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L'ESPURGATOJRE SEINT PATRIZ
MARIE DE FRANCE.
/n^
L' ESPURGATOIRE SEINT PATRIZ
OP
MARIE DE FRANCE
An ffilb-^frenclj $)oem of tl]e ®roelftl) ©cntnctj
PUBLISHED WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND A STUDY OF
THE LANGUAGE OP THE AUTHOR
DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES
OP THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, FOR THE
DEGREE OP DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
BY
THOMAS ATKINSON JENKINS
pijtlaticlpliia:
PRESS OF ALFRED J. FERRIS
1894
Dire veritfi
E semplicite
fo'st bone fame
— Disiichs of Cato
CONTENTS
I. Introduction : The Legend in Literature.
Latin Original of Marie de France. Date
of the Espurgatoire. Order of Marie's
Works.
II. The Manuscript.
III. Dialect of Marie de France.
IV. Language of the Espuroatoire:
A. Hiatus, Contraction, Elision.
B. Vowels.
C. Consonants.
D. Substantives.
E. Adjectives.
F. Pronouns.
G. Verbs.
H. Additional Anglo-Norman Traits in
the Manuscript.
V. Text.
VI. Notes and Additions.
TO
mx, ^. iHars|}all lEUiott
WHOSE LABORS IN BEHALF OF THE ACADEMIC
STUDY OF THE ROMANCE LANGUAGES IN
THE UNITED STATES HAVE DONE
SO MUCH TO MAKE SUCH A
WORK A POSSIBILITY,
E\)i& IE s sag is Eespfctfullg HirticatEti
PREFACE
In the summer of 1892, when I began the work
which has now reached completion, I had no larger
aim than a critical publication of the text of the
poem which is herewith offered to students of the
origins of the French and English literatures. But
the unfortunate death of Prof. Dr. Edouard Mall,
of Wiirzburg, having left the whole subject of the
Purgatory legend as it were in suspenso, and the
fundamental question of the dialect of Marie de
France being unsettled, it seemed desirable to add
studies upon these subjects, as Avell as to present the
new material as to the language of the author gath-
ered in an examination of the hitherto unstudied
manuscript of the Espurgatoire.
My aim has been to restore as nearly as possible
(with the usual concessions to facilitate reading) the
text of the poem as it came from the hands of its
author. The means relied upon to reach this end
have been the edition by Dr. K, Warnke of the
Lay.s of Marie de France (an excellent work, though
not entirely free from errors) ; the manuscrijits of
Marie's Fabler; which, for several years, have been
before the Romance Languages Seminary of the
Johns Hopkins University ; and, finally, the Latin
Tractate of Henry of Saltrey (of which the Espurga-
toire is a translation) especially that version of it
contained in the British Museum MS. Arundel 292.
Even with these aids, the restoration of the text
VI. PREFACE
of Marie's poem from the single Paris manuscript,
which, from indications, is two or three removes from
the original, and somewhat carelessly written, has
been a task not without obstacles. However short I
may have fallen of the full attainment of my aim, I
am glad to have been able to promote a closer ac-
quaintance with an interesting figure in literary his-
tory, and with a legend which embodies so well the
religious ideas of western Europe in the twelfth
century.
The latitude which I have permitted myself in the
matter of orthography seeks its main justification in
my belief that, Marie's poem being a translation of a
Latin treatise upon a Church subject, a tendency to
Latinization was inevitable.
T. A. J.
Philadelphia, Christmas, 1894.
INTRODUCTION
The history of the legends couuected with the
Purgatory of Saiut Patrick in Ireland was first made
known to a wide circle of modern readers by the
eminent English scholar, Thomas Wright, * just fifty
years ago. Briefly described, the so-called " Purga-
tory" was a cavern which was situated upon an
island in Lough Dearg (County Donegal), and
which, according to the general belief, furnished to
men a veritable entrance to the world beyond the
grave. Various alleged descents into this cavern
during the twelfth and following centuries gave rise
to a considerable body of literature, in which nearly
all the languages of modern Europe are represented.
Some of these works, mainly through the instru-
mentality of the Church, acquired an extraordinary
popularity, especially in England and France.
Spreading thence to Spain and Italy, the legend
furnished the subject of a drama to Calderon, and
almost certainly formed part of that common circle
of contemporary ideas from which Dante drew the
imperishable conceptions of the Divina Commedia.
The first mention of the Purgatory legend in
literature is made by the monk Jocelin of Furuess,
in his VitaSancti Patricii (ahont 1183).^ This writer
^St. Patrick's Purgatory. An Essay on the Legends of
Purgatory, Hell and Paradise current during the Middle
Age>i. London, 1844.
' Jocelin' s Vita was translated by L. E. Swift, The Life
and Acts of St. Patrick, etc. Dul)liu 1809. The passage
on the Purgatory occurs Chap. 172, p. 229.
1
INTRODUCTION
attaches the legend not to the island in Lough Dearg,
but to a mountain in another locality. Certain
people, he says, having passed the night on this sum-
mit, and having been (as they reported) grievously
tormented, have believed themselves purged of their
sins and so saved from the gates of hell. Whence,
he adds, comes the name " Purgatory."
Substantially the same form of the legend, but
now connected with Lough Dearg, is that given by
Giraldus Cambreusis in his Topographia Hibeniica
(1185-1187).' Giraldus adds some particulars and
explains that the torments are inflicted by malign
spirits, and that people say that penance thus under-
gone exempts the penitent from suffering for his sins
after death.
Neither Jocelin nor Giraldus had the idea that
the Purgatory was an entrance to the other world.
This noteworthy development of the legend appears
first in the now famous Tractatus de Purgatorio Sandi
Patricii, written in Latin by a monk, Henry (?)^
belonging to Saltrey, a Cistercian abbey in Hunting-
donshire. This work was probably written about
1188 (see below). It narrates the experiences of an
Irish "knight" (^tniles) named " Owein," who de-
scended into the cavern to do penance for his sins
and was led in turn through hell and the terrestrial
paradise, and was finally permitted to look upon the
glowing portals of the celestial paradise.
Henry's Tractatus laid the foundation of the fame
^ Opera Giraldi Cambrensis, ed. Dimock. Vol. V., p. 82.
In Distinctio II., cap. v.
The MSS. have only the letter " H."
INTRODUCTION
of the Purgatory throughout Western Europe, and
formed the basis of nearly all the numerous notices
and brief descriptions of the place and its wonders
which are frequent in mediieval writers. Moreover,
it attracted to Ireland other penitents, whose de-
scents were in turn written about and no doubt
believed in. Such was the descent of Raymond de
Perilhos (1397), described in provenyal ; • that of
William Staunton (1409) written in English^ ; and
that of Laurentius Ratold (1411) written in Latin.^
Two other important reworkings of the legend — cer-
tain chapters in the older versions of the Italian
romance, Guerino il Meschino* and the drama of
Calderon-^ — seem to derive from Henry's Tradatus
only, and not to be based upon any fresh pilgrimages
to the sacred place.
At this point, it may be interesting to inquire
what was the strong attraction which led the in-
telligent minds of this period to follow with such
eager interest the accounts of visits to the other
world ? It was, no doubt, the conception of human
life which the Church of Rome upheld and which went
^ Cp. Stimming, in Grober's Grundriss der Romanischen
Philologie II., p. 63.
*Cp. Ward's Catalogue of Romances in the Departmmt of
MSS. in the BritisJi Museum II., p. 484 ff. Wright, op.
cit., p. 140 ff.
nVardlL, p. 489 ff.
* Gaspary, Leiterntura Italiana I., pp. 244 and 360. Cp.
9i\so Modern Language Notes VII., col. 397.
^Printed in the BiMioteca de Autores Espailoles YII.,
p. 149 ff. Madrid, 1849.
INTRODUCTION
far to determine the iutellectual and moral atmos-
phere of the time. Man's chief care in this world,
it was taught, was to so act as to insure his safety in
the next. To avoid sin, to atone for sin, to escape
hell and attain paradise, these were the concerns
which lay most constantly and heavily upon the gen-
eral consciousness. Add to this the absence of faith
in the fixedness of Nature's laws, resulting in a
ready belief in miracles and wonders of all kinds,
and one can in some degree feel the force of the
ardent interest which seized with avidity upon
works like the Tractatus, which were believed to be
the narratives of those who had actually seen and
tasted either the frightful sufferings Avhich awaited
the confirmed sinner, or the untold felicities which
were prepai'ed for the elect.
It is the Tractatus of Henry, — one of the most
striking works in the large mediaeval literature which
deals with the state of the soul after death, — enlarged
by several additions, that Marie de France rendered
into Old French verse ' ' that it might be intelligible
to lay folk.' ' ^ In doing this, she adopted the metre
and many of the stereotyped conventions of the court
poetry of her time, which in turn had taken its color
from the troubadours.^ The manuscript, of which
a copy is published herewth, is the only one
of Marie's poem now known to exist, although un-
doubtedly there have been others which are now lost.
Marie, however, was not the only writer to translate
^ Espurgatoire, 1. 2299.
»Cp. 11. 16, 189, 1919 ff., 2119 ff.
INTRODUCTION
Henry's Tractatus iuto old French verse. M. P.
Meyer' has collected the scattered notices of six other
versions in Old French, four of which are anonymous.
M. Meyer has also printed extracts from two of
these, — the translations of Geofroi de Paris and of
Berol ; of three others, Mr. Ward has given liberal
extracts^ ; of the sixth, the beginning and end have
been printed, also by M. Meyer^.
As might be expected, the Latin MSS. of the
Tractatus which have been preserved do not present
a uniform text. Dr. E. Mall gave* the results of
his examination of the MSS. of the Tractatus owned
by the British Museum, and of two others on the
continent, and published three of these texts, viz. :
(a) that of Bamberg (denoted ^by "A"), (b) that
printed by Colgan^ (denoted by " C "), (c) that of
the British Museum, Arundel 292 (denoted by
"K"). No one of the MSS. examined by him,
according to Mall, presents a version which could
^Notices et ExtraUs des MSS. de la BlbliotMque National e
et autres BibliotUques, T. XXXI V., p. 239 flf.
« Cat. of Romances II., pp. 468, 471, 474.
^ In Romania VI., p. 154.
* Zur Geschichte der Legende vom Purgatorium des heil.
Patricius, Romanische Forschungen VI., p. 141 flf.
*In his Trias Thaumaturga, Louvain, 1647. Appendix
VI., p. 273. This text, according to the Catalogue of
the MSS. of Cambridge II., 328 and V., 594, was taken
from a Cambridge MS. numbered F. f. 1. 27, fo. 568 (or
570). But Hardy, Descriptive Catalogue of Materials re-
lating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland I., p. 72
flf., says Colgan's text is that of a MS. at Lincoln College
Oxford, No. 28, fo. 75-98.
6 INTRODUCTION
have been used by Marie iii making her translation.
It will be useful for us now to substantiate this con-
elusion of Mall's.
According to Ward,' the British Museum MSS. fall
into two groups^ : «) eight MSS. represented by Royal
13 B. viii. (I shall denote this MS. by "R ") and
that printed by Colgan ("C"); /?) three MSS. :
Arundel 292, Harletj 3846, and Cotton, Tihernis E. i.
To class i? also belong : (a) the Bamberg MS. ("A") ;
(b) the abridgment in the Chronica Majora of Mat-
thew Paris' ; (c) the original of the version made by
Jean Belet.^
We have thus made accessible to us good repre-
sentatives of class /5 in MSS. A and K, and of class
a in MS. C. (That Ward is correct (p. 451) in class-
ing A with K, and C with R, appears from a com-
parison of the passages which he quotes from R (pp.
446-449) with the corresponding passages in C.
The two texts agree nearly word for word, while A
and K show constant important variations in which
they usually agree. Further: in Chap. XXI., KA
employ (three times) the word abbacia, while CR just
as consistently read monasterium').
Of which class, now, was the Latin MS. which
lay before Marie? In the passage just referred to,
Marie agrees with KA in all three cases ; she trans-
lates (11. 1947, 1950, 1975) the word by abbeie. In
' Catalogue II., p. 445.
^Not inckiding two texts much abridged, viz., Egerton
1117 and Additional 33957.
MVard, Catalogue II., p. 461.
♦Ibid., p. 477.
INTRODUCTION
general, barring cases where A has undergone re-
working, we shall find that Marie has regularly fol-
lowed the readings of KA as against those of C (=R).
This will be sufficiently sho^vn by the following pas-
sages :
Fii-st ease : Marie=K, as against C ; A is re-
worked. At 1. 717 Marie has : Qui a si bon pur-
posement 3£is en tun quer, . . corresponding
to K's (Cap. v., 1. 33) : qui in corde tuo bonum
propositum niisit, while C has : qui in corde tuo con-
firmavit propositum, and A shows reworking : qui
cordi tuo tantum et tarn salubre inspiravit propositum.
Again, Marie (1. 884) has : Ne volt un mot purler a
els, corresponding to K's (Cap. VI., 1. 72) : nee vel
unum verbum eis respondit, Avhile C has : nihil peni-
tus respondens, and A : labiis suis indicit silencium
nee respondet. Again, Marie (1. 967) : II retint
bien en sun pense Cum Deus Vaveit einz delivre,
which reproduces K's (Cap. VII., 1. 56 ft:) : Ille
vero mente retinens qualiter alibi ab eis deus liber-
a\at, while C has omitted the passage ; A reads : Ac
ille misericordie dei non immemor.
Second case : Marie=KA, as against C. Marie
Cl. 708) has : Res e tundu novelement, and A (Cap.
v., 1. 27 ff.) : barbis nuper rasis, and K : et nuper
rasi. C has nothing corresponding. Again, Marie
(1. 1671) says : Li ercevesque le menerent Un poi en
sus . . corresponding to KA (Cap. XVI., 1.
146 ff.) : Pontifices . . ab aliis seorsum subtra-
hentes, while C has nothing at all answering to this
clause. Again, Marie (1. 2017) : Creiez mei qui
de mes oeilz vi, for which K reads (Cap. XXII., 1.
8 INTRODUCTION
15) : crede saltern quod ab oculis meis vidi, aud A :
credo [error for crede] saltern quod oculis meis vidi,
while C is much fuller : et oculis meis harum rerum
non valde dissimile multique mecum conspexere.
Third case : Marie=K, as against AC. Marie
(1. 970) has : Einz les despist e sis ha'i, as in K
(Cap. VII., 1. 56 ff.) : Hos omniuo contempsit. The
sentence is wanting in AC. Again : Marie (1. 1166) :
quant it deveit avaler, for which K (Cap. XI., 1.
27 fF.) : in descenscione rote. . . Nothing cor-
responding in AC. Again, Marie (1. 1649) : Clias-
cune aveit a grant plente La celest'iene clarte, answer-
ing to K's (Cap. XVI., 1. 126 ff.) : Erant singule
magnitudine lucis replete. In AC the sentence is
wanting.
It follows from the foregoing that Marie translated
a text which belonged to class /?, and one which, as
Mall had already seen,^ stood very near to MS. K.
MS. A, owing to thorough reworking which appears
chiefly in the descriptions of hell and the terrestrial
paradise, offers comparatively little aid in the estab-
lishment of Marie's text.
That neither A, nor yet K, can be the original
from which Marie drew is sufficiently shown by the
fact that K does not contain the lengthy prologue
(Marie 11. 17-188) nor the Chaplain's tale of the
Second Hermit (11. 2117-2184)."^
On the other hand, A omits the story of the Irish-
^op. cit., p. 142.
" At 1. 2190, Marie has qiiinze salmes while in K the
number is seven (p. 196).
INTRODUCTION
man (Marie 11. 215-264). Neither will iTar^ 3846,
which, as we have seen, also belongs to class ;5,*
answer the requirements, since the account of Floren-
tianus and all subsequent matters are not found in
it (Marie 11. 2071-2296).
We can conclude, therefore, that the MS. which
Marie used (which, if it exists, has not yet been made
accessible to us), stood very near to B. M. Arundel
292, but differed from it in that it contained the pro-
logue, the first homily (Marie 11. 1401-1484) in a
form somewhat longer than that in A but shorter
than that in R, the episode of the two abbots, and
the Chaplain's tale.
It so happens that the Espurgatoire of Marie con-
tains most of the reliable evidence which we possess
as to the time in which its author lived and wrote.
Before this evidence was examined, it was believed
that Marie's floruit should be placed in the reign of
Henry II., (1154-1189)^ but according to later in-
vestigations it is more probable that her active period
should be taken as just beginning about the time of
the death of this king, and as continuing even into
the next century. In order to place some fresh evi-
dence in its proper connection, it will be useful to
summarize here the reasons which have led to this
conclusion.
^Ward, Catalogue II., p. 464.
*So G. Paris, Litt. Fr(;se au Moyen Age,^ p. 248, and
AVarnke, Zeits. f. Bom. Phil. IV., p. 226; Lays, Introd.,
p. XLIII.
10 INTRODUCTION
These are best set forth in an essay hy Dr. S.
Eckleben, which appeared in 1885.^ The appear-
ance of this essay forestalled the pul)lication of a
study on virtually the same subject by Dr. E. Mall,
but the results of the independent investigations of
both scholar are the same in all essential points.^
1. Jocelin of Furness, writing about 1183 at the
request of Thomas, Archbishop of Armagh, in men-
tioning the Purgatory^ says nothing of Owein's des-
cent, although this was said to have taken place long
before, in Stephen's reign (1135-1154).*
2. Giraldus Cambrensis, who in 1185 accom-
panied Prince John ("Lackland") to Ireland, also
says nothing of the descent of Owein. Giraldus
being a churchman and a learned man for his day,
as well as an indefatigable and somewhat credulous
collector of miscellaneous information, it is very diffi-
cult to account for his silence if the Tradatus of
Henry was written at this date,^
Mr. Ward on this point is ' ' inclined to surmise
that Giraldus had heard an inaccurate report of the
present [Henry's] vrork, but that its popularity was
not yet strong enough to impel him to name Sir
Owen." It has been noted above, however, that
Girald's account contains no idea of a visit in bodily
* Die dlteste Schilderung vom Fegefeuer des heil. Patridus.
Halle, 1885.
'^ Cp. Romanische Forschungen VI., p. 140.
^ See above p. 1.
* Eckleben, pp. 20-25, 45, and cp. Ward, II., p. 438.
5 Eckleben, pp. 26, 46, and Ward, II., p. 440.
INTRODUCTION 11
person to the other world, and his ideas of the Pur-
gatory have all the air of having been gathered from
oral sources only, during his stay in Ireland, and of
representing the current talk at some distance from
the locality itself. It has not been noted in this con-
nection that in treating the folk-tales current in Ire-
land about St. Bx-andan, Giraldus, after repeating
the tales about the marvellous voyage of the Saint
which had reached him, refers the reader for further
information to the book ("libellum") which had
been written on the life of St. Brandan.^ That he
would at least have mentioned so remarkable a work
as Henry's, had he then known of it, can hardly be
doubted.
3. Bishop Florentinus O'Cherballan, who, accord-
ing to all the evidence, is the person named as such
in the Tractatus (and by Marie, 1. 2075) did not
reach the dignity of a bishopric until 1185.^
4. Malachias (died 1148) who is twice mentioned
in the Tractatus, (and by Marie, 11. 299, 2074), has
always the title of "Saint," but he is not so named
in the Life of him written by his friend, the great St.
Bernard, nor was he formally canonized until 1189.^
Mr. Ward^ considers it beyond doubt that " popular
opinion had pronounced him a saint long liefore
1190." Dr. Eckleben claims, on the other hand,
that a learned monk such as Henry certainly was,
would be very careful in the application of such a title.
* Topog. Hibern., Distinctio II., cap. 4.3.
2 Eckleben, p. 56 ; Ward, II., p. 443.
^ Eckleben, pp. 54, 56.
* Catalogue II., p. 443.
1 2 INTRODUCTION
It is easy, indeed, to account for the addition of
the title to Mah\chias' name, either as Mr. Ward has
done, or by supposing that the movement towards his
canonization had been begun long before and was a
matter of common knowledge among the Cistercians,
or finally, by ascribing the "Sanctus" to the writers
of the later MSS. (the original MS. not having come
down to us). It is not so easy to account for the state
of affairs in Marie's Espurgatoire. The first time
Malachias is named is in a passage which undoubt-
edly reproduces a part of the original Tractatus ; the
second time is in a passage which probably was added
by another hand than Henry's, since it is preserved
only in certain of the MSS., and these, according to
Mall,^ are not the oldest or best. The first passage
in Marie reads (1. 299) :
Qo nns mustre ifakichias
En sa Vie, nel dutez pas.
and the second (1. 2074) :
Nevuzfu al tierz Seint Patriz
Qui cumpainz ert Seint Malachiz.
If, now, in the first passage, " Sanctus Malachias "
stood in the Latin MS. which lay before Marie, it is
extremely difficult to see why she should have
omitted the title, especially as she is always carefuj
to add those of Gregory (11. 32, 151, etc.), Augus-
tine (1. 143), and Patrick (cp. 11. 7, 190, 302, etc. In
all nine times ; in 481 its omission is therefore proba-
bly an error). It would have been easy to have
written (^o mis dit, etc. without material change in
1 Rom. Forsch. YI., p. 142.
INTRODUCTION 13
the sense. It is therefore extremely probable that
at the first passage, Marie's original bore the name
Malachias without the title and that it consequently
was written before 1189. The addition of the
title in the second passage, on the other hand, gives
us less basis for a conclusion for the reasons given at
the beginning of the preceding paragraph. It is
further probable that as Marie uses a different spell-
ing in the two passages, the identity of the names
escaped her.
As far, then, as the evidence on this point can be
trusted, it gives us a tenniniis ad quern for the com-
position of the Tractatws eight years earlier than that
furnished by the Chronicle of Johannes Brompton
(1197)' which mentions Henry's work, and narrows
the period during which it could have been comjiosed
to the years between 1185 (composition of Giraldus'
Topographia) and 1189 (canonization of Malachias).
Marie de France, as is well kno^^'n, was the author
of two other works, — a collection of Lay-s^ and a
larger collection of Fables, of which as yet we possess
no critical text.^ What indications are there as to
' Cp. Eckleben, pp. 28, 48.
" Ed. Warnke, Die Lais der Marie de France, BibUotheca
Normannica III. Mit vergleichenden Anmerkungen von
R. Kohler. Halle, 1885.
'A critical edition by Dr. A. M. Elliott, Baltimore, was
announced as in progress in 1891. See Mod. Lang. Noies
VI., 7, col. 442.
14 INTRODUCTION
the relative order of these compositions ? Mall says' :
"diese Schrift [the Espurgatoire] aus sprachlichen
wie sachlicheu Griinden als das iilteste der erhaltenen
Werke der Marie gelten muss," but unfortunately
he postponed the promised publication of the basis
for this conclusion. It is necessary, therefore, to see
how far we may be able to supply the omission.
1. The Espurgatoire show^ a grade of literary skill
distinctly inferior to that displayed in both the Lays
and the Fables. To be convinced of the truth of
this assertion, we have but to glance at the frequent
employment in the former of stereotyped phrases
where the meaning gains nothing by their use. Such
are: nel dutez pas (11. 300, 734) co li est vis (11. 1008,
1579, 1593, etc.) e'en est la sume (11. 54, 703, 2132)
bien le saehiez (11. 245, 1739) sanz dutance (1. 128).
The repetition of whole lines is not uncommon (line
1037 recurs at 1201 and 1599 ; also 983 at 1225),
and a certain poverty of vocabulary is observable in
the not infrequent use of the same word as the rime-
word of both lines of the couplet.^ These character-
istics are almost unknown in the Lays and Fables.
2. Marie, in the Prologue to the Lays, distinctly
abandons the practice of translating tales from the
Latin. She says (1. 28 if.):
Pur ceo comenrai a penser
d'alkune bone estoire faire
e de Latin en Romanz traire ;
mats ne me fust guaires de pris :
itant s'en sunt altre entremis.
^ Zcit schrift f. Roman. Pkilologie IX., p. 163.
For examples, see Note to 1. 1369.
2
INTRODUCTION 15
That is to say, as little distinction was to be won in
the field of translating Latin stories, Marie turns to
a more difficult task :
Des lais pensai qu' diz aveie . . etc.
If, as M. G. Paris thinks,^ Marie wrote the Lays
from hearing them related in her presence, to pass
from the almost servile translation of the Espurga-
toire, with its appendix of irrelevant tales, to such an
enterprise as the composition of these Lays, is a dis-
tinct rise in grade of literary work.
3. While Marie dedicates the Lays to the king
himself (Richard Coeur-de-Lion, according to Dr.
Mall), and the Fables to William Longsword, an
influential noble (Marie styles him " le plus vaillant
de cest reialme " ) in the Espurgatoire she has not
yet attained to such a degree of confidence in her
o^\Ti powers as to venture upon making a dedication
to such high personages.
4. It would be remarkable if any great differences
appeared in the language of succeeding Avorks of the
same author, yet indications do not wholly fail that
the Espurgatoire represents a slightly older type of
speech than the Lays or Fables : a) certain ferns, of
Deck II. show no s in the n. sg. verite rl83^ gent
rll28. In the Lays the s appears in all words of
this class. ^ b) nient (occurs 11 times) is always two
syllables ; the Lays occasionally permit its contrac-
' Cp. Romania XIV., p. 605.
*An ?• before a numlxn- indicates that the word discussed
is assured by the rime at the line named.
Cp. Introd., p. XXXIV. 2.
16 INTRODUCTION
tiou to one syllable.^ c) rimes such as merdier :
chier (Lays, Chaitivel, 27) are wanting in the Espurg?
d) final -t persists in the Espxirg. in deit digitum r2047
and in s'esvanit r328, while to the Laws the consonant
has been lost in both cases. The usage as to elision
or retention of e from Lat. -at, furnishes no basis
for a conclusion.^ Again, the frequent replacing of
the nominative by the accusative is no indication of
age, inasmuch as this replacing is observed in the
earliest Anglo-Norman texts ; it can only be viewed
as evidence of the Anglo-Norman coloring of the
language. ^
What evidence there is, therefore, goes to confirm
Dr. Mall's conclusions : 1) that the Esjmrgatoire is
the earliest of the works of Marie which are known
to us ; 2) that as the Latin original of the Espicrga-
toire is to be referred to a date not long previous to
1189, Marie's active period could not have begun
before the closing decade of the twelfth century.
^Cp. Introd.,p. XXVI. 2.
'See below, TV., B. s. v. ie.
•* Contrary to Warnke's assertion, in Zeits.f. Rom. Phil.
IV., p. 242 ; see below, IV., A. Hiatus.
* See below, IV. D.
II.— THE MANUSCRIPT
A SINGLE manuscript containiug the Espurgatoire of
Marie de France is now known to exist : Fds. fr§. No.
25407 of the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris (form-
erly marked Notre-Dame 277). It is written on
velkim, with two cohimns to the page, and evidently
dates from the end of the thirteenth or the early
fourteenth century.
As is well known, the text of this MS. was pub-
lished nearly seventy-five years ago by B. de Roque-
fort.^ Roquefort aimed only at an intelligible text
and even with this uncritical aim, failed to repro-
duce the original in many important particulars,
often through errors in transcription or in solution of
abbreviations, often through mistaken emendations
or failure to recognize unusual words. His scanty
prefatory notice is not free from serious errors.^
The MS. contains the following pieces :
1. fo. la-lOld. The Image du Monde of Gautier
de Metz. In a different hand from that of
the rest of the MS.
2. fo. 102a-122d. The Espurgatoire.
3. fo. 122d-138d. The Moralitez, a translation of
the Moralium Dogma of Gautier de Lille.
Begins : Talent me esteit pris he jo recontasse.
Ends : Bien ait qi co comanz fist qi le fist
escrivre e qui lescrit.
^ Poisies de Marie de France, etc., 2 vols. Paris, 1820 and
1832.
^Cp. Eckleben, p. .37.
18 THE MANUSCRIPT
4. fo. 139a-156d. The Romanz des Romanz.
5. fo. 157a-160d. A Credo, Paternoster and
seven peticions in prose.
6. fo. 160d-172d. Prolog us Reg ine Sibille, printed
from this MS. by P. Tarbe, in his Collection
des PoHes de Chamjiagne XII., pp. 106 ff.
Reims, 1851.
7. fo. 173c-196a. The Secrez des Secrez, inverse.
Begins : Primes saciez he icest treetez Est le
secre de secrez numez. . . Ends : Ke h
regne pussum merir Ke done a suens a sun
pleisir.
8. fo. 197a-212d. The Distichs of Cato, Latin
text with French translation after each j^ara-
graph. Printed from this MS . by Leroux de
Lincy, Livi^e des Proverbes frangais (2nd. ed.)
II., p. 439 fF. , whence it is copied in Stengel's
Ausgaben und Abhandlungen XLVII., p.
111. ff. Leroux de Lincy' s text is not trust-
worthy.
9. fo. 213a-244d. The Tornoiemenz Antecrtt of
Huon de Mery, published by P. Tarbe, in
his work just cited, and republished from this
and six other MSS. by G. Wimmer, in Ausg^
und Abhand. LXXVL, Marburg, 1888.
At the bottom of this last folio (244) are the
words, in the hand of the MS., Alnun de deu qui od
nus seit which is the first line of the Espurgatoire..
The pages of the MS. have evidently been transposed
and renumbered. There is a blank page at fo.
196cd, and the MS. may have formerly ended here ;
THE MANUSCRIPT 19
the Distichs of Cato and the Torn. Antecrit must
then have immediately preceded the Espurg.
The MS. ottei-s no means for the determination of
its date within narrow limits. The Torn. Antecrit
was written between 12.34 and 1249 ; according to
P. Meyer {Bomania XV., p. 287) the Secrez des
Secrez dates from the middle of the thirteenth cen-
tury. The Image du Monde dates from 1245, but,
as already noted, this piece, being in a different hand,
may have originally formed part of another MS.
From these indications, the MS. belongs to the
second half of the thirteenth century (so Wimmer,
op. cit., p. 2) or the beginning of the fourteenth.
Fortunately, we are able to control the writing
habits of the scribe of the MS. by comparing with
its original his copy of the Tornoietnenz Antecrit. Of
this composition, Wimmer, in the work cited, collates
seven MSS., which, according to his investigations,
fall into two groups deriving from a and /9 respec-
tively. MS. "A" (that is, Paris B. N., f. f. 1593—
one of the best MSS.) and MS. " D " (the one con-
taining the Esjnirg. ) derive from « ; and five others
from i?. It is evident that where the reading of A is
the same as that of O (that is, the original text as
established by collation of all the MSS.) we can
assume with entire safety that this reading was the
reading of a from which A was copied. But D was
also copied from «, and readings of D which differ
from those common to A and 0, are therefore due to
the scribe of D, and the character of these variants
will furnish some hints as to his habits of writing,
his dialect, the extent of his knowledge, etc. When,
20 THE MANUSCRIPT
for instance, at 1. 1991 of the Torn. Ant, OA (and
hence «) read : C'orent Cliges et Lancelot, while D
has C^orent gigles et sauselot, it is not too much to say
that the scribe was ignorant of the familiar names of
the Breton romances. In the same way, other char-
acteristics of the scribe's work appear, among them
the following : he was evidently a Churchman, as
the theological character of the contents would first
lead us to suspect. This is confirmed by the frequent
church words or Latinisms which he has introduced
into the text of the Torn. Ant. E. g. heresie for the
erege of the other MSS. ; angles for angres ; pnplican
for jyopelican, etc. The scribe is also careless of the
requirements of metre ; he frequently changes the
tense, and substitutes senseless words or expressions,
his attention wandering to neighboring words. Nice-
ties of thought and expression are often lost through
carelessness. Examples abound on every side and
need not be quoted. They indicate with tolerable
certainty that little confidence is to be placed in the
readings of iNLS. 25407 in matters of detail, and we
are therefore able to proceed to the correction of
errors with a certain confidence.
The abbreviations in the MS., though numerous,
are none of them unusual, and with the aid of Prou's
ISIanual,^ present p]*actically no difiiculty in their
solution.
^ Manuel de Paleographie , Paris, 1890, p. 59 ff. For a
few special cases see the Notes on the text.
in.— DIALECT OF MARIE DE FRANCE
The determination of the dialect in which Marie
de France wrote has been made to turn upon the
question whether her language shows the development
of (=:Lat. free o, u) into the diphthong pu. The
presence of this diphthong in Marie's speech, — a
diphthong which, as is well known, is a specifically
French, as distinguished from Franco-Norman and
Anglo-Norman characteristic^ — has been affirmed
by Prof. H. Suchier in his recently published Ali-
franzosische Grammatih.^ Upon the basis of this
conclusion he has removed Marie from among the
Franco-Norman writers with whom she had been
classed previously, ^ and has placed her among the
French writers.
Judged by the other tests of French as different
from Franco-Norman, namely (1) the mixture of
-eiv- and -an- ;* (2) the absorption of the Imperfect
-abat by the -ebat terminations'^ ; (3) the change of
ei to oi,^ — Marie is distinctly a Franco-Norman
1 Cp. Suchier, Altfr. Gram. I., U 12c. d., 19a ; Schwan,
Altfr. Gram.,^ U 98, 292.
» Halle, 1893. Theil I. Die Schriftsprache, pp. 2 and 29.
'Wamke concludes from an investigation of Marie's
language in the Zcitschrlftf. Rom. I'hil IV. , p. 248 : " Marie
hat Franco-Normannisch . . geschrieben," and his
edition of the Lays of Marie is based on this conclusion.
*Cp. Warnke, Zeits. IV., p. 239 and Lai/s, Introd., p.
xxviii. 3.
*Cp. Warnke, Zeits. IV., p. 232 and Lays, Introd., p.
xxix. 6.
'Cp. Warnke, Lays, Introd., p. xxix. 6.
22 DIALECT OF MARIE DE FRANCE
writer, since all these phenomena are unknown to
her language. It is thus apparent that Prof.
Suchier's belief (so far as made public) rests solely
upon the evidence in favor of the existence of the
diphthong ou in her language. For the discussion
which follows, new material has been collected and
the attempt has been made to examine this evidence
more closely than has been done heretofore.
Marie in the Lays (Lanval 389) rimes suls (solus)
with -lis (-osus) and in the Fables (No. 82, 11) the
same suffix -osus occurs in rime with the word answer-
ing to Latin lupus. It is Prof. Suchier's view, if I
have correctly understood it, that first in suls (pho-
netic sous') and secondly in Iqus lupus (and also in dons
duos) the diphthong ou is certain, and hence for the
suffix -osus, -qus is assured, and the diphthong ou
must be allowed for Marie. That -osus in four cases
rimes with the atonic pronoun vus (v5s), in which,
for this period, the diphthongization would be un-
heard of, necessitates the conclusion' that Marie wrote
now -us (z=-os) now -q\is ; and, in other words, em-
ployed a double orthography according as the exigen-
cies of rime impelled her.
It will be useful to have before us a complete list
of the rimes in question. They are :
a) in the Lays: -its (-osus) :cus (cucus) Quig. 215
'.vus Guig. 343, 501 ; Dous Amanz 95 :suls Guig.
393 ; Lanval 339.
b) in the Fables: -us :lus (lupus) 2,5 82, 7^ 82,
' See the Altfr. Gram. I., p. 30.
" Roquefort's text is here to be transposed, as Warnke
points out, Zeits. IV., p. 241.
DIALECT OF MARIE DE FRANCE 23
11 .-f/awx 5,7. Lus :dous 4,11 79,9 :suls 42,8 56,1.
Nus :dom 56,53. Bus :inis 94,29 and 59.
c) in the E»purgaioire : -us :vu8 1895.
Did the diphthong qu exist in Marie's word answer-
ing to Latin sohis ? Fortunately, material does not
wholly fail us for the answer to this question.
I. o-l-L 4- dental. Marie, in the £'sp?<r^. (1. 1207)
places genuz (^geniiculos) and tuz (*tiittos) in rime.
As the diphthong qu in tuz is, at this period, not to
be thought of, we see from this rime that not only
had the palatal quality of the I been lost at this time
before the *■ (z) of flexion, but also that I, in Marie's
time, was vocalized to u between u (=q) and a
dental stop-sound, and then had united with the
preceding u to form a single vowel. That such a
union is to the highest extent reasonable, appears from
the character of the articulations of the two sounds.
Meyer-Liibke says' : ' ' Pour remission de / [velar or
** barred " /] la racine de la langue occupe la meme
position que pour 1' emission dew; le premier pho-
neme ne se distingue du second que par I'occlusion
que forme la pointe de la langue . . " It will
be readily seen that in the word genuz, and in any
similar phonetic group, the point of the tongue, after
the articulation of u, has still to make a closure in
order to articulate z (j=ts) ; so that all the essential
features of velar / are here present in the preceding
vowel and the following consonant. In such a posi-
tion, it is obvious that the I could with difficulty per-
sist, and in Marie's time it evidently had been ab-
^ Grammaire des Langues Romanes I., ?476.
24 DIALECT OF MARIE DE FRANCE
sorbed into the coutiguous articulations and bad en-
tirely disappeared from pronunciation.
Virtually the same pbonetic group is found in suls
(solus), so tbat for this word we are justified in
believing the pronunciation to have been sus, and
that in rimes of this word with -us (-osus) the rime
was exact. That the word (to my knowledge) is
never so written, may be explained by the desire to
avoid confusion with sus (susum).
The comparative rarity of the occurrence of ql-\-
consonant in the Old French vocabulary, will ex-
plain the scarcity of rimes of this sort in Marie and
in other authors of the period ; but that the same
contraction of 0^+ dental into single q also holds good
for Marie's contemporary, Benoit de Sainte-More, is
placed beyond reasonable doubt by the following
rimes from the Roman de Troie^ : sols (solus) ; 720s
417, 3951 :vos 1437, 12863 .•-os(-osus) 14101,
19171, 21023 dolz :toz 20719. And from the
Chronique des Dues de Normandie :- temute (tumiil-
tum) :gute 19704.
II. duos. How did Marie pronounce the French
word answering to Latin duos ? It rimes with -osus
(Fables 5,7), and with nus (Fables 56,53). The
latter rime points strongly toward a phonetic diis.
Bohmer'^ has arranged most of the material from the
older monuments in regard to this word. His in-
quiry culminates in the sentence : * ' Die Verfasser
der o-u Denkmiiler sprachen gewiss dus.' ' It is my
1 Ed. Joly, 1870.
^ Romanische Studien III., p. 603.
DIALECT OF MARIE DE FRANCE 25
belief that we have in this word a literary orthogra-
phy dons by the side of a pronunciation dus — dqs be-
longing to the folk-speech. If this view be correct,
it would be strange if the orthography dm — dos
failed to appear in texts which show folk-speech in-
fluences. Dos, in effect, appears in rime with vos, in
Chrestien de Troyes' Erec and Enide.^ This poem
is distinguished from the other works of Chrestien
by its free admission of popular and dialectic ele-
ments.^ ElseAvhere the orthography dus, dos is not
rare. KnoseP has collected a considerable number
of examples from w^hich I quote the MS. of the
Roman de Troie, edited by Joly. (11. 9764 and
26780)."
These facts support the conception of a Folk-
Latin dos, Avhich appears in the Passion as dos (71
b c) parallel with suos — sos (1 c, 11 d) and tiios — tos
(14 b, 16 a), and which, in the West, exhibits the
same development as the suffix -osus. This was evi-
dently the view of Schwau,* who wrote dos as the
Folk-Latin etymon.
A phonetic dqs is likewise to be ascribed to Benott.
Cp. Roman de Troie:- dos :vos 12729, 18247 :resplen-
» 1. 3438. Ed. Forster. Cp. Note p. 320.
'Cp. Introd., p. xi.
3 Veher Altfrz. Zahhcorter, Gott. Diss., 1883, pp. 10
and 30.
* The other texts quoted by Knosel are : the Roman de
Joufroi, Floire et Blanchefleur (ed. Du M^ril), Ogier le
Danois (ed. Barrels), Parise la Duchesse, and Yillehar-
douin, Conquete de Constantinople.
"Altfr. Gram.,^ ?380.
26 DIALECT OF MARIE DE FRANCE
dors 14581 :rescos 6395 :-os (-osus) 5529, 6089, etc.
(13 times).
AVhence, then, the orthography (dous) of most of
the older monuments ? Bohmer suggests that dous
was written to avoid confusion with dus (dux), dos
(dorsum), and detis (Deus). As more motives than
one may He behind such a phenomenon, it is to be
noted that this numeral seems peculiarly susceptible
to Latinization. ' The Vie de St. Leger shows duos
(20e and 2b) and duaes (106a). According to Gro-
ber-, the Old Italian duo, dua, duoi are Latinisms.
There is then some ground to believe that the Old
French forms wis, doits, treis may have been mod-
elled closely upon the Latin uuus, duo(s), tres.
III. lupus. This word rimes in Marie as follows :
with -osus, Fables 2,5 82,7 82,11 :duos4,ll 79,9
:solus42,3 56,1.
Here I must have recourse to the readings of the
MSS. of Marie's works, inasmuch as the phonetic
history of the word has not yet been made entirely
clear. First, however, should be remarked the ap-
pearance of Iqs in rime with nos in Chrestien's Eric
and Enide, 1. 4412 :rqs Yvain 301, and in Benoit's
Roman de Troie in rime with -osus 11. 9105, 21077.'
' This tendency reappears later in the forms of other
numerals. Cp. cinq, six, sept, ri)igt, etc.
'' Archir fi'ir Latein. Lexicog. II., p. 107.
" The very frequent appearance, in the Roman de Troie,
of -osus in rime 1) with atonic o, and 2) with o in Latin
checked position (where qv. had certainly not yet ap-
peared) make it permissible to use these rimes in evi-
DIALECT OF MARIE DE FRANCE 27
For lus we have the readings of the Harley and
York MSS. of the Fables (the Cambridge MS. has
lous) in all cases the word appears ; so also in Cotton
Vespasian B. xiv. to Fables 2,5 and 56,1- Lus,
again, is the reading of the London Brandan 1. 1282,
of the Roland 1. 1751 (ed. Miiller). I look upon
lus, therefore, as the regular western form, corre-
sponding to the eastern lous — leus.
IV. ciicus, 'i^bucus, (juguni). As stated above,
cucus' occurs in rime with -5sus (MS. cous) in the
Lays, Guig. 216 ; *biicus (modern French boud^) in
rime with vus. Fables 94,29 and 59. The rarity of
the appearance of these Avords presents an obstacle to
the determination of their Norman forms ; but that
the true Franco-Norman development demands (in
the n.sg.) cus, bus is shown by the (in all respects
dence. The Roman de Troie shows 12 cases of -osus in
rime with nos ; 22 cases in rime with vos. Also -as :ros
5449. .-rescos 8511, 8767, 15641, 21481, 23463, 26190. :tros
8833.
The orthography of the MS. edited by Joly is remarka-
bly rich in variations. For -osus occur : -os, -ous, -ox, -oh,
-eus, -eos. -eus (-osus) : -eus (illos) 12273, 28569, if genuine
readings, are doubtless an importation from the East.
^ I am aware that the derivation of O. Fr. cous from
cucus (=cugus Du Cange) has as yet not been demon-
strated, though affirmed by Manage, Littr^, and others.
It is doubted by G. Paris {Eomania XIV., p. 602 fF. ) and
by Tobler {Zelts.f. R. P. X., p. 164). I expect to publish
before long a study of these Latin substantives in -cus
(-gus) in French, which, I trust, will put this etymology
beyond dispute.
'Cp. Mackel, Die Germanischen Elemente, etc., p. 21.
28 DIALECT OF MARIE DE FRANCE
parallel) development of jugum, which appears as
jus, ju in the Four Books of the Kings (juh in the
Moutebourg Psalter.)'
To resume briefly, suflicient evidence has been
brought forward to show that the Franco-Norman
(and Anglo-Norman) forms of the words treated are
phonetic sus (written suls), phonetic dus (written
dous) lus, cus, bus, jus, which correspond to the east-
ern forms sous — sens, dous — deus, etc., and which, be-
cause they have the same vowel quality as u (=Latin
free o, tt) are freely placed by Marie in rime with
the same.
From this it follows that neither Marie nor Benoit
(in the Roman de Troie) know the diphthong ou from
free Latin 5, ii, nor in their words answering to Latin
dfios, liipus, cttcus, *bucus, jiigum. The dialect in
which Marie de France wrote, therefore, was not
French, but Franco-Norman.
'Cp. Suchier, Altfr. Gram. I., p. 14.
IV.
LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE
ISIarie's language has undergone some careful in-
vestigation at the hands of Dr. Warnke in his article
" Ueber die Zeit der Marie de France,"' as well as in
the Introduction to his edition of the Lays. In the
first mentioned work only has use been made of ma-
terial from the Espurgatoire, and a number of ques-
tions as to specific traits of the language which Marie
employed, have remained unsettled. With a few
exceptions, only material Avhich is either omitted or
incompletely treated by the editor of the Lays will
be brought forward in the following pages.
A. Hiatus, Contraction, Elision.
Hiatus. In tliirteen cases the MS. shows hiatus
with final atonic e. In four of these (472, 1242,
1272, 1410) obvious corrections are to be made which
relieve the hiatus. In 1. 434 the copyist has avoided
hiatus by adding an s in costumes (n. sg.). For
Marie, however, the Avord is a feminine of Decl. I. (cp.
472,566). The consonant groups preceding the e in
hiatus are : 1) mute+ liquid (receivre 226 oevre 518
vivre 1430 estre 1725 prestre 2296) ; 2) single conso-
nants (hmne 238,2069 custuvie 434 parface 720).
In only one case does the Espurg. permit hiatus of
e from Latin -at in the Indie, and Sbj. pres. 3, viz.,
'In Zeits.f. Rom. Phil. IV., p. 223 ff. Dr. Warnke, un-
fortunately, was compelled to use the Roquefort edition
of the Espurg., which, as we have seen, is quite untmst-
worthy. More than once it led him into basing concki-
sions upon false readings. E.g. 11. 1104 (p. 246), 1054 (p.
247), 1991 (p. 237) and 472.
30 LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE
720 : Parfaee il par sa bunte. In all other cases the
e is lost : '614, 1445, 1816, 1859, 1860, 1894, 2281.
Warlike, in his discussion of this subject,' appar-
ently overlooked this line, and with consequently de-
fective material drew the conclusion that the (sup-
posed) consistent elision of e (-at) in the Espiirg. in-
dicates a date of composition later than that of the
Lays, where such hiatus is allowed 19 times. In view
of the line just quoted, and of the scarcity of exam-
ples of both kinds in the Espurg., it is manifestly
not permissible to draw such a conclusion.
Contraction. As in the Lays,^ the metre gives
us a sure indication that Marie's language did not
permit the contraction to a diphthong or single vowel
of two vowels originally in Latin hiatus or separated
by a consonant. Cp. : -iini -ionem precius 1495
pecheur 762 amieure 804 dimt 173 graU 1096
bniir 898 pour 547 roihide 305 bene'ekun 785
aage 260 veil 73 peud 1602 benelHz 1679 etc.
The MS., however, shows the contraction fre-
quently : ju}ier 578 espenir 531, 613, etc. ranmm
728 purseir 298 beneit 1567 pust 528 dust 104
benesquirent 1652.^
It is convenient to add here what is to be said of
the use of or, ore and cum, cume, etc. The MS.
shows ore before consonant initial five times. In two
of these (1312, 1965) it represents two syllables. In
the other three cases (655, 1667, 1841) it counts as
one syllable, and following the more carefully writ-
ten MSS. of the Lays,* I have substituted or.
As vjicor stands before consonant initial 2181, the
same form has been written 61,291, where the metre
^Zeits.f. Rom. Phil. IV., p. 242.
' See Introd., p. xxvi.
' Burguy, Gram, de la Langue cV Oil I., p. 322, reproduces
Roquefort's false reading of this line.
* Cp. Introd. , p. xxvi.
LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE 31
demands only two syllables (MS. loicore). On the
contrary, the e is necessary to the metre in eucore
1369.
Cwn and cnme both occur frequently before conso-
nant initial. In eight cases (638, 1047, 1233, 1577,
1620, 1630, 1706, 2224) e is necessary to the metre ;
in twenty cases e has no worth (4, 126, 327, etc.).
Two cases remain doubtful : 421, 566. — el for ele
2235.
Elision. As to elision before vocalic initials
in ne (nee), que, si se (si), the Expurg. stands upon
the same ground as the Lays^, elision being optional :
ne 1418 ; n' 22, 816, 1110, etc.~que 100, 282, 458,
912, etc. ; qu' 284, 289, 307, etc.— *^i238, 240, 1835;
s' 959, 1138, 1847, etc.
Jo. As in the Lays, the elision of jo also is op-
tional ; the Espurg., however, shows only one case
(2287) where the word retains its syllabic value.
For elision, cp. 15, 26, 185, etc. Interesting is 2063;
E puis parlai fa dons abbez. G. Paris^ has quoted
another case of this elision ; cp. also : apelent Vhume
for li hume Vapelent in the Computus of Philippe de
Thaiin^, and two similar cases in the Lays, where
eiision is not permitted.'*
^0. Elision of this pronoun Is optional. Cp. go
est 242, 1805, 2144 co iert 1788 co oi (pret. 3)
2001; but c'e.sa08, 807, 1690, etc. c'ert 248 e'en 5S,
703, 2132 c'esteit 2082. More unusual are : en
c'esteient 484 pur c'eslirai 535 de g'aveie 2171
and g'aveient 483.
si (sic) shows elision before il 2040 (unless we
have here the enclitic use of neuter le as in 13,
^ Cp. Introd., p. xxvii.
* Be L' Accent Latin, p. 121.
n. 251. Cp. Mali, Introd., p. 32.
*Cp. Introd., p. xxvii. 3.
32 LANGUAGE OF THE E8PURGAT0IRE
782, 1912). Otherwise si appears before vocalic
initial : 746, 1043, 1167, 1134, etc.
en (inde) loses its vowel after qui : 296, 1114.
quei before vocalic initial shows elision in 1180 :
Purqn'il tarjout li devianderent. Likewise 790: Par
qu'a Deu pnv<se I'alme rendre; the transposition Par
queipuisse a Deu, etc., is, however, easy. Cp. 1. 614.*
li n. sg. of the article, shows optional elision : li
abes 1941 li alire 2124 li airs 1391 li evesques
541, 549, 2117, 2123 li its 354 li tins 713, 2067,
2204. But I'evesqnes 440, 515, 525, 559. li escriz
421 remains doul^tful.
li (n. pi. of the article) is never elided :- 845, 972,
1083, 1203, 1791, etc.— li (dat. sg. of the pers. pron.)
may lose its vowel : I'en 2080. Aj^parently in I'o'it
526:2
For supi^osed elision of qui, see Pronouns.
For the enclitic use of le and les 1) as article with
a, de, and en, and 2) as pronoun with ne, qui, si and
jo, the Esjiurg. shows no important difference from
the usage of the Lays.^ ne se remains uncontracted
90, 880, 1359, 1416, as is the custom in the Lays,*
aad in the Computus.^
B. Vowels.
a. The nasals -an- and -en- are not rimed. Of
words which, on account of mixing of suffix, vary
between -ant and -ent, the Espurg. offers : ajjarissanz
r82 ardanz rl008 covenant r2282 mananz r2125
^ Warnke, Lays, Introd. , p. xxvii. , in discussing an ex-
actly similar case, has evidently missed the two examples
just given, and his expression "derartige Erscheinungen
sich bei Marie sonst nicht flnden " is therefore to be
modified.
» Cp. Lays, Introd., p. xxvii. ; Zeits. IV. pp. 238, 239. •
'Cp. Introd., p. xxviii.
♦ Ibid.
e. g. U. 83, 271.
LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE 33
mo6?f/u»s 1-1695 orimt y342 servont rS4r) talent
r2136 penitence r852. — esmmpJe occurs with a only.
e. -^ria : the regular development appears in ma-
tire (.-dire 1492), nuHeire niiseria 1710 is learned.
Since -eaJ.-< -elhis is assured by rime for Marie,' I
have restored this reading consistently : 1(573, 1)S91,
2124.
t' short. Appears regularly in clereAl 'd -esce -Mia
3o0, 1655, etc. mes-^e 1443 nez uitidus 319 cheveh
rl078 ceh r470 etc.
The Espurg. shows no cases of mixing in rime of
short e with long e or with e. In estenceles (moveles
1269) the suffix -f'lla has replaced the proper Latin
ending (scintilUi).-
Short f and £ before nasals, however, form for
Marie, as for other authors of the period, an excep-
tion to this rule, both being represented by nasal e :
Cp. venz ventum :evz intus 1049 suvent :gent 1998,
2115 fiirmcnz :declenz 1071 purpens :tens 2203.
f long. The suffix -al -alis is frequent, by the side
of tlie phonetically regular -el : bedial 203 enfernal
r358 leial 1981 ; but corporel rl26 e.-^piritel 165
celestiel rl812 mortel rl358.
remist reuiansit 329, 787, etc., and remistrent 604
appear for remest rementrentj An Anglo-Norman
trait is ie for e in jnere patres 16,401 and in det
sapit 545. — For -'ier for i'di', see under ie.
Q. appeal's for <> as usual in tlie learned words
gloire (:memoirel7''2) vidoire (:gloire 1568) Espurga-
toive (.-gloire 1641).
' Cp. /.«//•■>•, Introd., p. xxxi.
'■* Cp. Lai/s, Lanral 118; Cohn, SiiJfirnrnuUunfj p. 41) ;
Suchier, AliJ'r. Gram. I., p. 19.
*Cp. Suchier, Altfrz. (.'ram. I., p. 23.
34 LANGUAGE OF THE ESPUR(iATOIRE
0. Before oral consonants, the MS. presents the
greatest inconsistency in the representation of q
(Lat. 6, u ', in "tonic, as well as in atonic, position.
Words frequently occur here with o, there with n, and
again with ou (the last is comparatively rare). This
mixture of forms especially characterizes the latter
half of the text (from about 1. 1087 on). In the
first half, o is of quite rare occurrence for tonic o ;
in the second half, the proportion of o to u is nearly
one-half.
If we seek the explanation of these facts, we are
at once led to ascribe the writing o (and oiC) to a
French copyist who has substituted (inconsistently)
his native forms for those of his copy. The verbal
endings -ons, -out, for instance, become the rule in the
second half of the text, and here also occur the
French Impf. endings -oit, -oient, as well as the
writing ou.
As further evidence of a general substitution of o
for u, may be adduced a number of words in which
has been made to replace a u which is not ii (^o)
but ii (Lat. ii):- CO /-io-seie 1429 jofo-s-wrs 1647 chascon
1198, 1743, 1813 chascone 1197, and, vice versa, u
is written where oulv o can stand in puiw pavorem
1273.1
1. u appears for o (Lat. 6, u) in tonic free and
checked position, as w^ell before oral and nasal con-
* It may be a question here whether the foiTQS like
chascon may have been introduced by Anglo-Norman
copyists to whom il (Lat. u) has the same value as (;
(^Lat. o, u) Cp. Suchier, Alifrz. Gram. I., p. 12. c. Ches-
con, for example, is a frequent reading of the Lincoln MS.
of the Computus: 1098, 1104, 2912, etc. Such a question
does not admit of certain decision ; yet, in view of the
fact that all these forms occur in that part of the MS.
where o for u is most frequent, and that the opposite con-
fusion occurs [pui'ir for poi'ir), it seems more probable that
we are dealing with a simple oversight of the copyist.
Inconsistent substitution is no doubt likewise responsible
for rimes like sume : prodome 53, and cp. 1279, 1717.
LANGUAGE OF THE ESI'URGATOIRE 35
sonants: -us -osns - in i -onem -nr-orem plur rlOSQ
hare 1831 aillars 143 curt ciirtum 1-932 inunt
miiudum r825 munde (adj.) 2302 etc.
2. XI for pretonic o has survived the general sup-
pression of u in the ^IS. with sufiicient frequency for
us to believe that it represents ]\Iarie's usage : aurer
adorare 2200 buterent 891 nurice 2223 duter 20
reduta 649 dutance 128 custus 129 custume 434,
472,566 returner 1289 furmage 2158 mudrerl,
73, 123, 164, 210, etc. viustrance 173 mvdier 668
plurer 1016, 1859 set^nunant 32 parfundesce 2048
jt)iH-(ri< 2211 ;>iu7JO^'719 etc. On the contrary, o only
in soleil 926, 931, 1522, 1577, 1821 and in solunc 59,
68, etc. {selunc 1726, 1778). Following the ten-
dency to write o before and after v, u is of rare oc-
currence : covint 924 covent 1603 7ievoz 2073 voiz
408, etc. coveitent 93 estoveit 1392 sovent 205, etc.
descovrir 30 ; but grevns 130 estuvra 726 aimnm
vus, etc. On the basis of these latter readings, I
have not hesitated in reading zt in all these cases (ex-
cept voiz).
3. u further appears for Latin 6 before nasals, in
both tonic amd pretonic position : munt montem rl224
munter 17 SO eunta 224 cunte 91 »?« homo r505
su)t soman (naaisuii 835) dun donum r296 htng
867 respunt rl245 punt pontem 79 escunse 146
cuntenir 725 hu)ttu-'i (Germanic an) 1874. The MS.
shows only ban, hone (but hunte 720).
4. More uncertain are those cases where in Nor-
man texts u appears in pretonic position before oral
consonants for Latin 6. Of these, the E-^purg. shows
a few examples : demurer 316, 577. (Cp. 497, 846 ;
demuerent 142) turment, turmenter 57, 74, 115, etc.
surt (:curt ciirtum 931) *exdrtit ? espruver 436.
On the contrary, only o is found in mnrir 419,
1995, 1975 oblicr 606, 780 obli 2056 soleit
2217 trover 141, 310, 2071, etc. devorouent 998
novele 674 ovraigne 623 ovrer 59, 622, etc.
36 LANGUAGE OF THE E8PURGAT0IRE
It is to be noted that in the hist five cases, besides
the tendency of the copyist to replace « by o, the
custom of allowing only o to stand before and after v
may haye influenced the forms. This of course
lends an additional uncertainty, and, such being the
case, they haye remained as found in the MS.
gu in clou clayum out habuit (36 times ; ot 1304)
-out, -ouent -abat, -abant (but -ot'wf 1018) ^sowi sapuit
pout potuit (?)of 1174, 2041) {jiorent 603, 1645)
{orent 11 times).
It is noteworthy that the MS., with one exception,
shows -out by the side of orent (not ourent) and
porent (not jmurent). The same state of affairs is
met with in the LaijS; and, while it may well be a
question whether in ot, pot, -oint we may not haye
traces of an older speech stratum nearly obliterated
by later copyists, no study of these forms has as yet
been made which might furnish us secure Ijasis for
differentiation.
o?( occurs : 1) in the learned word autor 1401,
and 2) in words with a + vocalized /. (See below
under Consonants.)
I'uin ?'iHferegulatos /<» locum caf caecum Juiu
Judaei. The last word appears only as ieu (:lm
1916) for which I have written Juiu, since both
the Lays and the Espurg. have only Uu. The form
substituted, according to Suchier, ^ is known in
French as well as Anglo-Norman texts. ^
ui in puiz ^wtQwm. enui nuit nuisir jyuisse etc. us
(not uis) 354, 591. To the A.-N. copyist(s) are to
be ascribed ; fuit tor fu 1261 fuissent (9 times) for
^Cp. Altfr. Gram. I., p. 55.
^ The London Brandan has the word in rime with plus.
See Roma7i. Stndim I., p. 581, 1. 1285.
LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE 37
fw^sent (fusent2S2) and, vice versa, puz iorpuiz 1741.
nuli for nului 815.
oi in poi piuicuiu, as iu the Lays (not poii) bloies
1620.
ai ia checked position has the sound of e (Lat. e
checked) maidre .predre 225") apres nnalvais 633
mes (10 times) ; mais (5 times) lessier 453 /ei facit
1401 7J^es; 13 trestrent 930.
ei for ai is especially frequent and is no doubt due
to Anglo-N^orman^ copyist(s) : eir aerem 1391 eit
habeat meis magis neist nascit paleis 687, 695
cereiment 1608 treiz 85 treistrent 1175 meistre
2106 peid puscit ^jei.m6/e 1662 etc.
e for ai in free position is likewise to be ascribed
to A.-N. copvist(s) : egle 1410 atrere 1319 fere
1320 .7»em9 705, 821 /erztr 1508 feseit 284.'^
Before nasals, ai and ei have for Marie the same
value : cp. certeins rmeins minus 111 plein :mein
manum 287, 1211 edeiat :reineuit remanet dOd.^
en for ein, ain in enz 63, 1141, 1883 and probably
in enceis 1937.^
ei regularly in rei regem aveir habere creire veir
verum neir nigrum, etc.
^Cp. Suchier, Altfrz. Gram. I., p. 49.
^lhid.,i). 39.
^Cp. Wanike, Lays, Introd., p. xxix. 5, and Zeifs. f. R.
P. IV., p. 240.
<The MSS. indicate that Marie used the form ainceis
which obviously owes its form to the analo^fv of ain: autea;
cp. cinrcis 2210 and Falilex fi.'), 85 ; Lays, Lanval 54o and
Eliduc rr)o4.
38 LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE
e for ei, an A.-N. trait, in crere 864 veer 941
mover 548 aver 75,870 arder 898 .sacer 93'
cremer 76, 99 drettarer 117 /m^ 1847, 1981.
i for ei in oriilzl227. (Also in esj)enir 531, 613,
etc., Avhere ei is two syllables).
oi for ei: rois Ib^l estoit 1329, 1497 estoient
1202 and, vice iJej>"a, ei for oi in creis eruces 1532.
ie. 1) from Lat, g, ae regularly in grief mielz
vieil siecle piece tierz etc. 2) from Lat. a, by
Bartsch's law, in pechier Q-ier -erus for -ariiis- 118)
2)hingier (:-erus 1219) repairier (:-erus 1841) etc.
Of words which in other texts hesitate between ie
and e, we have apri'<mier (:chevalier 1275) pi/icr 6S9
jiitie 813, 1052 (jnte 669).
There are no cases of mixing ie and e in rime,
tliough each sound rimes with itself very often.
]\Iarie's language had already come under the in-
fluence which caused the development of long f
(^Lat. tonic a) into ie immediately after an i. Cp.
pre'iere :chiere 23 :ariere 492 acomiuiiez :peclnez
313 :segniez 468 esmdiez .-pechiez 522 Her :clou-
fichier 1063 chad'ier .-mustier 1469 celed'iel :ciel
1811 otr'ier : chevalier 2015.
The E-ipurg. offers no case of this V^ in words where
t(d) has fallen ; all the examples show the single e :
obliez -.apelez 779 :hastez 1297 cri'erent nnenerent
919.
The Anglo-Korman reduction of ie to e -is very
^ saveer 942, 1022 does not indicate any phonetic change ;
the word in both cases has been reformed on the rime-word
)-eer;so maneeir :>:eeir 1700 and eisseiiz :>:enz 982.
Cp. March of s satisfactorv solution of the problem of
this suffix in Zeits. f. R. P., XVII., p. 28S ff.
^I denote this sound (phonetic -tier, -iiez, etc.) by V. See
Suchier, Altfrz. Gram. I., pp. 23 and 45, 3, and see above,
p. 16.
LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE 39
frequent iu the MS. : ar ere SIS brefment 529 cheve-
ler 1^1 ert erit 60, 372, etc. feble 391 (fieblesce
397) gref 161 j)eca 9 venent'25d reh 23S terz
1034 2)ere petrum 1497 ; and further : apresmer
1857 ehere 1498 culche 985 conge 2120 pecher
118 repairer 1841 saehe 1069 segnez 468 etc,
nient (9 times) is always two syllables ; neent 432,
530, and leez laetus 1896 show ee for ie.
iefov Lat. long f \\\ fieblesce 397.
ue in t/»ec 60, 1121, etc. aim 1992 demverent
142 gwer cor jj^uei jmep/e estuet. oe in nejyuroec
111 and oewe 148, 846, etc.
for ue, oe is common, an Anglo-Norman charac-
teristic : nepuroc 1605 estot 725, 1139 /ow 1251,
1342 jovue 2049 oi^re 112 jxA 1596, 2209 j^om^
154, 1320 volt 1861 w/e7i^ 118, 212 vols 2253.
To these Avords I add roe (MS. roiie, rove) for ntee
rota 1123, 1125, etc., oil for oeil 701, 1085, etc., voil
for voeil 3, 47, etc., acoille for acueille 14. (See
Notes to 11. 1123, 1822.)
C. Consonants.
1. QU, GU. As to g»(, H and g;?e, il-e, the MS.
shows peculiarities which are not easy to explain : 1)
qui is written 150 times (65 of which are initial to
the line) and ki only ten times (4 initial). 2) ke, on
the contrary, far outnumbers qite : 251 cases of ke
(62 initial) to 87 of que (63 initial). This is in di-
rect opposition to the usage in the Lincoln MS. of the
Computus, and, so far as it goes, agrees but ill with
the conclusion of Mall (followed l^y Warnke) that
the u, at this period, was already silent in qui but
not in qiie, qua-.'^ Inasmuch as it is the tendency for
changes in orthography to lag behind phonetic
1 Computm, Introd., p. 93 ; Lays, Introd., p. xxxix. 3,
and liii. 35.
40 LANGUAGE OP' TIIK ESPUR(iATOIRE
cluinges, it seems to me that we are more likely to re-
produce ^[arie's orthography by writing qui and (jue,
while still leaving open the question of pronuncia-
tion.
The MS. shows a further peculiarity in that que
belongs almost exclusively to the second half of the
poem. The proportion of ke to que in 11. 1-1052 is
as 50 to 1 ; in 11. 1070 to end, it is as 1 to 5. As
noted above, it is the second half of the text which
shows the continual substitution of o for u and que,
therefore, may likewise be due to the last copyist.
qn- stands also for Latin e in quer cor (8 times ;
cor 1004) quisse coxa 1207 quidier (7 times ; but
cuidout 1601) qui cui (4 times).
In qua-, gua- the u is mostly kept : quant quart
but always kar ; guarder (9 times) but garder 145,
291, etc. guaniiz 798 but garniz 330, 1644.
2. L. Vocalization of / has taken place in genuz
(:tuz 1207) and hence by inference in duz *dulcus
1508, 1559 mis 818, 1806 mult 31, 191, etc. The
MS. often preserves I after u. when it stands at the
end of a pretonic syllable : sulphre 1081 dulrur
767, 1300, 1592 eulchie 985 ultre 1699, and
here it should not be repressed. So after a : salvez
1782 salmes 2190 palmes 1533, 1632 malvais 634,
748, 2278, and in inflected words like mals, metals,
beals, etc., where the flexionless accus. sg. and n. pi.
have apparently protected the I from vocalization.
No warrant, however, exists in this MS. to suppose
that Z was not vocalized in /a;fs, saut, chaut, haut,faut,
etc., which offer a phonetic parallel to genuz, duz, etc.
Otherwise the MS. uniformly preserves the I : volt,
tolt els, eels cunseilz, soleilz tels, quels, pels vuelt,
oeilz, vielz, mieh, etc.
I is crowded out between i (I) and the .s (z) of
flexion: cp. numbriz :piz 1206 and hence, by in-
ference, in gentilz 1590 and perilz 1351, 1394. In
view of the close similarity of the articulations, it is
LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE 41
more probable that nus (nulliis) 1354, 1358 is the
phonetically correct form, and not nuls 349, 1043,
etc.
3. N has disappeared in jitr {:,seigmir 332 :luur
1577) and hence, by inference, in other words of the
same class : enfer 133 yver 932 (yvern 686) and
char carnem 1709, 2013.
Final n and final m have the same value : 7iiui
nomen :prozdum 505, by the side of nun iramui 189
vientun .ironim 1087.^
4. s. That s before t was still pronounced is indi-
cated (negatively) by the entire absence of rimes such
as set : remest or cllst :vit, etc. , and (positively) by
the rimes Chrid :did 247 :mid 382 taprid 807
:Jremid 879 :idd 420.
The MS. shows traces of the tendency of s to be-
come silent before 1) m, n :- blama 517, 2201 al-
mones 1444 (but ahnosne 1464) vieimes 1769, 2071
(but meismes 2039) dememre 308, 1361 (des- 2046) ;
2) before f : defermeient 474 (des- 591) efreie 671,
but esfovcerunt 896. "Whether s originally stood in
hidus 837, 886, etc., is uncertain.
s and z final are not mixed iu rime, s for z in ces
1407, 1729, etc. nos 596, etc. susjyris 1893 pros-
dom 9.
5. T. The orthographies /lu/, ad (fat 1695 and -ut
iu the Future 3 and Pret. 3 of Conjg. 1.) are com-
mon in the MS. , yet the rime shows that the t(d) was
no longer pronounced : fii :JJiesv 1032, 1168 la
:grcva 2090. The final t of the perfects in -it for the
most part is lost: cip. o'i :issi 2001 fini :ohli 2055
departi :demi 1984 senti imerci 899 rendi :di 380,
etc., but the older form appears in se-ivanit :dU 328.
To those words in which for Marie final t persisted
in pronunciation (e'^crit, dif, tid, respit, vit,freit, etc.)
the E.<purg. adds deit digitum (.-(dendreit 2047). The
' Cp. Lf'.'AS Introd., p. xxxi.
42 LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE
/>«?/•■>', on the contrary, have del only {:sel se Eliduc
409 :mei E/iduc 429).
6. CoNSONANTS+s. While the A.-N. writings
(chaitifs vifs, blancs, bees, etc.) are frequent in the
MS,, the rimes show that such stop-sounds had been
lost before the ^^ ;- ga-^ :pas 442 amis .-pais 464 ene-
viis :pris 801 vis vivus :empris 1060 chaitis :j)dis
1706. To these are to be added numbriz {:piz 1206)
periz, etc., and probably 7ius nullus (see above
under /).
7. In a few cases, the ts sound before u is denoted
by the insertion of an e : recent 220, 256, but recut is
more common : 568, 583, 1826 decut 814 recnr-
ent 1558.
8. w appears in eive aqua 79, 418, etc. icaste 915
(translating vastam in Latin CK ; cp. gasiez 303)
imndlches (f) 690.
9. As to the palatal (/-sound before a, o, u, it i.s note-
worthy that the MS. nowhere writes j{i) before a
(except W'here it is etymological : ja jam) :- alegast
1474 charga 255 changa 1932 mangast 2180 ser-
ganz 1981, 2202. The two letters were no doubt
interchangeable in certain positions : cp. plungier
1219, hut plunjouent 1258 tarjout 1180 jetez 2220
getez 1692 ; gesant ^0 hnt j id, jurent 202d, 1039.
Following Mall' and Warnke," I have wi'itten J be-
fore a as well as o and u, although it is possible that
some writers may not have made the distinction, any
more than for licu)' (c=k) by the side of du/eur
(^c=ts) as in this text.
D. Substantives.
1. The ferns, of Decl. II. mostly show s in the
n. sg. Cp. ardnrs :jurs 1335 colurs :luurs (ace.
pi.) 1625 diversetez -Arovez 987 mansiuns :serruns
Computus, Introd., p. 94.
""y s, Introd., p. xlix. 24.
LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE 43
1279, but the older declension appears in vei'ite
(.•vuistre) 183 gent rll28. It cannot, therefore, be
determined with certainty whether jjoilr 547 mort
109 chartre 135 bad received the ••>• of flexion ; the
last word occurs already in the inflected form in the
lie imp red ig t 1 4/.
2. Msxsculines of the II. Decl. have no .* in the n.
or voc. sg. Cp. maw^re r2255, 2154, etc. frere 4:11,
1868 nostre 1812 altre 2128. livre is therefore to
be read for Vivres 4,806. Abesha,?, kept its s: 1935,
1941. The infinitive estre used substantively shows
au.s.-- edres derrestresl&d)^. Cp. also 1633, 1973,
2065. — Masculines of the III. Decl. show no s in
the n. sg. : ber nnmirer 191 .-entrer 1524 prestre
:estre (verb) 2210 sire .-dire 615.
The Espurg. oflers only one certain case of the
employ of a substantive in the accusative for the
nominative, viz. 1412 Tel-f sunt . . les mals
{.■enfernak). Such cases are frequent in the Computus,
e. g. 478 Furent truvet li nuns, the article retaining
its nom. form.^
E. Adjectives.
Adjectives of two endings show no analogical
feminines in e. grieve 536, on account of the metre
is to be replaced hy grevuse ; iov the same reason,
ardante 1123 and crnelement 1083, 1215 cannot
stand, fole 201 dulce 24 and comunement 1607,
as is well known, make no exception to this rule,
since the Folk-Latin had already transferred them
to the cla.ss of adjectives of three terminations.^
tel'<, quels appear for both genders. The MS. has
tele 823,2155, but the metre shows the reading false,
and hence tele should be replaced by itels 1539
where the metre gives no indication, qnele 830 is
likewise to be suppressed. Cp. 1422, 1799, 1926.
'Cp. Mall, Introd., p. 98.
* Cp. Schwan,'' ? 364. Anm. 2.
44 LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE
veraimeut^ 181, 944, 1720 is also corrected by the
metre, vereiment 1608 stands for vcirement.
F. Pronouns.
Jo, CO are the readings of the MS. in all cases ex-
cept Joe 2297. The latter orthography appears to
be common in A.-N. MSS. : e. g. , in the Old French
version of Henry's Tradatus in Brit. Mus. Cotton
Domitian A. iv.,'^ and coe in MS. C. of the Comvutus
89, 104 (Avhich has also co 415 and ceo 1650, 1681).
Atonic /(' (dative sg. masc. and fern.) is mostly re-
placed in the MS. by the tonic lui ; bnt the original
form is preserved at times, e. g. 302, 1937. Vice
versa, li for /hj 218.
The reflexive pronoun .se, sei may stand before or
after the verb : Cp. esmerveilh sei 702, 1880, by the
side of s^esmerveilla 693, 698.
For the other pronouns, cil, cist, etc. the forms in
the Espurg. are the same as those in the Lays}
In four cases (1183, 1338, 1546, 2008) it seems
necessary to admit either that the nom. qui is subject
to elision before vowels, or that que has replaced qui
in the nom. of the relative pronoun. The latter al-
ternative is preferred by Tobler* and by ^Nlall.^
This peculiarity of usage is unknown to tlie Laxjs. ^
The neuter que appears in the nom. 78, 610, 1660,
1865, 2236.
G. Verbs.
In the verbal forms, the Espurg. shows close
agreement with the language of the Lays, and there
^ For the loss of e, Cp. Suchier,.S'<. Auban, p. 34. 10.
^ See extracts in "Ward, Catalogue II., 468 ff.
3 Cp. Introd. p. xxxviii. F.
* Cp. his Vermischte Beitrage, p. 103, Note.
3 Cp. Introd. to the Computus, p. 34.
® Cp. Introd., p. xxxix F. 3.
LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE 45
is consequently little to remark under this head ex-
cept in way of addition to Warnke's treatment of
the subject.'
1. Personal endings. The first person pi. termina-
tion is -mn -HI).-: Cp. mentiin :trovi(m 1087 mm :savum
781 espiirgaciini :avum 1726 processiun :recevum
1745 r/nn[fa7ii(ns drovuns 1533.
The 2d pers. pi. is -ez (or -iez) not -elz -etis. Cp.
devez :assez 030 avez :beneurez 412 menez :sentez
(-etis for -Itis) 777 entrez drrez 1846 etc.
2. Infinitive. Noteworthy are the double forms
deecivre 2113 and deceveir rl527.
3. Indie. Present. Verbs of the I. Conjg. show no
in the first person sg. :- desir :venir 17 pri nnerci 252
aji :res})undi 612.
Pres. 4 of dire is diuns 1469 (not dimes or disuns).
Double forms appear in the Pres, 3 of aller :- va
676 and vcdt (:faif) 2286.
4. Subj. Present. There is as yet no e in the 3d
pers. sg. of Conjg. I. :- ermt 815 recleimt 816
(juart 721 enveit r2.
5. Imperfect. The few cases where -oit, -oieiit
appear in the Impf. (1202, 1213, 1214, 1271, 1329,
1497) are to be ascribed to the last copyist. Cp.
Torn. Ant.^ 1648 portoit doner for the por tot doner
of his copy (=0A) and edoit 1575 for est OK. A
single case of the -ot, -oent flexion appears in flae-
loent 1018, and -otd, -onent are the usual forms (1305,
1306, 1802 ; 1155, 1257, etc). The -ot, -oen^ forms
are frequent in the Lays and in the INISS. of the
Fables, and the question confronts us : is the one
flexion Franco-Norman and the other Anglo-Nor-
' Ibid., p. xxxix fF.
'■^See above p. 19 ff.
46 LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE
man ? (since for this MS. and the Harleij j\IS. of
the Lay-^ and Fab/ei< it can only be a question be-
tween these two varieties of literary speech). Warnke
has cut the knot easily enough by regarding them as
phonetically equivalent (Cp. s't'^^forcouent :jjorfo'ent,
Dons Amanz 51) and the possibility of a double or-
thography is, of course, to be considered. The spo-
radic appearance of the -of forms in this MS., having
all the air of older forms which have survived the
substitutions of later copyists, and the fact that -out,
-orient are assured for several Anglo-Norman MSS.
by the writing -owe,' provoke the suspicion that
in ]\[arie's time there may have been a difference in
the use of these forms on the part of English and
Continental writers.
6. Future. The MS., as a rule, preserves the
popular forms, ^ except that rr has been reduced to
r :- enteral 538, 612 enterez 622 {entrez, 3 syllables,
620) entereie7it 4SS musterunt 7S5 musterunsll42,
1324 sufferunt 40 sufferez 958. Mener in the fut.
mostly shows assimilation : merruns 963, 1323, 740,
865 ; remenruns 1371 and menra 1898 are doubtless
later formations. Double forms in larras 728 lerruns
732.
7. Subj. Imperfect. Noteworthy are the double
forms, jieust 1602, 2134 peussent 897 and ^0/5 1681
po'ist (:mansist 1SS5) po'issent 1SS5. — aidissinns 1456
finds a parallel in trovissiez Lays, Eqnitan 196.^
8. Participles. First may be noted the double
forms hene'ciz 1679, etc., and beneescuz 468.^
^ Cp. Suchier, Altfrz. Gram. I., p. 31.
*Cp. Suchier, Reimpredigt, p. xxx. 49.
^Cp. Suchier m Grober's Grundri.'<.^ I., p. 611.
*Thi? participle is not quoted bv Schwan, Altfr. Grain.t
§ 530.
LANGUAGE OK THK ESPURGATOIKE 47
a) To discuss tlie agreement of predicate partici-
ples, it ■will be found convenient to look first into
the usage of the Exjmrg. in regard to the agreement
of participles with preceding and subsequent accusa-
tives, since in several cases it is a choice between the
non-observance of one or the other rule. For exam-
ple in 4ol, Quant esteieut a ltd vemiz, Eil les avreit
receilz, shall we consider that the ace. has replaced
the nom. in predicate participles (remiz) or that par-
ticiples fail to agree with a preceding accusative
(receil) ?
1) Preceding Accus. The Lays show no cases of
non-agreement, and the E.ipurg. has 15 cases of
agreement (8 assured by rime) to thj-ee of non-agree-
ment (184, 1200, 1686). In all of these exceptions,
however, there is a general or neuter sense in the ac-
cusatives, and since other examples fail (152 the
sense warrants livre for livtm) Ave may say that except
when the preceding accusative was one of general or
neuter signification, the E^^jiurg. observes the rule of
agreement (including /ai< rl08).
2) Following Accus. With a following accusative,
the participle may or may not agree, as in the Lays.
For agreement, cp. 535, 1185 (hence diz 254 is justi-
fied). For non-agreement, cp. 822, 907, 1669,
2139.
b) We have just seen that there is good reason to
admit non-agreement of predicate ptcps. in 1. 451
(the same case 1310.) How far does the E-ynirg.
permit this non-agreement ? With the pred. adj. or
ptcp. in the nom. sg. , there are no failures to agree :
cp. r522, r528, r648, etc. When the subject con-
tains a general (neuter) idea, the usual exception to
this rule appears :- 59 soluncgo qu'eles unt owe, Lur
ert iluec gueredune ; so 543, 1661, and cp. 676.'
' Cp. Lai/s, Introil., p. xxxvii.2, and Comp}itiis, Introd. ,
p. 104.
48 LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE
AVith the pred. adj. or ptcp. in the n. pL, a cou-
tinual hesitation between the inflected and uninflected
forms is observed. 1) Adjectives. Tlie forms with-
out .s stand 848 sunt encUn :fin 932 II jur mtd curt
:surt. 8o 1368. The inflected form appears: 111
nns sumes certeins : meins (minus) 122 serrunt sals
nna/s 1011 event ententis :chaitis (ace. pi.) 2) Pres-
ent Ptcps. The nom. stands r990, r2004 and less
certainly rll49, rl234. The ace. appears: r363,
rl073, r2000. 3) Perfect Ptcj)s. Forms without s
are observed : 353 esteient ab-solu :fu 636 ■nint venu
:coneu IQ-i furent aturne :iniquitc (aec. sg.). So 706,
841, 845, 947, 990, 1033, etc., etc. Forms with s
are also plenty : 451 esteient venuz treceuz 1042
sunt fichiez :piez (ace. pi.) 1096 erent ro>ttiz :bru'iz
(ace.' pi.) So 154, 428, 444, 946, 1210, 1309, 1603,
1740, 2094. In the Lays, of the cases where the
accus. appears in the place of the nom., four are sup-
ported l)y two of the MSS., but AVarnke, by ingeni-
ous emendation, suppresses the accus. in all four
cases, although he is disposed to believe that jNIarie
sometimes used the accus. in ptcps. of reflexive
verbs.
9. Gerundive. The Es-purg. shows the ordinary
construction with aler :- ala aj>rismant .-grant 9o7.
So 1145, 1378, 1519. More unusual is 795: bone-
ment en Deu esperant, Atent li quel vendriuit avant.
Gai'ner has quoted similar examples of this usage. ^
From the foregoing, we may describe the language
of the Espurg. as substantially the same as that of
tiie Lays, differing, however, from the latter as fol-
lows : 1 ) in several particulars attributable to an
earlier date of composition (see above p. 15. 4.) ; 2)
' In Modern Language Notes III., col. 188 ft.
LANGUAGE OF THE E8PURGATOIRE 49
in allowing greater liberty in the matter of elision
(^0 and Jo) ; 3) in the substitution of the accusative
for the nominative in substantives (one case), in the
relative pronoun, and in predicate adjectives and
participles. The last of these characteristics imparts
a distinct Anglo-Norman coloring to the language.
H. Additional Anglo-Norman Traits in
THE MS.
1. fra 555 freit 465 frons 1340 for fera, etc.
apella (2 syllables) 894 mandreit 448, 463 guerdun
2216 revelaciuns (4 syllables) 167. heremites 2142
is probably leai-ned ; cp. hermite 2097, 2130 sup-
ported by the metre.
2. avera 2248 avernnt 39, 207 avereit 452, for
avra, etc. So overe 622 overaigne 623, 694. This e,
as is well known, is introduced to indicate that the
foregoing ^t is the consonant (v), and is found also in
French MSS.^
3. i7i for ign as the designation of the palatal n ;
esparniez 952, 954 vioine 221, 1951, 1991 cha-
nolne 399.
In baigns 1219 compaigns 2074 bosoigns 1982,
the MS. seems to indicate the palatal n before the s
of flexion. Elsewhere we have loinz (6 times) bainz
1184. The latter forms indicate that, as in palatal
l,^ the mouillation at this period had disappeared
in the inflected forms, and I would see in the forms
1 Cp. Suchier, St. Auban, p. 33, 9.
ibid., p. 41. Lays, Introd., p. xliv. 2.
3 Cp. Schwan^ ? ? 2G2, 1 ; 320, 4. Also Matzke, PubUca-
tons of the Modern Lniignage J.s.s'n. V., no. 2, p. 102.
4
50 LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE
first quoted the A.-N. tendency to remake the nom.
on the accus. {chaitifs, blanc/<, etc.)
4. eii (in) loses its svllablic value after e (et) :
46.1, 1160, 1342, 1624, 1909. '
' Cp. Suchier, St. Anban, p. 31, 6.
L' ESPURGATOIRE SEINT PATRIZ
OF
MARIE DE FRANCE
The figures at the left of the text indicate the folio and
column of the MS.
An asterisk (*) in the text refers the reader to the vari-
ants at the foot of the page.
Brackets ( [ ] ) in the text indicate that the word or words
enclosed do not occur in the MS., but are obviouslj^
to be supplied.
For the Latin MSS. "A," " C" and "K," which are
quoted in the variants, see above, p. 5 S.
A^
102a y^ 1 nun de Deu, qui od nus seit,
e qui sa grace nus enveit,
voeil en Romanz mettre en escrit,
Si cum li livre les nus dit,
En remembrance e en memoire, 5
Les peines de 1' espurgatoire ;
Qu'a Seint Patriz volt Deus mustrer
Le liu u Turn i deit enirer.
Uns prozdum m'a pie9a requise ;
Pur 90 m'en sui ore entremise 10
De mettre mei en eel labur,
Pur reverence e pur s'onur.
E s'il li plest e il le voeille
Qu'en ses bienfaiz tuz jurs m'acoeille,
Dirai 90 que j'en ai 01, — 15
Bel pere, ore entendez ici.
Ja seit 190 que jo desir
De faire a grant profit venir
Plusurs genz e les amender,
E servir Deu plus e duter, 20
Ja de 90 ne m'entremesisse,
N'en estudie me mesisse,
Si ne fust pur vostre pr'iere,
Qui en mun quer est dulce e chiere.
Poi en ai o'i e veii ; 25
Rejected readings of the 3LS. Heading : Ci parent des
peines que sunt en purgatoire. Line 2 enuieit. — 3 XJoil. —
4 cume liures le. — 6 Des del purgatoire. — 7 Ka dels. — 8
ou lom. — 9 prosdom mad peca. — ISsilui uoille. — 14 Ken
macoille. — 15 ke io en. — 16 Beau piere. — 17 ke. — 19 els. —
22 ne inserted ivith caret after estudie. — 24 Ken duce.
54 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
Pur 50 que j'en ai entendu
Ai jo vers Deu greignur amur
De Deu servir, mun ereatur ;
102b Pur quel jo voldrai a ovrir
Ceste escripture e deseuvrir. 30
Mulz essamples nus met avant
seinz Gregoires en sermunant
des espiriz qui sunt es cors,
E des altres qui sunt defors,
E des choses qui sunt nuisables 35
Horribles e espoentables,
Pur espoeuter les corages
Des pecheiirs e des nun sages
Des tristesces que il avrunt
E [que] les almes sufferrunt ; 40
E pur mettre en compuncciun,
E en greignur devociun,
Cels qui voelent a Deu plaisir
E le suen regne deservir.
Pur CO plus ententivement, 45
Pur amender la simple gent,
Voeil desclore ceste escripture
E mettre i, pur Deu, peine e cure.
S
eignurs, a I'eissue del cors,
quant les almes s'en issent fors, 50
li bon angele i sunt en present ;
26 Par ke. — 29 Par uodrai. — 30 descourir. — 32 seint gre-
goire. — 33 espirez. — 34 autres. — 35musables. — 36 espunta-
bles. — 37 espunter. — 38pecheur. — 39 kil auerunt. — 40 suf-
ferunt. — 43 Cest uolent pleisir.— 47 Uoil.— 48 mettri. —
50 se. — 51 angle.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 55
Li mal [i] vienent ensement.
Li bon angele, e'en est la sume,
Receiveut I'alme del produme,
En joie e en repos la niettent ; 55
E li diable s'entremettent
102c De males almes turmenter
E en peril od els mener.
Solunc CO qu'eles uut ovre
Lur iert iluec gueredune. 60
Uncor nus dit apertemeut
Que plusurs almes veirement,
Eiuz que des cors puissent partir
Veient que lur est a venir :
Plusurs par revelaciun, 65
E d'altres par avisiun,
U par *lur dreite conscience,
Solunc 90 que il unt licence.
Plusurs des almes veirement
Veient, devant lur finement, 70
Avisiuns e sunt ravies ;
Puis repairent as cors en vies,
E mustrent 50 que unt veii
U de turment u de salu:
^0 que li bon deivent aveir 75
E que li mal deivent cremeir.
II veient espiritelment
^o que semble corporelment ;
53 angle — 54 prodome. — 59 Solum keles. — 60 ert ilueke.
guerdone.— 61 Unkore.— 62 Ke.— 63 Enz ke.— 64 ke.—
66 Dautres e. — 67 Ou iure. Latin A : ex responsione
consciencie interioris. — 68 Solum ke. — 70 deuan. — 72 re-
peirent. — 73 kurit. — 74 Ou ou. — 75 ke auer.— 76 ke cre-
mer. — 77 ueien. — 78 ke.
56 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
II veient ewe e punz levez,
Feu e maisuus e bois e prez 80
E humes de divers semblanz,
U neire u blans aparissanz.
Altres choses veient plusur :
Semblanz a joie u a dolur.
102d Puis lur est avis que trait sunt 85
Par mains, par piez la u peine unt ;
Puis sunt pendu e flaele
E en ord liu apres jette.
Altres mals suefrent veirement
Qui ne se descordent nient 90
Al cunte que cunter voluns
E que nus cumence avuns.
Plusur cuveiteut a saveir
des almes, ci nus dit pur veir,
cument eles issent des cors 95
E u vunt quant eles sunt hors.
Pur 90 que nus certeinement
Ne savuns nul aveiement,
Devum plus cremeir e duter
Que enquerre ne demander. 100
Qui serreit si fols ne desvez,
Hors de sun sen e afolez,
Qu'il alast la u ne seiist
81 homes.— 82 Ou ou.— S3 Autres plusurs.— 84 dolurs.
Latin AC : vel ad gaudium amari, vel ad tormentuin ti-
meri.— 85 ke treiz.— 87 penduz flaelez.— 88 iettez.— 89
Autres suflfrent.— 90 descorde.— 91 ke.— 92 ke comencee.
— ^93 Plusurs coueitent sauer.— 95 Coment eissent.— 96
ou uont.— 97 ke.— 98 sauons.— 99 Deuom cremer doter.
—100 Ke.— 103 Qui ou fust.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 57
Quels mals avenir li deiist ?
De I'alme est il tut altresi : 105
Nus ne savuns nient ici.
Puis que ele est hors del cors traite
C'est solunc I'oevre qu'ele a faite ;
Mais male mort, ne datum mie,
Ne vient pas apres bone vie. 110
Nepuroec nus sumes certeins
Que solunc I'oevre unt plus u meins
103a Des peines de 1' espurgatoire ;
Mes icil qui atendeut gloire
Poeent a cez turmenz venir, 115
E travail e peines suffrir.
Icil qui sunt ci dreiturier,
E qui meins i voelent pechier
Pur aveir parmanable vie,
La passerunt, ne dutuns mie, 120
Pur estre espurgiez de lur mals ;
Puis s'en istrunt, si serrunt sals.
Ici vus musterruns des peines
qui de tute dolur sunt pleines ;
apareilliees sunt e tels 125
Cum fussent en lius corporels.
Tels est de Deu la purveance,
Li greignur turment, sanz dutance,
104 dust.— 105 autresi.— 106 sauons.— 107 kele.— 108
loure kele ad.— 109 Meis mal.— Ill Nepuroeke.— 112 Ke
loure.— 113 espurgatorie.— 114 cil attendant glorie.—115
pouent ces.— 117 ici dretturer.— 118 uolent pecher.— 119
auer parmenable.— 120 dotuns.— 121 espurgez.— 123mus-
truns. — 124 Ke. — 125 aparillee.s. — 12(>Cume fuissent. — 128
Les greignurs turmenz.
58 l' espuroatoire seint patriz
Sunt plus parfunt e plus custus ;
E li altre sunt meins grevus, 130
Pur 50 [qu'il] atendent merci
E n'ierent pas del tut peri.
Altresi est d'enfer li lius :
Desuz terre, parfunz e cius ;
Si cum cbartres est tenebruse, 135
A eels qui n'issent perilluse.
En terre a il un parewis,
Vers orient u Deus I'a mis,
U les almes sunt ameuees
Quant de peine sunt delivr6es. 140
103b Ici trovum en nostre escrit
Qu'iluec demuerent a delit.
Aillurs nus dit Seinz Austins,
Qui prozdum fu e bons devins,
Que plusurs almes sunt guardees 145
Par divers lius e escunsees
U en repos u en dolur,
Soluiic lur oevre e lur labur ;
Issi serrunt desqu'a I'asise,
*Quant Deus vendra al grant ju'ise. 150
Seinz Gregoires dit altresi,
En *sun livre qu'avuns o'i,
129 parfunz. — 130 autres meins is corrected from plus.
— 132 nerent. — 133 Aiitresi. — 135 cume chartre. — 136 neis-
sent.— 137 ad.— 138 ou deu lad.— 142 Ke iluek.— 143 seint.
— 144 prodome fud bon. — 145 Ke gardees. — 147 Ou ou.
— 149 deska. — 150 Ke uendrat a. — 151 Greg' autresi. —
152 ges liures kauons.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 59
Des nun corporels espiriz,
Que poeent estre ars e bruiz
El siecle, del feu eorporel. 155
Aillurs trovuns nus altre tel :
Que les alraes qui sunt eslites
A Deu e par lur bien parfites,
Vunt el turment de purgatoire ;
Apres eel mal irrunt en gloire. 160
Les unes sunt en grief turment,
Plus que les altres veirement.
leist turment sunt escunse,
A la gent ne sunt pas mustre,
Pur §0 qu'il sunt espiritel, 165
E que li hume sunt mortel.
Purquaut par revelaciuns
Veient, e par avisiuns,
103c Plusurs des almes meiuz granz signes,
Solunc igo qu'eles sunt dignes. . 170
Quant eles sunt des cors ravies,
Par Deu revienent a lur vies,
E dient bien — pur la mustrance
De cele espiritel substance
Qui semblable est a eorporel — 175
^o qu'il veient espiritel.
E si nusdit qu'hume mortel
Unt 90 veil e eorporel :
Si cume en forme e en semblance
154 Qui i)oent. — 156 trouons autre. — 157 Ke que. — 159
Uont purgatorie. — 160glorie. — 161 gref. — 162 ke autres.
163 esconse. — 165 kil. — 166 ki home. — 167 Nepurquant. —
170 keles.— 172 reuenent.— 173 par.— 174 E de.— 175 Ke.
176 kil. — 177 ke home.
60 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
D'hurae Qa] corporel substance. 180
Qui crerreit co veraiement
Si n'en eiist demustremeut —
Ceste chose estre verite
Que nus avum ici mustre ?
Si j'ai bien eii en memoire 185
^o que j'ai o'i en I'estoire,
Jo vus dirrai veraiement
En ordre le cumencement.
S'
I eignurs, entendez la raisun :
uns seinz hum fu, Patriz out nun ; 190
mult fu religius e ber ;
Pur la parole Deu mustrer,
Ala en predicaciun
En Yrlande od devociun.
II fu li secunz qui la mist 195
La lei Deu e teuir la fist.
103d Deus fist pur lui vertuz e signes,
E miracles, kar il ert dignes.
Mult s'entremist devotement
De mettre en eels entendement 200
Qui erent de fole creance ;
Que jette fussent hors raance.
Lur beetials cors nun estables
Voleit faire a Deu cuvenables ;
Mult les espoenta suvent 205
180 De home sustance. — ISluereiment.— 184Ke auoms.
— 186 ke io. — 187 uerraiment. — 188 commencement. —
190 Un seint hom.— 191 fnd.— 193 Alad.— 195 fud.— 200
ceus. — 202 Ke fuissent de ranee. — 204 couenables. — 2O5
lespoentat sovent.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 61
Par reiifernal encumbrement,
E des peines que cil avrunt
Qui eu Jhesu Crist ne crerruut ;
E mult suvent [il] les retta
Des granz joies qu'il lur mustra 210
U tuit cil deivent parvenir
Quil voelent araer e servir.
De 90 les fist il entendauz
Pur 90 que il fussent creanz.
Q'
uant el pais aveit este 215
Seinz Patriz, e de Deu mustre,
eucuntre la Pasche est venuz
Uns hum a lui, vielz e chanuz ;
En cunfessiun li conut
Qu'unques le cors Deu ne re9ut. 220
Pur 90 que moignes ert e prestre
Li volt regehir tut sun estre ;
Cunfes se fist, ne cela mie,
Einz li cunta tute sa vie,
Ida Pur 90 qu'il volt proeheinement 225
Receivre e plus diguement,
Le cors nostre seignur Jhesu
Qu'il n'aveit unques receii.
Pur 90 qu'il ne saveit cumprendre
Sun language, ne rien entendre, 230
II fist un latimier venir,
207 ke ci auerunt. — 209 soueiit reitat. — 210 kil mustrat.
—211 Ou tuz.— 212 Kil uolent.— 214 Par kil fuissent.—
217 encontre. — 218 home li ueuz. — 220 Ke unkes receut.
— 221 ke moines. — 222 Lui tut regehir. — 223Confes celat.
—224 lui cuntat.— 225 kil.— 228 Kil unkes.— 229 kil comp.
2;!1 latimer. .
62 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
Pur lui mustrer e a ovrir
^o que li vielz hum li diseit, ,
E dunt il se regeiseit.
Tute dist sa cunfessiun, 235
N'i parla riend'occisiun ;
N'ert pas pechiez, co li ert vis,
Se il aveit huine occis.
S'
1 eiuz Patriz li a mult enquis
se il en aveit nul occis ; 240
il respundi : " Ciuk en ai morz,
Quel que 90 est u dreiz u torz,
E mulz navrez, mes ne sai mie
Se il turneient puis a vie.
Ne quidai pas, bien le sachiez, 245
Que CO fust dampnables pechiez."
Li Seinz Deu li mustra e dist
Que c'ert encuntre Jhesu Crist,
E que mult en aveit perdu
Sun creatur e ofFendu. 250
Li vielz hum li cria merci :
"Sire," dist il, " pur Deu vus pri,
104b Ma penitence me chargiez,
Ore avez o'iz mes pechiez."
II li charja mult bonement ; 255
*I1 la re9ut devotement.
En eel pais est il en us
233 ke uelz home.— 236 parlad de oc— 237 pechie hii.
—238 Si home.— 239 lui ad.— 242 ke ou ou.— 244 Sil tur-
nereient.— 245 sachez.— 246 Ke pechez.— 247 lui.— 248 Ke
CO ert encontre.— 249 ke.— 251 ueuz home lui criad.— 253
chargez.— 254 oi.— 255 lui charga.— 256 E il recent.
OF MAKIE DE FRANCE 63
Que cil qui mesfunt tut le plus,
*E sunt plus fier en lur corage,
Quant il vienent en grant aage, 260
De grief penitence suifrir
Pur la Deu grace deservir,
Cest essample lur volt mustrer
Li Seinz Deu pur els afermer.
Quant Seinz Patriz aveit parle 265
a cele gent, e demustre
de Deu la grant puissance veire,
N'i aveit nul qui volsist creire
S'il ne mustra certeinemeut
Qu'il ve'issent aperteraent : 270
Les joies dunt il a mustre
E les peines dunt a parle ;
S'il les ve'issent, mielz crerreient
I90 que dire li orreient.
Seinz Patriz li bons eiirez 275
Fu bien de Deu e mult privez ;
Nuit e jur fu en oraisuns,
En veil les, en afflicciuns.
En jeiines e en tristur,
Pur requerre nostre seignur 280
104c Del pueple, qu'eu eiist merci,
E que il ne fussent peri.
En cele entente qu'il esteit,
258 Ke.— 259 Qui fiers.— 260 {precedes I. 259) uenent.—
267 Qe. — 269 hir after ne correctly stricken out by Roquefort.
mustrat.— 270 Kil.— 271 ad.— 272 ad.— 273 le.— 274 Ke co
lui oreient. — 276 Fud. — 277 fud oreisuns. — 278 e en. —
281 ken.— 282 kil nen fusent.— 283 kil.
64 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
[E] des oraisuns qu'il faiseit,
Jhesu Crist li vint en present, 285
Si cum il aveit fait suveut.
Un tixte d'evangeilles plein
Li duna e mist eu sa mein ;
E un bastun qu'il dut porter
Quant al pueple dut sermuner. 290
Uncor sunt el pais guarde
Pur reliques, en grant chierte.
Pur CO que le bastun duna
Deus a sun serf e cumanda,
Apele I'um icel bastun 295
" Le bastun Deu " qui'n fist le dun.
Itels choses deit cil aveir
Qui eveschie deit purseeir.
^0 nus mustre Malacliias,
En sa Vie, nel dutez pas. 300
Apres cest fait, Deus amena
Seint Patriz e si li mustra,
en un desert, — uns lius guastez
Qui de gent n'ert pas habitez, —
Une fosse tute roiinde, 305
Si ert dedenz grant e parfunde ;
E sachiez qu'ele esteit obscure,
Espoentable a desmesure.
284 oreisuns kil feseit.— 285 lui.— 286 souent.— 287 de
eu.— 288 Lui donat.— 289 kil dust.— 290 Quant il ser-
moner. — 291 Uncore garde. — 292 cherte. — 293 ke dona.
—294 comanda.— 296 kin.— 298 Ki euesked purseir.— 302
Seinz. — 303 gastez. — 305 runde. — 307 sachez kele. — 308
Espuntable demesure.
OF MAR IK UK FRANCE Go
104(1 Puis li dist qu'iluec ert 1' entree
De respurgatoire e trovee ; 310
E qui fust de ferrae creance
E eiist en Deu esperance,
E fust cunfes de ses pechiez
E apres acomuuiez,
Purreit ici dedenz entrer ; 315
E s'il i purreit demurer
Un jur e une nuit entiere
E par ici venir ariere,
Tut serreit nez de ses peehiez
E de ses mesfaiz espurgiez, 320
De quant qu'il out fait en sa vie ;
E si verreit, u'i faldreit mie,
E les peines e les dolurs,
E les turmenz des pecheiirs.
E les granz joies des esliz 325
Verreit, s'il fust en Deu parfiz.
Si tost cum Deus li out co dit,
Devant sa face s'esvanit.
Li Seinz remest tut repleniz,
E de la grace Deu guarniz. 330
Mult fu haitiez de sun seignur,
Que il aveit veii le jur ;
E de la fosse veirement
Qu'il poeit mustrer a [la] gent.
Pur 50 quida que li plusur 335
Serreient [mis] hors de I'errur.
309 lui ke iluek lentre. — 310 purgatoire. — 313 confes. —
315 E pur.— 318 reuenir arere.— 319 netz.— 321 kil.— 322
uerreiz faudreit. — 324 de. — 327 cunie. — 329 remist. — 330
garniz.— 331 fud.— 332 Kil.— 333 fose.— 334 Kil.— 335 ke.
66 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
105a En eel liu fist une abbe'ie,
U il mist gent de boue vie ;
Chauoigues riulez i a mis,
Si lur a bien lur ordre apris. 840
El eimetire veirement
Est la fosse, vers orient ;
De mur I'enclost, portes i fist
E bone fermeiire i mist ;
Pur 50 qu'um n'i poeit entrer, 345
Si par lui nun, ne la aler,
La clef cumauda al priur.
Si defendi que nuit ne jur
N'i entrast uuls, si par lui nun,
E par tuz eels de la maisun. 350-
El tens Seint Patriz par licence
pristrent li plusur penitence :
quant il esteieut absolu,
Si vindrent la u li us fu ;
Enz entrerent seiirement, 355
Mult suffirent peine e turment,
E mult virent I'horrible mal
De la dure peine enfernal.
Apres icele grant tristesce
Virent grant joie e grant leesce. 360
Co qu'il volstrent cunter e dire,
Fist Seinz Patriz iluec escrire.
De CO furent la genz creanz
338 Ou.— 339 ad.— 340 ad.— 341 cimiterie.— 342 fose.—
345 kum puet.— 347 comanda.— 348 defendit ke. — 349
Nentrast.— 354 011.— 357 horible.- 361 kil uoleient.— 362-
iluek escriure. — 3B3 gent.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 67
Que Seinz Patriz esteit disanz,
105b Par eels qui esteient venu 365
De eel liu u orent veii
E les joies e les dolurs,
Solunc les oevres des plusurs.
Pur CO qu'iluee sunt espurgiez,
Cil qui entrent, de lur pechiez, 370
A nun eil lius Espurgatoire,
Qui tuz jurs *serra en memoire ;
E pur go que Deus demustra
A Seint Patriz e euseigna
Primes eel liu, est issi diz : 375
L' Espurgatoire Seint Patriz.
Rigles a nun, la u fu mise,
Li lius, e fundee I'iglise.
Apres eest fait que jo vus di,
Cist Seinz Patriz s'alme rendi 380
Mult seintement a Jhesu Crist,
Qui en sa gloire od lui la mist.
Apres lui *ert en la maisun
Uns hum de grant religiun,
De bon estre e de seinte vie ; 385
Si fu priurs de I'abbe'ie.
De grant aage esteit forment :
Si vielz fu qu'il n'out qu'une dent.
364 Ke.— 366 ou.— 368 oures.— 369 ke iluek.— 371 Ad
purgatoire.. — 372 ert. — 373 ke. — 374 patric. — 377 ad ou
fud.— 378 le ig.— 379 ke.— 383 out. Lat. K: erat prior
in eadem ecclesia, homo quidam, etc. — 384 home. — 386
fud.— 388 uelz fu^l kil kune.
68 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
*Nule aient li vieil maladie,
Tant cum il sunt en ceste vie ; 390
Si dit Seinz Gregoires que fieble
Sunt par lur vieillesce e endieble.
l()5c Ici nus dit de cest priur,
Qu'il fist faire prea del durtur
Un habitacle u il mansist, 395
Qu'il a ses freres ne nuisist,
Ne ne grevast pur sa fieblesce,
Ses aages, ne sa vieillesce.
Li chanoigne de la maisun
Le mistrent suvent a raisun : 400
" Beals pere, pur Deu, dites nus
Cum bien volez vivi'e entre nus ? ' '
Li seinz priurs lur respundi :
*'Mielz amereie ailluvs qu'ici ;
Ici ai jo peine e dolurs, 405
Joie e deliz avrai aillurs."
Icist frere qui a lui vindrent
La voiz o'irent e retindrent
Des angeles Deu a lui parlanz,
Lui e sa dent beneissanz : 410
* ' Frere, tu es beneiirez,
E cele denz que vus avez,
Qu'unques viande ne mascha,
Ne ne senti ne n'atucha
389 Tut naient. Lat. KC : licet senex sanus sit, ipsa
senectute sua semper tamen infirmus est. ueil. — 391 seint
kifeble.— 392 veillesce endeble.— 394 Kil dortur.— 395
E hab. ou.— 396 Kil.— 398 veillescesce.— 399 chanoine.
— 400 souent.— 401 Beau piere.— 402 bie.— 404 kici.— 409
angles. — 112 dent uus anus. — 413 Ke unkes.
OF MARIK DJ: KKANCi: 69
Que al quer venist a delit, 415
U tu eiisses mil profit."
En sa viande n'out il el
Fors ewe freide, pain e sel.
Tost apres 90 raorut icist :
S'alme rendi a Jhesu Crist. 420
105d ^~>eiguurs, si cum dit li escriz,
/^ plusurs genz el tens Seint Patriz,
[e] en altres tens altresi,
Issi cum nus avuns o'i,
Dedenz I'espurgatoire entrerent, 425
E puis apres s'eu returnereut.
E meinz ^I'en vit [de] retenuz,
Qui fureut periz e perduz.
Icil qui revindrent cunterent ;
Li chanoigne tut embreverent, 430
Pur edifier altre gent,
E qu'il ne dutasseut nient.
E si nus dit il alques plus :
Que CO fu custume e us :
Cil qui enz voleient entrer 435
E I'espurgatoire espruver,
A I'evesque durent aler
E lur cunfessiuu mustrer.
E apres la cunfessiun,
415 Qui. — 116 Ou.— 117 ta. Lat. KC : Eius enim cibus
erat, etc. — 419 morust. — 121 cuuie. 423 autres autresi. —
424 cume anums. — 427 e nuit. — 129 Cels ke. — 430 chano-
ine. — 431 autre. — 432 kil neent. — 133 dist aukes. — 434
Ke fud custumes. — 435 einz uoleint. — 437 eues^ke. — 438
conf. — 139 c'onf.
70 l' E8PURGAT0IRE SETNT PATRIZ
Lur fereit I'evesques sermun : 440
" Seignurs, pur Deu, n'i entrez pas;
De la aler n'est mie gas.
Mulz en i a de retenuz,
Qui jamais nen erent veiiz."
Mais quant verreit certeinement 445
Cels tenir lur purposement,
Par lettres [il] les en verreit
106a AI priur, si li mandereit
Qu'il pre'ist d'els e guarde e cure,
E me'ist en la fosse obscure. 450
Quant esteient a lui venuz,
E il les avreit receiiz,
De lessier eel purpensement
Les enortereit bonement,
E qu'il penitence pre'issent, 455
E en cest siecle la fe'issent.
Quant il nes purreit tresturuer
Que il n'i volsissent entrer,
Dedenz I'iglise les mettreit,
E quinze jurs les i tendreit 460
En jeiines, en oraisuns,
En veilles, en afflicciuns.
Puis mandereit clers del pais,
E partie de ses amis ;
Matin fereit messe clianter 465
440 leueske. — 443 ad.— 444 Ke iameis. — 446 Ces.—
Line 454 was inserted here hi/ mistake and then stricken
out. — 448 lur maiidreit. — 449 Kil de els garde. — 450 fose.
—452 auereit. — 453 lesser. — 455 kil. — 458 Kil.— 461 e en
oreisuns. — 462 e en.— 463 mandreit du.— 465 freit lum.
OF MARIE DK FRANCE 71
E eels desqu'a I'altel meiier,
Pur estre i aeommuniez
E beueescuz e segniez.
L'ewe beneeite sur els
Jeterent li clerc e [sur] eels ; 470
Od processiun e od chant,
Si [cum] custume esteit devant,
A la porte tut dreit meuouent,
Si I'ovreient e desfermoueut.
La sermunereit li priurs ; 475
106b Si lur musterreit les dolurs
Que dedenz eel liu trovereient,
E que jamais ne revendreieut,
S'il n'eiissent ferme creauce
En Deu, e veraie esperance . 480
E si dist qu'al tens [Seiut] Patriz
En i aveit il de periz.
Cil qui 9'aveient purpose,
E en c'esteient atferme,
E ne volstrent pur lui parti r, 485
II lur ireit la porte ovrir ;
Cil fereient la croiz sur els,
E enterreient devant eels.
Puis clorreieut pres els I'entree ;
En I'iglise de Deu araee 490
Ireient tuit li clerc ariere
E fereient pur els preiere.
466desque al autel. — 168benescuz segnez. — 469beneite
hels. — 473 menereient. — 474 defermeient. — 476 lui mus-
treit. — 477 Ke. — 478 keiameis. — 480 uerreie. — 481 dit kal.
— 482 des.^SG irreit.— 488 entereient. — 491 Irreient tut
li dree arrere. — i92 ferreient.
72 l' espurgatoire seint i'vpriz
El demain vendreient o'lr
Li quels en purreit revenir.
Se alcuns ea fust revenuz 495
A joie serreit receiiz ;
Puis demurreit, el Dcu servise,
Pleinement quinzeiue en iglise ;
Puis cuntereit de s'aventure,
E serreit raise en escripture. 500
E cil qui n'en fust revenuz —
Bien saveient qu'il fu perduz.
106c T^l tens le rei Estefne dit,
Vj si cum nus trovura en escrit,
en Yrlande esteit uus prozdum : 505
Chevaliers fu, Oweins out nun ;
De qui nus voluns ci parler,
E la dreite estoire mustrer.
A I'evesque de eel pais,
U li purgatoires ert mis, 510
Vint Oweins a cunfessiun,
De ses pechiez querre pardun ;
Kar mult aveit suvent ovre
Cuntre Deu en grant cruelte.
L'evesques o'it 90 qu'il dist, 515
E cument il se regehist.
Mult le blasma qu'il out este
En tel oevre e demure :
494 empurreit. — 195 Si aucuns. — i99 cent, sa av. — 502 kil
fust. — 504 cume. — 505 Ken un produm. — 506 fud Owens.
— 507 uolums. — 509 eueske. — 510 Ou. — 511 Owens conf. —
513 souent. — 514 Centre. — 515 eueskes kil. — 516 cement.
517 blama kil. — 518 cure demoi-e.
OF MAKIK DE FRANCE
Par ses pechiez out Irascu
Sun creatur e offendu. 520
Li chevaliers pur ses pechiez
Fu mult tristes e esma'iez ;
Peuse que digne penitence
Fera solunc la Deu cousence.
L'evesques li voleit duner, 525
Solunc CO qu'il I'oit parler,
Penitence de ses pechiez,
Dunt il peiist estre alegiez.
Li chevaliers li dist briefnient :
" Sire evesques, nen voeil nient 530
106d Legierement espeneir,
Ne tel joenitence sutfrir.
Trop ai forfait a niun seignur,
E oifendu raun creatur ;
Pur c'eslirai, par Deu licence, 535
La plus *grevuse penitence :
A I'espurgatoire en irai
Seint Patriz, e la enterrai
Que jo seie de mes pechiez
E delivres e espurgiez." 540
Li evesques I'amonesta
De CO lessier que il pensa :
' ' N'est pas a aler cuvenable
La u cunversent li diable ;
Hum set bien que mult i entrerent 545
522 Fud. — 523 ke.— 524 sohiin. — 525 leueskes doner. —
526 Solum kil.— 528 past.— 52S» hii brefment.— 530 euef^ke
uoil neent. — 531 espenir. — 535 co esl. — 536 grieue. — 537
irrai. — 538 enteral. — 539 Ke. — 541 eueskes. — 542 lesser
kil. — 543 couen. — 544 on conv. — "45 Horn sic-t ke inulz.
74 l/ KHPURGATOIRE SEINT PATRIZ
Qui unques puis ne returnerent."
Nule poiir de peine aveir
Ne puet sun corage nioveir.
Li evesques vit sun corage :
Si I'enorta qu'a mouiage 550
Se mesist entre bone gent,
U od chanoignes en cuvent ;
Puis purreit plus seiirement
Faire le suen purposement.
II li respunt que nun fera : 555
Ja alti'e habit neu recevra,
Fors tel cume il aveit eii
Des i qu'il ait eel liu veil.
Quant I'eve;
vit qu'il
al priur <
107a ^^"^ uant r evesques si fermement
tint sun purpensement, 560
priur de eel liu manda,
Par escrit qu'il li enveia,
Que eel chevalier recuillist,
Al purgatoire le mesist,
Issi cum il faire deveit, 565
E cume la custume esteit.
Li chevaliers vint al priur,
II le reyut par grant amur
E mult li dist e sermuna
546 ke unke. — 547 aue r (* erased). — 548 mouer. — 549
eueskes. — 550 len orat ka. — 551 Si. — 552 Ou couent. — 553
purreit il. — 555 hii ke fera {e partly ei-ased) . — 556 autre.
— 557 laueit. — 558 De ci kil. — 559 leueske ferment. — 560
kil tut. — 562 kil lui. — 563 Ke.— 564 espurgatoire e le. —
569 lui sermona.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 75
Qu'il laissast 90 que il pensa, 570
" Trop ai [jo] grant oppressiim
D'aler en tel perdiciuu."
Tant ert fervenz en sun desir,
Ne Ten puet li priurs partir.
Od lui I'amenaen I'iglise, 575
Si eurae custume est assise.
Quinze jurs I'i fist demurer,
U rer, veillier e jeiinor.
Quant i out este quinze dis,
Si manda les clers del pais ; 580
Matin li firent raesse oi'r,
E esculter tut a leisir.
Puis re9ut od devociun
Le cors Deu od beneeicun ;
L'ewe beneeite jetterent 585
Desur lui, apres I'amenerent
107b Od letanie, od oraisun,
E od bele proeessiun,
El liu u il deveit entrer ;
Forment se hasta d'i aler. 590
Li priurs a 1' us desferme ;
devant tuz a dit e parle
al chevalier, si li mustra
L'entree e puis li sermuna :
" Amis, certes si tu creeies 595
570 Kil leissast kil. — 575 lamenad. — 576 costume. — 578
■Orer ueiller iuner. — 579 il. — 581 lui. — 582 escuter. — 584
beneicun. — 585 beneite. — 587 oreisun. — 589 ou. — 590 le
de.— 591 ad.— 592 ad.— 593 cheualer lui.— 594 le ser-
mona.
7G l' espurgatoike seint patriz
Noz cunseilz, ja n'i enterreies :
Bien puez ci ta vie ameuder,
E Deu servir e honurer.
Mult i sunt eutre e perdu ;
Ne sout hum qu'il sunt devenu 600
Kar n'orent pas ferine creance,
Bone fei, ne dreite esperance ;
Ne porent suffrir les turmenz,
Pur 90 remestrent il dedenz ;
Par les granz turmenz que il virent 605
Deu oblierent e perdirent.
Si vus sur CO volez entrer
Que vus m'o'iez ici cunter,
Primes vus ferai ci oir
Co que vus est [a] avenir." 610
Li chevaliers li respundi :
' ' J'i enterrai, en Deu m'afi,
Pur mes pechiez espene'ir,
E que jo puisse a Deu plaisir."
107c Li priurs dist : " Entendez, sire, 615
Co que vus vueil mustrer e dire :
i 4 T~^ 1 nun de Deu, que vus creez,
V"^ en ceste fosse vus mettrez ;
par le crois de la terre irez
Tant qu'en un grant champ enterrez ; 620
Une grant sale i troverez,
596 Nos conseilz entreies. — 597 poz. — 599 entree. — (iOO
horn kil— 604 remistrent.— 605 kil.— 608 Ke.— 611 cheu-
alers lui. — 612 J o ienterai. — 613 espenir. — 614 ke pleisir.
616 uoil. — 617 creiez. — 620 ken entrez.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 77
Bien ovree, si enterrez.
Mult sout d'ovraigne (jui la fist
E qui si faitemeut I'asist.
Dedenz la maisun vus serrez, 625
Taut de bons messages avrez ;
De part Deu a vus parlerunt,
E si vus recunforterunt.
Si vus enseignerunt assez
I§o que vus faire devez. 630
Apres 90 s'en departirunt,
E a Deu vus cumanderunt.
Hastivement avrez apres
Cruels messages e malves.
^o nus unt dit e cuneii 635
Icil qui de la sunt venu :
Nus le ve'imes en escrit,
Issi cume jo I'ai vus dit."
Li ber raustra mult bel semblant,
E devant tuz dist en oant : 640
Qu'il n'out dute de eel peril,
Qui les altres mist en eissil ;
107d Kar la force de la dolur
Des pechiez, dunt il a poiir,
Despit, qu'il nes voleit oir, 645
Ne sun purpensement guerpir.
Li grant mesfait de ses pechiez,
Dunt sis cors ert pleins e chargiez.
622 ouere enterez. — 623 de oueraigne. — 624 feitement.
— 628 i-econf. — 632 comand. — 635 coneu. — 638 lai a uus. —
641 Kil. — 642autres. — 644 ad. — 645 kil. — 648 ses chargez.
78 l' ESPUR(JAT0IRE seint patriz
Ne reduta niie a suffrir
Peine e turment pur l)eu plaisir. 650
Oil qui devant fu bien armez
D'armes de fer e aturuez,
E qui aveit grant hardement
En estur pur veintre la gent,
Or s'ert armez en tel mesure 655
Dunt li diables n'eiist cure :
De fei e de bone esperance,
E de justise e de creance.
Par icestes vertuz, sanz faille,
Veintra le diable en bataille. 660
II dist a tuz : " Pre'iez pur mei,"
Puis fist la croiz par devant sei.
Hardiement, od bon semblant,
En la fosse se mist avant.
La porte a li priurs fermee, 665
Si s'en departent de 1' entree ;
Vunt s'en od la processiun
El mustier, e funt oraisun
Que Deus ait pitie e merci
Del chevalier dunt jo vus di. 670
108a T i chevaliers pas ne s'esfreie,
I parmi la fosse tient sa veie ;
ore hantera, ne dutez mie,
Novele e fort chevalerie.
Merveille est qu'il est asseiirs ; 675
650 pleisir.— 651 fud.— 652 De armes.— 655 Ore.— 661
preez.— 665 ad.— 666 se dep.— 667 Uont.— 668 muster orei-
sun.— 669 Keeitpite.— 671cheualers sefreie.— 673 hante-
rat. — 674 forte.— 675 kil asseur.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE
79
Cum il plus va, plus est obscurs !
Tute pert humaine veiie ;
Altre clartez li est venue ;
Petite fu, niais nepurquant
Par eele tint la veie avant. 680
Taut a erre par clesuz terre,
Qu'il vint al champ qu'il alout querre.
Une maisun vit bele e grant,
Dunt il oit parler devant.
Tel lumiere a iluec trovee 685
Cum est d'yvern en la vespree.
Icist palais aveit en sei
Entur, une entiere parei,
Faite a piliers e a *archiees,
A vulsurs e a wandiches (?) : 690
Cloistre resemblout envirun,
Cum a gent de religiun.
Li chevaliers s'esmerveilla
De I'ovraigne qu'il esguarda.
Quant le palais out esguarde 695
Dehors, e tut entur ale,
Hastivement dedenz entra ;
Assez plus [i] s'esmerveilla
676 obi^cur.— 678 autre olarte lui.— 679 fud.— 681 ad.
—682 Kil kil.— 685 lumere ad iluek.— 686 de yv.— 687
Icest paleis. — CK : Aula vero parietem non (K : in ye
non) habebat, sed (K : quoniam) columnis et archiolis
erat undique constructa [K : -turn). A : Aula enim cir-
cumvallata erat parietibus, sed in modum claustri mona-
chorum super columpnas erat fabricata. — 689 Fait ar-
ches. — 690 uouf^urs. — 694 oneraiiriie kil. — ()95 paleis. —
698 A sez.
80 l' espuroatoire seint patriz
108b De 90 qu'il a dedenz vei'i.
A taut s'assist loant Jbesu ; 700
Ses oeilz turna e sus e jus,
Esnierveilla sei, ue pout plus ;
Ne quida pas, e'en est la sume,
Que cil oevre fust de main hume.
11 11' i aveit guaires esto, 705
quant en la sale sunt eutre
quinze persones, simplement
Res e tundu novelement ;
Blans vestemenz orent vestuz.
De part Deu li distrent saluz ; 710
Lez lui s'assistrent envirun
En semblant de religriun ;
Tuit se turent, li uns parla,
Mestre e priurs d'els resembla.
Al cbevalier dist dulcement : 715
" *Bene'is Deu omnipotent.
Qui a si bon purposement
Mis en tun quer e hardement ;
Tun purpos e ta volente
Parface il par sun buute ; 720
E si te guart par sun plaisir.
699 kil ad.— 701 oilz turnat.— 702 Merueillat.— 703
summe. — 704 Ke cure. — 705 gueres. — 706 K : ecce quin-
decim viri tanquam religiosi et nuperrasi. A: ecce viri
duodecim in veste Candida et barbis nuper rasis. . .
708 tunduz. — 709 Blancs. — 710 par hir. — 712 semblance.
715 cheualer ducement. — 716 Beneit seit deus. — CK :
Benedictus sit omnipotens deus. A : Benedictus deus
pater omnipotens. — 717 ad.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 81
Qu'ariere puisses revenir.
Ci venez pur vus espurgier
De voz pechiez e alegier ;
Barnilment t'estuet cuntenir, 725
U ici t'estuvra peril' :
108c Cors e alme en perdiciun
Larras sanz fin de reau5un.
Ferme creance aies en tei ;
Retien 90 que tu oz de mei : 730
Ja endreit quant nus en iruns,
En cest pais sul te lerruns ;
Grant multitudine verras
Des diables, nel dute pas,
Qui granz turraenz te musterruut, 735
De greignurs te manacerunt.
Si en lur cunseil vus metez
E si creire les en volez,
II promettrunt veraiemeut
Que hors vus merrunt salvement 740
A r entree dunt vus venistes,
Quant dedenz cest clos vus mesistes.
Si vus quiderunt engignier ;
De 90 vus vueil bien acointier.
Si vus ereez lur fans serraun, 745
Si irez en perdiciun :
Si par manace u par turment,
U par malvais blandissement
722 Karere.— 725 testot.— 726 Ou testuiirat.— 728 rancun.
— 729 Femme. — 731 I andreit. irruns. — 735 grant mus-
terunt. — 737 conseil. — 739 ueirement. — 740 Ke. — 743 en-
gigner. — 744 uoil acointer. — 746 irrez. — 747 ou. — 748 Ou
malueis.
6
82 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
Estes esma'iez ne vencuz,
Finablement estes perduz. 750
S'en Deu avez ferme creance,
En ses nuus e en sa puissance,
E ne seiez espoentez
Des manaces que [vus] orrez,
108d E les pramesses nun verables 755
Ne creez (qu'il sunt decevables !)
Mes despisiez els e lur diz, —
Si serrez tensez e guariz ;
Puis serrez de tuz voz pechiez
E delivres e espurgiez. 760
Les granz turinenz e la dolur
U sunt livre li pecheiir
Pur les oevres d'iniquite
U il se furent aturne,
Verrez apertement ici ; 765
E les granz joies altresi,
E les repos e la dulcur
U cil cunversent sanz dolur
Qui Deu servirent e amerent
E en bones oevres finerent. 770
E aiez tuz jurs en memoire
Deu qui est sire e reis de gloire.
Quant il vus mettrunt en turmeni,
Jhesu Crist reclamez suvent :
Par I'apel de eel nun puissant 775
Serrez delivres maintenant.
761 Si en.— 753 serez (?) espuntez.— 756 kil.— 757 des-
pisez.— 762 Ou.— 763 cures de iniq.— 764 Ou.— 766 autre.
— 768 Ou conv. — 774 souent.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 83
En quel liii que seiez menez,
E quel turment que vus sentez,
Le uuu Jhesu Crist apelez ;
Guardez que vus ne I'obliez. 780
Delivres serrez par eel nun :
Par la Deu grace le savum.
109a Ne poiins plus od vus ci estre :
Cumandum vus al rei celestre."
Apres cele beneeicun 785
s'en dejiartirent li barun.
li chevaliers remest sultis,
Appareilliez e ententis
De novele bataille eraprendre,
Par qu'a Deu puisse I'alme rendre. 790
Cil [qui] se cumbati suvent
Par pruesce cuntre la gent,
Aprestez s'est e cuvenables
De cumbatre cuntre diables.
Boneraent en Deu esperant, 795
Atent li quel vend runt avant.
Des armes s'esteit bien armez,
E bien guarniz e aturnez :
Halberc de justise out vestu,
Par quei le cors out defendu 800
De I'engin de ses enemis ;
E I'eseu de fiance out pris.
778 ke. — 780Gardez ke. — 781 deliure. — 783 poums. — 784
Comandum. — 780 partirent. — 787 cheualers remis sutis.
— 788 Apparillez. — 790 quei a. — 791 combati souent. — 792
prouesce contre. — 793 couenables. — 794 combatre centre.
— 797 Best. — 799 Hauberc.
84 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
Healme out fait de ferme ci'eance ;
L'altre armeiire d'esperance —
Espee a del seint espirit ; 805
Si cum [li] livre le nus dit,
C'est la parole Jhesu Crist,
Qui de sun uun numer I'aprist.
Mult li fu cil seinz nuns aidables
Quil rescust suvent des diables 810
109b Qu'il ne fust periz ne tenuz,
Ne par lur grant turraent vencuz.
La pitiez de sun [bon] seignur
Nel de5ut pas en sa tristur ;
Nun *faut ele nului qui I'eimt, 815
N'en sa grant bosoig la recleimt.
Issi armez cum jo vus di,
Li chevaliers suls attendi
Les batailles espoentables,
Qu'il fera encuntre diables. 820
11 n'i aveit guaires este
quant a o'i e esculte
une tel noise e uns tels criz,
Cum si li munz fust esturmiz ;
Que si tuit li bume del munt, 825
803 Haume.— 804 I^ autre.— 805 Espeie ad.— 806 cume
liures. — 808 Ki nomer. — 809 lui fud seint nun eidables. —
810 Kil souent.— 811 Kil.— 813 pitie. K : Nee eum pietas
boni ihesu fefellit. — 814 dulcur after sa, and then stricken
Old. ) — 815 felt null kil. K : quae confidentes in se fallere
non consueuit. — 816 Ne. — 817 cume. — 818 cheualers. —
819 espuntables. — 820 Kil ferad encontre. — 821 gueres. —
822 ad escute.— 823 tele.— 824 Ciirne.- 825 Ke tut home.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 85
Oisel e bestes qui i sunt,
A line voiz criassent tuit,
N'i eiist mie greignur bruit.
Si ne fust de Deu la vertuz,
De laquel il *s'esteit vestuz, 830
E li cunfort qu'il out eiiz
Des seinz baruns qu'aveit veiiz,
Hors del [sun] sen fust afolez,
Chaiiz aval e estunez.
Apres la grant noise e le sun, 835
Entrerent tuit en la maisun.
Od hidus embru'issemenz ;
Sur lui rechinnerent lur denz.
109c Desur tute altre creature
Esteit horrible lur figure ; 840
Trestuit issi desfigure
L'unt par grant eschar salue ;
Quant il I'aveient salue,
Par reproche unt a lui parle :
a J i hume qui nus sunt servant, 845
I e en nostre oevre demurant,
vienent a nus apres lur fin,
E sunt a nus de tut enclin.
E vus estes tut vis venuz :
Bien devez estre receiiz ; 850
Greignur lo'ier, greignur merite
Devez aveir, qu'avez eslite
826 Oisels ke. — 830 laquele se ert. — 831 les conforz kil.
—832 kaueit.— 839 autre.— 841 Trestut desfigurez.— 842
saluez. — 845 home. — 846 demorant. — 847 Uenent. — 849
uifs. — 851 louer. — 852 kauez.
86 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
Nostre estre e nostre cumpaignie,
E venistes a nus eu vie.
Grant grace devum rend re a vus, 855
Que vis estes venuz a nus ;
Altrement avriuns nus tort,
Quant vus u'atendistes la mort.
^a venistes espene'ir
Voz pecliiez par turment suffrir ; 860
Ci avrez vus assez dolur,
Miseire, turmenz e tristur,
Pur 90 que servi nus avez.
Si noz cunseilz creire volez,
A la porte sein vus merruns 865
U entrastes, hors vus mettruns.
109d Lung tens purrez el siecle vivre,
E voz deliz faire a delivre.
Si mielz amez a remaneir
Qu'ariere aler e joie aveir, 870
Gruels peines e grief turment
Avrez od nus finablement."
Issi faitierement parlouent
li diable e amonestouent
le chevalier qu'a els turnast, 875
E sun purposeinent laissast :
Qu'il volsist a els cunsentir,
~ 853 comp.— 8.56 Ke uifs.— 857 Autrement auruns.— 859
espenir.— 861 asez.— 862 Meserie e {olur after e, stricken
ouO-— 863 ke.— 864 conseilz crere.— 865meruns.— 866 Ou.
—868 uos.— 869 melz remaner.— 870 Ke auer.— 871 grefs
turmenz. — 872 finablemenz. — 873 faiterement. — 875 L
cheualer ka. — 877 Kil consentir.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 87
U par manace u })ar blandir.
Mais li chevaliers Jhesu Crist
N'out poiir, ne ue se fremist ; 880
Ne blaudissemenz ne manace
Nel deceit que lur plaisir face.
En pais se sist, n'out poiir d'els ;
Ne volt un mot parler a els.
II virent bien qu'il les despist : 885
Hidus semblant cbascuns li fist.
U
n feu firent de maintenant
en la maisun, merveilles grant,
piez e meins li lient forment ;
El feu le jettent erralment ; 890
Od cros de fer enz le buterent,
Hidusement sur lui crierent.
Li chevaliers en sa dolur
Apella le nun *del seignur.
110a Si enemi qui od lui sunt 895
S' esforcierent qu'el feu parfunt
Le peiissent entr'els tenir,
E sun cors ardeir e bru'ir.
Quant [il] eel grant turment senti
A Jhesu Crist cria merci ; 900
Icil nuns I'a bien defendu
Del premier turment u il fu.
878 Ou ou.— 879 cheualer.— 881 blandissement.— 882 ke
pleisir.— 883 de els.— 885 kil.— 886 chescun.— 889 lui.—
891 crocs. — 893 cheualers. — 894 Apellat nostre seignur
CK : pii lesu nomen invocavit. — 896 Sesforcerunt kel. —
897 entre els.— 898arder.— 900criat.— 901 lad.— 902 ou.
88 l' espurgatoire seint pairiz
Apres cele invocaciun
qu'il fist de eel seintisnie nun,
fu delivres, li feus s'esteint, 905
E icist granz tunnenz remeint.
Quant li chevaliers a veii
De Deu la force a la vertu,
En lui s'afie fermement,
E atent plus seiirement 910
Les turmenz u il deit entrer,
E 50 que il deit trespasser,
Les diables despit sanz faille,
E lur turmenz e lur bataille.
En une waste regiun 915
Le meinent, hors de la maisun,
Dunt la terre ert neire e obscure.
N'i vit nule altre creature
Fors les diables quil menerent,
E qui tut entur lui crierent. 920
La out un freid vent e serri
Qui li parcurt le cors parmi ;
110b II nel poeit nient oir ;
Cest turment li cuvint sufFrir.
Desque la 1' unt trait e mene 925
U li soleilz naist en este :
A la fin del siecle le meinent,
904 Kil.— 905 fiid feu esteint.— 906 grant.— 907 cheua-
lers ad.— 911 ou.— 912 kil.— 917 {after terre an f ; appar-
ently the scribe began to write 'fud'). — 918 autre.— 919
kil.— 920 ki entutr {second t strickaioiit).— 922 Ke lui par-
cout.— 924 couint.— 926 Ou soleil neist.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 89
^'o li fu vis, par tut le peinent.
Par une veie, grant e lee,
Le trestrent en une valee, 930
Cele part dunt li soleilz surt
En yver, quant li jur sunt curt.
D
'altre part, vers le su, a destre,
li mustrerent perillus estre :
u il le nieinent a o'iz 935
Gries pleintes e dolurs e criz ;
E cum plus ala aprismant.
Plus o'i pleinte e dolur grant.
En un grant champ I'unt puis mene,
Plein de miseire e d'amerte. 940
Li chevaliers ne pout veeir
La grandur del champ, ne saveir.
De tute maniere de gent
Vit plein cest champ veraiement ;
A la terre tuz estenduz 945
Envers, e si esteient nuz.
Od clous de fer e meins e pie
A la terre sunt eniichie.
Pur I'anguisse de lur dolur,
Mangierent la terre a tristur ; 950
110c Suvent diseient od haut cri :
' * Espargniez nus ! merci ! merci ! ' '
N'i aveit nul quis alejast.
928 lui fud.— 933 Dautre.— 934 Lui.— 935 Ou ad oi.—
936 Grefs cri. — 937 cume alat aprimant. — 940 miserie
de am. — 941 cheualers ueer. — 942 saueer. — 944 pleins cist
ueraiment.— 947 piez.— 948 enfichiez.— 950 mangerent.—
951 Souent ou.— 952 Esparniez.— 953 aleggast.
90 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
Ne qui de rien les esparguiast.
Li diable entr'els aloueut, 955
Sis bateient e turmentoueut.
Al chevalier dient suveut :
" Vus sutFerrez icest turment,
S' a nus ne vus voilliez tenir,
E a noz cunseilz obeir. 960
Se vus voilliez certeinemeiit
Laissier vostre purpose nieut,
Hors vus remerruns seiuement ;
N'i avez nul blemissement.
S'od nus mauez *finablement, 965
Tuz jurs avrez peine e turment."
II retint bien en sun peuse
Cum Deus I'aveit einz delivre ;
Nule rien ne lur respundi,
Einz les despist e sis liai. 970
Envers a terre le metteient,
Tut nu, si cum li altre esteient ;
E sil voleient cloufichier ;
Mes il membra al chevalier
Del nun Deu qui Tout delivre ; 975
Si a Jhesu Crist reclame.
Cil turmenz ne li pout nuisir ;
Li nuns Deu les fist departir.
954 riens esparniast.— 955 diables.— 957 souent.— 958
sufferez.— 959 uoillez.— 960 nos conseils.— 961 uoillez.
—962 Laisser.— 965 Si od remanez flnement. — 968 Cume.
—971 E uers.— 972 cuuie autre.— 973 sis.— 975 ki.— 976
ad.— 977 lui.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 91
11 Od 1 V 'iluec le traistrent e menerent,
II dedeuz un altre champ. entrerent, 980
u greignurs turmeuz a veiiz
Qu'en eel duut il esteit eissuz.
De chascun eage de geut
Out en eel champ diversement ;
A la terre furent ciilchie, 985
dime li altre e cloufichie.
Tels esteit la diverse tez
De eels qu'en eel champ a trovez,
E des alti'es qu'il vit devant :
Sur les ventres erant gesant ; 990
Li altre geseient euvers,
Cloufichie a la terre od fers.
Dedenz cest champ u est venuz,
Plusurs de eels i a *veuz
Qui adeuz esteient gesanz ; 995
Sur els veeit draguns ardanz,
Qui poigneient e turmentouent ;
Od denz ardenz les devorouent.
Plusurs i vit qui erent ceiut
E de serpenz ardanz estreint 1000
E par les cols e par les braz ;
Mult i aveit dolurus laz.
Od lur langues, qui sunt fuines,
Percent lur cors e lur peitrines ;
Od I'aguesce traient fors, 1005
979 iluek.— 980 autre.— 981 Ou ad ueu.— 982 Ken eisseu.
—983 age.— 985 culche.— 986 autre cloufiche.— 988 ad.—
989 autres kil.— 991 Le.s autres.— 992Cloufichiez.— 993 ou.
— 994 ces ad uenuz.— 995 gisanz.— 1002 dolereus
92 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
^0 li ert vis, les qiiers des cors.
Ilia Crapuz i vit, merveilles granz,
^o li ert vis, trestuz ardanz ;
Sur les piz des asquanz seeient,
Od lur bes qu'horribles aveient, 1010
A grant force erent enteritis
De traire les quers des chaitis.
Cil qui erent iei teuuz
Es granz turmenz qu'il a veiiz,
Ne finerent de doluser, 1015-
De griefment pleindre e de plurer.
Li diable sur els cureient,
E flaeloent e bateient.
Chaitis est cil qui en tel peine,
Par ses pechiez, se trait e meine ! 1020
II ne poeit nient veeir
La grandur del champ, ne saveir,
Fors de tant qu'il i fu entrez,
E le de travers fu menez.
Le chevalier unt apele 1025
Li diable, e a lui parle :
' ' Tuz cez turmenz que vus veez
Avrez, si vus ne nus creez.
II les despit, cil s'entremettent :
Cum il en cez turmenz le mettent, 1030
II apela le nun Jhesu.
Par eel apel delivres fu.
1006 lui.— 1007 Crapouz.— 1008 lui.— 1009 seient.— lOlO
bees que.— 1014 kil ad.— 1015 finerent corrected jrom fu-
rent.— 1016 grefment.— 1021 ueer.— 1022 saueer.— 1023 kil
fud.— 1024 lee fud. Lat. K : intransversum canipos per-
transivit.— 1025 apelee.— 1026 parlee.— 1027 ces.— 1030 ces.
1031 apelad.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 93
D'iluec I'unt trait, 8i sunt ale
al tierz champ, u il I'unt mene,
^^^" plein de miseires e dolur, 1035
E de criement e de plur.
De tute maniere d'ee
I aveit gent trop grant plente ;
E jurent adenz e en vers,
Fichiez en terre od clous de fers 1040
Ardanz, des chies des i qu'as piez.
Par tuz les membres sunt fichiez
Si espes que nuls u'i mettreit
Sun dei qu'a clou n'i tuchereit.
En si tres grant anguisse esteient 1045
Qu'avis unques crier poeient,
Fors cume genz qui fussent mort ;
Tant esteient lur turment fort.
Nuz esteient e li freiz veuz
Les turmentout e hors e enz ; 1050
E li diable les bateient,
Que nule pitie n'en aveient.
Alias, que nuls deit deservir
Que itel peine deit sufFrir !
Apres unt li diable dit 1055
Al chevalier, sanz nul respit :
" Itels peines sufferrez vus,
Se vus ne cunsentez a nus ;
1033 Liluek treit. — 1034 terz ou. — 1035 miserie. Lat.
CK : miseriis plenum. — 1037 de h^e. — 1038 plentee. — 1041
chiefs de ci kas.— 1043 ke.— 1044 ka tichereit.— 1046 Ka-
uisunkes. — 1047 gent fuissent morz. — 1048 turmenz forz.
—1052 Ke.— 1053 ke.— 1054 Ke tel.— 1056 cheualer.— 1057
suffrez. — 1058 cons.
94 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
E lessiez 90 qu'avez empris,
IT turmentez serrez tut vis." 106O
II desdeigna e si despist
Lur cunseilz [e] nient ne fist.
111c II le voleient ferm Tier
E a la terre cloufichier,
Si cum esteient li pene 1065
Qui la furent : il a uume
Le nun Jhesu Crist dulcement ;
Si fu delivres erralment.
Tant I'unt trait e sachie entr'els
qu'el quart champ le meinent od els.
tute maniere de turmenz
La vit li chevaliers dedenz :
Par les piez esteient pendauz
Plusur, od chaeines ardanz ;
E par les mains e par les braz 1075
Li plusur, en dolurus laz.
E si aveit [il] mulz de eels
Qui pendirent par les chevels ;
Li plusur, les testes aval,
Pendirent en flame enfernal 1080
Faite de sulphre qui ne funt.
Par lesjambes lie amunt,
Li un pendeient cruelment
1059 lessez kauez.— 1060 Ou.— 1062 cons.— 1065 peine.
—1066 ad nome.— 1067 ducement (c or r?).— 1068 fud
erraument.— 1069 sache entreus.— 1070 menerent o eus.—
1071 tormenz.— 1074 Plusurs chaenes.— 1076 dolereus.—
1077 mult ceus.— 1078 cheueus.— 1081 sunt (?).— 1082
gambes liez.— 1083 cruelement.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 95
Od cros ardanz diversemeut :
Par oeilz, par nes, e par oreilles — 1085
De eels i aveit il merveilles —
Par col, par buche e par mentun,
E par mameles, 90 trovum,
Par genitailles, par aillurs,
E par les joes les plusurs. 1090
11 Id Cels vit li chevaliers peudanz
El feu qui est tuz jurs ardanz.
En vit asquanz qui erent mis
En furnaises de sulphre espris ;
Asquanz en vit ars e bru'iz, 1095
Qui sur grail z erent rostiz ;
Asquanz en vit mis en espeiz,
E rostiz od sulphre e od peiz.
Li diable les rostisseient,
Divers metals sur els fundeient. 1100
Li altre diable teneient
Maces de fer, sis debateient.
Tute maniere de turment
[I] vit cist Oweins en present.
De ses cumpaignuns a veiiz 1105
Plusurs qu'il a recuneiiz,
Qui el siecle aveient este,
Mes malement orent ovre.
1084 crocs.— 1085 oilz.— 1086 ceus.— 1087 bouche men-
ton.— 1088 les mam. trouon.— 1090 ioues.— 1091 Ceus.—
1093 ascans. Follows I. 1094. — 1094 forneises souphre. —
1095 Asquans. — 1096 grails. — 1097 Asquans. — 1098 rostis
souphre. — 1100 metaus eus. — 1101 autre. — 1103 torment.
— 1104 cest. — 1105 compaignons ad. — 1106_kirad reconeuz.
96 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
Nuls ne purreit mustrer ne dire
Les plurs, les criz, n'en livre escrire ! 1110
Cist chans n'ert mie sulemeiit
Pleins de la turmentee gent ;
Einz ert des diables pliisur
Qui'n esteient turmeuteiir.
Entr'els le pristreut, sil voleient 1115
Turmenter, mes il ne poeient.
Le nun Jhesu Crist reclama,
[E] par eel nun se delivra.
112a Mult est cist nuns bons a numer,
Par qui ^I'um se puet delivrer. 1120
Iluec le menerent avant ;
Un turment vit merveilles grant :
Une ruee ardant e fu'ine.
Desuz ert la flame sulphrine ;
A la ruee u si rai sunt mis 1125
Ot cros de fer ardant assis ;
Fichiez furent espessement.
Sur cez cros jjendeient la gent.
L'une meitiez en terre esteit,
E I'altre en I'air, qui tute ardeit. 1130
Li cbaitif qui desus pendeient
En la flame sulpbrine ardeient,
Qui de la terre veneit sus,
1109 ni porreit mostrer. — 1111 champs solement. — 1112
torm. — lllSplusurs. — 1114 Qi en tormenteurs. — 1115 En-
treus. — 1116 Torm. — 1117 non. — 1118 non. — 1119 nons
nomer. — 1120 on. — 1122 torm. — 1123 I'oue ardante. — 1124
souphrine. — 1125 rove on. — 1126 Od crocs asis. — 1128 ces
crocs. — llSOlautre eir que tote. — 1132 souphrine.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 9T
Si oscure ne poeit plus.
E li diable apertement 1135
Li niustrerent icel tiirment,
E li dient tut en apert
Que s'il a els ue se cunvert,
Cest turmeut li estoet suti'rir,
E desur la ruee venir : 1140
" Eiuz que desus vus encroiins,
Apertement vus musterruns
Cumfiiit turment cil chaitif unt
Qui a la ruee pendu sunt.' '
Li diable alerent avant, 114^
Icele ruee avirunant.
112b Li un de I'une part esteient,
Li altre encuntre, qui teneient
Granz pels de fer trestut ardant ;
De la terra furent levant 1150-
Icele ruee encuntre munt ;
Icels li mustrent qui i sunt.
Plusurs [i] out d'altre maniere
Qui la butouent [en] ariere.
Tant la turnouent cruelment, 1155
E tant alout isnelement,
Que nuls ne poeit eels, pur veir.
Qui pendu i erent, veeir,
1136 Lui mo8tr. tonn. — 1137 lui. — 1138 eus conuert. —
1139 term, lui estot.— 1140 roue.— 1141 Enz ke.— 1142mos-
teruns. — 1143 Cum feit torm. sunt. — 1144 rove. — 1146
roue auironant. — 1148 autre encontre. — 1149 Grant
ardanz. — 1150 leuauz. — 1151 roue encontre. — 1152 Iceus^
que. — 1153 unt dautre. — 1154 bot. — 1155 torn. — 1157 por..
— 1158 penduz ueir.
7
98 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
Pur la flame, e pur I'ignelesce.
En grant miseire, en grant tristesce 1160
Furent icil qui la esteient,
E qui eel turnient susteneient.
Le ehevalier unt entr'els pris,
Si I'unt desur la ruee mis ;
Cuntre munt le firent level*, 1165
Mais quant il deveit avaler
Si a nume le nun Jhesu :
Tut erralment delivres fu.
D
'iluec le traistrent maintenant,
sil menerent entr'els avant, 1170
tant qu'il vit loinz une maisun
Fumuse e de trop grant facun.
Tant fu lee e de tel lungur,
ISTuls ne pot choisir la grandur.
112c La le traistrent hidusement. 1175
Loinz ert de eel herbergement.
Quant la ehalur senti si grant
Qu'il ne poeit aler avant.
II s'arestut, cil le hasterent,
Purqu'il tarjout li demanderent : 1180
" ^0 est uns bainz que vus veez ;
Voilliez u nun, la enz irez.
Baigniez serrez od eels qu'i sunt,
1159 ne.— 1160 miserie e en.— 1162 torm.— 1163 ont entre
■eus. — 1164 lent roue. — 1165 Centre. — 1167 ad nome non.
— 1168 Tout errant.— 1170 entre eus.— 1171 kil maison.
— 1172 Fumose tro facon.— 117:3 fud longor.— 1174 gran-
dor. — 1175 treistrent.- 1180 Punjil lui.— 1181 bains. —
1182 uoillez on non irrez. — 1183 Baignez ceus.
OF MAKIE J)Ji FRANCE 99
E qui cez bainz deserviz uut."
Mult a de eels dedenz o'iz 1185
[E] granz dolurs e granz pluriz.
Quant en la maisun fu venuz,
Mulz i a durs turmenz veiiz.
Li pavemenz de la maisun
Fu plains de fosses envirun, 1190
Durement lees e parfundes,
Si esteient desuz roiindes.
Si pres d'altre chascune esteit,
Qu'avis unques veie i pareit.
Icez *fosses dunt nus parlum 1195
Esteient pleines, 90 trovum,
De chascune licur boillant,
E de chascun metal ardant.
Grant multitudine de gent
I a veil diversement ; 1200
De tute maniere d'e^
Iluec esteient turmente.
112d Tut furent plungie li alquant
En eel metal chaut e ardant ;
E tels i out des i qu'as piz, 1205
E tels i a desqu'as numbriz ;
1184 oes. — 1185 ad ceus. — 1186 ploriz. — 1187 maison
fud. — 1188 ad term. — 1189 pauement maison. — 1190 Fui
plain foses enuiron. — 1192rundes. — 1193dautre chascun.
— 1194 onques. — 1195 Ices choses dont parlom. Lat. K :
Erant autem fossae singulae metallis diversis ac liquori-
bus bullientibus plene. — 1196 trouom. — 1197 cliascon 11
cor.— 1198 chascon.— 1200 ad.— 1201 toute de hee.— 1202
Ihiek estoient tormentce. — 1203 Tuz plunge auquant. —
1205 tens de ci cas. — 1206 teus ad deskas.
100 L' ESPURGATOIRE 8EINT PATRIZ
Tels as quisses, tels as genuz ;
Grevuse peine i out a tuz.
Tels as jambes e tels as piez
El metal esteient fichiez ; 1210
Tels i *reteneit I'line mains,
Tels ambedui, de dolur plains.
A une voiz tuit s'eserioent,
E pleigneient e dolusoent.
Li diable mult cruelment 1215
Li dient qu'en icel turment
Serra ja mis e turmentez,
Se il ne fait lur volentez.
En un des bainz le vunt plungier ;
Dune remembi'a al chevalier 1220
Del nun Jhesu qu'il apela :
De eel turment se delivra.
D'iluec le mainent u il sunt,
tant qu'il vindrent a un grant munt :
de chascun eage de gent 1225
Trova iluec asemblement.
Sur les orteilz des piez esteient.
1207 Teus teus.— 1208 Greuouse.— 1209 Teus gambes
teus. — 1211 Teus teneient main. Lat. A: immersi erant.
. . . hii uno tantuni pede, illi utroque, nonnulli manu
sola. C : alii uno pede tenebantur, alii utraque manu, vel
una tantummodo. K : alii unam manum vel utramque
in eis tenebant. — 1212 Teus ambdui plain. — 1213 tuz ses-
crioient. — 1214 pleignoient dolusoient. — 1215 diables cru-
element.— 1216 Lui ken torm.— 1217 torm.— 1218 Sil.—
1219 E baigns uont plunger. — 1220 au cheualer. — 1221
non kil.— 1222 torm.— 1223 ou.— 1224 kil.— 1225 age.—
1227 ortilz.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 101
Curbe e nu, grant peine aveient.
Si grant pueple out desur eel munt,
Que s'il n'eiist plus gent el munt, 1230
113a ^'o li ert vis, bien suffireit
Icist pueples que il veeit.
Si cuine genz mort attendanz,
Vers aquilun erent turnanz.
Li chevaliers s'esmerveilla 1235
De cele gent qu'il esguarda :
Kar il esteient altresi
Cum s'il demandassent merci.
Uns diables li demand a
Pur quel de eels s'esmerveilla, 1240
Qu'il vit atendre od tel poiir,
En [tel] peine e en tel labur ?
"Altretel vus estuet sufFrir,
S'a nus ne vus volez tenir."
Li chevaliers mot ne respunt. 1245
Lever le quident sur le munt,
Quant devers aquilun [i] vint
Uns venz qui grant tempeste tint.
Qui tut ensemble les leva
Horriblement, puis sis jeta 1250
En un flueve freit e puant,
D'altre part le munt guaimentant.
En eel turment e en eel cri
Ert li chevaliers altresi.
1228 Curbes nuz.— 1232 quil.— 1233 gent.— 1234 aquilon
tornanz.— 1237 autresi.— 1239 lui.— 1240 ceus.— 1243 Au-
tretel cstot.— 1247 aquilon.— 1249 tnz.— 1251 floue.— 1252
Dautre. — 1253 torin. — 1254 clienalens autresi.
102 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
La lur cuvint grant freit suffrir ; 1255
Cum il voleient sus venir,
Li diable les rebutouent,
Od cros de fer enz les plunjoueut.
118b Li chevaliers se reraembra ;
Le nun Jhesu Crist reclama. 1260
De I'altre part fu en estant
Desur la rive maintenant.
Puis sunt li diable venu
a lui, sil traistrent vers le su
tant qu'il vit une flame oscure, x 265
Sulphrine e puant sanz mesure.
De chascun eage de gent
Vit lever od I'embrasement :
Homes ardanz cum estenceles
Qui hors del feu issent noveles. 1270
En r air muntoent, puis chairent
Ariere el feu dunt [il] eissirent,
El liu ardant e en poiir,
E en tristesce e en dolur.
Cum cest liu durent aprismier, 1275
Si parlerent al chevalier :
' ' Veez vus cest puiz flambeiant ?
Cest r entree d'enfer ardant.
Ici est nostre mansiuns ;
Finablement 9a enz serruns. 1280
1255 couint freif.— 1257 rebot.— 1258 crocs.— 1260 non.
—1261 lautre fuit.— 1265 kil.— 1266 sans.— 1267 chascune
age.— 1269 homes.— 1270 eissent.— 1271 montoient.— 1273
puur.— 1275 aprimier.— 1277 pui flambant.— 1278 lentre.
— 1279 mansions.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 103
Pur go que servi iiii.s avez,
Ensembl'od uus ga enz serrez.
E tuit cil qui nus servirunt,
Tuz jurs sanz fin ci remeindrunt.
Si dedenz cest puiz vus iiiotez, 128")
E cors e alme perirez.
118c ^a euz vus estuvra venir,
S'a nus ne volez obeVr.
Se mielz amez a returner,
Ariere vus feruns mener, 1290
Sein e salf sanz blemissement ;
Si purrez vivre lungement."
Tant s'afia en Jhesu Crist
Que lur cunseil e els despist.
Dedenz saillent li adversier, 1295
■ Od els traient le chevalier.
Tant fu de eel turment hastez
Pur poi qu'il ue s'ert obliez
De numer le nun sun seignur ;
Puis le numa par grant dulgur. 1300
Quant Jhesu Crist out reclame
La force del feu I'a leve
Od les altres en Fair en haut ;
Mult ot iluec perillus saut !
De juste eel puiz avalout ; 1306
Une piece suls i estout.
1281 ke. — 1282 Ensemblement ens. — 1284 tous sans.
—1285 pui.— 1287 ens estoura.— 1289 mieuz.— 1290 Arere
ferons. — 1291 sauf sans. — 1292 porrez longement. — 1294
conseil eus. — 1295 aduerser. — 1296 eus cheualer. —1297 fud
term.- 1298 kil.— 1299 nonuT noii.— 1300 noma.— 1302
lad. — lo03 autres. — 1305 piii.
104 l' ESPUKCiATOlRi: SKINT PATKIZ
Mult s'esmerveilla u il fu.
Diiible sunt a lui venu
Qui li erent descuneiiz,
Altre que cil ((u'il out veii/,. 1810
Al chevalier parlerent si :
' ' Estes vus ore suls ici ?
Nostre cumpaig-nun vus inentirent
Qui pur veir euteudre vus firent
113d Que r entree d'enfer fu ci : 1815
Sachiez que il vus unt menti.
De CO sunt il bien custuinier,
Pur CO qu'il voelent eng-ignier
La gent par mencunge e atraire,
Quant il par veir nel poeent faire. 1 820
Ci n'est mie la dreite entree
D'enfer qu'il vus orent mustree.
Mes sachiez bien la vus merruns :
Le dreit enfer vus musterruns."
Tant le traistrent qu'il *ariverent 1325
a une ewe qu'il li mustrerent,
horrible e parfunde e puant :
La o'it criz e noise grant.
Cele ewe esteit tute enibrasee
De flame sulphriue od fumee ; 1330
l;^.07 ou.— 1309 Qe lui desconeuz.— 1310 Autres kil.—
1311 Au.~1313 compaignon.— 1314 Qi.— 1315 lentre fud
ici. — 1316 Sachez kil ont. — 1317 costumer. — 1318 kil
uolent eiigigner. — 1319 menconge atrere. — 1320 poent
fere.— 1322 kil— 1323 sachez.— 1324 mosteruns.— 1325 kil
leuerent. Lat. CK : pervenerunt :id flumen unum. — 132(i
kil lui most. — 1327 horible parfund. — 1329 estoit toute.
OF MAKIK Di; IF, A NCI': 1 Uo
Cele ewe ert de diables pleine,
()d lur turment e od lur peine.
Oil quil menerent distrent tant :
" Veez vus la eel fliieve ardantV
Des puiz d'enfer ist cele ardtivs, 1335
V mis dampiie serrum tuz jurs.
Par desur cele ewe a un punt
Mult perillus a eels qu'i vunt.
Sur eel punt te cuvieut aler ;
Nus i feruns le vent sufler 1340
Qui del grant niunt jus portera,
En cest Hueve vus abattra,
1 14a Tut issi cum il vus ravi
En I'altre flueve e abati.
Noz cumpaignun vus recevrunt, 1345
El puiz d'enfer vus *plungerunt.
Le punt vus estuet espruver
Cum vus purrez ultrepasser. ' '
II [le] leverent cuntre munt,
Les piez [li] metent sur le punt. 1350
Treis periz i aveit trop granz,
Desur le punt as trespassanz :
Li premiers ert escolurjables :
Nuls n'i tenist ses piez estables,
1331 Cel.— 1332 torment.— 1333 kil.— 1334 fiue.— 1335
eel. — 133(j Ou dampnez serron. — 1337 eel ad pont. — 133S
eeus qi uont. — 1339 pont eouient. — 1340 frons soufler. —
1341 Qi mont porta. — 1342 E en floue abatta. — 1344 lautre
floue. — 1345 Nos compaignons reeeuront. — 1346 receuront
( Cf. Note to 1 . 1346 ) . —1347 pont csprouer. -1348 porrez ou-
trep. — 1349 contre mont. — 1350 i)ont. — 1351 perilz grant.
— 1352 pont trespassant. — 1353 eseolurgables. — 1354 Nus.
lUG 1.' ESPURGATOIKE SEINT FATRIZ
Tut i eiist il grant laiir ; 1355
Ne fust la force al Creatiir !
D'altre part li pmiz esteit tels :
Hi estreiz que nuls hum niortel?;
Pur uule rien ne se tenist,
^'o li fu vis, qu'il ne chaist. I ■>()()
Li tierz esteit desmesurez :
Que li punz ert si haut levez
Del floeve, qui esteit ardanz,
Mult ert hidus as trespassanz
Qu'il ne cba'issent cuutre val 18(35
El dolurus puiz enferual.
Iluec li dient li diable
Qui sunt felun e decevable :
" E encore te larruns nus,
Que tut te tenisses a nus. 1370
114b A la porte te renierruns
U tu entras, hors te mettruus."
Al chevalier a remembre
De quel peril Deus Tout jete :
Le nun Jhesu Crist reclama ; 1875
Pas avant altre avant ala.
Tant cum il plus ala avant,
Le plus s'ala asseiirant,
Kar li punz li ellargisseit
Des dous parz si qu'il le veeit. 1880
1356 au. — 1357 Dautre ponz teus. — 1358 estreit ke nus
horn morteus.— 1360 kil.— 1361 terz demesurez.— 1362 lun
puz.— 1363 floue.— 1365 Qil centre.— 1366 dolrus.— 1367
lui.— 1368 felon.— 1369 encor loruns.— 1371 remenrons.—
1372 Ou mettrons.— 1373 ad.— 1375 non.— 1376 autre.—
1377 alad.— 1378 E plus salad.— 1379 pon/. lui.— 1.380
E de pars kil.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 107
Tost fu li puiiz si eslaissiez,
Qii'uns chars i pout aler chargiez ;
Un poi apres fu si creiiz,
Si clous cliars i eiist venuz
Bien se poissent eucuntrer, 1385
E lai'gement ultrepasser.
Li diable quil la menerent
Furent el flueve e esguarderent
Cum il passa seiiremeut.
Dune crient tant liidusement 1390
Que li airs remut e la terre ;
Greignur peril n'estuveit querre !
Greignur poiir out de cez criz
Que des periz qu'il out sentiz.
Altres diables vit parfunt, 1395
Qui jetouent lur cros amunt
De fer, que crochier le voleient ;
Mes a lui tuchier ne poeient.
114c XJltre le punt delivrement
Passa puis, senz encumbreraeut. 1400
Li autors nus fet ci entendre
que nus devum essample prendre
del grant turraent qu'avez oi,
Dunt li livre nus cunte ci ;
1381 pont esleissiez. — 1883 fud. Lat. K: via erat ita
larga, ut sibi in ea obviarent duo carra. — 1385 encontrer. —
1386 outrep. — 1387 qui. — 1388 e floue esgarderent. — 1391
Qe eirs. — 1392 Greignor nestoueit. — 1393 Greignor ces.
—1394 perilz kil.— 1395 Autres parfont.— 1396 Qi crocs
amont. — 1397 k {crossed) crok {k crossed). — 1398 toucher.
—1399 Outre pont.— 1400 cncunib.— 1402 deuom.— 1403
des tormenz. — 1404 Dont linros.
108 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
E des miseires qui ci sunt, 1405
E des granz peines de cest munt.
Si cez peines esteient mises
CuntFe les altres e assises,
N'i avreit il cumparisun,
Plus de [li] aigle e del pin9uu. 1410
Tels sunt les peines enfernals,
E les mesaises e *li raals.
Que nuls nes purreit anumbrer
Plus que gravele de la mer.
Qui de §0 pensereit suvent 1415
Ne se delitereit nient
En la vanite de cest munt,
Ne es delices qui i sunt.
Mes li cloistrier ne sevent mie,
Qui quident aveii' dure vie 1420
Pur 90 qu'il sunt enclos dedenz,
Quels est la peine e li turmenz,
Qui sunt es lius dunt nus parlum,
E dunt devant mustre avum.
Se cele vie remembrassent, 1425
Sur tute rien la lur preisassent ;
114d Plus est legiere, 90 me semble,
U cors e alme sunt ensemble,
Vie seuz curiosete
U dras e vivre a plente, 1430
1405 miseries que. — 1407 ces. — 1408 Centre autres. —
1409 auereit comparison. — 1410 egle pincon. — 1411 Teus
enfernaus. — 1412meseises les maus. — 1413 porreit. — 1414
ke.— 1415 Qi souent.— 1418 q»e.— 1419 cloistrer.— 1420 Qi.
—1421 kil.— 1422 tormenz.— 142;) Qi parlom.— 1424 raos-
tre auom. — 1426 preissasent. — 1428 Ou. — 1429 coriosete.
— 1430OU ad.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 109
Que n'est cele u taut a mesaise,
II n'i a rien qui ne desplaise.
Pur 50 vus voeil amonester
Que des tiirmenz *devez penser,
E si aidiez a voz amis 1435
Qui laieuz suut en peine mis,
Si cum fu dit al chevalier.
Cil qui la suut pur espurgier
Serruut de peines delivre,
Fors eels qui sunt del tut dampne, 1440
Cil que par lius vit en turment
lerent delivres veirement
Par messes e par oraisuns,
E par almosnes e par duns,
Qu'um dune a povre gent pur els. 1445
Tuit ierent delivre fors eels
Qui en la buche d'enfer sunt ;
James de Deu merci n'avrunt.
Es altres turmenz sunt noz pere,
Meres, sorurs, parent e frere ; 1450
Attendanz sunt a noz bien faiz,
Tant que d'iluec les ait Deus traiz.
Ses vissiuns corporelment
Ci entre nus suffrir turment,
1431 ou ad meseise. — 1432 ad que despleise. — 1433 uoil.
— 1434 tormens deies. — 1435 aidez uos. — 1436 Qi lainz. —
1437 come fud au cheualer. — 1438 espurger. — 1439 Serront
deliurez. — 1440 ecus dainpnez. — 1441 Ceus qi torm. — 1442
Erent. — 1443 oreisons. — 1444 almones dons. — 1445 Quom
done eus. — 1446 erent for ceus. — 1447 bouche. — 1449 au-
tres tormenz nos peres. — 1450 sorus parenz freres. — 1451
nos feiz. — 1452 kc treiz.^ — 1453 ueissons. — 1454 torin.
110 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
115a Trop grant laidesce feriuns, 1455
Se nus ne lur aidissiuns.
Greignur mestier en uut il la
Que s'il fussent entre nus 9a.
Seinz Gregoires testimouie,
qui parole de cele vie, 1460
qu'icil qui de cest siecle vunt
E en r espurgatoire sunt,
Qu'il sunt alegiez par icels
Qui alniosne e bien funt pur els.
Mult est granz mals quant en I'iglise 1465
Devum esculter lur servise,
Que plus volum a el entendre
Qu'a Deu pur els pre'iere rendre.
^o diuns pur eels chast'ier
Qui s'en issent hors del mustier 1470
Quant hum dit des morz le servise ;
Ester devreient en I'iglise
E pr'ier mult devotement
Que Deus alejast lur turment.
Tels i a qui delivres sunt : 1475
^o sunt cil qui plus tost s'en vunt ;
E s'il s'esteient remembre
De 90 dunt nus avum parle,
Icil en eiissent poiir
1455 leidesce ferions. — 1456 aidissons. — 1457 ont. — 1458
fuissent.— 1459 Seint.— 1461 Qicil uont.— 1462 sent.— 1468
alegez iceus. — 1464 font eus. — 1465 grant. — 1466 Deuom
escouter. — 1468 Qa eus priere.— 1469 dions. — 1470 Qi
jsent. — 1471 bom mors. — 1474 alegast torment. — 1475 ad.
—1477 estient.— 1478 auon.— 1479 Cil.
OF MARIE BE FRANCE
111
De la peine e de la dolur 1480
Que cil chaitif sauz fin avrunt ;
E des joies u cil irunt
115b Qui servireut lur creatur
En dreite fei e par amur.
Cist chevaliers dunt ai parle, 1485
puis qu' il aveit le punt passe,
tut delivres ala avant.
Devant lui vit un mur si gi-ant
Haut de la terre en I'air amunt.
Les merveilles qui del mur sunt 1490
Ne purreit nuls cunter ne dire,
Ne I'ovraigne ne la matire !
Une porte a el mur veiie,
Bien I'a de loinz aparceiie.
[De] precius metals fu faite, 1495
E gloriusement purtraite :
Pursise esteit de bones pieres,
Mult preciuses e mult chieres.
Li chevaliers s'esmerveilla
De la porte qu'il esguarda, 1500
Pur la clarte qu'ele rendeit
Qui des chieres pieres eisseit.
Mult se hasta de la venir ;
Cuntre lui vit la porte ovrir.
Demie Hue ert loinz e plus ; 1505
1481 auront. — 1482 ices ou irront.— 148S Que.— 1485
cheualers dont.— 1486 kil pont.— 1489 leir.— 1490 que.—
1491 porreit. — 1498 ad. — 149() gloriosement portr.— 1497
Porsise estoit peres. — 1498 precioses chares. — 1500 E de
kil. — 1501 kele.— 1502 — cheres pierres. — 1504 Centre.
112 l' KSPURGATOIRE SEINT PATRIZ
Quant vers la porte aprisma sus,
Si seuti une tel odur,
Taut dulce e si boue flairur,
Si tutes les riens de cest munt
Qui unques furent ue qui sunt 1510
116c Fusseut aromatizeiuent
K'ateindreit il a co nient !
A la dulyur que il senti,
Qui tut le cors li repleui,
Tut en reeuvra sa vertu, 1515
Del turment qu'il aveit eii.
Avis li fu par cele odur
Que tute perdit sa dolur.
Quant la j)orte vint aprismant,
un pais vit resplendissant. 1520
la enz aveit greignur clarte
Que li soleilz n'a en este.
Mult i cuveita a entrer ;
Beneiirez esteit cil ber
Qui taut out fait e deservi 1525
Qu'*encuntre [lui] tel porte ovri.
Cil nel volt mie deeeveir
Qui eel estre li fist veeir :
Bien a einpli sun grant desir,
Qui en tel liu le fist venir. 15o0
1506 aprima. — 1508 douz flerur. — 1510 onques. — 1511
fuissent. — 1512 natendreit. — 1513 doucur quil. — 1514 Qe
lui. — 1515 recoura. — 1516 torment. — 1517 fud eel. — 1518
Qe. — 1520 pas {See Xote to tJtis line). — 1522 soleils nad. —
1523 coueita. — 1526 Que entre. Lat. K : Beatus vero miles
cui talis venienti patuit porta. — 1528 Qi lui. — 1529 ad. —
1530 Qi lui.
OF MAKIK I)E FRANCE 113
E'
ucore esteit loinz de la porte
quant il veit croiz que rum aporte,
palines orines, 90 trovuns,
Chaudelabre? c gumfanuns.
Genz erent de religiun 1535
Qui firent la processiun.
Co li ert vis qu'en tut le munt,
De eels qui furent ne qui sunt,
115d Ne fu unques itels veiie,
Ne si honestement tenue. 1540
De chascun eage de gent,
E de chascun ordre ensenient
Vit formes d'humes e semblanz ;
Mult ert la cumpaignie granz.
Vestu furent diversement 1545
Solunc r ordre qu'a els apent :
Li un erent cum ercevesque,
E li altre erent cum evesque ;
Li un abbe, li altre moigne
E prestre e diacne e chanoigne, 1550
E subdiacne e acolite
E laie genz a Deu eslite.
En tel forme e en tel semblant
Furent vestu aparissant
Cum il furent, n'en dutez mie, 1555
15:^2 uit creiz Ion. Lat. K : egressa est contra eum cum
crucibus et vexillis . . processio, etc. — 1533 trouoiis^.
— 1534 gomfanons.— 1535 Gent religion.— 1536 procession.
—1537 lui ken.— 1538 ces qi.— 1539 fud tele.— 1541
aage. — 1543 domes. — 1544 comp. — 1545 uestuz. — 1540
Solum qa eus. — 1547 arceues(iue. — 1548 autre. — 1549
autre. — 1552 gent. — 1555 dotez.
8
114 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
El Deu servise en ceste vie.
Cuntre le chevalier alerent,
Sil regurent, enz le menerent
Od dulz chant e od melodie
E od le sun de I'armonie. 1560
Quant il orent fini lur chant,
Dui ercevesque vunt avant,
Si li mustrerent le pais,
Tuz les estres e le purpris.
Apres parlerent dulcement 1565
E distrent al cumencement :
116a "Beneeiz seit li reis de gloire
Que il t'a dune la victoire.
Que surniunte as les diables
E lur turmenz nun cuvenables, 1570
E que si estes ci venuz
E en tel joie receiiz."
II le menerent sus e jus ;
Taut i vit bien ne poeit plus.
En eel pais vit tel clarte 1575
Qu'a grant peine I'a esguarde :
Si cume li soleilz le jur
Tolt as esteiles lur luur,
Issi toldreit, 90 li ert vis,
La granz clartez de eel pais 1580
Al soleil tute sa luur
1557 Contre cheualer. — 1559 duz od duz melodie. —
1560 son la romonie. — 1562 arceuesque uont. — 1563 Se lui
mostr. — 1564 porpris. — 1565 Pres doucement. — 1566 au
comen.— 1567 Beneit rois. — 1568 Qui done.— 1569 Qe sor-
monte. — 1570 torm. couenables. — 1571 ke. — 1572 p]au. —
1576 Qa lad.— 1577 le soleil.— 1579 lui.— 1580 grant clarte.
—1581 tote.
OF MAR[E 1)E FRANCE 115
Quant a greignur resplendissur !
11 ue pot veeir la grandur
Del pais u tant a dulyur,
Fors de la porte ii il entra 1585
En tant, cum hum li enseigaa.
Si cum uns prez fu cist pais,
De flurs e d'arbres pleuteis :
Herbes i out de bone odur
E gentiz fruiz de grant valur. 1590
Tant aveit le quer repleni
De la dulyur que il senti,
Que 90 li esteit bien avis
Qu'il en poeit vivre tuz dis.
116b En eel champ a si grant clarte, 1595
N'i puet aveir nule obscurte.
La clartez del ciel i resplent
Nient escolurjablement.
De tute maniere d'ee
I vit genz a si grant plente 1600
Qu'il cuidout bien que nuls vivauz
El munt n'en peiist veeir tanz !
Par cuvenz esteient partiz
Par lius en joie e en deliz ;
E nepuroec quant il voleient, 1605
De I'un liu a I'altre veneient.
1582 Quant il ad. — 1583 puet ueer. Lat. CK : ultra vi-
dere quae vide.s . . non potuit. — 1584 ou ad. — 1585
ou.— 1586 horn.— 1587 fust.— 1588 flora de arbres.— 1590
gentilz.— 1592 quil.— 1593 lui.— 1594 tut.— 1595 ad.— 1596
pot nul. — 1597 clarte. — 1598 escolurgablement. — 1599 de
hee. — 1600 gens. — 1601 ke. — 1602 mund ueir. — 1603
couenz. — 1605 nepuroc. — 1606 autre.
116 l' espurgatoire heint patriz
Grant joie orent comuiiement,
Li un des altres veiremeut,
E de la visitaciun
Qu'entr'els feseient envirun. IGIO
U qu'il fussent, par grant dulcur,
Firent loenge al Creatur.
Si diverseit lur vesteiire
Cnm les esteiles par figure
Se divergent en lur luur : 1615
L'une niendre, I'altre greignur.
Li un r orent tute d'or fin,
E li altre, vert u purprin ;
Li un de jacintes colurs,
Bloies u blanches cume flurs. 1620
Cist Oweins sout de cele gent,
par la forme del vestement,
^^^^ de quel mestier orent este,
En quel mestier orent fine.
Si cum variout la colurs, 1625
Aveient diverses luurs.
Colurs de gloire apparisseit
Sur tuz les dras qu'il i aveit.
Li un alouent corune
Cume rei e si aturne ; 1630
^1607 communement.— 1608 antres uereinient.— 1609 uisi-
tacion.— 1610 fesient enuiron.— 1611 On kil fuissent dou-
CLir.— 1613 uesture.— 1614 esteilles.— 1615 Si.— 1616 lautre.
—1617 uns.— 1618 autre ou porprin.— 1619 uns iacinte
colur.— 1620Bloie ou flur.— 1621 sent genz. Lat. K: For-
ma enim vestis novit miles.— 1622 des uesteuienz — 1624
E en.— 1625 come les.— 1626 diners.- 1627 Colur.— 1628
kil. — 1629 uns corone. — 1630 atorne.
OF 31AiaE UK FKA>X'E 117
Li un portouent en lur maius
Palmes orines, flux's e rains.
Tant fu cil estres delitables
Al chevalier e si mirables,
De la dulyur e del repos 1635
Qu'il vit la enz, dedenz cest clos,
E des dulz chauz qu'il entendi
A la Deu loenge e oi.
Chascuns en sei s'esjoisseit
De la joie que il aveit : 1640
Pur 50 que de I'espurgatoire
Esteient amene en gloire.
C
list pais ert si repleniz
de la grace Deu e guai'uiz,
(|ue bien porent estre peiiz 1645
E de *tel grace sustenuz.
Plusurs maisuns [i] out la enz,
E mulz cumpaignies dedenz ;
Chascune aveit a grant plente
La celestiene clarte. 1650
116d Tuit cil qui le chevalier virent
Lur Creatur beneesquirent
Pur lui qui ert entr'els venuz,
Cum lur frere de mort eissuz.
La grant leesce a bien veiie 1655
1631 uns.— 1632 flors.— 1633 fud.— 1637 duz kil enten-
dit.— 1638 Al oit.— 1639 Chascun.— 1640 kil.— 1641 ke.—
1642 ainenez. — 1(544 garniz. — 1645 pori*ent. — 1646 cele. —
1(547 Plosurs maisons, — 1(348 coj/ipaignies. — 1650 De la. —
1651 cheualer. — 1652 benesqnirent. — 1653 entreus. — 1(554
Cume. — 1655 a<l.
118 l' E8PURGATOIRK SEINT PATRIZ
Que tuit firent de sa venue.
Li dulz clianz e la nielodie
Des seinz Deu est dedenz o'le.
La euz n'out trop ehaut ue trop f'reit,
Ne rien qu'amenuisance seit : 1660
Quant qu'il i out esteit plaisable
E paisable e tut acceptable.
En eel repos beneiire
Vit dejoie si grant plente,
Que nuls qui en cest siecle seit 1665
Saveir ne cunter nel purreit.
Or nus doint Deus co deservir
Qu'a cez joies puissuns venir !
Quant li chevaliers out veii
cele grant joie e eel salu, 1670
li ercevesque le menerent
Un poi en sus, a lui parlerent :
*^ Beals frere, ore as ici veil
Le desirier qu'avez eii :
Les granz turmenz e les dolurs 1675
Avez veil des pecheiirs,
E les deliz e les repos
Des bons qui sunt dedenz cest clos.
117a Beneeiz seit qui te duna
Cest purpos e si aferma ; 1680
E que tu po'is endurer
1657 duz chant. — 1660 que amenusaiice. — 1661 kil
pUnsable.— 1662 peisable.— 1665 ken.— 1666 conter por-
reit.— 1667 Ore.— 1668 Ka ces puissons.— 1671 erceueske
11.-1673 Biau. — 1674 desirer.— 1675 tormenz. — 1679
Beneiz dona.— 1680 affirma.— 1681 ke.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 119
Les granz turmenz a trespasser
De I'espurgatoire u tu fus,
E par sa grace venis sus.
Par Deu estes ci ameiiez : 1685
Des eboses que veil avez
Nus diruus la segnefiance ;
Aiez en Deu bone esperance.
Icist pais e icist estres,
Sacbiez c'est Pai'a'is Terrestres, 1690
Dunt Adams fu pur ses pecbiez
Jetez e si fu eissilliez
En miseire e en amerte
El munt u li bume sunt ne,
Puis qu'il fu inobediens 1695
E ne tint mie le desfens
Sun creatur, qui Tout forme,
E manja le fruit devehe ;
Ultre 90 ne pout il veeir
Cez granz *joies, ne ci maneir. 1700
Einz veeit il sun creatur
E a lui parla par dul9ur ;
Les angeles poeit il veeir,
Ensemble od els grant joie aveir.
Hors fu jetez de cest pais 1705
Par sun pecbie, cume cbaitis ;
1682 tormenz. — 1683 ou. — 1687 dirrons senefiance. —
1689 cist estres.— 1690 Sachez ke 90 paradis.— 1691 Dont
fud.— 1692 Getez fud ei^sillez.— 1693 miserie.— 1694 mund
ou home. — 1695 kil fut. — 1696 nen defens. — 1698 manga.
— 1700 Ces riuea oil maneeir. Lat. K : celica gaudia .
. ultra videre non potuit. — 1703 angles ueir. — 1704
ensembleinent. — 1705 fud iete. — 1706 come.
120 l' espurgatoire seint patkiz
117b Aneire perdit la clarte
Del ciel par sa maleiirte.
i i 1 >v e sa char sumes nus tuit ne
I I en miseire, en chaitivete ; 1710
mes par la fei nostre seignur
Jhesn Crist, nostre creatur,
Que par baptesme receiiraes
De dreite creauce e eiimes,
Sumes en cest pais venu 1715
Par la Deu grace e receii.
Par seint espirit entenduns
D'altre vie, mes ne poiins
Saveir le tut certeinement ;
Adams le sout veraiement. 1720
Mes pur igo que nus pechames,
E de pechie nus encumbrames,
Le nus estuet espeneir
Einz que ici puissuns venir :
Estre en I'espurgaciun 1725
Solunc 190 que fait avum.
La penitence que preimes,
Que devant la mort ne fe'imes,
En cez lius la nus estut faire
Par unt [vus] eiistes repaire. 1730
Vus ve'istes [tuz] les turmenz
1710 cheitiuete.— 1715 uenuz.— 1716 receuz.— 1717 es-
perit entendons.— 1718 Dautre.— 1719 certeinment.— 1720
ueraiment.— 1721 co ke.— 1722 eucomb.— 1723 estut es-
penir. — 1724 ke ci puissons. — 1725 espurgacion. — 1726
Selunc CO ke auon.— 1727 ke.— 1728 Qe.— 1729 ces feire.
— 1730 repeire. — 1731 tormenz.
OF MAKIE DE FRANCE 121
As cliaitis qui furent dedenz :
Tels as greignurs, tels as menurs,
Solunc les oevres des plusurs.
117c Cil qui plus pecbierent el muut 1735
Greignurs turmeuz iluec avruut.
Tuit cil qui sunt es granz turmenz
Que vus veistes la dedenz,
A nus vendrunt, bien le sachiez,
Quant il ierent tut espurgiez ; 1740
Fors eels qui el puiz d'enfer sunt —
James de eel turment n'istrunt !
Chascun jur vieuent ci a nus
Cil qui des peines sunt rescus ;
A grant joie les recevum 1745
Od mult bele processiun.
Puis sunt od nus dedenz cest clos,
En grant joie e en grant repos.
Cil qui el munt sunt espurgie
De lur pecbiez e alegie 1750
Trespasserunt legierement
L'espurgatoire e le turment :
Hastivement a nus vendrunt,
Al plaisir Deu i remaindrunt.
Nuls de eels qui en peine sunt 1755
Sevent cum bien il i serrunt,
Ne cum bien il i unt est6 ;
Cest tut en la Deu volente.
1733 menors. — 1734 Solum oures plusors. — 1735 pecche-
rent. — 173G tormenz. — 1737 en tormenz. — 1739 uendront.
—1740 erent tuz.— 1741 for oil puz.— 1742 torment.— 1743
Chascon. — 1745 receuon. — 174() procession. — 1749 mund
espurgiez. — 1750 alegiez. — 1752 torment. — 1755 ceus.
122 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
Quant hum fait pur els oraisuns,
Messes e almosnes e duns, 1760
Lur turment sunt amenuisie,
U del tut en sunt alegie :
117d U I'um alege lur dolurs,
U Turn les *remet en nienurs.
Quant il sunt tut hors de turment 1765
A nus vienent joissantment.
II ne sevent quant il i sunt
Cum bien il i demurerunt ;
Ne nus me'ismes ne savuns
Cum bien demurer i devuns. 1770
4 4 ^^ i cum li chaitif en turment
/^ sunt travaillie plus luugement
pur les granz pecbiez que il firent,
Tant cum il el siecle vesquirent,
Si sunt li altre meins pene 1775
Qui meins firent d'iniquite ; —
Si est de nus qui sumes ci :
Solunc 90 qu'avum deservi,
Devuns ici plus demurer,
Einz [a] greignur joie munter ; 1780
Que tut serruus nus delivre
De tutes peines e salve.
1759 hom eus oreisons. — 1760almones dons. — 1761 tor-
menz amenusez. — 1762 Ou aleggez.— 1763 On lorn. — 17(i4
C)u lom met. Lat. K : aut de ipsis tormentis in minoribus
transferuntur. — 1765 torment. — 1768 demorrunt. — 1769
meimes sauons. — 1770demorer deuons. — 1771 cume tor-
ment. — 1772 trauaille longement. — 1773 kil. — 1775 autre.
— 1776 de iniq. — 1778 Selunc kauom. — 1779 Deuor.s
demorer. — 1781 seuns deliurez. — 1782 totes paluez.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 123
Ne poiins nus mie uncore estre
A la grant leesce celestre.
Vus veez bien que sanz dolur 1785
Sumes ici en grant dulgur ;
Eu mult greignur joie vendruns,
Mes quant 90 iert, nus nel savuns.
Nostre cumpaignie descreist
Chascun jur, si cumeele creist ; 1790
118a Li espurgie vienent ici
E li altre, si cum jo di,
Vunt de cest parais terestre
Des i qu'en parais celestre."
Li ercevesque qu'iluec sunt 1795
le menerent en un haut munt,
e li dient que il turnast
See oeilz amunt, si esguardast,
Si lur *desist de quel colur
Li ciels esteit en sa luur ? 1800
II lur respundi maintenant
Qu'il resemblout or flambeiant.
De si grant clarte fu espris
Que tuz ardeit, 50 li ert vis.
*'^o est I'entree, beals amis, 1805
Del celestien parais !
Quant alcuns deit de nus turner
1785 ke.— 1787 uendrons.— 1788 ert sauons.— 1789 com-
paignie. — 1790 lor. — 1791 espurgiez. — 1792 autre cume
ioidi. — 1793 Uont. — 1794 De ci ken. — 1795 arceueske qui
iluec— 1796 Li.— 1797 lui kil tornast.— 1798 oilz.— 1799 Se
diseit.— 1800 eiel.— 1802 flambeant.— 1803 fnd.— 1804 Qe
lui. — 1805 lentre biaus. — 1806 De. — 1807 aucuus torner.
124 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
118b
Par cele porte deit entrer.
Sachiez que par iliiee s'en vunt
Cil qui el ciel muntent amuiit. 1810
De viande celestiel
Nus peist nostre sire del ciel ;
Une f'iee chascun jur,
Par sa grace e par sa dulcur.
Ja gusterez ensemble od nus 1815-
La viande qu'il dune a nus."
Avis unques aveit 90 dit
quant li fus del seint espirit
descendi del ciel, li fu vis,
E raempli tut le pais, 1820
E si cum li rai del soleil
(Bien le puet hum veeir de ^I'oeil !)
Les chies de eels enviruna,
Dedenz els se mist e entra.
Li chevaliers, ne dute mie, 1825
En reyut od els sa partie.
Si grant joie e si grant delit
Out en sun quer e si parfit
De eel dulyur, qu'il ne saveit
U morz u vis quels il esteit! 1830
Mes cele hure est tost trespassee,
Que tel grace lur est dunee.
De tel viande sunt peii
1809 Sacliez ke iluek uont. — 1810 montent amont. —
1813 fie- chascon. — 1815 ensemblement. — 1816 kil done.
— 1817 unkes. — 1819 descendit co lui fud. — 1820 raampli..
— 1821 cume. — 1822 hom ueer defoil. [See Note to this line. }
—1823 chiefs enuirona.— 1824 enls.— 1826 eus.— 1829 K
kil.— 1830 Ou ou uifs.— 1832 donee.— 1833 peuz.
OF MAKIE DE FRANCE 125
Cil qui el ciel sunt reccii.
Li chevaliers, se il poist, 1835
Tuz jurs seuz fin i remansist.
Apres cele tres grant leesce
Qu'il a eiie, avra tristesce.
Li ercevesque maintenaut
Al chevalier diseieut tant : 1840
" Des or poez bien repairier.
Veil avez tun desirier :
Les granz joies de para'is
E les granz peines des chaitis.
Par la veie vus en irez 1845
Dunt vus estes ca enz entrez ;
118c S'el siecle vivez leialment,
Se'iez seiirs certeinement,
Apres vostre mort [vus] vendrez
En la joie que vus veez. 1850
Si vus vivez de male vie —
Deus doint que vus nel faciez niie —
A cez turmenz que vus savez
Pur espurgier repairerez.
Hastez vus tost aler d'ici ; 1855
Bien sachiez qu'i li enemi
Ne vus purrunt mie aprismier,
Ne par turment nient blescier. "
1834 receuz.— 1835 si.— 1836 sen.— 1838 ad.— 1839 arceu-
■eske. — 1840 diseint. — 1841 ore repairer. — 1842 Ueu en
desirer. — 1845 irrez. — 1847 Si el leaument. — 1848 Siez
seur. — 1850 ueiez. — 1852 ke ne facez. — 1853 ces tormenz.
— 1854 reperirez. — 1856 sacliez ki. — 1857 i)oriiint apre-
smer. — 1858 torment blescer.
126 I.' ESPURGATOIRE SEINT PATRIZ
L'
i chevaliers plure e suspire ;
as evesques cumence a dire 1860
qu'il ne s'en volt nient partir,
Kar ne quide james venir
Pur les grevus pechiez del iiumt,
Qui encumbrent eels qui [i] sunt :
"Ne sai que me remaint ici, 1865-
Si cum jo sui, par Deu merci."
Li dui ereevesque unt parle :
" N'iert pas, frere, a ta volente."
Hors a la porte I'unt mene ;
A Jhesu Crist I'unt cumande ; 1870
La porte cloent, il s'en va
Parmi les lius u il j^assa.
Quant li diable le veeient
Huntus erent, si s'en fueient.
118d N'aveit dute de nul turment, 1875-
Ne n'en senti blemissemeut.
Al palfis vint qui est mirables,
U il vit primes les diables.
Dedenz entra, puis s'asist jus ;
Merveilla sei, ne poeit plus, 1880
De I'ovraigne de la maisun.
Apres CO vindrent li barun,
Qui einz orent a lui parle.
Si I'unt de part Deu salu6 ;
1860 eueskes comence. — 1861 uont. — 1863 greuous.
— 1864 encombre ces. — 1865 ke. — 1866 cume. — 1867
arceueske. — 1868 Nert. — 1870 lun comande.— 1872 ou. —
1875 doute torment. — 1877 paufis uont. Lat. AK : cum
intraret in aulam. — 1878 ou. — 1879 sentra. — 1881 ouer-
aigne maison. — 1882 baron. — 1888 enz. — 1884 par.
OF MAEIE DE FRANCE 127
Deu loerent e sa puissance, 1885
Qui en si ferme parmanaiice
L'out fait ester e meiuteuu,
Par quei le diable out veucu ;
E qu'il ert de tuz ses pechiez
E delivres e espurgiez. 1890
" Beals frere chiers, or vus hastez,
Delivremeut vus en alez,
Que vus ne seiez ci suzpris.
II adjurue en vostre pais ;
Li priurs iert encuntre vus, 1895
Qui de vus iert liez e joins :
A grant joie vus recevra,
E en I'iglise vus merra.
La porte iert apres refermee
Par unt vus eiistes I'entree. " 1900
II recut lur beneeiyun,
Si s'en eissi de la maisun.
119a A la porte vint de cler jur ;
AA encuntre lui *vit le priur
qui volentiers I'a receii : 1905
Mult fu liez quant il 1' out veii.
En I'iglise le fist entrer,
E quinze jurs la demurer
En jeiines, en oraisuns,
1887 Lent.— 1888 li.— 1889 kil touz.— 1891 Biau chier.
— 1883 Qe suspris. — 1894 adiorne. — 1895 pn'ors ert encon-
tre.— 1896 Qi ert leez.— 1898 menra.— 1899 ert.— 1901
beneicon. — 1902 issi mait^on. — 1904 Encontre uint. — 1905
lad.— 1906 fud k-z.- 1908 demorer.— 1909 e en oreisons.
128 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
E
Eu veille.<, ou afllicciuu.s. 1910
Puis recunta 90 que il vit
E il le luistrent eu escrit.
En honur Deu, suu creatur,
Croisier se fist par grant amur :
Requerre le voleit el liu 1915
U le dampnereiit li Juiu.
I u Jerusalem en ala
e [dune] ariere repaira ;
a suu seignur le rei revint
E 11 volentiers le retint. 1920
Tut en ordre li a cunte
De sa vie la verite ;
Cunseil li quist e demauda
De sa vie qu'il en loa :
S'il delist moigne devenir, 1925
U quel religiun tenir.
E li reis li a respundu
Chevaliers seit, si cum il fu ;
^'o li loa il a tenir,
En CO pot il Deu bien servir. 1930
119b Si fist il bien tute sa vie ;
Pur altre ne chanja il raie.
I n icel tens issi aviut
qu' uns des raoignes de Cisteus vint
que lur abes i enveia : 1935
Par qui a icel rei manda
1910 e en affliccions.— 1911 reconta kil.— 1913 de deu.—
1914 Croiser.— 1916 Ou ieu.— 1917 ierlm. —1919 son .—1921
lui ad.— 1923 Conseil lui.— 1924 kil.— 102G Ou religion.—
1927 lui ad respondu.— 1929 lui —1930 poeit.— 1932 autre
changa.— 1934 Ke.— 1935 Qe enuea.
E
OF MARIK 1)E FRANCE 129
D'uii liu qu'einceis li out pramis.
Pur 90 I'aveit a lui tramis
Pur saveir u li lius serreit
U I'abbeic fuudereit. 1940
Gervaises out li abes nun :
Mult fu de grant religiun
Cil de Cisteus qui enveia
A eel rei d'Irlande e manda
Par Gilebert (un suen profes 1945
Qui fu abes puis sun deces)
De I'abbeie qu'out pramise,
U ele devreit estre assise.
Li reis li fist le liu mustrer
U I'abbeie volt funder. 1950
Li moignes dist qu'il ne saveit
Cument il i arestereit :
II ne saveit ne n'out apris
Le language de eel pais.
Li reis li dist : " N'en dutez mie, 1955
Jo vus metrai en cumpaignie
Un produme e bon latiniier."
Dune apela le chevalier
119c Owein, si li preia e dist
Qu'od lui alast, sil'apresist. 1960
1937 kenceis.— 1939 ou.— 1940 Ou— 1941 Gerueises.—
1942 fud.— 1943 qi enuea.— 1944 de Irlande.— 1945 sun.—
1946 fud p9.— 1947 kout.— 1948 Ou asise.— 1949 lui.—
1950 Ou.— 1951 moines kil.— 1952 Cement.— 1955 lui dou-
tez. — 1956 compaignie. — 1957 prodom latimer. — 1958 Don
cheualer.— 1959 lui peia.— 1960 Kod.
9
130 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
Bien I'otreia li chevaliers
e dist al rei que voleutiers
le servireit a sun plaisir,
Que de 90 faire out grant desir.
" Veirs est, nel celer ore mie, 1965
Tant cum jo fu en I'altre vie
Vi jo, si I'ai bien en memoire.
Que cil furent en greignur gloire
De lur ordre e de lur cuvent.
Que tut le plus de I'altre gent." 1970
Issi remest od Gilebert
Li chevaliers e bien le sert ;
Mais ne voleit changier sun estre :
Moignes ne cunvers ne volt estre.
En nun de chevalier morra, 1975
Ja altre abit ne recevra.
Cil dui funderent I'abbeie
E mistrent genz de bone vie ;
Gileberz en fu celeriers,
E Oweins fu sis latiniiers. 1980
Mult par [li] fu leials serjanz,
E en tuz ses bosoinz aidanz.
Ensemble dous anz e demi
Furent e puis s'en departi.
Gileberz dit que seintemeut 1985
1961 lotrea.— 1962 ke.— 1963 pleisir.— 1966 come fud
lautre.— 1968 Ke.— 1969 couent.— 1970 tuit autre.— 1971
remist. — 1973 Meis changer. — 1974Moigne conuers. — 1975
non. — 1976 autre nen. — 1979 celerers. — 1980 ses latiiners.
— 1981 leaus serganz. Lat. K : minister fidelis et interpres
fuit ei devotus.— 1982 bosoigns.— 1983 dimi.— 1985 Gil-
berz ke.
OV MARIE DK FRANCE 131
Viveit e mult honestement
119d Tant cum li chevaliers i fu ;
Mult en out grant cunfort perdu.
Apres go, par cunfessiun,
Laissierent tute la maisun : 1990
Li inoigne, altre mausiun querre,
Vindrent alue en Engleterre.
Li chevaliers honestement
Remest e vesqui seintement.
Quant il morut, a Deu i-endi 1995
S'alme, que bien Tout deservi.
Cist Gileberz cuuta suveut
cez choses devant meinte gent,
pur edifier les oianz
E qu'a bien fussent entendanz. 2000
Un en i out qui 90 01,
Duta qu'il ne fust mie issi.
Gileberz en respundi tant :
" Qu'il n'erent mie bien creant
Qui dient qu'espiritelment 2005
Veient e nun corporelment,
(Quant il entrent en la maisun
Qu'est de Deu espurgaciun)
Les granz peines e les turmenz
Qui sunt establiz la dedenz. 2010
1987 come. — 1989 confession. — 1990 Laisserent toute
maison.— 1991 moine autre mansion. — 1992 engletterre.
—1994 remist. -1996 ke.— 1997 conta souent.— 1998 Cee.
—2000 kii fuissent.— 2002 kil.— 2003 respondi.— 2004 Kil.
—2005 kespiritelment.— 200(5 non.— 2007 maison.— 2008
Qe espurgacion. — 2009 tormenz.
132 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
Li chevaliers tut 50 desdit,
Qui tut corporelnient le vit ;
Ea char e eu os les turinenz
*Sutfrit quaut il fu la dedenz.
120a Se 90 ne volez ottrier, 2015
Ne ne creez le chevalier,
Creez mei qui de mes oeilz vi
^0 que jo vus dirai ici :
4 4 To fu ja eu une maisun
I u out, de grant religiun, 2020
un moigne qui mult se pena
De Deu servir e mult I'ama.
Une nuit, entre le cuvent
El durtur vit apertement,
Si cum il jut e dut durmir, 2025
Les diables a lui venir,
Qui corporelnient le ravirent
E del durtur le departirent,
Si que li cuvenz nel sout mie.
Tant orent de *sun [bien] envie, 2030
Treis jurs e treis nuiz I'unt tenu ;
Li cuvenz ne sout u il fu.
Puis le porterent a sun lit,
Enz le jeterent par despit
2013 tormenz. — 2014 Suffrir fud. Lat. K : hec se vidisse
et in corpore corporaliter pertulisse dicit. — 2016 creiez. —
2017iCreiez ke oilz.— 2019 maison.— 2020 Ou religion.—
2023^couent.— 2024 dortuv {the order of II. 2023-2024 is re-
versed in the MS.).— 202b dormir.— 2028 dortur.— 2029 ke
couenz. — 2030 ses. Lat. C : cuius sanctitati Daemones in-
videbant. (AK give no aid). — 2031 lent. — 2032 couenz ou.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 133
Tut flael6 e debatu 2035
Desqu'a la mort e navrez fu.
Plaies out parfundes e granz,
Par tut le cors aparissanz.
II me'ismes les me mustra
Apertement sil me cunta ■ 2040
(^o sachiez bieii) qu'um ne pot mie
Saner ses plaies, e sa vie
120b Mult erent horribles e granz,
Tuz jurs noveles parissanz.
Tel plaie i out qui fu roiinde 2045
E desmesuree e parfuude ;
E me dit qu'a sun plus lung deit
La parfundesce *en ateindreit.
E quant il vit la juevne gent
Gabber desordeneement, 2050
Tut apertement lur diseit,
S'il seiissent qu'els ateudeit,
E quels turmenz e quel ennui,
II ne gabbereient nului.
Quinze anz apres sis tens fini ; 2055
Jo ne I'ai pas mis en obli."
Gileberz cunta icel fait
A I'autor quil nus a retrait,.
2036 Deska naure.— 2040 conta. -2041 kon.— 2044 iors e
parissanz. — 2045 que. — 2046 desmesures. — 2047 ka. — 2048
naten<lreit. Lat. AK : Fuit autem viibiennn illorum ali-
quod ita profundum ut (A : quod) longior digitus tuus in
60 posset intrare usque ad manum. — 2049 ioune. — 2051
Tuit.— 2052 kels.— 2053 tormenz.— 2054 nullui.— 2055 sun.
—2057 conta.— 2058 kil ad.
134 l' espurgatoirk seint patriz
Si cum Oweins li out cunte,
E li moigues dunt j'ai parle : 2060
^0 que jo vus ai ici dit
E tut mustr^ par niun escrit.
E
puis parlai j'a dous abbez :
d'Irlaude erent bons ordenez.
si lur demandai de eel estre, 2065
Si 50 poeit veritez estre.
Li uns affirma que veirs fu
De I'espurgatoire e seii
Que plusur hume i eutrerent
Qui unques puis ne returnerent. 2070
120c Tr^ii eel an meisnies trovai
IJ un evesque a qui jo parlai.
nevuz fu al tierz Seint Patriz
Qui cumpainz ert Seint Malacbiz.
Florenciens aveit a nun ; 2075
II me cunta eu veir sermun
Que I'espurgatoire ert assise
En s'evescbie e la fu quise.
Ententivement li enquis
Si 90 fust veirs, que Ten ert vis : 2080
E il me dist : " Certeinement,
Que c'esteit veirs," e dist cument :
" Que plusur [i] entrerent ja
2059 conte.— 2061 ci.— 2063 io a.— 2064 De Irlande.—
2067 ke.— 2069 Qe plusurs homes.— 2070 Qi unkes retorne-
rent.— 2071 meimes.— 2072 eueske. —2073 Neuoz fud seinz.
—2074 compaigns seinz.— 2076 conta.— 2077 Ke.— 2078 E
saeuesche fud.— 2079 lui.— 2080 ke.— 2082 Qe coment.—
20 83 Qe plusurs.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 135
Dunt uuqiies nuls n'en repaira.
Tels i out qui ariere vindrent 2085
E qui les [granz] turmenz sustindrent :
Tui jurs fureut plus en langur
E perdirent dreite colur,
Pur les turmenz qu'il orent la,
E [pur] I'anguisse quis greva. 2090
Si puis fussent de bone vie,
Sals serreieut, ne dutcz mie,
E delivres de lur pechiez,
Kar il en furent espurgiez.
i 4 l~^res de eel liu a un seint hume 2095
I que nus tenuns a mult produme ;
hermites est de bone vie.
Chascune nuit, co ne faut mie,
120d Ot les diables assembler
Entur sun purpris e parler ; 2100
Aneire apres soleil culchant,
A veiie vienent avant
E si tienent lur parlement ;
Einz le jur partent veireraent.
En demeutiers qu'il iluec sunt, 2105
Al maistre dient 90 qu'il funt.
Li seinz les veit apertement,
E ot lur euntes mult suvent.
2084 unkes nuL— 2085 arere.— 2086 tormenz.— 2089 tor-
menz qil. — 2090 lee anguisses kil. — 2091 fuissent. — 2092
dotez. — 2093 pechez. — 2094 espurgez. — 2095 ad home. —
2096 Qe tenons prodome. — 2101 couchant. — 2102 uenent.
—2103 tenent.— 2104 ior.— 2105 kil.— 2106 meistre kil.—
2108 contes souent.
136 l' esfurgatoire seint patkiz
A sa celle le vunt tempter,
Mes ne pueent dedeuz entrer. 2110
En semblance de femmes nues
Se raustrent qui la sunt venues
Pur lui deceivre e engignier,
E faire sun propos lessier.
Par els entendi de la gent 2115
La vie des plusurs suvent."
Quant li evesques ne dist plus,
uns suens chapeleins leva sus
e dist : " Sire, jo cuntereie.
Si vostre cungie en avreie, 2120
Del seint hume §o que jo vi,
E 90 que jo de lui oi."
Li evesques li dist : " Cuutez."
Li altre dist : ' ' Beals sire, oez :
" La celle u cist seinz est mananz — 2125
Cent Hues loinz, lunges e granz
121a I aveit del munt Seint Brandan,
U uns altre out este meint an,
Qui aveit cele vie eslite,
E que Turn teneit pur hermite. 2180
Jo ving parler a cest seint hume,
E il me dist, e'en est la sume,
2109 uont.— 2110 poent.— 2112 mustrerent ke.— 2113 en-
eisrner. — 2114 feire lesser. — 2115 eus. — 2116 de souent.
— 2117 eueskes. — 2119 contereie. — 2120 conge auereie. —
2121 home. — 2123 eueskes lui contez. — 2124 autre bel
oiez.— 2125 ou.— 2126 longes.— 2128 .Ou autre.— 2130 ke
lorn.— 2131 home.— 2132 some.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 137
Qu'il n'out unques si grant desir
De rieu qui peiist aveuir,
Cum il aveit eii suvent 2135
D'a lui parler a sun talent.
Jo demandai purquei 90 fu,
Que tel desir en out eii ?
' Pur CO que j'ai suvent o'i
Les diables cunter ici 2140
En gabbant.' (Trestute sa vie,
Cum berraite ne vit il mie.)
' Quant il vienent ici les nuiz,
^o est lur joie e lur deduiz
De lui e des altres reprendre 2145
Qu'il funt a lur oevres entendre.
J'oi I'altre unit veirement
^o que jo vus dirai briefment :
'L'altre nuit furent ajuste
Li diable e ci assemble, 2150
E cunterent a lur seignur
^o qu'il aveient fait *le jur.
Avant veneient un e un ;
Li maistre d'els apela I'un
121b E li fist une tel demande : 2155
S'aporte out point de viande ?
"Oil," dist il, " pain e ferine,
2133 Kil.— 2134 que.— 2135 souent.— 2139 ke souent.—
2140 center.— 2142 heremites.— 2143 uenent.— 2144 lor
(deduiz).— 2145 autres.— 214() Kil.— 2147 lautre.— 2148
dirra.— 2149 Lautre.— 2150 ici.- 2151 conterent.— 2152 kil
louur. — 2155 lui tele. — 215(3 Si aporte.
188 l' kispukgatoire skint patkiz
Furmage e bure en ma saisine. ' '
"E u les purcha9astes vus? "
" Jol dirai," fait [il], " bieu a vus : 2160
" ' " 1 ^'^^^ clerc viudrent a uu vileiu,
I I sil demauderent de sun pein
par charite e altre bien ;
II ne lur voleit duner rien ;
E si out assez guarnisun, 2165
Pain e viande en sa maisun.
*Par charite prist a jurer
Qu'il ne lur out rien que duner ;
E pur 50 qu'il se parjura,
Pris 90 qu'il out e perdu I'a ; 2170
De9'aveiejo poeste.
Ci devant vus I'ai aporte."
Apres iyo s'en repairierent
Li diable e iluec laissierent
La viande qu'il out emblee 2175
Al vilain e la aportee.
Matin i ving, si la trovai,
En une fosse la jettai ;
En dute fui qu'um la trovast,
S'alcuns venist, si la manjast.' 2180
" Uncor vus vueil jo plus cunter
Dunt chascuns se deit amender
2158 seisine.— 2159 ou le puehac— 2160 dirrai.— 2161
Dous clers. — 2163 autre. — 2164 doner. — 2165 guarisun. —
2167 La.— 2168 Kil ke doner.— 2169 Ml.— 2170 kil- 2171
CO aueie. — 2173 repairerent. — 2174 iluek laisserent. — 2175
kil. — 2179 kom. — 2180 Si aukuns mangast. — 2181 uoil
conter.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 139
121c E guarder d'engiu des diables
Qui est subtils e decevables."
Uns prestre esteit de seiute vie, 2185
de Deu servir ne cessa mie.
matin levout al Deu servise ;
Mais einz qu'il eutrast en I'iglise,
El cimetire demurout
E ses quinzesalraes ohantout 2190
Pur les almes dunt li cors sunt
En eel liu e par tut le munt.
Chastement se tint e guarda
E bien e bel endoctriua
Icels qui en sa guarde esteient, 2195
E sun cunseil creire voleient.
Suvent se pleinstrent li diable
De sa vie nun reparnable,
E que nuls uel poeit turner
De Deu servir ne d'aiirer. 2200
Li maistre diables blasma
Ses serjanz que nuls nel tempta
E nel osta de sun purpens.
Li uns li dit : " Mult a lung tens
Que j'ai entur lui demure ; 2205
Ore a primes ai tant ovre
Qu'entre ci e quinze anz I'avrai
2183 del diable.— 2184 subtil deceuable.— 2188 enz kil.
— 2189 demorout.— 2193 garda.— 2195 Iceus garde.— 2196
conseil.— 2197 Souent.— 2199 ke ne.— 2201 diable blama.
—2202 serganz ke. -220-4 ad long.— 2205 demore.— 2206
p/'i'mis. — 2207 Que entre.
140 l' espurgatoirb: seint patriz
Enfautosme, sil decevrai
Par un engin, mes ne puet estre
Qu'einceis seit deceiiz li prestre. 2210'
121d Par une femme ai purveii
Que dune I'avrai *tut deceii."
Li mestre dist : " Mult avez fait
S'en eel terme I'avez atrait
De peehier par teniptaciun ; 2215^
De mei avrez bou gueredun."
Al demain, si eum il soleit,
leva li presire e ala dreit
el cimetire e a veii
Un enfaut qui jetez i fu. 2220'
Delez la croiz jetez esteit ;
Femele fu, il la perneit ;
Nurice quist si la bailla ;
Cume sa fille la guarda.
II la feseit lettres aprendre, 2225
Al Deu servise la volt rendre.
Quant ert en I'ee de quiuze anz,
Mult ert bele e creiie e granz.
Li prestre I'esguarda suvent
Par le diable enortemeut. 2230'
De sa bealte s'esmerveilla
E en sun quer la cuveita ;
Cum plus suvent la vit le jur
2209 pot.— 2210 Ke deceu.— 2212 Qe done tost.— 2213
dit.— 2215 temptacion.— 2216 auerez guerdon.— 2217 {ini-
tial forgotten) .—2219 ad.— 222(5 uout.— 2228 belee.— 2229
souent.— 2231 beaute.— 2232 coueita.— 2233 souent.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 141
Tant fu plus espris de s'amur.
II la requist, el I'otria 2235
De faii'e 90 que li plerra.
La nuit apres, einz qu'il feist
L'ovraigue duut il la requist,
122a Furent li diable assemble ;
Chascuns a suu fait recunte. 2240
Cil qui entur le prestre fu
A devant tuz recuiieii
^o qu'il praniist dedenz quinze anz :
' ' Or iert li faiz aparissanz ;
Deinain iert li prestre tra'iz 2245
E par la femme malbailliz
Qu'il a pur sa fille teuue,
Quaut a sun lit I'avra eiie
Eiuz [le] midi que chascuns I'oie."
Mult en firent eutr'els grant joie : 2250
" E lui e li amdous avruus,
Kar ensemble les decevruns."
Li mestre dist : ' ' Voels tu aie ? ' '
" N'ai en," dist il, "jo n'en quier mie."
Mult li saveit bon gre sis mestre. 2255
Or o'iez cum ovra li prestre :
1 demaiu la meschine apele
[e] si *diseit taut a li : " Bele,
la enz culchiez desur mun lit,
E'
2234 fud.— 2236 lui.— 2237 kil.— 223S loueraigne dont
requeist. — 2240 ad reconte. — 2242 Ad reconu. — 2244 ert
fait.~2245 ert.— 2246 maubailliz.— 2247 ad.— 2248 lauera.
—2249 ke.— 2250 entreus.— 2251 ambdui aurona.— 2252
deceurons. — 2253 dit uols. — 2255 ses.— 2258 lui dist ore
a le.— 2259 cucher.
142 l' espurgatoire seint patriz
Si acumplinii mun delit." 2260
La meschiiie delivremeut
Aveit fait suu cumaudement.
Li prestre viut, si I'esguarda,
Mult durement se purpeusa
De I'ovraigue qu'il deveit faire, 2265-
122b U li diables le volt traire,
Par quei avreit le bien perdu
Qu'il aveit fait e raeintenu.
La grace de Deu i ovra :
Hors s'eu eissi, cele i laissa ; 2270
Un eultel prist que il porta
E ses genitailles trencha.
Hors les jeta de maintenant,
E puis dist as diables taut :
" Oez, espirit malfaisant ! 2275
James ne serrez jo'issant
De la nostre perdiciuu
Par ceste malvaise achaisun."
La nuit apres que cist faiz fu,
Sunt li di able re venu ; 2280
Li maistre d'els apele avaut
Celui qui li out cuvenant
Que einz midi avreit le jur
2260 acomplirai. — 2262 commandement. — 2264 por-
pensa.— 2265 oueraigne kil.— 2266 Ou uoleit.— 2267 tut
le bien.— 2268 Kil.— 2270 issi leissa.— 2271 coutel kil.—
2273 geta. — 2275 espiriz maufeisanz. — 2276 ioissanz. — 2277
perdicion. — 2278 malueise achaison. — 2279 ke cest fait.
—2281 meistre de eus.— 2282 lui couenant.— 2283 Ke
miedi.
OF MARIE DE FRANCE 143
Trai le prestre en sa folur.
Demaude lui qu'il en a fait ; 2285
II respundi : " Malement vait ;
Tut mail ti'avail jo ai perdu."
Devant tuz lur a cuneii
Cument li prestre aveit [ovre.]
Assez aveit de tuz inal gre ; 2290
Lur mestre dit a ses privez :
" A lui ! " fait il, " sil me batez
E flaelez mult duremeut ! "
Dune s'en partent od eel turment.
122c La meschine dedenz I'iglise 2295
Mist li prestre, al Deu servise.
Jo, Marie, ai mis en memoire
le livre de 1' Espurgatoire :
rz'za en Romanz qu'il seit enteudables
A laie gent e cuvenables. 2300
Or prelum Deu que par sa grace
De noz pecbiez muudes nus face.
2285 kil ad feit.— 2286 lui respondit ueit. —2287 iai.
— 2288 ad conu. — 2289 Cement le {the rime icord omitted).
—2292 AL— 2297 Joe.— 2299 kil.— 2300 genz couenables.
2301 Ore preiom ke pur. — 2302 nos Amen.
NOTES AND ADDITIONS
The heading : Ci j^arout des j^eines que sunt en
2mrgatoire is to be ascribed to the Anglo-Norman
copyist(s). Marie uses jmrole for parabolat (AV
jyurg. 1460 ; Lays, Milun, 190) while the shorter
form is common in Anglo-Norman texts (Dew le
ovmijwtent 106b ; other examples in Burguy, I.,
p. 309).
Line 9. Eckleben {oji. cit., p. 47) supposes that
the translation begins here, representing the " Jus-
sistis, pater venerande, ut scriptum vobis mitterem,"
etc., of the Tradatus. Diraieo que fen ai o'i (1. 15)
is indeed a fair equivalent to " quod de purgatorio
in vestra retuli preseucia." The feminine partici-
ples (11. 9, 10), however, are decisive evidence that
Marie is still speaking of herself, and that Roque-
fort was correct in saying (II., p. 407) : "Marie
previent qu'elle a traduit ce poeme a la priere d'un
homme prudent et sage, dont elle a re§u des bien-
faits," etc.
The translation begins with line 17, which closely
reproduces the Tractatvs : MSS. AC : Licet enim
utilitatem multorum per me venire desiderem, etc.,
and the "jo" in IL 17, 26, 29 is therefore Henry
of Saltrey.
41. cumpuncciun. Perhaps in this and like words
-ctiun should be written, an orthography frequent in
the Comjmhis (cp. 11. 199, 202, 207, and also Intro-
duction, p. 93). So Lays, Chaitivel 20, destrudiun.
But as -ciun, in Marie as in the Compidus, tran-
scribes Latin -tionem (e.rposiciun, Computus 2679,
etc. ; devoeiun. 42, 194, 583), the first c is probably
etymological (learned) and hence the change seemed
not warranted.
160. irimt is preferable. So dirai 187.
NOTES AND ADDITIONS 145
202. reance (MS. ra^ice) is preferable. This substau-
tive does not appear in Korting nor in Godefroy, but
is no doubt to be attached to redimere — re'einbre as
creanceio credere (Cp. Cohn, Su^xwandhing, p. 74).
The E--<pi(vg. shows recimter (not racunter) and hence
it is preferable to read re-, reangun 728 (MS. rancwi)
redemptiouem, appears to owe its a to reance.
234. regehiaseit is preferable.
260. eage is preferable ; so at 387, 398. Cp. ee
aetatem 2227, etc.
300. This is St. Bernard's Vita Malachm {^ligwe.,
Cursus Patrol., clxxi., 1074). Cp. above, p. 11.
376. From this passage we must conclude that for
Marie espurgatoire is feminine, since the participle
mise obviously refers to that word. 2077 has : Que
I' espurgatoire ert assise En s' eveschie e la fii quiee. In
510, however, we have : U li purgatoires ert mis
(.■pais) where the masculine participle likewise stands
fast, and where we have the gender we should expect
from the neuter purgatorium and the mod. Fr. jjwr-
gatoire (m.). It is a distinct tendency of the Anglo-
Norman to make fems. of masc. nouns in final atonic
e (cp. Suchier, St. Auban,]). 49) ; in the Ale.ris lOld
adjutorium appears as fem. in MS. A, but as masc.
in MSS. PL. G. Paris prefers the fem. There
seems, therefore, no reason to deny that Marie has
used espurgatoire as fem. and purgatoire as masc.
540. delivres. This adj. shows an -s in the n. sg.
throughout the Espurg. See p. 43, 2.
558. des i que. The MS. has always de ci que.
With Warnke, in the Lays, I have thought best to
follow Suchier {Reimpredigt, p. 75), who regards des
i que as the etymologically correct orthography.
564. The metre, as it stands in the MS., de-
mands el (=e le). This may be paralleled from
Anglo-Norman texts but not from French. (Cp.
Suchier, St. Auban, p. 31, 7.) The single example
10
146 NOTES AND ADDITIONS
of el (=e le) cited l)y Gengnagel {Der Kurzniig der
Pronomlna, etc. Halle, 1882, p. 8) is from the
Passion.
bll . V i {le i) for the sake of the seuse, though
li in such cases is not unknown. (Cp. Tobler, Ver-
mischte Beitrdge, p. 168.) The usual construction
in the Espurg., as in mod. Fr., is the accus. with in-
trans. verbs : les fist departir 978. (Cp. 1165, 1907);
the dative with transitive verbs : cp. 581, 1528,
1949.
619. crois. This word translates cavitatem in
Lat. K. (concavitatem AC) and means no doubt
'hollow.' Godefrov has not this meaniuij, unless
it lies in Si Ven Jen le crois del chief (Ogier 3123)
which G. translates ' sommet de la tete.' The word
belongs probably with the adj. cnies (cruese, Lays,
Bis. 93. MS. cniose). A word of the same form
has the meaning * gnashing ' (Godefroy s. v. and
Reimpredigt, p. 79).
690. wandiches (?) The text is here corrupt, and
I have been unable to identify this word.
716. Since the contracted form beneiz for heneeiz
(beuedictus) nearly coincided with bene'is (benedicis)
the scribe apparently has tailed to recognize the im-
perative, and, to the detriment of the metre, has
written seit Deus as in 1567, 1679.
725. bcn-nilmod = ' en baron,' according to
Godefroy, who quotes the Oxford Psalter, xxvi. and
XXX. (ed. Michel.) There, as here, the word trans-
lates Latin viriliter. It is evidently baron (with
shifted accent) -f-ilis-fmente.
731. Ja endreit quant translates mox in Lat.
ACK. Cp. Lays, Lanval 436.
816. bosoing is preferable.
955. Add this case of hiatus to those given, p. 29.
1046. avis unques= ' hardly ' (cp. 1190, 1817).
In all three instances this phrase translates Latin
vix. This French form is wanting in Korting 8798,
NOTES AND ADDITIONS 147
au(l in Diez,^ p. 428. Godefroy quotes examples
from the Dialogue.^ of St. Gregory and Turpin's
Chronicle; of avk alone s. v. the substantive avis
(*advisum) where, of course, it does not belong. At
1817, Roquefort printed Pais nukes for which, it
should be noted, Orelli {Altjr. Gram., p. 371) cor-
rectly conjectured avis unqnes.
1123. ruee, roee, rota. The MS. has roxie (5 times)
and rove (twice). V is equivalent to u in the MS.
Cp. v=:n aut 84, 112 ; =u ubi 86.) There are in-
dications that the copyist replaces o in hiatus by ou
(Cp. Torn. Ant, I. 888, louier for loier OA,^ and
Espurg. 851, louer for lo'ier locarium : 115 pouent for
Anglo-Norman poent ; 1090 joues gabatas.) This
points to roe as the reading of the Anglo-Norman
copy which lay before the scribe. The latter is in-
deed a common reading in other Anglo-Norman
MSS. (E. g. Four Books of the Kings 265, Cam-
bridge MS. of the Reimpredigt 123f). That it re-
sults from the usual Anglo-Norman reduction of
Franco-Norman tie (oe) to o, can hardly be doubted
in view of Anglo-Norman ^>oe»^ for j9?(eenf in Espurg.
154, 1320 ; Harley MS. of the Lays, Laustic 47 ; Vie
de St. Auban6CA, 1289 ; Deu le omnipotent 35c, etc.
If this view be correct, roee or ruee is the proper
form for Marie, and should be read Lays, Guigemar,
539, in place of roe. (Cp. also Reimpredigt, p. 80.)
1346. ^plungerunt =demergeris Lat. K ; demer-
gent Lat. C. The corresponding passage in Jean
Belet's version (in the British Museum MS., Addi-
tional 6534) has : te pnendront moult tost e te p)lun-
geront el plus parfond d' enfer.
1369. The same use of nus as the rime-word of
botli lines of the couplet occurs 401, 1815 ; and of
vus 2159 ; oi els 1069. Warnke, Lays, Fraisne 341,
has suppressed a similar case without good ground.
^ See above, p. 19 fF.
148 NOTES AND ADDITIONS
Other rimes of the kind in the Espnrg. are : 1229
munt (montem) : munt (miindum) 2153 un : Vun.
1397. Crochier. MS. eroA-er (same abbreviation as
for Ice). Whether we have here to do with an Anglo-
Norman form (as sacker for sachier, cp. Beimj^redigt
p. 108), or with a substitution of the copyist, is un-
certain.
1520. Mall's remark (Bomanische Forsclningen
VI., p. 180, Xote) that Marie has here misunder-
stood the Latin text is incorrect. Marie is not trans-
lating Latin A, as Mall supposed, but Latin K
which has: vidit patriam =Marie's un pais vit, a
reading supported by the metre also. j:>aV.< recurs at
1563, 1575, 1580, 1584, 1643. Mall was misled by
the false reading of Roquefort.
1707. aneire. Lat. K has : et lumen mentis . .
ab eo recessit {A ha.s ec'iam for et). A second pas-
sage will throw more light upon the meaning of this
word, which is of uncommon occurrence. 2101
Aneire apres soleil culchant corresponds to Lat. K :
statem post solis occasum. Here the meaning is cer-
tainly ' straightway, ' ' immediately,' Avhich fits the
sense of the first passage equally well, and also that
in the Lays, Chaitivel 22 where Warnke has unne-
cessarily suppressed the MS. reading, and Avhere G.
Pai-is (cp. Bomania XIV., p. 601) translates the
woi'd ' (aissitot.' Godefroy s. v. 2. erre (p. 329, col.
3) quotes the Josaphat of Chardri 233 : An 'eires,
sanz plus de demurer Fist un paleis. . . and
translates ' en hate,' 'sur le champ.'
1822. *rfe roeil. Unfortunately, the Latin MSS.
contain nothing at all answering to this line. The
MS. has de-*oi/, and it is possible that we have here
Latin ^solium — O. Fr. sueil with the meaning * from
the ground.' Cp. Benoit. Chroniqiie II., 23761 (ed.
Michel) : II chairent par lur orguil Del beau ciel en
Voscur soil, s and /, however, are easily confounded
in the writing of this MS. (cp. sis for sil 973 : des
KOTES AND ADDITIONS 149
for del 1403, 1622 and leforse 590 ; kiHor kis 2090)
and this fact, together with the sense and point of
the passage (Marie wishes to say that the flame of
the Holy Spirit was actually vlnhle to the eye) con-
vince me that de Foeil is the correct reading. That
the diphthong oe in Marie has the accent on e, which
in turn has the quality e, is indicated with sufficient
certainty by the rime ceh : doels {Lays, Chaitivel 7.)
Whether the conjectured reading be correct or not,
the rime at least shows that we are to see in the oil
(or soil) of this MS. and those of the Lays, the
Anglo-Norman reduction of oe, xie, to o, and that
consequently we must class Marie among those
writers (e. g., the scribe of the Oxford Roland) who
show diphthongization before I viouUlee. Cp. Such-
ier, Rebapredigt, Introd. , p. xvi. fl*. , and Anger, Vie
de St. Gregoire (in Romania XII., p. 145 ff.) who
has the same forms : 1. 31 veil *volio :soleil. Anger's
work dates from 1212-1214.
2030. Cp. the Prologue to Guigemar, 11. 9-10 :
Gil ki de sun hien unt envie Sovent en dient vileinie.
2057. The ' author ' is, of course, Henry of Sal-
trey, and the li (1. 2059) is Gilbert. The ' monk '
(1. 2060) is the one introduced at 1. 2021. At 1. 2063
begins the work of an anonymous continuator of the
Tractatus, who speaks in the first person (11. 2063,
2071, etc.)
The work of this continuator ends at 1. 2184, at
the close of the chaplain's speech. The subsequent
matter is probably from yet another hand.
2213. The punctuation reproduces Lat. K : Si
inquid magister infra, xv. annos deiceres magnam
rem faceres.
2222. perneit. This, and not preneit, is to be read,
since in the MS. the crossed p stands only for par
and per, never for pra- and pre-. For the form, cp.
Reimpredigt, p. 80, and the Computus, Introd. p. 97.
ERRATA
Page 40, 1. 19 : read *dulcius.
" 40, 1. 22, for 'a pretouie syllable,' read :
syllable in mid- word.'
" 45, 1. 12, read : deceivre.
" 62. 1. 244: read turnouent
" 88, 1. 908 : for a read e.
" 109, 1. 1453 : for vissiuns read veis-nms.
BIOGRAPHY
I, Thomas Atkinson Jenkins, was born in Wilmington ,
Delaware, May 24, 1868. I received the Bachelor's degree
in Arts from Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania, in 1887,
and the same degree in Philosophy from the Wharton
School of Finance and Economy of the University of
Pennsylvania, in 1888. My studies at the Johns Hopkins
University began in October, 1891, with French and
Italian as my principal and first subordinate subjects. I
entered the Romance Languages Seminary at New Year's
1892, and the following summer spent four months in
Paris, for purposes of study. I continued my studies the
following year with History as second subordinate subject,
and held a University Scholarship for that year. In
June, 1893, I received the appointment of Joshua W.
Lippincott (Joint) Fellow of Swarthmore College for
1893-4, and by virtue of the same have been appointed a
Fellow by Courtesy at this University. I have derived
the greatest benefit in attending the Romance Seminary
of Dr. A. M. Elliott, and from having heard the lectures
of Dr. Matzke on Old French, of Dr. Adams on the
Germanic Peoples, and of Dr. Bloomfield on Comparative
Philology, to all of whom I take this opportunity to ex-
press my thanks.
Baltimore, May S4, 1894.
J
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