI,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Tuscany,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  poet,  died  in  1626. 

PREVILLE,  Peter  Lewis  Dubus  de,  a  very 
eminent  French  comic  actor,  and  the  intimate 
Viend  of  Garrick,  was  born  in  1706,  and  died 
in  1800. 

PREVOT  D'EXTLES,  Antony  Francis,  a 
French  writer,  was  educated  among  the  Jesuits, 
but  entered  the  anny.  He  translated  Richard- 
son's novels  into  French,  and  died  in  1763. 

PRIAM,  the  famous  king  of  Troy,  was  slain 
by  Pvrrhusll84B.  C. 

PRICyEUS,  or  PRICE,  John,  an  Englishman, 
who  became  a  Roman  catholic,  and  Greek  pro- 
fessor at  Florence.     He  died  in  1676. 

PRICE,  sir  John,  an  Englishman,well  skilled 
in  antiquities.  He  wrote  a  defence  of  British 
history  in  answer  to  Polydore  Virgil,  and  died 
in  1.553. 

PRICE,  Rev.  Dr.  Richard,  an  eminent  dis- 


from  his  confinement  in  the  Tower,  in  1763,  injlsenting  minister,  universally  known  and  ccle- 
a  speech  that  did  him  honour.  His  wL-^e  and  jjbrated  for  his  great  abilities  in  arithmetical  cal- 
spirited  behaviour  on  this  remarkable  occasion jjculations,  and  for  very  numerous  and  valuable 
was  so  acceptable  to  the  nation,  that  the  city  of 'j writings,  theological,  moral,  and  scientific  ;  he 
London  presented  him  with  the  freedom  of  their  j'died  in  1791,  aged  68. 

corporation  in  a  gold  box,  and  desired  his  pic-||  PRICHARD,  Rees,  a  native  of  Llandovery, 
ture,  which  was  put  up  in  Guildhall,  with  this  in  Wales,  was  a  poet,  and  rector  of  his  native 
inscription  :- 


Hanc  Iconem 

Caroli  Pratt,  Eq. 

Summi  Judicis  C.  B. 

In  Honorem  lanti  Viri, 

Anglicae  Libertatis  Lege 

Assertoris  fidi. 

P.  a.  L. 

In  Curia  Municipali 
Poni  Jusserunt 
Nono.  kal.  Mart.  A.  D.  MDCCLXIV. 
Gulielmo  Bridgen,  Ar.  Prae.  Urb. 


village  ;  he  died  in  1644. 

PRIDEAUX,  John,  an  English  prelate,  who, 
from  a  kitchen  boy,  rose  to  the  see  of  Worces- 
ter.    He  died  in  1650. 

PRIDEAUX,  Dr.  Humphrey,  an  English  di- 
vine, historian,  and  critic,  born  in  1648,  and  died 
in  1724.     He  was  the  author  of  several  works. 

PRIE,  N.  de  Bertolet,  marchioness,  an  in- 
triguing female,  and  favourite  of  Bourbon,  the 
prime  minister  of  France  ;  she  died  in  1727. 

PRIESTLEY,  Dr.  Joseph,  a  very  celebrated 
dissenting  clergyman,  and  a  polemical  and  philo- 
sophical writer     I  f  died  in  "804  aged  71. 
PRIEUR,  Philip,  professor  of  belles  lettresin 
The  corporations  of  Dublin,  Bath,  Exeter,  and;  the  university  a?.  Paris,  died  in  1680. 
Norwich,  paid  him  the  like  compliment.     He,     PRIMATICCIO,  Francesco,  an  eminent Ita- 
was  created  a  peer  of  Great  Britain,  by  the  title  'lian  painter,  who  was  extremely  skilful  in  stuc- 
of  lord  Camden,  baron  Camden  in  the  county, co  and  basso  relievo,  and   excelled  chiefly  in 
of  Kent;  and  July  30,  1766,  he  was  appointed  battle  pieces  ;  he  died  in  1570,  aged  80. 
lord  higli  chancellor  of  Great  Britain.    He  con-       PRTMEROSE,  Gilbert,  a  Scotch  diviue,  and 
ducted  himself  in  this  higli  otfice  so  as  to  obtain  .chaplain  to  James  I.  ;  he  wrote  various  works, 
the  love  and  esteem  of  all  parties;  but  when;!and  died  in  1642. 

the  taxation  of  America  was  in  agitation,  he      PRINCE  DE  BEAUMONT,  madame  le,  a 

"  347 


PR 

French  lady,  long  engaged  in  edacation,in  Eng- 
land ;  stie  died  in  1780. 

PRLNCE,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  an 
author,  died  in  1720. 

PRINCE,  Thomas,  one  of  the  early  settlers 
of  Plymouth,  came  from  England,  in  1621,  and 
was  afterwards  governor  of  Plymouth  colony. 
He  died  in  1673. 

PRINCE,  Thomas,  an  eminent  American 
clergyman,  settled  at  Boston  ;  he  was  author  of 
a  Chronological  History  of  New-England,  and 
made  large  collections  for  a  history  of  the  coun- 
try.   He  died  in  1758. 

PRINCE,  Nathan,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
an  eminent  mathematician  and  classical  scholar, 
died  in  1748. 

PRINGLE,  sir  John,  an  eminent  physician 
and  medical  writer,  and  president  of  the  Royal 
Society,  was  bora  in  1707,  and  died  in  1782. 

PRIOLO,  Benjamin,  author  of  a  Latin  histo- 
ry of  France,  from  1643  to  1664  ;  he  was  the| 
friend  and  associate  of  the  duke  de  Rohan,  and' 
died  in  1667. 

PRIOR,  Matthew,  an  eminent  English  poet 
and  statesman,  bom  in  1664.  After  having  oc- 
cupied many  high  diplomatic  posts  and  lucrative 


lege,  Cambridge,  in  1721 


PT 

Roman  elegiac  poet,  Dbrn  about  59  B.  C,  and 
died  19  B.  C. 

PROSPER,  St.,  a  Christian  writer,  of  the  5th 
cemury,  the  discinle  of  Augustine,  was  an  able 
advocate  of  the  faith. 

PROTAGORAS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  ban- 
ished from  Athens,  for  supporting  atheistical 
principles.    He  died  about  400  B.  C. 

PROTOGENES,  a  famous  painter,  of  Rhodes, 
cotpinporary  and  companion  of  Apelles,  about 
300  B.C. 

PROVEXZALE,  Marcello,  an  eminent  Ita- 
lian painter,  died  in  1639. 

PRUDENTIUS,  Aur.  Clement.,  a  Spaniard, 
distinguished  as  an  advocate  and  a  poet.  His 
Latin  poems  were  published  in  1667. 

PRUSIAS,  a  king  of  Bithynia,  at  whose 
court,  Aiinibal  took  refuge.  Prusias  was  put  to 
deaih,  149  B. C. 

PRYNNE,  William,  an  eminent  English  law- 
yerand  voluminous  writer,  much  distinguished^ 
in  the  civil  commotions  under  Charles!.,  born' 
in  1600.  He  published  several  books  against! 
what  he  thought  the  enormities  of  the  age,  andi 
concerning  the  doctrine  and  discipline  of  the! 
church.     His  "  Histriomastix,"  which  came  out; 


employments,  he  died  fellow  of  St.  John's  co1-l  in  1632,  gixiwg  great  offence  to  the  court,  he  was 


i  committed  prisoner  to  the  Tower,  and  sentenced, 


PRISCIANUS,  an  eminent  grammarian  of  ijby  the  star-ciiamber  to  be  fined  5000L  to  thei 
antiquity,  born  at  C£esarea,  but  went  to  Con-'jking,  expelled  the  university  of  Oxford,  and! 
stanti  no  pie,  where  he  taught  the  principles  of  iiLincoIn's-Inn,  degraded  from  his  profession  of  i 
his  art,  and  was  in  the  highest  repute,  about  the|i  the  law,  to  stand  in  the  pillory  and  lose  his  ears,! 
year  525.  ||to  have  his  book  publicly  burnt  before  his  face,' 

PRISCILLIAN,  a  Spaniard,  who  became  the|land  to  remain  prisoner  during  life;  the  forraen 
chief  of  a  sect  in  the  4th  century,  was  beheaded  i  part  of  this  sentence  was  severely  put  into  effect. 


in  384 

PRITCHARD,  Hannah,  an  eminent  English 
actress,  who  excelled  both  in  tragedy  and  com- 
edy ;  she  died  in  1768,  aged  57. 

PRITZ,  or  PRITIOS,  John  George,  a  pro- 
testant  divine,  professor  of  divinity,  at  Grips- 
walde,  and  one  of  the  ministers  of  Frankfort, 
died  in  1732. 

PROBUS,  M.  Aurel.  Valer.,  a  general,  made 
emperor  of  Rome,  in  276.  He  was  successful'; 
against  the  Barbarians,  but  was  murdered  byj 
his  own  soldiers,  in  282. 

PROCACCINI,  Camillo,  a  celebrated  painter,! 
of  Bologna,  died  in  1626.  His  brother  Julius, 
who  died  tlie  same  year,  was  celebrated  in  the 
same  art. 

PROCLUS,  an  eminent  philosopher  among 
the  later  Platonists,  born  at  Constantinople,  in 
410,  and  died  in  485. 

PROCLUS,  St.,  the  diseiple  of  Chrysostom, 
and  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  died  in  447. 

PROCOPIUS,  an  ancient  Greek  historian,  of 
Byzantium,  who  flourished  in  the  6th  century. 
His  histoiy  commences  toward  the  end  of  the 
reign  of  Anastasius,  emparor  of  the  East,  in 
407,  and  is  carried  down  to  the  year  649. 

PROCOPIUS,  a  Greek  historian,  patronised 
by  Belisarius  and  Justinian. 

PROCOPIUS,  a  Greek  sophist,  of  Gaza,  A.  D. 
560. 

PRODICUS,  a  sophist  of  Cos,  about  396, 
B.  C.  Socrates  and  Euripides  attended  his  lec- 
tures at  Athene. 

PROMETHEUS,  the  son  of  Japhet,  and  a 
great  warrior,  supposed  to  have  been  the  first 
discoverer  of  the  art  of  striking  fire  by  Hint  and 
steel,  which  gave  rise  to  the  fable  of  his  stealing 
fir^  from  heaven     He  flourished  1687  B.  C. 

PRONAPIDES,  a  Greek  poet,  said  to  have 
been  Um  roaster  of  Homer, 


He  was,  however,  afterwards  restored  to  liber 
ty,  and  held  a  seat  in  the  bouse  of  commons 
till  his  death,  in  1669.  His  greatest  work  goes 
under  the  title  of  "  Records.' 

PRZIPCOVIUS,  Samuel,  a  Socinian  writer, 
expelled  from  Poland  with  his  partisans,  in 
1658,  on  account  of  his  opinions.  He  died  in 
1670. 

PSALM  ANAZAR,George,  the  fictitious  name 
of  a  very  extraordinary  person,  born  in  one  of 
the  southern  provinces  of  France,  and  designed| 
for  a  friar;  who,  after  various  adventures, 
arrived  at  London,  under  the  character  of  a 
Japanese  converted  to  Christianity.  He  died  in 
1763. 

PSAMMENITUS,  a  king  of  Egypt,  after 
Amasis,  525  B.  C. 

PSAMMETICUS,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who 
shared  the  eoTereign  power  with  eleven  other 
princes.    He  died  616  B.  C. 

PSELLUS,  Michael  Constantius,  a  Greek 
writer,  who  flourished  about  1105,  was  a  good 
scholar,  and  an  author. 

PTOLEMY  LAGU6,  or  SOTER,  was  one  of 
the  generals  and  favourites  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  He  obtained  Egypt  as  his  share  of  the 
spoils,  and  died  285  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  PHILADELPHUS,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  zealous  patron  of  learned  men, 
and  died  246  B.C. 

PTOLEMY  EVERGETES,  son  and  succes- 
sor of  Philadelphus,  was  a  benevolent  prince, 
and  died  221  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  PHILOPATER,  son  of  Ever- 
getes,  died  204  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  EPIPHANES,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther Philopater,  and  was  poisoned  by  his  suc- 
cessor Philometor,  180  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  PHILOMETOR,  the  murderer 


_     _  of  Epiphaues,  was  slain  in  battle,  146  B.  C. 

PRO>ERTIUS,'eeBtu8  AareihiB,  an  eminent^    PTOLEMY  PHYSCON,  succeeded  his  bro- 
348 


ru 


QU 


ili^  Philometor.    He  was  tyrannical  in  his  go- 
i^einment,  and  died  116  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  LATHYRUS,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther Physcon,  but  was  banished,  and  his  bro- 
ther Alexander  placed  on  the  throne,after  whose 
death  he  regained  his  power,  and  died  81  B.  C 

PTOLEMY  AULETES,  illegitimate  son  and 
successor  of  Lathynig,  died  51  ii.  C. 

PTOLEMY  Dlbi\YSIUS,  son  of  Auletes, 
married  liis  sister  Cleopatra,  and  murdered  liis 
benefactor  Pompey.  He  was  drowned,  40  B.  C. 
PTOLEMY,  Claudius,  a  great  soographer, 
mathematician,  and  astronomer,  ol'  antiquity, 
was  born  in  Egypt,  about  A.  D.  138,  and  flour- 
ished in  the  reigns  of  Adrian  and  Marcus  An- 
toninus. 

PUBLIUS  SYRUS,  a  Syrian  slave,  set  at 
liberty  by  his  master,  distinguished  himself  as  a 
poet,  44  B.  C. 

PUCCI,  Francis,  a  noble  Florentine.  After 
changing  his  rehgious  opinions  several  times,  he 
was  taken,  while  a  protestant,  and  burnt  at 
Piome,  as  a  heretic,  in  1600. 

PUFFENDORF,  Samuel  de,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man civilian  and  historian,  born  in  1631,  and 
died  in  1694.  Very  numerous  are  the  works  of 
this  learned  and  excellent  man ;  but  the  most 
important,  and  what  will  immortahze  his  name 
is  his  treatise  "  De  Jure  Naturae  et  Gentium;" 
it  is  indeed  a  body  of  the  law  of  nature  and 
nations  well  digested,  and,  as  some  think,  pre- 
ferable to  Grotius'  book  "  De  Jure  Belli  et  Pa- 
cis,"  since  the  same  subjects  are  treated  in  a 
more  extensive  manner,  and  with  greater  order. 
His  other  works  are  chiefly  polemic. 

PUGATSCHEFF,  Yemclka,  a  Cossack,  who 
laid  claim  to  the  Russian  throne,  as  the  real  Pe- 
ter nr.    He  was  taken  and  beheaded  in  1775. 

PUGET,  Peter  Paul,  one  of  the  greatest  pain- 
ters that  France  ever  produced,  born  in  1623, 
and  died  in  1694. 

PULASKI,  count,  a  noble  and  distinguished 
Pole,  who,  after  making  great,  but  unsuccessful 
efforts  for  the  freedom  of  liis  own  country,  of- 
fered his  services  to  the  United  States,  during 
the  revolution,  and  was  appointed  a  brigadier- 
general  in  the  American  army.  He  waswound- 
at  Savannah,  and  died  soon  after,  in  ]779. 

PULCHERIA,  St.,  daughter  of  Arcadius,  as- 
cended the  throne  with  her  brother.  She  was 
a  patroness  of  learned  men,  was  devout  and  ex- 
emplary in  her  conduct,  and  died  in  454. 

PULCI,  Lewis,  an  Italian  poet,  of  a  noble 
family  of  Florence,  died  in  1487. 

PULIGO,  or  PUGLIO,  Dominico,  an  eminent 
Italian  portrait  painter,  died  in  1527. 

PULMANNUS,  Theodore,  properly  POEL- 
MAN,  a  Dutch  scholar,  and  an  able  critic,  died 
n  1.>80. 

PULTENEY,  William,  earl  of  Bath,  a  cele- 
brated Englisii  senator  and  statesman,  born  in 
1682,  died  in  1764.  He  for  many  years  lived  in 
he  very  focus  of  popularity,  and  was  respected 
is  the  chief  buUvark  against  the  encroachments 
)f  the  crown  :  but,  from  the  moment  he  ac- 
;epted  a  title,  all  his  favour  with  the  people  was 
It  an  end  ;  and  the  rest  of  his  life  was  spent  in 
;ontemning  that  applause  which  he  could  no 
onger  secure. 

PULTENEY,  Richard,  a  celebrated  English 
Physician,  the  author  of  several  works ;  he  died 
H 1801. 

PUNTORMO,  Giacomo,  an  Italian  painter, 
whase  pieces  are  much  admired ;  he  died  in  1558. 
PURBACH,  George,  a  learned  German,  emi- 
nent as  a  divine  and  philosopher  died  in  1462. 


PURCELL,-  Henry,  a  very  eminent  English 
musician  and  composer,  born  in  1658,  and  died 
m  1695. 

PURCHAS,  Samuel,  a  learned  English  divine, 
and  compiler  of  a  valuable  collection  of  voy- 
ages ;  he  died  in  1628,  aged  51. 

PURVER,  Antony,  an  Englishman,  an  extra- 
ordinary cjiaracter,  whose  parents  were  quakers. 
He  made  a  translation  of  the  Bible  Jrom  the 
original,  after  a  labour  of  30  vears.  He  was 
higiily  respected  as  a  quaker  preacher,  and  died 
in  1777. 

„^^UTEANUS,  Erycius,  properly  VANDE- 
PUTTE,was  born  in  Guelderland,  and  an  emi 
nent  scholar.  He  succeeded  his  master  in  the 
professors'  chair  at  Louvain,  and  died  in  1G16. 
PUTNAM,  Israel,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  during  the  revolution,  dia- 
tinguished  for  liis  daring  intrepidity  in  the  early 
wars  with  the  French  and  Indians,  and  during 
the  whole  revolutionary  struggle.  He  died  in 
1790.  His  reputation  as  an  ofl'icer,  was  beyond 
suspicion,  and  his  services  were  highly  appre- 
ciated by  Washington  and  liis  countrynien. 

PUTSCHIUS,  Elias,  an  eminent  grammarian, 
of  Antwerp,  died  in  1606. 

PUTTENHAM,  George,  bom  about  1530, 
was  one  of  the  gentlemen  pensioners  to  queen 
Elizabeth.  He  died  about  1600,  leaving  among 
other  works  "  The  Art  of  Poesie" 

PUY,  Peter  de,  a  very  learned  French  anti- 
quary and  historian  ;  he  died  in  1652,  aged  69. 
PUY  SEGIJR,  James  de  Cliastenet,  lord  of,  a 
celebrated  French  general,  who  served  his  coun- 
try 43  years,  and  died  in  1082. 

PYE,  Henry  James,  born  in  London,  in  1745, 
was  appointed  poet  Laureate,  in  1790,  and  in 
1792,  one  of  the  police  magistrates  ;  he  died  in 
1813  ;  and  left  many  poems. 

PYLE,  Thomas,  M.  A.,  a  learned  divine, 
born  in  1674 ;  he  wrote  much  esteemed  para- 
phrases on  various  parts  of  tiie  Old  and  New 
Testament.    He  died  in  1757. 

PYM,  John,  a  celebrated  English  republican, 
distinguislied  for  his  virulence  against  Charles  I. 
He  died  in  1643. 

PYNAKER,  Adam,  a  celebrated  Dutch  paint- 
er, died  in  1673. 

PYRRHO,  an  eminent  philosopher,  born  al 
Elis,  flouri.=:hed  in  the  lime  of  Alexander,  about 
the  110th  Olympiad  ;  he  was  a  sceptic. 

PYRRHUS,  a  king  of  Epirus,  celebrated  as 
the  friend  and  ally  of  the  Tarentines.  He  was 
killed  at  Argos,  272  B.  C. 

PYTHAGORAS,  one  of  the  greatest  philoso- 
phers of  antiquity,  born  at  Samos,  about  590, 
and  died  497  B.  C.  His  "  Golden  Verses"  aie 
well  known,  and  have  been  frequentlv  jmb- 
lished. 

PYTHEAS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  in  (he  age 
of  Aristotle.  His  discoveries  about  the  differ- 
ent length  of  the  daj^s  in  various  climates,  ap- 
peared astonishing  to  the  philosophers  of  his 
age. 

PYTHEUS,  a  rhetorician,  of  Athens,  known 
as  tlie  rival  of  the  great  Demosthenes. 


QUADRATUS,  a  disciple  of  the  Apostles,  and 
bishop  of  Athens,  who  composed  an  "  Apoloay 
for  the  Christian  Faith,"  and,  presenting  it  to 
the  emperor,  stopped  the  persecution  against  the 
Christians,  A.  D.  125. 

QUADRIO,  Francis  Xavier,  a  Jesuit,  who  be- 
came a  secular  priest  by  consent  of  the  pope, 
died  in  1756. 
Sa  349 


' QU 

Q,UAINI,  Lewis,  an  Italian  painter,  died  in 
1717. 

aUARLES,  Francis,  an  English  poet,  born 
in  1592,  and  died  in  16-14.  He  wrote  a  comedy 
called  "  Tiie  Virgin  Widow,"  and  several  other 
works. 

aUATROMANI,  Sertorio,  an  Italian  writer, 
of  respectable  abilities  and  learning,  died  in 
1G06. 

ClUEIiLIN,  Erasmus,  an  eminent  painter, 
and  disciple  of  Rubens,  was  born  at  Antwerp, 
in  1607,  and  lived  to  a  very  old  age. 

aUENSTEDT,  John  Andrew,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  author  of  several  theological  works. 
He  died  in  1688. 

QUENTAL,  Bartholomew  du,  a  Portuguese 
catholic  priest,  distinguished  for  his  piety  and 
learning  ;  he  died  in  1698. 

QUE'RENGHI,  Anthony,an  Italian  poet,died 
in  1633. 

aUERLON,  Anne  Gabriel  Meusnier  de,  an 
eminent  scholar  of  Nantes,  ax.d  a  noted  periodi- 
cal writer,  died  in  17S0. 

QUERNO,  Camillo,  an  Italian  poet,  and  buf- 
foon to  Leo  X. ;  he  died  in  1528. 

Q,UESNAY,  Francis,  a  French  physician, 
who,  from  obscurity,  rose  to  eminence  in  his 
profession ;  he  published  several  medical  works, 
and  died  in  1774. 

QUESNE,  Abraham,  marquis  du,  of  Nor- 
mandy. He  entered  into  the  naval  service  of 
France,  where  he  distinguished  himself  by  a 
series  of  valorous  and  successful  engagements ; 
he  died  in  1688. 

aUESNEL,  Pasquier,  a  celebrated  priest  of 
the  oratory,  in  France,  bom  at,  Paiis,  in  1634  ; 
he  became  the  head  of  the  sect  of  Jansenists  ; 
wrote  many  polemical  books,  and  died  at  Am- 
sterdam, in  1719. 

dUESNOY,  Francis,  an  eminent  sculptor, 
died  in  1644. 

aUEVEDO  DE  VILLEGAS,  Francisco  de, 
an  eminent  Spanish  author,  born  in  1570,  and 
died  in  1645.  He  was  one  of  the  best  writers 
of  his  age,  and  excelled  equally  in  prose  and 
verse. 

aUIEN  DE  LA  NEUFVILLE.  James  le,  a 
French  author,  whose  death,  in  1728,  was  caus- 
ed by  excessive  application  to  study. 

Q.UIEN,  Michael  de,  a  French  Dominican. 
He  was  an  able  scholar,  and  well  versed  in  ori- 
ental literature,  and  died  in  1733. 

QUILLET,  Claudius,  a  French  physician, 
and  ingenious  Latin  poet,  born  in  1602,  and  died 
in  1661. 

Q,UIN,  James,  a  very  celebrated  English  co- 
median, born  in  London,  in  1693.  and  died  in 
1766.  The  prince  of  Wales,  fathe.-  to  George 
III.,  appointed  him  to  instruct  his  children  in 
ihetrue  pronunciation  of  their  moiiier  tongue. 

aUINAULT,  Philip,  a  celebrated  French 
dramatic  poet,  born  at  Paris,  in  1635,  and  died  in 
1688. 

Q,UINCY,  marquis  de,  a  French  officer  and 
engineer,  author  of  "  The  Military  History  of 
Louis  XIV."     He  died  in  1720. 

ClUINCY.  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  Enghsh  phy- 
sician and  medical  author,  died  in  1723. 

Q,UINCY,  Edmund,  a  judce  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  and  agent 
for  that  colony  at  the  court  of  St.  James,  died 
in  London,  in  1738. 

Q,UINCY,  Josiah.  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Massachusetts,  distinguished  for  his  zeal  and 
exertions  in  support  of  the  rights  of  the  colo- 
nies ;  he  died  in  1775. 
350 


•       RA 

aUINCY,  Edmund,  of  Boston,  author  of  an 
agricultural  treatise,  died  in  1788. 

aUINTILIAN,  Marcus  Fabius,  an  illustr)0«s 
Roman  lawyer,  rhetorician,  and  critic,  born  at 
Rome,  A.  D.  42,  and  died  at  89  vears  of  age. 

aUINTlN.    See  MATSYS.  " 

aUINTINIE,  John  de  la,  a  famous  French 
gardener.  He  studied  law,  and  practised  with 
great  reputation,  but  soon  devoted  himself  en- 
tirely to  agricultural  pursuits.  He  died  after 
1700. 

aUINTUS  CALABAR,  a  Greek  poet,  who 
wrote  a  large  "  Supplement  to  Homer's  Ihad,' 
In  which  a  relation  is  given  of  the  Trojan  war, 
from  the  death  of  Hector  to  the  destruction  or 
Troy. 

aUINTlTS  CURTIUS,  a.  Curtius  Rufus, 
author  of  a  Latin  history  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  which  has  at  once  immortalized  the  he- 
ro and  the  historian.  He  lived  A.  D.  380,  and 
was  probably  a  Roman. 

Q.UIRINI,  Ang'Io  Maria,  a  Venetian  cardi- 
nal. He  was  noticed  and  caressed  by  the  learn- 
ed and  good  of  the  age,  and  respected  for  his 
benevolence,  liberality,  and  learning,  and  died 
in  1755.    His  works  are  numerous. 

Q,UIROS,  Fcrnand  de,  a  Spanish  navigator, 
who  discovered  the  Society  Islands,  in  1605. 

aUISTORP,  John,  a  Lutheran  divine,  the 
friend  of  the  great  Grotius,  died  in  1646. 


RABAN-MAUR,  Magnentius,  a  French  di 
vine,  of  noble  birth.  His  works  on  theology  are 
numeious ;  he  died  in  856. 

RABAUD  ST.  ETINNE,  John  Paul,  a  pro- 
testant  minister.  He  was  bold  and  eloquent  in 
defence  of  Lewis  XVI.,  and,  for  those  senti- 
ments, was  guillotined  in  1793. 

RABEL,  John,  an  eminent  French  portrait  j 
painter,  died  in  1603. 

RABELAIS,   Francis,  a  celebrated  French  ] 
physician  and  satirist,  died  in  15.53,  aged  70.         j 

R.\BIRIUS,  a  Latin  poet,  who  celebrated  the 
victory  of  Augustus  at  Aciium. 

RABURN,  William,  governor  of  the  state  of 
Georgia,  died  in  i619. 

RABUTIN.     See  BUSSY. 

R.\CAN,  Honorat  de  Bueil,  marquis  of,  com- 
mended for  his  pastoral  poetry ;  he  died  in  1670, 

RACCHETTI,  Bernard,  an  Italian  painter 
died  in  1702. 

RACINE,  John,  an  illustrious  French  dm 
matic  poet ;  he  died  in  1699,  aged  60. 

RACIXE,  Lewis,  son  of  the  poet,  an  eccle- 
siastic and  author ;  he  died  in  1763. 

RACK.  Edmund,  an  English  author  and  poet, 
died  in  1787. 

RACLE,  Leonard,  a  French  architect,  of  con- 
siderable distinction,  died  in  1792. 

RADCLIFFE,  Alexander,  an  English  militaiy 
officer,  known  as  the  writer  of  some  poetic 
works  of  low  humour,  died  in  1700. 

RADCLIFFF,  Dr.  John,  an  English  physi- 
cian, of  uncommon  eminence,  born  in  16.50, 
and  died  in  1714.  To  him  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford is  indebted  for  the  library  and  infirmary 
which  bear  his  name,  and  for  an  annual  in- 
come of  600i.  sterling,  for  two  travelling  fellow- 
ships. 

RADEGONDE,  St.,  a  German  princess,  re- 
nowned for  her  personal  charms,  and  devoted- 
ness  to  religious  duties.  At  the  age  of  10,  she 
renounced  paganism  for  the  Christian  faith,  by 
direction  of  Clotaire,  who  afterwards  married 


^  . 


RA 


h/r,  and  tlien,  yielding  to  her  wiahes,  permitted 
!  hat  to  retire  to  tiie  seclusion  of  a  monastery ; 
! /she  died  in  587. 

/      R  ADEMAKER,  Gerard,  a  Dutch  painter,  died 
f    in  1711,  aged  38. 

RAGOTZKI,    Francis    Leopold,  prince    of 
j     Transylvania,  wrote  an  interesting  memoir  on 
the  revolutions  of  Hungary,  and  died  in  1735. 

KAGUEAU,  Francis,  professor  of  jurispru- 
dence at  Bourges,  and  an  author,  died  in  1605. 
RAGUENET,  Francis,  a  learned  ecclesiastic, 
of  Rouen,  contended  for  the  superiority  of  tlie 
Italian,  over  French  music,  died  in  1722. 
RAIKES,Robert,a  printer  and  philanthropist, 
'born  in  1735.    In  1781  he  planned  thehistitution 
of  Sunday  Schools,  and  died  at  Gloucester,  his 
native  place,  in  1811. 

RAINALDI,  Oderic,  a  priest  of  the  oratory, 
died  in  1G70. 

RAINAUD,  Theophilus,  a  Jesuit,  who  taught 

belles  Icttres  and  theology,  died  in  1663. 

RAINE,  Matthew,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine 

,  master  of  the  Charter-house  school,  died  in  1810 

RAINOLDS,  John,  an   English  divine,  and 

dean  of  Lincoln,  died  in  1607.     He  was  one  of 

the  divines  employed  in  the  translation  of  the 

Bible  under  James  I. 

RALEIGH,  sir  Walter,  an  illustrious  EPiilish 
navigator  and  historian,  born  in  1552.  He  did 
eminent  services  for  queen  Ehzabeth,  partiru 
■  Jarly  in  the  discovery  of  the  country  now  called 
Virginia,  and  in  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  A 
mada,  and  lived  in  full  happiness  and  honour 
during  her  reign ;  but  his  sun  set  at  her  death. 
He  was  much  persecuted  on  the  accession  of 
James,  and  accused  of  high  treason.  Though 
reprieved,  he  remained  long  a  prisoner  in  tlie 
Tower.  He  was  afterwards  commissioned  by 
the  king  to  go  and  explore  the  golden  mines  of 
Guiana.  But  the  Spaniards  killed  his  eldest 
son,  and  prevailed  on  James  to  condemn  sir 
Walter.     He  was  beheaded  in  1618. 

RALPH,  James,  a  voluminous  writer,  in  po 
etry,  politics  and  history  He  was  an  American 
by  birth,  but  went  over  to  England  about  ]712i!, 
and  died  in  176'2.  He  wrote  a  history  of  Eng- 
land, commencing  with  tlie  reign  of  the  Stuarts, 
and  many  ntlier  works 

RAMAZZINI,  Bernardin,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician and  medical  professor  at  Padua,  a  station 
filled  by  him  with  great  applause  though  blind  ; 
he  died  in  1714. 

RAMEAU,  John  Philip,  an  illustrious  mu- 
sician, and  writer  on  the  principles  of  that  art; 
he  died  in  1767,  aged  84. 

RAMELLI,  Felix,  a  native  of  Asti,  an  eccle- 
siastic, who  became  an  eminent  miniature  por- 
trait painter.    He  died  in  1740. 

RAMSAY,  Charles  Lewis,  a  Scotchman,  au- 
thor of  a  Treatise  on  Short-hand  writing,  1681. 
RAMSAY,  Andrew  Michael,  a  Scots  histo- 
ria!>,  and  political  and  moral  philosophy  writer, 
born  in  1686,  and  died  in  1743. 

RAMSAY,  Allan,  a  celebrated  Scots  pastoral 
poet,  born  in  1696,  and  died  in  1763. 

RAMSAY,  David,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  phj'si- 
cian,  historian  and  statesman,  of  South  Caroli- 
na, and  a  member  of  congress  from  that  state, 
died  in  1815.  He  was  distinguished  .for  his  pa- 
triotism during  the  revolution,  no  less  than  for 
his  writings  in  after  life.  He  published  a  Histo- 
ry of  the  Revolution  in  South  Carolina  ;  a  Histo- 
ry of  the  American  Revolution  ;  a  Life  of  Wash- 
ington, and  several  other  valuable  historical 
works. 
RAMSAY,  Martha  L,  wife  of  the  preceding, 


RA 

and  daughter  of  Henry  Laurens,  president  of 
congress ;  she  died  in  1811. 

RAMSDEN,  Jesse,  an  English  artist,  flour- 
ished in  178G.  His  improvements  in  various 
mathematical  and  optical  instruments  were  very 
important  to  science. 

RA!\IUS,  Peter,  an  eminent  French  professor 
i)t  philo.sophy,  eloquence  and  mathematics,  born 
in  1515,  and  fell  in  the  massacre  of  Paris,  in 
1572. 

RAMl^SIO,  John  Baptist,  a  Venetian,  am- 
bassador to  France,  &c.,  and  an  author,  died  in 
3557. 

RANC,  John,  admired  as  a  painter  in  Spain, 
died  in  1735. 

RANGE.  Aimand,  John  le  Boutillier  de,  a 
French  ecclesiastic,  weh  skilled  in  Grecian  liter 
ature.  In  early  life,  an  abandoned  sensualist, 
but  reformed,  and  died  respected,  in  1700. 

RANDOLPH,  Thomas,  an  able  diplomatist 
in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth,  died  in  1590. 

RANDOLPH,  Thomas,  an  English  dramatic 
poet,  born  in  1605,  and  died  in  1634.  His 
•'Muse's  Looking  Glass,"  a  comedy,  is  well 
known,  and  inucli  adr-iiied. 

RANDOLPH,  Edv*a:d,  an  agent  of  Great 
Britain  to  the  American  colonies,  and  a  violent 
enemy  to  their  interests,  died  in  1695. 

R.'VNDOLPH,  Peyton,  an  eminent  lawyer, of 
Vitgii'ia,  and  first  president  of  the  American 
congress  in  P74,  died  suddenly  in  1775. 

R  A  NDOLPH,  Edtnund,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Virginia,  and  an  active  friend  of  tlie  revolution, 
was  a  membei-  of  congress  in  1779,  afterwards 
governor  of  the  state  of  Virginia,  attorney-gen- 
eral, and  secretary  of  state  of  the  United  States. 
In  the  last  oflSce,  he  lost  the  confidence  of 
Washington,  and  resigned  in  1795.  He  died  ir 
1813.      ^ 

B  ANNEQUTN,  N.,  a  celebrated  engineer,  of 
Liege,  died  in  1708. 

RANS,  Bertratid  de,  of  Rheims,  a  hermit  in 
1226,  who  imposed  himself  upon  the  people  of 
F!  nders,  as  the  emperor  Baldwin  I.,  and  suffer- 
ed death  for  it. 

RANTZAN,  Josias,  a  Danish  nobleman  in 
the  French  service,  died  in  1645.  Chiefly 
kriown  as  the  active  agent  by  whom  the  pro- 
tesiant  religion  was  established  in  Denmark. 

RAOT'X,  John,  of  IMoDtpellier,  eminent  as 
a  histovical  and  ponrait  painter,  died  in  1734. 

RAPHAFLj  d'Arezxio,  an  Italian  painter, 
whose  iiisforical  yjieccs  and  portraits  are  ad- 
mired, died  ill  1580. 

RAPIJAEL,  Sanzio,  an  illustrious  painter  and 
architect,  of  Italy,  born  in  1483,  and  died  in  1520. 
By  the  general  consent  of  mankind,  he  is  acknow- 
ledged to  have  been  the  prince  of  modern  paint- 
ers, and  is  often  styled  "  the  divine  Raphael." 
As  Raphael  was  the  best  painter  in  the  world, 
so  was  he  perhaps  the  best  architect  also :  he 
was  at  least  so  admirable  a  one,  that  Leo  X. 
charced  hin)  with  the  building  of  St.  Peter's 
church  at  Rome. 

RAPHELENGITJS,  Francis,  a  learned  Flem- 
ng,  was  Greek  professor  at  Cambridge,  and 
afterwards  professor  of  Hebrew  and  Arabic,  at 
Leyden,  died  in  1597. 

RAPIN,  Nicholas,  a  French  poet,  whose 
works  were  elegantly  written,  and  who  was 
the  favourite  of  Henry  HI ;  he  died  in  1609. 

RAPIN.  Renatus,  a  French  Jesuit  and  critic, 
famous  for  his  skill  in  classical  learning,  born 
in  1621,  and  died  in  1687. 

RAPIN  DE  THOYRAS,  Paul  de,  an  eminent 
historiographer,  bor„.  in  Languedoc,  in  1661, 
351 


RA 


RE 


fled  lo  England  soon  after  the  revocation  of  the' 
edict  of  Nantz.  He  went  afterwards  to  Hoi 
land,  and  entered  into  the  inilitaiy  service, 
but  returned  to  England  with  king  William, 
under  whom  he  served  and  distinguished  him- 
eell"  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  in  Ireland,  and 
at  the  siege  of  Limerick.  He  afterwards  spent 
17  years  in  writing  his  "History  of  England, 
down  to  the  accession  of  WiUiam  and  Mary,  in 
1G89."     He  died  in  17-25. 

RASLES,  Sebastian,  a  French  Jesuit,  who 
was  a  missionary  among  tiie  Indians,  and  ac- 
quired great  influence  over  them.  He  was  a 
man  of  learning,  and  wrote  "  A  Dictionary  of 
the  Indian  Language,"  which  is  still  preserved. 
He  died  in  1724. 

RASTAL,  John,  an  eminent  English  printer 
and  author,  died  in  1536. 

RASTAL,  WiUiam,  an  eminent  English 
judge,  in  the  16th  century,  who  published  "An 
Abridgment  of  the  Statutes  of  England." 

RAfER,  Anthony,  an  eminent  architect,  of 
Lvons,  died  in  1794. 

RATRAMNUS,  a  monk  of  the  9th  centuiy, 
who  wrote  on  predestination,  and  on  transub- 
stantiation,  was  much  quoted  by  the  calvinists. 

RATTE,  Stephen  Hyachith  de,  an  eminent 
French  astronomer,  and  an  associate  of  the 
French  National  Institute  ;  he  died  in  1805. 

RALTLIN,  Joseph,  a  French  physician  and 
medical  author  of  some  note,  died  in  1784. 

RUAWOLFE.     See  RAWWOLF. 

RAVAILLAC,  Francis,  of  Angouleme,  the 
dehbera.fc  murderer  of  Henry  IV.,  in  1610. 

R.'.  VENN  AS,  Agnellus,  or  Andreas,  an  au- 
thor, who  lived  in  the  9th  century. 

RAVENSCROFT,  Edward,  a  dramatic  wri- 
ter, in  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.  and  James  II. 

RAVESTEYN,  John,  a  Dutch  painter,  who 
flourished  about  1560. 

RAVlUS,  Christian,  of  Berlin,  was  one  of 
the  learned  correspondents  of  queen  Cliristina, 
and  a  professor  of  oriental  languages  at  Utrecht, 
fcc. ;  he  died  in  1667. 

RAWLET,  John,  B.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
died  in  1688. 

RAWLEY,  William,  D.  D.,  chaplain  to 
Charles  I.  and  II.,  and  also  to  the  great  Bacon, 
and  the  editor  of  his  works ;  he  died  in  1667. 

RAWLINS,  Thomas,  an  English  engraver, 
and  aothor  of  dramatic  pieces,  died  in  1670. 

RAWLINSON,  Thomas,  was  sheriff,  and  in 
3706,  mayor  of  London  ;  he  rendered  his  name 
memorable,  by  beautifying  the  Guildhall 

RAWLINSON,  Thomas,  a  learned  English 
antiquary,  died  in  1725. 

RAWLINSON,  Christopher,  an  eminent 
English  antiquarian,  and  critical  writer,  born  in 
1677,  and  died  in  1732. 

RAWLINSON,  Richard,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish antiquary,  died  in  1755,  aged  65. 

RAWSON,  Grindull,  a  very  benevolent  mi- 
mister,  of  Blendon,  Mass.,  died  in  1715. 

RAWWOLF,  Leonard,  of  Augsbur?;,  who 
travelled  into  Syria,  Judea,  and  other  eastern 
countries,  engascd  in  botanical  researches,  died 
in  ]60o. 

RAY,  or  WR AY,  John,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  natural  philosopher,  natural  historian 
and  critic ;  he  died  in  1705. 

RAY,  Benjamin,  an  ingenious  and  learned 
English  curate,  but  ignorant  of  the  world;  he 
died  in  1760. 

RAYMOND,  Robert,  lord,  chief  justice  of 
the  king's  bench,  and  an  eminent  law  reporter, 
died  in  1733. 

352 


KAYNAL,  William  Francis,  a  French  Jesuit, 
who  distinguished  himself  as  a  historian  and 
political  writer,  but  is  chiefly  known  by  his  "  Hi^,- 
tory  of  the  European  Settlements  in  the  East 
and  West  Indies." 

RAYNARD,  Theophilns,  of  Sospello,  a  Jesuit, 
profes.5or  of  belles  lettres  and  theology,  died 
in  1663. 

RAYSSIGUIER,  N.,  a  French  dramatic  wri 
ter,  of  about  1730. 

READ,  Alexander,  an  eminent  Scotch  phy 
sician.  He  wrote  on  anatomical  and  medical 
subjects,  and  died  in  1680. 

READ, John,  adistinguishedlawyer,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, died  in  1749. 

READ,  George,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of  Dela- 
ware, was  a  member  of  congress  from  that 
state,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  declaration 
of  American  Independence.  He  was  afterwards 
a  member  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States  ; 
and  died  in  1798. 

REAL,  CcTsar  Richard  de  St.,  a  celebrated 
French  writer  on  Roman  history,  philosophv, 
politics  and  morals,  died  in  1692. 

REAL,  Gasper  de,  seigneur  de  Curban,  au- 
thor of  a  valuable  work  on  the  Science  of  Go- 
vernmeiit ;  he  died  in  1752. 

REAUMUR,  Rene  Anthony  Ferchault  sieur 
de,  a  French  philosopher,  born  in  1683,  and  died 
in  1757.  He  wrote  a  great  number  of  pieces 
upon  the  various  branches  of  natural  philoso- 
phy ;  and  gave  a  new  construction  to  the  ther- 
mometer, which  bears  his  name. 

REBOULT,  Simon,  of  Avignon,  a  historical 
writer,  died  in  1752. 

RECORDO,  Robert,  the  first  English  writer 
on  algebra,  died  in  1558. 

REDE,  William,  bishop  of  Chichester,  in 
1369  ;  was  eminent  as  a  mathematician. 

REDI,  Thomas,  a  Florentine  painter  of  emi 
nence,  died  in  1728. 

REDI,  Francis,  an  Italian  physician,  natural 
philosopher,  and  poet,  born  in  1626,  and  died  in 
1697. 

REDMAN,  John,  M.  D.,  a  distinguished  physi- 
cian, and  first  president  of  the  college  of  physi- 
cians in  Philadelphia,  died  in  1808. 

REDV/OOD,  Abraham,  of  Newport,  known 
as  a  patron  of  learning,  died  in  1788. 

REED,  Joseph,  a  dramatic  writer  of  consider- 
able merit,  was  born  in  1723,  and  died  in  1787. 

REED,  Joseph,  a  patriot  of  the  revolution,  an 
aid  to  general  Washington,  and  afterwards  ad- 
jutant general  of  the  army  ;  afterwards  president 
of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  died  in  1781.  In 
1778,  an  attempt  was  made  by  a  British  officer 
to  bribe  him,  to  whom  he  nobly  replied  "  That 
he  was  not  Avorth  purchasing  ;  but  poor  as  he 
was,  the  king  of  Great  Britain  was  not  rich 
enough  to  buy  him." 

REED,  Isaac,  an  ingenious  English  miscella- 
neous writer,  for  many  years  editor  of  the  Euro- 
pean magazine,  died  in  1807.  He  published  lady 
IMontague's  poems,  an  edition  of  Shakspeare, 
and  several  other  works. 

REESE,  Thomas,  an  eminent  American  cler- 
gyman, author  of  an  '•  Essay  on  the  Influence  of 
Religion  on  Civil  Society,"  was  pastor  of  a 
church  in  South  Carolina,  and  died  in  1796. 

REEVE,"  Clara,  a  lady  of  considerable  literary 
talents,  died  at  Ipswich  in  1807,  aged  70.  She 
wrote  many  works. 

REEVE,  Tapping,  LL.  D.  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  Connecticut,  for  many  years  a  judge,  and 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  that  state  ; 
he  died  in  1823. 


RE 


RE 


IjtEGA,  Henry  Joseph,  professor  of  medicine, 
jit  Louvain,  and  author  of  various  treatises  of 
/Incrit ;  he  died  in  1754. 

/  REGIOMONTANUS,  an  illustrious  German 
astronomer,  whose  real  name  was  John  Mulle- 
rus,  died  in  1476,  aged  40. 

REGIS,  Peter  Sylvian,  a  French  philosopher, 
of  tlie  Des  Cartes  school,  in  1665.  He  was  a 
popular  lecturer  of  that  system,  and  published 
several  philosophical  works. 

REGIUS,  Urban,  or  LE  ROY,  a  German,  pro- 
fessor of  poetry  and  rhetoric,  was  a  convert  to 
Luther's  opinions ;  he  founded  a  reformed  church 
at  Augsburg,  and  died  in  1541. 

REGNARD,John  Francis,a  celebrated  French 
traveller,  and  one  of  the  best  comic  writers  af- 
ter Moliere,born  at  Paris,in  1647,and  died  in  1709. 

REGNAULT,  Noel,  a  learned  Jesuit,  of  Ar- 
ras, died  in  1762. 

REGNIER,  Mathurin,  a  French  satirical  poet, 
and  the  first  among  the  French  who  succeeded 
in  satire;  he  died  in  161.3,  aued  40. 

REGNIER  DES  M  ARETS,Seraphin,a  French 
abbe,  and  an  eminent  Spanish,  Iialian,  and  La- 
tin poet  and  translator,  born  in  1632,  and  died  in 
1713. 

REGULUS,  Marcus  Attilius,  a  renowned  Ro- 
man general  and  admiral ;  he  was  put  to  death 
251  R.  C. 

REFD,  Dr.  Thomas,  professor  of  moral  philo- 
sophy in  the  university  of  Glasgow,  and  highly 
di.^linguishrd  as  a  mathematician  and  metaphy- 
sician, born  in  1709,  and  died  1796. 

REIHING,  James,  of  Augsburg,  who,  after 
violently  opposing  the  tenets  of  Luther,  warm- 
ly embraced  them,  and  became  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Tubingen.     He  died  in  1028. 

REINBECK,  John  Gustavus,  a  protestant 
minister,  of  Germany,  and  author  of  treatises 
on  Redemption,  Marriage,  Sermons,  &c. ;  he 
died  in  1741. 

REINECCIUS,  Reiniei-,  professor  of  belles 
lettres,  at  Frankfort,  where  he  died  in  1595. 

REINER,  VVencesIaus  Laurence,  a  painter, 
of  Prague,  whose  landscapes  and  battles  were  fi- 
nishedln  a  very  striidng  style  ;  he  died  in  1743. 

REINESIUS,  Thomas,  a  learner:'  German 
phvsician  and  antiquary,  born  in  1586,  and  died 
in  1667. 

REINHOLD,  Erasmus,  an  eminent  astrono- 
mer and  mathematician,  of  Germany,  and  pro- 
fessor at  Wittemberg;  he-died  in  1553. 

REISK,  John,  rector  of  the  college  of  Wolf 
fenbuttel,  and  an  author,  died  in  1701. 

REISK E,  John  James,  of  Leipsic,  eminent 
as  a  critic  ;  he  died  in  1774. 

RELAND,  Hadrian,  a  learned  orientalist,  and 
professor  at  Utrecht,  died  in  1718. 

REMBRANDT,  Van  Rein,  a  Flemish  painter 
and  engraver  of  great  eminence,  born  in  1C06, 
and  died  in  1668. 

REMI,  or  REMIGIUS,  St.,  archbishop  of 
Rheims,  the  prelate  who  converted  Clovis  to 
Christianity;  he  died  before  535. 

REMI,  Joseph  Ilonore,  of  France.  He  was 
author  of  several  valuable  works,  and  acquired 
celebritv  by  his  learning. 

REMIGIO  FLORENTINO,  a  learned  Domi- 
nican, of  Florence,  died  in  1580. 

REMOND  DE  ST.  MARD,  Toussaint,  a 
French  writer,  who  died  in  1757. 

RENAU  D'ELISAGARAY,  Bernard,  a  ma- 
thematician, of  France,  who  obtained  distinc- 
tion in  the  improving  of  the  construction  of 
vessels ;  he  died  in  1719. 

RENAUDOT,  Theophrastus,  a  physician, 


distinguished  by  being  the  first  author  of  news- 
papers in  Frarice,  in  iS'JJ ;  I.e.  died  in  1653. 

RENaUDOT,  Cuse^ius,  a  celebrated  French 
writer  on  .^lental  hi.-tory  and  languages,  born 
in  1646,  died  in  1720. 

RENNKLL,  Thomas,  an  E.iglishman,  famed 
as  a  h.iiner,  ai  d  wrote  poe;     :  hedi(!d  in  1788. 

REPTON,  Humphrey,  a  <:istingu:sh»^d  Eng- 
lish wrifer  on  landscapie  'rardefiing,  born  in  1752, 
and  died  in  1818. 

RESi-  N  (US,  Peter  John,  counsellor,  and  pro- 
jfessorof  i.'iOial  philosophy,  at  Copenhagen;  he 
died  in  j688 

RESSiUo,  Rutger,  a  lean.ed  Greek  professor, 
at  Louvain,  highly  commenuL^d  by  Erasmus; 
died  in  1545. 

RESTOUT,  Peter,  a  respected  advocate,  at 
Pa:is,  di«d  in  1764  He  was  distinguished  by 
his  learning  and  integrity 

FESTOUT,  John,'  an  eminent  paijiter,  of 
Roii-n,  died  in  !7'j8. 

R  ETZ,  J  )lin  Francis  Paul  de  Gondy,  cardinal 
de.     See  <JONDY. 

REUCHLIN,  John,  a  learned  German,  born 
in  1450,  died  in  1522,  was  rhe  first  who  intro- 
duced the  study  of  the  Hebrew  among  modern 
Christians,  and  author  of  (he  cekbraffd  work 
entitled  ■•  P^isto!a>  Obsciirorum  Viiorum." 

REUVEN,  Peier,  a  Dutch  painter,  died  in 
1718. 

REVELY,  Willey,  .i  very  ingenious  English 
architect,  who  piib!;shed  n" collection  of  draw- 
ings, whicli  are  nniverbaily  known  r.othe  lovers 
of  art,  and  adniirers  of  c!a.«e-!c  antiquity.  He 
was  also  the  editor  of  the  posthumous  volume 
of  Stuart's  '' Antiquities  of  Greece,"  and  died 
iii  1799. 

REVET,  Edward,  a  comic  writer,  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  U. 

REY,  William,  of  Lyons,  eminent  as  a  phy- 
sici..n,  died  in  1756. 

REYBRAC,  Fiuticis  Philip  de  Laurens  de,  a 
learned  and  amiable  French  prelate,  and  also  a 
poet ;  he  died  ^.n  1782. 

REYHER,  Samuel,  professor  of  mathematics 
and  jurispruxleace,  at  Kiei,  died  in  1714.  He 
translated  Euclid  into  German. 

REYLOF,  Oliver,  of  Ghent,  eminent  as  a 
Latin  poet;  he  died  in  5742. 

REYN,  John  de,  of  Dunkirk,  a  pupil  of  Van- 
dyke, died  in  1650. 

REYNA,  Cassiodorus,  n  Spaniard,  who  trans- 
lated the  Bible  into  Spanish,  in  1569. 

REYNE  AU,  Charles  Rene,  an  eminent  French 
mathematician,  and  distinguished  by  two  popu- 
lar productions  ;  he  died  in  1728 

REYNER,  Edw?»d,  an  English  non -conform- 
ist and  author,  in  1627. 

REYNOLDS,  Edward,  was  a  member  of  the 
Westminster  assembly,  and  one  of  the  presbyte- 
rian  ministers  at  the  Savoy  ccnferetice,  yet  he 
became  bishop  of  Norwich.  He  v/as  a  strong 
calvinist,  and  died  in  1676. 

REYNOLDS,  sir  Joshua,  a  most  eminent 
English  painter,  and  many  years  president  of 
the  Royal  Academy,  born  in  1723.  The  lectures 
that  he  delivered  on  the  subject  of  his  art  will  be 
preserved  to  latest  posterity,  as  models  of  com- 
position. His  most  famous  paintings  were  "  The 
Infant  Hercules,"  "  Count  Ugolino,"  "  Garrick 
between  Tragedy  and  Comedy,"  and  "  Mrs.  Sid- 
dons  as  the  Tragic  Muse."    He  died  in  1792. 

REYNOLDS,  John,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Georgia  in  1754. 

REYS,  Antony  dos,  was  chronologer  of  Por- 
tugal, and  an  ecclesiastic ;  he  died  in  17,38. 


30* 


353 


RI 

RHADAMSTUS  of  Iberia,  married  Zenobia 
and  was  put  to  death  A.  D.  52. 

RHAZIS,  Mohammed  Ebn  Zacharia  Abube 
trial,  a  celebrated  phjsician  of  the  10th  cen 
tury,  the  Galen  of  the  Arabians,  and  the  first 
writer  on  tlie  small-pox,  born  in  85-2,  and  died 
in  935. 

RHENANUS,  Beatus,  author  of  a  history  of 
Germany,  and  a  Life  of  Erasmus,  died  in  1517. 

RHEr»iFERD,  James,  professor  of  oriental 
languages  and  divinity  at  Francker,  died  in  1712. 

RHESE,  John  David,  of  Anglesea,  master  of 
the  Italian  language ;  lie  died  in  1609. 

RHETICUS,  George  Joachim,  a  German  as- 
tronomer, died  in  I57G. 

RHODlGINUS,  Ludovicus  Coelius,  author  of 
Antique  Leciiones,  and  other  v.'orks,  died  at 
I'adua,  iu  1525. 

RHODlLrS,John,  an  eminent  physician,  author 
of  several  medical  works,  died  at  Padua,  in  1659. 

RHODIUS,  John,  a  Danish  physician,  and 
medical  writer,  born  in  1587,  and  died  in  1631. 

RHODiUS,  Ambrose,  professor  of  physic  and 
Biatheaiadcs,  at  Anglo,  in  Norway,  died  in  1633. 

RHODOMAN,  Laurentius,  historical  pro- 
fessor at  Wittemberg,  and  a  writer  of  some 
celebrity  :  he  died  in  1606. 

RKOTENAMER,  John,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  ai  Municn,  in  1564.  The  time  of  his  death 
is  unknown. 

RIBADENEIRA,  Peter,  a  Jesuit,  of  Toledo, 
an  elegant  but  superstitious  writer,  and  professor 
of  rhetoric  at  Palermo ;  he  died  at  ?»Iadrid,  in 
1611. 

RIBERA,  Anastasius  Pantaloon  de,  a  Span- 
ish satirical  poet,  who  flourished  about  1630. 

RICERA.  Joseph,  called  also  Espagnolet,  an 
eminent  fcspanish  painter,  died  in  1656. 

RICARD.  John  Marie,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  who  died  in  1678. 

RICARD,  Dominic,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Tou- 
louse, who  settled  at  Paris,  where  he  published 
an  elegant  translation  of  Plutarch,  and  wrote 
the  Sphere,  a  poem,  in  8  cantos.  He  died  in 
1S03. 

RICAUT,  or  RYCAUT,  sir  Paul,  an  eminent 
English  poutical  writer  and  critic,  but  chiefly 
known  by  "  The  Present  State  of  the  Ottoman 
Empire,"  and  a  continuation  of  Knoll's  "His- 
tory of  the  Turks,"  from  1623  to  1700,  when  he 
died. 

RICC.\TI,  Vincent,  a  Jesuit,  profeesor  of 
mathematics  at  Bologna,  until  the  suppression 
of  his  order ;  he  died  in  1775. 

RICCI,  Matthew,  a  Jesuit,  who  went  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  China,  where,  by  his  address,  he 
gained  the  favour  of  the  emperor,  and  leave  to 
build  a  church  ;  he  died  there  in  1610. 

RICCI,  Michael  Angelo,  a  cardinal,  born  at 
Rome,  and  distinguished  as  an  able  mathemati- 
cian :  he  died  in  1682. 

RICCT.  Lawrence,  an  illustrious  Florentine, 
who  embraced  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  of  which 
he  was  g.°aeral  at  the  time  of  its  suppression. 
He  was  imprisoned  by  order  of  Clement  XIV., 
and  died  in  confinement  in  1775. 

RICCI,  Sebastian,  a  distinguished  Italian 
painter,  who  died  at  Venice,  in  1734.  His  ne- 
phew, Mark,  was  eminent  also  as  a  landscape 
and  historical  painter;  he  died  in  1730. 

RICCIO,  Dominico,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Verona,  died  in  1517. 

RICCIOLI,  John  Baptista,  an  Italian astronn- 
•ner  and  mathematician,  and  teacher  of  rheto- 
.r.i  and  ohllosophv.  died  in  1671. 

SICCOBONI.  Lewis,  of  Modena,  a  celebra- 
3.54 


RI 

ted  actor,  dramatic  writer,  and  critic,  born  in 
1674,  and  died  in  1753. 

RICHARD  L,  king  of  England,  sumamed 
Cceur  de  Lion,  succeeded  his  fatlier,  Henry  II.,  i 
in  1189.  In  the  beginning  of  liis  reign  he  left 
England  for  a  crusade  to  the  Holy  Land,  where, 
after  displaying  great  bravery,  he  defeated  the 
infidels  under  Saladin,  and  embarked  for  Eu- 
rope, lu  his  return  he  was  shipwrecked,  tal^n 
prisoner,  and  held  in  captivity  by  tlie  empe¥or 
Henry  VI.,  until  he  was  discovered  and  ran- 
somed by  hio  subjects.  He  was  killed  whilft 
besieging  Chalus,  in  1199. 

RICHARD  n..  succeeded  his  grandfather 
Edward  HI.,  on  the  throne  of  England,  in  1377. 
His  reign  was  disturbed  by  the  rebellions  of  Wat 
Tyler,  and  afterwards  of  "his  nobles,  under  Hen- 
ry of  Lancaster,  who  defeated  him  and  took 
him  prisoner.  He  was  deposed  by  parliament^ 
and  killed  in  Pontefract  castle,  in  1400. 

RICHARD  III.,  duke  of  Gloucester,  and 
brother  to  Edward  IV.,  obtained  the  throne  by 
murdering  his  nephews,  Edward  V.  and  Richard 
duke  of  York.  He  was  defeated  and  slain  in 
the  battle  of  Bosworth  field,  by  Henry,  earl  of 
Richmond,  his  rival,  in  1485. 

RICHARD  I.,  surnamed  the  Fearless,  duke 
of  Normandy,  succeeded  his  father  W^illiam, 
n942;  he  died  in  996. 

RICHARD  II.,  surnamed  the  Good,  son  of 
he  preceding,  succeeded  his  father  as  duke  of 
Normandy  ;  he  died  in  1027. 

RICHA"RD,  Thomas,  a  Benedictine  monk  in 
the  abbey  of  Tavistock,  knov.-n  as  the  transla- 
tor of  '■  Boethius'  Consolations  of  Philosophy," 
about  1525. 

RICHARD,  Martin,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
although  born  with  only  a  left  arm,  became  a 
painter  of  eminence.  He  died  in  1636.  Hia 
brother  David  was  also  a  painter  of  merit. 

RICHARD  DE  ST.  VICTOR,  a  Scotchman, 
prior  of  St.  Victor's  monastery,  at  Paris,  died 
in  1173. 

RICHARD,  N.,  a  native  of  Dundalk,  arch- 
bishop of  Armagh,  died,  universally  respected, 
in  1359. 

RICH.\RD,  John,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Paris, 
died  in  1586. 

RICHARD,  Rene,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  dean 
of  St.  Opportune,  at  Paris,  died  in  1727. 

RICHARD,  Charles  Louis,  a  Benedictine, 
author  of  sermons,  tec,  died  about  1790. 

RICHARDS,  Nathaniel,  a  dramatic  writer 
and  a  poet,  in  the  reign  of  king  Charles  I. 

RICHARD3,James,  an  American  missionary, 
at  the  island  of  Ceylon  ;  he  died  in  1822. 

RICHARDSON,  John,  an  English  clergyman, 
educated  at  Oxford,, afterwards  bishop  of  Ardah, 
n  Ireland,  died  in  1654. 

RICHARDSON,  Jonathan,  born  about  1665, 
became  a  celebrated  painter  of  heads,  and  wrote, 
in  conjunction  with  his  son,  several  works.  He 
died  in  1745.    His  son  died  in  1771. 

RICHARDSON,  Joseph,  an  English  lawyer, 
poet,  and  dramatic  writer,  bora  in  1756,  and 
lied  in  1803. 

RICHARDSON,  Samuel,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish printer,  and  inventor  of  a  peculiar  species 
of  moral  romance,  which  restored  the  lost  credit 
of  novel  writing.  He  wrote  "  Pamela,"  "  Cla- 
rissa," and  "Grandison,"  and  many  other 
books  on  different  subjects.  He  was  bom  in 
1639,  and  died  in  1761. 

RICHARDSON,  William,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, and  professor  of  classical  literature  at 
Glasgow,  died  in  181 1. 


RI 

ItlCHELET,  Caesar  Peter,  a  French  writer, 
aiitJior  of  a  Dictionary  of  tlie  French  language, 
Ali.-d  in  1698. 

'  RICHELIEU,  Jolin  Armand  du  Plessis  de,  a 
great  cardinal  and  minister  of  state  in  France, 
born  at  Paris,  in  1585,  and  died  in  1642.  He 
showed  himself  a  patron  of  men  of  letters,  and 
caused  the  arts  and  sciences  to  flourish  in  the 
kin;2doni. 

RJCIIER,  Edmund,  an  eminent  French  theo- 
logical writer,  possessed  of  great  powers  of 
Jiiind  and  of  a  lively  imagination.  His  writings 
drew  on  him  the  censures  of  the  pope's  legate, 
and  persecutions,  which  ruined  his  health ;  he 
died  in  1631. 

RICHER,  John,  a  bookseller,  of  Paris,  known 
as  the  first  compiler  of  the  Mercure  Francois  ; 
he  died  in  1665. 

RICHER,  Henry,  a  native  of  Longueil,  who 
devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits  at  Paris;  lie 
died  in  1748. 

RICHER  D'  AUBE,  Francis,  autlior  of  an 
Ei^jay  on  the  Principles  of  Right  and  Morals, 
diid  a?  Paris,  in  1752. 

RICHER,  N.,  a  French  philosopher,  who 
first  observed  the  shortening  of  the  pendulum, 
jn  1672 ;  a  discovery,  which,  in  the  hands  of 
Newton  and  Heygens,  led  lo  the  most  astonish- 
ing truths. 

RICINIER,  a  Roman  senator,  who  acquired 
great  power  as  a  general.  He  put  to  deatli 
Majorian,  raised  Severustothe  throne,  and  after- 
wards dethroned  Anthemius,  his  father-in-law. 
RICIUS,  Paul,  a  converted  Jew,  professor  of 
philoRopliy,  at  Paris,  and  afterwards  physician 
to  the  emperor  Maximilian.  He  was  highly 
esteemed  by  Erasmus  and  other  learned  men. 

RICOBONI,  Antony,  of  Revigo,  professor  of 
eloquence,  at  Padua,  and  died  there  in  1589. 

RIDER,  William,  B.  A.,  curate  of  St.  Faith's. 
and  many  years  under-master  of  St.  Paul's 
scliool,  published  a  "  History  of  England,"  a 
"  Commentary  on  the  Bible,"  and  other  works, 
and  died  in  1785. 

RIDGELY,  Thomas,  an  eminent  dissenting 
clergyman,  author  of  a  Commentary  on  the 
Assembly's  larger  Catechism,  died  in  1737. 

RIDLEY,  Nicolas,  bishop  of  London,  one  of 

the   principal  instruments  of  the  reformation, 

who  suffered  martyrdom  for  it  in  the  reign  of 

queen  Mary,  was  born  in  1500,  and  burnt  at 

;  O.Yford,  in  1555. 

!  RIDLEY,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  English 
I  civihan,  was  knighted,  made  masterin  chancery, 
j  and  vicar-genoral  to  the  archbishop  of  Canter- 
j  bury  :  he  died  in  1626. 

I  RIDLEY,  Gloster,  an  English  divine,  dra- 
I  niatic  ar.d  theological  writer,  born  on  board  the 
i  Gloster  Indiaman,  at  sea,  in  1702,  died  at  Poplar 
I  in  177  f. 

\  PIDLEY,  .Tames,  son  of  the  preceding,  wai 
author  of  "The  Tales  of  the  Genii,"  and  some 
Other  literary  performances  ;  he  died  in  1765. 

RIDOLFI,  Claudio,  a  historical  and  portrait 
painter,  of  Verona,  died  in  1044. 

RIDPATH,  George,  a  Scotchman,  distinguish 
ed  for  his  attachment  to  protestantism,  and  for 
his  bold  opposition  to  the  religious  innovations 
of  James  II.;  he  died  in  1717. 

RIEDESEL,  John    Herman,  baron    de, 
learned  German,  ambassador  from  the  Prussian 
court  to  Vienna,  died  in  1785. 

RIEGLES,  M.,  a  native  of  Denmark,  author 

of  a  valuable  history  of  his  cou)Ury,  died  in  1802. 

RIELEY,  Henry,  a  physician,  author  of  the 

"  Anatomy  of  the  Brain,"  published  in  1C95 


RI 

RIENZI,  Nicolas  Gabrini  de,  a  man  who, 
from  a  low  situation,  raised  himself  to  sovereign 
authority  in  Rome,  in  the  14th  century,  was 
murdered  in  1354. 

RIGALITIUS,  Nicolas,  an  ingenious  French- 
man, distinguished  for  his  great  learning  and 
industry  ;  he  was  librarian  to  the  king,  and  coun- 
sellor of  the  parliament  of  Metz ;  he  died  in 
1654. 

RIGAUD,  Hyacynth,  ari  eminent  French 
painter,  called  the  Vandyck,  of  France,  born  in 
1663,  and  died  in  1743. 

RILEY,  John,  an  English  portrait  painter, 
born  in  1646.  On  sir  Peter  Lely's  death  he  was 
made  state  painter,  and  died  in  1691. 

RIMINALDI,  Orazio,  an  eminent  historical 
painter,  of  Pisa,  died  in  1638. 

RINALDO,  Oderic,  a  native  of  Treviso  ;  he 
continued  "Baronius'  Annals,"  and  published, 
in  Italian,  an  abridgment  of  the  entire  work. 

RIP^CON,  Antonio  del,  an  admired  Spanish 
painter,  died  in  1500. 

RINGELBERGIUS,  Joachim  Furtius,  an 
eminent  writer  on  mathematics,  born  at  Ant- 
werp. His  German  name  was  Storck  ;  he  died 
in  France,  about  1536. 

RINLX'CIiM,  Octavia,  an  Italian  poet,  born 
at  Florence,  went  to  France,  and  is  said  to  have 
there  invented  the  opera  ;  he  died  in  1621.  His 
poetry  and  operas  arc  deservedly  admired. 

RIOL./IN,  John,  a  physician,  at  Paris,  author 
of  several  works  on  anatomy  and  medicine,  died 
in  1605.  Kis  son  John  was  also  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, and  professor  of  anatomy  and  botany. 

RIPIjEY,  George,  an  eminent  English  mathe- 
matician and  alchvmist,  died  in  1496. 

RIPPERDA,  John  William,  baron  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Groningen,  who,  when  ambassador  at 
Madrid,  so  pleased  Philip  V.,  of  Spain,  that  he 
persuaded  him  to  settle  there,  created  him  a 
duke  and  peer  of  the  kingdom,  and  intrusted 
him  with  the  departments  of  war,  finance,  and 
marine.  Being  afterwards  disgraced,  he  went 
to  Morocco,  where  he  became  a  favourite  of  the 
emperor,  and  a  Maiiometan  ;  he  died  in  1747. 

RISBECK,  Ga.-^pard,  a  German  writer,  an- 

or  of  Travels  through  Germany,  and  a  Histo- 
ry of  Germany  ;  he  died  in  1786. 

RISDON,  Tristram,  author  of  a  History  of 
Devonshire,  died  in  1640. 

RISLEY,  Thomas,  an  English  dissenting 
clergyman,  died  in  1716. 

RiTSON,  Josepl),  an  English  lawyer  and  an- 
tiquary, born  in  1752,  and  died  in  1803.  He  wrote 
songs,  metrical  romances,  and  some  other 
books. 

RITTENHOUSE,  David,  an  American  phi- 
losopher, who,  in  the  early  part  of  his  life,  min- 
gled the  pursuits  of  science  with  the  active  em- 
ployments of  a  farmer  and  a  watch-maker.  In 
1769  he  was  invited  by  the  American  philoso- 
phical society  to  join  a  number  of  gentlemen 
who  were  thfii  occupied  in  making  some  astro- 
nomical observations,  Avhen  he  particularly  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  the  accuracy  of  his  cal- 
culations, and  the  comprehension  of  his  mind. 
He  afterwards  constructed  an  observatory, 
which  he  superintended  in  person,  and  which 
was  the  source  of  many  important  discoveries, 
as  well  as  greatly  tending  to  the  general  diflfu- 
sion  of  science  in  the  western  world.  He  suc- 
ceeded the  illustrious  Dr.  Franklin  in  the  ofiice 
of  president  of  the  philosophical  society,  and 
died  in  1796,  aged  64. 

RITTERSHUSIUS,  Conradus,  a  German 
civilian,  and  law  writer,  born  in  1560,  and  died 


RO 

ill  1613.  He  was  a  man  of  consummate  learn- 
ing, greatly  skilled  in  the  Greek  and  Latin  lan- 
guages, and  is  said  to  have  had  Homer  and  He- 
siod  so  perfectly  by  heart,  as  once,  in  a  conver- 
sation with  a  learned  young  gentleman,  to  have 
expressed  in  the  verses  of  Homer,  all  that  he 
had  occasion  to  say. 

RIVALZ,  Anthony,  a  painter,  of  Toulouse, 
whose  portraits  and  historical  pieces  were  much 
admired  ;  he  died  in  1735. 

RIVARD,  Francis,  an  eminent  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Beauvais,  and  an  author,  died 
in  1778. 

RIVARD,  Anthony  de,  a  French  writer,  emi- 
nent as  a  man  of  genius  and  information,  the 
friend  of  Voltaire,  d'Alembert,  and  Buftbn. 
He  died  in  Germany,  in  1801.  His  writings  are 
numerous. 

RIVLT  DE  LA  GRANGE,  Anthony,  a  Be- 
nediciiR,  of  Poitou,  author  of  a  History  of 
France,  died  in  1749. 

RIVIERE,  Henry  Francis  de  la,  a  native  of 
France,  w!io  embraced  the  profession  of  arms, 
but  on  account  of  an  unfortunate  marriage,  re- 
tired to  a  monastery,  where  he  died  in  1743.  He 
wrote  two  volumes  of  Letters. 

RIVINUS,  Andrew,  a  piiysician,  and  profes- 
sor of  poetry  and  philosophy  atLeipsic,  died  in 
1656. 

RIVINUS,  Augustus  Quirinus,  a  professor  of 
medicine,  and  a  distinguished  physician  at  Leip- 
sic,  died  in  1722.  i 

RIZZIO,  or  RIZZT,  David,  an  Italian  musi-' 
cian,  attending  the  Piedmontese  ambassador  in  | 
to  Scotland,  got  into  the  queen's  favour,  and  was, 
made  her  secretary,  and  soon  arrived  at  a  verVj 
high  degree  of  royal  favour.  However,  in  156!i,i 
certain  nobles  conspired  against  him,  and  dis- 
patched him  with  great  brutality  in  the  queen's; 
presence,  with  5»>  wounds. 

ROCBINS,  Chandle.,  D.  D.,  of  Plymouth.! 
Mass.,  was  eminent  in  the  ministry  :  he  died  inj 
1799.  I 

ROBERT  DE  COURTEXAY,  French  empe  ! 
ror  of  the  East,  in  whose  reign  the  empires  of; 
Trebizond  and  Thessalonica  were  established  :|i 
he  dieri  in  1228.  .    | 

ROBERT,  elector  palatine,  chosen  emperorji 
of  Germany,  in  1400.  He  died,  just  as  a  pow-| 
erful  combination  had  been  formed  to  deprive!] 
him  of  the  crown,  in  1410.  i 

ROBERT,  king  of  France,  surnamed  thei. 
Wise,  or  the  Devout,  succeeded  his  father  Huglr 
Capet,  in  996.  He  refused  the  crown  of  the  I 
empire,  and  of  Italy,  preferring  to  reign  over  his 
native  dominions,  and  to  devote  himself  to  the| 
happiness  of  the  French  people  He  died  in 
1031. 

ROBERT  of  France,  count  d'Artois,  brothei 
of  St.  Louis,  refused  the  empire  of  Germany, 
offered  him  by  pope  Gregory  IX.,  and  ace  iinpa- 
nied  his  brother  to  the  Holy  Land,  where  he 
behaved  with  great  valour  ;  he  was  killed  atthcij 
battle/)f  Massourah.  in  12^0.  \\ 

ROBERT,  count  d'Artois,  called  the  GoodJl 
or  the  Noble,  son  of  the  preceding,  distingiiishedl 
him-'Clf  in  an  African  expedition,  and  again?tj 
the  English  and  the  Fleminss.  He  was  killed  in  j 
a  battle  with  the  latter,  in  1302.  ji 

ROBERT  of  Anjou,  succeeded  his  father.' 
Charles  the  Lame,  on  the  throne  of  Naples,  in 
1309.  He  died  respected  by  his  subjects,  and  by 
foreign  powers,  in  1343. 

ROBERT  the  Magnificent,  duke  of  Norman- 
dy, was  poisoned  on  his  return  from  a  pilgrim-l 
age  to  the  Holy  Land,  at  Nicola,  in  Bithyuia.[ 
356 


R0_ 

He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  William  the  Con- 
queror, in  1035. 

ROBERT,  surnamed  Short  Shanks,  son  of 
William  the  Conqueror,  duke  of  Normandy, 
displayed  great  valour  in  the  Holy  Wars ;  but 
on  his  return,he  found  himself  deprived  not  on- 
ly of  the  throne  of  England,  but  of  Normandy, 
by  his  brother  Henry,  who  detained  him  a  pri- 
soner until  his  death,  in  1134. 

ROBERT  BRUCE,  a  Scotch  nobleman,  who 
disputed  the  throne  with  John  Baliol.  By  the 
aid  of  England  he  was  deposed  ;  but  afterwards 
appearingamong  his  countrymen,  he  was  una- 
nimously elected  king,  and  maintained  his  ele- 
vation by  his  valour.  He  deleated  the  Englisb' 
at  the  famous  battle  of  Bannockburn,  and  died 
in  1329. 

ROBERT,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Langres, whose  birds  and  plants  on  vellum,  v,^ere 
much  admired  ;  he  died  in  1684. 

ROBERT  DE  V.4UGONDY,  N.,  a  French 
geographer  of  eminence,  died  in  1766. 

ROBERTELLO,  Francis,  professor  of  rheto- 
ric and  philosophy,  at  Padua,  and  author  of 
Commentaries  on  the  Greek  and  Latin  poets, 
died  in  1507. 

ROBERTS,  Barre  Charles,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish scholar,  died  in  1810. 

ROBERTS,  Peter,  an  English  divine,  emj 
nent  as  a  writer  on  theological  and  other  sub- 
jects, died  in  1819. 

ROBERTS,  Charles,  of  Virginia,  remarkable 
for  lonsevitv  ;  he  died  in  1796,  aged  116. 

ROBERTSON,  Wi!iiam,D.  D.,an  eminent  di- 
vine, born  in  Dublin,  afterwards  settled  in  Stot- 
land,  and  died  in  1783. 

ROBERTSON,  George,  an  eminent  English 
landscape  painter,  died  in  1788. 

ROBERTSON,  Dr.  WilUam,  principal  of  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  and  historiographer 
to  his  majesty,  of  Scotland,  born  in  1721,  and 
died  in  1793.  His  histories  of  "  Charles  V..' 
of  "  America,"  and  of  "  Scotland,"  will  long 
continue  to  be  read  wiiii  pleasure,  and  impress 
future  ages  with  respect  for  the  memory  of  the 
writer. 

ROBERTSON,  Joseph,  an  eminent  -English 
clergyman,  author  of  a  translation  of  Telema- 
chus,  and  otlier  works,  died  in  1802. 

ROBERVAL,  Gilles  Personne,  sieur  de,  au- 
thor of  a  Treatise  on  Mechanics,  was  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Paris,  and  died  in  1675. 

ROBESPIERRE,  Maximilian  Isidore,  a  revo- 
lutionary monster,  of  France,  was  born  at  Arras, 
of  a  poor  family,  in  1759.  At  an  early  perii.d 
of  the  French  revolution  he  became  the  cliief 
of  the  jacobins,  and  at  length  obtained  the  su- 
preme command  in  France.  A  confederacy  was 
forrued  against  him,  and  he  was  arrested  iu  the 
national  assembly,  and  executed  in  July,  17£!-. 

ROBIN  HOOD,  captain  of  a  notorious  band 
of  robbers,  who  infested  the  forest  of  Sherwood, 
in  Nottinghamshire,  a-id  tVom  thence  made  ex- 
cursions to  many  parts  of  England  in  search  of 
booty.     He  died  in  1247. 

ROBINS,  Benjamin,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian of  great  genius  and  eminence,  born  in  1707, 
and  died  in  1751.  He  was  engineer-genera!  to 
tlie  East  India  Companj; ;  wrote  "  New  Princi- 
ples of  Gunnery ;"  and  is  considered  as  the  real 
narrator  of  lord  Anson's  "  Voyage  round  the 
World." 

ROBINSON,  Tankred,  a  distinguished  phy 
sician,  author  of  an  Essay  on  Natural  History, 
died  in  1748. 

ROBINSON,  Anastasia,  an  eminent  stage 


ao 

Dauphin  of  France,  afterwards  professor  of  as- 
tronomy at  Copenhagen,  and  engaged  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Christian  V. ;  he  died  in  1710. 

ROENTGEN,  N.,  a  German  artist,  who  was 
employed  by  Catherine  of  Russia,  in  erecting  the 
palace  of  Petersburg,  died  at  the  close  of  the  18th 
I  century. 

I  ROtPEL,  Conrad,  a  painter,  born  at  the 
iHagus,  whose  fruit  trees  and  ilowers  were  much 
admired ;  be  died  in  1748. 

ROESTRATEN,  Peter,  an  eminent  portrait 
painter,  ofHaerlcni,  fiourished  about  1698. 

ROGER,  first  king  ot  ^iciiy,  cojiiiuered  Apu- 
lia, Calabria,  and  aiterwards  waged  successful 
war  against  ilie  Eastern  empire  ;  he  died  in 
llo4. 

ROGER,  Clsarlt's,  an  eminent  printer  at  Paris, 
in  the  I'Jtii  century. 

ROGER,  Joseph  Louis,  a  physician,  of  Stras- 
jbuig,  died  in  1761.  ^ 

I  ROGER,  piior  of  Hexham,  author  of  a  His- 
Itory  ot  itie  Campaign  of  the  Scotcli  Army  under 
I  Icing  David,  about  1138. 

I  ROGERS,  John,  an  eloquent  and  zealous 
iEnglisli  divine,  who  sutfered  martyrdom  at  the 
istake,  at  Smithfield,  in  155.5,  in  the  persecuting 
j  reign  of  Mary. 

I  ROGERS,  John,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
lish divine  and  controversial  writer,  canon  and 
[sub-dean  of  Wells,  and  afterwards  promoted  to 
the  living  of  St.  Giles,  London  ;  he  died  in  1729. 
j  ROGERS,  Woods,  an  English  circumnaviga- 
or,  and  writer  of  his  voyages  round  the  globe  ; 


_^ RO 

siitf;er,  who  became  afterwards  countess  of  Pe- 
terborough, by  marrying  the  earl,  and  died  ini 
i750.  i 

/    ROBINSON,  Robert,  aii  English  divine,  who 
'  published  atranslation  of"  Saurin's  Sermons," 
and  an  "  Essay  on  the  Composition  of  a  Ser- 
mon," was  born  in  1735,  and  died  in  1790. 

ROBINSON,  Mary,  an  elegant  English  poet, 
dramatist,  and  novelist,  was  bora  in  1758,  and 
died  in  1800. 

ROBINSON,  Richard,  a  native  of  Yorkshire, 
prebendary  of  York,  afterwards  bishop  of  Kil- 
lala,  and  archbishop  of  Armagh,  in  Ireland,  and 
created  a  peer,  by  the  title  of  baron  Rokeby  ;  he 
died  in  17»J4. 

ROBINSON,  Moses,  a  member  of  the  United 
States  senate,  from  Vermont,  and  governor  of  i 
that  state  ;  he  died  in  1813.  ' 

ROBINSON,  Jonathan,  chief  justice  of  the 
state  of  Vermont,  and  afterwards  a  senator  in 
congress  from  that  state  ;  he  died  in  1819. 

ROBINSON,  John,  a  distinguished  English 
cJev'jyman,  pastor  of  the  English  cliurch  at  Am- 
steidam,  and  afterwards  at  Leyden,  and  died 
there,  in  1625. 

ROBINSON,  Dr.  John,  a  mathematician,  pro- 
fessor of  natural  philosophy,  and  afterwards  of 
chyrnistry,  at  Edinburgh,  was  born  in  1739.  He 
wrote  '  Elements  of  Mechanical  Philosophy," 
and  died  in  Edinburgh,  in  1805. 

ROCKEFORT,  William  de,  a  distinguished 
French  writer,  died  in  1788. 

ROCHEFOUCAULT,  Francis,  duke  of,  an 
ingenious  French  writer,  born  in  1613,  and  diedjihedieri  in  1732 
in  1680.  ROGERS,  Nathaniel,  a  descendant  of  the 

ROCHESTER,  John  Wilraot,  earl  of,  a  very]  ma'-tyr,  was  minister  at  Ipswich,  Mass. ;  he  died 
licentious  wit  and  poet,  in  the  reign  of  Charlesi  in  1655. 

II.,  born  in  1648.  and  died  in  1680.  i     ROGERS,  Ezekiel,  first  minister  of  Rowley, 

ROCHON  DE  CHABANNES,  Mark  Anthony!  Mass.,  died  in  1G61. 

ROGERS,  John,  a  native  of  England,  came 
to  America  when  young,  and  in  1682  was  chosen 
president  of  Harvaid  college  ;  he  dited  in  1684. 

ROGERS,  William.  D.  D..  a  baptist  clergy- 
man, professor  of  English  and  oratory  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  ;  he  died  in  1824. 

ROGHMAN,  Roland,  a  distinguished  land- 
scape painter,  of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1686. 

ROHAN,  Henry,  duke  of,  peer  of  France, 
born  in  1579.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a 
warrior  against  Lewis  XIII.,  and  also  as  apoliti- 
cal writer  ;  he  died  of  wounds  received  in  bat- 
tle, in  1638. 

ROHAULT,  James,  a  French  philosophicaJ 
and  polite  writer,  born  in  1620.  and  died  in  1675. 
ROLAND  DE  LA  PLATIERE,  I  M.,  a  na- 
tive of  Villefranche,  removed  early  in  life  to 
Rouen,  where  he  was  soon  noiiced  for  his  know- 
ledge of  commerce  and  [)olitical  economy,  and 
for  his  writings.  He  was  afterwards  a  minister 
of  Lewis  XVI.,  and  a  favourite  of  the  people  for 
a  time,  but  was  at  length  proscribed  and  fled 
from  Paris.     He  committed  suicide  in  1793. 

ROLAND,  Mary  Jane  Philipon,  wife  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  woman  of  strong  mind,  and 
eminent  for  her  knowledge  of  the  arts,  her  wit 
and  learning.  During  her  husband's  elevation 
she  assisted  him  in  the  transaction  of  his  busi- 
ness, and  ht-r  house  was  the  resort  of  the  learn- 
ed, the  powerful,  and  the  intriguing.  She  was 
guillotined  as  an  accomplice  of  the  Girondist.?, 
in  1793. 

ROLAND  D'ERCEVILLE,  B.  G.,  a  learned 
and  popular  man,  and  president  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  fell  a  victim  to  the  revolution, 
in  1794. 
ROLE,  Michael,  an  eminent  French  mathe- 
357 


James,  a  French  dramatic  writer  of  merit,  died 
at  Paris,  in  1800. 

RODGERS,John,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished  Ame- 
rican clergyman,  pastor  of  a  presbyteriaii  church 
in  New- York,  died  in  1811. 

RODNEY,  George  Brydges,  a  most  brave  and 
suicessfnl  English  admiral,  born  in  1718,  and 
died  in  1792. 

RODNEY,  Caesar,  of  Pennsylvania,  one  of 
the  signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence. 

RODOLPH,  duke  of  Swabia,  was  elected 
king  of  Germany,  in  1077,  by  some  German  in- 
surgents.    Hewas  soon  after  killed  in  battle. 

RODOLPH  I.,  of  Hapsburg,  surnamed  the 
Clement,  emperor  of  Germany,  made  war  with 
the  king  of  Bohemia,  and  obtained  with  victory, 
the  cession  of  several  of  his  provinces ;  he  died 
in  1291. 

RODOLPH  II.  son  of  Ma.ximilian  II.,  king  of 
Bohemia,  Hungary,  and  the  Romans,  and  elect- 
ed emperor  in  1576.  He  was  a  weak  and  irrero- 
lutc  monarch,  and  suffered  his  kingdom  to  hi' 
invaded  by  the  Turks,  and  afterwards  divided 
by  his  brother,  without  courage  to  oppose  tlie 
one,  or  spirit  to  repress  the  other.  He  died  in 
1812.  I 

ROE,  sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  statesman,  senti 
as  atnbassador  by  James  I.,  to  the  court  of  thei 
great  mogul,  to  that  of  the  grand  signior,  and  af-| 
terwards  to  Sweden  ;  during  his  absence,  he. 
made  valuable  collections  of  MSS.  in  the  orien  i 
tal  languages,  which  he  presented  to  the  Bod- 
leian library.  He  was  afterwards  a  member  of, 
parliament  and  a  privy  counsellor,  and  died  in 
1644.  I 

ROEMER,  Olaus,  a  Danish  astronomer,  who! 
was  appointed  teacher  of  mathematics  to  the; 


RO 

niatician,  author  of  a  treatise  on  Algebra,  and 
died  in  1719. 

ROLLIN,  Charles,  a  Frenchman,  famous  for 
eloquence  and  skill  in  the  belles  lettres,  and  as 
an  author,  was  born  in  1661,  and  died  in  1741. 

ROLLINS,  Reinhold  Henry,  a  German  phi- 
lologist, author  of  Lives  of  Philosophers,  Poets, 
&c.,  published  in  1700. 

ROLLO,  a  Noivegian  chieftain,  who  obtained 
the  sovereignty  of  Normandy  with  the  title  of 
duke  of  Normandy,  in  912  ;  he  was  the  ancestor 
of  William  the  Conqueror,  and  died  about  932. 

ROLLOCK,  Robert,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
appointed  by  king  James  VI.,  the  first  principal, 
and  professor  of  divinity,  in  the  university  of 
Edinburgh  ;  he  died  in  1601. 

ROLT,  Richard,  a  miscellaneous  and  dra- 
matic writer,  died  in  1770. 

ROMAINE,  Rev.  William,  an  eminent  and 
very  learned  English  divine,  born  in  1714,  and 
died  in  1795,  having  published  many  valuable 
theological  works. 

ROMANELLI,  John  Francis,  a  painter,  born 
at  Viterbo,  patronised  by  the  pope,  and  elected 
head  of  the  academy  of  St.  Luke,  died  in  1662. 
His  son  Urban,  was  also  eminent  as  a  painter, 
and  died  in  1682. 

ROMANO,  Julia,  an  eminent  Italian  his- 
torical painter,  and  architect,  and  disciple  of 
Raphael ;  he  was  born  at  Rome,  in  1492,  and 
died  in  1546. 

ROMANUS  L,  emperor  of  the  East,  was 
raised  to  distinction,  by  savin?  the  life  of  the 
^ciperor  Basil.  He  afterwards  married  a  daugh 
ter  of  Constantine  X.,  who  raised  him  as  his 
associate  to  the  tiirone.  After  exhibiting  great 
military  talents,  united  with  humanity  and  be- 
nevolence, he  was  banished  to  a  monastery,  by 
his  son  Stephen,  and  died  in  948. 

ROMANtrS  n.,  the  Younger,  emperor  of  the 
East,  a  worthless,  and  effeminate  prince,  who 
died  in  consequence  of  his  debauchery  and  in 
temperance,  in  963. 

ROMANUS  HI.,  emperor  of  the  East,  raised 
himself  to  the  throne,  by  marrying  the  daughter 
of  Constantine  the  Younger,  in  1028.  He  was 
poisoned,  and  strangled  at  the  instigation  of  his 
wife,  in  1034. 

ROMANUS  IV.,  surnamed  Diogenes,  was 
taken  prisoner,  by  a  Turkish  general,  in  1071 
and  generously  set  at  liberty  by  him.  On  his 
return  to  Constantinople,  he  found  his  throne 
usurped  by  Michael,  the  son  of  his  predecessor, 
who  defeated  him  in  a  subsequent  hattle,  took 
him  prisoner,  and  put  out  his  eyes,  which  caused 
his  death,  in  1071. 

ROMANZOFT,  N.,  marshal  de,  a  Russian 
general,  distinguished  as  one  of  the  greatest 
warriors  of  the  age  in  wbicli  he  lived.  He 
defeated  the  Turks  at  the  battle  of  Ruth,  leav- 
ing 100,000  of  their  army  on  the  field ;  he  died 
about  1787. 

ROMBOUTS,  Theodore,  a  successful  histori- 
cal p-.inter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in  1637. 

ROME,  DE  L'ISLE,  John  Baptist,  a  native 
of  France,  distinguished  by  his  devotion  to  the 
study  of  mineralogy  and  natural  history,  and  by 
his  writings  on  those  subjects  ;  he  died  in  1790. 

ROMEYN,  Theodoricus,  airtniinent  Ameri- 
can clergyman,  settled  at  Schenectady,  New- 
York,  and  professor  of  theology  in  the  reformed 
Dutch  church  ;  he  died  in  1804. 

ROMEYN,  John  B.,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, pastor  of  a  Presbyterian  church  in  New- 
York,  where  he  died  in  1825. 

ROMILLY,  John,  an  ingenious  mechanic  and 
358 


^o 

clockmaker,  of  Geneva,  author  of  the  articles 
in  the  Encyclopedia,  on  clockmaking,  and  otber 
writings,  died  in  1796.    His  sou,  John  Ediae, 
was  a  Calvinistic  minister  at  Geneva  and  Lou-  i 
don,  and  the  friend  of  d'Alembert,  Rousseati,  i 
and  Voltaire ;  he  died  in  1779.  "  ; 

ROMILLY,  Sir  Samu^^l,  a  learned  Enghsli  | 
pleader  at  the  chancery  bar,  and  a  most  enlight- 
ened and  effective  member  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons, was  born  in  1757.  On  the  death  of  his 
wife,  he  became  delirious,  and  destroved  hun- 
self  in  1818. 

ROMNEY,  George,  a  celebrated  English  painU 
er,  was  born  in  1734,  and  died  in  1802. 

ROMULUS,  the  founder,  and  first  king  of 
Rome,  died  715  B.  C,  after  reigning  38  years. 

RONC  \LLI,  Christofano,  ahistorical  painter, 
of  Pomei  ania,  died  in  1626. 

RONDELET,William,a  distinguished  French 
physician  and  anatomist,  died  in  1566. 

RONSARD,  Peter  de,  a  French  elegiac  and 
epigrammatic  poet,of  a  noble family,died  in  1585, 
aged  61. 

RON  SIN,  Charles  Philip,  an  active  and  vio- 
lent partisan  of  the  French  revolution,  minister 
of  war,  and  commandei  of  the  revolutionary 
armv,  he  was  suillotined  in  1794. 

ROODS  EUS,  John  Albert,  an  eminent  por- 
trait painter,  of  Holland,  died  in  1674. 

ROOKE,  sir  George,  a  brave  English  admiral, 
died  in  1708. 

ROOKE,  Laurence,  a  di.'stinguished  English 
astronomer  and  geometrician,  was  professor  of 
astronomy,  and  afterwards  of  geometry,  at  Gre- 
isham  college,  where  he  died  in  1662. 
I  ROOME,  Edward,  an  English  dramatic  wri- 
I'ter,  died  in  1729. 

ROORE,  James,  a  native  of  Antwerp,  distin- 
IguJshed  as  a  historical  painter,  died  in  1747. 
I  ROOS,  John  Hendrick,  an  eminent  portrait 
and  landscape  painter,  of  Ottenburg,  born  in 
1631.  His  two  sons  and  his  brother,  were  also 
respectable  artists. 

ROOT,  Jesse,  a  member  of  congress  from 
Connecticut,  and  an  officer  in  the  revolutionary 
— ly,  was  afterwards  chief  justice  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  that  state.  He  published  two 
volumes  of  Law  Reports,  and  died  in  1822. 

ROGUE,  Jolin  de  la,  author  of  travels  in 
Arabia  Felix,  Palestine,  Syria,  &c.,  died  at 
Paris,  in  1745. 

RORENMULLER,  John  George,  a  German 
divine  and  critic,  professor  of  divinity  at  Eic- 
langen  ;  he  died  in  1815. 

ROS.A,  Abba  Cariera,  a  Venetian  lady,  cele- 
brated for  her  talents  in  crayon  painting  and 
miniature,  <lied  in  17.55. 
ROSA.  Sal  vator.  a  painter.  SeeSALVATOR. 
ROSAiMOND,  daughterof  Walter  de  Ciifibrd, 
lord  Hereford,  known  in  history  as  the  beau- 
tiful mistress  of  Henry  II.,  was  poisoned  by  his 
queen. 

ROSCIUS,  auintus,  a  Gaul  by  birth,  a  cele- 
brated comedian,  died  61  B.  C. 

ROSCOMMON,  Wentv.'orth  Dillon,  earl  of, 
an  Englisii  pnet  and  critic,  died  in  1684,  aged  51. 
He  possessed  the  merit  of  being  the  only  moral 
writer  in  the  days  of  Charles  II. 

ROSE,  George,  an  English  statesman,  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  trade,  and  treasurer  of  the 
navy,  was  distinguished  for  his  great  industry 
and  application  to  business,  and  for  his  writings 
on  various  subjects;  he  died  in  1818. 

ROSE,  Samuel,  an  English  lawyer,  author  of 
a  Life  of  Goldsmith,  and  editor  of  Comyn's  Re- 
ports and  Digest ;  he  died  in  1804. 


RQ 

HOSEWELL,  Thomas,  an  eminent  dissent 
ing  clergyman  in  England,  was  educated  at 
Oxford ;  he  died  in  1691. 

ROSINUS,  John,  a  learned  German  author, 
and  preacher  of  the  cathedral,  at  Naumberg,  in 
Saxonv,  died  in  1626. 

ROSOI,  Barnaby  Firmin  du,  a  French  dra- 
matic writer,  distinguislied  himself  at  the  revo- 
lution, by  his  writings  in  favour  of  the  unfortu- 
nate king,  for  which  he  was  condemned  and 
executed  in  1792. 

ROSS,  Alexander,  teacher  of  an  English 
grammar  scliool,  and  chaplain  to  Charles  I.,  and 
author  of  some  religious  tracts,  died  in  16.54. 

ROSS,  Alexander,  a  Scottish  bishop  and  vol- 
uminous writer.  He  wrote  "  A  View  of  all 
Religions,"  and  died  in  1720,  aged  80. 

ROSS,  David,  an  eminent  English  actor,  died 
in  1790,  aged  62. 

ROSS,  John,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  Exeter,  died 
in  1792. 

ROSS,  George,  a  member  of  congress  from 
Pennsylvania,  in  1776,  and  a  signer  of  the  de- 
claration of  Independence. 

ROSSI,  John  Victor,  or  JANUS  NICIUS, 
ERITHR^US,  a  Roman,  of  noble  birth,  who 
devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits;  he  died 
in  1647.    His  writings  were  voluminous. 

ROSSI,  Jerome,  a  native  Of  Ravenna,  physi- 
cian to  Clement  VIII.,  died  in  1607. 

ROSSI,  Bernard  Marie  de,  a  theological  pro- 
fessor to  the  dominicans  of  Venice  ;  he  wrote 
on  historical  and  antiquarian  subjects,  and  died 
in  1775. 

ROSSLYN,  Alexander  Wedderl^urn,  earl  of, 
an  eminent  English  lawyer,  appointed  solicitor 
and  attorney  general,  and  created  baron  Lough- 
borough, and  made  chief- justice  of  the  common 
pleas,  afterwards  one  of  the  ministry,  and  chan- 
cellor ;  lie  died  in  1805. 

ROSSO,  Le,  or  MASTER  ROUX  a  self- 
taught  artist,  of  Florence,  who  acquired  cele 
brity  as  a  painter,  died  in  1541. 

ROTARI,  Peter,  a  celebrated  portrait  and  his 
torical  painter,  of  Verona.  He  was  patronised 
by  the  imperial  family  at  St.  Petersburg,  in  175G. 
The  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

ROTGANS,  Luke,  a  native  of  Amsterdam, 
who,  after  being  engaged  two  years  in  the  wars 
of  Holland,  retired  to  his  country  seat,  to  devote 
himself  to  poetry.  His  epic  poem  in  eight  books 
is  admired  by  the  Dutch  ;  he  died  in  1710. 

ROTHENAMER,  John,  an  eminent  historical 
painter,  of  Munich,  patronised  by  the  emperor 
Kodolph  II. ;  he  died  in  1604. 

ROTHERAM,  Dr.  John,  an  English  physi- 
cian, and  experimental  philosopher,  died  in  1787. 

ROTHERAM,  John,  an  English  divine  and 
theological  writer,  died  in  1788. 

ROTHMAN,  Christopher,  astronomer  to  the 
lEmdgrave  of  Hesse,  died  in  1592. 

ROTRON,  John  de,  a  distinguished  poet,  dra- 
matic writer,  and  magistrate  of  Dreux,  who  lost 
his  life  in  consequence  of  administering  to  the 
necessities  of  the  poor,  during  the  prevalence  of 
an  epidemic  disease,  in  1650. 

ROUBILLAC,  Francis,  a  most  eminent  sculp- 
tor, whose  chief  works  are  in  Westminster  Ab 
bey.  He  was  born  at  Lyons,  in  France,  but  went 
over  to  England.  He  had  also  a  turn  for  poetry, 
and  wrote  satires  in  French  verse,  died  in  1762. 

ROUCHER,  J.  A.,  a  distinguished  French 
poet,  born  at  Montpellier,  was  guillotined  for 
the  freedom  with  which  he  spoke  of  the  atroci- 
ties of  the  French  revolution,  in  1794- 

EOUELLE,   William  Francis,  lecturer  on 


RO 

chymistry,  in  the  royal  botanical  garden  at  Paris 
died  in  1770. 

ROUILLE,  Peter  Julian,  a  Jesuit,  of  Tours, 
professor  of  theology  and  philosophy  to  his  order, 
died  at  Paris,  in  1740. 

ROUS,  Francis,  a  violent  fanatic  of  the  com- 
monwealth, speaker  of  Earebone's  parliament, 
and  a  favourite  of  Cromwell,  who  made  him  pro- 
vost of  Eton  ;  he  died  in  J659. 

ROUSE,  John,  author  of  a  Chronicle  of  the 
Kings  of  England,  and  other  works,  died  in  1491. 

ROUSSEAU,  James,  a  distinguished  French 
painter,  born  at  Paris,  in  1630,  and  died  in  Lon- 
don, in  1093. 

ROUSSEAU,  John  Baptist,  an  illustrious 
French  poet,  born  at  Paris,  in  1669,  died  in  1741. 

ROUSSEAU,  John  James,  a  celebrated  phi- 
losopher, and  most  eccentric  genius,  born  at  Ge- 
neva, in  1711,  and  died  in  1778. 

ROUSSEL,  William,  a  Benedictine,  of  Cou- 
ches, in  Normandy,  wiio  devoted  himself  to 
literary  pursuits  at  Rheims,  died  in  1717. 

ROUSSEL,  Peter,  a  distinguished  writer  and 
physician,  ofFrance,  died  atChateaudun,  in  1803. 

ROUX,  Augustin,  a  native  of  Gascony,  who 
took  his  degrees  in  medicine  at  Bourdeaux,  au- 
thor of  Memoirs  of  Chymistry,  &c. ;  he  died  in 
1776. 

ROWE,  Nicholas,  an  English  dramatic  poet 
and  translator,  born  in  1673,  died  m  1718.  He 
wrote  8  plays,  and  gave  the  public  an  edition  of 
Shakspeare's  works,  to  which  he  prefixed  an 
account  of  that  great  man's  life. 

ROWE,  Elizabeth,  an  English  lady,  famous 
for  her  fine  parts  and  writings,  in  verse  and 
prose,  bom  in  1764,  died  in  1737.  She  is  chiefly 
celebrated  for  her  "  Friendship  in  Death,  in  20 
Letters  from  the  Dead  to  the  Living ;"  and  her 
"  Letters  Moral  and  Entertaining." 

ROWE,  Thomas,  the  husband  of  the  preced- 
ing, died  in  1718,  in  the  28th  year  of  his  age.  He 
commenced  a  translation  of  Plutarch's  Lives, 
which  he  did  not  live  to  finish. 

ROWE,  Thomas,  educated  at  Oxford,  min- 
ister of  Litchet,  in  Dorsetshire,  afterwards  a 
dissenting  clergyman,  died  in  1698. 

ROWE,  John,  a  popular  English  preacher, 
settled  in  Staffordshire,  and  afterwards  in  Lon- 
don, died  in  1677. 

ROWLAND,  Henry,  author  of  a  History  of 
the  Island  of  Anglesey,  died  in  1722. 

ROWLAND,  David  S.,  an  American  divine, 
pastor  of  a  congregational  church  at  Windsor, 
Conn.  ;  he  died  in  1794. 

ROWLEY,  Samuel,  a  dramatic  writer,  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.  of  England. 

ROWLEY,  William,  an  eminent  dramatic 
writer,  and  an  actor,  cotemporary  and  in  friend- 
ship with  Shakspeare,  Jonson,  &c. 

ROWLEY.     See  CHATTERTON. 

ROWLEY,  Dr.  William,  a  physician,  and  a 
copious  writer  on  medical  subjects,  unfortu- 
nately opposed  himself  to  vaccination.  He  died 
in  1806,  aged  63. 

ROWNING,  John,  an  able  mathematician, 
author  of  a  compendious  system  of  Natural 
Philosophy,  died  in  London,  in  1771. 

ROXANA,  the  daughter  of  Oxyartes,  a  Per- 
sian prince,  and  a  prodigy  of  beauty,  was  mar- 
ried to  Alexander  the  Great,  and  had  a  son  after 
his  death ;  both  mother  and  son  were  put  to 
death  by  Cassander,  323  B.  C. 

ROXBURG,  William,  M.  D.  an  eminent 
botanical  writer,  of  Ayrshire,  went  to  India, 
where  he  became  keeper  of  the  Botanical  Gar- 
den, at  Calcutta.  He  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  1815. 
359 


RU 

ROY,  Julian  le,  a  native  of  Tours,  distin- 
guished for  liis  great  mechanical  knowledge, 
died  in  1759. 

ROYSE,  George,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  chaplain  to  king  VVilJiam,  provost  of 
Orial  college,  and  dean  of  Bristol,  died  in  1708. 

ROYSE,  John,  A.  M.,  a  popular  preacher, 
under  Cromwell,  died  in  1663. 

ROZEE,  N.,  a  lady  of  Leyden,  who  excelled 
in  the  use  of  her  pencil,  but  finished  her  pictures 
with  silk  floss,  instead  of  colours  ;  she  died  in 
1682. 

ROZIER,  Francis,  D.  D.,  an  ecclesiastic,  prior 
of  Nanteuil,  distinguished  for  his  attachment 
to  the  study  of  agriculture,  botany,  chymislry, 
and  natural  liistory.  Killed  during  the  siege  of 
Lyons,  by  the  bursting  of  a  bomb,  when  in  bed, 
in  1793. 

RUBENS,  sir  Peter  Paul,  prince  of  the  Flem- 
ish painters,  born  in  1577.  He  was  sent  by 
Isabella,  ambassador  to  E;igland,  to  negotiate  a 
peace  with  Charles  I.,  in  1630.  The  king  knighted 
him  for  painting  the  banquetins-house.  He  died 
in  1640. 

RUBEXS,  Albert,  son  of  the  preceding,  go- 
vernor of  the  Low  Countries,  died  in  1657. 

RUCCELLAI,  John,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Flo- 
rence, of  illustrious  birth,  ambassador  from  pope 
Leo  X.,  to  Francis  I.,  afterwards  governor  of 
St.  Angelo  ;  he  died  in  15-26. 

RUCCELLAI,  Bernard,  a  native  of  Florence, 
in  the  15th  century,  author  of  "  Bellum  Itali- 
cum." 

RUDBECK,  Olaus,  professor  of  medicine  at 
Upsa!,  died  in  1702. 

RUDDTIMAN,  Thomas,  an  eminently  learned 
Scotchman,  author  of  a  Latin  grammar,  with 
valuable  notes  ;  he  was  born  in  1674,  and  died 
in  1757. 

RUDING,  Rogers,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  "  Annals  of  the  coinage  of  Britain  and  its 
dependencies;"  he  died  in  18-20. 

RUE,  Charles  de  la,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  Greek  and  He- 
brew, died  in  1739. 

RUE,  Charles  de  la,  a  French  orator  and  po- 
et, born  at  Paris,  in  1643,  and  died  in  1725. 

RUFFHEAD,  Owen,  an  English  law  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  and  biographer  of  Pope, 
died  in  1769. 

RUFF/,  Anthony  de,  a  learned  counsellor, 
of  Marseilles,  of  v.iiich  place  he  wrote  a  Histo- 
rv  ;  he  died  in  1669. 

RUFIXUS,  a  father  of  the  church,  the  friend, 
and  afterwards  the  antagonist  of  St.  Jerome, 
died  in  410 

R17FU3,  Ephesius,  an  ancient  Greek  anato- 
mical writer,  whose  works  are  lo.st,  and  an  able 
physician 


a   celebrated; 


RU _;;] 

terwards  of  the  university  at  Edinburgh,  died 
in  1705. 

RULIERES,  N.  de,  a  learned  Frenchman,  ' 
author  of  an  Account  of  the  Revolution  in  Pa- 
land,  and  other  works,  died  in  1791. 

RULLAND,  Martin,  professor  of  medicine, 
at  Lawingen,in  Swabia,  and  physician  to  Ro- 
dolpli  II.,  died  at  Prague,  in  1602. 

RUMFORD,  count.  See  THOMPSON,  Ben- 
jamin. 

RUMPHIUS,  George  Everard,  a  doctor  of  me- 
dicine in  Hanau  university,  distinguished  as  a« 
botanist  ;  the  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

RUMSEY,  James,  an  ingenious  mechanic,  of 
Virginia,  who  invented  a  mode  of  propelling 
boats  by  steam,  in  1782.  The  experiments 
which  were  made,  however,  were  not  success- 
ful.   He  died  at  Philadelphia,  about  1790. 

RUNDLE,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Derry,  and  an 
excellent  theological  writer,  died  in  1743. 

RUNNINGTON,  Charles,  an  English  ser- 
geant P-t  law,  died  in  182^1.  He  published  Hale'g 
History  of  the  common  law,  and  several  other 
valuable  professional  works. 

RUPERT,  Prince,  a  brave  German  general, 
died  in  1682,  aced  63. 

RUREMOND,  John  William  de,  a  French 
fanatic,  who  thought  himself  inspired  and  com- 
missioned by  lieaven,  to  restore  the  tenets  of  the 
anabaptists  of  Munster,  was  burnt  about  1580. 

RUSCELLI,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Viterbo, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  died  in  1565. 

RUSH,  Benjamin,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  a  distill- 
guished  American  physician  and  statesman, 
was  professor  of  chymistry,  and  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  m.edicine.  and  of  clinical  medi- 
cine, in  tiie  medical  school  in  Philadelphia.  He 
was  also  a  member  of  congress,  in  1776,  and 
signer  of  the  declaration  of  Independence,  and 
physician-general  of  the  middle  department  of 
the  revolutionary  army.  Few  men  have  been 
greater  ornaments  to  the  country  than  Dr.Rusii, 
'and  very  few  liave  acquired  greater  reputation 
both  at  home  and  abroad.  His  writings,  par- 
ticularly on  professional  subjects,  are  highly 
valued.     He  died  at  Philadelphia,  in  1813. 

RUSHWORTH,  John,  an  English  gentleman, 
editor  of  some  verv  useful  historical  collections, 
died  in  1690,  aged  83. 

RUSSEL,  Alexander,  physician  to  the  Eng- 
lish factory  at  Aleppo,  distinguished  for  his 
abilities  and  learning  both  there  and  in  England; 
died  in  1770. 

RUSSEL,  lord  William,  an  eminent  English 
patriot,  was  beheaded  in  1683. 

RUSSEL,  Francis,  duke  of  Bedford,  an  Ens 
lish  nobleman,  distinguished  for  his  endeavours 
jto  improve  every,  branch  of  agriculture.     He- 
died  in  1802,  a?ed  37. 


j    RUSSEL,  Richard,  an  eminent  English  pliy 
jsician,  died  in  1768. 


RUGEXDAS,  George   Philip, 
painter,  of  A^agsburg,  died  in  1742, 

RUGGLE,  George^,  an  English  writer,  author  |j  RUSSEL,  Elizabeth,  lady,  wife  of  lord  John, 
of  a  comedyi  in  Latin,  performed  before  Jamesj!  was  distinguished  by  a  well  cultivated  mind,  and 
I.,  in  1614  ;  he  died  in  1640.  I  a  taste  for  literature  ;  she  died  about  1600. 

RUGGLES,  Timothy,  a  native  of  Massachu-ji     RUSSEL,  Patrick,  M.  D.,  and  F.  R.  S.,  au- 
setts,  was  abrigadier-general  under  general  Am- jithor  of  a  valuable  treatise  on  the  plague,  anii 
lierst,  and  a  brave  and  meritorious  officer.    Atjjof  some  estimable  works  on  natural  history  ;  he 
the  revolution  he  joined  the  British,  and  died  in  li  died  in  1805. 
Nova  Scotia,  in  1798.  Ij     RUSSEL,  William,  LL.  D.,  born  in  Scot- 

RUHN'KEXIUS,  David,  a  native  of  Pomera-;  land,  in  1746,  and  died  in  1793,  having  published 


nia,  professor  of  belles  lettres  and  history,  and 
librarian  in  Levden  university,  died  in  1798. 

RUrXART,  Thierry,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
ba  fi  at  Rhci;ns,  died  in  1709. 

RULE.  Gilbert,  professor  of  philosophy,  at 
Ab -rdten.  and  principal  of  his  college,  and  af- 

:J60 


several  works 

RUSSELL,  Chambers,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  and  of  the 
admiralty  court  of  the  province,  died  in  Eng- 
land, in  1766. 

RUSSELL,  Jaraes,  of  Massachusetts,  he  sua- 


SA 

taifled  various  civil  offices  i.i  that  state,  witli 
great  reputation,  and  died  in  1798. 

RUSSELL,  Thomas,  an  eminent  merchant, 
of  Boston,  died  in  1796. 

RUST,  George,  dean  of  Connor,  and  bishop 
of  Dromore,  Ireland,  died  in  1670. 

RUTH,  a  woman  of  Moab,  mentioned  in  the 
Scriptures,  who  by  marrying  Boaz,  became  the 
progenitor  of  the  roval  race  of  David. 

RUTHERFORTH,  Thomas,  an  English  di- 
vine, and  writer  on  natural  philosophy,  morals, 
and  mathematics,  died  in  1771,  aged  59. 

RUTILIA,  a  Roman  lady,  wife  of  M.  Anna 
Cotta,  celebrated  as  a  woman  of  great  virtue. 

RUTILIUS  RUFUS,  Publius,  a  Roman  con- 
sul, banished  through  envy,  about  105  B.  C. 

RUTILIUS,  Claudius,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
in  the  5th  century,  wrote  in  elegiac  verse. 

RUTLEDGE,  John,  a  member  of  congress  in 
1774,  and  afterwards  governor  of  the  state  of 
Boutli  Carolina,  was  distinguished  for  his  zeal 
and  firmness  in  support  of  the  rights  of  the 
colonies,  during  the  revolution.  He  died  in 
1800. 

RUTLEDGE,  Edward,  an  eminent  laivyer 
and  patriot,  of  South  Caroli.na,  was  a  n.einbcr 
of  congress  from  that  state,  in  1774  and  1776, 
and  a  signerof  the  declaration  of  Independence. 
He  was  afterwards  governor  of  South  Carolina, 
and  died  in  1800. 

RUYSCH,  Frederic,  a  veiy  eminent  Dutch 
anatomist,  born  in  1638,  and  died  in  1731. 

RUYSDALL,  Jacob,  a  celpbrated  Dutch  land 
scape  painter,  died  in  1681,  aged  45. 

RUYTER,  Michael  Adrian,  a  famous  Dutch 
admiral,  died  in  1676,  aged  69. 

RYAN,  Lacy,  an  English  dramatic  writer, 
but  more  eminent  as  an  actor,  born  in  1694,  and 
died  in  1760. 

RYCKHAEET,  Martin,  an  eminent  Dutch 
landscape  painter,  died  in  1636. 

RYCaUIUS,  Justus,  of  Ghent,  professor  of 
eloquence  at  Bologna,  where  he  died  in  1C27.  He 
wrote  "  Capitolio  ftomano,"  a  valuable  work. 

RYER,  Peter  du,  a  French  dramatic  writer, 
died  in  1658,  aged  53. 

RY'KIUS,  Theodore,  professor  of  history  at 
Leyden,died  in  1690. 

RYLAND,  John,  a  distinguished  baptist 
preacher  in  England,  author  of  "  Elements  of 
Mechanics,"  "  Sermons,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  1792. 

E*YLAND,  William  Wynne,  an  eminent 
English  engraver.  He  committed  forgery,  for 
which  he  suffered  death  in  1783. 

RYMER,  Thomas,  an  excellent  antiquary  and 
historian,  died  in  1713. 

RYSBRAC,  John  Michael,  an  eminent  statua- 
ry, who  died  in  London,  in  1770. 

RYSBRAECK,  Peter,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  born  in  1657.  The  time 
of  his  death  is  uncertain. 

RYVES,  sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  lawj'er  and 
miscellaneous  writer  in  Latin,  died  in  1651. 

RYVES,  Bruno,  a  celebrated  preacher,  chap- 
lain to  Charles  I.  ;  he  died  in  1677. 

RYVES,  Eliza,  an  Irish  lady,  celebrated  as  a 
poetess  and  miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1797. 

S 

SA,  or  SAA,  Emanuel,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
was  professor  of  theology  at  Coimbra  and  at 
Rome;  he  wrote  several  valuable  works,  and 
died  in  1596. 

SA  DE  MIRANDA,  Francis,  a  native  of  Co 

imbra,  and  professor  of  jurisprudence  at  the 

21 


' SA 

university.  He  wrote  satires,  comedies,  &c. 
and  died  in  1553. 

SAADAS  GAON,  a  Jewish  rabbi,  author  of 
a  book  on  the  Belief  of  the  Jews,  and  other 
theological  works,  died  in  943. 

SAAS,  John,  a  canon  of  the  church  of  Rouen, 
and  librarian,  died  in  1774.  He  wrote  an  Abridg- 
ment of  the  French  Historical  Dictionary,  and 
other  books. 

SAAVEDRA,  Michael  de  Cervantes,  a  cele- 
brated Spanish  writer,  died  in  1616,  aged  67. 

SAAVEDRA  FAJARDO,  Diego,  a  noble 
Spaniard,  ambassador  to  Switzerland.  He 
wrote  "Idea  of  a  Polite  Prince,"  and  other 
works,  and  died  in  1770. 

9ABAS,  a  famous  sectarist,  flourished  about 
310. 

SABATEI-SEVl,  a  Jewish  impostor,  born 
at  Smyrna,  in  1626.  He  presented  himself  at 
Jerusalem,  as  the  promised  Messiah,  and  in- 
vited the  Jews  to  salute  tlieir  deliverer.  Mul- 
titudes were  so  infatuated  as  to  believe  liis 
declarations,  and  receive  him  as  the  King  of 
Kings.  He  was  seized  on  his  way  to  Constan- 
linople,  and  imprisoned,  and  after  embracing 
Maliometaiiism,  died  there  in  1675. 

SABBATHIER,  Francis,  a  French  miscella- 
neous writer,  whose  works  are  numerous ;  he 
died  in  1807. 

SAKBATHIER,  Peter,  a  native  of  Poitiers,  of 
the  order  of  Benedictines,  who  was  employed 
for  twenty  years  in  making  a  collection  of  the 
Latin  versions  of  the  Pible,  wliich  was  publish- 
ed in  J  743,  under  the  title  of  "  Bibliorum  Sacro- 
um  LatinsE  Versiones  Antique;"  he  died  in 
1742. 

SABELLICUS,  Mark  Antony  Cocceius,  a 
learned  Italian,  professor  of  belles  lettres  at 
Udina,  and  librarian  to  St.  Marks  at  Venice, 
died  in  1506. 

SABELLIUS,  a  noted  African,  founde.  of  a 
sect  in  the  .?d  century,  which  denied  distinc- 
tion in  the  Trinity. 

SABEO,  Faiistus,  a  native  of  Bresse,  in  the 
Venetian  territory,  distinguished  as  a  poet,  died 
about  1558. 

SABINA,  Julia,  wife  of  the  emperor  Adrian 
At  the  request  of  her  husband  she  took  poison, 
tlvat  she  might  not  survive  him,  and  died  in  138. 
SABINA,  Aulus,  a  Latin  poet  in  the  age  of 
Ovid.  His  works,  which  have  all  perished, 
were  said  to  possess  some  merit. 

SABINUS,  Francis  Floribus,  a  polite  and 
learned  Italian  writer,  author  of  Interpretations 
of  the  Civil  Law,  &c.,  died  about  1547. 

SABINUS,  George,  an  excellent  modern  La- 
tin poet.  He  settled  at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder, 
where  he  was  patronised  by  tlie  elector  of  Bran- 
denburg, and  the  emperor  Charles  V. ;  he  died 
in  1560. 

SABLIER,  N.,  an  eminent  French  writer, 
who  published  "Essai  sur  les  Languages,"  and 
other  works,  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1785. 

SABLIERE,  Anthony  de  Rambouillet  de  la,  a 
French  poet,  died  in  1680. 

SACCIII,  Andrea,  an  illustrious  Italian  his- 
torical painter,  died  in  1661,  aged  62. 

SACCHINI,  Antoine  Marie  Gasper,  a  very 
eminent  musician,  born  at  Naples,  in  1735,  and 
died  at  Paris,  in  1786. 

SACHEVERELL,  Dr.  Henry,  a  divine  of 
great  celebrity  in  England,  died  in  1724,  aged  52. 
SACHTLEVEN,  Herman,  a  native  of  Rot- 
terdam, distinguished  as  a  landscape  painter, 
died  in  1685.  His  relative,  Cornelius,  was  also 
Ian  eminent  landscape  painter. 

361 


SA 

SACKVILLE,  Thomas,  lord  Buckhutst,  and 
earl  of  €)orset,  was  celebrated  as  a  poet,  and 
died  iti  1608,  aged  72. 

SACKVILLE,  Charles,  earl  of  Dorset  and 
Middlesex,  a  celebrated  wit  and  poet,  died  in 
1706,  aged  69. 

SACKVILLE,  Edward,  earl  of  Dorset,  an 
English  soldier,  and  an  ambassador  from  Eng- 
land to  the  French  court.  He  was  afterwards 
president  of  the  council,  and  lord  privy  seal, 
under  Charles,  and  died  in  1652. 

SACKVILLE,  George,  viscount,  a  lieutenant- 
general  in  the  British  service,  and  afterwards 
secretary  of  state  for  the  colonial  department 
and  first  lord  of  the  hoard  of  trade,  in  the  British 
cabinet,  died  in  1785. 

SACY,  Lewis  de,  an  advocate  of  the  parlia 
ment  of  Paris,  author  of  a  French  translation 
of  Pliny's  Letters,  and  other  works,  died  in  1 

SADE,  N.  de,  abbot  of  Ebreuil,  and  author 
of  "  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Plutarch,"  died  in 
1780. 

SADELER,  John,  an  eminent  designer  and 
engraver,  of  Brussels,  patronised  by  the  duke 
of  Bavaria,  lived  about  1550.  His  brother  and 
a  nephew  were  also  eminent  artists. 

SADLEIR,  sir  Ralph,  a  statesman,  bora  in 
1507,  and  died  in  1587. 

SADLER,  John,  an  English  law  writer,  died 
in  1674. 

SADLER,  Anthony,  an  English  clergyman, 
chaplain  to  Charles  II.  after  the  restoration, 
died  in  1680. 

SADOE,  a  famous  Jew  rabbi,  and  founder  of 
the  sect  of  the  Sadducees ;  he  flourished  220 
B.  C. 

SADOLET,  James,   a  polite    and    learned 
Italian  writer  andcardinal,  died  in  1547,  aged  70. 
SAGE,  David  le,  a  French  poet,  wrote  epi- 
grams, sonnets,  elegies,  &c.,  and  died  about 
1650. 

SAGE,  Allan  Rene  le,  an  ingenious  French, 
dramatic  poet  and  novelist,  died  in  1747,  aged 
80.  He  wrote  "  The  Devil  on  two  Slicks"  and 
•'Gil  Bias." 

SAGE,  John,  a  Scotch  clergyman,  bishop  of 
Edinbvifjh,  died  in  1711. 

SAGITTARIUS,  Gaspard,  professor  of  his- 
4ory  in  the  university  of  Halle,  and  historian  to 
the  duke  of  Saxony,  an  able  supporter  of  the 
doctrines  of  the  reformation,  and  a  writer.  He 
died  in  1(594. 

SAGREDO,  John,  a  noble  Venetian,  ambas- 
sador to  various  courts,  and  doge  of  Venice, 
wrote  a  "History  of  the  Ottoman  Empire," 
in  1677. 

SAILLANT,  N.  du,  a  French  officer,  distin- 
guished at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  forf 
his  etforts  in  support  of  the  monarchy.  He  was, 
murdriied  with  his  followers  at  Vans.  I 

SALVT-AMAND,  .Mars  Antony  Gerard  de,  a 
French  traveller  and  poet,  died  in  1660.  His  best 
piece  is  an  Ode  on  Solitude. 

SAINT- ANDRE,  Nathaniel,  a  Swiss,  who 
went  to  England,  and  practised  surgery  and 
anatouiv  ;  he  died  in  1775 

SAINT-AULAIRE,  Francis  Joseph  de  Beau- 
poil,  marquis  de,  a  French  poet,  who  lived  to  near 
100  years,  and  wrote  his  best  verses  at  90  ;  he 
died  in  1"42. 

SAINT-CLAIR,  Arthur,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, came  to  America,  in  1755,  and  served  in 
the  British  army  under  general  Wolfe.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  revolution,  he  joined  the  Ame- 
ricans, and  was  appointed  successively  a  bri- 
gadier and  major-general  la  their  atmy,  in 
362 


% 


SA ^ 

which  he  served  with  reputation  and  success. 
He  was  afterwards  a  member  and  president  <^ 
congress,  and  governor  of  the  United  Statr 
territory  north-west  of  the  Ohio.      He  died 
1818. 

SAINT-CYR,  TannequU  de  Bouchet,  a  brave 
French  officer  under  Charles  IX.  He  was  made 
governor  of  Orleans,  and  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Moncontour,  in  1569. 

SAINT-CYRAN,  John  du  Verger  de  Hou- 
ranne,  abbot  of,  born  at  Bayonne,  in  1581 ;  hi 
wrote  many  books,  and  died  in  1643. 
SAINT-EVREMOND.    See  EVREMOND 
SAINT- FOIX,    Germain    Francis   Poullain 
de,  a  French  writer,  born  in  1703.    He  wrote 
Turkish    Letters,"      "  Historical     Essays,'' 
Comedies,"  &c.,  and  died  in  1776. 
SAINT-GELAIS,  Octavian  de,  a  French  di- 
vine and  poet,  bishop  of  Angouleme,  died  ia 
1502. 

SATNT-GELAIS,  Melin  de,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  distinguished  French  poet,  died  in  1559. 
SAINT-GE.NNIEZ,  John  de,  a  clergyman, 
of  Avignon,  and  author  of  some  poetical  pieces 
of  great  merit,  died  in  1663. 

SAINT-GERMAIN,  Robert,  count  de,  a  dis- 
tinguished officer  in  the  service  of  France  and 
of  Denmark.  He  was  made  a  field  marshal  of 
Denmark,  and  was  afterwards  at  the  head  of 
the  French  war  department  under  Lewis  XVL 
He  died  in  1777. 

SALNT-GERMAIN,  N.,  count  de,  an  im- 
postor, who  pretended  to  have  lived  2000  years, 
and  to  have  set  at  the  side  of  our  Saviour  at  the 
marriage  of  Cana.    He  died  in  1784. 

SAINT-HYACINTHE,  Themiseul  dc,  a 
French  writer,  known  by  bis  quarrel  with  Vol- 
taire, and  author  of  some  romances,  and  other 
works,  died  in  1746. 

SAINT-JOHN,  Henry,  lord  viscount  Boling- 
broke,  a  famous  English  philosopher,  and  poli- 
tician, born  in  1672,  and  died  in  1751.  He  was 
secretary  of  war,  and  of  state,  to  queen  Anne 

SAINT-JUST,  Louis  Leon  de,  one  of  the 
most  violent  and  cruel  of  the  French  revolu- 
tionists, the  associate  of  Robespierre.  He  gain 
ed  the  friendship  of  that  monster  by  advocating 
and  supporting  his  sanguinary  measures,  and 
deservedly  perished  with  him  on  the  scaffold,  in 
1794.  He  wrote  "  Esprit  de  la  Revolution." 

SAINT-LAMBERT,  Charles  Francis  de,  a 
French  poet  and  dramatic  writer,  the  friend  of 
Voltaire,  died  in  1802.  He  wrote  the  "  Seasons,'' 
a  poem,  "  Oriental  Fables,"  &c. 

SAINT-MARK,  Charles  Hugh  le  Fevre  dc 
a  French  miscellaneous  writer,  died  at  Paris 
in  176D. 

SAINT-MARTIN,  N.,  a  French  soldier  anc 
writer,  author  of  a  book  "  on  Error  and  Truth,' 
and  a  "  Picture  of  Natural  Order ;"  he  died  ii 
1804. 

SAINT-NECTAIRE,  Magdalen  de,  aFrencI 
heroine,  famous  for  the  defence  of  her  casth: 
against  the  superior  forces  of  the  enemy,  in  thi 
wars  of  the  protestants. 

SAINT-NON,  John  Claude  Richard  de,  ; 
counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  au 
thor  of  a  "Voyage  to  Naples  and  Sicily,"  am 
"  Julia,"  a  coinedv;  he  died  in  1791. 

SAINT-PAVIN,  Denys  Sanguinde,  a  Frencl 
ecclflsiastic  and  poet,  author  of  epigrams,  son 
nets.  &c.,  died  in  1670.  ! 

SAINT-PHALIER,  Prances  Theresa  Aumelf 
de,  a  French  lady,  who  wrote  the  "  Confiden 
Rival,"  a  comedy,  and  some  poetical  pieces 
died  in  1757 


SA 


Iy^AINT-PIERRE,  Charles  Irensus  C^stel  de, 
o'  Fffcucli  ecclesiastic,  distingjiished  as  a  politi 
cian,  and  as  a  man  of  letters,  author  of  a  "  Pro- 
ject for  Universal  Peace  among  the  European 
Powers,"  and  other  works,  ditd  in  1743. 

SAINT- PIERR:^  Eustace  de,  a  famous  pa 
triotic  citizen  of  Calais,  who,  hi  1347,  offered 
himself,  the  first  of  sic,  of  the  principal  inhabi 
tarns,  required  liy  Edward  lil.  to  be  given  up  to 
his  discretion,  as  victims  for  their  obstinacy  in 
holding  out  the  siege.    By  the  entreaties  of  Ed 

ird's  queen  he  spared  their  hves,  and  made 
them  presents. 

SAL\T-PIERRE,  Jacques  Henri  Bernardin 
de,  a  Vfijy  pleasing  French  writer,  died  iii  1814, 
aged  77.  His  "  Studies  of  Nature,"  is  deserv- 
edly a  popular  worit. 

SAINT  PREUIL,  Francis  de  Jussac  d'Em- 
bleviile  de,  a  distinguished  French  officer,  and 
governor  of  Arras,  died  in  1641. 

SAINT-SIMON,  Louis  de  Rouvroi,  duke  of, 
a  French  statesman,  and  ambassador  to  Spain, 
in  1721.  His  works  have  been  published  in  13 
vols. 

SAINT-VINCENT,  John  Francis  Fauris  de, 
president  of  the  parliament  of  Provence,  died 
^    1798. 

SAINT- YVES,  Charles,  a  skilful  French  oc- 
ilist,  author  of  a  valuable  Treatise  on  theDis- 
3rders  of  the  Eyes,  died  in  1736. 

SAINTE-ALDEGONDE,  Philip  de  Marnix, 
ord  du  Mont,  an  eminent  German  statesman 
and  patriot,  and  divinity  and  civil  law  writer ; 
tie  died  in  1598,  aged  60. 

SAINTE-BEUVE,  James  de,  a  French  eccle- 
jiasiic,  and  professor  of  divinity  at  the  Sorbon- 
[le,  died  in  1677. 

SAINTE-MARTHE,  in  Latin,  Sammartha- 
lus,  the  name  of  a  family  in  France,  which, 
from  1536  to  the  end  of  the  17th  century,  was 
Trnitfnl  in  men  of  letters. 

SAINTE-P  ALAYE,  John  Baptist  de  la  Curne 
ie,  a  French  antiquary,  author  of  a  valuable 
ivork  on  "  Ancient  Chivalry,"  and  of  a  "  Uni- 
versal French  Glossary,"  in  40  volumes,  died 
in  1781. 

SAL ADIN,  or  SALAHEBDIN,  a  famous  sul- 
tan of  Egypt,  equally  renowned  as  a  warrior 
and  legislator  ;  he  died  in  1193,  aged  57. 

SALARiO,  Andrew,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Milan,  in  1487,  died  at  Florence,  in  1559. 

SALDEN,  William,  a  native  of  Utrecht,  was 
minister  of  the  Hague  church,  and  distinguish- 
ed as  a  theological  writer  ;  he  died  in  1694. 

SALE,  George,  a  learned  Englishman,  who 
died  at  London,  in  1736.  He  translated  the  Ko- 
ran, from  the  original,  with  notes. 

SALERNE,  Francis,  a  French  physician, who 
flevoted  himself  to  the  elucidation  of  natural 
history.  He  wrote  the  "  Natural  History  of 
Animals,"  &c.,  and  died  in  1760. 

SALESBURY,  William,  author  of  a  Welch 
Dictionary,  poems,  and  other  works ;  he  lived 
in  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 

SAliIAN,  James,  a  Jesuit,  of  Avignon,  rector 
of  the  college  of  Besancon,  died  in  1640.  He 
wrote  several  theological  works. 

SALIftlBENI,  Venuri,  a  distinguished  histo- 
rical painter,  of  Sienna,  died  in  1613.  j 

SALINAS,  Francis  de,  a  native  of  Burgos,' 
who,  although  destitute  of  sight,  was  distin-j 
guished  for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics,! 
Greek,  Latin,  and  music.  He  wrote  a  Treatise' 
on  Music,  and  died  in  1590.  I 

SALINGUERRA,  a  chief  of  the  Ghibelins, 
v/ho  seized  upon  Ferrara,  in  1195,  and  defied 


SA 


the  power  of  the  pope,  and  of  the  duke  of  Este 
He  was  afterwards  taken,  and  died  in  prison,  in 
1240. 

SALIS,  Ulysses  de,  a  noble  Swiss,  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  officer  in  the  Venetiaa 
and  French  armies,  and  in  aid  of  his  native 
country.     He  died  in  1674. 

SALISBURY,  John,  an  English  divine,  in  the 
reign  of  Stephen.  His  writings  on  subjects  of 
antiquity  and  criticism,  are  curious  and  valua- 
ble. 

SALISBURY,  Robert  Cecil,  earl  of,  an  emi- 
nent Engliish  Etatesman,  the  son  of  lord  Bur- 
leigh, was  born  in  1550.  He  was  chancellor  of 
Lancaster,  principal  secretary  of  state,  and 
prime  minister  of  England,  under  Elizabeth  ;  in 
which  stations,  as  well  as  that  of  high  treasurer, 
he  behaved  with  uncommon  prudence  and  saga- 
city.   He  died  in  1612. 

SALLENGRE,  Albert  Henry  de,  a  learned 
writer,  born  at  the  Hague,  in  1694.  He  became 
an  advocate  of  the  court  of  Holland,  and  com- 
missary of  the  finances  of  the  states-general, 
and  died  in  1723. 

SALLO,  Dennis  de,  a  French  writer,  famous 
as  the  inventor  of  literary  journals,  born  in  1626, 
and  died  in  1669. 

SALLUST,  Cains  Crispus,  a  most  celebrated 
Roman  historian,  born  85  B.  C,  and  died  at  the 
age  of  50. 

SALMANASAR,  king  of  Assyria,  who  put 
an  end  to  the  kingdom  of  Israel,  by  invading  the 
country,  and  carrying  the  people  into  captivity. 
He  died  about  714  B.  C. 

BALMASiUS,  Claudius,  or  SAUMATSE,  a 
Froi.'ch  historian  and  critic,  of  most  uncomnion 
abilities,  and  imnieTise  citiditioiij  bom  h\  15«S, 
and  died  in  1653,  leaving  works  very  numerous 
and  various. 

SALMERON,  Alphonsug,  of  Toledo,  a  zeal- 
ous follower  of  Ignatius  Loyola,  the  founder  of 
the  Jesuits,  distinguished  for  his  learning.  He 
wrote  Coranienlaries  on  the  Scriptures,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1588. 

SALMON,  William,  an  eminent  empiric,  au- 
thor of  the  "  Complete  Physician,"  and  other 
works,  died  about  1700. 

SALMON,  Nathaniel,  an  English  divine,  bio- 
grapher, and  antiquary,  died  in  1742. 

SALMON,  Thomas,  an  English  writer,  who 
published  a  "Geographical  Grammar,"  of  some 
reputation,  and  died  in  1743. 

SALOMON,  J.  P.,  the  greatest  performer  on 
the  violin  in  Europe,  was  born  in  Cologne,  in 
1745,  and  died  in  London,  in  1815.  He  brought 
into  England  the  immortal  Haydn,  the  most 
original,  brilliant,  and  fertile  musical  genius  the 
world  ever  produced. 

SALONINA,  wife  of  Gallienus,  distinguished 
as  a  literary  and  benevolent  princess  ;  she  was 
murdered  with  her  husband,  in  2C8. 

SALTER,  Samuel,  D.D.,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  prebendary  of  Norwich,  died  in  1778. 
He  was  distinguished  for  his  eloquence,  piety, 
and  learning. 

SALTER,  John,  major-general  of  the  English 
forces,  and  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  first  regi- 
ment of  foot.  He  was  originally  a  private  in 
the  guards,  and  v/as  commissioned  by  the  great 
duke  of  Cumberland.  He  died  in  1787,  aged  78. 
SALTONSTALL,  Gurdon,  an  Americaa 
clergyman,  afterwards  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Connecticut,  a  man  of  genius,  and  of  strong 
discriminating  powers  of  mind ;  he  died  at  New- 
London,  in  1724. 

SALTONSTALL,  Richard,  a  distinguished 
363 


; — SA 

Diagistrate,  and  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Massachusetts,  died  in  1756. 

SALV  ATOR,  Rosa,  an  eminent  Italian  pain- 
ter, engraver,  and  poet,  bom  in  1615,  and  died 
in  1673. 

SALVI,  John,  an  eminent  historical  painter, 
bom  near  Urbino,  died  in  1590. 

SALVI,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  architect,  of 
Rome,  died  in  1751. 

SALVIANI,  Hippolitus,  a  physician  at  Rome, 
auihorof  a  Treatise  on  Fishes,  and  other  works, 
including  poems  and  comedies,  died  in  1752. 

SALVIANLTS,  a  clear,  elegant,  and  beautiful 
writer,  and  one  of  the  fathers  of  the  church. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  called  "De  Providentia  Dei," 
in  eight  books.    He  lived  in  the  5th  century. 

SALVIATF,  Francis,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Florence,  died  in  1563. 

SAL  VI  ATI,  Joseph,  a  distinguished  Venetian 
painter,  whose  designs  and  colouring  were  much 
admired  ;  he  died  in  1585. 

SALVINI,  Anthony  Marie,  an  eminent  Ita- 
lian scholar,  professor  of  Greek  at  Florence, 
died  in  17-29.  He  translated  tlie  works  of  many 
.distinguished  Greek  and  Latin  writers  into 
Italian,  and  wrote  some  elegant  sonnets,  &c. 

SAMBUCUS,  John,  counsellor  of  state,  and 
historiographer  of  the  German  empire,  under 
Ma.ximiliaa  II.  and  Rodolphus  II.  He  wrote 
"  Lives  of  the  Roman  Emperors,"  "  History  of 
Hungary,"  and  other  works,  and  died  in  1.584. 

SAMMARTHANUS.  See  SAINTE-MAR- 
THE. 

SAMPSOX,  William,  an  English  dramatic 
writer  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 

SAMPSON,  Henry,  M  A.,  an  English  non- 
conformist divine,  and  afterwjir<la  -  glgiJ-r 
guisheu  "l;''oIC'.-r>  at  London,  died  in  1705. 

SAMSON,  son  of  Manoah,  of  the  tribe  of 
Dan.  He  is  celebrated  in  Scripture  for  his  ex- 
traordinary streniith,  which  he  exerted  against 
the  enemies  of  his  country.  Being  betrayed 
^nd  taken  prisoiier,  he  perished  with  3000  of 
the  Philistines,  in  the  temple  of  Dagon,  1117 
B.C. 

SAMUEL,  a  prophet  in  Israel,  celebrated 
for  his  piety  and  devotion  to  the  service  of 
God.  He  anointed  Saul,  and  afterwards  Da- 
vid, as  kings  over  Israel,  and  died  about  1057 
B.C. 

SAMWELL,  David,  surgeon  on  board  the 
Discovery,  at  the  time  of  capt.  Cook's  death, 
and  author  of  a  minute  account  of  that  event, 
also  of  some  Welsh  poems ;  he  died  in  1799. 

SANADON,  Noel  Stephen,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
born  at  Rouen,  in  1676,  and  died  in  1733.  He 
wrote  a  translation  of  Horace,  with  notes. 

SANCHEZ,  Antonio  Nunes  Ribeiro,  an  emi- 
nent Portuguese  phvsician  and  writer,  born  in 
1699,  and  died  in  1783. 

SANCHEZ,  Thomas,  an  illustrious  Jesuit,  of 
Spain,  was  born  in  1551,  and  died  in  1610.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  learning. 

SANCHEZ,  Peter  Anthony,  a  Spanish  divine 
and  theoloeical  writer,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Vigo,  in  Gallicia,  died  in  1806. 

SANCHO  II.,  surnamed  the  Strong,  king  of 
Castile.  He  dethroned  and  banished  his  brothers 
from  the  kingdoms  of  Gallicia  and  Leon,  and 
afterwards  deprived  his  sisters  of  their  patri- 
mony.   He  was  assassinated  in  1072. 

SANCHO,  Ignatius,  an  extraordinary  negro, 
bom  in  1729,  on  board  a  ship  in  the  slave  trade, 
and  died  in  1780.  He  lived  under  the  patronai,'e 
of  the  late  duke  of  Montague.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  talents,  and  was  in  habits  of  the  most 
3S4 


SA_ __: 

familiar  jiterary  intimacy  with   Garrick  and 

Sterne. 

ANCHONIATHON,  an  ancient  Phoenician 
philosopher  and  historian,  flourished  760  B.  C. 

SANCROFT,  Dr.  William,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  born  in  16J6,  and  died  in  1693. 

SANCTORIUS,  a  celebrated  medical  pro- 
fessor, of  Padua,  who  flourished  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  17th  century. 

SANDRY,  Paul,  an  English  artist,  distin-1 
guished  for  his  aquatinta  drawings,  and  amem-| 
ber  of  the  royal  academy ;  he  died  in  1809.        j 

SANDRY,  Thomas,  brother  to  the  preceding,! 
was  professor  of  architecture  in  the  royal  aca^; 
demy,  and  died  in  1798. 

SANDEMAN,  Robert,  a  Scotchman,  who,  af-« 
ter  preaching  his  peculiar  doctrines  in  London, 
came  to  America,  and  founded  a  sect,  called 
Sandemanians;  He  died  in  Connecticut,  in 
177-2. 

SANDERS,  Robert,  an  English  writer,  author 
of  the  "  Complete  English  Traveller,"  the 
"  Newgate  Calendar,"  and  other  works,  died  in 
1783. 

SANDERS,  Nicolas,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Louvain,  and  afterwards  nuncio  from  Gregory 
XIH.  to  Ireland.     He  died  in  1581. 

SANDERSON,  Dr.  Robert,  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
a  polemic  writer  and  casuist,  born  in  1587,  and 
dieil  in  1663. 

SANDERSON,  Robert,  F.  A.  S.,  an  English 
writer,  distinguished  as  the  continuator  of 
Rymer's  Foedera,  from  the  16th  to  the  20ih  vo 
lume,  died  in  1741. 

SANDRAKT,  Joachim,  a  famous  German 
painter,  died  in  1676;  aged  70. 

.?ANDV«^  Edwin,  archbishop  of  York,  born 
in  1519,  and  died  in  1588.  He  was  one  of  the 
nine  protestant  divines  appointed  by  queen  Eli- 
zabeth, \^hQ  were  to  hold  a  disputaiioi  against 
so  many  of  the  Romish  persuasion  before  both 
houses  of  parliament  at  Westminster,  in  1559. 

SANDYS,  sir  Edwin,  second  son  of  the  pft' 
ceding,  and  an  author,  was  bora  in  1561,  and  died 
in  1629. 

SANDYS,  George,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
born  in  1577,  became  a  great  traveller,  and  in 
ir)!5,  published  an  account  of  his  travels.  He 
was  called  by  Dryden  the  best  versifier  of  the 
age.    He  died  in  1643. 

SANNAZARIUS,  James,  an  excellent  Latin 
and  Italian  poet,  born  at  Naples,  inl458,and  died 
in  1530. 

SANSON,  Nicolas,  a  celebrated  French  geo- 
grapher, was  born  in  1600,  and  died  in  1667.        ' 

S.\NSOVINO,  James,  an  eminent  sculptor 
and  architect,  of  Florence,  died  at  Venice,  in 
1570.  His  son,  Francis,  distinguished  for  hia 
attainments  in  polite  literature,  wrote  a  chrono- 
logy of  the  world  to  1582,  and  several  other 
works,  and  died  in  1.586. 

SANTEUL,  John  Baptist  de,  a  celebrated 
Fre»ich  poet,  died  in  1697,  aged  67. 

SANTI  DI  TITI,  an  eminent  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  of  Florence,  died  in  1603.  , 

SAPOR  I.,  king  of  Persia,  in  238.     He  ex-  ] 
tended  his  dominions  by  conquest,  but  was  at 
last  defeated  and  put  to  death  in  273. 

SAPOR  IT.  succeeded  his  father  Hormisdas, 
as  king  of  Persia.  He  was  a  brave  and  success- 
ful warrior  against  the  Romans,  but  a  violent 
opposer  of  the  Christians.     He  died  in  380. 

SAPPHO,  a  famous  poetess  of  antiquity,  who, 
for  excellence  in  her  art,  has  been  called  the 
.tenth  muse,  was  born  at  Mitylene,  in  the  isle  of 
I  Lesbos,  GIOB.  C.    She  loved  Phaon,whowa3 


SA 

fjo  cruel  to  her,  that  she  threw  herself  iuto  the 
,  eea. 

SARASIN,  John  Francis,  a  French  writer, 
born  in  1604,  was  secretary  to  the  prince  of  Con- 
ti,  and  author  of  "  The  History  of  the  Siege  of 
Dunkirk,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  1654. 

SARAVIA,  Adrian,  a  protestant  professor  of 
fJivinity  at  Leyden,  went  to  England,  where  he 
became  canon  of  Canterbury,  and  died  in  1611. 

SARBIEWSKI,  Matthias  Casimir,  a  Jesuit. 
See  CASIMIR. 

SARDANAPALUS,  a  dissolute  king  of  As- 
syria, who,  on  a  revolt  of  hib-  subjects,  set  fire 
lo  his  palace,  and  perished  in  the  flames,  820 
B  C. 

SARGEANT,  Nathaniel  Peurlee,  chief-jus- 
tice of  Massachusetts  in  1789,  died  in  1791. 

SARGEiNT,  Winthrop,  a  soldier  of  the  revo- 
lution, afterwards  governor  of  Mississippi  Ter- 
ritory, died  in  1620. 

SARISBURY,  John,  a  famous  English  histo- 
rian, critic,  and  pliilosopher,  born  in  1110,  died 
in  1181. 

SARJEANT,  John,  an  English  Eccular  priest, 
■who  went  to  Lisbon,  where  he  became  a  catho- 
lic, and  wrote  against  his  former  faith ;  he  died 
about  1670. 

SARPf.   See  PAUL. 

SARTO,  Andrea  del,  a  famous  Italian  paint- 
er, born  in  Florence,  in  1478.  and  died  in  1520. 

SATURNINUS,  a  heretic' of  the  2d  century. 
He  supposed  the  world  was  created  by  angels, 
and  regarded  the  connexion  of  the  sexes  as  cri- 
minal. 

SATURNINUS,  Publins  Sempronius,  a  Ro- 
man general,  wJio  assumed  the  imperial  purple 
in  263,  and  was  murdered  by  his  soldiers  in  267. 
Another  of  the  same  name  was  proclaimed  em- 
peror by  the  Alexandrians,  and  soon  after  killud 
himself. 

SAUL,  son  of  Cish,  of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin, 
was  anointed  king  of  Israel,  by  the  prophet 
Samuel,  1005  B.  C.  He  killed  himself  after  an 
unfortunate  battle  at  Gilboah. 

SAUNDERS,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer,  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  II.  The  time  of  his  death 
is  not  known. 

SAUNDERS,  Richard,  author  of  "  Astrolo- 
gical Judgment  and  Practice  of  Physic,"  and 
other  works  ;  he  died  in  1680. 

SAUNDERS,  sir  Edmund,  chief  justiceof  the 
king's  bench,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  was 
originally  a  strolling  beggar  about  the  streets. 
He  was  noticed  and  taught  to  write  by  an  attor- 
ney's clerk  ;  and  in  a  few  years  became  an  able 
attorney,  and  a  very  eminent  counsel ;  he  died 
in  1C8:^. 

SAUNDERS,  John  Cunningham,  a  very  emi- 
nent and  successful  English  oculist ;  he  died 
euddenlv  in  1810,  Ht  the  early  Rse  of  37. 

SAUNDERS,  William,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
lish physician,  author  of  several  valuable  medi- 
cal works,  diod  in  1817. 

SAUNDERSON,  Dr.  Nicolas,  an  illustrious 
professor  of  the  mathematics  in  the  university 
of  Cambridge,  born  in  ir82.  At  12  months  old 
he  lost  his  eyes  by  the  small  pox  ;  nevertheless 
lie  became  a  great  mathematician  ;  he  died  in 
1739. 

SAURIN,  James,  an  eminent  Flemish  divine, 
theological  and  controversial  writer,  born  in 
1677,  and  died  in  1730.  He  was  possessed  of 
great  talents,  to  which  were  added,  a  fine  ad- 
dress, a  harmonious  voice,  and  a  most  eloquent 
unaffwiod  style. 

SAURIN,  Joseph,  a  Frencli  malheniatician 

31* 


SA 

born  in  1659.  He  was  a  member  of  the  academy 
of  sciences,  and  received  a  pension  from  the 
king.    He  died  at  Paris,  in  1737. 

SAURIN,  Bernard  Joseph,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  an  advocate  of  the  p'arliamont  of 
Paris,  a  distinguished  dramatic  writer,  and  the 
friend  of  VoUaire  and  Helvetius.  He  died  in 
1781. 

SAUSSURE,  Nicolas  de,  a  distinguished 
French  writer  on  agriculture,  died  in  1790. 

SAUSSURE,  Horace  Benedict  de,  a  cele- 
brated naturalist, .was  born  at  Geneva,  in  1740, 
and  died  in  1'99. 

SAUVAGE9,  Francis  Boissior  de,  a  French 
physician,  professor  of  botany  and  medicine,  at 
Montpellier,  died  in  1767.  He  wrote  several 
medical  and  botanical  works,  and  his  reputa- 
tion was  so  great,  that  he  was  called  the  Boer- 
Lhaave  of  Languedoc. 
SAUVAL,  Henry,  an  advocate  in  the  parlia- 
I  ent  of  Paris,  and  author  of  a  work,  entitled 
•'  The  History  of  the  Antiquities  of  Paris," 
died  in  1676. 

SAUVEUR,  Joseph,  a  French  mathemati- 
cian, born  in  1053.  He  was  honoured  by  the 
royal  family,  had  prince  Eugene  among  his 
pupils,  at  the  age  of  20,  aiid  was  made  professor 
of  mathematics  to  the  rbyal  college.  He  died 
in  1716. 

SAVAGE,  Richard,  a  celebrafed  English  poet. 
He  was  the  son  of  Anne,  countess  of  Maccles- 
field, by  the  earl  of  Rivers.  His  mother  was 
liis  enemy  till  his  death,  which  was  in  1743,  in 
a  jail  at  Bristol.    His  indiscretion  was  his  ruin. 

SAVARY,  James,  an  eminent  French  writer 
upon  the  subject  of  trade,  died  in  1692,  aged  70. 

SAV'ARY,  N.,  a  celebrated  French  writer, 
jauthor  of"  Travels  in  Egypt,"  a  translation  of 
'the  "  Koran,"  with  a  "  Life  of  Mahomet,"  and 
a  "Dictionary  and  Granunar  of  the  Arabian 
Language  ;"  "he  died  in  1788. 

SAVERY,  Roland,  a  celebrated  French  land- 
scape painter,  he  died  in  1639. 

SAVILE,  sir  George,  baronet  ;  he  acquired 
the  deserved  encomium  of  being  an  independent 
English  patriot ;  and  died  in  1784,  aged  59. 

SAVILE,  sir  Henry,  a  most  learned  English 
divine,  historian  and  critic,  born  in  1549,  and 
died  in  1622.  He  was  tutor  in  the  Greek  tongue 
to  queen  Elizabeth. 

SAVILE,  sir  George,  marquis  of  Halifax,  an 
eminent  statesman,  and  political  and  moral 
writer,  died  in  1695,  aged  65. 

SAVONAROLA,  Jerom,  a  fnmous  Italian 
monk,  born  in  1452,  and  died  in  1498. 

SAVOT,  Lewis,  a  Frpisch  physician  and  aT>- 
tiquarian.  He  was  p^ysician  to  Lewis  XIII., 
and  wrote  a  "  Discourse  on  Ancient  Medals,'* 
and  other  works.     Fp  died  in  1640. 

SAWYER,  sir  Robert,  an  eminent  English 
lawyer,  and  attorney-gereral.  He  was  removed 
from  his  ofiice,  for  opposing  the  arbitrary  mea- 
sures of  kiiig  James,  ai'd  died  in  1692. 

SAXE,  >Iaurice.  co:\nt  de,  mars!;al- gen  oral 
of  the  French  armies,  born  at  Drepdon,  in  irfi6, 
land  died  in  1750  Hf  was  one  of  the  greatest 
and  most  successful  f  enerals  of  the  age. 
I  SAXO,  Grammatici's,  a  Danish  historian, 
|who  flourished  in  the  12th  century,  and  died  in 

;1208. 

SAY,  Samuel,  an  English  dissenting  minister, 
.and  poetical  critic,  successor  to  Dr.  Calamy,  at 
Wesiminster,  died  in  1743. 

S.\  YLE,  William,  first  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Carolina,  died  the  year  after  his  arrival  IB 
[the  country,  in  1C7L 

S65 


sc 


SC^VOLA,  Rlutius,  surnained  Cordiis,  a 
young  Romai,  famous  for  his  couiane  and  in- 
trepidity in  the  time  of  Tarquin  the  Proud. 

SCALA,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian  statesman 
and  historian,  born  iu  14'24,  and  died  in  1497. 

SCALA,  Alexander,  daughter  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  distinpuisiied  for  Jier  beaut}',  lier 
private  virtues,  and  her  knowledge  of  classical 
literature.     She  died  in  1506. 

SCALIGER,  Julius  Ciesar,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician, and  eminent  Latin  poet  and  critic,  born 
in  1484,  and  died  in  1558. 

SCALIGER.  Joseph  Justus,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  great  critical  and  historical  writer,  and 
chronoio^er,  born  in  1540,  and  died  in  1609.  He 
was  perfectly  skilled  in  13  languages. 

SCAMOZZI,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Vincenza, 
the  most  celebrated  architect  of  his  time.  He 
wrote  in  Itahan,  "  Ideas  on  Universal  Archi- 
tecture," in  10  books,  and  died  in  1616. 

SCANDERBEG,  or  GEORGE  CASTRIOT, 
king  of  Albania,  a  province  of  Turkey,  in 
Europe,  dependent  on  the  Ottoman  empire.  He 
was  born  in  1404,  and  died  in  1467. 

SCAPULA,  John,  a  lexicographer,  who  was 
employed  in  the  printing  house  of  Henry  Ste- 
phens^ at  Lyons,  acquired  a  considerable  sum  by 
publishing  "an  abridgment  of  a  work  his  em- 
ployer was  preparing  for  the  press,  in  1580.  Tiie 
time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

SCARBOROUGH,3irCharles,aneminentEng- 
lish  physician  and  mathematician.  He  was  phy- 
sician to  Charles  11.  and  his  two  successors,  and 
succeeded  Dr.  Harvey  as  lecturer  on  the  subjects 
of  anatomy  and  surgery.    He  died  in  1G93. 

SC.\RELL.-\,  John  Baptist,  an  ecclesiastic,  of 
Brescia,  distinguished  as  the  advocate  of  New- 
ton's system,  and  as  a  writer  on  philosophical 
and  theological  subjects.     He  died  in  1779. 

SCARRON,  Paul,  an  eminent  French  comic, 
or  rather  burlesque  writer  and  satirist,  born  in 
1610,  and  died  iu  1669.  He  was  deformed,  and 
of  very  irregular  manners. 

SCHAAF,  Charles,  a  learned  German  pro- 
fessor of  oriental  languages  at  Duisbourg,  and 
afterwards  at  Leyden.    He  died  in  1729. 

SCHACHT,  Christian  Paul,  professor  of  me- 
dicine, botany,  chymiptry,  and  natural  history, 
at  Harderwyck,  in  Holland,  his  native  p  ace, 
died  in  1800,  aged  32. 

SCHAGEN,  Giles,  a  celebrated  portrait  and 
historical  painter.  He  resided  for  some  time  at 
Paris,  and  died  in  1668. 

SCHAICK,  Gonsen  Van,  was  a  brigadier-ge- 
neral in  the  United  States  army ;  he  rendered 
important  service  by  an  attack  upon  some  In- 
dian settlements,  in  1779,  and  died  at  Albany, 
in  1789. 

SCHALKEN,  Godfrey,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  born  in  1643,  and  died  in  1706. 

SCHATEN,  Nicholas,  a  German  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  Westphalia,"  and  other 
works  ;  he  lived  at  the  close  of  the  17th  century. 
SCHEELE,  Charles  William,  an  eminent 
chymist,  born  at  Stralsund,  in  1742,  and  died  iu 
3786.  He  wrote  a  valuable  Treatise  on  Air  and 
Fire. 

SCHEELSTRATE,  Emanuel  de,  canon  of  St. 
John  Lateran,  and  of  St.  Peter  at  Rome,  died  in 
1092.  He  wrote  "  Antiquitatea  Ecclesiae  Mus- 
tratffi,"  and  other  works. 

SCHEFFER,  John  a  German  critic  and  anti- 
quary, born  in  1621,  and  died  in  1679.  He  pub- 
lished several  valuable  works. 

SCHEGKINS,  James,  professor  of  philosophy 
a,nd  medicine,  at  Tubingea,  died  in  1587.    Al- 
36& 


hough  blind,  iie  pursued  his  studies  and  wrote 
several  works. 

SCHEINER,  Christopher,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man mathematician  and  astronomer,  memora- 
ble for  having  first  discovered  the  spots  on  th« 
the  sun's  disc,  was  born  in  1575,  and  died  iii, ' 
16.50. 

SCIIELHAMMER,  Gouthier  Christopher, 
professor  of  medicine,  at  Helmstadt,  at  Jena, 
and  at  Kiel,  and  physician  to  the  duke  of  Hol- 
stein,  died  in  1716. 

SCHELLINKS,  William,  a  native  of  Am- 
sterdam, eminent  as  a  painter  of  landscapes, 
history,  and  sea  views;  he  died  in  1678.  His: 
brother  Daniel  excelled  as  a  landscape  painter ; 
he  died  in  1701. 

SCHENCK  DE  GRAFFENBERG,  John,  a 
physician  and  medical  writer,  of  Friburg,  died 
in  1598.  His  sou,  John  George,  was  also  a  phy- 
sician, at  the  Hague;  he  wrote  some  medical 
works,  and  died  about  1620. 

SCHENCKJUS,  John  Theodore,  professor  of 
medicine  at  Jena,  and  a  medical  writer,  diedio 
1671. 

SCHERTLIN,  Sebastian,  a  distinguished  ge- 
neral and  soldier,  in  the  ser\ice  of  several  sove- 
reigns of  Europe,  particularly  of  Charles  V., 
emperor  of  Germany,  died  in  1577,  aged  82. 

SCHEUCHZER,  John  James,  a  phy.sician, 
of  Zurich,  and  professor  of  mathematics  and 
medicine  there.  His  reputation  was  so  great, 
that  Peter  of  Russia  made  him  liberal  offers  to 
settle  in  that  country  His  writings  were  nume- 
rous and  valuable;  he  died  in  1733.  John,  his 
brother,  was  also  professor  of  medicine  at  Zu- 
rich, and  died  in  1738. 

SCHIAVONE,  Andrea,  a  Venetian  painter, 
born  in  1522.  and  died  in  1582. 

SCHIAVOx\ETTT,  Lewis,  born  at  Bassona, 
in  Venice,  in  1765.  He  at  first  studied  painting, 
but  afterwards  took  to  engraving,  in  which  he 
greativ  e-xcelled  ;  he  went  to  England,  and  died 
in  1810. 

SCHICK  ARD,  William,  professor  of  Hebrew 
at  Tubineen,  died  in  1635. 

SCHID'ONE,  Bartholomew,  an  eminent  paint- 
er, of  .Modeua,  died  in  1616. 

SCHILLER,  Frederic,  a  very  distinguished 
German  dramatist  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
born  in  17.59,  and  died  in  1805. 

SCHILLING,  Drebold,  author  of  a  "  History 
of  the  Wars  of  the  Swiss  against  Charles,  duke 
of  Burgundy,"  lived  in  the  15th  century. 

SCHLTCTINGIUS,  Jonas  de  Bukowic,  a  na- 
tive of  Poland,  v/ho  was  banished  by  the  diet 
of  Warsaw,  on  account  of  his  Sociniau  princi- 
ples. His  writings  are  chiefly  theological.  Ha 
died  in  1661. 

SCHMIDT,  George  Frederic,  an  eminent  en- 
graver, of  Berlin,  died  in  1775. 

SCHMIDT,  Erasmus,  professor  of  mathema- 
tics and  of  Greek,  at  Wiltemberg,  died  in  1637. 

SCHMIDT,  Sebastian,  professor  of  oriental 
languages  at  Strasbure,  died  in  1697. 

SCHMIDT,  John  Andrew,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
and  professor  of  theology,  at  Mariendal,  died  in 
1726. 

SCHNEBBELIE,  Jacob,  born  in  Westmin- 
ster, in  1760,  was  bred  a  confectioner,  but  quit- 
ted it  for  the  study  of  drawing,  in  which  lie  ex- 
celled; he  died  in  1792. 

SCHOEPFLIN,  John  Daniel,  as  eminent 
German  philosopher,  historiographer,  and  anti- 
quarv.  born  in  1694,  and  died  in  1771. 

SCHOMBERG,  Henry  de,  governor  of  la 
Marche,  and  a  distinguished  French  officer  nn- 


sc 

deDtJharles  IX.,  died  in  1599.    His  son  of  llie 

$R/ae  name,  also  succeeded  him  in  the  govern- 

ihent  of  !a  Marche,  and  for  his  distint'uished 

Anilitaryservices,  was  made  a  marshal  of  France, 

I  governor  of  Languedoc,  and  sent  as  ambassador 

I  to  England  and  Germany.     He  died  in  1631. 

[      SCHOMBERG,  Frederick  Armand  de,duke 

of,  a  distinguished  German   general,  born  in 

'  1608,  and  was  shot  in  battle,  in  1690. 

SCHOMBERG,  Dr.  Isaac,  an  English  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  died  in  1761. 

SCHOMBERG,  Alexander  Crowcher,  an  emi- 
nent Englisli  writer  on  juridical  antiquities,  &.C., 
born  in  1750,  and  died  in  1792. 

SCKONER,  John,  a  German  philosopher, 
and  professor  of  mathematics,  at  Nurcmburg. 
wrote  several  mathematical  works,  and  died  in 
1547. 

SCHOOKIUS,  Martin,  professor  of  languages 
and  philosophy  at  Utrecht,  Groningon,  Deven- 
tcr,  asid  Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  died  in  16(39. 

SCHOONFIELD,  John  Henry,  an  eminent 
German  painter,  died  in  1689. 

SCHOOLJANS,  Anthony,  a  native  of  An- 
twerp, distinguished  as  a  painter,  died  in  1726. 

SCHOREL,  John,  a  celebrated  Flemish  paint- 
er, died  in  1.562,  aged  76. 

SCHOTTUS,  Gaspard,  a  learned  German  Je- 
suit, who  resided  at  Palermo,  and  at  Rome,  died 
in  1666.  His  writings  on  various  subjects  were 
numerous  and  valuable. 

SCHOTTUS,  Andreas,  a  very  learned  Greek 
critic,  of  Germany,  bom  in  1552,  and  died  in 
1629. 

SCHRE  VELTUS,Cornclius,  a  laborious  critic, 
and  Greek  lexicographer,  of  Holland,  died  in 
1667,  aged  52. 

SCHULEMBOTTRG,  Matthias  John,  count 
of,  a  distinguished  general  in  the  service  of  the 
king  of  Poland,  and  afterwards  of  the  Vene- 
tians, died  at  Venice,  in  1743. 

SCHULTENS,  Albert,  a  German  divine, 
greatly  distinguished  as  a  Hebrew  critic  and 
orientalist :  he  died  in  1741,  aged  70. 

SCHUBZI3,  John  Henry,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, and  professor  of  n>edicine  at  Halle,  au- 
thor of  a  •'  History  of  Medicine  from  the  Crea- 
tion to  the  year  of  Rome  535,"  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1745. 

SCHURMAN,  Anna  Maria,  a  most  extraordi- 
nary German  lady,  a  prodigy  of  her  sex,  born  at 
Cologne,  in  1607,  and  died  in  1678. 

SCHURTZFLEISCH,  Conrad  Samuel,  pro- 
fessor of  history,  poetry,  and  Greek,  at  Wit- 
temberg,  and  counsellor  and  librarian  to  the 
duke  of  Saxe  Wiemar,  died  in  1708. 

SCHUT,  Cornelius,  a  distinguished  painter, 
of  Antwerp,  the  disciple  of  Rubens,  died  in 
1660. 

SCHUUR,  Theodore  Vander,  an  eminent 
painter,  born  at  the  Hague,  in  1628,  and  died  in 
1705. 

SCHUYLER,  Peter,  distinguished  for  his  in 
fluence  over  the  five  nations  of  Indians,  in  the 
state  of  New- York,  was  mayor  of  the  city  of 
Albany,  and  in  1719,  as  the  oldest  member  of 
the  council,  was  at  the  head  of  the  government 
of  New- York. 

SCHUYLER,  Philip,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  during  the  revolution,  was  a 
member  of  congress,  and  a  senator  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  from  the  state  of  New- York.  He  died 
in  1804. 

SCHWARTZ,  Bertholetjthe  inventor  of  gun- 
powder, was  a  monk  of  the  order  of  Cordeliers, 
in  the  13th  century,  bora  at  Friburg.    He  was 


SC 

an  able  chynjisf,  and  is  said  to  have  made  the 
important  discovery  while  trying  experiments 
on  nitre.  Roger  Eacon  is  tliought  by  som«  to 
have  made  the  discovery  previously,  but  to  have 
concealed  it  from  the  world. 

SCHWARTZ,  Christopher,an  eminentpaint- 
er,  of  Ingoldstadt,  who  was  called  the  Raphael 
of  Germany  ;  he  died  in  1594. 

SCHWERIN,  Christopher,  count  of,  govern- 
or of  Niess  and  Brieg,  and  a  field  marshal  in  the 
Prussian  service,  rose  to  the  highest  honours  by 
his  merit.  He  fell  at  the  battle  of  Prague,  in 
1757. 

SCHYNDAL,  Bernard,  an  admired  Dutch 
painter,  born  at  Haerleni,  died  in  1716. 

SCIOPPIUS,  Caspar,  a  learned  German  wri- 
ter of  the  J7ih  century,  called  the  Grammatical 
Cur,  on  account  of  his  calumniating  ail  men  of 
eminence  in  learning  ;  he  died  in  1649,  aged  73. 
SCIPIO,  Publius  Cornelius,  a  renowned  Ro- 
man general,  surnanied  Africanus,  for  his  con- 
quests in  that  country.  He  was  valiant,  and  ge- 
nerous to  his  prisoners.     He  died  180  B.  C. 

SCIPiO,  Lucius  Cornelius,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, obtained  the  surname  of  Asiaticus,  from 
]his  conquests  in  Asia. 

SCIPIO  NASICA,  of  the  same  family  as  the 
preceding,  was  distinguished  for  his  success  in 
Spain,  and  for  his  virtues. 

SCIPIO,  Publius  .^milianus,  obtained  the 
surname  of  the  second  Africanus,  from  the  final 
conquest  of  Carthage,  147  B.  C.  He  afterwards 
destroyed  Numantia,  and  enlarged  the  Roman 
dominions  in  Spain,  and  was  found  dead  in  his 
bed,  128  B.C. 

SCIPIO,  Publius,  father-in-law  of  Pompey, 
was  defeated  in  Africa  bv  Julius  Cesar. 

SCLATER,  William,  "D.  D.,  an  English  di- 
vine and  poet,  died  in  1647.  Another  of  the 
same  name,  was  vicar  of  Pitminster,  and  a  the- 
ological writer  ;  he  died  in  162G. 

SCOPAS,  a  sculptor  and  architect,  of  Paros, 
430  B.  C.  His  most  admired  works  were  a  sta- 
tue of  Venus,  and  the  Mausoleum  of  Artemisia. 
SCORZA,  Sinibaldo,  a  Genoese  painter  and 
engraver,  v.ho  excelled  in  landscapes  and  ani- 
mals.    He  died  in  1631. 

SCOT,  Reynolds,  a  learned  English  gentle- 
man, born  in  1545,  and  died  in  1599 

SCOTT,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  and  pious  Eng- 
lish divine,  wrote  "  The  Christian  Life,"  and 
other  works ;  he  was  born  in  1638,  and  died  in 
94. 

SCOTT,  Daniel,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  English 
writer,  chiefly  on  theological  subjects,  died  in 
1759. 

SCOTT,  Thomas,  brother  of  the  preceding,  a 
distinguished  dissenting  minister,  died  in  1746. 
SCOTT,  Thomas,  B.  D.,  an  English  clergy- 
man, for  many  years  preacher  to  the  English  at 
Utrecht,  was  assassinated  in  1626. 

SCOTT,  Samuel,  a  distinguished  English 
painter,  died  in  1772. 

SCOTT,  sir  Michael,  a  brave  soldier  and  offi- 
cer, in  the  service  of  Alexander  III.,  of  Scot- 
land, died  in  1291.  He  was  distinguished  for 
his  learning. 

SCOTT,  David,  a  Scotchman,  author  of  a 
"  History  of  Scotland,"  a  work  of  no  great  me- 
rit ;  he  died  in  1742. 

SCOTT,  John,  a  quaker,  called  the  poet  of 
Amwell,  was  born  in  1730,  and  died  in  1783. 
He  published  many  poems. 

SCOTT,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
chaplain  to  the  Loch  hospital,  and  rector  of  As- 
ton Sanford,  Bucks,  distinguished  for  his  Com 
301 


SE 

mentary  on  th«  Bible,  and  other  works ;  be  died 
in  1821. 

SCOUGAL,  Henry,  M.  A.,  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  and  theology  at  Aberdeen,  died  in 
1678,  ased  28. 

SCEEVEN,  James,  a  brigadier-general  of 
the  militia  of  the  eiate  of  Georgia,  was  killed 
by  an  invading  party  from  Florida,  during  the 
revolutionary  war,  in  1/  /8. 

SCRIBO-MUS  LARGUS,  an  eminent  Roman 
physician,  in  the  age  of  Augustus,  and  of  Ti- 
berius.   Some  of  his  works  are  still  extant. 

SCRlVEIill'S,  Peter,  a  poet  and  philologer, 
of  Haerlem,  died  in  Hmo. 

SCROGGS,  sir  William,  an  English  officer 
during  the  civil  war.s,  afterward.?  knighted,  and 
made  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench.  He  died 
in  1G83. 

SCUDDER,  Henry, a presbyterian clergyman, 
of  England,  author  o*'  "  Tlie  Christian's  Daily 
\V  alk."     He  died  before  the  restoration. 

SCUDERIS,  George  de,  a  French  dramatic 
writer  and  poet,  died  in  l(i05. 

:?CUDERI,  Madfjieine  de,  sister  of  the  pre- 
ceding, born  at  Havre  de  Grace,  in  1607,  became 
very  eminent  for  her  wit  and  her  writings ;  she 
died  in  1701. 

SCULTETUS,  Abraham,  profes>or  of  the- 
ology at  Heidelberg,  and  a  deputy  from  the 
university  to  the  Svnod  of  Dort.  He  died  in 
lf)S6. 

SCYL.\X,  a  geographer,  of  Caria,  who  was 
employed  by  Darius  ni  visiting  and  making  ob- 
servations in  India,  522  B.  C.  The  invention 
of  eeographical  tables  is  attributed  to  him. 

SEABURV.  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  episcopal 
clergyman,  bishop  of  Connecticut,  and  the  first 
dioceyan  in  the  United  States,  pubiished  two 
volumes  of  his  sermons,  and  died  in  17&G. 

SEAMAN,  Laz.irus,  D.  D.,  an  English  cler- 
gyman, di.stinguished  for  his  exertions  in  favour 
of  the  parliament,  during  the  civil  wars.  He 
was  one  of  the  divines  of  the  Westminster 
as.-embly,  and  died  in  1675. 

SEBA,  Albert,  autlior  of  a  valuable  work  on 
Natural  Historv,  was  born  in  East  Friesland. 

SEBAt^TIAlV,  king  of  Portugal,  succeeded 
his  grandfather  John  IH.  on  the  throne,  in  1557. 
He  was  uiifortunate  in  his  wars,  and  was  finally 
killed  in  the  battle  with  ilie  king  of  Morocco, 
in  1578. 

SEBASTIANO,  called  del  Plombo,  from  an 
office  given  him  by  pope  Clement  VII.  in  the 
lead  mines,  was  an  eminent  painter,  born  at 
Venice,  in  1485,  and  died  in  1547. 

SECKENDORF,  Guy  Lewis  de,  a  very  learn- 
ed German,  born  in  1026,  and  died  in  1(592.  He 
wrote  several  books. 

SECKER.,Thomas,archbishopof  Canterbury, 
born  in  169.',  and  died  in  1768.  His  catechetical 
lectures  and  sermons,  published  after  his  death, 
are  masterly  compositions. 

SECONUAT  DE  MONTESaUIEU,  John 
Baptist,  son  of  the  celebrated  Montesquieu,  was 
acounsellor  in  the  parliament  of  Bonrdeaux,  and 
devoted  himself  to  study  and  agriculture.  He 
wrote  a  "  Memoir  on  Electricity,"  &.C.,  and  died 
in  179Q. 

SECOUSSE,  Denys  Francis,  a  French  writer, 
author  of"  Memoirs  for  the  History  of  Charles, 
the  Bad,"  "Memoirs  of  Conde,"  &c.,  died  in 
j:54. 

SECUNDUS,  John,  a  celebrated  Latin  poet, 
born  at  the  Hague,  in  1511,  and  died  in  1536. 

SECURIS,  John,  an  English  physician  and 
medical  writer,  died  about  1570. 
368 


SB 

I  SEDAINE,  Michael  John,  a  dramatic  writer, 
land  an  architect,  born  at  Paris,  in  1719,  and  died 
tin  >797. 

!  SEDGWICK,  Obadiah,  an  English  clergy- 
man, distinguished  for  his  attachment  to  repub- 
lican principles,  died  in  1657. 

SEDGWlCK,Theodore,  LL.D.,  a  distinguish- 
ed juiist  of  Massachusetts,  was  a  representative- 
and  senator  in  Congress  from  that  state,  and 
afterwards  a  judge  of  the  supreme  judicial  court 
of  the  state ;  he  died  in  1813. 

SEDLEV,  sir  Charles,  an  English  wit  and 
poet,  born  in  1639,  anddied  inl703. 

SEDULHjS,  Coecilius,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  the 
5th  century,  author  of  a  poem  on  the  life  of 
Christ. 

SEED,  Jeremiah,  an  English  divine,  and  the- 
ological writer,  died  in  1747. 

SEE-M.\-KOANG,  a  Chinese  mandarin  and 
philosopher,  in  the  11th  century,  who  relin- 
quished ail  his  public  employments  for  solitude, 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  study.  He  wrote 
a  Historv  of  China,  consmencing  with  the  year 
403  B.  C.,  and  other  works. 

SEGAR,  sir  William,  garter  king  at  arms, 
and  author  of  "  Honour,  Civil  and  Military," 
and  .su>ne  heraldic  MSS.  ;  he  died  in  1633. 

SEGHERS,  Gerard,  an  eminent  Dutch  paint- 
er, of  Antwerp,  died  in  1641.  His  brother  Da- 
niel, who  was  a  Jesuit,  painted  insects  and  flow 
ers  inimitably  ;  he  died  in  1660. 

SEGiVERl,  Paul,  a  popular  preacher  and  ac- 
tive missionary  of  the  society  of  Jesuits.  He 
was  chaplain  to  pope  Innocent  XH.,  and  died 
in  1694.    His  writings  were  chiefly  theological. 

SEGRAIS,  John  Renaud  de,  a  celebraled 
French  poet  and  novelist,  died  in  1701,  aged  77. 
He  was  patronised  by  Mad.  de  la  Fayette,  in 
wlidse  society  he  was  treated  witii  honourable 
dir-finction. 

SEGUI,  Joseph,  a  French  clergj^man,  distin- 
tingufshed  as  a  poet ;  he  was  abbot  of  Genlis, 
and  canon  of  Meau.v  cathedral.  He  died  in 
1761. 

SEGUIER,  John  Francis,  a  distinguished  I 
French  botanist,  and  president  of  the  academy  | 
of  Nismes,  died  in  1784.    His  writings  on  botai-   j 
ical  and  other  subjects,  are  numerous. 

SEJANUS,  iElius,  the  son  of  Seius  Strabo,   j 
a  Roman  knight ;  he  aspired  to  the  imperial  pur- 
ple, but  failed,  and  was  strangled  in  prison,   , 
A.  D.  31.  ' 

SELDEN,  John,  an  English  antiquary,  histo-    ' 
ian,  acwi  jj^w  writer,  of  most  e.\tensi  ve  learning ; 
he  diea  m  1654,  aged  70.    Grotius  styles  hiia 
•'  The  glory  of  the  English  nation." 

SELEUCUS  NICANOR,  a  king  of  Syria,  at 
the  division  of  the  provinces  after  the  death  of 
Alexander.    He  was  assassinated  280  B.  C. 

SELIM  L,  son  of  Bajazet  II.,  ascended  the 
throne  of  Turkey,  after  poisoning  his  father,  and 
destroying  his  elder  brother.  He  marched  against 
Egypt,  and  destroyed  the  power  of  the  Mame- 
lukes, and  was  equally  successful  against  the 
Persians,  but  died  while  preparing  to  make  war 
against  the  Cliristians,  in  1520. 

SELIM  II.,  grandson  of  the  preceding,  suc- 
ceeded his  fa. her  Soiyman  II.,  on  the  throne,  in 
1356.  He  addicted  himself  to  the  pleasures  of 
the  seraglio,  and  died  little  respected,  in  1574. 

SELIS,  Nicholas  Joseph,  a  distinguished 
French  poet,  born  in  1737,  died  in  1802.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  "  Translation  of  Persius,"  "  Re- 
lation of  Voltaire's  Disorder,  Confession,  and 
Death,"  and  other  works. 
SELKIRK,  A.lesaader,  a  Scotch  advetituror, 


BB 

bo/n  about  1680.  He  made  several  voyages  to 
the  South  Seas,  in  one  of  wbich,  having  a  quar- 
Ael  with  the  coiumander,  the  latter  set  liim  on 
'fcliore  on  the  island  of  Juan  de  Fernandez,  with 
a  few  necessaries,  where  he  lived  3  years,  when 
in  1709,  he  was  taken  off  by  captain  Woods 
Rogers,  of  Bristol. 

SELLER,  Abednego,  an  English  divine,  and 
I  writer  on  religious  subjects,  died  about  1720. 

SELLIUS,  Godfrey,  a  native  of  Dantzic,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  geographical  and  historical  wri- 
ter, died  in  1767. 

SEMIRAIMIS,  queen  of  Assyria,  famous  for 
her  extensive  conquests.  Her  son  Ninyas  caus 
ed  her  to  be  put  to  death,  and  ascended  the 
throne.     She  flouriehed  about  1215  B.  C. 

SENAC,Jolin,p]iysiciantothe  king  of  France 
counsellor  of  state,"  and  superintendent  of  the 
mineral  waters  of  the  kingdom,  died  in  1770. 
He  wrote  several  books  on  the  subjects  of  an- 
atomy and  medicine. 

SENAUDT,  John  Francis,  a  native  of  An- 
twerp, became  a  member  and  afterwards  supe- 
rior of  the  oratory,  died  in  1672.  He  wrote  a 
"  Treatise  on  tiie  Use  of  the  Passions,' '  "  Lives 
of  Saints  and  Illustrious  jjersons,"  &c. 

SENECA,  Lucius  Ann^us,  a  native  of  Cor- 
duba,  celebrated  as  a  pleader  and  orator  in  the 
Roman  forum. 

SENECA,  I:UciusAni;8BUs,  a  celebrated  Stoic 
phil(,soplier  and  tragic  poet,  born  at  Corduba 
in  Spain,  A.  D.  12.  He  was  preceptor  to  the 
tvranl  Nero,  by  whom  he  was  put  to  death  A.  D. 
65. 

SENECAI,  or  PENECE,  Anthony  Bauderou 
de,  a  French  poet,  aied  in  1737,  av;ed  94. 

SENNACHERIB,  aSyriau  king,  whoso  army; 
when  besieging  Jerusalem,  was  struck  with  a 
pestilence  and  destroyed.  He  escaped,  and  was 
artorwavds  i-i!i-.-;l  by  Iiis  sous,  710  B.  C. 

SENNERTirg,  Daniel,  an.  ^inirent  pTiysician 
SSii  rr.r.iiOtil  \?liter,  of  Germany,  died  in  1637, 
aged  t;5. 

SENNERTUS,  Andrew,son  of  the  preceding, 
professor  of  oriental  literature  at  VViltemberg, 
died  in  IfllO,  aged  S4. 

SEPULVEDA,  John  Genes  de,  a  Spanish 
writer,  hi.storiograi-her  to  Charles  V.,  known 
for  J'is  auempted  vindication  of  the  cruelties  of 
the  .Spaniards  agaiiist  the  Indians,  in  answer  to 
de  la  Casas,  died  in  1572. 

SERAPION,  Joli!!,  an  A  vabian  physician  and 
medical  writer,  flourished  about  8S0. 

SERENUS  SANRIONICUS,  the  preceptor 
of  Gordian,  was  a  physician  and  poet,  of  the 
3d  century.  He  was  put  to  death  hy  Caracella. 
Another  of  the  same  name,  wrote  a  Treatise 
on  Conic  Sections. 

SERGARDI,  Lewis,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Sien 
na,  author  of  some  elegant  Latin  poems  and  sa- 
tires, dif'd  in  1726. 

SERGEANT,  .Tohn,  an  American  clergyman, 
and  a  missionary  among  the  Indians,  atStock- 
bridge,  Mass.,  died  in  1749. 

SERGEANT,  Jonathan  Dickinson,  an  emi- 
nent lawyer,  and  member  of  congress  during 
the  revolutionary  struggle,  died  at  Philadelphia, 
in  1792. 

SERGIUS,|i  Syrian,  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople, and  head  of  a  sect  called  the  Monothe- 
lites,  died  in  638. 

SERLIO,  Sebastian,  an  eminent  architect,  of 
Bologna,  died  in  1552. 

SERRANUS,  orDE  SERRES,  John,  a  learn- 
ed French  historical  and  theological  writer,  died 
in  1598,  aged  30. 


BE ^ 

SERRARIUS,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Jesuit,  and 
teacher  of  philoBopliy  at  Wurtzburg,  died  In 
1610.  He  wrote  "  Commentaries  on  the  BiblCi" 
&c. 

SERRES,  Oliver  de,  a  celebrated  French  agri- 
culturist, and  superintendent  of  the  plantations 
of  Henry  IV.  He  was  the  first  who  introduced 
the  white  mulberry  into  France,  and  wrote  a 
treatise  on  that  tree,  and  on  silk.  He  died  in 
1619. 

SERT0RIU9,  Quintus,  a  Roman  general, 
who,  after  serving  under  Marius  and  Cinna,  re- 
tired to  Spain,  and  declared  himself  independ- 
ent. He  was  defeated  by  Pompey,  and  killed 
by  some  of  his  otticers,  73  P.  C. 

SERVANDONT,  John  Nicolas,  a  distinguish- 
ed painter  and  architect,  of  Florence,  died  in 
1766. 

SERVETUS,  Michael,  a  most  ingenious  and 
learned  Spaniard,  was  burnt  at  the  stake,  in 
1553,  aged  44.  He  was  first  a  physician  and 
then  a  divine. 

SERVIUS,  Honoratus  Maurus,  a  Latin  gram- 
marian, author  of  a  Commentary  on  Virgil  in 
the  4»h  century. 

SERVIUS  TULLIUS,  sixtj?  king  of  Rome, 
celebrated  for  his  laws,  on  the  subjects  of  rank 
and  property.  He  was  murdered  by  his  son-in- 
law,  the  second  Tarquin,  534  B.  C. 

SESOSTRIS,  a  fabulous  king  of  Egypt,  who 
is  said  to  have  extended  liis  conquests  over  va- 
rious parts  of  the  world.  He  is  supposed  to 
have  destroyed  himself,  when  oppressed  with 
age  and  iulirnnly. 

SESSA,  an  Indian  philosopher,  who  is  said 
to  be  the  inventor  of  the  game  of  chess.  The 
kiiigof  India  was  so  pleased  with  his  wisdom, 
.that  he  conferred  on  him  the  highest  honours  of 
his  kingdom. 

I  SESTO.  Cfpsare  de,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Milan,  flourished  about  liic  Ugiur^^.g  Qlf  tlie 
16th  century. 

SETTLE,  Elkanah,  an  English  dramatic 
poet,  died  in  1724,  aged  76. 

SEVERUS,  Lucius  Septimius,  a  Roman  em- 
!  peror  after  Pertinax  ;  he  died  in  Britain,  in  211. 
Two  other  emperors  of  the  same  name  perished 
by  the  hands  of  their  enemies. 

BEVEROS,  Cassius,  a  Roman  orator,  banish- 
ed by  Augustus,  on  account  of  the  severity  of 
his  satirical  declamatione. 

SEVERUS,  Sulpitius,  a  historian,  author  of 
"  Ilistoria  Sacra,"  and  called  the  Christian  Sal- 
lust;  he  died  in  420. 

SEVERUS,  L.  Cornelius,  a  Latin  poet.in  the 
age  of  Augustus. 

SEVERUS,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  century,  who 
maintained  the  existence  of  a  good  and  an  evil 
principle. 

SFVIER,  John,  an  officer  of  the  revolutionary 
army,  afterwards  a  member  of  congress,  and 
governor  of  Tennessee,  died  In  1815. 

SEVIGNE,  Marie  de  Rabutin,  marquise  de, 
a  French  lady,  celebrated  for  her  wit,  and  her 
wisdom.  She  left  letters  on  various  subjects, 
written  in  an  inimitable  style,  and  died  in  1696, 
aged  70. 

SEVIN,  Francis,  keeper  of  the  MSS.  in  the 
library  of  the  king  of  France,  wrote  several 
works,  and  died  iu  1741. 

SEVVALL,  Samuel,  a  native  of  England, 
came  to  America  in  1661,  and  after  holding 
several  important  offices  in  Massachusetts,  was 
made  chief-justice  of  the  colony,  in  1718 ;  he 
died  in  1730. 

SEWALL,  Joseph,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
369 


ceding,  minister  in  Boston,  of  respectable  attain- 
ments, died  in  1769. 

SEW  ALL,  Stephen,  born  in  Massachusetts, 
in  1702,  was  a  judge  and  cliief-jusiico  of  the 
colony ;  he  died  in  1760. 

SEWALL,  Sanmel,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  Massaclmsetts,  was  a  member  of  con- 
gress from  that  state,  and  chief-justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  died  in  1814. 

SEWALL,  Stephen,  professor  of  the  Hebrew 
language  in  Harvard  college,  died  in  1804.  He 
wrotv^  a  Hebrew  Grammar,  and  a  Dictionary  of 
the  Chaldee  Tongue. 

SEWALL,  Samuel,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  distinguished  as  an  ingenious  architect.  He 
died  in  1815. 

SEWARD,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  of 
most  excellent  character,  born  in  1708,  and  died 
in  1790. 

SEWARD,  Anna,  an  excellent  English  poetess, 
died  ill  1809,  aged  66. 

SEWARD,  WilUam,  an  English  gentleman, 
who  hr-.d  a  peculiar  taste  for  making  biographi- 
xal  sketches  of  eminent  char.-icters  in  different 
ages  and  countries.     He  died  in  1799,  aged  52. 

SEWELL,  William,  a  Dutch  quaker,  born 
in  1654,  and  died  in  1720.  He  wrote  a  History 
of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  People  called 
Quakers,  and  other  books. 

SEWELL,  Goorge,  an  English  dramatic  poet, 
physician,  and  miscellaneous  writer,   died  in 


SH 

SFORZA,  Catherine,  a  natural  daughter  of 
the  preceding,  was  distinguished  for  her  bravery 
and  presence  of  mind.  After  heroically  defend- 
ing her  dominions,  from  repeated  attacks,  she 
was  taken  prisoner,  and  died  about  1500. 

SFORZA,  Isabella,  of  the  same  family  as 
the  preceding,  was  distinguished  for  lier  learn- 
ing ;  she  lived  in  the  16th  century. 

SHAD  WELL,  Thomas,  an  English  dramatic  i 
writer,  historiographer,  and  poet  laur eat,  bora  > 
in  1640,  and  died  in  1692. 

SHADWELL,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer, 
in  Ireland,  of  considerable  talents,  died  in  17-26. 

SHAK9PEARE,  William,  the  father  of  the 
English  theatre,  the  great  poet  of  nature,  and 
the  glory  of  the  British  nation,  was  descended 
from  a  reputable  family  at  Stratford-on-Avon ; 
he  died  in  1616,  aged  52. 

SHARP,  Granville,  a  very  learned  and  pious 
man,  born  at  Durham,  in  ]'735,  and  bred  to  the 
trade  of  a  linen-draper.  He  was  the  zealous 
and  effective  advocate  for  the  abolition  of  Negro 
slavery  ;  promoted  the  distribution  of  the  Scrip- 
tures ;"  and  was  criticaiiy  conversant  with  the 
Greek  and  Hebrew  languages.    He  died  in  1813. 

SHARP,  James,  archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's, 
born  in  1618,  and  was  assassinated,  for  hia 
zeal  in  the  cause  of  episcopacy,  in  Scotland,  in 
1679. 

I  SHARP,  Dr.  John,  archbishop  of  York,  and 
i  eminent  as  a  theological  writer ;  he  died  in  1713, 
lused  T" 

SHARP,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  preceding, 


1726 

SEXTU3  EMPYRICUS,  a  Pyrrhonian  philo- 
sopher, preceptor  to  the  emperor  Antnninus.  His,|v.-as  prebendai-y  of  Durham,  and  archdeacon  of 
followers  have  received  from  him  the  name  of  i  Northumberiaud.   He  died  in  1758.  His  writings 
Empyrics.    Two  of  his  compositions  are  eXiant.l!  arc  on  biblical  literature. 

SEXTUS,  a  Stoic  philosopher,  preceptor  tOji  SHARPE,  Gregory,  D.  D.,  F.  R.  A.  S.  S  .,  an 
Lucius  Verus,  and  to  Marcus  Aurelius.  He  was/eai'neit  English  divine,  died  in  1771.  He  was 
nephew  to  Plutarch.  jldistinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  oriental  litera- 

SCYDLITZ,  Frederic  William,  baron  de,litme.  and  for  his  numerous  writings. 
one  of  the   famous  generals  of  Frederic  thej"      STiARHOC-K,  Robert,   an  eminent  English 
Great.    After  distinijuishing  himself  in  several    '"■■■--     -—»--- i 
battles,  he  died  in  1773,  and'  was  hououred  by 
the  king  whh  a  statue  at  Berlin 


SEYMOUR,  Edward,  viscount  Beauchamp, 
and  duke  of  Somerset,  uncle  and  guardian  of 
Edward  VI.,  and  protector  of  the  kingdorj  of 
Great  Britain,  was  executed,  on  a  false  charge 
of  high  treason,  in  1552.  His  brother  Thomas, 
admiral  of  England,  had  suffered  on  the  same 
charge,  three  years  before. 

SEVMOUR,  Anne,  Margaret,  and  Jane,  dis- 
tinguished for  their  poetical  talents,  were  the 
daughters  of  Edward,  duke  of  Somerset. 

SEYMOUR,  lady  Arabella,  daughter  of  the 
earl  of  Lennox  ;  she  married  William  Seymour, 
without  the  consent  of  the  king,  who  caused 
them  both  to  be  conveyed  to  the  tower;  her 
husband  made  his  escape,  but  she  died  in  prison, 
in  1615. 

SFONDRATI,  Fraocis,  a  .';enator  of  Milan, 
and  state  counsellor,  and  ambassador  of  Charles 
v.,  afterwaids  took  orders,  and  became  a  car-| 
dinal.  He  wrote  the  "Rape  of  Helen,"  and 
died  in  1550.  One  of  his  sons  became  pope  un- 
der the  name  of  Gregory  XIV.  | 

SFORZA,  James,  styled  the  Great,  count  de 
Conignola,  a  renowned  warrior,  born  in  1369  ; 
he  was  drowned  in  1424.  ! 

SFORZ.\,  Francis,  natural  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, an  able  statesman,  and  renowned  gene- 
ral, died  in  1466. 

SFORZA,  Galeas-Marie,  succeeded  his  father 

Francis,   as  dnke  of  Milan,  in  1466.      By   his 

ferocity  and  debauchery,  he  rendered  himself 

mnpopular  and  was  assassinated  in  1476.  j 

370 


divine,  prebendary  and  arc»id«acoD  of  Win- 
chester, &,c.,  died  in  1661.  His  writings  on  dif- 
ferent subjects  were  much  esteemed. 

SHAV/,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  English  divine  and 
I  antiquary,  and  author  of  travels  or  observa- 
tions relating  to  several  parts  of  Barbaryand 
the  Levant ;  he  died  in  1751,  aged  59. 

SHAW,  Dr.  Peter,  an  English  physician,  and 
editor  of  Bacon's  philosophical  works,  died  in 
3763. 

SHAW,  Cuthbert,  an  English  poet,  of  very  I 
humble  origin,  but  of  superior  attainments,  and  | 
i'li'erior  to  no  writer  of  ancient  or  modern  ; 
times  ;  he  died  in  1771. 

SHAW,  John,  an  English  clergyman,  died  in 
1689. 

SH.A.W,  Samuel,  an  English  non-conformist 
divine  and  teacher,  author  of  some  religious,   i 
dramatic,  and  other  works,  died  in  1696. 

SHAW,  Stebbing,  an  English  divine,  born  in 
1762,  and  died  in  1803.  He  published  several 
books. 

SHAW,  George,  an  eminent  English  natu- 
ralist, and  principal  keeper  of  natuial  history  in 
the  British  Museum,  died  in  1813.  He  wrote 
several  books,  on  Zoologv,  &c. 

SHEBBEARE,  Dr.  John,  a  native  of  Eng- 
land, bred  an  apothecary,  arjd  became  eminent 
as  a  political  writer,  and  died  ia'1788,  aged  79. 

SHEFFIELD,  John,  duke  of  Buckingham,  a 
celebrated  general,  critic,  and  poet,  born  in  1650, 
and  died  in  1721. 

SHELDON,  Gilbert,  arciibi^i.opof  Canterbu- 
ry, born  in  1598,  and  died  in  1677.  It  app*  -ed 
by  his  private  accounts,  that  in  14  years  u^  a^A 


- SH 

Jt>^towed  66,000  pounds  sterling,  in  public  and 
itprivato  charities. 

SHELLEY,  George,  a  celebrated  English 
penman  and  writing  master,  died  in  173G. 

SHENSTONE,  William,  an  eminent  English 
elegiac  and  pastoral  poet,  and  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  died  in  1763,  aged  49. 

SHEPARD,  Thomas,  an  English  non-con- 
formist divine,  became  minister  of  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  and  was  author  of  many  useful  works  : 
lie  died  in  1649. 

SHEPARD,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
minister  at  Charlestown,  Mass.,  died  in  1677. 

SHEPREVE,  John,  an  eminent  English 
scholar  and  poet,  was  professor  of  Hebrew  at 
Oxford  ;  he  died  in  1542. 

SHERARD,  or  SHERWOOD,  WiUiam,  an 
eminent  botanist  and  antiquarian,  of  England, 
who  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  abroad  in 
pursuit  of  his  private  studies,  and  founded  a 
professorship  of  botany  at  Oxford ;  he  died  in 
1728. 

SHERBURNE,  sir  Edward,  an  English  wri 
ter,  and  a  distinguished  loyalist  in  the  civil  wars 
dieji  in  1702. 

.  SHERBATOF,  prince,  a  Russian  nobleman, 
author  of  the  "  Russian  History,"  a"  Journal,'' 
and  the  "  Life  of  Peter  the  Great,"  and  other 
works. 

SHERIDAN,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  Irish  divine 
and  schoolmaster,  died  in  1738. 

SHERIDAN,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
an  eminent  actor,  a  lecturer  on  oratory,  and  an 
orthoepist,  died  in  1788,  aged  67. 

SHERIDAN,  Rt.  Hon.  Richard  Brinsley,  son 
of  the  preceding,  distinguished  as  a  dramatist, 
a  wit,  and  an  orator,  died  in  1816,  aged  65. 

SHERIDAN,  Frances,  mother  of  the  preced- 
ing, an  ingenious  novelist  and  dramatic  writer, 
died  in  1767,  aged  43. 

SHERLOCK,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish divine  ;  he  wrote  many  controversial  books 
and  pamphlets,  and  died  in  1707,  aged  66. 

SHERLOCK,  Dr.  Thomas,  bishop  of  London, 
son  of  the  preceding,  a  controversial  writer,  died 
in  1761,  aged  83. 

SHERLOCK,  Richard,  an  English  divine  and 
theological  writer,  died  in  1689. 

SHERMAN,  John,  a  native  of  England,  who 
came  to  America  in  16.34,  was  a  distinguished 
preacher  and  mathematician  -,  he  died  in  1685. 

SHERMAN,  Roger,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Connecticut,  was  a  member  of  the  first  Ameri- 
can congress,  one  of  the  committee  that  drew 
up  the  declaration  of  Independence,  and  a  sign- 
er of  that  instrument.  He  was  also  a  judge  of 
the  superior  court,  and  a  senator  in  congress, 
from  Connecticut.    He  died  in  1793. 

SHERRINGHAM,  Robert,  an  able  divine,  au- 
thor of  the  "  King's  Supremacy  Asserted,"  and 
other  works,  died  soon  a^'ter  the  restoration. 

SHERWIN,  John  Keyse,  an  English  engraver 
of  uncommon  abilities,  died  in  1790. 

SHlPLEYjJonathan,  an  English  prelate,  dean 
of  Winchester,  and  bishop  of  St.  Asapbs  He 
was  the  author  of  some  poems,  particularly  on 
the  death  of  queen  Caroline,  some  sermons,  &c., 
and  died  in  1788. 

SHIPPEN,  Edward,  the  first  mayor  of  Phila 
delphla,  and  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  the  state 
of  Pennsylvania. 

SHIPPEN,  Edward,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished 
lawyer  of  Philadelphia,  was  a  judge  and  after 
wards  chief-justice  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Pennsvlvania ;  he  died  in  1806. 

SHIPPEN,  William,  M.  D.,  professor  of  ana- 


SI 

tomy  in  the  Pennsylvania  university,  died  in 
1808.  During  the  revolutionary  war,  he  was 
appointed  director- general  of  the  medical  de- 
partment in  the  army. 

SHIRLEY,  sir  Anthony,  a  native  of  England, 
who,  after  travelling  in  the  Low  Countries,  and 
visiting  America,  went  to  Spain,  where  he  be- 
came a  grandee  of  tlie  kingdom,  and  admiral 
of  the  Spanish  fleet.  He  was  the  author  of  se- 
veral volumes  of  Travels,  and  died  in  1640. 

SHIRLEY,  Robert,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
went  with  sir  Anthony  into  Persia,  where  he 
settled,  and  became  a  favourite  of  the  emperor, 
who  gave  him  bis  niece  in  marriage,  and  sent 
him  as  his  ambassador  to  Poland  and  England. 
He  died  in  1627. 

SHIRLEY,  Thomas,  of  the  same  family  as 
the  preceding,  was  physician  to  Charles II.,  and 
a  philosophical  writer ;  he  died  in  1678. 

SHIRLEY,  James,  an  English  dramatic  wri- 
ter and  poetof  eminence,  born  in  1594,  and  died 
in  1669.  In  1646  he  published  a  volume  of  poems 
and  37  plays. 

SHIRLEY,  WiUiam,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Ma9sachusetts,and  afterwards  of  the  Bahama 
islands,  died  near  Boston,  in  1771. 

SHORE,  Jane,  the  wife  of  a  goldsmith,  in 
London,  and  known  in  history  as  the  beautiful 
and  accomplished  mistress  of  the  voluptuous 
Edward  iV.  She  outlived  her  beauty  and  po- 
pularity, and  died  in  poverty,  obscurity,  and 
wretchedness,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIU. 

SHOVEL,  sir  Cloudesley,  a  gallant  English 
admiral,  born  about  1650,  and  perished  by  ship- 
wreck, in  1705. 

SHOWER,  John,  an  English  non-conformist 
divine,  author  of  Sacramental  Sermons,  and 
other  works,  died  in  1718. 

SHREWSBURY,  Ehzabeth,  countess  of,  for 
17  years  keeper  of  the  unfortunate  Mary,  queen 
of  Scots,  died  in  1607. 

SHUCKFORD,  Samuel,  an  Enghsh  clergy- 
man, was  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  wrote  a 
"  History  of  the  World,  Sacred  and  Profane," 
and  other  works ;  he  died  in  1754. 

SHUTE,  Josias,  an  eloquent  ajid  admired 
English  preacher,  died  in  1643. 

SJIUTE,  Samuel,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
MassacliusettSjin  1716.  Heretu^rned  to  England, 
and  died  there,  in  1742. 

SHUTE,  Daniel,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Hingham, 
Mass.,  and  a  member  of  the  convention  that 
adopted  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  ; 
he  died  in  1802. 

SHUTER,  Edward,  an  excellent  low  come- 
dian on  the  London  stage,  died  in  1776. 

SIBB  ALD,  sir  Robert,  an  eminent  Scoth  phy- 
sician, was  professor  of  medicine  at  Edinburgh, 
and  projector  of  the  college  of  physicians,  and 
of  the  botanical  garden  at  that  place.  He  died 
in  1720. 

SIBRECHTS,  John,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in  1703. 

SIBTHORPE,  Robert,  prebendary  of  Peterbo- 
rough cathedral,  distinguished  for  his  zeal  in  fa- 
vour of  Charles  I.,  died  iu  1662. 

SIBTHORPE,  Dr.  John,  a  very  learned  natu- 
ralist, and  regius  profes-sorof  boiany  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  died  in  1796. 

SICINIUS  DENTATUS,  a  warrior,  surnam- 
ed,  for  his  valour,  the  Roman  Achillea.  He 
fought  and  won  121  battles,  and  was  muMered 
by  Appiii  •,  Claudius,  405  B.  C. 

SICIOLANTE,Giroiarao,a  distinguished  Ita- 
lian landscape  and  historical  painter,  died  in 
1558. 

371 


SI 


SI 


SIDNEY,  Henry,  an  English  statesman,  the 
favourite  of  Edward  VI.,  and  hid  ambassador 
toFrance,and  afterwards  employed  in  the  reigns 
of  Mary  and  Elizabeth;  he  died  in  1586. 

SIDNEY,  sir  Philip,  an  eminent  English 
atatesman,  general,  and  poet,  born  in  1554,  and 
died  in  1586,  of  a  wound  received  in  battle.  As 
he  lay  bleeding  on  the  field,  and  was  about  to 
drinJi  some  wine  which  his  attendants  had 
brought  him,  he  saw  a  wounded  soldier,  who 
V?a8  cairied  by,  look  wishfully  at  it,  he  immedi- 
ately ordered  it  to  be  given  to  him,  adding  "  Poor 
fellow  !  thy  necessity  is  greater  than  mine." 

SIDNEY,  Algernon,  an  English  patriot  and 
political  writer,  was  beheaded  in  1683,  aged  66. 
He  left  behind  him,  "  Discourses  upon  Govern- 
ment," a  valuable  work. 

SIDONIUS  APOLLL\ARIS,a  Roman,raised 
to  the  see  of  Auvergne  against  his  will.  He 
was  a  pious  and  exemplary  prelate,  wrote  3ome 
epistles,  poems,  &c.,  and  died  in  1488. 

SIDONIUS,  C.  Collius  ApoUinaris,  a  very 
ingenious  and  learned  ecclesiastic  and  epistolary 
writer  on  sacred  and  profane  history,  borii  at 
Lyons,  in  430,  and  died  in  487. 

SIGEBERT,  king  of  the  East  Angles,  was  a 
munificent  prince,  and  is  mentioned  with  greal| 
praise  by  the  venerable  Bede,  for  his  learning] 
and  piety.  He  abdicated  his  throne,  and  waaj 
afterwards  assassinated,  in  642. 

SIGEBERT,  son  of  Clotaire  I.,  inherited  the; 
kingdom  of  Austrasia.  He  was  a  valiant  piince,} 
and  was  successful  against  the  Huns  and  otherj 
enemies.     He  was  assassinated  in  575.  I 

SIGEBERT  the  Younger,  son  and  successor 
of  Dagobert,  in  the  kingdom  of  Austrasia,  died; 
in  650,  aged  20.  i 

SIGISMfJND,  king  of  Burgundy,  was  taken' 
prisoner  by  Clodomir,  a  son  of  Clovis,  wiio 
threw  him,  with  his  wife  and  family,  into  aj 
well,  to  perish,  in  523. 

SIGJSMUND,  son  of  Charles  IV.,  king  of 
Hungary,  in  1386,  and  emperor  of  Germany,  in' 
1410.    He  prevailed  upon  the  pope  to  call  the! 


k 


He  was  author  of  a  Treatise  on  Bleeding,  Md 
other  works. 

SILv^ESTER  I.,  was  made  pope  in  314. 
laboured  to  establish  order  and  tranquillity, 
the  church,  and  died  in  385. 

SILVESTER  II.,  Gerbert,  a  native  of  Au- 
vergne, distinguished  for  his  learning,  was  tu- 
tor to  Otho  III.,  and  to  Robert,  the  son  of  Hugh 
Capet,  became  archbishop  of  Rheims  and  ot 
Ravenna,  and  pope,  after  Gregory  V.,  in  9991 
He  died  in  1003.  | 

SILVESTER,  Israel,  an  eminent  French  em- 
graver,  died  at  Paris,  in  1691.  j 

SILVESTER,  Louis,  an  eminent  Frencli 
painrer,  ennobled  by  the  king  of  Poland,  died  in 
Paris,  in  1760. 

SIMEON  STYLITES,  the  founder  of  a  sect 
of  devotees,  called  Stylites.  He  died  in  461, 
aged  69,  after  having  spent  47  years  on  the  top 
of  a  column  60  feet  high,  exposed  to  the  incle- 
mencies of  the  air  and  the  seasons,  and  often 
supporting  himself  for  days  on  one  foot. 

SIMEON  METAPHRASTES,  secretaiy  of 
state  to  Leo,  and  to  Constantiiie  Porphyrogeni- 
tus,  in  the  10th  century,  and  author  of  the 
"  Lives  of  the  Saints,"  &.c. 

SIMIANE,  Charles  John  Baptist  de,  marquis 
of  Pianeze,  died  in  1677.  He  wrote  a  Treatise 
on  the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Religion. 

SIMLER,  Josias,  an  eminent  and  able  pro- 
testant  divine,  of  Switzerland,  author  of  an 
"Abridgment  of  Gesner's  Bibliotheca,"  and 
other  works,  died  at  Zurich,  in  1576.  John,  of 
the  same  family,  distinguished  as  a  portrait 
painter,  died  in  1748. 

SLMMOXS,  Samuel  Foart,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish physician,  settled  in  London,  where  he  be- 
came governor  of  St.  Luke's  hospital,  and  after- 
wards physician  to  the  king  ;  he  died  in  1811. 
He  wrote  a  Treatise  on  Consumptions,  and 
other  works. 

SIMON  MACCABEUS,  high-priest  and  ruler 
of  the  Jews,  143  B.  C.  After  displaying  his 
valour  in  repelling  the  Tyrians  and  Sidonians,  in 


council  of  Constance,  in  1414,  to  settle  the  difti- 1  obtaining  a  confirmation  of  the  independence, 
cultiesof  the  church,  at  which  he  presided,  and  I  of  his  nation  from  the  king  of  S3ria,  and  de- j 
at  which  were  present  18,000  ecclesiastics,  and   feating  the  troops  of  Antiochua  Soter,  he  was 


16,000  nobles  ;  he  suffered  that  council  to  burn 
John  Huss,  and  Jerome  of  Prague,  after  he  had 
given  them  a  safe  passport. 

SIGJSMUND  I.,  king  of  Poland,  aurnaraed  the 
Great,  was  elected  to  the  throne  in  1507.  After 
restoring  the  ancient  glory  of  Poland,  and  es- 
tablishing order,  he  defeated  the  Muscovites, 
and  the  Teutonic  Kniglits,  and  died  in  1548, 
aged  82. 

SIGISMUND  IT.,  son  and  successor  to  the 
preceding,  sumarned  Augustus,  died  in  1572, 
without  issue,  and  was  the  last  of  the  race  of 
Jagellons. 

SIGISMUND  mf,  son  of  John  HI.,  king  of 
Sweden,  ascended  the  throne  in  1578.  He  died 
after  a  long  but  troublesome  reign,  in  1632.  i 

SIGNORELLI,  Luca,  a  very  fine  Florentine: 
painter,  died  in  1521,  aged  82.  I 

SIGONIUS,  Carolus,  a  learned  Italian  histo-l 
rian  and  antiquary,  died  in  1584,  aged  59. 

SILHUNETTE,  Stephen  de,  comptroller- 
general,  and  private  minister  of  France,  died  inj 
1767.  He  wrote  "General  Ideas  on  the  Chinesej 
Government,"  and  some  other  works. 

SILITJS  ITALICUS,  Caius,  a  Roman  authorj 
of  an  indifferent  poem  on  the  2d  Punic  war,  died; 
A.  D.  74,  aged  75. 

SILVA,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Bourdeaus, 
and  an  eminent  physician  of  Paris,  diediu  1744.  i 
372 


murdered  1^5  B.  C. 

SIMON,  surnamed  Zelotes,  an  apostle  of  our 
Saviour,  suffered  martyrdom  in  Persia. 

SIMON,  called  the  brother  of  Christ,  was! 
made  bishop  of  Jerusalem,  A.  D.  62.  He  wasf 
crucified  under  Trajan,  in  107. 

SIMON  MAGUS,  or  the  MAGICIAN,  a 
Samaritan  impostor,  who  pretended  that  he 
was  the  Son  of  God  sent  to  the  Jews,  and  the 
Holy  Ghost  to  the  Gentiles.     He  died  A.  D.  66. 

SIMON,  Claude  Francis,  a  painter,  of  Paris, 
author  of  "The  Knowledge  of  Mythology,'* 
and  some  comedies,  died  in  1767. 

SIMON,Thomas,  an  eminent  English  engraver 
in  the  age  of  Charles  I.  Hi^  brother  Abraham, 
was  celebrated  as  a  modeller  in  wax. 

SIMON,  Richard,  a  French  critic,  and  his- 
torian, born  in  1638,  and  died  in  1713. 

SIMON  of  Durham,  a  monk  of  Whitby,  and 
I  afterwards  of  Durham,  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
m.  He  wrote  a  Chronicle,  which  was  published 
by  Hearne,  and  died  about  1356. 

SIMONET,  Edmund,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Lan- 
gres,  in  1662,  was  professor  of  philosophy  and 
theology  at  Rheims,  and  at  Pont-a-Mousson ;  he 
wrote  Institutes  of  Theology  for  the  use  of 
Schools,  and  died  in  1733. 

SIMONIDES,  a  Greek  poet  and  philosopher, 
who  flourished  about  480  B.  C. 


SK 

SIMONNEAU,  Charles,  a  French  engraver, 
Of  some  celebrity,  died  at  Paris,  in  1728. 
SIMONNEAU,  Lewis,  an  eminent  engraver, 
r  author  of  the  history  of  Printing  and  Engraving, 
\  and  tlie  history  of  other  Arts. 
1  SIMPLICIUB,  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  of 
[  Phrygia,  who  flourished  about  450,  and  wrote 
■  commentaries  upon  several  parts  of  Aristotle's 
I  works. 

"  SIMPSON,  Edward,  D.  D.,  an  English  di- 
f' vine,  author  of  "Universal  Chronology"  in 
I  Latin,  died  in  1652. 

SIMPSON,  Christopher,  author  of  a  "Com- 
pendium of  Practical  Music,"  died  in  1662. 
1     SIMPSON,  Thomas,  an  eminent  professor  of 
i  mathematics  in  the  academy  at  Woolwich,  and 
F.  R.  S.,  died  in  1761,  aged  51. 

SIMPSON,  John,  a  Scottish  divine,  and  di- 
,  Viuity  professor  at  Glasgow ;  he  was  deposed 
1  and  excommunicated  for  denying  the  doctrine  of 
the  Trinity,  and  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  1744. 

SIMPSON,  Robert,  a  distinguished  mathe- 
matician, was  professor  of  mathematics  at 
'  Glasgow.  He  published  a  Treatise  on  Conic 
Sections,  a  valuable  edition  of  Euclid,  and 
;  other  works,  and  died  in  1765. 

SINGLIN,  Antliony,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
distinguished  for  his  piety  and  learning,  died  in 
J 1664.    His  writings  were  on  theology. 

SIRANI,  ^ohn  Andrew,  an  eminent  painter, 
of  Bologna,  was  a  pupil  of  Guido ;  he  died  in 
i  1670.  His  daughter  Elizabeth  excelled  as  a  his- 
;  torical  painter ;  she  died  in  1664. 
j  SIRl,  Vittorio,  an  Italian  writer,  who  settled 
I  at  Paris,  and  became  historiographer  to  the  king 
of  France,  died  in  1685. 

SIRIES,  Violante  Beatrice,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, who  acquired  opulence  and  celebrity  by 
her  portraits,  died  about  1760. 

SIRLET,  Flavius,  a  celebrated  engraver  on 
1  precious  stones,  died  at  Rome,  in  1737. 

SIRMOND,  James,  a  French  jeauit,  and  a 
I  voluminous  theological  writer,  born  in  1559, 
I  end  died  in  1651. 

SITGREAVES,  John,  an  officer  in  the  revo- 
lutionary army,  afterwards  attorney,  and  judge 
of  the  district  court  of  the  United  States  for 
North  Carolina  ;  he  died  in  1801. 

SIXTUS  I.,  pope  after  Alexander  I.,  m  119, 
died  in  127. 

SIXTUS  II.,  an  Athenian,  pope  after  Stephen, 
1  i)i  267.  He  suffered  martyrdom,  in  the  reign  of 
Valerian. 

SIXTUS  III.,  pope  after  Celestinus  I.,  in  432. 
He  attempted  to  effect  a  reconciliation  among 
the  churches  of  the  East,  and  died  about  440. 

SIXTUS  IV.,  Francis  Albecola,  son  of  a  fish- 
erman, of  Genoa,  professor  of  divinity  at  Pa- 
dua, provincial  of  the  order  of  Cordeliers,  a 
cardinal,  and  pope  after  Paul  II.  He  was  a 
patron  of  learning,  and  an  author,  and  died  in 
1482. 

SIXTUS  v.,  Felix  Beretti,  pope,  bom  in  1521 ; 
;  his  father,  Francis  Beretti,  a  poor  vine-dresser, 
unable  to  maintain  him,  put  him  out  to  a  farm- 
1  er ;  he  was  noticed  by  a  Franciscan  friar,  for 
his  conversation  and  behaviour,  and  admitted 
as  a  lay-brother.  He  rose  by  degrees  to  be  in- 
quisitor at  Venice,  but  quarrelling  with  the  se- 
nate, he  was  obliged  to  quit  the  territories  of  the 
republic  He  was  afterwards  made  pope,  and 
died  in  l.'iOO. 

SIXTUS.  a  Cordelier  of  Sienna,  was  an  able 
divine,  and  a  favourite  with  Pkaa  V.    He  died 
ill  1569. 
SK  ELTON,  John,  poet-laureat,  hi  the  icign 
32* 


SM 

of  Henry  VIII.,  and  rector  of  Diss,  in  Norfolk. 
He  was  learned  and  ingenious,  and  died  i;i]529. 

SKELTON,  Philip,  an  eminent  Irish  divine, 
distinguished  for  his  piety,  learning,  eloquence, 
and  benevolence.  He  is  said  to  nave  sold  his 
llbraiy,  in  a  time  of  famine,  to  supply  his  indi- 
gent parishioners  with  bread.  He  wrote  seve 
ral  theological  works,  and  died  in  1787. 

SKELTON,  Samuel,  minister  in  Salem,  Mass., 
died  in  1634. 

SKINNER,  Stephen,  an  eminent  English  anti- 
quaiy,  and  etymologist,  died  in  1667,  aged  45. 

SLEIDAN,  John,  an  excellent  German  his- 
torian, and  political  writer,  died  in  15.'56,  aged  50. 

SLINGELAND,John  Peter  Van,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  painter,  died  in  1691. 

SLOANE,  sir  Hans,  baronet,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  naturalist,  born  at  Killileagh,  in  Ire- 
land, in  1660,  and  died  in  1752,  having  formed 
a  valuable  museum  of  the  rarest  productions  of 
nature  and  art. 

SLODTZ,  Rene  Michael,  an  eminent  French 
sculptor,  member  of  the  Frfinch  academy,  and 
sculptor  to  the  king,  died  at  Paris,  in  1764. 

SLOUGHTER,  Henry,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  New-York,  died  shortly  after  his  anival  in  the 
country,  in  1691. 

SLUYS,  James  Vander,  a  Dutch  painter, 
bom  at  Leyden,  in  1660,  and  died  in  1736. 

SMALBROKE,  Richard,  bishop  of  St.  Da- 
vid's, and  afterwards  of  Litchfield  and  Coven- 
try, died  in  1749.  He  wrote  a  "  Vindication  of 
our  Saviour's  Miracles,"  a  work  of  great  merit. 

SMALClUS,Va!entine,  a  celebrated  Socinian 
writer,  died  at  Cracow,  in  1622. 

SM  ALLEY,  John,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  Ameri- 
can clergyman,  settled  at  Berlin,  Connecticut, 
died  in  1820,  aged  8G. 

SMALLWOOD,  William,  a  brigadier-gene 
ral  in  the  American  army,  during  the  revolution, 
and  afterwards  a  member  of  congress,  and  go- 
vernor of  the  Plate  of  Maryland  ;  he  died  in  1692. 

SMALRIDGE,  Dr.  George,  bishop  of  Bristol, 
and  a  very  elegant  theological  writer,  born  in 
1666,  and  died  in  1719. 

SMART,  Christopher,  an  English  poet  ani 
miscellaneous  writer,  born  in  1722,  and  died  in 
1771.  He  published  a  translation  of  Horace  ia 
prose,  and  other  works. 

SMEATON,  John,  a  celebrated  English  me- 
chanic and  engineer,  died  in  1792,  aged  68. 

SMELLIE,  Dr.  William,  a  Scotch  physiciaa, 
and  writer  on  midwifery,  died  in  1763. 

SMELLIE,  William,  a  Scottish  printer,  F.  R, 
S.  E.,  secretary  to  the  society  of  Scottish  anti- 
quaries, and  an  author,  died  in  1795. 

3M1BERT,  John  of  Boston,  an  eminent  por- 
trait painter,  in  the  18th  century. 

SMITH,  sir  Thomas,  a  lear»ed  English  states- 
man, historian  and  critic,  and  secretary  of  state 
in  the  reigns  of  Edward  VI.  and  Elizabeth  ;  he 
died  in  1597,  aged  65. 

SMITH,  Miles,  a  learned  English  divine, 
bishop  of  Gloucester,  died  in  1624.  He  was 
well  skilled  in  oriental  languages,  and  assisted 
in  translating  the  Bible,  to  which  he  wrote  the 
preface. 

SMITH,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  a  man 
of  great  learning,  died  in  1652. 

SMITH,  John,  an  excallent  mezzotinto  en- 
graver, in  the  reign  of  William  of  England. 

SMITH,Dr.Thomas,  a  learned  English  divine, 
historian, biographer,  and  critic,  died  in  1710. 

SMITH,  John,  an  English  divine,  particularly 
versed  in  septentrional  Uteralare,  and  in  anti- 
quities; be  died  in  1715. 

37$ 


SM. 

^    SMITH,  Edmund,  an  English  poet,  and  au- 
Xlior,  died  in  1710. 

SMITH,  William,  an  able  scholar  and  divine, 
dean  of  Cliester,  died  in  1787.  He  published  an 
*legant  translation  of  Thucydides,  and  ofLon- 
ginud,  besides  other  works. 

SMITH,  Adam,  LL.  D.,  and  F.  R.  S.,  of  Lon- 
don and  Edinburgh,  one  of  the  commissioners 
of  the  customs  in  Scotland,  and  formerly  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy,  in  the  university  of 
Glasgow  ;  he  died  in  1790,  aged  67. 

SMITH,  Charlotte,  an  excellent  English  po- 
etess, and  a  writer  of  novels  of  distinguished 
merit,  died  in  1806,  aged  56. 

SMITH,  George,  a  distinguislied  landscape 
painter,  of  Chichester,  and  an  author,  died  in 
1776,  aged  62. 

SMITH,  John,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
Virginia,  and  for  some  time  at  the  head  of  the 
colony,  was  distinguished  for  the  variety  of  his 
adventures  and  employments,  and  for  his  bra- 
very as  a  soldier.  He  was  eminently  service- 
able in  protecting  and  defending  the  settlement 
of  Virginia  from  destruction  by  the  Indians 
and  was  only  saved  himself,  when  taken  pri 
soner  by  the  "timely  interference  of  Pocahontas 
he  died  in  1631. 

SMITH,  Thomas,  was  for  a  short  time  go- 
vernor of  South  CaroUna,  about  1693. 

SMITH,  VViilia.m,  an  eminent  lawyer,  and 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  province  of 
New- York,  died  in  1769. 

SMITH,  William,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
also  distinguished  as  a  lawyer.  Ke  became 
chief  justice  of  New- York,  and  afterwards  held 
the  same  office  in  Canada. 

SMITH,  Thomas,  minister  of  Portland,  Mass., 
died  in  1795. 

SMITH,  Josiah,  of  South  Carolina,  a  distin 
guished  divine,  died  at  Philadelphia,  in  1781. 

SMITH,  Samuel,  an  American  historian,  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  the  Colony  of  New  Jer 
say,"  died  in  1776. 

SMITH,  Isaac,  a  patriot  and  officer  of  the[ 
American  revolution,  and  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  New  Jersey,  died  in  1807. 

SMITH,  William,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, and  provost  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia, 
died  in  1803. 

SMITH,  Robert,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  clergy- 
man of  Pennsylvania,  died  in  1785. 

SMITH,  John  Blair,  a  distinguished  Ameri- 
can clergj'man,  settled  at  Philadelphia,  was  af- 
terwards, the  first  president  of  Union  College, 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.;  he  died  in  1799. 

SMITH,  Samuel  Stanhope,  D.  D.  LL.  D., 
an  eminent  presbyterian  clergyman,  who  was 
the  founder,  and  first  president  of  Hampden 
Sidney  college,  Virginia,  and  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy  and  theology  at 
Princeton  college,  and  president  of  that  institu 
tion  ;  he  died  in  1819. 

SMITH,  Israel,  a  representative  and  senator 
in  congress  from  Vermont,  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  subsequently  governor  of 
that  state,  died  in  1810. 

SMITH,  Robert,  D.  D.,  an  episcopal  clergy- 
man, and  first  bishop  of  the  episcopal  church  in 
South  Carolina,  died  in  1801. 

SMITH,  Nathaniel,  an  eminent  lawyer^  was 
a  member  of  congress  from  Connecticut,  and  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  that  state  ;  he 
died  in  182-2. 

SMITH,  John,  D.  D.,  professor  of  Greek  and 
the  oriental  languages,  in  Dartmouth  college 
New  Hampshire,  died  in  1809. 
874 


SO 

SMITH,  George  WilUam,  lieutenant  govern- 
or and  afterwards  governor  of  the  state  of  Vir- 
ginia, died  in  1811 

SillTH,  Elihu  H.,  a  distinguished  physician 
and  poet,  of  New- York,  died  in  1798,  aged  27. 

SMLTH,  James,  a  lawyer,  of  Peimsylvania, 
member  of  the  memorable  congress  of  1776, 
and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  declaration  of  lu- 
depeodence. 

I    SMITH,  Elizabeth,  an  English  lady,  of  distin- 
guished talents  and  learning,  died  in  1806. 

SMITZ,  Lewis,  an  eminent  painter,  of  Dort». 
died  in  1675. 

SMITZS,  Caspar,  a  Dutch  portrait  painter^j 
died  at  Dublin,  in  1689. 

SMOLLETT,  Dr.  Tobias,  a  physician,  his- 
torian, novelist  and  poet,  born  in  Scotland,  in 
1720,  and  died  in  1771. 
SMYTH,  James.  See  MOORE. 
SNELL,  Rodolphus,  professor  of  Hebrew 
and  mathematics,  at  Leyden,  and  a  writer  on 
mathematical  and  philosophical  subjects,  died 
in  1613.  His  son  Willebrord,  who  succeeded 
him  in  the  chair  of  mathematics,  in  1613,  first 
discovered  the  true  laws  of  refraction  of  liglit, 
and  attempted  to  measure  the  earth  in  the 
mode  since  adopted  by  Picard  and  Caasini ;  he 
died  in  1623. 

SNORRO,  Sterlesonius,  a  native  of  Iceland, 
minister  of  state  to  one  king  of  Denmark,  and 
to  t.T!  ee  kings  of  Norway ;  was  killed  by  an  en- 
emy, in  1241.  Il^vrote  a  Chronicle  of  the  Kings 
of  Norway,  &JK 

SNOY,  RenBfa  Dutch  physician,  and  am- 
bassador la-^nniark,  and  Scotland,  wrote  a 
"  Histor^mTHolland."  and  died  in  1537. 

SNOY,  Lambert,  author  of  a  Genealogical 
History  of  the  Low  Countries,  died  in  1638. 

SNYDER,  Simon,  governor  of  the  state  of 
Pennsylvania,  died  in  1819. 

SNYDERS,  Francis,  a  famous  Flemish  paint-. 
er,  died  in  1657,  aged  78. 

SOANEN,  John,  an  eminent  French  eccle- 
siastic, was  bishop  of  Senez ;  he  was  after- 
wards deposed  by  the  pope,  and  died  in  exile, 
in  1740. 

SOBIESKI,  John  III.,  king  of  Poland,  the 
most  renowned  warrior  of  his  time.  His  victo- 
ries obtained  over  the  Tartars,  and  the  Turks, 
procured  him  the  crown.  He  was  a  friend  of. 
learning,  and  of  learned  men,  and  died  in  1696, 
aged  66. 

SOCINUS,  Lffilius,  founder  of  the  Socinian 
sect,  born  at  Sienna,  in  1525,  and  died  in  1562. 
i     SOCINUS,  Frustus,  nephew  of  Loelius,  and 
head  of  the  sect  which  goes  by  his  name,  was 
born  at  Sienna,  in  1539,  and  died  in  1604. 

SOCRATES,  the  greatest  of  all  the  ancient 
philosophers,  born  at  Attica,  467  B.  C,  was 
put  to  death  bv  the  Athenians,  on  a  false  charge 
of  Atheism,  400  B.  C. 

SOCRATES,  a  native  of  Constantinople, 
wrote  an  Ecclesiastical  History  to  the  vear400. 
SOLANDER,  Dr.  Daniel  Charles,  an  emi- 
nent naturahst,  who  went  round  the  world  with 
capt.  Cook,  was  born  in  Sweden,  in  1736,  and 
died  in  1782. 

SOLE,  Anthony,  an  eminent  landscape  paint- 
er, of  Bologna,  died  in  1677.  His  son  Joseph, 
was  also  an  eminent  landscape  and  historical 
painter,  and  died  in  1719. 

SOLIGNAC,  Peter  Joseph  dc  la  Pimpie,  che- 
valier of,  the  secretary  and  friend  of  Stanislaus, 
king  of  Poland,  and  author  of  a  "  History  of 
Poland,"  died  in  1773,  aged  86. 
gOLIAIENE,  Franeis,  an  illus^loils  JtSCkn 


so 

painter  and  poet,  born  at  Kaples,  in  1657,  and 
died  in  1747. 

SOLINUS,  Cains  Julius,  a  Latin  gramma- 
rian, born  at  Rome,  about  the  middle  of  the 
3d  century. 

SOLIS,  Antonio  de,  an  ingenious  Spanish 
historian  and  dramatic  poet,  died  in  1086. 

SOLOMON,  son  of  David,  was  king  of  Israel 
after  his  father.  He  is  celebrated  for  his  wisdom, 
for  his  piety  in  early  life,  and  the  temple  which 
he  erected  at  Jerusalem,  in  honour  of  the  God 

I  of  Israel.  He  wrote  the  books  of  Proverbs,  and 
Ecclesiastes,  and  the  Canticles,  and  died  975 

;   B.  C,  aged  58. 

i  SOLOMON  BEN  VIRGA,  a  Spanish  physi- 
cian, and  rabbi,  of  the  16th  century,  author  of 

}  a  History  of  the  Jews,  from  the  destruction  of 
the  temple  to  his  own  time. 

SOLOMON,  Ben  Job  Jalla,  a  native  of 
Africa,  son  of  a  prince  of  the  country,  who  was 
taken  and  brought  to  America  as  a  slave.  He 
was  ransomed  by  general  Oglethorpe,  sent  to 
England,  and  from  thence  to  his  own  couniry. 
While  in  Great  Britain  he  was  employed  in 
translating  Arabic  MSS.  and  was  much  noticed 
hy  the  great. 

SOLON,  one  of  the  seven  sages  of  Greece, 
born  at  Athens,  about  the  35th  Olympiad,  and 
died  in  Cyprus,  558  B.  C,  aged  80.  He  distin- 
guished himself  early,  by  the  greatness  of  his 
courage,  and  the  brightness  of  his  parts,  which 

■  advantages  raised  him  to  the  government  of  his 

.  country. 

SOLYM  AN  I.,  emperor  of  the  Turks,  in  1402. 
He  was  a  brave  prince,  but  addicted  to  pleasure, 
which  hastened  his  end.  He  Was  dethroned  and 
assassinated  by  his  brotlier,  in  1410. 

SOLYMAN  TI.,  surnamed  the  Magnificpnt, 
succeeded  his  father  Selim  I.,  in  1520.  His  reigu 
was  useful,  splendid,  and  victorious,  and  was 
rendered  so  by  his  bravery  and  valour.  He  died 
in  1566,  aged  76. 

SOLYMAN  III.,  emperor  of  Turkey,  was  an 
indolent,  superstitious  prince,  and  died  in  1C91. 
SOMBREUIL,  Francis  Charles  Virot  de,  a 

:  French  general,  v.^ho  perished  on  the  scatTold, 
together  with  his  eldest  son,  in  1793,  on  account 

!   of  his  attachment  to  Lewis  XVI.     His  second 

{  son,  Charles,  escaped,  and  after  distinguishing 

I   himself  in  the  Prussian  armies,  was  taken  pri 

I   soner.  and  shot,  in  1795. 

I       SOMERS,  John,  lord-chancellor  of  England, 

I   an  able  and  eloquent  pleader  at  the  bar,  an  l(o- 

i  nest  statesman,  and  a  patriot  of  the  noblest  and 
most  extensive  views.  He  was  born  in  1652,  and 
died  in  1716. 

SOMERVILLE,  William,  an  English  poet, 
died  in  1743,  aged  51. 
SOMMERY,  N.  Fontette  de,  a  French  lady, 

I   distinguished  for  her  talents  and  writings,  died 

j  in  1792.  Her  house  was  the  resort  of  philoso- 
phers and  learned  men,  who  sought  her  society 
and  conversation. 

SOMMIEK,  John  Claude,  a  French  ecclesi- 
astic, author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Holy  See," 
for  which  he  was  made  archbishop  of  Cffisarea, 
died  in  1737. 

SOMNEE,  William,  an  eminent  English  an- 
tiquary, born  in  1606,  and  died  in  1669. 

SOPHOCLES,  an  ancient  Greek  tragic  poet 
born  at  Athens,  500  B.  C,  and  died  410  B.  C. 
Ke  was  archon,  or  chief  magistrate  of  Athe!„^ 
SOPHONISBA,  daughter  of  Asdrubal,  au.) 
wife  of  king  Syphax.  On  his  death  she  married 
Massinissa,  and  being  compelled  to  abandon  him 
by  Scipio,  she  poisoned  herself,  203  B.  C. 


SP 

SORANUS,  an  Ephesian  physician,  who  set- 
tled at  Rome,  under  the  emperors  Trajan  and 
Adrian.     Some  of  his  works  are  extant. 

SORBAIT,  Paul,  imperial  physician,  and  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  at  Vienna,  wrote  "  Commen- 
taries on  the  Aphorisms  of  Hippocrates,"  and 
other  works,  and  died  in  1691. 

SORBIERE,  Samuel,  a  French  medical  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  born  in  1615,  and  died  in 
1670. 

SORBONNE,  Robert  de,  an  eminent  French 
divine,  and  founder  of  a  college  for  divinity  and 
phiiosopliy,  at  Paris  ;  he  died  in  1274,  aged  73. 

SOREL,  Agnes,  the  mistress  of  Charles  VII.. 
of  France,  was  distinguished  for  her  beauty, 
strength  of  mind,  and  the  influence  she  possess- 
ed over  her  lover,  whom  she  incited  to  deeds  of 
glory.    She  died  in  1450. 

SORGH,  Hendrick,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter, 
died  in  1684. 

SORRI,  Pet«r,  an  Italian  painter,  who  died  m 
1622. 

SOSIGENES,  a  famous  Egyptian  astronomer, 
inventor  of  the  Julian  calendar,  flourished  about 
46  B.  C. 

SOSTRATES,  an  architect,  of  Cnidos,  who 
built  the  celebrated  tower  of  Pharos,  flourished 
about  273  B.  C. 

SOTADES,  a  Grecian  poet,  of  Maronaea,  in 
Thrace,  was  thrown  into  the  sea  in  a  leaden 
chest,  for  ridiculing  Philadelphus,  of  Egypt,  in 
a  satirical  poem. 

SOTHEL,  Seth,  a  proprietor  and  governor 
of  North  Carolina,  and  afterwards  governor  of 
South  Carohna,  died  in  1094. 

SOTO,  Dominic,  a  learned  Dominican,  con- 
fessor to  Charles  V.,  died  in  15G0.  He  wrote 
several  theological  works. 

SOUBISE,  John  de  Parthenai,  lord  of,  a  dis- 
tinguished leader  of  the  urolesianta,  and  cele- 
brated for  his  brave  defence  of  Lyons,  died  in 
1566. 

SOUBISE,  Benjamin  de  Rohan,  duke  of,  a 
distinguished  leader  of  the  protestanls,  in  the 
religious  wars  of  France,  died  in  1640. 

SOUCHAI,  John  Baptist,  a  French  ecclesi- 
astic and  writer,  canon  of  Rodez,  counsellor  to 
the  king,  and  professor  of  eloquence  in  the 
royal  college,  died  in  1746. 

SOUCIET,  Stephen,  a  French  Jesuit,  librarian 
to  the  college  of  Louis  the  Great,  and  author  of 
"  Astronoiwical  Observations  in  China  and  In- 
dia," and  other  wovks,  died  in  1744.  His  bro- 
ther Stephen  Augustin,  who  died  about  the 
same  time,  was  professor  of  theology,  in  the 
college  of  Louis  the  Great,  and  a  poet. 

SOUFFLOT,  James  Germain,  an  eminent 
French  architect,  died  in  1780. 

SOUTH,  Dr.  Robert,  an  English  divine,  and 
theological  writer,  of  great  learning,  died  in 
1716,  aged  8.3. 

SOUTHERN,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English 
dramatic  writer,   died  in  1746,  aged  84. 

SOZOMEN,  Hermias,  an  ecclesiastical  histo- 
rian of  the  5th  century,  born  in  Palestine,  and 
died  about  450. 

SPAGNOLETTO,  Joseph  Ribera,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  born  near  Valentia,  in  1589.  He 
settled  at  Naples,  where  he  was  patronised  by 
the  great,  and  died  in  1656. 

SPAGNOLl.  Baptist,  a  general,  of  the  Car- 
melites, distinguished  for  the  wisdom  of  the  re- 
gulations be  introduced  info  his  order,  for  Ws 
studious  habits,  and  fo'-  his  poetical  writings, 
died  in  1516.  "  ' 

SPAIGHT,  Richard  Dobbg,  a  member  of  cm 
375 


SP 

gr«;8»,  and  of  the  convention  which  formed  the 
federal  constitution,  and  afterwards  governor  of 
Norili  Carolina,  killed  in  a  duel,  in  l'B02. 

SPALLANZANI,  Lazarus,  an  Italian  writer, 
considered  as  one  of  the  greatest  uaturaliats  of 
ti»e  age ;  he  died  in  1799. 

SPANHEIM,  Frederic,  professor  of  divinity, 
at  Geneva,  and  afterwards  at  Leyden,  and  a 
distinguished  preacher,  died  in  1649. 

SPA^|■HEIM,  Ezekiel,  an  eminent  vvTiter  o!! 
history  and  antiquities,  born  at  Geneva,  in  1829, 
and  died  in  1710. 

SPANHEIM,  Frederic,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  a  celebrated  preaci:er  at  Utrecht, 
psofeasor  of  divinity  at  Heidelberg,  and  after- 
wards of  divinity  and  sacred  histor>',  at  Leyden. 
He  died  in  1701. 

SPARROW,  Anthony,  a  pious  and  learned 
English  divine,  made  archdeacon,  of  Ludbury, 
and  afterwards  bishop  of  Exeter  and  Norwich ; 
lie  died  in  10>8.5. 

SPARTACUS,  a  Thracian  shepherd,  the  con- 
queror of  some  of  the  Roman  armies,  was  de- 
feated by  Crassus,  71  B.  C. 

SPARTIANCS,  .^lius,  a  Latin  historian,  au- 
tiior  of  the  "  Lives  of  the  Roman  Emperors, 
fr.'im  Ca;sar  to  Dioclesian.'" 

SPEED,  John,  an  English  chronologist,  histo- 
rian, and  antiquary,  died  in  16'29,  aged  74 

SPELMAN,  sir  Henry,  an  eminent  English 
hiirtorian  and  antiquary,  died  in  1641,  aged  60. 

SPEis'CE,  Ferrand,  "an  English  writer,  of  the 
17th  century. 

SPENCE,  Joseph,  an  English  poet  and  critic 
of  eminence,  was  drowned  in  a  canal  in  his 
garden,  in  1768. 

SPENCER,  William,  an  English  writer,  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  Origevi  against  Celsus,  in 
ifi58,  with  annotations,  and  a  Latin  version. 

SPENCER,  Dr.  John,  a  very  ingenious  and 
irnrr.ru  English  uivihc  and  critic,  born  in  1630, 
and  ditd  in  1695. 

SPENCER,  Joseph,  a  brigadier  and  major- 
general  of  the  American  army,  during  the  revo- 
lution, and  a  member  of  congress  in  1779,  died 
in  1789. 

SPENER,  Philip  James,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
founder  of  the  sect  called  Pietists,  held  someec- 
clediastical  dignities  at  Berlin,  and  died  in  1705, 
aged  76. 

SPENSER,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  English 
poet,  died  in  1598,  aged  45. 

SPERLING,  Oito,  a  distinguished  physician, 
of  Hamburgh,  wentio  Copenhagen,  as  physician 
to  the  king  of  Denmark.  He  wrote  a  "  Catalogue 
of  the  Plants  of  Denmark,"  and  died  in  pri- 
son, in  1681. 

SPERLING,  John,  professor  of  medicine,  at 
Wittemberg,  and  a  writer  on  medical  subjects, 
died  ill  1658 

SPERONE,  Speron,  an  Italian  dramatic  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1.583,  aged  88. 

SPIELMAN,  James  Reinhold,  an  eminent 
physician,  and  professor  of  medicine  and  chy- 
niistry  at  Strasbiirg,  died  in  17S2.  He  publish- 
ed Elements  of  Chymistry,  and  other  works. 

SPIERINGS,  Henry,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  born  in  1633. 

SPIER3,  Albert  Van,  an  admired  historical 
painter,  of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1718,  aged  52. 

SPIGELlUS,Adrian,a  native  of  Bru8sel3,pro 
fesfior  of  surgery  and  anatomy  at  Padua,  died 
ill  1625.  His  works  were  published  at  Amster 
dam.  in  1645. 

BPILBERG,  John,  an  eminent  portrait  and 
ivistuiical  pamter,  of  Dusseldorf,  died  in  1691 


37^ 


^> 


ST 

His  daughter,  Adriana,  excelled  as  a  painter 
in  crayons. 

SPILBERG,  George,  a  Dutch  admiral,  who 
defeated  the  Spaniards  in  the  South  Seas,  about 
1616. 

SPfNCKES,  Nathaniel,  of  Northamptonshire, 
an  eminent  non-juring  divine,  died  in  1727,  aged 
73. 

SPINELLO,  Aretino,  a  Tuscan  painter  of 
great  repute,  born  in  1328,  and  died  in  1420. 
His  son  Paris  was  also  an  eminent  painter,  and 
is  said  to  have  painted  Lucifer,  in  his  picture  of 
the  fallen  angels,  in  so  hideous  a  form,  that  he 
was  frightened  at  his  own  work,  and  affected  iq 
his  senses  ever  after.     He  died  in  1422,  aged  5C. 

SPINOLA,  Ambrose,  a  famous  Spanish  ge- 
neral, died  in  1630,  aged  61. 

SPINOZA,  Benedict  de,  born  at  Amsterdam, 
in  1638,  was  first  a  Jew,  then  a  Christian,  and 
lastly  an  atheist.    He  died  in  1677. 

SPIRA,  Francis,  an  eminent  Venetian  law* 
yer,  in  the  16th  century.  He  was  supposed  to 
favour  the  tenets  of  the  reformadpn,  and  com- 
pelled to  make  a  recantation  to  save  his  life, 
which  had  such  an  effect  upon  his  spirits,  as  to 
hasten  his  end.    He  died  in  1548. 

SPONj  Charles,  an  ingenious  and  learned 
French  pnysician,  died  at  Lyons,  in  1684.  He 
wrote  Latin  verses  with  ease  and  elegance,  and 
corre.=ipondcd  with  most  of  the  learned  men  of 
Europe. 

SPON,  James,  son  of  the  preceding,  a  cele- 
brated physician,  historian,  and  antiquary,  bora 
at  Lvons,  in  1647,  and  died  in  1696. 

SPONDANUS,  John,  or  DE  SPONDE,  a 
learned  man,  bom  in  Biscay,  in  1557,  author  of 
a  Commentary  on  Honier's  Writings,  and  other 
works,  died  in  1535. 

SPONDANUS,  Henry,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  French  civilian  and  annalist,  died  in 
1643.  aged  75. 

SPOTSWOOD,  John,  archbishop  of  St.  An- 
drews, and  an  author,  was  born  in  Scotland,  in 
1565.  and  died  in  1639.  i 

SPOTSWOOD,  Alexander,  governor  of  the  1 
colonv  of  Vircinia,  died  in  1740. 

SPRAGG,  Edward,  a  valiant  English  naval 
olficer,  who  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars 
with  the  Dutch,  and  with  the  Algerines,  was  I 
drowned  in  an  engagement  with  Van  Tromp,  | 
about  1673.  ' 

SPRANGHER,  Bartholomew,  an  eminent  I 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  was  patronised  at  Rome,  | 
by  Pius  v.,  and  in  Germany,  by  the  emperor  , 
Rodolphus,  by  whom  he  was  ennobled.  He  died 
in  1623. 

SPRAT,  Dr.  Thomas,  bishop  of  Rochester,  a 
historian  and  poet,  died  in  1713,  aged  77.  He 
wrote  the  "  History  of  the  Royal  Society,"  and 
other  works. 

SPRING,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
American  clergyman,  pastor  of  a  presbyterian 
church,  in  Newburyport,  Mass.,  died  in  1819. 

SPROAT,  James,  D.  D.,  an  able  and  exem- 
plary clerevman,  of  Philadelphia,  died  in  1793. 

SPURStOW,  William,  D.  D.,  an  English 
divine,  and  a  member  of  the  Westminster  as- 
sembly of  divines,  died  in  1666. 

SQ.UARCIONE,  Francis,  an  Italian  painter 
of  great  celebrity,  died  in  1474. 

SaUIRE,  Dr.  Samuel,  bishop  of  St.  David's, 
a  poetical,  historical,  and  antiquarian  writer, 
died  in  1766. 

STAAL,  raadarae  de,  a  French  lady  of  great 
wit,  wife  of  an  officer  of  the  horse  guards,  an4 
author  of  comedies,  raemoirs.  &.C.,  died  in  1750. 


ST 

STABEN,  Henry  a  celebrated  Flemish  histor- 
if'al  painter,  died  in  1658. 
.'  STACKHOUSE,  Tliomas,  a  learned  and  pi- 
'  0U3,  but  necessitous  English  divine,  who  first 
became  noticed  by  a  treatise  "  On  the  Miseries 
of  the  Inferior  Clergy."  He  died  in  1752,  aged 
72,  leaving  many  other  works. 

STADIuS,  John,  professor  of  history  at  Lou- 
vain,  and  afterwards  of  mathematics  and  his- 
tory at  Paris,  died  in  1579. 

ST  A  EL,  Anne  Louisa  Germaine  Necker, 
baroness  de,  was  daughter  of  M.  Necker,  the 
celebrated  French  financier,  bom  in  Paris  in 
17G6.  She  wrote  several  books,  and  died  in 
1817. 

STAFFORD,  Antony,  a  learned  English  wri- 
ter, author  of  the  "  Life  and  Death  of  Diog- 
enes," and  many  other  works;  he  died  in  1641. 

STAHL,  George  Ernest,  an  eminent  German 

chymist,  and  professor  of  chymistry  at  Halle ; 

'.  went  to  Berlin,  wkere  he  was  physician  to  the 

king,  and  counsellor  of  state ;   he  wrote  many 

valuable  works,  and  died  in  1734. 

STAHREMBERG,  Conrad  Balthasar,  count 
de,  governor  of  Vienna,  celebrated  for  his  brave 
defence  of  that  city  against  the  Turks,  in  1683. 
He  died  at  Rome,  in  1687. 

STAHREMBERG,  Guido  Balde,  count  de, 
an  Austrian  general  of  great  gallantry  and  merit, 
died  at  Vienna,  in  1737. 

STALBENT,  Adrian,  a  distinguished  pain- 
ter, of  Antwerp,  died  in  1660. 

STAMPART,  Francis,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Antwerp,  and  settled  in  Vienna,  died 
there  in  1750. 

STANDISH,  Miles,  one  of  the  little  band  of 
Pilgrims,  who  first  came  to  New  England,  and 
captain  of  the  military  forces  of  the  infant  col- 
ony of  Plymouth,  in  the  wars  with  the  Indians, 
ire  died  in  1656. 

STANHOPE,  George,  an  English  divine  and 
theological  writer,  died  in  1728,  aged  68. 

STANHOPE,  James,  earl  of,  born  in  1673, 
distinguished  himself  in  the  army,  and  was  af- 
terwards made  secretary  of  state  under  George 
I.,  ambassador  to  Vienna,  first  lord  of  the 
treasury,  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  ; 
he  died  in  1721. 

STANHOPE,  Philip  Dormer,  earl  of  Chester- 
field, one  of  the  most  celebrated  wits  of  his  age, 
an  eminent  statesman,  political,  epistolary,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1773,  aged  79. 

STANHOPE,  Charles,  Earl,  born  in  1733, 
was  a  man  of  science  and  ingenuity ;  he  died 
hi  1816.     His  inventions  were  valuable. 

STANISLAUS,  Leczinski,  king  of  Poland 
9Tid  elector  of  Saxony,  a  most  unfortunate,  but 
virtuous  prince.  He  wrote  several  books,  and 
dipd  in  1766 

STANISLAUS  AUGUSTUS  PONIATOW- 
SKI,  was  the  son  of  a  Pohsh  nobleman,  born 
in  1732,  died  in  1798.  He  was  elected  king  of 
Poland,  in  1764,  and  deposed  by  Catherine,  em- 
press of  Russia,  in  1795. 

STANLEY,  sir  Thomas,  an  elegant  EngUsh 
writer,  author  of  some  poems,  &c. 

STANLEY,  Thomas,  an  English  gentleman 
of  prodigious  learning,  son  of  the  preceding, 
born  1644,  and  died  in  1678,  leaving  several  val- 
uable books. 

STANLEY,  John,  an  English  musician,  who 
was  blind  from  the  age  of  2  years.  He  was 
organist  of  several  churches,  and  at  last  mas- 
ter of  the  King's  band.  He  died  in  1786,  aged 
73. 

STANNINA,  an  eaaineat  historical  paiuler, 


ST 

of  Florence,  was  patronised   by  the  king  of 
Spain  and  died  in  1403.  < 

STANYHURST,  Richard,  a  native  of  Dublin, 
distinguished  as  a  divine,  philosopher,  poet, 
and  historian.  He  was  chaplain  to  the  arch- 
duke Albert  of  Austria,  and  died  at  Brussels, 
in  1618. 

STAPLETON,  Walter,  an  English  prelate, 
was  bishop  of  Exeter,  and  treasurer  of  England. 
He  founded  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and  was 
beheaded  during  an  insurrection  in  London,  in 
1326. 

STAPLETON,  Thomas,  an  English  clergy 
man,  prebendary  of  Chichester,  in  the  reigu  of 
Mary,  and  afterwards  regius  professor  of  di- 
vinity at  Louvain,  and  canon  of  St.  Peter's,  died 
in  1598. 

STAPYLTON,  sir  Robert,  an  English  dra- 
matic writer,  died  in  1669. 

STARK,  John,  a  general  in  the  American 
army,  during  the  revolution,  distinguished  for 
his  activity,  enterprise  and  courage,  and  for  his 
important  services  in  the  war,  died  in  1822, 
aged  94. 

STAROVOLSKI,  Simon,  author  of  a  Geo- 
graphical Account  of  Poland,  and  of  the  lives 
of  100  illustrious  Polish  writers,  lived  in  the 
17th  century. 

STATIRA,  daughter  of  Darius,  and  wife  of 
Alexander.  She  was  murdered  by  Roxana, 
323  B.C.  1 

STATIUS,  Publius  Rapinius,  an  ancient  Ro- 
man poet,  born  at  Naples,  about  the  beginning 
of  the  reign  of  Claudius  ;  he  lived  91  years. 

STAUNTON,  sir  George  Leonard,  was  born 
atGalway,  in  Ireland,  and  bred  to  surgery  and 
physic.  He  went  to  the  West  Indies,  took  to 
the  law,  and  got  rich.  He  was  afterward.^  attor- 
ney-general at  Grenada,  secretary  to  lord  Ma- 
cartney, when  governor  of  Madras ;  and  at 
length  was  created  a  baronet  by  the  king.  He 
died  in  1801. 

STAVELY,  Thomas,  an  English  lav/yer  and 
writer,  author  of  the  "  History  of  the  Churches," 
&c.,  died  in  1683. 

STEBBING,  Dr.  Henry,  an  English  divine, 
and  theoligical  writer,  died  in  1763. 

STEDMAN,  John  Gabriel,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, born  in  1745,  became  an  author,  and  died 
in  1797. 

STEELE,  sir  Richard,  an  English  writer,  and 
politician,  was  born  in  Ireland,  but  educated  at 
London  with  Addison ;  he  wrote  many  fine 
books,  and  died  in  1729. 

STEEN,  John,  a  Dutch  painter,  born  at  Ley- 
den,  died  in  1689. 

STEENWICK,  Henry,  an  eminent  Flemish 
painter,  died  in  1603. 

STEEVENS,  George,  an  ingenious  critic  and 
clasical  scholar,  was  born  at  Stepney,  in  1735, 
and  died  in  1800. 

STEFANESCHI,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent 
historical,  and  miniature  painter,  of  Florence, 
died  in  1659. 

STEINBOCK,  Magnus,  an  illustrious  Swede, 
who  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars,  under 
Charles  XII.,  by  his  valour.  In  the  absence  of 
his  master  from  Sweden,  he  governed  the  king- 
dom with  uncommon  wisdom  and  moderation. 
He  died  in  1717. 

STELLA,  James,  an  eminent  French  paint- 
er, born  at  Lyons,  in  1596,  and  died  at  Paris,  in 
1647. 

STELLINI,  James,  an  Italian  ecclesiastic, 
distinguished  fur  ins  learning,  was  professor  of 
divinity  at  Padua,  aud  died  in  1770. 

377 


^ ST 

STENO,  Nicholas,  a  distinguished  Danish 
anatomiflt,  became  an  ecclesiastic  in  Italy,  and 
was  appointed  by  tlie  pope,  apostolical  vicar  of 
Germany,  and  bishop  of  Titiopolis,  in  Greece ; 
he  died  in  1686. 

STEPHANOS  BYZANTINUS.an  able  Greek 
grammarian  and  lexicographer,  who  lived  in  the 
5th  or  6th  century. 

STEPHEN,  St.,  the  first  Christian  martyr. 
He  was  stoned  to  death  by  the  Jews,  A.  D.  33, 
on  a  charge  of  blaspheming  God  and  Moses. 

STEPHEN  I.,  succeeded  to  the  papal  chair 
after  Lucius,  in  253.  He  suffered  martyrdom  in 
the  persecution  of  Valentinian,  in  257. 

STEPHEN  H.,  was  chosen  pope  in  752.  Be- 
ing attacked  by  the  king  of  Lombardy,  he  ap- 
pealed for  assistance  to  Pepin,  king  of  France, 
who  defeated  the  Lombards,  and  took  from  them 
25  towns,  which  he  gave  to  the  pope,  and  thus 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  temporal  power  of  the 
Holy  See.    Stephen  died  in  757. 

STEPHEN  IH.,  succeeded  to  the  papacy  in 
768,  and  died  in  772. 

STEPHEN  IV.,  was  elected  pope  after  Leo 
III.,  in  816,  and  died  the  next  year. 


STEPHEN  v.,  pope  after  Adrian  III.,  in  885,  iJAmericau  revolution,  was  a  major-general 


died  in  891 

STEPHEN  VI.  was  elected  pope  in  896.  He 
caused  the  dead  body  of  his  predecessor,  For- 
mosus,  to  be  dug  up,  dressed  in  the  pontifical 
robes,  tried,  and  decapitated,  for  having  been 
Ills  enemy,  which  so  disgusted  the  Romans,  that 
they  revolted,  and  strangled  him,  in  897. 

STEPHEN  VII.,  successor  to  Leo  VI.,  died 
after  a  pontificate  of  two  years,  in  933. 

STEPHEN  VIII.,  was  elected  pope  in  939. 
He  was  insulted  and  disfigured  by  the  Romans, 
and  died  in  942. 

STEPHEN  IX.,  brother  of  Godfrey,  duke  of 
Lorraine,  was  chosen  pope  in  1057,  and  died 
the  following  year. 

STEPHEN  of  Muret,  Saint,  de\  oted  himself 
to  religious  solitude,  for  50  years,  on  the  moun- 
tains of  Muret,  where  he  founded  a  uionastery, 
and  died  in  1124. 

STEPHEN  I.,  St.,  king  of  Hungary,  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Geisa,  in  997.  He  introduced 
Christianity  into  his  kingdom,  mads  wise  and 
wholesome  laws  for  the  benefit  of  his  people, 
and  died  respected  and  regretted,  in  1038. 

STEPHEN,  a  waivode  of  Moldavia,  who  in 
the  16th  century  expelled  the  lawful  sovereign, 
of  that  country,  and  usurped  his  throne ;  he  was, 
in  consequence  of  his  tyranny,  murdered  in  his 
tent,  with  2000  of  his  followers. 

STEPHEN,  king  of  England,  usurped  the 
threne  from  Matilda,  the  lawful  sovereign,  who 
opposed  him  with  various  success;  and  after 
distracting  the  kingdom  with  civil  wars,  for  a 
long  time,  he  made  an  agreement  by  which  he 
rei|!ned  peaceably  the  residue  of  his  life,  and 
left  the  crown  to  Henry,  the  son  of  Matilda,  to 
the  exclusion  of  his  own  son.    He  died  in  1154. 

STEPHENS,  Henry,  a  celebrated  French 
printer,  the  founder  of  the  family  of  that  name, 
was  born  at  Paris,  and  died  at  Lyons,  in  1520. 

STEPHENS,  Robert,  son  of  the  preceding, 
<»e  of  the  best  printers  of  his  time,  was  born 
at  Paris,  in  1503,  lived  in  intimacy  at  Geneva, 
with  Calvin  and  others,  whose  works  he  printed, 
aod  died  there  in  1559. 

STEPHENS,  Henry,  son  of  Robert,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1528,  and  died  in  1-598.  He  was  also 
a  printer,  and  considered  the  most  learned  of  all 
his  learned  family. 

STEPHENS,  Paul,  son  of  Henry,  distinguish- 
-378 


ST     -^. 

ed^as  a  man  of  learning,  continued  his  father's 
business  at  Geneva,  and  died  in  1627. 

STEPHENS,  John,  an  English  catholic,  who 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  exiled  James  II.  After 
an  act  of  amnesty  had  passed,  he  returned  to 
London,  where  he  distinguished  himaeif  as  a 
writer.    He  died  about  1726. 

STEPHENS,  Robert,  an  eminent  English  an- 
tiquary, died  in  1732. 

STEPNEY,  George,  an  English  poet,  states- 
man, and  political  writer,  died  in  1707,  aged  44. 

STERNE,  Lawrence,  an  eminent  writer,  born 
in  Ireland,  in  r/l3,  author  of  "Tristram  Shan- 
dy," "  Sentimental  Journey,"  and  other  works. 
He  died  in  London,  in  1768. 

STERNHOLD,  Thomas,  an  English  poet, 
celebrated  for  his  version  of  king  David's 
Psalms,  in  conjunction  with  Hopkins ;  he  died 
in  1M9. 

STESICHORUS,  a  Greek  poet  and  statesman, 
born  in  the  37th  Olympiad,  and  lived  above  80 
years. 

STEUBEN,  Frederic,  William  baron  de,  one 
of  the  distinguished  foreigners,  who  volunteered 
their  services  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  during  the 


the  American  army,  during  that  period,  and  a 
brave,  skilful,  and  valuable  officer.  He  had^ 
been  an  aid-de-camp  of  Frederic  the  Great,  of 
Prussia,  his  native  country,  and  possessed  a 
knowledge  of  the  military  tactics  of  Europe, 
highly  serviceable  to  the  revolutionary  army. 
He  died  at  Steubenville,  N.  Y.,  in  1794. 

STEVENS,  William  Bagshaw,  an  English 
clergyman,  author  of  "Retirement,"   a  poem, 

Indian  Odes,"  &c.,  died  in  1800. 

STEVENS,  George  Alexander,  an  English 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1784. 

STEVENS,  Alexander,  an  eminent  architect, 
died  in  1796.  The  bridge  over  the  Liffey,  the 
aqueduct  at  Lancaster,  and  the  locks  in  the 
grand  canal  of  Ireland,  are  lasting  monuments 
of  his  skill  and  ingenuity. 

STEVENS,  Palamedes,  an  English  painter 
of  considerable  merit,  died  in  1638.  His  brother 
Anthony,  was  a  celebrated  portrait  painter,  and 
died  in  1680. 

STEVENS,  Joseph,  minister  of  Charleetown, 
Mass.,  died  in  1713; 

STEVENS,  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  an  able  minister 
of  Kittery,  Mass.,  died  in  1791. 

STEVIN,  Simon,  a  distinguished  Dutch  ma- 
thematician, and  mathematical  writer,  died  in 
1635. 

STEWART,  sir  James,  a  Scotch  baronet,  au- 
thor of  a  valuable  "  Treatise  on  Political  Eco- 
nomy," and  other  works,  died  in  1789. 

STEWART,  Matthew,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Edinburgh,and  a  mathematical  writer, 
died  in  1785. 

STIFELIUS,  Michael,  a  protestant  divine,  ■ 
of  Germany,  author  of  a  Treatise  on  Algebra," 
and  another  on  the  calendar,  died  in  1567.  He 
predicted  that  the  destruction  of  the  world  would 
happen  in  1553,  but  lived  to  witness  the  fallacy 
of  his  calculations. 

STILES,  Ezra,  D.  D.,  an' eminent  American 
clergyman  and  classical  scholar,  for  many  years 
president  of  Yale  college,  died  in  1795. 

STILL,  John,  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  a 
verv  early  dramatic  writer,  died  in  1607,  aged  39. 

STILLINGPLEET,  Dr.  Edward,  bishop  of 
Worcester,  born  in  17,35,  and  died  in  1699,  great- 
ly distinguished  by  numerous  polemic  writings, 
particularly  " Origines  Sacra;:"  a  book  of  in- 
estimable value. 


BT 

STILLINGFXjEET,  Benjamin,  grandson  of" 

the  preceding,  a  distingjuished  naturalist  and 

/  poet,  ijoni  in  170-2,  and  died  in  1771. 

^       STILLMAN,  Samuel,  D:  D.,  a  distinguished 

bapiist  minister,  settled  at  Boston,  Mass.,  died 

in  1307. 

sriTH,  William,  an  American  historian, 
president  of  the  college  of  William  and  Mary, 
Virginia,  until  about  1740. 

STOB^US,  Jolin,  a  learned  Greek  writer, 
who  lived  in  the  5th  century. 

STOCK,  Christian,  a  German  orientalist,  of 
great  learning,  was  a  professor  at  Jena;  He 
died  in  1733. 

STOCKADE,  Nicholas  de  Helt,  an  eminent 
portrait  and  historical  painter,  of  Nimeguen, 
lived  about  1614. 

STOCKTON,Richard,an  eminent  lawyer,  and 
judge  of  New- Jersey,  was  a  member  of  con- 
gress from  that  state  in  1776,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  he 
died  in  1781. 

STODDARD,  Solomon,  an  eminent  clergy- 
man, of  New-England,  settled  for  nearly  60 
years  at  Norirfiampton,  Mass.,  and  died  in  1729. 

STOFFLER,John,  an  eminent  teacherof  ma- 
thematics at  Tubingen,  wrote  some  books  on 
that  science  and  on  astrology,  and  died  in  1531. 

STOFFLET,  Nicholas,  a  French  private  sol- 
dier, who  at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution, 
aimed  himself  and  his  followers,  in  support  of 
royalty,  and  supported  himself  against  the  for- 
ces of  the  convention.  During  two  years  he 
fought  150  battles,  and  his  bravery  generally  en- 
Buieri  success.  He  was  at  last  prevailed  on  to 
lay  down  his  arms,  and  afterwards  on  some 
frivolous  pretext  taken  and  shot,  in  1796. 

STONE,  John, an  eminent  English  painter,  in 
the  reigns  of  the  two  Charles'.   He  died  in  1653. 

STONE,  Edmund,  a  selftaught  mathemati- 
cian, author  of  a  "Treatise  on  Fluxions"  and 
other  mathematical  works ;  he  died  about  1750. 
.  S'i'ONE,  Nicholas,  a  distinguished  English 
Statuary,  died  in  16-47. 

STONE,  Samuel,  an  English  divine  who 
came  to  this  country  to  escape  persecution.  He 
was  one  of  the  tirst  ministers  in  Hartford,  Con. 
and  died  there  in  1633. 

STONE,  John  Haskins,  a  brave  and  zealous 
officer  of  the  revolution,  afterwards  governor 
of  ihe  State  of  Maryland,  died  in  1804. 

STONE,  Thomas,  a  member  of  congress  in 
1776,  from  Maryland,  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence,  died  in  1787. 

STONE,  David,  a  representative  and  senator 
in  congress  from  North  Carolina,  and  after- 
wards a  judge  and  governor  of  that  state.  He 
died  in  1818. 

STONEHOUSE,  sir  James,  an  eminent  En- 
glish physician,  and  afterwards  a  popular  and 
eloquent  preacher,  died  in  1795.  In  the  early 
part  of  his  life,  he  was  an  infidel ;  but  he  re- 
nounced and  wrote  against  his  sceptical  opin- 
ions. 

STORACE,  Stephen,  a  distinguished  musi- 
cian and  composer  for  the  English  theatre,  was 
born  in  1763,  and  died  in  1796. 

STORCK,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Saxony,  who 
in  connexion  with  Muncer  founded  the  sect  of 
the  Anabaptists  in  Moravia ;  he  died  at  Munich 
about  1530. 

STORCK.    See  RINGELBERGIUS. 

STORCK,  Abraham,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose 
sea  pieces  and  marine  views  were  much  admi- 
red ;  he  died  in  1708.  His  brother  was  a  good 
landscape  painter. 


ST 

STOUFFACHER,  Werner,  one  of  the  illus- 
trious band  of  Swiss  heroes,  who  overturned 
the  Austrian  government  of  Switzerland,  and 
restored  their  country  to  its  original  Independ- 
ence. 

STOUGHTON,  William,  chief  justice,  and 
afterwards  lieutenant  governor  of  the  colony  of 
Massachusetts,  died  in  1701. 

STOW,  John,  an  eminent  English  historian 
and  antiquary,  died  in  1605,  aged  80, 

STRABO,  a  native  of  Cappadocia,  celebrated 
as  a  geographer  and  historian,  died  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  emperor  Tiberius'  reign. 

STRADA,  Famianus,  a  very  ingenious  and 
learned  Italian  Jesuit,  died  in  1649. 

STRADA,  John,  or  STRADANUS,  a  Flem- 
ish painter,  born  in  1536,  and  died  in  1604.  His. 
hunting  and  historical  pieces  are  much  admired. 

STRAETEN,  N.  Vander,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
landscape  painter,  born  in  1680. 

STRAFFORD,  Thomas  Wentvvorth,  earl  of  j 
See  WENTWORTH. 

STRAHAM,  William,  a  very  eminent  print- 
er, was  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1715,  and  died  iri 
1785. 

STRAIGHT,  John,  an  English  divine  and 
poet,  was  prebendary  of  Salisbury  cathedral ; 
le  died  in  1740. 

STRANGE,  sir  Robert,  a  celebrated  histori- 
cal engraver,  born  in  the  island  of  Pomona,  in 
Orkney,  in  1721,  and  died  in  1792. 

STRAUCHIUS,  Giles,  professor  of  divinity 
at  Wittemberg,  and  afterwards  professor  of  the- 
ology and  rector  of  the  university  of  Dantzic, 
died  in  1682. 

STREATER,  Robert,  an  eminent  English 
historical  jiainter,  died  in  1680. 

STREEK,  Jurian  Van,  an  admired  Flemish 
painter,  died  in  1678.  His  son.  Henry,  excelled 
as  a  historical  painter  ;  he  died  in  1713. 

STRIGELIUS,  Victorius,  a  teacher  of  theo- 
logy, and  afterwards  a  professor  of  morality  al 
Hcidleberg,  died  in  1560. 

STROBELBERGER,  John  Stephen,  an  emi- 
nent German  physician  and  medical  writer,  died 
in  1630. 

STRONG,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Carlisle,  who, 
although  blind  from  his  infancy,  was  distiu- 
uished  for  uncommon  skill  in  mechanics.    He 
died  in  1798. 

STRONG,  Nathan,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  Ame- 
rican clergyman,  pastor  of  a  congregational 
church  in  liartford.  Conn.,  distinguished  for  his 
talents,  eloquence,  piety,  and  learning,  died  ia 
1816. 

STRONG,  Caleb,  LL.  D.,  a  native  of  MasBa- 
chusetts,  was  born  in  1744.  He  was  distinguish- 
ed in  early  life  for  his  energy  and  zeal  in  defence 
of  the  rights  of  the  colonies,  and  after  a  variety 
of  public  employments,  was  cho«en  a  member 
of  the  senate  of  the  United  Stales,  and  govern- 
or of  the  state  of  Massachusetts.  He  was  con- 
spicuous for  the  vigour  of  his  intellect,  the  de- 
cision and  energy  of  his  character,  and  for  his 
patriotism  and  integrity,  and  died  in  1820. 

STRONG,  Simeon,  LL.  D.,  a  judge  of  tho 
supreme  court  of  the  state  of  Massachusetts, 
died  in  1805. 

STROZZI,  Titus  and  Hercules,  father  and 
son,  were  Latin  poets,  at  Fcrrara.  The  father 
died  in  1502,  the  son,  in  1508. 

STROZZI,  Cyriaco,  a  peripatetic  philosopher, 
born  at  Florence,  in  1504,  and  died  in  1565. 

STROZZI,  Julius,  an  Italian  poet,  author  of 
a  poem  on  the  origin  of  Venice,  and  anothej 
heroic  poem  ;  he  died  in  1686. 

379 


ST 

STROZZI,  Nicholas,  a  distinguished  poet  and 
dramauc  writer,  of  Florence,  died  in  1654. 

STRUDELL,  Peter,  an  eminent  German 
painter,  died  in  1717. 

STRUENSEE,  count,  a  physician,  who  by 
his  abilities,  became  the  favourite  and  prime 
minister  of  the  king  of  Denmark.  He  was 
ruined  by  the  intrigues  of  the  queen  mother, 
and  periaiied  0!i  tiie  scaffold,  in  1772. 

3TRUTT,  Joseph,  an  English  artist,  well 
known  for  the  assiduity  with  which  he  traced 
anuquity  ;  he  died  in  1787,  aged  53. 

STRUVIU3,  George  Adam,  professor  of  ju- 
tisprudence  at  Jena,  and  counsellor  to  the  duke 
of  Saxony,  died  in  1692. 

STRUVlUS,  Burcard  Gotthelf.  son  of  the 
preceding,  wasempioyed  at  Jena,  in  his  father's 
profession,  and  was  equally  esteemed.  He 
wrote  a  "  History  of  Germany,"  and  numerous 
other  works,  and  died  iu  1738. 

8TRUYS,  John,  a  Dutcliman,  celebrated  as  a 
traveller.  He  wrote  an  account  of  his  travels, 
and  died  about  1G80. 

STRYPE,  John  an  industrious  English  di- 
vine, bio,rrapher,  and  historian;  died  in  1737, 
aged  94. 

STUART,  Robert,  lord  Castlereagh,  marquis 
of  Londonderry,  an  emiaenr  Engiisii  statesman 
and  minister,  tor  many  yeai;;  at  the  head  of  the 
British  cabinet,  and  the  reiiresentative  of  the 
nation  at  llie  continental  meetings  of  the  allied' 
sovereigns ;  died  in  Ireland,  in  1822. 

STUART,  Gilbert,  a:i  eminent  historian,  of 
Scotland,  born  i:i  1742,  and  died  in  1788. 

STUART,  James,  commonly  called  Athenian 
Stuart,  a  very  celebrated  traveller,  and  delinea- 
tor of  Athenian  architecture,  died  iu  1788, 
aged  76. 

STUBBE,  Henry,  a  learned  English  contro- 
rersiai  writer,  a'ld  physician,  was  drowned 
near  Bath,  in  1676. 

STUBBS,  George,  an  English  divine,  and 
able  writer,  author  of  the  "  New  Advedture  oi 
Telemachus,"  and  some  elegant  verses,  lived 
about  1720. 

STUBBS,  Georse.  a  celebrated  painter  and 
anatomist,  died  in  1800. 

STUCKIUS,  John  William,  a  native  of  Zu- 
rich, distinguished  as  an  antiquary,  and  as  a 
writer  on  antiquities,  died  in  1607. 

STUDLY,  John,  an  English  poet,  and  soldier, 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Breda,  while  serving  un- 
der prince  Maurice,  in  1587. 

STUKELY,  William  an  English  divine  and 
antiquary,  of  much  celebrity,  died  in  1765. 

STU.N'iC.A,  James  Lopez,  a  Spanish  divine, 
and  philologer  in  the  university  of  Alcala,  died 
at  Naples,  in  1530. 

STURGES,  Jonathan,  LL.-  D.,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  and  a  strong  advocate  for  the  rigiils  of 
tile  colonies ;  he  was  a  member  of  tiie  tir^t 
congress  in  1774,  and  afterwards  a  judge  of  tiie 
eupreme  court  of  the  state  of  Connecticut,  and 
died  in  1819. 

STUR?.IIUS,  James,  a  learned  German,  who 
was  employed  as  ambassador  to  the  imperial 
court  and  to  England.  He  contributed  to  iht 
reformation  in  Strasburg,  and  died  in  1553. 

STURMIUS,  John  an  eminent  German  gram- 
marian and  rhetorician,  called  tlie  Cicero  of 
Germany,  died  in  1589. 

STURM iUS,  Leonard  Christopher,  an  emi 
neni  architect,  of  Aitorf,  published  a  course  of 
architecture,  and  died  in  1719. 

STURMIUS,  John  Christopher,  professor  oi 
philosophy  and  D;atbematics,  at  Aitorf,  died  in 
380 


su 

1703.  His  mathematical  and  philosophical  wri- 
tings are  very  numerous. 

STUVEL,  Ernest,  an  admired  painter,  of 
Hamburgh,  died  in  1712. 

STUYVESANT,  Peter,  the  last  governor  of 
the  colony  of  New- York,  while  in  the  po3se»- 
i-ion  of  the  Dutch,  he  surrendered  the  colony  to 
the  English,  in  1664. 

SUARD,  J.  B.  Anthony,  a  French  writer,  and 
editor  of  a  journal  opposed  to  the  revolution, 
was  distinguished  paiticulaily  for  his  transla- 
tions from  the  English  ;  he  died  in  1817. 

SUAREZ,  Francis,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  was  pro- 
fessor at  Alcala,  Salamanca,  and  Rome,  and  af- 
terwards professor  oC  divinity  at  Coimbra,  in 
Portugal.  He  wrote  on  metaphysics,  morahty, 
and  theology,  and  died  in  1617. 

SUBLEYRAS,  Peter,  a  portrait  and  histori- 
cal painter,  of  Languedoc,  died  in  1759. 

SUBTERMANS,  Justus,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er, of  Antwerp,  died  in  1681. 

SUCKLING,  sir  John,  an  English  poet  and 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1641. 

SUE,  John,  a  celebrated  French  surgeon  and 
medical  writer,  died  atPaiis,  in  1782. 

SUE,  John  Joseph,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  professor  of  anatomy  at  Paris,  and  a  writer 
on  anatomy  and  surgery.     He  died  in  1792. 

SUETONIUS,  Calus'Tranquillus,  a  historian 
and  biographer,  born  at  Rome,  and  flourished 
i!i  the  rei^u  of  Vespasian. 

SUETT,  Richard,  an  English  comedian  of 
merit,  died  in  1805. 

SUEUR,  Nicholas  !e,  or  SUDORIUB,  coun- 
sellor and  president  of  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
was  assassinated  by  robbers,  in  1594. 

SUEUR,  Thomas  le,  of  ;he  order  of  Minims, 
was  a  celebrated  teacher  of  theology,  philoso- 
phy, and  mathematics  at  Rome,  and  preceptor 
to  the  duke  of  Parma,  was  born  in  Champagne, 
in  1703,  and  died  at  Rome,  in  1770. 

SUEUR,  Eustache  le,  one  of  the  best  French 
historicai  painters  of  his  time,  died  in  1655. 

SUFFREN,  John,  a  French  Jesuit,  confessor 
to  Mary  de  Medicis.  He  wrote  "  Annee  Chre- 
tienne,"  a  work  of  great  merit,  and  died  in  1641. 
A  French  admiral  Suffren,  of  the  same  family, 
died  in  1789. 

SUGER,  Abbe,  abbot  of  St.  Denis,  and  min- 
ster under  Lewis  VII.,  and  Lewis  the  Gros,  was 
distinguished  for  his  talents  ;  he  died  in  1152. 

SUICER,  John  Gagpard,  a  most  learned  di- 
vine, and  author,  bom  at  Zurich,  in  1620  and 
died  in  1705. 

SUIDAS,  author  of  a  useful  Greek  Lexicon, 
flourished  between  975  and  1025 ;  his  native 
country  is  not  known. 

SULLIV.AN,  sir  Richard  Joseph,  an  English 
wrirer,  and  member  of  parliament,  and  author 
f  an  Analysis  of  the  "  Political  History  of  In- 
dia," and  several  otl»er  works,  died  in  1806. 

SULLIVAN,  John,  LL.  D.,  a  disilnguish- 
d  patriot  and  soldier  of  the  revolution,  was  a 
uajor-general  in  the  American  army  during  that 
ittriod,  and  afterwards  a  n;i  iiiber  of  Congress, 
and  a  judge  of  the  United  States  district  court 
n  New  Hampshire.  His  services  as  an  officer 
were  numerous  and  important,  he  died  in  1795. 

SULLIVAN,  James,  LL.  D.,  brother  of 
he  preceding,  was  an  emiJient  lawyer,  and  a 
judge  in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  and  after- 
wards a  member  of  congress,  and  governor  of 
ub::i  state  ;  he  died  in  1808. 

SULLY,  MaximiUan  de  Bethune,  baron  of 
Riisui,  duke  of,  a  marshal  of  France,  prime 
minister  to  Henry  IV,,  and  cne  of  the  ablest  and 


sw 


ey 


most  honest  statesmen  that  France  ever  bad 
.He  died  in  1641,  aged  82. 

SULPICIA,  a  Roman  poetess,  who  lived  iin 
der  the  reign  of  Domitian,  and  has  been  called 
the  Roman  Sappho. 

SULPICIUS,  Severua,  an  eminent  ecclesias- 
lical  historian,  born  in  Aquitaine,  in  the  5tb  cen 
tury. 

SULZER,  John  George,  an  eminent  Swiss 
philosopher  and  ecclesiaatic,  professor  of  math 
emalics  at  Berlin,  died  in  ilTd.  He  wrote 
"  Moral  Contemplations  on  the  Works  of  Na- 
ture," &c. 

SUMMERFIELD,  John,  A.  M.,  a  very  elo- 
quent and  popular  preacher  of  the  methodist 
episcopal  church,  died  at  New- York,  in  1825, 
aged  27,  having  been  a  preacher  8  years. 

SUMNER,  Increase,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  governor  of  the  state  of  Massachu- 
setts, died  in  1797. 

SUMOROKOF,  Alexander,  the  founder  of 
the  Russian  theatre,  and  a  poet.  He  died  in 
1777,  aged  50. 

SUPERVILLE,  Daniel  de,  a  protestant  min- 
ister at  the  Walloon  church,  in  Rotterdam,  and 
a  theological  writer,  died  in  1728. 

SURENHUSIUS,  William,  professor  of  He- 
brew at  Amsterdam,  in  the  18th  century. 

SURIAN,  John  Baptist,  a  pious  and  benevo- 
lent prelate,  and  an  eloquent  preacher,  of  Prov- 
ence, became  bishop  of  Vence,  and  died  in  1754. 
SURIUS,  Lawrence,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Co- 
logne, and  a  theological  writer,  died  in  1578. 

SURVILLE,  Margaret  Eleanor  Clotilde  de, 
a  French  poetess  of  the  15th  century.  Her  lan- 
guage is  now  almost  obsolete,  but  "her  writings 
display  great  vigour  of  mind,  and  a  fertile  ima- 
gination. 

SUTCLIFFE,  Matthew,  a  learned  English 
divine,  and  controversial  writer,  was  dean  of 
Exeter,  and  founder  of  Chelsea  oollege;  he  died 
about  1610. 

SUTTON,  Thomas,  a  patriotic  English  gen- 
tleman, died  in  1611,  aged  79. 

SUTTON,  Samuel,  an  English  soldier  and 
ingenious  mechanic,  died  in  1752. 

SUWAROFF,  Alexander,  count  Riminiski, 
a  Russian  general,  celebrated  for  his  inhumani- 
ty, was  born  in  1730,  and  died  in  1800- 

SUZE,  Henriette  de  Coligne,  countess  de  la, 
a  celebrated  French  elegiac  poetess,  died  in 
1673. 

SWAMMERDAM,  John,  an  eminent  Dutch 
naturalist,  died  in  1680. 

SWANEFELD,  Herman,  an  eminent  Flemish 
landscape  painter,  whose  works  are  scarce  and 
valuable,  died  in  1680. 

SWEDENBORG,hon.  Emanuel,  an  eminent 
mathematical,philosophical,and  mystical  writer 
died  in  1772,  aged  84.  He  was  the  founder  of  a 
sect  which  has  become  very  numerous,  and  ie 
called  the  New- Jerusalem  church. 

SWIETEN,  Gerard  Van,  an  eminent  German 
physician  and  medical  author,  died  in  1772, 
aged  72. 

SWIFT,  Dr.  Jonathan,  dean  of  St.  Patrick's 
in  Dublin,  an  illustrious  political,  satirical,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  and  poet,  died  in  1745, 
aged  78.  He  was  author  of  several  singular 
books. 

SWIFT,  Deane,  a  near  relation  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  author  of  an  "  Essay  on  the  Life, 
Writings.and  Character  of  Dr.  Jonathan  Swift," 
died  in  1783. 

SWIFT,  Job,  D.  D.,  a  congregational  minis- 
ter, of  Bennington,  Vermont,  died  in  1804. 


SWIFT,  Zephaniah,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished 
lawyer,  of  Connecticut,  was  a  member  of  con- 
gress from  that  state,  and  afterwards  a  Judge 
and  chief-juntlce  of  the  supreme  court  He 
published  a  "  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  Conneclt- 
cut."  and  other  valuable  professional  works, 
land  died  in  Ohio,  in  1823. 

SWINBURNE,  Henry,  a  judge  of  the  prero- 
gative court  of  the  archbishop  of  York,  author 
of  a  "  Treatise  on  Testaments  and  Last  Wills," 
fee,  died  in  1620. 

SWINBURNE,  Henry,  an  English  traveller, 
author  of  "  Travels  in  Spain,"  and  "Travels 
in  the  Two  Sicilies,"  died  in  1803. 

SWINDEN,  Tobias,  an  English  divine,  au- 
thor of  a  curious  "  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  and 
Place  of  Hell,"  died  about  1720. 

SWINNOCK,  George,  an  eminent  English 
non-conformist  divine,  and  writer,  died  in  1673. 

SWINTON,  John,  B.  D.,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish antiquary,  died  in  1777. 

SYBRECHT,  John,  a  Flemish  landscape 
painter,  died  in  1703. 

SYDENHAM,  Thomas,  an  excellent  English 
physician,  and  medical  writer,  died  in  1689. 

SYDENHAM,  Floyer,  a  learned  and  diligent 
man,  but  for  want  of  patronage,  be  lived  long 
in  indigence,  a  disgrace  to  English  opulence  and 
humanity,  and  died  in  1787.  His  tate  is  con- 
nected with  the  literary  fund  of  Great  Britain, 
which  has  since  risen  to  jsreat  celebrity. 

SYDNEY.    See  SIDNEY. 

SYLBURGIUS,  Frederick,  a  learned  German, 
born  in  1546.  He  wrote  some  Greek  poeme, 
published  editions  of  Herodotus,  Aristotle,  Jtc, 
and  died  in  1596. 

SYLLA,  L»iciua  Cornelius,  a  renowned  Ro- 
man general  and  dictator,  but  the  scourge  of  his 
counti-y,  died  78  B.  C. 

SYLVESTER,  Matthew,  an  English  dissent- 
ing clergyman,  settled  in  London,  and  died  there 
in  1708. 

SYLVESTER,  Joshua,  an  English  poet,  died 
in  1618. 

SYLVIUS,  Francis,  professor  of  eloquence, 
and  principal  of  the  college  of  Tournay,  at  Paris, 
died  in  1530. 

SYLVIUS,  Lambert,  or  VANDER  BOSCH, 
a  Dutch  writer,  author  of  the  "Theatre  of 
Illustrious  men,"  "History  of  his  age,"  and 
other  works,  died  in  1H88. 

SYLVIUS  Francis  de  le  Boe,  professor  of 
medicine,  at  Ley  den.  In  his  lectures,  he  ably 
demonstrated  the  truth  of  Harvey's  discovery 
of  the  circulation  of  the  blood.  He  died  in  1672. 

SYLVIUS,  James,  or  DUBOIS,  an  eminent 
French  physiciari  and  professor,  died  in  1555. 

SYMMACHUS,  a.  Aur.  Avianus,  a  citizen 
and  senator  of  ancient  Rome,  and  consul  in 
the  year  391.  He  was  a  pagan,  and  a  warm 
opposer  of  the  Christian  religion. 

SYMMES,  William,  D.  D.,  a  minister,  of  An- 
dover,  Mass.,  died  in  1807. 

SYMNUS,  Thomas,  a  minister,  of  Bradford, 
Mass..  and  author  of  sermons,  died  in  1725. 

SYNCELLUS,  a  monk,  of  Constantinople, 
in  792,  author  of  a  chronography  in  Greek  ana 
Latin . 

SYNESIUS,  of  Cyrene,  an  ancient  father  and 
bishop  of  the  Christian  church,  who  flourished 
at  the  besinning  of  the  5th  century.  He  wrote 
about  150  epistiea  on  philosophical  and  polemi- 
cal subjects,  which  are  in  high  esteem  with  the 
learned. 

SYNGE,  Edward,  an  eminent  Irish  prelate, 
bishop  of  Rapboe,  and  aicbbisbop  of  Tuam ;  hp 
381 


TA 


TA 


died  in  1741.    His  father,  uncle,  and  two  sons 
were  bishops  in  Ireland. 

SYPHAX,  a  king  of  Numidia,  who  revolted 
from  the  Romans  to  the  Carthaginians,  and  to 
Asdrubal,  whose  daughter  he  had  married.  He 
was  defeated  by  Massinissa,  and  died  in  prison 
201  B.  C. 


TABOR,  John  Otho,  a  native  of  Lusatia,  be- 
came counsellor  to  the  landgrave  of  Hesse  Darm- 
stadt ;  he  wrote  several  works  on  law,  and  died 
at  Frankfort,  in  1674. 

TABOUROT,  Stephen,  called  Sieur  dos  Ac- 
cords, a  French  writer,  born  in  1549,  and  died 
in  1590. 

TACCA,  Peter  James,  anativeof  Carrara,dis- 
tinguished  as  an  eminent  sculptor,  died  at  Flo- 
rence, in  1640.  His  son,  Ferdinand,  was  also 
an  excellent  sculptor. 

TACHARD,  Guy,  a  French  Jesuit,  sent  as  a 
missionary  to  Siam,  in  1G86.  He  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  his  voyages  to  that  place,  and  died  in 
1694. 

TACITUS,  Caius  Cornelius,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man historian,  orator,  and  statesman,  who  flour- 
ished under  Vespasian,  Titus,  and  Domitian 
He  was  bf)rn  A.  D.  56,  but  the  time  of  his  death 
is  uncertain. 

TACITUS,  Marcus  Claudius,  emperor  of 
Rome,  in  275.  was  a  wise,  benevolent,  and  pa- 
triotic monarcii,  and  died  in  276. 

TACKANASH,  John,  an  Indian  minister,  of 
Martha's  Vineyard,  cotemporary  and  colleague 
with  Haacoomes,  died  in  1684. 

TACONNET,  Touissant  Gaspard,  an  eccen- 
tric character,  of  Paris,  known  as  a  player  and 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1774. 

TACaUET,  Andrew,  a  Dutch  Jesuit,  emi- 
E*"!!!  for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics,  died  in 
1660. 

TAFFI,  Andrew,  an  artist,  of  Florence,  erai 
nent  for  his  designs  in  Mosaic,  which  he  learned 
and  introduced  from  some  Greeks.  He  died  in 
1294. 

T.ALBERT,  Francis  Xavier,  an  ecclesiastic, 
and  canon  of  Besancon,  author  of  several  ele- 
gies, and  some  poetical  pieces ;  he  died  in  1803. 

TALBOT,  John,  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  a  brave 
and  warlike  Englishman,  who  distinguished  him 
selfin  Ireland,  and  in  the  wars  with  France.  He 
was  called  the  Achilles  of  England,  and  died  in 
1453. 

TALBOT,  Peter,  a  native  of  Ireland,  almo 
ner  to  Catherine,  wife  of  Charles  II.,  and  arch 
bishop  of  Dublin,  died  in  1682. 

TALBOT,  Richard,  earl  of  Tyrconnel,  bro 
Uier  to  the  preceding,  was  made  viceroy  of  Ire 
land  bv  James  II.,  and  died  in  1692. 

TALBOT,  Charles,  earl  and  duke  of  Shrews 
bury,  was  distinguished  as  the  warm  promoter 
of  the  revolution.  He  was  afterwards  viceroy 
of  Ireland,  and  high-treasurer  of  England,  and 
died  in  1717. 

TALBOT,  William,  an  English  divine,  v/as 
dean  of  Worcester,  and  successively  bishop  of 
Oxford,  Sarum,  and  Durham  ;  he  died  in  1730. 

TALBOT,  Charles,  lord,  son  of  the  preceding, 
an  eminent  lawyer  and  statesman,  was  lord 
chancellor  of  Ensland  :  he  died  in  1737. 

TALHAIARN,  a  Welsh  bard  of  the  6th  cen- 
tury, who  retired  to  the  solitude  of  a  hermitage, 
where  he  was  visited  and  reverenced  as  a  paint.' 

TALIACOTIUS,   Gasnar,  or  TAGLIACO  ! 
QjSI,  a  professor  of  medicine  a  ad  surgery,  at; 
382 


Bologna,  famous  as  an  anatomist,  and  chiefly 
celebrated,  by  his  skill  in  restoring  lost  paru  of 
the  face,  particularly  the  nose.  He  died  in  1553, 
aged  64. 

TALIESIN,  a  celebrated  Welsh  bard  of  the 
6th  century.  Some  of  his  compositions  are  still 
preserved. 

TALLARD,  Camille  D'Hostum,  count  de, 
usually  styled  marshal  Tallard,  a  brave  French 
general,  who  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  duke 
ofMarlborough,inl704.  He  died  in  1728,  aged  76. 

TALLIS,  Thomas,  one  of  the  greatest  mu- 
sicians that  England  ever  bred,  died  in  1585. 

TAMERLANE,  or  TIMURBEG,  or  TIMUR 
the  Lame,  cham  of  the  Tartars,  who  became 
formidable  toward  the  end  of  the  14th  century. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  shepherd,  and  raised  him- 
self by  his  courage  and  prudence.  He  obtained 
so  many  victories,  that  lie  boasted  that  he  had 
three  parts  of  the  world  under  his  power.  He 
died  in  1405. 

TANAQUIL,  wife  of  Tarquin  the  Elder, 
persuaded  her  husband  to  settle  at  Rome,  where 
-he  was  elected  king. 

TANEVOT,  Alexander,  first  commissary  of 
the  finances  of  France,  died  in  1773.  He  wrote 
two  tragedies,  besides  fables,  songs,  epistles,  &c. 

TANNER,  Thomas,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  and 
a  learned  antiquary,  died  in  1735,  aged  61,  leav- 
ings very  valuable  work,  which  employed  him 
40  years. 

T.ANSILLO,  Luigi,  an  eminent  Italian  poet, 
author  of"  Tears  of  St.  Peter,"  and  other  works, 
died  about  1506. 

TANUCCI,  Bernard,  marquis  de,  a  native 
of  Tuscany,  was  professor  of  jurisprudence  at 
the  university  of  Pisa,  and  prime  minister  of 
Naples.  For  50  years,  he  sustained  that  office 
with  dignity,  ability,  and  integrity,  after  which 
he  resigned,  and  died  in  1783. 

TAPLIN,  W^iliiam,  a  veterinary  surgeon, 
and  author  of  several  publications  ccJnnected 
with  his  profession  ;  he  died  in  1807. 

TAPPAN,  David,  D.  D.,  a  distinguishe(J 
American  clergyman,  and  professor  of  theology 
in  Harvard  college,  Mass.,  died  in  1303. 

TARGE,  I.  B.,  professor  of  mathematics,  and 
author  of  a  Genera!  History  of  Italy,  and  other 
v/orks,  died  at  Orleans,  in  1788. 

TARIN,  Peter,  a  French  physician,  and  me- 
dical writer,  whose  works  are  much  esteemed, 
died  in  1761. 

TARLETON,  Richard,  a  celebrated  English 
jester  and  actor,  and  a  dramatic  writer,  died  in 
1589. 

TARPA,  Spurius  Moetius,  a  learned  Roman, 
who  was  appointed  with  others,  by  Augustus,  to 
examine  the  compositions  of  cotemporary  poets. 

TARPEIA,  daughter  of  Tarpeius,  the  go- 
vernor of  Rome  under  Romulus;  she  betrayed 
the  city  to  the  Sabiiies,  and  was  killed  by  the 
bucklers  of  the  enemy,  which  were  thrown  upon 
her  as  they  entered  the  citv. 

TARaULN  the  Elder,  "fifth  king  of  Rome, 
was  elected  on  the  death  of  Ancus  Martins. 
He  was  a  benevolent  prince,  highly  distinguished 
for  his  improvements  of  the  city,  and  for  the 
dignity  and  importance  he  attached  to  the  sen- 
ate and  magistrates.  He  was  assassinated  578 
B.  C. 

TARQUIN  the  Second,  or  the  Proud,  king 
of  Rome,  a  tyrant  and  usurper,  died  at  the  age 
of  90. 

TARRAKANOFF,  N.,  princess  of,  daughtej 
of  Elizabeth,  empress  of  Russia-  She  was  seized 
at  the  age  of  12,  carried  t«  llosne,  aud  after- 


2^^^ 

watds  brought  back  to  St.  Petersburg  in  chains, 

/and  confined  in  a  prwon,  where  she  was  drown- 
ed by  the  sudden  rise  of  the  Neva,  in  1777. 
TARRANTIUS,  Lucius,  a  Roman,  the  friend 
,    ©f  Cicero. 

i  TARTAGLIA,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  mathe 
I  maticiau,  of  Brescia,  and  author  of  an  Itahan 
I   translation  of  Euclid,  &c.;  he  died  in  1557. 

TARTENI,  Joseph,  an  admirable  musician, 
distinguished  for  his  performances  on  the  vioUn. 
died  at  Padua,  in  1770. 

TARUFFl,  Emilius,  a  distinguished  land- 
Bcape  painter,  of  Bologna,  died  in  1694. 

TASKER,  William,  an  English  divine  and 
poet,  died  in  1800,  aged  CO.  He  was  author  of 
several  works. 

TASMAN,  N.,  a  Dutch  navigator,  who  dis- 
covered New  Holland  and  New  Zealand,  in 
1642. 

TASSO,  Bernardo,  an  Italian  poet,  author  of 
Amadis,  in  100  cantos,  and  some  letters  which 
are  highly  regarded  by  the  Italians  ;  he  died  in 
1575. 

TASSO,  Torquato,  the  prince  of  Italian  po- 
ets, son  of  the  preceding,  died  in  1595,  aged  51. 
His  works  show  him  to  have  been  a  philosopher, 
orator,  logician,  critic,  and  poet,  and  excel- 
lent in  every  kind  of  composition.  His  life  was 
a  chain  of  miseries  and  woes. 

TASSONI,  Alexander,  a  distinguished  Italian 
poet,  author  of  "  the  Rape  of  the  Bucket,"  a 
mock  heroic  poem,  admired  in  Italy  for  its  ele- 
gance and  delicate  humour.    He  died  in  1635. 

TATE,  Nahum,  a  dramatic  poet,  born  at 
Dublin,  in  1652,  succeeded  Sliadweil  as  poet- 
laureat,  and  died  in  1715.  He  and  Dr.  Brady 
wrote  a  version  of  the  Psalms. 

TATIAN,  a  native  of  Assyria,  a  writer  in 
defence  of  the  Christians  of  the  primitive 
church,  flourished  A.  D.  170. 

TATESCHEF,  Vassili,  a  Russian  historian, 
who  was  employed  thirty  years  in  collecting 
materials  for  the  history  of  his  country,  and 
died  before  his  labours  were  completed,  in  1750. 

TATIUS,  king  of  theSabines,  took  possession 
of  the  Roman  capital,  but  afterwards  shared  the 
kingdom  with  Romulus.  He  was  murdered  at 
Lanuvium,  742  B.  C. 

TATIUS,  Achilles,  an  ancient  Greek  writer 
on  mathematics,  and  author  of  a  romance. 

TAUBMAN,  Frederick,  professor  of  belles 
[  lettres  and  of  poetry  at  Wittemberg,  and  a 
t  favourite  of  the  prince  of  Saxony,  died  in  1613. 
'       TAVANES,  Gaspard  de  Sauly  de,  a  French 
:  general,  who  became  an  ornament  to  the  mili- 
tary profession,  and  particularly  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Rentis,  and  at  the  victo- 
ries of  Jamac  and  Moncontour.    He  saved  the 
j  king  of  Navarre  and  the  prince  of  Conde  from 
the  massacre  of  St,  Bartholomew,  and  died  in 
1573.    His  son,  "William,  was  governor  of  Bur- 
gundy, and  died  in  1633. 

TAVARONE,  Lazarus,  a  distinguished  Ge- 
noese painter,  died  in  1631. 

TAVERNER,  WilUam,  an  English  dramatic 
writer,  died  in  1731. 

TAVERNIER,  John  Baptist,  a  Frenchman, 
famous  for  his  travels,  died  in  1689,  aged  84. 

TAYLOR,  John,  an  eminent  English  critic 
and  divine,  died  in  1766.  His  works  are  nume- 
rous and  respectable. 

TAYLOR,  Dr.  Jeremy,  bishop  of  Down  and 
Connor,  in  Ireland,  and  a  very  eminent  theolo- 
gical writer  and  controversialist,  died  in  1667, 
aged  54 


TA 

poet,  from  his  being  bred  a  water  man,  wrolt 
eighty  books,  and  died  in  1654. 

TAYLOR,  Dr.  Brook,  a  very  able  Engliflh 
mathematician,  died  in  1731,  aged  46. 

TAYLOR,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  dissenting 
divine,  who,  among  other  works,  published,  a 
"  Hebrew  and  English  Concordance,"  a  valua- 
ble work ;  he  died  in  1761. 

TAYLOR,  John,  a  learned  English  divine, 
a  writer  on  civil  law,  and  an  antiquary.  He 
died  in  1766. 

TAYLOR,  William,  of  North  Carolina,  re- 
markable only  for  longevity  ;  he  died  in  1794, 
aged  114. 

TAYLOR,  George,  a  member  of  congress 
from  Pennsylvania,  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence. 

TEILO,  a  British  saint  in  the  5th  century. 
It  is  said  that  he  erected  die  church  at  Landaff 
into  a  bishopric,  and  founded  a  college  at  that 
place. 

TEISSIER,  Anthony,  a  French  writer,  who 
left  France  for  Russia  at  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes ;  he  died  at  Berlin,  in  1715, 
leaving  numerous  and  valuable  writings. 

TEKELI,  Emmeric,  a  noble  Hungarian,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  brave  and  continued  oppo- 
sition to  the  encroachments  of  Austria,  died  in 
1705. 

TELFAIR,  Edward,  a  revolutionary  patriot, 
and  governor  of  the  state  of  Georgia,  died  iu 
1807. 

TELL,  William,  an  illustrious  Swiss  patriot, 
and  chief  instrument  of  the  revolution  which 
delivered  the  Swiss  cantons  from  the  German 
yoke,  in  1307.  He  shot  an  apple  off  the  head 
of  his  son  with  an  arrow,  and  soon  after  shot 
the  tyrant  who  compelled  him  to  do  it.  He  died 
in  1354. 

TELLIER,  Michael  le,  an  eminent  French 
lawyer,  and  secretary  of  state  under  Lewis 
XIII.,  and  afterwards  chancellor  of  the  king- 
dom. He  is  known  as  a  zealous  enemy  of  the 
Protestants,  and  by  his  influence  caused  the  re- 
vocation of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  the  violent 
measures  that  followed.    He  died  in  1685. 

TELLIER,  Francis  Michael  le,  marquis  de 
Louvois,  sou  of  the  chancellor  of  France,  was 
made  minister  of  war  at  die  age  of  23,  and 
afterwards  secretary  of  state.  He  was  a  states- 
man  of  splendid  talents,  who  devoted  himself  to 
the  glory  and  prosperity  of  France,  and  died  in 
1691. 

TELLIER,  Adrian  le,  a  French  lawyer,  and 
member  of  the  national  assembly  and  conven- 
tion. He  was  sent  to  Chartres,  in  1795,  to  en- 
courage a  more  free  circulation  of  corn,  but 
met  with  such  indignities  from  the  populace, 
that  he  shot  himself  soon  after. 

TELLIER,  N.  le,  a  faithful  servant  and 
constant  attendant  of  the  minister  Barthelemy, 
in  his  exile  and  misfortunes,  during  tlie  French 
revolution. 

TEMPESTA,  Antonia,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  Florence,  died  in  1630. 

TEMPLE,  sir  William,  an  eminent  English 
statesman,  and  political  and  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, died  in  1700. 

TEMPLEMAN,  Dr.  Peter,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  died  in  1769. 

TEMPLEMAN,  Thomas,  an  English  writing 
master,  who  published  engraved  tables  con- 
taining calculations  of  the  number  of  square 
feet  and  population  in  the  several  kingdoms  of 
the  world. 


TAYLOR,  JoRir,  usually  called  file  water     TENCIN,  Peter  Guerin  de,  a  French  ecclesi- 

383 


TE 


TH 


astie,  who  was  gran4  vicar  of  Sens,  the  envoy 
ef  France,  at  Rome,  archbishop  of  £mbruii 
and  oi  Lyons,  a  cardinal,  and  prime  minister  of 
France ;  he  died  in  1758. 

TENXIN,  Claudine  Alexandrine  GuorsJ  de 
sister  of  the  preceding,  was  a  member  of  the 
monastery,  of  Montfleuri.  She  exchanged  the 
convent  for  the  dissipations  of  Paris,  and  died 
in  1749.  She  wrote  the  "  Siege  of  Calais,"  a 
romance,  &e. 

TENIERS,  David,  a  much  admired  Flemiah 
painter,  died  in  1649. 

TENISON,  Dr.  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, and  a  celebrdied  polemic  writer  against 
pop«rv,  die^  in  1715 

TENNENT,  John,  a  physician,  of  Virginia, 
author  of  an  Essay  on  Pleurisy,  and  the  Vir- 
tues of  the  Snake  Root,  lived  about  1736. 

TENNENT,  V^'^illiam,  a  distinguished  divine. 
Of  Ireland,  died  In  Pennsylvania,  in  1743. 

TENNENT,  Gilbert,  a  native  of  Ireland,  son 
of  the  preceding,  who  came  to  America,  when 
young,  and  became  a  highly  distinguished  and 
useful  clergyman  ;  he  died  in  1765. 

TENNENT,  William,  brother  to  the  prece- 
ding, was  also  a  respectable  and  useful  clergy- 
man in  New  Jersey  ;  he  died  in  1777. 

TENTZELIUS,  Andrew,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man physician,  in  the  17th  century. 

TENTZELIUS,  William  Ernest,  an  eminent 
writer,  of  Thnringla,authorof"SaxoniaNami8- 
matica,"  and  "Supplimentura  Historic  Goth- 
ana,"  both  works  of  great  merit,  died  in  1707. 

TERBURGH,  Gerard,  a  Dutch  painter,  and 
a  ma^strate  of  Deventer,  died  in  1681. 

TFRENCE,Pub!ius,  a  dramatic  writer  among 
the  Romans,  born  at  Carthage,  in  the  year  of 
Rome  5<t0.  Being  brought  early  to  Rome  among 
other  slaves,  be  fell  into  the  hands  of  a  generous 
master,  Terentius  Lucanus,  who  gave  h.m  a 
good  education  and  liis  liberty.  He  was  drowned 
*59B  C 

TERPANDER,  a  poet  and  musician,  of  Les- 
bos, who  added  three  to  the  four  strings  of  the 
lyre,  67a  B.  C. 

TERR  ASSON,  John,  a  French  writer,  author 
of  a  critical  dissertation  on  Homer's  Hi  ad,  died 
in  1750,  with  the  reputariou  of  having  been  one 
of  the  best  practical  piiilosopheis  of  his  age. 

TERR  ASSON,  Ai.tbony,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  also  a  distinguished  advocate,  and  professor 
to  the  royal  colir^e.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of 
Roman  Jurisprudence,"  and  other  works,  and 
died  in  1782. 

TERR  AY,  Joseph  Marie,  comptroller-genera!, 
minister  of  state,  and  director-general  of  build- 
ings, in  France :  and  was  a  man  of  great  in 
tegritv,  loyalty  and  patriotism.  He  retired  from 
office,'  in  1774,  with  the  respect  of  the  virtuous, 
and  died  in  1778. 

TERTRE,  Francis  Joachim  Duport  du,  a 
French  writer,  and  profet-sor  of  the  leamedi 
languages  among  the  Jesuits,  died  in  1755.  He 
wrote  a  "History  of  Famous  Conspiracies," 
and  several  other  works. 

TERTRE,  John  Baptist,  a  Frenchman,  who 
after  serving  as  a  soldier  and  sailor,  joined  the 
Dominicans,  and  came  to  America  as  a  mission- { 
ary.  He  died  in  1678,  leaving  a  "  Hi.^tory  of 
the  Antilles.  bt!lotigin£  to  the  French." 

TERTDLLIAN,  Quintua  Se^::T>ius  Flo- 
rus,  a  ce'ebrated  father  and  defender  cf  the 
primitive  Christian  church,  who  flourished  un- 
der the  reigns  of  the   emperors  Severus  and 

TERWESTEN,  Augustin,  an  eminent  Dutch 
384 


painter,  died  in  1711.  His  two  brothers,  Matthew 
and  EHias,  also  excelled  as  painters. 

TESTA,  Peter,  an  Italian  painter  and  engra- 
ver, who  was  drowned  in  the  Tiber,  in  1550. 

TE8TELIN,  Lewis,  an  eminent  French  his- 
torical painter,  died  at  Paris,  in  1655.  His  bro- 
ther Henry  also  excelled  as  a  painter,  and  died 
in  1696. 

TESTI,  Fulvio,  an  Italian  poet,  and  prime  mi- 
nister to  Francis,  duke  of  Modena,  died  in  1646. 

TESTZELL,John,  a  Dominican,  of  Germany. 
He  was  commissioned  to  publish  the  indulgences 
of  the  holy  see ;  and  the  zeal  with  which  he 
executed  the  duties  of  the  office,  caused  the  ani- 
madversions of  Luther,  and  consequently,  the 
reformation.  When  charged  with  being  the 
cause  of  the  disasters  of  the  church,  he  was  so 
afflicted  with  the  imputation,  that  be  died  of  a 
broken  heart,  in  1519. 

TEXTOR.    SeeTEXIEL 

THACHER,  Thomas,  a  minister  in  Boston, 
and  eminent  as  a  Hebrew  scholar,  died  in  1678. 

THACHER,  Peter,  minister  of  Milton,  Mass., 
and  author  of  sermons,  died  in  1727.  There 
were  two  other  clergymen  of  the  same  name ; 
one  minister  in  Boston,  in  1723,  the  other  of 
Middlebftrough,  Mass.,  in  1709. 

THACHER,  Oxenbridge,  a  learned  man,  and 
an  author,  died  at  Boston,  in  1765. 

THACHER,  Pettr,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  minister  of  great  celebrity  in  Boston, 
and  author  of  sermons,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1802. 

THAIS,  a  celebrated  courtezan,  of  Corinth, 
who  persuaded  Alexander  the  Great  to  set 
Persepolis  on  fire.  She  afterwards  married 
Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt. 

THALES,  the  chief  of  the  seven  sages  of 
Greece,  bom  at  Miletus,  640  B.  C,  fouBoed  the 
Ionic  sect  of  philosophers,  and  died  545  B.  Q, 

THELLUSSON,  Peter,  a  native  of  France, 
wbo  settled  as  a  merchant  in  London,  where  he 
made  an  immense  fortune.    He  died  in  1797. 

THEMISIUS,  a  Paphla|onian  philosopher, 
prefect  of  Constantinople,  died  in  410. 

THEMISON,  a  physician,  who  lived  before 
the  Christian  era,  and  founded  a  sect  called  Me- 
thodists in  Medicine. 

THEMISTIUS,  a  Greek  orator,  Peripatetic 
philosopher,  and  critic,  died  in  386. 

THEMISTOCLES,  a  renowned  Athenian 
general,  admiral  and  patriot,  who  gained  tb« 
battle  of  Salamine  against  the  Persians,  was 
bom  in  530  B.  C.  Being  banished  by  his  un- 
grateful fellow  citizens,  be  fled  to  Artazerzes, 
feing  of  Persia ;  tut  to  avoid  taking  up  arms 
against  his  country,  he  slew  bimeelf  465  B.  C.  ■ 

THEOBALD,  Lewis,  an  English  dramatic 
pot;t  and  critic,  died  in  1742. 

THEOCRITUS,  a  Greek  pastoral  poet,  bora 
at  Syracuse,  and  flourished  about  260  B.  C. 

THEODATIUS,  king  of  the  Goths,  was  de- 
feated by  Belisarius,  and  put  to  death  by  his 
own  soldiers,  in  536. 

THEODORE  I.,  king  of  Corsica.  See  NEW- 
HOFF. 

THEODORET,  bishop  of  Cyprus,  an  illustri- 
ous ecclesiastical  historian,  died  in  457,  aged  7L 

THEODORIC,  king  of  the  Goths  in  Italy, 
a  renowned  wairior  and  legislator,  died  in  5^, 
aged  71. 

THE0D0RU8,  a  bishop  of  Cilicia,  who  died 
in  428.  His  works,  some  of  which  are  extant, 
were  condemned  as  heretical  by  a  general  coun- 
cil. 

THEODOSIUS  the  Great,  the  last  Roman 
emperor,  a  convert  to  Christianity,  and  a  re- 


TH 

uoifl'ned  general  and  legislator,  died  in  395.  His 

one  Arcadius  and  Honorius,  made  a  division 

f  the  empire  into  east  and  west ;  Arcadius  be 
ng  tbe  first  emperor  of  the  East,  and  Honorius 
of  the  West. 

THEODOSIUS  the  Younger,  son  of  Arcadi 
«s,  whom  he  succeeded  in  the  empire  of  the 
East,  and  famous  for  a  code  of  laws  styled  the 
Theodocian  code,  died  in  450. 

THEODOTU8,  a  tanner,  of  Byzantium,  who 
apostatized  from  the  Christian  faith,  to  save  his 
life,  and  founded  a  new  sect,  which  denied  the 
divinity  of  Christ.  Another  of  the  same  name, 
was  the  head  of  a  sect,  which  maintained  that 
the  Messiah  was  inferior  to  Melchisedeck. 

THEOGNIS,  an  eminent  Greek  poet,  who 
flourished  about  550  B.  C. 

THEON,  a  Greek  sophist,  author  of  a  Trea- 
tise on  Rhetoric. 

THEON,  a  mathematician,  of  Alexandria,  in 
the  age  of  Theodosius,  wrote  a  Commentary  on 
Euclid. 

THEOPHANES,  George,  a  historian  and 
ecclesiastic,  of  Constantinople,  who  was  ban- 
ished into  Samothrace,  and  died  there  in  818. 

THEOPHANES,  Prokopowitch,  metropolitan 
of  Russia,  and  a  historian :  he  died  in  1736. 

THEOPHILUS,  a  writer,  and  bishop  of  the 
primitive  church,  born  and  educated  a  heathen, 
and  afterwards  converted  to  Christianity ;  he 
died  in  182.  He  was  the  first  who  applied  the 
term  Trinity,  to  express  the  three  persons  in 
the  Godhead. 

THEOPHRASTUS,  a  Greek  Peripatetic  phi- 
losopher, and  moral  writer,  of  Lesbos,  died  288 
B   C 

THEOPHYLACT,  a  native  of  Constantino- 
ple, metropolitan  of  Bulgaria  in  the  11th  century. 
He  wrote  a  "  Commentary  on  the  Gospels,"  &c. 

THERAMENES,  an  Athenian  philosopher, 
one  of  the  30  tyrants  appointed  by  Sparta  over 
Alliens.  He  refused  his  assent  to  the  cruel  acts 
of  his  colleagues,  for  which  he  was  condemned 
to  death,  and  took  poison,  403  B.  C. 

THERMES,  Paul  de  la  Berthe,  lord  of,  a 
celebrated  French  general,  who  distinguished 
himself  in  the  wars  of  his  country.  He  was 
ambassador  to  England,  and  died  in  1562. 

THEFPIS,  a  famous  Greek  tragic  poet,  and 
the  first  represenier  of  tragedy  at  Athens.  He 
carried  his  troop  from  village  to  village  in  a 
wagon,  from  wJiich  they  performed  their  pieces. 
Alcestus  was  the  first  tragedy  they  performed 
at  Athens,  536  B.  C. 

THEVENOT,  John,  a  French  traveller.  It 
is  said  that  he  was  the  first  person  who  brought 
coffee  into  Paris.     He  died  in  1667. 

THEVENOT,  Melchisedeck,  librarian  to  the 
king  of  France,  and  a  celebrated  writer  of 
travels,  died  in  1691. 

THIELIN,  John  Philip,  a  nobleman  of  Mech- 
lin, distinguished  as  a  painter,  was  born  in  1618. 

THIENY  I.,  king  of  France,  ascended  the 
throne  in  670,  and  died  in  691,  aged  39. 

THIERRY  n.  or  IV.,  son  of  Dagobert  III., 
was  taken  from  a  cloister  to  ascend  the  throne 
of  France ;  he  died  ia  737,  aged  25. 

THIERRY  I.,  son  of  Clovis  I.,  king  of  Aus- 
trasia,  his  reign  was  disturbed  by  invasions  of 
the  Danes,  and  quarrels  with  his  brother ;  he 
died  in  .5.34,  after  a  reign  of  23  years. 

THIERRY  II.,  king  of  Burgundy  and  Aua- 
trasia.  and  son  of  Childebert,  was  engaged  in 
quarrels  with  hig  brother,  whom  be  suffered 
to  be  put  to  death.  He  wa«  poiSoneU  by  his 
niother'tii-law,  in  613 


Tli 

THIERRY,  of  Niem,  secretary  to  several  of 
the  popes,  end  author  of  a  "  History  of  the 
Schisms  of  the  Popes,"  died  in  1417. 

THIERRY,  Henry,  an  eminent  printer,  of 
Paris,  in  the  15th  century.  His  family,  for 
several  generations,  were  celebrated  as  printers. 

THIERS,  John  Baptist,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  and  professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Paris, 
died  in  1703. 

TIIIRLBY,  Dr.  Styan,  a  very  ingenious  and 
learned  English  critic,  and  editor  of  the  works 
of  Justin  Martyr,  died  in  J753,  aged  61. 

THOMAS,  St.,  surnamed  Didymus,  was  a 
Galilean,  and  one  of  the  apostles  of  our  Saviour. 
It  is  said  that  he  suffered  martyrdom  in  India- 

THOMAS,  an  obscure  individual,  who  from 
a  common  soldier,  obtained  the  command  of 
the  troops  of  Leo,  the  Armenian,  and  on  his 
death,  caused  himself  to  be  proclaimed  empe- 
ror, but  was  executed  in  823. 

THOMAS,  James  Ernest,  an  eminent  land- 
scape painter,  of  Haglestein,  died  in  1653. 

THOMAS,  William,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish prelate,  bishop  of  Worcester,  died  in  1689- 
He  wrote  an  "  Apology  for  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land," and  other  works. 

THOMAS,  William,  an  English  clergyman, 
grandson  of  the  preceding,  distinguished  as  a 
man  of  learning,  a  writer,  and  an  antiquary, 
died  ia  1738. 

THOMAS,  Anthony  Leonard,  professor  in 
the  college  at  Bouvais,  was  distinguished  as  a 
writer  and  poet.  He  was  secretary  to  the  duke 
of  Orleans,  and  died  in  1785. 

THOMAS,  Elizabeth,  an  English  poetesB, 
known  to  the  world  by  the  name  of  Corinna, 
died  in  1730. 

THOMAS,  John,  an  Indian,  of  Natich,  one  of 
the  first  converts  to  Christianity  from  that  tribe, 
died  in  1727,  aged  110. 

THOMAS,  sir  George,  governor  of  the  col- 
ony of  Pennsylvania,  and  afterwards  of  the 
Leeward  West  India  islands,  died  in  London^ 
in  1775. 

THOMAS,  John,  a  distinguished  American 
oflicer,  in  the  wars  with  the  French  and  Indi- 
ans, afterwards  a  major-general  in  the  revolu- 
tionary army,  died  soon  after  his  appointment 
to  that  office,  in  1776. 

THOMAS,  Josiah,  an  English  divine,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1820. 

THOMASIUS,  James,  professor  of  elo- 
quence, belles  letters  and  philosophy,  atLeipsic, 
died  in  1684.  His  son  Christian,  profeesor  of 
law  at  Halle,  died  in  1728. 

THOMPSON,  Edward,  an  English  naval  offi- 
cer and  poetical  writer,  author  of  "  The  Sol- 
dier," "  The  Courtezan,"  and  other  licentious 
poems,  died  in  1786. 

THOMPSON,  Benjamin,  count  Rumford, 
was  born  in  New-Hampshire,  became  a  colonel 
in  the  British  army,  and  after  peace,  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  In  the  Bavarian  ser- 
vice he  was  lieutenant-general,  and  a  count  of 
the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  and  died  near  Paris, 
in  1814,  He  was  a  member  of  many  scientific 
institutions,  and  did  much  to  promote  com- 
fort and  convenience  by  his  mechanical  inven- 
tions and  philosophical  discoveries. 

THOMPSON,  William,  a  minister,  of  Brain- 
tree,  Mass.,  died  in  1666. 

THOMSON,  James,  an  excellent  British  dra- 
matic and  pastoral  poet,  born  at  Ednam,  in  1700, 
and  died  in  1748.  His  "Seasons,"  and  othe« 
works,  are  justly  admired. 

THOMSON,  Dr.  William,  a  miscellaueous 
33  385 


'I TI 

writer  and  editor,  of  Scotland,  died  in  1817, 
leaving  several  valuable  books. 

THOBESBY,  Ralph,  an  eminent  English  to- 
pographer and  antiquary,  died  in  1725. 

THORIUS,  Raphael,  an  eminent  French 
physician  and  medical  writer,  died  of  the 
plague  in  London,  in  1629. 

THORNDIKE,  Herbert,  an  English  divine, 
prebendary  of  Westminster,  and  author  of 
a  Treatise  on  Weights  and  Measures,  &c.,  died 
in  1672. 

THORNHILL,  sir  James,  an  English  histor- 
ical painter,  died  in  1731?. 

THORNTON,  Bonnel,  an  ingenious  English 
poet,  essayist,  miscellaneous  writer,  and  trans- 
lator of  Plautus,  died  in  17C8. 

THORNTOP;,  INiathew,  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  New-Hampshire,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  from  that  state,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  he 
died  in  1803. 

THOU.    See  THUANUS. 

THOYNARD,  Nicholas,  a  learned  French- 
man, eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  history  and 
medals,  died  in  1706. 

THRASYEULUS,  a  renowned  Athenian  gen- 
eral and  patriot,  who  delivered  his  country 
from  the  yoke  of  the  30  tyrants,  was  killed 
304  B.  C 

THUANUS,  Jacobus  Augustus,  or  THOU, 
an  eminent  magistrate  and  historian,  of  France, 
died  in  1617,  leaving  behiiici  him  a  "General 
History  of  tlie  World,"  written  in  very  clear 
and  excellent  Latin. 

THUCYDIDES,  a  celebrated  Greek  historian, 
of  Athens ;  he  wrote  a  "  History  of  Grecian 
Affairs  in  his  own  Times,"  and  died  391  B.  C 

THUILLIER,  Pom.  Vincent,  a  celebrated 
French  preacher,  author  of  "  Letters  on  the  Bull 
Unigenitus,"  &c.,  died  in  1736. 

THUNBERG,  Charles  Peter,  an  eminent 
Swedish  botanist,  the  friend  and  pupil  of  Lin- 
neeus.  After  spending  several  years  in  Japan, 
Ceylon,  and  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in  mak- 
ing botanical  researches,  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  botany  at  Upsal,  and  died  about  1799. 

THURLOE,  John,  secretary  of  state  to  the 
Cwo  protectors,  Oliver  and  Richard  Cromwell, 
died  in  1668.  He  was  a  man  of  very  amiable 
character,  and  exercised  all  possible  moderation 
toward  persons  of  every  party. 

THURLOW,  Edward  lord,  an  eminent  En- 
glish lawyer,  was  attorney  and  solicitor  general 
to  the  king,  a  member  of  parliament,  and  lord 
high  chancellor  of  England.  He  possessed  a 
vigorous,  and  active  mind,  added  to  close  appli- 
cation, which  gave  him  a  high  rank  among  the 
professional  men  of  his  day.  He  died  in  1806. 

THYSIUS,  Anthony,  a  Dutch  philologer,  pro- 
fessor of  poetry  and  eloquence  at  Leyden,  and 
librarian  to  the  university,  died  in  1670. 

TIARINI,  Alexander,  an  eminent  portrait 
and  historical  painter,  of  Bologna,  died  in  1668. 
.  TIBALDI,  Felegrino,  an  eminent  painter, 
sculptor,  and  architect,  of  Bologna,  was  enno- 
bled by  the  king  of  Spain  for  his  merit,  and  died 
in  1592.  His  son  Dominico,  was  also  distin- 
guished as  an  architect,  and  died  in  1583. 

TIBERIUS,  Claudius  Nero,  emperor  of  Rome, 
after  Augustus.  He  disgraced  himself  by  de- 
lauchery  and  cruelty,  and  died  A.  D.  37. 

TIBERIUS,  Constantine,  raised  by  his  merit 
to  the  throne  of  the  Eastern  empire,  became  the 
father  of  his  people,  and  is  equally  extolled  for 
Iiis  valour,  his  lore  of  justice,  and  hia  clemency 
iiedieain582. 
.  38& 


TI 

TIBULLUS,  Aulus  Albius,  a''elebrated  Latin 
elegiac  poet  and  critic,  died  A.  D.  17. 

TICK  ELL,  Thomas,  an  English  poet,  and 
one  of  the  writers  in  the  Spectator,  died  in  1740. 

TICKELL,  Richard,  grandson  of  the  former, 
a  distinguished  wit  and  poet,  and  author  or 
several  works,  died  in  1793. 

TIDEMAN,  Philip,  a  painter,  of  Hamburg, 
died  in  1705. 

TIEDEMANN,  Dietrich,  a  native  of  Bremen, 
was  professor  of  Greek  and  Latin  at  Cassel, 
and  afterwards  of  philosophy  at  Marpurg.  His 
writings  possess  great  merit,  and  indicate  deep 
erudition.     He  died  in  1803. 

TIGNY,  G.  de,  a  French  naturalist,  author 
of  a  valuable  "  Natural  Historv  of  Insects," 
died  in  1803. 

TIGRANES,  king  of  Armenia,  who  was  con- 
quered by  the  Romans,  but  preserved  his  domi- 
nions by  a  bribe.  Pompey  afterward?  conquered 
him,  and  sent  him  in  chains  to  Ron.e. 

TILINGIUS,  Matthias,  an  eminent  pliysi: 
cian,  and  medical  writer,  of  Westphaiia,  died 
in  1615. 

TILLEMANS,  Peter,  a  distinguished  land- 
scape painter,  of  Antwerp,  who  went  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  was  patronised  by  the  great, 
and  died  there  in  1734. 

TILLEMONT,  Sebastian  de  Nair  dc,  a 
French  writer,  born  in  1637,  author  of  "  Histuire 
des  Enipereurs,  et  Ecclesiastique ;"  he  died  in 
1698. 

TILLET,  N.  du,  a  distinguished  French  agri- 
culturalist. He  wrote  several  valuable  works  on 
agriculture,  and  died  in  1791. 

TILLI,  John  Tzerclaes,  count  de,  a  German 
officer,  who  distmguishcd  himself  in  the  wars 
with  the  Turks,  and  with  Denmark.    He  ws 
at  the  head  of  the  imperial  armies,  and  was 
mortally  wounded  at  Ingoldstadt,  in  1632. 

TILLI, Michael  Angelo, physician  to  the  grand 
duke,  and  professor  in  the  university  of  Pisa, 
died  in  1740. 
i  TILLOTSON,  Dr.  John,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbur}',  was  the  son  of  a  clothier,  and  died  in 
1694.    He  published  many  valuable  sermons. 

TIM.^,US,  a  philosopher,  of  Loc.ris,  the  pupil 
of  Pythagoras,  and  author  of  a  Treatise  on  the 
Nature  of  the  Soul. 

TIMAGENES,  a  historian,  of  Alexandria. 
He  was  a  slave,  in  the  service  of  Augustus,  and 
burnt  his  history  of  the  reign  of  that  emperor, 
when  discarded  from  his  protection. 

TIMOLEON,  arenowned  Corinthian  general, 
and  the  deliverer  of  Syracuse  from  the  yoke  ol" 
Dionysius  the  tyrant,  died  337  B.  C. 

TIMON,  an  Athenian  misanthrope,  who  de- 
clared himself  the  enemy  of  the  human  race, 
and  said  he  loved  Alcibiades,  because  he  w  ould 
one  day  prove  the  ruin  of  Athens. 

TIMOTEO,  da  Urbino.an  eminent  landscape, 
historical,  and  portrait  painter,  of  Urbino,  died 
in  1524. 

TIMOTHEUS,  a  musician,  of  Miletus,  au- 
thor of  a  poem  in  honour  of  Diana  of  th» 
Ephesians,  died  557  B.  C 

TIMOTHY,  the  disciple  of  St.  Paul,  and  one 
of  the  primitive  heralds  of  the  cross.  He  i^-as  j 
made  first  bishop  of  Ephesus,  and  is  said  to  have  ' 
been  stoned  to  death  for  opposing  the  worship 
of  Diana,  A  D.  97. 

TINDAL,  Dr.  Matthew,  a  most  celebrated 
English  polemical  writer,  died  in  1733. 

TINDAL,  Nicholas,  nephew  to  the  preced- 
ing, chaplain  to  Greenwich  hospital,  a  mi^ei- 
taneoua  writer,  &c. ,  died  in  1774.  ..   » 


TO 


'  TINDALL,  William,  an  English  divine  and 
antiquary,  and  a  miscellaneous  writer,  died  in 
J804. 

TINELLI,  Tiberio,  an  eminent  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  of  Venice,  made  a  knight  of  St. 
Michael,  by  Louis  XII.,  and  died  in  1638. 
.  TINT''^RETTO,  Janieo,  so  called  because  he 
was  a  dier's  son,  for  his  real  name  was  Giaco- 
mo  Rohasti,  a  famous  Venetian  historical  paint- 
er, died  in  1594. 

TiPPOO  SAIB,  succeeded  his  father  Hyder- 
AUy,  as  king  of  Mysore,  and  of  the  Main  attas, 
distinguished  by  nis  hostility  and  opposition  toj 
the  Gieat  Mogul,  and  to  Uie  English.  He  was  I 
llie  patron  of  literature  and  tiie  a-ts,  and  v/as 
killed  by  the  British,  in  the  storming  of  Seringa- 
patain,  about  n')9. 

TIRABOSCHl,  Jerome,  a  learned  Jesuit,  was 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  Milan,  and  Ubrarian  to 
the  duke  of  Modena.  He  wrote  a  "  History  oi 
Italian  Literature  from  the  days  of  Augustus," 
a  work  of  great  merit,  and  died  in  1794. 

TIRAQUEAU,  Andrew,  an  eminent  French 
lawyer,  counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Bour- 
deaux,  and  afterwards  of  Paris  ;  he  was  a  vo- 
luminous writer,  and  died  in  1574. 

TfSSOT,  S.A.D.,  a  celebrated  physician  and! 
medical  writer,  of  Swiizerland,died  in  1797. 

TITIAN,  or  TIT1  iNO,  a  celebrated  Italian 
painter,  died  in  1576 

TITLY,  Walter,  an  English  writer,  and  an 
ambassador  to  Copenhasen,  died  in  1754. 

TITON  DU  TILLET.  Everard,  a  French 
Jesuit,  distinguished  for  his  learning,  and  for  a 
brazen  Parnassus,  which  he  planned  and  erected 
in  honour  of  Louis  XIV.  ;  he  died  in  1762. 

TITUS,  a  Greek  disciple  of  St.  Paul,  con- 
verted by  him  to  Christianity,  and  made  bishop 
of  Crete,  where  he  died. 

TITUS  VESPASIAN,  a  Roman  emperor, 
son  of  Vespasian,  who  once  exclaimed,  "  I  have 
lost  a  day !"  because  he  could  not  recollect  that 
he  had  done  any  remarkable  good  action  on  that 
day.    He  died  A.  D.  81. 

TIXIER.  John,  lord  ot  Ravisy,  called  also 
RAVISIUS  TEXTOR.  an  elegant  French  scho- 
lar, and  miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1522.         | 

TOALDO,  Joseph,  an  Italian  puvsician,  and 
teaclier  of  mathematics  in  the  university  of 
Padua ;  he  pubhshed  Journais  on  Astronomy 
and  Meteorology,  and  di«id  in  1797. 

TOBIN,  John,  a  solicitor  in  London,  and  a 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1804. 

TODD,  Hugh,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  a  *'  Description  of  Sweden,"  and  other  works, 
died  about  1710. 

TOIRAS,  John  Caylard  de  St.  Bonnet,  mar- 
quis de,  a  distinguished  French  general,  was 
marshal  of  France,  and  afterwards  a  general  in 
the  army  of  flie  duke  of  Savoy  ;  he  was  killed 
in  the  Milanese,  in  1636. 

TOLAND,  John,  a  very  famous  political, 
polemical,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  and  anti- 
quary, died  in  1722. 

TOLLET,  Elizabeth,  an  English  lady,  emi- 
nent for  her  knowledge  of  mathematics,  and 
the  languages ;  she  wrote  some  poems,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1754. 

TOLLIUS,  Jacobus,  a  learned  physician,  of 

Utreclit,  becajne  professor  of  Greek  and  elo- 

i  qaeace,  at  Brandenburg,  and  died  in  1696.    His 

'  brother  Cornelius  was  professor  of  the  same 

I  branches  at  Harderwvck 

TOLEMMEI,  Claudio,  bishop  of  Corsala,  was 
distinguished  as  a  poet  and  orator,  and  as  a 
: earned  man ;  he  died  in  1557. 


TO 

TOMKINS,  Thomas,  a  most  eminent  and 
distinguished  artist  in  ornament.?!  penmanship, 
died  in  1816. 

TOMPION,  Thomas,  a  most  eminent  English 
watchmaker,  died  in  1696. 

TOMPKINS,  Daniel  D.,  for  many  years 
governor  of  the  state  of  New  York,  and  after- 
wards vice-president  of  the  United  States  dur- 
ing the  administration  of  Mr.  Monroe.  He  may 
justly  be  ranked  among  the  greatest  and  best 
friends  of  his  country  ;  and  his  zeal  and  services 
in  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  deservedly  ac- 
quired for  Inm  the  esteem  of  every  section  of  the 
union.     He  died  in  June,  1825. 

TONSTALL,  Cuthbert,  an  English  scholar, 
distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics 
and  divinity,  was  made  bishop  of  London,  and 
of  Durham,  and  lord  privy  seal,  by  Henry  VIII., 
and  died  in  1559. 

TOOKE,  George,  an  English  soldier,  who, 
during  the  civil  wars,  devoted  himself  to  literary 
pursuits,  and  to  poetry  ;  he  died  in  1675. 

TOOKE,  Thomas,  a  learned  English  teacher, 
master  of  a  school  at  Bishop  Stortford,  which, 
under  his  care,  gained  great  celebrity  ;  he  died 
in  1721. 

TOOKE,  John  Home,  an  English  politician 
and  writer,  author  of  "  Diversions  of  Purley," 
&c.;  he  died  in  1812. 

TOOKE,  Andrew,  a  learned  English  divine, 
and  professor  of  geometry  in  Gresham  college, 
died  in  1731. 

TOOKE,  William,  F.  R.  S.,  was  bred  a 
printer,  but  at  27  obtained  ordination,  and  be- 
came chaplain  to  the  British  factory,  at  St.  Pe 
tersburgh.  After  many  years'  residence  there, 
he  returned  to  his  own  country,  and  passed  a 
literary  life  ;  he  died  in  1820. 

TOPHAM,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  cele- 
brated for  great  personal  strength,  died  in  1749. 

TOPHAM,  Edward,  an  English  writer,  pro- 
prietor of  a  periodical  paper  called  ihe  "World," 
and  author  of  "  Letters  froui  Edinburgh,"  some 
dramas,  &c.;  he  died  in  1820. 

TOPLADY,  Augustus  Montague,  a  zealous 
and  able  Calvinistic  divine,  died  in  1778. 

TORF^US,  Thormodus,  historiographer  to 
the  king  of  Denmark,  author  of  a  History  of 
Norway,  and  other  works,  died  in  1720. 

TORRE.  N.,  a  native  of  the  Milanese,  distin- 
guished as  a  chymist  and  a  pyrotechnist.  It  is 
said  that  he  discovered  a  method  of  preparing 
an  unextinguishable  fire.     He  died  in  1780. 

TORRENTIUS,  Laevinus,  a  native  of  Ghent, 
eminent  as  a  scholar.Al  as  an  ambassador, 
was  made  bishop  of  Aiiiviferp,  and  died  in  1595. 

TORRENTIUS,  John,  a  very  fine  but  im- 
moral painter,  of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1640. 

TORREY,  Samuel,  minister  of  Weymouth, 
for  50  years,  died  in  1707. 

TORRICELLI,  Evangeliste,  an  illustrious 
mathematician  and  philosopher,  of  Italy,  died 
in  1647. 

TORY,  Geotfrey,  a  professor  of  philosophy  in 
tiie  college  of  Burgundy,  was  afterwards  a 
printer,  and  greatly  improved  the  arf,  he  died 
in  1550. 

TOSCANELLA,  Paul,  an  eminent  astrono- 
mer, who  is  supposed  to  have  formed  the  first 
idea  of  a  passage  to  the  East,  by  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope ;  he  died  about  1490. 

TOSTATUS,  Alphonso,  a  doctor,  of  Sala- 
manca, and  bishop  of  Avilla,  distinguished  for 
his  eloquence  and  his  writings,  died  in  1454. 

TOTILA,  king  of  the  Goths,  defeated  the 
troops  of  the  emperor  Justinian,  obtained  po->- 
387 


TR 

session  of  Italy,  Corsica,  Sardinia,  and  Sicily, 
and  sacked  Rome ;  he  was  afterwards  killed  in 
battle,  in  55-2. 

TOTTIN,  John,  an  eloquent  and  popular 
English  preacher,  died  in  1775. 

TOULMIN,  Joshua,  an  English  Unitarian 
cler^man,  author  of  the  "Life  of  Socinus." 
"  Biography  of  Dr.  Priestley,"  and  other  works ; 
he  died  in  1815. 

TOUP,  Jonathan,  a  divine,  and  a  very  learned 
critic  in  the  classics,  died  in  1785. 

TOURNEFORT,  Joseph  Pitton  de,  a  famous 
French  botanist,  and  natural  historian,  died  in 
1708. 

TOURNELY,  Honore,  a  distinguished  French 
ecclesiastic,  was  professorof  theology  at  Douay, 
and  a  popular  preacher  ;  he  died  in"  1729. 

TOURRETTE,  Mark  Anthony  Lewis  Claret 
de  la,  an  eminent  French  naturalist,  who  formed 
a  valuable  collection  of  insects  and  herbs,  and 
cultivated  not  less  than  3000  rare  and  choice 
plants  in  his  garden.    He  died  in  1793. 

TOURVTLLE,  Anne  Hilarion  de  Costentin 
de,  a  celebrated  French  admiral,  \vho  distin- 
guished himself  against  the  Algerines  and  Span- 
iards, and  afterwards  defeated  the  combined 
fleets  of  England  and  Holland.  He  was  made 
a  marshal  of  France,  and  died  in  1701. 

TOUSSAI^T  LOUVERTURE,  a  mulatto, 
of  St.  Domingo,  who  rose  to  command  in  the 
French  army  under  Rochambeau.  He  possessed 
unbounded  influence  over  the  blacks  of  ;hat 
island,  and  becam.e  the  head  of  ail  power,  civil 
and  military,  among  them.  In  the  exercise  of 
liis  authority  he  formed  a  constitution,  and 
adopted  the  wisest  and  most  humane  regula- 
tions. He  was  treacherously  betrayed,  and  im- 
;;nsoned  by  tbe  French,  and  died,  not  without 
suspicion  of  violence,  in  1803. 

TOWERS,  Dr.  Joseph,  an  eminent  English 
dissenting  minister,  and  an  able  writer  in  the 
various  departments  of  theology,  criticism,  biog- 
raphy, politics,  and  law  ;  he  died  in  1799. 

TOWNLEY,  Charles,  an  eminent  English 
antiquary,  celebrated  for  his  collection  of  verses, 
medals,  and  other  antiquitic  f,  and  for  the  taste 
and  zeal  he  displayed  in  collecting  them.  He 
died  in  180,'). 

TOWNSEND,  Joseph,  an  English  clergyman, 
author  of  a  "  Journey  through  Spuin,"  "  A 
Guide  to  Health,"  and  several  other  works;  he 
died  in  J  81 6. 

TOWNSON,Thomas,  D.D.,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish divine,  celebratedjatliis  discourses  on  the 
four  Gospels,  and  othfl^Kigious  works,  died  in 


1792. 

TOZZETTI,  John  Targioni,  an  eminent  bo- 
tanist and  physician,  of  Florence,  was  pro- 
fessor of  botany  at  that  place,  and  a  member  of 
several  learned  societies  of  Europe.  He  was 
the  first  who  introduced  inoculation  into  Tus- 
cany, and  died  in  1780. 

TRACY,  Uriah,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of  Con- 
necticut, and  a  member  of  the  senate  of  the 
Uuited  States,  from  that  state,  died  in  1807. 

TRADESCANT,  John,  a  Dutchman,  who 
settled  in  England,  as  superintendent  of  the 
gardens  of  Charles  I.,  and  known  as  one  of  the 
first  collectors  of  medals,  and  objects  of  natural 
history.    He  died  in  1G52. 

TRAJAN,  M.  Alpinus  Crinitus,  a  Roman 
emperor,  celebrated  in  history  for  his  mild  and 
eqiiitable  government,  and  for  his  valour  in  the 
Seid,  died  in  1J7. 

TRALLIAN,  Alexander,  a  celebrated  Greek 
writer  on  physic,  flourished  about  550. 
388 


TR 

TRAPEZU^'TIUS,  Georgius,  a  Greek  and 
Latm  critic  and  commentator,  born  in  Crete, 
and  died  in  1485. 

TKAPP,  Joseph,  an  English  divine  and  poet; 
he  translated  Virgil's  .^neid  in  blank  verse,  and 
died  in  1747. 

TRAVERSARI,  Ambrose,  a  monk,  born  near 
Florence,  in  1386.  He  translated  Diogenes  La- 
ertius  into  Latin,  which  is  acknowledged  to  pos 
sess  some  merit. 

TRAVIS,  George,  an  English  divine  and  con-; 
troversial  writer,  was  archdeacon  and  preben-l 
dary  of  Chester,  and  died  in  1797.  '< 

TREA DWELL,  John,  LL.  D.,  lieutenant-! 
governor,  and  governor  of  the  state  of  Con- 
necticut, died  in  1823.  He  was  distinguished 
for  his  sound  judgment,  strict  integrity,  and  ar 
dent  piety,  and  was  a  good  citizen  and  an  up- 
right magistrate. 

TREAT,  Robert,  deputy  governor  in  1676,  and 
afterwards  governor  of  the  colony  of  Connec- 
ticut ,  he  diJd  in  1710. 

TREAT,  Samuel,  an  eminent  clergj'man,  of 
New-Eng!a;!d,sonof  the  preceding,  died  in  1717. 

TREiMAAE,  Nicholas  and  Andrew,  twins, 
born  in  Devonshire:  they  were  alike  in  features, 

nd,  thougii  at  a  distance,  and  without  any  in- 
telligence given,  they  equally  desired  to  walk, 
sit,  eat,  and  drink  at  the  same  times,  and  were 
both  slain  together  in  battle,  in  Fiance,  in  1562. 

TREMBLEY,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Geneva 
author  of  "  Instructions  on  Natural  Religion," 
and  other  works,  died  in  1784. 

TREMELLIUS,  Immanuel,  a  Jew,  who  was 
converted  to  Christianity,  and  became  a  protest- 
ant  divine,  and  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Heidle- 
berg,  and  afterwards  at  Sedan.  He  published 
a  translation  of  the  Bible,  and  died  in  1580. 

TREMOILLE,(.rTRliIOUILLE,Louisdela, 
viscount  de  Thouars,  a  French  general,  who 
was  distinguished  no  less  by  his  valour  and  suc- 
cess in  Ihe'field,  than  by  his  ability  as  a  nego- 
tiator and  ambassador;  he  fell  at  the  battle  of 
Pavia.  in  1525. 

TREMOLLIERE,  Peter  Charles,  an  eminent 
French  painter,  died  at  Paris,  iu  1739. 

TRENCHARI),  John,  an  illustrious  English 
patriot  and  political  writer,  died  in  1723. 

TRENCK,  Francis,  baron  de,  a  Prussian  no- 
bleman, who  was  imprisoned  for  his  imprudent 
coiiduct,  and  afterwards  published  his  memoirs, 
containing  an  accoirnt  of  his  sufi'eriiigs  and  ad- 
ventures. He  was  guillotined  iu  France,  ia 
1794. 

TRESHAM,  Henry,  a  painter  and  poet,  boru 
in  Ireland.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  in  London,  and  wrote,  among  oilier 
pieces,  ''The  Sea-Sick  Minstrel;"  he  died  in. 
1814. 

TREVISANI,  Francis,  an  eminent  landscape 
and  historical  painter,  of  Trieste.  He  settled, 
and  died  at  Rome,  in  1746. 

TREVISI,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Trevisi,  dis 
tinauished  as  a  painter,  died  in  1544. 

TRIMMER,  Sarah,  an  English  lady,  eminent 
for  her  exertions  in  support  of  Sunday  schools, 
and  other  religious  institutions,  died  in  18i0. 

TRISSINO,  John  George,  an  eminent  Italian 
poet,  died  in  1550. 

TRIVULCE,  John  James,  a  native  of  Milan, 
jwho  being  banished  his  country,  entered  into 
the  service  of  Charles  VIII.,  king  of  Franco, 
and  was  made  a  marshal  of  the  kingdom.  He 
repeatedly  distinguished  himself  in  battle,  and 
died  in  1518. 

TROGUS  POMPEIUS,  author  of  a  History  of 


TU 


TU 


jtlie  World,  to  the  age  of  Augustus,  lived  about 
J41B.  C. 

/  TROMMIUS,  Abraham,  n  native  of  Gronin- 
/  gen,  author  of  a  Greek  Concordance  of  the  Oid 
'  Testament,  died  in  1719. 
■^  TROMP,  Martin  Happertz,  a  native  of  Brille, 
who  signalized  himself  in  the  naval  service  of 
his  country,  and  was  made  admiral  of  Holland. 
He  fought  more  than  30  naval  battles,  and  was 
killed  in  an  action  with  the  English,  in  1653. 

TROMP,  Cornelius,  son  of  the  preceding,  also 
distinguished  himself  in  the  naval  servire  of 
the  republic,  and  in  1770  succeeded  Ruyter,  as 
admiral  of  the  fleets  of  the  United  Provinces. 
He  died  in  1691. 

TROxVCHIN,  Theodore,  an  eminent  pshysician, 
of  Geneva,  a  piipil  of  Boerhaave,  died  in  Paris, 
in  1781.    He  wrote  some  medical  books. 

TROOST,  Cornelius,  a  historian  and  painter, 
of  Amsterdam,  died  in  17.50. 

TROTT,  Nicholas,  LL.  D.,  governor  of  the 
Bahama  Islands,  and  aCterwafds  a  judge  in 
South  Carolina ;  he  died  in  1740. 

TROWBRIDGE,  Edmund,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  lawyers  of  New  England,  was 
attorney-getjera!,  and  afterwards  a  judge  of  the 
colony  of  Massachusetts;  he  died  in  1793. 

TROY,  Francis  de,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Toulouse,  arid  a  professor  a,nd  dir&ctor  of  the 
acadf.'uiy  of  painting,  died  in  1730. 

TROY,  John  Francis,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  also  distinguished  as  a  painter.  Jle  died  at 
Rniiie  in  1752. 

TF.OYEN,  Rombrud,  an  excellent  Flemish 
pniiii^'r,  died  in  IC.SO. 

TRUBLET,  Nicholas  Charles  Joseph,  a 
Freuch  writer,  author  of  "  Essays  on  Litera- 
ture and  Morality,"  and  other  works;  he  died 
iii  1770. 

TRUCriET,  John,  a  native  ssf  Lyons,  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  geometry  and  hy- 
diRuIics,  ditd  in  1729. 

TRUMBULL,  ^Villiam,  LL.  D.,  an  English 
statesiuan,  was  ambassador  to  France,  and 
afterwards  secretarj'  of  state  ;  he  died  about 
17C0. 

TRUMBULL,  Jonatlian,  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished patriots  of  the  revolution,  was  an 
eminent  lawyer  of  Connecticut,  and  held  suc- 
ce.ssively  the  offices  of  chief-justice  of  the  su- 
preme court,  lieutenant-governor,  and  governor 
of  that  state.     He  died  in  1785. 

TRUMBULL.  Jonathan,  son  of  the  preceding, 
a;i  aid  and  stcrrtary  to  general  Washington,  at 
the  commencement  of  l!ie  revolution ;  was  af- 
terwards a  member  of  the  house  of  represen- 
taiives  in  congress,  and  speaker  of  that  body ;  a 
mtmijer  of  the  United  States  senate,  and  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  the  state  of  Connecticut. 
He  died  in  lif:09,  respected  by  all  v/ho  knew 
him,  for  his  mild  aiid  amiable  deportment,  and 
for  his  integrity  and  independence. 

TRUXTON,  Thomas,  an  American  naval 
officer,  born  on  Long  island,  N.  Y.,  in  1V55,  disr 
linguished  tor  his  services  during  the  revolution, 
and  afterwards  in  the  w^ar  with  France ;  he 
died  in  1822. 

TRl^PLER,  Dr.  John,  an  English  bookseller 
and  compiler,  died  in  1820. 

TRYPfllODORUS,  an  ancient  Greek  poet, 
the  time  of  hi?  death  unknown. 

TUCKER,  Abraham,  a  curious  and  original 
thinker,  and  author  of  "  the.Light  of  N^ature 
Pursued,"  died  in  1775. 

TUCKER,  Dr.  Josiah,  dean  of  Gloucester, 
died  in  1799,     He  was  eminently  distinguished 

33* 


by  a  vigorous,  comprehensive,  and  independent 
mind. 

TUCKER,  John,D.  D.,  minister  of  Newbury, 
Mass.,  and  author  of  sermons,  died  in  1792. 

TUCKEY,  James  Hingston,  an  English  na- 
val officer,  and  nautical  writer,  died  in  Africa, 
while  exploring  the  river  CoJigo,  in  1816. 

TUDELA,  Benjamin,  of,  a  celebrated  Rabbi 
of  the  12th  century,  and  an  author  of  travels. 

TULDEN,  Theodore  Van,  an  eminent  paint- 
er and  engraver,  of  Bois-k-duc,  died  in  1876. 

TULL,  Jethro,  a  gCTitleman  of  Oxford,  in- 
ventor of  the  drill  plough,  and  the  first  writer 
perhaps,  ancient  or  modern,  who  ever  success- 
|fu!ly  attempted  to  reduce  agriculture,  to  certain 
jar.d  uniform  principles;  he  died  in  1740. 
I  TULLUS  HOSTILIUS,  the  third  king  of 
jRome,  a  renowned  warrior  who  was  destroyed, 
[With  his  whole  family,  by  a  fire,  pretended  to 
icome  from  heaven,  but  in  reality  the  effects  of  a 
conspiracy  of  Ancus  Martius,  his  successor, 
(140  R.  C.    - 

TL^LLY,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  and 
theoiot^ilcal  writer,  was  made^head  of  St.  Ed- 
mund hail,  and  dean  of  Kippon  ;  he  died  in  167G, 

TULLY,  George,  a  relative  of  the  preceding, 
author  of  u  "  Discourse  on  the  Government  of 
the  Thougnts,"  and  several  other  works,  died 
in  ]fi95. 

TULLY.    See  CICERO. 

TUNST-^Lf--,  James,  an  eminent  English  di- 
vine, and  a  writer  on  religious  and  other  subjects, 
died  in  1772. 

TURBIDO,  Francis,  a  distinguished  histori- 
cal painter,  of  Verona,  died  in  1581. 

TURELL,  Ebenezer,  a  minister  of  Bledford, 
Mass.,  died  in  1778. 

TURENNE,  Henry  de  la  Tour  d' Auvergne, 
viscount  de,  a  renowned  marshal  of  France  un- 
der Louis  XIV.,  was  killed  atSaltzbach,  in  1675. 

TURCOT,  Michael  Stephen,  president  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  died  in  1751.  He  con- 
tributed much  to  adorn  Paris,  and  to  promote 
the  comfort  of  its  inhabitants. 

TURCOT,  Anne  Robert  James,  an  eminent 
I'rench  statesman,  was  intendant  of  Limoges, 
and  afterwards  comptroller  general  of  finances 
In  both  sTaiions,  he  excited  all  the  energies  of 
his  powerful  mind,  for  the  pubJic  good  ;  but  his 
plans  wore  frustrated  by  his  enemies,  and  caused 
his  resisruation.     He  died  in  I'iSl. 

TURNEBUS,  Adrian,  a  French  critic,  distin- 
guished for  his  learning  and  critical  knowledge, 
was  professor  of  Greek  at  Paris :  he  died  in  1565. 

TURNER,  Williailif an  eminent  English  clcr' 
gyman,  who  at  the  period  of  the  reformation 
wai-mly  embraced  the  doctrines  of  the  reformers^ 
for  which  he  was  imprisoned  by  Gardiner,  but 
was  afterwards  released,  and  raised  to  eccle- 
siastical honours  under  Elizabeth ;  he  died  ia 
1568. 

TURNER,  Thomas,  an  able  divine,  chaplain 
to  Charles  I.,  and  dean  of  Rochester,  and  of 
Canterbury,  died  in  1672. 

TURNER,  Francis,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
bishop  of  Rochester,  and  afterwards  of  Ely.  A  t 
the  revolution,  he  refused  to  take  the  oaths  to 
William,  and  was  deprived  of  his  preferment. 
He  died  in  1700. 

TURNER,  Robert,  an  English  divine,  who 
left  tlie  kingdom  on  account  of  his  attachment 
to  the  Romish  church,  and  was  afterwards 
•made  canon  of  BresJaw,  and  died  in  1597. 

TURPIN,  F.  H.,  professor  of  belles  lettres  at 
Caen,  and  afterwards  at  Paris,  died  in  1799.  He 
ATote  the  lives  of  the  great  Conde,  of  MarsLai 
■  389 


UB _^___ 

tJlioiseul,  and  of  Mahomet,  a  Univereal  History,  [ 
and  several  other  works. 

TURRETIN,  Benedict,  professor  of  theology 
at  Geuf-va,  and  author  of  a  defence  of  the  Ge- 
jjev.'-,e  ifaiiSiation  of  the  Bible,  died  in  1631. 

TURRETIN,  Francis,  sou  of  the  preceding 
was  professor  ot  theology  at  Geneva,  and  after- 
wards an  ambassador  from  the  republic  to  Hol- 
land. He  died  in  1737.  His  vvrritings  were 
chiefly  theological. 

TURRETIxV,  John  Alphoosug,  son  of  the 
preceding,  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  at 
« Jeneva,  was  distinguished  for  his  great  learning, 
and  died  in  1737.  He  wrote  an  "  Abridgment  of 
Ecclesiastical  History,"  and  other  works. 

TUSSER,  Thomas,  a  writer  on  agriculture, 
died  in  1580. 

TWEDDELL,  John,  an  accomplished  scho- 
lar, of  Northumberland,  born  in  1769,  and  died 
at  Athens,  in  1799. 

TWINING,  Thomas,  a  worthy  divine,  and 
enlightened  scholar,  born  in  London,  in  1735, 
and  died  in  1804.  He  was  also  a  great  proficient 
in  ?nusic. 

'  TWiSS,  William,  a  distinguished  presbyte- 
lian  divine,  was  president  of  the  Westminster 
assembly  of  divines,  and  rector  of  St  Andrew's, 
Holborn.  His  writings,  were  on  theological 
subjects.     He  died  in  1645. 

T  iTE,  Christopher,  a  celebrated  composer  of 
church  music,  in  tlie  16th  century. 

TYERS,  Tliumas,  a  political  and  miscellane- 
ous writer.  He  published  a  series  of  "  Politi- 
<'al  Conferences,"  which  are  very  highly  es- 
tcer!ipd,  and  died  in  1787. 

TYLER,  John,  a  distinguished  revolutionary 
patriot,  of  Virginia,  and  afterwards  governor  of 
that  state;  he  died  in  1813. 

TYXDx-VLL,  William,  a  most  zealous  Eng- 
lish reformer,  memorable  for  having  made  the 
first  English  version  of  the  Bible.  He  suffered 
death  as  a  heretic,  in  1536. 

TYNTE,  Edward,  lovarnor  of  the  colony  of 
Soiith  Carolina,  died  in  1710. 

TYRANNION,  a  surname  of  Theophrastus, 
a  ceif-brated  grammarian  and  critic,  of  Pontus, 
wiio  flourished  about  .50  B.  C. 

T YRT.EUS,  a  Greek  poet,  born  at  Miletus,  i 
flourished  about  the  25ih  Olympiad. 

TYRWHITT,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  critic 
and  antiquary,  author  and  editor  of  several 
learned  works,  and  one  of  t!ie  many  commen- 
tators on  Shakspeare.     fie  died  in  1736. 

TYSILIO,  a" Welsh  bard  of  the  7th  century, 
author  of  a  Chronicle  ofBritain. 

TYSON,  Edward,  a  distinguished  English 
physifian,  settled  in  London,  bftcarne  physician 
to  BMiiilehem  and  Bridewell  hospitals,  and  died 
in  1708. 

TYTLER,  James,  a  learned  Scotchman,  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  Edinburgh  Encyclopedia, 
and  author  of  several  valuable  works.  He  died 
at  Salem,  Mass.,  in  1804. 

TYTLER,  William,  a  Scottish  writer  on  vari- 
ous subject?  of  the  belles  lettres.  He  died  in  1792. 

TYTLER,  Dr.  Henry  William,  author  of  se- 
veral works,  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  1808. 

TZETZES,  Johannes,  a  celebrated  gramma- 
rian, of  Constantinople,  who  died  about  the 
end  of  the  12th  century.  He  wrote  some  valu- 
able books. 

U 


UR 


UBALDINA,  Petruccio,  a  celebrated  illumi- 
oaxor  on  vellum,  who  flourishtjd  early  in  the 
'i^h  century. 
390 


UDINO,  John  d',  an  Italian  painter,  the  dis- 
ciple of  Raphael,  was  admired  for  his  landscape! 
and  animals  ;  he  died  in  J564. 

UGHELLI,  Ferdinand,  a  native  of  Florence 
distniguished  for  his  learning  and  his  virtue,, 
published  some  works,  and  died  at  Rome,  in 
1670. 

ULACa,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Ghent,  author 
of  a  Treatise  on  Trigonometry  in  Latin,  lived 
in  the  17th  century. 

ULFELD  CORNIFIX,  count  de,  a  Danish 
nobleman,   who  mcurred    the  displeasure   of  ] 
Frederic  III.,  and  in  his  flight  from  Copenha- 
gen, perished  of  cold,  in  1664. 

DLLOA,  Dom  Antonio  de,  an  eminent  Span- 
iard, died  in  1796.  When  only  18  years  old,  he 
was  sent,  with  other  gentlemen,  to  Quito,  iu 
South  America,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertain- 
ing the  figure  of  the  earth;  on  his  return  to 
Europe,  he  was  taken  prisoner  and  carried  to 
England,  where  he  was  elected  F.  R.  S.  He 
was  again  sent  to  America,  as  governor  oi 
Louisiana. 

ULLOAY  PEREIRA,  Lewis  de,  a  Spanish 
poet,  governor  of  the  province  of  Leon,  died  ia 
1660. 

ULPIAN,  Domitius,  an  eminent  lawyer,  and 
minister  of  state  to  the  emperor  Alexander 
Severus.  He  was  very  hostile  to  the  Christians, 
and  was  asi.  ssinated  in  226. 

ULRICA,  Eleonora,  daughter  of  Charles  XL 
of  Sweden,  born  in  1688.  She  was  proclaimed 
queen  in  1719,  and  died  in  1741,  much  respected. 

ULUG-BEIG,  a  Persian  prince,  celebrated 
for  his  knowledge  of  astronomy,  and  as  a  learned 
author.  He  was  killed  by  his  own  son,  in  1449, 
after  a  reisn  of  40  years. 

UNDERHILL,  John,  one  of  thefiret  colonists 
of  New  England,  distinguished  for  his  bravery 
and  good  conduct,  in  the  expedition  against  the 
Pequot  Indians,  in  which  he  accompanied  cap- 
tain Mason.     He  died  in  1726. 

UPTON,  James,  an  English  scholar,  head  of 
Taunton  grammar  school,  in  Somersetshire, 
published  some  valuable  works,  and  died  in 
1749.  His  son  James  was  rector  of  Rissington, 
and  prebend  of  Rochester ;  he  wrote  "  Obser- 
vations on  Shakspeare,"  and  published  some 
other  works,  and  died  in  1760. 

URBAN  L,  pope  after  Caiixtus  I.,  in  223,  and 
beheaded  7  years  after. 

URBAN  II.,  Oddon,  was  elected  pope  in  1088, 
and  died  in  1099,  respected  for  his  wisdom, 
moderation,  and  courage. 

URBAN  HI.,  Hubert  Crivelli,  was  choseu 
pope  in  1185,  and  died  two  years  after. 

URBAN  IV.,  James  Paiualeon,  a  native  of 
Troyes,  was  made  pope  ia  1261,  and  died  iu 
1264. 

URBAN  v.,  William  de  Grimoald,  elected 
pope  in  1362  after  Innocent  VI.  He  was  the  first 
pope  who  resided  at  Rome,  and  was  the  patron 
"  arned  and  religious  bodies,  founded  churches 
and  colleges,  and  corrected  abuses.  He  died  at 
Avisrn.on,  in  1370. 

URBAN  VI.,  Bartholomew  Prignano,  was 
elevated  to  the  popedom  by  the  populace,  in 
1378,  and  died  in  1389. 

URBAN  VII.,  John  Baptist  Castagna,  was 
elected  pope  in  1590,  and  died  twelve  days  after. 

URBAN  VIII.,  Maffeo  Barberini,  elected 
pope  in  1623 ;  he  was  an  excellent  poet,  and 
died  in  1644. 

URCc^US,  Codrus  Anthony,  a  most  learned 
and  imfortunate  ItaUan,  who  died  in  1500.  Hij 
worKs  consist  of  speeches,  letters,  and  poems 


VA 

URSINS,  Anne  Mary  de  la  Tremouille,  lady 
*f  honour  to  the  queen  of  Spain,  and  a  woman 
)f  great  powers  of  mind,  died  at  Rjme,  in  1722. 

URSINUS,  Zachary,  a  native  of  Breslau,  was 
a  disciple  of  Melanctlion,  and  divinity  professor 
at  Heidelberj^,  and  afterwards  at  Neustadt;  he 
died  in  1583. 

URSIWUS,  John  Henry,  a  Lutheran  divine 
eminent  for  his  learning  in  sacred  and  profane 
history,  died  at  Ratisbon,  in  1C67. 

URSINUS,  George,  a  Danish  divine,  author 
of  "  Hebrew  Antiquities,"  a  work  of  merit. 

URSUfe',  Nicholas  Rayniarus,  a  very  famous 
Danish  astronomical  writer,  died  in  1600. 

USHER,  Jan.es,  archbishop  of  Armagh,  in 
Ireland,  illustrious  for  piety  and  learning,  died 
in  1656. 

USHER,  John,  lieutenant-governor  of  New 
Hampshire,  retired  to  New  York  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution,  as  a  friend  to  the 
British,  and  died  there. 

UTENBOGAERT,  John,  one  of  the  chief 
supporters  of  the  Remonstrants,  author  of  an 
Ecclesiastical  History,  &;c.  ;  he  died  at  the 
Hague,  in  1644. 

UTENHOVIUS,  Charles,  a  native  of  Ghent, 
author  of  Latin  poems,  died  in  1600. 

UXELLES,  Nicholas  Chalons  du  Ble,  mar- 
quis de,  a  French  general,  distinguished  for  his 
defence  of  Mayence,  during  a  seige  of  56  days, 
was  afterwards  marshal  of  France,  and  died  in 
1730. 


VACHER,  N.,  a  French  surgical  writer,  died 
in  1760. 

VACHET,  John  Anthony  le,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, distinguished  for  his  piety  and  charity, 
diedinlG81. 

VACHET,  Peter  Joseph  de,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, known  as  the  author  of  some  Latin 
poetry,  of  merit,  died  about  1G55. 

VACat  fERIE,  John  de  la,  first  president  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris.  He  is  celebrated  for 
his  firmness  in  opposing  some  unpopular  mea- 
sures of  Louis  XI. 

VACaUETTE,  John  sieur  du  Cardonnoy,  a 
Frencliman,  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of 
jurisprudence,  and  for  his  poetical  writings ;  he 
died  in  17:^9. 

VADE,  John  Joseph,  a  distinguished  French 
pool,  died  in  1757. 

V^ADL\N,  Joachim,  a  native  of  Switzerland, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics, 
piiilosophy,  medicine,  and  literature  generally  ; 
he  died  in  1551. 

VAILLANT  DE  GUELLIS,  or  VALENS, 
bishop  of  Orleans,  died  in  1587.  He  wrote  a 
Latin  poem,  and  other  works. 

VAILLANT,  Sebastian,  a  distinguished 
French  botanist,  and  botanical  writer.  He  was 
director  of  the  royal  gardens,  and  died  in  1722. 

VAILLANT,  Walleran,  an  eminent  French 
painter  and  engraver,  who  died  at  Amsterdam, 
in  1677. 

VAILLANT,  John  Foy,  an  antiquary  and 
medalist,  to  whom  France  was  indebted  lor  tlie 
science  of  medals,  and  Louis  XIV.  for  one 
half  of  his  cabinet ;  he  died  in  1706.  His  son 
John  was  also  a  medalist  and  an  author  ;  he 
died  in  1708. 

VAISSETTE,  don  Joseph,  a  French  ecclesi- 
astic, author  of  a  "  History  of  Languedoc,"  and 
several  other  worts ;  he  died  in  1756. 

VALADE,  James   Francis,  an    inte 
French  printer  and  bookseller^  died  in  1784.' 


VA 

VALART,  Joseph,  a  translator  of  the  New 
Testament,  and  of  Cornelius  Nepos,  &c. ;  he 
died  in  1779. 

VALAZE,  Charles  Eleonore  Dufriche,  a 
French  soldier  and  lawyer,  who  was  a  member 
of  the  convention,  and  distinguished  for  his 
hostilily  to  Lewis  XVI.  He  was  marked  by 
Marat  for  execution,  and  condemned,  but  killed 
himself,  in  17>j3 

VALDO,  Peter,  a  Frenchman,  who  in  1180, 
became  tiie  lounder  of  a  sect,  called  Vaudois. 
Lewis  VU.  attempted  in  \  ain  to  restore  them  to 
the  Catholic  church,  and  his  son  Phifip  Augus- 
tus, with  the  same  pious  view,  put  7000  to  the 
sword.  His  followers  though  scattered,  still 
e.\ist. 

VALENS,  Flavins,  son  of  Gratian,  shared 
the  imperial  throne  with  his  brotlic! .  He  was 
defeated  and  burnt  to  death  in  a  tower,  where 
he  had  taken  refuge,  by  the  Goths,  in  378. 

VALENTIN,  a  pope  of  Rome,  died  in  827. 

VALENTIN,  a  heresiarch  of  the  2d  century, 
an  Egyptian  by  birth,  and  a  follower  of  Plato's 
philotophy  ;  he  died  in  IGO. 

VALENTIN,  Basil,  the  assumed  name  of  a 
Benedictine  of  the  16th  century,  fiistinguished 
as  an  able  chymist.  His  works  have  been  trans- 
lated into  Latin  and  English,  from  the  German. 

VALENTIN,  iMoses  le,  a  painter,  celebrated 
for  liis  concerts,  players,  and  lov/  scenes,  died  at 
Rome,  in  1632. 

VALENTIN,  Michael  Bernard,  a  botanist, 
and  professor  of  medicine  atGressin.  He  wrote 
on  botanical  and  medical  subjects,  and  died  in 
1729. 

VALENTINE,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Milan, 
and  wife  of  Lewis,  duke  of  Orleans,  died  in 
1408. 

VALENTINIAN  I.,  a  son  of  Gratian,  and 
possessor  with  his  brother  Valens,  of  the  impe- 
rial throne.  He  defeated  the  Germans,  and 
other  neighbouring  nations,  and  died  in  375. 

VALENTINIAN  II.,  son  and  successor  of 
the  preceding,  was  dethroned  by  Ma.vimus,  re- 
instated by  Theodosius,  emperor  of  the  East, 
and  afterwards  strangled  by  one  of  his  own  ge- 
nerals, in  392. 

V.\LENTINIAN  III.,  Flavius  Placidus,  was 
acknowledged  emperor,  when  only  six  years 
old  ;  during  his  m.inority,  his  mother  ably  main- 
tained the  dignity  of  the  empire,  but  alterwards 
his  dissipations  led  to  his  destruction  in  455. 

VALERIANUS,PublinsLicinius,  emperor  of 
Rome,  in  253.  Afterpersecuting  the  Christiana 
and  fighting  the  Goths  and  Scythians,  he  was 
defeated  and  taken  by  the  Persians,  and  ftayed 
alive,  in  263. 

V.ALERIANUS,  Pierius,  an  ingenious  Ita- 
lian philosopher  and  critic,  died  in  1558. 

VALERIUS  MAXIMUS,  a  Latin  historian. 
His  works  are  dedicated  to  Tiberius,  in  whose 
age  he  flourished. 

VALESIO,  Francis,  a  Spanish  physician  and 
medical  v.'riter,  who  lived  about  the  middle  of 
the  17th  ctniurv. 

VALESIUS,  an  Arabian,  who,  in  the  3d  cen- 
tury became  the  founder  of  a  new  sect. 

VALESIUS,  Heniicus,  or  HENRY  DE  VA- 
LOIS,  a  French  critic,  of  great  abilities  anil 
learning,  died  in  1676. 

VALESIUS,  Adrian,  or  ADRIEN  DE  VA- 
LOIS,  brother  of  the  preceding,  and  a  very 
learned  critic  and  hfstorian;  he  died  in  1692. 

VALETTE  PARISOT,  John  de  la,  grand 
master  of  Malta,  in  1557.    He  is  distinguished 
for  hia  brave  and  successful  defence  of  Malta, 
391 


VA 

against  Solyman  II.,  with  80,000  men 
in  1568. 

VALETTE,  John  Lewis  de  Nogaret,  dukr- 
d'Epermon,  a  celebrated  French  general,  the 
friend  and  faithful  servant  of  Henry  II.'.  and 
IV.,  and  of  Lewis  XIII.,  by  whom  he  was  re 
spected  and  honoured,  in  the  highest  degree. 
He  died  in  1642. 

VULGULIO,  Charles,  an  Italian,  known  as 
a  translator  of  Borae  of  Plutarch's  works,  lived 
about  1507. 

VALIN,  Rene  Joshua,  a  learned  writer,  ol 
Rochelle,  died  in  1765. 

VAUNCOUR,  John  Baptist  Henry  du  Trous- 
set  de,  a  French  writer,  born  in  1653 ;  he  was 
successor  to  Racine  as  historiographer  to  Lewis 
XIV.,  and  died  in  1730 

VALKENBURGH,  Theodore,  an  eminent 
painter,  of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1721 

VALLA,  George,  professor  of  medicine  and 
belles  lettres  at  Venice,  died  in  1 160 

VALLA,  Laurentius,  an  Italian  critic,  of  great 
parts  and  learning,  died  in  1465. 

VALLE,  Peter  de  la,  a  native  of  Rome,  who 
published  a  very  interesting  account  of  his 
•'Travels  in  Egypt, Turkey, Persia,  and  India." 
He  died  in  1652. 

VALLEE,  Geofroi,  a  French  writer,  author 
of  a  work  entitled  "  Beatitude  des  Chretiens," 
which  drew  upon  him  the  censures  of  the  in- 
quisition.    He  was  burnt  at  Paris,  in  1574. 

VALLEE,  Simon,  an   eminent  French  en- 
craver,  in  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIV. 
~  VALLEMOXT,  Peter  le  Lorraine  de,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  author  of  "Elements  of  History," 
and  other  works  ;  he  died  m  1721. 

VALLIERE,  Louise  Francoise.  duchesse  de 
\a,  wife  of  the  duke  of  Orleans,  and  mistress  of 
Lewis  XIV.  She  spent  the  last  35  years  of  i  er 
life  in  a  cloister,  in  acts  of  piety  and  devotion, 
and  died  in  1710. 

VALLISNIERRI,  Anthony,  an  Italian  natu- 
ralist, and  professor  of  medicine  at  Padua.  He 
wrote  several  medical  works,  and  died  in  1730. 

VALOIS.     See  VALE.-IUS. 

VALOIS,  Yves  de,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Bour- 
deaux,  in  1694,  was  professor  of  hydrography  at 
Rochelle.    The  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

VALSALVA,  Anthony  Marie,  an  eminent 
physician  and  anatomical  writer,  died  in  1723 

VALVERDA,    John,  a  Spanish    physician 


VA 

He  died  Flemish  painter,  died  about  1040.  His  brothers^ 
John  and  William,  were  also  eminent  artists. 
The  former  excelled  as  an  engraver,  and  Ui« 
latter  as  a  painter. 

VAXDER-DOES,  Jacob,  a  Dutch  landscapes, 
painter,  who  died  at  the  Hague,  in  1673.  \ 

VAXDER-HEYDEN,  John,  an  eminent 
painter,  died  at  Amsterdam,  in  1712. 

VAXDER-KABEL,  Adrian,  a  painter  ani 
engraver,  who  excelled  in  sea  views,  and  land-  t 
scapes  :  he  died  at  Lyons,  in  1695.  | 

VANDER-LINDEX,John  Antonides,  aleam-  f 
ed  professor  of  nsediciue,  at  Leyden,  died  in 
1614,  having  wriiten  many  medical  books. 

VAXDER-MEER,  John,  a  Dutch  landscapft 
painter,  who  excelled  in  battles  and  sea  pieces  ; 
he  died  in  1G90. 

VAXDER-MERSCH,  general  of  the  insur- 
gents of  Brabant,  in  1789^  againf-t  the  imperial 
forces.  He  distinguished  himscH  by  his  valour 
and  prudence,  and  died  in  1792. 

VANDER-MEULIX,  Anthony  Francis,  a 
distinguished  painter,  of  Brussels,  who  accom- 
panied Lewis  XIV.,  in  his  n;il!tary  expeditions, 
and  gave  accurate  representations  of  his  sieges 
and  battles.     Ke  died  at  Paris,  in  1690. 

VAXDER-MOXDE,  Charles  Augustin,  a  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  was  censor  royal  of 
the  universiiv  of  Bologna,  and  died  in  1762. 

VAXDER-MOXDE,  N.,  a  French  mathema- 
tician, died  in  1796. 

VAXDER-XEER,  Eglon,  an  eminent  painter, 
of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1697. 

VAXDER-SPIEGEL,  an  eminent  and  useful 
Dutch  statesman,  died  in  1600. 

VANDER-TLFT,  James,  a  painter,  and  bur- 
gomaster of  Gorcum,  his  native  town,  bom  in 
1627. 

VAXDER-VELDE.  See  VAXDEX-VELDE. 

VAXDERWERF,  Adrian,  an  eminent  Dutch 
historical  and  portrait  painter,  died  in  1727. 

V.AXDIEST,  Adrian,  aDutch  landscape  paint- 
er, whosettled  in  England,  in  the  reign  ofCharles 
II.,  and  died  in  1704. 

VAXDYCK,  sir  Anthony,  an  illustrious  his- 
torical and  portrait  painter,"  born  at  Antwerp,  in 
1599.  He  travelled  much,  but  flourished  chiefly 
in  England,  in  the  service  of  Charles  I.,  who 
knighted  him,  and  gave  him  his  own  picture  set 
round  with  diamonds  :  he  died  in  1641. 

VAXDYCK,  Peter,  an  eminent  Dutch  bisto- 


distinsuished   as  having   introduced    anatnmy.jrical  and  portrait  painter,  died  at  the  Hague,  in 
into  Spain,  from  Italy.     He  lived  about  lohO.    \\17dS. 
VANAKEX,  Joseph,  an  eminent  painter,  ofji     VANE,  sir  Henry,  a  famous  English  states- 


Antwerp,  died  in  1749, 

VANBRUGH,  sir  John,  an  excellent  English 
dramatist,  and  architect,  died  in  1726. 

VAX-CEULEX,  Ludolph,  a  distinguished 
mathematician,  of  Leyden,  in  tlie  17th  century. 

VAN-CLEVE,  Joseph,  an  eminent  French 
sculptor,  died  in  17.33. 


inian,  and  a  political  and  theological  writer,  was 
I  beheaded  on  acharjre  of  trenson,  in  1662. 
I     VAX-EFFEN,   Just,    a   native  of  Utrecht, 
i  known  as  the  translator  of  "  Robinson  Crusoe," 

and  other  work?  ;  he  died  in  1735. 
I      VAX-EVERDIXGEX,  Albert,  an    eminent 

landscape  painter  and  engraver,  of  Alkmaer, 


VAXCOUVEUR,  George,  a  captain  in  theldied  in  1675.  His  brothers,  John  and  Caesar, 
English  navv,  wlio  performed  a  voyage  of  dis-j  were  also  excellent  artists, 
covery  to  the  north  Pacific  ocean,  aid  round!  VAN-EYCK,  John,  called  John  Bruges,  a 
the  globe,  in  1700  95,  to  ascert-'in  the  existence,  Flemish  painter,  and  inventor  of  the  ar{  of 
if  any,  of  a  navigable  communication  l)e;weeii;  n.ixi!!g  colours  with  oil,  flourished  in  the  loth 
the  North  Pacific  a::d  Xorth  Atlantic  Oceans.l  ceisturv. 
He  died  in  1797.  I:     VAX-HL^YSUM,  John,  a  Dutch  painter,  fam- 

VANDALE,  Anthony,  a  learned  Dutch  phy-:  nus  for  landscapes,  flowers,  and  fruit  pieces; 
cian  and  critic,  died  in  1708.  t  he  died  in  1749. 

VANDEX-ECKOUT,  Gerbrandt,  aliistorical  j     V^AXIERE,  James,  a  French  Jesuit,  and  fam 
and  portrait  painter,  of  great  merit,  at  Amster-"oiis  Latin  poet,  died  in  1739. 
dam,  died  in  1674.  \i     VAXIXI,  Lurilio,  a  most  determined  Atheist, 

VAXDEX-VELDE,   Adrian,   a   painter,  of !' who  settled  in  France,  and  was  burnt  for  bias- 
Amsterdam,  died  in  1672.  I  phemy,  inlP19. 

VAXDEX-VELDE,    laaiah,    an    eminentj     VAX-KEULEN,  John,  jv  Dutcbman,  who 
392 


VA 

edited  the  "  Flambeau  de  la  Mer,"  at  Anister 
(Jam,  in  1687, 

,    VAlSfLOO,  John  Baptist,  a  French  historical 
/and  porti  ait  painter,  died  in  1745. 

VANLOO,  Charles  Andrew,  a  native  of  Nicf , 
who  settled  at  Paris,  where  he  was  highly  dis- 
tinguis  ;od  as  a  painter  ;  he  died  in  1765. 

VAN-MENDER,  Charles,  a  Flemish  histori- 
cal and  landscape  painter,  died  in  1606. 

VAN  NESS,  William  W.,  a  very  emintist 
lawyer,  of  New- York,  and  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  that  state,  died  at  Charlesion, 
S.  C,  m  1823.  aged  48. 

VANNI,  Francis,  a  painter  and  architect  ot 
Sienna,  died  at  Rome,  in  1C09. 

VANNIUS,  or  VANNI,  Francisco,  an  Italian 
historical  painter,  died  in  1610. 

VANNIUS,  Valentin,  a  native  of  Swabia, 
distinguished  for  his  writings  in  defence  of  the 
Lutheran  tenets,  in  1557. 

VAN-OBSTAL,  Gerard,  an  eminent  Flem- 
ish sculptor,  died  in  1668. 

VAN-OORT,  Adam,  a  Flemish  painter,  of 
eminence,  died  in  1641. 

VAN-OOST,  James,  a  Flemish  historical, 
landscape,  and  portrait  painter,  died  in  1713. 

VAN-ORLAY,  Bernard,  an  eminent  Flemish 
painter,  diod  in  1550. 

VAN-OSTADE,  Adrian,  an  eminent  painter, 
of  Lubeck,  died  at  Amsterdam,  in  1689  His 
brother  Isaac  was  also  an  artist. 

VANSOMER,  Paul,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
known  as  a  painter.  lie  resided  for  some  time 
ill  England,  and  died  in  1621. 

VAN-SWIETEN.    See  SWIETEN  VAN. 

VAN-TULDEN,  Theodore,  a  painter  ar-d  en- 
graver, boin  at  Bois  le  Due,  in  1620 ;  he  \\  as  a 
pupil  of  Rubens. 

VAN-UDEN,  Lucas  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in  1660. 

VARCHI,  Benedict,  professor  of  morality  ai 
Padua,  was  distinguished  for  the  purity  and  ele- 
gance 01  his  language,  and  for  his  writings ; 
he  died  in  1666. 

VARDES,  Francis  Rene  du  Bee,  marquis  de, 
one  of  tlie  favourites  of  Lewis  XIV.  He  indis- 
creetly betrayed  the  secret  debaucheries  of  his 
master,  for  which  he  was  disgraced,  and  exiled  ; 
but  \\  as  afterwards  pardoned,  and  died  at  Paris, 
in  1688. 

VARENIUS,  Augustus,  an  eminent  Luthe 
ran  divine,  of  Lunenburg,  celebrated  for  his 
profound  knowledge  ot  the  Hebrew.  It  is  said 
that  lie  could  repeat  the  Hebrew  bible  by  heart. 
He  died  in  1684. 

VARENIUS,  Bernard,  an  eminent  Dufch 
geographer,  whose  "  Geographia  Universalis" 
was  Uanslated  into  English,  by  sir  Isaac  New- 
ton ;  he  died  in  1660. 

VAREZsNE  DE  FENILLE,  P.  C,  a  distin- 
guished French  agriculturalist,  was  guilJotiii.ed 
during  the  revolution,  in  17S4. 

VARGAS,  Aiphonso,  anative  of  Toledo,  and 
archbishop  of  Seville  ;  he  died  in  13C6. 

VARGAS,  Francis,  an  f-minent  Spanish  !aw-| 
yer,  was  ambassador  at  several  courts,  underi 
Charles  V.,  and  Philip  II.,  and  afterwards  a! 
counsellor  of  state  in  Spain  ;  he  died  in  a  mon- 
astery, in  1560. 

VARGAS,  Lewis  de,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Leville,  died  in  1590. 

VARIGNON,  Peter,  a  distinguished  French 
architect  and  mathematician,  was  professot  of 
mathematics,  at  the  college  of  Mazarine,  and 


VA 

and  political  writer,  died  in  1696.    He  was  con- 
sidered unworthy  of  credit. 

VARIUS,  a  latin  poet,  the  friend  of  Horace. 
Some  fragments  of  his  poetry  remain. 

VARNUM,  James  Mitchell,  a  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  the  American  revolutionary  army,  after- 
wards a  member  of  congress,  and  a  judge  of 
the  north  western  territory  of  the  United  States ; 
he  died  in  1789 

VARRO,  a  i>oet  of  Gaul,  who  wrote  a  poem 
on  the  war  of  the  Sequani,  and  some  other 
works. 

VARRO,  Marcus  Terentiua,  usually  styled 
the  most  learned  of  the  Romans,  was  born  28 
B.  C.  He  was  80  years  old  when  he  wrote  hia 
three  books,  "  De  Re  Rustica,"  which  are  still 
extant. 

VASA.     SeeGUSTAVUS. 

VASARI,  George,  a  Florentine  painter,  died 
in  1578  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  lives  of 
the  most  excellent  painters,  sculptors,  and  ar 
chitects  from  1300  to  1570. 

VASCONCELLOS,  Michael,  a  Portuguese 
statesman,  devoted  to  the  interests  of  Spain, 
wat«  murdered  during  a  political  convulsion, 
and  his  body  treated  with  ignominy,  in  1640. 

VASCOS  A  N.Michael  de,  an  eminent  French 
printer,  settled  at  Paris,  and  died  in  1576. 

VASSELIER,  Joseph,  a  licentious  French 
poet,  died  in  1800. 

V/'SSOR,  Michael  le,  a  French  writer,  died 
in  England,  in  1718,  aged  71. 

VATABLUS,  Francis,  a  native  of  Picardy, 
and  professor  of  Hebrew,  in  the  royal  collegCj 
died  in  1547 

VATER,  Abraham,  an  eminent  German  phy- 
sician and  anatomist,  famous  for  his  anatomical 
preparations,  which  form  a  curious  cabinet  at 
Wirtemburgh.    He  died  in  1751,  aged  67. 

VATTEL,  N.,  a  native  of  Switzerland,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  valuable  writings  on  juris- 
prudence and  metaphysics.  His  "Right  of 
Nations,"  has  given  him  great  celebrity,  and  a 
rank  with  Grctius  and  Puffendorf,  among  the 
writers  on  Natural  Law.     He  died  in  1770. 

VATTEL,  Emerde,  a  celebrated  Swiss  writer 
on  metaphysics  and  jurisprudence  ;  he  died  in 
1767. 

VAVASSEUR,  Francis,  a  French  Jesuit,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  teacher  of  rhetoric  and  belles 
lottres,  ai  Paris,  and  as  a  lecturer  on  the  Scrip- 
tures; he  died  in  1681. 

VAUBAN,  Sebastian  le  Prestre,  seigneur  de, 
a  famous  French  enguieer,  who  wrote  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  Fortification  ;"  he  died  in  1707. 

VAUCANSON,  James  de,  a  native  of  Greno- 
ble, distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  me- 
chanics, died  in  1782. 

VAUDREUIL,  marquis  de,  a  brave  and  ener- 
getic French  otiker,  governor  of  Canada,  died 
in  1725. 

VAUGELAS,  Claude  Favre,  lord  de,  a  most 
accurate  aiid  elegai.t  French  writer  and  critic, 
died  in  1650. 

VAUGIIAN,  sir  John,  lord  chief  justice  of 
the  common  pleas,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II., 
died  in  1674. 

VAUGHAN.  George,  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  colonv  of  New  Hampshire,  died  in  1724. 

VAUMORIFRE,  Peter  Dortique  Sieur,  de,  a 
native  o!"  France,  author  of  romances,  &c.,  died 
in  1693. 

VAUVENARGUES,  Luke  Chapter  de,  a 
French  writer,  author  of  "  Introduction  to  the 


an  able  writer  on  that  science ;  he  died  in  1722.  jKnowledge  cf  the  Human  Mind,"  a  work  of 
VARILLAS,  Anthony   s^.  ^^poch  historical jinwH ;  he  died  in  1747. 

393 


VE 

~  VAUVILLIERS,  John  Francis,  professor  of 
Greek  in  the  royal  college  of  France,  for  20 
years.  Being  opposed  to  the  revolution,  he  left 
his  country  and  went  to  Russia,  where  he  died, 
in  1800.  He  published  "  Letters  on  Horace," 
"  Efsayon  Pindar,"  &c. 

VAUX,  Nicholas,  lord,  an  Englishman,  who 
was  knighted  for  his  valour  ar  tin-  batile  o! 
Stoke.   He  wrot    =ome  poems,  and  died  in  1522. 

VATJX,  Thoma-,  lord,  contributor  to  a  me 
trical  miscellany,  "ailed  tiie  -Paradise  of  Dain- 
ty Devices:"  he  died  in  1555. 

VAUX  Voel  .]  vdan  de,  a  celebrated  French 
genera!,  laade  governor  of  Cirsica,  in  1769,  and 
completed  the  conquest  of  that  island  :  he  was 
afterwards  raised  to  the  dignity  of  marshal  oi' 
France,  and  ditd  in  1788,  having  b.  en  present 
at  19  sieges  and  14  batU  !s. 

VAYER.  S  -e  MOTHE  LE  VAYER. 

VjdICELLT.  Francis,  an  able  Italian  artist, 
brother  of  Tit.an. 

VEENINX,.lohn  Baptist,  of  Amsterdam,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  painter,  died  in  1660. 

VEGA,  Lopez  F-^lix  de,  a  Spanish  divine,  and 
a  dramatic  poet  of  great  fertility  of  genius  ;  he 
died  in  1635. 

VEGETIUS,  Flavins  Renalus,  a  Roman, 
who  flourished  in  the  4tb  century,  author  of 
"  Military  Insti'  1    nis  " 

VEGIO.     See  M  IFF.'EUS. 

VEIL,  Charles  Ma:  e  de,  a  Jew,  of  Metz, 
was  converted  to  Chnstianity  by  Bossuet,  and 
made  canon  of  St.  Genevieve.  After  lectuiin.^ 
on  theology  at  Aneeis,  he  went  to  Enirland 
where  he  joined  the  anabaptists,  and  became  a 
preacher  of  that  oersuasion.  He  wrote  Com- 
mentaries on  tile  Sciiptures,  and  died  about 
17G0. 

VELASaUEZ,  Don  Diego  de  Sylva,  a  dLs- 
tinguished  Spanish  painter,  the  punil  of  Herre- 
ra  and  Pacheco;  be  dwd  in  16f!0. 

VELLEHTS.     S*.e  P  VTERCULUS. 

VELLT'TELLO.  Alexander,  of  Lucca,  au- 
thor of  some  commentaries  ou  the  wor^s  of 
Dante,  and  of  Petrarch,  died  about  1600. 

VELLY,  Paul  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  of  Nisnies, 
who  wrote  a  "  History  of  France,"  a  candid 
and  accurate  work  :  he  died  in  1759. 

VELSERUS,  Mark,  a  distinguished  civilian, 
of  Augsburg,  author  of  '•  Reruni  Augusto-Vin- 
delicarura  ;"  h*"  died  in  1614. 

VELTIIEia;.  A.  F  .  coui::,  a  native  of  Bruns- 
wick, an  emii.iit  niii;era!::;ist,  and  author  or 
several  valuable  w  •-  ks  on  mineralogy  :  he  died 
in  180). 

VELTHUYSEN,LL-mbert,of  Utrecht,  known 
as  the  defender  of  the  opinions  of  Descartes 
against  Voet.  He  wrote  on  philosophy,  theolo- 
gy, and  medicine,  and  died  in  1685 

VENCE,  Henry  Fra-icis  de,  a  French  ercle^^i 
astic,  author  of  "  Dissertati<"is  and  Analysis  oi; 
the  Old  Testament."  de'^ervedly  comm;nide(l  bv 
Calmel ;  he  died  in  1749. 

VENDOME.,  Caesar,  duke  de,  son  of  Henry 
IV.,  was  governor  of  Bretasme,  and  a  brave  and 
virtuous  prince  ;  he  (Fied  in  1665. 

VENDOME,  Lewis  Joseph,  duke  de,  a  fa- 
mous French  general,  who,  in  consequence  of 
his  great  victories,  was  created  a  prince  of  the 
Blood,  by  Philip  V.  ;  he  died  in  1712 

VENDOME,  Philip  de.  brother  of  the  prer^d 
ina,  distinguished  himself  in  the  army  und^r 
Lewis  XrV.,  and  died  in  1727. 

VENEL,  Gabriel  Francis,  of  Pezenas,  an 
able   physician,  and  professor  of  medicine  at 
Slontpellier,  where  he  died  in  177G. 
394 


VE 

VENERONI,  an  Italian  grammarian  and  lex- 
icographer, in  the  I7th  century. 

VFNETIANO,  Dominic,  a  Venetian  histori- 
cal painter,  who  was  assassinated  by  Andrea  del  i 
Castagno,  to  w^om  he  had  communicated  the 
art  of  painting  in  oil,  in  1476. 

VENETTE,  Nicolas,  a  French  physician,  au- 
thor of  some  medical  treatises,  &c. ;  he  died  in 
169?. 

VENIERO,  Dominic,  a  Venetian  poet,  some 
of  whose  works  were  of  an  immoral  tendency, 
died  in  1581.  His  three  brothers,  Jerorne,  Fran- 
cis, and  Lewis,  were  poets,  and  prose  writers. 

VENLUS.     SeeOI'HO. 

VENN,  Henry,  an  English  divine,  author  of 
the  "Complete  Duly  of  Man,"  "  Sermons  on 
Various  Subjects,"  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1796. 

VENNFR,  Tobias,  an  English  physician,  au- 
thor of  '  V  ia  Recta  ad  Longam  Vitam,"  and 
o'her  medical  works,  died  in  1600. 

VENNER,  Thomas,  a  noted  fanatic  in  the 
time  of  Cromwell  and  Char.es  II.,  v/as  origin- 
ally a  winecooper.  His  followers  were  called 
fifth  monarchy  men.  He  was  executed  witii 
12  of  his  associates,  in  1661. 

VERDTER,  Anthony  du.  a  native  of  Mont- 
brisson,  historiographer  of  France,  and  author  of 
a  "  Biography  of  French  Authoi-s,"  died  in  1600. 

VERDIER,  Cffisar,  -^f  Moliers,  near  Avignon, 
was  eminent  as  an  anatomist,  and  wrote  on 
anatomical  and  medical  subjects;  he  died  in 
1759. 

VERDUC,  Lawrence,  an  able  surgeon,  of 
Toulouse,  died  in  1695.  His  son,  John  Baptist 
was  a  pnysician,  and  author  of  "Operations  of 
Surgery." 

VERB,  Edward,  earl  of  Oxfo'd,  was  one  of 
the  judges  of  the  nmortuaate  Mary  of  F:cotIand, 
and  a  conspicuous  I'Ctor  in  the  defeat  of  the 
Spanish  Armada  He  wrote  some  poetry,  and 
difcd  in  1P04. 

VERE,  sir  Francis,  a  renowned  English  gen 
eral  undtr  queen  Elizabeth,  who  defended  Os- 
itend  for  the  Dutch,  with  1700  men,  against  the 
Spanish  army  of  12000  ;  he  died  in  1608. 

VERE,  Horace,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
also  a  general  in  the  English  anhy,  was  created 
baron  Tilbury  by  Charles  I.,  for  his  meritori- 
ous services,  and  died  in  1635. 

VER  RLST.  Simo'i.  a  French  painter,  who  ex- 
celled ill  fnwer  pieces  and  fruits,  died  in  1710. 

Vi'RGENNES,  Charles  Gravier,  count  de, 
an  eniiiif'it  French  statesman,  died  in  1787.  As 
secreiarv  of  state  for  foroign  affairs  to  Louis 
XVI.,  ho  assisted  the  Am'.'ricans  in  their  strug- 
gle fir  independence 

VERGER  DE  HATJRANE,  Johndu,  abbe  do 
St.  Cyran,  an  eminent  French  ecclesiastic,  who 
formed  a  n<^w  system  of  faith,  which  becnniig 
popular,  d'i^w  on  him  the  resentment  of  Riche- 
lieu He  died  in  164'J.  Jansen,  Arnauld, 
Pascal,  &:.c  .  were  among  his  pupils  and  friends. 

VFRGf^:",  James,  of  Lyons,  possessed  great 
poetic  tale"ts,  but  was  too  dissipated  and  licen- 
tious to  ob  ain  distinction  He  was  killed  by 
robbers,  at  Paris,  in  1720. 

VERGIL  Polydore,  an  Italian  priest  who 
settled  in  EngJand,  became  an  author,  and  died 
in  1555. 

VERGNE,  Louis  Elizabeth,  de  la,  a  Frencii 
■reiieral,  who  served  under  Lewis  XV  in  Flan- 
•leis,  with  great  reputation,  was  the  friend  of 
learned  men,  and  author  of  numerous  works. 
He  died  in  1782. 

VEtlGNI^fJD,  Peter  Victorin,  an  advocate, 
of  Bourdeaui,  was  a  rncinber  of  the  national 


VT 

VT:sP ASIAN,  Titus  Flavius,  a  general  in  the 
Roman  army,  was  proclaimed  emperor,  A.  D 
69 ;  his  reign  was  mariicf^  by  wisdom,  modera- 
tion and  firmnBss      He  died  A.  D.  79. 

VESPUTIUS.     See  AMERICUS. 

VICARS,  Jolin,  an  Ei'sjlish  divine,  who  wrote 
in  favonr  of  Mio  presbyterians ;  he  died  in  1652. 

VICANY,  Thomas,  of  London,  the  first  ana- 
tomical writer  in  tlie  English  language,  lived 
atout  15r>0. 

VICENTE,  Giles,  a  famous  dramatic  poet, 
jof  Lisbon,  in  the  16th  century. 
I     VICO,  J  hn  Baptist,  professor  of  rhetoric,  in 
jthe  ':niversity  at  Naples,  died  in  1740. 


VICa  D' AZIR,  Felix,  a  very  celebrated  phy- 
sician, of  Paris,  died  in  1794. 

VICTOR  I.,  pope  after  Eleufherus,  in  193, 
suffered  martyrdom,  in  202.  During  his  age, 
violent  disputes  arose  about  the  proper  t'me  for 
Easter. 

VICTOR  II.,  Gibeltard,  elected  pope  after, 
Leo  IX.,  in  1055,  and  died  two  years  after ;  he 
was  an  active  pontiff. 

Vir^TOR  III.,  Didier,  was  elected  pope  in 
1086,  and  died  1087. 

VICTOR,  Sextus  Aureliue,  a  Roman  histo- 
rian, who  flourished  under  the  emperors  Cou- 
stantius  and  Julian. 

VICTOR,  Amadeus,  duke  of  Savoy,  and  first 
king  of  Sardinia.  Hr  abdicated  the  throne  in 
favour  cf  his  son,  and  died  in  1732. 

VICTOR,  Benjamin,  a  dramatic  writer,  died 
I  in  1779. 

:    VICTORIUS  or  VETTORIN,  Peter,  a  verv 
learned  Florentine,  died  in  1585. 
I     VICTORIUS,  Benedict,  was  professor  of  m«^ 
dicine  at  Bologna,  and  a  medical  writer;  he 


VE^^ ^^__ 

assembly,  and  active  in  recommending  violent 
measures.  He  fell  under  the  displeasure  of 
Robespierre,  and  suffered  on  the  scaffold,  in 
1793. 

VERHEYEN,  Philip,  professor  of  anatomy 
in  the  college  at  Louvain,  and  author  of  some 
medical  works,  died  in  1710. 

VERKOLIE,  John,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter 
and  engraver,  died  in  1693. 

VERMANDER,  Charles,  a  Flemish  painter 
and  poet,  died  in  1C07. 

VERMEYEN,  John  Cornelius,  surnamed  the 
Bearded,  a  Dutch  historical  and  portrait  painter, 
who  attended  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  and  drew 
his  encampments,  sieges,  and  battles  on  the 
spot;  he  died  in  1.559. 

VERNES,  Jacob,  a  divine,  and  an  author,  of 
Geneva,  died  in  1788. 

VERNET,  Joseph,  a  most  eminent  marine 
and  landscape  painter,  of  France,  died  in  1789. 

VERNEUIL,  Catherine  Henrietta  de  Balzac, 
marquise  de,  a  French  lady,  who  captivated  the 
heart  of  Henry  IV.,  and,  after  his  marriage  to 
Mary  de  Medicis,  conspired  to  dethrone  him. 
Sht  was  exiled,  and  died  in  1633. 

VERNEY,  Guichard  Joseph  du,  professor  of 
amtomy  at  Paris,  of  great  celebrity,  died  in 
1730. 

VERNON,  Edward,  a  renowned  English  ad- 
miral, died  in  1757. 

VERNUL^US,  Nicholas,  professor  of  belles 
lettres,  at  Louvain,  and  an  author,  died  in  1649. 

VERONESE,  Paul  Caliari,  a  native  of  Vero- 
na, greatly  distinguished  as  a  painter,  died  at 
Venice,  in  1588. 

VERONESE,  Alexander  Turchi,  a  painter,  of 
Verona,  died  at  Rome,  in  1670. 

VERONESE,  Carlo,  a  Venetian,  respectable' died  in  1552.  His  uncle  Lionel,  was  also  pro- 
as an  actor  and  dramatic  writer,  at  Paris,  diedjfessor  of  medicine  at  Bologna,  and  died  in  1530, 
in  1760.  VIDA,  Mark  Jerome,  an  illustrious  Latin 

VERROCHIO.  Andrew,  a  Florentine  sculp- 11  poet,  died  in  1566. 
tor  and  painter  the  first  who  found  out  the  art  '     VIETA,  Francis,  master  of  requests  to  queen 
of  taking  and  preserving  the  likeness  of  the   Margaret,  born  in  1540,  and  died  in  1603.    Hfr 
face,  by  moulding  off  the  features  in  plaster  of  \  wa»  celebrated  as  a  mathematician,  and  was 
Paris ;  he  died  in  1488.  ..  ^    .     . 

VERSCHURING,  Henry,  a  Dutch  historical 
and  landscape  painter,  was  drowned  in  1690. 

VERSE,  Noel  Aubert  de,  a  theological  writer, 
of  Mans,  Who  embraced  the  tenets  of  Calvin, 
and  afterwards  became  a  Roman  catholic ;  he 
died  in  1714. 

VERSKOVES,  James  Francis,  a  Flemish 
artist,  who  settled  in  England,  and  died  in  1749. 
His  vases  and  figures,  in  wood  and  ivory,  were 
much  admired. 

VERSTEGAN,  Richard,  a  writer  on  English 
antiquities,  and  the  etymology  of  old  English 
words ;  he  died  in  1625. 

VERT,  Dom  Claude  de,  an  Italian,  ecclesi- 
astic, devoted  himself  to  the  ceremonies  of  the 
church  of  Rome,  of  which  he  wrote  a  history ; 
he  died  in  1708. 

VERTOT  D'AUBOEUF,  Rene  Aubert  de, 
an  agreeable  and  elegant  French  historical  wri- 
ter, died  in  1735. 

VERTUE,  George,  a  celebrated  engraver  and 
antiquary,  of  Westminster,  died  in  1757. 

VERUS,  Lucius  Ceionius  Commodus,  son 
of  y^^Uus,  distinguished  himself  against  the 
barbarians  iij  the  East,  in  the  time  of  Marcus 
Aurciias,  with  whom  he  shared  the  throne.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  39. 

VERWEY,  John,  a  learned  Dutch  author, 
died  at  the  Hague,  in  1690. 

VESALIUS,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  Flemish 
pnatomlst  and  physictan,  died  in  1674. 


the  first  who  used  letters  in  algebra. 

VIEUSSENS,  Raymond  de,  a  distinguished 
French  physician  and  medical  author,  died  in 
1715. 

VIGAND,  or  WIGAND,  John,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  who  was  engaged  in  the  publication  of 
"  The  Centuries  of  Madgeburgh,"  an  important 
work  ;  he  died  in  1587. 

VIGILIUS,  an  African  bishop,  about  484.  He 
ably  opposed  the  heretics  of  bis  age. 

VIGILIUS,  made  pope  by  the  wife  of  Jus- 
tinian, in  537.  He  was  afterwards  banished 
from  Rome,  and  died  in  555. 

VIGNES,  Peter  des,  of  Capua,  rose  from  ob 
scurity  to  be  chancellor  of  the  German  empire. 
He  was  accused  of  an  attempt  to  poison  his 
sovereign,  for  which  his  eyes  were  put  out.  He 
killed  himself  in  prison,  in  1249. 

VIGNOLE,  James  Baroggio,  an  eminent 
Italian  architect,  died  in  1573. 

VIGNOLES,  Stephen  de,  better  known  by 
the  name  of  la  Hire,  was  one  of  the  ablest  ge- 
nerals in  the  service  of  Charles  VII.;  he  died 
in  1447. 

VIGNOLES,  Alphonsode,  a  French  theologi- 
cal writer,  who,  as  a  Calvinist,  fled  to  Prussia  on 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  was 
made  director  of  the  royal  academy  at  Berlin; 
he  died  in  1744. 

VILLALPANDUS,  John  Baptist,  ajwruit,  of 
Corduha,  author  of  "Desultory  Comi»J«tariea 
on  Ezekiel,"  died  in  1608. 

395 


VI 


vo 


VILLARET,  Claude,  an  actor  on  the  French- 
stage,  author  of  a  "History  of  France,"  andj 
other  works ;  he  died  in  176G.  i 

VILLARS,  Andrew  de  Braucas  de,  a  French 
general,  who  esooused  the  interests  of  the  league 
against  Henry  IV.,  but  afterwards  abandoned 
it ;  he  was  taken  prisoner  and  murdered,  in 
1595. 

VILLARS,  Louis  Hector,  marquis  and  duke 
of,  marshal  of  France,  and  one  of  the  greatest 
generals  of  his  time,  died  in  1734. 

VILLEFORE,  Joseph  Francis  Bourgoin  de, 
a  Frenchman,  devoted  to  literary  pursuits,  and 
publisher  of  various  works  on  history  ;  he  died 
in  1737. 

VILLENA,  marquis  of,  a  Spanish  poet,  who 
translated  Virgil's  ^neid  into  Spanish  verse 
and  died  in  1434. 

VILLENEUVE,  Gabrielle  Susanne  Barbot 
de,  a  celebrated  French  novel  writer,  died  in 
1755. 

ViLLERS,  Charles  Francis  Dominic  de,  a 
distinguished  French  writer,  professor  of  phi- 
rosophyat  Gottiugen,  and  a  refugee  during  the 
revolution,  died  in  1815 

VILLETTE,  Charles,  marquis  de,  a  French 
writer,  and  a  niemhei  of  the  convention,  died  in 
1793. 

VILLIERS,  George,  duke  of  Buckingham,  a 
great  statesman,  and  the  favourite  of  two  kings 
was  assassinated  inl  628. 

VILLIERS,  George,  duke  of  Buckingham 
son  of  the  preceding,  a  very  distinguished  states- 
man, poet,  and  dramatic  writer,  died  in  K^. 

VILLOISOX,  John  Baptist  Gaspard  d'Ansse 
do,  a  learned  French  cniic  and  antiquary,  pro- 
fessor of  Greek,  in  France,  died  in  1805. 

VILLOTTE,  James,  a  French  Jesuit,  who 
travelled  into  Armenia,  and  published  Commen- 
taries on  the  Gospels,  otc.  ;  he  died  in  1743. 

VINCENT,  Thomas,  an  English  non-con- 
formist divine,  author  of  an  "  Explanation  of 
the  Catechism,"  and  oUier  religious  tracts,  died 
in  1671; 

VINCENT,  Nathaniel,  an  English  dissenting 
divine,  and  author  of  sermons,  &;c. ;  he  died  in 
1697. 

VINCENT,  William,  D.  D.,  a  very  learned 
Enghsh  divine,  died  in  1815. 

VINCI,  Leonard,  an  illustrious  Italian  paint- 
er, died  in  1520. 

VINER,  sir  Robert,  a  goldsmith  and  banker. 
of  London,  who  lent  the  administration  of* 
<  harles  II.  considerable  sums  of  money. 

VINER,  Charles,  an  eminent  English  law 
writer,  died  in  1757. 

V'INES,  Richard,  one  of  the  assembly  of  di- 
vines, under  the  presbyterian  government,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  Greek  scholar  and  philologist, 
and  was  very  eminent  as  a  preacher  :  he  died 
in  1655. 

VINNIUS,  Arnold,  professor  of  law  at  Ley- 
den,  and  author  of  Commentaries  on  the  Insti- 
tutes of  Justinian  ;  he  died  in  1657. 

VIOT,  Marie  Ann  Henrietta  Payan  de  I'Es- 
tang,  of  Dresden,  a  lady,  so  distinguished  for 
learning  and  wit,  and  for  the  versatility  of  her 
genius,  that  she  was  honoured  with  a  seat  in 
the  academv  of  Nismes.  and  died  in  1802. 

VIRGILIUS,  Publius  Maro,  the  most  excel- 
lent of  all  the  ancient  Roman  poets,  r.-.^s  bom 
at  Andes,  near  Mantua,  70  B.  C,  in  the  consul- 
ship of  Pompey  and  Crassus,  and  died  18  B.  C. 

VIRGINIA,  daughter  of  Virginius,  was  stab- 
bed to  the  heart  by  her  father,  to  prevent  the 
violence  which  Appius  meditated  against  her 
396 


person.    This  created  a  revolution,  about  450' 
B.  C. 

VISCONTI,  Ennius  Q.uinnus,  an  eminent, j 
Italian  antiquary,  and  writer  on  antiquarian  >.. 
subjects,  keeper  of  the  museum  at  Paris,  died  i 
in  1818. 

VITELLIO,  or  VITELLO,  of  Poland,  author 
ov  a  Treatise  on  Optics,  in  the  middle  of  the 
13lh  century. 

VI TELLI,  Paul,  an  excellent  general,  was, 
bv  the  Florentines,  ungratefully  put  to  death, 
in  1499. 

VITELLIUS,  Aulus,  a  Roman  emperor 
whose  reign  was  marked  by  every  species  of  li 
centiousness  ;  he  was  assassinated,  A.  D.  69. 

VITRINGA,  Campegio,  a  native  of  Fries 
land,  was  professor  in  the  university  of  Frane  .. 
ker,  and  a  learned  author  ;  he  died  in  1722. 

VITRUVIUS,  Marcus  Pollio,  aRoman  archi 
tect,  who  flourished  about  15  B.  C. 

VIVALDI,  Antonio,  a  famous  Italian  musi 
ciav:,  died  in  1743. 

VIVARES,  Francis,  a  most  ingenious  and 
celebrated  landscape  engraver,  died  in  1750. 

VIVENS,  Francis  de,  a  French  physician, 
arjd  an  author,  died  in  1780. 

VIVES,  John  Lewis,  a  learned  Spaniard,  wh'> 
wrote  some  theological  and  other  works,  and 
died  in  1540. 

VIVI  ANi,  Vircent,  a  famous  mathematician, 
of  Florence,  and  author  of  many  valuable 
works.  He  was  the  pupil  and  friend  of  Galileo, 
and  died  in  1703. 

VIVIEN,  Joseph,  a  painter,  of  Lyons,  diet 
,in  1735. 

VLODOMIR,  grand  duke  of  Russia,  was  de 
bauched  in  his  youih,  but  in  989  he  embracer 
Christianity,  and  was  regarded,  after  his  death 
[by  his  subjects,  as  an  apostle  and  a  saint. 

'VOETiUS,  Gisbert,  a  learned  divine,  profes 
|<or  of  theology  ond  of  oriental  languages  a 
Utrecht,  for  40  years,  died  in  1677.  His  son 
Paui,  was  professor  of  law  at  Utrecht,  and  au- 
thor of  some  valuable  works  ;  he  died  in  1667. 
John,  the  son  of  Paul,  was  professor  of  law  at 
Leyden,  and  died  in  1714. 

VOGLERUS,  Valentine  Henry,  a  physician, 
and  medical  wTiter,  of  Helmstadt,  died  in  1677. . 

VOIGT,  Godfrey,  a  learned  Lutheran  di-' 
vine,  born  at  Misnia,  and  died  at  Hamburgh,  in  ' 
1682. 

VOISENON,  Charles  Henry  de  Fusee  de,  a 
Fi  ench  ecclesiastic,  who  left  his  profession  and 
became  a  dramatic  writer  ;  he  died  in  1775. 

VOISIN,  Joseph  de,  of  Bourdeaax,  a  divine 
and  theological  writer,  died  in  1*385. 

VOISIN,  Daniel  Francis,  counsellor  of  the 
pariiament  of  Paris,  and  chancellor  of  France, 
eminent  for  his  talents,  integrity,  and  virtue  ;  be 
died  in  1718. 

VOITURE,  Vincent,  a  polite  and  elegant 
French  miscellaneous  writer,  and  poet,  died  in 
1648. 

VOLDER,  Burchel  de,  of  Amsterdam,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  and  mathematics  at  Ley- 
den, where  he  died  in  1709. 

VOLKOF,  Feodor,  a  most  excellent  actor. 
the  Garrick  of  Russia,  whose  talents  for  the 
stage  were  as  great  as  those  of  Sumorokof  for 
dramatic  composition  ;  he  died  in  1763. 

VOLMAR,  Isaac,  a  German  statesman,  viho 
was  ambassador  at  the  conferences  before  the 
peace  of  Westphalia;  he  died  in  1662. 

VOLNEY,  Constantine  Francis  Chassebeuf 
de,  a  distinguished  and  volumlnaus  French  wri 
'ter,  died  in  1^2* 


WA 


WA 


Voltaire,  Marie  Francis  Arouet  de,  gen- 
Ueman  of  Uie  bedchamber,  and  historiographer 
vt  the  king  of  France,  a  most  celebrated  French 
historian,  philosopher,  dramatic  writer,  and 
epic  poet,  died  in  1788. 

VONDEL.  Justus,  or  Josse  du,  a  Dutch  poet, 
of  very  considerable  eminence,  died  in  1679, 
aged  91. 

VOPISCUS,  Flavius,  a  Syracusan,  who  lived 
in  the  reign  of  Dioclesian,  author  of  the  lives 
of  Aurelian,  Tacitus,  &c. 

VORSTIUS,  Conrad,  a  learned  German  pro- 
testant  divine  and  polemic  writer,  died  in  1622. 
VORSTIUS,  .lElius  Everard,  professor  of 
medicine  at  Leyden,  died  in  1624. 

VORTIGERN,  a  renowned  British  chief, 
who,  for  his  valour,  was  elected  king  of  South 
Britain.  He  was  burnt  in  a  castle  which  he  had 
built  in  North  Wales,  in  484. 

VOS,  Martin  de,  a  historical  painter,  of  Ant- 
werp, died  in  1604. 

VOSSIUS,  Gerard  John,  a  very  learned  pro- 
fessor of  chronology  and  eloquence,  at  Leyden, 
and  of  history,  at  Amsterdam,  where  he  died 
in  1649. 

VOSSIUS,  Francis,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
author  of  a  poem  on  a  naval  victory  obtained 
by  Van  Tromp,  died  in  1645. 

VOSSIUS,  Dionysius,  son  of  Gerard  John, 
celebrated  for  his  leaniing,  though  he  died  at 
the  age  of  22,  in  1633. 

VOSSIUS,  Isaac,  younger  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  man  of  great  learning,  died  in  1688. 

VOSSIUS,  Gerard,  another  brother,  was  emi- 
nent as  a  critic,  and  died  in  1640.  Matthew, 
also  a  brother,  wrote  a  valuable  "  Chronicle  of 
Holland,"  and  died  in  1646. 

VOSSIUS,  Gerard,  a  Roman  catholic  divine, 
died  at  Liege,  in  1609.  He  edited  and  enriched 
with  notes,  the  works  of  Gregory  Thaumatur 
gus,  Ephrem  Syrus,  and  some  pieces  of  Chry 
sostom  and  Theodoret. 

VOSTERMAN,  a  famous  Dutoh  landscape 
painter,  died  in  1693. 

VOUET,  Simon,  a  celebrated  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  of  Paris,  died  in  1641. 

VROON, Henry  Cornelius,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
painter.    The  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 


W 


WAGE,  Robert,  a  native  of  Jersey,  canon  of 
Bayeux,  and  a  poet,  flourished  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury. 

WADING,  Peter,  a  native  of  Ireland,  who 
joined  tlie  Jesuits,  and  was  professor  of  theology 
at  Prague,  and  at  Louvain  ;  he  died  in  1644. 

WADING,  Luke  de,  an  Irish  cordelier,  au- 
thor of  '•  Annals  of  his  Order,"  &c.,  died  in 
1655. 

WADS  WORTH,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
respected  for  his  learning,  piety,  and  charity 
died  in  1676. 

WADSWORTH,  Benjamin,  an  American 
clergyman,  distinguished  for  his  piety  and  learn- 
ing, was  president  of  Harvard  college.  He  died 
in  1737. 

WADSWORTH,  Jeremiah,  an  active  and 
energetic  officer  of  the  revolution,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  from  Connecticut ;  he  died  about 
1804. 

W^AFFER,  Lionel,  an  English  surgeon,  who 
published  an  account  of  liis  voyages  to  the  South 
Seas,  in  1699. 

WAGENSEIL,  John  Christopher,  a  very 
learned  German  polemical  writer  died  in  1705. 


WAGNER,  John  James,  a  Swiss  phjsu;;m,i 
author  of  " Historia  Naturalis  HelveliaJ  Luiio 
sa,"  died  in  1695. 

WAGSTAFFE,  Thomas,  an  English  prc^late, 
and  an  autlior,  died  in  1712. 

WATLLEY,  Noel  Francis  de,  a  distinguished 
French  philologist,  died  in  1801. 

WAKE,  Isaac,  English  ambassador  to  Ve 
nice.  Savoy,  and  France  ;  he  died  in  1632. 

WAKE,  Dr.  William,  archbishop  of  Canfpr 
bury,  and  a  most  celebrated  polemical  vvriior, 
died  in  1737. 

WAKEFIELD,  Robert,  an  eminent  Englisli 
divine,  was  Hebrew  professor  at  Oxford,  and 
author  of  some  theological  works  ;  he  died  in 
1537. 

WAKEFIELD,  Gilbert,  an  eminent  polemi- 
cal and  classical  writer,  died  in  1801. 

WALDECK,  Christian  Augustus,  prince  of, 
a  distinguished  Austrian  general,  died  in  17S8. 

WALDO,  Peter,  a  merchant,  of  Lyons,  was 
the  founder  of  the  sect  called  Waldenses,  in  the 
12th  century. 

WAIiES,  William,  a  very  distinguished  wri- 
ter on  mathematics,  and  secretary  to  the  board 
of  longitude ;  he  went  round  the  world  witli 
captain  Cook,  in  his  first  voyage,  and  died  in 
1799 

WALES,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
American  clergyman,  professor  of  divinity  in 
Yale  college  ;  he  died  in  1794. 

WALKER,  Clement,  celebrated  for  his  deter- 
mined opposition  to  Cromwell's  authority.  He 
died  in  the  tower,  in  1651. 

WALKER,  Edward,  an  English  author,  was 
made  secretary  at  war  to  Charles  I.,  in  1639, 
and  at  the  restoration,  a  clerk  of  the  privy 
council ;  he  died  in  1676. 

WALKER,  Adam,  a  lecturer  in  philosophy, 
born  in  Westmoreland,  and  bred  a  weaver,  lie 
passed  some  time  as  writing-master  and  ac 
countant  at  Macclesfield,  and  aAerwards  ita 
veiled  as  a  lecturer.    He  died  in  1821 . 

WALKER,  Robert,  principal  painter  to  Oli 

ver  Cromwell,  died  just  before  the  restoraliou. 

WALKER,  George,  a  celebrated  Irish  divjjie 

who  was  killed  at  the  batUe  of  the  Boyne,  in 

'^190.  ' 

WALKER,  George,  F.  R.  S.,  a  dissenting 
minister  of  eminence,  who  published  the  first 
part  of  a  Treatise  on  Conic  Sections,  and  died 
in  1807.  Of  a  petition  for  recognising  Ameri- 
can independence,  drawn  up  by  him,  Mr  Burke 
declared,  that  he  would  rather  have  been  the 
author  of  that  piece,  than  of  all  his  own  com- 
positions. 

WALKER,  John,  an  eminent   writer  on 
English  grammar  and  elocution,  and  author  of 
A  Pronouncing  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage;" he  died  in  1807. 

WALKER,  John,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
rector  of  St.  Mary's,  Exeter,  where  he  died,  in 
1725. 

WALKER,  William,  an  English  divine,  the 
preceptor  of  sir  Isaac  Newton,  and  author  of 
several  useful  works  on  grammar,  logic,  &c.- 
ire  died  in  1684.  ' 

WALKER,  Samuel,  an  English  divine,  au 
thor  of  some  sermons,  died  in  1761. 

WALKER,  Obadiah,  an  English  papist,  who 
wrote  a  violent  pamphlet  against  Luther  •,  he 
died  in  1698. 

WALL,  Martin,  M.  D.,  an  English  physician, 
and  a  medical  writer,  died  in  1776. 

WALLACE,  sir  William,  a  gallant  general 
of  the  Scots,  who  endeavoured  to  rescue  his 
34  3^7 


VVA 


country  from  the  English  yoke,  but  being  be- 
trayed into  ihe  hands  of  the  English,  by  sir  John 
Monteith,  in  whom  he  had  confided,  he  was 
condemned  and  executed  as  a  traitor,  in  1303. 

WALLER,  Edmund,  an  eminent  English 
poet,  and  political  writer,  died  in  1687. 

WALLEY,  Thomas,  an  English  clergyman, 
who  came  to  America,  in  1663,  and  was  settled 
in  Barnstable,  Mass.,  where  he  was  eminently 
useful.    He  died  in  1679. 

WALLEY,  John,  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court  of  the  colony  of  Massachuselts,  died  about 

noo. 

WALLI3,  John,  an  eminent  English  mathe- 
matician, died  in  1703. 

WALLIS,  Dr.  George,  an  English  medical 
writer,  poet,  and  satirist,  died  in  1802. 

WALLIUS,  James,  a  native  of  Courtrai, 
celebrated  among  the  Jesuits  for  his  learning 
and  his  taU^nts.as  a  Latin  poet,  died  in  1630. 

WALPOLE',  sir  Robert,  earl  of  Ori'ord,  a  very 
eminent  statesman  and  pniitical  writer,  was 
prime  minister  under  George  I.  and  II. ;  he  died 
in  1745. 

WALPOLE,  Horace,  earl  of  Orford,  youngest 
son  of  the  preceding,  died  in  1797.  He  was  the 
author  of  numerous  publications. 

W.'i^LSH,  William,  an  English  critic  and 
poet,  the  friend  of  Dryden,  and  the  patron  of 
Pope  ;  he  died  in  1708. 

WALSLNGHAM,  Thomas,  a  Benedictine 
monk,  historian  of  France,  in  the  15th  century. 

WALSTEIN,  Albert,  duke  of  Friedland,  a 
distinguished  German  officer,  remarkable  for 
his  popularity  among  his  soldiers.  He  was 
murdered  bv  order  of  the  emperor,  in  1634. 

Wx\LSYNGHAM,  sir  Francis,  a  great  states- 
man in  the  rcijii  of  queen  Elizabeth,  author  of 
an  excellent  treatise,  called  "  The  Complete  Am- 
bassador;" he  died  in  1589. 

WALTER.    See  ROBINS. 

WALTER,  Thomas,  a  popular  American 
clergvman,  in  Massachuselts,  died  in  1725. 

WALTER,  Nehemiah,  came  to  America 
from  Ireland,  when  young,  was  educated  at 
Harvard  college,  and  afterwards  ordained  as 
pastor  of  a  church,  at  Roxbury,  Mass. ;  he  died 
in  1750. 

WAIiTER,  Thomas,  a  disting-uishcd  botanist, 
of  South  Carolina,  author  of  "  Flora  Carolini- 
ana ;"  he  died  about  1799. 

WALTERS,  John,  M.  A.,  a  Welsh  divine, 
rector  of  Llandocan,  and  author  of  an  English 
and  Welsh  Dictionary,  and  some  other  works ; 
he  0*1  ed  in  1797. 

WALTHER,  N.,  a  native  of  Nuremberg, 
known  as  the  first  who  discovered  the  astro- 
nomical refraction  of  light ;  ho  flourished  in  the 
16th  century. 

WALTHER,  Michael,  professor  of  divinity 
at  Helmstadt,  and  author  of  "  Harmonia  Bibli- 
ca,"  &.C. ;  he  died  in  1662. 

WALTHER,  Christopher  Theodosius,  a  Ger- 
man missionary  to  Tranquebar,  and  an  author ; 
he  died  at  Dresden,  in  1741. 

WALTHER,  .\ugustin  Frederic,  professor 
of  anatomy  at  Leipsic,  and  author  of  some 
medical  treatises ;  he  died  about  1735. 

WALTON,  Brian,  bishop  of  Chester,  and 
editor  of  the  Polyglott  Bible  in  6  volumes  ;  he 
died  in  1661. 

WALTON,  Izaak,  author  of  the  "Complete 
Angler,"  and  other  works,  died  in  1683. 

WALTON,  sir  George,  an  English  admiral 
died  in  1740. 

WALTON,  George,  a  distinguished  and  active 
398 


patriot,  of  Georgia,  during  the  revolution,  w» 
a  member  of  congress,  in  1776,  and  one  of  th*. 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence.  II«1 
was  afterwards  chief-justice  of  Georgia,  a 
member  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States  from, 
and  governor  of,  that  state.    He  died  in  1804. 

WANLEY,  Nathaniel,  vicar  of  Trinity 
church,  in  Coventry,  author  of  a  curious  booic, 
entitled  "The  Wonders  of  the  little  World  ;" 
he  died  about  1690. 

WANLEY,  Humphrey,  son  of  the  preced 
ing,  was  librarian  to  Lord  Oxford  He  tra- 
velled through  England  in  search  of  Anglo 
Saxon  MSS.,  and  died  in  1726. 

WANSLEB,  John  Michael,  a  German,  who 
was  employed  by  Ludolf,  to  print  his  iEthiopic 
dictionary.  He  afterwards  visited  Egypt  on  t 
christian  mission,  and  published  an  account  of 
that  country.     He  died  in  1679. 

WANTON,  William,  governor  of  the  colo- 
ny of  Rhode  Island,  died  in  1737. 

WANTON,  John,  succeeded  the  preceding, 
as  governor  of  Pvhode  Island,  in  1734. 

WANTON,  Gideon,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  died  in  1767. 

WANTON,  Joseph,  also  governor  of  Rhodo 
Island,  died  in  1780. 

WARBURTON,  William,  bishop  of  Glou- 
cester, a  very  eminent  theological  writer,  critic,^ 
and  controversialist ;  he  died  in  177i).  His 
works  are  verv  numerous. 

WARD,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
who  suffered  great  persecution  during  the  civil 
warS;  and  died  in  consequence  of  hard  treat* 
ment,  in  1643. 

WARD,  Seth,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  famous 
for  his  skill  in  mathematics  and  astronomy ;  he 
died  in  1689. 

WARD,  John,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  English 
critic  and  antiquary,  died  in  1758. 

W.ARD,  Sanniel,  author  of  a  "Modem  Sys- 
tem of  Natural  History,"  a  work  of  merit ;  he 
died  in  1790. 

WARD,  Edward,  generally  called  Ned,  a  bur- 
lesque writer,  of  Englaml,  died  in  1731. 

WARD,  Nathaniel,  first  minister  of  Ipswicb, 
Mass.,  was  a  native  of  England,  and  came  to 
America  to  avoid  religious  persecution.  He 
afterwards  returned  to  England,  and  died  there, 
in  16.53. 

WARD,  Richard,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
Rhode  Island,  in  1740. 

WARD,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
secretary  of  Rhode  Island,  and  a  distinguished 
scholar ;  he  died  in  1760. 

WARD,  Samuel,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
chief-justice  and  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  and 
a  member  of  the  continental  congress;  he  diedi 
in  1776. 

WARD,  Henry,  one  of  the  most  active  revo- 
lutionary patriots  of  Rhode  Island,  and  secre 
tary  of  the  colony  ;  he  died  in  1797. 

WARD,  Artemas,  a  member  of  congress  in 
1774,  and  one  of  the  oldest  major-generals  in 
the  American  army  ;  he  died  in  1800. 

WARD,  William,  a  distinguished  English 
missionary,  in  the  East  Indies,  who  died  there 
in  1823. 

WARE,  sir  James,  a  celebrated  antiquary 
and  historian,  of  Ireland,  died  in  1666. 

WARE,  James,  a  very  eminent  oculist  ia 
London,  died  in  1815.  His  success  in  extractr 
ing  the  cataract  has  very  rarely  been  equalled. 

WARGENTIN,  Peter,  a  learned  Swede,  who 
published  Tables  for  computing  the  Eclfpses  of 
Jupiter's  Satellites,  and  died  in  1783. 


WA 


WA 


WARHAM,  VViiham,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
buiy,  and  lord  chancellor  of  England,  under 
Henry  VII.  and  VIII  ;  he  died  in  1532, 

WARHAM,  John,  first  minister  of  the  church 
in  Windsor,  Conn.,  died  in  1670. 

WARIN,  Jol)n,  a  native  of  Liege,  famous  as 
an  engraver  and  sculptor;  his  two  busts  of 
Henry  XIV.  in  bronze,  and  of  cardinal  Riche 
lieu  in  gold,  are  greatly  admired.  He  died  in 
1672. 

WARING,  Edward,  an  eminent  English  ma 
theniatician,  author  of  "  Miscellanea  Analy 
tica,"  and  other  works;  he  died  in  1798. 

WARNER,  William,  author  of  a  historical 
poem,  called  Albion's  England  ;  he  died  in  1609 

WARNER,  Ferdinando,  LL.  D.,  an  English 
divine,  celebrated  for  his  theological,  biographi 
cal,  historical,  and  medical  writings  ;  he  died  in 
176fe. 

WARNER,  John,  D.D.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  chaplain  to  the  English  embassy  at  Paris, 
and  died  in  1800.  He  wrote  a  learned  Treatise 
on  the  pronunciation  of  Greek,  and  translated 
the  "  Life  of  Friar  Gerard"  from  the  Spanish. 

WARNER,  Richard,  a  learned  English  bo- 
tanist and  botanical  writer,  died  in  1775. 

WARREN,  James,  a  distinguished  and  effi- 
cient friend  of  the  American  revolution,  presi- 
dent of  the  provincial  congress,  after  the  death 
of  general  Warren,  and,  for  a  short  time,  pay 
master-general  of  the  army.    He  died  in  1808. 

WARREN,  Joseph,  an  eminent  physician,  of 
Boston,  was  early  distinguished  as  one  of  the 
most  vigilant  and  energetic  friends  of  American 
rights  in  the  colonies,  and  is  revered  for  his  ser- 
vices at  the  trying  period  previous  to  the  revo 
lution.  He  was  appointed  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Bunker's  Hill,  in  the  35th  year  of  his  age. 

W  ■  KEN,  Mercy,  of  Massachusetts,  wife 
of  the  preceding,  authoress  of  a  "  History  of 
the  American  Revolution,"  and  some  poetical 
pieces  ;  she  died  in  1814. 

WARREN,  John,  M.  D.,  brother  of  general 
Joseph  Warren,  was  a  distinguished  physician, 
of  Boston,  and  professor  of  surgery  and  anatomy, 
in  Harvard  college ;  he  died  in  1815. 

WARREN,  sir  John  Borlase,  baronet,  an  am- 
bassador from  England  to  Russia,  and  a  distin- 
guished English  admiral ;  he  died  in  1822. 

WARTON,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  and 
professor  of  poetry  at  Oxford  ;  he  died  in  1745. 

WARTON,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  EngHsh 
biographer,  annotator,  antiquary  and  poet,  be- 
came poet  laureat  of  England,  in  1785,  and 
died  in  1790.  ^ 

WARTON,  Dr.  Joseph,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  learned  divine,  and  an  ingenious  poet 
and  critical  writer,  died  in  IPOO.  i 

WARWICK,  Richard  Nevil,  earl  of,  a  fam- 
ous general  and  statesman,  who  acquired  the 
title  of  King-maker,  from  the  versatility  of  his 
conduct,  and  the  success  that  attended  it,  in  the 
civil  war  between  Henry  VI.  and  Edward  IV 
He  died  in  1471. 

WARWICK,  sir  Philip,  an  eminent  English 
writer  in  the  time  of  the  civil  wars.  His  princi- 
pal work  is  "  Memoirs  of  the  reign  of  Charles 
L    Hedied  in  1682. 

WASER,  I.  H.,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Zurich, 
was  beheaded  for  some  strictures  on  the  admi- 
nistration of  public  affairs,  in  1780. 

WASER,  Anna,  daughter  of  a  senator  at 
Zurich,  a  miniature  painter  ;  she  died  in  1713. 

V/ASHBURN,  Joseph,  minister  of  a  church 
in  Farniingtoji,  Coim.,  died  in  1805. 


WASHINGTON,  George,  a  most  consum- 
mate general,  statesman  and  patriot ;  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  American  republic ;  the  first 
president  of  the  federal  gover;inient ;  and  one 
of  the  few  who  have  been  greai,  without  being 
criminal.  He  died  in  1799,  aged  nearlv  68.  His 
fame  is  imperishable. 

WASHINGTON,  William,  a  remote  rela- 
tive of  the  preceding,  was  also  a  distinguished 
officer  of  the  revolution.     He  died  in  1810. 

WASSE,  Christopher,  author  of  a  translation 
of  Grotius'  Catechism  into  Greek  verse ;  he 
died  in  1690. 

WATELET,  Claude  Henry,  a  French  au- 
thor, member  of  the  academy,  and  of  several 
foreign  learned  societies ;  he  died  in  1786. 

WATERLAND,  Dr.  Daniel,  an  eminent 
English  divine  and  polemical  writer,  died  in 
1740. 

WATERLOO,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Utrecht, 
eminent  as  a  painter  in  the  16th  century. 

WATRIN,  Henriette,  Helen,  and  Agatha, 
three  sisters  of  Verdun,  who  perished  on  the 
scaffiald,  in  1793,  for  strewing  flowers  in  the 
way  of  the  king  of  Prussia  as  he  entered  their 
town. 

WATS,  Gilbert,  D.  D.,  of  Yorkshire,  trans- 
lated into  English  "Davila's  History  of  the 
Civil  Wars,"  and  died  in  1657. 

WATSON,  John,  an  English  divine,  author  of 
a  Latin  tragedy  called  Absalom ;  he  died  in  1589- 

W^ATSON,  Thomas,  M.  A.,  an  English  non- 
conformist divine,  and  theological  writer,  died 
in  1673. 

WATSON,  James,  a  native  of  Aberdeen,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter,  died  in  1728. 

WATSON,  David,  M.  A.,  of  Brechin,  in 
Scotland,  was  professor  of  philosopy  at  St.  An- 
drews, and  author  of  a  prose  translation  of 
Horace.  He  died  a  victim  to  licentious  habits, 
in  1756. 

WATSON,  Robert,  was  professor  of  logic, 
rhetoric,  and  belles  letters,  at  St.  Andrews,  and 
afterwards  principal  of  the  college.  He  wrote 
a  History  of  the  Reign  of  Philip  III.  of  Spain, 
and  died  in  1780. 

WATSON,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  Halifax,"   died  in  1783. 

WATSON,  colonel  Henry,  a  celebrated  engi- 
neer in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company, 
and  of  eminent  skill  in  naval  architecture,  died 
in  1786. 

WATSON,  Henry,  a  native  of  London,  emi- 
nent as  a  lecturer  in  anatomy,  and  as  a  medical 
writer  ;  he  died  in  1793. 

WATSON,  sir  William,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, of  London,  author  of  various  tracts  on 
electricity  ;  he  died  in  1787. 

WATSON,  Richard,  a  celebrated  Engli-sh 
prelate,  who  became  bishop  of  Llandaff;  he 
wrote,  among  other  works,  an  answer  to  Paine'.*! 
Age  of  Reason,  called  an  Apolo^  for  the  Bible, 
and  died  In  1816.  ^ 

WATT,  James,  F.  R.  S.,  LL.  D.,  born  at 
Greenock,  was  bred  a  mathematical  instrument 
maker.  He  improved  the  steam  engine,  and 
invented  a  new  micrometer  and  machine  for 
drawing  in  perspective  ;  he  died  in  1819. 

WATTEAU,  Anthony,  a  famous  French 
painter,  died  in  1721. 

WATTS,  Isaac,  a  dissenting  divine,  philosr* 
pher,  poet,  and  mathematician,  of  uncommon 
genius,  and  celebrity,  died  in  1748. 

WAYNE,  Anthony,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  du?ing  the  revolution,  distin- 
guished for  his  oatriotism,  bravery,  and  skill, 
399 


WE 

and  for  his  important  services ;  he  afterwards 
had  command  of  the  western  army,  and  in  a 
contest  with  the  Indians,  gained  a  complete 
victory.     He  died  in  1796. 

WEAEE,  Mesheck,  a  judge  and  chief-justice 
of  New- Hampshire,  and  afterwards  president 
of  that  state  ;"  he  died  in  1786. 

WEAVER,  John,  a  famous  English  dancing- 
master,  and  writer  on  his  art,  died  about  1730. 

WEBB,  Philip  Carteret,  a  very  distinguished 
English  antiquarian  and  law  writer,  died  in 
1770. 

WEBB,  Daniel,  an  Englishman,  author  of 
some  esteemed  "  Dissertations  on  Music,  Poetry 
and  Painting  ;"  he  died  in  1798. 

WEBB,  John,  an  American  clergyman,  set- 
tled at  Boston  ;  he  died  in  1750. 

WEBB,  Benjamin,  a  celebrated  and  inge- 
nious penman,  of  England,  died  in  1774. 

WEBBE,  Samuel,  a  most  admirable  compo- 
ser of  music,  died  in  1816. 

WEBBER,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, professor  of  mathematics  and  natu- 
ral philosophy  in  Harvard  University,  and 
afte'-wards,  president  of  that  institution;  he 
died  in  1810. 

WEBSTER,  Williara,  an  able  English  wri- 
ting master,  author  of  a  Treatise  on  Arithme- 
tic, &c.  ;  he  died  in  1744. 

WEBSTER,  Dr.  Charles,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  medical  writer,  born  at  Edinburgh,  in 
J759,  and  died  in  1795. 

WEBSTER,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Sal- 
isbury, Mass.,  died  in  1796. 

WEBSTER,  John,  one  of  the  principal  set- 
tlers of  Hartford,  was  governor  of  Connecticut, 
in  1656 ;  he  removed  to  Massachusetts,  and 
died  there  in  1665. 

WECHEL,  Christopher,  an  eminent  printer 
at  Paris,  died  in  1531. 

WEDGWOOD,  Josiah,  F.  R.  and  A.  SS.  to 
whose  iiidefatigable  labours  England  is  indebt- 
ed for  the  establishment  of  the  pottery  of  Staf- 
fordshire.    He  died  in  1795 

WEEVER,  or  WEAVER,  John,  an  English 
antiquary,  and  an  author  of  worth ;  he  died  in 
1632. 

W^EIMAR,  Bernard,  duke  of  Saxe,  a  distin- 
guished general  under  Lewis  XUI.;  he  died  in 
1639. 

WELBY,  Henry,  a  noted  eccentric  charac- 
ter, of  Lincolnshire,  who  confined  himself  in  an 
obscure  house  in  London,  where  he  remained 
unseen  by  any  one,  until  his  deaih,  in  1636,  a 
period  of  44  years. 

WELDE,  Thomas,  first  minister  of  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  died  in  England,  while  there  as  an  agent 
of  Massachusetts. 

WELLEJVS,  James  Thomas  Joseph,  was 
))ishop  of  Antwerp,  and  distinguished  for  his 
learning  and  virtues  ;  he  died  in  1784. 

WELLER,||Erome.  a  nativeof  Freyberg.  the 
friend  and  favourite  of  Luther,  and  a  theologi- 
cal writer ;  he  died  in  1572. 

WELLER,  James,  professor  of  theology  at 
Wittf;niber<r,  where  he  died,  in  1664. 

WELLES,  Samuel,  M.  A.,  an  English  divine, 
distinguished  for  his  usemlness  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  for  his  eloquence  as  a  preacher  ;  he 
died  after  the  restoration. 

V^"ELLES,Noah,  D.  D.,  an  American  divine, 
and  controversial  writer,  settled  at  Stamford, 
Conn.:  he  died  about  1776. 

WELLES,  Thomas,  one  of  the  first  colonists 
of  Hartford,  and  governor  of  the  colony  of  Con- 
aecticut ;  he  died  in  1660. 
400 


WE 

VTELLS,  Edmund,  D.  D.,  professor  of  Greek 
in  the  university  of  Oxford.  He  wrote  nume- 
rous pamphlets  against  the  dissenters,  and  a 
work  of  merit  on  the  Geography  of  the  Bible, 
&;c.,  and  died  in  1730. 

WELLS,  William  Charles,  an  American 
physician,  who  joined  the  British  in  the  revolu 
tion,  and  died  in  England,  in  1817 

WELLS,  John,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of  New- 
York,  died  in  1823. 

WELLWOOD,  James,  M.  A.,  a  native  of 
Perth,  author  of  several  religious  tracts,  died 
in  1680. 

WELLWOOD,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh, who  published  "  Memoirs  of  England, 
from  1588  to  1688  ;"  he  died  in  1716. 

WELSTED,  Leonard,  an  English  poet,  dra- 
matist, a.id  miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1747. 

WENCESLEUS,  son  of  Charles  IV.,  empe- 
ror  ot  Germany,  succeeded  his  father  in  1378; 
he  was  deposed  in  1400,  and  died  king  of  Bohe- 

"  I,  in  1419.  His  character  was  that  of  a  de- 
bauched, capricious,  and  cruel  prince. 

WENTWORTH,  Thomas,  earl  of  Stafford, 
a  celebrated  statesman  under  Charles  I.,  was 
beheaded  on  a  false  charge  of  treason,  in  1641. 

WENTWORTH,  Benning,  first  governor  of 
the  colony  of  New-Hampshire,  died  in  1770. 

WERDMULLER,  John  Rodolph,  a  historical 
and  landscape  painter,  of  Zurich,  was  drowned 
in  1668. 

WERENFELS,  John  James,  a  German  di- 
vine, author  of  some  sermons  and  homilies ;  he 
died  in  1655.  His  son  Peter,  was  professor  of 
theology  at  Basil,  and  died  in  1703. 

WERENFELS,  Samuel,  son  of  Peter,  was  a 
professor  at  Basil,  highly  respected  for  his  learn- 
ing and  his  virtues ;  he  died  in  1740.  His  workB 
are  chiefly  on  theology,  philosophy,  and  philo- 
logy. 

WERFF,  Adrian  Vander,  a  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  of  Rotterdam,  died  in  1727. 
His  brother  Peter,  was  also  eminent  in  histori- 
cal pieces,  and  died  in  1718. 

WERNER,  Abraham  Gottlieb,  a  very  emU 
nent  mineralogist,  born  in  Upper  Lusatia,  in 
17.50,  and  died  in  1817. 

WESENBEC,  Matthew,  professor  of  law,  at 
Jena,  and  at  Wiftemberg,  where  he  died  in  1586. 

WESLEY,  Samuel,  an  Engfish  divine  and 
poet,  died  in  1735. 

WESLEY,  Samuel,  son  of  the  preceding,  and  - 
a  poet  also,  died  in  1739. 

WESLEY,  John,  brother  of  the  foregoing, 
celebrated  as  the  founder  of  the  sect  called 
methodists  ;  he  died  in  1791. 

WESLEY,  Charles,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
a  minister  also  among  the  methodists,  and  of 
respectable  talents  as  a  scholar  and  a  poet :  he 
died  in  1788. 

WESSELLUS,  John,  a  learned  ecclesiastic, 
of  Groningc  '.,  who  was  regarded  by  many  astlie 
forerunner  or'  Luther  ;  he  died  in  1489. 

WEST,  Dr.  Gilbert,  a  learned  English  writer,  ' 
author  of  several  valuable  works ;  he  died  in  , 
1756.  j 

WEST,  Thomas,  an  English  antiquary,  and 
an  author,  died  in  1779. 

I  WEST,  Benjamin,  a  very  eminent  painter, 
I  born  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1738.  His  parents 
w-ere  quakers.  Going  to  England,  he  met  with 
great  encouragement  in  his  art,  and  became 
president  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  London. 
He  died  in  1820. 

WEST,  John,  governor  of  the  colony  of  Vir' 
[giQia,  in  1635. 


WH 

WEST,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  American  clergy- 
man, set!le<1  ar  Boston  ;  lie  died  in  1808. 

WES'l",  .Joseph,  ".vas  governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina in  ItiTl,  and  in  subsequent  years. 

WEST,  Francis,  a  magistrate,  and  governor 
of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  in  1626. 

WEST,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  American  minis- 
ter, settled  at  New-Bedford,  died  in  1807. 

WEST,  Benjamin,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
member  of  congress  from  the  state  of  New- 
Hampshire;  he  died  in  1817. 

WEST,  Benjamin,  LL.  D.,  professor  of  ma- 
thematics and  natural  philosophy  in  the  col- 
lege at  Providence,  Rhode  Island  ;  he  died  in 
1813. 

WEST,  James,  M.  A.,  vvas  one  of  the  joint 
secretaries  to  the  British  treasury,  for  about  20 
ycar.s,  and  some  time  president  of  the  Royal 
Society  ;  he  died  in  1772. 

WEST,  Richard,  an  Englisii  lawyer,  was 
made  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  in  17:^5,  and 
died  the  year  after. 

W^EST,  Ehzabeth,  a  native  of  Edinburgh, 
who  became  known  for  her  eccentricities  and 
mvslical  opinions  ;  she  died  in  17"J5. 

WESTERLO,  Eilardns,  D.  D  ,  a  native  of 
Holland,  came  to  America,  in  17(i0,  as  pastor  of 
the  Dutch  church  in  Albany,  and  vvas  highly 
esteemed  and  distinguished  as  a  preacher  ;  he 
died  in  1790. 

WESTFIELD,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Ely, 
was  made  archbishop  of  St.  Albans,  and  soon 
after,  bishop  of  Bristol.  He  was  so  eloquent 
add  pathetic  a  preacher,  that  he  was  called  tsie 
iveeping  prophet;  he  died  in  1644. 

WESTON,  Richard,  an  Enghsh  thread  ho- 
sier, who  became  eminent  as  a  hortirnUuralist, 
\nd  published  some  useful  tracts  on  that  sub- 
ect ;  he  died  in  1806. 

WESTEIN,  John  Rodolphus,  a  native  of 
Basil,  where  he  was  professor  of  Greek  and  of 
ihnoloijy.  Me  published  several  valuable  works, 
and  died  in  1711.  His  brother  John  Flenry,  was 
celebrated  in  Holland  as  a  printer,  and  a  man 
of  erndirion  ;  be  died  in  1726. 

WESTSIN,  John  James,  a  very  learned  di- 
vine and  author,  bom  at  Basil ;  he  died  in  1734. 

WH  ALLEY,  Peter,  an  Enslish  divine,  and 
eminent  critic,  and  commentator  on  Shaks- 
peare  and  Ben  Jonson  ;  ho  died  in  1791. 

WTIAKTON,  George,  an  Englishman,  who 
lost  extensive  property  in  the  civil  wars,  in  con- 
sequence of  his  attachment  to  tlie  royal  cause, 
was  made  a  baronet  at  the  restoration,  and  dieci 
in  .1681. 

WHARTON,  Anne,  an  English  lady,  distin- 
guished for  her  learning,  and  for  her  poetical 
prodin'ti  >ns  ;  she  died  about  1685. 

WHAP».TON,  Henry,  an  English  divine  and 
hisroiian  of  uncommon  abilities,  died  in  1695. 

WFIARTON,  Philip,  duke  of,  an  Ens'lish 
robleman  of  most  eccentric  character,  went  to 
France,  a^u!  e!!;;agpd  in  the  Pretender's  interest, 
for  winch  he  was  attainted  of  high  treason,  but 
died  in  Spain,  in  17;n. 

Wn.Vr I-'.!. EY,  William,  an  English  divine, 
wtio  wrote,  among  other  things,  an  exposition 
of  the  ten  cominandaients;  he  died  in  1613. 

WflE.ARE,  Degory,  master  of  Gloucester 
Hall,  Eng.,  and  author  of  a  "  Dissertation  de 
Ratione  et  Methodo  legendi  Historias."  He 
died  in  1647. 

W^HEATLEY,  Charles,  an  English  divine 
and  theological  writer,  died  in  1742. 

WHEATLEY,  Francis,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  ill  iiondon,  in  1747,  and  died  in  180K 

3.4 


WII 

WHEATLEY,  Phillis,  an  African  girl,  who, 
while  a  slave,  wrote  a  volume  of  poems  of  con 
siderablo  merit ;  she  died  in  1784. 

WHEELER,  sir  George,  an  English  divine, 
author  of  a  journey  into  Greece,  and  other 
works ;  he  died  in  1724. 

WHEELOClv,  Eleazar,  D.  D.,  an  American 
clergyman,  first  president  of  Dartmouth  college, 
died  in  1779 

WHEELOCK,  John,  LL.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  an  officer  in  the  army  of  the  revo- 
lution, and  served  witli  reputation.  He  was  af- 
terwards for  many  years  president  of  Dartmouth 
college,  and  died  in  1817. 

WHEELWRIGHT,  John,  the  founder  and 
first  minister  of  the  church  at  Exeter,  Mass., 
greatly  distinguished  for  his  learning  and  piety  ; 
he  died  in  1680. 

WHELPLEY,  Samuel,  an  eminent  Ameri- 
can clergyman,  settled  at  New- York,  and  died 
in  1817.  He  wrote  a  "  Compend  of  Ancient 
and  Modern  Historv,"  and  (/thin-  works. 

WHELPLEY,  Philip  Melanctbon,  a  distin- 
guished presbyterian  clergyman,  who  settled  at 
New-York,  and  died  in  1824. 

V^/HICIICOT,  Benjamin,  an  eminent  English 
divine  and  theological  writi  r,  difd  in  iii8.?. 

WHIPPLE,  William,  a  i)um!)er  of  coiigresa 
from  New  [lampshire,  in  11)6,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  he 
died  in  178.5. 

WHISTON,  Wil'iiarji,  an  English  divine  and 
mathematician,  succtissor  to  sir"  Isaac  Newton, 
as  professor  of  mathematics  at  Cambridge  ;  he 
died  in  17.52. 

WHITAKER,  William,  an  English  polemic 
divine,  and  controversial  writer  against  popery, 
died  in  1.595. 

WHITAKER,  .John,  an  able  English  histo- 
rian, theoloffist,  critic,  politician  and  poet ;  he 
died  in  1808. 

WHITAKER,  Edward  W.,  an  English  di- 
vine, who  was  principally  instrumental  in  es- 
tablishing; "Tin;  R<'fuge  for  the  Destitute.'"  He 
died  in  1818;  leaving  some  valuable  theological 
works,  and  an  "  Abridgment  of  Universal  His- 
torv." 

WHITBREAD,  Samuel,  an  English  politi- 
tician,  and  member  of  Parliament,  highly  dis- 
tinguished for  his  talents  and  eloquence;  he 
died  in  1S15.  * 

WH  1TB Y,  Daniel,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  more  than  40  works,  which  display  a  "fund 
of  sense  and  learning;  he  died  in  1726. 

W^rUTE,  Henry  Kirke,  a  very  ingenious  poet, 
the  son  of  a  butcher,  at  Nottingham,  was  taken 
into  t!ie  otnce  of  an  attornev,  where  he  studied 
Latin  and  Greek.     He  died 'in  1806. 

WHITE,  Thomas,  a  learned  English  divine, 
the  founder  of  Sion  college,  London,  and  a  hos- 
pital, at  Bristol  ;  he  died  in  1622. 

WHITE,  air  Thomas,  born  at  Reading,  was 
apprenticed  to  a  tradesman  in  London,  and 
afterwards  became  lord  mayor,  in  1.553,  aged  61, 
when  fie  received  the  honour  of  knighthood. 
The  time  of.  his  death  is  !iot  known. 

WHITE,  Joseph,  a  learned  English  divine, 
professor  of  Arabic  at  Oxford  university  ;  he 
died  in  !8I4.  His  writings,  which  are  nume- 
rous, indicate  great  talents  and  erudition. 

WHITE,  Peregrine,  the  first  descendant  of 
the  Pilgrims  in  New  England  ;  he  vvas  born  at 
Plymouth,  in  !f'20,  and  died  in  1704. 

WHITE,  Anthony  Walton,  an  officer  of  t^f» 
army  during  the  America^i  revolution,  died  in 
180»: 

«'*  401 


WI 

WHITE.  John,  a  bishop  in  the  reign  of  Eli- 
zabfith,  deposed  for  preaching  a  seditious  ser 
moil ;  lie  died  in  1559. 

VV-IITE,  Riciiard,  an  English  miscellaneous 
wn'«"f,  died  in  1612. 

'  /HITE,  Francis,  bishop  of  Ely,  under  James 
I.,  -I'lil  author  of  some  sermons  and  tracts  ,  he 
died  ui  IG37. 

WHITE,  Thomas,  lecturer  of  St.  Andrew's, 
and  aaiiior  of  the  "  Art  of  Divine  Revelation ;" 
he  .iv*;d  about  the  time  of  Charles  1. 

WHITE,  Thomas, *r  Albius,  a  Roman  ca- 
tholic priest,  principal  of  a  co.'lege  at  Lisbon, 
and  esteemed  as  an  able  scholar ;  he  died  in 
IGTG. 

WHITE,  Jeremy,  chaplain  to  Cromwell,  and 
ce'.ebiated  for  his  wit  and  vivacity.  He  wrote 
iu  favour  of  universal  salvation,  and  died  in 
]707. 

W^HITE,  Robert,  an  eminent  engraver  of 
portraits,  died  in  1704. 

WHITE,  Xathaiiael,  pastor  of  a  dissenting 
congregation  in  L;)ndoa,  and  a  pupil  of  Dodd- 
ridge ;  he  died  la  1733. 

WHITEHEAD,  Paul,  an  English  poet  of  con- 
side-able  talents,  iied  in  1774. 

WHITEHEAD,  William,  author  of  the  "  Ro- 
man Father,"  "Creusa,"  and  other  writings; 
he  died  in  1785. 

WHITEHEAD,  John,  was  first  a  methodist 
preacher,  then  a  quaker,  and  at  last  applied 
himself  to  phvsic,  at  London.  He  published  a 
Life  of  Weslev.  and  died  in  1804. 

WHITEHURST.  John,  F.  R.  S.,  a  most  in- 
genious writer  on  mechanics,  hydraulics,  &;c. ; 
he  died  in  1788 

WHITELOCK.  sir  James,  an  able  English 
lawyer,  was  chief-justice  of  the  king's  bench, 
and  eminent  as  a  Latin  scholar ;  he  died  in 
1632. 

WHITELOCK,  Bulstrode,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish lawyer  and  statesman,  under  Oliver  Crom- 
well ;  he  died  in  1676. 

WHITFIELD,  Henry,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
lish clergyman,  who  was  for  some  time  settled 
iu  Oonnecticut,  but  returned  to  England,  and 
died  there,  about  1650. 

V/HITFIELD,  George,  a  native  of  England, 
celebrated  as  a  preacher  among  the  methodists ; 
he  di'-d  i:;  1770. 

-  WHITGIFT,  Dr.  John,  archbishop  of  Caa- 
terbm  y,  died  in  1604. 

WHITING,  Samuel,  an  American  clergy- 
man, settled  at  Lyme,  Mass.,  died  in  1679. 

WHITTINGHAM,  William,  an  English  pre- 
late, dean  of  Durham ;  he  translated  the  Ge- 
neva Bible  into  English,  and  died  in  1579. 

WHITTINGTON,  Robert,  author  of  several 
useful  English  school  books,  died  in  15*30. 

WHITTINGTON,  sir  Richard,  a  wealthy 
citizen  of  London,  sheriff,  in  13'J3,  and  after- 
wards lord  mayor  of  that  city.  He  is  celebrated 
for  his  extensive  charities,  and  also  for  various 
amusing  stories  fabricated  of  him. 

WHITTLESEY,  Samuel,  an  American  cler- 
gyman, settled  at  Wallingford,  Conn.,  died  in 
1752. 

WrCKA^t,  William.    See  WYKEUAM. 

WICKLIFFE,  Johnde,  protessorof  divinity 
in  the  university  of  Oxford,  and  father  of  the 
reformation  of  the  English  church  from  popery ; 
he  died  in  1384. 

WICaUEFORT,  Abraham,  a  Dutch  states- 
man and  historian,  famou.9  for  his  embassies 
and  his  writings;  he  died  in  1682. 

WIDA,  Herman  de,  a  German  divine,  the 
402 


WI 

associate  of  Luther,  Melancthon,  and  Bucer,  in" . 
effecting  the  reformation  ;  he  died  in  1552. 

WIELAND,  Christopher  Martin,  a  German 
poet,  whose  works  made  42  volumey ;  he  died 
in  1813. 

WIGGLESWORTH,  Edmund,  D.  D.,  a  dis- 
tiiiguishfcd  American  clergyman,  and  professor 
of  divinitv  in  Harvard  college ;  he  died  in  1765. 
WlG<iLEri  WORTH,  Kdward,  D.  D.,  son  of 
tiio  prciccdmg,  was  also  professor  of  divinity  in 
I  Harvard  collcjre :  heriieJ  in  1794. 
i  VVLviGLEi*\VORTH,  Micnael,  a  minister  of 
!  Maiden.  Mass.,  distinguished  as  a  poet ;  he  died 
j  in  1705. 

I  WILD,  Robert,  D.  D.,  an  English  ejected 
j  nonconformist,  and  a  miscellaneous  writer  ;  he 
jdied  in  1679. 

I  WILD,  Henry,  a  journeyman  tailor,  born  at 
I  Norwich.  England,  who,  from  a  strong  desire  of 
■knowledge,  and  love  of  study,  became  a  pro- 
digy of  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew  and  Arabic  leam- 
)ing;  he  died  in  1733. 

W^ILDBORE,  Charles,  an  eminent  self  taught 
English  mathematician,  who,  in  1780,  became 
the  editor  of  the  "Gentleman's  Diary;"  he 
died  in  1803. 

WILDE,  William,  an  eminent  English  law- 
yer, created  a  baronet,  made  one  of  the  judges 
of  the  common  pleas,  and  afterwards  promoted 
to  the  king's  bench.  He  published  "  Yelver- 
ton's  Reports,"  and  died  in  1079. 

WILDMAN,  John,  an  able  political  writer 
and  negotiator,  in  the  service  of  Cromwell. 

WILKES,  Thomas,  an  Augustine  monk,  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  England  from  William  I. 
to  the  and  of  the  first  Edward's  reign." 

WILKES,  John,  a  famous  English  politician, 
and  an  elegant  scholar.  He  was  a  member  of 
parMamenf,  lord  mayor  of  London,  and  after- 
wards held  the  office  of  chamberlain.  He  died 
in  1797. 

WILKIE,  Wiiham,  a  Scotch  di\ine  and  poet, 
died  in  1772. 

WILKINS,  John,  bishop  of  Chester,  a  most 
ingenious  and  learned  theologian,  critic  and 
matlieinatician  :  he  died  in  1672. 

WILKINS,  David,  D.  D.,  F.  A.  S.,  keeper  of 
the  arcliiepiscopal  library,  at  Lambeth,  and  aii 
eminent  antiquary ;  he  died  in  1745. 

WILKINSON,  Henry,  one  of  the  assembly 
of  Westminster  divines,  was  professor  of  di- 
vinity at  0.tford,  and  ejected  at  the  restoration, 
for  non-conformity;   he  died  in  1G75. 

WILKINSON,  Henry,  espoused  the  popular 

cause  during  the  civil  wars,  and  was  appointed 

professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Oxford,  from 

which  he  was  ejected  at  the  restoration  ;  he  died 

,  in  1690. 

|!  WILKINSON,  Jemima,  a  religious  enthu- 
1  siast,  founder  of  the  sect  called  Shakers,  died  iu 
I  1819.  Sbe  claimed  that  she  had  been  raised 
{■from  the  dead,  and  that  siie  was  invested,  by 
'divine  authority,  with  the  power  of  working 
miracles,  and  the  authority  of  teaching  in  re- 
hgion. 

WILLAR,  Robert,  an  English  physician,  and 
writer  on  medical  and  other  subjects ;  he  died  , 
in  1812. 

WILLARD,  Samuel,  a  distinguished  Ame-  ] 
rican  clergyman,  settled  at    Boston;    he  was* 
vice  president  of  Harvard  college,  and  died  iu 
1707. 

WILLARD,  Joseph,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  apopul.ir 
and  learned  preacher,  of  Massachusetts,  after- 
wards president  of  Harvard  college ;  he  died  in 
1801. 


Wl 

WILLARD,  Josiah,  a  native  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  secretary  of  that  colony ;  he  died  in 
1756. 

WILLEMET,  Ilfinii  Peter  Francis,  a  French 
physician,  who  died  in  Vi'M,  at  Seringapatani, 
where  he  resided  us  tirst  pfiysician  to  Tippoo 
Sain. 

WILLIAM  I.,  surnanied  tlie  Conqueror,  was 
thf  SOI!  of  Robert  1.  of  Norin;i!idy.  He  as-cersded 
the  Eiiglisii  throne  on  the  death  of  Eltinard  liie 
CiJiitesrior,  in  KUUi.  and  afti-r  the  baiile  ^>i  IJas 
tine;s,  in  whicli  was  slain,  Harold,  his  competi- 
tor, wiUi  50,000  English.  His  rtign  was  at  Mrst 
oi>prcssive  and  unpopular,  but  bcfoie  his  dt*at!i 
in  1037,  he  was  regarded  more  favourahly  by 
his  |)ef>ple. 

WILLIAM  n.,  surnamed  Rufns,  succeeded 
his  father,  WiUiain  I.,  in  the  absence  of  his 
elder  brother,  and  became  a  peisecsiior  of  the 
clergy,  and  an  oppressor  of  his  subjects.  He 
was  accidentally  shot  by  one  of  his  courtiers, 
while  iiuntins,  in  1100. 

WILLIAM  IIT.  of  Nassau,  prince  of  Orange. 
He  acquired  the  English  crown  by  the  defeat  of 
his  father-in  law,  James  11.,  in  1089,  and  died 
iii  \l{r2.  lie  was  great  as  a  politician,  and  ior- 
midablo  as  a  general. 

WILiJAM  son  of  Florent  IV.,  count  of 
Hoilarid,  crowiied  king  of  the  Romans,  in  J247 
He  was  assassinated  in  1255. 

WILLLVM,  St.,  disiiiiguished  himself  by  his 
valour  against  the  Saracens  under  Cliarlemagne, 
and  died  in  812. 

WILLIAM  LONGSWORD,  son  and  sue 
cessor  of  Rollo,  first  dnke  of  Normaiidy,  and. 
had  the  reputation  of  being  an  able  and  active 
genera! ;  he  was  murdered  in  042. 

WILLIAM  DE  NANGirs,  a  monkish  his- 
torian of  Si.  Denys,  in  the  14th  century. 

WILIilAM  of  Malmsbury,  a  monk,  and  an 
English  historian,  flourished  in  1140. 

W!I,]jIAM  of  Newbury,  a  monk,  and  an 
English  historian  of  his  own  time,  flourished  in 
1197. 

WILLIAM  AUCTJSTUS,  duke  of  Cumber- 
land, second  son  of  George  11.,  and  a  very  dis- 
tin'i;u:;hed  general,  died  in  1765. 

WILLIAMS,  John,  archbishop  of  York,  and 
lord  keeper  under  James  I.;  he  was  an  eminent 
theological  writer,  and  died  in  1650. 

WILLIAMS,  sir  Charles  Hanbury,  an  Eng- 
li:^li  minister  plenipotentiary  at  the  court  of  Ber- 
lin, who  published  various  poems,  remarkable 
for  ease  and  vivacity ;  he  died  in  1759. 

WILLI  .'VMS,  Aniia.  a  poetess  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  born  in  South  Wales ;  having  lost 
her  sight,  she  was  supported  by  Dr.  Johnson  till 
she  died,  in  1783r 

WUjLIAMS,  John,  an  ingenious  mineralo- 
gist, and  author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Mineral 
Kingdom,"  &c.;  he  died  in  1T95. 

WILLIAMS,  .lohn,  an  able  divine,  was 
bishop  of  Chichester,  and  wrote  several  con- 
troversial tracts  ;  he  died  in  1709. 

WILLIAMS,  Daniel,  D.  D.,  an  English  cler- 
gyman, who  settled  at  Dublin,  and  after  re- 
niaining  there  20  years,  returned  to  London; 
he  died  in  1716. 

WILLIAMS.  William,  a  distinenished  min- 
ister, of  Hatfield,  Mass.,  died  about  1746. 

WILLIAMS,  Solomon,  D.  D.,  a  minister  of 
Lebanon,  Conn.,  died  in  1769, 


WI 

nists  of  New- England,  afterwards  the  founder 
of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island,  of  which  he  be- 
came president;  he  was  an  eminent  clergyman, 
a  man  of  siiong  intellect,  great  learning,  and 
unconunon  energy,  and  died  in  1683. 

WILLIAMS,  William,  a  member  of  con- 
irreps  frou)  «.  onnecticut,  in  1776,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  liie  declaration  of  Independence  ;  he 
di.?d  i-.i  1?11. 

WILLIAMS,  Samuel,  LL.  D.,  professor  of 
niaiheiaaiics  and  natural  philosophy  in  Harvard 
college,  and  author  of  a  '  Hiaiory  of  Vermont;"' 
hu  died  in  1817. 

WILLIAMS,  David,  an  English  deistical 
preacher,  and  author  of  "  Lectures  on  Educa- 
caiion,"  and  other  works;  he  died  in  1816. 

WILLIAMS,  John,  a  clergyman,  of  Deerfield, 
Massachusetts.  He  with  his  family,  and  many 
of  his  parishitmers,  were  lakeu  prisoners  by  the 
Indians  in  1704 ;  his  wife  and  two  children  were 
murdered,  and  the  remainder  of  the  party  car- 
ried to  ("anada,  and  after  two  yea-i-s  of  privation 
and  suffering  were  ransomed.  He  returned  to 
Deerfield,  and  died  llie/e  in  1729. 

WILLIAMS,  Elisha,  an  American  clergy- 
man, and  president  of  Yale  college  ;  he  died  in 

n.TsO 

WILLIAMS,  Ephraim,  an  officer  of  the 
American  army,  in  the  French  war,  was  killed 
in  a  .skirmish  with  the  enemy  in  1755.  He  was 
the  founder  of  Williams'  college  in  Massachu- 
setts. 

WILTJAMS,  Otho  Holland,  an  oflicer  of  the 
Anieiican  army,  during  the  revolution,  and  dis- 
tinguished for  his  services,  particularly  at  the 
battles  of  Guilford  and  Eutaw  Springs;  he  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  a  brigadier- general,  and 
died  in  1794. 

WILLIS,  Thomas,  a  very  eminent  physician, 
of  London.  He  wrote  several  works  on  the 
science  of  medicine,  and  died  in  1675. 

WILLIS,  Browne,  LL.  D.,  an  English  aii- 
tiqt'ary,  who  w'ote  several  woiks,  and  died  iu 
1760. 

WILLOUGHBY,  Francis,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish naturalist,  died  in  1672. 

WILMOT,  John  Eardley,  an  English  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  dit^d  in  1815. 

WILSON,  Florence,  a  learned  Scotchman, 
who  taught  philosophy  in  the  college  of  Navarre, 
at  Paris  ;  he  died  in  15.57. 

WILSON,  John,  an  English  stocking- weaver, 
who  became  a  popular  lecturer  on  botany  ;  he 
died  in  1750. 

WILSON,  F.'chard,  an  eminent  English  land- 
scape painter,  who  was  called  the  English 
Claude;  he  died  in  1782. 

I  WILFON,  Arthur,  an  English  historian  and 
dramatic  writer  ;  he  died  in  1652. 

WILSON,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  bishop  of  Sodor 
and  Man,  an  excellent  prelate,  and  an  eminent 
writer  in  theologv  ;  he  died  in  1755. 

WILSON,  Thomas.  D.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, wa?!  an  author  :  he  died  in  1784. 

WILSON,  Benjamin,  F.  R.  S.,  an  eminent 
English  painter,  and  writer  on  subjects  of  natu- 
ral philosophy  ;  he  died  in  1788. 

WILSON,  John,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
New  England,  and  first  minister  "of  Boston, 
Massachusetts  ;  he  died  in  1667. 

WILSON,  Matthew,  IT.  D.,  a  distinguished 
presbyterian  clergyman,  of  the  state  of  Dela- 


WILLIAMS,  Francis,  a  native  of  England,!  ware ;  he  died  in  1790. 
was  the  first  governor  of  the  infant  colony  of      WILSON,  Alexander,  a  distinguished  natu- 
New- Hampshire;  he  died  after  1641.  rahst,  author  of  "  American  Ornithology,"  in 

WILLIAMS,  Roger,  one  of  the  earty  coIo-lJ7  volumes  4[o ;  he  died  in  1813. 

403 


WI 

"VILSON,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Pennsyivauia,  was  a  member  of  congress  from 
that  state,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  decla- 
ration of  Independence.  He  was  afterwards 
a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United 
Stales,  and  professor  of  law  in  the  university 
of  Pennsylvania.     He  died  in  1798. 

WIMPINA,  Coarad,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Frankfort.  He  wrote  in  defence  of  the  papal 
power,  agaiiist  Luther,  and  died  in  1531. 

WINCH ELSE.'V,  Anne,  countess  of,  author 
of  some  poems,  which  are  written  in  an  elegant 
manner  ;  she  died  in  1720.  j 

WINCHESTER,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  author  of  ' 
a  tract  on  the  I7th  article  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land ;  he  died  in  1780. 

WINCHESTER,  Elkanah,  an  American  di- 
vine, of  the  18ih  century,  author  of  a  work  in 
defence  of  the  doctrine  of  universal  salvation. 

WINCKEL.M  ANN,  John,  a  German  polemic 
writer,  died  in  1626 

WIXCKELMANN,  Abbe  John,  an  eminent 
German  writer  on  subjects  of  taste  and  art,  was 
assassinated  in  1768. 

■  WINDHAM,  Joseph,  an  eminent  English  an- 
tiquarian, died  in  1810. 

WINDHAM,  Willian,  a  celebrated  English 
orator  and  statesman,  was  secretary  at  war, 
and  afterwards  secreta  y  of  state  for  the  wai 
department,  in  the  British  cabinet,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  parliament ;  he  died  in  1810. 

WINDER.  William  H  ,  a  lawyer,  of  Mar\' 
land:  and  during  the  second  war  with  Great 
Britain,  a  brisadier  general  in  the  army  of  the 
United  States  ;  he  died  i-i  1824 

WINDER,  Levin,  a  soldier  of  the  revolution, 
and  sabi'.quently  governor  of  the  state  of  Marv 
land  :  he  died  in  1819. 

WiNG,Vincent,a  Tamous  astronomer  and  as- 
trologer, who  published  "  The  Celeytial  Har- 
m  iny  of  the  Visible  World,"  and  other  works  ; 
he  died  in  16'i8. 

WINGATE,  Edmund,  an  English  writer  on 
arithmetic  and  the  mathematics  ;  he  died  in 
looO 

WINGFIELD.  Edmund  Maria,  a  governor 
of  the  colony  of  Virginia  soon  after  its  settle- 
mi-nt:  he  returned  to  Rnsland  in  1608. 

VV^INSCHOMB,  John,  commonly  called  Jack 
of  .\'(".vbury,  an  English  clothier,  in  the  time 
cf  Flenry  VIII.,  famed  for  his  opulence  and  loy 
ally. 

WINSEMUJS,  Peter,  historiocrapher  to  the 
states  of  Holland,  and  professor  of  history  and 
eloquence  at  Franeker  ;  he  died  in  1644. 

WlNSLOVv'',  James  Benignus,  an  eminent 
D;i-iisfi  a-iatotnist.  He  wrote  several  anatomi- 
Ccil  and  other  works,  and  died  in  1760. 

"WIXSLiOW,  Edward,  one  of  the  pilgrims 
who  l.-inded  on  Plymouth  rock,  in  1620.  He  was! 
a'";or\vards  sovernorof  the  colony  of  Piymoutii. 
anil  particularly  instrumental  in  its  prr-.serva 
tion.  His  marriage  was  the  fi  st  that  wa<  cele- 
bvated  in  New  England.     He  died  in  1 '.55. 

WIXSLOW,  Josiah,  a  son  of  the  preceding, 
wns  also  governor  of  the  colony  of  Plymouth, 
tii^d  was  distinguished  for  his  talents,  energy, 
and  lispfulness  in  the  colony ;  he  died  in  1680. 

WINSLOW,  John,  a  descendant  of  the  pre- 
ceding, had  a  high  military  reputation  in  the 
colonies,  and  was  a  major-general  in  the  British 
colonial  service.     He  died  in  1774. 

WINST.\NLEY,  William,  an  English  bio- 
grapher, was  originally  a  barber,  and  lived  in 
th-;  reigns  of  Charles  II.  and  James  II. 

WINSTON,  Thomas,  an  English  physician, 
404 


WI 

and  professor  at  Gresham  college ;  he  died  in 
1655. 

WINTER,  George  Simon,  a  German  writer 
on  the  veterinary  art,  in  the  17th  century. 

WINTHROP,  John,  emigrated  from  Great 
Britain,  with  the  first  colonists  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  was  chosen  the  tirst  governor  of  that 
colony  He  was  a  man  of  strong  mind,  strict 
integrity  and  prudence,  and  of  great  wealth, 
and  was  devoted  to  the  prosperity  and  service 
of  the  infant  settlement.     He  died  in  1649. 

U'INTHROP,  John,  F.  R.  S.,  a  son  of  the 
preceding,  and  governor  of  the  colony  of  Con- 
necticut, died  in  1676.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
learning  and  talents,  and  an  independent  and 
upright  magistrate. 

WINTHROP,  Fitz  John,  F.  R.  S.,  son  of  the 
preceding,  and  distinguished,  like  his  father,  for 
his  learning  and  piety.  He  was  governor  of  the 
colony  of  Coimecticul,  and  died  in  1707. 

WINTHROP,  John,  F.  R  S.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, distinguished  in  Connecticut  for  his  ta- 
lents and  acquirements.  He  went  to  England, 
and  difd  there  in  1747. 

WINTHROP,  John,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  profes-, 
sor  of  mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  in  . 
Harvard  college  .  he  died  in  1779. 

WINTHROP,  James,  LL.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, distingiii.^hed  for  his  devotion  to  literary ; 
pursuits  He  was  librarian  of  Harvard  college, 
and  died  in  1821. 

VvHNTLE,  Thomas,  a  learned  English  di- 
vine, and  theological  writer;  he  died  in  1814. . 
His  writings  were  numerous. 

WINTOWN,  or  WYNTOWN,  Andrew,} 
canon  of  St.  Andrew's,  and  author  of  a  curious 
chronicle  of  Scotland  ;  he  died  about  1400. 

WINTRINGHAM,  sir  Clifton,  baronet,  an 
pminent  English  physician  and  medical  writer; 
he  died  in  1794.  , 

WINWOOD,  sir  Ralph,  secretary  of  state  in' 
the  reign  of  James  I.,  and  an  author;  he  died; 
in  1617. 

WIRLEY,  William,  Rouge  croix  pursuivant,, 
an  English  antiquary  and  heraldic  writer,  died' 
in  ir.lS. 

WIRSUNGUS,  John  George,  professor  of 
anatomy  at  Padua,  where,  in  1642,  he  disco- 
vered and  e.'iplaine.ithe  pancreatic  duct. 

WISCHART,  Vv'ilii.irn.  D.  D.,  a  Scotch  di- 
vide, was  principal  of  Edinburgh  university,  in 
1716.  His'-TheoJogia"  is  regarded  as  a  valuable 
svsfiMii  of  divinity.     He  died  in  1727. 

WISCHEART,  an  enlightened  and  benevo- 
lent prelate,  of  Scotland  ;  he  became  bishop  of 
Edinhiirgh.  nnd  died  there  in  1669. 

WfSCHER,  Corne'lus,  a  Dutch  engraver,  in 
the  17th  century.  His  brother  John,  and  his 
relations  Lambert  and  Nicholas,  were  also  emi- 
nent artists. 

W[SE.  Francis,  an  etninent  English  divini 
aid  antiquary,  died  in  1767. 

WISE,  .John,  an  American  clergyman,  who 
settled  at  Ipswich,  Mass..  died  in  1725. 

WISSING,  William,  an  e.xcellent  Dutch  por- 
trait painter,  died  in  1687. 

WISSOWATIUS,  Andrew,  grandson  of 
Faustus  Socinus,  and  head  of  the  the  Sociniar.s 
in  Poland,  died  in  Holland,  in  lf)68. 

WTSTER,  Caspar,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  Ame- 
rican physician,  was  professor  of  cliymistry 
and  physiology,  and  afterward^;  of  anatomy  and 
surgery,  in  the  college  at  Philadelphia.  He 
wrote  a  "  System  of  Anatomy,"  and  other 
works,  and  died  in  1818. 

WITASSE,  Chartes,  a  French  eccleaiaFtic. 


wo 

and  professor  oftheology  at  Paris,  and  author  of 
several  works  ;  he  died  in  1716. 

WITHERS,  George,  a  pastoral  poet,  and  a 
partisan  of  Cromwell ;  he  died  in  1667. 

WITHERING,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent 
physician  and  botanist,  died  in  1799, 

WITHERSPOON,  John,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was 
a  native  of  Scotland,  and  a  very  distinguished 
clergyman  of  that  country.  He  accepted  the 
presidency  of  Princeton  college,  and  came  to 
America,  in  1768.  Here  he  entered  zealously 
into  the  views  and  interests  of  the  colonists, 
was  sent  as  a  delegate  to  congress  in  1776,  and 
signed  the  declaration  of  Independence.  When 
a  degree  of  public  tranquillity  was  restored,  he 
resumed  the  station  of  president  of  the  c^llpg«, 
the  exercises  of  wliich  had  been  interrupted  by 
the  war,  and  retained  the  office  until  his  death 
in  1794. 

WITSIUS,  Herman,  a  very  learned  and  emi- 
nent Dutch  divine;  he  died  in  1708,  having 
published  several  important  works. 

WITT,  John  de.    See  DE  WITT. 

WITT,  Emanuel  de,  an  eminent  Flemish 
painter  of  architecture  ;  he  died  in  1692. 

WITTICHIUS,  Christopher,  a  native  of  Si- 
lesia, professor  of  mathematics  and  theology 
at  different  periods,  in  four  universities.  He 
died  at  Leyden,  in  1687. 

WODHULL,  Michael,  an  English  writer  of 
poems,  died  in  1816. 

WOFFINGTON,  Margaret,  an  eminent  Irish 
actress  celebrated  for  beauty  of  countenance, 
and  elegance  of  form,  as  well  as  good  sense  and 
general  merit  in  her  profession  ;  shedied  in  1760. 

WOIDE,  Dr.  Charles  Godfrey,  a  native  of 
Poland,  one  of  the  librarians  of  the  British 
museum,  a  most  learned  grammarian  and  lexi 
cographer  of  the  Egyptian  language,  and  editor 
of  tl>e  famous  Alexandrian  New  Testament. 
He  was  chaplain  of  the  Dutch  chapel  in  Savoy. 
and  died  in  1790. 

WOLCOT,  John,  M.  D  ,  of  Devons,  in  Eng., 
a  very  eminent  and  ingenious  satirist,  who  pub 
lished  his  works  umier  the  name  of  Peter  Pin 
dar.     Hft  died  in  1819 

WOLCOTT,  Roger,  chief  judge  of  the  supe- 
rior court,  and  governor  of  the  colony  of  Con- 
necticut ;  he  died  in  1767. 

WOLCOTT,  Erastiis,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  brigadier-general  in  the  American  revolu- 
tionary army,  and  a  judge  of  the  superior  court 
of  Connecticut ;  he  died  in  1793. 

WOLCOTT,  Oliver,  LL.  D.,  a  son  of  Roger, 
wap  a  distinguished  patriot  of  the  revolution,  a 
member  of  congress  in  1776,  and  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  o^  Independence,  and  afterwards 
lieutenant-ff'n'prnor  and  governor  of  Connecti- 
cut;  he  died  in  1797. 

WOLFE,  James,  a  renowned  English  officer, 
who  was  slain  at  the  conquest  of  Qiiebpc,  in 
1759,  aged  'M.  At  the  decisive  moment  which 
assured  victory  to  his  troops.  Roused  fro.n 
fainting  in  the  last  agonies,  by  the  sound  of 
"They  run!"  he  eagerly  asked  who  rnn?  and 
being  told,  the  French,  and  that  they  were 
defeated,  he  said,  "  Then  I  thank  God  I  die 
contented;"  and  almost  instantly  expired. 

WOLFF,  Christian,  an  eminent  German  law- 
yer, philosopher,  and  political  writer ;  he  died 
in  1754. 

WOLFF,  Jerome,  a  native  of  the  Grisons, 
principal  of  the  college  of  Augsburgh,  and  an 
author  ;  he  died  in  1581. 

WOLL ASTON,  William,  an  English  gen- 
tleman, distinguished  aa  a  writer,  by  a  treatise 


WO 


entitled  "The  Religion  of  Nature  delineated;* 
one  of  the  best  written  books  in  the  English 
language.    He  died  in  1724. 

WOLLEBIUS,  John,  a  divine  of  Basil,  au- 
thor of  "  Compendium  Theologiae,"  a  work  of 
merit  ;  he  died  in  1629. 

WOLMAR,  Melchior,  a  native  of  Switzer- 
land, celebrated  as  the  teacher  of  Calvin  and 
Beza,  in  the  Greek  language ;  he  died  in  1561. 

WOLSELEY,  Robert,  an  English  author, 
was  a  supporter  of  Cromwell,  and  an  envoy  to 
Brussels,  and  died  in  1693. 

WOLSEY,  Thomas,  prime  minister  of  Henry 
VIII.  who,  from  being  the  son  of  a  butcher  at 
Ipswich,  rose  t-j  be  archbishop  of  York,  chan- 
cellor of  EngUnd,  cardinal  of  St.  Cicily,  and 
legate,  a  latere.     He  died  in  1530. 

WOLSTONECRAFT.     See  GODWIN. 

WOLTERS,  Henrietta,  a  lady  of  An:ster- 
dam,  eminent  as  a  miniature  painter  ;  she  died 
in  1741. 

WOLZOGEN,  Lewis  de,  a  divine  of  Am- 
sterdam, and  a  zealous  partizan  of  the  Socini- 
ans ;  he  died  in  1690. 

WOMACK,  Lawrence,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  St. 
Davids.  He  wrote  various  tracts  against  the 
Calvinists,  and  died  in  1685 

WOOD,  Isaac,  an  English  painter  in  oil.  and 
black  lead  on  vellum  ;  he  died  in  1752. 

WOOD,  James,  professor  of  divinity,  and 
provost  of  the  college  at  St  Andrews  ;  he  wrote 
a?ainst  the  independents,  and  died  in  1664. 

WOOD,  Anthony,  an  eminent  English  anti- 
quary, and  biographer ;  he  died  in  1695.  leav- 
ing some  valuable  works. 

WOOD,  Robert,  under  secretary  of  state  and 
an  author,  died  in  1771. 

WOOD,  James,  an  officer  of  the  Amencan 
army,  during  the  revolution,  and  afterwards 
governor  of  the  state  of  Virginia  ;  he  died  in 

WOODALL,  John,  an  eminent  English  sur- 
geon and  writer  :  he  died  in  1638. 

WOODBRIDGE,  Benjamin,  D  D.,  a  native 
of  Englat'd,  and  a  distinguished  clergymai'  in 
that  country,  was  the  first  graduate  at  Harvard 
college,  Mass.  After  leaving  colleee,  he  retuni- 
ed  to  Fnorland,  and  died  there  In  1684. 

WOODCOCK,  Elizabeth,  a  poor  inhabitant 
of  Impington.  near  Cambridge,  remarkable  for 
having  existed  eight  days  and  nights  without 
''oor!.  and  buried  in  s'  ow,  in  February,  1799. 
She  died  in  Julv,  aged  42. 

WOODCOCK.  Robert,  an  eminent  Erglish 
musiriaii.  aid  composn-  of  music,  who  excelled 
also  as  a  pa'-rer  of  sea  pieces,  died  in  1728. 

WtmDFORD,  Saniiiel.  an  English  divine, 
anfl  a  wi-itpv  of  sacred  poetrv,  died  in  1700. 

WOODHEAD,  Abraham,"  an  English  divine 
who  was  converted  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
faith,  and  wrote  several  pamphlets  in  favour  of 
he  tener.!  be  had  adopted  ;  he  died  in  1678. 

WOOPHOUSE,  James,  a  professor  of  r!.vra- 
istrv.  in  the  Universitv  of  Pennsylvania  ^\ed 
in  1800 

WOODVILLE,  Elizabeth,  widow  of  .«!!•  iohn 
Grey,  captivated  the  heart  of  Edward  IV  who 
married  her.  She  died  in  a  monastery,  ■  here 
she  was  confined  by  her  son-in-law.  Hen'    VII 

WOODVILLE,  William,  an  emine-  En- 
glish physician,andmedicalwriter,  died'n  D^OS. 

WOODWARD,  Bezaleel,  professor  of  r^.ath- 
ematics  and  natural  philosophy,  in  Dar-  noutli 
college,  died  in  1804- 

WOODWARD,  John,  an  English  natural 
philosopher  and  physician,  died  in  ]72«. 

405 


WR 

WOODWARD,  Henry,  a  very  celebrated 
English  comedian,  was  bom  in  London,  in 
1717,  and  died  in  1777.  He  was  theaulliorof 
a  farce,  called  "  Marplot  in  Lisbon,"  and  the 
"  Man's  the  Master,"  a  comedy. 

WOOLLETT,  William,  a  most  eminent  En- 
giisli  historical    and    lasidscape  engraver,   de 
servfcdiy  esteemed  the  first  in  his  profession 
lie  died  in  1785 

WOOLSTON,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
author  ol  several  v.'nrks  filled  with  heterodox 
scniinients  aad  absurdities.     He  died  in  prison. 
in  1733,  where  he  had  been  sentenced  lor  put 
iishing  a  blasphemous  work. 

WOOSTER,  David,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  revolutionary  army,  was  killed  by  the 
British  troops  in  an  invasion  of  Connecticut,  in 
1777. 

W^OOTON,  John,  a  famous  English  paiute 
of  landscapes,  horses,  and'  dogs,  for  the  lattt  r 
of  winch  he  was  often  paid  40  guineas.  He 
died  in  1765. 

WORCESTER,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  American 
clergyman,  settled  in  Massachusetts,  particular 
ly  distinguished  for  his  zeal  and  activity  in  pro 
moling  the  cause  of  missions.     He  died  in  1821 

WORLiDGE,  Thomas,  an  engraver  and  por 
traif  painter,  who  died  in  1766. 

WOKMIUS,  Olaus,  a  learned  physician  and 
medical  writer,  ot  Denmark,  died  in  1634. 

WORMirS,  Wilham,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  professor  of  medicine,  historiographer  to 
the  king,  counsellor  of  state,  &c. ;  he  died  in 
1724. 

WORSDALE,  James,  an  E^nglish  painter  arid 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1767. 

WORSLEY,  sir  Richard,  a  native  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight.  He  purchased,  in  various  parts 
of  Europe,  a  fine  collection  of  statues,  and  other 
antiques,  of  which  he  pubii&hed  a  description  ; 
he  died  in  1805. 

WORTHLNGTON,  John,LL.  D  ,anemineni 
lawyer,  of  Massachusetts,  died  in  1800.  aeedSl 

WORTHLXGTON,  William,  an  EnsMsh  di- 
vine and  theological  writer ;  he  died  in  1778 
agfd  "5. 

WURTHINGTON,  John,  D.  D.,  an  English 
divine  and  tiieological  writer  ;  he  died  in  1671 

WOTTON,  Edward,  an  eminent  physician, 
of  London,  died  in  1555. 

WOTTON,  sir  Henry,  an  eminent  English 
statesman  and  poet ;  he  died  in  1639,  leaving 
many  writings. 

WOTTON,  William,  an  English  divine,  cri 
tic,  historian,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  of  great 
learning;  he  died  in  1726. 

WOTY,  William,  a  very  ingenious  English 
poet  ;  he  died  in  1791. 

WOUTERS,  Francis,  a  Dutch  landscape 
painter,  whose  pieces  were  greatly  admired  ; 
he  died  in  1859. 

WOUVERMANS,  Philip,  an  excellent  Dutcf 
landsiupe  painior;  he  died  in  1688.  ased  6S. 

WOWER,  John,  of  Hamburgh,  distmguish- 
ed  iis  a  poiiiician,  and  as  a  man  of  literature 
he  died  in  1612. 

WRAGG,  William,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
South  Carolina,  who  left  the  country  at  th 
coiiunencenient  of  the  revolution,  and  perished 
on  his  voyage  to  E:i2land,  in  1777. 

WR  ANGEL,  Charles  Gustavus,  marshal  ami 
constable  of  Sweden,  and  highly  distinguished 
for  his  valour ;  he  died  about  1676. 

WRAY,  Daniel,  a  learned  English  antiqua 
ry,  died  in  1783. 
WREN,  MaUiiew.  an  EnglisU  prelate,  waSj 
406 


WY 

bishop  of  Hereford,  and  author  of  some  con- 
troversial tracts  ;  he  died  in  1667. 

WREN,  Matthew,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
secretary  to  James,  duke  of  York  and  an  au- 
thor ;  he  died  in  1672. 

WREN,  sir  Christopher,  a  most  illustrious 
Eii'ilish  architect  and  n'arliematician,  died  in 
1723,  aaed  91.  Under  his  direction,  and  from 
his  designs,  were  rebuilt  the  cathedral  of  St. 
Paul,  the  parochial  churches,  and  other  public 
buildings,  which  had  been  destroyed  by  the  con- 
flaprarsonot  the  city  o;  London. 

WRIGHT,  Nathan,  a  learned  English  law 
yer,  wlio  became  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal, 
and  died  in  1721. 

WRIGHT,  Samuel  an  eloquent  dissenting 
minister,  whose;tled  in  London  ;  he  wrote  some 
serniofis,  &.c.  ,and  died  in  1746. 

WRIGHT,  sir  James,  chief  justice  and  go-' 
vernor  oi  the  colpny  of  Georgia,  at  the  beginning 
of  the  revolution  ;  he  was  the  last  royal  governor 
of  tha'  colony. 

WRIGHT,  Joseph,  a  vety  distinguished  En-' 
glish  painter,  who  died  in  1797.  He  was  particu-' 
larly  famous  for  producing  extraordinary  effects* 
of  light. 

WRIGHT,  Edward,  a  mathematician,  of 
Canjbiidge,  who  wrote  various  works  on  Navi- 
gation :  he  died  about  1620. 

WRIGHT,  Edward,  an  English  writer,  au- 
thor of  an  account  of  Lord  Macclesfield's  trav- 
els, in  1720 

WRIGHT,  Abraham,  an  English  clergyman, 
and  theological  writer  ;  he  died  in  1690. 

WRIGHT,  Paul,  an  English  divine,  and  au- 
thor, who  died  in  1785. 

Wl'RMSER,  Dagobert  Sigismund  count, 
field  inarsha!  in  the  service  of  Austria;  he  was 
an  officer  of  distinguished  valour  and  abilities, 
and  died  in  1797 

WYAT,  sir  Thomas,  one  of  the  most  learn- ^ 
ed  and  accomplished  persons  of  his  time,  and' 
much  in  lavour  with  Henry  VIII.,  who  employ- 
ed him  on  several  embassies.  He  wrote  poetry, 
and  was  the  first  of  his  countiymen  who  versi- 
fied any  part  of  the  book  of  Psalms.  He  died 
in  1541,  aged  38. 

WYATT,  sir  Francis,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Virginia,  in  1621. 

WYATT,  James,  an  eminent  English  archi 
tect,  tor  some  time  president  of  the  Royal  aca- 
deniv,  died  in  1813 

WYCHERLEY,  William,  an  eminent  En- 
glish comic  poet,  was  born  in  Shropshire,  in  1640, 
and  (lied  in  1715. 

WYCKE,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Haerlem,  em- 
inent as  a  painter  of  marine  views  ;  he  died  in 
1686.  His  soil  John  excelled  in  painting  battles 
and  horses  ;  he  died  in  London,  in  1702. 

WYKEHAM,  William  of,  was  bishop  of 
Winchester  in  the  reigns  of  Edward  III.,  Rich- 
ard II.,  and  Henry  IV..  and  secretary  of  state 
to  the  first  of  these  monarchs.  He  was  like- 
wi.'^e  an  eminent  architect,  founder  of  St.  Mary 
of  Winchester's  college  at  Oxiord.  and  of  a  no- 
ble school  at  Winchester,  and  died  in  1404. 

WYLl.YS.  George,  a  native  of  England, 
came  lo  Connecticut  in  1638,  was  elected  a  ma 
gisrate,  and  afterwards  governor  of  the  colony  ; 
he  died  in  1644. 

WYLLYS,  Samuel,  son  of  the  precedin;;, 
was  a  magistrate  in  the  colony  of  Connecticut, 
and  a  useful  and  pious  man  ;  he  died  in  1709. 

WYLLYS.  Hezekiah,  son  of  Samuel,  a  mcr 
chant,  of  Hartford,  was  elected  secretary  of 
Connecticut,  and  died  in  1734. 


XI 

WYLLYS,  George,  son  of  the  preceding, 
^vas  also  secretary  of  the  colony  of  Connecti- 
cut, for  nearly  60  years.     He  died  in  1796. 

WYLLYS,  Samuel,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  an  officer  of  the  American  army  during 
the  revolution,  and  afterwards  secretary  of  Con- 
necticut ;  he  died  in  182.3. 

WYNANTZ,  John,  an  eminent  Flemish 
landscape  painter ;  he  died  in  1670. 

WYiVDHAM,  sir  William,  a  celebrated  Rn- 
glish  statesman,  was  chancellor  of  the  exche- 
quer, in  171.3,  and  died  in  1740. 

WYNDHAM,  Henry  Penruddoch,  an  English 
antiquarian,  author  of  a  "Tour  thiough  Mon 
niouthshire,  and  Wales,"  and  other  works;  he 
died  in  1819. 

WYNTOWN,  Andrew,  a  Scottish  writer  of 
the  I4th  century,  who  pubhshed  a  "  Chronicle 
of  Scotland"  in  rhyme. 

WYTHE,  George,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
statesman,  of  Virginia,  and  one  of  the  most  ar 
dent  patriots  of  the  revolution.  He  was  i 
member  of  congress  in  1776,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence,  and 
afterwards  chancellor  of  his  native  state.  He 
died  in  1806. 

WYTMAN,  Matthew,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter  of  landscapes,  animals,  and  conversa- 
tions ;  he  died  in  1687. 

WYVIL,  Robert,  bishop  of  Salisbury ;  he 
presided  over  his  see  46  years,  and  died  in  1375. 

X 

XACCA,  an  Indian  philosopher,  who  flour- 
ished, it  is  said,  a  thousand  years  before  the 
<!tiristian  era.  His  memory  is  held  in  great 
veneration  in  China. 

XACCA,  Erasmus,  a  Sicilian  of  the  17th  cen 
tury,  known  as  a  Latin  author. 

XANTIPPE,  wife  of  Socrates,  remarkable 
for  her  moroseness  and  violence  of  temper, 

XANTIPPUS,  a  Lacedaemonian  general,  who 
rendered  important  services  to  the  Carthaginians, 
by  whom  he  was  afterwards  basely  destroyed 

XAUPI,  Joseph,  a  French  ecclesiastic  and 
author,  who  died  in  1778. 

X  A  VIER,  Jerome,  a  Jesuit,  who  was  a  mission- 
ary in  tiie  East  Indies,  and  died  at  Goa,  in  1617 

XENOCRATES,  a  celebrated  Greek  philoso- 
pher, who  died  314  B.  C. 

XENOPHANES,  a  Greek  philosopher  in  the 
age  of  Socrates. 

XENOPHON,  an  illustrious  Athenian  philo- 
sopher, soldier  and  historian  ;  he  died  in  the 
105th  Olympiad,  leaving  behind  him  many  ex- 
cellent works. 

XENOPHON  of  Ephesus,  the  author  of  a 
romance  in  5  books ;  he  flourished  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  4th  century. 

XERXES  I.,  king  of  Persia,  memorable  for 
the  great  army  with  which  he  entered  Greece 
amounting  to  5,283,220  souls,  exclusive  of  wo- 
men, eunuchs,  and  otlier  attendants  This 
multitude  v/as  stopped  at  Thermopylae  by  the 
valour  of  300  Spartans  under  king  Leonidas. 
He  was  murdered  in  his  bed,  464  B.  C. 

XIMENES,  Francis,  archbishop  of  Toledo, 
eminent  as  a  statesman,  warrior,  and  patron  of 
learning ;  he  was  at  the  head  of  the  Spanish  go- 
vernment many  years,  and  died  in  1517. 

XIMENES,  Roderick,  a  native  of  Navarre, 
and  author  of  a  Spanish  history,  was  archbishop 
(if  Toledo,  about  1250. 

XIMENES,  Joseph  Albert,  a  Spanish  eccle- 
siastic, prior  general  of  the  CarnteT!tes ;  he  died 
in  1744. 


ZA 

XYLANDER,  William,  a  German,  translator 
of  several  Greek  authors ;  he  died  in  1376. 

XYPHILIN,  John,  a  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople, died  in  1075. 


YALDEN,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  and 
poet,  died  in  1736. 

YALE,  Eiihu,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  who 
accumulated  a  large  fortune,  in  the  East  Indies, 
went  to  England,  and  became  governor  of  the 
Easi  India  company.  He  was  a  liberal  bene- 
factor of  the  college  in  New  Haven,  that  hears 
his  name,  and  died  in  1721. 

YART,  Anthony,  a  French  divine  and  a  poet, 
horn  in  1709. 

YATES,  Robert,  chief-justice  of  the  state  of 
New  York,  died  in  1801. 

YEAMANS,  sir  John,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  South  Carolina  ;  was  removed  from  otfice, 
but  resided  in  the  colony  until  his  death. 

YEARULY,  sir  George,  a  prudent,  humane, 
and  faithful  governor  of  the  colony  of  Virginia ; 
he  died  in  1626. 

YEARSLEY,  Anne,  well  known  in  the 
poetic  world  as  a  self-instructed  votary  of  the 
Muses,  and  as  the  Milkwoman  of  Bristol  ;  she 
died  in  1806,  leaving  many  poems. 

YORKE,  Philip,  earl  of  Hardwicke,  lord  high- 
chancellor  of  England,  and  one  of  the  ablest 
and  most  upright  lawyers  of  the  age ;  he  died 
in  1764,  aged  74. 

YORKE,  Charles,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
made  lord  high  chancellor  in  the  room  of  lord 
Camden,  and  died  suddenly,  three  days  after, 
in  1770.  He  was  an  elegant  and  profound  scholar. 

YOUNG,  Edward,  an  English  poet  and  divine, 
died  in  1765.  He  wrote  "  Night  Thoughts," 
and  other  works. 

YOUNG,  sir  William,  a  member  of  the  Eng- 
lish parliament,  and  of  the  royal  academy,  and 
governor  of  the  Island  of  Tobago  ;  he  dird  in 
1814.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  Athens,"  the 
"  Rights  of  Englishmen,"  and  several  other 
works. 

YOUNG,  Arthur,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
a  distinguished  agriculturalist,  and  author  of  the 
"  Farmers'  Calender,"  the  "  Annals  of  Agri- 
culture," &c. ;  he  died  in  1820. 

YOUNG,  Patrick,  a  Scotchman,  eminent  as  a 
Greek  scholar ;  he  died  in  1652. 

YOUNG,  Robert,  an  eminent  printer,  of  Edin- 
bur<?h,  died  in  1655. 

YRIARTE,  Don  John  d',  a  veiy  learned 
Spanish  author  and  librarian  to  the  king :  he 
died  in  1771. 

YSE,  Alexander  de,  a  protestant  professor  of 
theology,  in  Daupliine,  and  a  theological  writer  ; 
he  lived  in  tiie  time  of  Louis  XIV. 

YVON,  Peter,  a  native  of  France,  celebrated 
as  a  preacher  among  the  Labadists,  and  a  wri- 
ter on  mystical  subjects. 

Z 

ZABARELLA,  Francis,  better  known  as 
cardinal  de  Florence,  was  greatly  respected  for 
his  learning  and  virtues,  and  died  in  1417. 

ZABARELLA,  Bartholomew,  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  professor  of  law  at  Padua,  and 
afterwards  archbishop  of  Florence  ;  he  died  in 
1442. 

ZARABELLA,  James,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  professor  of  philosophy  at  Padua,  and  pub- 
lished Commentaries  on  Aristotle's  works  he- 
died  in  158^. 

407 


ZE 

ZACAGNI,  Lawrence  Alexander,  a  native 
of  Rome,  who  devoted  himself  to  literature ; 
he  died  about  1720. 

ZArHIAS,  Paul,  a  native  of  Rome,  and  plty- 
sician  to  pope  Innocent  X.;  he  published  some 
medical  works,  and  died  in  1659. 

ZACUTU9,  or  LUSITANUS,  an  eminent 
Jewish  physician  and  medical  writer,  born  at 
Lisbon  ;  he  died  in  1641,  aged  66. 

ZALEUGUS,  a  legislator  of  Locris,  in  Italy, 
500  B.C. 

ZALUSKI,  Andrew  Chrysostom,  was  bishop 
of  Warraia,  and  grand  chancellor  of  Poland ; 
he  died  in  1711. 

ZAMOSKI,  John,  an  illustrious  statesman 
and  general,  of  Poland,  and  chancellor  of  that 
kingdom.  On  the  death  of  Battori,  in  1586,  he 
declined  an  offer  of  the  crown,  and  died  in 
1605. 

ZAMPINI,  Matthew,  known  for  his  writings 
fb  the  cause  of  the  league,  in  1581. 

ZANCHIUS,  Basil,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Berga- 
mo, who  wrote  Latin  poems,  and  died  in  1560. 

ZANCHIUS,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Alzano, 
was  professor  of  theology  at  Heidelberg,  and  a 
learned,  benevolent,  and  pious  man  ;  he  died 
in  1590. 

ZANNICHELLI,  John  Jerome,  a  distin- 
guished physician  and  botanical  writer,  of 
Venice  ;  he  died  in  1729. 

ZANNONI,  James,  a  physician,  of  Bologna, 
celebrated  also  as  a  botanist ;  he  died  about 
1682. 

ZANOTTI,  John  Peter,  an  eminent  painter, 
Of  Paris. 

ZANOTTI,  Francis  Maria  Garazzoni,  profes- 
Bor  of  mathematics  at  Bologna,  and  secretary  to 
the  senate.  He  published  some  poetical  and 
philosophical  works,  and  died  in  1777. 

ZANZALUS,  James,  an  obscure  monk  in 
the  6th  century,  who  became  founder  of  the 
sect  of  the  Jacobites.  They  hold  the  perfection 
of  the  Gospel  to  be  the  strict  observance  of  fasts. 

ZAPOLSKI,  John  de,  vaivode  of  Transyl- 
vania, was  elected  king  of  Hungaria,  in  1526, 
and  died  in  1540. 

ZAPPI,  John  Baptist  Felix,  a  Roman  lawyer 
and  poet ;  he  died  m  1719. 

ZARATE,  Augustm  de,  a  Spaniard,  sent  to 
Peru,  in  1543,  as  treasurer-general.  He  pub- 
lished a  "  History  of  the  Discovery  and  Con- 
quest of  Peru,"  a  work  of  merit. 

ZARLINO,  Joseph,  a  Venetian,  who  wrote 
with  great  skill  and  judgment  on  music;  he 
died  in  1599. 

ZATCH  LEEVEN,  Herman,  a  native  of 
Rotterdam,  was  an  eminent  painter  of  land- 
scapes ;  he  died  in  1685 

ZAZIUS,  Hulric,  of  Constance,  known  for 
his  abilities  as  professor  of  law.  He  died  in 
1539. 

ZACHARTAH,  one  of  the  minor  prophets, 
who  prophesied  in  the  reign  of  Darius  Hystas- 
pes,  in  so  plain  a  manner  of  the  Messiah,  that 
bis  language  appears  more  like  that  of  a  histo- 
rian, than  of  a  prophet. 

ZEGEDIN,  Stephen,  of  Hungary,  was  one  of 
the  first  disciples  of  Luther,  and  wrote  several 
theological  works ;  he  died  in  1572. 

ZEILLER,  Martin,  a  German  author,  who 
died  in  1661. 

ZELL,  Ulric,  an  eminent  painter  at  Cologne, 
about  1477. 

ZELOTTT,  John  Baptist,  a  distinguished 
Italian  painter,  ihf  pun1i  of  Tlttftn  ;  he  died  in 
\592. 

40S 


ZO I 

ZENO,  a  stoic  philosopher,  bom  in  Cyprusj^.    \ 
was  founder  of  that  sect,  which  took  its  naaie? 
from  a  portico  called  Stoa,  whence  he  delivered     ' 
his  harangues,  and  strangled  himself,  264  B.  C,  - 
aged  98. 

ZENO,  the  Isaurian,  emperor  of  the  East, 
died  in  491,  detested  for  his  cruelty  and  de- 
bauchery. 

ZENO,  Apostolo,  a  Venetian  of  illustrious 
birth,  distinguished  for  his  learning;  he  was  a 
poet,  and  historian  to  Charles  VI.,  and  died  in 
1750.  His  works  are  numerous  and  popular. 

ZENOBIA,  queen  of  Palmyra,  and  by  her 
valour,  empress  of  the  East,  in  opposition  to 
three  successive  Roman  emperors.  She  was 
subdued  by  Aurelian,  after  an  obstinate  de- 
fence, and  died  in  280. 

ZEPHANIAH,  one  of  the  12  minor  prophets 
in  the  reign  of  king  Josiah,  died  624  B.  C. 

ZERUBBABEL,  was  permitted  by  Cyrus  to 
rebuild  the  temple  at  Jerusalem.  He  restored.; 
the  plundered  vessels,  and  dedicated  the  new* 
edifice,  515  B.  C.  1 

ZEUXIS,  a  very  famous  painter,  of  Herac-  5 
lea,  who  flourished  about  350  B.  C.  He  paint- 
ed some  grapes  so  natural,  that  the  birds  came 
and  pecked  them. 

ZIANI,  Sebastian,  doge  of  Venice,  who 
lived  in  the  12th  century,  and  is  celebrated  for  his 
munificence  in  adorning  his  city  with  splendid 
edifices,  and  the  works  of  art.  f 

ZIEGLER,  James,  professor  of  theology, 
and  mathematics  at  Vienna;  he  died  in  1549" 

ZIEGLER,  Gaspar,  professor  of  law  at  Wit- 
temberg,  and  an  author  ;  he  died  in  1690. 

ZIEGLER,  Bernard,  professor  of  theology  at 
Leipsic,  and  much  esteemed  by  Luther  and< 
Melancthon  ;  he  died  in  1556.  y 

ZIETTEN,  John  Joachim  Van,  a  distin-i 
guished  Prussian  general,  who  died  in  1786.        | 

ZIMMERMANN,  Matthias,  a  German  divine 
and  theological  writer,  died  in  1689. 

ZIMMERMANN,  John  George,  first  physi- 
cian to  his  Britannic  majesty  for  Hanover,  but 
more  eminent  as  a  philosopher  ;  he  died  in  1795, 
leaving  several  valuable  writings  on  various 
subjects. 

ZIMMERMANN,  Eberhard  Augustus  Wil- 
liam Vonj  a  learned  and  distinguished  German, 
was  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  the  col-  < 
lege  at  Brunswick.  He  wrote  a  "  Poetical  Sur- 
vey of  the  Present  State  of  Europe  ;"  a  "  Gen- 
eral Survey  of  France,  and  of  the  United  States 
of  America:"  and  numerous  other  works,  and 
died  in  1815. 

ZINEK,  Christian  Frederick,  an  admirable 
enamel  painter,  of  Dresden,  who  went  to  Eng- 
land, and  was  patronised  by  the  royal  familv  ; 
he  died  in  1767,  aged  83. 

ZINGHA,  queen  of  Angola,  in  Africa,  in  the 
17th  century. 

ZINZENDORF,  Nicholas  Lewis,  count,  a 
German,  who  was  chief  of  the  sect  called  Mo- 
ravians ;  he  died  in  1760. 

ZINZERLING,  Justus,  a  learned  antiquary, 
of  Holland,  in  the  17th  century.  '     -j 

ZISCA  or  ZISKA,  John  de  Troeznou,  a 
famous  Bohemian  patriot,  who  defended  his 
country  against  the  emperor  Sigismund,  and 
performed  prodigies  of  valour,  after  he  had  lost 
both  his  eyes.    He  died  in  1424. 

ZIZIM,  or  ZEM,  son  of  Mahomet  II.,  con- 
tended with  Bajazet  his  brother,  for  the  Otto- 
man throne,  but  being  defeated,  he  fled,  and 
died  at  Rome,  in  1497. 

ZOE,  foHTth  wife  of  Leo  VI..  anti  mother  of 


zo 

Constantine,  during  whose  minority  in  912,  she 
ably  governed. 

ZOE,  dauf;hter  of  Conetantine  XL,  a  cruel 
and  debauched  princess  ;  she  died  in  1050. 

ZOILUS,  a  Greek  rlietorician  and  critic, 
flourished  about  270  B.  C. 

ZOLLIKOFER,  George  Joachim,  a  protes- 
tant  divine,  of  Switzerland,  died  in  1758.  His 
devotional  exercises  and  serinons»have  been 
translated  into  English. 

ZOjNARAS,  John,  a  Greek  historian,  who 
wrote  "  Annals  from  the  Creation  of  the  World, 
down  to  the  year  1818,"  about  which  time  he 
died. 

ZONEA,  Victor,  an  Italian  mathematician 
ill  the  17th  century,  who  made  valuable  im- 
provements in  mechanics. 

ZOPPO,  Mark,  a  historical  and  portrait 
painter,  of  Bologna,  who  died  in  1517. 

ZOPVRUS,  a  Persian  noble,  who  assisted 
Darius  in  the  conquest  of  Babylon. 

ZOROASTER,  or  ZEllDUSHT,  a  celebrated 
Persian  philosopher,  the  reputed  founder  of  the 
Magian  religion.  He  predicted,  it  is  said,  the 
coming  of  the  Messiah,  in  plain  words;  and  the 
wise  men  from  the  East,  who  saw  and  followed 
Ins  star,  were  his  disciples. 

ZOSIMUS,  St.,  a  Greek,  who  became  pope 
In  417,  and  died  the  year  after. 

ZOSIMUS,  an  ancient  Greek  historian  of  the 
Roman  empire,  flourished  about  410. 

ZOUCfl,  Richard,  a  learned  civilian,  of  Wilt- 
f>iire,  who  published  many  esteemed  works, 
and  died  in  1660. 

ZOUCH,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  an  English  clergy- 
man, who  was  offered  the  bishoprick  of  Cariisle, 
but  declined  it  on  account  of  his  age.  He  died 
in  1816,  leaving  numerous  works. 

ZOUST,  Gerard,  a  German,  celebrated  for  his 
kccuracy  in  portrait  painting ;  he  died  in  1681. 


ZY 

I  ZUBLEY,  John  Joachim,  D.  D.,  an  cniinctii 
clergyman  of  Georgia,  was  a  native  of  Switzer 
land,  and  came  to  America  about  17G0.  lie  died 
in  Savannah,  in  1781. 

ZUCCHERO  Tadeo,  an  Italian  Iiistorical 
and  portrait  painter  ;  he  died  in  1566. 

ZUCCHERO  Frederic,  an  eminent  painter, 
and  brother  of  Taddeo ;  he  died  in  1609,  aged 
63. 

ZUINGLIUS,  Ulricus,  of  Switzeriand,  an 
able  and  zealous  reformer  of  the  church  ;  lie 
was  killed  in  a  skirmish  with  his  popish  oppo- 
nents in  1531. 

ZUMBO,  Gaston  John,  a  sculptor,  of  Syra- 
cuse ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1701. 

ZUR  LAUBEN,  Beat  de,  known  as  an  able 
negotiator  from  the  canton  of  Zug,  at  the  court 
of  Lewis  XIH.;  he  died  in  1663. 

ZUSTRUS,  Lambert,  a  painter  of  merit,  the 
pupil  of  Titian. 

ZWINGER,  Theodore,  born  in  Zurgan,  in 
1534 ;  he  published  an  enormous  compilation, 
entitled  "  I^e  Theatre  de  la  Vie  Humaine,"  in 
8  folio  volumes,  and  died  in  1588. 

ZWINGER,  Theodore,  grandson  of  the  last, 
."as  a  pastor  and  a  j>hysician  at  Basil ;  he  died 
in  1629.  His  son  John,  was  professor  of  Greek 
there,  and  died  in  1696. 

ZWINGER,  Theodore,  son  of  John,  was  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  and  eloquence  at  Basil,  wliere 
he  died  in  1724. 

ZYLIUS,  Otho,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Utrecht,  au- 
thor of  "Lives  of  Saints,"  &c.;  he  died  in 
1G55. 

ZYPJEVS,  or  VANDEN  ZYPE,  Francis,  a 
learned  theologian,  and  writer  on  civil  law, 
was  born  at  Malines,  in  1570,  and  died  in  1650. 
His  brother  Henry  was  an  ecclesiastic,  and 
abbot  of  St.  Andrew,  near  Bruges ;  he  died  in 
1659,  leaving  several  works  of  merit. 
409 


CONCISE  ACCOUNT 

OF 

THE    HEATHEN   DEITIES, 

AND   OTHER 

FABULOUS   PERSONS, 

WITH   THE 

HEROES  AND  HEROINES  OF  ANTIQUITY. 


^N 


AN 


A  B'ARIS,  a  Scythian,  priest  of  Apollo. 
•^*-  ABEO'NA,  a  goddess  of  voyages,  &c. 
ABRETA'NUS,  a  surname  of  Jupiter. 
A'BRON,  a  very  voluptuous  Grecian. 
ABY'LA,  a  famous  mountain  in  Africa. 
ACAN'THA,  a  nymph  beloved  by  Apollo. 
ACAS'TUS,  the  name  of  a  famous  hunter. 
ACE'TU8,  one  of  the  priests  of  Bacchus. 
ACH^'MENES,  the  first  king  of  Persia. 
ACHA'TES,  a  trusty  friend  of  iEneas. 
ACH'ERON,   a   son    of  Titan    and  Terra, 
changed  into  a  river  of  hell  for  assisting  the 
Titans,  in  their  war  against  Jupiter. 

ACHIL'LES,  son  of  Peleus,  king  of  Thrace, 
and  Thetis,  a  goddess  of  the  sea,  who,  being 
dipped  by  his  mother  in  the  river  Styx,  was  in 
vulnerable  in  every  part  except  his  right  heel,  by 
which  she  held  him ;  after  signalizing  himself 
at  the  siege  of  Troy,  for  his  valour,  as  well  as 
cruelty,  he  was  at  length  killed  by  Paris  with 
an  arrow. 

ACIDA'LTA,   and   ARMA'TA,   names    of 
Venus. 
ACIDxVLUS,  a  famous  fountain  of  BoBotia. 
A'CIS,  a  Sicilian  shepherd,  killed  by  Polyphe- 
mus, because  he  rivalled  him  in  the  affections 
of  Galatea. 
AC'MON,  a  famous  king  of  the  Titans. 
AC'RATUS,   the   genius   of  drunkards   at 
Athena. 

AC'T.^ON,  a  celebrated  hunter,  who,  acci 
dentally  discovering  Diana  bathing,  was  by  her 
turned  into  a  staj,  and  devoured  by  his  own 
hounds. 
ADME'TUS,  a  king  of  Thessaly. 
ADO'NIS,  the  incestuous  offspring  of  Cinyras 
and  Myrrha,  remarkably  beautiful,  beloved  by 
Vemis  and  Proserpine. 
ADRAS'TEA,  the  goddess  Nemesis. 
.tfi'ACUS,  one  of  the  infernal  judges. 
.*'GA,  Jupiter's  nurse,  daughter  of  OJenus 
.^GE'US,  a  king  of  Attica,  giving  name  to 
the  iEgean  sea  by  drowning  himself  in  it. 
jEGl'NA,  a  particular  favourite  of  Jupiter 
.^'GIS,  a  Gorgon,  whom  Pallas  slew. 
jE'GLE,  one  of  the  three  Hesperides. 
.tfJ'GON,  a  wrestler  famous  for  strength. 
jffiGYP'TUS,  son  of  Neptune  and  Lybia. 
^L'LO,  one  of  the  three  Harpies. 
iENE'AS,.son  ®f  Anchises  and  Venus. 
410 


iE'OLUS,  the  god  of  the  winds. 

./ECUS,  one  of  the  four  horses  of  the  sun. 

iESCULA'NUS,  a  Roman  god  of  riches. 

.(ESCULA'PIUS,  the  god  of  physic. 

yETHAL'IDES,  a  son  of  Mercury. 

JE'TUON,  one  of  the  four  horses  of  the  sun. 

^T'N^US,  a  title  of  Vulcan. 

.^TO'LOS,  a  son  of  Endymion  and  Diana. 

AGAMEM'NON,  brother  to  Menelaus,  chosen 
captain- general  of  the  Greeks  at  the  siege  of 
Troy. 

AGANIP'PE,  daughter  of  the  river  Permes- 
sus,  which  flows  from  mount  Helicon. 

AGE'NOR,  the  first  king  of  Argos. 

AGENO'RIA,  the  goddess  of  industry. 

AGELAB'TUS  and  AGESILA'US,  names 
of  Pluto. 

AGLA'IA,  one  of  the  three  Graces. 

A'JAX,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  princes 
and  heroes  at  the  siege  of  Troy. 

ALBU'NEA,  a  famous  sybil  of  Tripoli. 

ALCl'DES,  a  title  of  Hercules. 

ALCl'NOUS,  a  king  of  Corcyra. 

ALCrONEUS,  a  giant  slain  by  Hercules. 

ALCrOPE,  a  favourite  mistress  of  Neptune 

ALCME'NA,  the  wife  of  Amphitryon. 

ALEC'TO,  one  of  the  three  Furies. 

ALEC'TRYON,  or  GAL'LUS,  a  favourite 
of  Mars. 

AL'MUS,  and  ALUM'NUS,  titles  of  Jupiter. 

ALO'A,  a  festival  of  Bacchus  and  Ceres. 

ALCE'US,  a  giant  who  warred  with  Jupifer. 

AMALTH.«'A,  the  goat  that  suckled  Jupiter. 

AMBARVA'LE,  a  spring  sacrifice  to  Ceres. 

AMBRO'SIA,  the  food  of  the  Gods. 

AM'MON,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 

AMPHIARA'US,  son  of  Apollo  and  Hyperm- 
nastra,  a  verv  famous  augur. 

AMPHIME'DON,  one  of  the  suitors  of  Fa 
nelope. 

AMPHT'ON,  a  famous  musician. 

AMPHITFI'TE,  the  wife  of  Neptune. 

AMYN'TOR,  a  king  of  Epirus. 

ANAC'REON,  a  lyric  poet  of  Greece. 

ANA'TIS,  the  goddess  of  prostitution. 

ANCCE'US,  a  king  of  Arcadia. 

ANDRO'GEUS,  the  son  of  Minos. 

ANDROM'ACHE,  the  wife  of  Hector. 

ANDROM'EDA,  the  daughter  of  Cepheu* 
and  Cassiope,  wteo,  contending  for  the  prize  of 


BA 

beauty  with  the  Nereides,  was  by  them  bound 
to  a  rock,  and  exposed  to  be  devoured  by  a  sea 
monster;  but  Perseus  slew  the  monster,  and 
married  her. 
ANGE'RONA,  the  goddess  of  silence. 
AN'NA,  the  sister  of  Pygmakon  and  Dido. 
ANTCE'US,  a  giant,  son  of  Neptune  and 
Terra ;  he  was  squeezed  to  death  by  Hercules. 

AN'TER03,  one  of  the  names  of  Cupid. 

ANTEVER'TA,  a  goddess  ofwomen  in  labour. 

AN'THIA,  and  ARGI'VA,  titles  of  Juno. 

AxX'UBIS,  an  Egyptiangod  with  a  dog's  head. 

AON^IDES,  a  name  of  the  Muses. 

APATU'RIA,  and  APHRODl'TIS  titles  of 
Veuus. 

A'PIS,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Niobe  ,  called 
also  Serapis  and  Osiris :  he  first  taught  the 
Egyptians  to  sow  corn  and  plant  vines:  after 
Jus  death  they  worshipped  him  in  the  form  of 
an  ox,  a  symbol  of  husbandry. 

ARx\CH'NE,  a  Lydian  princess,  turned  by 
Minerva,  into  a  spider,  for  presuming  to  vie 
with  her  at  spinning. 

ARETHU'SA,  the  daughter  of  Nereus. 

ARGENTI'NUS,  and  iESCCJLA'NUS,  gods 
nf  wealth. 

AR'GO,  the  ship  that  conveyed  Jason  and  his 
companions  to  Colchis,  and  reported  to  have 
been  the  first  man  of  war. 

AR'GONAUTS,  the  companions  of  Jason. 

AR'GUS,  son  of  Aristor,  said  to  have  had  a 
hundred  eyes ;  also  an  architect,  who  built  the 
ship  Argo. 

ARIAD'NE,  daughter  of  Minos,  who,  from 
love,  gave  Theseus  a  clue  of  thread  to  guide 
lilm  out  of  the  Cretan  labyrinth :  being  after 
wards  deserted  by  him,  she  was  married  to 
Bacchus,  and  made  his  priestess. 

ARIMAS'Pr,  a  warlike  people  of  Scythia. 

ARI'ON,  a  lyric  poet  of  Methymna. 

ARIST.E'US,  son  of  Apollo  and  Cyrene. 

ARISTOME'NES,  a  cruel  Titan. 

ARISTOPH'ANES,  a  comic  poet,  born  at 
Lindus,  a  town  of  Rhodes. 

AR'TEMIS,  the  Delphic  sybil ;  also  Diana 

ASCLE'PIA,  festivals  of  iEsculapius. 

ASCO'LIA,  feasts  of  Bacchus,  celebrated  in 
Attica. 

ASTE'RIA,  daughter  of  Ceus. 

ASTRAPCE'US,  and  ATABY'RUS:  Jupiter. 

ASTR.'E'A,  the  goddess  of  justice. 

ASTROL'OGUS,  a  title  of  Hercules. 

ASTY'ANAX,  the  only  son  of  Hector. 

ASTYPALCE'A,  daughter  of  Phoenix. 

A'TE,  the  goddess  of  revenge. 

ATLAN'TES,  a  savage  people  of  JEthiopia. 

AT'LAS,  a  king  of  Mauritania. 

AT'ROPOS,  one  of  the  three  Fates.    , 

AVER'NUS,  a  lake  on  the  borders  of  hell. 

AVERRUNC'US,  a  ^od  of  the  Romans. 

AUGE'AS,  a  king  of  Elis,  v/hose  stable  of 
3000  oxen  was  not  cleansed  for  30  years,  yet 
Hercules  cleansed  it  in  one  day. 

A'VISTUPER,  a  title  of  Priapus. 

AUR'EA,  a  name  of  Fortuna. 

AURO'RA,  the  goddess  of  the  morning. 

AUTO  LEON,  a  general  of  the  Crolonians. 

AUTUM'NUS,  the  god  of  fruits. 


B 


BACCHUS,  the  god  of  wine. 
BAP'TA,  the  goddess  of  shame. 
BARB.VTA,  a  title  of  Venus  and  Forluna. 
B*xS'SAREUS,  a  title  of  Bacchus. 


CA 

BAT'TUS,  a  herdsman,  turned  by  Mercury 
into  a  loadstone. 

BAU'CiS,  an  old  woman,  who,  with  her  hus- 
band Philemon,  entertained  Jupiter  and  Mer- 
cury, travelling  over  Phrygia,  when  all  others 
refused. 

BELLER'OPHON,  son  of  Glaucus,  king  of 
Ephyra,  who  underwent  numberless  hardships 
for  refusing  an  intimacy  with  Sthenoboea,  the 
wife  of  ProBtus,  king  of  Argos. 

BELLO'NA,  the  goddess  of  war. 

BERECYN'THIA  MA'TER,  aiitleofCybele. 

BERENI'CE,  a  Grecian  lady,  who  was  the 
only  person  of  her  sex  permitted  to  see  the 
Olympic  games. 

BER'GION,  a  giant,  slain  by  Jupiter. 

BIB'LIA,  the  wife  of  Duillius,  who  first  insti- 
tuted a  triumph  for  naval  victory. 

Bl'CEPS,  and  BI'FRONS,  names  of  Janus. 

BISUL'TOR,  a  name  of  Ma»s. 

Bl'THON,  a  remarkably  strong  Grecian. 

BOLl'NA,  a  nymph  rendered  immortal  for 
lier  modesty  and  resistance  of  Apollo. 

BO'NA  DE'A,  a  title  of  Cybele  and  Fortuna. 

BO'NUS  D^'MON,  a  title  of  Priapus. 

BO' REAS,  son  of  .^Estraeus  and  Heribeia, 
generally  put  for  the  north  wind. 

BRE'VIS,  a  title  of  Fortuna. 

BRI'AREUS,  a  monstrous  giant,  son  of  ^itan 
and  Terra :  the  poets  feign  him  to  have  had  a 
hundred  arms  and  fifty  heads. 

BRI'MO,  and  BUBAS'TIS,  names  of  Hecate. 

BRISE'IS,  daughter  of  Brises,  priest  of  Ju- 
piter, given  to  Achilles  upon  the  taking  of  Lyr- 
nessus,  a  city  of  Troas,  by  Ihe  Greeks. 

BRON'TES,  a  maker  of  Jupiter's  thunder. 

BRO'THEUS,  a  son  of  Vulcan,  who  threw 
himself  into  loount  ^tna,  on  account  of  his 
deformity. 

BRUMA'LIA,  feasts  of  Bacchus. 

BUBO'NA,  the  goddess  of  oxen. 

BUSl'RIS,  a  son  of  Neptune,  and  a  most  cru«i 
tyrant ;  he  was  slain  by  Hercules. 

BYB'LIS,  the  daughter  of  Miletus. 

C 

CABAR'NI,  priests  of  Ceres. 

CABFRI,  priests  of  Cybele. 

CA'BRUS,  a  god  of  the  Phasehtte. 

CA'CUS,  a  son  of  Vulcan. 

CAD'MUS,  son  of  Agenor  and  Telephessa 
who,  searching  in  vain  for  his  sister,  built  the 
city  of  Thebes,  and  invented  16  letters  of  the 
Greek  alphabet. 

CADU'CEUS,  Mercury's  golden  rod  or  wand. 

CiE'CA,  and  CONSERVATRIX,  titles  of 
Fortuna. 

CiEC'ULUS,  a  robber,  son  of  Vulcan. 

C^E'NEUS,  a  title  of  Jupiter.  , 

CAL'CHAS,  a  famous  Greek  soothsayer. 

CALISTO,  the  daughter  of  Lycaon. 

CALLI'OPE,  the  muse  of  heroic  poetry. 

GALYP'SO,  daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Thetis, 
who  reigned  in  the  island  of  Ogygia,  where  she 
entertained  and  became  euamouied  of  Ulysses,  . 
on  his  return  from  Troy. 

CAM'BLES,  a  gluttonous  king  of  Lj'dia. 

CAMBY'SES,  the  son  of  Cyrus,  and  king  of 
the  Medes  and  Persians. 

CAMCE'NA,  and  CARNA,  goddess  of  infants. 

CA'NES,  a  title  of  the  Furies. 

CANOTIJS,  an  Egyptian  god. 

CAR'DUA,  a  household  goddess. 

CARJIEN'TA,  a  name  of  Themis. 

CAR'NA,  a  Eomau  goddess 

411 


CY 


DI 


1 


CARYA'TIS,  a  title  of  Diana. 

CAS'PIT,  a  people  of  Hyrcania,  who  were 
»aid  to  starve  their  parents  to  death  when  70 
years  old,  and  to  train  up  dogs  for  war. 

CASSAN'DRA,  a  daughter  of  Priam  and  He- 
cuba, endowed  with  the  gift  of  prophecy  by 
Apollo. 

CASTAL'IDES,  the  Muses,  from  the  fountain 
Oastalius,  at  the  foot  of  Parnassus. 

CA'TIUS,  a  tutelar  god  to  grown  persons. 

GAS'TOR,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Leda,  between 
whom  and  his  brother  Pollux  immortality  was 
alternately  shared. 

CE'CROPS,  the  first  king  of  Athens. 

CELCE'NO,  one  of  the  three  Harpies. 

CEN'TAURS,  children  of  Ixion,  half  men, 
half  horses,  inhabiting  Thessaly. 

CEPH'ALUS,  the  son  of  Mercury  and  Hersa. 

CE'PHEUi?,  a  prince  of  Arcadia  and  Ethiopia. 

CERAU'NFUS,  a  thle  of  Jupiter. 

CER'BERUS,  a  dog  with  three  heads  and 
necks,  who  guarded  the  gates  of  hell. 

CEPv.EA'LLA,festivals  in  honour  of  Ceres. 

CE'RES,  the  goddess  of  agriculture. 

*CE'RlIS,or  SE'RUS,  the  god  of  opportunity. 

CHAL'CEA,  festivals  in  honour  of  Vulcan. 

CHAR'ITES,  a  name  of  the  Graces. 

CHA'RON,  the  ferryman  of  hell. 

CHIME'RA,  a  strange  monster  of  Lycia, 
which  was  killed  by  Bellerophon. 

CHl'RON,  the  preceptor  of  Achilles. 

CHRO'MIS,  a  cruel  son  of  Hercules. 

CHRYSAO'RIUS,  a  surname  of  Jupiter. 

CHRY'SIS,  a  priestess  of  Juno  at  Argos. 

CIR'CE,  a  famous  enchantress. 

CIR'RHA,  a  cavern  of  Phocis,  near  Delphi, 
whence  the  \t'iiids  issued  which  caused  a  divine 
rage,  and  produced  oracular  responses. 

CITHCE'RIDE^,  a  title  of  the  Muses. 

CL^^U'SINA,  a  name  of  Venus. 

OLAU  'SrUS,  or  CLU'SIUS,  a  name  of  Janus. 

CLEOME'DES,  a  famous  wrestler. 

CLI'O,  the  muse  presiding  over  history,  and 
patroness  of  heroic  poets. 

CLO'THO,  one  of  the  three  Fates. 

CLYTEMNES'TRA,  daughter  of  Jupiter  and 
Leda,  killed  fty  her  son  Orestes,  on  account  of 
her  adultery  with  .^gislhus. 

COCY'TUS,  a  river  of  hell,  flowing  from  Styx. 

COLLI'NA,  the  goddess  of  hills. 

COMPITA'LIA,  games  of  the  household  gods. 

CO'MUS,  the  aod  of  festivals  and  merriment. 

CONCOR'DIA,  ihe  goddess  of  peace. 

CONSERVA'TOR,  and  CUS'TOS,  tides  of 
Jupiter. 

CON'SUS,  a  title  of  Neptune. 

CORTI'NA,  the  covering  of  Apollo's  tripos. 

COR  YB  ANTES,  and  CURE'TES,  priests  of 
Cybele. 

CRE'ON,  a  king  of  Thebes. 

CRT' NTS,  a  priest  of  Apollo. 

CRTNIS'SUS,  a  Trojan  prince,  who  could 
change  l)imself  into  any  shape. 

CRCE'SUS,  a  rich  king  of  Lydia. 

CRO'NIA,  festivals  in  honour  of  Saturn. 

CTES'IBUS,  a  famous  Athenian  parasite. 

CU'NIA,  the  goddess  of  new-born  inrants. 

CU'PID,  son  of  Mars  and  Venus,  the  god  of 
love,  smiles,  &c. 

CY'CLOPS,  Vulcan's  workmen,  with  only 
one  eye  in  the  raidij'e  of  their  forehead. 

CYB'ELE,  the  wife  of  Saturn. 

CYC'NUS,  a  king  of  Liguria ;  also  a  son  of 
Neptune,  who  was  invulnerable. 

CYLLE'NIUS,  and  CAMIL'LUS,  names  of 
Mercury. 

412 


CYNOCEPH'AH,  a  people  of  India,  said 
have  heads  resembling  those  of  dogs. 

CYNTHIA,  and  CYN'THIUS,  Diana,  and 
Apollo. 

CYPARISSiE'A,  a  title  of  atinerva. 

CYP'RIA,  CYTHERE'A,  titles  of  Venus. 


DiEDA'LION,  the  son  of  Lucifer. 

DiED'ALUS,  an  artificer  of  Athens,  who 
formed  the  Cretan  lab^^rinth,  and  invented  the 
auger,  axe,  giue,  plumbline,  saw,  and  masts  and 
sails  for  ships. 

DA'MON,  the  sincere  friend  of  Pytliias. 

DiE'MON  BO'NUS,  DITHYRAM'BUS,  and 
DIONYS'IUS,  titles  of  Bacchus. 

DA'NAE,  the  daughter  of  Acrisius,  king  of 
Argos,  seduced  by  Jupiter  in  tlie  form  of  a  golden 
shower. 

DANA'IDES,  or  BE'LTDES,  the  .50  daughters 
of  Danaus,  king  of  Argos,  al!  of  whom  except 
Hypermne^tra,  killed  their  husbands,  the  song 
of  their  uncle  .<Egyptus,  on  the  marriage  night: 
tlieywere  therefore  condemned  to  di aw  water 
out  of  a  deep  well  with  shieves,  so  that  their 
labour  was  without  end  or  success. 

DAPH'NE,  a  nymph  beloved  bv  Apollo. 

DAR'DANUS,  the  founder  of  troy. 

DA'RES,  a  very  ancient  historian  who  wrote 
an  account  of  the  Trojan  war. 

DE'A  SYR'IA.  a  title  of  Venus. 

DE'CIM  A,  a  lule.  of  Lachesis. 

DEIANI'RA,  the  wife  of  Hercules. 

DEIDA'MIA,  daughter  of  Lycomedes,  king 
of  Scyros,  by  whom  Achilles  had  Pyrrbus, 
whilst  he  lay  concealed  in  women's  npparel,  in 
the  court  of  Lycomedes,  to  avoid  going  to  the 
Trojan  war. 

DFIOPE'A,  a  beautiful  attendant  on  Juno. 

DEIPH'OBE,  th^^  Cumean  sybil. 

DEIPFJ  OBU9,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba. 

DF'LIA,  DE'LH^S,  f  iana  and  Apollo. 

PE'LOS,  the  island  v\  here  Apollo  was  born. 

DEL'PHI,  a  city  of  Phocis,  famous  for  a  tem- 
ple and  an  oracle  of  Apollo. 

DEL'PHIOUS,  DIDYM^'US,  titles  of  Apollo. 

DEM'ADES,  an  Athenian  orator. 

DER'BICES,  a  people  rear  the  Caspian  sea, 
who  punished  all  crimes  with  death. 

DEUCA'LION,  son  of  Prometheus,  and  king 
of  Thessaly,  who,  with  his  wife  Pyrrha,  v.  as 
preserved  from  the  genera!  deluge,  and  repeopled . 
the  world 

DEVER'RA,  the  goddess  of  breeding  women. 

PIAG'ORAS,  a  Rhodiaii,  who  died  for  joy, 
because  his  three  sons  had  on  the  same  day 
gained  prizes  at  the  Olympic  games. 

DIA'NA,  the  goddess  oi  hunting,  &c. 

DI'DO,  daughter  of  Belus,  the  founder  and 
queen  of  Carthage,  whom  Virgil  fables  to  have 
burnt  herself  through  despair,  because  .^neas 
left  her. 

DI'ES,  and  DIES'PITFR,  titles  of  Jupiter. 

DIN'DYME,  DINDYME'NE,  tillts  of  Cybele. 

DIOME'DES,  a  king  of  ^tolia,  who  gained' 
great  reputation  at  Troy,  and,  accompanied  by 
Ulysses,  carried  oft'  the  Palladium  also,  a  tyrant 
of  Thrace. 

DIO'NE,  one  of  Jupiter's  mistresses. 

DIONYSTA,  feasts  in  honour  of  Bacchus. 

DTOSrU'RI,  a  title  of  Castor  and  Pollux. 

DI'RiE,  a  title  of  the  Furies. 

DIS,  a  title  of  Pluto. 

DISCOR'DIA,  the  goddess  of  conlention. 


FA 

DOMIDU'CA,  atitle  of  Juno. 
DOMIDU'CUS,   and    DOMI'TIUS,  nuptial 
gods. 
DOM'INA,  a  title  of  Proserpine. 
DRY'ADES,  nymphs  ofthe  woods  and  forests. 


B 

ECIirON,  a  companion  of  Cadmus. 

ECHO,  daughter  of  Aer  and  Tellus,  who 
pined  away  for  love  of  Narcissus. 

EDON'IDES,  priestesses  of  Bacchus. 

EDU'CA,  a  goddess  of  new  born  infants, 

EGE'RIA,  atitle  of  Juno ;  also  a  goddess, 

ELEC'TRA,  a  daughter  of  Agamemnon  and 
Clytemnestra,  who  instigated  Orestes  to  revenge 
their  father's  death  on  their  mother  and  her 
adulterer  iEgisthus. 

E'LEUS,  and  ELEUTHE'RIUS,  titles  of 
Bacchus. 

ELEUSIN'IA,  feasts  in  honour  of  Ceres  and 
Proserpine. 

ELO'IDES,  nymphs  of  Bacchus. 

EMPU'S^,  a  name  of  the  Gorgons. 

ENDYM'ION,  a  shepherd  of  Caria,  wlio,  for 
insolently  soliciting  Juno,  was  condemned  to  a 
sleep  of  30  years  ;  Luna  visited  him  by  night  in  a 
cave  of  mount  Latraus. 

ENIA'LIUS,  a  title  of  Mars. 

EN'YO,  tiie  same  as  Bellona. 

EPE'US,  the  artist  of  the  Trojan  liorse. 

EPIG'ONES,  the  sons  of  the  seven  worthies 
who  besieged  Thebes  a  second  time. 

EPIL.iE'NEA,  sacrifices  to  Bacchus. 

EPISTRO'PHIA,  and  ERYCI'NA,  titles  of 
Venus. 

EPIZEPH'RII,  a  people  of  Locris,  who  pun- 
ished those  witlv.death  that  drank  more  wine 
tliau  physicians  prescribed. 

ERA'TO,  the  muse  of  love  poetry. 

ER'EBUS,  an  infernal  deity,  son  of  Chaos  and 
Nox  :  a  river  of  hell. 

ER'EANE,  a  river  whose  waters  inebriated. 

ERIOTHO'NIUS,  a  king  of  Athens,  who, 
being  lame  and  very  deformed'  in  his  feet,  in- 
vented coaches  to  conceal  his  lameness. 

ERIN'NYS,  a  common  name  of  the  Furies. 

E'ROS,  one  of  the  names  of  Cupid. 

EROS'TRATUS,  the  person  who,  to  perpetu- 
ate his  nam?,  set  fire  to  the  celebrated  temple  of 
Diana  at  Ephesus. 

ETE'OCLES,  and  POLYNI'CES,  sons  of 
Oedipus,  who  violently  hated,  and,  at  last  killed 
each  other. 

EVAD'NE,  daughter  of  IMars  and  Thebe, 
who  threw  herself  on  the  funeral  pile  of  her 
husband  Cataneus,  from  affection. 

EUC'R.^TES,  a  person  remarkable  for  shuf- 
fling, duplicity,  and  dissimulation. 

EUMEN'i13ES,  a  name  of  the  Furies. 

EUPHROS'YNE,  one  of  the  three  Graces. 

EURO'PA,  the  daughter  of  Agenor,  who  it 
is  said  was  carried  by  Jupiter,  in  the  form  of  a 
Vv'hite  bull  into  Crete. 

EURY'ALE,  one  ofthe  three  Gorgons. 

EURYD'ICE,the  wife  of  Orpheus. 

EURYM'ONE,  an  infernal  deity. 

EUTER'PE,  the  muse  presiding  over  music 

ECJTHY'MUS,  a  very  famous  wrestler. 


GY 

PA'MA ,  the  goddess  of  report,  &c. 

FAS'CINUM,  a  title  of  Priapus. 

FATES,  the  three  daughters  of  Nox  and  Ere- 
bus, Cloihos,  Lachesis,  and  Atropos,  entrusted 
with  the  lives  of  mortals,  &c. 

FAU'NA,  and  FAT'UA,  names  of  Cybele. 

FAU'NUS,  the  son  of  Mercury  and  Nox,  and 
father  of  the  Fauns,  rural  gods. 

FEB'RUA,  FLOR'IDA,  FLUO'NIA,  titles  of 
Juno. 

FEB'RUA,  a  goddess  of  purification. 

FEB'RUUS,  a  title  of  Pluto. 

FELI'CITAS,  the  goddess  of  happiness. 

FER'CULUS,  a  household  god. 

FERE'TRIUS,  and  FULMINA'TOR,  title, 
of  Jupiter. 

FERO'NIA,  a  goddess  of  woods. 

FESSO'NIA,  a  goddess  of  wearied  perions. 

FID'IUS,  the  god  of  treaties. 

FLAM'INES,  priests  of  Jupiter,  Mars,  &C. 

FLO'RA,  the  goddess  of  flowers. 

FLUVIA'LES,  orPOTAM'IDES,  nymphs  of 
ivers. 

FOR'NAX,  a  goddess  of  corn  and  bakers. 

FORTU'NA,  or  FOR'TUNE,  the  goddess  of 
happiness,  &c.,  said  to  be  blind. 

FU'RIES,  orEUMEN'iDES,  the  three  daugh- 
ters of  Nox  and  Acheron,  named  Alecto,  Me- 
gaera,  and  Tisiphone,  with  hair  composed  of 
snakes,  and  armed  with  whips,  chains,  &c. 


FAB'ULA,  the  goddess  of  lies. 
FACULI'NUS,  a  god  of  imants. 


GALATE'A,  daughter  of  Nereus  and  Doris, 
passionately  beloved  by  Polyphemus. 

GAL'II,  castratei]  priests  of  Cybeie. 

GAL'LUS,  or  ALEC'TRION,  a  favourite  of 
Mars,  and  changed  by  him  into  a  cock. 

GAME'LTA,  a  title  of  Juno. 

GAN'GES,  a  famous  river  of  India. 

GAN'YMEDE,  the  cupbearer  of  Jupiter. 

GELASI'NUS,  the  god  of  mirth  and  smiles. 

GELO'NI,  a  people  of  Scythia,  who  used  to 
paint  themselves  in  order  to  appear  more  terrible 
to  their  enemies. 

GE'NII,  guardian  angels. 

GE'NIUS,  a  name  of  Priapus. 

GER'YON,  a  king  of  Spain,  who  fed  his  oxen 
with  human  flesh,  and  was  therefore  killed  by 
Hercules. 

GLAUCO'FIS,  a  name  of  Minerva. 

GLAUCUS,  a  fisherman,  made  a  seagod  by 
eating  a  certain  herb  ;  also  the  son  of  Hippolo- 
chus,  who  exchanged  his  arms  of  gold  for  the 
brazen  ones  of  Diomede. 

GNOS'SIS,  a  name  of  Ariadne. 

GOR'DIUS,  a  liusbandinan,  but  afterwards 
king  of  Phrygia,  remarkable  for  tying  a  knot  of 
cords  on  which  tiie  empire  of -A.sia  depended,  in 
so  very  intricate  a  manner,  that  Alexander  the 
Great,  unable  to  unravel  it,  cut  it  to  pieces. 

GOR'GONS,  the  three  daughters  of  Phorcya 
and  Ceta,  Medusa,  Euryale,  and  Stheno,  who 
could  change  into  stone  thase  whom  they  looked 
on ;  Perseus  slew  Medusa,  the  principal  of 
them. 

GORGOPH'ORUS,  a  title  of  Pallas. 

GRA'CES,  Aglaia,  Tliaha,  and  Euphrosyne, 
the  daughters  of  Jupiter  and  Eurynome ;  atten- 
dants on  Venus  and  the  Muses. 

GRADI'VUS,  a  title  of  Mars. 

GY'GES,  aLydian,  to  whom  Candaules,  king 
of  Lydia,  showed  his  queen  naked,  which  so 
incensed  her  that  she  slew  Candaules,  and  mar- 
ried Gyges ;  also  a  shepherd,  who  by  means  of  a 
ring  could  render  himself  invisible. 

413 


HO 


H 


HA'DES,  a  title  of  Pluto. 

HAMAXO'BII,  a  people  of  Scythia^who  lived 
in  carts,  and  removed  from  place  to  place,  as 
necessity  required. 

HARMO'NIS,  a  famous  artist  of  Troy. 

HAKPAL'YCA,  a  very  beautiful  maid  of 
Argos. 

HAR'PIES,  three  monsters,  Aello,  Celoeno, 
and  Ocypete,  with  the  faces  of  virgins,  bodies 
of  vultures,  and  hands  armed  with  monstrous 
claws. 

HARPOC'RATES,  the  EgypUan  god  of  si- 
ll E' BE,  the  goddess  of  youth. 

HE'BRUS,  a  river  in  Thrace. 

HECA'LIUS,  a  title  given  to  Jupiter  by  The- 
seus. 

HECATE,  Diana's  name  in  hell. 

HECTOR,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba,  and 
tlie  most  valiant  of  all  the  Trojans. 

HECUBA,  the  wife  of  Priam. 

HEGE'SIUS,  a  pliiiosopher  of  Cyrene,  who 
described  the  miseries  of  life  with  such  a  gloomy 
eloquence,  that  many  of  his  auditors  killed 
themselves  through  despair. 

HEL'ENA,  the  wife  of  Menelaus,  the  most 
beautiful  wcirnan  in  the  world,  who,  running 
away  with  Paris,  occasioned  the  Trojan  war. 

HEL'ENUS,  a  son  o» Priam  and  Hecuba. 

HEL'ICON,  a  famous  mountain  of  Bceotia, 
dedicated  to  Apollo  and  the  Muses. 

HF.RATA,  sacrifices  to  Juno. 

Hi:R'CULE8,theson  of  Jupiter  and  Alcmena, 
rema:  krible  for  his  numerous  exploits  and  dan- 
gerous enterprises. 

HERIBE'iA,  the  wife  of  Astreus. 

HER'IM^,  statues  of  Mercury. 

HER'MES,  a  name  of  Mercury. 

HERiirONE;  a  daughter  of  Mars  and  Venus, 
married  to  Cadnuis ;  also  a  daughter  of  Mene- 
laus and  Helena,  married  to  Pyrrhus. 

HE'B.0,  a  beautiful  woman  of  .Sestos,  in 
Thrace,  priestes-s  of  Venus ;  Leander,  of  Abydos, 
loved  her  =;o  tenderly,  that  he  swam  over  the 
Heliespont  every  night  to  see  her ;  but  being  at 
length  unfortunately  drowned,  she  threw  hfir- 
self  into  the  sea,  tlirough  despair. 

HEROD'OTUS,  a  very  famous  historian  of 
Halicarnas?r.s. 

HEROPK'ILA,  the  Erythraean  svbil. 

HEKSILI'A,  the  wife  of  Romulus. 

HES'PERUS,  or  VESPER,  the  evening  star. 

HES'PERIDES,  the  daughters  of  Hesperus  ; 
yEgle,  Aretluisa,  and  Hesperethusa,  who  had  a 
garden  bearing  golden  apples,  watched  by  a| 
dragon,  which  Hercules  slew,  and  bore  away  the 
fruii 

HE'SUS,  a  name  of  Mars  among  tlie  Gauls. 

HIP  PIAS,a  philosopher  of  Elis. 

HfPiL  OCAMTI,  Neptune's  horses. 

H'P'POCRENE,  a  fountain  at  the  bottom  of 
mount  [Jelicon,  dedicated  to  Apollo. 

HIPPOL'YTUS,  the  son  of  Theseus  and  An- 
tiope  or  Hippolyte,  who  refused  intimacies  with 
bis  stepmother  Phfedra.  At  the  request  of  Di- 
anai  iEsculapius  restored  him  to  life,  after  he 
had  been  thrown  from  his  chariot,  and  dragged 
t:)rough  the  woods  till  he  was  torn  in  pieces. 

HIPPO'NA,  the  -goddess  of  horses  and  stables. 

H18TOTJA,  the  aoddessof  history. 

HORTEN'SJS,  a  name  of  Venue. 

HO'RrjS,  a  title  of  the  sun. 

HOriTILI'NA,  a  goddess  of  corn. 
414 


IX     

HY'ADES,  the  seven  daughters  of  Atlas  and 
iEthra  ;  Ambrosia,  Eudora,  Coronis,  Pasithoe, 
Plexaris,  Pytho,  and  Tvche.  They  were  changed, 
by  Jupiter  into  7  stars. 

HY'BLA,  a  mountain  in  Sicily,  universally 
famous  for  its  thyme  and  bees. 

HY'DRA,  a  serpent,  which  had  seven  heads, 
or  as  some  say,  nine,  others  fifty,  killed  by  Her- 
cules in  the  lake  Lerna. 

HYGE'IA,  the  goddess  of  health. 

HYL'LUS,  the  son  of  Hercules  andDejanira, 

HY'MEN,  the  god  o''  marriage. 

HYPE'RION,  a  son  of  Ccelus  and  Terra. 

HYPSIP'YLE,  a  queen  of  Lemnos,  who  was 
banished  for  preserving  her  father  when  all  the 
other  men  of  the  island  were  murdered  by  their 
kindred. 


lAC'CHUS,  a  name  of  Bacchus. 

lAN'THE,  the  beautiful  wife  of  Iphis. 

lAP'ETUS,  a  si.n  of  Coelum  and  Terra. 

lAR'BAS,  a  cruel  king  of  Mauritania. 

ICA'RIUS,  the  son  of  Oebalus,  who,  having 
received  from  Bacchus  a  bottle  of  wine,  went 
into  Attica,  to  show  men  the  use  of  it ;  but, 
making  some  shepherds  drunk,  they  thought  he 
had  given  them  poison,  and  therefore  threw  him 
into  a  well. 

ICARUS,  the  son  of  Dsedalus,  who,  flying 
with  his  father  out  of  Crete  into  Sicily,  and 
soaring  too  high,  melted  the  wax  of  his  wings, 
and  fell  into  the  sea,  thence  called  the  Icariau 
sea 

PDA,  a  mountain  near  Troy. 

ID.(E'A  MATER,  a  name  of  Cvbele. 

IDiE'i  DACT'YLI,  priests  of  Oybele. 

IDA'LIA,  a  name  of  Venus. 

ID'MON,  a  famous  soothsayer. 

IDO'THEA,  Jupiter's  nurse. 

IL'IONE,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Priam. 

ILIS'SUS,  a  river  in  Attica. 

I'Ll'S,  the  son  of  Tros  and  Callirrhoe,  fronx 
whom  Trov  was  called  Ilium. 

IMPERA'TOR,  a  name  of  Jupiter. 

IN'ACHIS  and  I'SES,  names  of  lo. 

I'NO,  daughter  of  Cadmus  and  Hermioncs. 
and  wife  of  Athamas. 

INTERCIDO'NA,  a  goddess  of  breeding  wo- 
men. 

INTERDU'CA,  and  JU'GA,  names  of  Juno, 

IN'UUS,  and  INCUBUS,  names  of  Pan. 

rO,  daughter  of  Inachus,  transformed  by  Ju- 
piter, into   a   white  heifer;    but    afterward?,, 
resuming  her  former  shape,  was   worshipprd 
as  a  goddess  by  the  Egyptians,  under  the  nan 
of  Isis. 

IPH'ICLUS,  the  twin  brother  of  Hercules. 

IPHIGE'NIA,  daughter  of  Agamemnon  and 
Clytemnestra,  who,  standing  as  a  victim  ready, 
to  be  sacrificed  to  appease  the  rage  of  Diana, 
was,  by  that  goddess  tratisformed  into  a  wliite. 
hart,  carried  to  Tauris.  and  made  her  priestess, 

I'PHIS,  «  prince  of  Cyprus,  who  hanged  him- 
self for  love  ;  also  a  daughter  of  Lygdas. 

IPH'ITUS,  son  of  Praxonides,  who  instituted 
Olympic  games  to  Hercules. 

i'RIS.  the  daughter  of  Thaumas ;  she  was 
Juno's  favourite  companion,  and  her  messenger 
on  affairs  of  discord,  &c. 

I'TYS,  the  son  of  Tereus  and  Progne,  mur- 
dered and  served  up  by  his  mother  at  a  banqviot 
before  Tereus,  in  revenge  for  his  having  forcibly 
defloured  her  sister  Philomela. 

IXI'ON,  the  son  of  Pblegyas,  who  was  fasten 


MA 

ed  in  hell  to  a  wheel  perpetually  turning  round, 
for  boasting  that  he  had  lain  with  Juno. 

JAN'ITOR,  and  JUNO'NIUS,  titles  of  Janus. 

JA'NUS,  the  first  king  of  Italy,  son  of  Apollo 
and  Creusa. 

JA'SON,  a  Thessalian  prince,  son  of  ^son, 
who  by  Medea's  help  brought  away  the  golden 
fleece  from  Colchis. 

JOCAS'TA,  the  daughter  of  Creon,  who  un- 
wittingly married  her  own  son  (Edipus. 

JU'NO,  the  sister  and  wife  of  Jupiter. 

JU'NO  INFER'NA,  a  Jiaine  of  Proserpine. 

JUNO'NESS,  guardian  angels  of  women. 

JU'PITER,  a  son  of  Saturn  and  Ops,  the  su- 
preme deiiy  of  the  heathens. 

JU'PITER  SECUN'DUS,  a  name  of  Neptune 

JU'PITER  TER'TIUS,  INFER'NUS,  or 
STY'GIUS,  several  appellations  given  to  Pluto. 

JUVBN'TA,  a  goddess  of  youths. 


LA'CHESIS,  one  of  the  three  Fates. 

LACIN'JA,  and  LUCIL'IA,  titles  of  Juno. 

LACTU'RA,  or  LACTUCI'NA,  a  goddess  of 
corn. 

LiESTRIG'ONES,  cannibals  of  Italy,  who 
roasted  and  ate  the  companions  of  Ulysses. 

LA'IUS,  a  king  of  Thebes,  killed  unwittingly 
by  his  own  son  CEdipus. 

LA'MI^,  a  name  of  ihe  Gorgons. 

LAOC'OON,  a  son  of  Priam,"and  high-priest 
of  Apollo ;  he  and  his  two  sons  were  killed  by 
.serpents  for  opposing  the  reception  of  the  wooden 
horse  into  Troy. 

LA'PIS,  or  LAPID'EUS,  titles  of  Jupiter. 

LA'RES,  sons  of  Mercury  and  Lara,  worship- 
ped as  household  gods. 

LATERA'NUS,  a  household  god. 

LA  VER'NA,  a  goddess  of  thieves. 

LEAN'DER.     See  Hero. 

LE'DA,  daughter  of  Thestias,  and  wife  of 
Tyndarus,  seduced  by  Jupiter  in  the  shape  of  a 
swan. 

LEMONI'ADES,  nymphs  of  meadows,  &c. 

LE'iMiE,  priestesses  of  Bacchus. 

LER'NA,  a  marsh  of  Argos,  famous  for  a 
hydra,  killed  there  by  Hercules. 

LE'THE,  a  river  of  hell,  whose  waters  caused 
a  total  forgetfuhiess  of  things  past. 

LEVA'NA,  a  goddess  of  new  born  infants. 

LIBITI'NA,  the  goddess  of  funerals. 

LT'NUS,  son  of  Apollo  and  Terpsichore. 

LUBEN'TIA,  the  goddess  of  pleasure. 

LU'CIFER,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Aurora,  made 
the  morning  star. 

LU'NA,  Diana's  name  in  heaven. 

LUPERCA'LIA,  feasts  in  honour  of  Pan. 

LUPER'CI,  priests  of  Pan. 

LYCA'ON,  a  king  of  Arcadia,  turned  by  Ju- 
piter into  a  wolf. 


MA'IA,  loved  by  Jupiter,  and  by  him  turned 
into  a  star  to  avoid  Juno's  rage. 

MANAGENE'TA,  a  goddess  of  women  in 
labour. 

MANTU'RA,  a  goddess  of  corn. 

MANTUR'NA,  and  ME'NA,  nuptial  god- 
desses. 

MARl'NA,  MEL'ANIS,  MER'ETRLX,  MI- 
GONI'TIS,  and  MUR'CIA,  titles  of  Venus 

MARS,  the  god  of  war. 


NO 

MAUSO'LUS,  a  king  of  Caria,  who  had  a 
most  magnificent  tomb  erected  to  him  by  hlB 
wife  Artemisia. 

MEDE'A,  daughter  of  iEtes,  king  of  Colchis, 
a  famous  sorceress,  who  assisted  Jason  to  obtain 
the  golden  fleece. 

MEDITRI'NA,  a  g«ddess  of  grown  persons. 

MEDU'S  A,  the  chief  of  the  three  Gorgons. 

MEGiE'RA,  one  of  the  three  Furies. 

MEGALEN'SIA,  festivals  in  honour  of 
Cybele. 

MEGA'RA,  the  wife  of  Hercules. 

MELANI'RA,  a  name  of  Venus. 

ME'LIiE,  nymphs  of  the  fields. 

ME'LIUS,  a  name  of  Hercules. 

MELO'NA,  the  goddess  of  honey. 

MELPOM'ENE,  the  muse  of  tragedy. 

MEM'NON,  a  king  of  Abydos. 

MENALA'US,  a  famous  Centaur. 

MENELA'US,  the  husband  of  Helena. 

MEN'THA,  a  mistress  of  Pluto. 

MEN'TOR,  the  governor  of  Telemachug. 

MER'CURY,  the  messenger  of  the  gods,  in- 
ventor of  letters,  and  god  of  eloquence,  mer- 
chandise, and  robbers. 

MER'OPE,  one  of  the  seven  Pleiades. 

MI'DAS,  a  king  of  Phrygia,  who  entertaining 
Bacchus,  or,  as  some  say,  Silenus,  had  the  power 
given  him  of  turning  whatever  he  touched  into 
gold. 

MI'LO,  a  wrestler  of  remarkable  strength. 

MIMAL'LONES,  attendants  on  Bacchus. 

MINER'VA,  the  goddess  of  wisdom. 

MI'NOS,  a  king  of  Crete,  made,  for  his  extra- 
ordinary justice,  a  judge  of  hell. 

MIN'OTAUR,  a  monster,  half  man,  half  beast, 

MIN'Y^,  a  name  of  the  Argonauts. 

MNEMOS'YNE,  the  goddess  of  memory. 

MO'MUS,  the  god  of  raillery,  wit,  &c. 

MON  E'T  A,  a  title  of  Juno. 

MOR'PFIEUS,  the  god  of  sleep,  dreams,  &c. 

MORS,  the  goddess  of  death. 

MUL'CIBER,  a  title  of  Vulcan. 

MU'SES,  nine  daughters  of  Jupiter  and  Mne- 
mosyne, born  on  mount  Pierius,  mistresses  of  all 
the  sciences,  presidents  of  musicians,  and  poets, 
and  governesses  of  the  feasts  of  the  gods  ;  Cal- 
liope, Clio,  Erato,  Euterpe,  Melpomene,  Poly- 
hymnia, Terpsichore,  Thalia,  and  Urania. 

MU'TA,  the  goddess  of  silence. 


N 

NiENIA,  the  goddess  of  funeral  songs. 

NA'IADES,  nymphs  of  rivers,  &c. 

NARCIS'SUS,  a  very  beautiful  youth,  who, 
falling  in  love  with  his  own  shadow  in  the 
water,  pined  away  into  a  datfodil. 

NA'TIO,  and  NUNDl'NA,  goddesses  of  in- 
fants. 

NEMiE'A,  a  country  of  Elis,  famed  for  a 
terrible  lion  killed  there  by  Hercules. 

NEM'ESIS,  the  goddess  of  revenge. 

NEP'TUNE  the  god  of  the  sea. 

NE'REIDES,  sea  nvmphs. 

NE'RIO,  the  wife  of  Mars. 

NICEPH'ORUS,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 

Nl'NUS,  the  first  king  of  the  Assyrians. 

Nl'OBE,  daughter  of  Tantalus  and  wife  of 
Ampliioii,  who,  preferring  herself  to  Latona, 
had  her  14  children  killed  by  Diana  and  Apollo, 
and  wept  herself  into  a  statue. 

iVO'MIUS,  a  name  of  Apo'.Io. 

NOX,  the  most  ancient  of  all  the  deities;  she 
was  even  reckoned  older  than  Chaos. 
415 


©B'SEaUENS,  a  title  of  Fortuna. 

OCCA'TOR,  the  god  of  harrowing. 

OCE'ANUS,  an  ancient  seagod. 

OCYP'ETE,  one  of  the  three  Harpies. 

CED'IPUS,  son  of  Laius  and  Jocasta,  and 
king  of  Thebes,  who  solved  the  riddle  of  tlie 
Sphinx,  unwittingly  Ivilled  his  father,  married 
his  mother,  and  at  last  ran  mad,  and  tore  out 
his  eyes.      \ 

OM'PPIALE,  a  queen  of  Lydia,  with  whom 
Hercules  was  so  enamoured,  that  she  made  him 
submit  to  spinning  and  other  unbecoming  offices. 

OPER'TUS,  a  name  of  Pluto. 

OPI'GENA,  a  name  of  Juno. 

OPS,  a  name  of  Cybele. 

ORBO'NA,  a  goddess  of  grown  persons. 

ORES'TES,  the  son  of  Agamemnon. 

ORI'ON,  a  great  and  might}'  hunter. 

OR'PHEUS,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Calliope,  who 
];ad  great  skill  in  music,  and  was  torn  in  pieces, 
by  the  Manades,  for  disliking  the  company  of 
women  after  the  death  of  his  wife  Eurydicc. 

ORYTHl'A,  a  queen  of  the  Amazons. 

OSI'RIS.    See  Apis. 


PAC'TOLUS,  a  river  of  Lydia,  with  golden 
sands  and  medicinal  waters. 

P^'AN,  and  PHOE'BUS,  names  of  Apollo. 

PA'LES,  the  goddess  of  shepherds. 

PALIL'IA,  feasts  in  honour  of  Pales. 

PALLA'DIUjM,  a  statue  of  Minerva,  which 
the  Trojans  imagined  fell  from  heaven,  and  that 
their  city  could  not  be  taken  whilst  that  remain- 
ed in  it. 

PAL'LAS,  and  PY'LOTIS,  namee  of  Mi- 
nerva. 

PAN,  the  god  of  shepherds. 

PANIDO'RA,  the  first  woman  made  by  Vul- 
can, and  endov.ed  with  gifts  by  all  the  deities  ; 
Jupiter  gave  her  a  box  containing  all  manner 
of  evils,  war,  famine,  &c.  with  liope  at  the 
bottom. 

PAN'OPE,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

PA'PHIA,  a  title  of  Venus. 

PAR'C.E,  a  name  of  the  Fates. 

PAR'IS,  or  AL'EXANDER,  son  of  Priam  and 
Hecuba,  a  most  be  lutiful  youth,  who  ran  away 
with  Helena,  and  occasioned  the  Trojan  war. 

PARNAS'SUS,  amountaiiiofPhocis,  famous 
for  a  temple  of  Apollo,  and  being  the  favourite 
residence  of  ib«  Muses. 

PAR'TUNDA,  a  nuptial  soddess. 

PASTOPH'ORI,  priests  of  Isis. 

PAT'AREUS,  a  title  of  Apollo. 

PATELl'NA,  a  goddess  of  corn. 

PATULA'CIUS,  a  name  of  Janus. 

PATULE'IUS,  a  name  of  Jupiter. 

PAVEN'TIA,  and  POLI'NA,  goddesses  of  in- 
fants. 

PEG'ASUS,  a  winged  horse  belonging  to 
Apollo  and  the  Muses. 

PELLO'NIA,  a  goddess  of  grown  persons. 

PENA'TES,  small  statues  or  household  gods. 

PENEL'OPE,  daughter  of  Icarus,  celebrated 
for  her  chnstity  and  Jidelity  during  the  long  ab- 
sence of  Ulysses. 

PER'SEUS,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Danae,  who 
performed  many  extraordinary  exploits  by 
means  of  Medusa's  head. 

PH.^CASIA'Nl.  ancient  gods  of  Greece- 
416 


PY 

PHA'ETON,  son  of  Sol  (Apollo)  and  Ch 
mene,  who  asked  the  guidance  of  bis  father 
chariot  for  one  day,  as  a  proof  of  his  divine  de 
scent ;  but  unable  to  manage  the  horses,  set  the 
world  on  fire,  and  was  therefore  struck  by  Ju 
piter  with  a  thunderbolt  into  the  river  Po. 

PHAL'LICA,  feasts  of  Bacchus. 

PHILAM'MON,  a  skilful  musician. 

PHILOME'LA,  daughter  of  Pandion,  king  of 
Athens,  who  was  ravished  by  her  brother-iu 
law,  Tereus,  and  was  changed  int©  a  nighti; 
gale. 

PHIN'EAS,  son  of  Agenor,  and  king  of  Pa- 
phlagonia,  who  had  his  eyes  torn  out  by  Boreas, 
but  was  recompensed  with  the  knowledge  of 
futurity ;  also  a  king  of  Thrace,  turned  into  a 
stone  by  Perseus,  by  the  help  of  Medusa's  l:ead. 

PHLEG'^^THON,  a  boiling  river  of  hell. 

PHLE'GON,  one  of  the  four  horses  of  Sol. 

PHLEG'Y.^,  a  people  of  Bceotia,  destroyed 
by  Neptune,  on  account  of  their  piracies  and 
other  crimes. 

PKCE'BAS,  the  priestess  of  ApoUo. 

PHCE'BUS,  a  title  of  Apollo. 

PHCE'NTX,  son  of  Amyntor,  who,  being  fsil^A 
ly  accused  of  having  attempted  the  honour  o 
one  of  his  father's  concubines,  was  condemn' ^ 
to  have  his  eyes  torn  out ;  but  was  cured  b} 
Chiron,  and  went  with  Achilles  to  the  siege  oi 
Trov. 

PiCUM'NUS,  a  rural  god. 

PILUM'NUS,  a  god  of  breeding  women. 

PIN'DUS,  a  mountain  of  Thessaly. 

PT'TFIO.  a  coddesE  of  eloquence. 

PLE'IADES,  the  seven  daughters  of  Atla.? 
and  Pleione  ;  Mala,  Electra,  Taygete,  Asierop'3, 
jMerope,  Halcyons,  and  Celoeno;  they  wer« 
Icharigcd  into  stars. 

PLU'TO,  the  god  of  hell. 

PLU'TUS,  the  god  of  riches. 

POL'LUX.     See  CASTOR. 

POLYD'A?iIAS,  a  famous  wrestler. 

POLYD'IUS,  a  famous  prophet  and  physi 
cian. 

POLYKYI^I'NIA,  the  muse  of  rhetoric. 

POLYPHE'MUS,  a  jp<)nstrous  giant,  son  o' 
Neptune,  witii  but  one'ieye  in  the  middle  of  lij-. 
forehead. 

POMO'NA,  the  goddess  of  fruits  and  autumn. 

POSE'ICON,  a  name  of  Neptune. 

PB^NESTI'NA,  a  name  of  Fortuna. 

PR^S'TES,  a  title  of  Jupiter  and  Minerva. 

PRAXIT'ELES,  a  famous  statuary. 

PRI'AM,  son  of  Laomedon,  and  father  of  Pa- 
vis,  Hector,  &c. ;  he  was  the  last  king  of  Troy. 

PROG'NE.  wife  of  Tereus,  king  of  Thrace, 
and  sister  to  Philomela  ;  she  w  as  turned  into  a 
swallow. 

PROME'THEUS,  son  of  lapetus,  who  anima- 
ted a  man  that  he  had  formed  pf  clay,  with  fire, 
which,  by  the  cssistance  of  Minerva,  he  stole 
from  heaven,  and  was  therefore  chained  by  Ju- 
piter to  mount  Caucasus,  \\\lix  a  vulture  conti- 
nuallv  preving  on  his  liv^Jf'..'ji' ' 

PPOPYLiE'A,  a  name  »f-«&catc. 

PROS'ERPINE,  the  wife  V  Pluta.- 

PHO'TEUS,  a  siBnsrod,  who  could  transform 
himself  into  any  shape. 

PSY'CHE.  the  soddpss  of  pleassre. 

PYL'ADES,  the  constant  friend  of  Otestes. 

PYR'AMUS,  and'  THIS'BE,  two  lovers,  of 
Babylon,  who  killed  themselves  v.ith  the  same 
suord,  and  occasioned  the  turning  the  berries 
I  01  the  mulberry-tree,  under  which  they  died, 
Ifrom  white  to  red-. 
fi     PYRCE'TIS,  one  of  the  four  horses  of  the  Sun. 


SY 

PYR'RHUS,  son  of  Aehilles,  remarkable  for 

his  cruelty  at  the  siege  of  Troy. 
PY'THON,  a  huge  serpent,  produced  from  the 

mud  of  the  deluge,  which  Apollo  killed,  and, 

in   memory    thereof,    instituted    the    Pythian 

games. 
PYTHONIS'SA,  the  priestess  of  Apollo. 


aUAD'RIFRONS,  a  title  of  Janus. 
Q,UI'ES,  a  goddess  of  grown  persons. 
aUIETA'LIS  and  QUIE'TUS,  names    of 
Pluto. 
aUINQUA'TRIA,  feasts  of  Pallas. 


RECTUS,  a  title  of  Bacchus. 
RE'DUX  and  RE'GIA,  titles  of  Fortune. 
RKGl'NA,  a  title  of  Juno. 
RHADAMAN'THUS,  one  of  the  three  infer- 
nal judges. 
RHE'A,  atitleof  Cybele. 
RHE'A-SYL'VIA,  the  mother  of  Romulus. 
ROBl'GUS,  a  god  of  corn. 
ROMU'LUS,  the  first  king  of  Rome. 
RU'MINA,  a  goddess  of  new  born  infants. 
RUNCI'N  A,  the  goddess  of  weeding. 
EUSI'NA,  a  rural  deity. 


SABA'ZIA,  feasts  of  Proserpine. 
BA'LIl,  the  12  frantic  priests  of  Mars. 
SALMONE'US,  a  king  ot  Elis,  struck  by  a 
timnderbolt  to  hell  for  imitating  Jupiter's  thun- 
dflr, 
SA'LUS,  the  goddess  of  health. 
SANC'US,  a  god  of  the  Sabines. 
SA'TOR  and  SORRI'TOR,  rural  gods. 
SATURNA'LIA,  fe&sts  of  Saturn. 
SATl  R'NUS,  or  SAT'URN,  the  son  of  Coe- 
lum  and  Terra. 

SAT' YRS,  the  attendants  of  Bacchus,  horned 
monsters,  iiall  men,  half  goats. 
SCY'RON,  a  famous  robber  of  Attica. 
SE'IA,  and  SEGF/TIA,  goddesses  of  corn. 
SEL'LI,  priests  of  Jupiter. 
SEN'TA,  a  goddess  o.  married  women. 
SERA'PIS.     See  APIS. 
SILE'NUS,  the  foster-father  and  companion 
of  Bacchus,  who  lived  in  Arcadia,  rode  on  an 
ass,  and  was  drunk  every  day. 
Sl'MIS,  a  famous  robber,  killed  by  Hercules. 
SIS'YPHUS,  the  son  of  ^olus,  killed  by  The- 
seus, and   doomed   incessantly  to  roll   a  huge 
ston(!  up  a  mountain  in  hell  for  his  perfidy  and 
numerous  robberies. 

SOL,  a  name  of  Apollo. 
SOM'NUS,  the  god  of  sleep. 
SPHINX,  a  monster,  born  of  Syphon  and 
Echidna,  who  destroyed  herself  because  CEdi- 
pus  solved  the  enigma  slie  proposed. 
STA'TA,  a  goddess  of  grown  persons. 
STEN'TOR,  a  Grecian,  whose  voice  is  report- 
ed to  have  been  as  strong  and  as  loud  as  the  voi- 
ces of  50  men  together. 
STHE'NO,  one  of  the  three  Gorgons. 
STYX,  a  river  of  hell. 
SUA'DA,  a  nuptial  goddess. 
SUMMA'NITS,  a  name  of  Pluto. 
SYLVA'NUS,  a  god  of  woods  and  forestft 
SY'RENS,  seamonsters. 


VU 


TA'CITA,  a  goddess  of  silence. 

TAN 'TALUS,  a  king  of  Paphlagonia,  who, 
serving  up  to  table  the  limbs  of  his  son  Pelops, 
to  try  the  divinity  of  the  gods,  was  plunged  to 
the  chin  in  a  lake  of  hell,  and  doomed  to  ever- 
lasting thirst  and  hunger,  as  a  punishment  for 
bis  barbarity  and  impiety. 

TARTA'RUS,  the  place  of  the  wicked  in  helL 

TAU'RUS,  the  bull  under  whose  form  Jupi- 
ter carried  away  Europa. 

TELCHTNES,  priests  of  Cybele. 

TELEMA'CHUS,  the  only  son  of  Ulysses. 

TEM'PE,  a  most  beautiful  valley  in  Thessaly, 
the  resort  of  the  gods. 

TER'MINUS,  the  god  of  boundaries. 

TERPSICHORE,  the  muse  of  music,  tec. 

TER'ROR,  the  god  of  dread  and  fear. 

THA'LIA,  the  muse  of  comedy. 

THE'MIS,  the  daughter  of  Coelum  and  Terra, 
the  goddess  of  laws,  oracles,  &c 

THES'PIS,  the  first  tragic  poet. 

THE'TIS,  daughter  of  Nereus  and  Doris,  and 
goddess  ol  the  sea. 

THYR'SUS,  the  rod  of  Bacchus. 

Tl'PHYS,  the  pilot  of  the  ship  Argo. 

TJSIPH'ONE,  one  of  the  three  Furies. 

TI'TAN,  son  of  Coelum  and  Terra,  and  th0 
elder  brother  of  Saturnus,  or  Saturn. 

TMA'RIUS,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 

TRI'TON,  Neptune's  trumpeter. 

TRI'TONIA,  a  name  of  Minerva. 

TRO'ILUS,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba. 

TROY,  a  city  of  Phrygia,  famous  for  holding 
out  a  siege  of  ten  years  against  the  Greeks,  but 
they  at  last  captured  and  destroyed  it. 

TUTELI'NA,  a  goddess  of  coru. 


U 

ULYS'SES,  son  of  Laertes  and  Anticlea,  and 
king  of  Ithaca,  who,  by  his  subtlety  and  elo- 
quence, was  eminently  serviceable  to  the  Greeks, 
n  the  "Trojan  war. 

UNX'IA,  a  title  of  Juno. 

URA'NIA,  the  muse  of  astronomy. 


VACU'NA,  the  goddess  of  idle  persons: 

VAGITA'NUS,  a  god  of  little  infants. 

VALLO'NIA,  a  goddess  of  valleys. 

VENI'LIA,  a  wife  of  Neptune. 

VE'NUS,  the  goddess  of  love,  beauty. 

VERGIL'I.^,  a  name  of  the  Pleiades: 

VEETICOR'DIA,  a  name  of  Venus. 

VERTUM'NUS,  the  god  of  the  spring 

VES'TA,  the  goddess  of  fire. 

VI.A'LES,  deities  of  the  highways. 

VIBIL'IA,  the  goddess  of  wanderers: 

VIRGMEN'SIS,  a  nuptial  goddess. 

VIR'GO,  a  name  of  Astrea  and  Fortune. 

VIRI'LIS,  and  VISCA'TA,  titles  of  Fortune. 

VIRI'PLACA,  an  inferior  nuptial  goddess, 
who  reconciled  husbands  to  their  wives ;  a  tem- 
ple, at  Rome,  was  dedicated  to  her,  whither  th« 
married  couple  repaired  after  a  quarrel,  and  re- 
turned together  friendly. 

VITU'LA,  the  goddess  of  mirth. 

VOLU'SIA,  a  goddess  of  com. 

VUL'CAN,  the  god  of  subiecraneous  fire. 
417 


ZA 


XAN'THUS,  one  of  the  horses  of  Achilles, 
born  of  tlie  harpy  Celojno,  a  river  near  Troy, 
called  also  Scamander. 


ZA'GREUS.a  title  of  Bacchus. 
418 


ZE 

ZEPH'YRUS,  sonof  ^olusaiid  Aurora,  v>i,r> 
passionately  loved  the  goddtss  Flora,  and  is  j  r 
for  the  west  wind. 

ZE'TES  and  CA'LAIS,  sons  of  Boreas  a.\., 
Orythia,  who  accompanied  tlie  Argonauts,  aiui 
drove  the  Harpies  from  Thrace. 

ZE'TUS,  a  son  of  Jupiter  and  Antiope,  veiy 
expert  in  Music. 

ZE'US,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 


A  SHORT 
BIOGRAPHICAL,  DICTIONARY 


OF  SOME  OF  THE  MOST 


mEi?M^  Mfm^  ^^EA^ijmm^j 


IN  VARIOUS  PARTS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

1825. 


AL 


AN 


ADAMS,  John,  late  president  of  the  United  | 
States,  was  born  at  Boston,  about  1735,  aiid, 
bred  to  the  bar,  of  which  he  became  a  distinguisli-  j 
ed  member.  He  was  conspicuous  as  one  of  the] 
first  and  most  decided  opponents  of  the  encroach- 1 
meats  of  the  British  government,  on  the  rights 
and  liberties  of  the  colonies,  and  as  one  of  the 
most  energetic  friends  of  the  revolution.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  continental  congress  in 
1776,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  declaration 
of  independence.  He  was  afterwards  sent  as 
minister  from  the  congress  to  Holland,  and  was 
acknowledged  in  that  character  by  the  states 
While  he  retained  that  station,  he  rendered  im 
portant  services  to  his  country  by  procuring 
loans,  and  concluding  treaties  of  amity  and  com- 
merce. Toward  the  close  of  the  revolutionary 
war,  he  was  appointed,  together  with  Dr.  Frank 
lin,  Mr.  Jay,  and  Mr.  Laurens,  commissioner 
for  negotiating  a  peace  with  Great  Britain  ;  with 
this  view  he  repaired  to  Paris,  where  with  his 
colleagues,  he  had  the  high  honour  of  procuring 
the  recognition  of  the  entire  independence  ot 
the  colonies  by  that  power,  and  of  signing  a 
treaty  of  peace  to  that  effect.  He  was  afterward 
tlie  first  ambassador  from  the  United  States  to 
Great  Britain.  On  the  adoption  of  the  constitu 
lion  of  the  United  States,  Mr.  Adams  was  chosen 
first  vice  president,  and  on  the  retirement  of  ge 
neral  Washington  at  the  close  of  his  second  pre 
sidential  term,  he  succeeded  him  as  president 
of  the  United  States.  Mr.  Adams  has  resided 
as  a  private  citizen  on  bis  estate  at  Quincy, 
since  his  retirement  from  the  presidency.  He 
ijas  written  an  able  defence  of  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States. 

ADAMS,  John  Quincy,  is  the  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  was  born  at  Quincy,  about  1765.  He 
has  long  been  engaged  in  pubhc  life,  as  the  re- 
presentative of  Massachusetts,  in  the  United 
States  senate,  and  of  his  country,  as  her  am- 
bassador at  several  of  the  European  courts.  He 
was  one  of  the  commissioners,  who  signed  the 
treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain,  at  Ghent,  in 
1815.  The  following  year  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  state  under  Mr.  Monroe,  and  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  that  office,  for  eight  years, 
wiiii  distinguished  reputation  and  ability.  Mr. 
Adams  is  now  president  of  the  United  States, 
for  ibe  term  of  lour  years,  from  the  4th  day  of 
March,  1825. 

ALEXANDER,  Paulowitz,  emperor  of  Rus- 
sia, is  the  eldest  son  of  Paul  I.  He  was  born 
December  22,  1777,  and  married  to  Elizabeth 
Alexiowna.  princess  of  Baden,  in  1793.  He 
a.^^cii'i :J  Uifc  throne  in  1801,  and  was  crov/ned 


at  Moscow  the  same  year.  The  first  acts  of  his 
reign,  were  distinguished  for  their  wisdom  and 
lenity.  He  ordered  the  recruiting  for  tlie  army 
to  be  discontinued,  the  public  taxes  to  be  dimin- 
ished, the  situation  of  the  exiles  to  be  examined, 
and  their  miseries  alleviated  ;  he  abolished  the 
censorship  of  writings,  and  gave  liberty  to  the 
press ;  he  corrected  the  administration  of  jus- 
tice;  established  a  uniformity  of  weights  and 
measures,  throughout  his  empire  ;  encouraged 
learning  and  science,  and  patronized  literary 
men;  and  also  hberally  endowed  schools  and 
universities,  in  different  parts  of  the  empire. 
The  invasion  of  Russia  in  1812,  by  Napoleon, 
and  the  subsequent  events  which  resulted  in  the 
defeat  and  dethronement  of  that  enipeior,  are 
familiarly  known ;  they  were  such  as  greatly 
to  elevate  the  character  and  influence  of  Alex- 
ander, and  to  place  him  first  on  the  list  of  Euro- 
pean sovereigns.  Later  events,  however,  have 
contributed  larther  to  devdope  his  character; 
they  have  sliown  him  haughty,  ambitious,  and 
tyrannical ;  the  champion  of  legitimacy  ;  the 
enemy  of  liberal  principles  of  civil  government, 
and  the  decided  opponent  of  reform.  He  is  now 
the  most  efficient  member  of  the  Holv  Alliance. 

ANGOULEME.  Louis  Anthony  d'e  Bourbon, 
due  d',  dauphin  of  France,  is  the  oldest  son  of 
Charles  X.,  king  of  France,  and  of  Maria 
Theresa,  princess  of  Savoy.  He  was  born  at 
Versailles,  in  1775,  and  in  early  life  was  distin- 
guished for  his  mild  and  amiable  disposition, 
and  for  his  studious  habits.  At  the  begiiiniiig 
of  the  French  revolution,  he  emigrated  with  his 
father  to  the  court  of  Turin,  where  for  some 
time  he  devoted  himself  to  his  studies.  He 
afterwards  commanded  a  corps  of  emigrants  in 
Germany.  In  1799,  he  married  the  only  daugh- 
ter and  surviving  child  of  Louis  XVI.,  his  pa- 
ternal uncle.  For  several  years  he  resided  at 
different  European  courts,  as  the  interest  or  in- 
clinations of  the  sovereigns  permitted,  until  1800, 
when  he  visited  England,  where  he  remained 
until  the  accession  of  Louis  XVHl.  to  the 
throne.  As  lieutenant-general  of  the  kingdom, 
he  was  taken  prisoner  by  marshal  Grouchy, 
when  Buonaparte  returned  from  Elba,  but  was 
permitted  by  the  emperor  to  retire.  Since  that 
time  he  has  only  appeared  in  public,  as  com- 
mander of  the  French  armies,  in  the  late  inva- 
sion of  Spain.  He  is  heir  apparent  to  the  French 
throne.  The  duke  and  his  dutchess  are  said  to 
be  extremely  devout,  but  not  sufficiently  tolerant 
toward  the  protectants  of  the  kingdom. 

ANGOULEME,  Maria  There»a  Charlotte, 
dutchess  d',  is  the  solt  surviving  child  of  Louis 
419 


BA 

XVI.,  and  bie  queen  Maria  Antoinette ;  she  mar- 
ried the  duke  in  1799.  The  unparalleled  mis- 
fortunes of  her  early  life,  have  rendered  her 
melancholy,  both  in  appearance  and  in  reality  ; 
the  has  drank  too  deep  of  the  bitter  cup  of 
affliction,  ever  to  forget  it;  and  the  traces  of  her 
unexampled  misery,  are  probably  indelible.  She 
is  however  distinguished  for  her  piety,  benevo- 
lence and  humanity.  The  events  of  her  life, 
are  identified  with  the  history  of  France,  and 
of  the  revolution.  On  the  return  of  Buonaparte 
from  Elba,  she  retired  to  Bourdeaux,  where  she 
was  received  with  acclamations  ;  but  being  af- 
terwards deserted  by  the  inhabitants,  she  em- 
barked on  board  an  English  vessel  for  London, 
from  which  place  she  joined  Louis  XVIII.  at 
Ghent ;  she  returned  to  Paris  after  the  battle  of 
Waterloo  ;  she  has  had  no  children. 

B 

BADEN,  Charles  Louis  Frederick,  duke  of, 
was  born  in  1786,  and  married  in  1806  to  a  cousin 
of  the  empress  Josephine,  and  theadopted  daugh- 
ter of  Napoleon.  He  succeeded  to  the  dukedom 
©f  Baden,  in  1810.  During  the  wars  on  the  con- 
tinent, he  served  with  reputation,  in  several 
campaigns  under  Buonaparte,  by  whom  he  was 
highly  esteemed.  The  misfortunes  of  the  em- 
peror, however,  and  the  disasters  of  the  Russian 
campaign,  led  him  to  form  new  connexions  with 
the  other  sovereigns  of  Europe ;  be  joined  the 
allies,  fought  against  the  emperor,  and  was  re- 
warded by  the  allies,  with  an  accession  of  terri- 
tory. He  is  one  of  th  e  few^  German  princes,  who 
has  given  a  constitution  to  his  people,  founded  on 
the  same  basis  as  that  of  the  kingdom  of  Wir- 
temburg. 

BAILLIE,  Joanna,  is  a  single  lady,  who  re- 
sides chiefly  in  her  native  country,  Scotland- 
She  is  distinguished  for  her  talents  and  writings, 
and  has  published  a  series  of  plays  in  several 
volumes,  illustrative  of  the  strong  passions  of 
flie  mind.  She  has  also  written  a  collection  of 
metrical  legends  of  eminent  characters  in  one 
volume. 

BARBAULD,  Anna  Letitia,  is  the  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  John  Aiken,  an  English  dissenting 
clergyman,  and  wife  of  the  Rev.  R.  Barbauld,  j 
master  of  a  school  in  Norfolk.  She  was  born  in 
the  year  1734,  and  was  early  instructed  in  the 
Latin  and  Greek  languages  by  her  father.  This 
lady  is  distinguished  for  her  learning,  as  well  as 
for  her  numerous  writings,  which  have  gained 
her  great  celebrity.  She  is  now  far  advanced  in 
life,  and  yet  retains  great  vigour  both  of  intellect 
and  of  body.  As  a  writer  of  prose,  she  has  sur- 
passed almost  every  female  of  her  time,  and  is 
squalled  for  elegance  of  diction,  and  soundness 
of  sense,  by  few  of  the  other  sex. 

BATHURST,  Henry,  earl,  was  born  in  1762, 
andsucceededhislather,  who  was  several  years  ;on  the  1st  of  November  following.  From  that 
lord  chancellor  of  England,  as  earl,  in  1794.  Asjltime  to  the  present,  he  has  been  devoted  to  the 
a  member  of  the  house  of  commons,  he  wasjjinterests  and  prosperity  of  his  adopted  country, 
honoured  with  the  confidence  of  Mr.  Pitt.  Heiiand  he  has  gained  the  confidence  and  esteem  of 
was  made  a  commissioner  of  the  admiralty,  in  ibis  subjects  by  his  exertions  for  their  welfare. 
1783,  and  lord  of  the  treasury,  in  1788,  and  has, ;In  1813,  Sweden  entered  into  the  coalition 
subsequently  held  several  other  important  offices,  against  France,  and  the  crown  prince  was  ap- 
the  duties  of  which,  he  has  discharged  with  pointed  to  command  the  right  wing  of  the  allied 
abiiit}'.  He  is  now  secretary  of  state  for  the  army,  consisting  of  nearly  one  hundr«i  thousand 
colonial  department,  and  one  of  the  tellers  of  .men  ;  with  this  force  he  gained  several  impor- 
tbe  English  exchequer.  ||tant  victories,  and  contributed  to  the  overthrow 

BEETHOVEN,  Ludwig  Van,  was  bom  at 'of  Napoleon.  On  the  death  of  Charles  XIII., 
Boun,  in  the  electorate  of  Cologn,  in  li  (2,  February  5ih,  1818,  the  crown  prince  was  ele- 
arvd  at  the  early  age  of  eleven,  gave  evidence  ;vated  to  the  throne  of  Sweden,  and  has  since 
of  those  great  musical  talents,  both  as  a  com-;|been  acknowledged  by  ail  the  great  powers  •f 
posei  and  performer,  for  wbich  he  has  been  jjEuiope,  as  sovereign  of  that  kingdom. 


BE 

ince  so  much  distinguished.  In  1792,  he  was 
sent  by  the  elector  of  Cologn,  to  Vienna,  to 
study  the  theory  of  music,  under  the  cele- 
brated Haydn  ;  he  has  continued  to  reside  in 
that  city  since,  under  the  patronage  of  several 
distinguished  noblemen,  by  whom  he  is  muni- 
ficently supported.  His  works  are  far  too  nu- 
merous to  be  mentioned  here;  they  are  uni- 
versally known,  and  are  admitted  to  be  produc- 
tioBs  of  the  highest  order:  itiaiiy  of  them  will 
be  heard  with  delight,  after  the  overtures,  even 
of  Mozart.  Beethoven  is  extremely  deaf;  this, 
together  with  a  degree  of  inattention  to  the  or- 
dinary rules  of  politeness  in  private  life,  has  de- 
tracted somewhat  trom  his  reputation.  He  is 
however,  said  to  possess  a  nice  sense  of  honour 
and  of  moral  rectitude,  and  an  extensive  ac- 
quaintance with  literary  and  scientific  subjects. 
BERNADOTTE,  John  Baptist  Julius,  now 
Charles  John,  king  of  Sweden,  is  the  son  of  a 
citizen  of  Pau,  in  Beam.  He  was  bom  January 
26, 1764,  and  after  receiving  a  limited  education, 
commenced  his  career,  as  a  private  soldier  in  a 
regiment  of  royal  marines,  at  the  beginning  ©f 
the  French  revolution.  His  activity  and  valour 
soon  raised  him  from  obscurity  ;  in  1792,  he  at- 
tained the  rank  of  colonel,  and  the  next  year, 
that  of  general  of  bngade.  From  that  time,  his 
reputation  as  an  othcer  rapidly  increased,  anil 
his  promotion  in  the  French  service,  conse- 
quently followed.  He  was  appointed  ambas- 
sador from  France  to  Vienna,  and  to  the  Hague ; 
commander-in-chief  of  th«  army  of  the  west, 
and  minister  of  war.  Buonaparte  made  him  a 
marshal  of  the  empire,  and  gave  him  the  princi- 
pality of  Ponte  Corvo.  He  was  also  decorated 
with  the  order  of  the  Eagle  by  the  king  of 
Prussia,  and  with  the  insignia  of  several  other 
orders,  by  different  prmces.  Until  1810,  be  waa 
actively  ana  successfully  engaged  as  a  general 
officer,  under  Napoleon,  and  maintained  the  re- 
putation of  a  brave,  skilful,  and  efficient  com- 
mander. He  was  also  distinguished  no  less  for 
his  humanity  and  moderation,  than  for  his  va- 
lour and  energy.  This  fact,  so  foreign  to  the 
characters  of  the  other  French  marshals,  en- 
deared him  to  the  people  of  those  countries 
through  which  the  vicissitudes  of  war  led  him, 
and  contributed  in  a  great  degree  to  hie  present 
elevation.  On  the  deposition  of  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus,  in  1810,  the  throne  of  Sweden  was  with- 
out an  heir,  and  he  was  selected  by  the  principal 
inhabitants  of  that  country,  to  supply  the  va- 
cancy. He  was  accordingly  proclaimed  by  the 
states  of  Sweden,  crown  prince  of  that  king- 
dom, August,  1811,  and  adopted  by  Charies  XIII. 
as  his  son.  On  receiving  intelligence  of  that 
event  at  Paris,  he  solemnly  renounced  the  catho- 
lic religion  ;  habiened  his  departure  from  France, 
and  made  his  public  entrance  into  Stockholm 


BO  

BKKTRANll,  count  Henry  Gratian,  is  des- 
cotidpfl  from  a  respectable  family  in  Touraine. 
Hfi  took  the  oath  of  fidelity  to  Napoleon,  and 
enrvpd  as  a  general  of  artillery  in  the  camp  of 
St.  Omors,  in  1806,  The  succeeding  year  he 
was  aid  de-camp  to  the  emperor,  and  in  thatca- 
jaiMty,  acted  a  distinguished  part  in  most  of  the 
nmpai»ris  of  that  period.  In  the  battles  of  Aus- 
tcrlitz,  and  Friodland,  he  signalized  iiimself  as 
a  b:ave  and  skilful  tfeneral,  and  as  a  firm  friend 
cf  the  emperor  ;  and  he  so  far  succeeded  to  his 
confidence  and  favour,  that  he  was  named  grand 
marshal  of  the  palace.  Marshal  Bertrand  was 
e  igftced  in  the  memorable  campaign  of  Russia. 
:  id  the  severe  actions  that  ensued.  He  then 
mired  with  the  emperor  to  Elba,  and,  while 
I  lore,  was  his  confidential  friend  and  adviser. 
On  ihe  return  of  Buonaparte  from  that  island, 
Berrjaiid  accompanied  him  as  his  first  minister, 
vas  with  him  during  the  important  events  of 
the  "  One  hundred  days,"  and  after  the  battle 
cf  Waterloo,  and  the  second  abdication  of  the 
emperor,  retired  with  him  on  board  the  Bellcro- 
plion,  to  share  the  banishment  of  his  sovereign, 
n  the  island  of  St.  Helena.  Too  much  praise  can- 
rot  be  s-iven  to  the  gratitude  and  fidelity  which 
i'.dnced  this  noble  minded  man,  to  quit  his  native 
country,  and  all  the  prospects  of  ambition,  that 
hn  might  soften  the  captivity  of  his  fallen  sove- 
reign. 

BLOO\fVfF.LD,  Robert,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
lish poetical  writer,  was  born  in  the  county  of 
■"nffolk,  in  the  year  1776.  His  father  was  a 
mechanic  of  middling  circumstances,  and  with  a 
Jarje  family  dependant  on  him  for  support;  he, 
of  course,  was  enabled  to  give  his  children  but  a 
limited  and  common  education.  The  death  of 
this  parent  compelled  Mr.  Rloomfield,  when  a 
Jad  of  eleven  years  old,  to  accept  the  employ- 
ment of  a  farmer's  boy.  In  the  intervals  of  his 
labours,  his  native  gehiiis  prompted  him  to  pe- 
ruse such  books  and  newspapers  as  came  within 
his  reach,  and  even  then,  he  wrote  a  small  po- 
em which  was  published  in  the  London  Maga- 
zine. He  now  turned  his  attention  to  poe- 
try during  the  hours  of  relaxation  from  labour, 
and  composed  many  excellent  pieces;  the  prin- 
cipal of  which,  the"  Farmer's  Boy,"  as  a  de- 
scriptive poem,  possesses  greatmerit  •  it  has  ful- 
Jv  estahlished  the  claim  of  the  author  to  the  ti- 
tle of  poet,  and  stamped  his  name  with  the  ho- 
nour of  genius.  He  has  also  published  songs, 
ballads,  and  other  pieces  ;  and  the  "  Banks  of 
Wye,"  a  poem. 

BOI/TVAR,  Pimorj,  is  the  most  brilliant  star 
in  Colombian  history,  and  indeed  in  the  history 
of  modern  revolutions  ;  and,  to  whatever  it  may 
be  ascribed,  whether  to  accident,  good  fortune, 
or  personal  merit,  or  to  all  combined,  he  has 
raised  himself  to  an  eminent  station  in  the  list 
o*"  s!iccessful  heroes  and  remarkable  raen.  He 
was  born  at  Caraccas,  about  the  year  1785,  and 
is  said  to  be  descended  of  a  noble  and  wealthy 
family  of  that  place.  After  completing  his  stu- 
dii;s  at  Madrid,  whuro  he  received  his  education, 
he  resided  for  some  time  at  Paris,  where  he  was 
intimate  with  Humboldt  and  Bonpland,  and 
th«n  tiavelled  through  England,  France,  and 
other  coTintries  of  Europe.  Before  he  returned 
to  America,  he  had  fo'med  the  design  of  de- 
voting himself  to  the  cause  of  South  American 
jndepsnde^ice,  and  he  returned  in  season  to' 
joiaMiranda  and  his  associates,  just  as  he  had 
iinfurliid  the  standard  of  liberty  in  Venezuela,  i 
^'^'.n'l  dissatisfied,  however,  with  the  general { 
system  of  measures  pursued  by  th«  patriot  party, 


BO 

he  for  a  time,  avoided  taking  any  active  part ; 
but  the  time  soon  arrived,  when  he  felt  it  his 
duty  not  to  be  kept  inactive  by  a  mere  difference 
of  opinion  ;  he  then  joined  the  army  and  engaged 
in  the  contest,  with  a  zeal  and  patriotism,  that 
raised  him  to  popularity  and  influence.  From 
that  day  to  this,  his  history  is  before  the  world  ; 
it  has  been  a  succession  of  splendid  achieve- 
ments, which  have  gained  for  his  name  a  mer- 
ited place  on  the  same  tablet  with  that  of 
Washington.  The  brightest  records  of  ancient 
or  modern  fame,  have  nothing  prouder  to  offer. 
Time  must  show,  whether  he  will  complete  the 
parallel  with  his  illustrious  model,  which  may 
thus  far  be  run  with  so  much  apparent  justice 
Bolivar,  was  in  his  early  career,  unfortunate  as 
a  soldier  ;  he  has  however  triumphed  over  his 
disasters.  For  a  considerable  time  he  was  su- 
preme dictator,  .with  all  the  army  at  his  com- 
mand ;  but  when  a  favourable  opportunity  pre- 
sented, he  voluntarily  relinquishtid  his  power, 
and  returned  to  the  rank  of  a  private  citizen. 
.\s  president  of  the  republic  of  Colombia,  he 
has  proved  himself  equally  eminent  as  a  states- 
man, as  well  as  a  soldier.  He  has  recently  ex- 
hibited his  magnanimity,  and  disintorePtedness, 
by  relinquishing  supreme  authority  in  an  adjoin- 
ing state,  for  whose  liberties  he  had  been  con- 
tending ;  and  by  declining  to  accept  a  present  of  a 
million  of  dollars,  which  had  been  voted  him,  by 
the  cftngress  of  Peru,  for  his  patriotic  services. 
There  is  reason  to  believe  that  he  is  about  to 
attempt  the  liberation  of  Brazil  from  the  domi- 
nation of  a  Portuguese  dynasty. 

An  American  g'intlenian,  in  a  letter  from 
Lima,  thus  speaks  of  him  : 

"  General  Bolivar,  or,  a«  he  is  always  called, 
the  Libertador,  is  about  .5  feet  7,  slender  In  his 
person,  and,  as  the  "Hero  of  the  Eqiiator," 
which  the  Americans  call  him,  might  Ik^rsnii- 
posed  to  be  rather  dark  in  his  complexion.'  His 
countenance,  alwa}'s  of  a  serious  cast,  yet  not- 
withstandiHo:  the  mouztachio  on  his  upper  lip, 
not  ferocious,  as  many  represent  him  ;  his  eyes, 
dark  hazel,  are  expressive  and  penetrating:  he 
reads  English,  but  does  not  speak  more  than  a 
few  words.  French  he  speaks  fluently,  though 
not  correctly.  Apologizing  one  day  for  my 
imperfect  knowledge  of  French  and  Spanish  ; 
he  said,  "  O,  no  matter,  never  regret  it,  your  own 
fine  idiom  is  the  only  one  worth  speakin?  ;  all 
that  is  liberal,  all  that  is  noble,  is  to  be  found  in 
that.  It  is  the  language  of  liberty."  He  talks 
a  great  deal,  and  with  apparent  frankness,  and 
without  premeditation.  He  seems  fond  of  so- 
cial life,  and  never  balks  a  party  by  going  away 
prematurely,  &c.  On  two  occasions  t  have  been 
with  him  in  large  parties,  once  at  a  ball  and 
supper,  where  he  staid  from  eight  in  the  evening 
to  five  in  the  morning  talked  the  whole  time  ; 
at  supper,  gave  toasts  and  made  speeches,  and 
after  supper  danced  a  waltz  with  a  handsome 
girl.  At  a  breakfast  on  Washington's  birth  day, 
the  day  he  selected  for  his  visit  to  the  frigate 
tTnited  States,  which  lasted  from  eleven  to  three, 
he  gave  several  toasts  and  speeches,  in  one  of 
which  he  exalted  the  United  States  as  infinitely 
surpassing  every  nation  of  ancient  and  modern 
times,  in  knowing  how  to  unite  the  most  entire 
liberty  with  the  most  perfect  order,  intelligence, 
and  liberality. 

His  ambition  appears  to  be  of  a  lofty  and  fine 
description.  He  wishes  to  go  down  as  the  asserteit 
and  founder  of  South  American  Independence, 
and  satisfied  with  an  ample  private  fortune,  dis- 
dains all  accession  of  wealth.  His  favourite. 
36  AU 


BO 

projects  are  a  canal  across  the  isthmus,  and  the 
establishment  of  a  congress  at  Panama,  to  con- 
sist of  a  21  and  federative  councii,  to  decide  on 
all  dispuuv;  bervveen  tne  di^erent  states ;  to 
have  an  army  which  iliey  siia.l  ail  out  when 
either  of  the  st;ites  or  any  Joreign  po\yer  com- 
mits au  aggression.  After  settiine  tne  affairs  of 
these  coaiicrips.  and  establishing  their  peace  and 
independence,  it  is  his  uish  to  travel  through 
the  United  States  and  England,  for  both  of 
which  countries  he  has  a  high  admiration.  His 
onmity  against  the  Spaniards,  nourislied  in  tiie 
bloody  war  of  Venezuela,  is  irreconcilable.  All 
his  connexion?  were  murdered  by  them,  except 
an  uncle  whom  he  has  in  t?pain." 

BOYER,J.-.li;i  Peter,  president  of  the  island  of 
Hayii.  is  a  native  of  St.  Doininjro.  Of  his  birth 
and  early  life,  we  are  unable  to  give  any  par- 
ticulars. "  He  is  said  to  be  well  educated,  and  it 
appears  that  he  must  long  have  possessed  con 
siderable  influence  in  his  native  island,  as  on 
the  death  of  Petion,  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  republic,  without  opposition.  Since  the 
death  of  Chnstophe,  he  has  extended  his  au- 
thority over  tile  whole  island,  and  united  all  the 
inhabitanis  under  his  government.  Boyer  lias 
recently  procured,  by  negotiation,  the  recogni- 
tion on"  the  part  of  France,  of  the  uidependent 
sovereignty  of  the  whole  island.  So  far  as  we 
are  acouainted  with  the  acts  of  his  administra- 
tion, he  has  given  evidence  of  a  strong  mind, 
and  of  talents  for  governing,  which  might  be 
coveted  by  some  of  the  more  legitimate  sove- 
reigns of  Europe. 

BRYANT,  William  Oulien,  a  poet  of  con- 
siderable eminence,  was  born  in  the  town  of 
Cornington,  ^Massachusetts.  His  father  was  a 
respectable  physician  of  that  place.  After  con>- 
pleting  his  preparatory  studits,  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Willianisiown  coile  e,  and  re 
mained  there  two  years.  He  then  commenced 
his  professional  studies,  read  law  in  an  office 
at  Northampton,  and  settled  as  a  lawyer  in 
Great  Earrington.  His  amiable  character,  and 
social  qualities  have  obtaintd  tor  him  tlie  re- 
gard of  a  'arge  circle  of  friends  ;  while  his  pure 
taste  and  cultivated  genius  liave  excited  admi 
ration  on  both  sides  of  the  A'liantic.  He  now 
resides  at  New  York,  and  is  an  editor  of  the 
Atheneum  ^lasazine  (1825.) 

BUONAPARTE,  madam  I.^titia  Romalina, 
mother  to  the  late  emperor  of  France,  was  borr 
at  Ajaccio,  in  Corsica,  1750,  and  i)i  176T  married 
an  assessor  to  the  tribunal  of  ihat  island.  On 
the  death  of  her  husband,  she  was  left  with  a 
numerous  family,  and  without  a  icrtune.  She, 
liowever,  succeeded  in  gaining  powerful  friends 
and  protectors,  to  some  of  whom  she  was  in- 
debted for  the  elevation  of  her  Vaniily.  On  the 
invasion  of  Corsica  by  the  English,  she  removed! 
to  Marseilles,  and  from  thence  to  Pans,  where j 
she  resided  until  the  downfall  of  the  einneror. ! 
Durin.f  the  greater  part  of  that  period,  she; 
lived  in  all  the  splendour  and  luxury  ot  a  court,i 
and  received  from  the  French  people,  that  I 
homage  which  was  due  to  the  mother  of  rheirj 
sovereign.  But  the  elegance  which  surrounded 
this  lady  had  no  charms  for  her,  and  it  was  said, 
that  she  was  constantly  advising  Napoleon  to 
recollect,  that  the  day  of  trial  might  come,  when 
the  dazzling  glory  with  which  he  was  encircled, 
might  pass  away.  Since  the  abdication  of  the 
emperor,  madam  Buonaparte  has  resided  in  the 
states  of  the  church,  with  her  sons  Lucien  and 
Louis. 

BUONAPARTE,  Joseph,  brother  to  Napo- 
422 


BU  

,leon,  was  born  at  Ajaccio,  Jan.  7,  1768,  and  re- 
movf^d  with  his  family  to  France,  in  1793.  The 
next  year  he  married  a  mademoiselle  Clary,  sis-  " 
ter  to  the  present  queen  of  Sweden  He  was 
iappouned  by  his  brother  a  commissary  in  the  ii 
■army  ;  and  by  the  republic  ambassador  to  Rome,  > 
iin  1707.  On  his  return,  he  was  chosen  a  depu- 
jty  to  the  council  of  Five  Hundred,  and  secreta- 
\  ry  to  that  body.  After  the  revolution  of  the  18lh 
jBromaire,  his  brother  named  him  counsellor 
iof  state,  and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  nego- 
tiate a  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce  with  the 
United  States.  He  signed  the  treaty  of  Lnne- 
ville,  in  1801,  and  soon  after  concluded  a  peace 
with  Great  Britain,  at  Amiens.  He  was  noml-  -• 
Dated  president  of  the  senate,  by  the  emperor, 
and  honoured  with  the  titles  of  prince  and  grand 
elector  of  the  empire.  This  was  but  the  prelude 
to  farther  advancement:  he  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  general  and  commander-in-chief  of  the 
army  of  Naples,  and  lastly  named  lieutenant- 
general  of  that  kingdom,  which  he  had  invaded 
at  the  head  of  a  powerful  army.  On  the  13th  of 
Feb.,  1506,  king  Ferdinand  left  Naples  for  Sicily, 
and  the  next  day  Joseph  entered  the  city  and 
took  possession  of  the  palace.  He  was  soon  af- 
ter proclaimed  king  of  Naples,  and  formally 
elevated  to  that  dignity.  As  sovereign  of  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  he  became  subservient  to 
the  views  and  policy  of  Napoleon.  He  suppres- 
sed the  religions  orders,  seized  upon  their  pro- 
perty, and  converted  their  lands  to  the  public 
use.  He  also  abolished  the  feudal  rights,  and 
created  a  new  order,  called  the  order  of  the  Two 
Sicilies.  He  was  likewise  accused  of  resigning  to 
pleasure,  hours  which  should  have  been  devoted 
to  busines?;,  and  of  preferring  a  voluptuous  an* 
ostentations  life,  to  the  welfare  and  respect  of 
his  subjects.  His  administration,  however,  was 
lar  from  being  either  tyrannical  or  cruel,  and  hiv 
prople  complained  rather  of  his  prodisality  of 
expenditure,  and  the  burthen  of  the  public  tax- 
es, than  of  bis  vices  or  injustice.  Tn  the  yeai 
1808.  he  was  proclaimed  king  of  Spain  and  th« 
Indies,  by  Napoleon,  and  lie  immediately  quit 
fed  Naples,  for  his  new  monarchy.  The  civil 
wars  which  ensued  in  Spain,  the  interference  of 
the  English,  and  the  victories  of  Wellington, 
caused  his  overthrow  in  that  kingdom,  and  hi* 
retreat  from  it,  in  1813.  He  returned  to  France, 
and  on  the  invasion  of  Russia,  in  1814,  he  was 
appointed  by  the  emperor,  lieutenant-general  of 
the  empire,  and  commandant-general  of  the  na 
tional  guards,  and  confidential  adviser  to  the 
empress  Maria  Louisa,  then  invested  with  th», 
regency.  Being  afterwards  overpowered  bv  the 
allied  army,  he  left  the  kingdom,  and  retired  t* 
Switzerland  :  and  on  the  final  abdication  of  Na 
poleon,  he  came  to  the  United  States.  He  ha? 
since  resided  as  an  American  citizen,  in  thestat* 
of  New-.Iersey,  and  has  acquired  the  confidencf 
and  esteem  of  the  inhabitants  of  that  state,  and 
of  the  country.  His  wife  resides  with  her  twti 
daughters  in  the  vicinity  of  Frankfort. 

BUONAPARTE,  Lucien,  was  born  in  1775, 
and  went  to  France  in  1793.  He  was  at  fir^ 
employed  as  a  commissary  of  stores,  in  Belgium 
land  did  not  commence  his  political  career  until 
1797.  He  was  then  sent  as  a  deputy  to  the  coun- 
cil of  Five  Hundred,  and,  while  a  member  of 
that  body,  was  distinguished  for  his  moderation 
and  love  of  justice.  Perceiving  that  the  then 
government  was  tottering,  and  that  a  change 
lof  affairs  was  approaching,  Lucien  wrote  to 
Ijhis  brother,  then  in  Egypt,  advising  him  of  the 
tiitate  of  parties  in  France,  and  urging  his  return 


BU 

and  on  the  arrival  of  Napoleon,  he  acted  a  prin 
cipal  part  in  the  revolution  which  elevated  his 
brother  to  the  first  consulship.  His  services  on 
that  occasion  were  rewarded  by  an  appointment 
to  the  ministry,  and  by  embassies  abroad,  in 
which  he  amassed  immense  wealth.  He  was 
said  to  have  been  opposed  to  the  elevation  of 
Napoleon  to  the  throne  ;  in  consequence  of 
which,  a  coolness  ensued  between  the  brothers 
wUich  was  so  far  increased  by  a  subsequent 
marriage  of  Lucien,  that  lie  was  ordered  to  quit 
Kraiicc.  He  retired  to  Milan,  and  afterwards  to 
Rome.  Subsequently  he  embarked  for  the  Uni- 
ted tstates,  was  taken  prisoner  by  a  British  fri- 
gate, and  sent  to  England,  where  he  continued 
until  1814.  On  the  return  of  Buonaparte  from 
Elba,  he  repaired  to  liis  assistance,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  the  affaiis  of  that  period.  Since 
tiii'  abdication  of  the  e.niperor,  he  has  resided  at 
Rome.  He  has  been  created  prince  of  Canino, 
by  the  pope. 

BUONAPARTE,  Louis,  third  brother  of  Na- 
poleon, was  born  in  the  year  1778.  He  entered 
young  into  the  military  service,  was  with  his 
brother  in  the  campaigns  of  Italy  and  Egypt, 
.'4  id  returned  from  the  laiter  country  with  d(!S- 
patches  for  the  directory.  Wlien  Napoleon  was 
proclaimed  emperor,  he  was  made  a  constabieliof  the  Rev.  Dr.  VVaddel,  after  which  he  became 
of  the  empire,  and  goveriioi-geiieral  of  Pied-  ; a  student  at  Yale  College,  and  graduated  with 
mont.  In  J 805,  he  succeeded  Murat  in  the  go- jmuch  distinction  for  his  proficiency  in  meta- 
vernment  of  the  city  of  Paris ;  he  afterwards|l  physics,  mathematics,  and  the  sciences  gene- 
look  command  of  the  army  north,  and  on  the;. rally  ;  and  with  a  hif;li  -epiitation  for  his  .aJents. 
4lh  of  June,  1806,  he  became  king  of  Holland. jl  At  this  period.  Dr.  Dwight  foretold  the  political 
Louis  was  distinguished  for  his  mild  and  gentlej  eminence  which  he  would  one  day  attain.  Mr. 
disposition,  and  for  his  love  of  justice.  He  made  Calhoun  prt^pared  himself  for  the  practice  of 
his  administration,  so  far  as  was  in  his  power,!  law,  attended  the  lectures  of  judge  Reeve,  at 
beneficial  to  his  people;  he  diminished  the  tax  j  Litchfield.  Conn.,  and  soon  after,  rose  to  the 
es  of  the  country,  secretly  encouraged  trade,  and  fiist  grade  m  his  profession,  ht  ashort.tin.e  he 
generally  adopted  such  measures  as  acquired  fori  became  a  member  01  the  legislature  of  W6  native 
Iiim  thecharacter  of  a  good  prince..  His  policy!  state,  where  he  ait;ac;ed  i:real  confidence,  and 
so  far  interfered   with  the  views  of  Napoleon,  in  two  years  he  wa>  eUcied  to  congress     Of  this 


CA 

the  bar,  where  he  rose  to  the  highest  rank  of 
professional  eminence.  He  was  afterwards 
chosen  a  member  of  the  United  States  senate 
from  the  state  of  New- York,  and  subsequently 
vice  president  of  the  United  State.- .  A  dispute 
of  a  pohtical  nature,  led  to  a  personal  encounter 
between  colonel  Burr  and  general  Alexander 
Hamilton,  in  which  ihe  latter  was  mortally 
wounded.  This  event,  and  a  charge  of  higii 
treasoiT against  the  Umicd  SlaiiS,  for  which  he 
was  tried  and  acquitted,  iiavt  desuoyed  liie  cha- 
racter and  influence  of -colonel  Burr,  and  cast  u 
! stigma  upon  ills  reputation.  For  several  yeara 
after  the  above  event,  he  resided  in  Europe. 
He  has  now,  however,  returned  to  America,  and 
resides  in  the  city  ot  New-York. 


CALHOUN,  John  C,  is  a  native  of  South 
Carolina,  and  was  born  in  the  district  of  Abbe- 
ville, about  the  year  1781.  His  father  emigrated 
from  Pennsylvania  10  South  Carolina,  anterior 
to  the  revolution,  aiid  was-  an  ardent  \vi)ig  dur- 
ing that  struggle.  Mr.  Calhoun  laid  the  tounda- 
tion  of  his  classical  auaiuments  under  the  tniiiou 


that  he  was  compelled  to  relinquish  the  throne 
and  he  retired  to  Gratz,  in  Styria,  and  afterwards 
to  Rome,  where  he  now  resides.  He  has  recent- 
ly publislied  an  interesting  work,  relative  to  his 
reign  over  Holland. 

BUON  AP  \  RTE,  Jerome,  the  younger  brother 
of  Napoleon,  was  born  in  1784,  and  educated  in 
Fiiance.  He  went  to  St  Domingo  with  LeClerc, 
as  a  lieutenant,  and  soon  ai'terwards  was  ap 
pointed  to  the  command  of  a  frigate.  Buona- 
parte had  so  high  an  opinion  of  his  nautical  ta- 
lents that  he  made  him  an  admiral ;  he,  how- 


body,  Mr  Calhoun  was  an  abie,  an  eloquent, 
and  a  leading  member,  until  the  close  of  the 
year  1817,  when  lie  was  appointed  secretary  at 
war.  In  this  capacity,  "  lli^  attention  was  ac- 
tively directed  to  the  great  ai.d  important  object 
of  the  general  defence,"  and  his  active  mind 
seems  to  have  pervaded  and  analyzed  the  great 
a.nd  complicated  mass  ol  our  national  interests, 
and  to  have  lornied  almost  a  new  creation  in 
the  military  department  of  tlie  government." 
In  March.  1825,  Mr.  Calhoun  was  elected  vice- 
president  of  the  United  s.aies.     He  was  a  iead- 


ever,  was  soon  dissatisfied,  and  transferred  him  i  ing,  decided,  and  able  advocate  for  the  late  war, 
to  the  army,  where  he  rose  to  the  command  of  land  has  (^ver  been  a  uni.orm  advocate  lor  in- 
a  division.'  About  the  year  1801,  Jerome  visitedl'lernai  improvements,  and  also  for  a  navy,  "  as 
the  United  States,  and  while  here,  he  married a|if he  appropriate  armour  for  a  free  people,  with- 
Miss  Patterson,  daugliter  of  a  very  respectableiiout  endangering  their  liberty."  As  a  statesman, 
j-cutleman  of  Baltimore.  Napoleon  compclledlj  Mr.  Calhoun  is  an  ornament  to  his  couniiy  ;  as 
liii!  to  divorce  this  lady,  with  a  view  of  marry-  la  patriot,  he  is  ardent  and  independent ;  and  hi.3 
lug  a  princess  of  the  liouse  of  Wertemburg.  {colloquial  powers  are  of  the  first  ordeir. 
This  marriage  took  place  in   !807,  and  he  now'i     CAMBACERES,  John  James  Regis  de,  was 


resides  with  hi.^  family  in  the  territory  of  Wer- 
lemb\irg,  under  the  title  of  count  of  Montfort. 

BURR,  Aaron,  late  vice-pr-sident  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  was  b;ini  at  Fairfield,  in  Connecticut, 
in  1749,  and  educated  at  Princeton  college,  in 
New  Jersey,  of  which  his  father  was  president. 
At  tiie  age  of  twenty-five  he  was  aid-de-canip 
to  general  Putnam,  and  he  was  afterwards  lieu- 
U'liant  colonel  in  one  of  the  twelve  regiments^ 
of  the  new  levy,  in  the  revolutionary  war.! 
During  the  wiiole  of  that  war  he  was  distin-| 
guislied  for  his  bravery,  talents,  and  liberality.. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  applied  himself  to: 


born  at  Montpellier,  of  a  respectable  family,  in 
1753,  and  educated  for  the  bar.  His  talents  .soon 
gave  him  reputaiiou.  a'd  in  1792.  he  was  nam- 
ed a  deputy  to  the  natii  lal  convention,  and,  in 
that  capacity,  voted  for  the  death  of  the  king. 
He  was  afterwards  president  of  f  he  council  of 
Five  Hundred,  and  minister  of  justice.  On  the 
elevation  ot  Napoleon  to  the  first  consulship, 
Cambaceres  was  created  second  consul,  and,  in 
that  office,  devoted  himself  to  the  organization 
of  the  courts  of  justice  As  emperor.  Napoleon 
named  him  arch-chancellor  of  .the  empire,  and 
a  member  of  the  legion  of  honour.     He  was  in- 


nr.y 


of  the  law,  and  was  soon  called  tojdefa 


ruble  in  the  service  of  the  emperor,  who 
42^ 


CA_ 

initiated  him  in  all  his  secrets,  and  on  several 
occasions,  in  the  absence  of  Napoleon,  he  was 
intrusted  with  the  control  of  affairs.  In  1814, 
he  v.as  created  grand  dignitary  of  tlie  order  of 
rheiron  crown,  and  president  of  the  council  of 
regency,  during  the  campaign  of  Russia.  After 
ttie  abdication  of  Buonaparte,  he  sent  in  his  ad- 
hesion to  the  king;  but  on  the  return  of  that 
monarch  from  Elba,  he  resnmod  his  offices  of 
arch-chancellor  and  minister  of  justice.  On  the 
final  return  of  Louis  XVllI.,  he  was  banished 
as  a  regicide,  but  has  been  since  suffered  to  re- 
turn to  Paris,  where  he  now  lives  in  a  very  re- 
tired manner.  He  published,  in  1794,  his  project 
for  a  civil  code,  which  has  since  served  as  a  ba- 
sis of  the  Napoleon  code. 

CAMBRIDGE,  Adolphus  Frederick,  duke  of, 
is  the  youngest  son  of  the  late  kinji  of  Great 
Britain,  and  was  born  in  1774.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Gottingen,  and  when  he  came  of  age, 
was  made  a  colonel,  and  created  duke  of  Cam- 
bridge, with  a  stipend  of  12,000^.  a  year.  In 
1803  he  was  sent  with  14,000  men  to  defend 
Hanover;  but  not  succeeding,  he  returned  to 
England.  He  then  took  his  seat  in  the  house 
of  lords,  and  was  promoted  in  the  army  to  the 
rank  of  field  marshal.  In  1818  he  -^.larried  the 
princess  Augusta,  niece  of  che  landgrave  of 
lle^se,  by  whom  he  has  a  son.  Since  his  mar- 
ria<ie  his  vearly  allowance  has  been  doubled 

CAMPBELL,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  poeti 


CH    

was  born  in  17.55,  and  educated  at  Caniorid^ir 
where  he  took  his  ttrst  degree  in  177  7.  iie  "aa 
soon  made  dean  oi"  Windsor,  and  in  1791,  raised 
to  the  bishopric  of  Norwich.  On  the  death  of 
the  late  primate,  Dr.  Sutton  was,  by  the  influ- 
ence of  the  king,  nominated  to  fill  the  vacancy. 
He  is  said  to  be  a  prelate  of  great  leariuiig,  con- 
ciliating habits  of  lite,  of  anamiable  character, 
and  weTl  calculated  to  rill  the  highest  episcopal 
dignity  nf  the  realm.  His  only  son,  is  now 
speaker  of  the  house  of  commons. 

CAREY,  VViliiani,  LL.  D.,  baptist  missionary 
at  Bengal,  was  origiuaily  a  shoemaker,  [n  liii 
tweniv-fourtli  year  he  was  ordahied  as  a  clergy- 
man, and  in  ]7W,  was  sent  as  a  missionary  to 
India.  On  his  arrival  there,  he  immediately 
madp  hiuiself  master  of  the  Bengalee,  Psiuscrit, 
and  Mabratta  languages,  and  is  now  professor  of 
hose  languages,  in  the  college  of  Fort  William, 
at  Bengal.  Dr.  Carey,  with  his  associati-s,  haa 
been  assiduous  in  printing  and  publishing  the 
Scriptures,  in  different  lariguaees  and  dialects  of 
India,  and  in  promoting  the  spread  of  the  Gospel 

thateountry.  He  is  now  far  advanced  in  lite, 
yet  still  continues  his  labours  and  usefulness, 
with  all  the  zeal  and  energy  of  an  apostle  of  the 
primitive  church. 

CATALAN],  Angelica,  madam,  is  probahiv 
the  most  distinguished  female  singer  of  the  aee. 
"he  was  born  near  Rome,  in  178-2.  and  educated 
in  a  convent.  Her  father  who  was  a  silversmith. 


cal  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  at  Glas- jtbecoming  embarrassed  in  his  pecuniary  affairs, 
ROW,  in  the  year  1777,  and  received  his  education  jihis  daughter  became  a  public  singer  at  Milan, 
kt  the  university  of  that  city.  In  1799,  he  pub- Hat  the  age  of  fifteen,  and  was  highly  applaud"-.! 
lishpd   "The  Pleasures  of  Hope,"  a  poem  of||by  the  Italian  and  Frencli  critics  and  joumain. 


great  merit,  and  which  has  passed  throigh  sevp  j 
rai  editions.  He  subsequently  travelled  on  thpj 
pontineiH,  and  on  his  return  settle  1  in  London. 
Hn  has  ^nce  written  "  Gertrude  of  Wyomi.-g,' 
and  otiier  poems,  and  "  Annals  of  Great  Britaii 
fro-n  the  accession  of  George  III.  to  the  peace 
of  America.  Mr.  Campbell  is  the  author  of 
several  articles  on  poetry  and  belles  letlres  in 
I  fie  Edinburgh  Encyclopaedia,  and  is  now  editor 
of  the  London  New  Monthly  Magazine  (IS'-S.) 

CANNING,  George,  Rt.  Hon.  The  father  of 
this  iontieman,  a  native  of  Ireland,  having  dis- 
p'eased  iiis  friends  by  marriage,  was  left  to  pro- 
vide for  himself,  and  died  in  early  life,  leaving 
his  family  destitute.  Mr.  Canning  was  educated 
b '  his  relations,  at  Eton  and  Oxford,  where  he 
eained  several  prizes.  He  afterwards  went  to 
ilie  Temple  to  study  law,  and  after  completing 
Ins  siiidii^s,  was  returned  a  member  of  parlia 
ment  for  Newtown,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight.  The 
minister,  Mr.  Pitt,  soon  discovered  his  abilities, 
a'id  offered  uim  the  place  of  under  secretary  of 
■^ute,  in  the  administration,  which,  in  1798,  he 
accepted.  From  that  time,  he  supported  Mr. 
I'm  until  his  death  ;  he  then  joined  Mr.  Percival, 
and  was  made  secretary  of  state  for  foreign  af- 
iairs.  In  this  capacity,  his  conduct  to  lord  Cas 
tlereagli,  brought  on  a  duel  between  them,  in 
»viiicii  he  was  wounded,  and  for  which  he  lost 
his  place.  He  afterwards  came  into  parliament 
fioin  Liverpool  ;  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
Liriivjn,  and  on  his  return  was  made  president 
<A  the  Board  of  Control  for  India  Affairs.  Mr 
Ciiiining  is  now  secretary  of  state  for  foreign 
affairs,  and  leader  of  the  administration  party 
in  the  nouse  of  commons.  He  is  said  to  have 
iieen  a  contributor  to,  and  perhaps  proprietor 
of,  the  Quarterly  Review. 

CAN'TL;RBUkY,  Charles  Manners  Sntton. 
archbishop  of,  is  the  grandson  of  John,  duke  of 
lidiiaiid,  and  aoa  of  loid  iieorge  Maauers.     He 
424 


<^)n  her  first  apiK-arance  in  England,  in  1806, 
was  found  s.iperior  to  all  the  continental  pano- 
gvricp,  and  has  never  since  ceased  to  be  greaiiy 
admired.  Her  voice  is  singularly  powerful,  and 
equally  melodious  in  the  high  and  low  tones. 
Her  fii/ure  is  finely  ♦brmcd.  and  her  dei  ortmect 
maje-'tic.  She  is  still  heard  with  delimit,  botii 
m  Great  Britain  and  on  the  continent. 

CHANTRRY.  Francis,  an  eminent  Enslish 
sculotor,  was  born  at  Norton,  in  Derbysnire,  in 
tne-year  1782.  His  father  dving  when  he  whs 
quite  young,  he  was  educated  by  his  mother, 
and  in  early  life  gave  indications  of  his  genius, 
|hy  making  models  in  clay.  His  friends  had 
chosen  rh^  law  as  a  profession  for  him,  and  Ih; 
was  on  his  way  to  Shelfield,  to  enter  an  ojfice, 
Iwhen  he  chanced  to  look  at  some  iieures  in  the 
Ishop  of  acarver  and  siMer,  which  immediatelv 
induced  him  to  chanae  his  pursuits.  He  there- 
fore became  an  apprentice  to  liie  carver,  and 
resided  with  him  three  years:  during  which  he 
devoted  himself  to  drawing,  modelling,  ami 
studying  from  nature.  He  then  went  to  London, 
whc-e  he  soon  attracted  attention,  and  obtained 
extensive  emplovmnnt.  His  first  public  work, 
was  a  statue  of  the  king  in  Guildhall.  He  has 
since  established  his  reputation,  by  several 
splendid  specimens  of  his  genius.  In  1818,  Mr. 
Chantiey  visited  Italy,  and  contracted  an  inti- 
mate friendship  with  his  great  rival  Canova. 

CHAPTAL,  John,  count  de  Chanteloup,  was 
born  at  Montpeliier,  in  the  year  1735.  He  stu- 
died medicine  and  natural  philosofdiy  when 
young,  and,  before  the  French  revolution,  was 
distinguished  as  a  physician  and  chyraist.  .At 
the  beginning  of  the  revolution  he  headed  a  mob 
in  Montpeliier,  and  took  possession  of  the  citadel 
in  1791.  In  1793,  he  was  called  to  Paris  by  tiie 
committee  of  safety,  to  be  consulted  eis  a  chy- 
t,  relative  to  the  production  of  saltpetre, 
and  the  luaking  of  gunpowder,  and  ht  ao  axt 


CH 

succeeded  in  improving  the  manufacture  of  that 
article,  as  to  produce  all  that  was  wanted  for  the 
use  of  the  French  army,  consisting  of  1,400,0U0 
men.  It  may  safely  be  said,  that  if  any  man 
contributed  more  than  another  to  prevent  the 
rc1)ublic  from  being  overrun,  at  thattime,  it  was 
M.  Chaptal.  He  was  rewarded  for  his  servi- 
ces by  the  directory  with  the  professorship  of 
Chymistry,  in  the  university  of  MontpoUier.  He 
was  afterwards,  under  Buonaparte,  made  minis- 
ter of  the  interior.  In  that  situation,  he  paid 
great  attention  to  the  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  France,  and  to  the  means  of  promoting 
education.  He  was  a  devoted  friend  to  Mapoleon 
during  his  reign,  and  since  his  abdication  has 
lived  as  a  private  citizen.  His  writings  have 
been  very  numerous,  principally  on  chymical 
subjects. 

CHARLES  X.,  king  of  France,  was  born  Oct. 
9,  1757.  He  married,  in  1773,  Maria  Theresa, 
of  Savoy,  by  whom  he  had  three  children,  a 
daughter,  who  died  young,  the  present  due  d' An- 
gouleme,  and  the  late  ducd'Berri.  In  his  youth, 
the  king  was  gay  and  extravagant ;  he  was, 
however,  amiable  in  his  disposition,  and  a  pat 
rnn  and  protector  of  men  of  letters.  From  the 
beginning  of  the  revolution  he  was  decidedly 
opposed  to  any  reform,  and  soon  emigrated  with 
his  family.  He  went  to  Turin,  and,  in  1791, 
joined  his  brother,  the  late  king  Louis  XVIH., 
and  prepared  to  assist  in  invading  France.  The 
events  of  this  period  of  his  life  are  matters  of 
history,  and  do  not  need  repetition  here.  Fail- 
ing in  his  projected  invasion  of  France,  he  re- 
tired to  Westphalia,  and  afterwards  to  Great 
Britain,  where  he  resided  until  the  restoration 
of  his  family.  In  1814,  he  returned  to  France, 
and  took  up  his  residence  in  the  Thuilleries,  as 
lieutenant-general  of  the  kingdom  in  the  absence 
of  his  brother ;  and  by  his  affable  deportment  and 
condescending  manners,  contributed  not  a  little 
to  reconcile  the  French  to  a  change  of  govern- 
ment. On  the  death  of  his  brother,  he  succeed 
ed  to  the  throne  under  the  title  of  Charles  X. 
he  was  recently  crowned  at  Rheims,  with  all 
the  parade  and  splendour  of  modern  extrava 
pance.  The  general  policy  of  his  administra- 
tion has  been  the  same  as  that  of  his  predeces- 
KOI,  since  his  elevation  to  the  throne.  He  has, 
however,  abolished  the  censorship  of  the  press! 
and  (Ivone  some  other  acts  indicative  of  sounder 
views  of  government,  than  were  entertained 
during  the  last  reign. 

CHARLES  LOUIS,  of  Lorraine,  archduke 
of  Austria,  was  born  in  the  year  1771.  He  be- 
gan his  military  career  under  the  prince  of  Co- 
bo'.irg,  in  Brabant,  and  was  soon  afterwards 
made  governor  and  captain-general  of  the  low 
CKUiitries,  and  field  marshal  of  the  empire. 
This  prince  commanded  with  great  reputation 
and  glory  in  the  vvar  against  revolutionary 
France,  and  in  a  succession  of  campaigns,  and 
during  a  series  of  severe  actions  with  the  first 
Fre  ich  generals  of  the  age,  proved  himself  not 
only  a  match  for  them,  but  almost  the  only 
general  capable  of  successfully  opposing  them, 
bur  limits  will  not  allow  us  to  recapitulate  his 
victories ;  we  can  only  say,  that  whether  oppos- 
ing Moreaii  on  the  Rhine,  Buonaparte  in  Italy, 
or  Massena  in  Switzerland,  he  displayed  great 
military  talents,  and  acquired  great  glory.  Ow- 
ing to  the  intrigues  of  the  Austrian  court,  he 
was  induced  to  resign  his  military  command, 
and  he  was  made  minister  of  war.  In  1805,  he 
resumed  the  command  of  the  array  of  Italy,  and 
the  next  year  he  was  matle  Austrlaa  generalis-l 


CL ^ 

simo  of  the  army.  After  the  peace  with  France, 
he  had  an  interview  with  Napoleon,  and  repre- 
sented him  at  the  marriage  ceremony  with  the 
arch  dutchess  Maria  Louisa,  at  Vienna.  Prince 
Charles  now  resides  at  Vienna,  devoted  to  mili- 
tary and  literary  studies. 

CHATEAUBRIAND,  Francis  Augustus,  viS' 
count  de,  was  born  in  1769,  of  an  ancient  fami- 
ly in  Brittany.  He  entered  into  the  military 
service  in  1786,  but  his  regiment  revolting  at 
the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  he  came  to 
America,  and  spent  some  time  among  the  In- 
dians of  the  western  wilderness,  studying  the 
character  of  that  people,  and  viewing  the  beau- 
ties of  nature  in  their  original  state.  He  re- 
turned to  Europe  in  1792,  and  from  a  sense  of 
duty,  enlisted  under  the  banner  of  the  Frencli 
princes.  In  their  service  he  was  severely 
wounded,  and  confined  to  his  bed  for  three 
years;  this  ruined  his  finance.^  and  compelled 
him  to  resort  to  his  pen  for  support.  He  pub- 
lished his  Essay  on  Ancient  and  Modern  Revo- 
lutions, and  afterwards  his  Genius  of  Chris- 
tianity, works  which  have  been  much  read  and 
admired.  Napoleon  wished  to  attach  him  to 
his  interests;  and  for  a  short  time  succeeded; 
but  on  the  death  of  the  duke  d'  Enghein,  he  re- 
signed his  employments.  He  then  travelled  in 
Italy,  Greece,  and  the  Holy  Land ;  and  has  since 
published  his  travels  in  those  countries.  During 
the  residue  of  the  reign  of  Napoleon,  he  lived 
a  private  life  ;  but  on  the  restoration  of  the 
Bourbons,  he  was  created  a  viscount,  and  nam- 
ed minister  to  Sweden.  He  was  afterwards 
minister  to  Berlin,  president  of  the  electoral 
college  of  the  department  of  Loiret,  and  minis- 
ter of  state.  He  has  lately  resigned  his  offices 
in  consequence  of  a  quarrel  with  the  ministry. 

CLARENCE,  William  Henry,  duke  of,  is  the 
third  son  of  his  late  majesty,  George  III.  He 
was  born  in  1765,  educated  for  the  navy,  and 
sent  to  sea  at  an  early  age  Having  served  his 
time  as  a  midshipman,  he  was  gradually  pro- 
moted to  the  command  of  a  frigate,  and  recently 
to  the  station  of  admiral  of  the  fleet.  In  1739, 
he  was  created  duke  of  Clarence,  and  St.  An- 
drews, with  an  income  of  12,O00Z  per  annum. 
In  1814,  he  commanded  the  royal  yacht,  which 
conveyed  Louis  XVIII.  to  France  and  a  tlnone. 
He  married  in  1818,  a  sister  of  the  duke  of  Saxe 
Meiningen. 

CLARKSON,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  En- 
glish philanthropist,  was  born  in  the  year  1761, 
and  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  had  a 
high  reputation.  In  1785,  Mr  Clarkson  composed 
a  prize  essay  in  Latin,  on  the  question,  "  Is  it 
just  to  make  men  slaves  against  their  will?" 
a  translation  of  which  he  afterwards  published 
This  was,  probably  the  first  effectual  step  toward 
the  supptession  of  the  African  slave  trade  ;  and 
seems  to  have  stimulated  its  author  to  those 
great  exertions,  which  so  materially  contributed 
to  the  English  act  of  abolition.  From  this  time, 
Mr.  Clarkson  relinquished  his  professional  pur- 
suits, and  devoted  his  whole  time  to  this  great 
object.  He  connected  himself  with  Mr.  VVilber- 
force  and  others,  and  formed  a  society  for  the 
abolition  of  the  African  slave  trade ;  he  also  wrote 
and  published  several  works  on  the  subject ;  had 
several  interviews  with  Mr.  Pitt,  and  the  privy 
council;  and  after  years  of  unwearied  exertion, 
has  accomplished  the  great  object  he  had  In 
view.  He  has  lived  to  witness  the  triumph  of 
principle,  and  of  humanity,  and  to  see  his  name 
placed  among  the  benefactors  of  the  huaia» 
race. 


36^ 


4?5 


CL 

CLAY,  Henry,  was  born  in  April,  1776,  and 
is  a  native  of  the  county  of  Hanover,  in  Virginia. 
His  father,  a  respectable  baptist  clergj-man, 
died  when  he  was  very  young,  leaving  his  family 
in  pecuniary  means,  somewliat  limiled.  His 
education  was  not  that  of  a  scholar ;  but  at  an 
early  age  as  a  clerk  in  the  chancery  office  at 
Richmond,  Mr.  Chiy  attracted  the  attention  of 
chancellor  Wythe,  in  whose  house  he  found  an 
asyluMi  and  a  home,  an  instructor  and  patron, 
uiider  whose  auspices  he  soon  acquired  a  pro- 
ficiency in  tlie  law.  He  removed  lo  Lexington, 
Ivy.,  in  1797,  and  there  was  successful  in  his 
profession,  and  soon  became  distinguished  as  a 
politician.  From  1799  until  1806,  he  was  a 
leading  and  eloquent  member  of  the  house  of 
representatives  of  Kentucky,  at  which  time  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  senate  of  the 
United  States.  After  this,  lie  was  successively 
chosen  a  member  of  the  legislature  of  his  adopted 
state .  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States  ;  and 
in  Nov.  1811,  a  member  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives of  the  United  States,  and  was  imrae 
diately  chosen  speaker  of  that  body.  This  office 
he  held  until  his  recent  appointment  of  secre- 
tary of  state,  at  the  coumiencement  of  Mr. 
Adams'  administration.  Mr.  Clays  political 
ca.'-eer  has  been  popular.  In  every  appointment 
which  he  has  held,  he  has  acquitted  himself 
with  dignity  and  firmness,  and  he  has  acquired 
the  reputation  of  a  zealous  patriot ;  a  statesman, 
sound,  prompt,  and  sagacious ;  and  a  brilliant 
and  forcible  orator. 

CLIXTON,  De  Witt,  son  of  James  Clinton,  , 
a  major  general  in  the  revolutionary  army,  was 
bo.-n  in  the  county  of  Orange,  state  of  New- York, 
in  the  year  1769.  He  was  educated  at  Columbia 
College,  and  after  receiving  the  honours  of  the 
university,  commenced  the  study  of  the  law,  in 
1786,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  was  se- 
cretary to  ills  uncle,  governor  Gaorge  Clinton, 
who  appointed  him  secretary  of  the  university, 
and  of  the  board  of  fortifications  of  New- York. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  legislature, 
fiom  the  city  of  New- York,  in  17D7J  without 
opposition,  and  soon  after  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  senate.  Mr.  Clinton  was  afterwards  a 
member  of  the  council  of  appointment,  in  1802 
a  senator  in  congress,  and  was  from  1803  to 
1807  mayor  of  the  city  of  New- York.  During 
this  time,  he  was  for  nine  months  a  senator  in 
the  !e;iisl<iture,  and  member  of  the  council  of 
appointment.  In  1808  he  was  again  chosen 
mayor  of  the  city  of  New-York,  and  received 
the  appointment  of  regent  of  the  university. 
During  Mr.  Clinton's  public  life,  much  of  his 
attention  has  been  bestowed  upon  subjects  rela- 
tive to  the  public  health  and  internal  improve- 
ment-s  generall}'^,  and  when  the  law  was  passed, 
iii  1817,  authorizing  the  junction  of  the  Western 
and  Northern  lakes  and  the  Hudson  river,  by  ca- 
nals, Mr.  Clinton  was  appointed  commissioner 
In  1811  he 
stale 

candidate  for  president  of  the  United  States,  by 
a  majority  of  the  members  of  the  legislature, 
and  from  that  thne  until  ISl."!.  was  again  major 
of  the  city  of  New- York.  He  was  elected,  in 
1817,  governor  of  the  stateof  New- York,  almost 
without  opposition,  and  was  re  elected  in  1P24. 
In  the  great  and  growing  state  of  which  Mr.  Cl-n 
ton  is  a  native,  his  name,  his  genius,  and  his  ser- 
\ices,  are  stamped  upon  many  monuments  of 
public  nfiinificence ;  and  the  promptitude,  so 
I'iity  aiid  taleut  exhibited  in  his  public  career, 
eviice  that  liis  ene'  g3  is  equal  to  any  occurrence. 
426 


cu 

COBBETT,  William,  is  the  eon  of  a  farmer 
in  Surrey.  His  father  taught  him  arithmetic, 
and  to  read  and  write,  and  educated  him  as  a 
farmer.  Early  in  life,  he  left  his  father  and 
went  to  London,  and  afterwards  enlisted  in  a 
regiment  destined  to  Nova  Scotia,  where  he  re- 
sided six  years.  During  this  time,  he  devoted 
al)  his  leisure  to  the  cultivation  of  his  mind.  In 
1792,  he  came  to  America,  here  he  commenced 
author,  and  under  the  name  of  Peter  Porcupine, 
wrote  a  series  of  essays,  which  exhibited  his 
powers,  and  enraged  his  opponents.  Being 
prosecuted  for  a  libel  and  amerced  in  5000  dollars 
damages ;  he  left  the  country  and  returned  to 
England,  where  he  commenced  his  Political 
Register,  which  he  extended  to  forty  volumes. 
In  this  paper  he  attacked  the  administration  with 
his  whole  energies,  and  with  such  efiect,  as  to 
incur  the  vengeance  of  the  ministry.  Mr.  Cobbett 
visited  America  again  in  1817,  and  returned  to 
England  in  1819.  He  still  continues  his  writings, 
wliich  are  already  numerous.  In  dry  humour,  in 
pointed  sarcasm,  and  in  the  power  of  casting  ridi- 
cule upon  un  opponent,  he  is  almost  unrivalled. 
Mr.  C  is  said  to  be  preparing  for  publication,  a 
History  of  the  Persecutions  of  the  late  Ciucun. 

CONGREVE,  sir  William,  was  born  in  the 
year  17C0,  and  entered  young  into  the  artillery, 
of  which  his  father  was  an  officer  of  rank.  He 
applied  himself  assiduously  to  the  service,  and 
soon  distinguished  himself  by  his  mechanicai 
genius,  and  by  his  important  improvements. 
jThe  principal  of  these,  is  the  rocket,  known  by 
the  name  of  the  Congreve  Rocket,  which,  as  a 
formidable  means  of  military  annoyance,  is 
generally  admitted  to  be  more  efficient  than  al- 
most any  other.  This  he  invented  in  1808;  it 
is  now  adopted  generally  in  the  armies  of  the 
military  powers  of  Europe.  Sir  William  has  pub- 
lished several  scientific  works,  wliich  prove  him 
a  man  of  extraordinarv'  talents.  He  is  said  to  bo 
high  in  favour  with  the  present  king  George  IV 

CONSTANTINE,  grand  duke  of  Russia,  is 
the  secoi:d  son  of  Paul  I.  He  niarried,  in  1798, 
a  princess  of  Faxe  Cobourg,  who  has  since  re- 
turned to  her  family.  In  1799,  he  served  under 
general  Siiwanovs',  and  behaved  with  great 
bravery.  He  was  in  the  battle  of  Austerlilz, 
opposed  to  Bernadotte,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  gallant  resistance  to  the  French. 
During  the  invasion  of  Russia,  he  was  actively 
engaged,  and  in  the  subsequent  campaigns  ;  aiiil 
he  entered  Paris  with  the  allies.  He  is  new 
'vicerov  of  Poland,  under  his  brother  .-ilexander. 
I  COOPER,  sir  Astley  Paston,  F.  R.  S.,  is  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  surgeons  and  medical 
writers  in  Great  Britain.  Few  possess  an  equa.' 
.share  of  science  and  practice,  and  none  enjoy  a 
j  higher  reputation  for  that  spirit  of  liberality  aud 
jphilosophy,  which  ought  to  characterize  the 
member  of  a  learned  profession.  He  is  a  mem- 
'ber  of  the  Royal  Society,  a  surgeon  of  Guy's 
1  hewas  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  the!  nosjiital,  and  president  of  the  Medical  and  Chi- 
of   New- York,  and  recommended    as   a  |rurgical  Society     His  writings,  which  are  nu- 

|!nerous,  are  considered  standard  works  by  the 
members  of  the  profession.  He  has  lately  been 
appointed  surgeon  to  the  king,  and  created  a 
I  baronet. 

I  CUVTER,  brtron  do,  was  born  at  Montbeliard 
I  in  1769,  and  educated  at  Stutpard,  where  he  be- 
.came  acquainted  with  the  language,  the  litera- 
ture, and  the  sciences  of  Germany.  He  arrived 
jin  France  at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  and 
jwas  soon  distinguished  amorg  scientific  men. 
(Tie  was  one  of  the  first  members  of  the  French 
llnstituie  ;   and  is  perpetual  secretary  of   th« 


^ 


DC 

academy  of  pliysical  science,  and  proiessnr  of 
natural  liistory  to  the  coHegn  of  France.  Baron 
Cuvier  is  one  of  the  most  distinguislied  natural- 
ists of  the  present  age  ;  and  to  profound  know- 
ledge, he  has  the  art  of  expressing:  his  ideas  with 
great  clearness  and  elegance.  His  writings  are 
very  numerous,  on  scienlitic  and  miscellaneous 
subjects.  He  is  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Jour- 
)ial  dcs  Scavauts. 


D'ARBLAY.madame,  is  the  daughter  of  Dr. 
Uurney,  and  is  better  known  by  her  maiden 
name,  of  Miss  Frances  Burney.  This  lady  has 
deservedly  attracted  public  attention,  and  gained 
a  high  reputation  for  herself,  by  her  writings. 
She  unquestionably  ranks  among  the  first  female 
novel  writers  of  the  age.  Her  first  work  was 
Evelina,  published  in  1777.  To  this  succeeded 
Cecilia  and  Camilla :  s-he  has  also  written  a 
tragedy,  which  has  been  performed  on  the  Eng- 
lish stage,  and  recently  a  novel  called  the  Wan- 
derer, or  Female  Difficulties.  Madame  D'Arblay 
is  now  a  widow,  and  resides,  smce  the  death 
of  her  husband,  in  England. 

DAVID.  This  celebrarrd  French  painter  has 
been  greatly  distinguished  for  his  zeal  and  atro- 
city as  a  revolutionist.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  national  convention,  and  voted  for  the  im- 
mediate death  of  Louis  XVI.;  and  he  was  the 
constant  associate  and  intimate  friend  of  Robes- 
pierre and  Marat.  After  the  fall  of  the  former, 
he  was  arrested  and  imprisoned,  but  his  merit 
as  an  artist,  probably  saved  his  life.  He  is  ac- 
knowledged to  be  the  first  French  painter  of  the 
present  day.  His  pictures  of  the  "  Death  of 
Marat,"  of  the  Sabines,  and  of  the  coronation 
of  Napoleon,  are  coHsidered  as  admirable  speci- 
mens of  the  art.  As  a  regicide,  David  has  been 
banished,  since  the  return  of  Louis  XVIII.,  and 
now  resides  in  Bruxelles. 

DAVY,  sir  Humphrey.  This  distinguished 
philosopher.  Who  has  done  so  much  to  enlarge 
the  bounds  of  chymical  science,  was  born  at 
Pentance,  in  the  year  1779,  and  received  the 
rudiments  of  education  at  the  school  in  that 
place.  At  the  age  of  15,  he  was  placed  as  a  pupil 
with  a  Mr.  Borlase,  an  excellent  surgeon  and 
accomplished  scholar,  with  whom  he  resided 
several  years,  during  which  time,  he  laid  down 
for  himself,  and  pursued  a  course  of  study, 
which  made  him  master  of  the  leading  princi- 
ples of  botany,  anatomy,  and  physiology,  the 
simple  mathematics,  natural  phiiosophy,  and 
cbymistry.  Tne  latter  study,  however,  was 
most  congenial  to  his  taste,  and  some  early  dis- 
coveries in  ttiai  science,  drew  him  from  obscuri- 
ty, and  devoted  him  for  life,  to  the  pursuit  of 
his  favourite  science.  He  soon  after  published 
his  "  Researches  Chymicai  and  Philosophical," 
and  was  chosen  professor  of  cliymistry  in  the 
royal  institution.  His  most  brilliant  discoveries 
were  subsequent  to  this  period.  Our  limits  will 
not  permit  us  to  mention  them.  The  most  iiri- 
poriant,  however,  to  the  cause  of  humanity,  as 
well  as  of  science,  was  the  invention  of  the 
Bafety  lamp,  wnich  has  proved  of  innnense 
benefit  to  the  English  miners.  Sir  Humphrey 
is  now  president  of  tiie  Royal  Society,  and  a 
member  of  most  of  the  philosophicai  "societies 
of  Eiirope.  His  writings  are  numerous,  and  of 
great  importance  to  the  cause  of  science  and! 
philosophy. 

DECAZE3.  duke,  was  born  in  1780.  At  an 
early  age  he  wa.s  a  judge  of  Hie  tribunal  of  thej 


Eai 

Seine,  and  in  1810,  was  appointed  counsellor 
of  the  court  of  appeals.  In  1815,  he  put  him- 
self at  the  head  of  a  company  of  national 
guards,  in  support  of  the  royal  cause,  and 
vehemently  opposed  the  restoration  of  Buona- 
pirie  On  the  return  of  the  king,  he  was  appoint- 
ed prefect  of  police  and  a  meiuber  of  the  council 
of  state,  and  soon  after,  he  was  made  minister 
of  police  in  the  room  of  Fouche.  He  was  after- 
wards created  a  count,  removed  from  the  mini* 
try  of  police,  to  that  of  the  home  department, 
and  in  1818,  created  a  duke,  and  sent  as  minister 
from  Louis  XVI 11.  to  Great  Britain.  He  is 
now  one  of  the  ministry,  and  president  of  the 
council.  His  measures  have  been  generally  cal- 
culated for  the  prosperity  of  France,  anil  his 
speeches  in  their  defence,  have  been  received 
with  respect,  by  the  patriot,  and  the  man  of 
letters. 

DESEZE,  Raymond,  the  intrepid  and  eloquent 
defender  of  Louis  XVI.  at  the  bar  of  the  French 
:iaiional  convention,  was  born  at  Bourdeaux,  in 
1750,  and  educated  for  the  bar  from  his  earliest 
years.  His  professional  success  was  unusually 
rapid.  Having  been  eng.aged  in  a  defence  whicli 
had  attracted  the  attention  of  the  fashionable 
world,  he  so  farsuceeeded,  as  to  gain  the  esteem 
and  patronage  of  the  count  de  Vergennes. 
With  his  influence,  he  removed  to  Paris,  where 
he  soon  gained  the  reputation  of  the  most  elo- 
quent advocate  of  France.  He  was  imprisoned 
for  his  defence  of  his  unfortunate  sovereign, 
and  narrowly  escaped  death  ;  lived  in  retirement 
during  the  reign  of  Napoleon,  and  was  only 
rewarded  for  his  loyalty,  on  the  restoration  of 
the  Bourbons. 


EDGEWORTH,  Maria,  is  the  daoghter  or 
Richard  Lovell  Ed<reworfh,  esq.,  of  Edgeworth- 
town,  Ireland,  a  gentleman  distinguished  in  the 
literary  world  for  his  talents  and  writings.  The 
daughter  is  said  lo  excel  her  parent  in  talents  , 
she  has  devoted  herself  to  literary  pursuits,  with 
zeal  and  ardour.  One  of  her  objects  has  been 
to  perfect  the  system  of  female  education,  in 
which  she  has  in  part  succeeded.  As  a  novel 
writer,  she  ranks  among  'che  mfist  eminent ;  and 
the  Irish  character  has  never  been  drawn  with 
equal  truth  and  spirit  by  any  other  writer.  Her 
publications,  which  are  numerous,  have  been 
well  received  on  both  sides  of  tlie  Atlantic. 

ELDON,  the  ear!  of,  is  the  son  of  a  Mr.  Scott 
of  Newcastle,  and  was  born  in  1750.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford,  entered  at  Middle  Temple, 
in  1772,  and  called  to  the  bar  at  the  usual  period. 
His  first  efforts  were  far  from  successful,  but  the 
encouragement  he  received  from  lord  Thurlow, 
induced  him  to  proceed,  and  he  then  rose  into 
repute.  He  was  in  1783,  cltosen  a  member  of 
parliament,  and  soon  after  attorney-general.  In 
1799,  he  was  appointed  chief-justice  of  the  com- 
mon pleas,  and  raised  to  the  peerage.  Two 
years  after,  he  was  made  lord  chancellor  of 
Great  Britain,  an  office  which  he  still  retains. 
He  has  accuniulated  an  immense  fortune  by  his 
profession,  and  has  been  created  an  earl. 

EMMET,  Thomas  ^ddis,  esq.,  is  a  native  of 
Dublin.  His  father  was  an  eminent  physician, 
of  that  city.  ai'<l  the  son  was  educated  for  tfiat 
profession,  and  took  a  doctor's  desiree  at  Edin- 
burgh ;  but  on  the  death  of  a  brother,  who  had 
risen  to  eminence  as  a  barrister,  he  quitted  the 
practice  of  medicine  for  that  of  the  Inw,  and 
soon  obwiint'd  great  celebritv  as  a  ia^^■^'er  in  Duh 
427 


FE 

llrT  Mr.  Emmet  was  ono  of  the  leading  mera- 
bera  of  the  society  of  united  Irishmen,  and  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  Irish  directory,  which 
was  to  be  substituted  for  the  existing  government. 
His  safety  being  stipulated  for  by  the  man  who 
betrayed  the  plot,  he  was  exiled  from  the  British 
dominions.  He  then  established  himself  in 
New- York,  where  he  now  practices  with  great 
reputation  and  success. 

ERSKINE,  Thomas,  lord,  is  the  third  son  of 
the  late  earl  of  Buchan,  and  was  born  in  Scot- 
land, in  1750.  Alter  completing  his  education, 
under  the  care  of  one  of  the  most  accomplished 
scholars  of  Scotland,  he  entered  the  navy,  which 
he  soon  exchanged  for  the  army,  in  which  he 
served  several  years.  The  demands  of  an  in- 
creasing family,  and  the  scantiness  of  his  in- 
come, as  an  officer,  induced  him  to  make  choice 
of  a  profession,  and  in  1777  he  commenced  his 
legal  studies.  The  next  year  he  was  called  to 
the  bar.  Here  lie  soon  had  an  opportunitj'  of 
displaying  his  transcendant  talents,  and  his  first 
effort  was  considered  a  masterpiece  of  forensic 
eloquence.  From  tiiat  moment  his  success  was 
certain,  and  his  subsequent  exertions  have  only 
realized  the  expectations  formed  by  those  who 
then  heard  him.  As  an  eloq\jent  and  accom- 
plished advocate,  he  unquestionably  stood  first 
at  the  English  bar.  Lord  Erskine  became  a 
member  of  the  house  of  commons,  in  1783,  was 
created  a  peer  in  1806,  and  raised  to  the  dignity 
of  lord  high  chancellor  of  the  realm  ;  which  of- 
fice he  resigned,  on  his  friends  going  out  of  ad- 
ministration. 


FELLENBERG,  M.,  a  celebrated  agricultu- 
ralist and  instructor,  was  born  at  Eerne,  in  Swit- 
zerland, in  1771.  He  is  a  great-grandson,  by  the 
mother's  side,  of  admiral  Van  Tronip.  He  was 
very  carefully  educated,  and,  iu  early  life,  tra- 
Yellcd  in  France,  Switzerland,  and  Germany,  as- 
suming the  garb  and  appearance  of  a  labourer, 
thathe  mighf  better  acquaint  himself  \vith  men, 
and  their  wants.  He  was  of  great  use  in  pre- 
serving tranquillity,  by  his  influence,  in  his  na- 
tive country,  after  the  conquest  of  the  French, 
in  1798.  He  soon  withdrew  from  public  affairs, 
and  having  formed  an  acquaintance  with  the 
celebrated  Pestalozzi,  bought  a  large  farm  at 
Hofwyl,  about 6  miles  from  Berne,  which  he  cul- 
tivated in  the  ninst  approved  manner,  to  serve 
as  a  model  for  the  neighbourhood,  and  which  is 
tilled  by  the  scholars  in  his  school  of  industry. 
He  also  established  a  school,  in  which  he  has 
very  successfully  att'  mpted  a  new  system  of 
education,  and  which  has  attracted  great  atten- 
tion in  Europe. 

FERDINAND  IV.,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies, 
the  third  son  of  Charles  III.  of  Spain,  was  born 
in  Naples  the  12th  of  January,  1751.  His  natural 
disposition  was  mild  and  amiable,  and  in  early 
life  was  exhibited  in  acts  of  charity  and  benevo- 
lence, which  rendered  him  the  idol  of  the  people 
of  Naples.  His  father  succeeding  to  the  throne 
of  Spain  in  1759,  Ferdinand  was  declared  king 
of  the  Two  SiciUes,  and  during  his  minority, 
was  placed  by  his  father  under  a  regency.  He 
married  iu  1768,  Mary  Caroline,  sister  of  the 
emperor  Joseph  II.,  who  soon  acquired  an  al- 
uiosf  uncontrolled  ascendancy  over  him,  which 
hhe  used  to  effect  her  own  political  purposes. 
From  the  beginning  of  the  French  revolution, 
Ferdiiiand  has  been  involved  in  disputes  and 
vvars,  with  one  oi  another  of  the  powers  of 
428 


FE 

Europe ;  and  since  then,  has  experienced  all 
the  vicissitudes  of  fortune,  from  victory  and 
conquest  to  defeat  and  disgrace.  He  has  re- 
peatedly been  driven  from  bis  capital,  and  com- 
pelled to  take  shelter  in  Sicily :  he  has  seen 
that  capital  threatened  with  bombardment  and 
pillage,  by  a  foreign  foe,  and  saved  from  that 
fate,  only  by  bribery  and  corruption ;  he  has 
seen  his  empire  wrested  from  him  by  an  enemy, 
himself  dethroned,  and  Murat,  the  brother  of 
that  enemy,  seated  on  his  throne ;  he  has  seen 
himself  deserted  by  his  own  subjects,  and  at  the 
mercy  of  a  neighbouring  power  ;  and  when  re- 
stored to  his  throne,  and  to  the  plenitude  of  his 
authority,  he  has  again  seen  his  people  revolt- 
ing against  a  reign  distinguished  only  for  its 
tyranny,  bigotry,  and  oppression,  and  demand- 
ing of  their  sovereign  a  constitutional  form  of 
government,  and  mild  and  equal  laws,  and  has 
found  himself  obliged  to  yield  to  their  demands. 
The  interference  of  the  Holy  AlliaiM;e  has  rescu- 
ed him  from  the  influence  of  his  subjects,  and 
again  placed  him  on  an  absolute  throne.  He 
now  holds  despotic  dominion  over  his  subjects, 
supported  by  an  Austrian  armed  force  within 
his  territory,  and  liable  on  the  removal  of  that 
force,  to  the  vengeance  of  an  injured,  oppressed, 
and  insulted  people. 

FERDINAND  VIl.,  king  of  Spain  and  the 
Indies,  is  the  son  of  Charles  IV.  of  Spain,  and 
was  born  the  13th  of  October,  1784  He  was 
created  prince  of  Asturias,  when  only  six  years 
of  age,  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  by  the  abdi- 
cation of  liis  father  in  his  favour,  in  1808.  The 
incidents  of  his  eventful  reign,  have  been  marked 
by  the  stupidity  and  bigotry,  wliich  so  eminently 
characterize  this  sovereign.  Soon  after  he 
ascended  the  throne,  he  was  persuaded  to  leave 
his  dominions,  and  meanly  submit  himself  to 
the  power  of  Napoleon,  that  he  might  obtain 
from  that  emperor  a  recognition  of  his  title; 
when  in  his  power,  he  was  made  a  prisoner  to 
France,  forced  to  relinquish  his  sceptre  uncon- 
ditionally, to  his  father,  by  whom  it  was  resign- 
ed to  Buonaparte,  and  for  five  years  kept  in 
custody  in  the  interior  of  France.  "  On  a  change 
of  affairs  in  France,  he  was  suffered  to  return 
o  his  dominions.  Before  he  left  his  kingdom, 
he  had  authorized  the  convocation  of  a  corte-s^ 
and  he  had  solemnly  promised  to  maintain  them 
in  their  privileges,  and  to  approve  their  acts. 
No  sooner,  however,  had  he  returned  to  Spain, 
than  he  refused  to  sign  a  constitution  enacted 
by  the  cortes,  he  declared  null  all  their  acts 
done  in  his  absence,  he  restored  the  inquisition, 
ordered  the  monks  who  had  been  serving  in  the 
arm}'  during  the  revolution,  to  return  to  their 
monasteries,  and  denounced  all  those  who  hsd 
taken  the  oath  ofaIlegiaf.ee  to  Buonaparte.  He 
even  went  farther,  and  condemned  to  exile  and 
imprisonment  the  most  patriotic  members  of 
the  cortes,  who  had  struggled  during  his  im- 
prisonment, to  supi'ort  his  throne,  and  preserve 
it  unimpaired  until  his  re.?toration.  During  his 
reign,  the  inhabitants  of  bis  South  American 
colonies  have  disclaimed  allegiance  to  histhrone, 
emerged  from  their  vassalage,  and  become  sove- 
reign and  independent  st.iicB.  His  subjects  too 
at  home,  tired  of  his  despotism,  have  within  a 
few  years  resisted  his  authority,  convoked  anew 
the  ancient  cortes  of  the  kingdom,  and  re-estab- 
lished a  constitution,  to  wliich  Ferdinand  v.as 
obliged  to  swear  fidelity  or  lose  his  crf^wn.  The 
principles  of  the  allied  sovereigns,  and  the  arms 
of  France  have  interfered,  to  check  the  progress 
of  correct  principles  of  civil  gov-jramenl,  and 


FH 


GE 


Ferdinand  is  once  more  permitted  to  triumph 
over  tiie  wishes  of  his  subjects.  He  holds  his 
sceptre,  however,  by  a  precarious  tenure  ;  he 
has  lost  the  confidence  and  good  will  of  his  sub 
jeers,  and  there  now  exists,  from  one  end  of 
Spain  to  the  other,  a  rooted  distrust  of  him, 
which  is  but  too  well  justified  by  his  former 
conduct ;  probably,  should  the  French  army  be 
withdrawn  from  his  kingdom,  his  throne  would 
be  shaken  to  its  foundation,  by  his  oppressed 
suhjccrs. 

FERDINAND  III.,  ferand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
and  archduke  of  Austria,  was  born  in  the  year 
1769.  He  is  a  son  oi  the  late  Leopoldj  emperor 
of  Germany,  and  brother  of  tne  present  e:npe- 
■or  of  Austria.  Tuscany  was  granted  him  by 
Ills  father,  and  he  was  created  grand  duke  in 
1791.  Distinguished  by  his  protectioii  of  letters, 
and  the  mildness  of  his  administration,  he  has 
sliown  himself  more  desirous  to  maintain  peace 
in  his  states,  than  to  involve  them  in  war,  for 
what  are  now  styled  the  essential  principles  of 
government.  He  was,  therefore,  the  first  of  the 
printes  of  Europe,  to  recognise  the  French  re- 
public. This  of  course  involved  him  in  difficulty 
with  neighbouring  powers,  who  compelled  him 
to  change  his  policy,  and  adopt  a  system,  which 
resulted  in  his  expulsion  from  his  state.  He  has 
been  re  established  in  Tuscany,  since  the  abdi 
cation  of  Buonaparte,  and  yet  retains  his  autho 
rity  in  that  state. 

FESCH,  cardinal,  uncle  of  Napoleon,  late 
emperor  of  France,  was  born  at  Ajaccio,  in 
Corsica,  in  1763,  and  educated  for  the  church. 
An  ardent  partizan  of  French  revolutionary 
principles,  he  threw  of  his  clerical  dress,  and 
entered  the  army.  In  1796,  he  became  conj 
missary  general  in  the  army  of  Italy,  under  Na 
poieon,  and  in  that  office  he  acquired  a  large 
fortrfue.  After  this,  he  resumed  the  ecclesiastical 
profession,  was  appointed  archbishop  of  Lyons, 
and  in  1803,  obtained  a  cardinal's  hat.  He  was 
soon  after  sent  ambassador  to  Rome,  where  he 
resided  until  the  coronation  of  the  emperor, 
when  he  accompanied  pope  Pius  VII.  to  Paris. 
to  assist  in  that  ceremony.  He  was  the  same 
year  appointed  grand  alnioner  of  France,  and  a 
principal  officer  of  the  legion  of  honour.  In 
ISO*),  he  was  nominated  by  the  elector,  arch- 
chancellor  of  the  Germanic  empire,  his  coadjutor 
and  successor.  He  afterwards  fell  into  disgrace 
with  Buonaparte,  for  opposing  his  violent  treat- 
nie  u  of  the  pope,  and  retired  to  his  see  in  Lyons, 
where  he  resided  in  great  splendour,  'intillSH. 
On  the  downfall  of  his  nephew,  he  wt;  t  with 
his  sister  Madam  Letitia  Buonaparte  to  Rome, 
where  he  lived  in  retirement,  until  the  return 
from  Elba.  He  then  resumed  his  dignities  in 
Frnnce  for  a  siiort  period,  but  agam  took  up  his 
residence  at  Rome  after  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 

FRANCIS  II.,  emperor  of  Austria,  atid  son 
of  Leopold  IT.  of  Spain,  was  born  in  February, 
"I7R8.  In  June,  1792,  he  was  crowned  king  of 
Hungary  ;  in  July,  elected  king  of  the  Romans  ; 
and  in  August  of  the  same  year,  he  was  crown- 
ed king  of  Bohemia.  In  1804,  he  took  the  title 
of  hereditary  emperor  of  Austria.  Francis  is 
not  willing  to  relinquish  the  rights  of  despotism  ; 
yet  his  mildness  of  temper,  and  his  attachment 
to  his  subjects  are  remarkable.  He  is  an  effi- 
cient member  of  the  "Holy  Alliance." 

FREDERICK  VI.,  king  of  Denmark,  son  of 
Christian  VII.,  was  born  in  January,  1768.  He 
distinguished  himself  by  the  probity,  justice,  and 
publicity  of  his  administration  while  regent,  and 
since  180^,  when  he  ascended  the  throne,  his 


reign  has  afforded  an  example  of  political  and 
religious  liberty,  singular  in  a  country,  the  con- 
stitiition  of  wiiich  is  almost  wholly  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  sovereign. 

FREDERICK  WILLIAM  III.,  king  of  Prus- 
sia, born  in  August,  1770,  succeeded  his  father, 
Frederick  William  II.,  NoveuiU.-,  1797.  His 
early  life  was  much  devoted  t-.>  tiie  interests  of 
Prussia  ;  but  since  his  alliance  with  Alexander 
of  Russia,  the  character  of  Frederick  seems  t9 
have  been  changed ;  the  promises  made  to  his 
subjects  during  his  turbulent  wars  with  France, 
have  been  broken,  and  Frederick,  backed  by  the 
armies  of  the  "Holy  AUiance,"  defies  the  dis- 
content and  anger  of  ids  people. 

FREDERICK  AUGUPTUS  I  ,  son  of  Frede- 
rick Ci.ristian,  was  born  DFcember,  1750  be- 
came elector  of  Saxony  in  1768,  and  in  '777, 
elector  of  Bavaria,  by  the  death  of  Maxmiilian. 
In  1791,  the  crown  of  Poland  was  proffered  him 
in  the  name  of  the  Polish  nation,  which  he  de- 
clined accepting,  at  the  desire  of  his  subjects. 
In  1806,  Saxony  was  constituted  a  kingdom,  and 
Frederick  elected  king.  He  became  a  member 
of  the  Germanic  body  in  1812.  Taken  prisoner 
by  the  armies  of  France,  Russia,  and  Prussia 
in  1813,  he  was  obliged  to  reSinquish  large  por- 
tions of  his  territo;  v,  and,  bv  order  of  Jie  king 
of  Prussia,  he  acceded  to  the  "  Holy  Alliance" 
in  1817. 


GALL,  Dr.,  is  tiow  a  resWent  of  Paris,  and 
was  born  in  Wertemhurg,  in  1758.  With  him 
originated  the  science  of  craniology,  v.hich  has 
found  so  many  advocate^  in  Germany,  Paris, 
England,  and  the  United  States. 

GALLATIN,  Albert,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
came  many  years  since  to  the  United  States. 
For  subsistence  he  became  a  French  teacher, 
but  afterwards  connecting  himself  with  Mr. 
Jefferson,  he  rose  to  high  employments  in  this 
country.  He  was  appointed  secretary  of  the 
treasury  ;  and,  in  1813,  was  sent  to  conclude  a 
peace  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain  ;  failing  in  this  he  returned  in  1814  ;  in 
1815,  he  was  appoint«d  minister  to  Paris,  and 
afterwards  went  to  Loodon  on  public  business. 

GALT,  John,  an  extensive  and  observant 
traveller,  and  an  author  of  considerable  talent, 
was  born  in  Greenock,  1779.  He  has  published 
the  "  Life  of  Benjamin  West,  Esq.;"  the  "  Life 
and  Administration  of  Cardinal  Wolsey ;" 
"  Annals  of  the  Parish,"  and  many  otiier 
works. 

GEORGE  IV.,  king  of  Great  Britain  sni  Ire- 
land, son  of  George  III.,  was  born  August  12th, 
1762,  on  the  17th  of  that  month  was  created 
prince  of  Wales,  a:id  earl  of  Chester.  He  con- 
nected himself  with  Mr.  Fox  and  the  popular 
party,  in  1783,  and  in  the  same  year,  having 
taken  his  seat  in  parIiament,supported  Mr.  Fox's 
celebrated  India  bill.  In  1795  he  married  the 
princess  Caroline  of  Brunswick,  and,  in  1810, 
in  coaseqiience  of  the  king's  indisposition,  he 
was  appointed  regent,  and  continued  closely  at- 
tached to  the  Pitt  party.  He  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther in  1820.  His  attempts  to  procure  a  divorce- 
ment from  the  queen,  produced  an  extraordina- 
ry feeling  of  indignation  throughout  the  kingdom, 
which  only  subsided  at  her  death,  which  took 
place  SOOT)  after. 

GERARD,  M.,  aceleWratcd  painter,  was  bore 
429 


GO 

r.t  Rome, in  1770;  fie  is  now  a  resident  of  Fiance, 
and  chief  painter  to  the  king. 

GU^TORD,  VViJIiam,  editor  of  the  "  London 
Quarterfy  Review,"  was  born  in  1757.  When 
lie  had  learned  to  write  and  cipher,  he  was  put 
on  board  a  coasting  vessel,  where  he  remained  a 
year.  He  afterwards  was  bound  an  apprentice 
to  a  shoemaker,  where  he  continued  till  he  was 
twenty  years  of  age,  when  his  talents  were  dis- 
covered, and  he  was  sent  to  Oxford.  He  per- 
formed two  tours  afterwards  on  the  continent, 
as  tutor  to  lord  Beifjrave,  who,  on  his  return, 
placed  him  in  a  state  of  independence.  He  has 
published  a  translation  of  the  "  Satires  of  Juve- 
nal;" the  "  Baviad;"  the  "  Masviad ;"  and 
some  otiier  works. 

GILLIES,  John,  a  native  of  Brechin,  was 
born  in  1750,  and  educated  at  the  university  of 
Glasgow.  His  great  work,  the  "History  of  An- 
cient Greece,"  and  the  "  History  of  the  World 
from  Alexander  to  Augustus,"  have  gained  him 
the  reputation  of  a  correct  historian.  He  has 
also  published  other  works  of  merit,  and  now 
resides  in  London. 

GISBORNE,  Rev.  T.,  an  English  curate,  and 
distinguished  moral  writer.  Among  his  works 
aie  "  The  Principles  of  Moral  Philosophy,"  an 
"  Inquiry  into  the  Duties  of  the  Female  sex," 
and  "  A  Familiar  Survey  of  the  Christian  Re- 
litrion,"  &c. 

GLOUCESTER,  duke  of,  son  of  the  late  duke 
of  that  name,  was  born  at  Rome,  and  succeeded 
to  his  father's  title  in  1805.  In  politico,  the  duke 
has  generally  voted  with  tlie  whigs,  and  during 
liie  queen's  trial,  he  supported  her  as  a  niuci; 
injured  and  oppressed  woman.  He  has  lately 
acted  much  in  public  life.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  and  is  now  chancellor  of  that  uni- 
versity. 

GODOI,  Don  Manuel,  prince  of  peace,  was 
born  at  Badajoz,  in  Spain,  in  1764,  of  a  poor  fa 
mily.  From  one  of  the  king's  body  guards,  liv 
ing  on  a  pay  of  twenty  cenfs  a  day,  he  became 
a  favourite  «f  the  king  and  queen,  was  made 
prime  minister,  and,  besides  being  invested  wiih 
all  the  titles  and  honours  his  majesty  could  be- 
stow, the  king  gave  him  his  cousin  in  marriage. 
His  amhiiioii  and  influence  were  unlimited,  nor 
did  Godoi  finish  l.is  career  of  artifice  and  in- 
trigue, till  Buonaparte,  in  1808,  became  king  of 
Spain. 

GODWLV,  William,  son  of  a  di.-^sentiiig  cler- 
gyman,was  hmiseirapicacherofthatpersuasion 
for  some  years.  In  17"?,  as  llic  author  of  ';  Po 
lilicai  Justice,"  i^j  inculcated  some  doctrines, 
both  on  religion  and  politics,  which  gave  great 
oiTence.  He  has  .since  been  a  political  and  niis- 
cellaiseous  writer,  and  has  acquired  much  cele 
britv  by  his  masterly  examinafion  of  Maltlius' 
"Thcorv  of  Population,"  "  Fleetwood, "  "  Ivlan- 
deville,"  "  Life  and  Age  of  Geoffrey  Chaucer," 
and  "  Caleb  Williams,"  are  fro.m  his  pen.  Re- 
sides these,  he  has  written  many  useful  books 
on  education,  and  is  now  a  juvenile  bookseller 
iu  London. 

GORTHE,  baron,  a  most  celebrated  German 
writer  was  born  at  Frankfort,  in  1749.  In  178-2, 
he  was  ennobled,  and  as  baron  Gorthe  was  named 
president  of  the  ducal  chamber.  Gorthe,  in  h" 
own  country,  is  almost  worshipped,  and  abroad 
his  reputation  is  high  as  a  poet,  and  as  a  scholar 
His  works  are  voluminous,  the  first  of  whicl 
was  the  "  Sorrows  of  Werter." 

GOOD,  Dr.,  a  man  of  distinguished  talents 
and  eminent  as  a  physician,  h*-  resides  in  Lon 
don.-  Besides  manyothcr  woiks,  he  lately  pub 
430 


HA _^ 

lished  the  "  Study  of  Medicine,"  and  a  "  System 
of  Nosology,"  both  of  which  have  been  re- 
published in  this  country. 

GOUVION,  St.  Cyr,  count,  one  of  the  best 
French  tacticians,  was  an  officer  under  Louis 
XVI.,  and  acquired  great  reputation  as  a  soldier 
under  Buonaparte,  who  appointed  him  a  mar- 
shal. When  Louis  XVIII.  returned  to  France, 
he  created  him  a  peer.  He  is  now  at  the  head 
of  the  war  department. 

GRAFTON,  duke  of,  was  born  in  17C0.  He 
was  closely  attached  to  Sir.  Pitt,  is  now  one  of 
the  whig  party,  and  was  actively  engaged  for  the 
queen,  during  her  trial. 

GRANT,  Mrs.,  author  of  "  Memoirs  of  an 
American  Lady,"  "  Letters  from  the  Moun- 
tains," &c.  She  was  born  at  Glasgow,  in  1756  ; 
and  when  a  child,  spent  some  years  in  tliis 
cduntry  with  her  father,  who  was  a  British 
fficer  stationed  among  the  Mohawks. 

GRENVILLE,  lord,  was  born  in  1769,  and 
educated  at  Oxford,  where  he  studied  law  for  a 
short  time,  and  afterwards  devoted  his  life  to 
jolitics.  He  for  fome  time  supported  Mr  Pitt 
n  liis  administration.  He  was  alterwards  a 
member  of  parliament,  and  for  a  short  time 
speaker  of  the  house  of  coniinons.  When  Mr. 
Pitt's  interest  declined,  lord  Grenville  jrined 
3Ir.  Fox  in  the  opposition,  and  Las  since  acted 
mostly  with  that  body. 

GROS,  M.,  a  historical  painter,  a  pupil  of 
David,  and  one  of  the  best  masters  of  the  French 
chool. 

GROUCHY,  marshal,  born  at  Paris,  in  1766, 
was  once  a  lieutenant  of  the  body  guards  of 
Louis  XVI.,  afterwards  under  Napoleon ;  he 
acquired  great  reputation  as  a  general,  and 
endered  important  services  to  France.  By 
Buonaparte  he  was  made  a  count,  and  after- 
wards marshal  of  the  empire.  His  attaclmient 
to  Napoleon  however  lias  been  doubted,  and  it 
is  certain  that  during  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  he 
was  within  hearing  of  the  canonade  with  40,000 
men.  Soon  after  the  return  of  the  king,  Grouchy 
came  to  the  United  States  but  lately  obtained 
permission  to  return    to  France. 

GUSTAVUS  ADOLPnUS,  ex- king  of  Swe- 
den, was  born  November,  1778,  and  succeeded 
ills  father,  Gustavus  HI.,  in  1792  At  tlie  com- 
mencement of  his  reign,  he  resolved  to  follow 
the  pacific  system  of  his  father.  But  he  refused 
to  marry  Catharine  Paulowna,  of  Russia,  after- 
wards queen  of  Wertemburg,  although  he  went 
to  St.  Petersburgh  with  that  object ;  this,  and  his 
refusal  to  recognise  Buonaparte  as  emperor  of 
France,  was  sufficient  to  involve  him  in  his 
after  difficulties.  A  coalition  of  Fiance,  Russia, 
Prussia,  and  Denmark,  was  formed  in  1809, 
against  Sweden,  and  tire  fear,  anxiety,  and  dis- 
content maiiiiVstcd  in  all  classes  of  the  Swedes 
on  this  account,  would  have  terminated  in  a 
civil  war,  had  not  Gusiavus  been  seized,  and 
required  to  abdicate  the  throne.  He  now  re- 
sides at  Basle,  in  Switzerland. 


H 


HALL,  Rev.  Robert,  a  Baptist  minister,  and 
not  only  one  of  the  most  eloquent  dis-^enting 
ministers  of  his  time,  but  an  able  polemical 
writer,  was  born  in  England  in  1756.  He  was 
some  time  a  minister  at  Cambridge,  but  his  de- 
clining health  has  obliged  hiui  to  retire  to 
Leicester^hile. 

HARnii:NBERG,  prince  was  born  in  Hano- 
ver, 1750.    After  the  Margravate  of  Antpach 


HO 

and  Baieutli  was  sold  to  Prussia,  M.  Hardenberg 

was  ernployed  to  assimilate   their  laws   and 

government  to  those  of  Prussia.    He  is  now 

chancellor  of  state,  minister  of  war,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  cabinet  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  who 

tr:ive  him  the  rank  of  prince.     He  is  considered 

'one  of  the  ablest  statesmen  of  Europe. 

HASTINGS,  marquis  of,  born  1754,  and  as 

lord  Rawdon,  is  well  known  in  this  country  asi 

a  general  in  the  British  service  during  the  revo  { 

tionary  war.     His  career  since  has  gained  hinij 

much  popularity.     In  1805,  he  was  sent  as  com- 1 
Jnander-in-chief,  into  Scotland  ;  and  in  1822,  he| 

returned  to  England  from  India,  where  he  had 

been  for  some  years  as  governor-general. 

HAZLITT,  William,  the  son  of  a  dissenting 
minister,  was  originally  an  artist,  but,  relin- 
quishing the  pencil  for  the  pen,  has  become  con- 
siderably distinguished  as  an  author.  Besides 
many  other  works,  he  has  written  "  Lectures 
(n  the  English  Poets,"  "Political  Essays,  with 
Sketches  of  Public  Characters,"  "  Lectures  on 
the  English  Conric  Writers,"  and  "  Oiaracters 
of  Shakspeare's  Plays." 

HEATH,  James,  an  eminent  engraver,  of 
England,  was  born  in  1757.  He  has  engraved 
S3veral  beautiful  prints,  which  have  izained  him 
great  reputation  ;  his  son,  Charles  Heath,  is  con- 
sidered one  of  the  best  engravers  of  his  time. 

HENRY,  Dr.  William,  born  in  Manchester, 
Eng.,  has  acquired  much  celebrity  as  a  chymist 
His  works  have  all  been  well  received.  Among 
tliem,  are  "  Elements  of  Experimental  Chymis- 
try,"  and  "  A  General  View  of  tlie  Nature  and ! 
Objects  of  Chymistry." 

HESSE  CASSEL,  elector  of,  was  born  June, 
1743  He  is  OTie  of  the  most  illiberal  monarchs 
of  the  present  day.  After  the  battle  of  Jena 
Buonaparte  took  from  him  his  electorate,  to 
wliicli  he  did  not  return  till  after  the  coalition, 
into  which  he  entered,  was  victorious  over 
Fi  -ince 

HOB  HOUSE,  John  Cam,  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  soon  after  tra 
veiled  into  Greece  and  some  provinces  of  the 
Turkish  empire,  in  company  with  lord  Byron. 
He  has  written  an  "  Account  of  a  Journey  into 
Albania  and  other  provinces  in  the  Turkish  Em 
pire,"  a  volume,  illustrative  of  lord  Byron's 
"  Childe  Harold,"  and  some  other  works.  In 
a  reply  to  lord  Erskine,  he  offended  the  house  of 
commons,  for  which  he  was  imprisoned  ;  but 
he  was  soon  after  elected  a  member  of  the 
house  he  had  offended,  and  is  an  intimate  friend 
of  sir  F.  Burdett. 

HOFLAND,  Mr.  and  Mrs.,  the  former  a  land 
3f  ape  painter,  and  the  latter  an  author,  each 
uniting  considerable  talents  in  their  profession 
Among  the  works  of  Mrs.  Hofland  are  "  The 
3->n  of  a  Genius,"  "  Says  she  to  her  neighbour 
whatl"  "Ellen  the  Teacher,"  "  The  Sisters," 
and  the  "  Otficer's,  Clergyman's  and  Merchant's 
Widow."  Many  of  her  works  are  designed 
for  youth,  and  all  are  strictly  moral. 

HOGG,  James,  the  Ettrick  shepherd,  is  the 
eon  of  a  respectable  farmer  and  sheep  dealer  in 
Hcotland,  wlio  was  ruined  when  the  subject  of 
this  article  was  a  child.  At  seven  years  of  age 
he  became  a  cowherd,  and  afterwards  a  shep- 
herd. During  this  period  he  suffered  many 
I'.f.nlships.  "  Time  after  time,"  says  he  "  I  had 
but  two  shirts,  vvliich  often  grew  so  bad,  that 
^rhen  I  put  them  on  they  hung  in  long  tatters  as 
far  as  my  heels."    At  eighteen  years  of  age,  he 

could  hardly  read,  and  in  writing  a  letter  at  that  jL..ia  vui.i.nj^,  i».."  .^^.w. 
time,  he  says,  "  J  had  actually  forgot  how  to  York,  for  several  years, 


HY 

make  sundry  letters  of  the  alphabet."  When 
he  was  nineteen,  he  hired  himself  as  a  shepherd, 
to  a  gentleman,  with  whom  he  lived  nine  years. 
Here  he  had  access  to  many  valuable  books, 
and  aspired  to  be  an  autiior.  In  1793,  ho  wrote 
'  An  Address  to  the  Duke  of  Buccleugh  in 
beha'f  o'  mysel'  an'  ither  poor  fo'k."  His  first 
printed  work  appeared  m  1801,  and  soon  after, 
he  published  the  "  Mountain  Bard,"  by  which, 
anci  a  work  on  sheep,  tie  became  master  of 
near.'y  three  hundred  pounds  ;  a  sum  wliich,  he 
ays,  made  him  "  perfectly  mad."  But  in  three 
years  he  was  pennyless,  and  in  1810,  in  utter  des- 
peration, he  took  his  plaid  about  his  shoulders, 
set  out  lor  Edinburgh,  and  forced  himself  into  no- 
tice as  a  literary  character.  His  works,  among 
which  are  the  "Queen's  Wake,"  "  Tlie  Pilgrims 
of  the  Sun"  "  Mador  of  tlie  Moor,"  "  The  Brow- 
nie of  Bodsbeck,"  and  "Winter  Evening  Tales," 
Itave  nearly  all  been  published  in  theU.  States. 

HOME,  sir  Everard,  is  not  only  one  of  the 
principal  operative  surgeons,  but  is  a  writer  of 
considerable  eminence,  in  London.  He  lias 
written  on  the  "  Properties  of  Pus,"  "  Practical 
Observations  on  the  treatment  of  Strictures  in 
ihe  Urethra,"  "Observations  on  Cancers," 
"  Lectures  on  comparative  Anatomy,"  &c. 

HUFELAND,  Dr.,  the  most  celebrated  of 
German  physicians,  is  professor  of  the  university 
of  Jena,  and  physician  to  the  king  of  Prussia. 
He  has  published  many  works  on  medicine, 
among  wliich,  the  most  curious  is  the  "  Art  of 
prolonging  Human  Life,"  by  means  of  which, 
he  is  of  opinion  that  the  age  of  man  may  be  ex- 
tended to  two  hundred  years. 

HUMBOLDT,  baron,  Frederick,  one  of  tlie 
most  indefatigable  and  intelligent  of  modern 
travellers,  was  born  at  Berlin,  in  17G9.  He  has 
visited  Holland,  Italy,  Switzerland,  Cuba,  South 
America,  and  the  United  States;  few  have 
encountered  toll  and  danger  more  readily,  in 
pursuit  of  a  favourite  object ;  or  looked  upon 
the  works  of  nature  with  a  more  observant  eye. 
Baron  Humboldt  has  published  several  volumes 
of  travels,  and  is  known  as  a  botanist  and 
mineralogist.  He  is  now  supposed  to  be  in  the 
East  Indies. 

HUNT,  Leign,  a  nephew  of  the  late  Benja- 
min West,  was  born  in  England,  in  1784.  As 
a  poet  and  prose  writer,  he  has  exhibited  con- 
siderable talents;  among  his  works  are  "  Tiie 
Feast  of  the  Poets,"  "  Tiie  Descent  of  Liberty," 
"  Foliage,"  a  translation  of  the  "  Aminta  of 
Tasso,"  "The  Round  Table,"  &c.  For  a 
time  lie  was  editor  of  a  paper,  called  the  "  Ex- 
aminer," and  for  a  libel  published  in  it  on  the 
prince  regent,  he  was  once  sentenced  to  two 
years  imprisonment. 

HUTTON,  Dr.  Charles,  born  at  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  in  1737.  Although  since  the  age  of 
eighteen,  he  has  always  been  a  schoolmaster, 
he  has  become  eminent  as  a  mathematician. 
Among  his  works  are  "  ElemenlB  of  Conic  Sec- 
tions," "  A  Mathematical  and  Philosophical 
Dictionary,"  and  "  .\  new  course  of  Mathema- 
tics."    He  now  resides  at  Woolwich. 

HYDE  DE  NEUVILLE,  count,  the  son  of 
an  Englishman,  a  resident  of  France.  De  Neu 
ville  was  a  principal  agent  of  the  exiled  Bour- 
bons after  the  establishment  of  the  consulship, 
and  had  the  boldness  to  propose  to  Buonaparte 
to  restore  the  exiled  family.  For  this,  and  some 
unsuccessful  intrigues,  an  order  was  issued  for 
his  arrest ;  but  he  escaped,  and  fled,  finally,  to 
this  country,  and  resided  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
After  the  restoration 
431 


JA 

of  LoTiis  XVIIl.,  lie  returned  to  France,  and  ior 
his  fidelity  to  the  Bourbons,  he  was  rewarded 
with  the  title  of  count,  and  the  place  of  ambas- 
sador to  the  United  States.  He  has  lately  re- 
hirued  to  Paris. 

I 

IRVING,  Washington,  was  bom  in  the  city 
of  New- York,  about  tlie  year  178:i,  was  educated 
at  Columbia  Coliego,  and  while  there  he  amueed 
the  town  occnsionaily  by  some  effusions  which 
appeared  in  one  of  the  papers  of  the  time.  He 
had  eommenred  the  study  of  the  law,  when  in 
1*30.5,  hi-  studies  were  interrupte'd  by  decayinE' 


JE 

he  has  since  held  a  seat,  and  he  was  a  promi- 
nent, although  unsucdtssful  candidate  for  the 
presidency,  in  opposition  to  Mr.  Adams. 

J.A  Ml E'yoN.Kobert,  an  eminent  iiuneralogist, 
and  a  resident  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  is  a  pro- 
fessor of  natural  liistory,  president  of  the  Wer- 
nerian  Society,  and  lecturer  in  niineralopy.  His 
lareest  work  is  a  "  t>y8tem  of  JMineraioey,''  3 
vols.  8vo.  Among  other  works  which  he  has 
published,  is  a  •' Treatise  on  fheexternal,chynii- 
cal.  and  physical  ctmra<ter  of  Alinerais ;"  and 
"  Outlines  of  the  Mineralogy  of  the  iscottish 
Jpies." 

JAY,  John,  was  born  in  the  city  of  Newr 
York,  on  the  1st  o;  Oereuiber,  oid  style,  in  1745. 
health  ;  he  immediately  sailed  lor  Kurope,  andij  He  %va8  educated  at  Columbia  College,  and  was 
at  the  expiration  of  two  years,  having  visited;!  ai'terwards  admitted  to  the  bar,  where  lie  attaiu- 
niany  of  the  most  important  places  on  the  con-i  ed  ereat  and  deserved  reputation  as  a  lawyer. 


fiiient,  he  returned  through  Kn^iand  to  his  na-| 
live  city.  A*\er  completing  iiis  studies,  he  wasj 
admitted  to  the  bar  ;  but  pielei ring  otlier  pursuits: 
to  the  details  of  the  lav  ,  he  devoted  himself  to 
literature,  and  in  1807,  in  ronnexinn  with  M'.j 
Paulding  at'd  Mr.  VerpiancK,  me  most  amusing^ 
and  popula.  periodical  publication  of  the  times,! 
was  produced  under  the  title  oi  "  Salniajniiidi." 
In  1810,  Mr.  Irving;  published  "  Knickerbocker's' 
History  of  New- York,"     and   the   lame   oi    it! 


He  was  elected  by  the  citizens  of  New- York,  to 
the  first  American  congress,  in  1774.  and  after 
havip?  been  re-elected  the  two  succeeding  years, 
he  was  chosen  president  of  congress,  in  1776. 
He  was  afterwards  appointed  a  meiubcrol  tiie 
coiiveniion  of  New-York,  and  after  the  vr^an- 
ization  of  that  government,  was  appoir'ed 
chief-justice  of  the  state.  In  1778,  he  was 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  the  court  of  Spain, 
and  in   1782,  was  appointed  one  of  the  corn- 


established  the  reputation  ot  its  author.    Duringjl  miijsioners  to  negotiate  a  j-.eace  with  England, 


the  late  war,  Mr.  Irving  was  military  secretary,! 
and  aid-de-carap  to  the  governor  of  the  slaiel 
of  New- York  ;  and  in  1815,  he  went  to  Eng-| 
land,  and  has  since  resided  in  Europe.  Sincej 
his  arrival  in  England,  he  has  added  much  to, 
his  literary  reputation,  both  there,  and  in  his  na- 
tive country,  by  several  voluinesunder  the  titles- 
of  "The  Sketch  Book,"  "Bracebridge  Hail,"  and 
"  lales  of  a  Traveller."  Mr.  Irving  is  now  en- 
gaged at  Paris,  in  editing  an  extensive  collec- 
tion of  English  and  American  literature. 


JACKSON,  Andrew,  was  born  in  the  (then) 
Wraxaw  settlement.  South  Carolina,  In  the  year 
1767,  and  is  of  Irish  parentage.  He  enlisted  in 
the  service  of  his  country  at  the  ajie  of  fourteen 
and  after  fighting  bravely,  was  wounded  and 
taken  prisoner.  After  his  release,  he  studied 
at  a  flourishing  acatiemy  in  the  settlement 
prepared  himself  for  the  bar  in  Salisbury,  inj 
North  Carolina,  was  admitted  to  it,  and  settled 
himself  at  Nashville,  in  Tennessee,  where  he 
was  so  successful  in  his  practice,  that  he  was 
soon  appointed  attorney-general  lor  the  district. 
At  a  slate  convention  in  17%,  Mr.  Jackson  was 
much  distinguished,  aud  he  was  that  year 
elected  to  congress,  after  being  a  member  of 
each  house  one  year,  he  resigned  his  seat, 
esteemed  for  the  sound  uess  of  his  understand- 
ing, and  the  moderation  of  his  demeanour.  He 
was  then  for  a  short  time  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Tennesst-e.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  late  war  he  was  a  major-general  oi 
uiilitia  in  Tennessee,  and  by  an  energetic  ad 
dress  to  the  militia  ot  his  division,  he  drew  2o00| 
volunteers  to  .lis  standard.  These  were  dis-j 
banded  in  thesptiiii/of  1813.  General  Jackson's 
military  career  since,  is  well  known  ;  in  his  va-| 
rious  campaigns,  he  has  proved  himself  a  mostj 

skilful  commander,  a  vigilant  disc;, '^narian,  andj  and  retired  to  private  life.     Mr.  JefTerson  was 
a  dauntless  s.iidier.  He  waissent  by  government  elected  vice-president  in  I7fl7,  and  for  tiie  eight 


and  a  treaty  was  signed  in  Sep.  17b4,  when  he 
retuii'ed  to  New-York.  After  this,  he  was  at 
tlie  head  of  foreign  affairs  until  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  government,  when  he  was  appointed 
chief- justice  of  the  United  States  ;  while  in 
this  occupation,  he  was  engaged  with  Mr.  Madi- 
son, and  colonel  Hamilton  in  writing  the  Fede- 
ralist. As  envoy- extraordinary  to  Great  Britain, 
lie  negotiated  and  signed  the  treaty  which  bears 
his  name,  and  on  his  return  in  1795,  he  found 
himself  elected  governor  of  the  stale  of  New- 
York.  This  office  he  held  until  1807,  when 
declining  are-election,  and  also  the  situation  of 
chief-justice  of  the  United  States,  to  which  he 
had  been  appointed,  he  retired  from  public  lifs 
to  his  farm  at  Bedford,  N.  Y.,  still  the  friend  of 
his  country,  but  wholly  unambitious  of  further 
honours  or  distinctions.  He  is  one  of  the  most 
worthy  men  who  were  bred  in  the  school  of  the 
revolution  ;  and  is  conspicuous  alike  for  the 
soundness  of  hia  judgment  and  his  legal  acquire- 
ments. His  piety  is  undoubted,  and  the  wanton 
malice,  and  rancorous  endeavours  to  injure  his 
name,  he  has  viewed  with  the  complacency  of 
a  Christian. 

JEFFERSON,  Thomas,  was  born  in  Chester- 
field county,  Virginia,  on  the  2d  of  October,  1743, 
and  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary  College. 
He  wasapupilintheoffice  of  chancellor  Wythe, 
and  was  a  distinguishexl  member  of  the  Virginia 
legislature  in  1769,  where  he  continued  three 
years,  and  afterwards  was  a  delegate,  and  took 
a  most  conspicuous  stand  in  the  congress  at 
Philadelphia.  Here  he  drew  up  that  gieantie 
and  spirited  article,  the  Declaratimi  of  Indepen- 
dence. After  this,  from  1779  to  1781.  he  w.-vs 
governor  of  Virginia,  and  at  the  conclusion  of 
peace,  was  appointed,  with  Dr.  Franklin  and 
Mr.  Adams,  minister  plenipoteniiary  to  Europe. 
He  returned  in  1789,  and  was  appointed  secre- 
tary of  state,  which  office  he  resigned  in  1790, 


to  receive  the  Flo:  Idas  from  Spain,  as  commis 
sioner,  and  arierwards  was  appointed  governor 
of  these  provinces.  General  Jackson  was  elect 
ed  a  senator  to  coiigrms  fiom  Tennessee,  where 
43'2  t>Sn. 


years  succeeding  Mr.  Adams'  administration,  he 
was  president  of  the  United  Stales.  He  then 
withd.rew  from  public  life,  and  retired  to  Mon- 
ticello".    During  Mr.  Jeflerson's  political  career. 


KE    ' 


LA 


he  was  distinguished  as  a  sound  legislator  and 
statesman,  unyielding  in  his  determination,  and 
a  firm  patriot.  In  private  life,  he  is  said  to  be 
benevolent,  humane,  and  affable.  He  is  presi- 
<1ent  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
and  is  a  member  of  several  literary  societies  in 
Europe  and  America.  Ko  published  "  Notes  on 
Virginia"  in  1781,  which  has  lately  been  re- 
published :  it  was  also  translated  in  France, 
and  published  in  1784. 

JEFPERY,  Francis,  a  celebrated  literary  and 
legal  character  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  was 
bohi,  in  1773.  In  1814,  he  visited  the  United 
Btates,  and  married  a  Miss  Wilkes,  of  New 
York.  Mr.  Jeffery  is  most  generaUv  known  as 
a  literary  character,  and  this  reputation  he  -las 
acquired  as  editor  of  the  Edinburgh  Review. 
This  office,  however,  he  has  declined  the  present 
vear  (1825.) 

JOHN  VI.,  king  of  Portugal,  was  born  in  1767 
and  ifii  1792  became  regent  of  the  kingdom.  At 
the  outset  of  his  administration  as  regent,  he  of- 
fended both  Buonaparte  and  Spain,  and  these 
soon  combined  to  manifest  their  disaffection. 
Napoleon  made  demands  of  the  regent  which 
were  not  complied  with,  and  he  then  declared 
that  the  house  of  Braganza  had  ceased  to  reign, 
The  regent  immediately  sailed  for  the  Brazils. 
and  reached  Rio  Janeiro  in  safety.  In  March, 
1810,  he  succeeded  his  mother,  as  king  of  Portu- 
gal. Though  he  had  somewhat  ameliorated  the 
situation  of  the  Brazilians,  the  government  con 
tinued  despotic,  till,  in  1820,  he  took  the  oath  as 
constitutional  sovereign.  In  July,  1821,  he  re 
turned  to  Portugal,  and  appears  to  be  on  the  best 
terms  with  the  cortes,  the  people,  and  the  new 
order  of  things. 

JOURDAN,  marshal  count,  an  eminent  mill 
tary  commander,  was  born  at  Limoges,  in  1762. 
Ho  served  in  the  United  States  in  the  regiment 
of  Auxerrois,  from  the  age  of  16  to  the  close  of 
the  revolutionary  contest.  In  1793  he  command 
ed  the  army  of  the  North,  and  defeated  the 
prince  of  Saxe  Cobourg,  and  compelled  him  to 
abandon  the  blockade  of  Maubeuge.  At  the 
head  of  the  army  of  the  Moselle,  in  1794,  he  de- 
feated the  allies,  under  Cobourg,  and  the  entire 
conquest  of  the  Netherlands  was  the  conse 
quence.  As  a  member  of  the  council  of  Five 
Hundred,  in  1797,  he  manifested  a  decidedly  re 
publican  spirit,  and  was  soon  chosen  president 
of  the  council.  In  July,  1600,  he  was  sent  as 
administrator  to  Piedmont,  and  by  his  judicious 
government  did  himself  much  honour.  In  1803 
he  was  at  the  head  of  the  army  of  Italy,  and,  in 
1804,  was  appointed  marshal  and  grand  officer 
of  the  legion  of  honour.  After  this  he  was  sent 
into  Spain  with  Joseph  Buonaparte,  as  his  ma 
jor-general  and  military  counsellor.  He  assented 
to  the  return  of  the  Bourbons,  was  created  a 
knight  of  St.  Louis,  and  in  1819,  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  house  of  peers. 

K 

KEAN,  Edmund,  an  actor,  born  in  London 
in  1787.  As  an  actor,  Mr.  Kean's  talents  and 
powers  rank  him  among  the  first  of  his  profes- 
sion. But  a  late  trial  has  rendered  the  infamy 
of  his  character  as  conspicuous  as  are  his  talents 
as  a  performer.  It  is  said,  notwithstanding  the 
disgrace  in  which  he  left  the  stage  in  this  coun- 
try, in  1822,  that  he  is  about  making  the  United 
States  another  visit. 

KEMBLE,  Charles,  an  actor  of  great  merit 
as  a  tragedian,  and  one  of  the  first  comic  actors 


37 


was  born  in  Wales,  in  1775.  His  wife,  Mrs.  M. 
r.  Kemhle,  is  an  actres.s  of  considerable  ability. 
They  are  both  engaged  at  the  Covent  Garden 
Theatre,  and  both  have  writlen  several  plays. 

KETT,  rev.  Henry,  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
and  is  a  fellow  and  tutor  of  Trinity  College,  and 
one  of  the  king's  preachers  at  V/hitehall.  He 
has  published  many  works,  amo?ig  wliich  are 
"Sermons  at  the  Bampton  Lecture=;"  "Eleinenta 
of  General  Knowledge  ;"  a  translation  of  Cha- 
teaubriand's "  Beauties  of  Christianity;"  and 
"  The  Flowers  of  Wit." 

KING,  Rufus,  is  the  son  of  Richard  King,  a 
merchant,  of  Scarborough,  in  Maine,  and  w.aa 
born  in  1755.  lie  graduated  at  Harvard  College, 
Cambridge,  and  completed  his  studies  in  the  law 
in  the  office  of  the  late  chief-justice  Parsons 
While  a  student,  he  volunteered  his  services  in 
the  cause  oi'  his  country  under  general  Sullivan, 
who  soon  appointed  hiin  his  aid,  and  served 
w'nh  much  ardour  and  alacrity  in  the  enterprise 
against  the  British  on  Long  is'and.  In  1784, 
he  was  a  delegate  to  the  congress  then  sitting  at 
Trenton,  and  in  1787,  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in 
the  general  convention  at  Phil.'idelphia.  In  1733, 
Mr.  King  removed  to  New- York,  and  was  elect- 
ed to  the  legislature  in  1789,  and  also  a  senator 
to  congress.  He  represented  the  United  States 
at  the  English  court  from  the  last  year  of  presi- 
dent Washington's  administration  to  the  year 
1803,  with  much  honour  to  himself  and  his  coun- 
try, when  he  returned  home.  In  1813,  he  was 
again  chosen  senator  to  congress,  which  office 
he  continued  to  fill  with  undiminished  esteem 
and  applause.  Mr.  King  in  his  public  life,  has 
displayed  a  sound  mind,  and  discriminating 
judgment,  and  is  a  profound  statesman,  civilian, 
and  orator.  He  has  recently  been  appointed  by 
president  Adams,  minister  to  England. 

KNIAZiEWICZ,  general,  a  native  of  Poland, 
who  first  distinguished  himself  in  the  gallant 
struggles  made  by  the  Poles,  in  1794,  to  ex- 
pel their  Russian  tyrants.  He  commanded,  un- 
der Zajonczek,  at  the  combat  of  Gulkow  ;  and 
at  the  fatal  battle  of  Macejorrice,  he  seconded 
Kosciusco  with  the  utmost  intrepidity  and  intel- 
ligence. As  second  in  command  of  the  Pohsli 
legions  in  the  French  service,  he  repeatedly  dis- 
tinguished himself,  and  afterwards,  at  the  head 
of  the  Polish  legion  on  the  Rhine,  he  contributed 
his  services  to  the  gaining  of  the  victory  of  IIo- 
henlinden.  Napoleon,  in  1803,  sent  him  the 
decoration  of  a  commander  of  the  legion  of  ho- 
nour, and  he  has  since  been  a  lieutenant-general 
in  the  army  of  Poland. 

KONOVNITZIN,  lieutenant-general  in  the 
Russian  service,  born  in  1764.  He  wasetnploy- 
ed  in  the  war  again>t  Sweden,  and,  in  1812, 
fought  gc;llantly  at  Witepsk,  at  Sraolensko,  at 
Borodino,  and  at  Krasnoi;  and  was  rev.arded 
with  the  cross  of  several  orders. 


LABILLARDIERE,  M.,  a  native  of  Alen<;on, 
and  eminent  as  a  botanist.  His  enthusiasaj  has 
led  him  to  visit  many  parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  and 
America  ;  and  on  returning  from  one  of  iiis  ex- 
peditions abroad,  he  found  himself  in  possession 
of  a  herbal  of  four  thousand  plants,  three-fourths 
of  which  were  new  discoveries.  He  has  pub- 
lished the  most  ample  collection  of  the  plants 
of  New  Holland,  that  has  appeared 

LABRADOR,  Don  Pedro  Gomez,  formerljr 
minister  of  Charles  IV.  at  the  court  of  Florence. 
By  invitation  of  Ferdinand  VII.,  he  accoiniia* 
433 


LA 

p.ied  him  to  Bayonne,  where  he  held  a  confer- 
ence wiui  Clianipa<iny  relative  to  the  proposals 
otfered  by  Napoleon  tor  the  acceptance  of  Fer- 
dinand. Don  Peiro  attended  Ferdinand  in  his 
exile,  and  on  his  return  to  Spain,  in  1814,  that 
prince  nominated  him  counsellor  of  state,  as 
well  as  anib.'-ssador  to  France,  and  his  repre- 
sentativeat  tiie  congress  of  Vienna ;  in  all  which 
situations,  be  distinguished  liiniself  by  his  diplo- 
matic talents. 

LACEPEDE,  count,  a  distinguished  natu 
ralist,  and  a  pupil  of  Daubenton  and  Buffon.  He 
is  also  a  poliiickin.  In  1796,  he  was  appointed 
a  member  oi  the  National  Institute,  and  in  1799, 
Napoleon  called  hun  to  the  conservative  senate, 
of  which  ne  became  president,  in  1801.  He 
afterwards  was  a  member  of  the  grand  councii 
of  adminis!ra;ion,  and  was  soon  chosen  presi- 
dent ot  the  senate.  He  accepted  the  disnityot 
peer  of  France  offered  to  him  by  Napoleon, 
which  was  confirmed  by  Louis,  in  1819.  He 
has  published  many  works,  among  which  is  an 
edition  of  the  "  Works  of  Buffon,"  with  notes, 
a  Biography  of  the  Author,  and  ai  Discourse  oi; 
the  progr^^ss  of  th'>  Natural  Sciences,  by  liiniseif 
LA  CHATRE,  the  duke  de,  was  born  in 
Berry,  about  1750.  He  accompanied  Louis 
XV!  J  I.  in  his  exile  from  France,  and  was  his 
pariicuiar  confidant.  In  1805,  Louis  nominated 
him  nis  agent  at  the  court  of  England,  where  he 
reniained  aOer  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons. | 

with  the  titJe  of  Freiclj  ambassador.  Thedukeijbeen  so  nobly  engaged,  drawing  near  a  com- 
retuined  to  France  in  1816,  and  in  1317,  wasjipletion.  Lafay"tte  signified  his  intention  of  re- 
appointed a  inmnber  of  r he  chamber  of  peers.      |  turning  to  his  country.     After  the  conclusion  of 

LACROIX,  M.  Sylvester,  is  considered  in  alljj  peace,  in  August,  1784,  general  Lafayette  again 
respects,  the  ablest  niatlieinatician  in  Europ,?,'!  visited  the  United  States,  and  several  of  the 
and  his  publicaiioiis  are  nunifirous  and  valuable,  larger  cities,  in  some  of  which  the  freedom  of 
In  1782.  he  was  appointed  professor  of  niaihe-  the  cuy  was  p-i-esented  him;  he  returned  to 
inarics  in  the  naval  academy  of  Rochefort,  and_  France,  in  December  following, 
also  a  member  of  the  French  Institute,  and  of  jl  General  Lafayette  was  a  member  of  the  As- 
Ihe  iegjun  oi'  honour,  in  1799.  sembly  of  Notables  at  Versailles,  in  1787,  and 

liAFAYSTTE,  Gilbert  Motlier,  marquis  de,||in  1789  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  States 
was  born  on  the  6th  of  September,  1757,  at  tliej  General,  made  president  of  that  assembly,  and 
Chateau  de  Ciiavagnac,  in  the  department  of  j  commandant  of  the  national  guards.  In  this 
Haute  Loire,  and  was  the  inheritor  of  a  princely  I  capacity,  his  influence  was  exerted  in  favour 
forrine,  and  descended  from  distinguished  ances-lof  lenient  measures  ;  and  he  did  much  to  pre- 
tors.  At  seven  years  of  age,  he  entered  the  1  vent  the  mob  of  Paris  from  running  into  those 
college  of  Louis  le  Grande,  at  Paris,  and  com- (horrid  exce.<ses,  which  were  afterwards  com- 
menced his  literary  education.  Here  the  lovelyj'mitted.  He  acted  a  conspicuous  part  on  the 
but  ill-fated  Antoinette,  the  late  queen  of  France,' j  day  the  constitution  was  adopted,  and  soon  after 
took  him  under  her  immediate  patronage,  and: | resigned  his  command.  In  1792,  he  was  called 
at  a  very  early. ase,  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  a  i again  into  service  ;  but  on  that  memorable  day, 
commissioned  officer  in  the  king's  guards.  In  j  the  10th  of  August,  when  the  royal  family  fled 
1774,  he  married  the  countess  de  Noilles.  Atjto  the  national  assembly  for  safety,  he  opposed 
nin^-teen  years  of  age,  he  sailed  for  America,!  the  fury  of  the  mob,  was  deprived  of  command, 


LA 

ots.  One  is  that  I  may  serve  in  your  army,  the 
other,  that  I  re(;eive  no  pay."  He  was  imme- 
diately received  into  the  family  of  Washington, 
and  congress  in  July  following,  tendered  him  a 
commission  of  major-general.  Soon  after,  learn- 
■ing  the  embarrassments  of  the  army,  he  gave 
Washington  60,000  francs  (about  11000  dollars) 
to  procure  supplies;  by  which  generous  act, 
Washington  was  so  affected,  that  he  embraced 
Lafayette  with  rears  of  joy  and  affection.  At 
the  battle  of  Brandy  wine,  the  marquis  exhibited 
full  evidence  of  his  bravery  and  military  char- 
acter, and  in  this  bloody  contest  was  wounded. 
After  his  recovery  he  joined  general  Green,  in 
New- Jersey,  and  was  at  the  head  of  2000  men, 
whom  he  had  formed,  clothed,  armed,  equi|)ped 
and  disciplined  himself.  He  was  afterwards 
actively  employed  in  different  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, till  1779,  when  he  returned  lo  France,  his 
object  to  obtain  assistance  foi  liis  adopted  coun- 
try. In  this  he  succeeded,  and  in  May,  1780,  be 
returned  with  the  joyful  intelligence,  that  a 
French  fleet  and  army  would  soon  arrive  on 
our  coast.  He  immediately  resumed  his  com- 
mand, and  in  the  campaigns  of  1780  and  1781, 
he  displayed  the  most  consummate  generalship 
in  preserving  his  little  army,  then  opposed  to 
lord  Cornwallis,  till  the  siege  of  that  general  at 
Yorktown,  where,  collected  and  undismayed, 
he  shared  largely  in  the  honours  of  the  day.  In 
November,  178f,  the  contest  in  which  he 


and  landed  on  the  shores  of  South  Carolina. 
This  illustrious  friend  had  become  an  advocate 
of  the  colonies,  and  fell  all  that  ardour  in  the 
cause  of  liberty,  which  has  not  deserted  him  in 
maturer  years.  Lafayette  had  watched  atten- 
tively the  momentous  controversy  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  oppressed  subjects,  and 
resolved  to  make  any  sacjifice  in  their  cause. 
He  made  knr,wn  his  "intention  to  Dr.  Franklin, 
then  our  commissioner  in  France,  who  laid  be- 
fore him  the  disastrous  state  of  the  country. 
"  The  more  hopeless  your  cause,"  said  he,  "  the 
more  occasion  is  there  for  my  aosistance,  the 
more  honour  shall  I  acquire  by  bestowing  it." 
He  immediately  equipped  a  vessel  for  this  en- 
terprise at  his  own  expense,  and  severing  the 
ties  which  would  have  detained  him  in  his  na- 
tive country,  he  sailed  for  the  United  States. 
Arrived  at  Philadelphia,  he  presented  himself 
before  congress.  "  I  am  come,"  said  he,  "  to 
request  two  favours  of  this  assemblage  of  patri- 
434 


a  price  was  set  on  his  head,  and  he  was  obliged 
to  fly  his  countrj'  for  safety.  He  was  thrown 
into  prison  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  after- 
wards chained  and  imprisoned  by  the  emperor 
of  Austria  in  the  citadel  at  Olmutz.  His  estate 
was  confiscated.  In  prison,  he  was  subjected 
to  the  most  barbarous  treatment,  and  frequently 
threatened  with  an  ignominious  de?.th.  Great 
exertions  were  made  to  obtain  his  liberation 
without  effect,  until,  in  1797,  in  settling  terms  of 
peace  with  Austria,  Buonaparte  expressly  stipu- 
lated that  Lafayette  should  be  set  at  liberty,  and 
in  1799,  after  the  overthrow  of  the  French  direc- 
tory, he  returned  to  France,  and  settled  at  La 
Grange,  about  40  miles  from  Paris.  Previous  to 
Buonaparte's  first  abdication,  he  was  elected  to 
the  chamber  of  deputies,  and  there  proposed  a 
vote  of  permanent  session,  which  was  passed,  and 
in  consequence,  the  emperor  found  himself  under 
the  necessity  of  abdicating  the  throne.  From 
that  period  to  the  time  of  his  embarkation  for 


LA 


LA 


«he  United  States,  with  tlie  exception  of  his 
haviiig  been  once  again  elected  to  the  chamber 
of  deputies,  general  Lafayette  spent  most  of  his 
time  ill  tiie  pursuits  of  agriculture  at  La  Grange 
Wiien  he  expressed  his  intention  of  again  visit 
iiig  the  United  States,  every  heart  beat  hisl 
with  joyful  anticipation.  He  declined  the  offer 
of  a  national  ship  of  the  line  1,0  convey  him 
across  the  Atlantic,  which,  logetlier  with  a  for- 
mal invitation  to  visit  the  United  States,  was 
voted  him  by  congress,  and  arrived  in  the  har 
bonr  of  New-York  on  the  15th  of  August,  18'24, 
in  the  ship  Cadmus.  The  next  day  he  was  re 
ceived  in  the  city  with  the  most  enthusiastic  de 
monstrations  of  joy  and  respect,  by  an  immense 
concourse  of  citizens.  After  making  a  complete 
tour  through  the  United  States,  being  received 
every  where  with  the  highest  marks  of  gratitude 
which  a  free  people  could  bestow,  he  sailed 
again  for  his  native  country,  on  the  7th  of  Sep 
tumber,  1825,  in  jj  ship  fitted  out  by  government 
for  that  purpose,  and  called  the  Brandywine,  in 
iinnour  of  his  bravery  inJhat  memorable  battle. 
In  gratitude  for  his  former  services,  with  a  be- 
coming munificence,  congress  soon  after  his 
r.rrivai  passed  a  vote  granting  general  La 
uyette  200,000  dollars  from  the  treasury,  and 
a  township  of  land,  to  be  located  in  any  of  the 
laiids  belonging  to  the  United  States. 

LAHARPE,  general,  was,  in  the  early  part 
of  his  life,  a  barrister  in  his  native  province, 
the  Pays  de  Vaud.  He  was  invited  to  Russia 
by  Paul  I.,  where  the  emperor  Alexander  was 
his  pupil.  Afterwards,  while  a  resident  of 
France,  he  was  commissioned  by  the  executive 
directory  of  Switzerland  to  prepare  that  country 
for  a  revolution,  which  he  accomplished  by 
means  of  writings  and  proclamations,  with  so 
much  zeal  and  activity,  that  he  was  presented 
with  a  gold  medal  by  the  new  government,  fo 
express  the  gratitude  of  the  Pays  de  Vaud.  Hap- 
pening to  be  at  Paris  during  the  eventful  year 
lr>}4,  Alexander  decorated  him  with  the  orders 
of  Russia,  and  gave  him  the  rank  of  general  in 
his  army.  He  is  now  in  retirement  in  Switzer- 
land. 

LALLY  TOLLENDAL,  marquis,  was  born 
at  Paris,  17.51.  In  1789,  he  wa:^  one  of  tlie 
mo.st  pap'ilar  members  of  the  constituent  as- 
sembly, and  supported  the  famous  declaration 
of  the  rights  of  man,  that  was  proposed  by  La- 
layette.  In  1792,  he  exerted  himself  with  ener- 
gy in  defence  of  Louis  XVI.,  and  since  the  re- 
s;.oration,  has  been  a  member  of  the  privy 
council  of  Louis  XVllI. 

L.\MARQ,UE,  count,  was  born  at  St.  Sever, 
in  1770.  At  the  head  of  two  hundred  grena- 
diers, he  marched  against  Fonlarabia,  and  by  a 
mawterly  coup  de  main,  lie  took  the  place,  de- 
fe'ided  by  eighty  pieci^s  of  cannon,  and  made 
o;i('  thousand  eight  hundred  men  prisoners.  In 
1301,  he  was  made  general  of  brigade,  and  dis 
tinguished  himself  at  thr^  baitic  of  Hnhenlinden. 
After  this,  he  took  the  island  of  Oaprea  from 
t!i3  English,  was  at  t.'ie  battle  of  VVagram, 
where  he  had  four  horses  killed  under  him;  he 
served  in  R.Hsia,  and  in  Spain,  in  1812,  and  in 
1814,  wa^  created  a  knight  of  St.  Louis.  After 
the  retirn  of  Louis  XVIIL,  he  took  refuge  in 
Brnssils,  and  aft -rwards  passed  into  Austria. 

L.-VMETH.  count,  Alexander  de,  a  knight  of 
>.Ialta,  was  born  in  France,  in  1757,  and  as  aid- 
de  camp  to  ireneral  Rochambeau,  served  in  the 
revolutionary  war  of  this  country,  with  2rea; 
r.'-il  and  energy.  In  1781,  he  wa^  a  de;4'i'ty  to 
Alt  States  General  fro.n  Pe.O!i:i':;,  and  eajhraced 


the  popular  side  at  the  commencement  of  the 
French  revolution.  In  1792,  he  joined  the  army 
of  Lafayette,  tied  with -him  and  was  thrown 
into  prison  bv  the  Austrians.  He  obtained  liber- 
ly  to  return  "to  France  in  I'^OO,  au  I  was  succes- 
sively named  prefect  of  tne  Lower  Aips  of  the 
Rhine  and  Moselle,  and  of  La  Scnnme,  a!>d  was 
also  created  knight  of  St.  Louis,  and  a(>i»<diited 
lieutenant-general  in  the  army  In  iHl.K,  he  was 
elected  to  the  chamber  of  deputies,  .11. d  has  con- 
stantly proved  himselfa  zealous  friend  ofliberty. 
The  political  career  of  his  brother,  the  count 
Oharies  de  Lameth,  nmch  resembles  his  own. 
He  served  in  America  with  reputation;  was  a 
deputy  to  the  States  General,  in  178i>,  and  joined 
the  arn.iy  of  Laiayette,  in  17!)2  He  commanded 
in  Spain  in  1812  and  1813,  and  on  his  return 
CO  France  in  1814,  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
general.  In  1807,  as  aid-de-camp  to  genera! 
Murai,  he  was  distinguished  by  his  bravery  at 
the  battle  of  Heilsber^,  where  he  was  wounded. 

LA  IVC.^STER,  Joseph,  famous  as  the  invent- 
or, and  successful  promulgator  of  a  nev/  system 
of  instruction.  He  was  born  in  England,  in 
1771,  was  bred  and  still  maintains  the  habits 
and  manners  of  a  quaker.  Disappointed  in  his 
expectations  in  his  native  country,  he  left  Eng- 
land in  disgust,  and  came  to  the  United  States 
about  1817,  where  liis  fame  procured  him  friends, 
and  his  industry  rende.ed  him  useful.  He  has 
recently  gone  to  South  America,  where,  under 
the  liberal  patronase  of  Bolivar,  his  prospects 
of  success  are  most  tlatteriiig. 

LAPLACE,  marquis,  a  geometrician  of  high 
celebrity,  was  born  in  1749.  He  was  president 
of  the  conservative  senate  in  1803,  and  in  1814, 
gave  his  vote  for  che  dethronement  of  Napoleon, 
for  which  the  king  gave  him  the  title  of  a  peer. 
M.  Laplace,  holds  the  first  rank  among  French 
mathematicians,  and,  in  his  "  Exposition  of  the 
System  of  the  World,"  he  has  powerfully  con- 
tributed to  advance  the  boundaries  .>*'  a  science 
that  has  so  often  employed  the  industry  of  the 
most  profound  geniuses  of  the  wo  '  '. 

LASCAS.AS,  coimt  de,  is  de.sc(  .;  d  from  an 
ancient  Spanish  family,  and  is  diei  .iguished  as 
the  faithful  and  spirited  friend  of  Napoleon, 
whom  he  accompanie.i  to  St.  Helena,  and  who, 
during  his  reign,  loaded  liascasas  with  favours. 
Lascasas  has  published  a  Narrative  of  his  Resi- 
dence at  St  Helena,  and  also,  under  the  name 
)t"  Lesage,  "A  Historical  and  Geographical 
Utias." 

LAV  \LETTE,  count,  was  born  in  1769,  at 
Pans,  of  objicure  parents.  To  'Biindelocqne  he 
was  indebted  for  a  superior  education.  He  was 
destined  for  the  church,  but,  having  fiiushed  his 
:^ducation,  he  studied  the  law.  But  the  revolu- 
tion interrupted  his  pursuits.  As  an  officer  in 
the  natiojiat  guards,  in  August,  1792,  he  edea- 
vonred  to  defend  the  palace  of  the  Thuilleries  ; 
afterwards  he  enrolled  himself  in  the  legion  of 
the  Alps,  and  served  in  the  army  of  the^Rhine, 
and  that  of  Italy,  with  such  distinction,  that 
■Juonaparte  made  him  his  aid-de-camp,  and  en- 
trusted him  with  his  secret  correspondence.  He 
gave  hiniinadatnoisells  Beauharnois,  the  niece 
of  his  wife,  Josephine,  in  marriage,  to  draw  the 
ties'of  attachment  closer  between  them.  Lava- 
ette  accompanied  Buonaparte  to  Egypt,  and 
after  the  establishment  of  the  consulship,  was 
appointed  postmaster-general  and  counsellor  of 
nate;  he  w's  subsequently  made  a  count,  and 
a  commander  of  the  legion' of  henour.  For  the 
xtraordinary  vi-rilmre  and  activity  of  his  mea- 
tires  to  accelfvai'^  rhe  progress  of  Napoleo'i 
435 


LU 

on  his  return  from  Elba,  he  was  created  a  peer 
of  France.  But  on  the  return  of  the  king,  he 
was  brought  to  trial,  as  an  accomplice  of  Napo- 
leon, and  condemned  to  death.  He,  however, 
escaped  from  prison  in  disguise,  by  the  assi^ 
tauce  of  his  wife,  and  fled  to  Munich,  where  he 
has  since  I'ound  an  asylum  and  powerful  friends. 
Madame  Lavalette  was  cruelly  retained  tome 
lime  in  prison,  having  been  accessary  to  the 
escape  of  her  husband  ;  a  treatment  which  dis- 
ordered her* senses,  and  she  has  since  been  a 
confirmed  lunatic. 

LAWRENCE,  sir  Thomas,  the  successor  of 
sir  Benjamin  West,  as  president  of  the  Royal 
Academy  at  London,  is  now  about  fifty-eight 
years  of  age,  and  was  born  at  Hath.  He  fi;  st  be- 
came dititiaguished  by  his  portraits  of  the  Kem- 
ble  family,  and  in  a  few  years  he  began  to  ob- 
tain the  highest  patronage,  and  no  exhibition 
was  considered  complete  or  interesting,  without 
some  of  his  pictures.  The  personal  character 
of  sir  Thomas  Lawrence  accords  with  his  pro- 
fessional talents,  and  ho  possesses  much  native 
modesty,  and  suavity  of  manners.  He  is  painter 
to  George  IV. 

LEOPOLD,  prince  of  Saxe  Cobourg  Saalfeld, 
was  born  in  1700,  and  entered  iino  the  Austrian 
army,  wliere  he  distniguished  himself  on  seve 
ral  occasions,  and  attained  the  rank  of  lieute 
iiant-colonel.  He  visited  England  in  1814,  in  the 
suite  of  the  sovereigns  of  Russia  and  Prussia. 
The  intended  marriage  between  the  prince  of 
Orange  and  the  priscess  of  Wales  having  been 
broken  off,  prince  Leopold  was  the  protestant 
selected  to  espouse  her,  and  they  were  married 
in  ISIT.  By  the  preliminaries  of  their  marriage, 
tile  princewas  entitled  to  an  income  of  more 
tiiaii  2GG,000  dollars,  (beside  an  outfit  to  the  same 
amount,)  abo-,u  222,000  dollars  of  which  was  to 
remaiu  with  him  in  cast*  he  survived  her.  He 
was  naturalized  by  an  act  of  parliament  pre- 
vious to  his  marriage,  and  v.'as  appointed  a 
colonel  and  field-marshal.  The  death  of  the 
princess  Charlotte  has  reduced  him  to  the  rank 
of  a  coinnioner,  in  Engiaud. 

LESLIE,  professor  of  ihe  university  of  Edin- 
burgh, is  a  nalive  of  Scotland,  and  a  profound 
mathematiciun  and  ciiymist.  He  has  invented 
several  valuable  philosophical  instrumetits,  has 
published  several  scientific  works,  and  is  a  con- 
tributor to  the  Edinburgh  Review. 

LOCKHART,  John  G.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
was  born  about  the  year  1792 ;  he  is  a  lawj'er, 
and  besides  at  Edinburgh.  He  is  a  popular  au- 
thor, and  is  supposed  to  have  written  Peter's 
Letters,  and  also  a  leading  writer  for  Black- 
wood's -Magazine.  Among  liis  best  perform- 
ances, is  Reginald  Dalton.  About  four  years 
since  he  married  the  eldest  daughter  of  sir 
Walter  Scott.  His  works,  which  are  numerous, 
•ire  distinguished  for  masculine  and  original 
talent :  but  are  deficient  in  elegance  and  refine- 
ment. He  is,  however,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
writers  of  the  day. 

LUCCA,  the  dutchess  of,  formerly  Maria  Loui- 
sa, of  Bourbon,  infanta  of  Spain,  was  born  at 
Madrid,  in  17S2.  She  married  Don  Louis  de 
Bourbon,  eldest  son  of  the  duke  of  Parma,  and 
in  1801,  by  political  events,  they  were  called  to 
reign  over  the  kingdom  of  Etruria.  In  1803. 
her  t.usband's  death  left  her  regent  of  that  king- 
dom. Her  court  became  by  degrees  one  of  the 
most  briliiant  in  Europe.  But,  in  1807,  the  king 
of  Spain  having  ceded  her  kingdom  to  Napoleon, 
she  relrcd  to  the  court  of  her  father.  She  as- 
>-rted  beiore  the  congress  of  Vienna,  her  rights 
43o 


MA 

Ito  the  estates  of  Parma,  Placeutia,and  Guastalla, 
Ijbut  obtained  only  the  principality  of  Lucca,  of 
j  I  which  she  took  possession  in  1817. 


I  MACANZA,  Don  Pedro,  a  peculating  minis- 
|;ter,  descended  Yrcm  an  ancient  Irish  family,  and 
Kvas  born  about  1760.  He  rose  rapidly  into  the 
IJfavour  of  Ferdii.and,  who  appointed  him  mi- 
j;nister  of  grace  and  justice.  To  him  is  attribu- 
ijted  the  crime  of  having  been  the  principal 
prompter  of  the  monarch  to  destroy  the  liberties 
of  Spain.  He  issued  the  edict  prohibiting  the 
[jexiles  who  espoused  the  cause  of  Joseph  from 
entering  the  peninsula,  and  afce;  wards  com 
menced  the  persecution  of  the  patriots.  But  he 
was  soon  discovered  to  have  been  guilty  of  the 
grossest  bribery  and  ccrruption,  and  he  was 
thrown  into  prison,  from  v/hich,  after  two  years, 
he  was  allowed  to  retire  to  an  estate  in  Castile, 
where  he  now  lives,  de.^nited  by  all  parties. 

MADALJNSKi,  general,  the  patriotic  Pole, 
who  had  the  honour  of  beaig  the  first  to  raise 
the  standard  of  liberty  against  the  Russians,  in 
1794.  He  had  long  held  a  secret  correspondence 
with  Kosciusco,  and,  when  the  order  was  giv- 
en for  disbanding  the  Polish  army,  lie  collect- 
ed his  regiment  of  seven  hundred  men,  de- 
feated the  scattered  Russian  detachments,  and 
succeeded  in  joining  Kosciusco,  (who  had  been 
appointed  generalissimo,)  at  Racow,  though  pur 
ued  by  seven  thousand  Russians.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  several  battles,  particularly 
in  the  defence  of  Warsaw.  He  still  resides  in 
Poland,  beloved  and  respected  by  his  country- 
men. 

MADISON,  James.  The  career  of  this  states- 
man commenced  at  the  close  of  the  revolutiona 
ry  war.  When  the  public  mhid  was  chiefly  oc- 
cupied with  the  formation  o''  a  national  con- 
stitution, Mr.  Madison  vigorously  co-operated 
with  the  principal  men  of  the  country,  and  in 
the  meeting  at  Annapolis,  and  the  convention 
in  Philadelphia,  he  ranked  high  among  the  lumi- 
naries of  the  day.  He  participated  in  the  dis- 
ussions  relative  to  the  constitution,  and  furnish- 
ed many  able  papers  for  the  "  Federalist."  Af- 
terwards, Mr.  Madison  was  a  member  of  the 
legislature  of  Virginia,  and  subsequently  was 
elected  to  congress,  and  in  both  these  bodies  he 
was  an  able  advocate  for  the  people.  He  was 
appointed  secretary  of  state  by  Mr.  Jefierson, 
and  in  this  capacity  displayed  much  talent  as  a 
statesman  and  logician.  Mr.  Madison  was  elect- 
ed president  in  1809,  and  was  re-elected  in  1813. 
In  affairs  of  state  his  reserve  was  habitual ;  he 
seldom  yielded  to  expediency,  and  his  liouesty 
as  a  statesman,  it  is  believed,  was  never  doubt- 
ed. Mr.  Madison  is  a  native  of  Virginia,  where 
he  nov/  resides,  and  is  about  seventy  years  of 
age 

MAHMOUD  II.,  sultan  or  emperor  of  the 
Turks,  was  born  in  1784,  and  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther, Mustapha  IV.,  in  ISOS.  At  the  time  he  be- 
came emperor,  troubles  and  dangers  the  most 
appal!ing,existed  in  the  interior  of  his  dominions, 
while  a  war  with  Russia  and  the  Servians, 
threatened  the  dissolution  of  his  enipire.  He 
was  compelled  to  submit  to  a  burdensome  peace 
with  Russia,  but  by  his  prudence  and  energy, 
and  the  wisdom  of  his  policy,  he  successively 
reduced  to  obedience  the  pachas  of  Romelia. 
Widdin,  Bagdad,  Damascus,  and  the  beys  of 
Egypt ;  released  the  city  of  ISIecca  from  the  Wa- 
h£'  ees,  and  conquered' the  Servians.    But  hia 


MA 


present  contest  with  the  Greeks,  and  the  barba- 
rous massacres  he  has  permitted,  exhibits  the 
bloody  tyranny  of  his  government ;  hia  internal 
administration  is  exercised  with  excessive  rigour. 

MANCHESTER,  duke  of,  was  born  in  1768. 
Although  his  fallier  was  a  strong  oppositionist, 
lie  joined  the  inini-stry,  and  was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant governor,  and  afterwards  governor  of 
Jamaica,  where  he  now  resides. 

MAMJEL,  M.,  one  of  the  most  eloquent  and 
intrepid  of  the  defenders  of  French  liberty,  was 
born  in  the  department  of  the  Lower  Alps,  in 
1775.  In  1815,  he  was  a  member  of  the  chamber 
of  deputies,  convoked  by  Napoleon,  and  after 
wards,  strongly  contended  for  the  rights  of  the 
younger  Napoleon,  and  moved  a  spirited  protest 
against  the  force  employed  by  the  allies  to  re- 
store the  Bourbons.  In  1818,  he  was  re-elected  to 
the  chamber  of  deputies,  and  has  since  held  a 
seat  there.  In  point  of  argument  and  elocution, 
he  is  one  of  the  most  formidable  opponents  of 
the  ministry. 

MARET,  duke  of  Bassano,  enjoyed  the  confi- 
dence and  friendship  of  Napoleon,  from  tire  time 
he  was  made  consul  to  his  abdication.  He  was 
made  secretary  of  the  council  of  state,  and  was 
employed  in  negotiating  the  treaty  of  Presburgh  ;i 
jn  1811,  he  was  made  minister  of  foreign  affairs,! 
and  created  duke  of  Bassano ;  in  1812,  he  negoj 
tiated  treaties  with  Austria,  and  Prussia  ;  and  in  | 
1813  and  1814  was  entrusted  with  various  impor-  \ 
tant  missions.  He  was  banished  by  Louis,  and  isj 
novV  a  resident  at  Gratz,  in  Syria,  occupied  in  the 


Matarin,  where  he  was  enabled  to  procure  a 
supply  of  provisions  and  horses,  and  keep  up  a 
correspondence  with  the  revolted  colonies,  he 
sustained  the  place  against  Moutaverdc,  twice 
routing  his  army  with  immense  loss,  and  at  a 
third  attack,  completely  defeating  him.  Marino 
soon  after  joined  Bolivar,  and  has  been  engaged 
in  many  of  the  battles  since  that  period. 

MARMONT,  duke  of  Ragusa,  who  has  im- 
mortalized his  name  by  his  bravery  and  milita- 
ry talents,  and  stained  it  by  being  the  first  to  de- 
sert iiis  benefactor,  was  born  at  Chatilloo  upon 
the  Seine,  in  1774,  and  was  educated  for  the  ar- 
my. This  he  entered  in  1792,  and  was  present 
in  the  first  campaigns  of  the  armies  of  '.;he  Alps, 
and  of  Italy.  He  then  became  aid-de-camp  to 
Buonaparte,  and  displayed  much  courage  and 
talent  at  the  battles  of  Lodi,  Castiglione,  and 
St.  George.  In  1798,  he  was  m.adc  a  brigadier- 
general  for  his  conduct  at  Malta.  -In  Pahnatia, 
he  routed,  with  a  handful  of  troops,  the  Russians 
and  Monteneiirins,  and  for  this  he  was  rewarded 
with  a  dukedoai.  He  compelled  Wellington  to 
raise  the  siege  of  Badajoz,  took  the  command 
of  ail  army  in  Germany,  and  contributed  at  the 
victories  of  Lutzen,  Bautzen,  Dresden,  and 
others.  He  was  made  a  marshal  on  the  field  of 
Znaim,  where  he  had  been  victorious,  and  in 
1814.  shared  in  the  laurels  gained  at  Brienne, 
Champ  Aubert,  Vauchamp,  and  Montmirail. 
Here  ends  the  glory  of  his  career.  In  the  re- 
treat, on  Paris,  Marmont,  finding  himself  in  a  si- 
tuation in  which  he  could  pursue  his  own  views 


education  of  his  children.   He  was  born  at  Di-jl without  accountability  to  Buonaparte,  negolia- 


jon,  in  1758 

MARIA  LOUISA,  late  empress  of  France,  is 
daughter  of  Francis  IL  of  Austria,  and  was 
born  in  1791.  The  younger  branches  of  the 
imperial  family  had  been  taught  to  think  of 
Napoleon  with  so  much  horror,  that  the  princess 
fainted  at  the  first  suggestion  of  her  marriage  to 
him  ;  but  at  length  S'he  yielded  to  the  entreaties 
of  her  father,  and  to  state  policy,  and  afterwards! 
became  sincerely  attached  to  him.  They  were; 
inaiTied  in  1810.  During  the  absence  of  Buona-i 
parte  in  the  campaigns  of  1812,  and  1813,  she  was 
placed  by  liim  at  the  head  of  the  French  go- 1 
voriiment  as  empress- regent,  and  in  that  capa-i 
city,  she  went  in  state  to  the  senate,  and  de  i 
inanded  a  levy  of  190,000  men.  On  setting  outj 
for  the  army  in  1814,  Buonaparte  took,  as  it; 
afterwards  proved  to  be,  his  final  farewell  of  her. ! 
The  officers  of  the  national  guard  of  Paris,  800 
in  number,  were  summoned  to  the  great  saloon 
of  the  Thuilleries,  to  receive  the  solemn  deposit 
which  Napoleon  entrusted  to  their  Iionour,  in 
the  persons  of  his  wife  and  child.  "  I  confide," 
said  he,  and  he  spoke  it  in  a  tremulous  accent, 
"  my  wife  and  child  to  my  faithful  citizens  of 
Paris,  thus  giving  them  the  dearest  mark  of  con- 
fidence, which  [  have  in  my  power  to  bestow.'* 
On  tho29th  of  March,  the  day  before  the  batt! 


of  Paris 

went  to  Vienna.  The  principality  of  Paima 
had  in  the  mean  time  been  secured  to  her  by 
treaty,  and  in  1817,  she  took  po.-^session  of  this 
as  pri.ncess  of  Parma,  but  her  court  is  neither 
rium^irous  nor  splendid.  Her  son  was  sepa- 
rated from  her  ia  1815,  and  has  not  since  been 
under  her  care. 

MARINO,  Don  Santiago,  one  of  the  most 
intrepid  and  indefatigable  generals,  who  have 
fougiil  for  the  independence  of  South  America. 
He  is  of  a  rich  familv,  and  was  born  in  tlie  pio- 


ted  with  the  allies,  and  separated  his  division 
from  the  rest  of  the  army.  Louis  revv^arded  so 
valuable  a  subject  with  a  peerage,  arid  has  since 
appointed  him  one  of  the  four  marshals  of  the 
royal  guard  and  a  commander  of  St.  Louis. 

MARSHALL,  John,  was  born  in  Virginia, 
about  the  year  17.56,  and  went  through  the  usual 
course  of  classical  education  in  a  private  semi- 
nary. He  shared  in  the  dangers  and  fatigues  of 
the  army  during  the  revolutionary  war,  and  was 
under  the  immediate  command  of  Washington, 
after  which  he  studied  the  law,  and  soon  after, 
he  was  elected  to  the  legislature,  and  tlien  was 
a  member  of  the  executive  council.  In  a  short 
time  he  was  at  the  head  of  his  profession  ;  was 
a  member  of  the  Virginia  convention,  in  1783, 
and  generally  represented  the  city  of  Richmond 
in  the  legislature  of  the  state,  until  in  1797,  lie 
was  prevailed  on  to  accept  the  appointment  of 
an  envoy  to  France,  with  Messrs.  Pinckney  and 
Gerry.  Mr.  Marshall  shared  largely  in  the  trans- 
actions and  honours  of  this  embassy.  After  his 
return,  he  had  been  a  short  time  a  distinguished 
member  of  congress,  when  he  was  appointed  se- 
cretary of  state  by  Mr.  Jefierson.  He  soon  after 
received  the  appointment  of  chief-justice  of  the 
United  States^  which  high  office  he  has  since 
continued  to  fill  with  dignity  and  reputation,  and 


tlie  empress  fled  to  Blois,  and  in  ftiay,j  is  alike  conspicuous  for  his  sound  judgment  and 


luminous  mind.  Judge  Marshall  has  published  a 
Life  Of  Washington,  in  five  volumes,  8vo,  and  is 
now  employed  in  revising  it  for  a  second  edition. 
MATURIN,  rev.  C.  R.,  born  in  Ireland,  in 
1782,  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
where  he  obtained  several  prizes  and  medals  as 
the  reward  of  his  acquirement3,and  yet  was  there 
more  remarkable  for  his  indWence  and  melan- 
choly, than  for  his  talents.    But,  by  the  misfor- 
tunes of  hia  father,  he  was  compelled  to  provide 
for  himself,  and  he  sought  for  a  resource  in  lite- 
incc  of  Cumana.      He  espoused  the  cause  ofjirary  labour.    Under  the  assumed  name  of  Don- 
liberty  at  an  early  period,  atij  at  the  town  ofjinis  Jasper  Blurphy,  he  pioJuced  "The  Fatai 

437 


MI 

Revenge,"  "  The  Wild  Irish  Boy,"  and  "  The 
Milesian  Chief."  "  Bertram,"  a  tragedy,  through 
the  interest  of  Lord  Byron,  was  brought  out  at 
Drury-lane,  and  its  success  esiabiish«d  tiie  fame 
of  its  author.  He  has  since  published  two  finely 
written  works  :  "Women,  or  Pour  et  Contre," 
and  "  Melmoth,  the  Wanderer." 

MAXIMIL(AN  f.,  king  of  Ba%'aria,  was  born 
in  1756,  and  succeeded  his  uncle,  Charles  Theo- 
dore, as  elector  of  Bavaria,  in  1799.  He  early 
displayed  the  qualifies  of  a  wise  and  good  prince ; 
he  introduced  vatious  popular  reforms  in  his 
states,  and  abolished  the  oppressive  privileges 
and  immunities  of  the  nobles  and  clergy.  In', 
180t),  he  joined  Napoleon,  with  an  army  of  "25,000; 
Bavarians,  against  Francis  II.,  and  at  the  con- 
clusion of  peace,  was  elevated  by  his  potent; 
ally,  to  the  dignity  of  king  of  Bavaria,  and  the, 
Tyrol  and  other  provinces  were  added  to  his 
territory.  Maximilian  remained  faithful  to  his 
engagements  with  Napoleon  till  the  disastrous 
campaign  in  Russia  compelled  him  to  join  the 
subsequent  alhance  against  France.  After  the 
general  peace  of  1814,  he  purchased  for  himself 
new  titles  to  the  affections  of  his  people,  by 
giving  tliem  a  representative  government,  and 
placing  tliem  in  the  rank  of  free  nations. 

METTEKNICH-WINEBOURG,  prince,  com- 
menced his  political  career  as  ambassador  to 
various  courts  of  the  highest  rank,  and  was  born 
in  Austria, in  1775.  While  ambassador  to  France, 
hf  ingratiated  himself  greatly  with  Napoleon, 
and  'lb  ained  an  advantageous  peace  with  him, 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  vv^ar  which  commenced 
in  180^*.  between  France  and  Austria.  On  his 
return,  Francis  made  him  minister  of  foreign 
affairs,  ana  afterwards  prime  minister.  He 
afterwards  followed  his  sovereign  to  Paiis,  and 
Fignod  the  treaty  of  1814,  after  the  success  of 
the  allies.  He  accompanied  the  king  of  Prussia, 
and  emperor  of  Russia  to  England,  and  received 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  la^^s  from  the  university 
of  Oxford,  and  on  his  return  to  Vienna,  was 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  prince,  and  received 
the  lordship  and  estates  of  Arnvar,  in  Hungary. 
Ke  assisted  at  the  congress  of  Vienna,  and  also 
at  tiiat  nf  Aix  la  Chappelle,  and  there  is  scarcely 
a  piiitce  in  Europe  from  whom  he  has  not  re- 
cei'"ed  some  token  of  distinction  and  esteem. 

MILORADOWITCH,  count,  one  of  tiie  best 
of  the  Russian  geneials,  was  employed  in  the 
camt)Hign  against  the  Tu:ks,  in  1789,  and  against 
the  rales  in  J 794  and  1795.  He  possessed  the 
entire  coMtid.'nce  of  Suv.'arrow,  and  was  at  the 
head  of  his  advanced  guard,  in  1799.  He  com- 
manded a  division  at  Austerlitz,  and  in  1812, 
v/as  a^ain  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
RusslaTi  advanced  guard,  and  greatly  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  the  action  near  Krasnoy,  and  VVi- 
azma.  At  the  battle  of  Leipsiche  led  the  Rus- 
aiv^v  and  Prussian  reserves,  and  took  a  conspi- 
cnoiis  part  in  the  campaign  of  1814 

]MI\'.\,  Don  Francisco  Espoz  y,  was  bom  in' 
Navarre,  in  1782.  He  is  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished Spanish  patriots:  brave,  active,  and  in- 
defatigable, at  the  head  of  Guerilla  corps  during 
the  war  against  the  French,  his  exploits  were  so 
successfa!  that  he  was  often  denominated  king 
of  Navarre.  Mortified  to  find  that  he  had  only 
been  labouring  to  re-establish  despotism,  and  the 
division  of  troops  of  which  he  had  been  ap- 
pointed general  having  been  dismissed,  he  gain- 
ed over  the  garrison  of  Pampeluna,  and  was  on 
the  point  of  proclaiming  the  constitution,  when, 
his  plan  was  betrayed.  He  fled  to  France ;  but 
when  the  standard  of  freedom  was  raised  at 
438 


MO 

Cadiz,  he  hurried  back  to  Navarre,  and  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  struggle.  After  the  king  had 
submitted  to  the  new  order  of  things,  Mina  was 
appointed  captain-general  of  Navarre,  and  af- 
terwards, taking  command  of  tii»  army  destined 
to  act  against  a  formidable  insurrection  in  Cata- 
lonia, he  completely  subdued  it.  He  is  regarded 
as  the  most  experienced  general  in  Spain,  and 
as  the  sheet-anchor  of  the  constitutional  cause. 

MONCEY,  marshal,  duke  Conegliano,  was 
born  at  Besancon,  in  1754.  In  1793  he  command- 
ed a  corps  in  the  army  of  the  Pyrenees,  and  in 
1794  was  raised  to  general  of  brigade,  and  soon 
I  after  to  rhe  rank  of  general  of  division.  He 
!  served  with  distinction  duruig  the  war  with 
Spain  ;  in  1795  commanded  the  army  of  the 
;  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  afterwards  greatly  distin- 
iguished  himself  in  the  campaign  of  Italy.  In 
1804  he  was  made  uiarshal  of  France,  and  grand 
otiicer  of  the  legion  of  honour.  He  served  in 
the  campaigns  of  1812  ajKl  1813,  and,  as  second 
in  command  of  the  Parisian  national  guard  at 
the  attack  of  the  allies  on  Paris,  he  displaj'ed 
much  presence  of  mind  and  firmness  of  purpose. 
After  the  return  of  Louis  he  was  made  minister 
of  state,  knight  of  St.  Louis,  and  peer  of  France. 
But,  as  he  accepted  a  peerage  of  Napoleon,  in 
1815,  he  has  since  only  been  restored  to  his  titles. 

MONROE, James, was  born  in  Virginia,is  now 
(1825)  about  67  years  of  age,  and  resides  at 
Loudon,  in  his  native  state.  Ardently  devoted 
to  his  country,  he  took  part  in  the  revolution 
when  a  youth,  and  his  undaunted  couiage  was 
evinced  on  more  than  one  occasion.  He  was 
devoted  to  Washington,  an  admirer  and  imita- 
lor  of  Jefferson,  and  a  friend  and  companion  of 
Madison.  Mr.  Monroe  was  a  member  of  the 
old  congress,  and  was  instrumental  in  the  for- 
mation of  the  constitution.  He  was  a  success- 
ful lawyer,  and  in  the  legislature  of  Virginia^ 
and  in  the  new  congress,  lie  was  an  intelljgesiti 
active,  and  efficient  member.  France,  Spain, 
and  Great  Britain  have  been  the  theatres  of  his 
diplomatic  career.  He  was  succt-ssively  secre- 
tary of  state,  and  of  war,  and  his  constancy 
and  capacity  in  the  one,  and  vigour  and  firmness 
in  the  other,  were  alike  conspicuous.  Mr.  Mon- 
roe was  elected  to  the  presidency  in  1817,  and 
had  a  most  difficult  pari  to  perform  ;  but  it  will 
be  difficult  to  find  a  real  blemish  in  his  adminis- 
tration, and  in  the  course  of  it,  he  has  proved 
himself  a  benefactor  of  his  country,  and  a  wor- 
thy patriot.  Ee  was  re-elected  president  in  1821, 
and  i::  1825  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Adams. 

MONTGOMERY,  James,  an  excellent  poet, 
was  born  in  Ayrshire,  in  1771,  and  is  The  son  of 
a  Moravian  minister.  He  was  early  devoted  to 
poetry,  and,  as  early  as  twelve  years  of  age, 
had  written  three  volumes.  His  education  was 
limited,  but  he  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the 
Greek,  Latin,  Fixni  h,  and  German  languages, 
in  Yorkshire.  He  went  to  London,  and  fot 
sometime  was  in  the  shop  of  a  bookseller  :  af- 
terwards he  became  the  publisher  of  a  paper  in 
Sheffield,  entitled  "  The  Iris."  For  some  pieces 
which  happened  in  this,  he  was  twice  imprison- 
ed, and  while  incarcerated,  published  "  Prison 
Amusements."  In  1806,  he  published  "  The 
Wanderer  of  Switzerland,"  and  other  poems, 
which  rose  in  popularity,  and  estaWished  his  re- 
putation. He  has  since  published  "  The  West 
Indies,"  "The  World  before  the  Flood,"  "Songs 
of  Zion,"  &c.  He  still  resides  at  Sheffield,  is  yet 
the  conductor  of  "  The  Iris,"  and  is  considered 
an  amiable  and  pious  man. 

MONTHOLON,  marquis,  celebrated  for  liia 


MO  

unshaken  aud  generous  adherence  to  the  fallen 
fortunes  of  his  illuslnous  master,  entered  the 
French  army  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  serving  under 
Buonaparte,  from  whom  he  received  a  sword, 
for  his  services  on  tlie  memorable  18th  Bruniaire. 
He  was  aid- de- camp  to  marshal  Berthier  before 
he  was  tweiity-one  years  of  age,  and  in  that  ca- 
pacity distinguished  himself  at  the  battles  of 
^usierlilz,  Wagram,Jena,  and  Friedland.  He 
commanded  in  the  department  of  the  Loire, 
when  he  received  the  news  of  the  emperor's  ab- 
dication :  with  his  wife  and  children,  he  volun- 
tarily partook  of  the  ex-empcror's  iniprisoninenl 
at  St.  Helena,  and  continued  with  him  till  his 
decease.  He  is  now  arranging  for  the  press, 
memoirs  dictated  to  him  by  his  late  sovereign. 

MOOUE,  Thomas,  one  of  the  first  of  British 
poets,  was  born  in  Ireland,  and  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  DubUn.  He  went  to  Lon- 
don, with  a  view  of  making  the  law  his  pro- 

'fession,  and  was  called  to  the  bar.  It  was  then 
that  he  translated  the  Odes  of  Anacreon ;  tiiese 
met  with  so  favourable  a  reception,  that  he 
abandoned  the  law,  and  devoted  himself  to 
literature.  Under  the  name  of  Little,  he  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  poems,  which  were  jusilyi 
censured  for  their  liqentiousiiess.  He  visited  j 
the  United  States  in  1805,  but  his  prejudices  did' 
not  allow  him  to  form  a  favourable  opinion  of! 
our  country.  Since  his  return,  in  ISUii,  he  has] 
pubhshed  "  The  Two-penny  Post-bag ;"  "The! 
Fudge  family  in  Paris  ;"  ''  The  Loves  of  the 
Angels  ;"  and  "  Lalla  Rookh,"  an  oriental  ro- 
mance, which  unites  the  purest  and  softest 
tenderness  with  the  loftiest  dignity,  and  in  every 
patre,  glows  with  all  the  fervour  of  poetry. 

MORE,  Mrs.  Hannah,  was  born  near  Bristol, 
about  the  year  1750,  and  is  the  youngest  of  five 
sisters  At  Bristol,  her  taste  and  knowledge 
acquired  her  the  friendship  of  Dr.  Stonehouse, 
who  encouraged  her  to  write,  and  corrected  all 
her  early  effusions.  The  "  Search  after  Hap 
piness,"  her  first  publication,  was  favourably 
received  ;  and  she  soon  after  published  several 
other  pieces.  In  1782,  she  published  her  "  Sa- 
cred Dramas."  She  retired  about  1798,  !o 
Somersetshire,  with  her  sisters,  where  they 
established  charity  schools  among  the  colliprs, 
witii  much  advantage  to  them.  She  has  con- 
tinued since  to  give  her  productions  to  the 
world,  and  besides  many  others,  has  published 

•"Thoughts  on  the  Manners  of  the  Great;" 
"  Strictures  on  the  Modern  System  of  Female 
Education  ;"  and  being  consulted  on  the  subject 
of  tlie  education  of  the  princess  Charlotte,  pro- 
duced "  Hiiits  tov/ard  forming  the  character  of 
a  young  Princess,"  which  was  highly  approvedl 
of,  and  received  with  royal  approbation  Tiiisi 
excellent  woman,  who  has  constantly  been  la- 1 
buuring  to  benefit  mankind,   has  been  many 

, years  confined  to  her  bed  by  an  excruciating 
disease  ;  but  in  this  situation,  she  has  produced 
enme  of  her  best  works,  among  which  are| 
'  Cojlcbs  in  Search  of  a  Wife,"  "  Practical 
Piety,"  "Christian  Morals,"  "Essay  on  the 
CJharacter  and  Writings  of  St.  Paul,"  and 
"Moral  Sketches  of  Prevailing  Opiniong  and. 
Manners."  AiUDUgst  her  most  intimate  frieirds,! 
Mrs.  More  has  numbered  Dr.  Porteus,  Dr.  Beat-j 
tie,  Mrs.  Montague,  Dr.  Johnson,  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  and  Mr.  Garrick. 

MORGHEN,  Raphael,  an  eminent  professor 
of  the  graphic  art,  and  one  of  the  first  EuropeanI 
engravers,  was  born  at  Naples,  in  1756,  and  was: 
a  pupil  under  the  celebrated  Volpato.  Among 
the  most  remarkable  of  hja  works,  are  the 


OP         

Transfiguration,  from  Raphael;  a  Magdalen, 
from  MuriUo  ;  a  Head  of  the  Saviour,  from  da 
Vinci ;  the  Monument  of  Clement  XHL,  from 
Canova ;  and  Theseus  vanquishuig  the  Mino- 
taur. 

MORILLO,  Don  Pablo,  a  man  of  courage  and 
talent,  was  originally  a  serjeant  of  artillery  in 
the  Spanish  marines,  but  distingiHshed  himself 
so  much  during  the  war  between  Spain  and 
France,  that  in  the  course  of  it  he  was  promoted 
to  be  a  general.  In  1815,  he  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  an  expedition  against  South  America, 
consisting  of  twelve  thousand  men.  He  was 
at  first  successful :  Carthagena  surrendered  to 
him  after  a  sie:;e,  during  which  he  confiscated 
the  property  of  the  Venezuelans,  and  committed 
many  cruelties.  New  Granada  was  afterwards 
reduced,  and  again  Morillo  had  recourse  to  the 
system  of  bloodshed  and  pillage.  These  events 
roused  the  spirits  of  Bolivar,  Paez,  and  Aris- 
mendi,  and  Morillo  was  several  times  defeated, 
he  was  driven  from  Granada,  and  a  great  part 
of  Caracc.as.  In  1820,  having  heard  of  the  revo- 
lution, he  returned  to  Spain,  joined  the  patriots, 
and  for  a  lime  was  the  political  chief  of  Madrid. 
But  he  has  been  removed,  and  appears  to  be 
viewed  with  suspicion  bv  the  liberal  party. 

ftlOSTONSKI,  count  thaddeus,  an  illustrious 
patriot  of  Poland,  was  born  at  Warsaw,  in  1790. 
When  Stanislaus  was  compelled  to  accede  to 
the  confederation  ofTargowitz,  and  consequent- 
ly to  the  overthrow  of  Polish  liberty,  Mostonski 
fled  to  Paris,  became  connected  with  the  Giron- 
dist party,  and  obtained  a  promise  of  assistance 
for  the  Poles ;  but  the  triumph  of  the  jacobin 
party  put  an  end  to  his  prospects ;  he  returned 
to  Poland,  took  an  active  part  with  his  coun- 
trymen in  their  efforts  to  expel  their  oppressors, 
aud  when  no  hope  was  left  of  saving  liis  country, 
he  refused  to  fly  from  Warsaw,  was  taken  pri- 
soner, and  was  some  time  confined  at  St.  Peters 
burgh.  He  afterwards  resided  in  France,  till, 
in  1815,  he  was  recalled  to  Poland  by  Alexander, 
appointed  minister  of  the  home  department,  and 
of  police. 

N 

NESSELRODE,  count  Charles  Robert  de,  se- 
cretary for  foreign  affairs,  and  privy  counsellor 
to  the  emperor  of  Russia,  was  born  in  Livonia, 
about  the  year  1770.  This  minister  stands  high 
in  the  confidence  of  his  sovereign,  and  has  often 
received  marks  of  his  esteem.  He  accompanied 
the  emperor  into  France  in  the  campaign  of 
1814, and  was  one  of  the  four  plenipotentiaries 
that  signed  the  treaty  of  quadruple  alliance,  at 
Chaumont,  in  March,  of  that  year.  All  the  notes 
and  addresses  of  the  emperor,  at  this  period, 
bear  his  signature,  and  were  mostly  drawn  up 
by  him.  After  a  short  stay  in  Paris,  he  repaired 
to  Vienna,  to  assist  in  the  conference  relative  to 
the  future  constitution  of  Germany.  And  after- 
wards, in  1815,  he  was  one  of  the  committee 
that  signed  the  declaration  or  profession  of  faith 
of  the  several  powers  with  respect  to  Buona- 
parte. 

O 


OPIE,  Mrs.,  was  born  in  1771.  She  is  the 
daughter  of  Dr.  .Mderson,  an  eminent  physician, 
of  Norwich.  This  lady  early  evinced  superior 
talents,  by  composing  poems  and  descriptive 
pieces,  at  an  age  when  young  ladies  have  not 
usually  finished  their  education.  In  1798  she 
439 


PA 

iiiairied  Mr.  Oyie,  a  celebrated  painter,  and  soon 
alter  liis  death,  in  IS08,  slie  publislied  a  memoir 
of  liis  life,  prefixed  to  the  lectures  he  had  read 
at  the  Royal  Academy.  By  tnis  and  other  publi- 
cations, she  lias  acquired  considerable  reputa 
tion,  both  asapiose  and  poetical  writer. 

ORANGE,  the  hereditary  prince  of,  is  the  son 
of  the  king  of' the  Netherlands.  He  was  born 
in  1792.  In  1811,  he  became  a  colonel  in  the 
British  army,  and  served  with  Wellington  in 
Spain.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  general 
in  1814,  and  was  present  at  all  the  important 
battles  in  the  peninsula.  At  the  battle  of  Wa- 
terloo, he  commanded  the  Dutch  troops  witli  his 
accustomed  gallantry,  and  was  severely  wound- 
ed. In  1816,  he  married  a  sister  of  the  emperor 
Alexander  of  Russia. 

ORLEANS,  the  duke  of,  is  a  descendant  of 
Henry  IV.,  whose  virtues  he  imitates.  He  was 
born  ill  October,  1773,  and  in  early  life  was  dis- 
tinguished for  his  sedate  character,  and  for  his 
prudence  and  moderation.  As  due  de  Chartres, 
he  was  a  soldier  in  the  armies  of  the  republic 
for  a  short  time,  but  was  soon  proscribed.  He 
tlien  escaped,  travelled  in  disguise  through  dif- 
ferent parts  of  Europe,  and  at  one  time  tilled  the 
professorship  of  mathematics  at  Reichman,  in 
the  Grisons  country,  under  a  borrowed  name. 
He  afterwards  visited  the  United  States,  with 
his  brothers,  and  returned  to  Europe  to  assist 
his  mother.  In  1800,  he  took  up  his  residence  in 
England.  He  married  a  daughter  of  the  king 
of  Naples,  and  now  lives  in  Paris.  He  is  heir, 
in  no  very  remote  degree,  to  the  throne  of 
France. 

OWEN,  Robert,  esq.,  a  native  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, was  born  to  a  moderate  fortune,  and  edu- 
cated as  a  manufacturer.  With  a  benevolent 
disposition,  and  a  powerful  understanding,  he 
has  devoted  his  life  to  the  study  of  plans  for 
ameliorating  the  condition  of  the  poor.  With 
this  view,  he  has  formed  an  establishment  in 
Scotland,  called  New  Lanark,  in  which  his  plans 
have  been  crowned  with  success.  His  principle 
seems  to  have  been  taken  originally  from  the 
aioraviau  settlements,  but  with  this  diflerencc, 
that  among  them,  property  is  in  common,  but, 
on  Mr.  Owen's  plan,  only  such  things  are  in 
common,  as  tend  to  genpral  advantage.  Mr. 
Owen  is  about  forming  a  similar  establishment 
in  this  country.  How  far  bis  plan  will  succeed 
here,  or  as  a  public  system,  elsewhere,  remains 
to  be  seen.  By  his  mode  of  living,  he  anticipates 
a  saving  of  several  tliousand  dollars  per  annum, 
to  every  association  formed  on  his  plan. 


PAEZ,  general,  is  a  native  of  Caraccas,  and 
was  born  in  1787,  of  poor,  but  respectable  pa- 
rents. In  early  life  he  was  employed  as  a  su- 
perintendant  of  the  flocks  of  an  establishment 
in  Btirinas.  When  the  first  struggle  lor  liberty 
look  place  in  Caraccas.  he  joined  the  royalist 
party,  and  fought  on  their  side  until  the  cruel- 
ties of  his  associates  filled  him  with  disgust. 
He  then  left  them  with  a  body  of  cavalry,  and 
joined  the  patriots  in  New  Grenada,  where  he 
pi'iformed  such  prodigies  of  valour,  in  opposing 
Morillo,  that  he  was  made  a  brigadier-general, 
and  afterwards  general  of  division.  Tlie  libe- 
ration of  the  Colombian  republic,  by  the  victo- 
ry of  Carabobo,  crowned  his  glory.  Paez  is  of 
a  robust  constitution,  and  possesses  great  mus- 
cular activity  and  power.  He  Mves  as  frugally 
as  his  soldiers,  always  divides  his  booty  with 
440 


PO 

them,  and  often,  after  fighting  with  them  during 
tile  day,  amuses  himself  by  dancing  with  them 
at  night. 

PARRY,  Edward  William,  a  captain  in  the 
English  navy,  was  born  in  the  year  1790.  He 
was  placed  in  the  navy  when  quite  young,  and 
gradually  rose  to  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant, 
with  a  high  reputation  as  an  officer.  Captain 
Parry  has  disiinguished  himself,  as  commander 
of  an  English  squadron  fit;ed  out  on  a  voyage 
of  discovery  to  the  north  pole,  by  successfully 
penetrating  into  the  Polar  Sea  be  !ar  asthe  110th 
degree  of  west  longitude,  and  wintering  on  one 
of  the  newly  discovered  islands.  For  this,  he, 
and  the  men  under  his  command,  received  the 
parliamentary  reward  of  5,000;.  Captain  Parry 
is  now  absent  on  a  third  voyage  to  the  polar  re- 
gions. It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  long  agitated 
question  of  a  northwest  passage,  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Pacific,  will  be  put  to  rest  on  his 
return. 

PEPE,  general  William,  is  a  native  of  Cala- 
bria, and  was  born  in  the  year  1783,  of  one  of 
the  most  respectable  families  of  that  country. 
He  received  his  education  in  the  miJiiary  college 
of  the  province,  and  entered  into  the  army  of  Iiig 
countiy,  then  declared  a  republic  by  the  French. 
He  afterwards  joined  the" French,  and  was  ac- 
tively employed  in  all  the  campaigns  of  that  na- 
tion in  Italy.  He  subsequently  relumed  to  Na- 
ples, and  was  appointed  aid-de-camp  to  king 
Joachim,  a^d  general  of  brigade.  He  continued 
in  the  service  of  that  sovereign  until  his  down- 
fal,  and  remained  inacti%-e  after  that  event  until 
1 1818.  He  was  then  employed  by  Ferdinand, 
with  a  high  military  rank,  in  suppressing  the 
dreadful  system  of  brigandism  and  robbery 
which  then  prevailed  in  that  country.  General 
Pepe  has  gained  his  principal  reputation  by  head- 
ing the  late  revolutionary  movements  in  Naples, 
and  by  procuring  a  constitutional  forn;  of  govern- 
ment for  that  country.  The  interposition  of  au 
Austrian  armed  force,  has  defeated  the  patriotic 
views  of  this  officer,  and  compelled  him'to  retire 
to  England,  where  he  now  resides. 

PERCIVAL,  James  G.,  a  poet  and  scholar, 
alike  distinguished  for  genius  and  the  accuracy 
of  his  learning.  He  was  born  in  Berlin,  Conn., 
about  the  year  1795.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
College  in  1815,  and  commenced  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  1820.  He  published  his  first  work 
at  New-Haven,  in  1820,  and  two  numbers  of 
Clio  soon  after.  In  1824,  hp  published  a  hand- 
some edition  of  his  works,  which  was  repub- 
lished the  same  year  in  London.  He  was 
appointed  a  professor  at  West  Point  by  the 
government,  in. 1824,  which  he  was  obliged  to 
relinquish  on  account  of  his  health,  aud  was 
soon  after  employed  as  surgeon  in  connexion 
with  the  recruiting  service  at  Boston.  This 
situation  he  soon  left,  to  devote  his  attention 
more  exclusively  to  literary  pursuits:  He  is  a 
regular  writer  for  the  Boston  Literary  Gazette, 
and  his  poetry  in  tbat  is  received  with  general 
admiration.  He  resides  in  his  native  village, 
(1S25.)  and  is  engaged  in  editing  some  works 
for  the  press.  Hisdisposition  is  melancholy  and 
retiring,  and  hie  career  l.'as  been  marked  with 
{traits  of  great  eccentricity.  He  is,  however,  a 
I  man  of  singular  elevation  and  purity  of  char- 
acter in  private  life. 

PORTER,  Jane,  .and  Ann  Maria.  These  la- 
dies are  sisters,  and  daughters  of  sir  Robert  Por- 
ter. Thev  have  long  held  a  high  rank  among 
I  the  female  novel  writers  of  the  day.  The  for- 
jnierhas  written  "  Thaddeus  of  Warsaw,"  "  The 


sc 

Scottish  Chiefs,"  and  other  works,  which  have 
been  well  received  by  the  public,  and  very  ex 
,teusively  read.  The  younger  sister  has  publish 
ed  "  The  Hungarian  Brothers,"  "  The  Recluse 
of  Norway,"  and  more  recently  the  *'  Fast  of 
St.  Magdalen."  Until  the  appearance  of  that 
splendid  series  of  works,  the  Waverly  novels, 
these  sisters  had  gained  a  great  degree  of  popu- 
larity. They  have,  however,  with  others,  been 
obliged  to  yield  to  the  unrivalled  merits  of  the 
"  Great  Unlcnown." 


aUIROGA,  general  Antonio.  This  distin- 
guished Spaniard  is  indebted  for  his  reputation, 
to  his  recent  patriotic  efforts  in  favour  of  the 
liberty  of  his  country.  When  he  commenced 
the  daring  task  of  limiting  the  powers  of  his 
sovereign,  and  assembling  the  cowsiituted  but 
almost  obsolete  authorities  of  the  kingdom,  he 
was  but  a  colonel  in  the  Spanish  army.  He  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  those  troops,  who,  at  Ca- 
diz, declared  in  favour  of  a  free  constitution, 
and  he  issued  several  spirited  proclamations,  and 
took  every  measure  in  liis  power  to  ensure  suc- 
cess to  the  cause  in  which  he  had  embarked. 
Q.uiroga,  with  his  associates,  had  the  happi- 
ness to  accomplisli  their  glorious  purposes ;  to 
see  a  cortes  assembled,  a  constitution  adopted, 
and  the  government  organized  under  that  con- 
stitution. Subsequent  events  have  destroyed 
the  prospects  of  the  liberal  party  in  Spain,  and 
compelled  Q,uiroga  to  take  up  liis  residence  in 
Ensland. 


ROSCOE,  William,  esq.,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
lish writer,  was  born  of  humble  parents,  from 
whom  he  received  but  a  common  education,  and 
articled  to  an  attorney  in  Liverpool.  His  ardent 
mind  led  him  to  devote  all  his  leisure  time  to  the 
study  of  the  classics,  and  he  soon  made  himself 
acquainted  with  the  ancient  and  modern  lan- 
guages. Mr.  Roscoe  was  early  celebrated  both 
as  a  prose  and  as  a  poetical  writer ;  but  the 
work  which  aainod  him  the  greatest  reputation, 
was  his  "  Life  of  Lorenzo  de  Medici ;"  a  work, 
which  for  purity  and  elegance  of  styl^,  and  ex- 
tensive research,  has  seldom  been  surpassed. 
He  has  also  been  the  great  mover  a)id  supporter 
of  several  public  works  in  Liverpool  ;  so  much 
so,  that  his  name  is  identified  with  the  prosperi- 
ty and  even  existence  of  that  city. 

S 

SAN  MARTIN,  general  Don  Juan,  was  born 
in  the  midst  of  the  Andes,  and  sent  to  Madrid 
for  education.  He  entered  the  army  in  1808,  and 
displayed  great  valourin  defending  the  indepen- 
dence of  his  country  under  the  banners  of  the 
cortes.  After  the  dissolution  of  that  body  he 
quitted  Sp;an  for  Buenos  Ayres,  and  immediate- 
ly joined  the  patriot  forces  of  that  country.  As 
an  officer  of  the  patriot  army  he  has  gained  se 
veral  important  victories,  and  contributed  much 
to  the  independence  of  the  South  American 
states.  He  is  now  at  the  head  of  the  independ- 
ent government  of  Peru. 

SCOTT,  Sir  Walter,  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished and  prolific  writers  of  the  present  day, 
was  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  the  year  1771,  and 
educated,  first  at  the  high  school  of  that  city, 
and  then  at   the  university,  under  professor 


SI 

Stewart.  The  reputation  of  this  gentleman  is 
well  known  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic  ;  as  a 
poet,  he  may  justly  be  ranked  above  most  of  his 
cotemporaries.  His  first  literary  attempt,  was 
a  translation  of  two  ballads,  from  tht  German, 
"  The  Chase,"  and  another.  In  1802,  he  pub- 
lished his  "  Border  Minstrelsy,"  a  work  which 
opened  to  him  a  most  brilliant  literary  career. 
Mr.  Scott  has  since  published,  "  The  Lay  of  the 
Last  Minstrel,"  "  Marmion,  or  Flodden  Field," 
"The  Lady  of  the  Lake,"  "The  Vision  of 
Don  Roderick,"  "  Rokeby,"  and  other  poems. 
He  has  also  been  employed  to  edit  the  works  of 
Swift,  Dryden,  and  other  distinguished  authors. 
Sir  Walter  Scott's  talents,  however,  are  not 
confined  to  poetry.  He  is  understood  to  be  the 
author  of  "  Paul's  Letters,"  and  of  the  iiistori- 
cal  department  of  the  recent  volumes  of  the 
Edinburgh  Annual  Register ;  and  he  is  generally 
believed  to  be  the  author  of  the  popular  series 
of  novels,  known  by  the  name  of  the  Waverley 
novels.  These  alone  would  have  placed  the 
name  of  Scott  among  the  great  men  of  the  age. 
With  his  other  productions,  ihey  will  perpetuate 
his  reputation,  so  long  as  talents  are  esteemed, 
or  fine  writing  admired.  Sir  Walter  is  clerk  of 
the  court  of  sessions  of  Scotland,  for  which  he 
receives  about  1,500L  sterling  per  annum.  He 
resides  at  Edinburgh  during  the  session  of  the 
court,  and  the  rest  of  his  time  at  his  splendid 
seat  at  Abbotsford,  40  miles  from  Edinburgh. 
He  has  been  from  infancy  quite  lame;  in  his 
manners  he  is  perfectly  simple  and  unostenta- 
tious. He  has  four  children  ;  one  of  wnom  is 
married  to  the  celebrated  professor  Lockhart. 

SEDGWICK,  Catharine,  author  of  two  very 
popular  novels,  the  "New-England  Tale"  and 
■  Redwood,"  is  the  daughter  of  judge  Sedgwick, 
and  was  born  at  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  in  the  year 
1798.  She  is  deservedly  ranked  among  the  most 
elegant  prose  writers  of  the  day  ;  and  is  under- 
stood  to  be  now  (18-25)  engaged  in  the  prepar;*- 
tion  of  a  series  of  Tales,  founded  on  scenes  ia 
New-England. 

SENEFELDER,  Alois,  was  born  at  Munich, 
and  placed  for  education  in  the  university  of 
Ingoldstadt,  as  a  student  of  jurisprudence.  To 
him  the  arts  are  indebted  for  the  invention  of 
lithography  ;  a  process,  by  means  of  which 
books  may  now  be  emL/tilir^hed  with  prints, 
without  incurring  such  an  expense  as  to  place 
them  beyond  the  reach  of  persons  of  small  for- 
tunes. An  accurate  account  of  the  inventor 
and  the  invention,  may  be  found  in  the  5tii 
volume  of  the  supplemenl  to  the  Encyclopcedia 
Britannica.  We  can  only  say,  that  he  received 
the  first  suggestions  of  this  useful  art,  from  an 
accidental  discovery,  and  that  he  brought  it  to  a 
degree  of  perfection,  by  successive  experiments, 
which  will  make  it  of  great  service  to  mankind. 
Lithography  has  since  rapidly  extended,  and 
been  applied  to  a  variety  of  purposes,  connected 
with  the  arts,  in  different  parts  of  the  continent, 
and  in  Great  Britain. 

SIDDONS,  Mrs.,  is  the  daughter  of  Mr.  R. 
Kembla.  She  was  born  about  the  year  1749. 
This  lady  commenced  her  career  as  a  singer, 
buL  .•she  soon  relinquished  that  employment,  and 
attempted  tragedy.  On  her  appearance  at 
Drury-lane  theatre  in  1782,  her  success  was 
complete ;  the  public  were  astonished  at  her 
powers,  and  she  was  acknowledged  to  be  the 
first  tragic  actress  of  the  age.  For  more  than 
twenty  years  she  retained  her  high  rank  as  an 
actress,  and  continued  during  that  period,  to 
enchant  the  lovers  of  the  drama.  She  also 
441 


i 


TA 


possesses  considerable  merit  iS  a  sculptor  Mrs. 
Siddf)ns  has  accumulated  ai;  ample  property 
with  which  she  has  retired  liom  the  stage  to 
Wie  quiei  of  domestic  lite. 

SOUTHEY,  Robert,  esq.,  was  born  atBristol, 
in  the  year  1774.  He  was  eridcated  ai  West 
minster  school,  and  at  Oxford,  a;d  was  designed 
for  the  ministry,  but  his  partiality  iorthe  French 
revolution  inspired  him  with  oilier  thoughts 
For  gome  office,  whicli  he  held  !!:der  liis  go 
vernment  for  a  short  lime,  be  receives  a  pensiur 
of  200Z.  a  year  ;  this  has  converted  hini  from  ar 
admirer  of  French  republican  princi;  ies,  to  a 
zealous  writer  in  the  Giiartely  Review.  From 
1795,  when  he  firsi  appeareo  beiore  ilie  public 
as  an  author,  this  gt- ntleman  has  boen  devoted 
to  literary  pursuits.  His  poeiicai  and  prose  writ 
ings  are  very  numerous.  He  is  ihe  author  of 
"  Thalaha  the  Destroyer,"  "Madoc,"  a  poem 
"  Espriellas  Letters,"  "The  Curse  oflvehama,' 
"Life  of  Nelson,"  "  Life  of  Wesley,"  "Remains 
of  Henry  Kirk  White,"  "  Roderic,  the  last  of 
the  Goths,"  and  many  other  works,  and  he  is 
still  employed  as  a  writer. 

SPURZHEIM,  Dr.,  a  celebrated  physiologist 
was  born  near  Treves,  in  1776,  and  eduoa'ed  at 
Vienna,  where  he  studied  under  the  celebrated 
Dr  Gall,  the  founder  of  the  science  of  craniology 
In  Great  Britain,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Gall 
he  publislied  fhe  result  of  his  inquiries,  in  "  The 
Anaioiny  and  Physiology  of  the  Nervous  Sys- 
tem," a'ld  several  other  works. 

STEWART,  Dugald,  esq.,  a  distinguished 
metaphysician,  and  professor  of  morai  philoso- 
phy in  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  v  hs  bori. 
in  that  city,  in  1753.  His  vvriii"ns  havt  sainedl 
him  a  high  reputation  at  honu  and  abroad 
among  them  are  his  "  Elenieitis^  of  the  Philoso 
phy  of  the  Human  Mind,"  "  <^'; alines  ct  Moral 
Philosophy  for  the  use  of  Studeiits,"  &c. 

SUSSEX,  the  duke  of,  is  the  fourth  son  of 
George  111.,  and  was  horn  in  1773.  He  received! 
the  latter  part  of  iiis  education  at  Goitingen, 
and  afterwards  travelled  in  Italy.  In  .hat  coun- 
try he  contracted  a  njariiage  wiih  lady  Augusta: 
Murray,  according  to  the  Romish  -itiurch,  and 
on  their  return  to  England,  they  were  married 
in  Hanover  Square.  This  marriagi  has  since 
been  annulled,  as  vioIaMne  the  royal  marriage 
act.  The  dtike  has  entered  mucli  into  public 
life,  parficnlaiiy  by  acct-ping  tliC  (office  of  pres 
dent  or  various  so^ieiies.  He  is  rratid-niaster 
of  the  society  of  licemasons  in  Eiigiand.  His 
annual  income  is  nxed  at  lii,OG0i. 


TH 

a  marriage  v.'hich  he  had  contracted.  In  l&Ui, 
he  was  named  high  cliamborluin,  and  in  IfcuC, 
created  prince  of  Beneveiituni,  m  Naples.  On 
the  approaching  downfal  of  Nui-Oleon,  Talley- 
rand began  to  intrigue  against  hiui,  and  pio\ida 
for  himsiblf.  He  was  m  consequence  reinsiAtt:d 
as  minister  for  foreign  altairs,  by  Louis  XVlli., 
and  sent  as  his  plenipotentiary  lo  Vienna.  lie 
is  now  in  private  liie,  an  active  and  a;tentive 
observer  of  the  political  affaiis  of  Euioj^e.  Pro- 
bably jio  man  living  has  takeu  a  more  active  part 
in  the  political  changes  which  have  occurred 
in  Europe  during  the  last  thirty  years,  or  gained 
a  higher  reputation  for  talents,  intrigue,  and 
political  cunning. 

Talma,  M.  This  disllnguished  and  adn)i- 
mirable  actor,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  i7Gb.  He 
attended  tor  some  time  J;e  ciacscs  oi'  dec'auia- 
tion  in  the  royal  school  ot  Paiis,  and  socni  ob 
tained  an  order  for  his  appearance  on  the  stage, 
and  in  a  short  time  took  the  icad  in  his  profes- 
sion. Madam  de  Stacl  says  ot  him,  "Talma 
^l,^y  be  ciied  as  a  model  of  power,  and  of  dis- 
cretion in  tlie  use  oi  it,  of  simplicity  and  true 
grandeur.  His  attitudes  recall  to  mind  the  fine 
statues  of  antiquity  ;  and  the  expression  of  his 
tace  and  every  look,  ought  to  be  the  study  of 
our  best  painters.  There  is  in  the  voice  of  thi^ 
man  a  magic,  which  I  cannot  describe  ;  wliich, 
from  the  moment  when  its  first  accent  is  heard, 
awakens  all  the  sympathies  of  iht  heart ;  all 
the  charms  of  music,  of  painting,  of  sculpture, 
and  of  poetry;  but,  above  ail,  the  language  of 
the  soul."  Talma  has  succeeded  in  acquiring 
such  dignity  of  mien,  and  grandeur  ot  deport- 
j,  n;ent,  that  the  emperor  Napoleon  seriously  look 
I!  lessons  of  him,  the  feeiter  to  support  his  own 
dignity  on  all  great  occasions ;  it  may  be  added, 
that  these  great  cotenspnraries  loved  each  other 
almost  to  idolatry.  Tiie  wife  of  Talma  is  also 
possessed  of  considerable  theatrical  reputation, 
both  in  tragic  and  comic  parts.  Hei  health, 
however,  has  compelled  her  to  relinquish  the 
staae  since  1810. 

TEIGNMOUTH,  lord,  was  born  iii  Devon- 
shire, in  175-1,  and  sent  early  to  li;dia,  as  a  wit- 
ter in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Coiiipany 
While  in  that  country,  lie  waj  iiaimaie  with 
Mr.  Hastings,  and  under  his  government  filled 
several  important  otrkes.  In  1703,  he  succeeded 
[to  be  governor  of  Bengal.  Fnaa  his  different 
eniri'.oviriHiii.!?  in  Tiulin.  hn  r»'ali/.eri  a  liHiiiisfiirift 


TALLEYRAND,  Perigord,  prince  de.  This 
celebrated  nobleman,  who  is  perhaps  the  most 
considerable  politician  in  Europe,  was  born  in 
the  year  1754,  of  one  of  the  most  ancient  farai 
lies  in  France.  He  was  educated  for  ihe  church 
and  in  1788  was  made  bishop  of  Aiitun.  His 
inclination  and  talenis,  however,  led  him  to  en 
gaKe  in  political  lite;  at  tl>e  beginning  of  the 
revolution  he  became  a  niernber  of  the  legisla- 
tive assembly,  took  an  active  (larl  in  its  delibe- 
rations, and  was  sent  as  the  agent  of  that  body, 
on  a  secret  mission  to  Engiand  On  his  return, 
his  influence  rapidly  increaiJed,  and  he  was 
made  minister  for  foreign  affairs.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  the  eh-vation  of  Buonaparte  to 
the  consulship,  aqd  under  the  consular  govern- 
ment was  employed  as  a  ininisler  and  diploma 
list.  In  1802,  the  pope  granted  a  brief,  which 
rciBored  him  to  a  secular  li>^,  and  legitimated 
442 


employmenis  in  India,  he  realized  a  handsome 
:ortune,  wiiii  which  he  returned  to  England, 
V.  here,  in  1797,  he  was  created  a.  peer  by  the 
title  of  baron  Teigmnouth.  He  was  the  inti- 
mate friend  of  sir  Wiiliani  J(<ncs,  whuse  iifc 
and  works  he  lias  published.  Loid  Teignmouth 
is  distinguished  for  his  piety  and  benevolence  ; 
he  was  one  of  trie  founders,  and  is  now  pret-i- 
dent  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 

THENARD,  M.  This  ceiebraied  French 
ciiymist  was  born  in  17./.  lie  early  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  chyniistry,  and  with  such 
sttci  ess,  that  at  the  age  ofSO,  he  v^  as  a  chynacal 
teacher  iu  the  principal  public  laboratories  of 
Paris,  and  at  the  polytechnic  school.  When  he 
was  26,  he  was  made  professor  of  chyniistry  in 
tli€  college  of  France,  and  he  soon  after  suc- 
ceeded the  celebrated  Fourcroy,  as  a  member 
of  the  Institute.  In  conjunction  with  Gay- 
Lussac,  he  published  in  181C,  a  highly  interest- 
ing work,  entitled  "  Physico  Chj-mical  Enqui- 
ries." He  has  also  distinguished  himself  by 
several  other  scientific  publications. 

THORVALDSEN,  Albert,  was  born  at  Co- 
penhagen in  17''2.  He  is  tiie  eon  of  an  Iceiander, 


WE     

wlio  lived  in  that  city.  From  his  infancy  he 
was  fond  of  the  comparatively  rude  carvings 
of  his  father,  who  was  a  stonecuttter,  and  who 
had  the  sagacity  to  perceive  the  talents  of  his 
ton.  He  accordingly  placed  him  in  the  free 
drawing-school  at  Copenhagen.  After  display 
ing  great  talents  there,  particularly  in  modellin; 
in  clay,  and  receiving  several  prizes,  he  was  sent 
to  Rome,  where  he  resided  tor  some  time,  giv 
ing  the  most  assiduous  attention  to  his  favourite 
pursuits.  His  first  production  there,  was  a  mo 
del  of  Jason,  which  was  considered  a  master 
piece.  He  was  afterwards  commissioned  to 
execute  the  Jason  in  niarhle,  and  from  that  time 
has  been  constantly  employed.  He  has  produ- 
ced several  other  valuable  worlis.  Since  the 
death  of  Canova,  Thorvaldsen  a'ld  Cliantiey 
may  be  considered  as  being  at  the  head  of  modem 
sculptors. 

TRUMBULL,  John,  author  of  M  Fingal, 
was  born  in  1750,  in  Watertown,  Conn.  His 
father  was  the  congregational  clergyman  of  that 
place.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  College,  in 
1*67,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  C<)nnecticut, 
in  1773,  but  soon  after  entered  into  the  office  of 
John  Adams,  at  Boston,  as  a  student.  Here  he 
took  a  lively  interest  in  the  passing  scenes  in 
politics,   and  often    was  a  contributor  to  the 

Sapers  with  great  effect.  He  has  resided  at 
[artford,  Conn.,  since  1781,  has  passed  through 
a  career  of  high  success  at  the  bar,  and  from 
1801  to  1819,  was  a  judge  of  the  superior  court 
in  his  native  state.  In  1820,  he  revised  his  seve- 
ral works,  and  an  edition  of  them  was  pub- 
lished, for  which  he  received  a  Hberal  compen- 
sation. At  the  age  of  seventy  five,  his  conver- 
sation is  still  marked  with  all  that  wit  and 
vivacity  which  have  distinguished  hun 

W 

WELLINGTON,  the  duke  of,  fourth  son  of 
the  late  earl  of  Mornington,  was  born  in  Ireland, 
May,  17(39.  He  was  first  placed  at  Eton  school, 
and  then  sent  to  the  military  school  of  Angers, 
in  France.  He  entered  the  army  as  an  ensign, 
and  rose  by  interest  and  purchase,  to  the  rank 
of  lieurenant-colonel,  in  1793.  The  next  year 
he  commanded  a  brigade  on  the  continent  under 
the  duke  of  York.  In  1797,  he  accompanied 
his  brother,  lord  Wellesley,  to  India,  where  he 
rose  to  the  rank  of  major-general,  and  to  be 
governor  of  Seringapatam.  On  his  return  to 
England,  in  1805,  he  married  a  lady  of  the  fa 
mily  of  lord  Longford,  was  sent  to  Ireland,  as 
secretary  of  state  under  the  duke  of  Richmond, 
and  subsequently  elected  a  member  of  parlia- 
ment. In  1809,  lord  Wellington,  then  sir  Arthur 
Wellesley,  was  ordered  to  the  Peninsula,  as 
commander  in  chief  of  the  British  forces;  and 
it  is  to  his  ;ireat  talents,  and  brilliant  successes, 
in  Spain  and  Portugal,  that  he  is  principally 
indebted  for  his  distinguished  military  reputa- 
tion. During  the  time  he  commanded  in  those 
countries,  he  was  constantly  opposed  to  Masse- 
na,  Martnont,  and  Soult,  three  of  the  most  dis 


sions,  he  proved  himself  their  equal  as  a  genera 
jind  as  a  commander.  For  his  services  there,  he 
was  created  duke  of  Rodrigo,  with  the  rank  of  a 
grandee  of  Spain,  by  the  Spanish  regency,  and 
was  successively  made  an  earl  and  a  marquis, 
by  his  own  government,  with  a  pension  of 
4,000;.  per  annum,  and  a  present  from  parlia- 
ment of  S'^O.OOO^  In  1813,  after  the  disasters 
of  Buonapirt  Mn  Russia,  lord  Wellington  forced 


WI 

jthe  passage  of  the  Bidassoa  and  entered  France. 
The  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  following,  and 
peace  taking  place  soon  after,  he  returned  to 
England,  and  was  rewarded  for  his  services, 
with  a  dukedom,  and  a  gift  from  parliament  of 
4OQ,0QOl.  In  July,  he  was  nominated  ambassa- 
lor-extraordinary  to  France,  and  was  then  sent 
to  the  congress  at  Vienna  He  was  there  on  the 
return  of  Napoleon  from  Elba,  and  was  instant- 
ly nominated  by  the  allied  sovereigns,  generalis- 
simo of  the  European  troops.  In  this  capacity, 
he  gained  the  memorable  victory  at  Waterloo, 
which  crowned  his  fame  and  put  an  end  to  the 
wars  that  had  .-so  long  desolated  Europe.  He  is 
now  a  field  marshal  of  the  forces,  master  general 
of  the  ordinance,  &c.  A  part  of  the  money 
voted  him  by  parliament,  amounting  in  all  to 
more  than  8(J0,0i)0Z.,  has  been  appropriated  to 
the  purchase  of  an  estate,  on  which  is  to  be 
erected  foi  hnn,  a  splendid  mansion  at  the  public 
expense. 

WILBERFORCE,  Wii  ;  ;  esq.,  a  member 
of  the  English  parhameni,  «  ^s  born  in  York- 
shire, in  the  year  1759,  anil  t-ducated  at  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  became  the  iutimate  friend  of 
the  late  English  prime  minister,  Mr.  Pitt.  3Mr. 
Wilberforce  is  particularly  distinguished  for  the 
active  part  he  has  taken  in  the  abolition  of  the 
African  slave  trade.  His  unshaken  persever- 
ance, his  untiring  zeal,  and  his  unbounded 
philanthropy  on  this  important  subject,  as  well 
as  on  other  occasions,  entitle  him  to  the  highest 
expressions  of  applause  and  gratitude  from  all 
good  men. 

WILKIE,  David,  esq.  This  distinguished 
painter  is  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  was  born  in 
1785  Having  early  displayed  a  talent  for  draw- 
ing, he  was  sent  at  the  age  of  fifteen  to  the 
academy  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  continued 
several  years.  He  went  to  London  in  1805,  and 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy,  in 
1812  He  is  said  to  be  highly  successful  in  paint- 
ing scenes  of  domestic  life,  in  the  manner  of 
Hogarth,  and  li  ;e  that  great  painter  seems  nevei 
to  omit  the  most  trifling  circumstance,  which 
can  tend  to  exhibit  the  spirit  of  the  scene  which 
2  nieans  to  represent. 

WiLLl.^M  FREDERICK,  king  of  the  Nether- 
lands, is  the  son  ot  die  stadtholder  of  the  United 
Provinces,  who  was  expelled  from  his  country 
by  the  French,  in  1795.  He  was  born  at  the 
Hague,  in  1772,  and  married,  in  1791,  a  prhicess 
of  Prussia.  For  several  years  he  commanded 
tbe.  ;Dutch  troops  opposed  to  France,  but  was 
corifpelled  to  abandon  his  country,  and  retired 
to  England.  In  1813,  he  was  invited  by  a  depu- 
tation from  Holland,  to  assume  the  stadtholder- 
ship,  but  was  saluted  by  the  populace  as  sove- 
reign prince.  The  congress  of  Vienna  added 
the  Netherlands  and  Luxemburg  to  his  domi- 
nions, and  raised  him  to  the  rank  of  king. 
Since  the  restoration  of  peace,  he  has  given  his 
sanction  to  a  new  constitution,  which  had  been 
approved  by  the  states-general,  and  has  since 
been  employed  in  reducing  to  order  the  discor- 
dant materials  of  his  kingdom. 


inguished  French  generals;    and  on  all  occa        WILLIAM  FREDERICK,  the  present  sove- 


reign of  Wirtemburg,  was  born  in  1781.  He 
married,  in  1810,  the  princess  Charlotte  of  Ba- 
varia, against  his  inclination,  and  solely  in 
compliance  with  the  wishes  of  Napoleon.  His 
marriage  tias  since  been  dissolved  by  the  pope. 
While  prince  royal  of  Wirtemburg,  he  com- 
manded the  troops  of  his  own  country  in  the 
allied  army,  and  gave  proofs  of  talents  and  bra- 
very on  several  occasions.  He  succeeded  Jiis 
443 


YO 


YO 


fjitlior  in  ]810,  at  a  lime  wiien  the  crown  was 
engaged  in  disputes  with  the  representatives  of 
tiie  people.  He  has  since  given  his  people  a 
liberal  conslitnfion  of  government. 

WORDSWORTH,  William,  esq.  This  dis- 
tinguished Ensriish  poet  was  born  in  the  year 
1770,  and  educated  at  Cambridge.  He  was  in 
earlv  life  an  enthusiast  in  the  cause  of  liberty  ; 
and,'  in  consequence  of  his  political  views,  he 
at  one  time  contemplated  an  establishment  in 
the  United  States,  with  his  friend,  Mr.  Coleridge 
and  others.  Mr.  Wordsworth  is  considered  as 
at  the  head  of  what  is  termed  the  Lake  School 
of  poetry  :  a  poetical  style  of  writing,  novel  and 
simple  in  the  extreme,  which  has  been  assailed 
by  the  weanons  of  ridicule,  satire,  and  argument ; 
but  which  lias  nevertheless  found  many  admir- 
er* and  imitators.  Mr.  Wordsworth  has  pub- 
lished "  The  White  Doe  of  Rj'Istone,"  "  Peter 
Bell,"  "The  Wagoner,"  and  many  other  poems. 

Y 
-  YORK,  the  duke  of.  is  the  second  son  of  his 
444 


late  majesty,  George  IH.  He  was  born  in  1763, 
and  educated  by  the  same  instructors  as  his 
brother,  the  present  king  of  England.  He  was, 
when  young,  presented  to  the  lay  bishoprickof 
Osnaburg,  and  made  grand  master  of  the  order 
of  the  Bath,  by  his  father.  Being  destined  for 
the  armv,  he  was  sent  to  Germany,  where  he 
obtained  a  knowledge  of  the  language  and  tac- 
tics of  the  country.  He  was  subsequently  sent 
to  the  continent  as  commander  of  the  British 
forces,  and  was  for  some  time  employed  there 
in  the  military  movements  of  that  period.  Ne- 
ver, however"  much  to  his  credit  as  a  soldier  or 
officer.  On  one  occasion,  he  was  compelled  to 
capitulate  to  the  French.  On  the  investigation 
I  of  the  charges  against  him  for  malversations  in 
!  office,  by  the  liouse  of  commons,  he  resigned 
I  his  commission,  but  has  since  been  reinstated. 
I  He  was  created  duke  of  York  and  Albany  in 
11784.  In  1791  he  married  a  daughter  of  Frede- 
Irick  William,  king  of  Prussia.  The  duke  is 
[heir  presumptive  to  the  throne  of  England  on 
the  death  of  the  present  king. 


'^ 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  LIVES  OF 
JOHlSl  ADAMS  AND  THOMAS  JEFFERSON. 


JOHN  ADAMS  was  born  in  Braintree, 
now  Quincy,  on  the  19th  of  October, 
1735,  and  was  descended  from  the  first 
English  emigrants  to  Massachusetts. — 
Having  early  disclosed  a  taste  for  reading, 
his  father  was  induced  to  give  him  a  libe- 
ral education.  He  prepared  for  college 
under  Mr.  Marsh,  and  entered  Harvard 
University  in  1751,  where  he  graduated  in 
1 755.  Whether  he  was  distinguished  at 
college,  or  shared  its  first  honors,  is  not 
now  certainly  known.  After  he  left  col 
lege,  Mr.  Adams  engaged  in  a  grammar 
school  at  Worcester,  where  he  commen- 
ced the  study  of  law,  under  col.  James 
Putnam,  a  practitioner  of  reputation  and 
extensive  business.  At  this  period,  it 
was  common  in  New-England,  for  young 
men,  after  leaving  college,  to  engage  in 
instructing  youth,  previous  to  entering 
upon  professional  studies,  or  during  the 
time  they  were  employed  in  acquiring 
professional  knowledge.  Let  no  one  sup- 
pose that  it  is  beneath  his  dignity  to  be  an 
instructer  of  youth,  when  he  reflects,  that 
it  was  the  first  employment  of  a  man  who 
afterwards  became  a  teacher  of  men  and 
of  nations.  The  fact  however  shows  that 
Mr.  Adams'  condition  and  prospects  were 
no  better  than  those  of  almost  every  oth- 
er young  graduate,  as  it  respects  extrinsic 
considerations,  and  that  his  success  de- 
pended wholly  on  his  own  exertions.  It 
must  not  be  disguised  however,  that  he, 
and  all  his  co-patriots,  were  fortunate  in 
the  age  in  which  they  lived ;  and  that 
they  owed  their  distinction,  and  in  some 
degree,  the  extraordinary  talents  and  ef- 
forts, which  characterized  them,  to  the 
circumstances  of  the  times.  It  is  only  in 
times  of  public  danger,  when  the  liber- 
ties of  a  nation  are  invaded,  and  their 
dearest  rights  menaced  by  lawless  power, 
which  like  a  torrent,  breaking  over  its  ac- 
customed barriers,  threatens  general  ruin, 
that  eminent  talents,  distinguished  patri- 
otism, and  heroic  courage,  are  called  into 
action.  The  laurels  of  immortality  are 
reaped  only  in  the  field  of  death. 

Perhaps  no  period  in  history,  is  more 
;  distinguished  than  that,  from  the  treaty  of 
t  Paris  in  1763,  to  the  treaty  of  Peace  con 
[  445 

I 


eluded  at  the  same  place,  in  1783  ;  com- 
prising the  dispute  between  Great  Britain 
and  her  American  Colonies,  and  the  war 
for  the  liberty  and  independence  of  Amer- 
ica, which  grew  out  of  that  dispute.  This 
period  gave  birth  to  a  new  era,  most  aus- 
picious to  mankind.  In  it,  commenced 
the  great  struggle  in  vindication  of  the 
rights  of  man,  first  by  the  pen,  and  then 
by  the  sword ;  which  has  not  yet  ceased, 
and  we  trust  will  not,  until  Europe,  as 
well  as  America,  is  free.  Fortunately 
for  her  future  fame,  as  Avell  as  her  more 
immediate  prosperity,  America  was  des- 
tined to  be  the  first  theatre  of  this  struggle, 
on  which  depend  the  highest  interests  and 
the  brightest  hopes  of  the  human  race. — 
This  contest,  taking  so  deep  a  hold  on  the 
feelings  of  the  heart,  aroused  all  the  pas- 
sions, and  produced  the  most  incredible 
efforts  of  talents,  of  patriotism,  and  of 
valor.  The  character  of  individuals  was 
in  some  measure  stamped  by  the  times. 
Had  John  Adams  lived  in  a  different  age, 
he  would  doubtless  have  been  distin- 
guished; but  he  would  not  have  been 
what  the  circumstances  of  his  times  made 
him.  When  a  crisis  arrives  requiring  ex- 
traordinary men,  they  are  generally  found ; 
as  the  very  circumstances  which  demand 
them,  conduce,  if  not  to  create,  at  least 
to  call  them  forth.  Mr.  Adams  owes 
much  to  the  Revolution,  and  the  Revolu- 
tion owes  much  to  him.  His  bold  and 
fearless  spirit,  his  vigorous  intellect,  his 
ardent  patriotism,  and  his  unshaken  firm- 
ness of  purpose,  eminently  qualified  him, 
to  act  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  defence  of 
the  liberties  of  his  country. 

The  letter  which  he  wrote  whilst  enga- 
ged in  a  school  at  Worcester,  in  1755,  is 
at  once  an  evidence  of  the  bent  of  his 
mind,  and  of  his  wonderful  sagacity  in  po- 
llitical  speculations,  (a)  His  prophetic 
language,  "that  in  another  century,  this 
country  would  become  more  populous 
than  England,  and  the  seat  of  empire  be 
transferred  to  America — that  possessing 
all  the  naval  stores  in  our  hands,  we  could 
easily  acquire  the  mastery  of  the   seas, 

(a)  His  letter  is  dated  Worcester,  Oct . 
12, 1755. 

39 


I 


AD 

when  the  united  force  of  Europe  would  not 
be  able  to  subdue  us,"  he  himself  lived  to 
see  fulfilled  in  little  more  than  half  the 
time  specified. 

Before  we  follow  Mr.  Adams  into  the 
field  of  politics,  we  must  notice  the  suc- 
cess of  his  professional  exertions. — Being 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1758,  he  commen- 
ced business  in  his  profession  at  Brain- 
tree,  his  native  town.  His  success  was 
so  rapid,  and  his  reputation  so  great,  that 
in  1766  he  removed  to  Boston,  where  he 
continued  to  attend  the  neighboring  cir- 
cuits, and  was  occasionally  called  to  re- 
mote parts  of  the  province.  In  1770  he 
undertook  the  defence  of  the  British  ofli- 
cers  and  soldiers,  who  were  indicted  for 
the  massacre  on  the  memorable  5th  of 
March,  of  that  vear.  This  step  surprised 
the  friends  of  Mr.  Adams,  and  occasioned 
doubts  and  suspicions  of  his  attachment 
to  the  popular  cause.  He  says  himself, 
that  he  "lost  as  much  of  his  popularity  as 
Mr.  Pitt  did  of  his,  by  accepting  of  a  peer- 
age and  a  pension  ;  and  that  it  was  propa- 
gated, that  he  had  been  bribed  by  an  im- 
mense fee  to  sell  his  country ;"  although 
he  informs  us  that  nineteen  guineas,  was 
all  he  received  for  one  year's  anxiety  and 
attention  to  those  trials.  The  sacrifice  he 
made  by  assisting  the  accused  in  these 
trials,  shews  the  high  sense  he  entertain- 
ed of  professional  duty. 

From  this  period,  his  attention  and 
time  were  considerably  occupied,  by  the 
disputes  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
Colonies ;  yet  he  did  not  neglect  his  pro- 
fession, and  so  high  was  his  reputation, 
that  in  1776,  when  the  judiciary  was  or- 
ganized under  the  new  Constitution,  he 
was  offered  the  exalted  station  of  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court.  But  at 
this  time  he  had  engaged  too  deeply  in  the 
political  contests  of  his  country,  to  accept 
a  situation,  which  would  in  some  meas- 
ure, have  withdrawn  him  from  them  :  he 
was  reserved  for  a  different  and  more  glo 
rious  career. 

In  1769,  John  Adams  was  one  of  a  Com 
mittee  appointed  by  the  town  of  Boston 
to  examine  and  report  on  the  celebrated 
letters  of  Gov.  Baynard,  and  other  officers 
of  the  crown  in  Massachusetts,  which  had 
been  obtained  in  England.  His  associ- 
ates were  Thomas  Cushing,  James  Otis, 
Samuel  Adams,  Joseph  Warren,  and  sev- 
eral other  distinguished  leaders.  The 
following  year,  he  was  elected  one  of  the 
Representatives  of  the  town  of  Boston, 
in  the  Legislature  of  the  Province,  which 
connected  him  more  intimately  with  the 
great  leaders  of  the  popular  party,  and 
446 


AD 

enlisted  his  feelings  more  ardently  in  pub- 
lic  affairs,  which  at  this  time  were  assum- 
ing a  very  serious  aspect.  The  populari- 
ty he  lost  in  advocating  the  cause  of  Cap- 
tain Preston  and  the  British  soldiers,  he  ^ 
soon  regained  by  his  zeal  and  spirited  con- 
duct, in  support  of  the  popular  cause. 
And  such  was  his  increasing  reputation  as  ■ 
a  patriot  and  politician,  that  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Assembly,  one  of  its  Rep- 
resentatives to  the  Continental  Cangress, , 
held  in  Philadelphia  in  1774.  Previous- 
ly, this  year,  he  had  been  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  Massachusetts, 
but  was  negatived  by  Governor  Hutchin- 
son ;  and  the  following  year  he  was  again 
appointed,  and  negatived  by  General  j 
Gage.  The  colleagues  of  Mr.  Adams,  in  j 
the  Congress  of  1774,  were  Thomas  Cush-  j 
ing,  Samuel  Adams,  and  Robert  Treat 
Paine.  Although  Mr.  Adams  must  have 
been  one  of  the  youngest  members  of  this 
distinguished  Assembly,  he  took  an  active 
part  in  its  deliberations,  and  the  impor- 
tant measures  it  adopted.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Committee  which  prepar- 
ed the  declaration  of  the  rights  of  the 
Colonies,  and  likewise  of  that  which  re- 
ported the  Address  to  the  King.  Near 
the  close  of  the  year  1774,  Mr.  Adams 
wrote  the  numbers  signed  Nov-Anglus,  in 
reply  to  the  publications  supposed  to  be 
written  by  Jonathan  Sewall,  signed  Mas- 
sachusettensis,  which  deprecated,  what 
the  writer  considered  the  rash  measures 
of  the  Colonists.  Mr.  Adams'  defence  of 
those  measures,  and  censure  of  the  con- 
duct of  the  crown  officers,  and  the  British 
party,  was  uncommonly  bold  and  spirited. 
He  now  devoted  himself  almost  entire- 
ly to  public  affairs ;  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Congress  the  next  year,  and  made  the 
motion  to  appoint  George  Washington 
the  Commander  in  Chief  of  the  forces,  to 
be  raised  in  defence  of  American  liberty. 
He  continued  in  Congress  in  1776,  when 
the  controversy  was  brought  to  a  crisis, 
and  tobk  an  active  part  in  the  most  im- 
portant measure,  which  was  ever  acted 
on  by  any  deliberative  body.  He  was 
one  of  the  Committee  appointed  to  pre- 
pare a  Declaration  of  Independence,  and 
he  and  Thomas  Jefferson  were  named  as  a 
sub-committee  to  prepare  the  draft.  Mr. 
Jefferson  was  the  draftsman  of  the  Dec- 
laration, but  Mr.  Adams  was  its  boldest 
and  ablest  defender.  The  author  of  the 
declaration  has  himself  borne  testimony 
to  this  :  "  John  Adams,"  says  he,  "  was 
our  colossus  on  the  floor ;  not  graceful, 
nor  elegant,  nor  always  fluent,  but  he 
came  out  with  a  power  both  of  thought 


AD 

and  expression,  which  moved  us  from  our 
seats."  "  The  eloquence  of  Mr.  Adams," 
says  one  of  his  eulogists,  "  resembled  his 
general  character,  and  formed  indeed  a 
part  of  it.  It  was  bold,  manly,  and  ener- 
getic, and  such  as  the  occasion  required.* 

The  part  which  Mr.  Adams  acted  on 
this  momentous  occasion,  is  of  itself  suffi- 
cient to  render  his  name  as  illustrious  and 
immortal,  as  the  liberty  and  independence 
of  the  country,  he  aided  to  establish. 

In  the  course  of  this  year,  Mr.  Adams 
and  Dr.  Franklin,  and  Edward  Rutledge, 
were  appointed  Commissioners  to  treat 
with  Lord  Howe  for  a  pacification.  The 
following  year,  1779,  he  was  appointed  by 
Congress  a  Commissioner  to  the  Court  of 
France,  in  the  place  of  Silas  Dean  ;  and 
such  was  the  satisfaction  which  he  gave 
in  this  situation,  that  he  was  excepted 
from  a  vote  of  censure,  passed  by  Con- 
gress in  1779,  on  our  Commissioners  in 
Europe. 

In  1779  Mr.  Adams  returned  from  Eu- 
rope ;  and  the  next  year  he  was  appointed 
a  member  of  the  Convention,  which  fra- 
med the  Constitution  of  Massachusetts  ; 
and  he  drafted  a  considerable  part  of  it. 
Before  the  close  of  the  year  1780,  he  was 
sent  to  Europe  again,  as  Commissioner  to 
negotiate  a  general  peace;  and  remained 
in  Europe  until  1783.  In  1782  he  nego- 
tiated a  treaty  with  the  Dutch  Provinces, 
favourable  to  his  country  ;  and  the  same 
year  he  was  joined  with  Franklin,  Jay, 
Laurens  and  Jefferson,  in  a  plenipoten- 
tiary commission  for  concluding  treaties 
of  amity  and  commerce,  with  several 
European  powers.  The  only  treaty  con- 
cluded under  this  commission  was  with 
Prussia.  In  conjunction  with  Franklin 
and  Jay,  he  had  the  good  fortune,  in  1783, 
to  be  concerned  in  negotiating  the  treaty 
of  peace  with  Great  Britain,  and  had  the 
satisfaction  to  witness  the  Representative 
of  his  Britannic  Majesty,  solemnly  ac 
knowledge  that  declaration,  which  he  and 
his  co-patriots  had  six  years  before  pub 
lished,  "  that  these  United  States  were, 
and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free,  sovereign, 
and  independent." 

Mr.  Adams  was  the  first  Minister  of  the 
United  States,  at  the  Court  of  Great 
Britain ;  and  whilst  residing  there, 
1787,  he  published  his  defence  of  the 
American  Constitutions.  On  his  return 
to  the  United  States,  in  1788,  he  found 
the  government  going  into  operation  un- 
der the  new  Constitution,  and  was  him 
self  chosen  the  first  Vice  President 
which  situation  he  held  during  the  eight 

*  Webster's  Address. 
447 


JEF 


years  of  Washiiigtgn's  administration,  ' 
when  he  succeeded  the  father  of  his  coun-  , 
try  in  the  Presidential  chair.  The  period  i 
)f  his  administration,  was  one  of  great  ex«  j 
ntcment  and  political  animosities ;  the  j 
country  became  divided  into  two  great  3 
i^arties,  and  the  political  commotions  in  i 
Europe  disturbed  our  foreign  relations ;  •^ 
all  of  which  contributed  to  render  the  sit-  ^ 
uation  and  duties  of  the  government  pecu-  I 
liarly  embarrassing  and  difficult.  Without  ' 
leciding  whether  one  party  or  the  other  { 
was  right,  as  to  the  particular  questions  of  i 
the  controversy,  it  must  we  think  be  ad-  ; 

tted,  that  the  administration  was  en-  ] 
tirely  wrong  in  attempting  to  put  down  ' 
opposition,  by  coersive  measures  and  the  1 
itrong  arm  of  power.  J 

Public  opinion  sustained  the  opposition,  j 
md  consequently  the  administration  went  ' 
lown.     Mr.   Adams    was    succeeded  by 
Mr.  Jefferson  in  1801,  and  retired  to  pri-  j 
vate    life.     The  rivalship    and   hostility,  ] 

hich  this  contest  occasioned  between 
these  two  illustrious  men,  who  had  be-  I, 
3ome  the  heads  of  the  two  great  parties  in  ) 
the  country,  fortunately  subsided  a  few  j 
years  after  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Adams,  | 
and  they  continued  warm  friends  until 
their  deaths.  ' 

From  this  time,  Mr.  Adams  lived  as  be-  . 
came  a  great  and  wise  man.  His  corres-  | 
pondence  and  writings  were  extensive,  ' 
and  highly  interesting  ;  although  perhaps  ; 
some  of  them,  are  not  entirely  free  from  i 
the  peculiar  bias  of  his  feelings.  In  1820, ; 
at  the  advanced  age  of  85  years,  he  was  | 
once  more  withdrawn  from  retirement,  \ 
being  first  chosen  an  elector  of  President  ' 
and  Vice  President,  and  then  elected  a  i 
member  of  the  Convention  to  revise  the  1 
Constitution  of  Massachusetts.  He  waa  ' 
unanimously  chosen  President  of  the  Con- 1 
vention,  but  declined.  Mr.  Adams  died  : 
on  the  4th  of  July,  1826,  the  fiftieth  anni-  . 
versary,  and  the  national  jubilee  of  his  j 
country,  and  whilst  all  his  fellow  citi-  I 
zens  were  assembled,  commemorating  ! 
that  great  and  glorious  event,  with  which  ; 
his  name  is  inseparably  and  honourably  as-  i 
sociated.  -■ 

THOMAS  JEFFERSON  was  born  on  ' 
the2d  of  April,  O.  S.  1743,  at  Shadwell,  in  j 
the  county  of  Albemarle,  in  the  State  of; 
Virginia,  but  a  short  distance  from  Monti-  ' 
icello.  His  father,  Peter  Jefferson,  was  a  j 
man  of  some  distinction ;  he  was  one  of; 
the  Commissioners  for  establishing  thej 
boundary  line,  between  Virginia  and  North  ., 
Carolina,  and  he  left  his  son  a  large  estate,  i 
The  Jefferson  family  was  among  the  earli-s 
est  settlers  in  Virginia.  j 


JEF 


JEF 


Tliomus  Jfctii.rsv 


College  of  William  and  Mary,  and  receiv- 
ed the  highest  honours  of  that  Institution. 
After  leaving  College,  he  entered  upon 
the  study  of  the  law,  under  the  tuition  of 
George  \Vvthe,  the  first  lawyer  and  advo- 
cate in  the  State.  Soon  after  he  came  of 
age,  he  was  appointed  Justice  of  the 
Peace,  and  this  was  followed  by  an  elec- 
tion to  a  seat  in  the  house  of  Burgesses. 
His  whole  life  was  spent  in  public  em- 
ployments ;  although,  as  he  says  himself, 
his  disposition  always  inclined  him  to  re- 
tirement and  quietude,  and  to  the  peace- 
ful pursuit  of  letters  and  science. 

With  perhaps  tlie  exception  of  Frank- 
lin, no  one  of  the  patriots  or  heroes  of  the 
American  Revolution,  owed  less  to  the 
circumstances  of  the  times  in  which  he 
lived,  than  Mr.  Jefferson.  His  greatness 
was  personal  and  intrinsic,  and  no  exter- 
nal circumstances  could  scarcely  add  to 
it.  Had  he  lived  in  any  age  or  country,  he 
would  have  been  an  eminent  man.  Nei- 
ther his  disposition  nor  his  talents,  were 
adapted  to  the  turbulent  times  in  which 
he  lived  ;  yet  his  liberal  principles,  his 
philanthropy,  his  love  of  liberty  and  ar- 
dent patriotism,  when  the  liberties  of  his 
country  were  invaded,  overcoming  his 
natural  repugnance  to  scenes  of  conten- 
tion and  strife,  urged  him  on  to  the  arena 
of  politics,  and  rendered  him  one  of  the 
most  useful  and  efficient  supporters  of  the 
rights  and  liberties  of  the  Colonies.— 
When  his  country — his  suffering  and  op 
pressed  country,  demanded  his  services, 
he  did  not  hesitate  to  obey  her  call.  He 
entered  with  his  whole  soul  into  the  cause 
of  liberty,  regardless  of  all  consequences 
to  himself.  How  absurd  was  the  opinion 
which  prevailed  in  Britain,  that  the  whole 
difficulties  in  America  arose  from  the  tur 
bulent  and  factious  spirit  of  some  discon- 
tented individuals,  when  such  mild  and 
pacific  men  as  Jefferson,  became  th( 
champions  of  the  popular  cause. 

His  pen,  which  he  wielded  with  master 
ly  ability,  was  the  weapon  with  which  he 
entered  on  the  defence  of  the  rights  of 
the  Colonies.  In  addition  to  publica- 
tions in  the  newspapers,  he  brought 
out  in  1774,  his  "  Summary  View  of  the 
Rights  of  the  Colonies  of  America,"  one 
of  the  most  enlightened  and  valuable  pub- 
lications of  the  day.  This  work  placed 
the  dispute  between  the  parent  country 
and  her  colonies  on  just  ground,  by  disal- 
lowing the  supremacy  of  Parliament  over 
America,  whilst  some  of  the  controversial 
writers,  had  involved  themselves  in  diffi- 
448 


ducated  at  the|jculties  and  inconsistencies,  by  admitting 


the  supremacy  of  Parliament.  In  June 
1775,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Continental  Congress,  in  the  place  of 
Peyton  Randolph,  who  had  resigned  his 
seat  in  consequence  of  ill  health.  He 
continued  a  member,  and  one  of  the 
brightest  ornaments  of  this  august  body, 
until  1777. 

The  part  which  be  performed  in  the 
most  solemn  act,  ever  passed  by  any  de- 
liberative body  on  earth,  the  annuncia- 
tion of  Independence,  is  well  knov/n  ; 
vet  it  is  proper  that  it  should  be  briefly  no- 
ted here.  On  the  7th  of  June,  1776, 
Richard  Henry  Lee  submitted  a  resolution 
in  these  words  :  "  Resolved.,  That  these 
United  States  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  6e, 
free  and  independent  States ;  that  they  are 
absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British 
croion,  and  that  all  political  connexion  he- 
tween  them  and  the  state  of  Great  Britain 
is.,  and  ought  to  be,  totally  dissolved.'''' — 
This  resolution  was  debated  until  the 
10th,  when  it  was  postponed  until  the  first 
of  July,  and  a  Committee  appointed  to 
prepare  a  Declaration  of  Independence, 
which  should  exhibit  more  fully,  the 
grounds  and  reasons  of  the  measure. — 
The  Committee  were  appointed  by  bal- 
lot, and  consisted  of  Thomas  Jefferson, 
John  Adams,  Benjamin  Franklin,  Roger 
Sherman,  and  Robert  R.  Livingston.  The 
order  of  their  names  was  determined  by 
the  number  of  votes  given  for  each.  Mr. 
Jefferson  and  Mr.  Adams,  the  two  first  on 
the  Committee,  were  named  as  a  sub-com- 
mittee, to  prepare  the  draft.  It  was 
written  by  Mr.  Jefferson,  and  first  sub- 
mitted to  Mr.  Adams,  who  says  that  he 
made  no  alterations.  It  was  then  submit- 
ted to  the  whole  Committee,  and  some 
alterations  were  made  by  Franklin,  and 
others  of  the  Committee.  Some  parts  of 
It  were  omitted  by  Congress  after  it  was 
reported,  and  some  slight  alterations 
made  ;  but  its  tone,  spirit  and  arrange- 
ment, remained  the  same  as  when  report- 
ed. The  merit  of  this  instrument  as  a 
composition,  belongs  exclusively  to  Mr. 
JeflTerson,  and  this  merit  alone  is  suffi- 
cient to  render  its  author  immortal. 

If  it  is  admitted,  as  we  think  it  must  be, 
that  no  other  state  paper  ever  had  so  mo- 
mentous an  object,  or  was  connected  with 
so  solemn  an  occasion,  it  may  perhaps  be 
sufficient  praise  to  say,  that  this  little  deed 
of  the  liberties  of  America,  is  every  way 
equal  to  the  subject— that  its  style  and 
dignity,  rise  to  the  dignity  of  the  subject, 
and  even  add  to  it.    What  political  docu- 


JEK 


JEF 


nent  can  be  found,  that  will  bear  com- 
jarison  with  this  ?  On  the  first  of  July, 
he  resolution  was  taken  up,  and  being  de- 
lated on  that  and  the  next  day,  on  the  last 
t  was  adopted.  On  the  same  day,  tlie 
leclaration  was  taken  into  consideration, 
md  having  been  discussed  on  the  second, 
bird,  and  fourth  days  of  July,  it  was  pas- 
sed on  the  last  of  those  days. 

In  1777,  Mr.  Jefferson  left  Congress, 
md  during  that  and  the  following  year,  ho 
was  employed  in  conjunction  with  George 
Wythe  and  Edmund  Pendleton,  in  revis- 
ing the  laws  of  Virginia.  This  was  a  work 
3f  great  labour  and  difficulty,  and  was 
performed  with  distinguished  ability  and 
ijuccess,  by  these  three  learned  and  en 
lightened  jurists.  The  most  important 
statutes  which  were  altered,  in  conformi- 
ty with  the  more  just  and  republican  sen- 
timents which  succeeded  the  Revolution, 
were  those  relating  to  the  tenure  of  office, 
to  entails,  to  descents,  and  to  religion, 
md  the  clergy.  Until  this  time,  or  at 
least  the  rupture  with  Britain,  the  Eng- 
lish act  of  uniformity,  was  acknowledged 
and  enforced  in  Virginia,  and  the  Church 
of  England  was  established  by  law,  to  the 
exclusion  of  all  other  denominations.— 
Mr.  Jefferson  is  entitled  to  the  principal 
merit  of  securing  the  rights  of  conscience, 
and  establishing  religious  liberty  in  Vir- 
ginia. He  approached  this  difficult  work 
with  caution,  and  for  several  years  effect 


sioned  as  minister  plenipotentiary,  with 
Franklin,  John  Adams,  Jay,  and  Laurens, 
to  negotiate  treaties  with  several  Euro- 
pean powers.  He  proceeded  to  the  north, 
and  embarked  at  Boston  for  France  ;  the 
only  treaty  executed  under  this  joint  com- 
mission, was  with  Prussia.  In  1785,  he 
was  appointed  resident  minister  at  the 
French  court,  and  remained  in  France  un- 
til October,  1 709,  when,  having  obtained 
leave  of  congress,  he  returned  home,  just 
at  the  commencement  of  the  tremendous 
revolution  in  that  country,  which  agitated 
all  Europe.  The  period  he  remained  in 
France  was  one  of  unusual  interest.  At 
no  other  time  has  that  polit^hed  nation 
been  more  distinguished  for  the  number 
and  high  character  of  its  learned  men ; 
yet  in  the  midst  of  these,  Mr.  Jefferson 
was  distinguished  for  his  extensive  intel- 
ligence, and  his  philanthropy,  as  well  as 
for  the  urbanity  of  his  manners.  His  own 
erudition  and  his  love  for  learning,  pro- 
cured him  the  acquaintance  and  admira- 
tion of  the  literati  of  Paris,  and  the  res- 
pect of  the  first  circles  of  the  French 
capital.  The  minister  of  no  other  nation 
at  the  French  Court,  sustained  so  high  a 
reputation  as  the  representative  of  this  in- 
fant republic. 

On  his  return  home,  when  the  new  go- 
vernment  was  going  into  operation,  he 
was  named  by  President  Washington  Sec- 
retary of  State.     Mr.    Jefferson's  great 


,hI  successive  modifications  of  the  laws,  ability  as  a  writer,  his  extensive  attain 
until  finally  the  legal  establish  was  done  ments  and  perfect  knowledge  of  Europe- 
away,  and  religion  left  entirely  free.  His  an  politics,  as  well  as  those  of  his  own 
principal  coadjator  in  this  reformation,;  country,  peculiarly  quahfied  him  for  this 
! was  Mr.  Madison.  The  example  of  Vir-  situation,  and  justly  procured  him  the 
•vinia,  and  the  various  enlightened  and  reputation  of  one  of  the  most  distinguish- 
able productions  of  Mr.  Jefferson's  pen  jed  statesmen  of  the  age.  The  state  pa- 
ion  this  subject,  have  had  no  small  influ- 1  jpers  which  are  the  productions  of  his  pen, 
ence  in  securing  the  religious  liberty  of  1 1  are  at  least  equal  to  those  of  the  elder 
our  own  country,  both  as  it  respects  the  Pitt,  or  the  most  illustrious  statesmen 
national  government,  and  the  institutions!  which  Great  Britain  has  ever  produced  ; 
of  the  States.  No  part  of  the  conduct  of:  | and  they  have  become  the  models  of  his 
Mr.  Jefferson  made  him  more  enemies,  or:  successors,  some  of  whom,   have    been 

bv 
ex 


ou^ht  on  him  more  censure,  than  his' scarcely  less  distinguished.  He  continu- 
r -^ert1ons  in  favour  of  religious  freedom  ;i|ed  in  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State,  un- 
and  perhaps  in  no  other  particular,  were  1  til  December,  1793,  when  he  resigned  and 


is  efforts  more  extensively  useful 


I  remained  in  retirement  for  several  years. 


In  1779,  Mr.  Jefferson  succeeded  Pa-  jIn  1797,  when  John  Adams  was  elected 
trick  Henry  as  governor  of  Virginia,  and H president,  Mr.  Jefferson  was  chosen  vice 
was  in  that  station  when  the  state  was  in- li  president,  and  to  facilitate  the  discharge 
.vaded  by  the  British.  In  1781,  he  pub- j  of  the  duties  of  president  of  the  Senate, 
[ished  his  celebrated  Notes  on  Virginia,!' he  composed  his  manual  of  parliamenta- 
which  attracted    attention  in   Europe  as  iry  practice. 

well  as  at  home,  and  added  to  the  lustre  1 1  Whilst  occupying  this  station,  the 
3f  his  reputation  as  a  man  of  science  and:  clouds  began  to  appear,  and  grew  thicker 
a  philosopher,  whilst  it  contributed  to  dis-ji  and  thicker,  until  they  produced  the  vio- 
ipel  the  absurd  opinions  which  prevailed  in: 'lent  political  storm,  which  swept  over  the 
Europe,  concerning  America.  In  1783,  heijcountry.  The  sources  of  these  political 
kvas  again  elected  a  member  of  the  conti-iidissentions,  were  two-fold;  the  foreign 
hental  congress,  and  took  his  seat  in  that  relations  of  the  country  as  it  respected 
inody ;  and^injMay,  1784,  he  was  coxnmis-,  Great  Britain  and  France,  and  various  in- 


JEF ■      "jfcF' 


qupgtioris  growing  out  of  the 
'Constitution,  of  which  the  most  im- 
portant was  that  relating  to  the  powers  of 
,the  general  government,   a  question  not 


sion  of  public  opinion,  approaching  to  \ 
unanimity.  In  1809,  this  illustrious  pa-  ' 
triot  retired  from  political  life,  carrying  \ 
with  him  the  respect  and  affections  of  a  .j 


yet  entirely  settled.  The  whole  country ij large  portion  of  his  fellow-citizens.  But 
became  divided  into  two  great  parties,  and  in  retirement  he  did  not,  and  indeed  could 
the  two  first  officers  of  the  government,!  not,  abstract  himself  from  public  objects 
so  long  friends  and  co-patriots,  were  trans- 1 1  and  the  interests  of  his  beloved  country, 
formed  into  rivals,  they  being  regarded  as  j  His  extensive  correspondence  contributed 
the  heads  of  thfe  two  parties.  The  strug-  ito  diftuse  his  sentiments,  as  much  perhaps 
gle  resulted  in  favour  of  the  party  ofjjas  he  was  enabled  to  do,  at  any  other  pe- 
whichMr.  Jefferson  was  the  leader  ;  andijriodof  his  life.  Mr.  Jefferson's  talent  at 
in  1801,  there  having  been  no  choice,  by!; epistolary  composition,  was  peculiarly 
the  electors,  he  was  chosen  President  of  "  '        '  ..,.—. 

the  United  States,  by  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, after  an  alarming  and  memo- 
rable contest.  Placed  at  the  head  of  the 
government,  as  the  leader  of  the  popular 
party,  and  enjoying  the  confidence  of  that 

party  in  an  eminent  degree,  perhaps  no!|tention.  At  this  advanced  period  of  life, 
man  ever  had  a  better  opportunity  of  in-lj  his  active  mind,  always  intent  on  promot-  ' 
corporating  his  own  principles  into  thejiing  the  best  interests  of  his  race,  led  him  ' 
government  of  his  country,  without  forcej  to  engage  in  a  work  of  great  and  lasting  1 
or  t).e  exertion  of  power,  and  of  shapingji  utility,  which  will  be  a  monument  alike  ■ 
its  policy  according  to  his  own  views. — j  honorable  to  Virginia,  and  its  illustrious 
And  the  same  circumstances,  afforded  j  I  patron.  It  need  scarcely  be  added,  that  \ 
him  the  like  facility  of  infusing  his  own 


j  Happy,  and  perhaps  unrivalled.     His  cor-  i 
jrespondence,    w^hich  is    expected  to    be  j 
I  published,  cannot  fail  of  possessing  great 
'interest   and  extensive   usefulness.     But 
[his  correspondence  and  other  literary  em    | 
ployments  did  not  occupy  his  whole  at- 


we  allude  to  the  establishment  of  the 
University  of  Virginia,  of  which  he  was 
rector  and  visiter,  and  which  occupied  a 
large  share  of  his  attention  during  the 
last  years  of  his  life.  He  was  blessed 
with  living  to  see  it  completed,   and  in 


sentiments  into  the  minds  of  his  country 

men.     And  if  no  man  ever  enjoyed  greater; 

advantages  of  personal  influence,  no  one' 

ever  exercised  his  influence  more  patriot-| 

ically    or  disinterestedly.      This   is   nowj 

admitted  by  all,  although  different  opin-' successful    operation.      He    bequeathed 

ions  prevail  respecting  his  political  views,   most  of  his  library  to  this  institution.  All  ! 

on  many  subjects.      His   administration,   his  useful  and  great  labours  on  earth  be-  ,i 

-however,    will    always   remain   a  distin-   ing   finished,  his   end  seemed  to  be  ap-  ; 

fuished  one,  in  the  annals  of  his  country.'  preaching.  He  viewed  it  with  calmness  I. 
ome  of  his  particular  measures,  were  and  serenity,  and  seemed  to  manifest  some  ^\ 
probably  founded  on  a  mistaken  policy  ;  uneasiness  in  waiting  for  his  departure,  i 
yet  his  more  fundamental  doctrines  have  In  a  letter  to  one  of  his  friends  a  short  i 
become  political  axioms  in  the  United  time  before  his  death,  after  stating  that  1 
States.  Among  them  are  these  ;  that  the  he  was  failing  fast,  he  says — "  Do  not  \ 
government  of  the  United  States  must  be  think  that  I  fear  to  die  ;  there  is  nothing  ' 
supported  by  public  opinion,  not  by  at-  I  desire  more."  He  however  had  one  .., 
tempting  to  control  it,  which  was  the  wish  which  was  granted  him.  This  can-  \ 
great  error  of  the  preceding  administra-  not  be  expressed  so  well  as  in  the  Ian-  ; 
tion  ;  that  in  all  governments  there  is  a  guage  of  one  of  his  eulogists  :*  "  That  .: 
natural  tendency  to  an  extension  of  pow-  day  was  at  hand  which  he  had  helped  to 
er,  and  consequently  in  a  government  of  make  immortal.  One  wish,  one  hope —  ] 
limited  and  delegated  powers,  like  that  if  it  were  not  presumptuous,  beat  in  his  ! 
of  the  American  confederacy,  these  pow-  fainting  breast.  Could  it  be  so, — might  \ 
ers  should  receive  a  strict  construction,  it  please  God — he  would  desire,  once  more  •' 
and  the  exercise  of  them  should  be  watch-  to  see  the  sun, — once  more  to  look  abroad  :! 
ed  with  the  utmost  vigilance.  The  most  on  the  scene  around  him,  on  the  great  i 
important  measure  of  his  administration,  day  of  liberty.  Heaven  in  its  mercy  ful-  i 
was  the  acquisition  of  the  immense  terri-  filled  that  prayer.  He  saw  that  sun — he  I 
tory  of  Louisiania  by  purchase,  which  enjoyed  its  sacred  light — he  thanked  God  '. 
alone  cannot  fail  of  rendering  it  illustrious  for  this  mercy,  and  bowed  his  aged  head  to  ' 
to  the  latest  posterity.  ;  the  grave."    He  expired  at  Monticello,  at    '.' 

Although  the  opposition  to  his  adminis-  one  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  on  the  4th  ', 
tration  was  violent  beyond  any  example,  of  July,  1826,  the  half  century  auniver-,^' 
yet  such  was  the  change  in  public  senti-  sary  of  that  day,  which  is  first  "in  the  an-  \ 
ment,  that  at  theexpiration  of  his  first ;  nals  of  his  country,  and  in  his  own  fame.  * 
term,  he  was  re-elected  with  an  expres-L     *  Webster's  Address.  i 

450  It  \ 


*  .      * 


^^ 


\ 


[ 


(m 


ltlOOe<OS<f.OOC65 


I 


■:^M^u^>:. 


T^'         > 


'W^ 


Im"