Leonardo da Vinci

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MASTERPIECES
IN COLOUR

EDITED BY - -
T. LEMAN HARE

LEONARDO DA VINCI

1452-1519

" Masterpieces in Colour" Series

Artist.
BELLINI.
BOTTICELLI.
BOUCHER.
BURNE-JONES.
carlo DOLCI.
CHARDIN.
CONSTABLE.
COROT.
DA VINCI.
DELACROIX.
DURER.
FRA ANGELICO.
FRA FILIPPO LIPPI.
FRAGONARD.
FRANZ HALS.
GAINSBOROUGH.
GREUZE.
HOGARTH.
HOLBEIN.
HOLMAN HUNT.
INGRES.
LAWRENCE.
LE BRUN, VIGfiE.
LEIGHTON.
LUINI.
MANTEGNA,
MEMLINC.
MILLAIS.
MILLET.
MURILLO.
PERUGINO.
RAEBURN.
RAPHAEL.
REMBRANDT.
REYNOLDS.
ROMNEY.
ROSSETTI.
RUBENS.
SARGENT.
TINTORETTO.
TITIAN.
TURNER.
VAN DYCK.
VAN EYCK.
VELAZQUEZ.
WATTEAU.
WATTS.
WHISTLER.

Author.
George Hay.
Henry B. Binns.
C. Haldane MacFall.
A. Lys Baldry.
George Hay.
Paul G. Konody.
C. Lewis Hind.
Sidney Allnutt.
m. w. b rockwell.
Paul G. Konody.
H. E. A. Furst.
James Mason.
Paul G. Konody.
C. Haldane MacFall.
Edgcumbe Staley.
Max Rothschild.
Alys Eyre Macklin.
C. Lewis Hind.
S. L. Bbnsusan.
Mary E. Coleridge.
A. J. Finberg.
S. L. Bbnsusan.
C. Haldane MacFall.
A. Lvs Baldry.
James Mason.
Mrs. Arthur Bell.
W. H. J. & J. C Weale.
A. Lys Baldry.
Percy M. Turner.
S. L. Bbnsusan.
Sklwyn Brinton.
James L. Caw.
Paul G. Konody.
Josef Israels.
S. L. Bbnsusan.
C. Lewis Hind.
Lucien Pissarro.
S. L. Bensusan.
T. Martin Wood.
S. L. Bbnsusan.
S. L. Bbnsusan.
C. Lewis Hind.
Percy M. Turner.
J. Cyril M. Weale.
S. L. Bbnsusan.
C Lewis Hind.
W. Loftus Hare.
T. Martin Wood.

Others in Preparation,

'JUN - 6 «•*

PLATE I.— MONA LISA. Frontispiece

In the Louvre. No. i6ox. 2 ft. 6 \ ins. by 1 ft. 9 ins.
(0.77 x 0.53)

Leonardo
da Vinci

BY MAURICE W. BROCKWELL

ILLUSTRATED WITH EIGHT
REPRODUCTIONS IN COLOUR

LONDON: T. C. & E. C. JACK
NEW YORK: FREDERICK A. STOKES CO.

"TEONARDO," wrote an English critic
I J as far back as 1721, "was a Man
so happy in his genius, so consummate
in his Profession, so accomplished in the
Arts, so knowing in the Sciences, and
withal, so much esteemed by the Age
wherein he lived, his Works so highly
applauded by the Ages which have suc-
ceeded, and his Name and Memory still
preserved with so much Veneration by the
present Age — that, if anything could equal
the Merit of the Man, it must be the Suc-
cess he met with. Moreover, 'tis not in
Painting alone, but in Philosophy, too, that

x LEONARDO DA VINCI

Leonardo surpassed all his Brethren of the
* Pencil.'"

This admirable summary of the great
Florentine painter's life's work still holds
good to-day.

CONTENTS

Page

His Birth 15

His Early Training 20

His Early Works 25

First Visit to Milan 32

In the East 37

Back in Milan 38

The Virgin of the Rocks ..... 41

The Last Supper 44

The Court of Milan 54

Leonardo Leaves Milan S6

Mona Lisa 6l

Battle of Anghiari 66

Again in Milan °7

In Rome °7

xi

xii CONTENTS

Pagre

In France 68

His Death 71

His Art 73

His Mind 76

His Maxims 78

His Spell 78

His Descendants 79

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Plate

I. Mona Lisa Frontispiece

In the Louvre

Page

II. Annunciation 18

In the Uffizi Gallery, Florence

III. Virgin of the Rocks 24

In the National Gallery, London

IV. The Last Supper 34

In the Refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

V. Bacchus 40

In the Louvre

VI. Head of Christ 50

In the Brera Gallery, Milan

VII. Portrait (presumed) of Lucrezia

Crivelli 60

In the Louvre

VIII. Madonna, Infant Christ, and St. Anne . 70

In the Louvre

wii

HIS BIRTH

LEONARDO DA VINCI, the many-sided
J genius of the Italian Renaissance, was
born, as his name implies, at the little town
of Vinci, which is about six miles from
Empoli and twenty miles west of Florence.

Vinci is still very inaccessible, and the only

15

16 LEONARDO DA VINCI

means of conveyance is the cart of a general
carrier and postman, who sets out on his
journey from Empoli at sunrise and sun-
set. Outside a house in the middle of the
main street of Vinci to-day a modern and
white-washed bust of the great artist is
pointed to with much pride by the inhabi-
tants. Leonardo's traditional birthplace on
the outskirts of the town still exists, and
serves now as the headquarters of a farmer
and small wine exporter.

Leonardo di Ser Piero d' Antonio di Ser
Piero di Ser Guido da Vinci — for that was
his full legal name — was the natural and
first-born son of Ser Piero, a country
notary, who, like his father, grandfather, and
great-grandfather, followed that honourable
vocation with distinction and success, and
who subsequently — when Leonardo was a

PLATE II.— ANNUNCIATION

In the Uffizi Gallery, Florence. No. 1288. 3 ft. 3 ins. by
6 ft. 11 ins. (0.99 x 2.18)

Although this panel is included in the Uffizi Catalogue as being by
Leonardo, it is in all probability by his master, Verrocchio.

B

LEONARDO DA VINCI 19

youth — was appointed notary to the Signoria
of Florence. Leonardo's mother was one
Caterina, who afterwards married Accabriga
di Piero del Vaccha of Vinci.

The date of Leonardo's birth is not
known with any certainty. His age is
given as five in a taxation return made in
I457 by his grandfather Antonio, in whose
house he was educated; it is therefore con-
cluded that he was born in 1452. Leonardo's
father Ser Piero, who afterwards married
four times, had eleven children by his third
and fourth wives. Is it unreasonable to
suggest that Leonardo may have had these
numbers in mind in 1496-1498 when he
was painting in his famous "Last Supper"
the figures of eleven Apostles and one
l&utcast ?

However, Ser Piero seems to have legiti-

20 LEONARDO DA VINCI

mised his "love child" who very early
showed promise of extraordinary talent and
untiring energy.

HIS EARLY TRAINING

Practically nothing is known about
Leonardo's boyhood, but Vasari informs us
that Ser Piero, impressed with the re-
markable character of his son's genius,
took some of his drawings to Andrea del
Verrocchio, an intimate friend, and begged
him earnestly to express an opinion on
them. Verrocchio was so astonished at
the power they revealed that he advised
Ser Piero to send Leonardo to study under
him. Leonardo thus entered the studio
of Andrea del Verrocchio about 1469-1470.

LEONARDO DA VINCI 21

In the workshop of that great Florentine
sculptor, goldsmith, and artist he met
other craftsmen, metal workers, and youth-
ful painters, among whom was Botticelli,
at that moment of his development a
jovial habitu£ of the Poetical Supper
Club, who had not yet given any pre-
monitions of becoming the poet, mystic,
and visionary of later times. There also
Leonardo came into contact with that
unoriginal painter Lorenzo di Credi, his
junior by seven years. He also, no doubt,
met Perugino, whom Michelangelo called
"that blockhead in art" The genius and
versatility of the Vincian painter was, how-
ever, in no way dulled by intercourse with
lesser artists than himself; on the contrary
he vied with each in turn, and readily out-
stripped his fellow pupils. In 1472, at the

22 LEONARDO DA VINCI

age of twenty, he was admitted into the
Guild of Florentine Painters.

Unfortunately very few of Leonardo's
paintings have come down to us. Indeed
there do not exist a sufficient number of
finished and absolutely authentic oil pictures
from his own hand to afford illustrations
for this short chronological sketch of his
life's work. The few that do remain, how-
ever, are of so exquisite a quality — or were
until they were "comforted" by the un-
inspired restorer — that we can unreservedly
accept the enthusiastic records of tradition
in respect of all his works. To rightly
understand the essential characteristics of
Leonardo's achievements it is necessary to
regard him as a scientist quite as much as
an artist, as a philosopher no less than a
painter, and as a draughtsman rather than

PLATE III.— THE VIRGIN OF THE ROCKS

In the National Gallery. No. 1093. 6 ft i in. h. by
3 ft gi in. w. (1.83 x 1.15)

This picture was painted in Milan about 1495 by Ambrogio da
Predis under the supervision and guidance of Leonardo da Vinci, the
essential features of the composition being borrowed from the earlier
" Vierge aux Rochers," now in the Louvre.

LEONARDO DA VINCI 25

a colourist. There is hardly a branch of
human learning to which he did not at
one time or another give his eager atten-
tion, and he was engrossed in turn by
the study of architecture — the foundation-
stone of all true art — sculpture, mathematics,
engineering and music. His versatility was
unbounded, and we are apt to regret that
this many-sided genius did not realise that
it is by developing his power within cer-
tain limits that the great master is re-
vealed. Leonardo may be described as
the most Universal Genius of Christian
times— perhaps of all time.

HIS EARLY WORKS

To about the year 1472 belongs the small
picture of the "Annunciation," now in the

26 LEONARDO DA VINCI

Louvre, which after being the subject of
much contention among European critics
has gradually won its way to general re-
cognition as an early work by Leonardo
himself. That it was painted in the studio
of Verrocchio was always admitted, but it was
long catalogued by the Louvre authorities
under the name of Lorenzo di Credi. It is
now, however, attributed to Leonardo (No.
1602 A). Such uncertainties as to attribu-
tion were common half a century ago when
scientific art criticism was in its infancy.

Another painting of the " Annunciation,"
which is now in the Uffizi Gallery (No.
1288) is still officially attributed to Leonardo.
This small picture, which has been con-
siderably repainted, and is perhaps by
Andrea del Verrocchio, Leonardo's master,
is the subject of Plate II. (see p. 18).

LEONARDO DA VINCI 27

To January 1473 belongs Leonardo's
earliest dated work, a pen-and-ink drawing —
"A Wide View over a Plain," now in the
Uffizi. The inscription together with the
date in the top left-hand corner is reversed,
and proves a remarkable characteristic of
Leonardo's handwriting— viz., that he wrote
from right to left; indeed, it has been sug-
gested that he did this in order to make it
difficult for any one else to read the words,
which were frequently committed to paper
by the aid of peculiar abbreviations.

Leonardo continued to work in his
master's studio till about 1477. On January
1st of the following year, 1478, he was commis-
sioned to paint an altar-piece for the Chapel
of St. Bernardo in the Palazzo Vecchio, and
he was paid twenty-five florins on account.
He, however, never carried out the work,

28 LEONARDO DA VINCI

and after waiting five years the Signoria
transferred the commission to Domenico
Ghirlandajo, who also failed to accomplish
the task, which was ultimately, some seven
years later, completed by Filippino Lippi.
This panel of the "Madonna Enthroned,
St. Victor, St. John Baptist, St. Bernard,
and St. Zenobius," which is dated February
20, 1485, is now in the Uffizi.

That Leonardo was by this time a facile
draughtsman is evidenced by his vigor-
ous pen-and-ink sketch — now in a private
collection in Paris — of Bernardo Bandini,
who in the Pazzi Conspiracy of April 1478
stabbed Giuliano de' Medici to death in the
Cathedral at Florence during High Mass.
The drawing is dated December 29, 1479,
the date of Bandini's public execution in
Florence.

LEONARDO DA VINCI 29

In that year also, no doubt, was painted
the early and, as might be expected, un-
finished " St. Jerome in the Desert," now in
the Vatican, the under-painting being in
umber and terraverte. Its authenticity is
vouched for not only by the internal evi-
dence of the picture itself, but also by the
similarity of treatment seen in a drawing
in the Royal Library at Windsor. Cardinal
Fesch, a princely collector in Rome in
the early part of the nineteenth century,
found part of the picture — the torso — being
used as a box-cover in a shop in Rome.
He long afterwards discovered in a shoe-
maker's shop a panel of the head which
belonged to the torso. The jointed panel
was eventually purchased by Pope Pius IX.,
and added to the Vatican Collection.

In March 1480 Leonardo was commis-

3o LEONARDO DA VINCI

sioned to paint an altar-piece for the monks
of St. Donato at Scopeto, for which pay-
ment in advance was made to him. That
he intended to carry out this contract seems
most probable. He, however, never com-
pleted the picture, although it gave rise
to the supremely beautiful cartoon of the
" Adoration of the Magi," now in the Uffizi
(No. 1252). As a matter of course it is
unfinished, only the under-painting and the
colouring of the figures in green on a
brown ground having been executed. The
rhythm of line, the variety of attitude, the
profound feeling for landscape and an early
application of chiaroscuro effect combine to
render this one of his most characteristic
productions.

Vasari tells us that while Verrocchio
was painting the "Baptism of Christ" he

LEONARDO DA VINCI 31

allowed Leonardo to paint in one of the
attendant angels holding some vestments.
This the pupil did so admirably that his
remarkable genius clearly revealed itself,
the angel which Leonardo painted being
much better than the portion executed by
his master. This "Baptism of Christ,"
which is now in the Accademia in Florence
and is in a bad state of preservation, appears
to have been a comparatively early work
by Verrocchio, and to have been painted
in 1480-1482, when Leonardo would be
about thirty years of age.

To about this period belongs the superb
drawing of the "Warrior," now in the
Malcolm Collection in the British Museum.
This drawing may have been made while
Leonardo still frequented the studio of
Andrea del Verrocchio, who in 1479 was

32 LEONARDO DA VINCI

commissioned to execute the equestrian
statue of Bartolommeo Colleoni, which was
completed twenty years later and still adorns
the Campo di San Giovanni e Paolo in
Venice.

FIRST VISIT TO MILAN

About 1482 Leonardo entered the service
of Ludovico Sforza, having first written to
his future patron a full statement of his
various abilities in the following terms: —

" Having, most illustrious lord, seen and
pondered over the experiments made by
those who pass as masters in the art of
inventing instruments of war, and having
satisfied myself that they in no way differ
from those in general use, I make so bold
as to solicit, without prejudice to any one,

PLATE IV.— THE LAST SUPPER

Refectory of St. Maria delle Grazie, Milan. About 13 feet
8 ins. h. by 26 ft. 7 ins. w. (4.16 x 8.09)

LEONARDO DA VINCI 35

an opportunity of informing your excellency
of some of my own secrets."

He goes on to say that he can construct
light bridges which can be transported, that
he can make pontoons and scaling ladders,
that he can construct cannon and mortars
unlike those commonly used, as well as
catapults and other engines of war; or if
the fight should take place at sea that he
can build engines which shall be suitable
alike for defence as for attack, while in time
of peace he can erect public and private
buildings. Moreover, he urges that he can
also execute sculpture in marble, bronze, or
clay, and, with regard to painting, "can do
as well as any one else, no matter who he
may be." In conclusion, he offers to execute
the proposed bronze equestrian statue of
Francesco Sforza "which shall bring glory

36 LEONARDO DA VINCI

and never-ending honour to that illustrious
house."

It was about 1482, the probable date of
Leonardo's migration from Florence to
Milan, that he painted the "Vierge aux
Rochers," now in the Louvre (No. 1599).
It is an essentially Florentine picture, and
although it has no pedigree earlier than
1625, when it was in the Royal Collection
at Fontainebleau, it is undoubtedly much
earlier and considerably more authentic than
the "Virgin of the Rocks," now in the
National Gallery (Plate III.).

He certainly set to work about this time
on the projected statue of Francesco Sforza,
but probably then made very little progress
with it. He may also in that year or the
next have painted the lost portrait of Cecilia
Gallerani, one of the mistresses of Ludovico

LEONARDO DA VINCI 37

Sforza. It has, however, been surmised
that that lady's features are preserved to
us in the "Lady with a Weasel," by
Leonardo's pupil Boltraffio, which is now in
the Czartoryski Collection at Cracow.

IN THE EAST

The absence of any record of Leonardo
in Milan, or elsewhere in Italy, between 1483
and 1487 has led critics to the conclusion,
based on documentary evidence of a some-
what complicated nature, that he spent
those years in the service of the Sultan of
Egypt, travelling in Armenia and the East
as his engineer.

38 LEONARDO DA VINCI

BACK IN MILAN

In 1487 he was again resident in Milan
as general artificer — using that term in its
widest sense — to Ludovico. Among his
various activities at this period must be
mentioned the designs he made for the
cupola of the cathedral at Milan, and the
scenery he constructed for "II Paradiso,"
which was written by Bernardo Bellincioni
on the occasion of the marriage of Gian
Galeazzo with Isabella of Aragon. About
1489-1490 he began his celebrated " Treatise
on Painting" and recommenced work on
the colossal equestrian statue of Francesco
Sforza, which was doubtless the greatest of
all his achievements as a sculptor. It was,
however, never cast in bronze, and was
ruthlessly destroyed by the French bowmen

PLATE V.-BACCHUS
In the Louvre

It is thought that this picture, which is not accepted by the
safest and most exacting critics as being entirely from the hand of
Leonardo da Vinci, at first represented St. John the Baptist, and was
afterwards altered into a figure of Bacchus.

LEONARDO DA VINCI 41

in April 1500, on their occupation of Milan
after the defeat of Ludovico at the battle
of Novara. This is all the more regrettable
as no single authentic piece of sculpture
has come down to us from Leonardo's hand,
and we can only judge of his power in this
direction from his drawings, and the enthu-
siastic praise of his contemporaries.

THE VIRGIN OF THE ROCKS

The "Virgin of the Rocks" (Plate III.),
now in the National Gallery, corresponds
exactly with a painting by Leonardo which
was described by Lomazzo about 1584 as
being in the Chapel of the Conception in
the Church of St. Francesco at Milan. This
picture, the only aeuvre in this gallery with
which Leonardo's name can be connected,

42 LEONARDO DA VINCI

was brought to England in 1777 by Gavin
Hamilton, and sold by him to the Marquess
of Lansdowne, who subsequently exchanged
it for another picture in the Collection of
the Earl of Suffolk at Charlton Park, Wilt-
shire, from whom it was eventually purchased
by the National Gallery for £9000. Signor
Emilio Motta, some fifteen years ago, un-
earthed in the State Archives of Milan a
letter or memorial from Giovanni Ambrogio
da Predis and Leonardo da Vinci to the
Duke of Milan, praying him to intervene
in a dispute, which had arisen between
the petitioners and the Brotherhood of the
Conception, with regard to the valuation
of certain works of art furnished for the
chapel of the Brotherhood in the church of
St. Francesco. The only logical deduction
which can be drawn from documentary evi-

LEONARDO DA VINCI 43

dence is that the "Vierge aux Rochers"
in the Louvre is the picture, painted about
1482, which between 1491 and 1494 gave
rise to the dispute, and that, when it was
ultimately sold by the artists for the full
price asked to some unknown buyer, the
National Gallery version was executed for a
smaller price mainly by Ambrogio da Predis
under the supervision, and with the help, of
Leonardo to be placed in the Chapel of the
Conception.

The differences between the earlier, the
more authentic, and the more characteristi-
cally Florentine "Vierge aux Rochers," in
the Louvre, and the "Virgin of the Rocks,"
in the National Gallery, are that in the
latter picture the hand of the angel, seated
by the side of the Infant Christ, is raised
and pointed in the direction of the little

44 LEONARDO DA VINCI

St. John the Baptist; that the St. John
has a reed cross and the three principal
figures have gilt nimbi, which were, how-
ever, evidently added much later. In the
National Gallery version the left hand of
the Madonna, the Christ's right hand and
arm, and the forehead of St. John the
Baptist are freely restored, while a strip
of the foreground right across the whole
picture is ill painted and lacks accent The
head of the angel is, however, magnificently
painted, and by Leonardo ; the panel, taken
as a whole, is exceedingly beautiful and full
of charm and tenderness.

THE LAST SUPPER

Between 1496 and 1498 Leonardo painted
his chef d'ceuvre, the "Last Supper,"

LEONARDO DA VINCI 45

(Plate IV.) for the end wall of the Refectory
of the Dominican Convent of S. Maria
delle Grazie at Milan. It was originally
executed in tempera on a badly prepared
stucco ground and began to deteriorate a
very few years after its completion. As
early as 1556 it was half ruined. In
1652 the monks cut away a part of the
fresco including the feet of the Christ to
make a doorway. In 1726 one Michel-
angelo Belotti, an obscure Milanese painter,
received £500 for the worthless labour he
bestowed on restoring it. He seems to
have employed some astringent restorative
which revived the colours temporarily, and
then left them in deeper eclipse than before.
In 1770 the fresco was again restored by
Mazza. In 1796 Napoleon's cavalry, con-
trary to his express orders, turned the re-

46 LEONARDO DA VINCI

fectory into a stable, and pelted the heads
of the figures with dirt. Subsequently the
refectory was used to store hay, and at
one time or another it has been flooded.
In 1820 the fresco was again restored, and
in 1854 this restoration was effaced. In
October 1908 Professor Cavenaghi com-
pleted the delicate task of again restoring
it, and has, in the opinion of experts, now
preserved it from further injury. In addition,
the devices of Ludovico and his Duchess
and a considerable amount of floral decora-
tion by Leonardo himself have been brought
to light.

Leonardo has succeeded in producing
the effect of the coup de thiatre at the
moment when Jesus said "One of you
shall betray me." Instantly the various
apostles realise that there is a traitor among

LEONARDO DA VINCI 47

their number, and show by their different
gestures their different passions, and re-
veal their different temperaments. On the
left of Christ is St. John who is overcome
with grief and is interrogated by the im-
petuous Peter, near whom is seated Judas
Iscariot who, while affecting the calm of
innocence, is quite unable to conceal his
inner feelings; he instinctively clasps the
money-bag and in so doing upsets the salt-
cellar.

It will be remembered that the Prior
of the Convent complained to Ludovico
Sforza, Duke of Milan, that Leonardo
was taking too long to paint the fresco
and was causing the Convent consider-
able inconvenience. Leonardo had his re-
venge by threatening to paint the features
of the impatient Prior into the face of

48 LEONARDO DA VINCI

Judas Iscariot. The incident has been
quaintly told in the following lines:—

" Padre Bandelli, then, complains of me
Because, forsooth, I have not drawn a line
Upon the Saviour's head; perhaps, then, he
Could without trouble paint that head divine.
But think, oh Signor Duca, what should be
The pure perfection of Our Saviour's face —
What sorrowing majesty, what noble grace,
At that dread moment when He brake the bread,
And those submissive words of pathos said :

"'By one among you I shall be betrayed,' —

And say if 'tis an easy task to find

Even among the best that walk this Earth,

The fitting type of that divinest worth,

That has its image solely in the mind.

Vainly my pencil struggles to express

The sorrowing grandeur of such holiness.

In patient thought, in ever-seeking prayer,

I strive to shape that glorious face within,

But the soul's mirror, dulled and dimmed by sin,

Reflects not yet the perfect image there.

PLATE VI.— THE HEAD OF CHRIST

In the Brera Gallery, Milan. No. 280. z ft. o§ ins. by
1 ft. 4 ins. (a 32 x 0.40)

LEONARDO DA VINCI 51

Can the hand do before the soul has wrought ;
Is not our art the servant of our thought ?

"And Judas too, the basest face I see,
Will not contain his utter infamy;
Among the dregs and offal of mankind
Vainly I seek an utter wretch to find.
He who for thirty silver coins could sell
His Lord, must be the Devil's miracle.
Padre Bandelli thinks it easy is
To find the type of him who with a kiss
Betrayed his Lord. Well, what I can I'll do;
And if it please his reverence and you,
For Judas' face I'm willing to paint his."

" I dare not paint

Till all is ordered and matured within,
Hand-work and head-work have an earthly taint,
But when the soul commands I shall begin ;
On themes like these I should not dare to dwell
With our good Prior— they to him would be
Mere nonsense; he must touch and taste and see,
And facts, he says, are never mystical."

52 LEONARDO DA VINCI

The copy of the "Last Supper" (Plate
V.) by Marco d'Oggiono, now in the Dip-
loma Gallery at Burlington House, was
made shortly after the original painting
was completed. It gives but a faint echo
of that sublime work "in which the ideal
and the real were blended in perfect unity."
This copy was long in the possession of
the Carthusians in their Convent at Pavia,
and, on the suppression of that Order and
the sale of their effects in 1793, passed into
the possession of a grocer at Milan. It
was subsequently purchased for £600 by
the Royal Academy on the advice of Sir
Thomas Lawrence, who left no stone un-
turned to acquire also the original studies
for the heads of the Apostles. Some of
these in red and black chalk are now pre-
served in the Royal Library at Windsor,

LEONARDO DA VINCI 53

where there are in all 145 drawings by
Leonardo.

Several other old copies of the fresco
exist, notably the one in the Louvre.
Francis I. wished to remove the whole
wall of the Refectory to Paris, but he was
persuaded that that would be impossible;
the Constable de Montmorency then had a
copy made for the Chapel of the Chateau
d'Ecouen, whence it ultimately passed to
the Louvre.

The singularly beautiful "Head of
Christ" (Plate VI.), now in the Brera
Gallery at Milan, is the original study for
the head of the principal figure in the
fresco painting of the "Last Supper." In
spite of decay and restoration it expresses
"the most elevated seriousness together
with Divine Gentleness, pain on account of

54 LEONARDO DA VINCI

the faithlessness of His disciples, a full pre-
sentiment of His own death, and resignation
to the will of His Father."

THE COURT OF MILAN

Ludovico, to whom Leonardo was now
court-painter, had married Beatrice d'Este,
in 1491, when she was only fifteen years of
age. The young Duchess, who at one time
owned as many as eighty-four splendid
gowns, refused to wear a certain dress of
woven gold, which her husband had given
her, if Cecilia Gallerani, the Sappho of her
day, continued to wear a very similar one,
which presumably had been given to her by
Ludovico. Having discarded Cecilia, who,
as her tastes did not lie in the direction of
the Convent, was married in 1491 to Count

(library)

LEONARDO DA VINCI 55

Ludovico Bergamini, the Duke in 1496
became enamoured of Lucrezia Crivelli, a
lady-in-waiting to the Duchess Beatrice.

Leonardo, as court painter, perhaps
painted a portrait, now lost, of Lucrezia,
whose features are more likely to be pre-
served to us in the portrait by Ambrogio da
Predis, now in the Collection of the Earl of
Roden, than in the quite unauthenticated
portrait (Plate VII.), now in the Louvre
(No. 1600).

On January 2, 1497, Beatrice spent three
hours in prayer in the church of St. Maria
delle Grazie, and the same night gave birth
to a stillborn child. In a few hours she
passed away, and from that moment Ludo-
vico was a changed man. He went daily
to see her tomb, and was quite overcome
with grief.

56 LEONARDO DA VINCI

In April 1498, Isabella d'Este, Beatrice's
elder, more beautiful, and more graceful
sister, " at the sound of whose name all the
muses rise and do reverence" wrote to
Cecilia Gallerani, or Bergamini, asking her
to lend her the portrait which Leonardo
had painted of her some fifteen years
earlier, as she wished to compare it with
a picture by Giovanni Bellini. Cecilia
graciously lent the picture — now presum-
ably lost — adding her regret that it no
longer resembled her.

LEONARDO LEAVES MILAN

Among the last of Leonardo da Vinci's
works in Milan towards the end of 1499
was, probably, the superb cartoon of "The
Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St.

LEONARDO DA VINCI 57

John," now at Burlington House. Though
little known to the general public, this large
drawing on carton, or stiff paper, is one of
the greatest of London's treasures, as it
reveals the sweeping line of Leonardo's
powerful draughtsmanship. It was in the
Pompeo Leoni, Arconati, Casnedi, and Udney
Collections before passing to the Royal
Academy.

In 1499 the stormy times in Milan fore-
boded the end of Ludovico's reign. In April
of that year we read of his giving a vineyard
to Leonardo; in September Ludovico had
to leave Milan for the Tyrol to raise an
army, and on the 14th of the same month
the city was sold by Bernardino di Corte
to the French, who occupied it from 1500 to
1512. Ludovico may well have had in mind
the figure of the traitor in the "Last

58 LEONARDO DA VINCI

Supper" when he declared that "Since the
days of Judas Iscariot there has never been
so black a traitor as Bernardino di Corte."
On October 6th Louis XII. entered the
city. Before the end of the year Leonardo,
realising the necessity for his speedy de-
parture, sent six hundred gold florins by
letter of exchange to Florence to be placed
to his credit with the hospital of S. Maria
Nuova.

In the following year, Ludovico having
been defeated at Novara, Leonardo was a
homeless wanderer. He left Milan for
Mantua, where he drew a portrait in chalk
of Isabella d'Este, which is now in the
Louvre. Leonardo eventually arrived in
Florence about Easter 1500. After appar-
ently working there in 1501 on a second
Cartoon, similar in most respects to the

PLATE VII.— PORTRAIT (PRESUMED) OF LUCREZIA

CRIVELLI
In the Louvre. No. 1600 [483]. 2 ft. by 1 ft. 5 ins. (0.62 x 0.44)

This picture, although officially attributed to Leonardo, is probably
not by him, and almost certainly does not represent Lucrezia Crivelli.
It was once known as a "Portrait of a Lady" and is still occasion-
ally miscalled " La Belle FeVonniere."

LEONARDO DA VINCI 61

one he had executed in Milan two years
earlier, he travelled in Umbria, visiting
Orvieto, Pesaro, Rimini, and other towns,
acting as engineer and architect to Cesare
Borgia, for whom he planned a navigable
canal between Cesena and Porto Cese-
natico.

MONA LISA

Early in 1503 he was back again in
Florence, and set to work in earnest on
the "Portrait of Mona Lisa" (Plate I.),
now in the Louvre (No. 1601). Lisa di
Anton Maria di Noldo Gherardini was the
daughter of Antonio Gherardini. In 1495
she married Francesco di Bartolommeo de
Zenobi del Giocondo. It is from the sur-
name of her husband that she derives the

62 LEONARDO DA VINCI

name of "La Joconde," by which her por-
trait is officially known in the Louvre.
Vasari is probably inaccurate in saying that
Leonardo "loitered over it for four years,
and finally left it unfinished." He may
have begun it in the spring of 1501 and,
probably owing to having taken service
under Cesare Borgia in the following year,
put it on one side, ultimately completing it
after working on the " Battle of Anghiari "
in 1504. Vasari's eulogy of this portrait
may with advantage be quoted: "Whoever
shall desire to see how far art can imitate
nature may do so to perfection in this
head, wherein every peculiarity that could
be depicted by the utmost subtlety of the
pencil has been faithfully reproduced. The
eyes have the lustrous brightness and
moisture which is seen in life, and around

LEONARDO DA VINCI 63

them are those pale, red, and slightly
livid circles, also proper to nature. The
nose, with its beautiful and delicately
roseate nostrils, might be easily believed to
be alive; the mouth, admirable in its out-
line, has the lips uniting the rose-tints of
their colour with those of the face, in the
utmost perfection, and the carnation of the
cheek does not appear to be painted, but
truly flesh and blood. He who looks
earnestly at the pit of the throat cannot
but believe that he sees the beating of the
pulses. Mona Lisa was exceedingly beauti-
ful, and while Leonardo was painting her
portrait, he took the precaution of keep-
ing some one constantly near her to sing
or play on instruments, or to jest and
otherwise amuse her."

Leonardo painted this picture in the full

64 LEONARDO DA VINCI

maturity of his talent, and, although it is
now little more than a monochrome owing
to the free and merciless restoration to
which it has been at times subjected, it
must have created a wonderful impression
on those who saw it in the early years of
the sixteenth century. It is difficult for the
unpractised eye to-day to form any idea
of its original beauty. Leonardo has here
painted this worldly-minded woman — her
portrait is much more famous than she
herself ever was — with a marvellous charm
and suavity, a finesse of expression never
reached before and hardly ever equalled
since. Contrast the head of the Christ at
Milan, Leonardo's conception of divinity ex-
pressed in perfect humanity, with the subtle
and sphinx-like smile of this languorous
creature.

LEONARDO DA VINCI 65

The landscape background, against which
Mona Lisa is posed, recalls the severe,
rather than exuberant, landscape and the
dim vistas of mountain ranges seen in the
neighbourhood of his own birthplace. The
portrait was bought during the reign of
Francis I. for a sum which is to-day equal
to about £1800. Leonardo, by the way,
does not seem to have been really affected
by any individual affection for any woman,
and, like Michelangelo and Raphael, never
married.

In January 4, 1504, Leonardo was one of
the members of the Committee of Artists
summoned to advise the Signoria as to
the most suitable site for the erection of
Michelangelo's statue of " David," which
had recently been completed.

E

66 LEONARDO DA VINCI

BATTLE OF ANGHIARI

In the following May he was commis-
sioned by the Signoria to decorate one of the
walls of the Council Hall of the Palazzo
Vecchio. The subject he selected was the
"Battle of Anghiari." Although he com-
pleted the cartoon, the only part of the com-
position which he eventually executed in
colour was an incident in the foreground
which dealt with the "Battle of the
Standard." One of the many supposed
copies of a study of this mural painting
now hangs on the south-east staircase
in the Victoria and Albert Museum. It
depicts the Florentines under Cardinal
Ludovico Mezzarota Scarampo fighting
against the Milanese under Niccolb Picci-

LEONARDO DA VINCI 67

nino, the General of Filippo Maria Visconti,
on June 29, 1440.

AGAIN IN MILAN

Leonardo was back in Milan in May
1506 in the service of the French King, for
whom he executed, apparently with the
help of assistants, "the Madonna, the
Infant Christ, and Saint Anne" (Plate VIII.).
The composition of this oil-painting seems
to have been built up on the second
cartoon, which he had made some eight
years earlier, and which was apparently
taken to France in 1516 and ultimately
lost.

IN ROME

From 1513-1515 he was in Rome, where
Giovanni de' Medici had been elected Pope

68 LEONARDO DA VINCI

under the title of Leo X. He did not,
however, work for the Pope, although he
resided in the Vatican, his time being
occupied in studying acoustics, anatomy,
optics, geology, minerals, engineering, and
geometry !

IN FRANCE

At last in 1516, three years before his
death, Leonardo left his native land for
France, where he received from Francis I. a
princely income. His powers, however, had
already begun to fail, and he produced very
little in the country of his adoption. It is,
nevertheless, only in the Louvre that his
achievements as a painter can to-day be
adequately studied.

On October 10, 1516, when he was resident

PLATE VIII.— MADONNA, INFANT CHRIST,
AND ST. ANNE

In the Louvre. No. 1508. 5 ft. 7 in. h. by 4 ft. 3 in. w. (t.70 x 1.29)
Painted between 1509 and 15 16 with the help of assistants.

LEONARDO DA VINCI 71

at the Manor House of Cloux near Amboise
in Touraine with Francesco Melzi, his friend
and assistant, he showed three of his pictures
to the Cardinal of Aragon, but his right
hand was now paralysed, and he could "no
longer colour with that sweetness with
which he was wont, although still able to
make drawings and to teach others."

It was no doubt in these closing years
of his life that he drew the "Portrait of
Himself" in red chalk, now at Turin, which
is probably the only authentic portrait of
him in existence.

HIS DEATH

On April 23, 1519 — Easter Eve — exactly
forty-five years before the birth of Shake-
speare, Leonardo da Vinci made his will,

72 LEONARDO DA VINCI

and on May 2 of the same year he passed
away.

Vasari informs us that Leonardo, " having
become old, lay sick for many months, and
finding himself near death and being sus-
tained in the arms of his servants and
friends, devoutly received the Holy Sacra-
ment. He was then seized with a paroxysm,
the forerunner of death, when King Francis I.,
who was accustomed frequently and affec-
tionately to visit him, rose and supported
his head to give him such assistance and to
do him such favour as he could in the hope
of alleviating his sufferings. The spirit of
Leonardo, which was most divine, conscious
that he could attain to no greater honour,
departed in the arms of the monarch, being
at that time in the seventy-fifth year of his
age." The not over-veracious chronicler,

LEONARDO DA VINCI 73

however, is here drawing largely upon his
imagination. Leonardo was only sixty-seven
years of age, and the King was in all
probability on that date at St. Germain-en
Laye!

Thus died "Mr. Lionard de Vincy,
the noble Milanese, painter, engineer, and
architect to the King, State Mechanician"
and "former Professor of Painting to the
Duke of Milan."

" May God Almighty grant him His
eternal peace," wrote his friend and assistant
Francesco Melzi. "Every one laments the
loss of a man whose like Nature cannot
produce a second time."

HIS ART

Leonardo, whose birth antedates that
of Michelangelo and Raphael by twenty

74 LEONARDO DA VINCI

three and thirty-one years respectively, was
thus in the forefront of the Florentine
Renaissance, his life coinciding almost
exactly with the best period of Tuscan
painting.

Leonardo was the first to investigate
scientifically and to apply to art the laws
of light and shade, though the preliminary
investigations of Piero della Francesca de-
serve to be recorded.

He observed with strict accuracy the
subtleties of chiaroscuro— light and shade
apart from colour; but, as one critic
has pointed out, his gift of chiaroscuro
cost the colour-life of many a noble picture.
Leonardo was "a tonist, not a colourist,"
before whom the whole book of nature lay
open.

It was not instability of character but

LEONARDO DA VINCI 75

versatility of mind which caused him to
undertake many things that having com-
menced he afterwards abandoned, and the
probability is that as soon as he saw exactly
how he could solve any difficulty which
presented itself, he put on one side the
merely perfunctory execution of such a
task.

In the Forster collection in the Victoria
and Albert museum three of Leonardo's
note-books with sketches are preserved, and
it is stated that it was his practice to
carry about with him, attached to his girdle,
a little book for making sketches. They
prove that he was left-handed and wrote
from right to left.

76 LEONARDO DA VINCI

HIS MIND

We can readily believe the statements of
Benvenuto Cellini, the sixteenth - century
Goldsmith, that Francis I. "did not believe
that any other man had come into the world
who had attained so great a knowledge as
Leonardo, and that not only as sculptor,
painter, and architect, for beyond that he
was a profound philosopher." It was
Cellini also who contended that "Leonardo
da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael are
the Book of the World."

Leonardo anticipated many eminent
scientists and inventors in the methods of
investigation which they adopted to solve
the many problems with which their names
are coupled. Among these may be cited
Copernicus' theory of the earth's movement,

LEONARDO DA VINCI 77

Lamarck's classification of vertebrate and
invertebrate animals, the laws of friction,
the laws of combustion and respiration, the
elevation of the continents, the laws of
gravitation, the undulatory theory of light
and heat, steam as a motive power in
navigation, flying machines, the invention of
the camera obscura, magnetic attraction, the
use of the stone saw, the system of canalisa-
tion, breech loading cannon, the construction
of fortifications, the circulation of the blood,
the swimming belt, the wheelbarrow, the
composition of explosives, the invention of
paddle wheels, the smoke stack, the minc-
ing machine! It is, therefore, easy to see
why he called "Mechanics the Paradise
of the Sciences."

Leonardo was a SUPERMAN.

78 LEONARDO DA VINCI

HIS MAXIMS

The eye is the window of the soul.

Tears come from the heart and not from the brain.

The natural desire of good men is knowledge.

A beautiful body perishes, but a work of art
dies not.

Every difficulty can be overcome by effort.

Time abides long enough for those who make use
of it.

Miserable men, how often do you enslave yourselves
to gain money 1

HIS SPELL

The influence of Leonardo was strongly
felt in Milan, where he spent so many
of the best years of his life and founded
a School of painting. He was a close ob-
server of the gradation and reflex of light,

LEONARDO DA VINCI 79

and was capable of giving to his discoveries
a practical and aesthetic form. His strong
personal character and the fascination of his
genius enthralled his followers, who were
satisfied to repeat his types, to perpetuate
the "grey-hound eye," and to make use of
his little devices. Among this group of
painters may be mentioned Boltraffio, who
perhaps painted the "Presumed Portrait
of Lucrezia Crivelli" (Plate VII.), which is
officially attributed in the Louvre to the
great master himself.

HIS DESCENDANTS

Signor Uzielli has shown that one Tom-
maso da Vinci, a descendant of Domenico
(one of Leonardo's brothers), was a few
years ago a peasant at Bottinacio near

703030

80 LEONARDO DA VINCI

Montespertoli, and had then in his posses-
sion the family papers, which now form
part of the archives of the Accademia dei
Lincei at Rome. It was proved also that
Tommaso had given his eldest son "the
glorious name of Leonardo."

The plates are printed by Bemrosh &* Sons, Ltd., Derby and London
The text at the Ballantynb Press, Edinburgh

f

Brockwell, M. W.
Leonard da Vinci

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