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Lessons 


IN  Business 


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-Li  A  O  o  ^  ^ 


I 

V  Southern  Branch 

of  the 

University  of  California 

Los  Angeles 

Form  L-1 


This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


NOV  ^^ 

DEC  5      1923 

NOV  1  3  192* 


Of  C  1     195« 


Form  L-9-5m-7,'23 


CENSUS  EDITION 

LESSONS 
IN  BUSINESS 

A  COMPLETE  COMPENDIUM 
OF  HOW  TO  DO  BUSINESS  BY 
THE  LATEST  and  SAFEST  METHODS 

=  EMBRAOINQ  = 


FINANCE;  TRADE  and  SPECULATION;  A  SHORT 
COURSE  IN  BUSINESS  LAW;  LEGAL  FACTS  and 
FORMS  of  ALL  KINDS;  CIVIL  SERVICE  REQUIRE- 
MENTS  AND  FORMS;  SPECIAL  CHAPTERS  ON 
FARMING.  LUMBERING  and  ALL  TRADES  WITH 
LEGAL  PAPERS  and  RULES  FOR  SAME;  WILLS, 
CONTRACTS  and  ALL  FORMS  NEEDED  BY  THE 
ORDINARY  BUSINESS  OR  LABORING  MAN;  ALSO 
HELPFUL  TABLES,  SHORT  CUTS  IN  FIGURES  FOR 
RAPID  CALCULATIONS,  PARCELS  POST,  UNDER- 
WOOD  TARIFF  BILL.  FEDERAL  INCOME  TAX 
NEW   B/tf^KING    and   CURRENCY   SYSTEM.  ETC. 


By  E.  T.   ROE.  LL.   B. 

For  twenty  years  U.  S.  District  Attorney,  author  of  "Criminal  Proced- 
ure of  JJ.  S.  Conrrt,'ir'fiasinte36  aid  Law,"  etc 

THE  JOHN  A.  HERTEL  COMPANY 

:    *  o',  t  r  'PUeLISJ-!EP5  AND  BOOKSELLERS 
TORONTFO  '■      \<i2\'     ■      ''    -CHICAGO 


Ae.'faA 


NEW  ENLAR<3ED  EDITION 

Copyright,  1918,  By 
THE  JOHN  A.  HEETEL  CO. 

Copyright,  1920,  By 
THE  JOHN  A.  HERTEL  CO. 


Exclusive  Manuscript  Rights  are 

Protected  by  these  Notices 

of    Copyright 


Copyright  MCMXI 
A.    W.   Dewar 


Copyriglit  MCMIV 
Hertel,    Jenkins    &    Co. 


Copyright  MCMVI 
Hertel,   Jenlcins    &   Co. 


Copyright  MCMVI 
Thos.   A.    O'Leary 


Copyright  MCMXII 
A.   \V.  Dewar 


Copyright  MCMXIII 
Gordon  G.    Sapp 


Copyright  MCMXIV 
Gordon  G.   Sapp 


Copyright  MC>)XV 
Gordc^n  G-   i>app; 

Copyright  MCMXX 
Jolin   A.    Hsrtei    Co. 


FOREWORD 


SEVEN  HUNDRED  LESSONS  IN 
BUSINESS 

This  book  is  to  business  men  what  Roberts'  "Rules  of 
Order"  is  to  a  parliamentary  body.  To  unusual  questions 
that  come  up  in  the  course  of  any  business  it  furnishes  the 
answers,  explains  the  law,  and  gives  the  safest  practice. 

It  is  the  helpful  friend,  the  silent  counselor  of  every- 
one engaged  in  business  of  any  kind.  It  enables  a  business 
man  to  keep  clear  of  complication  and  to  do  for  himself 
what  needs  to  be  done  in  any  situation,  instead  of  having 
to  get  help  or  advice  from  others.  It  is  a  library  of  Busi- 
ness Common  Sense  and  Law,  available  at  any  moment, 
no  matter  what  question  or  emergency  may  arise. 

It  is  equally  useful  to  the  beginner  and  to  the  veteran  of 
business.  It  is  absolutely  dependable  throughout.  Experts 
and  specialists  in  every  line  cooperated  in  its  compilation. 
The  legal  parts  alone  engaged  the  best  ability  of  eight 
prominent  lawyers.  The  knowledge  it  contains  is  positive. 
It  was  furnished  by  men  each  of  whom  had  devoted  his 
life  to  mastering  the  subject  of  which  he  treats;  and  all 
of  it  has  been  edited  carefully,  revised,  checked  up,  and 
brought  down  to  the  very  date  of  going  to  press. 

In  addition  to  practical  thought-saving  and  time-saving 
information  in  connection  with  business  or  personal  affairs, 
the  Seven  Hundred  Lessons  lives  up  to  its  title  by  giving 
in  compact  form  much  that  is  not  usually  found  outside  of 
a  cyclopedia;  such  as  social  and  official  correspondence 
forms;  authoritative  census  tables;  income  tax  require- 
ments; how  to  promote  an  enterprise;  hiring  or  discharging 
help;  road  rules  fence  laws;  the  law  of  lost  and  found 
property;  farm  statistics;  the  rights  of  parents;  the  rights 
of  children;  how  to  locate  a  mine;  how  to  become  natur- 
alized; how  to  mark  goods;  what  you  can  send  by  parcel 
post;  how  many  nails  there  are  in  a  pound;  what  time  it 
is  in   any  part  of  the  world;    the  interest,  limitation   and 

3 


4  PREFACE 

exemption  laws  of  all  the  states;  workmen's  compensation 
for  injuries;  how  to  dress  a  show  window;  how  to  vote; 
how  to  issue  stock  certificates;  what  a  broker's  duties 
and  liabilities  are;  how  to  own  a  dog;  how  to  make  an 
affidavit;  and  a  highly  varied  collection  of  other  useful 
things  such  as  modern  applied  science,  conditions  of  life, 
and  law,  industry  and  trade  since  the  war;  and  the  best 
usages  in  business  and  social  relations. 

The  general  plan  and  the  typography  of  the  book  are 
such  that  any  subject  or  detail  can  be  reached  instantly. 
The  arrangement  of  subjects  is  systematic,  and  uniform 
throughout.  Details  are  given  in  paragraphs  that  begin 
with  heavy  type,  in  such  manner  as  to  arrest  the  eye. 

The  whole  book  is  packed  full  of  direct,  simple,  and  re- 
liably stated  facts,  for  every  day  and  every  useful  occupa- 
tion. It  is  a  Business  University,  a  handbook  of  practical 
knowledge,  a  safe  guide  for  those  who  would  accomplish 
the  most  in  the  best  manner  and  the  least  time.  Every- 
thing in  it  is  known  to  someone.  No  one  person  knows  all 
that  is  in  it.  But  between  what  each  knows  and  what 
he  can  make  his  own  by  reference  to  the  book,  no  man 
need  go  uninformed  upon  any  topic  essential  to  his  pros- 
perity. 

The  Publishers 
December,  1920. 


CONTENTS 


ALPHABETICAL  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Acknowledgments    174 

Forms   of   Acknowledgments 175 

Affidavits     175 

Forms   of    Affidavits 176 

Agency    •. 177 

Powers  of  Attorney 180 

Letter   of  Revocation 181 

Alphabetical   Index    507 

Apprenticeship      182 

Forms  of  Contract  and  Release 18  3 

Arbitration      184 

Forms  of  Agreement,  Notice,  and  Award 185 

Assignments      186 

Forms    of    Assignments 187 

Automobile  Laws     310 

Bail      188 

Form   of   Bail   Bond 189 

Bailments      189 

The  Responsibility  of  Bailees 190 

Bankruptcy     191 

Banks   and  Banking 143 

National   Banks    145 

Banking    Business     146 

Clearing    Houses    147 

A  Bank  Account 147 

Checks     149 

Indorsement    of    Checks 154 

Forms   of   Indorsements 155 

Banking    Rules    156 

Bills  of  Exchange 158 

Bank  Draft  on  New  York 159 

Set  of  Foreign  Bills  of  Exchange 16  0 


6  CONTENTS 

Bills  of  Sale 168 

Forms  of  Bills  of  Sale 169 

Bookkeeping 263 

Bonds     196-317 

Forms   of   Bonds 197 

Breach   of   Trust 298 

Brokers     198 

Builders'  Tables  (See  Facts  for  Builders) 398 

Building   and    Loan    Associations 293 

Business   Correspondence    47 

The   Materials    47 

Parts   of  a  Letter 47 

Heading    48 

The  Address     48 

The  Proper  Use  of  Titles 48 

The    Salutation 48 

The  Position  of  the  Salutation 48 

The  Body  of  the  Letter 48 

Business    Dictionary 493 

Buying   and   Selling   Merchandise 141 

Carpenters'   Rules 440 

How  to  Find  Bevels  and  Length  of  Rafters 441 

How  to  Find  Height  of  a  Tree 442 

Commerce   (See  Trade  and  Commerce) 13 

Commercial  and  Legal  Business  Forms, 

With   the   Principles,    Rules   and   Law    Governing 

Business  Transactions  of  Every  Nature 120 

Commercial   Arithmetic    355 

Addition     355 

Multiplication     367 

Division      362 

Multiplication  and  Division  Combined 363 

Fractions    364 

Rules  and  Examples  for  Various  Business  Opera- 
tions       365 

Commission    365 

Discounts    366 

Taxes — How  to  Find   a   Property  Tax 370 

Insurance — How  to  Find  the  Cost  of 370 

Commercial   Credits 263 

Commercial   Credits 263 

Commission    Merchants 199 

Contracts     120 

Contracts  that  Must  Be  in  Writing 122 

How  a  Contract  Should  Be  Written 124 

Forms   of    Contracts 125 

Corporations 201 

Form  of  Application  for  Incorporation 204 


CONTENTS  7 

Correspondence 46 

Business  Correspondence 47 

Some  Special  Points  in  Business  Letters 54 

Rules  for  Writing  a  Postal 55 

Examples  of  Business  Letters 56 

Letters  Requesting  Special  Favors 60-67 

Letters  of  Apology  66 

Correspondence — Social 68 

Letters  of  Affection  70 

Letters  of  Friendship 71 

Letters  of  Congratulation 7S 

Letters  of  Introduction 74 

Letters  of  Condolence 75 

Letters  of  Love  and  Courtship 77 

Counterfeit  Money 317 

Rules  for  Detecting  Counterfeit  Coins 318 

How  to  Detect  Counterfeit  Bills 319 

Deeds  205 

Forms  of  Deeds 207 

Drafts — Rules  for  Writing,  Accepting  and 

Transferring 157 

Forms  of  Drafts       158 

Form  of  Bank  Draft 159 

Due  Bills 139 

Forms  of  Due  Bills 139 

Employer  and  Employee 209 

Executors  and  Administrators ai6 

Facts  and  Figures  for  Ready  Reference 79-285 

Business  Earnings   79 

Teach  Business  "Ways  to  Wives  and  Daughters 286 

How  to  Teach  Business  to  Children 287 

When  Name  Should  be  Signed  in  Full 287 

How  a  Married  Woman  Should  Sign  Her  Name 288 

Signature  of  Person  Who  Cannot  Write 288 

Facts  for  Builders  (See  Builders'  Tables,  Lumber) 400 

Farm  Leases  226 

Forms  of  Farm  Leases 227 

Farms  and  Farming  268 

Farm  Statistics 268 

Distance  Traveled  in  Plowing 270 

Capacity  of  Bin,  Crib,  Granary  or  Wagon 271 

How  to  Tell  the  Age  of  Cattle 272 

Measurement  of  Land 273 

Amount  of  Barbed  Wire  Required  for  Fence 275 

Area  and  Weight  of  Tile 275 

The  Carrying  Capacity  of  Tile 276 

Hog  and  Cattle  Table 277 

How  to  Find  Number  of  Bushels  of  Grain 278 


g  CONTENTS 

Grain   Tables    278 

Farm  Loans   473 

Fence  Laws    295 

Finance,  Credit  and  Commercial  Exchange 14 

Deposits,  'Discounts  and  Loans 17 

The  Course  or  Rate  of  Exchange 22 

Finder  of  Lost  Property 3  00 

Guaranty     210 

Forms    of    Guaranty 212 

How   to   Collect   Debts 102 

Legal  Steps  in  Collections 104 

Exemption  Laws  of  the  Different  States 110 

How  to  Invest  Small  Savings 339 

How  to  Dress  Shop  Windows 454 

Husband  and  Wife 295 

Income    Tax,    Federal 456 

Increase  of  Southern  Wealth 84 

Insurance    213 

Fire    Insurance    213 

Forms  of  Policy  Renewal  and  Assignment.  .  .  215 

Marine  Insurance     216 

Life    Insurance 218 

Accident  and  Casualty  Insurance 219 

Interest 371 

Legal    Points   Concerning   Interest 371 

Bankers'  Method    372 

Cancellation  Method    373 

Interest   Tables    374 

Interest  Laws  and  Statutes  of  Limitation 163 

Industrial  Wealth  and  National  Debt 82 

Landlord  and  Tenant 220 

Leases     220 

Rights    of    Landlord 221 

Laws   Governing  Public  Roads 308 

Legal    Gifts    299 

Legal   Holidays    164 

Letters  of  Credit 161 

License 228 

Liens     229 

Mechanics'  Liens    231 

Forms      231 

Lumber   (See  Builders'  Tables,  Facts  for  Builders)..  402 

Buying  and   Selling   Lumber 402 

Facts  for  Lumbermen 403 

Board  and  Plank  Measurement  at  Sight 404 

Tables    of    Measurements 405 


CONTENTS  9 

Mail  Order  Business 232 

Rules  for  Conducting  the  Business 233 

Marking:  Goods   « . . .-   391 

How  to  Mark  Goods 391 

Rapid  Method 391 

Measurement  of  Land., 273 

To  Lay  Out  An  Acre  in  Rectangular  Form 273 

Measurement  of  An  Acre  Plot 274 

Square  Feet  in  Fractions  of  An  Acre 274 

Mercantile  Agencies 234 

Mines  and  Mining 306 

How  to  Locate  a  Mine 307 

Miscellaneous  Tables 380 

Tables  Showing  Number  of  Days  Between  Two  Dates  380 

Tables  of  Wages 381 

Ready  Reckoner  Tables 383 

Tables  Showing  Value  of  Articles  Sold  by  the  Ton. .  388 

*      Grocers'  Retail  Rules  and  Tables 390 

Rapid  Methods  for  Marking  Goods „ 391 

Money 311 

Coins  of  the  United  States 311 

Where  Coins  are  Made 312 

Total  Number  and  Value  of  U.  S.  Coins 312 

Paper  Money  of  the  United  States 3131 

Amount  of  Money  in  Circulation .;.  314 

How  to  Send  Money .-. .  314 

Counterfeit  Money 317 

Mortgages 235 

Real  Estate  Mortgages 235 

How  to  Foreclose 237 

Forms 239 

Chattel  Mortgages 239 

Rules  Governing 240 

Forms 240 

Nails  Required  in  Carpenter  Work ' 421 

Number  of  Nails  to  the  Pound 421 

Naturalization „ 242 

How  to  Become  Naturalized 242 

Citizenship  and  Suffrage 244 

Qualifications  for  Voting 244 

Forms  245 

Navigation  Laws 304 

Official  Position  Under  the  Civil  Service  Act 246 

One  Hundred  Facts  and  Forms  of  Promissory  Notes  .   127 

All  the  Different  Forms  of  Notes 131 

Indorsements  of  Notes 136 


10  CONTENTS 

Orders  138 

Parcels  Post  System  of  U«  S 449 

Parliamentary  Eules  and  Usages , 352 

Partnership    249 

How  Partnerships  are  Formed 250 

Dissolution  of  Partnership 251 

Forms 252 

Passports    255 

Patents,  Trademarks  and  Copyrights 255 

Personal  Injury  Laws 23 

'        Elective  and  Compulsory 23 

Restrictions   23 

Casual  Employees  23 

Insurance 23 

Federal  Law 24 

Notice  Required   25 

Laws  of  States  and  Territories 25 

Pensions   289 

Points  on  Criminal  law 305 

Postal  Information  321 

Postal  Service  of  the  United  States 322 

Domestic  Rates  of  Postage 326 

Parcels  Post  328,  449 

Postal  Savings  329 

Practical  Law  and  Bnsiness  Pointers 294 

Price  of  Wood  per  Cord 413 

Number  of  Cords  in  Pile  of  Wood 413 

Property,  Real  and  Personal 330 

Kinds  of  Ownership ►. . .  ^ 330 

Pnblic  Schools — 

Laws  Governing  the  Rights  and  Duties  of  Directors, 

Teachers,  Pupils  and  Parents 89 

Races  of  Mankind  Classified 424 

Receipts— Rules  for  Writing  All  Kinds 139 

Forms  of  Receipts 140 

Resolutions    • 87 

Responsibility  cf  Owning  a  Dog 297 

Rights  and  Obligations  of  Parents  and  Children 331 

Rights  of  Parents 331 

Obligations  of  Parents 33^ 

Children's  Rights  and  Obligations 332 

Rules  and  Examples  for  Yarious  Business  Operations —  365 

Rules  Governing  the  Finding  of  Lost  Property 300 

Sales  of  Personal  Property .^ 16® 

Salesmanship 335 


C0NTE3TTS  11 

Shipping  336 

Stock  Jobbing 112 

Advice  of  an  Experienced  Financier 113 

Life  in  Wall  Street 114 

Bucket  Shops   115 

Table  of  Contents 5 

Taxes— Federal,  State  and  Mnnlcipal 97 

Telegraphs  . . .  .^ 100 

Submarine  Telegraphy 100 

Wireless  Telegraphy 101 

Test  Questions 490 

The  law  of  Subscriptions 301 

Titles  in  Use  in  the  United  States 

Trade  and  Commerce - 118 

Trade  and  Speculation 341 

Basic  Principles  of  Successful  Trade 341 

Cash  Capital  Required  to  Start 341 

The  Amount  of  Credit 341 

The  Selection  of  the  Right  Location 341 

Locality  Governs  Stock  Selection 342 

A  Reputation  for  Dealing  in  the  Best  Lines 342 

Display  and  Publicity  Essential 343 

The  Importance  of  Advertising 343 

Basic  Principles  of  Speculation 344 

Successful  Speculators  and  Merchants 346 

Trusts  and  Monopolies 349 

A  List  of  the  Principal  American  Trusts 351 

Transportation 170 

Liability  of  Railroads  and  Express  Companies 170 

Bills  of  Lading 172 

Common  Carriers  of  Persons 173 

Trespassing  and  Mischievous  Animals 296 

Valuable  Miscellaneous  Matter 414 

Table  Showing  Value  of  Foreign  Money 417 

Table  of  Things,  Distances,  etc 420 

Table  Shov/ing  Time  in  Principal  Cities 489 

How  Panama  Canal  Affects  World's  Commerce 422 

South  American  Trade 423 

Large  Libraries 409 

"What  Constitutes  a  Day 409 

Apportionment  of  Representatives  in  Congress 427 

Troops  in  Wars  of  the  U.  S 427 

Cost  of  Wars  in  the  U.  S 428 

Bloody  Battles 42S. 

Civil  War  Statistics 429 

Line  of  Perpetual  Snow  and  Longest  Rivers 426 

Deepest  Seas  and  A  Century  of  Progress 42o 


12  CONTENTS 

States  and  Territories  of  the  Union 430 

Presidents  of  the  United  States 431 

Religious  Views  of  the  Presidents 432-33 

The    Presidential    Succession 433 

How   the   Presidents   are   Elected 434 

Salaries  of  U.  S.  Officers 437 

U.  S.  Army  Recruiting  Requirements,  etc 436 

U.   S.  Army    Enlistment    436 

U.   S.   Naval   Enlistment    435 

Religious    Denominations    of    the    U.    S.    and    the 

World    439 

Business  Abbreviations 348 

Warehousing     115 

Warehouse   Receipts    117 

Weights  and  Measures 392 

The   Metric   System 3  94 

Table  for  Finding  Contents  of  Square  Tanks.  .  .  .  394 

To  Measure  Wells,  Cisterns  and  Casks 395 

Tank  and  Barrel  Measurement 396 

When  a  Trade's  a  Trade 303 

Wills — Rules  for  Writing 9  2 

Codicils 95 

Forms     95 

Working  on  Sundays  and  Legal  Holidays 302 


SPECIAL  NEW  CHAPTERS 

Workmen's    Compensation    Laws 23 

Eflfect  of  Federal  Control  of  Railways 79 

National  Wealth  and  National  Debt . 80 

Per  Capita  Wealth 80 

New  Wealth  of  the  Mississippi  Valley 82 

Child   Labor    Laws 183 

Simplified  Bookkeeping     263 

Federal  Trade  Commission 406 

How  Panama  Affects  World  Commerce 422 

New  Federal  Income  Requirements 457 

Bonds  Exempt  from  Taxation 461 

Banking  and  Currency  System 462 

Federal  Reserve  System  in  Operation 471 

Farm  Loans    473 

Liberty  Loan  Bonds  and  Notes 476 

American   Mei'chant   Shipping 484 


^?ft?^^ 

COMMERCE 

^9^9^9^ 

-'-T^i^S^^'-' 


]OMMERCE  is  King,"  remarked  Thomas  Carlyle,  and 
if  t±ie  aphorism  was  true  in  his  day,  how  much 
more  truthful  and  pertinent  is  it  at  the  present 
time!  To  it  England  owes  her  wealth,  power, 
dominion  and  influence,  and  by  means  of  it  Amer- 
ica bids  fair  to  outstrip  all  history  in  the  achievement  of  com- 
mercial success  and  importance. 

The  close  and  steadfast  pressing  of  ovir  material  interests 
during  the  past  twenty  years ;  the  wonderful  inventive  genius  of 
our  people,  so  richly  productive  in  labor  and  time-saving  devices 
and  processes  of  manufacture,  and  their  aggressive,  inquisitive 
and  enterprising  spirit  have  combined  to  place  this  nation  in  the 
front  ranks,  if  not  in  the  lead,  of  the  great  civilized  powers  of 
the  world.  The  political  expansion  of  the  United  States  is  only 
a  visible  and  symbolical  representation  |of  its  growth  in  com- 
merce, manufacture,  art,  education  and  general  progress.  With 
our  varied  climates  extending  now  from  the  tropics  to  the  frozen 
north,  our  vast  seaboard,  expansive  lakes,  broad,  rolling  rivers, 
exhaustless  mineral  and  agricultural  wealth,  no  argument  is 
necessary  to  establish  beyond  peradventvire  the  manifest  destiny 
of  this  nation. 


14  SAFE   METHODS. 

FINANCE,  CREDIT  AND  COMMER- 
CIAL EXCHANGE. 

Money  and  €redit  are  so  closely  interwoven  with  the 
commercial  life  of  a  nation  that  it  is  essential  for  every 
person  engaged  in  business  to  have  some  knowledge  of  the 
part  which  they  play  in  St. 

The  Part  Played  by  Banks. — As  generally  understood, 
bankers  are  merely  middle  men  who  borrow  from  one 
set  of  persons  at  a  rate  in  order  to  lend  to  another  set 
at  a  greater  rate,  the  difference  between  the  two  ratea 
being  their  margin  of  profit.  But  in  reality  they  are 
much  more  than  this.  They  are  conservers  of  a  nation's 
capital  and  promoters  of  its  trade  and  industry. 

The  most  common  function  of  banks  is  the  discount  of 
commercial  paper  running  for  short  periods  of  time  and 
representing  actual  transfers  of  property  in  the  business 
world.  In  this  way  the  bank  exchanges  its  well  known 
credit  for  the  less  known  credit  of  merchants  and  m&nu« 
facturere. 

How  Banks  Increase  the  Potency  of  Capital. — By  means 
of  banking,  a  given  amount  of  wealth  acquires  nearly  the 
same  potency  when  diffused  among  millions  as  when  con- 
centrated in  the  hands  of  a  few.  Banks  take  the  placa 
of  large  capitalists;  they  gather  into  one  fund  the  small 
savings  or  reserve-wealth  of  the  masses,  and  thus  render 
these  as  available  for  the  employment  of  labor  as  if  they 
belonged  to  a  single  possessor.  And  also  they  supply  the 
knowledge  and  enterprise  requisite  for  the  employment  of 
that  wealth,  which  is  in  great  part  wanting  on  the  part  of 
the  actual  owners  of  it.  Hence  the  banking  system  ac- 
complishes the  same  results  as  if  the  wealth  of  a  country 
were  concentrated  in  the  hands  of  a  few  large  capitalists, 
and  yet  allows  of  that  wealth  being  actually  diffused  among 
tens  of  thousands  of  owners.  The  banking  system,  in  short. 
Immensely  increases  the  potency  of  capital,  which  has 
Quite  as  much  to  do  with  national  progress  as  the  actual 
emount  of  the  national  wealth. 

Banks,  as  before  stated,  take  the  place  of  large  capital* 
iBts;  so  that  the  money  expended  by  the  wealthy  and  en- 
terprising portion  of  the  community  in  trade  or  industrial 
works,  such  as  railways,  etc.,  although  dispersed  In  wags 
payments  among  the  laboring  classes,  who  do  not  them- 
selves employ  the  money  thus  acquired  in  reproductive 
industry,  is  not  thereby  withdrawn  from  production,  see* 
Ing  that  it  immediately  finds  its  way  back  into  the  banks, 
who  employ  It  just  as  a  large  capitalist  would. 

If  there  were  no  banks,  a  large  portion  of  the  money 
employed  in  the  construction  of  a  railway  would  stagnate 


FINANCE,   CREDIT    AND    COMMERCIAL    EXCHANGE.  15 

at  Bmall  hoards  in  the  bands  of  thousands  of  ownert, 
atd  a  very  long  period  would  elapse  before  it  became 
again  available  for  production  by  returning  into  the  handof 
of  large  capitalists;  whereas,  through  the  agency  of  bankm, 
the  small  sums  are  quickly  re-united,  and  become  dia« 
posable  anew  for  industrial  investment.  In  this  way 
capital  Is  re-collected  as  soon  as  dispersed,  and  hence, 
by  means  of  Banking,  the  reserve-wealth'  of  a  country, 
although  ceaselessly  dispersed  in  industrial  expenditure, 
practically  remains  massed  or  concentrated  in  com- 
partlvely  few  hands,  and  therefore  in  the  most  effective 
condition  for  augmenting  production.  In  this  way  a  very 
large  amount  of  capital  which  would  otherwise  become 
"fixed,"  in  consequence  of  its  being  employed  in  industriai 
enterprise,  immediately  reappears  as  "floating"  capitaU 
available  for  similar  investments  by  other  parties. 

Financial  panics  in  America  were  comLmon  before  the  adoption 
of  the  Federal  Reserve  Act  of  December  23, 1913.  They  were  chiefly 
due  to  the  want  af  a  centrally  controlled  banking  system.  That 
there  had  long  been  a  movement  among  American  banfeers  to 
remedy  this  deficiency  is  strikingly  shown  by  the  following  extract 
from  an  article  by  the  Hon.  A.  Piatt  Andrew,  published  in  the 
"American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science"  for  Novem- 
ber, 1910. 

"No  phase  of  recent  American  banking  is  more  striking 
than  the  groping  of  over  25,000  independant  banks  toward 
Bome  coherent  organization  and  leadership.  This  is  shown 
not  merely  in  the  consolidation  of  great  city  banks  and  the 
affiliation  of  banks  and  trust  companies,  but  in  the  develop- 
ment of  association  and  joint  control  through  the  clearing 
houses,  and  the  absorption  on  the  part  of  these  institutiona 
of  new  and  far-reaching  functions.  The  adoption  of  methods 
of  mutual  supervision  through  clearing-house  bank  ex- 
aminations which  has  been  so  much  in  evidence  in  western 
.and  middle  cities  during  recent  years  is  one  step  in  this 
direction.  The  more  careful  regulations  governing  the 
conduct  of  firms  which  are  admitted  to  membership  In  the 
clearing-house,  and  with  regard  to  the  non-member  institu- 
tions which  clear  through  members,  about  which  so  much 
controversy  has  centered  during  recent  years  In  New  York, 
Is  another  instance  of  the  same  tendency.  Above  all,  the 
resort  to  clearing-house  loan  certificates  in  times  of  un- 
settlement  which  became  so  surprisingly  general  through- 
out the  country  in  1907  is  the  best  illustration  of  the  way 
m  which  our  banks  are  forced  at  times  to  act  together 
under  common  leadership.  It  shows,  too,  how  an  Ingenious 
people  can  improvise  a  needed  institution  If  it  does  not 
already  exist. 

"The  operations  of  the  clearing-honse  associations  dur- 
ing the  panic  of  1907  were  essentially  akin  to  the  ordinary 


16  SAFE   METHODS. 

functions  of  the  Bank  of  England,  the  Heichsbank,  asd 
the  Bank  of  France.  With  the  banks  as  customers,  these 
clearing-house  associations  made  loans  on  collateral,  re- 
discounted  notes,  and  made  the  reserves  of  all  of  the 
banks  available  for  each  other  in  practically  the  same 
way  as  do  the  great  national  banks  of  Europe.  The 
operations  were  of  an  identical  nature,  but  there  Mere 
two  essential  differences  in  form  and  In  measure  of 
effectiveness.  First,  the  arrangements  had  to  be  devised 
In  the  stress  of  an  emergency,  and  only  began  to  operate 
after  the  panic  had  become  acute,  and  it  was  no  longer 
possible  to  forestall  the  general  collapse.  Second,  there 
wag  no  general  clearing-house  association  for  the  country 
BS  a  whole,  and  even  though  the  banks  of  each  locality 
were  able  by  a  belated  expedient  to  pool  their  reserves  and 
transform  their  commercial  paper  into  available,  liquid 
assets,  there  was  no  arrangement  for  a  similar  settlement 
of  accounts  as  between  different  cities.  Hence  the  strug- 
gle which  was  witnessed,  of  each  locality  endeavoring  to 
fortify  itself  at  the  expense  of  every  other  locality — a  spec- 
tacle which  could  not  have  occurred  in  any  European 
country  and  which  we  ought  to  make  impossible  of  recur- 
rence here." 

Origin  and  Nature  of  Credit. — ^There  can  be  no  system 
of  credit  until  there  has  been  a  considerable  accumulation 
of  capital;  for,  when  capital  first  begins  to  be  accumulated, 
those  who  possess  it  apply  it  directly  in  aid  of  their  own 
labor.  As  a  country  increases  in  wealth,  many  person* 
acquire  capital  which  they  cannot  employ  in  their  own 
business,  or  can  only  employ  by  offering  inducements  to 
purchase  in  the  shape  of  deferred  payments.  As  soon  aa 
a  sufficient  capital  exists,  a  system  of  credit  has  a  natur- 
al tendency  to  arise,  and  will  continue  to  grow  with  the 
Increase  of  capital,  unless  it  be  checked  by  a  general  In- 
security of  property,  by  imperfect  legal  securities  for  the 
payment  of  debts,  or  by  a  want  of  confidence  in  the  integ- 
rity of  the  parties  who  desire  to  borrow.  When  the  so- 
ciety and  laws  of  a  country  are  in  a  sound  state,  and  capi- 
tal Is  abundant,  credit  comes  fully  into  operation. 

In  a  recently  published  article,  the  Hon.  Gaorge  B. 
Roberts,  Director  of  the  United  States  Mint,  thus  lucidly 
discusses  the  nature  and  value  of  credi-t  as  a  substitute  for 
money: 

"There  Is  a  very  common  misunderstanding  of  the  mean- 
ing of  the  word  'credit*  when  used  as  a  banking  term. 
Some  people  associate  it  wholly  with  advances  of  money 
or  goods  upon  time,  but  credit  is  also  a  substitute  for 
money  in  cash  transactions.  When  a  customer  gives  a 
merchant  a  check  for  a  bill  of  goods  and  the  merchant 
deposits  the  check  for  his  own  bank  account  and  simul- 


FINANCE,    CREDIT    AND    COMMERCIAL    EXCHANGE.  17 

taneously  draws  against  it,  credit  is  being  used,  and  a 
great  convenience  and  economy  are  effected  over  pay- 
ments of  money  from  hand  to  hand.  When  payments  are 
between  distant  localities  the  advantages  are  obviously 
greater.  The  great  bulk  of  the  payments  between  the  East 
and  West  are  accomplished  by  offsetting  the  purchases 
they  make  of  each  other.  The  great  bulk  of  the  bank  de- 
posits of  the  country  are  created  in  this  way,  and  not  by 
passing  money  over  the  counter.  All  of  this  involves  the 
use  of  credit.  This  method  of  doing  business  will  not  be 
changed.  The  public  will  not  go  back  to  a  greater  use  ol 
money  from  hand  to  hand;  on  the  contrary,  it  is  certain 
that  the  various  forms  of  bank  credit  will  more  and  more 
become  the  means  by  which  payments  are  made." 

In  Time  Transactions  credit  is  given  either  in  gooda 
or  in  money.  By  the  former  mode  goods  are  supplied  to 
a  purcheser,  for  which  the  payment  is  deferred  for  some 
fixed  period,  or  indefinitely,  and  the  person  who  supplies 
them  Indemnifies  himself  for  the  delay  by  an  increased 
price.  By  the  latter  mode,  money  is  advanced,  upon  se- 
curity or  otherwise,  and  interest  is  charged  upon  the  loan. 
Both  these  modes  are  used,  in  conjunction  with  each  other. 
In  the  large  transactions  of  commerce.  A  manufacturer, 
for  example,  sells  to  a  merchant,  for  exportation,  gooda 
to  the  value  of  a  thousand  dollars.  The  merchant  how- 
ever is  unable  to  pay  for  them  until  he  has  received  re- 
mittances from  abroad;  and  the  manufacturer,  aware  ofi 
his  solvency,  is  contented  to  receive  in  payment  a  bill  of 
exchange  due  at  some  future  period.  But  in  the  mean- 
time he  is  himself  in  need  of  money  to  carry  on  his  busi- 
ness, and  instead  of  waiting  for  the  payment  of  the  bill 
when  It  shall  become  due,  he  gets  it  discounted  by  a 
banker  or  other  capitalist.  Thus,  having  given  to  one 
person  credit  In  goods,  he  obtains  credit  from  another  la 
XQoney. 

Deposits,  Discounts  and  Loans. — It  Is  very  Important  for 
merchants  requiring  credit  accommodations  of  banks,  that 
they  place  their  deposits  in  the  kind  of  banking  institutlou 
that  can  most  certainly  and  conveniently  accommodate 
them  In  the  matter  of  discounts  and  loans.  Depositors  are 
given  preference  over  outsiders  on  the  loanable  funds  ot 
the  bank  In  which  their  money  is  deposited. 

The  State  Banks,  that  is  to  say,  banks  organized  un- 
der the  laws  of  a  State  Instead  of  under  the  National  bank- 
ing act,  are  not,  in  most  of  the  States,  required  to  hold 
a  reserve  against  savings  and  time  deposits,  and  therefore, 
are  usually  in  better  position  than  the  National  banks  to 
accommodate  their  depositors  by  advances  to  them  on 
notes,  drafts,  bills  of  exchange,  and  collaterals  of  varioufl 
descriptions. 


13  cAFE  lJ%tHODS. 

The  National  Banks  are  required  to  maintain  a  certaim 
portion  of  cash  reserves  to  their  liahilities,  and  when  their 
reserves  fall  to  a  certain  point  they  must  stop  loaning. 

Under  the  new  Federal  reserve  system  (see  page  462) 
only  those  National  Banks  that  are  not  situated  in  a  central 
reserve  city  may  make  loans  on  real  estate,  while  in  most 
of  the  States  all  State  Banks  may  advance  such  loans.  This 
makes  patronage  of  State  Banks  generally  desirable  in  locali- 
ties where  loans  on  real  estate  are  common. 

Where,  however,  business  is  to  be  transacted  with  per- 
oons  In  other  States,  the  National  Banks  have  an  advan- 
tage over  the  State  Banks,  since  the  residents  of  one  Stata 
are  ordinarily  not  acquainted  with  the  provisions  of  the 
banking  laws  of  another  State,  while  they  know  the  general 
character  of  the  provisions  of  the  National  Bank  Act. 

Trust  Companies,  in  nearly  all  the  States,  have  most  of 
the  characteristics  of  the  State  Banks.  Besides  having 
authority  to  execute  trusts,  they  may  receive  deposits,  lend 
money  on  real  estate  and  any  other  security,  and  their 
reserve  requirements  are  lower  than  for  National  Banks. 
In  fact  they  are  not  a  distinct  class  of  banking  institutions, 
but  only  State  Banks  with  additional  powers. 

"Tlie  Money  Market,"  explains  Horace  White,  In  a  recent 
issue  of  The  Annals  of  the  American  Academy,  "consists  of 
the  loanable  funds  in  the  country.  The  money  which  peo- 
ple are  using  in  their  daily  business,  which  passes  frora 
hand  to  hand  in  retail  trade  is  no  part  of  the  money  mar- 
ket. Such  money  is  not  marketable,  because  It  cannot  bo 
recalled  from  the  immediate  service  which  it  Is  rendering 
to  society.  The  bulk  of  loanable  funds  of  the  country  con- 
sists of  bank  credits  which  are  bottomed  on  gold,  and  the 
magnitudes  of  such  credits  is  limited  by  the  amount  ot 
•lawful  money'  held  by  the  banks  as  reserves.  Bank  notea 
we  not  available  as  reserves  of  National  Banks,  although 
they  are  such  for  State  Banks  and  Trust  Companlei. 
•     •     « 

"The  Stock  Exchange  is  a  meeting  place  of  the  buyer* 
and  sellers  of  Invested  capital;  that  is,  of  incomes  present 
or  prospective.  This  Is  a  comparatively  modem  Institu- 
tion because  Invested  capital  transferable  by  negotiable  la* 


FINANCE,   CREDIT   AND    COMMERCIAL    EXCHANGE.  19 

itruments  is  of  modern  origin.  There  were  exchanges  In 
the  ancient  world  where  traders  met  to  deal  In  variou* 
kinds  of  movable  goods.  The  Agora  of  Greece  and  the 
Forum  of  Rome,  and  the  Fairs  of  the  Middle  Ages  were 
Buch  exchanges,  but  negotiable  incomes  (stocks  and  bonds) 
did  not  then  exist.  At  the  present  time  no  person  of  In- 
telligence keeps  surplus  money  uninvested.  He  buys  some 
Interest-bearing  security,  or  puts  it  in  a  savings  bank,  In 
which  case  the  savings  bank  buys  an  interest-bearing  se- 
curity,  or  employs  it  in  such  manner  as  to  yield  an  Income. 
"Capital  is  the  result  of  saving.  If  not  the  parent  of 
civilization,  it  is  the  indispensable  promoter  and  handmaid 
of  it,  since  capital  gives  mankind  the  leisure  and  the  meani 
to  take  new  steps  forward  in  solving  the  problems  of  human 
existence.  It  is  desirable  that  there  should  be  facilities  for 
Investing  the  savings  of  the  people  without  serious  delay. 
Such  facilities  promote  saving.  It  is  desirable  also  that 
Investments  should  be  convertible  into  cash  without  de- 
lay. The  raison  d'etre  of  a  stock  exchange  is  to  supply 
a  place  where  money  can  be  invested  quickly  and  re- 
covered quickly,  or  Investments  made  upon  which  the 
Investor  can  borrow  money  if  he  so  desires.  It  is  an  In- 
cidental advantage  that  the  stock  exchange  informs  all 
Investors,  and  intending  investors,  daily  and  without  cost 
to  themselves,  of  the  prices  at  which  they  can  buy  or 
cell  the  securities  on  the  active  list  of  the  exchange. 
These  prices  are  made  by  the  competition  of  buyers  and 
eellers  in  the  market,  who  are  acting  under  the  spur  of 
celf-interest.  There  is  no  other  way  in  which  true  prices 
can  be  made.  If  the  quotations  so  made  are  not  pre- 
cisely the  truth  in  every  case,  they  are  the  nearest  ap- 
proach to  it  that  mankind  has  yet  discovered.     •      •     • 

"The  making  of  bank  loans  to  stock  brokers  Is  bot- 
tomed primarily  on  the  confidence  which  the  banker  hat 
In  the  broker  as  a  person,  and  secondarily  on  the  good- 
ness of  the  securities  offered.  The  modus  operandi  is 
substantially  this:  The  broker,  knowing  from  the  clear- 
ing sheet  of  yesterday  what  payments  he  has  to  meet  to- 
day, obtains  from  his  bank  in  the  morning  authority  to 
draw   for    this   aggregate   amount   at    an   agreed   rate  of 


20  SAFE   METHODS. 

Interest.  As  his  checks  come  in  during  the  day  the  bank 
certifies  them  and  the  banker  sends  to  the  broker  the 
bank  securities  whose  market  value  is  greater  by  a  cer- 
tain margin  than  the  amount  borrowed. 

"These  loans  are  usually  payable  on  call.  As  National 
Banks  are  forbidden  by  law  to  certify  checks  for  a  sum 
greater  than  the  drawer  of  the  checks  has  on  deposit, 
the  practice  in  such  cases  is  for  the  broker  to  execute  a 
promissory  note,  which  note  the  banker  discounts,  put- 
ting the  proceeds  to  the  credit  of  the  broker,  and  attach- 
ing the  security  to  it  as  it  comes 'in  during  the  day.  While 
this  method  exposes  the  banker  to  some  danger  of  losa 
In  the  interval  between  the  certification  of  checks  and 
the  receipts  of  the  securities,  such  losses  seldom  occur. 
There  is  an  unwritten  rule  of  the  stock  exchange  that 
the  bank  must  be  protected  at  all  hazards,  both  as  a  mat- 
ter of  personal  honor  and  because  the  stock  brokerage 
business  cannot  be  carried  on  otherwise." 

Abuses  of  the  Stock  Exchange. — The  distinction  be- 
tween legitimate  speculation  In  "futures"  and  gambling 
on  prices  is  not  generally  understood  and,  therefore,  to 
many  people  both  are  equally  objectionable 

The  difference  between  gambling  and  selling  "short"— 
the  limit  of  legitimate  speculation  In  futures — Is  tbui 
clearly  pointed  out  by  Mr.  T.  Henry  Dewey,  of  the  New 
York  bar,  in  a  booklet  he  has  recently  published. 

"Selling  Produce  'Short'  is  selling  It  for  future  deliv- 
ery when  the  seller  does  not  own  the  property  at  the 
time  of  the  sale,  but  hopes  to  be  able  to  buy  It  at  a  less 
price  when  or  before  the  time  for  delivery  arrives,  thus 
making  a  profit  from  a  fall  in  price.  The  short  seller 
Is  therefore  a  speculator. 

"In  a  'short  sale*  of  stock  the  contract  for  future  de- 
livery employed  is  a  contract  of  borrowing.  The  seller 
does  not,  at  the  time  of  the  sale,  own  any  of  the  stock 
sold,  but  he  borrows  the  same  amount  of  stock  from  one 
who  does  own  it  and  delivers  the  borrowed  stock  to  the 
purchaser.  The  seller  must  return  the  stock  to  the  lend- 
er and  for  this  purpose  he  must  buy  It  at  some  future 
time.     He  hopes  to  be  able  to  buy  it  at  less  price  thaa 


FINANCE,    CREDIT    AND    COMMERCIAL    EXCHANGE.  21 

he  sold  It  at  and  thus  make  a  profit  of  the  difference  be- 
tween the  two  prices. 

"Gambling  on  prices  Is  betting  on  the  rise  and  fall  In 
market  prices  by  means  of  pretended  purchases  and  sales 
or  pretended  employment  as  a  broker  or  commission  mer- 
chant to  make  pretended  purchases  and  sales.  In  other 
words,  it  is  using  the  forms  of  buying  or  selling, 
or  the  forms  of  employment  to  buy  and  sell,  where  no  real 
buying  or  selling  or  real  employment  Is  contemplated, 
the  parties  agreeing  to  settle  with  each  other  by  the  mere 
payment  of  differences  of  the  prices  of  pretended  purchase! 
and  pretended  sales. 

"Thus  it  appears  that  In  speculation  and  in  gambling 
on  prices  the  result  depends  upon  an  uncertain  future 
event.  The  difference  Is  that,  in  one  the  parties  are  en- 
gaged in  legitimate  business  beneficial  to  both  of  them, 
while.  In  the  other  they  are  engaged  In  an  Idle  and  use- 
less occupation  beneficial  only  to  the  party  winning  and, 
when  carried  to  excess,  injurious  to  society." 

The  Practice  of  Short  Selling  Sometimes  Abused. — That 
the  practice  of  "short  selling,"  though  ordinarily  legiti- 
mate, is  sometimes  perverted  so  as  to  work  an  injury  to 
the  public  Is  shown  by  the  following  extract  from  a  mes- 
sage of  Governor  Sulzer  of  New  York,  sent  to  the  Leg- 
islature of  that  State  in  January,   1913: 

"The  subject  of  so-called  'short  sales'  Is  one  requiring 
your  serious  consideration.  A  contract  to  sell  property 
which  a  man  does  not  own  at  the  time,  but  with  which 
he  can  provide  himself  in  time  for  the  performance  of 
his  contract.  Is  a  general  transaction  in  various  branches 
of  business. 

"The  best  views  seem  to  be  that  short  selling  In  and 
of  Itself  is  not  wrongful,  but  the  abuse  of  this  practice 
works  Injury  to  the  public. 

"Your  efforts  should  therefore  be  to  draw  a  distinc- 
tion, BO  that  what  will  be  condemned  Is  the  perversion  of 
a  legitimate  form  of  business  to  improper  ends." 

Ixchange  is  that  system  of  transactions  by  which  debta 
*iid  credits  of  persons  residing  In  different  places  are 
•ettled    without   the    actual    transference   of   the    money. 


22  SAFE   METHODS. 

This  Is  effected  by  what  are  known  as  Bills  of  Exchange 
(which  see) :  Thus  A  in  London  Is  creditor  to  B  In 
New  York  to  the  amount  of  $5,000;  C  in  London  Is  debtor 
to  D  in  New  York  In  a  like  sum.  By  the  operation  of 
the  Bill  of  Exchange  the  London  creditor  Is  paid  by  the 
London  debtor,  and  the  New  York  creditor  Is  paid  by 
the  New  York  debtor.  This  is  the  principle  of  Bills  of 
Exchange,  and  its  great  convenience  is  the  foundation 
of  exchange  itself. 

The  Course  or  Rate  of  Exchange. — That  variation  aboT6 
and  below  par,  which  Is  called  the  course  of  exchange, 
results  from  the  same  causes  that  act  upon  the  prices  of 
commodities  of  every  other  kind.  If  bills  upon  New  York 
be  scarce,  that  is,  if  New  York  is  but  little  Indebted  to 
London,  the  London  creditor,  who  wants  bills  on  New 
York  to  remit  to  that  city,  is  obliged  to  purchase  them 
at  a  premium;  then  the  course  of  exchange  is  above  par. 
If,  on  the  other  hand,  London  owes  less  to  New  York 
than  New  York  owes  to  London,  New  York  bills  will  be 
proportionably  plenty,  and  the  exchange  with  that  city 
necessarily  beloW  par.  Hence,  It  Is  a  maxim  that,  when 
the  course  or  rate  of  exchange  rises  above  par,  the  bal- 
ance of  trade  runs  against  the  country  whence  it  rises. 
When  two  countries  trade  together,  and  each  buys  of 
the  other  exactly  to  the  amount  that  it  sells,  their  clalmi 
will  balance  each  other,  if  the  Exchange  be  at  par.  This, 
however,  is  of  rare  occurrence,  inasmuch  as  there  must 
always  be  a  balance  owing  to  the  one  side  or  the  other. 
The  course  of  exchange,  or  the  rate  at  which  bills  of  ex- 
change may  be  obtained,  is  affected  by  variations  which 
may  be  either  real  or  nominal.  They  are  real  when  they 
grow  out  of  circumstances  affecting  trade;  nominal  when 
they  arise  from  any  discrepancy  in  the  actual  weight  or 
fineness  of  the  coin,  from  the  use  of  paper  currency, 
etc. 

Transactions  in  foreign  exchange  are  usually  conducted 
by  persons  known  as  exchange  brokers,  who  are  acquainted 
with  different  merchants  in  various  cities  at  home  and 
abroad.  Exchange  transactions  between  different  parts  ot 
the  same  country  are  generally  conducted  by  bankers. 


wohkmen's  compensation  laws 


23 


LINCOLN'S  EARLY  STUDIES  OF  BUSINESS 

WORKIffEN'S  COMPENSATIO]ff  LAWS 
FOE  PERSONAL  INJURY  SUSTAINED  WHILE  WORKING 


TliQ  United  States  and  most  i  the  States  and  Territories 
have  enacted  laws  providing  compensation  of  employees  for 
injury  sustained  while  i  .  the  p-    formance  of  their  duties. 

Restrictions  are  usually  made  cases  of  injury  causing 
disability  for  more  than  two  weeks  or  death  not  due  to  the 
employee's  intention  to  injure  himself  or  another  or  to 
intoxication. 

Casual  employees  are  generally  excepted. 

Insurance. — Euiployers,  as  a  general  rule,  may  insure 
themselves  against  liability  in  case  of  accident  to  employees, 
and,  in  most  of  the  ~tates,  may  substitute  any  approved 
scheme  of  benefit  system  in  lieu  of  the  statutory  compensa- 
tion, provided  the  ..  cfits  are  equivalent  to  those  provided 
by  the  statute. 

Elective  and  Compnlsory  Laws. — The  compensation  laws 
of  the  several  States  are  either  compulsory  or  elective.  Un- 
der the  elective  laws,  in  force  in  Alaska,  Colorado,  Con- 
necticut, Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Louisiana,  Maine, 
Michigan,  Minnesota,  Montana,  Nebraska,  New  Hampshire, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island,  Vermont,  and 
Wisconsin,  the  employer  may  elect  whether  he  will  provide 
and  pay  compensation  according  to  the  provisions  of  the 
Act,  and  thereby  relieve  himself  from  liability  for  the  re- 
covery of  damages.  Compulsory  compensation  is  provided  in 
Arizona,  California,  Hawaii,  Maryland,  New  York,  and  Okla- 


24  SAFE  METHODS 

homa.  Elective  insurance  laws  exist  in  Massachusetts,  Ne- 
vada, Oregon,  Texas,  and  West  Virginia.  Compulsory  in- 
surance laws  have  been  enacted  in  Ohio,  Washington,  and 
Wyoming. 

Compensation  for  death,  for  total  disability,  and  for 
partial  disability  is  provided  for  by  Federal  and  State  statutes 
as  follows: 

THE  UNITED  STATES 

The  Federal  Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  approved 
September  7,  1916,  provides  that  compensation  shall  be  paid 
by  the  government  for  death  or  disability  of  employees  of 
the  United  States  resulting  from  a  personal  injury  sustained 
while  in  the  performance  of  duty,  at  the  following  rates: 

Death  Compensatlonr— *N.  B.  No  compensation  shall  be 
paid  where  the  death  takes  place  more  than  one  year  after 
the  cessation  of  disability,  or  if  there  has  been  no  disability 
preceding  death  more  than  one  year  after  the  injury,  or  if 
death  does  not  result  within   six  years. 

(A)  To  the  widow,  if  there  is  no  child,  thirty-five  per 
centum,  until  her  death  or  marriage. 

(B)  To  the  widower  (until  his  death  or  marriage), 
if  there  is  no  child,  thirty-five  per  centum  if  wholly  de- 
pendent for  support  upon  the  deceased  employee  at  the  time 
of  her  death. 

(C)  To  the  widow  or  widower,  if  there  is  a  child,  the 
compensation  payable  under  clause  (A)  or  clause  (B)  and  in 
addition  thereto  ten  per  centum  for  each  child,  not  to 
exceed  a  total  of  sixty-six  and  two-thirds  per  centum  for 
such  widow  or  widower  and  children.  If  a  child  has  a 
guardian,  other  than  the  surviving  widow  or  widower,  the 
compensation  payable  on  account  of  such  child  shall  be  paid 
to  such  guardian.  The  compensation  payable  on  account  of 
any  child  shall  cease  when  he  dies,  marries,  or  reaches  the 
age  of  eighteen,  or,  if  over  eighteen,  and  incapable  of  self- 
support,  becomes  capable  of  self-support. 

(D)  To  the  children,  if  there  is  no  widow  or  widower, 
twenty-five  per  centum  for  one  child  and  ten  per  centum 
additional  for  each  additional  child,  not  to  exceed  a  total 
of  sixty-six  and  two-thirds  per  centum,  divided  among  such 
children  share  and   share   alike. 

(E)  To  the  parents  where  one  is  wholly  dependent 
and  the  other  is  not  to  any  extent,  twenty-five  per  centum; 
if  both  are  wholly  dependent  twenty  per  centum  each;  if 
one  is  or  both  are  partly  dependent,  a  proportionate  amount. 

(F)  To  the  brothers  and  sisters,  grand  parents  and 
grand  children,  if  one  is  wholly  dependent,  twenty  per  centum 

*N  B  calls  attention  to  special  disability  features. 


workmen's  compensation  laws  28 

to  such  dependent;  if  more  than  one  are  wholly  dependent, 
thirty  per  centum;  if  none  is  wholly  dependent,  but  one  or 
more  partly  dependent,  ten  per  centum  divided  among  such 
dependents  share  and  share  alike. 

The  above  percentages  shall  be  paid  if  there  is  no  widow, 
widower,  child,  or  dependent  parent.  If  there  is  a  widow, 
widower,  child,  or  dependent  parent,  there  shall  be  paid  so 
much  of  the  above  percentages,  as,  when  added  to  the  total 
percentage  payable  to  the  widow,  widower,  children,  and  de- 
pendent parents,  will  not  exceed  a  total  of  sixty-six  and 
two-thirds  per  centum. 

(G)  The  compensation  of  each  beneficiary  under  clauses 
(E)  and  (F)  shall  be  paid  for  eight  years  from  time  of  death, 
unless  before  that  time  he,  if  a  parent  or  grandparent,  dies, 
marries,  or  ceases  to  be  dependent,  or,  if  a  brother,  sister, 
or  grandchild,  dies,  marries,  or  reaches  the  age  of  eighteen, 
or,  if  over  eighteen  and  incapable  of  self-support,  becomes 
capable  of  self-support.  The  compensation  of  a  brother, 
sister,  or  grandchild  under  legal  age  shall  be  paid  to  his  or 
her  guardian. 

In  computing  the  death  compensation  the  monthly  pay 
shall  not  be  considered  more  than  $100  nor  less  than  $50. 

Total  Disability. — A  monthly  compensation  equal  to 
sixty-six  and  two-thirds  per  centum  of  monthly  pay,  pro- 
vided that  it  shall  not  exceed  $66.67  nor  be  less  than  $33.33, 
unless  the  employee  s  monthly  pay  is  less  than  $33,  in  which 
case  it  shall  be  full  amount  of  monthly  pay. 

Partial  Disability. — A  monthly  compensation  equal  to 
sixty-six  and  two-thirds  per  centum  of  the  difference  between 
the  monthly  pay  of  the  employee  and  his  monthly  wage- 
earning  capacity  after  the  beginning  of  such  disability.  The 
monthly  compensation  shall  not  exceed  $66.67. 

Notice  Required. — Every  injured  employee,  or  some  one 
for  him,  must  within  forty-eight  hours  after  the  injury  give 
notice  thereof  to  his  immediate  superior. 

Limited  Time  for  Making-  Claim. — ^All  original  claims  for 
disability  must  be  made  within  sixty  days  after  injury,  and 
death  compensation  within  one  year  after  the  death.  For 
reasonable  cause  shown  the  Compensation  Commission  ap- 
pointed under  the  Act  may  allow  disability  claim  made  at 
any  time  within  one  year. 

ALASKA 

Death  Compensation. — (a)  If  married,  $3,000  to  widow, 
$600  additional  to  each  child  under  sixteen  years  of  age, 
and  to  dependent  parent  or  parents  if  any;  if  no  widow, 
$3,000  to  any  minor  orphans,  and  $600  additional  to  any 
under  sixteen;  no  total  to  exceed  $6,000.  (b)  If  married, 
and  dependent  parent  or  parents,  $1,200  to  each,     (c)  If  no 


26  SAFE  METHODS 

dependents,  funeral  expenses,  not  to  exceed  $150,  and  other 
expenses,  if  any,  to  same  amount. 

Total  Disability.— (a)  Total  permanent,  $3,600  to  -work- 
man alone;  $1,200  additional  if  wife  is  living;  $600  addi- 
tional for  each  child  under  sixteen;  total  not  to  exceed 
$6,000.  If  no  wife  or  children,  $600  to  each  dependent  parent 
(b^  Total  temporary  disability,  fifty  per  cent,  of  weekly 
wages  for  not  over  six  months. 

Partial  Permanent  Disability.— Fixed  sums  for  specified 
injuries,  varying  with  conjugal  condition  and  number  of 
children. 

ARIZONA 

Deatli  Compensation.— (a)  To  persons  wholly  dependent, 
iSL  lump  sum  equal  to  2,400  times  one-half  the  daily  wages 
of  deceased  employee,  but  not  to  exceed  $4,000.  (b)  If  no 
dependents,  the  reasonable  medical  and  burial  expenses. 

Total  Disability. — Fifty  per  cent,  of  the  employee's  semi- 
monthly earnings  during  the  time  he  is  unable  to  work  at 
any  gainful  occupation. 

Partial  Disability.^ — A  semi-monthly  payment  equal  to  one- 
half  the  wage  decrease. 

Tlie  total  amount  of  payments  for  total  or  partial  dis- 
ability caused  by  a  single  injury  shall  not  exceed  $4,000. 
CALIFORNIA 

Beatli  Compensation*— (a)  To  persons  wholly  dependent, 
three  times  the  annual  earnings  of  the  deceased  employee; 
not  less  than  $1,000  nor  more  than  $5,000,  payable  at  least 
monthly  in  installments  equal  to  65  per  cent,  of  the  wages. 
Payments  to  children  cease  on  reaching  the  age  of  eighteen 
years,  unless  mentally  or  physically  incapacitated  for  earning 
a  living,  (b)  If  only  partial  dependents  survive,  such  pro- 
portion of  the  above  as  corresponds  to  the  ratio  between 
the  earnings  of  the  deceased  and  his  contribution  to  their 
support  (c)  If  no  dependents,  the  reasonable  expense  of 
burial,  not  exceeding  $100. 

Disability  Compensation. — N.  B.  Reasonable  expenses 
of  medical,  surgical  and  hospital  treatment  required  during 
the  first  ninety  days  after  the  injury,  or  longer  if  the  In- 
dustrial Commission  provided  for  by  the  Act  so  directs. 

Total  Disability.— For  temporary  total  disability,  65  per 
cent,  of  weekly  loss  of  wages  during  such  disability. 

Partial  Disability. — For  temporary  partial  disability,  65 
per  cent,  of  weekly  loss  of  wages  during  such  disability. 

The  aggregate  amount  of  benefit  for  a  single  injury 
causing  temporary  disability  is  limited  to  three  times  the 
annual  earnings  of  the  injured  person,  with  a  maximum 
benefit  period  of  240  weeks. 

Permanent  DisabDity. — For  permanent  disability,  55  per 
cent,  of  average  weekly  earnings,  for  periods  varying  from 


workmen's  compensation  laws  27 

40  to  240  weeks,  according  to  the  degree  of  disability.  After 
the  expiration  of  240  weeks  a  further  benefit  varying  from 
10  to  40  per  cent,  of  the  weekly  earnings  is  payable  during 
the  remainder  of  life,  when  the  degree  of  disability  reaches 
or  exceeds  70  per  cent. 

A  lump  sum  in  case  of  permanent  incapacity  or  death 
may  be  substituted  for  benefits,  such  lump  sum  to  equal  the 
present  value  of  the  benefits  computed  at  6  per  cent. 

COLORADO 

Death  Compensation. — (a)  To  persons  wholly  dependent, 
50  per  cent,  of  the  weekly  wages  for  six  years,  $8  maximum, 
total  not  to  exceed  $2,500  nor  to  be  less  than  $1,000.  If 
death  occurs  from  any  cause  during  receipt  of  disability 
benefits,  any  unaccrued  and  unpaid  remainder  goes  to  de- 
pendents, (b)  If  only  partial  dependents  survive,  50  per 
cent,  of  the  weekly  wages,  $8  maximum,  for  such  part  of 
six  years  as  the  Industrial  Commission  may  determine,  total 
not  to  exceed  $2,500.  If  death  occurs  from  any  cause  during 
the  receipt  of  disability  benefits,  partial  dependents  shall 
receive  not  more  than  four  times  the  amount  contributed  by 
the  deceased  during  his  last  year  of  employment,  the  aggre- 
gate of  disability  and  death  benefits  not  to  exceed  $2,500. 
(c)  If  no  dependents,  $100  funeral  expenses,  (d^  Payments 
to  widow  or  dependent  widower  cease  on  death  or  remar- 
riage; to  children,  on  reaching  the  age  of  eighteen,  unless 
physically  incapacitated  from  earning. 

Disability  Compensation. — N.  B.  Medical  and  surgical 
assistance  for  first  thirty  days,  not  more  than  $100  in  value. 

Total  Disability.^ — Fifty  per  cent,  of  weekly  wages  during 
continuance,  $5  minimum,  $8  maximum;  full  wages  if  less 
than  $5. 

Partial  Disability.r— Fifty  per  cent  of  the  weekly  wage 
decrease,  $8  maximum;   total  not  to  exceed  $2,080. 

Specified  Injuries. — Fifty  per  cent,  of  weekly  wages  for 
periods  ranging  from  four  to  two  hundred  and  eight  weeks. 

Payments  may  be  commuted  to  a  lump  sum  after  six 
months. 

CONNECTICUT 

Death  Compensation. — (a)  $100  for  burial  expenses,  (b) 
To  persons  wholly  dependent,  a  weekly  compensation  equal 
to  one-half  the  earnings  of  the  deceased  employee,  (c) 
If  only  partial  dependents  survive,  a  weekly  compensation, 
determined  according  to  the  measure  of  dependence,  not  ex- 
ceeding one-half  the  earnings  of  the  deceased  employee,  (d) 
Compensation  shall  in  no  case  be  more  than  $10  or  less  than. 
$5  weekly,  and  shall  not  continue  longer  than  312  weeks. 

Disability  Compensation. — Medical  and  surgical  aid  dur- 
ing such  time  as  needed. 


25  SAFE  METHODS 

Total  Disability. — ^A  weekly  compensation  equal  to  one- 
half  the  employee's  earnings,  not  more  than  $10  or  less 
than  $5  weekly,  or  for  longer  than  520  weeks. 

Partial  Disability. — A  weekly  compensation  equal  to  one- 

/talf  of  the  wage  loss,  but  not  more  than  $10  per  week,  or 

for  longer  than  312   weeks.     For   specified  injuries  causing 

permanent   partial   disability,   one-half   the   average   weekly 

earnings  for  fixed  periods  in  lieu  of  all  other  payments. 

Lump  snm  payments  may  be  approved  by  the  Com- 
missioner, provided  they  equal  the  value  of  the  -compensations, 

HAWAII 

Death  Compensation, — (a)  "Funeral  expenses  not  exceed- 
ing $100  if  death  occurs  within  six  months  after  injury, 
(b)  40  per  cent,  of  average  weekly  wages  to  widow  or  de- 
pendent widower  alone,  50  per  cent,  if  one  or  two  dependent 
children,  GO  per  cent  if  three  or  more;  30  per  cent,  to  one 
or  two  orphans,  10  per  cent,  additional  for  each  child  in 
excess  of  two,  total  not  to  exceed  50  per  cent.  If  no  consort 
or  child,  but  other  dependents,  25  to  40  per  cent,  (c)  Pay- 
ments to  widow  cease  on  death  or  remarriage,  and  to  widower 
on  termination  of  disability  or  remarriage;  to  child  on 
reaching  age  of  sixteen,  unless  incapable  of  self-support, 
when  may  continue  to  eighteen;  to  other  beneficiaries,  on 
termination  of  disability;  no  payments  except  to  children  to 
continue  longer  than  312  weeks.  Basic  wages  not  less  than 
$5  nor  more  than  $36  weekly. 

Disability  Compensation. — Reasonable  surgical,  medical 
and  hospital  services  for  first  fourteen  days,  not  exceeding 
$50. 

Total  Disability. — GO  per  cent,  of  weekly  wages,  $3  mini- 
mum, $18  maximum,  for  not  longer  than  312  weeks;  total  not 
to  exceed  $5,000.  If  wages  are  less  than  $3,  full  wages  will 
be  paid  unless  disability  is  permanent,  when  $3  will  be  paid. 

Partial  Disability. — 50  per  cent  of  wage  decrease,  $12 
maximum,  not  over  312  weeks,  total  not  to  exceed  $5,000; 
fixed  awards  for  specified  injuries. 

Payments  may  be  commuted  to  one  or  more  lump  sums 
in  any  case. 

ILLINOIS 

Death  Compensation. — (a)  To  persons  wholly  dependent 
or  to  lineal  heirs  to  whose  support  the  employee  had  con- 
tributed within  four  years,  a  sum  equal  to  four  years'  earn- 
ings, not  less  than  $1,650  nor  more  than  $3,500.  (b)  If  only 
dependent  collateral  heirs  survive,  such  a  percentage  of  the 
foregoing  sum  as  the  support  rendered  during  the  last  two 
years  was  of  the  earnings  of  the  deceased,  (c)  If  no  de- 
pendents, a  burial  benefit  not  exceeding  $150. 


wobkmen's  compensation  laws  29 

Disability  Compensation,^ — ^N.  B.  Medical  and  surgical 
aid  for  not  more  than  eight  weeks  nor  over  $200  in  value. 

Total  Disability. — Beginning  with  eighth  day  (second  day 
of  permanent),  a  weeljly  sum  equal  to  one-half  the  employee's 
earnings,  $6  minimum,  $12  maximum,  during  disability  or 
until  payments  equal  a  death  benefit;  thereafter,  if  the  dis- 
ability is  permanent,  a  sum  annually  equal  to  8  per  cent, 
of  a  death  benefit,  but  not  less  than  $10  per  month. 

Permanent  Partial  Disability, — One-half  the  loss  of  earn- 
ing capacity,  not  more  than  $12  per  week  nor  less  than  $6 
per  week. 

Specified  Injuries  (mutilations,  etc.),  a  benefit  of  50  per 
cent,  of  weekly  wages  for  fixed  periods. 

Serious  and  Permanent  Disfigurement, — ^When  not  causing 
incapacity  and  not  otherwise  compensated,  a  sum  not  ex- 
ceeding one-fourth  the  death  benefits. 

Limitations, — No  payments  are  to  extend  beyond  eight 
years,  except  in  case  of  permanent  total  incapacity. 

Lnmp  sum  payments  for  either  death  or  disability  may 
be  substituted  by  the  Industrial  Board  for  periodic  payments. 

ETDIANA 

Death  Compensation. — (a)  $100  for  funeral  expenses,  if 
death  from  the  injury  occurs  within  300  weeks,  (b)  50  per 
cent  of  weekly  wages  to  persons  wholly  dependent;  to  those 
partially  dependent,  amounts  proportionate  to  deceased  em- 
ployee's contributions  to  their  support;  term  of  payment  not 
longer  than  300  weeks  from  receipt  of  injury,  (c)  Payments 
cease  on  remarriage  of  widow  or  dependent  widower,  or  on 
children  attaining  the  age  of  eighteen  years,  unless  mentally 
or  physically  disabled  for  earnings.  Wages  are  to  be  con- 
sidered as  not  above  $24  nor  less  than  $10  weekly,  no  total 
to  exceed  $5,000. 

Disability  Compensation, — N.  B.  Medical  and  hospital 
services  for  first  thirty  days  and  longer  at  option  of  em- 
ployer; employee  must  accept  unless  otherwise  ordered  by 
the  Industrial  Board. 

Total  Disability.— 55  per  cent,  of  wages  for  not  more  than 
500  weeks. 

Partial  Disability. — 50  per  cent,  of  wage  loss  for  not 

more  than  300  weeks. 

Specified  Injuries. — 55  per  cent,  of  wages  for  designated 
periods  ranging  from  15  to  200  weeks. 

Wage  *»asis  and  total  amounts  are  limited  as  for  death 
benefits. 


30  SAFE  METHODS 

Lnmp  Sum  Payments. — Any  payments  may  be  commuted 
to  a  lump  sum  after  twenty-six  weeks. 

IOWA 

Death  Compensation. —  (a)  Reasonable  expenses  of  last 
illness  and  burial,  not  to  exceed  $100.  (b)  To  persons  wholly 
dependent  a  weekly  payment  equal  to  50  per  cent,  of  the 
wages,  but  not  more  than  $10  nor  less  than  $5  per  week  for 
300  weeks,  (c)  If  only  partial  dependents  survive,  such  a 
proportion  of  the  above  as  the  amounts  contributed  by  the 
employee  to  such  partial  dependents  bear  to  his  annual 
earnings. 

Disability  Compensation, — N.  B.  Reasonable  surgical, 
medical  and  hospital  services  and  supplies  for  first  two 
weeks,  not  exceeding  $100, 

Total  Temporary  Disability. — 50  per  cent,  of  wages,  not 
more  than  $10  nor  less  than  $5  (unless  wages  are  less  than 
$5,  then  full  wages),  for  not  more  than  300  weeks. 

Total  Permanent  Disability. — The  same  compensation  as 
for  temporary  disability,  to  be  paid  for  a  period  of  not  more 
than  400  weeks. 

Partial  Permanent  Disability. — ^For  specified  maimings, 
60  per  cent,  of  average  weekly  wages  for  fixed  periods. 

Lump  Sum  Payments  may  be  substituted  on  approval  ol 
the  court. 

KANSAS 

Death  Compensation. — To  persons  wholly  dependent,  i 
sum  equal  to  three  years'  earnings  of  the  deceased  employee* 
not  less  than  $1,200  nor  more  than  $3,600,  For  non-resident 
alien  beneficiaries  (except  in  Canada)  the  maximum  is  $750. 
(b)  If  only  partial  dependents  survive,  a  sum  proportionate 
to  the  injury  to  such  dependents,  (c)  If  no  dependents  are 
left,  a  reasonable  expense  for  medical  attendance  and  burial, 
not  exceeding  $100,  Compensation  ceases  upon  the  marriage 
of  any  dependent,  or  when  a  minor,  not  physically  or  men- 
tally incapable  of  wage  earning,  shall  become  eighteen  years 
of  age. 

Total  Disability. — ^For  total  incapacity,  pa3Tnents  during 
incapacity  after  the  second  week,  equal  to  50  per  cent,  of 
earnings,  but  not  less  than  $6  nor  more  than  $15  per  week. 

Partial  Disability. — Payments  during  incapacity,  after  the 
second  week,  not  less  than  25  per  cent,  nor  more  than  50 
per  cent,  of  earnings,  not  less  than  $3  nor  more  than  $12 
per  week,  except  in  case  of  minors  earning  less  than  $10 
per  week,  in  which  case  the  compensation  shall  not  be  less 
than  75  per  cent,  of  the  earnings.  No  payments  for  total  or 
partial  disability  shall  extend  over  more  than  eight  years. 


WORKMEN'S   COMPENSATION  LAWS  31 

Lump  sum  payments,  after  six  months,  may  be  substi- 
tuted, as  agreed  upon  or  determined  by  the  court. 

LOUISIAJTA 

Death  Compensation.— (a)  $100  expenses  of  last  sickness 
and  burial,  (b)  To  widow  or  dependent  widower  alone,  25 
per  cent,  of  weekly  wages,  40  per  cent,  if  one  child,  and 
50  per  cent,  if  two  or  more.  If  one  child  alone,  25  per  cent, 
40  per  cent,  for  two,  and  50  per  cent,  for  three  or  more.  For 
one  dependent  parent,  25  per  cent.;  for  two,  50  per  cent.; 
if  one  brother  or  sister,  25  per  cent,  and  10  per  cent,  addi- 
tional for  each  other.  The  total  in  no  case  may  exceed  50 
per  cent,  of  the  weekly  wages,  $3  minimum  payment,  $10 
maximum,  for  not  over  300  weeks.  Payment  to  any  bene- 
ficiary ceases  on  death  or  marriage,  to  children  on  reaching 
the  age  of  eighteen,  unless  mentally  or  physically  incapaci- 
tated. 

Disability  Compensation.— N.  B.  Reasonable  medical, 
surgical  and  hospital  service,  not  to  exceed  $100  in  value. 

Total  Disability.— 50  per  cent  of  the  weekly  wages,  $3 
minimum,  $10  maximum,  for  not  more  than  400  weeks. 

Partial  Disability. — 50  per  cent,  of  the  wage  loss,  not 
over  $10,  for  not  more  than  400  weeks. 

Specified  Injuries*— Fixed  schedule  for  periods  from  10 
to  150  weeks. 

Lump  Payments. — Payments  in  any  case  may  be  com- 
muted to  a  lump  sum  on  agreement  of  the  parties  and 
approval  by  the  court. 

MAINE 

Death  Compensation.^(a)  To  persons  wholly  dependent, 
50  per  cent,  of  weekly  wages  for  300  weeks,  $4  minimum,  $10 
raaximum.  (b)  If  only  partial  dependents  survive,  amounts 
proportionate  to  their  degree  of  dependency,  for  300  weeks, 
(c)  If  only  one  wholly  dependent  and  more  than  one  partly 
dependent  person  survives,  payments  are  to  be  divided  ac- 
cording to  the  relative  extent  of  dependency,  (d)  If  no 
dependents,  not  above  $200  expenses  of  last  sickness  and 
burial.  Payments  to  children  cease  at  age  of  eighteen  unless 
mentally  or  physically  incapacitated  for  earning  a  living. 

Disability  Compensation. — N.  B.  Reasonable  medical  and 
hospital  services  during  first  two  weeks,  not  over  $30  in 
value,  unless  by  agreement  or  order  of  Commission  a  larger 
amount  is  provided  for. 

Total  Disability. — 50  per  cent,  of  the  wages  for  not  more 
than  500  weeks,  $4  minimum,  $10  maximum,  total  not  to 
exceed  $3,000. 


32  SATE  METHODS 

Partial  Disability* — 50  per  cent,  of  the  weekly  wage  loss, 
not  over  $10,  for  not  more  than  300  weeks. 

Specified  Injuries  causing  permanent  partial  disability: 
50  per  cent,  of  the  wages  for  various  fixed  periods,  then 
compensation  on  basis  of  wage  loss,  if  any,  for  not  more 
than  300  weeks  in  all. 

Lnmp  Sum  Payments  may  be  approved  by  the  Commission 
after  weekly  payments  for  not  less  than  six  months. 

MARYLAND 

Death  Compensation, — (a)  Funeral  expenses  not  over 
$75.  (b)  To  persons  wholly  dependent,  50  per  cent,  of  the 
weekly  wages  for  eight  years;  not  more  than  $4,250  nor  less 
than  $1,000.  (c)  To  persons  partly  dependent,  50  per  cent,  of 
the  weekly  wages  for  such  portion  of  eight  years  as  the 
Commission  may  fix,  the  amount  not  to  exceed  $2,000.  (d) 
If  no  dependents,  funeral  expenses  only,  (e)  Payments  to 
widow  close  on  remarriage,  and  to  children  on  reaching  the 
age  of  sixteen  years,  unless  mentally  or  physically  incapaci- 
tated. 

Disability  Compensation*— N.  B.  Medical,  surgical,  etc., 
expenses,  not  above  $150  in  value. 

Total  Disability. — 50  per  cent,  of  weekly  wages,  $5  mini- 
mum, $121  maximum,  for  not  over  eight  years;  total  not 
to  exceed  $6,000.  If  v/ages  are  less  than  $5,  full  wages  will 
be  paid. 

Partial  Disabilityii — 50  per  cent  of  weekly  wage  loss,  $12 
maximum,  total  not  over  $3,000;  specific  periods  for  specified 
maimings. 

Payments  may,  in  the  discretion  of  the  Commission,  be 
made  in  part  or  in  whole  in  lump  sums. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

Deatli  Compensation. — (a)  To  persons  wholly  dependent, 
a  weekly  payment  equal  to  two- thirds  the  average  weekly 
wages  of  the  deceased  employee,  but  not  less  than  $4  nor 
more  than  $10,  for  a  period  of  500  weeks,  the  total  not  to 
exceed  $4,000.  (b)  If  only  partial  dependents  survive,  a  sum 
proportionate  to  the  portion  of  earnings  contributed  to  their 
support  by  the  deceased  employee,  (c)  If  no  dependents,  the 
reasonable  expense  of  last  sickness  and  burial,  not  to  exceed 
$200. 

Children  cease  to  be  dependents  at  eighteen,  unless  men" 
tally  or  physically  incapacitated  from  earning  a  living. 

Disability  Compensation. — N.  B.  Reasonable  medical  and 
hospital  services,  and  medicines  as  needed,  for  the  first  two 
weeks  after  injury. 


workmen's  compensation  laws  33 

A.'otal  Disability. — A  sum  equal  to  two-thirds  the  average 
weekly  wages,  but  not  less  than  $4  nor  more  than  $10  per 
week,  not  exceeding  500  weeks  nor  $4,000  in  amount 

Partial  Disability. — Two-thirds  the  wage  loss,  but  not  to 
exceed  $10  per  week,  and  for  not  longer  than  500  weeks. 

Specified  Injuries  (mutilations,  etc.). — Two-thirds  the 
weekly  wages,  not  exceeding  $10  nor  less  than  $4  per  week, 
for  fixed  period-^,  in  addition  to  other  compensation. 

Lump  Sum  Payments  may  be  substituted  in  whole  or  in 
part,  after  payments  for  injury  or  death  have  been  made  for 
not  less  than  six  months. 

MICHIGAN 
Death  Compensation. — (a)  To  persons  wholly  dependent, 
a  weekly  payment  equal  to  one-half  the  earnings,  but  not  less 
than  $4  nor  more  than  $10  per  week  for  a  period  of  300 
weeks,  (b)  If  c  y  partial  dependents  survive,  such  propor- 
tion of  the  abovxi  as  the  amount  of  previous  contributions 
bears  to  such  earnings,  (c)  If  no  dependents,  the  reasonable 
expense  of  the  las    sickness  and  burial,  not  exceeding  $200. 

Disability  >mpensation. — N.  B.  Reasonable  medical  and 
hospital  services  fo"  tho  first  three  weeks. 

Total  Disab.Jty. — ^A  weekly  payment  equal  to  one-half 
the  earning-  but  not  less  than  $4  nor  more  than  $10  per 
week,  nor  for  period  longer  than  500  weeks  from  the  date 
of  the  injury,  and  not  exceeding  $4,000. 

Partial  Disability.^ — A  weekly  payment  equal  to  one-half 
the  wage  loss,  but  not  more  than  $10  per  week,  and  for  not 
longer  than  300  weeks. 

Specified  Injuries  (mutilations,  etc.). — 50  per  cent  of 
average  weekly  earnings  for  fixed  periods. 

Lump  Sums  may  be  substituted  after  six  months  for 
weekly  payments 

MINIfESOTA 
Death  Compensation, — (a)  $100  funeral  expenses,  (b) 
To  a  widow  lone,  35  per  cent  of  monthly  wages  of  de- 
ceased, increasing  to  60  per  cent  if  four  or  more  children; 
to  a  dependent  husband  alone,  25  per  cent;  to  a  dependent 
orphan,  40  per  cent.,  with  10  per  cent,  additional  for  each 
additional  orphan,  with  a  maximum  of  60  per  cent;  to  the 
dependent  parent  or  parents,  if  no  dependent  widow,  widower, 
or  children,  30  per  cent  if  one  parent  and  40  per  cent,  if 
both  survive;  if  none  of  the  foregoing,  but  a  brother,  sister, 
graadparent,  mother-in-law,  or  father-in-law  is  wholly  de- 
pendent, if  but  one  such  relative,  25  per  cent.,  or  if  more  than 


S4  SAfE  METHODS 

one,  30  per  cent.,  divided  equally,  (c)  If  only  partial  de- 
pendents survive,  that  proportion  of  benefits  provided  for 
actual  dependents  which  contributions  bore  to  wages  gamed, 
(d)  When  no  dependents  are  left,  expense  of  last  sickness  and 
burial  not  exceeding  $100,  in  addition  to  medical  and  hospital 
services  provided  in  case  of  disability. 

Payments  continue  for  not  more  than  300  weeks,  and 
cease  when  a  minor  child  reaches  the  age  of  eighteen,  unless 
physically  or  mentally  incapacitated  from  earning,  and  upon 
the  death  or  marriage  of  other  dependents'^  glnless  otherwise 
specified. 

Disability  Compensation. — N.  B.  Reasonable  medical  and 
surgical  treatment,  not  exceeding  90  days  nor  $100  in  value, 
unless  ordered  in  exceptional  cases,  when  $200  is  the  limit. 

Total  Disability. — 50  per  cent,  of  wages. 

Temporary  Partial  Disability.^ — 50  per  cent,  of  the  wage 
loss. 

Specified  Injuries  (mutilations,  etc). — 50  per  cent,  of  the 
earnings  for  fixed  periods. 

Payment  for  death  or  disability  may  not  be  less  than 
$6.50  nor  more  than  $11  per  week,  unless  the  wages  were 
less  than  $6.50,  when  the  full  amount  of  wages  is  paid. 
Payments  may  not  extend  beyond  300  weeks,  except  ^or  per- 
manent total  disability,  when  the  maximum  is  400  weeks, 
with  payments  of  not  more  than  $6.50  per  week  thereafter 
for  150  weeks,  the  total  not  to  exceed  $5,000. 

Lump  Sums  may  be  substituted  for  periodical  payments, 
but  in  case  of  compensation  for  death,  permanent  total  dis- 
ability, or  certain  maimings,  the  consent  of  the  court  must 
be  obtained. 

MONTANA 

Death  Compensation.— (a)  $75  for  funeral  expenses,  if 
death  occurs  within  six  months  of  injury,  (b)  To  benefi- 
ciaries (widow,  widower,  child  or  children  under  16,  or  in- 
valid child  above  16,  50  per  cent,  of  wages  if  residents  o£ 
the  United  States,  if  not,  25  per  cent,  unless  otherwise  re- 
quired by  treaty.  To  major  dependents  (father  or  mother) 
in  case  there  are  no  beneficiaries,  40  per  cent.  To  minor 
dependents  (brothers  or  sisters  actually  dependent),  if  no 
beneficiary  or  major  dependent,  30  per  cent.  Non-resident 
alien  dependents  receive  nothing  unless  required  by  treaty, 
nor  do  beneficiaries  if  citizens  of  a  Government  excluding 
citizens  of  the  United  States  from  equal  benefits  under  com- 
pensation laws. 

Terms  of  Payment  may  not  exceed  400  weeks,  $10  maxi- 
mum, $6  minimum;   if  wages  less  than  $6,  then  full  wages. 


workmen's  COilPENSATION  LAWS  35 

Payments  cease  on  marriage  of  widow  or  widower,  or  when 
child,  brother  or  sister  reaches  the  age  of  sixteen,  unless 
an  invalid. 

Disability  Compensation, — N.  B.  Medical  and  hospital 
services  during  first  two  weeks  after  injury,  not  over  $50  in 
value,  unless  there  is  a  hospital  contract. 

Total  Temporary  Disability, — 50  per  cent,  of  wages  during 
disability,  $10  maximum,  $6  minimum,  unless  wages  are  less 
than  $6,  when  full  wages  will  be-  paid,  for  not  more  than 
300  weeks. 

Total  Permanent  Disability, — Same  scale  as  above  for 
400  weeks,  then  $5  per  week,  while  disability  continues. 

Partial  Disability, — 50  per  cent,  of  the  wage  loss,  wages 
and  benefit  not  to  exceed  $10  nor  fall  below  $6  in  amount, 
unless  wages  at  time  of  injury  were  less  than  $6. 

Payments  to  continue  not  more  than  150  weeks  for 
permanent  cases,  and  50  weeks  where  disability  is  temporary. 

Maimings, — Compensation  of  same  scale  as  for  total  tem- 
porary disability  for  terms  ranging  from  3  to  200  weeks. 

Lump  Sums  may  be  substituted  for  periodic  payments  in 
whole  or  part  in  any  case, 

NEBRASKA 

Death  Compensation, — (a)  In  addition  to  any  other  ben- 
efits, a  reasonable  amount  not  exceeding  $100  to  cover 
expenses  of  last  sickness  and  burial,  (b)  To  persons  wholly 
dependent,  50  per  cent  of  the  employee's  wages,  but  not  less 
than  $5  nor  more  than  $10  per  week,  during  dependency,  but 
not  exceeding  350  weeks;  if  the  wages  of  the  deceased  were 
less  than  $5  per  week,  then  full  wages  are  to  be  paid,  (c) 
If  only  partial  dependents  survive,  a  proportion  of  the  above 
corresponding  to  the  relation  the  contribution  of  the  deceased 
to  their  support  bore  to  the  wages.  Compensation  to  children 
ceases  when  they  reach  the  age  of  sixteen  years,  unless  they 
are  physically  or  mentally  incapacitated  from  earning. 

Disability  Compensation.— N.  B.  Medical  and  hospital 
service  during  the  first  twenty-one  days  not  exceeding  $200 
in  value. 

Total  Disability, — One-half  of  the  weekly  wages,  but  not 
less  than  $5  or  more  than  $10  per  week  for  300  weeks;  there- 
after while  disability  lasts  40  per  cent  of  such  wages,  but 
not  less  than  $4  nor  more  than  $8  per  week;  provided,  how- 
ever, if  weekly  wages  are  less  than  the  minimum,  compensa- 
tion to  amount  of  full  wages  is  to  be  paid. 

Partial  Disability, — 50  per  cent,  of  loss  of  earning  capac- 
ity, but  not  exceeding  $10  per  week,  nor  exceeding  300  weeks. 

Specified  Injuries  (mutilations,  etc.). — 50  per  cent  of 
V,Age3  for  fixed  periods  with  the  same  limits  as  to  amounts 


36  SAFE  METHODS 

as  above.  Payments  begin  with  the  twenty-second  day,  but 
If  the  disability  continues  eight  weeks  or  longer,  compensa- 
tion is  computed  from  the  date  of  injury. 

Lump  Sums  may  be  substituted  for  periodic  payments, 
but  if  for  death  or  permanent  disability,  the  approval  of  the 
court  must  be  obtained. 

NEVADA 

Death  Compensation. — (a)  Burial  expenses  not  to  exceed 
$125.  (b)  To  dependent  widow  or  widower  alone,  40  per 
cent,  of  the  average  monthly  wages;  total  not  to  exceed 
$4,000;  if  one  or  two  children,  50  per  cent.,  $5,000  maximum; 
if  three  or  more  children,  60  per  cent,  $6,000  maximum. 
Payments  may  not  be  less  than  $20  nor  more  than  $60 
monthly,  nor  continue  more  than  100  months.  Orphans  under 
sixteen  receive  sums  fixed  by  the  Commission,  $10  minimum, 
$35  maximum,  for  periods  fixed  by  the  Commission.  Partial 
dependents  receive  in  proportion  to  the  contributions  of  the 
deceased  to  their  support  at  the  time  of  his  death  for  periods 
not  exceeding  100  months. 

Disability  Compensation,^ — N.  B.  Reasonable  medical, 
surgical  and  hospital  aid  for  not  more  than  four  months. 

Total  Disability. — An  amount  equal  to  one-half  the  aver- 
age monthly  wages,  but  not  less  than  $20  nor  more  than 
$60  for  100  months,  the  total  not  to  exceed  $5,000. 

Partial  Disability. — One-half  the  loss  of  earning  capacity, 
but  not  more  than  $40  per  month  for  not  more  than  60 
months. 

Specified  Injuries  (mutilations,  etc.). — A  monthly  pay- 
ment equal  to  one-half  the  monthly  wages  for  fixed  periods. 

Lump  Sums  may  be  permitted  by  the  Industrial  Com- 
mission to  be  substituted  for  monthly  payments  in  an  amount 
not  exceeding  $5,000. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE 

Death  Compensation. — (a)  To  persons  wholly  dependent, 
a  sum  equal  to  150  times  the  average  weekly  earnings  of  the 
deceased,  not  to  exceed  $3,000.  (b)  If  only  partial  dependents 
survive,  such  proportion  of  the  above  compensation  as  cor- 
responds to  the  portion  of  wages  contributed  to  their  sup- 
port, (c)  If  no  dependents  are  left,  expenses  of  medical 
care  and  burial  to  a  reasonable  amount,  not  to  exceed  $100. 

Total  Disability, — ^A  sum  beginning  with  the  fifteenth  <?.ay, 
not  exceeding  50  per  cent,   of  average  weekly  earnings. 

Partial  Disability. — A  sum  not  in  excess  of  50  per  cent. 
of  the  loss  of  earning  capacity. 

Limitations, — In  no  case  is  compensation  to  exceed  $10 
a  week  nor  run  for  a  longer  period  than  300  weeks. 


WORKMEN'S   COMPENSATION  LAWS  37 

Lump  Sums. — The  court  may  determine  amount  of  lump 
sums  payable  as  a  substitute  for  weekly  payments. 

NEW  JERSEY 

Death  Compensation. — (a)  To  one  dependent,  35  per  cent, 
of  the  wages  of  the  deceased  person,  and  for  each  additional 
dependent,  5  per  cent,  additional,  the  total  not  to  exceed 
60  per  cent.,  payable  for  not  more  than  300  weeks.  Com- 
pensation not  to  be  less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $10  per  week, 
unless  the  earnings  were  less  than  $5,  when  full  wages  are 
paid,  (b)  If  no  dependents,  the  expense  of  the  last  sickness 
and  of  burial,  the  burial  not  exceeding  $100.  Payments  to 
widows  cease  on  remarriage,  and  to  orphans  on  reaching  the 
age  of  eighteen,  unless  physically  or  mentally  deficient. 

Lump  Snm  Payment. — A  discounted  lump  sum  pajnuent 
may  be  substituted  at  the  discretion  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas. 

Disability  Compensation. — N.  B.  Reasonable  medical  and 
hospital  services  for  the  first  two  weeks,  not  exceeding  $50 
in  value. 

Temporary  Total  Disability. — 50  per  cent,  of  wages,  pay- 
able during  disability,  but  not  beyond  300  weeks. 

Permanent  Total  Disab!lity.r— 50  per  cent,  of  wages  during 
such  disability,  not  beyond  400  weeks. 

Specified  Injuries  (mutilations,  etc.). — If  producing  par- 
tial but  permanent  disabilities,  50  per  cent,  of  wages  during 
fixed  periods.  All  weekly  payments  are  subject  to  the  same 
rule  as  to  minimum  and  maximum,  as  for  death  benefits. 

Lump  Sum  Payment. — A  discounted  lump  sum  pa3rment 
may  be  substituted  at  the  discretion  of  Court  of  Common 
Pleas. 

NEW  YORK 

Death  Compensation.— (a)  $100  for  funeral  expenses, 
(b)  To  a  widow  or  dependent  widower  alone,  30  per  cent, 
of  wages  of  deceased,  10  per  cent,  additional  for  each  child 
under  eighteen;  dependent  orphans  under  eighteen  receive 
15  per  cent,  each,  and  dependent  parents,  brothers,  or  sisters, 
receive  15  per  cent,  each;  aggregate  payments  in  no  case 
to  exceed  66%  per  cent,  (c)  Payments  to  widow  or  widower 
cease  on  death,  or  remarriage,  or  when  dependence  of  widow 
ceases,  with  two  years'  compensation  on  remarriage,  pay- 
ments to  children,  brothers  and  sisters  cease  at  eighteen,  and 
to  parents  when  dependence  ceases.  In  computing  the  above 
benefits  no  wages  in  excess  of  $100  monthly  are  considered. 

Disability   Compensation.— N.   B.     Medical   and   surgical 
treatment   and   hospital   services   for   60   days,   costs   to   be 
approved  by  the  'Commission. 
■  <ri; 


4 


38  SAFE  METHODS 

Total  Disability. — 66%  per  cent,  of  wages  during  continu- 
ance of  disability. 
Partial  Disability. — 66%  per  cent,  of  wage  loss. 

Specified  Permanent,  Partial  Disabilities  (mutilations, 
etc.).— 66%  per  cent,  of  wages  for  fixed  periods.  Payments 
in  the  foregoing  cases  may  not  be  less  than  $5  nor  more 
than  $15  per  week,  except  for  certain  maimings  the  maximum 
may  be  $20. 

OHIO 

Death  Compensation. — (a)  Burial  expenses  not  to  exceed 
$150.  (b)  To  persons  wholly  dependent,  66%  per  cent,  of 
the  average  weekly  earnings  for  six  years  after  the  date  of 
the  injury,  not  less  than  $1,500  nor  more  than  $3,750.  (c) 
If  only  partial  dependents  survive,  a  proportionate  sum  to 
continue  for  all  or  such  portion  of  the  period  of  six  years 
as  the  State  Industrial  Commission  in  each  case  may  deter- 
mine, not  exceeding  a  maximum  of  $3,750.  (d)  If  no  de- 
pendents, medical  and  hospital  services  not  exceeding  $200 
in  value,  and  burial  expenses  not  to  exceed  $150. 

Disability  Compensation. — N.  B.  Medical,  hospital,  etc., 
services,  not  to  exceed  $200. 

Total  Temporary  Disability.— A  weekly  payment  of  66% 
per  cent,  of  average  weekly  wages,  during  disability,  not  less 
than  $5  nor  more  than  $12  per  week,  but  not  for  longer  than. 
six  years,  nor  exceeding  $3,750. 

Total  Permanent  Disability. — A  weekly  payment  as  above 
continuing  until  death. 

Partial  Disability. — 66%  per  cent,  of  loss  of  earning 
capacity  during  the  continuance  thereof,  but  not  exceeding 
$12  per  week  or  a  total  of  $3,750. 

Specified  Injuries. — For  mutilations,  etc.,  specified,  66% 
per  cent,  of  wages  for  fixed  periods,  with  the  same  maximum 
and  minimum  limitations  noted  above. 

In  All  Cases  if  wages  are  less  than  prescribed  minimum, 
then  total  v/ages  are  paid  as  compensation;  an  expected 
increase  in  wages  may  be  given  consideration. 

OKLAHOMA 

Death  Compensation.^Fatal  injuries  not  covered. 

Disability  Compensation.n— N.  B.  Necessary  medical,  sur- 
gical, or  other  treatment  for  first  fifteen  days. 

Temporary  Total  Disability.^50  per  cent,  of  average 
weekly  wages  for  not  more  than  300  weeks. 

Permanent  Total  Disability.— 50  per  cent,  of  average 
weekly  wages   for  not  more  than  500   weeks. 


workmen's  compensation  laws  89 

Permanent  Partial  Disability. — 50  per  cent,  of  wage  loss 
for  not  more  than  300  weeks. 

Specified  Injuries  (mutilations,  etc.). — 50  per  cent,  of 
weekly  wages  for  fixed  periods  in  lieu  of  other  compensa- 
tion. 

Payments  may  not  exceed  $10  per  week  nor  be  less  than 
$6  unless  wages  were  less  than  $6,  when  full  wages  will  be 
paid. 

Lump  Snm  Payments. — Periodical  payments  may  be  com- 
muted to  lump  sums,  and  aliens  who  are  non-residents  may 
have  payments  commuted  to  lump  sums  equal  to  one-half 
of  the  value  of  the  present  worth. 

OEEGON 

Death  Compensation. — (a)  Burial  expenses  not  to  exceed 

$100.  (b)  To  widow  or  invalid  widower,  a  monthly  payment 
of  $30,  and  to  each  child  under  sixteen  (daughters  eighteen), 
$6  a  month;  the  total  monthly  not  to  exceed  $50.  (c)  To 
orphans  under  sixteen  years  of  age  (daughters  eighteen),  a 
monthly  payment  of  $15  each;  the  total  not  to  exceed  $50. 
(d)  To  other  dependents,  there  being  none  of  the  foregoing, 
a  monthly  payment  to  each  of  50  per  cent,  of  the  average 
support  received  during  the  preceding  year,  but  not  to  exceed 
$30  a  month  in  all.  (e)  To  parents  of  an  unmarried  minor, 
a  monthly  payment  of  $25,  until  such  time  as  he  would  have 
been  21,  after  which  time  compensation  shall  be  paid  accord- 
ing to  (d)  above.  Payments  to  widow  or  widower  continue 
until  death  or  remarriage.  On  remarriage  of  widow  she  re- 
ceives a  lump  sum  of  $300.  Payments  to  a  male  child  cease 
at  sixteen  and  to  a  female  at  eighteen,  unless  the  child  is 
an  invalid. 

Disability  Compensation. — N.  B.  Transportation,  medical, 
surgical  and  hospital  expenses  not  exceeding  $250  in  value. 

Permanent  ^otal  Disability. — Monthly  payments  as  fol- 
lows: (1)  If  unmarried  at  the  time  of  the  injury,  $30;  (2) 
if  with  wife  or  invalid  husband,  but  no  child  under  sixteen 
years,  $35;  if  the  husband  is  not  an  invalid,  the  sum  is  $30; 
(3)  if  married  or  a  widow  or  widower  with  a  child  or  chil- 
dren under  sixteen  years,  $6  additional  to  the  provision  under 
(2)  above,  for  each  child  until  sixteen  years  of  age,  the  total 
monthly  payments  not  to  exceed  $50. 

Temporary  Total  Disability. — The  above  payments  apply 
during  disability,  increased  50  per  cent,  for  first  six  months, 
but  in  no  case  to  exceed  60  per  cent,  of  monthly  wages. 

Partial  Temporary  Disability. — A  proportionate  amount, 
corresjionding  to  loss  of  earning  power  for  not  exceeding  two 
year^. 


40  SAFE  METHODS 

Specified  Injuries  (mutilations,  etc.). — Monthly  payment 
of  $25  per  month,  payable  for  fixed  periods. 

A  Lump  Snm  at  the  option  of  the  injured  person  is  pro- 
vided in  some  cases.  Partial  lump  sum  payments  to  any 
beneficiary  may  be  substituted  at  the  discretion  of  the  Com- 
mission. 

PENNSYLVANIA 

Death  Compensation. — (a)  $100  funeral  expenses,  (b) 
40  per  cent,  of  weekly  wages  to  widow  or  dependent  widower, 
5  per  cent,  additional  for  each  child,  total  not  to  exceed 
60  per  cent;  if  no  parent,  25  per  cent;  if  one  or  two  chil- 
dren, 10  per  cent  additional  for  each  child  in  excess  of  two, 
total  not  to  exceed  60  per  cent;  if  ne  consort  or  child  under 
sixteen,  but  dependent  parent,  brothers,  or  sisters,  15  to 
25  per  cent,  of  wages,  (c)  Payments  cease  on  death,  re- 
marriage of  widow  or  widower,  cessation  of  dependence  of 
widower  or  child,  brother,  or  sister  attaining  the  age  of 
sixteen,  not  to  continue  beyond  300  weeks,  unless  for  children 
under  sixteen,  when  15  per  cent,  will  be  paid  for  each  addi- 
tional child,  total  not  to  exceed  50  per  cent.  Basic  wages 
are  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $20  weekly. 

Disability  Compensation. — N.  B.  Reasonable  medical, 
surgical,  and  hospital  expenses  for  first  fourteen  days  after 
disability  begins,  cost  not  to  exceed  $25,  unless  major  surgical 
operation  is  necessary,  when  $75  is  the  maximum. 

Total  Disability. — 50  per  cent,  of  weekly  wages  for  500 
weeks,  $5  minimum,  $10  maximum,  total  not  to  exceed  $4,000; 
if  wages  less  than  $5,  full  wages  will  be  paid. 

Partial  Disability*— 50  per  cent  of  weekly  wage  loss,  $10 
maximum,  for  not  over  300  weeks. 

Specified  Injuries. — $5  minimum,  $10  maximum  for  fixed 
periods;  full  wages  if  less  than  $5. 

EHODE   ISLAND 

Death  Compensation.^ — (a)  To  persons  wholly  dependent, 
a  weekly  pajnment  equal  to  one-half  the  average  weekly  earn- 
ings, but  not  less  than  $4  nor  more  than  $10  per  week,  for 
a  period  of  300  weeks,  (b)  If  only  partial  dependents  sur- 
vive, a  sum  proportionate  to  the  amount  which  the  annual 
contributions  bore  to  the  annual  earnings  of  the  deceased,  for 
not  exceeding  300  weeks,  (c)  If  no  dependents,  the  expense 
of  the  last  sickness  and  burial,  not  exceeding  $200.  Pay- 
ments to  children  cease  on  their  reaching  the  age  of  eighteen 
years,  unless  they  are  physically  or  mentally  incapacitated. 


workmen's  com;pe:nsation  laws  41 

Disability  Compensation. — N.  B.  The  necessary  medical 
and  surgical  care  and  hospital  services  for  the  first  two 
weeks  after  the  injury. 

Total  Incapacity. — A  weekly  payment  equal  to  one-half 
the  wages,  but  not  less  than  $4  nor  more  than  $10  per  week, 
during  such  incapacity,  but  not  for  a  longer  period  than  500 
weeks. 

Partial  Incapacity.— A  weekly  payment  equal  to  one-half 
the  loss  of  earning  power,  but  not  exceeding  $10  per  week, 
during  such  incapacity,  and  not  for  a  longer  period  than 
300  weeks. 

Specified  Injuries  (mutilations,  etc.). — ^In  addition  to  the 
above,  one-half  the  wages,  weekly  payments  to  be  not  less 
than  $4  nor  more  than  $10  per  week,  for  fixed  periods. 

Lump  Sum  Payments  may  be  substituted  by  order  of  the 
Superior  Court  after  compensation  has  been  paid  for  six 
months  for  either  death  or  injury. 

TEXAS 

Beatli  Compensation. — (a)  To  the  legal  beneficiary  of  the 
deceased  employee,  a  weekly  payment  equal  to  60  per  cent, 
of  his  wages,  not  less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $15  for  a  period 
of  360  weeks,  distributed  according  to  law  governing  property 
distribution,  (b)  If  no  beneficiaries  or  creditors  are  left,  the 
expenses  of  the  last  sickness  and  in  addition  a  funeral  benefit 
not  to  exceed  $100.  (c)  If  the  deceased  leaves  no  beneficiaries 
but  leaves  creditors,  the  insurance  association  is  liable  to 
the  creditors  for  such  debts  in  an  amount  not  exceeding  that 
which  would  be  due  beneficiaries. 

Disability  Compensation. — N.  B.  Medical  and  hospital 
care  for  the  first  week. 

Total  Incapacity. — ^A  compensation  equal  to  60  per  cent. 

of  the  average  weekly  wages,  but  not  less  than  $5  nor  more 
than  $15  per  week  during  such  disability,  but  not  exceeding 
a  period  of  400  weeks. 

Partial  Incapacity. — A  compensation  equal  to  60  per  cent, 
of  the  loss  of  earning  power  during  such  disability,  but  not 
exceeding  300  weeks,  in  no  case  to  exceed  $15  per  week. 

Specified  Injuries  (mutilations,  etc.). — An  additional  com- 
pensation equal  to  60  per  cent,  of  the  average  weekly  wages 
of  the  injured  person  for  fixed  periods,  not  less  than  $5  nor 
more  than  $15  per  week. 

A  lump  sum  payment  may  be  substituted  for  weekly  pay- 
ments in  cases  of  death  or  total  permanent  disability,  subject 
to  the  approval  of  the  Industrial  Accident  Board. 


42  SAFE  METHODS 

TERMONT 

DeatJi  Compensation. — (a)  Seventy-five  dollars  for  funeral 
expenses  if  death  occurs  within  two  years,  (b)  53%  per  cent, 
of  weekly  wages  to  dependent  widow  or  widower,  40  per  cent. 
if  there  be  one  or  two  children,  and  45  per  cent,  if  more  than 
two;  if  no  parent,  25  per  cent,  to  one  or  two  children,  10 
per  cent,  additional  for  each  child  in  excess  of  two,  total  not 
to  exceed  40  per  cent.;  if  no  consort  or  child  under  eighteen, 
and  dependent  parent,  grand  parent,  or  grandchild,  15  to  25 
per  cent,  of  wages,  (c)  Payments  to  widow  cease  on  death 
or  remarriage,  to  widower  on  remarriage  or  cessation  of 
dependency;  to  children  on  reaching  age  of  eighteen,  unless 
incapable  of  self-support,  in  no  case  to  exceed  260  weeks  or 
$3,500  in  amount;  payments  to  other  classes  of  beneficiaries 
end  in  208  weeks  at  most  Basic  wages  are  not  less  than  $5 
nor  more  than  $25  weekly. 

Disability  Compensation,— N.  B.  Medical  and  hospital 
services  for  first  fourteen  days,  not  to  exceed  $75. 

Total  Disability. — Fifty  per  cent  of  weekly  wages  for  26 
weeks  if  temporary,  260  if  permanent,  subject  to  extension 
for  52  weeks,  $3  minimum,  $12.50  maximum,  total  not  to 
exceed  $4,000.  If  wages  are  less  than  $3,  full  wages  will  be 
paid  unless  disability  is  permanent,  when  $3  will  be  paid. 

Partial  Disability,— Fifty  per  cent,  of  wage  decrease, 
maximum  $10,  for  not  more  than  five  years. 

Specified  Injuries. — Fifty  per  cent,  of  weekly  wages,  but 
not  more  than  $10,  for  designated  periods  ranging  from  eight 
to  170  weeks. 

Lump  Sum  Payments. — Payments  may  be  commuted  to 
one  or  more  lump  sums  in  any  case. 

WASHINGTON 

Death  Compensation. — (a)  Expenses  of  burial  not  exceed- 
ing $75.  (b)  To  widow  or  invalid  widower,  a  monthly  pay- 
ment of  $20;  to  each  child  under  sixteen,  $5  per  month,  the 
total  not  to  exceed  $35.  (c)  If  no  parent  survives,  a  monthly 
payment  of  $10  to  each  child  under  sixteen  years  of  age,  the 
total  not  to  exceed  $35.  (d)  To  other  dependents,  if  none  of 
the  above  survive,  a  monthly  payment  to  each  equal  to  50 
per  cent,  of  the  average  amount  previously  contributed  to 
the  dependent,  the  total  not  to  exceed  $20.  (e)  To  the  parent 
or  parents  of  an  unmarried  minor  a  monthly  payment  of  $20 
until  the  time  he  would  have  been  twenty-one.  In  case  of 
dependence,  payments  to  parents  of  minors  are  governed  by 
(d).    Payments  to  a  widow  or  widower  continue  until  death 


woekmen's  compensation  laws  43 

or  remarriage,  and  to  a  child  until  reaching  the  age  of  sixteen 
years.  If  a  widow  remarries  she  receives  a  lump  sum  of  $240. 
Permanent  Total  Disability.— Payments  as  follows:  (1) 
If  unmarried  at  time  of  the  accident,  $20  per  month;  (2)  if 
with  a  wife  or  invalid  husband,  but  n^  child  under  sixteen 
years  of  age,  $25  a  month;  if  the  husband  is  not  an  invalid, 
$15  per  month;  (3)  if  married,  or  a  widow  or  widower  with, 
a  child  or  children  under  sixteen  years,  $5  a  month  additional 
for  each  child,  the  total  not  to  exceed  $35. 

Total  Temporary  Disability. — Payments  as  for  permanent 
total  disability  during  disability,  increased  by  50  per  cent, 
for  first  six  months,  but  in  no  case  to  exceed  60  per  cent,  of 
monthly  wages. 

Temporary  Partial  Disability.— The  payment  as  for  total 
disability  continues  in  proportion  to  the  loss  of  earning 
power,  provided  that  this  shall  exceed  5  per  cent. 

Permanent  Partial  Disability. — X  lump  sum  not  to  exceed 
$1,500;  if  the  injured  person  is  a  minor  the  parents  receive 
HJi  additional  sum  equal  to  10  per  cent,  of  the  award  to  the 
injured  person. 

Lump  Sams. — Monthly  payments  may  be  converted  into 
lump  sum  payments  in  case  of  death  or  permanent  total 
disability. 

WEST  VIEGI7X. 

Death  Compensation. —  (a)  Rcasonr.ble  funeral  expenses 
not  to  exceed  $75.  (b)  To  t^^  widow  or  invalid  widower,  $20 
per  month  and  $5  per  month  additional  for  each  child  under 
the  age  of  legal  employmen  the  otal  not  to  exceed  $35  per 
month,  (c)  To  orphan  child  o^-  children,  $10  each  per  month 
until  the  age  of  fifteen,  total  ^ot  to  exceed  $30  per  month, 
(d)  To  other  persons  wholly  dependent,  if  no  widow,  invalid 
widower,  or  child  under  the  nge  of  legal  employment  is  lef 
50  per  cent,  of  the  average  monthly  support  received  from 
the  deceased  during  the  preceding  year,  not  exceeding  $20 
per  month,  for  six  years,  (e^  ~ '  the  deceased  was  a  single 
minor,  to  a  dependent  parens ,  '(  per  cent,  of  the  earnings,  not 
to  exceed  $6  per  week,  unt.i  the  time  when  he  would  have 
become  twenty-one.  (f)  If  only  partial  dependents  survive, 
a  compensation  computed  as  in  (d),  with  the  same  maximum. 

Payments  to  a  widow  or  widower  cease  on  remarriage, 
and  to  children  on  reaching  the  age  of  fifteen  years.  If 
widow  or  invalid  widower  remarry  within  two  years  of 
death  of  employee,  to  be  paid  20  per  cent,  of  balance  of  ten 
years'  benefits. 

Disability  Compensation. — N.  B.  Medical,  nurse,  and  hos- 
pital services,  not  exceeding  $150  ($300  in  special  cases). 


44  workmen's  compensation  laws 

Temporary  Partial  Disability^— During  such  disability, 
50  per  cent,  of  loss  of  Iiis  earning  capacity,  not  more  than 
$10  per  week  nor  exceeding  26  weeks,  except  that  for  certain 
ununited  fractures,  etc.,  the  period  may  be  52  weeks. 

Penaanent  Partial  Disability. — 50  per  cent,  of  wages  for 
periods  varying  with  degree  of  disability  (from  10  to  70  per 
cent),  periods  ranging  from  30  to  210  weeks;  from  70  to  85 
per  cent,  disability,  40  per  cent,  of  wages  for  life. 

Permanent  Total  Disabib'ty  (85  per  cent,  or  above).— 50 

per  cent,  of  the  average  weekly  wages,  during  life. 

Lump  sum  payments  may  be  substituted  for  periodic  pay- 
ments in  case  of  either  injury  or  death.  Payments  under 
.(c)  and  (d),  $4  minimum,  $8  maximum. 

WISCONSIN 

Death  Compensation. — (a)  To  persons  wholly  dependent, 
a  sum  equal  to  four  years'  earnings,  but  which  when  added 
to  any  prior  compensation  for  permanent  total  disability  shall 
not  exceed  six  years'  earnings,  (b)  If  only  partial  dependents 
survive,  a  sum  not  to  exceed  four  times  the  amount  provided 
for  their  support  during  the  preceding  year,  (c)  If  no  de- 
pendents, the  reasonable  expense  of  burial,  not  exceeding 
$100.  All  pajrments  are  to  be  made  in  weekly  installments 
equal  to  65  per  cent,  of  the  average  weekly  earnings.  De- 
pendence of  children  ceases  at  eighteen,  unless  physically  or 
mentally  incapacitated. 

Disability  Compensationo — N.  B.  Medical,  surgical  and 
hospital  ti'eatment  for  not  exceeding  ninety  days,  or  the 
reasonable  expenses  therefor. 

Total  Disability. — 65  per  cent,  of  average  weekly  earnings 
during  such  disability,  but  if  the  injured  person  requires  the 
assistance  of  a  nurse,  then  100  per  cent,  of  earnings  for  first 
ninety  days  of  disability. 

Partial  Disability. — 65  per  cent,  of  loss  of  earning  power. 

Specific  Injuries  (mutilations,  etc.). — A  sum  equal  to  65 
per  cent,  of  average  weekly  earnings  for  fixed  periods. 

Serious  Pennanent  Disfigurement. — A  lump  sum,  not  ex- 
ceeding $750. 

Limitations. — In  case  of  temporary  or  partial  disability 
the  aggregate  compensation  for  a  single  injury  shall  not  ex- 
ceed four  years'  earnings,  and  for  permanent  disability  six 
years'  earnings,  nor  may  the  disability  period  exceed  fifteen 
years  from  the  date  of  the  accident. 

Lnmp  sum  payments  may  be  substituted  at  any  one  time 
after  six  months  from  the  date  of  injury. 


WOBKMEN'S  COMPENSATION  LAWS  46 

WTOMIIVG 

Death  Compensation,— (a)  $50  for  funeral  expenses,  un- 
less other  arrangements  exist  under  agreement,  (b)  Lump- 
sum payments  of  $1,000  to  widow  or  invalid  widower,  and 
additional  sum,  equal  to  $60  per  year,  until  the  age  of  six- 
teen is  reached  for  each  child  under  the  age  of  sixteen,  the 
total  for  children  not  to  exceed  $1,000.  If  there  are  dependent 
parents  and  no  spouse  or  child  under  sixteen,  a  sum  equal 
to  50  per  cent,  of  one  year's  contribution,  not  exceeding  $500. 

Total  Permanent  Disability. — Lump  sum  of  $1,000  if 
single,  $1,200  if  wife  or  invalid  husband,  and  a  sum  equal  to 
60  per  cent,  for  each  child  under  sixteen  until  age  of  six- 
teen is  reached,  the  total  for  children  not  to  exceed  $1,800. 

Temporary  Total  Disability. — $15  per  month  if  single,  $26 
if  married,  and  $5  monthly  for  each  child  under  sixteen,  the 
total  monthly  payment  not  to  exceed  $35  and  the  aggregate 
not  to  exceed  the  amount  payable  if  the  disability  were  per- 
manent. 

Permanent  Partial  Disability. — Fixed  lump  sums  for  speci- 
fied injuries,  others  in  proportion. 

No  provision  is  made  for  medical  or  surgical  aid. 

Lamp  Sums. — All  payments  are  lump  sums,  except  for 
temporary  total  disability. 


16 


SAFE   METHODS 


Correspondence  is  the  interchange  of  thought  by  means  oi 
letters. 

A  large  per  cent  of  the  world's  business  is  transacted  by 
correspondence,  and  in  these  days  of  rapid  transit  and  cheap 
transportation  friends  and  relatives  become  widely  scattered 
and  their  only  means  of  keeping  in  touch  with  one  another  is 
through  letter  writing. 

To  be  able  to  write  a  good  letter  is  therefore  not  only  an 
accomplishment  but  an  important  necessity. 

It  is  the  opinion  of  competent  judges  that  a  man's  habits  and 
qualities  as  a  business  man  may  be  fairly  estimated  from 
familiarity  with  his  business  letters,  and  his  social  corre- 
spondence is  likevAnse  an  index  to  the  trend  of  his  thought,  and 
his  general  character.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  the  majority  do  not 
appreciate  the  value  of  the  ability  to  write  a  good  letter. 

First  in  Importance. — Perhaps  the  matter  of  first  importance 
in  a  letter  is  the  expression  of  the  proper  ideas  in  the  proper 
language. 

Next  to  Tliat  an  easy,  graceful  style  of  writing,  with  words 
correctly  si:)elled,  and  sentences  properly  pmictuated.  Improper 
punctuation  often  renders  the  meaning  unintelligible  or  the 
opposite  of  what  was  intended  altogether. 

Classes  of  Letters. — Letters  are  usually  divided  into  two 
general  classes:  Social  and  Business. 

Social  Letters  are  those  that  grow  out  of  social  and  personal 
relations:  as,  letters  of  affection,  fHendsliip,  congratulation, 
sympathy,  introduction,  condolence,  etc. 

Business  Letters,  as  the  term  implies,  are  such  as  are  written 
regarding  matters  of  business  of  whatever  kind. 


BUSINESS  CORRESPONDENCE 


47 


BUSINESS  CORRESPONDENCE 

The  Materials. — Good  pen,  ink  and  paper.  For  business 
correspondence  three  styles  of  paper  are  in  gei_eral  use,  viz.  : 
comnercial  note,  about  5x8  inches;  packet  note,  about  5^x81 
inches,  and  letter  paper,  which  is  usually  about  Six  11  to  13 
inches.  The  smaller  sizes  for  short  letters  and  the  larger  for 
long  ones. 

The  envelopes  most  commonly  used  are  Nos.  6  and  6§. 

Parts  of  a  Letter.— For  convenience  in  explaining  the  form  of 
a  letter  we  call  ihe  different  parts  by  the  following  names: 

1.  Heading  (Place  and  Date).        4.  Body  of  Letter. 

2.  Address.  5.  Complimentary  Closing. 

3.  Salutation.  6.  The  Writer's  Signature. 
The  following  diagram  will  show  clearly  their  position : 


Diagram  of  the  Parts  of  Letters. 


ADDRESS 


S.\LUTATION 


BODY  OF  LETTER 


BODY  OF  LETTER 


COMPLIMENTARY  CLOSING 


SIO  NATURE 


48  SAFE  METHODS 

Heading. — The  heading  indicates  where  and  when  the  letter 
was  written  and  should  contain  information  the  person  written 
to  will  need  ia  directing  his  reply.  It  should  be  written  to  the 
right  hand  side  of  the  sheet  and  about  two  or  two  and  one-half 
inches  from  the  top.  There  is  no  objection  to  using  two  or 
more  lines  for  the  heading  if  required. 

The  Address  of  a  letter  consists  of  the  name  and  title  of  the 
person  or  firm  to  whom  you  are  writing,  the  residence,  t)r  place 
of  business,  as  the  case  may  be,  to  which  the  letter  is  to  be  sent. 

The  inside  address,  as  this  may  be  called,  will  be  the  same  as 
the  address  on  the  envelope,  excepting  that  on  the  inside  address 
the  city  and  state  may  be  written  on  the  same  line.  Begin  the 
address  on  the  left-hand  side  of  the  sheet,  one  inch  from  the  edge 
of  the  paper,  and  on  the  line  following  the  one  on  which  the 
heading  is  written.  The  second  line  of  the  address  should  begin 
an  inch  farther  to  the  right  than  where  the  first  line  is  begun. 

The  Proper  Use  of  Titles. —Two  titles  of  courtesy  should  not 
be  joined  to  the  same  name,  as,  Mr.  John  Hartley,  Esq  ;  nor 
should  a  title  of  courtesy  be  used  with  a  professional  or  oflBcial 
title:  as,  Mr.  J.  B.  Wilson,  31. D.,  or  Hon.  Henry  Weston,  Esq. 
One  exception  to  this  rule,  however,  is  permitted  where  a 
clergyman's  initials  or  first  name  is  not  known,  to  write,  Rev. 
Mr.  ( ),  giving  only  the  surname. 

The  Salutation  is  the  complimentary  term  iised  to  begin  the 
letter.  The  forms  most  in  use  are  Sir;  Dear  Sir  or  My  Dear  Sir. 
In  addressing  a  firm.  Sirs,  Dear  Sirs,  Gentlemen,  or  3Iy  Dear 
Sirs.  If  the  person  addressed  be  a  lady.  Madam,  or  Dear 
Madam.  If  she  be  a  young,  unmarried  lady.  Dear  Miss,  or  it  is 
quite  correct  to  omit  the  salutation  where  doubt  exists  as  to 
whether  she  be  married  or  not,  or  if  the  writer  has  no  acquaint- 
ance with  her. 

FoUow  the  salutation  with  a  comma  and  dash,  and  never  write 
Gents  for  Gentlemen,  or  Dr  for  Dear,  etc. 

The  Position  of  the  Salutation  depends  somewhat  upon  the 
number  of  lines  in  the  address.  The  examples  on  next  page 
will  illustrate  this  and  the  form  of  letters  in  general. 

The  Body  of  the  Letter  is  that  part  which  contains  the  message 
or  information  to  be  imparted.  In  this,  good  form,  penmanship, 
spacing  and  paragraphing  should  receive  due  care. 

The  body  of  a  business  letter  should  begin  on  the  same  line, 
following  the  salutation. 


COMMON  FAULTS   COERECTBD  49 

COMMON  FAULTS  IN  WRITING  AND  SPEAKING  CORRECTED. 

"I    shall    walk   no   further"    should    be    "I    shall   walk   no 
farther." 

"I  have  no  farther  use  for  it"  should  be  "I  have  no  further 
use  for  it."     Farther  refers  to  distance. 
"Is  that  him?"  should  be  "Is  that  he?" 
"If  I  was  him"  should  be  "If  I  were  he." 
"Better  than  me"  should  be  "Better  than  I." 
"I  am  very  dry"  should  be  "I  am  very  thirsty." 
"Both  of  these  men"  should  be  "Both  these  men." 
"He  had  laid  down"  should  be  "He  had  lain  down." 
"I  have  got  the  book"  should  be  "I  have  the  book." 
"If  I  am  not  mistaken"  should  be  "If  I  mistake  not." 
"It  was  her  who  called"  should  be  "It  was  she  who  called." 
"Lay  down  or  set  down"  should  be  "Lie  down  or  sit  down." 
"When  I  get  off  from  a  car"  should  be  "When  I  get  off  a 
car." 

"It  spread  all  over  the  town"  should  be  "It  spread  over  all 
the  town." 

"If  I  was  him  I  would  do  it"  should  be  "If  I  were  he  I 
would  do  it." 

"He  is  down  in  the  basement"  should  be  "He  is  in  the  base- 
ment." 

"I  know  better;  that  ain't  so"  should  be  "Pardon  me,  I  un- 
derstand differently." 

"I  see  him  every  now  and  then"  should  be  "I  see  him  occa- 
sionally." 

"I  never  play  if  I  can  help  it"  should  be  "I  never  play  if  I 
can  avoid  it." 

"His  works  are  approved  of  by  many"  should  be  "His  works 
are  approved  by  many." 

"I  went  to  New  York,  you  know,  and  when  I  came  back,  you 
see,  I  commenced  attending  school,"  should  be  "I  went  to  New 
York,  and  when  I  returned  I  commenced  attending  school." 
"It  is  me"  should  be  "It  is  I." 
"We  enter  in"  should  be  "We  enter." 
"I  don't  think  so"  should  be  "I  think  not." 
"What  are  the  news?"  should  be  "What  is  the  news?" 
"He  fell  on  the  floor"  should  be  "He  fell  to  the  floor." 
"He  is  in  under  the  wall"  should  be,  "He  is  under  the  wall." 
"Two  spoonsful  of  tea"  should  be  "Two  spoonfuls  of  tea." 
"A  new  pair  of  boots"  should  be  "A  pair  of  new  boots." 
"I  had  rather  ride"  should  be  "I  would  rather  ride." 
"I  only  want  five  dollars"  should  be  "I  want  only  five  dol- 
lars." 

"Continue   on   in   this   way"    should   be   "Continue   in   this 
way." 

"I  expected  to  have  seen  him"  should  be  "I  expected  to  see 
Wm." 


50 


SAFE   METHODS 


JPAETS  OF  A  LETTER 


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4 


Ti 

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^^^ 


I    ^ 


LETTER   WRITING 


51 


The  Complimentary  Closing  follows  the  body  of  the  letter,  on 
the  line  below  the  last  line  of  the  letter,  and  consists  of  the 
words  of  respect  or  regard  used  to  express  the  writer's  feelings 
toward  the  person  written  to.  They  are  in  a  sense  conventional 
and  are  often  used  without  thought  as  to  their  meaning.  The 
most  common  forms  in  business  use  are:  '■^ Respectfully,''* 
*' Respectfully  yours,''''  ^^ Yours  very  respectfully,'"  ''Yours  ttnily,'' 
"Yours  very  timly,"  "Yours  faithfully,''  "Sincerely  yours,"  etc. 
"Gratefully  yours"  may  be  used  if  the  writer  is  under  obligation 
to  the  one  written  to,  or  "Fraternally  yours"  if  a  member  of 
the  same  order  or  society. 

In  official  letters  a  more  formal  style  is  used:  as,  "I  have  the 
honor  to  be,  Yoiws  very  respectfully." 

The  complimentary  closing  should  always  be  consistent  with 
the  salutation.  For  example;  to  begin  a  letter  with  a  formal 
"Sir"  and  close  with  "Sincerehj  yours"  would  show  very  bad 
taste. 


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Z^U^^^i 


'a^y^^n^^''^^  V^C^-' 


c^. 


d^^^97y 


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S2  SAFE    METHODS 

The  Signature  is  the  name  of  the  writer  or  the  firm  or  company 
he  represents.  It  should  be  written  under  the  complimentary 
closing  and  should  end  just  at  the  right-hand  edge  of  the  sheet. 

It  should  be  written  very  plainly.  Many  writers  have  a 
habit  of  making  their  signature  the  most  unintelligible  part  of 
their  letters,  presuming  that  because  their  name  is  familiar  to 
themselves  it  is  to  everybody  else. 

A  lady  writing  to  persons  with  whom  she  is  not  acquainted 
should  always  prefix  the  title,  Miss  or  Mrs.,  in  parenthesis,  to 
her  signature. 

Folding.— The  letter  sheet  should  be  folded  so  as  to  nearly  fill 
the  envelope.  To  fold  a  sheet  of  letter  paper  to  fit  the  No.  6  or 
6i  envelope,  turn  the  bottom  of  the  sheet  up  to  the  top,  making 
one  fold,  then  fold  equally  from  the  right  and  from  the  left, 
•  making  the  letter,  when  folded,  a  little  narrower  than  the 
envelope.  If  the  envelope  is  lield  with  the  left  hand,  back  up, 
and  the  letter  inserted  as  folded,  all  the  receiver  has  to  do  when 
he  opens  the,  envelope  is  to  withdraw  the  letter  and  turn  back 
the  folds,  and  he  has  it  before  him  right  side  up.  This  is 
important. 

Sealing. — Be  particular  to  seal  your  letter  properly,  especially 
if  it  contains  money  or  other  enclosure. 

A  letter  of  introduction  or  recommendation  should  never  be 
sealed  when  entrusted  to  bearer. 

The  Envelope  Address.— The  name  and  title  should  be 
written  on  the  center  of  the  envelope  lengthwise.  When 
street  and  number  are  given,   or  the  direction   "In  care   of 

Mr. "  they  follow  on  the  second  line,  the  city  or  town  on 

the  third,  and  the  state  on  the  fourth  or  lower  right-hand  corner 
of  envelope. 

The  envelope  should  be  placed  before  the  writer  with  the  flap 
farthest  from  him,  otherwise  it  will  be  addressed  upside  down; 
and  the  letter  should  not  be  inserted  until  after  the  address  is 
written. 

More  than  five  million  letters  and  packages  reach  the  dead 
letter  ofiice  at  Washington  every  year  because  they  are 
improperly  directed,  therefore  great  care  should  be  exercised  in 
addressing  envelopes. 

See  examples  of  addressed  envelopes. 

The  envelope  used  for  business  purposes  should  have  either 
written  or  printed  upon  its  upper  left-hand  corner  the  name  and 
address  of  the  sender,  with  the  request  to  be  returned  in  a 
certain  number  of  days  if  not  called  for. 


LETTER   WRITING 
ADDRESSED   ENVELOPES 


53 


yc^ 


i^i;^A^f^. 


64  SAFE    METHODS 

Opening  Letters. — Letters  are  properly  opened  by  inserting  a 
knife  or  other  convenient  instrument  under  the  flap  at  the  end 
and  cutting  across  the  top  of  the  envelope. 

SOME  SPECIAL  POINTS  IN  BUSINESS  LETTERS. 

1.  Be  brief  and  to  the  point  without  being  blunt  or  offensive. 

2.  Be  courteous  in  your  requests  and  polite  in  your  demands. 

3.  Never  write  a  letter  with  a  lead  pencil ;  always  use  pen  and 
Ink. 

4   Avoid  the  use  of  flourishes. 

5.  Blots  and  errors  due  to  slovenliness  are  inexcusable. 

6.  Avoid  interlining ;  rather  rewrite  your  letter. 

7.  Aim  to.write  as  legibly  as  you  know  how. 

8.  Never  discuss  or  refer  to  matters  of  a  social  nature  in  a 
business  letter. 

9.  Never  write  a  letter  when  angry  or  vexed. 

10.  Write  on  one  side  of  the  sheet  only. 

11.  When  requesting  information  always  enclose  stamp  for 
reply. 

12.  If  your  letter  contains  money  or  an  enclosure  always 
state  the  amount,  or  what  the  enclosure  is. 

13.  Take  a  copy  of  all  letters  containing  matters  of  importance. 
It  may  save  you  trouble. 

14.  Be  prompt  in  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  a  business 
letter,  mentioning  its  date 

15.  Never  write  an  anonymous  letter;  it  is  the  coward's 
weapon. 

16.  See  that  your  letters  are  divided  into  paragraphs  and 
properly  punctuated. 

17.  Write  as  though  your  correspondent  was  at  your  side  and 
you  were  talking  to  him 

18.  Letters  ordering  goods  should  state  plainly  the  articles 
wanted,  giving  full  directions  for  shipping,  and  the  name  and 
address  of  the  person  ordering. 

19  Money  should  be  remitted  by  draft,  P.O.  order,  express 
order  or  registered  letter. 

20.  Money  orders  or  other  enclosures  should  be  folded  in  the 
letter;  not  put  in  the  envelope  separately. 

21.  Do  not  use  figures  in  the  body  of  a  letter,  except  to  denote 
sums  of  money,  dates,  street  or  P.O.  box  numbers. 

22.  Do  not  forget  to  sign  your  name. 


BUSINESS    LETTERS  55 

23.  &c  means  "and so  on  in  the  same  manner.''^  Etc.  is  entirely 
different  and  means  ^'and  other  things.^'  Use  them  only  in 
their  correct  sense. 

24.  In  requesting  payment  of  money  due  you,  avoid  being 
offensive.  Remember,  it  is  better  to  have  a  person  a  friend, 
than  an  enemy. 

25.  Do  not  mix  up  an  order  for  goods  in  the  body  of  a  letter. 
Either  use  a  separate  sheet,  or  make  it  a  separate  part  of  your 
letter  with  only  one  style  or  kind  of  goods  on  a  line. 

26.  Use  care  and  neatness  in  addressing  your  envelope,  and  if 
writing  a  numbe^f  letters  be  sure  that  John  Smith's  letter  does 
not  go  in  Tom  Brawn's  envelope. 

27.  Never  write  a  dun,  or  any  matter  of  importance,  on  a 
postal  card.  To  make  a  threat  of  any  kind  on  a  postal  card 
renders  it  unmailable,  and  to  use  indecent  language  thereon  is 
a  criminal  offense,  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States. 

28  A  prompt  acknowledgment  of  the  receipt  of  an  order  for 
goods  is  a  commendable  practice. 

29.  Avoid  abbreviations  and  the  use  of  postscripts. 

30.  Never  write  a  threatening  letter;  in  most  of  the  States  it 
is  made  a  criminal  offense  by  statute. 

RULES  FOR  WRITING  A  POSTAL, 

1.  A  card  should  be  dated  either  on  the  upper  right-hand 
corner,  or  on  the  lower  left-hand  corner. 

2.  Always  sign  your  name  in  full. 

3.  If  you  wish  an  answer,  give  your  full  postoffiice  address, 
unless  it  is  well  known  by  the  person  to  whom  you  are  writing. 

4.  Never  write  a  demand  or  a  request  for  money  on  a  postal 
card.     It  is  disrespectful  to  the  person  receiving  it. 

5.  Never  write  an  invitation  on  a  postal.  Society  prescribes 
polite  forms  for  this  purpose 

6.  Do  not  trust  important  matters  to  a  postal  card,  for  it  is 
open  to  inspection,  and  the  law  does  not  provide  for  its  return  to 
the  writer  if  it  fails  to  reach  its  destination. 


■'■^^^cg^ij^^'" 


56  SAFE    METHODS 

EXAMPLES  OF  BUSINESS  LETTERS 

Letter  Contapining  a  Remittance 

Canton,  Ohio,  Feb.  10,  1911. 
Messrs.  Williamson  &  Caton 

Williamsport,  Pa. 
Gentlemen: — Enclosed  please  find  N.   Y.   Draft  for  Sixty-five  Dollars 
($65.00),  in  settlement  of  your  invoice  of  January  12th,  which  you  will  kindly 
receipt  and  return.  Yours  truly 

Peter  Schrader. 

Letter  Acknowledging  Above 

Williamsport,    Pa.   Feb.  12,  1911- 
Mr.  Peter  Schrader, 

Canton,  Ohio. 
Dear  Sir: — Yours  of  the  10th  inst.,  containing  N.  Y.  Draft  for  Sixty-five 
Dollars  ($65.00),  came  to  hand  this  morning. 

We  enclose  bill  properly  receipted,  and  wish  to  thank  you  for  prompt 
settlement  of  your  account.  Yours  respectfully, 

Williamson  &  Caton. 

Letter  Ordering  Goods 

120  Penn   St.   Scranton,   Pa.   May   1.   191L 
Messrs.  Geo.  M,  Hill  &  Co., 

110  W.  Jackson  Blvd., 

Chicago.  111. 
Gentlemen: — Please  ship  by  freight  over  the  Penn.  Line  the  follov.'ing 
books; 

50  Copies  HanJy  Encyclopedia,  Cloth  Binding 
10  Copies  Handy  Encyclopedia,  Half-Morocco  Binding 
27  Copies  The  Business  Educator,  Cloth  Binding 
13  Copies  The  Business  Educator,  Morocco  Binding 
10  Copies  Bible  Symbols,  Cloth  Binding 

Enclosed  you  will  find  P.  O.  money  order  for  Fifty-Seven  Dollars  ($57.00) 
in  payment  of  above.     Kindly  ship  as  promptly  as  possible,  and  oblige, 

Yours  for  success, 

Edwin  Lewis,  Agent 

Calling  Attention  to  Error  in  Invoice 

Hamiltou,   Ohio,  Jan.    27,  191L 
Messrs,  Davis  &  Holt, 

Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
Gentlemen: — I  find  in  checking  your  invoice  dated  the  10th  inst.  for 
shipment  of  biscuits  that  you  have  overcharged  me  15  cents  per  box  on  the 
plain  sodas.     I  herewith  return  said  invoice  and  ask  you  to  kindly  send  me 
a  corrected  one.  Respectfully, 

Jas.  DoYLa, 


BUSINESS    LETTERS  57 

Letter  Acknowledging  Order  for  Goods 

110  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  111.,  June  3,  1911, 
Mr.  Edwin  Lewis, 

Scranton,  Pa. 
Dear  Sir: — Your  letter  of  the  1st  inst.,  containing  Fifty-seven  Dollars 
($57.00)  and  order  for  books,  has  been  received. 

We  are  shipping  your  books  via  Penn.  freight  as  ordered,  and  trust  they 
will  reach  you  without  any  unnecessary  delay.  Bill  of  lading  will  be  mailed 
you  to-morrow. 

Thanking  you  for  the  above  order,  and  wishing  you  the  best  of  success, 
we  are.  Yours  very  truly, 

Geo.  M.  Hill  &  Co, 

Letter  Inclosing  Corrected  Invoice 

CinciLnati,  Ohio,  Jan.  30,  1911. 
Mr.  Jas.  Doyle, 

Hamilton,  Ohio. 
Dear  Sir: — Your  favor  of  the  27th  inst.  is  at  hand,  and  in  reply,  we  desire 
to  apologize  for  our  error,  and  herewith  enclose  you  corrected  invoice. 

Yours  truly. 

Davis  &  Holt. 

Per  D. 

Letter  Requesting  a  Loan 

Denver,  Colo.,  June  1,  1911. 
Mr.  Frank  Smith, 

Colorado  Springs,  Colo. 
Dear  Sir: — Much  as  1  dislike  the  idea  of  asking  any  one  to  be  inconven- 
ienced by  my  circumstances,  I  am  obliged  to  borrow  Twenty-five  DoUars 
until  the  first  of  June,  and  I  take  the  liberty,  knowing  your  confidence  in 
me  and  your  generosity,  to  ask  if  you  can  accommodate  me  with  a  loan. 

I  am  sorry  to  trouble  you,  but  hope  you  will  pardon  me  if  1  have  tres- 
passed on  your  kindness. 

Believe  me.  Gratefully  yours, 

John  Longley. 

Giving  Notice  of  Note  Coming  Due 

Burlington,  Iowa,  March  10.  1911. 
Mr.  D,  E.  HoLTZ 

Des  Moines,  Iowa. 
Dear  Sir:— Your  note  for  Fifty  DoUars  ($50.00),  dated  Sept.  30,  1903, 
at  six  months,  and  made  in  our  favor,  will  be  due  and  payable  at  the  State 
National  Bank  on  the  3Cth  inst. 

Kindly  provide  for  same,  and  oblige.  Yours  truly. 

Kerb  &  Kjscs. 


68  SAFE    METHODS 

Letter  Enclosing  Note  for  Collection 

Louisville,  Ky.,  April  5,  191L 
Farmers'  and  Merchants'  Bank, 
Joplin,  Mo. 
Gentlemen; — We  enclose  a  note  for  Sixty-five  Dollars  ($65.00),  drawn  by 
J,  K.  Watson  of  your  town,  an(i;due  the  30th  of  tbi=  month. 

Kindly  collect  the  amount  of  same,  together  with  six  months'  interest 
due,  and  remit  the  proceeds  to  us  in  Chicago  or  N.  Y.  exchange. 
Thanking  you  in  advance,  we  are.  Yours  truly, 

Riley  &  Ridnotjh. 

Letter  Enclosing  Bill  of  Lading  to  Bank  for  Collection 

Molina.  Miss.,  April  8,  19U. 
First  National,  Bank, 

SjTacuse,  N,  Y. 
Dear  Sirs: — We  enclose  herewith  bill  of  lading  to  our  name  endorsed  in 
favor  of  Mr.  John  Marten,  10  Beaver  St.,  your  city. 

Kindly  deliver  said  bill  of  lading  to  Mr.  Marten  upon  payment  of  Forty 
Dollars  (S40.00)  and  the  cost  of  remitting  the  amount  to  us  in  N.  Y.  exchange. 
Thanking  you  for  your  kind  attention  to  the  above,  we  are. 

Yours  truly, 

Oxford  Pub.  C!o. 

Letter  of  Resignation 

Streator.  lU..  June  1,  19U. 
Messrs.  Hoffman  Mfg.  Co., 
City. 
Gentlemen: — Having  decided  to  go  into  business  for  myself,  I  am  there- 
fore obliged  to  resign  my  position  and  ask  to  be  relieved  from  my  duties  the 
first  of  June  next. 

Permit  me  to  say  that  it  is  with  feelings  of  regret  that  I  sever  my  connec- 
tion with  associations  that  have  always  been  of  the  most  pleasant  character. 

Yours  verj'  respectfully, 

Geo.  W.  Harding. 

Letter  Advising  Shipment  on  Commission 

Grand  Haven,  Mich.,  June  25,  1911. 
Messrs.  Hill  &  Lerne, 

Commission  Merchants, 

Chicago,  III. 
Gentlemen: — As  per  our  previous  arrangements,  I  am  shipping  you  to 
night  via  Steamer  Conger,  on  consignment, 

500  baskets  of  choice  peaches. 
Kindly  take  care  of  same  and  dispose  of  them  at  the  best  price  obtainablt 
and  place  the  proceeds  to  the  credit  of  my  account.  Yours  truly, 

J.  B.  Gregg.  (Shipper) 


BUSINESS    LETTERS  59 

Letter  Giving  Notice  of  Traveler's  Call 

(Printed  Letterhead.) 

Jan   iO,  1911. 
Messrs.  Kingman,  Brown  &  Co. 
Boston,  Mass. 
Gentlemen: — Our  representative,  Mr.  A.  K.  Parks,  expects  to  call  upon 
you  about  the  first  of  February  with  a  full  line  of  samples  of  the  latest  and 
best  in  knitted  goods. 

We  trust  you  will  defer  placing  your  order  until  you  see  what  we  have  to 
offer;  as  we  believe  we  have  exceptional  values  for  the  trade  this  year. 
Thanking  you  for  your  many  past  favors,  we  are, 

Respectfully  yours, 

Kenzie  Knitting  Mills, 

J.  D.  K. 

Aa  Order  on  a  Business  House  for  Goods 

Troy,  N.  Y.,  June  2,  1911, 
Messrs.  Arthur  &  Ck)MRiB, 
City. 
Gentlemen: — Please  deliver  to  the  bearer,  Mr.  Chas   Wright,  goods  that 
he  may  select,  not  exceeding  in  value  Fifty  Dollars  ($50-00),  which  you  may 
charge  to  our  account  and  mail  us  invoice  for  same. 

Your  kind  attention  will  oblige.  Yours  truly. 

Scott  &  Co. 

Letter  Complaining  of  Shortage  in  Goods 

Fresno,,  Gal.,  Juae  10,  1911. 
Messrs.  Harrison  Weir  &  Co., 

59  Lake  St.,  Chicago,  111. 
Gentlemen: — Your  shipment  of  Gold  Soap,  which  left  Chicago  on  the 
3rd  of  April,  reached  us  to-day,  and  we  find  same  to  be  ten  boxes  short. 

We  return  you  herewith  freight  receipt,  which  does  not  correspond  to 
the  bill  of  lading  or  your  invoice,  and  ask  you  to  kindly  investigate  the 
cause  of  the  shortage.  Yours  very  truly, 

Peterson  Bros. 

Per  J.  D.  P. 

Letter  Giving  Notice  of  Dissolution  of  Partnership 

Mendota,  111.,  April  9,  1911. 

We  hereby  give  notice  that  the  partnership  heretofore  existing  and  doing 
business  under  the  firm  name  of  Shaw  &  Bentley  has  been  this  ninth  day  of 
AprU,  1911  ,  dissolved  by  mutual  consent,  and  Mr.  Shaw  appointed  to  col- 
lect aU  outstanding  debts  and  settle  all  accounts  of  said  firm. 

Jas.  D.  Shaw. 
C.  R.  Bentley. 

The  above  notice  may  be  either  published  or  addressed  to 
individuals  interested  in  the  change. 


60  SAFE    METHODS 

Letter  Complaining  of  the  Non- Arrival  of  Goods 

Toronto,  Can.,  March  8.  1911. 
Messrs.  Allf.n  &  Lee, 

Detroit,  Mich. 
Gentlemen: — The  shipment  of  Art  Goods  which  you  made  to  us  the  15th 
of  last  month  has  not  yet  arrived.     We  have  been  advised  by  the  Customs 
Department  that  they  are  being  held  for  invoice. 

Kindly  mail  copy  of  Certified  Invoice  to  the  Department  at  Windsor, 
and  urge  them  to  pass  the  goods  at  once,  obliging, 

Yours  truly, 

Roberts  &  Co. 

Requesting  Address  of  Paper  Changed 

Concord,  N.  H.,  June  2,  1911. 
Messrs.  Herald  Pub.  Co., 

Boston,  Mass. 
Gentlemen: — Will  you  please  change  the  address  of  my  "Herald"  from 
J.  K.'  Good,  79  Palace  St.,  to  J.  K.  Good,  94  York  St.,  Concord.  N.  H.,  and 
oblige?  Yours  tnJy, 

J.  K.  Good. 

LETTERS  REQUESTING  SPECIAL  FAVORS 

A  letter  making  a  request  of  any  kind  should  approach  the 
subject  in  a  direct  manner.  The  nature  of  the  request  should 
be  stated  at  the  beginning,  and  any  explanation  necessary  for 
making  the  request  should  follow,  and  be  brief  and  to  the  point. 

If  necessary  to  ask  for  a  remittance  on  an  account  not  yet 
due,  for  the  privilege  of  drawing  on  a  prompt  paying  customer, 
or  for  an  extension  of  time  on  an  account  or  note,  special  care 
should  be  used  in  wording  the  request. 

The  following  will  serve  as  examples: 

Bellevue,  Nich.,  June  15.  1911. 
Messrs.  Kingman  &  Son, 
Detroit,  Mich. 

Gentlemen: — For  some  time  past  our  business  has  been  tied  up  to  such 
an  extent,  on  account  of  circumstajices  over  which  we  have  no  control,  that  we 
are  obliged  to  ask  you  if  you  can  favor  us  with  a  remittance  covering  one-half 
your  account.  We  wiU  be  glad  to  extend  the  time  for  the  payment  of  the 
balance  to  the  15th  of  Sept.  provided  you  can  accommodate  us  with  your 
check  by  the  20th  inst. 

We  anticipate  a  speedy  adjustment  of  our  difficulties,  and  hope  this  will 
be  the  only  time  we  will  be  under  the  necessity  of  calling  on  you  for  your 
account  before  due. 

Kindly  wire  your  reply  at  our  expense.  Thanking  you  in  advance,  we 
are.  Respectfully  yours, 

Henry  Morgan  &  Co- 


BUSINESS    LETTERS  61 

Asking  Note  Extended 

Red  Oak,  Iowa,  Jan.  10,  1911. 
Perry,  Haetman  &  Co. 

Des  Moines,  Iowa. 
Dear  Sirs: — We  find  that  we  will  be  unable  to  meet  our  note  for  Two 
Hundred  Dollars  ($200.00),  due  the  first  of  February,  and  write  to  enquire 
if  you  will  kindly  extend  the  time  of  payment  to  the  first  of  March.     By 
that  time  we  will  be  able  to  meet  principal  and  interest  in  full. 

We  are  sorry  to  have  to  ask  this,  and  if  not  convenient  for  you,  kindly 
notify  us  by  return  mail  so  that  we  may  make  other  arrangements.  We  trust, 
however,  you  can  accommodate  us,  and  desire  to  thank  you  in  advance  for 
the  favor.  Yours  very  respectfully, 

Jaaies  Dennis  &  Ck>. 

LETTERS  OF  INTRODUCTION 

Letters  of  Introduction  may  be  either  of  a  social  or  btisiness 
nature.  Tlie  fact  that  a  letter  is  given  is  usually  considered  as 
an  indorsement  of  the  bearer,  therefore,  in  introducing  a  business 
acquaintance  care  should  be  exercised  that  the  person  introduced 
be  one  you  can  safely  recommend,  and  your  letter  worded  so 
that  you  will  not  be  obligating  yourself  further  than  you  intend. 

Letters  of  introduction  should  not  be  sealed,  as  the  person 
introduced  has  a  right  to  know  what  the  letter  contains. 

The  following  will  serve  as  an  example : 

Dixon,  111.,  April  7,   1911. 
Mr.  J.  B.  Kennedy, 

15  Spruce  St.,  Louisville,  Ky. 
Dear  Sir: — This  will  introduce  to  you  my  friend,  Mr.  Harold  Rogers,  who 
represents  the  Gibson  Manufacturing  Company  of  Chicago,  engine  builders, 
who  desire  to  open  a  branch  office  in  your  city. 

Any  assistance  you  may  be  able  to  give  Mr.  Rogers  in  securing  a  suitable 
location  will  be  greatly  appreciated  by  me. 

Yours  very  respectfully, 

Wm.  Sears. 

Besides  the  address  of  the  person  or  firm  to  whom  the  letter  is 
addressed,  the  envelope  should  have  on  the  lower  left-hand 
comer  the  following :    Introducing  Mr.  Harold  Rogers. 

Letters  of  Indorsement 

A  letter  introducing  a  business  acquaintance  for  the  purpose 
of  opening  business  relations  between  him  and  the  persons  to 
whom  he  is  introduced  is  called  a  letter  of  indorsement.  If  the 
person  asking  such  a  letter  is  known  to  be  financially 
responsible  and  of  good  character  and  business  ability,  little  risk 


62  SAFE    METHODS 

is  assumed;  but  unless  he  is  known  to  possess  these  qualities 
the  letter  better  not  be  given. 

Letters  of  indorsement  should  not  be  sealed  if  delivered  to  the 
person  requesting  them. 


The  following  is  a  safe  form: 


Muskegon,  Mich.,  June  1,  1911. 


Messrs.  Edison  Electric  Co., 

Kalamazoo,  Mich. 
Gentlemen: — The  bearer,  Mr.   Robt.   West,  is  preparing  to  engage  in 
business  in  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  and  calls  on  you  for  the  purpose  of  exam^ 
ining  your  goods. 

Nine  years'  acquaintance  with  Mr.  West  justifies  us  in  stating  that  he  le 
a  gentleman  of  sterling  qualities  and  business  ability,  and  knowing  the  field 
in  which  he  is  about  to  locate,  we  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  you  will 
find  it  profitable  to  extend  to  him  every  courtesy. 

Very  truly  yours, 

Robt.  Walton  &  Son. 

Letter  Incurring  Direct  Liability 

110  Lincoln  St.,     " 

Rockford.  111.,  March  8,  1911. 
Messrs.  J  as.  Rat  &  Co., 

90  State  St.,  Chicago,  111. 
Gentlemen: — This  will  introduce  Mr.  R.   E.  Higgins  of   our  city,  who 
wishes  to  purchase  goods  on  thirty  days'  time. 

We  have  known  Mr.  Higgins  for  the  past  fifteen  years,  and  confidently 
state  that  he  is  good  for  whatever  contracts  he  may  make. 

You  may  consider  this  letter  indorsement  to  the  extent  of  One  Thousand 
Dollars.  Respectfully  yours. 

Cole  &  McKenzie. 

LETTERS  OF  RECOMMENDATION. 

In  giving  a  letter  of  recommendation  it  should  always  be 
borne  in  mind  by  the  writer,  that  in  recommending  another, 
three  persons  are  liable  to  be  affected  by  it. 

If  not  carefully  worded  the  applicant  might  be  entrusted  with 
duties  or  responsibilities  on  the  strength  of  such  a  letter,  that  he 
is  totally  unfit  for,  and  consequently  the  employer  would  suffer 
loss  and  be  put  to  inconvenience,  the  applicant  instead  of  being 
benefited  would  be  disgraced,  and  the  writer's  reputation  for 
good  judgment  and  truthfulness  be  injured. 

If  the  applicant  merits  commendation  it  should  never  be 
withheld;  but  the  letter  should  never  overdraw  or  state  more 
than  he  is  capable  of  fulfilling. 

The  letter  may  be  addressed  to  the  person  or  firm  to  whom 
the  bearer  desires  to  make  application;  or  it  may  be  written 


BUSINESS    LETTERS  63 

without    address,  or  "To  whovi  it  may  concern."    In  either  of 
the  latter  ways  it  may  then  be  presented  to  any  one  the  bearei 
chooses. 
The  following  are  some  of  the  usual  forms: 

Dtica.  N.  T.,  Jan.  26.  1911. 
Messrs.  J.  Peterson  &  Co., 

Hillsboro,  Iowa. 
Gentlemen  :^We  take  pleasure  in  stating  that  Mr.  Will  Cameron,  whc 
has  been  in  our  employ  for  the  past  three  years,  as  clerk,  has  by  the  faithful 
performance  of  his  work  and  his  manly,  upright  character,  won  for  himself 
the  respect  and  confidence  of  every  one  connected  with  our  establishment. 
We  regret  that  failing  health  compels  him  to  seek  outside  employment, 
and  we  heartily  recommend  him  as  a  trustworthy,  capable  and  energetic 
salesman.  Yours  very  respectfully, 

Kenneth  Ste\'ex3  Co, 

An  Open  Letter  of  Recommendation 

Atlanta,  Ga.,  June  20,  1911. 
To  Whom  It  May  Concern: — 

This  is  to  certify  that  the  bearer,  Mr.  George  J.  Bailey,  has  been  in  the 
employ  of  our  company  for  the  past  two  years,  as  bookkeeper,  and  that  he 
has  proven  himself  to  be  capable,  energetic  and  faithful,  a  young  man  of 
good  habits,  and  fine  Christian  character,  and  we  heartily  recommend  him 
to  anyone  desiring  the  sendees  of  a  competent  bookkeeper. 

He  leaves  us  to  better  his  position,  and  carries  with  him  our  best  wishes 
for  his  success.  Respectfully, 

Carter  Co. 
Per  J.  C.  Carter,  Prest. 

29  Woodward  Ave., 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  March  10.  1911. 
The  bearer.  Miss  Jennie  Comrie,  has  been  superintendent  of  the  millinery 
department  of  our  dry  goods  house  for  several  years,  and  we  take  pleasure 
in  stating  that  her  services  have  been  very  satisfactory,  and  we  would  be 
glad  to  retain  her  at  an  advanced  salary,  but  she  has  decided  to  go  west. 

We  cheerfully  recommend  her  as  being  a  lady  of  exceptionallj'  good 
judgment  in  her  line  of  work  and  capable  of  holding  the  best  class  of  trade. 

Jones  &  Benedict. 


64 


SAFE    METHODS 


A  Letter  of  Application  should  be  the  best  specimen  of  lettei 
the  writer  can  produce,  both  as  to  the  penmanship  and  compo- 
sition. Remember  the  experienced  eye  of  the  business  man  will 
readily  detect  the  errors,  if  any,  and  not  only  that,  he  forms 
an  estimate  of  your  qualities  by  the  letter  you  write. 

The  following  suggestions  may  be  helpful : 

1.  Write  your  letter  of  application  yourself  and  do  not  apply 
for  a  position  you  doubt  your  own  ability  to  fill. 

2.  Write  respectfully,  and  modestly,  frankly  stating  youi 
qualifications,  without  boasting. 

3..  Be  sure  the  form  of  your  letter,  the  grammar,  punctuation, 
spelling,  and  use  of  capitals  are  correct. 

4  Let  the  writing  be  neat,  the  letter  free  from  blots  and 
erasures,  even  if  you  have  to  rewrite  it  half  a  dozen  times. 

5.  If  making  a  personal  application,  and  you  are  asked  to  write 
your  letter  then  and  there,  be  prepared.  Keep  your  thoughts 
collected  and  put  these  suggestions  into  practice. 

6.  Replying  to  an  advertisement,  state  when  and  where  the 
advertisement  was  seen.  Make  application  for  the  positioB 
advertised,  and  answer  all  the  requirements. 

Salesman's  Application 

La  Grange,  III.,  April  10,  1911. 
Messrs.  Armour  &  Co., 
Chicago,  111. 
Gentlemen: — Replying  to  your  advertisement   in  Saturday's  "Record- 
Eerald"  for  a  city  salesman-  I  respectfully  apply  for  the  position  you  offer. 
I  have  had  three  years'  experience  as  salesman  lor  a  line  of  goods  selling  to 


BUSINESS    LETTERS  65 

grocers  and  butchers,  and  know  the  city  and  the  trade  thoroughly.     All  I 
ask  is  an  opportunity  to  prove  my  ability  to  sell  goods. 

I  respectfully  refer  you  to  J.  H.  Boony  &  Co.,  10  S.  Water  St.,  Chicago, 
or  John  D.  Mills,  169  Market  St.,  Chicago. 

I  shall  be  glad  to  call  on  you  for  a  personal  interview. 

Yours  very  truly, 

L.  A.  Foster. 

Application  for  Ptrsttion  as  Clerk 

Springfield,  111.,  June  1.  1911, 
Mabshall  &  Dunne, 

Glencoe,  111. 
Gentlemen: — Learning  through  a  friend  of  mine  that  your  business  is 
increasing  to  such  an  extent  that  you  require  the  services  of  another  clerk, 
I  hereby  respectfully  apply  for  the  position.  If  I  am  accepted  I  wM  faithfully 
serve  you  to  the  best  of  niy  ability,  and  your  interests  will  be  my  first  con- 
sideration. 

I  shall  be  glad  to  furnish  testimonials  as  to  my  character,  ability,  etc. 
Hoping  to  hear  from  you  favorably,  I  am, 

Yours  very  respectfully, 

Clinton  McNeel,. 

LETTERS  REQUESTING  PAYMENT 

The  composition  of  a  letter  requesting  payment  of  an  account 
is  often  a  perplexing  task,  particularly  if  the  person  or  firm  is 
capable  of  paying,  but  careless  about  it.  Such  a  letter,  to  be 
perfect,  must  not  only  obtain  the  money  due,  but  do  so  without 
giving  offense.  Such  letters  should  not,  as  a  rule,  be  blunt  or 
abrupt,  but  should  courteously  and  clearly  state  the  reasons  for 
the  request.  If  it  becomes  necessary  to  suggest  placing  the 
account  in  the  hands  of  a  collector,  the  suggestion  should  not  be 
put  in  the  form  of  a  threat  but  in  such  language  as  will  show 
3'^our  reluctance  about  using  such  means.  Generally  speaking,  a 
statement  of  the  debtor's  account  is  usually  all  that  is  necessary 
to  remind  him  that  payment  is  expected  when  due. 

If  necessary  to  request  prompt  payment,  something  like  the 
following  may  be  used : 

New  York,  N.  Y.,  June  1,  1911. 
Mr.  D.  C.  GowAN, 

Oswego,  N.  Y. 
Dear  Sir: — Inclosed  please  find  statement  of  your  account  for  April, 
which  we  trust  you  will  find  correct. 

We  would  appreciate  it  if  you  will  kindly  check  same  at  your  earliest 
convenience  and  send  us  a  N.  Y.  Draft  for  the  amount. 

Yours  truly, 

Smithson  &  Dewsnap. 


66  SAFE    METHODS 

If  the  debtor  is  tardy  a  second  request  might  be  worded  as 
follows: 

New  York,  N.  Y.,  June  20,  1911. 
Mr.  J.  G.  Homer, 

Newark,  N.  J. 
Dear  Sir: — We  respectfully  call  attention  to  your  account,  which  is  now 
some  time  past  due,  and  ask  if  you  cannot  favor  us  with  your  check  by 
return  mail, 

or, 

Not  hearing  from  you  regarding  the  amount  of  your  account,  now  past 
due,  we  take  the  liberty  of  drawing  on  you  at  three  days'  sight,  and  trust 
that  you  will  kindly  honor  the  draft  when  presented. 

Thanking  you  in  advance,  we  are.  Yours  truly, 

Connor  &  Blaine. 

Concord.   N,   H.,  April  1,  1911. 
Messrs.  Maxwell  &  Gordon, 
Trenton,  N.  J. 
Gentlemen: — The  Second  National  Bank  has  this  morning  returned  to 
us  our  Draft  on  you,  dated  March  10th  for  Fifty-four  DoOars  ($54.00)  with 
the  explanation,  "No  attention  paid  to  notice."     Since  we  have  given  you 
all  the  time  you  asked  for  the  payment  of  your  account,  unless  some  satis- 
factory explanation  is  forthcoming  you  will  put  us  under  the  necessity  of 
placing  your  account  in  the  hands  of  our  collector. 

Awaiting  a  prompt  reply,  we  are.  Respectfully, 

Davis  &  Law^bence. 


LETTERS  OP  APOLOGY 

He  is  an  unmanly  man  who  has  not  grace  to  apologize  for 
inflicting  a  wrong,  knowingly  or  otherwise. 

If  you  owe  an  apology,  make  it  promptly.  The  longer  you 
let  it  go,  the  harder  it  becomes  to  offer.  Failure  to  pay  an 
account  or  keep  a  business  engagement  may  be  unavoidable,  but 
neglect  to  explain  matters  invariably  leaves  a  bad  impression  oa 
the  one  to  whom  the  explanation  is  due. 

Apology  for  Failure  to  Keep  a  Business  Appointment 

Akron,  Ohio.  Jan.  27,  1911. 

Mr.  J.   NORTHCOTT 

Columbus,  Ohio. 
Dear  Sir: — I  very  much  regret  that  I  was  unable  to  meet  you  at  the 
"Conwell  House"  yesterday  as  I  had  expected.     Owing  to  a  smash-up  on 
the  road,  my  train  was  so  much  behind  time  it  was  impossible  for  me  to  keep 

the  engagement. 


BUSINESS    LETTERS  67 

If  you  will  kindly  inform  me  when  it  wiU  be  convenient  for  you  to  see  me 
/  wiU  be  glad  to  arrange  my  business  and  meet  you  on  whatever  date  you 
may  suggest.  Sincerely  yours, 

Wm.  J.  King. 

Apology  for  Failure  to  Pay  an  Account 

Watertown,  S.  D.,  April  4,  1911. 
IHessrs.  Geo.  Moore  &  Co., 
Fargo,  N.  D. 
Gentlemen: — We  owe  you  an  apology  for  not  having  settled  our  account 
the  first  of  the  month  as  promised.     We  have  been  disappointed  in  not 
/eceiving  returns  for  several  large  sliipments  the  past  month,  but  expect  to 
oe  able  to  settle  oui  account  in  fuU  not  later  than  the  20th  Lnst. 

If  you  will  kindly  give  us  this  extension  of  time  we  assure  you  the  account 
wUl  then  be  paid. 

Trusting  that  we  have  not  put  you  to  any  inconvenience,  we  are. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

Conger  &  Dun. 


PENNSYLVANIA  RAILWAY   STATION  IN  NEW  YORK  CITY. 

This  station  in  the  heart  of  New  York  City  is  reached  from  the  New  Jersey 
Bide  through  double  tracked  timnels  imder  the  Hudson  River  with  a  daily 
Bervic  of  400  Pennsylvania  trains.  It  is  connected  with  Long  Island  by  four 
track  tunnels  under  the  East  River  through  which  the  Long  Island  Railway 
operate  a  daily  service  of  600  trains. 


68 


SAFE    METHODS 


Social 
Correspondence 


To  be  able  to  write  suitable  letters  of  friendship  is  an 
accomplishment  very  much  to  be  desired,  and  ought  to  be  an 
aspiration  of  every  one,  for  while  all  do  not  have  business  letters 
to  write,  yet  there  is  scarcely  any  one  who  is  not  called  upon  at 
some  time  to  write  letters  of  a  social  nature. 

While  many  persons  write  good  business  letters  they  may  find 
it  necessary  to  cultivate  greater  ease  of  expression  in  their 
social  letters  than  the  terse  style  they  use  at  their  office  desks. 

Th-e  Paper. — The  size  and  kind  of  paper  will  depend  somewhat 
upon  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  to  be  used.  Generally  speaking, 
what  would  be  suitable  fer  business  letters  would  not  be  for 
social  correspondence,  excepting  Commercial  Note,  5x8  in., 
which  may  properly  be  used  for  either.  This  size  is  the  most 
suitable  for  gentlemen.  Ladies  generally  prefer  Billet,  4x6  in.. 
Octavo  Note,  4^x7  in.,  although  other  sizes  are  in  use. 

Lightly  tinted  and  perfumed  paper  may  be  used  by  ladies,  but 
it  is  not  good  taste  for  gentlemen  to  use  either. 

Inks. — Black  or  blue-black  inks  are  the  only  colors  that 
should  ever  be  used. 

Pens.— Whatever  is  most  suitable  to  the  style  of  your 
penmanship. 

Envelopes. — Two  styles  are  in  general  use.  One,  nearly  square, 
to  contain  the  note  sheet  folded  once,  and  the  other  oblong, 
which  contains  the  note  sheet  folded  twice,  once  each  from  top 
and  bottom.  These  are  a  little  larger  each  way  than  the  folded 
sheet.     They  should  be  of  the  same  color  as  the  paper. 


SOCIAL    LETTERS  69 

Parts  of  a  Letter. — Much  of  what  has  been  said  regarding  the 
parts  of  a  business  letter  appKes  to  the  parts  of  a  social  letter. 

Heading. — Form  and  position  the  same  as  in  business  letters. 

Address. — When  the  address  is  given  in  social  letters  its 
proper  position  is  at  the  close  of  the  letter,  on  the  next  space 
below  the  signature,  and  commencing  at  the  left-hand  side  of 
the  sheet  at  the  marginal  line.  Many  social  letters  written 
nowadays  do  not  contain  any  address,  the  salutation  being  made 
to  do  duty  for  both,  yet  the  address,  placed  at  the  close,  imparts 
a  tone  of  respect  to  the  letter,  and  may  always  be  added  with 
propriety,  especially  in  writing  to  our  superiors. 

Salutation. — What  has  been  said  regarding  the  salutation  in 
business  letters  applies  in  social  letters.  The  position  of  the 
salutation  is  the  same  as  the  first  line  of  the  address  in  business 
letters,  and  the  familiarity  and  warmth  of  the  expression  used 
depends  entirely  upon  our  relationship  or  intimacy  with  the 
friend  written  to,  and  the  subject  of  our  correspondence. 

The  qualities  that  combine  to  make  an  agreeable  associate 
are  required  to  make  a  desirable  correspondent,  and  too  great 
familiarity  is  not  one  of  them. 

The  circumstances  and  variety  of  expressions  are  so  many 
that  we  refrain  from  giving  examples. 

Body  of  the  Letter. — The  body  of  the  letter  in  social 
correspondence  usually  begins  to  the  right  of  the  salutation  and 
on  the  next  line  below.  Both  sides  of  the  sheet  may  be  written 
on  if  the  letter  is  more  than  one  page  in  length. 

The  Complimentary  Closing. — Occupies  the  same  position  as 
in  a  business  letter  and  should  be  in  keeping  with  the  salutation, 
and  the  subject  of  the  letter. 

The  Signature. — Usually  in  letters  of  intimate  friendship  only 
the  given  name  is  signed.  One  point  in  favor  of  signing  the 
whole  name  is  this :  if  tnere  is  any  uncertainty  about  the  letter 
reaching  the  person  to  whom  you  address  it,  your  name  will 
insure  the  letter  being  returned  to  you  in  case  it  is  sent  to  the 
Dead  Letter  Office. 


70  SAFE  METHODS 

LETTERS  01'  AFFECTION 

Letters  of  ASection  are  such  as  grow  out  of  our  regard  for 
others.  They  are  as  different  as  our  relations  to  others,  and 
may  be  simply  the  expression  of  kindly  feeling  or  of  the 
strongest  impulses  that  move  the  human  heart. 

Letters  of  affection  add  much  to  human  happiness,  and  more 
of  them  should  be  written.  To  that  boy  away  from  home,  or 
father,  mother,  or  sister  at  home,  what  gladness  a  good  letter 
brings!  Our  pleasure  in  receiving  such  letters  should  remind 
us  of  our  duty  to  our  dear  ones  in  the  matter  ol  writing  them. 

Letters  of  this  class  may  often  be  enlivened  by  playful 
allusions,  jests  and  familiarities,  provided  the  writer  is  sure  he 
will  not  be  misunderstood. 

The  most  elegantly  composed  letter  will  not  bring  one-half 
the  pleasure  to  a  far-away  relative  that  a  simple  letter  crowded 
with  feelings  of  home  life  and  home  love  will. 

Since  no  form  would  perhaps  fit  one  case  in  a  hundred  we 
only  give  the  following  example,  which  we  consider  a  model  of 
good-humored  playfulness,  and  without  formality,  written  by 
Dr.  Franklin  to  his  wife : 

Easton,  Nov.  IS,  1766. 
My  Dear  Child: — 

I  wrote  to  you  a  few  days  since  by  a  special  messenger,  and  enclosed 
letters  for  all  our  wives  and  sweethearts,  expecting  to  hear  from  you  by  his 
return,  and  to  have  the  Northern  newspapers  and  English  letters  per  the 
packet;  but  he  has  just  now  returned  without  a  scrap  for  poor  me.  I  had 
a  good  mind  not  to  write  you  by  this  opportunity,  but  I  never  can  be  ill- 
natured  enough,  even  when  there  is  the  most  occasion. 

The  messenger  says  he  left  the  letters  at  your  house,  and  saw  you  after- 
wards at  Dr.  Duche's,  and  told  you  when  he  would  go,  and  that  he  lodged 
at  Hovey's,  next  door  to  you,  and  yet  you  did  not  write;  so  let  Goody  Smith 
give  one  more  just  judgment,  and  say  what  ^liall  be  done  with  you. 

I  think  I  won't  tell  you  that  we  are  all  well  nor  that  we  expect  to  return 
about  the  middle  of  the  week,  nor  will  I  send  you  a  word  of  news, — that's 
Poz. 

My  duty  to  mother,  love  to  children  and  to  Miss  Betsey  and  Gracy,  etc., etc. 

I  am  your  loving  husband, 

Benjamin  Franklin. 

P.  S. — I  have  scratched  out  the  loving  words,  being  written  in  haste  by 
mistake  when  I  forgot  I  was  angry. 


SOCIAL    LETTERS  71 

LETTERS  OF  FRIENDSHIP 

Letters  of  Friendship  make  up  that  large  class  of  written 
messages  that  strengthen  the  bonds  of  friends  absent  from  one 
another.  The  chief  charm  of  such  a  letter  is  its  natural, 
conversational  style.  It  should  cause  the  person  reading  it  to 
feel  as  though  he  had  been  favored  with  a  pleasant  visit, 
rather  than  a  formal  call. 

Thus,  Bayard  Taylor,  while  in  Germany,  writes  to  an  intimate 
friend  in  America: 

"Your  letter  came  four  or  five  days  ago,  and  I  take  my  first  leisure  to 
answer  it.  I  take  it  for  granted  that  this  will  find  you  in  your  Tenth  Street 
rooms,  which  are  so  clear  in  my  memory  that  a  letter  is  more  like  a  personal 
meeting  to  me  than  when  you  were  in  Rondout.  You  somehow  manage  to 
bring  your  own  bodily  self  before  me  when  you  write:  I  see  your  eyes  and 
the  changing  expression  of  your  face,  as  I  read,  and  the  sound  of  your  voice 
accompanies  the  written  words.  Thus  your  letters  are  most  welcome,  no 
matter  what  you  write.     *     *     *    " 

To  another: 

"You  made  your  short  note  so  pleasant  that  I  can't  scold  you  for  its 
brevity;  yet  I  should  like  to.  There  might  have  been  so  much  more  of 
what  may  seem  personal  or  domestic  'nothings'  to  you,  yet  have  such  value 
at  this  distance.     *     *     *  " 

Freshness  and  originality  in  expression  should  be  cultivated, 
especially  in  the  opening  and  closing  sentences.  Avoid  old  and 
time-worn  phrases  as, 

"I  thought  I  would  write  you  letting  you  know,"  "I  now  take  my  pen  in 
hand,"  etc. 

How  refreshing  to  receive  a  letter  from  a  friend  who  begins  to 
talk  to  us  from  the  first  line ;  for  instance, 

"It  was  kind  of  you  to  send  me  a  good,  long  letter  while  I  was  lying  all 
alone  in  my  room  with  nothing  to  do  but  take  villainous  doses  of  medicine;" 
"It  was  a  delight  to  me  to  see  your  hand  on  an  envelope  again;" 
"I  found  your  letter  waiting  for  me  on  Monday  when  my  holiday  closed." 

Compare  also  such  closing  sentences  as : 

"Having  told  you  all  I  know  or  care  to  write,  I  will  now  close;" 

"I  must  bring  my  letter  to  a  close,  as  I  have  nearly  filled  the  sheet;" 

with  such  as 

"Recollect  that  I  am  absent  and  you  are  at  home,  so  your  letters  are 
worth  the  most;" 

"Remember  me  very  kindly  to  your  brother  and  my  old  friends  on  the 
hill,  and  believe  me,  "Yours  very  sincerely. 


72  SAFE    METHODS 

To  be  perfectly  free  and  unrestrained  in  familiar  letters,  forms 
may  be  set  aside  in  a  pleasing  manner,  especially  in  the  begin- 
ning of  a  letter.  Some  of  our  best  authors  set  us  good  examples, 
as: 

Boston,  Dec.  10,  1840. 
Don't,  dear  Lieber,  be  offended  by  my  long  silence.     For  the  last  few 
days  I  have  been  aU  the  time  in  court.     *     *     * 

Ever  and  ever  yours, 

Chas.  Sumner. 

(Sumner  to  Mr.  Tower.) 
Never,  my  friend,  when  the  heavens  have  been  dressed  in  their  scorching 
robes  of  brass  for  weeks,  was  a  drop  of  rain  more  grateful  than  your  timely 
epistle.     *     *     * 

(Sydney  Smith  to  Lady  Grey.) 

Dec.  8,  1838. 
Awkward  times,  dear  Lady   Grey!     However,  you  see  those  you  love 
sooner  than  you  otherwise  would  have  seen  them.     *     *     * 
(To  Lady  Holland.) 
If  all  the  friends,  dear  Lady  Holland,  who  have  shared  in  your  kindness 
and  hospitality     •     *     * 

Gad's  Hill,  Oct.  3,  1866. 
My  Dear  Fields: — 

I  cannot  tell  you  how  much  I  thank  you  for  your  kind  little  letter,  which 
la  like  a  pleasant  voice  coming  across  the  Atlantic,  with  that  domestic  wel- 
come in  it  which  has  no  substitute  on  earth.  If  you  knew  how  strongly  I 
am  inclined  to  allow  myself  the  pleasure  of  staying  at  your  house,  you  would 
look  upon  me  as  a  kind  of  ancient  Roman  (which  I  trust  I  am  not)  for  having 
the  courage  to  say  no.  But  if  I  gave  myself  that  gratification  in  the  begin- 
ning, I  could  scarcely  hope  to  get  on  in  the  hard  "reading"  life,  without 
offending  some  kindly  disposed  and  hospitable  America,n  friend  afterwards; 
whereas,  if  I  observe  my  English  principle  on  such  occasions,  of  having  no 
abiding  place  but  a  hotel,  and  stick  to  it  from  the  first,  I  may  perhaps  count 
on  being  consistently  uncomfortable. 

The  nightly  exertion  necessitates  meals  at  odd  hours,  silence  and  rest  at 
impossible  times  of  the  day,  and  a  general  Spartan  behavior  so  utterly  incon- 
sistent with  my  nature,  that  if  you  were  to  give  me  a  happy  inch,  I  should 
take  an  ell,  and  frightfully  disappoint  you  in  public.  I  don't  want  to  do 
that,  if  I  can  help  it,  so  I  will  be  good  in  spite  of  myself. 

Ever  your  affectionate  friend, 

CHARLE3  Dickens. 


SOCIAL    LETTERS  73 

LETTERS  OF  CONGRATULATION 

Letters  of  Congratulation  are  those  written  to  friends  upon 
any  occasion  of  success,  joy,  honor,  or  advancement,  or  when 
they  have  in  any  way  been  especially  favored.  They  should 
only  be  written  when  we  can  heartily  enter  into  the  spirit  of 
rejoicing  with  the  one  to  be  congratulated.  Nothing  but  the 
most  natural,  hearty  and  genuine  feelings  of  joy  should  be 
expressed  in  our  letter,  and  that  in  our  happiest  way  of 
putting  it. 

Letters  of  congratulation  are  generally  brief — sometimes  only 
a  telegram — and  contain  nothing  regarding  other  matters.  It 
depends  somewhat  upon  the  occasion,  how  much  may  be  said 
in  the  letter,  as,  for  example,  the  following  written  by  Charles 
Sumner  to  a  friend  just  home  after  some  absence  from  his 
family. 


Hudson,  on  the  North  River, 

Tuesday  Evening,  Sept.  28,  1841. 
Dear  Lieber: — 

Here  I  am  imprisoned  by  the  rain  in  the  inn  of  a  Yankee  village.  Long- 
ing for  companionship,  I  write  to  you,  and  while  I  write,  imagine  that  I  have 
it — as  the  ostrich  supposes  himself  free  from  danger  when  he  has  thrust  his 
head  in  the  sand.     *     *     * 

I  trust  you  have  had  fair  breezes  and  this  letter  will  find  you  with  her 
who  loves  you  so  weU  and  with  your  boys  frolicking  about  you.  Ah!  my 
dear  Lieber,  are  you  not  happy?  I  know  where  j'ou  live.  I  wish  your  home 
were  more  accordmg  to  your  heart;  but  you  have  sources  of  the  highest 
happiness — domestic  bliss  of  the  rarest  kind;  constant  and  honorable  em- 
ployment for  j'our  time;  a  distinguished  name;  and  the  consciousness  of 
doing  good,  of  aiding  the  cause  of  truth,  of  education,  and  government. 
1  know  few  persons  who  have  such  reasons  for  blessing  God  as  you.  *  *  * 

Ever  yours, 

Charles  SujiNEB. 


Congratulating  a  Lady  on  Her  Marriage 

St.  Paul,  Minn..  June  19.  1911 
My  Dear  Eva: — 

It  was  with  heartfelt  pleasure  that  I  learned  of  your  marriage  to  Mr. 
Howard,  and  I  pray  that  time  may  but  unite  more  closely  your  heart  to  that 
of  the  noble  man  to  whom  you  have  confided  your  life's  happiness. 

Hoping  I  may  hear  from  you  soon,  and  that  you  will  pay  me  a  visit  on 
your  return,  I  remain  your  old  friend  and  schoolmate, 

Emily  Blanchabo. 
To  Mrs.  Eva  Howard,  Washington,  Oregon. 


74  SAFE    METHODS 

Congratulating  a  Gentleman  on  His  Marriage 

Concord,  Mass.,  June,  9,  1911 
My  Dear  Mr.  Allen; — 

I  hasten  to  offer  you  my  congratulations  and  sincere  good  wishes  in 
regard  to  your  recent  happiness.  I  hope  that  each  day  may  but  add  to  the 
domestic  joys  of  yourself  and  estimable  wife.     Yours  sincerely, 

MkS.    D.   J.  WiGHTMAN. 


Congratulating  a  Friend  on  the  25th  Anniversary  of  Wedding 

Melrose,  Fla..  June  9,  1911. 
My  Dear  Mrs.  Adams: — 

If  my  memory  is  faithful,  it  is  just  twenty-five  years  to-day  since  I  had 
the  pleasure  of  congratulating  your  good  husband  upon  Ms  wedding  and 
tendering  to  you  my  sincere  good  wishes. 

Permit  me  to  congratulate  you  both  upon  having  completed  the  silver 
circle,  and  offer  my  best  wishes  that  you  may  long  live  together  and  experi- 
ence as  much  happiness  in  the  future  as  your  faces  prove  you  have  enjoyed 
in  the  past.     With  best  regards  to  yourself  and  husband,  I  am, 

Your  friend, 

Chas.  Okeb. 


Congratulating  a  Friend  on  the  Birth  of  a  Son 

Vernon,  Pa.,  June  19,  1911. 
Mt  Dear  Mr.  Gardner: — 

Allow  me  to  present  to  you  my  most  hearty  congratulations  on  the  birth 
of  your  son,  and  my  sincere  hopes  that  he  may  prove  in  very  truth  a  blessing 
to  his  parents,  and  the  pride  and  comfort  of  their  old  age.  As  for  the  little 
fellow  himself,  I  could  wish  him  no  greater  happiness  than  to  be  born  of  such 
parents  and  in  such  a  home.  Your  friend, 

John  Cullen. 


LETTERS  OF  INTRODUCTION 

Like  letters  introducing  acquaintances  for  business  purposes, 
social  letters  of  introduction  should  be  given  only  when  the 
person  writing  them  is  satisfied  that  it  will  be  desirable  for  all 
parties  concerned.  Your  letter  is  an  endorsement  of  your 
friend's  character  and  qualities  and  if  they  are  not  all  that 
might  be  desired,  it  reflects  on  you. 

You  may  speak  in  complimentary  terms  of  your  friend,  but 
not  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  him  feel  embarrassed  in  presenting 
the  letter. 


SOCIAL    LETTERS  75 

Residents  should  first  call  upon  a  new  neighbor  unless  he 
brings  a  letter  of  introduction.  In  that  case  the  new-comer  may- 
call  first.  If  a  stranger  sends  you  a  letter  of  introduction  and 
his  or  her  card,  it  is  your  duty  to  call  the  next  day,  or  send  an 
invitation  to  call  upon  you. 

The  following  are  examples  of  letters  of  introduction : 

Hudson,  N.  Y.,  April,  2,  1911. 
Mr.  H.  R.  Belden, 

Boston,  Mass. 
My  Dear  Sir: — This  will  introduce  to  your  acquaintance  my  friend   Mr. 
Reynolds,  for  whom  I  have  great  esteem,  and  whom  I  am  sure  you  will  be 
happy  to  know. 

Any  attention  you  may  have  in  your  power  to  bestow  during  his  visit 
to  Boston  will  be  gratefully  reciprocated  by  Your  friend, 

H.  S.  White. 

Newfane,  Wis.,  Dee.  9,  1910. 
Mr.  T.  H.  Griffin, 

Springfield,  Ohio. 
Dear  Sir: — I  take  much  pleasure  in  introducing  to  you  my  esteemed 
friend,  Miss  Clara  Harland,  a  young  lady  who  will  spend  a  few  months  in 
your  city.     I  am  sure  an  acquaintance  with  her  will  be  a  pleasure  to  you. 

Any  favor  you  may  show  her  during  her  stay  in  your  city  I  shall  consider 
a  personal  one.  Yours  sincerely, 

Mhs.  J.  H.  Howard. 

Hartford,  Conn.,  June  6,  1911. 
My  Dear  Miss  Johnson: — 

My  friend,  Mr.  T.  E.  Carter,  purposing  to  make  his  home  in  your  city, 
I  venture  upon  the  kind  hospitality  you  have  always  extended  to  me  to  intro- 
duce him  to  yourself  and  family.     Trusting  that  the  acquaintance  will  be  as 
pleasant  as  mine  has  been  with  both  yourself  and  him, 
I  am,  very  respectfully, 

Your  friend  and  well-wisher, 

J.  F.  Glennon. 

LETTERS  OF  CONDOLENCE 

Letters  of  condolence  are  written  to  express  sympathy  with 
those  who  have  suffered  loss  or  bereavement.  The  task, 
especially  in  the  latter  case,  may  not  be  an  easy  one,  for  if 
improperly  worded  instead  of  bringing  comfort  it  might  only 
add  to  the  sorrow.  The  difficulty  of  the  task  should  not  prevent 
us  from  performing  our  duty  to  the  best  of  our  ability. 

Let  your  letter  be  brief.  Show  your  own  sorrow  or  sympathy 
in  well  chosen  words. 


76  SAFE    METHODS 

Be  considerate,  and  omit  mentioning  names  and  the  details  of 
the  sorrow,  as  they  only  open  afresh  the  wounds. 

Do  not  try  to  point  out  what  might  have  been  if  this  or  that 
had  been  done. 

Give  comfort,  or  withhold  writing.  A  fine  example  occurs  in 
the  correspondence  of  Charles  Sumner,  and  part  of  his  beautiful 
letter  to  Charlemagne  Tower  on  receiving  news  of  the  death 
of  Mr.  Tower's  father,  is  here  given. 


Cambridge,  Friday  Morning,  May  11,  1832. 
My  Dear  Friend: — 

The  moment  I  saw  the  black  seal  of  your  letter,  my  mind  anticipated 
the  sorrowful  intelligence  it  bore.  Permit  me  to  join  with  you  in  grief. 
I  offer  you  my  sincere  sympatliies.  The  loss  of  a  father  I  can  only  imagine; 
may  God  put  far  distant  the  day  when  that  affliction  shall  come  upon  mel 
You  have  been  a  faithful  son,  and  I  know  a  joy  to  his  eyes.  I  reverence  the 
spirit  with  which  you  have  sacrificed  all  your  professional  and  literary  predi- 
lections. You  did  that  for  your  father's  sake,  and  the  thought  that  you 
did  it  on  his  account  must  be  to  you  a  spring  of  satisfaction  and  consolation 
as  hallowed  as  the  grief  you  feel.     *     *     * 

Believe  me  ever  your  true  friend, 

Charles  Sumner. 


Perhaps  no  better  specimen  of  a  letter  of  condolence  can  be 
found  than  the  following,  from  the  pen  of  the  lamented  Lincoln. 
The  original  letter  adorns  the  walls  of  a  hall  in  the  College  of 
Brasenose,  at  Oxford,  where  it  is  looked  upon  with  deep  interest 
by  American  visitors  and  is  treasured  by  the  authorities  of  the 
college.    It  explains  itself. 

Executive  Mansion, 

Washington,  Nov.  21,  1864. 
Dear  Madam: — 

I  have  been  shown  in  the  files  of  the  War  Department  a  statement  of  the 
Adjutant-General  of  Massachusetts,  that  you  are  the  mother  of  five  sons  who 
have  died  gloriously  on  the  field  of  battle.  I  feel  how  weak  and  fruitless 
must  be  any  word  of  mine  which  should  attempt  to  beguile  you  from  the 
grief  of  a  loss  so  overwhelming.  But  I  cannot  refrain  from  tendering  to  you 
the  consolation  that  m.ay  be  found  in  the  thanks  of  the  Republic  they 
died  to  save.  I  pray  that  our  Heavenly  Father  may  assuage  the  anguish 
of  your  bereavement,  and  leave  you  only  the  cherished  memory  of  the  loved 
and  lost,  and  the  solemn  pride  that  must  be  yours  to  have  laid  so  costly  a 
sacrifice  upon  the  altar  of  freedom. 

Yours  very  sincerely  and  respectfully. 
To  Mrs.  Bixby,  Abraham  Lincoln. 

Boston,  Mass. 


SOCIAL    LETTERS  77 

To  a  Friend  on  Loss  of  Home  by  Fire 

Albany.  N.  Y..  June  4,  191L 
Mt  Dear  Mrs.  Holmes: — 

I  have  just  learned  of  your  loss  of  last  evening,  and  hasten  to  offer  you 
my  sympathy;  for,  except  loss  of  life,  there  can  be  none  greater  than  that 
of  the  home,  round  which  so  many  pleasant  memories  cling,  and  in  which 
we  have  gathered  so  many  household  treasures  which  no  money  can  replace. 
I  know  also  what  a  feeling  of  desolation  must  come  over  you  to-day. 

Accept  my  earnest  sympathy,  and,  if  I  can  in  any  way  aid  you,  do  not 
fail  to  call  upon  me.  Yours, 

E.  A.  DeWitt. 

To  a  Friend  on  the  Death  of  a  Son 

Milwaukee,  Wis.,  June  2,  1911. 
Mr.  Eugene  Eagan, 

Yankton,  New  York. 
My  Dear  Friend: — It  is  with  deepest  sympathy  that  I  write  to  you, 
realizing  how  profound  must  be  the  sorrow  when  he  is  taken  away  who,  for 
so  many  years,  has  been  the  comfort  and  pride  of  a  father's  declining  life. 
Still  a  few  more  days  here,  and  I  trust  we  will  all  be  united  to  friends  who 
have  been  mercifully,  no  doubt,  taken  away  from  us  who  mourn  here  below. 
I  need  hardly  say  that  you  can  now,  more  than  ever,  rely  upon  my  aiding 
you  in  any  way  in  my  power.  Your  most  sincere  friend, 

Ch.uiles  D'Orsay. 

LETTERS  OF  LOVE  AND  COURTSHIP 

No  class  of  letters  consumes  so  much  time  and  thought,  or 
causes  the  writer  more  anxiety  than  love  letters ;  however,  v^hen 
true  affection  prompts  the  message,  little  guidance  will  be 
needed  in  the  composition. 

The  charm  of  this  correspondence  lies  in  the  similarity  of 
tastes,  and  the  tone  of  earnest  affection  which  is  given  to  the 
message. 

Never  indulge  in  flattery,  but  remember  the  first  element  of 
lasting  affection  is  re,spect. 

Ladies  especially  should  be  careful  to  preserve  their  dignity, 
and  guard  their  future  reputations  when  committing  anything 
to  paper. 

Secret  correspondence  should  not  be  indulged  in.  Liberty 
from  parents  or  guardians  should  always  be  sought  first. 

We  give  no  samples  of  love  letters.  No  one  would  want  to 
receive  one  written  in  a  copied  form.  If  to  be  without  a  copy 
leaves  a  fellow  to  make  a  fool  of  himself,  better  for  the  other 
party  to  find  it  out  early. 


78  SAFE    METHODS 

Asking  Permission  to  Call 

16  Hawley  St.,  March  15,  19U. 
pEAR  Miss  Bree: — 

Presuming  somewhat  upon  our  former  acquaintance,  I  hope  to  be  par- 
doned for  tills  little  note,  which  is  to  asli  permission  to  correspond  with  you, 
and  also  to  have  tlie  pleasure  of  calling  on  you  at  your  home. 
Anxiously  awaiting  a  favorable  reply, 

I  am  very  truly  your  friend, 
MisF  Mary  E.  Bree,  Charles  G.  Venn. 

204  Elm  St.,  City. 

A  Favorable  Reply 

204  Elm  St..  March  16,  1911. 
Dear  Sir: — 

Our  former  acquaintance,  though  not  extensive,  has  been  pleasant,  and 
I  do  not  find  it  in  my  heart  to  object  to  your  kind  request. 

With  pleasure  I  subscribe  myself.  Your  sincere  friend, 

Mary  E.  Bree, 

An  Unfavorable  Reply 

City,  March  16. 
Dear  Sir: — 

Your  very  kind  note  has  been  duly  received,  and  in  reply  I  am  permitted 
to  say  but  this:  Although  highly  flattered  by  your  request,  I  am  not  at 
liberty  to  grant  it.  With  sincere  regards, 

I  remain  your  friend, 

Mary  E.  Bree. 
Charles  G.  Venn, 

16  Hawley  St. 

From  a  Gentleman  to  the  Father  of  a  Lady,  Requesting  Her 
Hand  in  Marriage 

No.  356  Greenwood  Ave., 

Aurora,  111.,  March  25,  1911. 
Mr.  John  Fenton, 

Aurora,  111. 
My  Dear  Sir: — I  am  certain  you  will  not  be  surprised  when  I  tell  you  that, 
through  my  frequent  visits  at  your  house  and  your  kind  hospitality  to  me, 
I  have  learned  to  regard  your  daughter  with  a  most  sincere  affection.  Ivnow- 
ing  that  her  welfare  and  happiness  must  be  the  first  consideration  with  you, 
I  hasten  to  acquaint  you  with  my  feelings. 

I  am,  as  you  are  aware,  not  lacking  in  this  world's  goods;  and,  if  an  honest 
and  sincere  affection  can  secure  her  happiness,  these  certainly  shall  not  be 
wanting.     Will  you  trust  her  to  me?     I  anxiously  await  your  answer. 

Very  respectfully, 
,  Clarence  Shaw. 


BUSINESS  FACTS  AND  FIGURES  79 


FACTS  AND  FIGURES  IN  FINANCE 

In  1917,  as  a  war  measure,  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment assumed  control  of  the  railway  systems,  and  placed 
the  business  of  operating  them  in  the  hands  of  a  commis- 
sion appointed  for  that  purpose. 

The  roads  were  returned  to  their  owners  January  1, 
1920, 

April  18,  1920,  Congressman  Goode  of  Iowa,  chairman 
of  the  house  committee  on  appropriations,  presented  a 
report  accompanying  an  emergency  deficiency  bill  appro- 
priating a  total  of  $309,177,161,  of  which  1300,000,000 
was  for  winding  up  the  expenses  of  the  commission.  Direc- 
tor General  Hines  of  the  commission  had  asked  for 
$420,000,000.     The  bill  was  passed  April  20th. 

The  report  showed  that  the  federal  railroad  administra- 
tion held  at  that  time  $862,000,000  in  railroad  securities, 
representing  loans  made  to  the  roads  and  Liberty  bonds 
and  Victory  notes   totaling   $88,459,322. 

The  total  loss  to  the  government  growing  out  of  federal 
control  of  the  railroads  was  estimated  in  the  report  at 
$1,129,000,000. 

PRODUCTION  AND  VALUE  OF  TOBACCO. 

In  1906  the  Cripple  Creek  gold  field  yielded  $14,253,000 
worth  of  the  precious  yellow  metal.  That  year  all  of  the 
state  of  Colorado  yielded  $23,210,629  in  gold.  The  1919 
crop  of  tobacco  in  the  "burley  district"  of  Kentucky  brought 
$75,000,000,  more  than  five  times  as  much  as  the  Cripple 
Creek  gold  field  yielded  in  one  of  its  bonanza  years  and 
within  $14,000,000  of  as  much  as  the  value  of  all  the  gold 
mines  in  the  United  States  in  1918. 

In  addition  to  leading  the  world  in  the  production  of 
leaf  tobacco,  the  United  States  supplies  the  international 


80  SAFE  METHODS 

market  with  almost  half  its  supply.  The  following  tabh 
shows,  by  countries,  our  exports  of  unmanufactured  domes- 
tic tobacco  for  the  last  ten  years.  Stems  and  trimmiizgs 
are  included.  It  will  be  seen  that  although  the  war  re- 
sulted in  great  irregularities  in  our  exports  to  the  various 
countries,  and,  although  some  of  our  best  customers  were 
largely  cut  off,  our  export  trade  in  tobacco  did  not  ulti- 
mately suffer,  high  exports  in  1919  offsetting  the  decline 
in  1918: 

Country        1910-14    1915      1916  1917  1318  1919 

(5  yr.  aver.)          (In  millions  of  pounds) 

United   Kingdom.  .  14j0  189  151  123  89  277 

France    43  38  83  71  73  97 

Italy     42  24  41  46  39  61 

Germany    38  10 

Netherlands 27  21  57  55  1  14 

Spain    20  *  10  11  18  26 

Canada     15  16  19  15  18  23 

Australia      14  9  10  16  6  18 

China    7  3  9  10  8  15 

British   W.    Africa  6  4  7  10  8  10 

Other  countries.  .  42  35  58  57  31  89 

Total 394        349         445         414         291         630 


INDIANS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

The  Indian  bureau  in  1919  reported  333,702  red  men  in 
this  country,  and  a  statistician  of  the  bureau.  Dr.  Lawrence 
W.  White,  doubts  if  there  were  ever  more  than  that  number 
within  the  boundaries  of  what  is  now  the  United  States. 
He  calls  attention  to  the  enormous  area  required  to  support 
a  hunting  population,  and  points  out  that  the  Indians  have 
increased  more  than  20,000  since  the  first  reliable  census  of 
them  was  taken  in  1870.  Though  not  a  large  gain,  it  is 
enough  to  show  that  our  Indians  are  not  dying  out.  Physi- 
cally speaking,  the  North  American  Indian  was  and  is  one  of 
the  world's  finest  races.  His  place  in  athletics  is  proof  of 
that — there  are  as  many  notable  red  athletes  in  this  country 
as  can  be  shown  by  any  white  population  five  or  ten  times 
as  numerous.  The  chief  enemies  of  the  Indian  have  been 
tuberculosis  and  whisky.  The  last  is  no  longer  much  of  a 
menace,  and  while  he  has  not  developed  an  immunity  to 
the  first,  he  is  better  protected  from  that  and  other  con- 
tagious ailments  than  ever  before. 


GOLD  SHIPMENT  81 


HOW  GOLD  IS  SHIPPED 

WTien  the  prevailing  rate  of  exchange  is  unusually  high, 
international  trade  balances  are  usually  adjusted  by  shipping 
gold  instead  of  by  purchasing  bills  of  exchange. 

Immediately  after  hostilities  ceased  in  1918,  in  fact  for 
some  time  before  that,  the  flow  of  gold  came  from  Europe 
to  the  United  States.  During  the  same  time,  there  had  been 
a  small  but  steady  flow  of  gold  from  the  United  States  to 
South  America.  Shipments  of  $17,000,000  in  American  gold 
to  Buenos  Aires,  in  July,  1919,  brought  the  dollar  exchange  in 
Argentina  up  to  par  for  the  first  time  since  the  United  States 
joined  the  Allies. 

Though  gold  shipments  are  a  frequent  and  commonplace 
occurrence,  not  everyone  knows  precisely  what  the  process  is 
or  what  the  items  are  that  contribute  to  its  cost. 

The  first  thing  you  must  do  is  to  get  your  gold.  The  usual 
procedure  is  to  apply  to  the  sub-treasury  and  engage  the 
requisite  amount  for  a  certain  date.  You  may  get  it  at  par 
or  you  may  have  to  pay  a  premium.  As  a  result  of  the  war 
American  bank  vaults  contain  one-third  of  the  world's  total 
supply  of  gold  money,  which  is  estimated  at  something  like 
$9,570,000,000.  In  these  circumstances  there  is  no  premium 
to  pay. 

The  gold  having  been  obtained  it  must  be  packed  for  ship- 
ment. Strong  casks  are  used  for  this  purpose,  and  $50,000, 
no  more,  no  less,  must  be  put  into  each.  Sometimes  very 
stout,  rather  flat  wooden  boxes  are  used,  but  the  usual  prefer- 
ence is  for  casks. 

When  your  gold  is  ready  to  be  hauled  to  the  steamship  dock 
you  do  not  summon  the  nearest  local  expressman,  but  a 
particular  truckman  who  makes  a  specialty  of  transporting 
this  sort  of  cargo.  He  will  charge  you  at  the  rate  of  a  dollar 
and  fifty  cents  for  every  thousand  dollars'  worth  of  specie 
he  handles.  This  brings  his  bill  up  to  seventy-five  dollars  for 
each  little  keg,  which  you  could  hold  under  your  arm  if  your 
arm  were  strong  enough.  There  is  some  difference  in  re- 
sponsibility between  hauling  kegs  of  nails  and  kegs  of  golden 
eagles,  and  you  must  be  prepared  to  pay  accordingly. 


82  SAFE  METHODS 

If  you  have  a  grain  of  prudence  you  will  insure  your  ship- 
ment. This  item  is  rather  smaller  than  the  one  for  cartage. 
Now  that  there  are  no  U-boats  roaming  the  seas  the  cost  of 
insurance  will  scarcely  exceed  one-tenth  of  one  per  cent. 

The  Cost. — One  of  the  largest  international  bankers  in  the 
country  furnishes  the  following  list  of  expenses  based  on  a 
shipment  of  $100,000  consigned  to  ports  in  Western  Europe : 

Cartage $150.00 

Insurance,  at  a  dollar  a  thousand 100.00 

Cooperage,  2  casks  at  $3.50 7.00 

Freight 250.00 

Interest,  10  days  at  6  per  cent 166.67 

Total  cost  of  shipping  $100.000 $673.67 

These  figures  are  high  rather  than  low  because  they  are 
based  on  a  small  shipment.  Ship  one  or  more  millions  at  once 
and  some  of  the  items  will  be  materially  shaded. 

From  these  figures  it  will  be  seen  that  if  exchange  prices 
run  much  more  than  two-thirds  of  one  per  cent  above  normal, 
gold  shipment  is  the  cheapest  way  to  pay  foreign  debts. 

In  ordinary  times  the  price  of  foreign  exchange  is  quoted 
in  the  finest  print  in  an  obscure  corner  of  the  financial  page; 
but  when  European  exchange  drops  to  extraordinarily  low 
levels,  it  has  qualified  for  a  place  of  honor  in  the  regular 
news  columns — ^partly  for  its  own  sake,  but  largely  because 
of  its  importance  as  an  index  to  European  financial  conditions 
and  our  own  export  trade. 

About  the  middle  of  July,  1919,  sterling  exchange  broke 
overnight  from  $4.31  to  $4.2625.  The  normal  rate  is  in  the 
neighborhood  of  $4.87.  It  used  to  be  reckoned  with  reason- 
able accuracy  that  a  dollar  equaled  five  francs,  but  on  the 
day  that  pounds  sterling  registered  the  sharp  decline  above 
noted  a  dollar  would  buy  a  check  on  Paris  for  seven  francs, 
twenty-one  centimes.  Of  course  these  rates  are  reciprocal. 
That  is  to  say,  on  the  day  in  question  a  pound  taken  to  a 
banker  in  London,  would  buy  a  draft  on  New  York  for  only 
about  $4.26  instead  of  $4.87. 

At  any  other  time  European  countries  would  maintain  the 
parity  of  exchange  by  the  exportation  of  gold;  but  since  they 
have  no  more  gold  than  suffices  for  a  hand-to-mouth  existence 
that  remedy  is  no  longer  available. 


U.   S.  ASSETS  AND  LIABILITIES  83 


INDUSTRIAL  WEALTH  AND  NATIONAL  DEBT 

Our  National  Wealth  doubled  in  the  eight  years  next 
following  1912.  The  growth  was  made  in  bewildering  cir- 
cumstances, but  it  was  definite.  Raleigh  S.  Rife  of  the 
Guaranty  Trust  Company  (New  York)  is  next  to  Frank 
Vanderlip,  the  best  posted  bond  man.  Mr.  Rife,  speaking 
at  the  close  of  1919,  said  that  from  the  standpoint  of 
material  wealth  we  were  in  a  much  stronger  position  than 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  war.  Our  national  wealth  as  meas- 
ured in  dollars  in  1912  was  $187,000,000,000.  "Allowing 
for  normal  growth  and  the  extraordinary  growth  of  wealth 
during  the  war  period,  and  allowing  for  a  reasonable  re- 
capitalization of  our  wealth  in  accordance  with  the  level 
of  prices,  our  wealth  would  be  represented  by  an  approxi- 
mate total  monetary  value  of  $325,000,000,000." 

This  amount  credited  among  the  103,500,000  persons 
now  stated  by  the  Census  Bureau  to  constitute  our  popu- 
lation, would  give  each   $314.10. 

Our  National  Debt. — At  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year  1912 
the  national  debt  of  the  United  States  was  $1,040,000,000, 
or  $10.40  per  capita  in  a  population  numbering  100,- 
000,000.  A  treasury  bulletin  published  September  4,  1919, 
gave  it  as  $26,596,701,648,  a  slight  fraction  over  $257.12 
per  capita  in  a  population  of  103,500,000. 

Our  Stock  of  Cash. — August,  1914,  the  general  stock  of 
money  in  the  United  States,  including  money  held  in  the 
treasury  and  by  the  Federal  Reserve  Banks  as  well  as 
money  in  circulation,  was  $3,786,000,000;  rating  $36.60 
per  capita.  By  August,  1919,  this  had  increased  to  $7,781,- 
000,000,  rating  $75.18  per  capita. 

In  the  same  five  years,  bank  credits  had  increased  from 
$20,924,000,000  to  $22,316,000,000.  The  number  of  bank- 
ruptcies and  bank  failures  during  that  time  was  far  below 
any  similar  term  of  years  since  the  panic  of  1907-8.  Or 
(excepting  panic  years)    since  the  civil  war. 

January  1,  1920,  the  wealth-account  of  an  individual  in 


84  SAFE  METHODS 

our  population   (stating  wealth  in  terms  of  money,  which 
in  itself  is  not  wealth)   would  stand  thus: 

Dr.  Cr. 

National  debt $257.12      National  wealth   ...$314.10 

Cash     36.60 


$293.72 


By  which  showing,  each  individual  in  the  United  States 
stands  creditor  to  his  country  in  the  sum  of  $20.38. 

INCREASE  OF  SOUTHERN  WEALTH 

An  increase  of  more  than  $1,000,000,000  in  crop  pro- 
duction was  made  by  states  of  the  lower  Mississippi  valley 
in  the  ten  years  next  following  1910,  according  to  estimates 
by  the  Southern  Alluvial  Land  association  of  Memphis. 
The  development  was  attributed  to  the  reclamation  and 
cultivation  of  thousands  of  acres  of  low  lands,  and  to  the 
fact  that  farmers  were  getting  away  from  a  one-crop  sys- 
tem, producing  general  farm  crops  and  live  stock  in  addi- 
tion to  cotton. 

The  greatest  growth  in  farm  wealth  was  shown  by 
Arkansas,  which  was  credited  with  a  gain  of  more  than  700 
per  cent  in  ten  years.  In  1910  the  crop  wealth  of  Arkansas 
was  $59,119,000,  according  to  government  estimates.  In 
1919  it  reached  about  $400,000,000. 

Crop  production  in  Mississippi  in  1920  reached  about  the 
same  figure  ($400,000,000),  whereas  it  was  but  $84,000,000 
in  1910. 

Tennessee  gained  from  $70,000,000  in  1910  to  $335,- 
000,000  in  1919,  or  almost  500  per  cent  in  ten  years. 
Higher  prices  for  farm  crops  than  in  previous  years  are 
considered  in  estimating  the  gain. 

It  is  only  since  1910  that  there  has  been  a  large  crop 
production  in  the  onetime  overflowed  areas  of  Arkansas, 
Louisiana  and  Mississippi.  The  assistance  given  by  the 
federal  government  in  building  levees  to  end  overflows  by 
the  Mississippi  river,  and  the  development  of  drainage  on 
a  big  scale  had  by  that  year  made  possible  the  reclama- 
tion and  cultivation  of  idle  lands  which  now  are  producing 
the  added  crop  wealth  of  those  states. 

The  lower  valley  formerly  shipped  more  than  100,000 
head  of  hogs  a  year  to  outside  markets,  whereas  the  one 


SHIPPING   LOST  IN  WAR 


85 


state  of  Mississippi  last  year  shipped  nearly  $5,000,000 
worth  of  hogs  to  market. 

To  inroads  of  the  cotton  boll  weevil  a  few  years  ago  is 
attributed  the  rapid  change  from  the  one-crop  system  to 
the  diversified  system  now  being  practiced.  Farmers  no 
longer  depend  wholly  upon  their  cotton,  but  back  it  with 
general  farm  crops. 

The  tide  of  immigration  after  1910  shifted  from  the  west 
and  northwest  to  the  south,  with  a  very  noticeable  flow 
into  the  lower  Mississippi  valley. 

SHIPPING  LOSSES  OF  THE  WAR 


According  to  careful  estimates  made  by  the  Federal 
Bureau  of  Navigation  4,021,500  tons  of  shipping  at  a  cur- 
rent value  of  $450,000,000,  were  destroyed  by  the  Central 
powers  in  the  first  twenty-nine  months  of  the  war  up  to 
January  1,  1917.  Of  this  total  3,069,000  tons  were  British, 
or  nearly  15  per  cent  of  the  total  British  tonnage  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  war. 

During  the  same  period  the  naval  forces  of  the  Central 
powers,  principally  through  submarine  offense,  destroyed  as 
prizes  401  neutral  ships  of  537,500  tons  gross  because  of 
their  transportation  of  contraband.  December  losses  were 
the  heaviest  of  the  year,  152  merchant  ships  of  a  total  of 
329,000  gross  tons  being  lost.  Of  this  tonnage  240,000 
was  British.  Sixty-five  neutral  ships  of  86,500  tons  gross 
were  sunk,  bringing  the  month's  grand  total  for  hostile 
and  neutral  bottoms  to  415,500  tons  gross. 

Total  losses  of  the  principal  nations,  exclusive  of  the 
Central  powers,  were: 

Steam  and  sail-  Gross  tons 

ing  vessels  of  sail  and 

owned  accord-  steam  ves- 

ing  to  Lloyd's  sels  destroyed 

Register  book  in  war 

1915-1916  (28  months) 

Tons  No.  Tons 

19,541,364  1,100      3,069,000 

1,732,700  2  7,928 

3,622,913  17  33,082 

854,966  ■    75  81,592 

1,522,547  70  132,375 


Flag. 

No. 

United  Kingdom  . 

,  .9,285 

British   Colonies   . 

..2,068 

*United  States   .  . 

.2,530 

Danish     

.     835 

Dutch    

.      809 

S6  SAFE    METHODS 

French  1,539  2,285,728  137  325,464 

Italian 1,177  1,736,545  125  282,524 

Japanese    1,155  1,826,029  6  22,539 

Norwegian    2,174  2,529,188  289  339,970 

Russian    1,256  1,054,762  57  79,717 

Snanish   642  899,204  18  41,463 

Swedish 1,462  1,122,883  83  74,705 


*Excludes  vessels  on  great  lakes. 

These  losses  approximate  more  than  twice  the  amount 
of  tonnage  under  contract  in  American  yards,  which  official 
reports  show  are  contracted  ahead  for  more  than  two  years. 

The  loss  to  the  world's  merchant  shipping  in  1916  through 
war  causes  exceeded  the  total  tonnage  constructed. 

German  losses  of  shipping  from  July,  1914,  to  January,  1917, 
are  placed  at  409  ships,  of  which  102  were  destroyed  and  257 
captured  and  used  by  the  Allies.  The  German  tonage  loss  is 
said  to  have  been  1,266,000  tons  out  of  a  total  of  5,200,000  tons 
possessed  before  the  war. 

Germany  has  constructed  1,577,000  tons  of  new  shipping 
since  the  war  began,  which  is  more  than  enough  to  com- 
pensate her  for  her  losses.  She  is  said  to  be  building  one 
ship  of  56,000  tons,  two  of  35,000  tons  each,  and  twenty-four 
of  from  9,000  to  13,000  tons  each. 

German  Ships  Interned  in  U.  S.  Ports.^ — The  total  value  of 
German  and  Austrian  ships  interned  in  ports  of  the  United 
States  is  placed  at  $40,000,000,  thirty-one  of  which  vessels, 
valued  at  $28,000,000,  are  laid  up  in  the  port  of  New  York, 
and  sixty-eight  are  flying  the  flags  of  the  Central  powers 
in  other  ports  of  the  United  States  and  outlying  possessions. 
These  sixty-eight  vessels  comprise  a  total  of  363,041  gross 
tons  and  are  valued  at  $11,500,000. 

WAR  LOANS  m  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

American  investment  in  foreign  government  loans  or  com- 
mercial credits  due  to  the  war  amount  to  $2,350,000,000,  of 
which  about  half  is  to  Great  Britain  or  British  banks. 

The  largest  single  issue  was  $500,000,000,  loan  to  Great 
Britain  and  France  jointly,  of  which  half  may  be  considered 
as  British.  Next  was  the  $300,000,000  British  collateral  loan 
due  in  1919  and  1921. 

France  is  the  next  largest  borrower.  In  addition  to  the 
French  proportion  of  $250,000,000  in  the  joint  loan  there  is 
$100,000,000  collateral  loan  of  1919  and  $140,000,000  in  com- 
mercial credits.  A  total  of  $86,000,000  has  been  obtained  by 
the  cities  of  Paris,  Lyons,  Bordeaux  and  Marseilles. 

Russian  borrowings  have  reached  $75,000,000,  Italian  $25,- 
000,000  and  German  direct  obligations  $10,000,000.  British  and 
Russian  advances  marked  as  floating  debt,  aggregate  about 
$150,000,000  additional. 


RESOLUTIONS 


87 


.,--^^]    RESOLUTIONS 


Resolutions  are  the  expressed  opinion  of  bodies  such  as 
councils,  societies,  committees,  or  any  organization  on  any 
matter  they  may  have  had  under  consideration. 

Resolutions  in  form  should  be  prefaced  with  a  preamble, 
which  should  state  the  reason  or  occasion  o.  the  statements  that 
follow,  and  should  bear  the  signature  of  the  committee  framing 
them. 

FORMS  OP  RESOLUTIONS 

Retirement  of  an  Officer 

Whereas,  Our  esteemed  friend  and  fellow  citizen  is,  on  account  of  bodily 
infirmities.  compeLed  to  resign  as  president  of  our  organization;  and 

"Whehb  .:,  He  has  for  many  years  filled  the  office  from  which  he  now 
retires,  with  great  acceptability  and  universal  satisfaction,  therefore, 

Resolved,  That  we  hereby  express  to  him  our  sincere  thanks  for  his  untir- 
ing labors  in  behalf  of  our  organization  and  of  the  public  interest,  and  assure 
him  of  our  earnest  wish  that  he  may  enjoy  the  happiness  of  a  peaceful  and 
serene  old  a?e. 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  these  resolutions,  properly  engrossed,  be  pre- 
sented to  him  as  a  mark  of  our  esteem. 

Resolution  of  Thanks 

Resolved,  That  an  expression  of  our  appreciation  be  hereby  given  to  oui 
esteemed  chairman,  who  has  presiaed  over  the  deliberations  of  this  body  with 
impartiality,  dignity  and  marked  ability,  as  well  as  to  the  other  officers  for 
the  faithful  performance  of  duties.  * 

We  recommend.  That  suitable  resolutions  be  drafted  by  a  committee  ot 
five  appointed  by  the  chair. 


gS  SAFE    METHODS 

Resolution  of  Sympathy 

Whereas.  It  has  pleased  the  Almighty  to  remove  from  our  midst,  by 
death,  our  esteemed  friend  and  co-laborer,  K.  C.  Chapman,  who  has  for  many 
years  occupied  a  prominent  rank  in  our  midst,  maintaining  under  all  circum- 
stances a  character  untarnished,  and  a  reputation  above  reproach. 

Therefore,  Resolved,  That  in  the  death  of  Mr.  Chapman  we  have  sustained 
the  loss  of  a  friend  whose  fellowship  it  was  an  honor  and  a  pleasure  to  enjoy: 
that  we  bear  willing  testimony  to  his  many  virtues,  to  his  unquestioned 
probity  and  stainless  life;  that  we  offer  to  his  bereaved  family  and  mourning 
friends,  over  whom  sorrow  has  hung  her  sable  mantle,  our  heartfelt  con- 
dolence, and  pray  that  Infinite  Goodness  may  bring  speedy  relief  to  their 
burdened  hearts  and  inspire  them  with  the  consolations  that  Hope  in  futurity 
and  Faith  in  God  give  even  Ln  the  Shadow  of  the  Tomb. 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  these  resolutions,  properly  engrossed,  be 
presented  to  the  family  of  our  deceased  friend. 

Committee.- 

R.  K.  CoLLrNo, 
J.  K.  Arthur,  President.  A.  Weistland, 

Harry  Stone,  Secretary,  J.  Anderson, 


PETITION  FOR  LAYING  OUT  A  ROAD 

To  the  Commissioners  of  the  Town  of  Plainfield,  County  of  Will,  State  of 

Illinois-, 

Your  petitioners,  of  the  town  of  Plainfield,  would  respectfully  represent 
that  the  public  convenience  and  wants  require  that  a  road  and  highway 
should  be  laid  out  and  constructed  beginning  at  the  northeast  corner  of 
George  E.  Smith's  farm,  m  the  town  of  Plainfield,  and  leading  in  a  direct 
line  south  to  the  town  of  Lockport. 

Your  petitioners  would  therefore  ask  that  your  honors  would  view  the 
premises  and  locate  and  construct  said  road  and  highway,  according  to  the 
laws  in  such  cases  made  and  provided,  as  shown  by  the  statutes  of  the  State. 
Signatures.  Signatures. 

PETITION  FOR  CHANGING  A  ROAD 

To  the  Commissioners  for  the  County  of 

The  undersigned  respectfully  represent  that  the  public  road  and  highway 
from  the  house  of  J.  H.  Nolan,  in  the  town  of  Oswego,  passing  the  house  of 
G.  H.  Faust,  to  the  house  oi  Charles  Peterson,  in  the  town  of  Oswego,  is 
indirect,  inconvenient  and  out  of  the  way;  wherefore,  your  petitioners  request 
your  honorable  body  to  view  the  premises,  straighten  or  new  locate  such 
road,  and  discontinue  such  parts  of  the  present  highway  as  may  be  useless, 
or  make  such  alterations  or  improvements  as  shall  appear  to  your  honors 
necessary. 

'     Signatures.  Signatures. 


PUBLIC    SCHOOLS 


89 


^»'    •»!      1»  to  es 


MODERN  SCHOOL  BUILDING 


PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 

Laws  Governing  the  Bights  and  Duties  of  Directors, 
Teachers,  Pupils  and  Parents 

School  Management. — In  most  of  the  States  the  management 
of  the  public  or  common  schools  is  placed  by  statute  under  the 
exclusive  control  of  directors,  trustees,  committees,  or  boards  of 
education. 

School  Books  and  Course  of  Instruction  — "Where  the  manage- 
ment has  thus  been  placed  under  the  exclusive  control  of  the 
directors,  they  have  the  right  to  determine  what  books  shall  be 
used  and  what  instruction  shall  be  given  in  the  schools. 

Separate  Schools. — Where  the  legislature  of  a  State  confers 
upon  boards  of  education  tbe  power  to  establish  separate  schools 
for  white  and  colored  children,  this  may  be  done  without  vio- 
lating the  fourteenth  amendment  to  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States.  And  where  under  such  statutory  provisions 
appropriate  schools  for  colored  children  are  maintained,  such 
children  may  be  lawfully  excluded  from  schools  established  for 
white  children. 

But  unless  expressly  conferred  by  statute  upon  boards  of  edu- 
cation, the  power  to  establish  separate  schools  does  not  exist. 

The  courts  will  compel  the  trustees  to  admit  colored  children  to 
the  public  schools  where  separate  schools  are  not  provided  for 
them. 


QO  SAFE   METHODS 

Einplo5mient  of  Teachers.— By  statute  in  all  the  States  the 
authority  to  employ  teachers  for  the  public  schools  is  conferred 
upon  school  boards,  directors,  trustees,  and  committees. 

Certificates  of  mental  and  moral  qualifications  are  required  of 
teachers  in  most  of  the  States. 

In  some  States  these  certificates  are  given  by  a  board  of  exam- 
iners and  in  others  by  the  county  superintendent  of  schools. 

Tenures  and  Salaries.— As  a  general  rule  teachers  are  employed 
for  a  year  only  at  a  time,  but  sometimes  the  teacher  is  first 
selected  for  one  year,  then,  if  reelected,  for  two  years,  then  for 
four,  and  then  for  good  behavior  This  is  the  practice  in  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio. 

The  Salary  of  a  public  school  teacher  is  not  attachable  by 
trustee  process  while  in  the  hands  of  city  officials  whose  duty  it 
is  to  pay  it. 

Terminating  Teacher's  Contract. — The  contract  made  with  a 
teacher  for  a  period  extending  beyond  the  trustees'  term  of 
ofiBco  is  valid  and  binding  on  their  successors  in  office. 

School  directors  cannot  terminate  a  contract  with  a  teacher 
by  doing  away  with  the  particular  school  in  which  he  is 
engaged  in  teaching. 

Dismissal  of  Teachers  — No  teacher  holding  a  pre  per  certificate 
can  be  dismissed  without  sufficient  cause.  Unfaithfulness, 
incompetency,  and  inability  to  properly  govern  the  school,  are 
held  to  be,  either  separately  or  combined,  sufficient  cause  for 
dismissal. 

If  dismissed  without  sufficient  cause,  the  teacher's  remedy  is 
the  same  as  for  breach  of  any  other  contract. 

If  unwarrantably  interfered  with  or  obstructed  in  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties  by  the  directors,  the  teacher  has  his  remedy 
in  an  action  for  damages. 

Janitor  Work  cannot  be  required  of  a  teacher,  unless  it  is  so 
specified  in  the  contract. 

Closing  School. — When  the  school  is  closed  by  the  district 
officers  on  account  of  the  prevalence  of  a  contagious  disease, 
and  the  teacher  stands  ready  to  perform  his  contract,  he  is 
entitled  to  full  salary  during  the  time  school  is  closed. 

Legal  Holidays. — It  has  been  held  by  the  courts  that  in  the 
absence  of  statutory  requisitions  a  school  should  be  allowed  the 
legal  holidays  without  deduction  of  salary  to  the  teachers. 

Teachers  May  Expel  or  suspend  pupils  for  sufficient  cause,  as 


PUBLIC    SCHOOLS  91 

for  breach  of  discipline,  refusal  to  take  part  in  exercises,  refusal 
on  part  of  the  parents  to  sign  and  retui*n  periodical  written 
reports  of  the  pupil's  standing,  father's  refusal  to  permit  the 
teacher  to  whip  the  child  or  to  correct  him  himself,  refusal  to 
study  certain  branches  from  which  the  parents  of  the  child  have 
requested  that  it  might  be  excused,  or  misbehavior  outside  of  the 
school  tending  to  injure  the  school  and  subvert  the  teacher's 
authority.  A  teacher  or  director  can  change  the  regular 
school  hours  only  where  reason  requires  it. 

Corporal  Punishment 

The  Teacher  Stajids  in  Place  of  the  Parent,  and  while  a  pupil 
is  under  his  care,  has  the  same  authority  as  the  parent  has  at 
home  of  correcting  him  by  confinement  or  whipping. 

Assaults  by  Teacher. — Although  the  teacher  has  a  right  to 
punish  his  pupils  for  misbehavior,  he  will  be  liable  to  prosecu- 
tion for  assault  if  he  inflict  such  punishment  as  produces  or 
threatens  lasting  mischief,  or  if  he  inflict  punishment,  not  in 
the  honest  performance  of  duty,  but  under  the  pretext  of  duty, 

Presumptions  in  Favor  of  Teacher.— The  teacher  has  in  his 
favor  the  presumption  that  he  has  done  his  duty,  in  addition  to 
the  general  presumption  of  innocence,  and  in  determining  the 
reasonableness  of  the  punishment,  the  judgment  of  the  teacher 
as  to  what  was  required  by  the  situation  should  have  weight,  as 
in  the  case  of  a  parent  under  similar  circumstances. 

Pupils  Over  Twenty-one  years  of  age  who  voluntarily  attend 
school,  thereby  waive  any  privilege  which  their  age  confers, 
and  may  be  punished  as  any  other  pupils. 

Indecent  Liberties  taken  by  a  schoolmaster  with  a  female 
pupil,  without  her  consent,  though  she  does  not  resist,  consti- 
tute an  assault. 

Parents  Should  Uphold  the  Teachers  in  maintaining  school 
discipline,  for  upon  this  the  welfare  not  only  of  the  school  but 
that  of  the  pupils  themselves  depends.  Where  a  teacher  is  sure 
of  the  parent's  aid  in  the  proper  correcting  of  a  child,  corporal 
punishment  at  school  is  very  seldom  resorted  to  or  i-equired. 

Value  of  Corporal  Punishment.— The  right  and  occasional 
necesoity  of  corporal  punishment  being  conceded,  the  question 
remains :    Of  what  use  is  it? 

"I  am  confident,"  says  Addison,  "that  no  boy  who  will  not 
be  allured  by  letters  without  blows,  will  ever  be  brought  to  any- 
thing with  them." 


92  SAFE   METHODS 

The  following  incident  may  serve  as  an  aid  to  the  proper  solu- 
tion of  the  question : 

"I  dunno  how  'tis,  sir,"  said  an  old  English  laborer  to  his 
clergyman,  in  reply  to  a  question  respecting  the  bad  behavior 
of  his  children,  "I  dunno  how  'tis;  I  beats  'em  till  they're  black 
and  blue,  and  when  they  won't  kneel  down  to  pray  I  knocks 
'em  down,  and  yet  they  ain't  good." 


WILLS 

RULES  FOR  WRITING  A  WILL 

A  will  is  a  legal  statement  c^  the  disposition  a  person  wishes 
to  have  made  of  his  property  after  his  death. 

The  person  making  the  will,  if  a  man,  is  called  a  testator;  if  a 
woman,  testatrix.  An  executor  is  one  appointed  by  the  will  to 
carry  out  its  provisions  and  settle  the  estate.  The  feminine 
form  of  the  word  is  executrix.  An  administrator  is  a  person 
appointed  by  the  proper  court  to  settle  the  estate  when  there  is 
no  will. 

How  a  Will  Should  be  Drawn. — No  exact  form  of  words  is 
required  to  make  a  will  good  at  law ;  the  provisions  of  a  will 
should,  however,  be  stated  so  plainly  that  its  language  may  not 
be  misunderstood,  and  care  should  be  taken  to  comply  with  the 
provisions  of  the  statute  of  the  State  where  the  will  is  made  as 
regards  attestation  and  execution. 


WILLP  93 

The  name,  age  and  residence  of  the  testator  shovdd  be  dis- 
tinctly stated  at  the  beginning  of  a  will. 

A  will  should  contain  a  clause  describing  the  instrument  as 
the  last  will  of  the  testator  (as,  "I  hereby  revoke  all  former  vrills 
made  by  me  at  any  time''),  as  the  mere  making  of  a  subsequent 
will  does  not  revoke  a  former  one  entirely,  but  only  so  far  as  the 
last  made  may  conflict  with  the  earlier  one. 

Disposition  of  Real  Estate. — When  there  are  different  parcels 
of  real  estate  it  should  be  specifically  described,  as  in  a  deed; 
but  where  it  aU  goes  to  one  person  a  general  devise,  as  "I 
bequeath  all  my  real  estate  to ,"  is  admissible. 

Personal  Property  bequeathed  should  be  so  described  as  to 
render  identification  practicable. 

Property  located  in  another  State  must  be  bequeathed  in 
accordance  with  the  laws  of  that  State. 

Witnesses. — Great  care  should  be  exercised  in  the  selection  of 
witnesses.  They  should,  if  possible,  be  acquainted  with  the  tes- 
tator and  thoroughly  understand  his  mental  condition  at  the 
time  when  he  executes  his  will. 

A  person  having  a  beneficial  interest  in  the  will  should  not  be 
a  witness. 

The  residence  of  the  witness  should  be  placed  opposite  name. 

Tlie  number  of  witnesses  required  varies  in  different  states. 

The  witnesses  should  sign  in  the  actual  presence  of  the  testator 
and  where  he  can  see  them  sign;  and  in  the  presence  of  each 
other.  Minors  and  married  women,  if  otherwise  competent,  may 
be  witnesses. 

Laws  Governing  Wills 

1.  All  persons  of  sound  mind,  of  lawful  age  aud  such  as  can 
freely  exercise  their  own  will,  may  dispose  of  their  property  by 
making  a  will.  In  some  States  married  women  cannot  make  a 
will  without  the  consent  of  their  husbands. 

2.  A  will  is  not  of  force  until  after  the  death  of  the  testator. 

3.  The  testator  can  cancel  or  modify  his  will  at  any  time. 

4.  The  last  will  annuls  all  former  wills  unless  it  is  only  an 
addition  to  them. 

5.  A  will  is  good  though  written  with  a  lead  pencil 

6.  A  will  made  by  an  unmarried  woman  is  legally  revoked  by 
her  subsequent  marriage  unless  she  takes  such  legal  steps  before 
her  marriage  as  will  enable  her  to  dispose  of  her  property  after- 
wards as  she  sees  fit- 


94  SAFE   METHODS 

7.  A  will  should  first  provide  for  the  payment  of  all  just  debts 
and  funeral  expenses. 

8.  Property  bequeathed,  if  encumbered  with  debts,  must  first 
be  applied  to  pay  them  before  distribution  is  made  to  the  benefi- 
ciaries. 

9.  A  corporation  may  receive  property  bequeathed  to  it,  if 
provision  is  made  for  it  in  its  charter  for  accepting  such  gifts. 

10.  No  husband  can  by  will  deprive  his  wife  of  her  dower,  that 
is,  "one-third  of  her  husband's  real  estate,"  namely,  the  proceeds 
of  one-third  of  the  real  estate  and  appurtenances  as  long  as  she 
may  live.  Additional  bequeaths  can  be  made  to  her  by  the 
husband. 

11.  A  husband  can  will  his  wife  a  certain  amount  in  lieu  (in 
place)  of  her  dower,  stating  it  to  be  so  intended ;  this,  however, 
does  not  deprive  her  of  her  dower,  provided  she  prefers  it  to  the 
bequeath.  If  the  will  does  not  distinctly  state  that  the  bequest 
ia  in  lieu  of  her  dower,  then  she  is  entitled  to  both. 

12.  If  a  married  woman  possess  property,  and  dies  without  a 
will,  her  husband  is  entitled  to  administer  upon  such  property  in 
preference  to  any  one  else. 

13.  Any  bequest  of  property  made  to  a  subscribing  witness  is 
invalid,  although  the  integrity  of  the  will  is  otherwise  not 
affected  thereby. 

14.  The  testator's  full  name  should  always  be  written  at  the 
end  of  the  will.  If  he  cannot  write,  he  must  make  his  mark, 
having  his  hand  guided  by  another  person.  Such  mark,  if  he  is 
conscious  of  what  he  is  doing,  renders  the  will  valid. 

15.  It  is  always  best  if  the  testator  appoints  some  suitable  per- 
son or  persons  to  act  as  executor. 

16.  An  executor  may  always  erect  a  suitable  tombstone  and 
charge  the  expenses  to  the  estate  if  no  other  provision  has  been 
made. 

17.  If  there  is  no  executor  named  in  the  will  an  administrator 
wiU  be  appointed  by  the  court  to  settle  the  estate. 

18.  A  person  appointed  executor  is  not  obliged  to  servo,  but 
may  renounce  his  appointment  by  a  legal  written  notice,  signed 
before  two  witnesses,  which  fact  must  be  recorded  by  the  same 
officer  before  whom  the  will  has  been  proved. 

19.  The  will  should  be  presented  for  probate  as  soon  as  possible 
after  the  death  of  the  testator. 


WILLS  95 


Codicils 


A  written  addition  made  to  a  will  is  called  a  codicil  and  is 
executed  like  a  will.  It  is  designed  to  explain,  modify  or  change 
former  bequests  made  in  the  body  of  the  will.  It  must  be  exe- 
cuted with  equal  care  as  the  will  itself. 

Revocation. — A  will  may  be  revoked  by  an  actual  destruction 
or  obliteration  of  the  document,  or  by  the  making  of  a  new  will 
of  later  date. 

Marriage  and  the  birth  of  a  child  after  the  execution  of  a  will 
revoked  it  at  common  law,  and  this  rule  has  much  force  in  the 
United  States  now,  although  it  is  variously  modified  by  statute 
in  the  different  States.  If  a  man  makes  a  will  and  subsequently 
marries,  he  should  be  careful  to  make  a  new  will  as  soon  as 
possible. 

Probate. — No  will  is  effectual  to  pass  either  real  or  personal 
estate  unless  it  has  been  duly  proved  and  allowed  in  the  probate 
court.  The  attesting  witnesses  must  all,  if  possible,  be  pro- 
duced. If  any  are  dead,  or  have  left  the  State,  proof  of  their 
handwriting  may  be  required. 

So  long  as  the  probate  remains  unreversed  on  appeal,  the  due 
execution  of  the  will,  the  sanity  or  capacity  of  the  testator,  and 
the  attestation  of  the  witnesses,  cannot  be  called  in  question  in 
the  courts  of  common  law. 

A  codicil  requires  the  same  number  of  witnesses  as  the  will. 

Form  of  Will 

I,  John  R.  Baker,  of  the  city  of  Freeport,  in  the  county  of  Stephenson, 
and  State  of  Illinois,  being  of  sound  mind,  memory,  and  understanding,  do 
make  my  last  will  and  testament  in  manner  and  form  following: 

First.  I  give,  devise  and  bequeath  to  my  wife,  Anna,  her  heirs  and 
assigns  forever,  one-half  of  all  my  property,  real,  personal  and  mixed  of  what 
nature  and  kind  soever  and  wheresoever,  the  same  shall  be  at  the  time  of 
my  death;  the  same  to  be  in  lieu  of  her  dower  at  common  law. 

■Second.  I  give,  devise  and  bequeath  unto  such  of  my  children,  as  may 
Ke  living  at  the  time  of  my  death.,  one-half  of  all  my  property,  real,  personal 
and  mixed,  of  what  nature  and  kind  soever  and  wheresoever,  the  same  shall 
be  at  the  time  of  my  death,  to  be  divided  among  them  there,  share  and  share 
alike. 

Third.  I  hereby  direct  and  empower  my  executor  to  sell  and  dispose  of 
all  my  personal  property  to  the  highest  bidder  at  auction,  as  soon  as  prac- 
ticable after  my  death,  and  to  sell  my  real  estate  at  auction  or  private,  as  it 
may  in  his  judgment  seem  most  advantageous,  or  for  the  interest  of  my  said 
devisees. 

Fourth.  I  hereby  appoint  my  wife,  Anna,  guardian  of  the  person  and 
estate  of  such  of  my  children  as  may  be  minors  at  the  time  of  my  death. 


30  SAFE    METHODS 

Fifth.  I  hereby  appoint  Joseph  M.  Baker  executor  of  this  my  last  wiU 
and  testament. 

In  Witness  Whereof,  I,  John  R.  Baker,  the  testator,  have  to  this,  my 
last  will  and  testament,  set  my  hand  and  my  seal,  this  eleventh  day  of 
June,  A.  D.  1911. 

John  R.  Bakkp..         :   se^'j  : 


Sig:ned,  sealed,  published  and  declared  by  the  above  named  John  R 
Eakkr.  as  and  for  his  last  will  and  tsstament,  in  the  presence  of  os, 
who  have  hereunto  subscribed  our  names  at  his  request,  as  witnesew 
thereto,  in  presence  of  the  said  testator  and  of  each  other. 

ALBKRT  B.  MILX.KR, 

Freeport,  111, 
David  SMrrn. 

Freeport,  111. 
WnxJAif  Brown, 

Freeport,  111 

Codicil  to  the  Above  Will 

Whereas,  I,  John  R.  Baker,  did  on  the  eleventh  day  of  July,  one  thou- 
sand nine  hundred  and  four,  make  my  last  will  and  testament.  I  do  now  by 
this  writing  add  this  codicil  to  my  said  will,  to  be  taken  as  part  thereof. 

Whereas,  by  the  dispensation  of  Providence,  my  son  William  has  died 
on  the  third  day  of  August,  1904,  I  give  and  bequeath  unto  my  nephew, 
Charles  S.  Brown,  the  share  of  one-half  of  all  my  property,  real,  personal,  and 
mixed,  of  what  nature  soever  and  wherever,  at  the  time  of  my  death,  that 
would  have  fallen  as  his  share  to  my  son  William,  if  he  had  lived,  as  bequeath 
in  the  body  of  this  will. 

In  WrTNESs  Whereof,  I  hereunto  place  my  hand  and  seal,  this  first  dty 
of  September,  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  eleven. 


John  R.  Bakkr. 


Signed,  sealed,  published  and  declared  to  us  by  the  testator  John  R. 
Baker,  as  and  for  a  codicil  to  be  annexed  to  his  last  will  and  testament. 
And  we,  at  his  request,  and  in  his  presence,  and  in  the  presence  of  each 
other,  have  subscribed  our  names  as  witnesses  thereto,  at  the  date  thereof. 

Edward  J.  Bradford.  Freeport,  111. 

Daniel.  F.  Johnson,  Freeport,  111. 

John  F.  Wilson,  Freeport,  111. 

Form  of  Will,  Where  Property  is  Left  to  the 
Wife  Absolutely 

This  is  the  last  will  and  testament  of  me.  David  Goss.  made  this  ei?ht> 
eenth  day  of  Jirne,  A.  D.  1911,  in  Hamilton,  County  of  Butler,  and  State 
d  Ohio,  as  follows: 

I  bequeath  all  my  lands,  tenements  and  hereditaments,  and  all  my 
household  furniture,  ready  money,  securities  for  money,  money  secured  by 


WILLS TAXES  97 

life  insurance,  goods  and  chattels,  and  all  other  parts  of  my  real  and  personal 
estate  and  effects  whatsoever  and  wheresoever,  unto  my  wife,  Sophia  Goss, 
her  heirs,  administrators  and  assigns,  to  and  for  her  and  their  absolute  use 
and  benefit,  according  to  the  nature  and  quality  thereof  respectively,  subject 
only  to  the  payment  of  ray  just  debts,  funeral  and  testamentary  expenses, 
and  the  charge  of  proving  and  registering  this  my  will. 

And  I  appoint  my  said  wife  executrix  of  this  my  will,  and  thereby  revoke 
all  other  wills. 

In  Witness  Whereof,  I  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal,  the  day  and 
year  above  mentioned. 


Davtd  Goss, 


Slgiied,  sealed  published  and  acknowledged  by  the  said  David  Goss, 
as  and  for  his  last  will  and  testament,  in  the  preeence,  of  us.  and  at  his  request, 
and  in  the  presence  of  each  other,  have  subscribed  our  names  hereunto  as 
witQessee  thereof. 

John  J.  Jones, 

Hamilton,  Ohio. 

WSI.  F.  JOHKSON, 

Hamilton.  Ohio. 

TAXES 

Every  government,  whether  of  town,  State  or  nation,  is  under 
the  necessity  and  has  the  right  to  raise  the  necessary  funds  to 
carry  on  all  the  functions  of  the  government. 

Definition. — Tax  is  the  sum  of  money  which  the  government 
demands  from  the  individual  or  from  his  property  to  pay  for  the 
benefit  he  receives  from  the  government. 

The  government  protects  him  in  his  rights,  protects  his  prop- 
erty and  often  advances  the  value  of  the  same  by  public 
improvement.  It  therefore  has  a  right  to  levy  a  tax  upon  him 
and  his  property. 

Kinds  of  Taixes. — Taxes  are  either  direct  or  indirect. 

Direct  Taxes  are  those  which  are  levied  directly  upon  persons, 
property,  incomes,  etc. 

Indirect  Taxes  are  such  as  are  assessed  on  manufactures, 
imports,  etc.,  as  the  customs  tariff  and  most  of  the  excise  or 
internal  revenue  taxes. 

Taxation  in  the  United  States  ranges  itself  under  the  three 
heads  of  federal,  State,  and  municipal. 

Federal  Taxation  is  laid  almost  wholly  in  the  form  of  duties 
UDon  manufactured  sfooda  imnorted  from  for&iacn  countries-  and 


98  SAFE    METHODS 

excise  or  internal  revenue  taxes  laid  on  the  manufacture  and 
sale  of  liquors,  cigars,  etc.,  and  collected  in  great  part  by  means  of 
stamps.  In  1861  a  tax  was  imposed  on  incomes  over  §800,  and 
during  its  ten  years'  continuance  realized  for  the  government 
1365,000,000.  An  income  tax  was  again  imposed  in  1894.  but 
was  declared  to  be  unconstitutional  by  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court.     A  special  tax  was  imposed  on  corporations  in  July,  1909. 

State  Taxation  is  laid  upon  property  by  a  periodical^  val- 
uation. In  some  States  this  is  supplemented  by  taxes  on 
occupations  or  "privileges,"  on  franchises  of  corpomtions,  on 
legacies,  etc. 

Municipal  or  local  taxation  is  commonly  very  much  heavier 
than  State  taxation.  It  embraces:  (1)  all  taxes  laid  for  tlie  gen- 
eral purposes  of  counties,  cities,  boroughs,  towns  and  villages; 
and  (2)  those  local  taxes  which  are  usually  called  assessments, 
and  which  are  laid  in  special  districts  supposed  to  be  peculiarly 
benefited  by  the  construction  of  some  public  work,  and  by  some 
rule  of  apportionment  which  proposes  to  charge  each  item  of 
property  within  the  district  in  proportion  to  the  benefit  it  will 
receive. 

Poll  Tax, — Some  States  levy  tax  upon  all  male  citizens  over 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  others  upon  all  voters.  This  is  called 
poll  tax. 

Property  Tax. — Tax  levied  upon  property,  real  or  personal,  is 
called  property  tax. 

Valuation  of  Property.— The  assessor  of  the  town  or  city  esti- 
mates the  true  vahie  of  every  piece  of  taxable  property,  which 
is  usually  lower  than  the  market  value.  It  makes  little  differ- 
ence whether  the  property's  valuation  is  high  or  low,  because 
the  amount  of  tax  to  be  raised  is  rated  according  to  the  valua- 
tion, but  it  is  of  importance  to  any  individual  taxpayer  that  the 
valuation  of  his  property  shall  be  neither  higher  nor  lower  than 
that  of  others. 

In  many  States  when  county  taxes  are  levied,  there  is  a  county 
board  of  assessors  who  receive  the  tax  lists  from  the  assessors  of 
the  several  towns  and  cities  within  the  county;  and  if  necessary, 
in  their  judgment,  they  make  such  changes  as  justice  seems  to 
demand.  To  them  an  individual  who  believes  himself  over- 
taxed can  within  a  certain  time  appeal  for  correction. 

For  the  State  tax,  there  is  in  many  States  a  State  Board  of 
Equalization.     This  board  receives  the  lists  from  all  the  counties 


TAXES  99 

and  makes  the  necessary 'equitable  adjustment  of  taxes  through- 
out the  State. 

Levying  Taxes. — The  rate  of  taxation  is  determined  as  fol- 
lows: Having  placed  the  valuation  upon  all  the  property,  there 
is  fixed  the  amount  of  money  to  be  raised  by  the  town;  from  this 
sum  the  poll  tax  (where  there  is  any)  is  subtracted.  If  this  sum 
is  divided  by  the  total  valuation  of  the  property  of  the  town  the 
quotient  is  the  rate  of  taxation ;  that  is,  the  sum  to  be  raised  on 
each  dollar  of  property. 

The  amount  varies  all  the  way  from  two  mills  on  the  dollar, 
or  perhaps  less,  to  twenty  cents  on  each  hundred  dollars  or  two 
dollars  on  each  thousand  dollars  of  property.  In  large  cities  the 
rate  of  taxes  is  sometimes  as  much  as  2  per  cent  or  twenty  dol- 
lars on  a  thousand,  or  even  more. 

Collection  of  Taxes.— In  many  States  the  town  collector  collects 
all  the  taxes  for  the  town,  county  and  State ;  in  others  the  county 
collector  collects  of  all  the  towns. 

Penalties. — The  law  fixes  the  time  of  payment  of  taxes.  If  one 
neglects  to  make  payment  within  the  specified  time  a  fine  or 
penalty  is  added.  If  the  person  is  still  delinquent  after  a 
further  specified  time  the  property  is  sold  at  auction.  The  gov- 
ernment then  collects  enough  money  to  pay  the  taxes  and 
expenses  and  gives  a  tax  title  to  the  purchaser  of  the  property. 
The  former  owner  has  a  specified  time  in  which  to  redeem  his 
property  by  payment  of  the  tax  and  all  the  cost. 

The  Treasurer  and  Auditor.— The  collector  pays  the  money  col- 
lected to  the  treasurer,  whether  town  or  county,  and  takes  a 
receipt.     The  treasurer  is  required  to  give  bond. 

The  auditor  audits  every  bill  presented  for  payment  before  the 
treasurer  is  permitted  by  law  to  pay  it.  The  treasurer's  account 
must,  therefore,  correspond  with  the  final  account  rendered  by 
the  auditor. 

Exemptions.— Many  States  exempt  the  following  property, 
viz. :  Certain  portions  of  one's  personal  property,  such  as  tools 
and  utensils  of  laborers,  institutions  of  learning  and  charitable 
institutions,  also  churches  and  parsonages. 

Real  and  Personal  Property. — A  very  large  part  of  the  taxes 
must  be  collected  from  real  estate.  The  tax  from  personal 
property  includes  all  tax  except  that  on  lands,  lots  and  build 
ings.  The  State  tax  in  our  country  is  usually  much  less  than 
the  town,  city  or  county  tax. 


100  SAFE    METHODS 

TELEGRAPHS 

The  business  of  telegraphy  is  carried  on  by  corporations  and 
consists  of  tlie  making  and  performing  of  a  system  of  contracts. 

Parties  to  the  Contract. — There  are  two  parties  to  the  contract, 
(1)  the  sender  of  the  message,  and  (2)  tlie  telegraph  company. 
Each  party  agrees  to  do  certain  things  and  each  must  keep  his 
(or  its)  agreement.  If  the  company  fails  to  do  what  it  agreed. 
the  sender  can  compel  it  to  pay  for  all  loss  resulting. 

There  is  ordinarily  no  contract  between  the  company  and  the 
one  to  whom  the  message  is  sent  and  it  is  therefore  not  respon- 
sible for  any  loss  he  may  sutler. 

The  Contract. — The  ordinary  telegraph  l»lank  usually  consti- 
tutes the  contract.  The  sender  requests  the  company  to  send  a 
message  (called  a  dispatch),  and  such  a  request  is  in  effect  an 
offer  to  pay  for  the  service  if  rendered.  The  company  by  taking 
the  message  agrees  to  send  it,  i.  e.,  accepts  the  offer.  The 
request  and  compliance,  or  the  offer  and  acceptance,  make  the 
contract. 

The  Terms.— The  principal  parts  of  this  contract  are  (I)  the 
sender  agrees  to  pay  for  the  message  at  the  regular  rate  and  the 
company  may  refuse  to  take  it  unless  he  pays  in  advance;  (2)  the 
company  agrees  to  send  the  message  by  telegraph  with  prompt- 
ness, deliver  it  to  the  person  addressed  and  not  reveal  its  con- 
tents to  any  one  else. 

Accuracy. — The  message  must  be  sent  as  it  is  given.  Hence 
the  operator  cannot  correct  evident  mistakes,  such  as  mistakes 
of  grammar,  nor  add,  nor  omit  anything,  nor  make  any  change 
in  it. 

The  liability  of  the  company  for  mistakes  is  often  limited  by 
its  blanks,  the  blank  being  drawn  in  such  a  way  that  it  is  a 
contract. 

Promptness. — The  message  must  be  sent  as  soon  as  possible 
and  different  messages  must  be  sent  in  the  order  in  which  they 
are  received. 

Secrecy. — A  telegraph  company  is  a  confidential  messenger. 
It  has  no  right  to  reveal  the  message  to  any  one,  except  the  one 
to  whom  it  is  addressed. 

Submarine  Telegraphy. — Although  the  system  of  transmitting 
messages  by  means  of  electric  cables  laid  on  the  bottom  of  the 
sea  has  come  into  use  since  1851,  it  is  now  in  operation  in  almost 


TELEGRAPHS 


101 


every  part  of  the  world.     The  total  length  of  the  submarine 
cables  of  the  world  to-day  is  over  180,000  nautical  miles. 

Wireless  Tele^aphy,— In  1897  Marconi  announced  a  system  of 
wireless  telegraphy,  operated  by  means  of  electrical  vibratiom 
set  up  in  one  apparatus  and  transmitted  through  space  to  a  dis- 
tant receiving  apparatus  without  the  aid  of  an  intervening  wire 
On  December  21,  1902,  he  established  wireless  telegraphic  com- 
munication between  Cape  Breton,  Canada,  and  Cornwall,  Eng 
land,  a  distance  of  2,300  miles.  Messages  are  now  sent  regular Ij 
by  this  system  for  considerable  distances,  and  it  is  contended 
that  so  far  as  reliability  goes,  wireless  telegraphy  is  far  superioi 
to  the  ordinary  wire  lines. 

An  ocean  steamship,  with  a  wireless  telegraph  equipment  on 
board,  is  in  constant  communication  with  land  and  with  other 
vessels  similarly  equipped  throughout  its  trip,  and  the  safety  as 
well  as  comfort  of  an  oceanic  voyage  is  immeasurably  increased 
by  its  use. 

Wireless  telegraphy  has  been  most  successfully  used  in  oceanic 
signaling.  The  Japanese  are  in  a  great  measure  indebted  to  it 
for  the  success  of  their  navy  over  that  of  Russia  at  Port  Arthur, 
their  principal  warships  being  equipped  with  the  necessary 
wireless  transmitting  amd  receiving  apparatus. 


The  passengers  and  crew  of  the  Wliite  Star  Line  Steamer 
Republic  were  saved  by  means  of  its  wireless  equipment  when 
the  ship  was  rammed  in  a  fog  by  the  Italian  steamer  Florida  off 
Nantucket  Lightship,  Jan.  23,  1909. 


102 


SAFE   METHODS 


'The  man  who  Is  in  debt  carries  a  world  of  trouble."— BUBKB. 


HOW  TO  COLLECT  DEBTS 


Pay  as  you  go,  or  a  strictly  cash  business,  is  the  best  and 
safest  method  of  doing  business.  But  certain  conditions  or  cus- 
toms in  trade  make  this  sometimes  impractical  or  impossible, 
and  credit  must  be  given.  Under  this  method  dishonest,  care- 
less or  unfortunate  people  contract  debts,  then  refuse,  neglect 
or  are  unable  to  pay  them,  and  collections,  peaceable  or  forced, 
become  a  necessity. 

The  requisite  steps  to  collect  such  debts  are  a  matter  of  great 
importance  and  should  be  understood  by  everybody,  but  they 
are  not,  and  much  unpleasantness  and  heavy  losses  are  often  the 
result. 


HOW  TO    COLLECT    DEBTS  103 

Methods  by  Which  Debts  are  Contracted 

Goods  are  bought  on  credit,  to  be  paid  for  at  a  definite  or 
indefinite  future  time.  Labor  is  employed,  to  be  paid  for  at 
certain  future  periods.  Lands,  houses  and  other  property  are 
purchased  under  contract  of  future  payment.  Money  is  bor- 
rowed, under  notes,  mortgages  or  other  securities,  and  many 
other  transactions  in  business  and  trade  call  forth  occasions  or 
present  temptations  to  contract  debts. 

Suggestions  for  Avoiding  Debts 

1.  Do  a  Strictly  Cash  Business, — Better  small  profits  and  quick 
sales,  than  large  profits  and  long  credits. 

Mark  your  goods  as  low  as  possible  and  adhere  unswervingly 
to  your  cash  principle.  Tbis  is  best  for  buyer  and  seller.  It 
avoids  collections  and  prevents  losses.  It  saves  the  time  and 
labor  of  keeping  accounts.  This  enables  the  seller  to  sell  cheaper 
and  the  buyer  to  buy  for  less  than  on  credit. 

2.  Cautions. — Goods  sent  abroad  should  be  paid  for  before  the 
purchaser  takes  possession. 

The  time  of  credit  should  be  as  short  as  possible  and  the  bills 
collected  when  due.  When  working  for  others  collect  your 
wages  weekly  or  monthly,  in  accordance  with  the  agreement  to 
pay,  unless  your  employer  is  quite  responsible,  thus  making  your 
dues  safe. 

In  renting  lands  or  houses,  a  duplicate  lease  should  be  made, 
one  for  each  pai-ty,  the  rent  paid  promptly  when  due,  at  the 
house  or  business  place  of  the  landlord,  and  the  payment 
credited  on  the  back  of  the  lease. 

In  receiving  or  making  payments,  a  receipt  should  always  be 
made  out ;  it  is  a  voucher  and  may  save  trouble. 

Hotel  and  boarding-house  keepers  cannot  be  too  prompt  and 
strict  in  collecting  their  dues,  as  their  customers  are  mostly 
transient,  making  forced  collections  sometimes  impossible. 

Never  loan  money  without  requiring  a  note  or  a  duebill,  if  the 
amount  is  small ;  this  is  safest  even  between  the  most  trusted 
friends. 

When  the  loan  is  large,  have  the  note  secured  by  a  mortgage 
on  real  estate ;  but  see  to  it  that  the  same  is  not  encumbered  by 
previous  claims,  which  would  render  your  security  worthless. 
It  is  safest  to  require  an  abstract  of  title  and  then  have  your 
mortgage  recorded  immediately. 


104  SAFE    METHODS 

This  precaution  should  also  be  observed  where  a  chattel 
mortgage  is  taken  on  personal  property. 

If  a  small  amount  of  money  has  been  loaned  without  security, 
and  it  can  apparently  not  be  collected  without  legal  process-  it 
may  be  best  to  drop  the  matter  and  consider  the  loss  as  so  much 
paid  for  a  lesson  in  business  prudence. 

First  Steps  in  Making  Collections 

These  depend  very  much  upon  circumstances.  The  debtor 
may  have  met  with  reverses  or  a  misfortune,  rendering  him 
unable  to  pay  at  the  time  specified,  and  deserving  of  patience; 
others  may  be  careless  and  need  a  sharp  reminder;  a  third 
party,  inclined  to  be  dishonest,  may  need  close  watching.  Thua 
discretion  is  necessary  as  to  the  form  and  tone  of  the  letters 
requesting  payment.  For  letter  forms  illustrating  the  first 
efforts  in  making  collections,  see  pages  65  and  66. 


LEGAL  STEPS  IN  COLLECTIONS 

No  other  motive  except  the  question  "Will  it  pay?"  should 
induce  a  creditor  to  legally  enforce  payment.  A  mere  feeling 
of  retaliation  or  of  getting  satisfaction  has  no  place  in 
business. 

Before  resorting  to  the  power  of  law  it  is  well  to  ask  the  fol- 
lowing questions: 

1.  Have  all  reasonable  and  peaceable  efforts  been  made  to 
induce  the  debtor  to  make  payment? 

2.  Is  the  amount  sufficient  to  warrant  the  expense  involved  in 
the  legal  process? 

3.  Has  the  debtor  more  property  than  the  law  allows  him  by 
way  of  exemption? 

4.  What  does  the  law  exempt?    (See  Exemption  Table.) 
When  all  peaceable  means  have  been  exhausted  and  the  debt 

is  not  paid,  it  then  becomes  necessary  to  collect  it,  if  possible,  by 
legal  process. 

If  satisfied  that  the  debt  can  be  collected,  then  the  account 
should  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  justice  of  the  peace,  unless  it 
is  larger  than  comes  within  his  jurisdiction. 

This  amount  varies  in  different  States,  as  shown  by  the  foUow- 
ing  table: 


LEGAL  STEPS   IN    COLLECTIONS 


105 


liimit  of  Jurisdiction  with  Justice  of  the   Peace 

The  following  shows  the  largest  amount  in  the  different 
States  and  territories  which  the  justice  of  the  peace,  through 
bis  official  position,  can  have  jurisdiction  over: 


Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Dist.  of  Columbia. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas , 

Kentucky , 


,$100  Louisiana SlOO 

.300  Maine none 

.  100  Maryland 100 

.  SOD  M^sacbusetts 100 

SOO  Micbisan lOO 

.100  Minoesota 100 

.  200  Mississippi 200 

,  SOO  Missouri 250 

,100  Montana SOO 

,100  Nebraska 200 

,300  Kevada SOO 

200  New  Hampshire...  lOO 

200*"  NewJersey 200 

100»  New  Mexico lOO 

300  New  York 20O 

50  Nortli  Carolina....  200 


♦By  consent  of  parties,  S300, 


North  Dakota $200 

Ohio 100' 

Oklahoma lOO 

Oregon. 250 

Pcnnsylvahia SOO 

Rhode  Island  » 100 

South  Carolina....  lOO 

South  Dakota -100 

Tennessee 1.000 

Texas 200 

Utah 300 

Vermont 200 

Virginia lOO 

Washington 100 

West  Virginia SOO 

Wisconsin 200 

Wyoming 200 


When  the  amount  comes  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  justice 
lie  issues  a  summons,  which  the  constable  presents  to  the  debtor, 
reading  it  to  him  if  he  can  be  found,  which  is  called  "serving 
the  summons."' 


form  of  Summons 
The  wording  of  this  summons  will  be  somewhat  as  follows; 

St.\tb  op ) 

County,     J 

The  People  of  the  Stale  of .  to  any  Constable  of  Said  County-^ 

Greeting  ; 

You  are  hereby  commanded  to  summon  L.  M.  to  appear  before  me 

at  on, the day  of  ,  at  o'clock M.,  to  answer  the 

complaint  of  R.  L.  for  a  failure  to  pay  him  a  certain  demand  not  exceeding 

,  and  hereof  make  due  return,  as  the  law  directs.    Given  under  my 

hand  this day  of ,  19 — . 

James  Watts, 
"Justice  of  the  Peace. 

In  case  the  party  is  absent  or  refuses  to  hear  the  summons  the 
constable  may  read  it  to  some  member  of  the  family  of  ten  years 
or  upward  and  leave  a  copy  of  the  same.  A  summons  is  usually 
served  at  least  thrg&-3ayS^  before  the  trial  is  to  take  place.    Upoa 


106  SAFE   METHODS 

the  serving  of  the  summons  the  debtor  may  pay  to  the  constable 
the  demand  of  the  debt  and  costs,  taking  his  receipt  for  the 
same,  which  will  satisfy  the  debt  and  prevent  all  further  costs. 

The  Judgment 

If  at  the  time  set  for  trial  both  parties  appear  and  are  ready 
for  the  same,  the  justice  proceeds  with  it  and  determines  the 
matter  in  controversy.  His  determination  is  called  the  judg- 
ment. The  judgment  can  be  rendered  if  the  defendant  does  not 
appear  at  the  trial. 

Demanding  a  Jiuy 

Either  party  in  a  trial  before  a  justice  of  the  peace  may 
demand  a  jury,  and  the  justice  is  bound  to  grant  the  demand 
upon  the  deposit  with  him  of  the  jury  fees  by  the  party  making 
the  demand.     The  jury  may  consist  of  either  six  or  twelve  men. 

The  Execution 

The  judgment  being  obtained,  the  plaintiff  may  now  enforce 
payment.  This  process  is  called  execution.  It  consists  in  a 
writ  commanding  the  constable  to  seize  sufficient  of  the  prop- 
erty of  the  defendant,  "which  is  not  exempted  by  law,"  to 
satisfy  the  claim  and  costs  and  to  sell  the  same  and  bring  the 
/noney  into  the  court  to  be  paid  to  the  plaintiff.  The  constable 
then  proceeds  to  do  this  and  if  he  succeeds  in  finding  such  prop- 
erty seizes  it,  sells  it  at  auction,  and.  brings  the  money  into 
K)urt. 

Attachment 

While  the  causes  for  which  an  attachment  writ  will  issue  vary 
•:/>mewhat,  in  the  different  states,  the  following  grounds  are  al- 
most universal: 

Where  the  debtor  is  a  non-resident  or  a  foreign  corporation; 
where  the  debtor  is  about  to  remove  from  the  state;  where  the 
debtor  conceals  himself  so  that  process  cannot  be  served  upon 
him;  where  the  debtor  has  removed  or  is  about  to  remove  his 
effects  from  the  state  to  the  injury  of  creditors;  where|the  debtor 
has  fraudulently  conveyed,  concealed  or  disposed  of  his  property 
so  as  to  hinder  and  delay  creditors,  or  is  about  to  do  so;  where 
the  dcrbt  was  fraudulently  contracted  and  the  statement  consti- 
tuting «he  ^raud  reduced  to  writing. 

The  wrsditor  must  file  with  the  clerk  of  the  court  an  aflSdavit, 
stating  tne  nature  and  amount  of  his  indebtedness  and  any  one 


LEGAL   STEPS    IN    COLLECTIONS  IO7 

of  the  preceding  causes!  and  the  place  of  residence  of  the  debtor 
if  known,  or  that  upon  due  inquiry  ihe  has  not  been  able  to 
ascertain  the  same. 

Usually  the  attachment  is  not  issued  until  the  debt  is  due,  but 
in  some  States  it  is  issued  before  if  it  can  be  shown  that  the 
debt  would  probably  be  lost  unless  an  attachment  is  secured  at 
once. 

The  Creditor's  Bond.— In  order  to  secure  the  costs  and  the 
debtor  against  all  damages  in  case  the  attachment  is  improperly 
issued  the  creditor  securing  the  same  must  give  a  bond,  usually 
double  the  amount  claimed. 

The  Writ  makes  it  the  duty  of  the  oflScer  to  at  once  seize 
suflScient  property  of  the  debtor  to  satisfy  the  claim  (excepting 
such  as  is  exempt  from  execution)  and  to  hold  the  same  until 
the  plaintiff  can  get  judgment  and  seize  it  upon  execution. 
Property  of  the  debtor  in  the  hands  of  a  third  party  may  also  be 
seized. 

The  Real  Object  of  the  Attachment  is  to  hold  suflBcient  prop- 
erty of  the  debtor  to  satisfy  the  debt  until  the  creditor  can  get 
judgment.  When  the  property  has  been  seized  the  summons  is 
served,  and  if  the  case  is  properly  proved  judgment  is  obtained 
in  the  ordinary  way.  After  tliis  the  creditor  takes  out  his 
execution,  makes  a  levy  upon  the  property  attached,  and  out  of 
the  proceeds  satisfies  his  debt. 

Each  State  has  its  own  attachment  laws,  and  since  officers  of 
the  law  must  be  engaged  to  obtain  the  attachment  there  need 
be  no  difficulty  in  the  details  of  the  procedure. 

Garnishment  or  Suing  the  Garnishee. — In  the  course  of  col- 
lection of  debts  it  sometimes  happens  that  while  the  defendant 
himself  may  have  no  property  in  his  possession  upon  which  an 
attachment  can  be  made  some  other  person  may  have  in  his  pos 
session  property  belonging  to  the  debtor  or  may  be  indebted  to 
him.  In  such  cases  the  plaintiff  can  proceed  against  this  third 
party,  who  is  called  the  garnishee,  just  as  against  the  original 
debtor,  although  in  some  States  a  certain  amount  of  money  is 
exempt  and  cannot  be  garnisheed. 

Attaching  the  Body 

If  under  an  attachment  the  officer  returns  "no  property 
found,"  but  the  plaintiff  is  convinced  that  the  defendant  has 
property  concealed,  with  the  intention  of  defrauding  him,  and 


108  SAFE    METHODS 

believes  he  is  in  danger  of  losing  his  claim  unless  the  debtor  is 
held  to  bail,  several  States  empower  the  justice  to  issue  a  capias 
for  the  arrest  of  the  debtor.  A  capias  is  issued  usually  only  as  a 
last  resort,  when  it  appears  that  the  claim  can  only  be  collected 
by  arresting  the  defendant. 

Persons  Who  Cannot  Be  Arrested 

The  constitution  of  the  United  States  prohibits  the  arrest  of 
members  of  Congress  and  electors  while  on  duty,  except  for 
treason,  felony  and  breach  of  peace.  In  many  States  the  militia, 
while  attending  musters  or  while  on  a  journey;  so  also 
attorneys  and  counselors  at  law,  judges,  sheriffs,  and  all  other 
oflBcers  of  the  several  courts,  also  witnesses  and  other  persons 
necessarily  attending  court  are  exempt  from  arrest  except  for 
felony,  etc. 

Real  Estate  Held  for  Debt 
When  under  an  execution  no  personal  property  can  be  found 
with  which  to  pay  the  debt  and  it  is  known  that  the  debtor  pos- 
sesses real  estate  enough  to  meet  the  claim,  then  certain  States 
allow  the  justice  to  certify  to  the  clerk  of  the  circuit  court  a 
transcript  of  the  judgment.  This,  when  filed  by  the  clerk, 
becomes  a  ,lien  upon  the  real  estate  of  the  debtor.  The  court 
can  then  issue  an  execution  and  the  property  be  sold  for  pay- 
ment of  the  debt  and  costs. 

Right  to  Appeal 

If  all  legal  steps  have  been  properly  taken  in  a  trial  before  a 
justice  or  jury  and  the  decision  is  that  the  debtor  must  pay  the 
claim,  he  can  then  appeal  to  the  next  higher  tribunal,  which  is 
the  circuit  court,  district  court,  court  of  common  pleas  or  other. 

Before  an  appeal  is  allowed  the  defendant  must  give  a  bond, 
signed  by  one  or  more  responsible  persons,  to  a  sum  twice  the 
amount  of  the  claim,  to  cover  the  debt  and  all  costs  in  case  he  is 
beaten. 

If  the  defendant  loses  his  case  also  in  this  court  then  he  can 
carry  it  to  the  supreme  court  of  the  State,  where  the  matter 
generally  ends,  though  the  way  remains  open  for  him  to  appeal 
to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  A  bond  twice  the 
amount  of  the  debt  and  the  costs  accumulated  by  the  successive 
trials  up  to  this  time  is  required  before  an  appeal  from  one  court 
to  another  is  granted,  as  from  the  first. 


LEGAL   STEPS    IN    COLLECTIONS  109 

When  an  Amount  Beyond  the  Jurisdiction  of  a  Justice  is  to  be 
collected  the  case  must  be  brought  before  the  circuit  court,  dis- 
trict court,  court  of  common  pleas,  or  a  court  of  similar  charac- 
ter. There  the  clerk  issues  the  summons,  the  sheriff  or  his 
deputy  serves  it  and  the  case  is  usually  tried  before  a  jury  of 
twelve  men  at  the  next  term  of  Court. 


Delay  in  Forced  Collections 

Since  the  defendant  can  promptly  defend  his  case  and  if 
beaten  appeal  to  a  higher  court,  he  can  thereby  delay  payment 
of  the  original  debt  for  one  or  more  years.  But  as  each  appeal 
increases  the  costs  they  soon  become  heavy  and  but  few  persons 
are  able  or  willing  to  bear  them.  A  debtor  vpill  generally  pay 
the  debt  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  prosecution,  unless  he  believes 
himself  wronged  or  for  other  reasons  refuses  to  do  so. 


Cost  of  Collections  by  Law 

The  first  questions  that  should  properly  be  asked,  before  resort- 
ing to  or  before  submitting  to  collections  by  law,  are:  What 
will  it  cost?  Will  it  payV  The  actual  cost  cannot  definitely  but 
only  approximately  be  foretold,  and  only  in  so  far  as  the  amount 
of  the  fees  are  fixed  by  law. 

If  the  amount  and  the  intricacies  of  the  case  are  such  that  it 
is  thought  best  to  employ  a  lawyer  a  day  or  two,  his  charges 
will  probably  range  from  ten  to  twenty  dollars. 

If  the  plaintiff  gains  the  case  the  debtor  must  pay  all  the 
costs.  If  the  justice  or  jury  decides  against  the  plaintiff, 
declaring  no  cause  for  action,  then  the  plaintiff  must  pay  the 
cost  of  the  sviit. 

The  following  fees  of  an  ordinary  suit  vary  in  the  different 
States: 

Docketing  the  suit S  0.25 

Issuing  summons 25 

Constable  for  serving  summons 35 

Each  mUe  traveled  by  constable  in  serving  summons 05 

Justice  fee  for  entering  up  judgment 25 

For  discharge  of  docket 25 

Fee  of  justice  for  hearing  statement  and  giving  decision 2.00 

Total $  3.40 


110  SAFE    METHODS 

Witnesses  are  allowed  50  cents  a  day.  Say  two  witnesses.  . .  .$  1 .00 

Jus-tice  for  issuing  subpoena  of  witnesses  at  25  cents 50 

Constable  for  serving  each  subpoena  at  25  cents 50 

C!onstable  for  mileage  and  administering  oath  to  witnesses. 

about 50 

Total S  5.90 

If  tried  by  jury,  each  juryman  is  allowed   50  cents;    12 

jurymen S  6. 00 

For  entering  verdict  of  jiury 15 

Constable  for  waiting  on  jurj' 50 

Entering  satisfaction  of  judgment 10 

Approximate  cost  of  trial  without  attorney  before  a  justice 

if  settled  there 12 .  65 

If  an  attorney  is  employed,  say  fee 15. 00 

Total J27.65 

If  debtor  does  not  settle,  fee  for  execution 50 

Fee  of  constable  for  serving  and  returning  execution 50 

Advertising  property  for  sale 8  .  50 

Commission  on  sales,  not  exceeding  ten  dollais,  10  per  cent, 

if  more  5  per  cent;  property  sales  say  $50,  commission. . .     2.50 

Total  cost  of  legal  process  ending  in  execution $34  .  65 

Total  cost  of  suit  involving  say  a  debt  of  $50. 

If  the  case  is  settled  without  effecting  the  sale  under  execu- 
^ion,  the  cost  connected  with  the  execution  is  one-half  of  what 
is  stated  above.  Add  to  this  the  time  lost,  to  say  nothing  about 
the  moral  effect,  and  the  question,  "Will  it  pay?"  is  pretty  well 
answered. 

Exemption  Laws  of  the  Difierent  States 

Exemption  laws  are  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  those  who 
are  unable  to  pay  their  debts  without  causing  distress  to  them- 
selves and  their  families. 

In  many  of  the  States  debtors  who  desire  to  avail  themselves 
in  full  of  the  provisions  of  the  exemption  laws  are  required  to 
make  a  schedule  of  their  personal  property  of  every  kind  and 
character,  including  money  on  hand  and  debts  due  and  owing  to 
the  debtor,  and  deliver  the  same  to  the  officer  serving  the  writ 
of  execution.    This  schedule  must  be  sworn  to  by  the  debtor. 

Making  this  schedule  properly  is  of  the  utmost  importance. 
There  should  be  no  delay.  Care  must  be  exercised  that  no  article 
of  property  is  omitted. 


LEGAL    STEPS    IN    COLLECTIONS 


111 


Personal 
State.  Property  Homestead 

Exempt. 

Alabama  ...o.. SI. 000 .S2.0<j0 

Arizona 500 2,500 


2,500 
5,000 
2,000 
1,000 


Aikansas 600. 

California.  .  .  * . . 

Colorado 

Conmcticut.  ... 

Delaware 200. 

Dist.of  Jolumbia     300 

Florida. . 1,000  .  .160  Acres. 

Georgia ...  ....  1,600. .  .  .or  1  600 

Idaho 5,000 

Illinois 400 1,000 

Indiana  .......      600 or  600 

Iowa 200.  or  40  Acres. 

Kansas ...  160  Acres. 

Kentucky 1,000 

Louisiana.  . Total,  2  000 

Maine.  .     .  .  600 

Maryland 100 

Massachiisetts. .  800 

Michigan 400 1500 

Minnesota 500.. .  .80  Acres. 

Missi.ssippi 2,000 

Missouri 300 3,000 


Personal 
State.  Property  Homestead 

Exempt. 

Montana, S2,500 

Nebraska 600 2,000 

Nevada 6.000 

New  Hampshire  500 

New  Jersey 200     1,000 

New  Mexico.  .  .       500 1,000 

New  York 250 1,000 

North  Carolina  .    500 1.000 

North  Dakota  .   1,500 5,000 

...       100 1,000 


i,Ohio 

Oregon  

Pennsylvania. , 
Rhode  Island.  . 
South  Carolina 
South  Dakota 
Tennessee. .  . . 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Vuginia 

WashinETton.  . 
West  Virginia 
Wisconsin.  . . . 
Wyoming.  .  .  . 


1,500 

300 

300 

500 .   1.000 

750 5,000 

1,000 

5,000 

1,500 

500 

2.000 

500 2,000 

200 1.000 

200.  ...40  Acres. 
500 1,500 


200. 


Note. — In  many  of  the  States  it  is  impossible  to  place  a  fixed  amount  on 
personal  property  exempt.  In  the  table  above  these  States  have  no  amount 
given  in  the  personal  property  column.   *  Oklahoma,  homestead  160  acres. 

The  Time  in  which  Debts  are  Outlawed 

1.  It  is  found  necessary  in  all  commercial  countries  to  fix  a 
limit  of  time  in  which  debts  hold  good.  It  would  not  tend  to 
sound  business  practices  or  fairness  for  a  creditor  to  be  allowed 
unlimited  time  in  which  to  enforce  the  collection  of  a  debt. 

2.  Statutes  of  limitation  have  therefore  been  enacted,  the 
period  of  time  varying,  there  being  no  natural  boundary  line. 

3.  The  range  of  time  is  from  one  year  to  twenty  years. 

4.  In  accounts  it  generally  begins  from  the  purchase  of  the 
last  item,  and  is  renewed  by  every  partial  payment. 

5.  In  case  the  debtor  makes  a  written  acknowledgment  in  a 
note,  or  papers  of  that  character,  the  claim  is  renewed. 

For  the  statutes  of  limitation  in  force  in  the  different  States, 
see  title.  Interest  Laws  and  Statutes  of  Limitation, 


''-^^i^^J!^'" 


112 


SAFE    METHODS 


/ 


Russell  Sags 


STOCK  JOBBING 

The  practice  to  which  the  term  "stock  jobbing"  is  more  par- 
ticularly applicable,  is  that  of  dealing  in  stocks  or  shares  by 
persons  who  possess  but  little  or  no  property  in  any  of  the 
funds,  yet  who  contract  for  the  sale  or  transfer  of  stock  at 
some  future  period  at  a  price  agreed  upon  at  the  time.  Such 
bargains  are  called  time  bargains,  and  this  practice  is  gambling 
in  every  sense  of  tlie  word. 

Wall  Street,  in  New  York  City,  is  the  principal  scene  of  stock 
jobbing  in  the  United  States.  The  New  York  Stock  Exchange 
is  the  dominant  feature  of  this  locab'ty.  Here  the  prices  of 
stocks  and  securities  are  determined,  and  here  men  become  mil- 
lionaires or  paupers  in  a  day. 

Big  Profits  and  Big  Losses. — Stock  jobbing  is  carried  on  to  an 
amazing  extent,  and  is  of  this  character :     A  agrees  to  sell  to 


STOCK   JOBBING  113 

B  $50,000  of  bank  stock,  for  instance,  to  be  transferred  in 
twenty  days,  for  §60,000,  Now  if  the  price  of  bank  stock  on  the 
day  appointed  for  transfer  should  be  only  118  per  cent,  he  may 
then  purchase  as  much  as  will  enable  him  to  fulfill  his  bargain 
for  §50,000  and  thereby  gain  §1,000  by  the  transaction.  Should 
the  price  of  bank  stock,  however,  advance  to  125  per  cent,  he 
will  have  to  pay  §63,500  for  the  necessary  amount  of  stock  and 
will  thus  lose  §2,500  by  completing  his  agreement. 

Advice  of  an  Experienced  Financier. — Russell  Sage,  one  of  the 
most  successful  financiers  in  the  United  States,  gives  the  fol- 
lowing advice  concerning  "Wall  Street  speculations: 

"The  fact  cannot  be  too  strongly  impressed  upon  the  minds  of 
intending  Wall  Street  speculators  that  for  every  dollar  gained 
in  Wall  Street  there  is  a  dollar  lost,  and  as  the  people  who  gain 
the  dollars  are  always  well-known  old-timers  in  the  business,  it 
follows,  clearly,  .that  the  people  who  lose  the  dollars  are  the 
new-comers.  It  often  happens,  too,  that  in  an  unguarded 
moment  an  old-timer  is  ruined  in  Wall  Street;  but  it  is  always 
the  other  old-timers  who  benefit  by  his  collapse — the  new-comers 
do  not  figure  in  the  deal. 

"  'Experience'  in  Wall  Street  counts  for  nothing  unless  the 
experience  of  many  years'  duration,  or  is  had  as  a  friend  of  a 
certain  clique. 

"No  doubt  the  man  who  goes  into  Wall  Street  speculation 
with  a  §1,000,000  capital  may,  with  great  prudence,  be  able  to 
win  §1,000,000  or  §5,000,000  more  after  five  or  ten  years.  But  he 
will  lose  from  half  to  three-quarters  of  his  original  capital  in 
acquiring  the  knowledge  of  the  'wire  pulling'  that  will  be  neces- 
sary for  him  to  be  possessed  of  before  he  can  begin  to  be  making 
regular,  permanent,  steadily  increasing  gains.  Exceptions  have 
been  extremely  rare,  and  were  the  result  of  mere  chance. 

"As  a  rule,  however,  for  a  person  with  less  than  §25,000  or 
even  §50,000  to  go  into  Wall  Street  is  sheer  throwing  away  of 
money.  I  have  seen  thousands  of  men  with  capitals  larger  than 
that  go  down  with  the  loss  of  every  dollar.  Some  of  them  were 
men  of  exceptional  shrewdness,  too. 

"I  tried  speculation,  when,  in  1874,  I  bought  a  seat  in  the 
Stock  Exchange.  But  when  I  found  out  what  the  conditions 
were,  I  simply  got  out  at  the  first  opportunity. 

"I  do  not  wish  to  be  drawn  into  any  controversy  in  the  mat- 
ter, so  will  not  particularize;  but  the  person  who  is  thinking  of 
going  into  Wall  Street  speculation  in  the  hope  of  making  money 


114  SAFE   METHODS 

when  he  has  learned  what  is  popularly  called  'the  ropes'  wouU 
do  well  to  ponder  what  one  writer  has  written  on  the  subject: 

"  'Some  brokers  of  the  Stock  Exchange  simply  bid  the  figures 
to  win  their  bets  which  they  have  made  with  their  dupes— are 
running  a  "brace"  game.  Pretending  to  trade  in  stock,  they 
delude  the  speculating  public  with  the  idea  that  they  bid  stocks 
up  or  down  according  to  conditions  of  trade,  war  news,  and  so 
on.  In  reality,  their  only  object  is  to  bid  the  figures  against  the 
lambs  on  the  iloor  who  bring  in  the  money  of  the  lambs  on  the 
outside.  In  the  nature  of  things,  that  could  be  their  only  object. 
The  business  not  being  a  trading  in  actual  stock,  but  simply 
betting  on  ligures,  the  only  object  of  the  thimble-riggers  on  the 
floor  is  to  bid  the  figures  so  as  to  win  their  bets.  Several  shysters, 
acting  in  collusion,  pretend  to  trade  furiously  with  one  another, 
their  bids  in  these  "wash"  sales  "washing"  a  stock  up  or  down.' 

Life  in  Wall  Street. — "The  general  public  has  an  incorrect 
idea  of  the  nature  of  the  life  of  a  Wall  Street  businss  man.  The 
spculators  no  doubt  are  compelled  to  Uve  under  conditions  of 
unnatural  excitement ;  but  it  is  not  so  with  the  Wall  Street 
operator  who  does  not  speculate — the  man  who  buys  stock  with 
the  object  of  improving  its  value,  and  retaining  it.  There  is  no 
more  undue  excitement  in  the  life  of  a  Wall  Street  business  man 
than  there  is  in  the  life  of  a  wholesale  dry  goods  dealer.  The 
man  who  deals  in  money — that  is  what  a  Wall  Street  business 
man  does — must  be  just  as  thorough  a  business  man  as  the  man 
who  deals  in  merchandise. 

"The  wholesale  grocer  looks  about  the  field  before  him,  and 
discovers  that  by  purchasing  an  agency  in  a  certain  section  and 
spending  some  money  in  developing  its  resources  he  can  make 
his  general  wealth  so  much  larger ;  and  so  it  is  with  all  other 
dealers  in  merchandise.  The  Wall  Street  business  man  does  not 
do  differently.  He  simply  examines  the  field  before  him,  and  his 
experience  teaches  him  that  if  he  buys  out  a  lot  of  stock  in  a  cer- 
tain concern  which  is  in  great  need  of  ready  money,  he  can  lend 
the  money  to  that  concern,  and  the  result  will  be  that  the  value  of 
its  shares  will  go  up.  Instead  of  selling  this  stock  when  it  becomes 
valuable,  as  the  public  imagines  he  is  always  anxious  to  do,  it  is 
seldom  that  the  Wall  Street  business  man  cares  to  part  with  it. 

"The  Wall  Street  Speculator  differs  from  the  Wall  Street  busi- 
ness man  in  this  respect,  in  that  after  buying  a  certain  stock  he 
either  cannot  or  does  not  do  anything  to  make  it  more  valuable 
except  in  the  belief  of  the  lambs  by  the  bidding  for  it  which  he 


/ 


WAREHOUSING  115 

prompts  his  agents  to  do.  Tlien  when  he  sells  it  at  a  higher  fig- 
ure the  real  truth  of  the  matter  is  that  the  actual  value  of  the 
stock  has  remained  all  the  meanwhile  in  exactly  the  same  place 
where  the  value  was  at  the  time  the  speculator  originally  pur- 
chased 't.  It  is  to  persons  such  as  the  latter  that  fortunes  are 
lost  in  Wall  Street. " 

Bucket  Shops  are  places  which  secure  Stock  Exchange  quota- 
tions, or  pretend  to  do  so,  and  furnish  persons  of  moderate  means 
the  same  opportunities  for  gambling  offered  to  wealthy  specu- 
lators at  the  Exchange.  Here  anybody  can  gamble  in  futures 
by  risking  as  small  an  amount  as  five  or  ten  dollars,  but  his 
chances  of  winning  out  are  about  the  same  as  if  he  had  put  up 
his  money  on  a  shell  game  or  three  card  monte. 


WAREHOUSING 

Warehouses  are  divided  generally  into  two  distinct  classes: 

1.  Bonded  vrarehouses,  under  the  control  of  the  government. 

2.  Unbonded,  or  private  warehouses. 

Bonded  Warehouses  are  buildings  in  which  imported  mer- 
chandise is  stored  until  the  importer  makes  entry  for  withdrawal 
for  consumption  and  pays  the  duties,  or  until  he  withdraws  the 
merchandise  for  reexportation  to  a  foreign  country  without  pay- 
ing the  duties. 

These  warehouses  are  owned  either  by  the  government,  or  are 
private  bonded  warehouses,  whose  proprietors  must  obtain 
authority  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  for  receiving 
imported  goods  before  the  duties  thereon  are  paid.  Those 
owned  by  the  government  are  under  the  entire  control  of  the 
collector  of  the  port,  who  assesses  a  charge  at  a  fixed  rate  for 
the  storage  of  goods,  and  this  charge,  with  the  import  duty, 
becomes  a  lien  upon  them.  The  private  bonded  warehouses  are 
required  to  be  first-class,  fire  proof  buildings,  and  to  be  used  for 
no  other  business,  and  they  must  be  approved  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  before  receiving  any  merchandise.  A  govern- 
ment officer  is  placed  in  charge,  at  the  expense  of  the  owner,  and 
the  business  is  conducted  under  provisions  and  requirements 
established  by  the  government.  The  officer  of  the  customs 
detailed  to  take  charge  of  a  bonded  warehouse,  and  under  whose 
supervision  oonded  goods  are  received  and  delivered  from  the 
warehouse,  is  called  a  bonded  storekeeper. 


116 


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■WAREHOUSINQ  117 

Goods,  wares  and  merchandise  imported  into  tlie  United 
States,  subject  to  the  payment  of  ad  valorem  duties,  are  required 
by  law  to  be  appraised  at  their  "actual  market  value"  in  the 
foreign  port  at  time  of  export.  As  it  is  frequently  diflScult  to 
establish  an  actual  market  value  in  a  foreign  port,  many  goods 
being  made  only  and  expressly  for  foreign  markets,  and  not  sold 
nor  offered  for  sale  at  the  place  of  their  manufacture  or  ship- 
ment, serious  litigations  often  arise  between  the  merchant  and 
the  government.  This  difficulty  has  led  to  the  recognition  by 
the  commercial  world  of  the  distinctions,  cash  value,  market 
value,  and  intrinsic  value,  although  the  laws  name  but  one — the 
"actual  market  value." 

In  the  United  States  the  government  warehouse  system  has 
been  extended  to  other  than  imported  goods.  Thus  spirituous 
liquors  may  be  deposited  m  certain  warehouses  under  the  con- 
trol of  an  internal  revenue  collector,  and  payment  of  the  internal 
revenue  taxes  delayed  until  the  liquors  are  withdrawn.  Bonds 
are  usually  required  of  persons  availing  themselves  of  this  priv- 
ilege, and  the  liquors  so  stored  are  said  to  be  i7i  bond. 

"Unbonded  Warehouses,  or  private  storage  houses,  are  common 
in  all  the  large  cities  of  the  United  States,  and  are  mostly  used 
for  the  storage  of  household  goods.  There  are  many,  however, 
used  exclusively  for  the  storage  of  merchandise,  some  of  which 
are  known  as  cold-storage  warehouses.  In  some  States  ware- 
houses for  the  storage  of  grain,  etc.,  are  subject  to  State  inspec- 
tion and  supervision. 

The  rates  for  storing  bulky  articles  are  usually  fixed  at  so 
much  per  month,  according  to  the  amount  of  space  occupied. 
The  warehouseman  is  regarded  as  a  bailee  for  hire,  and  must 
take  ordinary  care  of  the  property  placed  in  his  custody.  (See 
Bailments.) 

Warehouse  Receipts  given  by  private  warehouse  companies 
are  negotiable  instruments  and  pass  from  hand  to  hand  by 
indorsement,  or  they  may  be  used  with  banks,  etc.,  as  collateral 
security  for  money  borrowed.  There  is  usually  a  provision  in 
the  receipt  that  its  transfer  by  indorsement  and  dehvery  shall 
be  a  conclusive  transfer  of  the  property.  Where  this  is  the  case 
the  receipt  is  an  acknowledgment  of  the  warehouseman  that 
the  goods  are  actually  in  store,  and  he  becomes  liable  for  their 
value  even  if  no  such  goods  as  described  in  the  receipt  have  bees 
stored  with  him. 


118  ^  SAFE   METHODS 

TRADE  AND  COMMERCE 

The  Terms  "trade"  and  "commerce,"  primarily,  have  the  same 
laaeaning,  only  the  latter  is  now  generally  restricted  to  the  buy 
ing,  selling,  exchanging,  etc.,  of  commodities  between  different 
aations  or  States,  while  the  former  is  applied  indiscriminately 
'50  all  commercial  intercourse,  whether  domestic  or  international 

Trade  is  divided  generally  into  two  classes,  wholesale  and 

^retail.     Wholesale  trade  deals  in  goods  by  the  piece  or  in  large 

.  quantities,  supplying  retail  dealers  and  middle  men  generally^ 

while  retail  trade  deals  in  small  quantities  and  supplies  goods 

iirectly  to  consumers. 

The  Wholesale  Trade  of  a  country  is  divided  into  four  differ 
3nt  kinds:  the  home  trade,  the  import,  or  foreign  trade  of  con 
sumption,  the  export  trade,  and  the  carrying  trade. 

The  Home  Trade  is  employed  in  purchasing  in  one  part  of  the 
3ame  country  and  selling  in  another  the  produce  of  the  industry 
of  the  country,  and  it  comprehends  both  the  inland  and  coast 
ling,  or  that  which  is  carried  on  both  by  land  and  sea. 

The  Import  Trade  is  employed  in  purchasing  foreign  goods  foi 
iaome  consumption. 

The  Export  Trade  is  employed  in  connection  with  goods  and 
iproduce  sent  to  foreign  markets. 

The  Carrying  Trade  is  employed  in  transacting  the  commerce 
■Qi  foreign  countries,  or  in  carrying  the  surplus  produce  of  one 
(!»  another. 

Commerce  distributes  the  gifts  of  nature,  balancing  the  deii 
I'iencies  of  one  country  with  what  is  superfluous  in  another^ 
creates  a  demand  for  labor,  finds  employment  for  wealth,  and 
iiaultiplies  and  cheapens  the  productions  of  every  country. 

Exports  and  Imports. — A  quarter  of  a  century  ago  the  United 
States  ranked  fourth  among  the  commevcial  nations  of  the 
world.  To-day  it  stands  first  in  the  value  of  its  exports.  In  a 
single  fiscal  year— that  which  ended  June  30,  1898— the  exports 
•Df  the  United  States  increased  by  a  figure  which  represents  a 
greater  increase  than  that  of  England  in  twenty-five  years.  In 
1800  the  total  value  of  exports  of  the  United  States  was  $70,971. 
780,  and  in  1915  it  had  increased  to  $2,768,589,340.  The  total 
value  of  the  imports  of  the  United  States  for  the  same  year  was 
$1,674,169,740. 

Foreign  Carrying  Trade. — During  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1913,  the  foreign  carrying  trade  of  the  United  States  amounted  to 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE  Hg 

$3,773,030,924,  of  which  $81,032,495  was  in  American  vessels. 

Inland  Carrying  Trade.— In  its  railway  commercial  facilities 
the  United  States  is  preeminent.  The  total  railway  mileage  of  the 
world  is  683,000,  of  which  the  United  States  possesses  258,000.  Thiij 
is  50,568  miles  greater  than  the  aggregate  mileage  of  European  rail- 
ways, and  is  one- third  of  the  world's  total. 

Manufactures. — These  unrivaled  facilities  for  transportatioxa 
have  induced  a  marvelous  growth  of  manufactures  in  the  Unitefl 
States  for  consumption  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  In  1870  th© 
manufactures  of  the  United  States  just  about  equaled  those  of 
Great  Britain,  while  to-day  they  are  two  and  a  half  times  a© 
great  as  the  total  value  of  British  manufactures,  and  equal  t& 
those  of  Great  Britain,  Germany  and  France  put  together. 

Customs  Duties. — The  taxes  levied  on  imported  goods  art> 
osuaUy  called  customs  duties. 

Custom-Houses.— The  place  appointed  by  the  government  afe 
ports  of  entry  where  vessels  and  merchandise  are  entered  and 
duties  upon  imported  goods  are  collected,  and  where  vessels 
obtain  their  clearance  and  other  papers,  is  called  a  ciistom- 
liouse;  the  collectors,  appraisers,  surveyors,  naval  oflBcers.  and! 
their   deputies,   examiners,   clerks   at  the   head  of   divisions 
inspectors,  gaugers  and  weighers,  ^but  not  subordinate  clerks 
are  called  custom-house  officers,  and  are  sworn  to  faithful  serv 
ice;  the  persons  who  act  for  merchants  in  the  business  of  enter- 
ing and  clearing  goods  and  vessels,  and  in  the  transaction  of 
general  business,  are  known  officially  as  custom-house  brokers. 

A  Custom-house  Entry  is  a  statement  made  in  writing  to  the 
collector  of  the  district,  by  the  owners  or  consignees  of  the 
merchandise  on  board  any  ship  or  vessel,  which  they  desire  to 
land. 

Bonded  Goods. — Foreign  goods  are  said  to  be  bonded-,  wheci 
the  payment  of  the  duties  is  secured  by  a  bond,  or  when  ware- 
housed in  a  government  [store  or  warehouse,  and  under  the  con<= 
trol  of  the  collector  of  the  port  imtil  entered  for  consumptioc 
and  the  duties  are  paid.     (See  Warehousing.) 

When  goods  are  shipped  from  a  foreign  port  and  destined  foi 
an  interior  point  or  other  place  in  the  United  States  that  is  not 
a  port  of  entry,  they  first  go  to  a  port  of  entry  and  then  are  for= 
warded  in  bond  to  the  point  of  destination.  This  trans-shipment 
is  effected  through  means  of  a  custom -hoiise  broker  at  the  port 
of  entry,  to  whom  the  invoice,  bill  of  lading,  and  other  shipping 
papers  are  sent 


120 


SAFE   METHODS 


omm.ercia.1    and.    Legal 


^VITH    THE    PRINCIPLES,    RULES    AND    LAW    GOVERN- 
ING    BUSINESS     TRANSACTIONS     OF     EVERY     NATURE 


CONTRACTS 

A  Contract  is  an  agreement  between  competent  persons,  on 
sufficient  consideration,  to  do,  or  abstain  from  doing,  some  cer- 
tain act  or  acts  within  some  certain  time,  expressed  or  implied. 

To  Constitute  a  Valid  Contract — one  that  can  be  enforced  by 
law — five  things  are  necessary:  competent  parties,  sufficient 
consideration,  mutual  assent,  lawful  subject  matter,  and  itime 
of  performance. 

Parties  Who  May  and  Who  May  Not  Make  Contracts.— Until 
the  contrary  is  shown,  all  persons  entering  into  a  contract  are 
presumed  to  be  competent  to  bind  themselves  by  their  agree- 
ment. Hence  those  who  would  resist  the  performance  of  a  con- 
tract on  the  ground  of  legal  incapacity  must  set  up  and  prove 
the  particular  incapacity  upon  which  they  rely  to  avoid  the 
contract. 

Minors,  insane  persons,  idiots,  and  persons  deprived  of  their 
reason  by  intoxicants,  are  incapable  of  entering  into  contracts. 

Married  women,  under  the  common  law,  are  not  competent 
parties  to  a  contract.  But  by  the  statutes  of  most  of  the  States 
a  married  woman  is  now  empowered  to  enter  into  contracts 
regarding  her  own  separate  property,  enter  into  business  on  her 
own  behalf,  or  join  in  a  business  partnership  with  her  husband. 

Bound  for  Necessaries  Furnished.— Though  minors,  insane 
persons,  idiots,  etc.,  are  not,  generally  speaking,  competent  to 
enter  into  contracts,  they  are  bound  for  necessaries  furnished 
them.  A  husband  is  bound  for  necessaries  furnished  his  wife, 
even  if  against  his  orders,  if  he  fails  to  furnish  them  for  her. 


CONTRACTS  121 

Corporations  can  enter  into  contracts,  provided  they  keep 
within  the  limits  prescribed  by^  their  charters.  Anything 
attempted  beyond  those  limits  would  be  ultra  vires,  beyond 
their  power,  and  void.  Parol  contracts  made  by  a  corporation's 
authorized  agents  within  the  scope  of  its  chartered  powers  are 
express  promises  of  the  corporation.  Like  an  individual,  a 
corporation  may  be  bound  by  implied  contracts  deduced  by 
inference  from  corporate  acts.     See  Corporations. 

Consideration. — A  contract  without  consideration  is  void  at 
the  option  of  the  party  against  whom  it  is  sought  to  be  enforced. 
There  is  one  exception  to  this  rule.  It  does  not  apply  to  inno- 
cent indorsees  and  bona  fide  holders  of  negotiable  papers.  A 
promise  is  a  good  consideration  for  a  pi-omise. 

It  is  not  always  necessary  that  the  consideration  be  expressed 
in  the  contract ;  it  is  sometimes  implied.  Thus,  when  a  contract 
is  deliberately  made,  without  fraud  and  with  a  full  knowledge 
of  the  circumstances,  any  damage,  suspension,  or  forbearance 
of  a  right,  will  be  sufficient  consideration.  It  is  not  necessary 
that  the  consideration  should  exist  at  the  time  of  the  promise, 
if  it  arise  afterwards,  in  consequence  of  the  promise. 

Mistake.— A  contract  made  under  a  clear  mistake  of  fact  is 
not  binding;  for  instance,  if  A.  sells  to  B.  ahorse,  which  both 
A.  and  B.  suppose  to  be  in  A.'s  stable,  and  at  the  [time  of  the 
contract  the  horse  is  dead,  the  sale  is  void.  But  a  mistake  of 
law  is  binding,  for  every  one  is  presumed  to  know  what  the 
law  is. 

Mutual  Assent. — No  contract  is  valid  in  law  unless  the  parties 
agree  to  the  same  thing  in  the  same  sense.  Where  a  person 
orders  a^  certain  quantity  of  goods,  for  instance,  at  a  certain 
credit,  and  the  merchant  sends  a  less  quantity  at  a  shorter 
credit,  and  the  goods  are  lost,  the  merchant  cannot  recover  the 
price  of  them ;  for  there  was  no  agreement  on  the  terms,  and 
hence  no  contract. 

Subject  Matter. — The  thing  to  be  done  or  omitted  is  called  the 
subject  matter  of  the  contract.  If  this  is  illegal  in  its  character, 
immoral,  or  contrary  to  public  policy,  the  law  will  not  enforce 
the  contract. 

Among  Contracts  Contrary  to  Public  Policy  is  that  of  a  man 
binding  himself  not  to  exercise  his  trade  or  business;  but  if,  for 
a  valiuible  consideration,  he  engages  not  to  exercise  his  trade  in 


122  SAFE    METHODS 

a  particular  place,  lie  is  bound  by  his  engagement,  but  he  may 
exercise  it  elsewhere.  A  bond  that  the  obligor  shall  never 
carry  on,  or  be  concerned  in,  a  particular  business,  is  void. 

Tirae  of  Performance. — There  must  be  a  time,  either  expressed 
or  implied,  in  which  a  contract  is  to  be  performed.  Otherwise 
one  party  could  postpone  the  execution  of  his  contract  indefi- 
nitely. Where  no  time  is  expressed,  a  reasonable  time  will  be 
understood. 

Formality. — Contracts  of  various  kinds  may  be  made  verbally, 
others  are  required  by  law  to  be  in  writing.  All  contracts  are 
either  express  or  imx>lied.  Express  contracts  are  where  the 
terms  are  openly  uttered  at  the  time  of  making.  Implied  are 
such  as  reason  and  justice  dictate,  and  which  the  law  presumes 
every  man  undertakes  to  perform.  For  instance,  if  there  is  no 
stipulation  as  to  the  price,  when  one  sells  goods,  or  performs 
labor  for  another  at  his  request,  the  law  implies  a  promise  to  pay 
for  such  goods,  or  labor,  so  much  as  they  are  reasonably  worth. 
It  is  also  an  implied  condition  of  work  and  labor,  that  it  be  done 
in  a  suitable  and  workmanlike  manner.  But  the  law  will  never 
imply  a  promise  against  a  party's  declaration  at  the  time. 

Contracts  That  Must  be  in  Writing.— The  English  Statute  of 
Frauds  has  been  substantially  copied  in  nearly  all  the  States.  It 
provides  that — in  the  following  cases  no  agreement  shall  be 
legally  enforcible  unless  the  same,  or  some  memorandum 
thereof,  be  in  writing,  and  subscribed  by  the  party  to  be 
charged  therewith:  1.  Every  special  promise  of  an  executor  or 
administrator  to  answer  damages  out  of  his  own  estate. 
2.  Every  agreement  made  upon  consideration  of  marriage.  This 
applies  not  to  promises  of  marriage,  but  to  promises  to  pay 
money,  or  to  make  a  settlement  of  property,  if  the  marriage  is 
consummated.  3.  Every  agreement  that  by  its  terms  is  not  to 
teper/ormed  wzY/uM  one  2/6ar  from  the  making  thereof.  4.  Every 
special  promise  to  answer  the  deht,  defaidt,  or  misdoings  of 
another.  5.  Every  contract  for  the  sale  of  any  goods,  chattels, 
or  thing /or  the  price  of  ten  pounds  (850.00),  or  more,  unless:  (a) 
the  buyer  shall  accept  and  receive  part  of  such  goods ;  or  (b)  the 
buyer  shall  at  the  time  pay  some  part  of  the  purchase  money, 
or  give  something  in  earnest  to  bind  the  bargain.  6.  Every 
contract  for  the  sale  of  any  lands,  or  any  interest  in  lands. 

Where  a  person  has  the  benefit  of  another's  services  under  a 
f erbal  agreement,  and  then  successfully  pleads  the  statute  of 


CONTRACTS  123 

frauds,  the  other  party  may  recover  so  much  as  his  services 
have  been  worth. 

Interpretation  and  Construction. — In  construing  contracts,  the 
intention  of  the  parties  must  govern ;  words  are  to  be  taken  in 
their  natural  and  obvious  sense ;  when  the  intention  is  doubtful 
the  context  may  be  resorted  to  to  explain  ambiguous  terms ;  the 
whole  of  the  instrument  is  to  be  viewed  and  compared  in  all  its 
parts,  so  that  every  part  of  it  may  be  made  consistent  and 
effectual.  Where  the  language  of  an  agreement  is  plain  and 
unequivocal,  there  is  no  room  for  construction,  and  it  must  be 
carried  into  effect  according  to  its  plain  meaning. 

Ambiguities  in  deeds  or  other  instruments  are  generally  inter- 
preted against  the  grantor,  or  contractor. 

Performance. — A  person  who  undertakes  to  perform  a  job  of 
work  by  special  contract,  must  perform  his  contract  before  he 
is  entitled  to  his  pay.  If  a  person  is  hired  for  six  months,  or 
a  definite  time,  and  leaves  before  the  end  of  it,  without 
reasonable  cause,  he  is  liable  to  lose  his  wages  for  the  period  he 
has  served.  But  if  he  is  dismissed  without  cause  he  can  recover 
for  the  damages  he  has  sustained.  It  is  no  sufficient  cause 
for  abandoning  one's  contract,  that  he  was  put  upon  work  not 
contemplated  at  the  time  the  contract  was  made,  but  if  he  is 
prevented  by  sickness  frem  laboring  during  the  stipulated 
period,  he  may  recover  for  his  services  as  much  as  his  services 
were  worth,  for  the  time  he  labored. 

Specific  Performance. — The  law  side  of  the  court  cannot 
enforce  the  specific  performance  of  a  contract.  It  can  only 
allow  damages  for  the  failure  to  perform,  or  for  breach.  On  the 
equity  side  of  the  court,  certain  contracts  may  be  enforced 
specifically.  They  most  commonly  relate  to  the  sale  of  real 
property. 

Rescinding. — In  general,  a  contract  cannot  be  rescinded,  unless 
by  consent  of  both  parties,  except  in  case  of  fraud.  A  party 
having  a  right  to  rescind  a  contract,  must  exercise  the  right 
within  a  reasonable  time. 

Where  parties  agree  to  rescind  a  sale  once  made  and  perfected 
without  fraud,  the  same  formalities  of  delivery,  etc.,  are  neces- 
sary to  revest  the  property  in  the  original  vendor,  which  were 
necessary  to  pass  it  from  him  to  the  vendee.  A  contract 
required  by  law  to  be  in  writing  cannot  be  dissolved  by  verbal 
agreement. 


124  SAFE   METHODS 

Tender.— A  tender  of  payment  does  not  bar,  or  extinguish  the 
debt;  for  the  debtor  is  still,  liable  to  pay  it,  but  it  bars  the  claim 
to  subsequent  damages,  interest  and  costs  of  defense  against  the 
plaintiff.  A  debtor  should  tender  the  full  amount  of  the  debt 
with  the  interest  and  costs  which  have  accrued. 

Damages.— The  general  rule  of  law  respecting  the  measure  of 
damages  is,  that  where  an  injury  has  been  sustained,  for  which 
the  law  gives  a  remedy,  that  remedy  shall  be  commensurate 
with  the  injury  sustained. 

HOW  A  CONTRACT  SHOULD  BE  WRITTEN 

Pen  and  Tnk  Should  Be  Used  in  writing  a  contract,  but  the  use 
of  a  pencil  will  not  render  the  contract  invalid.  The  contract 
should  be  written  in  plain  and  unequivocal  language,  and  the 
law  does  not  in  general  require  a  formal  contract  drawn  up  with 
technical  precision. 

The  Contract  Should  Be  Dated,  and  care  should  be  taken  that 
the  date  be  not  a  Sunday  or  a  legal  holiday,  for  in  some  States 
that  would  invalidate  the  contract. 

Any  Erasures  or  Interlineations  made  in  the  body  of  the  con- 
tract should  be  specified  in  the  margin  or  at  the  bottom  as  hav- 
ing been  made  before  the  contract  was  signed. 

Any  Material  Alteration  in  the  contract  after  it  is  signed,  if 
made  by  a  party  to  'the  contract  without  [,the  consent  of  the 
other  party  will  discharge  the  contract. 

Contracts  should  be  prepared  and  signed  in  duplicate,  tripli- 
cate, etc.,  according  to  the  number  of  persons  concerned  in 
them.     Each  party  should  be  furnished  with  a  copy. 

It  is  the  .presumption  of  the  law  that  a  person  in  "making  a 
contract  intends  to  bind  not  only  himself  but  his  legal  repre- 
sentatives. Such  representatives  may  therefore  "sue  or  be  sued 
on  a  contract,  although  not  named  in  it. 

Letters  May  Constitute  a  Contract. — If  a  letter  containing  an 
offer  is  answered  by  another,  accepting  it,  the  two  letters  taken 
together  constitute  the  written  contract.  If  an  order  for  goods 
is  sent  and  filled  it  is  a  written  contract  as  far  as  the  writer  is 
concerned,  but  not  as  to  the  other  party.  A  telegram  in  the 
same  way  may  be  a  written  contract. 

General  Form  of  Contract 

Contract,  made  and  concluded  this  first  day  of  June,  A.  D.  1911  by 
and  between  John  Jones,  of  the  city  of  Springfield,  county  of  Sangamon, 
and  State  of  Illinois,  party  of  the  first  part,  and  Samuel  Smith,  of  the  same 


CONTRACTS  12S 

place,  party  of  the  second  part,  in  these  words:  The  said  party  of  the  second 
pait  contracts  and  ajn'ees  to  and  with  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  to 
[here  insert  what  is  to  be  done] ;  and  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  contracts 
and  agrees  to  pay  unto  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  for  the  same,  tiie 
sum  of  fifty  dollars,  lawful  money  of  the  United  States,  as  follows:  the 
sum  of  twenty-five  dollars  when  [here  state  the  contingency  on  which  the 
first  payment  is  to  be  made],  and  twenty-five  dollars  when  [here  state  th' 
other  contingency]. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  parties  to  these  presents  have  hereunto  set 
their  hands  and  seals,  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 

John  Jones.        Jseal] 
S.^iuEL,  Smith,    (seal] 

Contract  to  Build 

This  Agreement,  made  the  tenth  day  of  June,  A.  D.  1911,  between 
John  Doe,  of  the  city  of  Bloomington,  in  the  county  of  McLean,  and  State 
of  Illinois,  party  of  the  first  part,  and  Richard  Roe,  of  the  same  place,  party 
of  the  second  part, 

Witnesseth,  that  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  for  the  consideration 
hereinafter  mentioned,  agrees  to  erect  and  build  for  the  said  party  of  the 
second  part,  a  dwelling-house  on  the  lot  of  land,  numbered  91  Oak  street, 
in  the  city  of  Bloomington  aforesaid,  and  to  furnish  all  the  materials  and 
perform  all  the  work  necessary  to  complete  the  same  agreeably  to  the 
accompanying  plans  and  specifications  signed  by  the  parties;  and  to  deliver 
the  said  building,  finished  in  every  respect,  to  the  said  party  of  the  second 
part,  on  or  before  the  ....  day  of next. 

In  consideration  whereof,  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to 
pay  to  the  said  party  of  first  part,  the  sum  of  one  thousand  four  hundred 
dollars  ($1,400.00).  as  follows: — $200  when  the  cellar  is  completed,  $200 
when  the  frame  is  erected,  $200  when  the  outside  is  shingled  and  clapboarded 
$200  when  the  lathing  is  completed,  and  $600  when  the  building  is  finished; 
which  sums  shall  be  in  full  of  all  his  claims  and  demands  against  the  party 
of  the  second  part,  except  as  hereinafter  provided. 

And  it  is  further  agreed,  that  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  may 
modify  the  before-mentioned  specification,  in  any  particular,  without  impair- 
ing its  validity,  or  the  validity  of  this  contract  in  other  respects; — provided 
that  the  sum  to  be  allowed  to  either  party  for  such  alterations  shall  have 
been  agrreed  upon  by  the  parties  hereto,  and  a  full  statement  of  the  same 
made  in  writing,  and  signed  by  them,  before  the  work  to  be  aflected  by  the 
change  is  commenced. 

In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  and  seals,  on  the 
day  and  year  first  above  written. 

John  Doe.  [seal] 

Richard  Roe.     [seal] 
Executed  and  delivered  in  presence  of 


126 


SATE  METHODS 


45-HORSE  POWER  TRACTOR  POLLING  8,  14-INCH  PLOWS 


Contract  for  Hiring  a  Farm  Hand 


Know  al.i.  Mkn  by  These  Presents: 

That  Walter  A.  Clyde  agrees  to  work  faithfully  for  Wm.  R.  Manbeck,  as 
a  general  laborer  on  his  farm,  and  to  do  any  work  that  he  may  be  called 
upon  to  do  in  connection  therewith,  in  the  township  of  Lisle,  County  of 
Dupage,  and  State  of  Illinois,  for  the  period  of  one  year,  beginning  the  first 
day  of  February  next,  1907,  for  the  sum  of  Thirty  Dollars  per  month. 

In  consideration  of  the  services  to  be  performed,  the  said  Wm.  R.  Manbeck 
agrees  to  pay  Walter  A.  Clyde  Thirty  Dollars  per  month. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  said  parties  have  hereunto  set  their  hands  this  first 

day  of  January,  1911 

Waltbe  a.  Clyde. 
Wm.  R.  Manbeck. 


dfOTE.— The  above  is  a  simple  form  of  contract,  and  is  legal  and  binding  on 
botn  parties  in  any  state  and  territory  in  the  Union.  Why  don't  farmers  put 
their  contracts  in  writing  instead  of  having  simply  a  verbal  agreement?  It 
would  save  argument,  dispute,  hot  blood,  and  many  times  save  trouble  and 
lawsuits. 


CONTRACTS  127 

Contract  with  a  Clerk,  or  Workman 

This  Agheement,  made  this  first  day  of  January,  A.  D.  1911,  by 
and  between  James  Freeman,  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  county  of  Cook,  and 
State  of  Illinois,  party  of  the  first  part,  and  Alfred  Willis,  of  the  said  city, 
county,  and  State,  party  of  the  second  part, 

Witnesseth,  that  the  said  Alfred  Willis  has  agreed  to  enter  the  service 
of  the  said  James  Freeman  as  a  clerk  {or  Journeyman)  and  promises  faith- 
fully, honestly  and  diligently  to  give  and  devote  to  him  his  time  and  labor 
as  aforesaid,  for  the  space  of  three  years,  from  the  first  day  of  January, 
A.  D.  1911. 

In  consideration  whereof,  the  said  James  Freeman  agrees  to  allow,  and 
pay  to  the  said  Alfred  Willis  the  sura  of  twelve  hundred  dollars  ($1200.00) 
per  annum,  in  equal  payments  of  one  hundred  dollars  on  the  first  day  of 
each  and  every  calendar  month  of  the  year,  the  first  payment  to  be  made 
on  the  first  day  of  February,  1904. 

Witness  our  hands, 

James  Freeman. 
Alfred  Willis. 

Contract  to  Cultivate  Land  on  Shares 

This  Agreement,  made  this  first  day  of  February,  A.  D.  1911,  between 
Chas.  N.  Rohr,  of  the  town  of  Colfax,  county  of  Clinton,  State  of  Indiana, 
and  Henry  Reamer,  of  Linden,  county  of  Montgomery,  State  of  Indiana, 
party  of  the  second  part. 

Witnesseth  that  the  said  Chas.  N.  Rohr  will,  on  or  before  the  first  day  of 
March,  break,  properly  prepare,  and  sow  with  wheat  the  forty  acres  belonging 
to,  and  lying  north  of  the  dwelling-place  of  the  said  Henry  Reamer,  in  the 
town  of  Linden. 

That  one-half  of  the  seed  wheat  shall  be  found  by  said  Henry  Reamer. 
That  when  said  crop  is  in  proper  condition  the  said  Chas.  N.  Rolir  wiU  cut, 
harvest,  and  safely  house  it  in  the  barn  of  Henry  Reamer.  That  he  wili 
properly  thresh  and  clean  the  same.  That  he  will  deliver  one-half  of  said 
wheat  to  the  said  Henry  Reamer  at  his  granary,  on  or  before  the  fifteenth 
day  of  November,  1911. 

Witness  our  hands  and  seals. 

Chas.  N.  Rohr.     [seal] 
Henry  Reamer,  [seal] 
Signed,  sealed,  and  delivered 

in  presence  of 

Wm.  Myers, 
Fred  Hillman. 


ONE  HUNDRED  FACTS  AND  FORMS  OF 
PROMISSORY   NOTES 

A  Negotiable  Note  is  a  positive  promise  in  writing  to  pay  to  a 
person  therein  named  or  his  order,  or  to  him  or  bearer,  a  certain 
sum  of  money,  at  a  specified  date,  or  within  a  time  that  is  cer- 
tainly ascertainable. 


128  SAFE   METHODS 

A  Note  Promising  to  Pay  "At  Sight"  or  "On  Demand"  is  nego- 
tiable, for  it  is  presumed  that  the  party  interested  will  see  that 
sight  is  given  or  demand  made. 

If  No  Time  of  Payment  Is  Specified,  "on  demand"  will  be  pre- 
sumed to  be  intended. 

Parties  to  a  Note. — The  person  who  promises  is  called  the 
7uaA.Tr,  and  the  one  to  whom  the  promise  is  made  is  called  the 
payee.  One  who  transfers  a  note  to  another  by  indorsing  his 
name  on  tlie  back  is  called  an  indorser,  and  the  person  to  whom 
the  note  is  transferred  is  called  the  holder. 

Negotiation. — A  note  is  negotiated  when  it  is  transferred 
froLii  one  person  to  another  in  such  manner  as  to  constitute  the 
transferee  the  holder  thereof;  if  payable  to  bearer  it  is  nego- 
tiated by  delivery ;  if  payable  to  order  it  is  negotiated  by  the 
indorsement  of  the  holder,  completed  by  delivery. 

Transfer  after  Maturity  — A  note  may  be  transferred  as  well 
after  maturity  and  in  the  same  manner  as  before  maturity,  but 
the  purchaser  takes  it  at  his  own  risk  It  is  subject  in  his  hands 
to  any  defenses  that  may  have  existed  against  it  in  the  handfi  of 
one  holding  it  when  it  became  due. 

Holders  in  Good  Faith.— A  purchaser  or  holder  of  a  note  or 
other  negotiable  instrument  who  has  acquired  it  in  good  faith, 
for  a  valuable  consideration,  in  the  ordinary  course  of  business, 
when  it  is  not  overdue,  without  notice  of  dishonor,  and  without 
notice  of  facts  which  impeach  its  validity,  has  a  title  unaffected 
by  those  facts,  and  may  recover  on  the  instrument,  even  though 
it  was  without  consideration  between  the  parties  originally,  was 
subsequently  released  or  paid,  or  was  originally  obtained  by 
fraud,  theft  or  robbery ;  but 

In  Case  of  Fraud,  Theft  or  Robbery,  if  tiie  instrument  had 
never  been  given  force  by  the  maker  bj-  delivery  and  he  was  not 
guilty  of  negligence,  there  could  be  no  recovery;  in  such  case 
the  note  would  never  have  had  any  legal  existence.  But  the 
slightest  negligence  renders  the  maker  liable,  for  instance,  if 
the  maker  of  a  note  after  completing  it  retains  it  in  his  posses 
sion,  no  matter  how  securely,  he  is  liable  to  a  holder  in  good 
faith,  or,  as  he  is  commonly  termed,  a  bona  fide  holder, 
although  it  was  placed  in  circulation  through  fraud,  theft,  or 
robbery. 

Where  a  Holder  in  Good  Faith  Is  Not  Protected.— The  defenses 
against  which  a  bona  fide  holder  is  not  protected  are:     1.  In 


PROMISSORY   NOTES  129 

capacity  of  the  maker  of  a  note  to  contract ;  as  where  he  is  an 
infant,  or  a  lunatic,  or  a  p)erson  under  gxiardianship.  2.  The 
interdiction  of  a  statute ;  as  where  a  statute  renders  the  contract 
void,  for  gambling  or  other  illegality.  3.  Where  the  party  has 
never  in  fact  signed  the  note  as  it  stands;  as  where  it  was 
forged,  or  where  it  was  subsequently  altered,  without  the  mak- 
er's consent  or  fault.  4.  Where  the  maker  was  misled  into  sign- 
ing something  he  was  not  intending,  through  imposition,  and 
without  negligence  on  his  part,  or  where  a  person  who  is  unable 
to  read,  or  is  blind,  has  a  note  falsely  read  to  him,  and  he  signs 
it  believing  it  to  have  been  correctly  read,  he  will  be  protected. 
But  where  a  person  of  ordinary  faculties  and  knowledge  is 
betraye<l  into  signing  a  note,  believing  it  an  instrument  of  a 
different  kind,  he  will  be  bound  to  bona  fide  holders,  unless  he 
has  been  free  from  negligence.  If  the  maker  with  reasonable 
caution  might  have  detected  the  fraud,  the  note  will  be  good 
with  a  honafiAe  holder. 

A  Note  Executed  Under  Duress — that  is,  under  such  fear  or 
compulsion  as  to  overcome  the  free  agency  of  a  reasonably  firm 
man — will  not  be  good  in  the  hands  of  a  bona  yide  holder ;  for 
there  was  no  consent  and  no  fault  of  the  maker. 

Uncompleted  Notes. — If  a  note  is  executed  and  delivered  with 
the  amount  left  blank,  the  parties  who  sign  or  indorse  it  will  be 
bound  to  a  bona  fide  holder  for  any  amount  that  may  be 
filled  in. 

If  a  Party  Entrusts  His  Signature  on  a  Blank  Paper  to  another 
to  fill  in  some  note,  he  will  be  bound  to  a  bonafixle  holder  though 
the  other  fills  in  an  entirely  different  note  than  agreed.  But  if 
a  person  writes  his  name  on  a  blank  paper  without  any  intention 
of  having  it  filled  out,  and  another  obtains  it  and  writes  a  note 
above  the  name,  it  will  not  be  binding  even  in  the  hands  of  a 
holder  in  good  faith. 

Liability  of  Indorsers.— All  the  persons  who  have  indorsed  a 
note  are  liable  for  the  amount  due;  but  only  one  satisfaction  can 
be  recovered.  If  one  indorser  is  obliged  to  pay  the  debt  he  can 
look  to  the  others  for  their  proportioiL 

An  Indorser  May  Avoid  Liability  by  writing  "without  re- 
course"' on  the  back  of  the  note  with  his  signature. 

To  Make  the  Indorser  of  a  Note  Responsible,  for  its  payment, 
the  lawful  holder  must  use  due  diligence  by  the  institution  and 
prosecution  of  suit  against  the  maker  thereof. 


130  SAm  METHODS 

Protest. — A  protest  of  a  note  is  a  formal  statement  by  a  notary 
•tHat  the  note  was  presented  for  payment  and  payment  refused. 
When  a  note  is  not  duly  paid  on  presentation,  it  is  said  to  bo 
"dishonored"  and  is  taken  to  a  notary  public,  who  agaixj  pro* 
sents  it,  and,  if  not  paid,  he  notes  its  non-payment,  and  &Ueif 
warSs  draws  out  a  formal  protest,  that  legal  proceedings  maj 
be  taken  for  recovering  the  amount  due. 

Notice  of  Protest.— The  holder  of  a  not©  may  give  notice  olf. 
protest  either  to  all  the  previous  indorsers  or  only  to  ono  o2 
them ;  in  the  latter  case  he  must  select  the  last  indorser*  and  thQ 
last  must  give  notice  to  the  last  before  him,  and  so  oa 

Where  notice  of  protest  is  duly  addressed  and  deposited  in  th0 
Jpostoffice,  the  sender  is  deemed  to  liave  givea  du©  notice,  notfl 
withstanding  any  miscarriage  in  the  mails* 

Demand  and  Pajanent. — Notes  payable  on  demand  must  BS 
J)resented  for  payment  within  a  reasonable  time,  in  order  to  hpld' 
indorsers. 

"Where  Days  of  Grace-  are  Allowed  by  statute  on  notes,  they 
are  not  considered  due  until  the  expiration  of  the  days  of  grace. 
If  a  note  is  presented  and  payment  demanded  on  the  last  day  o? 
grace,  and  payment  refused,  the  maker  is  in  default,  and  notica 
of  dishonor  may  forthwith  be  given  to  the  indorser.  For-  days 
of  grace  allowed  by  the  statutes  of  .different  States,' see  Intercut 
Laws  and  Statutes. of  Limitation. 

A  Note  Made  Payable  at  a  Bank  and  held  there  for  payment 
Ointil  the  Usual  hour  for  closing,  need  not  be  presented  to  tba 
maker  in  person  to' bind  the  indorser.-*  It  may  be  protested,  as 
in  the  case  of  drafts,,  impaediately  on  the  close  of  bank  hours. 
Payment  must  be  immediately  demanded  of  the  indorser  if  he 
resides  in  the  same  place;  if  he  is  a  non-resident  he  must  ba 
notified  at  once  by  letter. 

Presentment  Not  Necessary  to  Render  Maker  liable  .-^Present* 
ment  for  payment  is  not  required  in  order  to  charge  the-  maker 
of  a  note. 

Sundays  and  Holidays  —When  the  day  of  maturity  falls  upon 
Sunday  or  a  legal  holiday  the  note  is>  payable  on  the>  next  suc» 
ceeding  business  day. 

Place  of  Demand.— Where  place  of  payment  is  •Specified  in  a 
note  demand  should  be  duly  made  at  that  place. 

By  Whom  Demand  May  Be  Made.— The  holder  of  a  note  or 
any  one  acting  for  him  may  make  the  demand  for.  pajoaest  aa«J 


PROMISSORY    NOTES  131 

send  notice  of  dishonor  to  the  indorsers.  Usually  the  holder  or 
his  agent  notifies  all  the  parties  on  the  note.  This  is  the  most 
business-like,  as  well  as  the  most  prudent  way,  as  it  renders  all 
parties  responsible  to  him,  and  each  responsible  to  each  other  in 
their  order. 

Extending  Time  of  Payment  by  the  holder  releases  the  indors- 
ers of  the  note,  unless  consent  to  such  extension  has  been  given 
by  the  indorsers. 

Lost  Notes. — If  the  maker  should  refuse  to  pay  a  note  which 
has  been  lost,  he  may  by  law  be  compelled  to  pay  it,  but  it  would 
be  necessary  for  the  party  collecting  it  to  give  bond,  to  protect 
the  maker  from  all  further  claims,  on  account  of  the  lost  paper. 

Proof  Required. — It  is  necessary  to  prove  that  the  note  has 
been  given  by  a  certain  party  or  parties,  and  up  to  date  not  paid. 
The  maker  of  the  note  can  compel  the  holder  of  the  same  to  give 
evidence  that  the  amount  promised  therein  has  not  been  paid. 

The  Finder  of  a  Note,  as  of  all  other  property,  must  make 
reasonable  efforts  to  find  the  owner,  before  he  is  entitled  to 
appropriate  it  for  his  own  purposes.  If  the  finder  conceal  it,  h*,) 
is  liable  to  the  charge  of  larceny  or  theft. 

A  Note  Destroyed  by  Fire  can  be  collected  by  proof  of  loss. 

Interest. — A  note  which  does  not  state  on  its  face  that  it 
bears  interest,  will  bear  interest  only  from  maturity. 

If  the  Words  "With  Interest"  are  Included  in  a  Note  it  draws 
the  legal  rate  of  interest  from  the  date  of  making. 

If  the  Note  is  to  Draw  a  Rate  of  Interest  Higher  than  the 
Legal,  but  not  higher  than  the  statute  of  the  State  allows,  the 
rate  of  interest  must  be  specified. 

Death  of  a  Holder. — After  the  death  of  a  holder  of  a  negotiable 
note,  his  executor  or  administrator  may  transfer  it  by  his 
indorsement. 

When  Right  of  'Action  Expires. — The  statute  of  limitatioas 
begins  to  run  from  the  day  the  right  of  action  accrues.  See 
Interest  Laws  and  Statutes  of  Limitation. 

AT.T.  THE  DIFFERENT  FORMS  OF  NOTES 
Form  of  Non-negotiable  Note 

$100.00  Woodstock,  111.,  June  9,  1911. 

Thirty  days  after  date  I  promise  to  pay  James  Jones  One  Hundred  DoUarSt 
value  received. 

John  Dobson. 


132  SAFE   METHODS 

Negotiable  Without  Indorsement 

$100.00  Madison,  Wis.,    June  1,  1911. 

Sixty  days  after  date  I  promise  to  pay  John  M.  Smith  or  bearer,  Ona 
Hundred  Dollars,  value  received. 

Gkant  White. 

Negotiable  by  Indorsement 

JIOO.OO  Omaha,  Neb.,  March  1,  1911. 

Ninety  days  after  date  I  promise  to  pay  to  George  Nelson  or  order. 
One  Hundred  Dollars,  value  received. 

Richard  Mills. 

Payable  at  Bank 

$100.00  Chicago,  III.,  June  2.  1911. 

One  year  after  date,  for  value  received,  I  promi.se  to  pay  Oliver  Brown 
or  order,  at  the  First  National  Bank,  One  Hundred  Dollars,  witli  interest 
at  six  per  cent  per  annum. 

Charles  Johnson. 

On  Demand 

$50.00  Denver.  Colo.,  January  2,  1911. 

On  demand,  for  value  received.  I  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of  John 
Riley,  Fifty  Dollars,  with  interest. 

Edward  James. 

Accommodation  Note 
[N.  B. — The  maker  of  an  accommodation  note  (one  for  which 
he  has  received  no  consideration,  having  lent  his  name  or  credit 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  holder)  is  not  bound  to  the  person 
accommodated,  but  is  bound  to  all  other  parties,  precisely  as  if 
there  was  a  good  consideration.] 

$100.00  Toledo,  O.,  March  10,  1911, 

Sixty  days  after  date  I  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of  Aimer  Wilson. 
One  Hundred  Dollars,  at  the  First  NationaJ  Bank,  without  defalcation. 
Credit  the  drawer,  |  Owen  Yate3. 

Almek  Wilson.  ) 

To  One's  Own  Order 

$100.00  Memphis,  Tenn.,  April  3.   ISIL 

Sixty  days  after  date  I  promise  to  pay  to  my  own  order.  One  Hundred 
Dollars,  value  received.     Interest  at  seven  per  cent. 


Marion  Adams, 


By  Married  Woman 


$200.00  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  June  9, 1911. 

For  value  received,  I  promise  to  pay  John  Jackson,  or  order,  ninety  days 
after  date.  Two  Hundred  Dollars,  with  interest.  And  I  hereby  charge  my 
individual  property  and  estate  with  the  payment  of  this  note. 

(Mrs.)  Mary  H.  Jonbs. 


PROMISSORY    NOTES  133 

By  Person  who  Cannot  Write 

$50.00  Alton.  111..  June  8.  1911 

For  value  received,  I  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of  William  Warren, 
Fifty  Dcdlars,  with  interest  at  six  per  cent. 

his 
Edwin  Morris,  Witness  Louis  X  Barber 

mark. 

Payable  in  Merchandise 

$100.00  Springfield.  Mass..  June  3,  191L 

For  value  received,  I  promise  to  pay  Daniel  Ward,  or  order,  One  Hundred 
Dollars  in  merchantable  wheat,  at  the  current  price. 

Jasper  Notes. 

Collateral  Note 

$300,000  Three  Oaks    Mich..  June  1.  1911 

Sixty  days  after  date  I  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of  John  Jacobson, 
Three  Hundred  Dollars,  without  defalcation,  for  value  received.  Interest 
at  six  per  cent. 

Having  deposited  UnUed  States  Bonds  of  the  nominal  value  of  Four 
Hundred  Dollars,  which  I  authorize  the  holder  of  this  Note,  upon  the  non- 
performance of  this  promise  at  maturity,  to  sell,  either  at  public  or  private 
sale,  without  demanding  payment  of  this  Note  or  the  debt  due  thereon,  and 
without  further  notice,  and  apply  proceeds,  or  as  much  thereof  as  may  be 
necessary  to  the  payment  of  this  note,  and  all  necessary  expenses  and  charges, 
holding  myself  responsible  for  any  deficiency. 

Martin  Field. 

Judgment  Note — Common  Form 

$100.00  New  York.  Jar  jary  1.  1911. 

Three  months  after  date.  I  promise  to  pay  Paul  Jones,  or  order.  One 
Hundred  Dollars,  with  interest  at  the  rate  of  seven  per  cent  per  annum,  from 
maturity  until  paid,  without  defalcation.  And  I  do  hereby  confess  judgment 
for  the  above  sum,  with  interest  and  costs  of  suit,  the  release  of  all  errors, 
and  waiver  of  all  rights  to  inquisition  and  appeal,  and  to  the  benefit  of  all 
laws  exempting  real  or  personal  property  frcm  levy  and  sale. 

Louis  Marx,     [seal] 

Judgment  Note— "Iron-Clad"  Form 

$500.00  Tacoma,  Wash.    June  'I.  1911. 

One  year  after  date,  for  value  received,  we  promise  to  pay  to  the  order 
of  John  L.  Routt,  Five  Hundred  Dollars,  negotiable  and  payable  at  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Tacoma,  without  defalcation  or  discount,  with  eight 
per  cent  interest  per  annum  from  date  until  paid,  both  before  and  after 
judgment,  payable  in  U.  S.  gold  coin;  and  if  suit  be  instituted  for  the  collec- 
tion of  this  note  we  agree  to  pay  Fifty  Dollars  attorney's  fee.  If  the  interest 
be  not  paid  as  herein  stipulated,  the  legal  holder  of  this  note  may  declare  the 
principal  due,  and  proceed  by  law  to  recover  both  principal  and  interest. 

Henry  Smith, 
NOTB— For  Mortgage  Note  see  page  238.  John  Smith. 


134  SAFE   METHODS 

Judgment  Note,  with  Waiver  and  Power  of  Attorney 

$600.00  New  York.  June  1.  1911. 

Two  months  after  date,  I  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of  William  Eddy 
Six  Hundred  Dollars,  at  the  National  Park  Bank,  for  value  received,  with 
interest  at  seven  per  cent  per  annum,  from  maturity  until  paid. 

Edwin  Little,     [seal] 

Know  all  Men  by  these  Presents  : 

That  I,  the  undersigned,  am  justly  indebted  to  William  Eddy,  upon  a 
certain  promissory  note,  of  even  date  herewith,  for  six  hundred  dollar^,  value 
received,  with  interest  at  the  rate  of  seven  per  cent  per  annum,  from  maturity 
until  paid,  and  maturing  August  1st,  1911. 

Now,  therefore,  in  consideration  of  the  premises,  I  do  hereby  make,  con- 
stitute, and  appoint  John  Bright,  or  any  attorney  of  any  court  of  record, 
to  be  my  true  and  lawful  attorney,  irrevocably  for  and  in  my  name,  place, 
and  stead,  to  appear  in  any  court  of  record,  in  term  time  or  in  vacation,  in 
any  State  or  Territory  of  the  United  States,  at  any  time  after  said  note 
becomes  due,  to  waive  the  service  of  process,  and  confess  judgment  in  favor 
of  the  said  William  Eddy,  or  his  assigns,  upon  said  note,  for  the  amount 
thereof  and  interest  thereon,  together  with  costs  and  twenty  dollars  attor- 
ney's fees;  and  also  to  file  a  cognovit  for  the  amount  thereof,  with  an  agree- 
ment therein,  that  no  proceeding  in  error  or  appeal  shall  be  prosecuted,  or 
bill  of  equity  filed  to  interfere  in  any  manner  with  the  operation  of  said  judg- 
ment, and  also  to  release  all  errors  that  may  intervene  in  the  entering  up  of 
said  judgment  or  issuing  execution  thereon;  to  waive  all  benefits  which  I 
may  be  entitled  to  by  virtue  of  any  homestead,  exemption,  appraisement, 
or  valuation  law,  now  or  hereafter  in  force,  wherever  such  judgment  may 
be  entered  or  enforced,  hereby  ratifying  and  confirming  all  that  my  said 
attorney  shall  or  may  do,  by  virtue  hereof. 

Witness  my  band  and  seal  this  let  day  of  June  A.  D.  1911. 

Edwin  Little,  [seal] 


Joint  Note 

$200.00  Cairo,  111.,  March  30,  1911. 

Two  months  after  date,  we  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of  Albert  Sloan 
Two  Hundred  Dollars,  value  received. 

Jacob  Scott, 
James  Atkins. 


Joint-and-Several  Note 

$500.00  Newark,  N.  .1..  March  6,  1911 

Six  months  after  date,  for  value  received,  we  jointly  and  severally  promise 

to  pay  Hiram  Davids   or  order,  at  the  First  National  Bank,  Five  Hundred 

Dollars,  with  interest. 

Richard  Mark, 
James  Hackett. 


INDORSEMENTS 


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136  SAFE   METHODS 

INDORSEMENTS  OF  NOTES 

Definition. — An  indorsement  is  a  writing  on  the  back  of  a  note 
or  other  written  instrument. 

What  is  Sufficient. — Though  it  is  usual  and  better  to  write  the 
indorsement  in  ink  ou  the  back  of  a  note,  it  is  legally  sufficient 
if  written  with  either  pen  or  pencil  upon  any  part  of  the  instru- 
ment, or  up)on  a  paper  attached  thereto.  The  signature  of  the 
indorser,  without  additional  words,  is  a  sufficient  indorsement. 

Blinds  of  Indorsements. — An  indorsement  may  be  either  special 
or  in  blank,  and  it  may  also  be  either  restrictive,  qualified,  or 
conditional. 

An  Indorsement  in  Blank  specifies  no  indorsee,  and  an  instni< 
ment  so  indorsed  is  payable  to  bearer,  and  may  be  negotiated  by 
delivery.     (See  Form  1.) 

A  Special  Indorsement  (sometimes  called  a  full  indorsement) 
specifies  the  person  to  whom  or  to  whose  order  the  instrument 
is  to  be  payable ;  and  the  indorsement  of  such  indorsee  is  neces- 
sary to  the  further  negotiation  of  the  instrument.     (See  Form  2.) 

A  Qualified  Indorsement  constitutes  the  indorser  a  mere 
assignor  of  the  title  to  the  instrument.  It  may  be  made  by  add- 
ing to  the  indorser 's  signature  the  words  "without  recourse," 
or  any  words  of  similar  import.  Such  indorsement  does  not 
impair  the  negotiable  ^character  of  the  instrument.  (See 
Form  3.) 

A  Conditional  Indorsement  is  one  that  involves  some  condf 
tion.  A  party  required  to  pay  the  instrument  may  disregard 
the  condition,  and  make  payment  to  the  indorsee  or  his  trans- 
feree, whether  the  condition  has  been  fulfilled  or  not.  But  any 
person  to  whom  an  instrument  so  indorsed  is  negotiat  d  will 
hold  the  same,  or  the  proceeds  thereof,  subject  to  the  rights  of 
the  person  indorsing  conditionally.     (See  Form  4.) 

A  Restrictive  Indorsement  expressly  confines  the  vayment  to 
some  particular  person  or  purpose.     (See  Form  5.) 

Partial  Payments. — When  money  is  received  on  a  note,  the 
amount  and  date  of  receiving  should  be  plainly  vritten  on  the 
back  of  the  paper.     (See  Form  6. ) 


INDORSEMENTS  137 

FORMS  OF  INDORSEMENTS 

Indorsement  in  Blank 


FOUM    1 

BE  CAREFUL  ABOUT  INDORSING  NOTES 

Special  Indorsement 


Form  2 
BE  CAREFUL  ABOUT  INDORSING  NOTES 

Qualified  Indorsement 


Form  3 


138  SAFE   METHODS 


Conditional  Indorsement 

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Partial  Payment  Indorsement 

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Form  6 

An  Order  is  a  written  request  or  direction  for  the  pay- 
ment of  money  or  delivery  of  goods  to  a  person  therein 
named,  the  same  to  be  charged  to  the  person  making  the 
request. 

Orders  for  the  payment  of  money  are  negotiable  if  made 
payable  to  order  or  to  bearer,  but  the  person  on  whom  they 
are  drawn  is  not  under  obligation  to  pay  them,  unless  they 
have  been  accepted,  for  an  order  partakes  of  the  nature  of  a 
draft. 


ORDERS    AND    DUE    BILLS  139 

FORMS  OF  ORDERS 

For  Money 

$500.00  Chicago,  111.,  March  lo.  1911. 

Mr.  Richard  Foss:  Please  pay  to  William  Mason,  or  bearer.  Five  Huu 
dred  Dollars,  on  my  account.  Thomas  Fell. 

For  goods  to  Value  of  Certain  Amount 

8100.00  Columbus,  O..  Apri'  1    19JT. 

Messrs.  Bronson,  Kino  &  Co.:  Please  deliver  to  the  bearer,  David 
Swing,  such  goods  as  he  may  desire,  to  the  value  of  One  Hunai"Ct!  £?o«lars,. 
and  charge  same  to  my  account.  George  H.  THOaSiis. 

For  Goods  Stored 

Richmond,  Va.,  June  1.   1911 
Messrs.  Smith,  Jones  &  Co.:    Please  deliver  to  the  bearer,  E.  H.  Van 
Oven,  Six  Barrels  of  Apples,  stored  by  me  in  your  warehouse. 

J.  L.  Spaldinq. 

DUE  BILLS 

A  Due  Bill  is  a  formal  written  acknowledgment  that  a  certain 
amount  i.s  due  to  the  person  therein  named.  It  may  be  payable 
in  money  or  in  merchandise.  It  is  not  transferable,  and  draws 
DO  interest  unless  specified  therein. 

FORMS  OF  DUE  BILLS 

Payable  in  Money 

$50.00  Racine.  Wis.,  June  2,  1911. 

Due  William  Macey,  on  demand.  Fifty  Dollars,  value  received. 

John  Knox. 

Payable  in  Merchandise 

$100.00  Indianapolis,   Ind..  June  2,  1911 

Due  Charles  H.  Adams,  for  services  rendered.  One  Hundred  Dollars, 
payable  on  demand,  in  merchandise,  at  my  siore. 

WiLLLWki  Johnson. 

RECEIPTS 

RULES  FOR  WRITING  ALL  KINDS  OF  RECEIPTS 

What  a  Receipt  Is. — A  receipt  is  an  acknowledgment  in  writ- 
ing, signed  by  the  person  receiving,  that  certain  personal  prop- 
erty (money  or  goods,  or  both),  has  been  received. 

A  Complete  Receipt  requires  the  following  statements:  That 
a  payment  has  been  received;  the  date  of  the  payment;  the 


140  SAFE  METHODS 

amount  or  article  received;  from  whom  received,  and  if  for 
another  on  whose  behalf  payment  is  made;  to  what  debt  or 
purpose  it  is  to  be  applied ;  by  whom  received,  and  if  for  another, 
on  whose  behalf  it  was  received. 

Kinds  of  Receipts. — Receipts  are  divided  generally  into  three 
kinds:  Receipts  in  Full,  Receipts  on  Account,  and  Receipts  to 
Apply  on  Particular  Accounts. 

Evt^ry  'T.eceipt  Should  Show  whether  payment  is  made  in  full, 
on  ASOOiLnt,  or  on  what  particular  account  where  there  are  more 
than  one  between  the  persons. 

How  an  Agent  Should  Sign.— An  agent  should  sign  his 
principal's  name  and  then  write  bis  own  name  underneath, 
prefixing  the  word  "by,"  thus: 

John  Smith,  [principal] 
by  Thomas  Jones,  [the  agent.] 

Receipt  for  a  Note  Not  Necessary. — It  is  not  necessary  to  take 
or  give  a  receipt  when  a  note  is  paid,  as  the  instrument  itself 
becomes  a  receipt. 

Mistake  or  Fraud. — A  receipt  given  under  error  or  mistake  of 
fact,  or  obtained  through  fraud,  is  void. 

FORMS  OF  RECEIPTS 
Receipt  in  Full 

Clinton,  ni..  March  10,  1911 
Received  from  Randolph  Pike,  Two  Hundred  and  Fifty-three  Dollara, 
to  Full  of  Ail  Demands. 

Cbarles  Jounson. 
Receipt  on  Account 

Davenport,  Iowa,  June  1    1911. 
Received  from  Hiram  Powers,  One  Hundred  and  Seventy-five  Dollars,  on 
•ccouiit.  Clarence  White. 

Receipt  on  Particular  Account 

Carson  City,  Kev..  June  1,  1911. 
Received  from  Abner  Oglesby,  One  Hundred  and  Ninety-five  Dollars, 
to  apply  on  hire  of  horse. 

Maeshaia.  Strait. 
Receipt  for  Rent 

Ottumwa    Towa,  June  1,  1911. 
Received  of  William  LawTence.  Thirty  Dollars,  in  full  iat  rent  of  resi- 
iS&ice  at  96  Adams  Street  for  the  month  of  May. 

James  Walters, 

Per  WiLLLAii  Stout,  Agent. 


BUYING  AND   SELLING  MERCHANDISE  141 

BUYING  AND  SELLING  MERCHANDISE 
Legal  Points  for  the  Seller 

Offer  to  Sell. — An  advertisement  or  price  list  sent  out  by 
a  wholesale  merchant  to  a  retail  dealer  offering  goods  for 
sale  on  certain  terms  is  not  such  an  offer  as  will  become  bind- 
ing on  acceptance.  (Lincoln  vs.  Erie  Preserving  Co.,  132  Mass., 
129).  The  mere  exposure  of  an  article  for  sale  with  a  cer- 
tain price  marked  on  it  does  not  constitute  an  offer  that  will 
create  legal  relations  between  the  tradesman  and  any  person 
that  may  choose  to  tender  him  the  price  marked.  And  so 
where  a  traveling  salesman  submits  his  samples  and  prices 
to  a  dealer.  This  does  not  constitute  an  ofier  that  will  be- 
come binding  by  acceptance.  It  is  a  mere  solicitation  of  an 
order.  If  the  retail  dealer  gives  the  salesman  an  order,  this 
constitutes  on  the  part  of  the  retail  dealer  an  offer  to  buy 
certain  merchandise  on  certain  terms  at  a  certain  price,  to 
be  accepted  or  rejected  by  the  firm  which  the  salesman  rep- 
resents as  it  may  see  fit.     (McKindlev  vs.  Dunham,  55  Wis.,  42), 

Revocation  of  Offer. — An  offer  to  sell  may  be  recalled  or 
revoked  at  any  time  before  its  acceptance.  But  the  revoca- 
tion must  be  made  known  to  the  offeree  before  it  has  any 
effect.  Therefore,  if  an  acceptance  be  duly  mailed,  before 
any  knowledge  of  a  revocation,  though  one  had  been  really 
Bent,  the  sale  is  closed.  It  is  well  settled  that  even  when  on 
making  the  offer  the  offerer  expressly  promises  to  allow  a 
certain  time  to  the  other  party  for  acceptance,  the  offer  may 
nevertheless  be  revoked  in  the  interval,  if  no  consideration 
has  been  given  for  the  promise  and  provided  that  the  revo- 
cation is  duly  communicated  or  brought  to  the  knowledge  of 
the  other  party  before  he  has  accepted  the  offer  (Larmon  vs. 
Jordan,  56  111.,  204).  A  failure  to  comply  with  a  condition 
of  the  offer  as  to  the  mode  of  acceptance,  or  an  acceptance 
conditionally,  on  terms  varying  from  those  offered,  will  cause 
the  offer  to  lapse,  for  this  is,  in  effect,  a  rejection  of  the 
offer.  For  instance,  a  counter  proposal  to  buy  at  a  sum  less 
than  asked  in  the  offer  to  sell  amounts  to  a  refusal  of  the 
offer,  which  thereby  is  terminated,  and  the  party  to  whom  it 
was  made  cannot  afterwards  hold  the  intend'ed  seller  to  the 
original  offer.     (Arthur  vs.  Gordon,  37  Fed.  Rep.,  558.) 

Refusal  to  Receive  Goods. — If  the  buyer  unreasonably  re- 
fuse to  receive  the  goods,  after  due  delay  and  proper  precau- 
tion the  seller  may  resell  them  and  hold  the  buyer  respon- 
sible for  any  deficit  in  the  price  (4  Bing.,  722).  After  actual 
acceptance,  goods  received  cannot  be  rejected;  and  while  a 
buyer  is  not  bound  to  accept  a  less  quantity  than  ordered, 
he  is  bound  by  an  acceptance  of  part  of  them.  Mere  re- 
ceipt does  not  constitute  acceptance;  but  delay  in  rejecting 
or  acts  of  ownership  will  amount  to  such.  The  buyer,  of 
course,  has  a  reasonable  time  after  a  receipt  to  inspect  and 
55S8ct   the    goods    if    they    do    not   answer   the    description. 


142  SAFE   METHODS 

(Shields  vs.  Reibe,  9  Bradw.,  598.)  If  goods  are  not  accor* 
Ing  to  contract,  duty  rests  on  buyer  to  notify  seller  of  tbe 
fact  within  a  reasonable  time.  (Benj.  on  Sales,  G90).  The 
failure  of  a  customer  to  repudiate  a  sale  of  stock  made  by 
his  broker  upon  a  stock  exchange,  immediately  after  it  is 
reported  to  him,  operates  as  a  ratification,  and  precludes 
him  from  subsequently  contending  that  the  terms  of  tUe  sale 
were  unauthorized.     (Clews  vs.  Jamieson,  182  U.  S.,  461). 

Refusing  to  Sell. — A  dealer  has  the  right  to  refuse  to  sell 
to  any  particular  individual  in  the  absence  of  any  illegal 
combination.    (Lockervs,  American  Tobacco  Co. ,  195  N.  Y. ,  5(i5). 

Restraint  of  Trade. — Contracts  between  a  manufacturer 
and  all  dealers  whom  he  permits  to  sell  his  products,  com- 
prising most  of  the  dealers  in  similar  articles  throughout 
the  country,  which  fix  the  price  for  all  sales,  whether  at 
wholesale  or  retail,  operate  as  a  restraint  of  trade,  unlawful 
both  at  common  law  and  as  to  interstate  commerce,  under 
the  anti-trust  act  of  July  2,  1890,  even  though  such  products 
may  be  proprietary  medicines  made  under  a  secret  formula. 
(Dr.  Miles  Medical  Co.  vs.  John  D.  Park  &  Sons  Co.,  220  U.  S., 
373.) 

Legal  Points  for  the  Buyer 

Acceptance  of  Offer. — In  order  to  constitute  a  sale  there 
must  be  an  absolute  and  unconditional  acceptance  of  the  offer 
to  sell.  For  instance,  where  A  wrote  to  B  to  cend  him  six 
hogsheads  of  rum,  and  other  things,  B  sent  only  three  hogs- 
heads, which  were  lost  on  the  way,  it  was  held  to  be  no 
sale.  (Bruce  vs.  Pearson,  3  Johns,  334).  But  written  or 
spoken  wotrds  are  not  necessary  to  constitute  an  acceptance. 
It  may  be  implied  from  conduct,  as  where  one  person  sends 
goods  to  another  without  any  order  and  he  receives  and  con- 
sumes them,  knowing  that  the  sender  expects  him  to  pay 
for  them.  (Wellauer  vs.  Fallows,  48  Wis.,  105).  A  person 
Is  not  bound  to  receive  and  pay  for  a  larger  quantity  than 
he  orders.     (Rommel  vs.  Wingate,  103  Mass.,  227). 

When  Title  Passes. — Where  a  merchant  receives  an  order 
for  a  certain  quantity  of  goods  and  actually  charges  the  goodi 
on  his  books,  no  title  passes  to  any  particular  goods  until 
they  have  been  set  apart,  marked  or  in  some  way  designated 
for  the  buyer;  and  this  is  so  even  though  the  order  embraces 
the  whole  quantity  the  seller  had  of  that  description.  (Benj. 
on  Sales,  294).  Where  delivery  of  goods  is  made  conditional 
upon  payment  of  price,  title  does  not  pass  until  payment 
is  made.  (Merchants'  Exchange  Bank  vs.  McGraw,  59  Fed., 
972).  There  is  a  sufficient  change  of  possession  of  personal 
property  in  the  possession  of  a  bailee  to  support  a  sale  as 
against  a  claim  of  the  seller's  creditors,  where  the  bailee,  at 
the  request  of  both  seller  and  buyer,  consents  to  hold  the 
property  for  the  latter.    (Hendrie  vs.  B.  Mfg.  Co.,  56  Pac,  1067). 

Sale  and  Return. — In  this  class  of  sales  the  title  and  risk 
immediately  pass  to  the  purchaser.     (Dearborn  vs.  Turner, 


BUYINQ  AND  SELLING  MEBGHANDI8E  143 

16  Me.,  17).  If  the  right  of  return  is  not  duly  exercised  and 
the  property  is  retained,  the  right  is  forfeited  and  the  sale 
becomes  absolute.  (Ray  vs.  Thompson,  12  Cush.,  281).  Where 
th<5  seller  accepts  a  return  of  the  goods  without  objection,  his 
coiisent  to  a  rescision  may  be  implied  therefrom.  (Greder 
vs.  Stahl,  115  N.  W.,  1129). 

Caih  or  Credit. — Where  goods  are  sold  without  expecta- 
tion of  immediate  payment,  it  is  a  sale  on  credit,  though  no 
period,  whether  a  day  or  a  year,  is  fixed.  (Arnstedt  vs.  Sut- 
ler, 30  111.,  164).  The  presumption  of  an  arreement  for  cash 
paymeni  fails  where  the  dealing  is  pursuant  to  a  previous 
general  understanding  that  credit  shall  be  given  and  in  ac- 
cordance with  previous  dealings  on  that  basis.  (Kahn  vs. 
Cook,  22  111.  App.,  559). 

Unsatisfactory  Goods. — In  every  contract  to  supply  goods 
of  a  specified  description  which  the  buyer  has  no  opportunity 
to  inspect,  the  goods  must  not  only  in  fact  answer  the  speci- 
fied description  but  must  also  be  salable  or  merchantable 
under  that  description.  (White  vs.  Miller,  71  N.  Y.,  118). 
iWhere  the  goods  are  rejected  by  the  buyer  on  the  ground 
that  they  are  unsatisfactory,  freight  charges  paid  by  him 
are  recoverable.  (Virginia-Carolina  Lumber  Co.  vs.  Eisinger, 
29  App.  Cas.   (D.  C),  531). 

Fraud. — If  a  buyer  fraudulently  mieatates  the  facts,  mate- 
rial facts,  the  sale  is  voidable.  False  statements  as  to  what 
property  he  owns,  what  debts  he  owes,  what  amount  of  busi- 
ness he  is  doing,  that  his  property  is  unincumbered,  etc., 
render  the  sale  voidable.  Cary  vs.  Hotailing,  1  Hill,  311). 
The  mere  fact  that  the  purchaser  of  goods  fails  to  disclose 
the  fact  that  he  is  insolvent  does  not  amount  to  fraud  if  he 
intends  to  pay  for  them  and  is  not  asked  as  to  his  financial 
condition.  (Talcott  vs.  Henderson,  31  Ohio  St.,  162).  If, 
however,  at  the  time  of  the  purchase  he  does  not  intend  to 
pay,  he  is  guilty  of  fraud,  for  he  impliedly  represents  that 
he  does  intend  to  pay;  and,  if  he  has  no  reasonable  expecta- 
tion of  being  able  to  pay,  it  is  equivalent  to  an  intention  not 
lo  pay.     (Edson  vs.  Hudson,  83  Mich.,  450), 

BANKS  AND   BANKING 

Brief  History  of  Banks.— The  name  "bank"  is  derived  from  th© 
Italian  word  banco,  a  bench ;  the  early  Italian  banks  being  in 
the  habit  of  transacting  their  business  on  benches  or  tables  in 
the  market-places  of  the  principal  towns. 

The  First  Banking  Institution  of  Importance  was  the  Bank  of 
Tenice,  which  was  established  in  1171.  The  Bank  of  Genoa  was 
projected  in  1345,  but  did  not  go  into  full  operation  until  1407. 
The  Bank  of  Barcelona  was  established  in  1401,  and  was  the  first 
fco  institute  the  system  of  negotiation  of  bills  o£  escbange.    Tho 


144  SAFE   METHODS 

Bank  of  Hamburg  was  established  in  1619,  the  Bank  of  Rotter- 
dam in  1635,  the  Bank  of  Stockholm  in  1688,  tlie  Bank  of  Eng- 
land in  1694,  the  Banks  of  Berlin  and  Breslau  in  1765,  and  the 
Bank  of  North  America  (by  Robert  Morris,  at  Philadelphia^  in 
1782. 

The  National  Banking  System  of  the  United  States  was  organ- 
iezd  in  1863,  prior  to  which  all  banks  of  issue  and  deposit  were 
chartered  by  the  several  States,  and  in  1857,  1,400  of  these  State 
institutions  were  in  existence. 

Different  Classes  of  Banks. — Banks  are  divided  generally  into 
five  classes:  of  deposit,  of  discount,  of  circulation,  of  exchange, 
and  savings  banks.  Taking  them  separately,  they  may  be 
characterized  as  follows: 

Banks  of  Deposit  receive  money  to  keep  for  the  depositor  until 
he  draws  it  out,  by  checks  payable  to  himself  or  to  others.  A 
person  who  desires  to  make  a  single  deposit,  to  be  withdrawn  in 
the  same  amount,  receives  from  the  bank  a  certificate  of  deposit. 
This  is  payable  at  any  stated  time  or  on  demand,  and  may  bear 
interest. 

Banks  of  Discount  are  oocupied  in  discounting  promissory 
notes  and  bills  of  exchange,  or  in  lending  money  on  security. 
Almost  all  banks  have  a  department  embracing  these  features. 

Banks  of  Circulation  issue  bills  or  notes  of  their  own,  in- 
tended to  be  the  circulating  currency  or  medium  of  exchange, 
instead,  of  gold  and  silver.  The  notes  or  bills  of  the  National 
Banks  are  guaranteed  by  the  Government,  which  holds  as 
security  bonds  belonging  to  the  bank  to  a  still  larger  amount 
than  their  issue  of  biUs,  or,  as  commonly  termed,  their  "cir- 
culation." The  Government  also  retains  a  five  per  cent  fund 
for  immediate  redemption. 

Only  the  National  Banks  issue  a  circulation,  because  a  tax  of 
ten  per  cent  would  be  levied  upon  any  kind  of  circulating  notes 
other  than  those  issued  by  the  Grovernment. 

Banks  of  Exchange  receive  money  on  deposit,  and,  instead  of 
paying  it  back  to  the  depositors,  make  payments  by  drafts  on 
other  banks.  They  keep  money  on  deposit  at  the  principal  trade 
centers;  thus  money  can  be  sent  to  different  points  at  small 
expense  and  without-risk.  They  charge  one  who  desires  to  remit, 
a  small  amount  for  their  services,  and  sell  him  their  draft  on  the 
place  to  which  the  remittance  is  to  be  sent. 

Savings  Banks  receive  in  trust  or  on  deposit  small  sums  of 
money  at  a  moderate  rate  of  interest.    These  sums  generally  are 


BANKING  145 

tiie  savings  of  laborers  from  their  earnings,  and  are  thus 
deposited  for  profit  and  safe  keeping. 

A.t  the  end  of  a  certain  fixed  time  the  interest  due  is  added  to 
each  depositor's  account.  These  interest  terms  vary  with 
different  banks,  being  one,  three,  or  six  months. 

Elach  depositor  is  furnished  with  a  book  showing  his  deposits 
from  time  to  time  and  what  he  has  drawn  out.  When  settlingj, 
the  depositor  is  allowed  no  interest  on  the  last  deposit  if  it  has 
oot  been  la  the  bank  for  a  full  interest  term. 

NATIONAL  BANES 

Why  So  Called. — In  1863  a  national  law  was  passed  in  accord- 
ance with  which  banks  might  be  organized  and  conducted  alika 
throughout  the  country.  Banks  formed  imder  that  and  subse- 
quent laws  of  Congress  are  called  National  Banks,  for  the  reason 
that  they  are  organized  under  national  laws  and  their  notes 
secured  by  national  obligations. 

How  Organized. — Any  number  of  persons,  not  less  than  five 
can  enter  into  articles  of  association  for  the  formation  of  a 
national  bank.  Such  articles  must  specify  in  general  terms  the 
object  for  which  the  association  is  formed,  and  are  signed  by 
those  associating  and  forwarded  to  the  Comptroller  of  the 
Currwicy. 

Requisite  Amount  of  Capital. — ^The  capital  stock  of  a  national 
banking  association  is  divided  into  shares  of  §100  each,  and  in 
cities  of  50,000  population  or  over,  no  association  can  be  organized 
with  a  less  capital  than  $200,000.  In  cities  and  towns  of  6,000 
population,  and  up  to  50,000,  a  capital  of  5100,000  is  required;  it 
towns  of  from  3,000  up  to  6,000,  §50,000;  and  in  towns  not 
exceeding  3,000,  §25.000. 

FEDERAL  RESERVE  BANKS 

Banking  Regions  and  Federal  Reserve  Cities. — Under 

provisions  of  the  new  Banking  and  Currency  System  estab- 
lished by  the  "Federal  Reserve  Act"  of  December  23rd,  1913, 
the  principal  features  of  which  are  given  herein  at  page  462, 
the  United  States  has  been  divided  into  twelve  banking 
regions  or  districts. 

The  Act  directs  the  reserve  bank  organization  committee  to 
**designate  not  less  than  eight  nor  more  than  twelve  cities 


146  SAFE  METHODS 

to  be  known  as  federal  reserve  cities,"  to  "divide  continental 
United  States,  excluding  Alaska,  into  districts,  each  district 
to  contain  only  one  of  such  federal  reserve  cities,"  and  to 
apportion  the  districts  "with  due  regard  to  the  convenience 
and  customaiy  course  of  business."  The  cities  desigcated 
by  the  committee  as  Federal  reserve  cities  are  Boston,  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  Cleveland,  Richmond,  Atlanta,  Chicago, 
St.  Louis,  Minneapolis,  Kansas  City,  Dallas  and  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

Principal  Factors  Governing  the  Selection  of  Federal 
Reserve  Cities. — The  principal  factors  which  governed  the 
committee  in  determining  the  respective  districts  and  the 
selection  of  the  cities  designated  as  Federal  reserve  cities 
were: 

First :  The  ability  of  the  member  banks  within  the  district 
to  provide  the  minimum  capital  of  $4,000,000  required  for 
the  Federal  reserve  bank,  on  the  basis  of  6  per  cent  of  the 
capital  stock  and  surplus  of  member  banks  within  the  district. 

Second:  The  mercantile,  industrial,  and  financial  connec- 
tions existing  in  each  district  and  the  relations  between  the 
various  portions  of  the  district  and  the  city  selected  for  the 
location  of  the  federal  reserve  bank. 

Third:  The  probable  ability  of  the  Federal  reserve  bank 
in  each  district,  after  organization  and  after  the  provisions 
of  the  Federal  Reserve  Act  shall  have  gone  into  effect,  to 
meet  the  legitimate  demands  of  business  whether  normal  or 
abnormal,  in  accordance  with  the  spirit  and  provisions  of  the 
Federal  Reserve  Act. 

Member  Banks. — The  Act  makes  it  compulsory  upon  all 
National  Banks  to  subscribe  to  the  capital  stock  of  the  Fed- 
eral reserve  bank  of  their  respective  districts  and  become 
"member  banks"  of  the  system.  State  Banks  may,  but  are 
not  required  to,  become  member  banks.  To  be  eligible  they 
must  comply  with  requirements  placed  upon  National  Banks, 
as  to  sufficient  capital,  reserve  requirements,  limitation  of 
liability  and  regulation  of  business,  and  as  to  examination 
and  report. 

The  main  object  of  the  Federal  reserve  banks  is  to  estab- 
lish a  market  where  National  Banks  may  be  able  to  redis- 
count their  bills  or  to  obtain  special  loans  in  a  manner  similar 
to  that  of  the  joint  stock  banks  in  France  and  Germany,  and 
also  to  meet  the  demand  for  emergency  currency  during  the 
seasonal  periods  of  the  year. 

Banking  Business. — The  business"of  banking  consists  in 
dealing  in  money  and  credit.  The  following  are  some  of  the 
branches  of  this  business:  Collection,  Discount,  Deposits, 
Circulation,  Exchange,  Loans,  Remittance,  Investment  and 
Agency.  Some  of  these  branches  have  already  been  consid- 
ered under  the  sub-heading  Different  Classes  of  Banks. 


BANKING  147 

Collection  is  the  opposite  of  remittance.  Banks  receive  drafts 
or  checks  payable  at  distant  points.  These  are  presented  at  the 
places  of  payment.  There  are  left  with  the  banks,  for  collection 
previous  to  maturity,  notes,  time  drafts,  and  bills  of  exchange. 

Discount  is  paying  to  a  person  the  proceeds  of  a  note  or  other 
paper  not  yet  due,  deducting  from  it  the  interest  till  maturity. 
As  the  sum  received  is  not  the  full  amount  of  the  paper,  the  bor- 
rower really  pays  more  than  the  nominal  rate  of  interest.  See 
Bank  Discount. 

Loans. — Bankers  receive  money  not  only  for  safe  keeping,  but 
they  loan  out  the  greater  part  of  it  at  a  higher  interest  than  they 
pay  their  depositors.  Loaning  money  is  as  much  a  part  of  their 
business  as  the  receiving  of  deposits. 

Investments. — With  money  not  otherwise  employed  banks 
purchase  various  securities,  both  for  the  income  to  be  derived 
from  them  and  for  the  profit  to  be  realized  from  their  sale.  The 
chief  object  of  a  savings  bank  is  the  collective  investment  of 
small  sums. 

Agency. — Many  banks  act  as  financial  agents  for  their  custom- 
ers, investing  their  money  in  various  ways. 
Clearing  Houses 

The  magnitude  of  the  business  of  exchanges  makes  it  neces- 
sary in  large  cities,  where  there  are  many  banks,  to  have  an 
establishment  known  as  the  clearing  house,  to  which  each  bank 
connected  with  it  sends  every  day  in  order  to  have  its  business 
with  the  other  banks  9-djusted.  Each  bank  in  its  daily  dealings 
receives  many  bills  of  other  banks,  and  checks  drawn  on  them, 
so  that  at  the  close  of  the  day's  business  every  bank  has  in  its 
drawers  various  sums  due  to  it  by  other  banks.  It  is,  in  like 
manner,  the  debtor  of  other  banks  which  have  received  its  bills 
and  checks.  These  sums  due  by  and  to  the  banks  among  them- 
selves are  at  the  clearing  house  set  off  against  each  other  and 
the  balances  paid  or  received. 

A  Bank  Account 

Importance  of  Keeping. — The  keeping  of  a  bank  account  is  a 
matter  of  great  convenience  as  well  as  pecuniary  benefit  to  busi- 
ness men  and  women.  Where  considerable  business  is  done, 
money  is  constantly  accumulating,  which,  when  deposited  in  a 
reliable  bank,  is  more  secure  from  burglary  than  elsewhere. 
Sometimes  money  may  be  lost  through  robbery  or  failure  of  a 
bank,  but  of  all  losses  to  which  business  men  may  be  exposed 
that  by  failure  of  banks  is  the  least. 


148 


SAFE   METHODS 


How  to  C^en. — One  wishing  to  open  an  account  with  a  bank 
should  have  some  one  who  is  acquainted  with  the  bank  oflBcials 
give  him  an  introduction  at  the  bank.  If  the  bank  cashier  is 
satisfied  that  all  is  right,  he  will  have  the  prospective  depositor 
write  his  name  in  the  "Signature  Book,"  so  it  will  be  recognized 
by  the  bank  officials  when  appearing  on  checks  signed  by  the 
depositor  He  is  then  given  a  deposit  ticket,  and  proceeds  to 
make  his  first  deposit. 

■  The  Deposit  Ticket 
The  Deposit  Ticket  is  a  blank  form  which  the  customer  fills 
out  so  as  to  show  the  date,  the  amount  and  kinds  of  funds 
deposited. 

Deposit  Ticket 


Deposited  in  First  National  Bank 
By  Wm.  King 

Chicago^  Feb.  I,  igii 


Currency     .... 
Checks,  Chas.  Howard 
Jas.  Milton  . 


$7oo\50 
75\oo 


$8o6\oo 


The  Pass  Book 
If  money  is  deposited  in  a  bank  to  remain  there  for  an  indefi- 
nite time,  the  depositor  receives  a  certificate  of  deposit,  but  if  he 
wishes  to  draw  out  frequently  the  banker  furnishes  him  a  pass 
book  in  which  are  entered  the  date  and  the  amount  of  deposits. 
The  opposite  page  shows  the  amount  drawn  out.  From  time  to 
time  they  are  balanced,  showing  the  amount  of  deposit  there  is 
in  the  bank. 


Dr.      First  Natwjtat  Batik  in  account  with  Wtn.  King       Cr. 

1911 

Feb.   1  . . 

"       15.. 

"      20. . 

March  2 . . 

March  3.  . 

To  cash  . . . 
To  balance 

$900 
700 
450 
200 

00 
00 
00 
00 

1911 
Feb.   13.... 

"      18.... 

"      25.... 
March  2. . . 

By  check . . 
Balance... 

$250 
300 
450 

5'i0 

750 

$2,350 

00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 

» 

$2,250 
%   75U 

00 
00 

CHECKS  149 

The  Check  Book 
The  Check  Book  contains  the  blank  orders  or  checks,  with  a 
margin  on  which  to  write  date,  amount  and  to  whom  the  check 
is  given.     When  filled  out  the  check  is  taken  to  the  bank,  while 
the  memorandum  remains  in  the  book. 


No.r. 

Date,  Feb.  is,  joii. 
Favor  of  John  Jones 
for  Merchandise, 

$250,000 


No.  I, 

Chicago,  Feb.  12,  iqii. 

FIRST  NATIONAL  BANK 

Pay  to  John  Jones,  or  order,  Two 

Hundred  and  Fifty  ^^^  Dollars. 

$250.00  Wm.  King. 


Checks 

A  Written  Order  on  the  Bank  directing  a  certain  amount  of 
money  to  be  paid  to  a  person  named,  or  to  his  order,  or  to  him 
"or  bearer,"  or  simpy  to  "bearer,"  is  called  a  check.  This  is  the 
simplest  form  of  negotiable  paper.  A  check  requires  no  set  form 
of  wording;  any  properly  dated  demand  upon  a  bank,  by  a 
depositor,  correctly  signed,  is  a  check  and  will  draw  the  money. 

When  Negotiable. — A  check  made  payable  to  "bearer"  is  nego- 
tiable, and  is  payable  to  any  one  presenting  it,  and  so  is  a  check 
that  is  made  payable  to  some  one  "or  his  order,"  after  the  payee 
has  written  his  name  upon  the  back. 

Forged  Checks. — Some  forgers  can  imitate  a  signatixre  so 
closely  that  even  the  one  whose  name  is  forged  is  not  able  to 
distinguish  it  from  his  own,  and  can  only  swear  that  he  did  not 
make  out  the  check.  The  responsibility  of  detecting  the  forgery 
is  thrown  upon  the  teller.  The  bank  pays  every  check  at  its 
own  risk.  The  person  whose  name  has  been  forged  is  not  to 
rectify  the  forgery,  because  that  would  be  shielding  and  encour- 
aging crime. 

Raised  Checks. — To  alter  the  writing  and  the  figures  of  a 
check  so  that  it  will  call  for  more  money  than  the  drawer  gave 
instructions  to  pay  is  called  raising  the  check.  To  prevent  this, 
care  should  be  taken  to  always  fill  in  the  empty  spaces  with 
lines.  Use  words  instead  of  figures.  If  a  raised  check  is  paid 
by  the  bank,  it  can  only  charge  the  depositor  with  the  amount 
for  which  he  himself  made  out  the  check,  unless  he  was  grossly 
negligent  in  giving  the  amount  to  be  paid.  The  drawer  must 
take  reasonable  precaution  to  protect  his  check  from  being  raised. 


150 


SAFE  METHODS 


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154  SAFE  METHODS 

Always  Keep  the  Stub  of  Your  Check  Book,  and  in  issu- 
ing a  check  always  fill  the  stub  out  first. 

In  Presenting  a  Check  to  the  Bank  for  payment,  always 
write  your  name  on  the  back  before  handing  it  in. 

Giving  a  Check  is  No  Payment  of  an  indebtedness  un- 
less the  check  is  paid. 

The  Death  of  the  Maker  of  a  check  before  presentment  to 
the  bank  renders  the  check  null  and  void,  but  in  some  States 
the  statute  provides  that  a  check  may  be  paid  by  the  bank 
within  a  limited  time  after  the  death  of  the  maker. 

Payment  of  a  Check  may  be  Stopped  by  subsequent  or- 
der to  bank  by  maker  before  presentment  of  check. 

When  Sending  a  Check  Away  from  your  own  town  or 
locality  always  have  it  certified,  as  this  renders  it  easier  for 
the  person  to  whom  you  send  it  to  get  it  cashed. 

OTHER  FORMS  OF  CHECKS 
Payable  to  Bearer 

$250.00  Akron.  O.,  March  4,  19 — . 

Cleveland    National    Bank,    pay    to    E.    J.    Williams,    or   bearer. 
Two  Hundred  and  Fifty  Dollars. 

R.  M.  Atwood  &  Co. 

Payable  to  Order 

$125.40  St.   Paul,  Minn.,   June   1,    19 — . 

Commercial  State   Bank,  pay  to   R.   L.   Holcomb,  or  order.   One 
Hundred  and  Twenty-live  and  4%oo  Dollars. 

W.  H.  Unqep. 

Payable  to  Yourself 

$50.00  Frankfort,  Ky.,  June  10,  19 — . 

Frankfort  Exchange  Bank,  pay  to  myself  Fifty  Dollars. 

E.  J.  Lang. 

INDORSING  CHECKS 

How  Indorsement  Should  be  "Written. — Write  the  in- 
dorsement across  the  back,  not  lengthwise,  of  the  check. 

Each  Successive  Indorsement  should  be  written  under 
those  that  precede  it. 

In  Depositing  a  Check,  write  across  the  back  "For  De- 
posit," and  below  this  your  name.  Checks  thus  indorsed  can 
only  be  deposited,  and  should  they  be  lost  on  the  way  to  the 
bank  the  finder  cannot  use  them. 

Merely  Writing  Your  Name  on  the  Back  is  a  blank  in- 
dorsement, and  signifies  that  it  has  passed  through  your  hands 
and  is  payable  to  bearer,  any  one  into  whose  hands  it  may 
come. 

In  Order  to  Make  Check  Payable  to  some  Particular 
Person,  write:  Pay  to  the  order  of  (person's  name),  and 
Dign  your  name. 


INDORSEMENTS 


155 


Do  not  Send  Away  a  Check  Indorsed  in  Blank,  but  make  it  pay- 
able to  the  person  to  whom  you  send  it.  Then  if  lost  it  cannot 
be  paid  to  any  one  else. 

A  Person  must  Indorse  his  Name  as  it  is  Written  in  the  check. 
A  check  drawn  payable  to  W.  King,  cannot  be  indorsed  Wm. 
King.  If  drawn  payable  to  Rev.  W.  King,  it  should  be  so 
indorsed,  as  bankers  are  very  particular  to  have  the  name  of  the 
payee  as  given  on  the  face  of  the  note  exactly  reproduced  in  the 
indorsement. 

If  the  Spelling  of  the  Name  on  the  Face  is  Wrong,  indorse  it  in 
that  way  and  then  write  it  underneath  correctly. 

Responsibility  of  Indorsers. — The  following  table  shows  the 
relative  responsibility  of  each  indorser.  Each  indorser  is 
responsible  to  the  one  below  him. 


In  a  note. 

In  an  unaccepted 
draft  or  uncerti- 
fied check. 

In  an  accepted 
draft. 

In  a  certified 
check. 

1.  Maker. 

2.  1st  Indorser. 

3.  2nd  Indorser. 

4.  3rd  Indorser. 

Etc. 

1.  Drawer. 

2.  1st  Indorser. 

3.  2nd  Indorser. 

4.  3rd  Indorser. 

Etc. 

1.  Acceptor. 

2.  Drawer. 

3.  1st.  Indorser. 

4.  2nd  Indorser. 

Etc. 

1.  The  Bank. 

2.  1st  Indorser. 

3.  2nd  Indorser. 

4.  3rd  Indorser. 

Etc. 

FORMS  OF  INDORSEMENTS 

When  Presented  for  Pasonent 


When  Transferred 

^    & 

^     .s 

^t^^ 

1^ 

"^ 

156  SAFE  METHODS 

When  Deposited 


BANKING  RULES 

1.  Make  your  deposits  in  the  bank  as  early  in  the  day  as  pos- 
sible, and  never  without  your  bank  book. 

2.  Always  use  the  deposit  tickets  furnished  by  the  bank. 
When  checks  are  deposited,  the  banks  require  them  to  be 
indorsed,  whether  drawn  to  the  order  of  depositor  or  not. 

3.  Do  not  allow  your  bank  book  to  run  too  long  without  bal- 
ancing.    Compare  it  with  the  account  of  the  bank. 

4.  Write  your  signature  with  the  usual  freedom  and  never 
vary  the  style  of  it. 

5.  Draw  as  few  checks  as  possible ;  when  several  bills  are  to 
be  paid  draw  the  money  in  one  check. 

6.  Always  keep  your  check  book  under  lock  and  key. 

7.  In  filling  up  checks  do  not  leave  space  in  which  the  amount 
may  be  raised.  Always  fill  the  space  with  a  dash.  Use  words 
instead  of  figures. 

8.  If  one  who  holds  a  check,  as  payee  or  otherwise,  transfers  it 
to  another,  he  has  a  right  to  insist  that  the  check  be  presented 
that  day,  or  at  farthest,  on  the  day  following. 

9.  If  you  wish  to  draw  money  from  the  bank  on  your  own 
check,  write:  "Pay  to  myself."  instead  of  writing  your  name  in 
the  body  of  the  check. 

10.  If  you  write  a  check  to  a  person  who  will  have  to  be  iden- 
tified at  the  bank  in  order  to  receive  payment;  have  him  indorse 
the  check  and  then  beneath  his  signature  write  "Signature 
O.  K.,"  and  sign  your  name.  This  will  enable  him  to  draw  pay- 
ment  on  the  check  without  further  identification. 


DRAFTS  157 

DRAFTS 

RULES  FOR  WRITING,    ACCEPTING  AND  TRA.NSFERRINO 

What  a  Draft  Is. — A  draft  is  a  written  order  by  one  person  or 
firm  upon  another  for  the  payment  of  a  specified  sum  of  money. 

Names  of  Parties. — The  one  who  writes  the  draft  is  called  the 
drawer,  the  one  on  whom  it  is  written  is  called  the  drawee,  and 
the  one  to  whom  it  is  to  be  paid  the  payee. 

When  Payable. — Drafts  may  be  made  payable  at  sight,  on 
demand,  or  at  a  certain  time  after  date  or  after  sight. 

Negotiability. — Drafts  are  negotiable  both  before  and  after 
acceptance. 

Drafts  may  be  Drawn  to  One's  own  Order,  and  then  indorsed 
in  favor  of  the  party  to  whom  they  are  to  be  sent. 

Acceptance. — By  acceptance  is  meant  the  act  by  which  a  per- 
son, upon  whom  a  draft  is  drawn,  binds  himself  to  pay  it  when 
due.  This  usually  is  done  by  writing  the  word  "Accepted," 
together  with  the  date,  in  red  ink  across  the  face  of  the  draft 
and  signing  the  acceptor's  name  below. 

When  Acceptance  is  refused,  it  is  said  to  be  dishonored,  and 
the  drawer  and  indorser  are  held  liable  for  payment.  The  draft 
is  then  protested. 

Protest. — A  protest  is  a  formal  declaration  made  by  a  notary 
public,  under  his  hand  and  seal,  at  the  request  of  the  holder,  of 
non-acceptance  or  non-payment,  and  the  parties  liable  are 
formally  notified. 

Drafts  Drawn  at  Sight  or  on  Demand  are  not  presented  for 
acceptance,  but  for  payment  only. 

A  Promise  to  Accept  a  Draft  will  be  equivalent  to  an  accept- 
ance if  it  has  given  credit  to  the  bill. 

Any  Material  Alteration  of  a  draft  after  it  has  been  diawn  or 
accepted  makes  it  valueless. 

Death  of  Drawee. — Should  the  person  upon  whom  the  draft  is 
drawn  die  before  it  is  accepted,  it  should  be  presented  to  his 
legal  representatives. 

Bank  Drafts. — A  draft  made  by  one  bank  upon  another  is  called 
a  bank  draft.    This  is  the  most  common  kind.     (See  page  159.) 

In  Buying  a  Draft  at  the  Bank,  it  is  always  best  to  have  it 
made  payable  to  yourself,  and  then  indorse  it  in  favor  of  the 
person  to  whom  you  intend  to  transfer  it.  This  gives  you  a  good 
receipt  for  the  money. 

Drafts  on  Foreign  Countries  are  called  bills  of  exchange.  (See 
Bills  of  Exchange.) 


158  SAFE   METHODS 

FORMS  OF  DRAFTS 
To  One's  Own  Order 

J50.00  Lincoln,  111.,  Feb.  2,   1911. 

Ten  days  after  sight  pay  to  my  own  order  Fifty  Dollars,  and  charge  to 

J.   H.  JONBS. 

To  William  Hill, 
Lincoln,  111. 

Sight  Draft 

$100.00  Davenport,   Iowa,  June  3,  1911. 

At  sight  pay  to  the  order  of  Henry  Starr  One  Hundred  Dollars,  and 
charge  to  the  account  of  Frank  Lawler. 

To  William  Dix, 
Chicago,  111. 

Time  Draft 

$50.00  St.  Joseph.  Mich..  June  1.  1911. 

At  ten  days'  sight  pay  to  the  order  of  Warren  Hazelteen  at  St.  Joseph 
National  Bank  Fifty  Dollars. 

Value  received.  Chas.  Hunter. 

To  H.  R.  Moser, 

Lansing,  Mich. 

Time  Draft,  Second  Form 

$320.00  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  April  1, 1911. 

Twenty  days  from  date  pay  to  J.  R.  Kotter,  or  order,  Three  Hundred 
and  Twenty  Dollars.     Value  received  Jame3  Clahk. 

To  Wm.  K.  Asire, 

St   Paul,  Minn. 

BILLS  OF  EXCHANGE 

How  Drawn. — Bills  of  exchange,  as  drafts  on  foreign  countries 
are  usually  called,  are  drawn  in  sets  of  three,  each  one  referring 
to  the  other  tvro.  They  are  alike,  except  that  they  are  num- 
bered first,  second,  and  third.  If  the  first,  which  is  usually  kept 
by  the  purchaser  to  be  presented  by  himself  for  payment  at  the 
foreign  bank,  is  lost,  then  the  second  or  third,  being  sent  by 
mail,  may  be  used.  The  payment  of  one  cancels  the  other  two. 
To  distinguish  them  from  other  drafts  they  are  sometimes 
called  foreign  bills  of  exchange,  and  the  others  are  sometimes 
called  inland  bills  of  exchange. 

The  bank  selling  a  Bill  of  Exchange,  having  money  deposited 
in  a  foreign  bank,  orders  the  bill  cashed  there  In  this  way 
travelers  are  saved  the  trouble  and  risk  of  carrying  large 
amounts  of  money  with  them.  Merchants  engaged  in  foreign 
trade  also  find  them  very  convenient,  and  make  all  their  pay- 
ments through  Bills  of  Exchange. 


l66  SAFE   METHODS 

SET   OF  FOREIGN  BELLS  OF  EXCHANGE 

1..KM     1 


Chicago,  III.,  March  5.  igtt.      . 
Exchange )  I 

for        )■  I 

£/(X)      )  Ninety  days  after  sight  cf  this  <mr  Firzt 

of  Exchange  (second  and  third  of  the  same  date  and  tmor 
unpaid)  pay  to  the  order  cf  Chas.  1 1': /son  l>ne  Hundred 
Pounds  Sterling,  value  received,  and  charge  the  tarn*  to 

Henry  H or  man  6«»  Co. 

To  the  Commercial  Bank  of  Glasgow.  ) 
No.  64S  Glasgow,  Scot.  S 


FoKV    '1 

Chicago,  III.,  March  5,  jgii. 

Exchangee  ) 

for        \ 

£100.      ) 

Ninety  days  after  sight  of  this  our  Sec- 

end  of  Exchange 

ijirst  and  third  of  the  same  tmor  and  dat« 

unpaid)  pay  to 

the  order  of  Chas.    Wilson    One  Hundred 

Founds  Sterling, 

value  received,  and  charge  the  same  to 

Henry  Horman  &*  Co. 

To  the  Commercial  Bank  of  Glasgow,  \ 
Glasgow,  Scot.  ) 

No.  642 

rf)RM  ."« 


Chicago,  Hi.  March  5,  ign. 
Exchange  ) 
for        V 

£fOO.      )              Ninety  days  after  sight  of  this  our  Third 
of  Exchange  {first  and  second  of  the  same  tenor  and  date  un- 
paid) pay  to  the  order  of  Chas.   Wilson  One  Hundred  Pounds 
Sterling,  value  received,  and  charge  the  same  to 

Henry  Horman  &*  Co. 

A'o.  642 

To  the  Commercial  Bank  of  Glasgow, 
Glasgow,  Scot.  \ 

LETTERS    OF    CREDIT  181 

LETTERS   OF  CREDIT 

A  Letter  of  Credit  is  a  letter  from  a  bank  or  mercantile  house 
addreKseil  to  its  agents  or  corresponJentd  ebe where,  requesting 
thfin  to  pay  or  advance  money  to  the  bearer  of  the  letter. 

How  Secured. — The  person  who  obtains  a  letter  of  this  kind 
Osually  is  required  to  depo^it  an  equivalent  sum  with  the  person 
or  lirm  from  whom  he  obtains  it,  in  money,  bonds,  mortgages  or 
stocks. 

A  Copy  of  the  Letter  is  also  sent  by  mail  to  the  person 
addressed,  in  which  the  bearer  is  so  described  that  he  may  be 
recognized. 

If  the  Letter  is  not  Accepted  by  the  person  to  whom  it  is 
addreHsed  the  lieart-r  hhuuld  at  once  notify  the  author  and  give 
the  reason  why  it  has  not  been  honored. 

Party  Held  Responsible.— The  party  whone  signature  tlie  letter 
bearH  is  held  res|><)n.sihlu  for  thu  amount  involved,  if  the  persoa 
to  whom  it  is  addressed  accepts  it. 

FORM  OF  LETTER  OF  CREDIT 

MO  Broadwkjr,  New  York.  Jan.  10.  1911 
!!—■■■    Havart,  Rceo  a  Co.. 

London.  Kng. 
DxAR  Hiiui:  We  take  pleaaure  In  introduclnc  to  you  Mr.  Chaa.  P.  Hodder 
of  thu  city,  wtio  vulita  Enicland  (or  the  pur;>oae  of  uivrstinc  In  prop<Tty  in 
the  city  or  vicinity  o(  London,  aiid  deairt-a  to  open  a  credit  with  you  o( 
Fifteen  Tbouaand  Dollarm.  We  hereby  authortte  you  to  honor  hU  dr&fla 
to  an  amount  not  exoeedlnc  in  tl>e  awrecate  the  above-named  sum  and 
Charire  the  aame  to  ua. 

llie  aixnature  of  Mr.   Hodder  accompanlea  thta. 

Your*  very  re«pectfully, 

FOMTER,   WaULXR  &.   CO. 

Signature  of  Chas.  P.  Hodder. 

Foster,  Walker  &  Co.'s  Letter  Sent  hy  Mail 

350  Bnmdwty,  New  York.  Jan.  10,  1911. 
Iftoaiui.  Havart,  Ueco  A  Co., 
1-ondon,  l-jiif. 
GE.vTu:Mr.s:    We  have  to-day  granted  a  letter  of  credit  on  your  houae 
(as  per  encloaed  duplicate)  to  Mr.  Qiaa.   P.  Hodder  for  Fifteen  Tbouaand 
DoUan. 

Mr.  Ho<!der  i.s  forty-five  yean  of  age.  five  feet  ten  Inches  tall,  haa  a  lichl 
«MDplexioa«  Uctat  bruwo  hair,  and  blue  eye«. 

Respectfully  yours, 

FosTxa.  Wauom  k  Co. 


m 


SAFE   METHODS 


A  GUARANTEE  LETTER  OF  CREDIT 

Mr.  Walter  Coi.ratvM, 

ChJcago.  111. 
DcAm  Sir:  Mr.  Ira  F.  Van  Ars<!4l«,  the  b^trtr  of  thla  \tUtf.  k  tn  crtcfW 
tlve  dealer  In  b«x>t3  ami  nixm'^  in  thw  city,  ami  n  now  afioul  vUiUnc  y«tf  «'f 
for  tlio  first  timo.  wltli  a  view  of  purcfiamu- ;:-.  t«  We  hav*  rMaoo  i/»koow 
the  condition  of  his  financial  ahility  ^i  1  liu  i.r->mpl?M"W  in  WWlIm  bl* 
llahililica.     We  llicrefom  r»?ailily  tniarint.-.'  \.U<-  ;  my  UMkbtadaaM 

that  he  taay  contract  with  youx  houso  not  <  \  ■  .ouMOd  IW1*I% 

V.ry  P    ,  .  .  -. 

Mtii^.  *  irrxTi  A  0»., 
173  MoUm  at. 

The  Letter  Sent  by  Mail 

175  Uotlno  St..  JackaoQ.  Him..  kUrch  0.  10M. 
Mr.  Walter  Colbman. 
Chicago,  HI. 
DtAB  Stn:   Wo  havo  t^vday  iflTen  a  fuarante*  l«tl«T  oT  cradlt  upon  yoo 
for  IVn  Thou^an.l  Dollar*  In  ro«TThandUB.     Th«  htarvr  ol  our  l««l«r  ol  tn^ll 
Is  Mr.  Ira  F.  Van  Ars'lale.  an  acquaioLanc*  ol  oun  and  a  procntaMl  nMTchaal 
of  Kiia  city. 

&Ir.  Van  Arsilalc  ti  thirty  yean  old,  aU  foci  taO.  baa  a  dark 
•rllh  dark  hair  and  cy»-s. 

We  couuncod  him  to  yoiu  kiad  coiuldtTatlon. 

Kcsp^vt  fully, 

UcTsa,  ScVTTun  4  Ox 


GEORGE  W^VSUINGtO^ 


WiShitl^OQ  stndl^  and  mast«red  without  help  the  Intrlcaw 
forms  -of  business.  lie  copied  bills  of  exchange,  nof^  drafta. 
bills  of  ^ale.  receipts,  and  all  the  vtirl^tlc-s  of  boslnesa  format 
with  a  predsloa  aad  elegaoco  tlut  were  remarkahl&^laTUio. 


I?rrBRKST    LAWS 


Ifli 


INTEREST  LAWS  AND  STATUTES  OF  UMITATION. 


8utM 


AlaNuna 

Anaottm 

Ark*naM 

Caldorai* 

Colondo 

Cooticctieut    

DrUwa/v . . 
Diatnrt  €jt  Columbia 
Fiona* 


Ceeturky  

lomwn* 

Maiot        

Maryland 
MaMarhuartU 
Mtctticao     . 
MmxM-aola     . 

MiMovin 
Mocitana   . 
Nabraaka... 
Nevada 

New  Ham|«hirr. 
Nrw  J»Tw-y    . 
New   Mriico 
NVw  York    .       .  . 
North  Carijlioa. 
North  Dakota .  . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oncon 

Pata^jrl^ania. .. 

Rhode  laland   . . 

South  Carolina.. 

South  Dakota. . . 

Te 

TkxM. 

Utah. 


Iiitermt  !>«■. 


Lrcal 

raU". 

prr  cent. 


lUuiaJ- 

lo«rrl  by 

conuacl, 
per  crot. 


H 

10 

lU 

Any 

0 

a  « 

10 
8 

12 
7 
R 
8 

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0 
8 

Aay 

10 
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8 

12 

10 
12 
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ft 
10 
8 
10 
10 
ft 

^/ 
13 

6 
10 
13 

ft 

0 
13 

ft 
10 
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fttatute  of  limitatiooa. 


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a  LieeiMed  leaden  ibmj  reoeira  12  per  cent.     6  Witw^eJ  20.     e  Any  rat«  o« 
•Allad  loan*  of  $5,000  or  over,     d  Sot  of  reoofd  0.     •  Uoder  ieal  30  year*.    /Jvwtio 
•oort  ft  y«ar». 


IM  sjltm  mkthods 

LEGAL  HOLIDAYS 

When  falling  on  Sunday,  the  Monday  following  i*  nhn.'rrrd. 
January  1.     New  Yt-ar's  day:     In  all  the  Stalfs  ■  '!:•• 

District  of  Columbia,)  except  MaMachu«ett«,  M ,-,-.    unj 

New  Hampshire. 
January  8.     Anniveriary    of    the    Battle  of    New    Orle«n«:     In 

Ix)uisiana. 
January  1^1.     Lee'i  Birthday:     in  KIori<la.  <M'orgia,  North  Caro- 
lina, South  Carolina,  Virginia,  and  Alabama. 
February  12.     Lincoln'^   Birthday:     In  Connecticut,    Delaware, 

Illinoio,   Minnesota,  New   Jersey,  New    York,   North   Dftkola, 

Pennsylvania,  Washington  and  Wyoming. 
February '2*J.     Washington's  Birthday:     I       "    '     ""' i'      '       Nt-l- 

ing  the  District  of  Columbia,)  exr««pt  '  ii  i.i 

observed  by  exercises  in  the  ptibli  uiy. 

March  2.     Anniversary  of  Texan  !»''.■  ••:     In  TeiU. 

March  4,  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  when  it  falls  on  the  daj 

the  President  is  inaugurate<l. 
April  19.     Patriots'  Day:     In  Massachusett*. 
April  21.     Anniversar)' of  the  Battle  of  San  Jttoii»i*>:     in  T'xaji. 
April  26.     Confederate    Memorial    Day:     In    .\labaroa,    Florida, 

Georgia,  and  Mississippi. 
May  10.     Confederate   Memorial  Day:     In  North   Carolina  aod 

South  Carolina. 
May  (Second  Friday).     Confederate  Day:     In  Tenneseee. 
May  20.     Anniversar}'  of  the  Signing  of   the  Mecklenburg  Declar* 

ation  of  Independence:     In  North  Carolina. 
May  30.     Decoration    Day:     In   all  the    States  (and   District  of 

Columbia,)  excei>t  Florida,  Georgia,  Idaho,  Louisiana,  Texas, 

Missisaippi,  North   Carolina,    S<iuth    Carolina.        In    Virginia, 

known  as  "Confederate  Memorial  Day." 
May   (Last  Friday.)     Pioneer  Day:     In  Montana,   observed   in 

public  schools. 
June  (First  Mocday,)even  years,  general  State  election  in  Oregon. 
June  3.     Jefferson    Davis'    Birthday:     In    Florida,  Georgia,  and 

Alabama.     In  Louisiana,  known  as  "Confederate  Decoratiou 

Day." 
July  4.     Independence    Day:     In   all    the    States,   and    DistricI 

of  Columbia. 
July  24.    Pioneers'  Day:     In  Utah. 


LEOAL  HOLIDAYS  166 

Angust  16.     Bennington  Battle  Day:     In  Vermont. 

September  (First  Monday.)  Labor  Day:  In  all  the  States,  (and 
District  of  Columbia,)  except  Arizona,  Misaiflsippi,  Nevada,  and 
North  Dakota.     In  Louisiana,  observed  in  Orleans  Parish. 

Septemb«'r  9.     Admission  Day:     In  California. 

October  12.  Columbus  Day:  In  California,  Illinoi*,  Michigan, 
New  Jersey,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 

November  1.     All  Saints'  Day:     In  Louisiana. 

November— General  Election  Day:  In  Arizona,  California,  Col- 
orado, Delaware,  Idaho, Indiana, Iowa,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Loo- 
isiana,  Maryland,  MinneM)ta,  Missouri,  .Montana,  Nevada,  New 
Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New  Mexico,  New  York,  N«jrlh  Dako- 
ta, Ohio,  Oklahoma,  Oregon,  (vote  (or  Presidential  elections 
only,)  Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  South  Da- 
kota, Tennessee,  Texas,  West  Virginia,  Washingtfjn,  Wisconsin, 
and  Wyoming,  in  the  years  when  elections  are  held  therein. 

November— Thanksgiving  Day  (usually  the  f(-urth  Thursday  In 
November:)  Is  observed  in  all  the  States,  and  in  the  District 
of  Columbia,  though  in  some  States  it  is  not  a  statutory 
holiday. 

December  i').  Christmas 'Day:  In  all  the  StaU-s,  and  in  the 
District  of  Columbia. 

Sundays  and  Fast  Days  are  legal  holidays  in  all  the  States  which 
designate  them  as  such. 

Arbor  Day  is  a  legal  holiday  in  Arizona,  Maine,  Minnesota,  New 
Mexico,  Wisconsin,  and  Wyoming,  the  day  being  set  by  the 
Governor;  in  Texas,  February  22;  Nebraska,  April  22;  Uuh, 
April  15;  Rhode  Island,  May  11;  Montana,  second  Tuesday  in 
May;  Florida,  first  Friday  in  February;  Ge<jrgia,  first  Friday 
In  December;  Colorado  (school  holiday  only),  third  Friday  in 
April;  in  Oklahoma,  the  Friday  following  the  second  Monday 
in  March. 

Good  Friday  is  a  legal  holiday  in  Alabama,  Delaware,  Loaisiana, 
Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  and  Tennessee. 

Mardi-Gras  Day  (Shrove  Tuesday  or  la«t!day  of  I^eat)  is  a  legal 
holiday  in  Alabama  and  the  parish  of  Orleans,  Louisiana. 
Every    Saturday   after   12  o'clock   noon  is  a  legal  holiday  in 

•Illinois,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsyvlania,  Maryland,  T<>n- 

nessee,  Virginia,  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  the  city  of  New 

Orleans,  and  in  Newcastle  County,   Del.,  except  in  St.  George's 

Hundred;  in  Ixtuisiana  and  Missouri  in  cities  of  100,000  or  more 

inhabitants;  in  Ohio  in  cities  of  50,000  or  more  inhabitants;  and 

June  1  to  August  31  in  Denver,  Col. 

*la  cUiea  ot  aoo.OOO  lobabltanu  or  more. 


166  BAKE    SiLTIIODS 

There  i»  no  national  holidaj,  not  even  the  Fourth  of  Juij. 
Congress  ha.s  at  %'ariou.H  timos  app(>int*<<l  •«i>ecial  hohdaj*.  In 
the  second  session  of  the  Fifty-third  L'oiif^rtwi  it  ixuwnl  nn  twt 
making  Labor  Day  a  public  holiihiy  in  the  DiMtrirt  uf  '  i 

and  it  haa  rucognizetl  the  existence  of  certAin  day?«  a  ;  ij.  » 

for  commercial  purpotwn,  but,  with  the  exception  named.  t)i«re 
is  no  general  statute  on  the  subject.  The  proclamation  of  th« 
President  du«ignating  a  day  of  Thanktgiving  only  make*  it  m 
legal  holiday  in  the  District  uf  Columbia  and  the  Territories, 
and  in  thute  States  which  provide  by  Liw  fur  it. 


SALES   OF   PERSONAL    riU)PKIlTV 

What  Constitutes  a  Sale.  — A  kxU"  of  K''"*d.4  lathe  tnuuifer  of 
ownenihip  tliertjof  for  a  oon.si<l»'ration  in  money,  paid  or  t<>  h© 
paid. 

Earnest  will  always  bind  the  Uirgain,  but  it  must  ccm«iMt  of 
the-  .giving  away  of  something  valuable,  and  not  a  mero 
ceremony. 

Delivery  of  the  Goods. —On  a  contract  of  sale  of  gtxKl.t  th« 
general  rule  is,  that  the  delivery  is  to  be  at  the  place  where  the 
vendor  ha.**  the  arti'le. 

Delivery  to  an  Agent,  or  carrier,  if  with  the  purchaser's  cun- 
sent,  is  suOicient. 

Payment. — The  law  presumes  that  when  a  sale  is  made  there 
is  to  l)o  itumediate  payment  unless  otherwise  agreed. 

Credit  may  be  expressly  agreeil  upon,  or  may  be  implied  from 
custom  and  usage. 

How  Goods  are  to  be  Shipped.— If  the  goods  are  to  be  sent  to  a 
distant  point,  they  must  l)c  .sliij»|>e<J  by  the  route  directed  by  the 
purchaser.  If  no  direction  is  given,  they  are  to  be  .«*ent  by  the 
usual  route.  If  so  sent,  the  goods  are  the  buyer's  at  the  moment 
of  shipment,  and  the  seller  is  relieved  of  responsibility.  But  if 
the  goods  are  to  be  delivered  by  the  seller  at  a  distant  point,  he 
is  responsible  that  they  reach  there  in  good  condition. 

Goods  Must  Agree  with  Terms  of  Sale.— Unless  the  goods 
which  are  delivered  agree  with  the  terms  of  sale,  the  buyer  need 
not  accept  them.  Even  after  he  has  used  a  jxjrtion  of  them,  if 
he  finds  that  they  are  substantially  different  from  what  they 
were  represented  to  be,  he  can  return  them  or  notify  the  seller 
th&t  he  will  not  accept  them,  and  that  he  holds  them  at  the 


SALES  OF  PERSONAL  PROPERTY  167 

seller's  risk,  subject  to  his  order  at  the  point  where  the  buyer 
received  them. 

Sale  of  Debts. — A  claim  upon  a  debtor  may  be  sold  just 
the  same  as  other  property,  but  notice  of  such  a  sale  must  be 
given  to  the  debtor. 

Defects.— Should  there  be  any  defects  In  the  property  or 
animals,  which  can  be  seen,  that  does  not  relieve  the  buyer 
from  meeting  his  obligations,  though  he  claims  not  to  have 
seen  the  defects. 

But  if  the  defects  cannot  bo  seen  and  the  seller  recommends 
the  property  as  good  or  sound,  the  buyer  is  relieved  from  fill- 
ing his  part  of  the  contract. 

Warranty.— If  the  seller  of  goods  makes  any  assertion  re- 
specting the  kind,  quality,  or  condition  of  the  article  upon 
which  he  intends  the  purchaser  should  rely  as  a  fact,  and  upon 
which  he  does  rely,  that  is  a  warranty. 

Where  Goods  are  Sold  by  Sample  there  is  an  implied 
warranty  that  the  Koods  correspond  with  the  sample. 

It  is  a  general  rule  that  the  employer  will  be  bound  by  the 
warranty  of  his  clerk  or  shopman,  if  acting  within  the  scope 
of  his  authority. 

Warranty  must  be  at  the  time  of  sale;  if  it  be  made  after,  it 
is  void  for  want  of  consideration. 

Stopping  Goods  on  the  Way  to  Purchaser. — The  seller  of 
goods,  under  certain  conditions,  has  a  ritrht  to  stop  goods  that 
are  in  a  carrier's  hands  and  on  the  way  to  the  buyer  at  some 
distant  point.    This  is  termed  stoppage  in  transit. 

Fraud  on  Part  of  the  Buyer.— If  the  buyer  has  been  guilty 
of  such  fraud  as  entitles  the  seller  to  rescind  the  sale;  or  if 
the  buyer  is  actually  insolvent;  or  if  he  has  misrepresented  his 
condition  or  made  false  pretenses  in  buying:;  or  if  he  be  so  em- 
barrassed that  in  reasonable  probability  he  cannot  pay  for  the 
goods,  the  seller  has  a  right  to  stop  them  in  transit. 

If  the  goods  were  sent  to  pay  a  debt  of  the  seller's  they  can- 
not be  stopped. 

When  the  Right  of  Stoppage  Ceases.— The  right  to  stop 
goods  in  transit  ceases  when  the  buyer  receives  the  goods  at 
their  appointed  destination;  or  when  the  buyer  takes  the  goods 
while  on  their  way  to  him;  or  when  the  buyer  has  transferred 
the  goods  by  bill  of  lading  to  a  third  party,  in  good  faith  and 
for  value;  or  when  the  (roods  have  pas.sed  into  possession  of  the 
buyer's  agent;  or  when  the  goods  have  been  sold  by  the  buyer, 


168 


BArC   METHODS 


and  th«  purchaser  haa  tAken  poflSMBion  of  them;  or 
fleller  has  delivered  tlie  key  of  his  warebouae  to  the  buytr  th*»  b« 
may  get  the  goods ;  or  when  the  buyer  has  Agreed  with  the  seller 
that  the  goods  shall  remain  in  the  eeller's  warehouse,  with  or 
without  Htorage;  or  when  the  .buyer  has  handed  the  seller's 
order  to  the  keeper  of  the  goods  for  the  dellrery  of  the 


.^r.-i^c-^^ 


-««^'*»5Si^>?t:l^ 


BILLS  or  SALE 

A  Bill  of  Sale  is  a  written  instrument  by  whirh  one  person,  for 
■  eioneypd  considemtion.  transfers  the  right  and  interest  which 
he  has  in  goods  or  cliatteb  to  another. 

The  Validity  of  the  Sale  does  not  depend  on  the  actual  poenes- 
fiion  of  the  goods,  but,  as  a  general  rule,  in  order  to  establish 
ownership  in  law,  the  purchaser  must  take  actual  poeeeesion  of 
the  property  purchased.  In  some  States,  however,  if  the  sale 
was  not  made  fraudulently,  for  the  purpose  of  evading  the  pfty- 
ment  of  just  debts,  the  bill  of  sale  is  prima  facie  evidence  of  the 
eale,  and  will  bold  good  a^inst  the  creditors  of  the  seller. 

In  Cases  of  Dispute  juries  have  the  pwwer  to  pass  decision 
upon  the  fairness  or  unfairness  of  the  sale,  and  if  fraud  can  be 
shown  by  the  evidence,  the  bill  of  sale  will  be  ignored  and  th« 
sale  declared  void. 


BALES  OF  PERSONAL  PROPEKTY  16% 

ronn  of  Bill  o{  Sale 

Kruno  oQ  Men  by  TlieM  Preaenta.  That  I.  John  R.  Hutm&n.  of  Bedford. 
Iiidiana.  In  confllderallon  of  Seven  Hundn-d  anil  8«vealy  DoUars  (1770), 
the  receipt  of  which  is  hereby  acknowle<lKf<t.  do  hereby  gnal,  aeil.  transfer 
and  deliver  unto  Cbarte*  C&xlon  ihe  fuUowing  property,  to  wit: 

Five  H(jr>^ 0  «100 tfiOO 

Two  BuKJCiea 9       90 180 

Two  Hanieai 9       2« 50 

Two  I'lowi @       20 ♦« 

Total  »770 

To  have  and  to  hold  the  saul  (ccxxl*  and  chaitda  unto  the  said  Charles 
C&xtoD.  hla  executors,  admlnutraiom  and  aaaignj.  to  his  own  proper  uae 
and  benefit  forever.  And  1.  the  said  John  R.  Hartman.  do  avow  mynelf  to 
Ik-  th*"  tru«  and  lawful  owner  of  aai<l  Kood«  and  chattels:  that  I  have  full 
pow^-r.  co<xl  right  and  lawful  authority  to  dijpoM  of  said  cooda  and  chattels 
In  manner  af()r»-i»aid:  and  that  I  will  warrant  and  defend  the  same  acaMut 
thf  lawful  rlai!i!i  and  dernandu  of  all  ix-noo*  whotnsoev«r. 

In  MiiiK-^  «lwr<-<)f.  1,  the  said  John  K.  Hartman.  have  hereto  set  my 
baod  Ihla  twentr-nm  day  of  May.  UU. 

John  R.  Habtman. 
(WltlWM) 

Bill  of  S&le-of  ft  HorM,  with  W&mmty 

Know  off  Xfm  by  These  Pretents.  That  In  consideration  of  One  Hundred 
and  Fifty  Dollar*,  to  me  paid  by  Henry  Kln«,  the  receipt  of  which  la  hereby 
afknowledge<1,  I,  Wdliam  Morris,  by  ihemrt  prr^ni*  do  bargain.  seU,  and 
convey  to  the  said  Henry  Kinit  hu  heirs,  executopt  adniinijitratoni.  and 
aaalrns.  one  bay  horse,  of  the  male  sex.  bay  color,  hftprn  hands  hiich,  with  a 
white  star  In  the  forehea<l.  known  as  Bay  Boy.  to  havr  arid  to  hold  the  same 
uato  the  Mid  Henry  Kln<,  bis  hein,  ezecuton,  adminlstraton,  and  aaatgns 
forever. 

And  1,  for  myself,  my  helrt.  executon.  and  adminutrators.  will  warr»r.t 
and  defend  said  horse  unto  him.  the  said  Henry  Kmjc.  his  heini  executor*, 
admmLstratora,  an<l  aasljrns.  a«alnst  the  lawful  claims  and  deman<ls  of  all 
and  every  person  er  persons  whatsoever. 

WItoMS  my  hand  this  tentb  dar  of  May.  inL 

William  UoBua. 


Wlti 

Jambb  Fcnwto.v, 

RlCUAKO   BOTCS. 


'*''"^=^^lgfej 


170 


8A/K   kETHODS 


TMK    KlK.-r    ALL    r  I  > 

lylTuiia  8pcci«J"  U  boors  b«rwt-  rt  atx]  '^-trw 

rHANSI'OUTAlION 

Luibility  of  Rxulroad  and  Szpnu  OompAiiias 

The  Business  of  Tracaportation,  Mfwrialijr  of  ^;<.>lji  nn<l  mrr 
chandbte.  and  the  liiw!i  which  rrgulate  the  aanie  ar«  uf  gr«At 
iin{x>rtanre.  and  should  be  thorouglilj'  uodentoo>l  by  mrnrj  on*. 

Carheri.— Those  who  transport  goods  (or  oihen  are  oaUed 
ct.r  urn.  and  since  all  tho  busineM  is  doiM  under  oootimot  mob 
conurtt-tj»  ar»»  v«>nr  numerous. 

Comniun  Carriers. — A  (vtmmnn  carrier  b  one  whoM  oiMiiMai  la 
t)u«  cArrvii^uf  giMxls  or  |>epN>tis  from  plaoa  to  place  for  a  cxMi* 
hideratlon,  f  ither  by  land  or  water. 

Ttie  most  cuinmon  onea  are  the  rmilroad.  steamboat,  steamship, 
and  exprvsM  roni|ianieA.  but  trtirkmrn,  teamsters.  expreNsmen. 
and  othem  who  offer  their  rarryinif  senrice*  to  the  public  geoer- 
ally  art'  abo  ooramon  carri»«r». 

Common  Carriers  of  Ooodj 

Two  Elements  are  Necessary  t-  •»  a  common  mr 

rier.  (1)  liis  following  it  a.s  a  bti^  his  offering  hit 

services  to  the  public  generally.  Those  who  worli  only  for  a 
particular  i)ers4in  are  not  common  but  private  carriem 

Obligation  to  Take.— A  common  carrier  is  obliged  by  law  to 
take  any  good.s  that  are  offere*!  to  him  for  transportation  to  any 
point  on  his  route,  provided  his  usual  compensation  is  offered 
him  in  advance. 

In  case  the  carrier's  cars  are  full  he  may  reftise  to  take  more; 
he  may  also  refuse  to  carry  freight  of  a  dangerous  character, 
such  as  explosives. 


TRANSPORTATION  171 

Oompensation.— Carriera  may  establish  such  rat«s  or  make 
sutli  ..•♦jnirikcU  an  they  chooee.  Lar^e  corporations  usually  liavo 
establislted  scheduled  of  rates.  They  can  cltange  these  from 
time  to  time,  but  they  must  accept  the  goods  of  ull  i>erHons  ut 
those  mtes.  They  can  nut  demand  more  from  one  pvnton  than 
fn^in  nn<>th»T,  \>ut  matt  trvat  all  alike. 

Discrimination  Unlawful.— The  carrier  must  not  make  unjust 
diacrimiuatiim  as  to  prices  of  oarriage.  before  the  (jaasage  of 
the  Inter  State  Commerce  law,  systematic  discrimination  in 
their  ctiargnt  was  practiced  by  some  of  the  railroad  companies 
in  the  L'nitt^l  States.  (Jrvat  corporations  were  given  low  rates 
fur  their  \ti.nt  shipments,  while  the  imall  shipper  was  crushed  by 
much  higher  cliarges  for  transiiortation.  Unjust  disc*rinuna- 
tions  were  also  made  between  dilTerent  towns  and  localities. 
The  Interstate  Commerce  law  renders  such  discriminations 
unlawful. 

Oompensation. — Common  carriers  may  demand  their  pay  in 
advaiu**.   y^'t   they  often   t  '    the  goods  and   collect   the 

freight  from  the  jwnton  r»-  •'  >«roa. 

In  coAts  the  (wrson  to  wi.     :.  <  are  sent  refuses  to  pay 

the  cluu-gCM  the  carrier  tn  .  '  :u  the  sender,  for  it  was 

with  him  the  oontrai-:  .■■  and  he  alone  can  Iw  .sued.     Tlie 

other  (wrty  iiuule  nu  > v  -vith  the  carrier,  hen<-e  cannot  be 

sued.  But  if  the  sender  is  string  as  the  agent  of  the  person  to 
whom  they  are  to  be  sent  tlie  cx>mpany  may  sue  the  latter,  for  in 
that  case  th>«  oontrai*t  was  nuMle  with  him 

Diligence  and  Dispatch  —A  common  carrier  Lt  Ujund  to  carry 
the  guod.<4  with  reasonatjle  diligence  and  dLH|<atch,  and  safely 
deli%'er  thent  to  the  person  to  whom  they  are  consigned,  without 
any  loss  or  injury,  except  such  as  may  be  o<'ca.tioned  by  ttte 
act  of  Ciod.  the  public  enemy,  or  the  fault  or  frauii  of  the  owner. 

When  Liable  beyond  His  Own  Rcuta.— If  a  r^rrier  receives 
gOO<J.s  f  jr  tniii'iRjrtaliou  and  agrees*  t«>  <leliver  them  h*»yond  the 
terminus  of  his  own  route  he  renders  himself  resj-  r  the 

whole  route.     He  may  by  sj^ecial  contract  limit  i  .  ity  to 

his  own  route,  and  absolve  himself  by  safe  delivery  to  the  next 
connecting  carrier. 

Carrier's  Lien.— Common  carriers  liave  another  way  to  obtain 
their  pay.  Common  carriers  may  keep  the  goods  they  have 
tran.s{>orte<i  until  their  charges  are  paid. 

Thu.1.  there  are  three  ways  in  which  a  carrier  may  enforce 
payment  of  his  freight,  viz. : 


172  BAFE    MFmiODS 

1.  He  may  refiue  to  take  the  gooda  unlMS  paynMOt  ia  mad*  tai 
advance. 

2.  He  may  trun.sp«irt  them  and  tlu>n  ke«««i>  them  until  paid 

8.  lie  may  transport  and  deliver  them  and  then  nue  th«  pafaoo 
with  whom  he  made  hi«  contract. 

Loss  or  Injury.— C-ommon  carrier*  are  renponsible  for  any  loas 
or  injury  cKTurring  to  goods  which  they  are  trantportiag.  Any 
damages  that  have  occurred  to  the  goods  while  in  po— ion  of 
the  carrier  muAt  Iw  made  goud.  He  has  oomplaia  ooatrol  oTar 
the  goods  as  if  they  were  hi«  own,  and  if  whila  in  his  poaMHkm 
they  suffer  injury  it  is  his  loasi 

The  carrier  is  not  liable  for  the  "act  of  Ciod."  stioh  M  cyclooaa, 
floods,  lightning,  a  public  enemy  as  in  war.  or  (in  shipping)  for 
peribi  of  the  sea.  Hut  fire,  unlrm  cauiMvl  by  lightning,  does  Dot 
come  under  this  head.  Robbery  or  theft  doaa  not  relieve  tham 
from  liability 

Any  damage*  that  have  ooouired  to  the  gn-  tn  poasea- 

sion  of  the  carrier  must  be  made  good  if  ito(N  -.    rough  Iha 

ca^>•llyiNn(^M.M  of  any  of  the  emptoyaea 

Perishable  Ooods.— Carriers  are  not  raapooaibla  for  loas  to 
fruiUH  tliHt  (le<-ay  in  their  potMeasion.  or  goods  shippad  in  dafeot- 
ive  boxee  or  c»releealy  packed,  such  as  glaaswara,  crockary  or 
other  articles  that  are  easily  broken. 

If  a  package  is  of  great  value,  such  as  mooay.  tha  oommon 
carrier  must  be  informed  of  it. 

Collecting  Damages.— In  case  of  damage  to  goods  the  railroad 
or  express  company  should  be  duly  notified  and  the  amount  of 
damages  stated  or  sworn  to  before  a  propar  olBoar  and  with 
sufficient  evidence,  if  re(|uired. 

A  common  carrier  mu.st  pay  the  market  value  at  the  point  of 
destination  of  all  property  lost  or  destroyed  by  his  fault  while  in 
his  care  for  tran.sportation. 

Receipt.— In  shipping  goo<.ls  by  freight  or  express  a  receipt  or 
bill  of  !iulinn  should  always  be  taken  and  carefully  preserved. 

Bills  of  Lading.— The  bill  of  Lading  is  the  carrier's  acknowledg- 
ment of  the  receipt  of  goods,  and  is  evidence  of  contract  between 
the  parties,  and  is  supposed  to  contain  all  the  carrier's  claim  for 
non-liability.  Three  copies  of  the  bill  are  made  out;  one  is  kept 
by  the  shipj>er,  another  by  the  party  transporting  the  goods,  and 
the  third  i.s  sent  to  the  person  to  whom  the  goods  are  consigned. 

Bills  of  Lading  are  transferable  and  assignabla,  and  the 
assignee  may  sue  for  the  recovery  of  the  goods. 


TRANSPORTATION  lT3 

Form  of  Bill  o{  Lading. 

j;.-.v  York.  Di-cfmbrt  10.   1911. 
6b^p«d  lo  good  ardrr.  and  well  conditioned,  by  James  C.  UanUm.    .... 

•n  board  the  ihlp  Good^pred 

Marked  a«  fotlowt:  whrrtwf  Chas.  Boilman 

Sylvwtex  Clyde,  ia   mutrr.   now   lyln(   In   th«  port  ol 

Itio  Janeiro.  A'ev  York and  bound  tut 

tha  ix>rt  of  Hio  Janeiro   

600  harrtU  of  flour.  bHnr  markM  and  numbfr»<l  ui  In  lh«  iHArsln.  and  U9 

to  b«drliTfr*-<l  in  the  like  ordcX  aii  J  uundllion  at  t)>>i  |>ort  of  RtoJatievo 

(the  dAiir-ni  of  sea  only  tictr{>t«<l)  onto  8vlv*tater  Clyde 

or  hia  ua^iA,  h*'  at  Ihej  paylnx  ftci^^  fur  the  aaid  caac*,  wltb  ten  cent* 
primage  aid  avfr««e  acciurtonie<L 

In  wltacM  whrrruf  I  h»v«  afTirmed  to  thre«  biUi  of  tadlnc.  all.  of  this 
taoor  and  dat«:   one  of  wUicti  balnc  acoompliahed  the  otlim  to  atand  vui4. 

lia.vHT  IC  tiAMttruito. 

(In  the  above  form.  Hanton  is  the  shipper  or  (wrtaignor.  Clyde 
the  conjii^Tiee,  and  Sandford  the  t-arrier.  It  might  be  aijfned  by 
tb«  nutater  (BoUman)  instead  of  by  Handford.) 

Coznmon  Carrien  of  Persons 

A  pomnn.on  carrier  <if  pen^onn  ia  otie  who  hoUn  hinuelf  out  to 
carry  for  hire  from  plai*e  to  pUw.o  all  nuch  [•♦•rsons  aa  chooeo  to 
employ  him.  Ilailrotui.s.  BteAmU«tfl.  atreet  car,  omnibtxa  and 
■ta^'e  line  companies  are  the  moat  common. 

His  Duty.— He  must  carry  all  persona  who  may  pr«Mnt  them- 
•elvee  for  carriage,  provided  they  are  in  a  proper  condition  and 
offer  their  fare.  He  is  bound  to  provide  suitable  and  pn)iier 
iptf^a  of  conveying,  with  suitable  attention. 

Hifl  Liability. — He  is  bound  to  tue  the  highest  degree  of  care 
and  diligence  in  the  conduct  of  his  buaineas  and  ia  responsible 
for  negligence  of  any  kind.  He  i.t  bound  to  protect  the  i>as8en- 
gera  against  insult  or  injury  from  his  servants  or  employees. 
He  must  give  passengers  reasonable  time  to  get  off  and  on  *he 
carriage  and  stiitable  meims  of  doing  so. 

Baggs^. — Passenger  carriers  are  responsible  for  the  baggage 
of  their  patrons.  If  the  servants  of  the  carrier  are  allowed  to 
jarry  parcels,  the  carrier  will  be  responsible  for  their  safe  deliv- 
ery, although  the  carrier  derives  no  benefit  therefrom. 

A  Baggage  Check  is  evidence  of  the  liability  of  the  oompcuiy 
ijsuing  it. 

Bap^ge  does  not  include  merchandise,  or  money,  except  aa 
amount  reasonable  for  expenses. 


174  »^ 

If  ft  currier  iwlU  a  peraon  a  ticket  to  a  point  bvyood  tJ»«  Utr» 
miniw  of  his  own  nmt*',  and  eapeclally  if  he  aUo  check«  tb« 
baKKUK'v  to  Huch  u  |>oint,  he  b  re0pon«ibl«)  fur  th«  mktvty  <d  thm 

baggugH  tu  that  jtoint. 

ACKNOWLKIX.MLNTS 

An  Acknowledjpnant  in  u  liiM-lorutiun.  before  an  aulborlMd 
oni(-*>r,  of  A  (Mirty  who  ha«  executed  a  deed  or  other  doruaMal» 
thiit  it  is  hi.M  fri>«*  an' I  voluntanr  »rt 

What  InBtrxunentJ  Must  be  AcknowU<Ured.— AU  died*  and 
o<invoyanoe«  of  lund,   to  be  ••tT«H"tuul  a-  '  uoel  bm 

r«i;orded  upon  prvvi<>a<  proof  or  a<"kno\v  «JM0O< 

tion.  In  Home  of  th«  Stat«»*i.  rhatt»«!  m<>rtK'  »*:»~*  mu»t  l«i«t'knowl. 
edgH'l  mill  rt«<-<ir>l»<l  thu  Hiune  a«  iJ«<<HiH, 

Before  Whom  Taken.— Within  the  wrerai  Suiea  aoknowUdc 
m«<ntM  iiiHv  Im*  tikkun  in  general  before  thn  (oilowing  oAoara: 
Notariw  Publir  ami  Ju.Htitfw  of  the  Peai-e  genermllr  within  their 
terriloriiil  juri»<liction.  and  in  anr   |>la<-»»         ■  ^'ly 

before  Juiigea  and  t'lnrk-n  of  the  Suj-rtMinv  '  u>d 

County  Courts,  Judgivt  of  the  United  StateA  Cuurtx.  Ubancviiorm, 
Registers.  Masters  in  Ctiancery.  and  Court  Commiaiiuoerv. 
County  Recorders.  Town  Clerks  and  their  aiMistants.  United 
Stated  Commissioners.  County  Surreyura.  County  Auditors, 
Registers  of  Deeds.  Marom.  and  Clerks  of  iniv)r]iorat«!Kl  cltlre 
may  take  a<'knowl  •  within  tl  •      iae 

the  foregoing,  in  s«»\  .  --s  abio  tli-  ■  •••r 

ated  orticers,  and  in  Connecticut.  Commuwioncm  of  th«>  Siiool 
Fund;  in  Louisiana.  Parish  Reix>rders  and  their  deputies,  in 
Maine,  women  apiK>inted  by  the  Ooremor  for  t)>at  purpose;  in 
Micliigan.  members  of  the  Legislature:  in  MiasisBippi.  membera 
of  County  I^xird  of  Supervisont;  in  Nebraska,  the  Secretary  of 
State;  in  New  York,  Recorders  of  cities  and  CommiMionen  of 
Deeds;  in  Pennsylvania,  Mayorn.  Recorders,  and  Aldermen  of 
Philadelphia.  Pittsburg,  Allegheny,  and  Carbondale;  in  Rhode 
Island.  State  Senators;  in  Vermont.  RegL<<teni  of  Probate;  in 
West  Virginia.  Prothonotaries,  in  Wisconsin.  Police  Janice*. 

Without  the  SUte  and  within  the  United  8ut«s,  the  following 
officers  are  authorizeil  to  take  acknowltMl>;ment:  Judge*  and 
Clerks  of  Courts  of  Record.  Notaries  Public.  Commisaionera 
appointed  for  that  purjKiee  by  the  Governors,  and  othi^rs  author* 
ized  to  take  acknowledgments  within  their  respective  States 


AFFIDAVITS  175 

IVa'lltti  the  foregoing,  aL<K>,  in  Colorndo,  Secretaries  of  State ;  in 
Delaware,  Mayors  of  cities ;  in  Illinois,  Justic-en  of  the  Peac-e, 
Comnissioners  of  DeeilH.  and  Mayors  of  cities;  in  Kentucky. 
SecreAries  of  State;  in  Michigan  and  WisconHin,  Master  in 
Clian<"ry;  in  New  Jersey,  New  York,  North  Carolina.  Pennsyl- 
Taniii,  ui'\  Jiliinlf  I.tland.  Mayors  and  ("hiff  Magi.stratefl  of  citieft. 
Withmt  the  United  States.— Juigt's  of  OjurU  of  K«*<-ord, 
Mayumor  Chief  MagLstrute**  of  cities,  townji,  borouglu*,  counties, 
Notarioi  Tublic,  Dipluiuatic,  Consular,  or  Commercial  Agents  of 
the  Uni«d  8tat«s  resident  and  accredited  in  the  country  where 
the  AckLowliNignient  Ls  taken.     fS.M?  Ih-alt  ) 

Form  o(  Single  Onuitor'i  Acknowle dement 
Atatc  or  Iu.i.«(otii.  I 
CbuQir  »t  fouk.    )  "' 
I.  WOlAxn  Mann.  •  In    the 

8ta(v  »/<»r»**)'!.  •!<»  hrf  own  to 

BM    M    '-  U 

havUur  '  ■  •! 

Iha'.   J.-  iM 

fr.-.-  a-  :  ■     .■■-.:     V.'.  ■ 

i>t<rit  i.iiU'f   mj   ti*  s*-- wti.i  .lay   ol   June, 

A.    D.   1911.  W11.1.IAW  Uass. 
[■sirt  if.tx     mr.AL]  .N"iary  I'ultlU;. 

AckQowIedfment  by  Hosb&nd  and  Wife 

BrAic  ur  '  Miio.      I 
Cbuniy  of  I  rAxiklm,  S 

brf.  r  y. 

In  the  rid 

Suaan  Kmi  ui,  i.  r;a 

wboM  naiDM  are  ■  •<! 

th«>    •J^"—     «•    '    ».  ■  ..    ; ;     .    '.ha 

•a- 

•'T.imined.  arparate  and 
apa:       »     :  .  f  .  ■  i'     .•     f  ■   tliat  th*  rimit*<l 

lh«-  -a;;;--  fr-':;..  af;  1  /^  .::.'<■ .:  •  T  Bai'l  hathao'i. 

Cjlvcn  unilcT  uiy  Land  and  acai  **i  o:iit.c,  iUt»  Ulii-*mlt  d«y  of  Januar)'. 
A   O.  WIL  EvtarTT  Ho»e. 

[motaual  mlai.]  Nutar)-  Public 

AFFIDAN'ITS 

An  AfBdayit  is  a  statement  made  under  oath  (or  affirmation) 
before  an  authorized  official,  and  signed  by  the  person  making  it. 

For  What  Used.— In  judicial  proceedings,  except  for  trial  of 
Caunes.  aflidavitA  are  the  uxuaJ  means  of  presenting  evidence  to 
tba  court-  and  iin»  mo^t  fre«|uently  ilvI  to  support  or  oppose  the 
numerous  applications  for  orders,  known  as  motions. 


170  \i»mi()i)9 

No  Particular  Form  i»  presoribed  bj  law.  but  th«  afllJarU  I4M| 
specify  th«  SUit«  ami  countjr  in  which  it  b  tuad«.  to  a«  to  «&ow 

thnt  tht>  ()tTl(***r  who  a<liiunUit«red  the  oath  tuul  autliofitj  to«JbK> 
The  Statement  should  b«  i>uotlii«<i  to  farUt  within  th«  #-tual 

knuwlt)•l^'o  ut  thu  (wnictn  ntakinK  ttif*  iinMaMt.  or  wheo  m$d»  un 

inforiimtion  un<i  U<lit*f,  that  fa4.'t  nhoiil.l  \m>  ntAC<«l. 
Jurat.— Tho  oni>'t«r  taking  the  arti'h*vit  aillxm  a  claua«  callad 

the  Jiirut,  r*<rtifyinK  the  time  and  tact  of  thn  («tii 
Who  may  Take.— JuiiKea,  Jiutii^ea  of  the  I'mm'w.  ControNiooaff* 

of  I)***h1<i.   NittJiruvt  I'ltblir.  and  other  and  aioular  ofBom  haw 

authority  to  tak««  atlidavita. 

Oenend  form  of  Affldarlt 

Statk  or  PrxNSTi \  >      <  i 

Allccheoy  County,  lily 

B«rD*rU  Uflckman.  t>-  .  dipo— ■  aod  mj*  (or  |U*cw  ^84 

■aya):   Tbal  {Hwrt  $M  out  tm  luU  <>im<  emveto  ^mg^f^t  9i»  mfttm  Im  k» 

(•calI  )  MrmMA* 

Sworo  Uir  ainnDcd)  b«lc««  rm,  ihu  BftMnih  <Ui  a.  D.  IttL 

'1. 

(If  tttp  a/Baat  M  unablr  to  r 

8ub<M  ribMl  ftnd  twnm  to  t- 

th«  aaine  bavlnc  been  by  n)«  (i-r ,.--..  ^ 

UilUrate  ^ur  Ulnd),  and  undmtAndlnA  tb«>  »^mf 

AiBdiTit  to  Accounts 
frrATB  or  IixiNoia,  ^ 
County  of  Cook.      S 
Fnuiklin  i>«|C«.  of  ITn-a*-"'.  ,■    "n  !  <  •  *    rn, 

d*{>oisf.<<  and  tmyt:    Tlmt  t"-  at--.--  i».  •  ■  ■ 

ITlat    the   .t' -     ..         <    1     '•         :  .  ju-'HJ    wur   Bii-i  wou>«    U>   UlM 

defKinont  by  ; 

Tli»t  he.  '...     ^.  .  .  ;_ , ..       .  :rcrlT«d  lb*  •»»«*  nr  »nT  f.»rt 

therrof.  rtthrr  tlin<ctly  or  Indirectly,  nor  any  (xenon  for  i>  a 

or  order,  knowlrdicf  or  consent.  I  u  • 

8wcm  and  mibacrlbed  before  me,  thla  ninth  day  of  Jun«   A.  D.  l»ll 

MicmAat.  SwAXN. 
JusUn  of  the  Ptaea, 

Affidavit  to  Dedantion  or  Petition 

©TATE  or  Illinoi*.     ) 
County  of  Sanmmon.  J  **' 

Abel  Jones,  being  duly  sworn.  »y«:  That  the  fact*  wt  forth  In  lh«  forvfo. 
inf  declaration  (or  petition  1  are  true.  Aau.  Jo?«iai. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  thla  tenth  day  of  June.  A.  O.  ItlL 

Isaac  Mtum. 
Justice  of  the 


AGENCY 

An  Agent,  in  law,  ia  a 
I>er««in  auttiorized  t4)  act  for 
another,  called  the  princi* 
|ial,  tiiH  relation  between 
ihem  being  known  a«  agency 

Agency  is  one  of  the  mosi 
tojutnon  and  neceMary  re- 
iutionB  of  Ufe.  Nearly  every 
•  ne  act«  every  day  a«  the 
iii^ent  of  some  one  else. 
Thus  every  clerk  in  a  store 
m  the  agent  of  the  pro- 
'  '.■  r.       A!::.    •<•  :\,'..  •}.<•  hus- 

!i     ::i  'Tchanta  ,    1  a  •«  - 


177 


MrTROPOLITAN    LIFB    BUILDISO,    NEW   YORK 
TaDei*  oAlce  bulidiac  in  Qm  world.  b«l<bt  60  atortM.  700  !•«• 


178  BAFB   METHODS 

yers,  nurtioneeni.  etc..  U  notne  Hort  of  an  «(;*>nrjr.     GorpOMtlMM 
act  whtilly  tty  mean»  of  n^entt,  viz  :  th«ir  utllrrrB.  olarlu^  VtO. 

Who  May  Act  as  Principal  or  Ac«nt.— Any  onr  wIm>  U  oonp^ 
tunt  to  du  hu>in(>tM  for  hiiiut«lf  luaj  act  aji  principal.  as<Jap|>oini 
an  HK«nt  tu  tranitact  it  for  him.  remona  who  cmnnot  «J(J  boiUnMa 
for  then){M«lv«*ii  may.  however,  li«  appi>int«*l  to  act  ••  a^fwita. 
Thf'refore  tiiinom  anil  morriiHl  womou  may  art  aa  aK«ota. 

A  0«neral  Agent  is  on««  n^r  to  rrpreaent  hb  pdnHp*!  ia 

nil  liis  )>usii)»vM  of  one  (Mirti  inch. 

A  Special  Agent  ia  one  appointed  to  a  particular  thUg  only,  ur 
a  ft*w  partiiMilur  thinga. 

How  Appointed.— An  afcent'ii  authority  may  he  glvvn  orally  or 
by  writing;  no  i^articular  form  of  worda  is  ne<^aMi»ry.  lo 
im{tortant  malt««r»,  the  aK«*nt  i^  oft«n  apfa)int«Ml  by  a  writtm 
inHtrunH»nt  whii'h  ia  calUHl  a  |>«w.  r  Wh«n   '      * 

aiithorirM  un'ier  mwI,  un  nt^ent  i*an  .'  ail>«r  oun  ■  ■  > 

an('«»s  of  r»'iil  ••Ntat«»  or  s»«nli»U  inntrumenta 

Extent  of  Authority.— Tlie  enipluyinK  uf  an  ag«ot  if  tlie  art 
which  givod  him  hia  authority.     An  affvnt  haa  authority  to  do 
whatever  is  neccanary  or  generally  dorn*  in  oonneoliun  with  the 
purpoeea  for  which  he  in  employtni.     St->m«  mnplortnenta  t(i\m 
very  wide  liititude  of  |»ower,  and  leave  \- 
tion  of  thoiigt>nt;   others  give  a  very  In 
any  net  of  the  president  or  cashier  of  a  bank  in  c 
itvS  bunking  busineHS  binds  the  bank,  while  a  mvs-- -»—        --i 
havo  authority  only  to  carry  a  meMMge. 

Liability  of  Principal.— Tlie  princi|«l  is  reeponsible  for  the  a<>ta 
of  liis  nvrt-nt  mtuniitted  in  the  ex(>oution  of  the  agency  and 
which  are  within  the  real  or  apj»arent  wnipe  of  the  pnnri[>.4r« 
business.  A  distinction  is  here  made  l*etwe«n  a  s|>erial  atid  a 
general  agent.  If  a  8i>ecial  agent  exceeds  or  disobeys  hi* 
instructions  the  principal  is  not  liable:  but  if  a  general  a^ent 
exceeds  his  authority  the  principal  will  be  bound,  if  the  act  is 
within  the  apparent  8coi>e  of  an  agent's  authority,  when  it  is 
such  an  act  a.s  is  natural  and  usual  in  transacting  businetw  of 
that  kind.  By  appointing  him  to  do  that  biwinesa,  the  prin<i|<al 
is  considered  as  saying  to  the  world  that  his  agent  has  all  the 
authority  necessarj-  to  transact  it  in  the  usual  way.  For  any 
criminal  act,  however,  of  the  agent,  the  principal  is  not 
responsible  unless  he  directly  commands  him  to  commit  it. 

Wrongful  Acts  of  Agents. — As  to  wrongs  and  injuries,  or  tiyri$, 
as  they  are  called  in  law,  the  general  rule  is  that  the  principal  it 


AOENCT  179 

hable  to  third  pentons  for  the  wrongful  acta  of  tlte  agent  when 
a<-ting  within  the  (Hx>i>e  uf  his  agem-y.  liut  this  duet)  nut  relieve 
the  nj^'ut  of  {>enw>niil  liabilitj  hioiMelf. 

The  Agent's  LiAbility.—l.  To  hu  lYindpal.  An  agent  is 
lK»un<i  ia  traiivicting  llie  affaint  of  hi^  principal  to  exerci.se  all 
the  cure  \vlii<h  a  reasonable  man  would  exercine  iu  hin  own,  and 
to  the  utiuu(«t  good  fnith.  Fur  any  Ioms  to  the  princijial  through 
r  .  '.'M't  cr  unfuitlifulueMs.  the  agent  is  liable  to  hiui.  2.  To  the 
i  /.  ■/  Party.  If  an  agent  conceal*  his  cliaracter  as  on  agent,  or 
trauNoendA  his  authority,  or  otherwise  so  ixinducts  hinuielf  as  to 
make  his  |<rinci|*al  rmponsible.  or  if  he  expremly  binds  hitiutel/ 
in  any  w   r,  hu  is  hiuuwl'  liable  to  the  third  ptirty. 

Accoun  ing. — The  princi|iul  uiny  call  his  agent  to  iin  account 
at  Hiiy  liiuf.  and  may  re<-ovt«r  full  ind^ninity  for  all  injuries  «ua- 
tiiinM  by  ^»•;l^4»n  of  the  |x«itive  n»i.s4-oniluct  or  nftgligence  ot  the 
agent,  or  bv  his  tru(Ls<>«nding  his  authority.  An  agent  is  not 
liable  to  his  prinHpal  for  not  a^xxjUDting  until  demand,  which 
dtMnand  should  be  niaile  at  his  residence,  and  sufficient  opfior- 
tunity  given  him  for  (layment- 

Cot:  :  m. — As  against  the  princi|>al.  an  agent  is  entitlml 

to  <-.  ..>u   for  hi.s  services,   and  rvimburnenient   for  the 

exiM«its<<ff  of  his  agency,  and  for  personal  losn  or  daniagt^  in  prop. 
erly  tninsat^ting  the  busineen  thereof. 

Sub- Agents.— An  agent  may  himself  appoint  another  agent 
and  act  through  him.  Such  a  person  is  (*alle4l  a  sub-ag»<nt,  and  is 
reHimiLsible  to  him  who  has  appointed  him,  as  his  principtil.  In 
moHt  cKinnuT -iiil  tninsjvrtions  Bubug»»nt^  iiuiy  U?  employe<l. 

In  Whose  Name  the  Business  is  Done.— .Ml  bu^inem  should  be 
trunsacttvl  and  money  dejxiMited  in  the  nnuiu  of  the  principaL 
If  an  agt-nt  de{M>sits  money  in  his  own  name  and  the  bank  fails 
he  Is  reM(M)nflible  for  the  loss. 

Mixing  Property.— If  an  agent  mixes  his  own  property  with 
that  of  hi.s  prin(*i{Mil,  so  that  it  cannot  be  identified,  it  will  all 
belong  to  the  principal. 

Responsibility  to  Third  Party.— Ordinarily  a  person  can  only 
!).«  r»'^i>«insible  for  his  own  acts,  but  an  ag^-nt's  act  is  really  con- 
eidert'd  as  that  of  his  princijiaL  Therefore  the  rule  is  that  the 
principal  is  responsible  for  the  acts  of  his  agent.  The  princi{>al 
is  bound  even  though  he  was  unknown  at  the  time  the  act  w-as 
done,  because  he  is  supfioeed  to  derive  the  benefit  of  the  same. 

Ratification. — If  a  princi^ial  ratifies  an  a<-t  done,  he  is  bound 
by  It,  whetlier  he  had  given  the  agent  authority  or  not.     Subee- 


]gO  BAKK    MKTIIODS 

quent  ratification  it»  e«]ulvalent  to  prior  authority.  But  if  sooh 
ratification  w  iiuwle  under  a  miittake  of  circuni»tAno«i  it  U  not 
binding 

Responsibility  of  Third  Party.— A  jwnioii  dolnj?  busiiiMi  with 
an  iiK»'nt  is  jum*.  r.h  ru.sjKniMihl«  to  liiM  |>rin<'i{>Hl  aa  though  h«  had 
tranjuictod  ti>e  buninetw  with  the  latter  in  porMoa. 

Revocation.— It  is  always  In  the  power  of  the  priiripal  to 
revoke  an  agency ;  but  If  the  power  confi^rred  I*  coupled  with 
an  int^rewt.  a*  where  an  a^ent  ha*  power  to  mII  goods  and  apply 
the  proceeds  to  liiii  own  u.ne;  or  if  it  in  jcivrn  for  raloable  con- 
sideration, and  a  continuance  of  the  aRencr  i«  nttt^tmmmrr  to  meet 
the  reMponflihilities  he  has  ajwuni<Hl  in  advance,  to  ca  ry  it  on. 
then  such  agency  cannot  be  revoked  at  the  pl«*su  «  >•(  f^« 
principal. 

How  to  Revoke  an  Agency. — It  must  b«  done  by  an  cxj  r>-^.4 
B<-t  •>f  tlH'  i«rin<ii>al  or  hy  the  act  of  law.  Tlie  first  implK^  a 
written  form  revoking  the  power  of  atU)rn»»y  that  has  bwn  «Jon- 
ferred,  or  any  express  de<-lAration  to  revoke.  The  M»<tiDd  orva- 
sion  may  be  the  death  of  the  principal  or  agent. 

Notice  to  be  Given.— Due  notice  siiould  be  given  ty  the  ]  r.n- 
cip4il  of  Hucli  reviH-rttion  to  those  who  knew  of  the  author. ty 
given  to  Huch  agent.  b«M-auiie  a  general  authority  may  continue 
to  bind  the  princiiial  after  it  luui  be^n  actually  rsralUid.  if  the 
agency  were  well  known  and  the  recalling  of  it  wholly  unknown 
to  the  party  dealing  with  the  agent  without  tiiai  party's  faulL 

Power  of  Attorney. — The  authority  by  which  one  person  is 
enipowere<l  to  act  in  the  place  or  as  tlte  attorney  of  another  is 
called  a  jHnrer  of  attorney.  The  power  of  attorney  is  iisually  in 
writing  and  under  seal,  though  for  many  purposes  it  may  be 
created  by  parol  Strict  rule«  of  construction  are  applicable  to 
these  instruments,  and  courts  incline  to  construe  even  general 
powers  narrowly  rather  than  bnwdly.  If  the  power  of  attorney 
is  to  be  recorded  it  should  be  properly  acknowledged  before  an 
officer  the  same  as  a  deed. 

General  Form  of  Power  of  Attorney 

Knoxc  all  Mm  by  The.'^e  iTr.^mtA,   Ihat   I,  ^'.  -  -wn,  <A  C^K-a^ro. 

Gounty  nf  Cook,  and  State  o(  IllinoL<«.  have  m^<\'  I.  and  appointed 

and  by  thes«  presents  do  makr,  coastitiite,  an<l  »»,■••. i.i.  ■  ••  "    '"■\i\'\fn 

true  and  lawful  attorney  for  me  and  in  my  name,  place,  an  l  '.:i^ 

the  purpose  for  tfAtVA  the  povtr  u  ffitm],  ^vlnit  and  irrani...„  .  .  ..;,  ^jud 
attorney  full  power  and  authority  to  do  and  perfonn  all  and  every  act  aad 


AGENCY  181 

thins  whatsoever,  requiatte  and  necenary  to  b«  done  in  and  al>out  the  prem- 
mea,  a«  fully,  to  all  intent.i  and  purposes,  aa  I  miKlit  or  could  do  if  p<TM>nally 
prettent,  with  all  power  uf  Kubstitutlon  and  revocation,  hereby  ratifying  and 
confimiini;  all  that  my  Haid  attorney  or  hia  lubstltute  aliall  lawfully  do  or 
cause  to  be  done  by  virtue  thereof. 

In  witneM  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  net  my  hand  axKl  ae«l  the  second  day 
of  January,  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  tIeTVO. 

ViiUAxu  Biiuw.s'.     [aKAL] 
Binned.  Staled,  and  DellTered  ) 
In  l*r«-»ence  of  f 


Power  to  take  ChArge  of  and  Carry  on  Business 

KntmaO  Mm  by  Thete  Presents.  That  I.  Henry  Baylor,  of  .\urora.  Illinois. 
do  by  these  presents  appoint,  constitute,  and  make  It.  L.  Wintm  my  true 
auu  lawful  attorney,  for  me  and  in  my  plare  and  stead  to  take  chaTKe  ol  my 
business  of  irrneraJ  merchanduinc  at  Aarora,  Illlnou,  to  purchaae  and  »eiJ 
for  cash  or  on  credit  all  such  articles,  Kouds,  merchandise,  and  wares,  as  he 
hhall  deem  pru(«er,  necessary,  and  useiul  In  said  buslneM.  to  iicn,  accept,  and 
Indorse  all  notes,  drafts,  and  bills;  to  state  a/xounts;  to  sue  and  prus«cut«, 
compromise.  rt41ect,  and  settle  all  cJalxns  or  demands  due  or  to  become  due, 
DOW  rxuiiinx  or  hereafter  to  exist  in  my  favor,  to  adjust  and  pay  all  claima 
or  'l<!:isn<U  which  now  exist  or  may  her«-after  arise  against  me,  either  ron- 
ucctcd  with  said  business  ur  oLbcrwisa. 

In  witness  whereof.  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal,  this  —  day 

or .  1»— 

llaMar  Ham  Lam.     [sxal] 

Power  to  Vot«  aa  Proxy  at  an  Election 

JCaMr  aU  Men  ^|f  Thes€  Presents .  That  I.  Homer  Clark  of  Peoria.  Illinois, 
do  hrr>tiy   a(ii-oti)t  J.    K.   Wacntf  to  '.  s.  proxy  at  any  dec'.ton  of 

dm-^tor^  'T  iittii  r  ofTlceni  of  the  (rwimr  ;  j  or  rirr  poratum]  accordinc 

k>  the  iminLM:x  uf  votes  1  should  t>e  entiU<^  ..  .-, ..  .  ^'tt:  ibcn  personally  prrsemi, 

Ucoauc  Paxtu.h.     [sxjo.] 


Letter  of  Revocation 

JCiunr  aU  Men  by  These  Presents,  That  1,  Fred  B.  Jennlnn.  of  Readinr. 

Pennsylvania,  in  and  by  my  letter  of  attorney,  bearinc  date  the  day 

of  ,  did  make,  constitute,  and  ap|>oint  It.  I-  Hartmann  my  attorney. 

as  by  said  letter  more  fully  appears. 

That  I  the  said  Fred.  B.  Jenninsa.  do  by  these  preaents  annul,  counter- 
Band,  revoke,  and  make  void  said  letter  of  attorney  and  all  authority  and 
power  thereby  civeo  said  attorney,  R.  L.  ilartmann. 

In  witness,  etc 

Fbu>.  B.  JsKNixoa 


182 


HvM     \iri 


UBNJAJILN    rVLKXILLIM 

Seest  tboQ  a  man  dlllK^nt  In  hla  biTMl: 
before  kings.— Pro  v.  zxll:  30. 


H«  khall  •uad 


APPRENTICESHIP 

An  Apprentice  is  a  person  bound  to  service  for  a  nuni'tw^r  of 
years,  anil  receivinj;  in  return  instruction  in  hia  mast^'r'fi  bu«i- 
ness.  Altliough  in  most  of  the  States  the  contract  is  provided  for 
by  statute,  apprenticeship,  as  a  necessary  means  of  accesd  to  a 
trade,  has  been  almost  universally  abolbhed. 


NEW   LAWS  183 

CHILD-LABOR  LAW 
The  Magn*  Chart*  for  American  Children 

Child-labor  In  tho  IiilLd  Stat,  h  wan  d.all  with  by  Con- 
grf-Hs  in  August  li*l»J  undor  tho  Constitutional  power  to  "reg- 
ulate (  omm«Tce  among  the  several  States." 

The  Act  prohibits,  under  penalties.  Interstate  commerce  in 
the  produrts  of  any  mine  or  quarry  where  within  thirty  daya 
persons  under  sixteen  years  of  age  have  been  employed,  or 
In  the  products  of  any  mill,  cannery,  workshop,  or  manu- 
facturing establishment  In  which  chlldnn  under  fourtei-n 
years  of  ago  havo  been  employed,  or  in  which  children  be- 
tween tho  ages  of  fourteen  and  sixteen  have  be*»n  employed 
more  than  eight  hours  a  day,  more  than  six  days  a  w<'<k. 
before  six  o'clock  in  tho  morning  or  later  than  seven  o'clo<-k 
In  the  evening.  The  law  goes  Into  effect  one  year  after  its 
enactment. 

The  constitutionality  of  this  law  has  been  questioned.  On 
this  point  Congress  took  the  position  that  its  power  to  regu- 
late interstate  commerce  Includes  authority  to  prohibit  abso- 
lutely the  shipment  Interstate  of  specified  articles,  so  long  as 
action  is  not  arbitrary,  capricious,  or  unrt-asonable  in  inter- 
ference with  private  rights.  Members  of  Congress  who  voted 
in  favor  of  the  enactment  did  so  under  the  belief  that  the 
provisions  of  tho  law  do  not  constitute  such  unreasonablo  In- 
terference. 

Children's  Bureau. 

Dy  sn  act  oT'C  ns  crssfsA 

In  the  Driartmrr  hcadQUSr* 

tcrs   at    W,iihint'  .         .;'lgaie   and 

report    upon    all    n. *;•.»?•    i  ..  dfarc   of   children, 

and  chlld-lifc  amonK  all  <■  ■  -.  and  especially  to 

Investigate    the    question*    „:  ty.    the    blnh-rale. 

crphanaRe,    Juxenlle    courts.    0  ■:crous    occupations, 

arclclpnts.    diseased    children.  nt    and    legislation 

aftectlng  children  In  thp  iip\rr  .  ,     :    icrrltorles, 

ladastrial  ReUtiont  CommissJon. 

An  act  of  ConKnas  api)r  ..•  i  .       ...  i.. ;:.  established  the 

Commission  on  Industrial  !:•  1  i'  and  [.rovldcd  that  the  Com- 

mission shall  Inquire  Into  t    •  .;ion  of  labor  In  the  principal 

Industries  of  the  United  Stat- i,  ji.ludlnK  SKrlculture.  and   .-    .- 
cially  those  which  are  carried  on  In  corporate  forms.  Into 
Ing  relations   between  employers  and   emplos  ecs.  Into   the 
of   Industrial   conditions,   on    public    ■•     "    -       md    Into    the    : 
and  powers  of  the  community  to  d'  ilh;  Into  the  < 

tlons  of  sanitation  and   safety  of  •  and   the   pro'., 

for  proleciInK  the  life,  limbs  nr  '   '  ti   tiie  employees,   ii  'o 

the    growth    of   associations   of  a   and   of    waRe-earners 

and   the   effect   of  such   assocla:  T^c    relations   betwetrj 

employers  and  employees;  Into  if..  !  results  of  methods 

of    collective    bargaining;    into    an  which    have    beea 

trie. J   In   any   Stale   or   in    foreign   C'  -  r   malntalnlnir   mu- 

tually satisfactory  relations  betwito  t::.;luycrs  and  employees. 
The  Commission  Is  required  to  seek  the  underlying  causes  o6 
dissatisfaction  (n  the  industdal  situation  and  report  thereon. 


184 


B\¥K    Mimi()I)8 


ASmABAM    U3I0DUI 


'  TMiU  t%eif*  b*fori  jtjm  «i*  f«vr  ntigkkcr  - 


AKBITKATION 

The  Law  Favora  the  peaceful  »ettl»nn<»nt  <>f  tv^ntroTrml**,  and 
in  umny  <>f  the  States  there  are  stiktul^vi  provi.lmx  for  the  >ul*- 
inL««ion  of  dLsput^**!  matters  to  the  dftcinion  of  one  or  more  per- 
sons, culled  (irlntratom.     Their  de<MHion<i  aro  called  ateards. 

The  Statutes  Generally  Provide  that  if  the  partiee  to  anj  suit 
in  a  court  of  rtHX)ni  desire  toauhmit  the  niatt«r  involved  toarbi- 
trators.  an  order  niar  be  entered  directing  ftui^h  submiaBion  to 
three  impartial  and  competent  personn.  to  be  named  in  such 
order — such  arbitrators  to  be  ajfreed  upon  and  named  by  tb« 
parties,  and  if  they  fail  to  agree,  each  shall  name  one,  and  the 
court  the  third. 

How  Arbitration  Is  Conducted.— The  arbitrators  so  appoint«d 
are  swurn,  and  priK'ee<l  to  hear  and  determine  the  matter,  and 
draw  up  an  award.  The  proceedings  are  much  like  proceedings 
in  court  or  before  a  master  in  chancery.  A  copy  of  the  award  is 
delivered  to  each  party,  and  if  either  party  fails  to  comply 
therewith,  the  other  within  a  year  may  file  said  award  in  court, 
and  obtain  a  judj^ment. 

Matters  Not  in  Suit. — All  persons  having  a  requisite  lAgml 


ARBITRATION  186 

capacity  may,  by  an  instrument  in  writing,  signed  and  sealed 
by  them.  Hubmit  to  one  or  more  arbitrators  any  controversy 
existing  between  them,  and  may,  in  «uch  HubinlHsion,  agree  that 
a  judgment  of  any  court  of  ret'ord,  eomf)etent  to  have  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  subject-matter  named  in  such  instrument,  «liall  be 
rendered  upon  the  award  made  pursuant  to  said  submLssion. 

The  Agreement  to  Submit  uhould  state  explicitly  what  powers 
are  inNMnJe-l  to  be  conferrtni  on  the  arbitrators,  either  by  refer- 
ring all  controversies,  or  by  distinctly  limiting  the  particular 
controversies  intended. 

Seasonable  Notice.— All  arbitrators  and  all  parties  should  have 
reasonable  noti'«  of  the  time  and  place  of  the  hearing. 

The  ProceedingB  at  the  hearing,  and  the  award  itself  should 
perfectly  ugr««e  with  the  terms  of  the  agreement  to  submit. 

The  Award  nhould  Iw  a  clear,  distinct  and  final  determination 
of  each  iind  all  the  matters  of  controversy  contained  in  tlje 
agreement,  and  should  embrat'e  nothing  more.  If  it  be  a  rule  of 
court  it  bhuuld  be  .'«♦^aled  up.  otherm-isti  a  copy  should  l>e  given  to 
each  jiartv      Th»«  award  must  be  signed  by  the  arbitrators. 

Submission  May  Be  Recalled.— Ifefore  the  award  of  the  arbi- 
trator or  arbitrators  Lh  made,  either  of  the  parties  to  the  contro- 
versy may  withdraw  his  offer  to  accept  the  de<'Lsion  of  the 
arbitrators.  He  must,  however,  give  formal  notice  to  each  and 
all  of  the  other  parties  of  his  intention,  or  his  withdrawal  is  of 
no  efre<t.  The  party  who  thus  re<alls  the  arbitration  is  respon- 
sible for  all  the  ooeta  and  danjages  lliat  have  occurred  in  oonse- 
qoenoe  of  his  previoxis  consent  to  submit  to  arbitration. 

7orm  of  Agreement  to  Refer  to  Arbitrators 

Know  aU    Mm  fcy    T\fAe   I'r.    .••■      !■  •     •   u.Tl«T»ii:n«^.   hrreby 

mutually  »«Tw  to  Bubtnll  all  tt.^  tx'tween  vm,  of  every 

kind.  name,  and  nature,  to  th<-  i  ^ard  of  Cha«.  Barker. 

Wm.  Becker,  and  Robert  Rehlmc.  of  Lofansport.  C«m  County.  Indiana,  as 
arbitrators. 

Tlial  Baid  arbitrator!,  or  any  two  of  them,  shall  hear  and  determine  the 
matten  In  dUi>ut«  between  u.i.  and  award  the  payment  of  all  the  co«t«  and 
expensM  Incurred  in  ■uch  arbitration.  That  the  said  arbitrators  shall  make 
Uteir  award  In  wrltinc  oo  or  before  the  Ofteciitb  day  of  April.  A.  D.  1911. 
Done  at  LoKansport.  Indiana.  March  15.  A.  D.  1911. 
R.  L.  Ray.        /  w„n.-««i  ""''"''  ^**"^"- 

Form  of  Notice  to  Arbitrators 
Ga.vn.EVE.v:    You  haTe  been  cboeen  arbitrators  on  »)e»ialf  of  the  under- 
iiglied.  to  arbitrate  and  award  between  them.  Ui  divers  matters  and  lhui«» 


186  SAFE    MK-TIIUDS 

wt  forth  In  th*lr  aubmiMMMi.  whkh  wO^be  pcodur**!  for  yo»jf  inapM-ttoo 
you  mwt  at   -.  In  — .  on  Uw  —  d»jr  o*  — .  •«  —  o\Unk        u  .  to  iMta  i 
•llpffstioit^  and  (>ruur«. 

D»te«l.  etc  H«JniT  Oamm. 


THE  HAGUE 

The  International  Court  of  Arbitration  locattnl  at  the  IlaffQ* 

in  llollnnd,  in  intt'iulcd  to  and  unil>iul)tr>ily  will,  nltimatelr, 
banish  war.  The  treaty  efltabtishing  this  coart  where  all  matter* 
of  dispute  betwpcn  nations  is  t4)  be  s<>ttl<Hl  by  arbitrator*,  choaen 
in  accortlance  with  the  trrnis  of  the  treaty  waa  aiKDwl  by  th« 
United  States,  Great  Britian,  Germany,  Kosaia,  Mexico,  Braiil, 
B^ljfiiim,  Norway,  Fweden,  Denniarli,  S»' 
Japan    and    other   nations.     Andrrw    Car 

and  one  half  millions  of  dollars  toward  the  erection  of  a 
suitable  buildinf;,  now  nearly  completed  for  the  accomodation 
of  this  court.  It  is  a  niaKnitiicenl  structure,  worthy  of  its  pur- 
pose, artistically  designed  with  reference  to  it. 


ASSIGN  MENIS 

An  Assignment  is  the  transfer  of  a  debt,  obligation,  bond, 
wages,  or  any  kind  of  property,  personal  or  real,  or  any  actual 
interest  therein.  It  alM)  .sif^ities  the  written  inatrumeni  by 
whirh  the  transfer  is  efTe«-ted. 

How  Made. — An  a.<»siKnment  may  lie  written  on  the  bft^k  of 
the  instrunu^nt  it  is  intended  to  ctmvey,  or  on  a  sepftrate  |)aper 

No  Formality  is  Required  by  law  in  an  assignment.  Any 
instrument  between  the  contracting  parties  that  goes  to  show 
their  intention  to  pass  the  property  from  one  to  the  other  will 
be  sufiicient.  Proof  will  be  calletl  for  only  when  it  appears  that 
it  was  merely  a  sham  or  fraudulent  transaction. 

Lands  and  Tenements. — As.signment.s  relating  to  lands  and 
tenements  must  l>e  duly  signed,  sealed,  acknowledged  and 
recorded,  like  a  deed. 


ASSIGN'MENTS  187 

Tor  Benefit  of  Or editora.- Where  property  is  assigned  for  the 
benetit  of  creditors,  its  lictual  traiwfer  to  the  assignee  must  be 
made  imniedlHtelv.  Such  an  assiK-nment  covers  all  of  the  ass»gn- 
or-8  prop«rty,  whatever  and  wherever  it  may  be.  which  is  not 
jkriHipt  from  ex»'<-ution. 

Preferring  Crediton.-At  common  law  the  assignor  might  give 
preference  to  cerUin  of  his  crediton..  but  this  is  now  generally 
prohibited  bv  stiitute. 

Correct  Schedulec  of  the  property  assigned  should  accompany 
the  ji.s«i(itiiiuMit  in  all  rawen. 

An  AsBignment  of  a  Mort«»«e  carries  with  it.  at  the  same  time, 
without  a  ininsftT.  the  .lebt  n<.t.^  or  UimL 

Some  Things  are  not  Aisi^able.  as  an  officer's  pay  or  com- 
mLwion  a  judge's  salary.  «overni..ent  b..unti..«.  i«n*onal  trusts, 
•8  a  guardianship,  or  the  ri^'hts  ..f  a  master  in  his  apprentice. 

Form  of  Simple  Aa»i|rnment 
For  vmlue  received.  I  herrbr  M.i«n  *U  luy  rl«ht.  liUe.  »nd  lnterw.t  In  the 
within  contr»ct  to  Chm».  Hillm»n. 

L>»tea  Uevelana.  Ohio.  June  10.  A.  D.  1911. 

MaINICS  SAXOrOKD, 

Assignment  of  Account 

m  consKlrrmtlon  of  One  Dollar,  v.h.e  r^rrived.  I  hrrehy  «J1  and  a«lrn 
,o  W  C  Cole  the  w.thm  arcount.  which  U  Ju.tly  due  from  the  wUhln  (.eor,e 
Lder,:  and  .  ..M.  .u.horue  the  ..d  W.  C.  Cole  -  co.^^;  -  -- 

Cbtca(o,  March  10,    i»ii- 

Assignment  of  Mortgage 

Kna^c  all  Urn  by  T\e,e  Prr,  nU.  That  I.  Wilham  Bower,  the  within 
named^ortraic^  for  a  con.lderatian  of  S.x  Hundre-l  Dollar,  hereby  a.^. 
tra'tr  -d^-  "-'  to  Henry  Khn^man.  hu  he^  and  a«lKn-.  the  wtthm 
nr*^  m.trun..nt  of  mort.a«e.  and  all  the  real  estate  w.tb  appurtenanc^ 
Jh^em  ment.o,.-.l  and  d«K^bed,  to  have  and  to  hold  the  ^e  fore^« 
lu"ec!.  nevmhH.^.  to  the  equity  and  ri«ht  of  redemption  of  the  wilhU 
named  Jamea  Yundl.  his  heirs  and  a«i«ns  therein. 

in  wltne-  whereof,  the  party  of  the  flr«t  part  ha.  hereunto  «t  hU  hand 
and  .eal  thK  fifth  day  of  Apnl.  A.  D.  1911.        ^^^^^  ^^^    ^^^^ 

SeiJed  and  deJIvered  In  prewnce  of  ) 

EOWAHO   llUXCR.  ) 

Assignment  with  Power  of  Attorney 

m  consideration  '  -  of  On.  Tho.^nd  ^-■'-; j^^^/^^^J^^.^ 
Which  U  hereby  acV  I  do  hereby  a.M^.  »'*'«^7J^"'*,„^^^^ 

to  Martin  Scott  (ot  t.u.a. )  all  my  r.Kht.  title,  and  lnter«.l  m  and  to 


188  BAFK    MKTil«>I>H 

[here  describe  vhal\.     And  I  hereby  rututtlut*  Mtd  Mar-  kllc 

In  my  naiii<^  or  uth<-m'UM-.  but  at  hU  own  comXa  htn\  rh*:  ■*.' 

meaMurm  which  may  Ih^  |>ru(wr  or  necraMxy  (or  Um  cutuy^i*  f««ov«r7  tad 
enjoyment  of  the  |>remUr«. 

WItneM  my  hand  and  aod  tbia  twentieth  day  of  January.  A.  D.  IMM. 
(Wittu'Moi)  liKxar  homo. 

Assigiunent  for  the  Benefit  of  Orvditon 

Knmp  all  Men  b^  Thta*  l're»ti\l»,  lliat  wh«Tra«  I  WOliam  CiAmi^K 
merchant  of  the  city  oi  Minneai>ol!n.  an<l  Si«!^  of  Minn*«»«a.  am  (fHM>t«d 
to  variouii  i>rrM>mi  In  ron.»;  '  --aaoi 

unable  to  pay  In  full,  and  '■■  r  Um 

bemrflt  of  my  crclltori.  whikhh  prrrrrrncr  «*  prv>>rrty  omer  \u^i\  \i^i  pn>> 
VI<I«m|  by  law: 

>,-,,..     ,.    ,.  »..^^    j^  In  ronxlderallnn     '  •' '' —    -- •     '  •*-  -■•m  61 

One    1  to  me  t>y  Cuk.%.    W.r  do 

h»T»"t'..  -ircatn,  iiell.  a*«im.  ar:  ■    \:-m 

all  my  lands    trnrmentii.  coodj.  and  i    t 

di>mriptl<jn.   whrr>-«Oi*v«-r  the  nani"  ni  v  ■' •/ 

•uch  pro{MTty  an  U  exempted  by  law  from  a 

To  have  and  to  hold  Ihf  «amr>  unto  th<-  iruat  and 

conndenre.  tc  nell  an!  '  the  aaiil  r  •-  f(«  raali 

upon  such  tcrmii  an<!  a«  In  hL«  ,  ^   b««t,  aad 

apply  tb«  proceed*  In  t'f  f.  ..nine  mannrr.  ?.>  »i{ : 

Fir$t.  To  pay  all  nuch  drbtj  ai«  by  the  law*  of  the  Totted  fSX^Xm  are 
entitled  to  pp'fvrrnce  In  nuch  caM^. 

Second.  To  |>ay  and  dlM-harfn  all  the  Jtut  and  riawmehU  «aip«BMa, 
coat,  and  charKea  of  exerutln(  thia  aMicnoMOt. 

Thxrd.  To  duinbuie  and  pay  the  wmatnder  of  Mid  i^ec— dl  to  the 
crediton  of  the  party  of  the  tint  part  for  ail  lieht^  and  UabfllUaa  whidi  be 
may  owe.  rateably.  In  proportton  to  thetr  r  vima. 

Fourth.     The  residue  and  remainder  of  t  ■     .<  of  lald  lalea.  If  any 

there  be,  shall  be  paid  ovex  to  me.  my  executom.  aUniinutratoTi.  or  aart<TM. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  act  my  band  and  seal  tbIa  filteentli 
day  of  Febniarj-.  A.  D.  1904. 
Executed  and  delivered  Wiluam  Qouauam.     [mkal] 

la  prtwence  of 
John  Mtrim, 
He.n-rt  Dear. 

BAIL 

Definition. — Bail  is  surety  given  for  another's  appeAr«nce  in 
oourt.  It  i.s  required  in  criminal  ca.se«  generally  and  in  civil 
cases  involving  tort  or  fraud.  The  term  l>ail  in  applied  also  to 
the  sureties  themselves,  and  to  the  amount  in  which  they  bind 
themselves  for  the  appearance  of  their  principal 

Excessive  BaU.— The  constitution  of  the  United  States  and  the 
several  States  provide  that  excessive  bail  shall  not  be  reciuired. 


BAILMENTS  1S9 

Bail  Bond. — The  bond  (i^ven  by  the  sureties  ia  termed  a  recoff- 
nizaticr,  anil  in  case  the  prisoner  do«i  not  appear  fur  trial,  or 
forfeits  his  bail,  an  it  is  termed,  the  suretieo  hare  to  {tay  what- 
ever gum  is  pledged  in  the  bail  bond  or  recognizance. 

Form  of  Bail  Bond  or  Recognizance 

Stats  or  Ii.u.'coia,  / 
County  at  K^ne.     \ 

Thu  (l«y  -of  thfl 

peace  in  aikI  '  \tl^l>^^ 

In  SAid  Count .  ...  .........   »..■.  -•    ....   ...,.,..,...•     i,.  ..  Liit  in.sfl\<4 

to  b«*  ln«l«-l)i<ij  ii;  le  of  thr  Stmtr  of  Illitinw,  III  llir  Btiin  of  Five 

llun(lr«?U  DoUikn,  ;  .1  of  thrir  guutls  uiU  ctiAttrLi,  UjuIj  and  teiuv 

menu. 

Wbcr«a«.  the  Atore  ^x>an<leo  Chftrtes  Belbart.  oo  tb«  tenth  day  of  March. 
A.  D.  101).  WM  br>>iich(  and  eiamtncd  by  •nd  befora  John  Brown,  a 
jiutlre  of  the  pear*  in  and  for  Ihi*  cotii.tjr  »forrntl<l,  on  a  >-h«rrc  preferred 
acaluitthc»«lil  Charle«  Selbert.  (or  (Arrc  »»atr  rX'  ' 'i rj^ed  ]  In  taJd 

couDtr.  and   the  further  cxaralnktlou  of  ••!<:  C'ti>  '.  having  been 

continued  to  the  ulutti  day  of  April.  A  t'  t'^ll.  ml  t,j  >  ■  ■  ■•  ■  a.  m.  and  the 
■  aid  (barle*  Kribrrt  tiarlnc  been  adjudged  and  re4iulred  by  the  laid  ju'tice 
to  rive  bond*,  a*  required  by  the  ttatule  In  iiurb  (-aA«  made  and  provided, 
for  hit  appearaiK  e  to  aniwer  to  aald  rhancr  Now  the  condition  of  Ihla 
recnrnlzaoce  la  aucb  that  If  the  a^>ove  t>oundru  Charles  Selbert  ahall  be  and 
appear  before  the  underalrned.  at  hta  offlce.  In  the  rity  of  Aurora.  In  said 
county,  on  the  ninth  day  of  April.  A  D  1911.  at  ten  o'clork.  a.  m  .  then  and 
there  to  an«wer  to  the  aald  (>eople  of  the  State  of  liiinola.  on  aald  charge, 
and  al'lde  the  order  and  Judrmint  of  tald  court,  and  not  depart  the  vamfl 
without  leaTe.  then  and  In  that  ca«e  thla  recornUaoce  to  become  rold.  other- 
wlae  to  be  and  remain  In  full  force  and  rirtue. 

A«  witnesa  our  bands  and  aeala  this  tenth  day  ol  March.  A.  D  191L 

Chak!.^*  Hkibckt.     [nr.ALj 
Frank  i*TAKT<j.«*.     (heal] 

Taken.  enterr<i   Into,  and  acknowledced   bciure  me  IbU   tenth  day  ol 

Md:     :i     A-   L).    lail. 

JoHM    BhoWW, 

Justice  u(  liie  Peace. 


BAILMENTS 

Definition.  — Bailment  is  a  delivery  of  goo<ls  or  money  by  one 
person  to  another  in  trust,  for  some  special  purpose,  upon  a  con- 
tract, expret'iHed  or  implied,  that  the  trust  shall  be  faithfully 
execute<l. 

Names  of  Parties. — The  owner  of  the  goods  bailed  is  termed 
the  bai7or,  and  the  person  to  whom  they  are  delivered  or  bailed, 
the  bailee. 


190  BAKE    MrniuDS 

The  RcBponsibility  of  B&ilees  i»  mtxtumfil  by  tJ  n 

whftluT,  in  tht'  ciu**"  of  the  thing  buile<i.  Ihoy  hn  y 

of  ordinary  neglect,  grom  neglect,  or  «light  neglect.  Oniinary 
neglect  is  the  oinimion  of  that  care  which  every  man  of  common 
prudence  tAko«  of  his  own  concerns,  (tnuu  nryUct  in  want  of 
that  cure  wliirh  every  man  of  ruinnion  Hen»«,  how   i;     ■  .e> 

BOever,  tiiken  of  hin  own  prDfierty.     Sli^jht  nr\jlrrt  in  tJ.-  u 

of  that  (lilig(<ncfl  which  every  ctrruiiiH|i<<<-t  nmi  thoughtful  per- 
son u.sivH  in  .souring  his  own  gooiht  and  chnltelA. 

The  Rules  GoTeming  the  law  of  bailmenta  ar«:  1.  A  biulee 
wlio  derives  no  benefit  from  his  undertaking  is  reiiponaJblo  only 
for  gruen  neglet^t,  or,  in  other  words,  for  a  viulatioo  of  good 
faith.  3.  A  bailee  who  alone  rt>c«ive«i  benetU  from  the  iNiihnent, 
is  renponHible  for  slight  negUnn.  &  When  the  bailment  is 
beneficial  to  both  partieit  the  l«ilee  must  aiiswer  for  ordinary 
neglect.  4.  A  special  agreement  of  any  bailee  to  answer  for 
more  or  less,  is  in  general  valid.  S.  All  bailee*  are  answerable 
for  actual  fraud,  even  though  the  contrary  he  stipulated  R.  No 
bailee  is  chargeable  for  a  low  by  inevitable  accident,  except  bj 
speci.il  agroetnent. 

A  Borrower  for  Use  is  responsible  for  slight  negligence. 

A  Pawnee  is  iin.Mwemble  for  ordinary  neglect. 

A  Depositary,  one  who  re<'eivee  goods  or  money  to  be  kept  for 
the  bailee  without  a  recompense,  is  responsible  only  for  gross 
ne^:l.•ct. 

A  Garner  of  goods  or  money  without  reward  is  responsible 
only  for  gro*w  neglect,  or  breai'h  of  good  faith. 

A  Private  Oarrier  for  hire,  hy  land  or  water,  is  answerable  for 
ordiniiry  neglect. 

The  Hirer  of  a  Thing  is  answerable  for  ordinary  neglect. 

A  Workman  for  Hire  must  answer  for  ordinary  neglect  of  the 
goodn  iiitru.<«te<i  to  him,  and  apply  a  degree  of  skill  etiual  to  his 
undertaking. 

All  Bailees  Become  Responsible  for  loesee  by  casualty  or  vio- 
lence, after  their  refusiil  to  return  the  things  bailed,  on  a  lawful 
demand. 

Borrowers  and  Hirers  are  answerable  in  all  events,  if  they 
keep  the  things  borrowed  or  hired  after  the  stipulated  time,  or 
use  them  ditTerently  from  their  agreement. 

Depositaries  and  Pawnees  are  answerable,  in  all  events,  if 
they  use  the  things  deposited  or  pawned. 

Innkeepers. — An  innkeeper  is  responsible  for  the  acts  of  bis 


BANKRUPTCY'  191 

domestics,  and  for  thefts,  and  is  bound  to  take  all  po^ible  carQ 
of  the  goods  of  his  guests.  He  is  regarded  as  an  insurei', 
responsible  for  any  injury  or  loss,  not  caused  by  the  act  of  God; 
tl^e  common  enemy,  or  the  neglect  or  fault  of  the  owner. 
When,  however,  a  guest  has  the  exclusive  keeping  and  occu- 
pancy of  a  room,  the  innkeeper  is  not  liable,  nor  where  the 
guest  takes  upon  himself  the  care  of  the  goods,  or  neglect*  to 
xxse  ordinary  caution 

Warehousemen  are  txjund  only  to  take  reasonable  and  orlinary' 
care  of  the  goo<is  dejKisited  with  them.  Thus,  they  would  nofc 
be  liable  for  thefts,  or  for  loss  or  injuries  cau-sed  by  rats,  unleas 
occasioned  by  their  want  of  proper  care,  etc.  Their  Liability 
commenoea  as  soon  as  the  goo<is  arrive  and  the  crane  of  tho 
warehouse  is  used  to  hoist  them  in,  and  it  terminates  Uto 
momw'^t  they  leiivo  his  premises.  The  warehouseman's  liability 
is  usua^'y  fixxl  tr  limited  by  receipts  which  thoy  give  for  the 
gcx)ds  depiaited,  And  which  pass  from  hand  to  hand  by  assign- 
ment.    Soo  \\'archou:nng. 

Wharfingers. — A  wharfinger  is  one  who  keeps  a  wharf  for  the 
purpose  of  receiving  goods  on  hire.  Uia  responsibility  is  similar 
to  that  of  a  warehouseman. 

BANKRUPTCY 

Bankruptcy  is  a  system  of  procedure  for  the  administration  of 
the  affairs  of  insolvent  debtors,  or  bankrupts,  tho  distribution  of 
their  property  among  their  creditors,  and  the  discharge  of  the 
debtors  from  further  accountability  for  their  debts. 

The  National  Bankruptcy  Law,  approved  July  1,  160S.  provides 
lor  a  complete  system  of  bankruptcy,  to  bo  uniform  throughout 
the  United  States  and  administered  by  the  Urited  SUtes 
courts. 

Voluntary  Bankrupts. — Any  person,  except  a  ioiuiicti»al  rall- 
rond.  Insurance  or  bunldii;^  coriwratloii.  shall  b^  entitled  to  the 
benoHt  of  tliij^  act  ns  n  voluntary  bankrupti 

Involuntary  Bankrupts.-^Aiiy  natural  i>erson  (exc-ept  u  wase- 
^amer  or  a  i>er»ou  enuraged  chU-rty  in  farming  or  the 
tillage  of  the  soil),  any  nulnooiix^rateil  company,  and 
flny  moneyed  or  business,  or  ctjuunertlal  corporation, 
except  a  umnlclpal  railroad.  Insurance  or  buuklug  o;;r« 
I>oratIon,  owing  debts  to  the  auiount  of  one  tbotis- 
fnd    dyllanj    or    over.    ui;\y    be    a«ljtulged    an     Involuntary 


192  8AKK    MhTTUOUS 

liankrupt  upon  default  or  an  impartial  trial,  and  ahall  be  tablMl 
to  the  provisiuns  and  entitled  to  the  benetitM  of  thin  ad.  PrivAte 
bankers,  but  not  national  banks  or  banks  incx)ri)orat«d  undrr  Stato 
or  Territorial  Iiiws,  may  be  adjudj^ed  involuntary  b^nkrupU. 

Acta  of  Bankruptcy.— Tlie  National  liankrupt  I^w  deflPM  Mi 
act  of  Ininkruptcy  by  a  person  to  conawt  of  hi.-*  having  conveyed, 
transferred,  concealed,  or  remove«l,  any  part  of  hia  property. 
with  intent  to  hinder,  delay,  or  defraud  hi«  crtniitom,  or  any  of 
them;  or  transferred,  while  insolvent,  any  portion  of  his  pro|>> 
erty  to  one  or  more  of  his  creiiitorM,  with  intent  to  prefer  such 
creditors  over  his  other  cre<litors;  or  sufTered  or  iwrmitted. 
while  insolvent,  any  creditor  to  obtain  a  preference  through 
legal  prooetnlinK^  and  not  luivin^;  at  least  fire  days  before  a  sale 
or  final  disinwition  of  any  projx'rty  alTwted  by  such  preference 
vacate<I  or  discharged  suih  preferenc**;  or  made  a  general 
assignment  for  the  benefit  of  hi.^  creditors;  or  admitted  In  writ- 
ing his  inability  to  pay  his  debts  and  hia  willingDeae  to  be 
adjudf^ed  a  bankrupt  on  that  ground. 

Proceedings— A  bankrupt  may  of  his  own  motion  offer  to  tnr- 
render  his  property  to  the  administration  of  the  United  Statea 
court  and  ask  for  his  dijjoharge  in  voluntary  bankruptcy,  or 
creditors  may  apply  to  the  court  Ut  cx)mj>el  a  liankrupt  to  turn 
over  his  property  to  be  admini.stere<l  under  the  act  for  the  liene- 
fit  of  the  creditors.  A  petition  may  be  flle<l  against  a  person 
who  is  insolvent  and  who  has  committed  an  act  of  bankruptcy. 
within  four  months  after  the  commission  of  such  act  Such 
time  shall  not  expire  until  four  months  after  the  date  of  the 
recordinp  or  registering  of  the  transfer  or  aasignment,  when  the 
act  consists  in  having  nuide  a  transfer  of  any  of  his  property 
with  intent  to  hinder,  delay  or  <lefraud  his  creditors  or  for  the 
purpose  of  giving  a  preference  or  a  general  assignment  for  the 
benefit  of  creditors,  if  by  law  such  recording  or  registering  i« 
required  or  permitted;  or  if  it  is  not,  from  the  date  when  the 
beneficiary  takes  notorious,  exclusive  or  continuoas  poeoeeoion  of 
the  property,  unless  the  petition  creditors  have  received  aotual 
notice  of  such  transfer  or  assignment. 

The  Proceedings  Once  Inaugurated  and  the  adjudication  in 
bankruptcy  having  been  made,  the  court  proceeds  to  take  cliarge 
of  the  bankrupt's  property,  and  administer  the  same  for  the 
benefit  of  the  creditors,  and  determine  all  questions  which  maj 
arise  in  regard  to  the  rights  of  the  bankrupt  or  the  cretlitors, 
either  as  against   the  bankrupt  or  as  between  themselves  in 


BANKRUPTCY  193 

»ooordanc«  with  the  above-prescribed  powera.  A  truntee  is 
appointed,  either  selected  by  the  creditors  at  a  meeting  called 
for  thnt  purpose  or,  in  cAHe  they  full  to  select  a  tniKtee,  one  is 
appointed  by  the  Court.  His  duty  iH  to  oollect  th«  property, 
realize  on  tiie  same  in  such  manner  iia  may  be  for  the  beet  inter- 
ests of  all  oonoerned,  and  ultimately  diHtributa  the  same  among 
the  creditors  in  such  proportions  as  they  may  be  adjudicated  to 
be  entitled  thereto. 

Referees.— .\8  all  questions,  both  of  law  and  fact,  in  relation 
to  the  pro[»erty  or  the  rights  of  tne  various  parties  must  bo 
decided  in  the  bankruptcy  prooeedinR,  it  in  [»rovided  tliat  ref- 
er»H*s  \h^  appointed,  who  are  cluir>;ed  with  the  duty  of  hearing 
the  allet^citions  and  testimony  of  all  partieM  and  deciding  all  such 
questions  that  nmy  arise.  Each  case,  as  it  oomee  up,  is  assignod 
to  some  referee,  whose  duty  it  is  to  adjudicate  and  pa^a  upon  all 
such  questions  arising  therein  in  the  Qrst  inntance,  the  right 
toeing  reserved  to  any  parties  to  appeal  from  the  decittion  of  the 
referee  to  the  Urjited  States  Ehstrict  Court. 

The  Duties  of  the  Referee  are  truli^tiintialiy  of  a  judiciaJ  cliar- 
a<'t''r,  an  i  lie  occupies  much  the  position  of  a  judge  of  primary 
rehort.  subject  to  an  appeal  to  the  Court,  and  is  required  to  take 
the  Kame  ciath  of  office  as  that  pres(;ribed  for  judges  of  the 
United  States  courts.  Dy  Section  38  of  the  act,  the  referee  is 
invested  with  jurisdiction  to  consider  all  prjtitions  referred  to 
him  by  the  clerks,  make  adjudications  ordi^fniisn  the  petition; 
exercise  the  jwwers  Te«ted  in  courts  of  bankruptcy  for  the 
admini.Mtering  of  oaths  to  and  the  exanvination  of  witnesses,  and 
for  requiring  the  production  of  documents  in  prooeedings  before 
him,  except  the  power  of  commitment,  and,  in  the  absence  of 
the  Judge,  to  exercise  all  his  powers  for  taking  poMiefvnon  and 
releasing  the  property  of  a  bankrupt,  and  to  perform  such  part 
of  the  duties  of  the  courts  of  bankrupt4-y  as  they  may  prescril>e 
by  rules  and  oniers.  excepting  only  questions  arining  on  applica- 
tions of  banknipts  for  compositions  or  discharges. 

All  questions  in  regard  to  the  property  or  assets  or  rights  of 
the  creditors  and  persons  interested  oome  before  Uie  referee  for 
hearing  and  determination,  subject  to  the  right  of  appeaL 
After  the  rights  of  all  parties  have  been  ascertained  and  deter- 
mined, and  the  property  has  been  realited  upon,  it  is  diKtributed 
among  the  rre<iitorH. 

Notice  to  Creditors. — Detailed  provisions  are  made  in  the  art 
for  giving  notioe  to  all  creditors  and  other  persons  interested  in 


104  BAFB  MTTllODe 

the  mtate  of  the  pendenoj  of  the  proceeding*,  the  pArn>^nt 
decUnitiun  uf  diviJt^iidn  and  other  utatteni,  aiul  |>r  i 

Oiitt  wherehy  ail  |KirttMa  iotereeted   iiutj  be  heard  oi  joot* 

ariMiiiK  in  the  Dounte  uf  the  prot^««>«linKH. 

OompromiseB.  — I'roviMiun  in  iiukde  in  theaot  fur  allowing  bank* 
rupU  U}  roniprumiMe  or  (Mettle  witti  thetr  crtHliton  bjr  a  prooaed* 
in^  Itnuvvii  MA  cuiiipiMitiou  pruceiviii]^.  whort^hy,  if  a  b^nknipi 
and  fi  tiuijoritj  uf  tiLH  (<rtMiit4*n(  nt^rtHi  ki|>>>it  iHtiue  haala  of  aeitW- 
niuiit,  tlie  Muue,  if  npprured  by  tin?  Cuurt.  ahAll  b<coai# 
binding  upon  all  creditors.  Th«<  d<M-iHi<in  of  the  quaatJoo  aa  to 
tlie  approval  of  oompoaitioos  and  Kmnting  diacltargea  to  a  hank- 
rupt  from  hid  debUi  i«  iipecitii^ljr  rmerrod  by  tlie  act  to  tii« 
ju<l>;««  uf  tlie  United  States  oourta;  but  the  Court,  bj  virtue  of 
ItM  ^enoral  |Miwunt,  niAy  refer  surh  nialtem  to  tlie  referaa  to  take 
testimony  and  refM>rt  to  the  Court  hi^  upiniun  thereua. 

Defense.— It  U  niudu  a  coniplrt**  di<f«Mi%e  to  any  prooaedinipi  in 
biinkrupt4.'y  to  allege  and  pruvu  that  lhi<  |«rty  proo— dad  agaiuai 
waa  not  insolvent  at  tlte  tiiua  of  the  tiling  of  tha  paiiliou 
aK'iinKt  iiim. 

Duties  of  Bankrupts.— The  bankrupt  sliall  (1)  attend  tha 
first  meeting  of  tils  crt<4iitor».  If  directed  by  the  oourt  or  a  judge 
tliereof  to  do  ho.  and  tiie  hearing  u|>on  bin  application  fur  a  dun 
ohargo,  if  tiled;  (2)  comply  with  ail  lawful  ordoni  uf  the  court; 
(8)  examine  the  oorr(!>ctne8s  of  all  proofs  of  claims  tiled  against 
his  estate;  (4)  execute  and  deliver  such  pafiers  as  shall  be 
ordered  by  the  oourt;  (5)  execute  to  his  trxistee  tranjif««ni  of  all 
his  property  in  foreign  countries;  (6)  immediately  infonn  his 
trustee  of  any  attempt,  by  his  creditor*  or  other  persons,  to 
evade  the  provisions  of  this  act.  coming  to  hL<i  knowledge;  (7)  in 
case  of  any  pemon  having  to  his  knowledge  proved  a  fa'se  claim 
against  his  estate,  di.>«:loee  tlmt  fact  immediately  to  his  trustee; 
(8)  prepare,  make  oath  to,  and  file  in  oourt  within  ten  days, 
unless  further  time  is  granted,  after  the  adjudication  if  an 
iavoluut<iry  bankrupt,  and  with  the  petition  if  a  voluntary 
bankrupt,  a  schedule  of  his  proiwrty,  sliowing  the  amount  and 
kind  of  property,  the  location  thereof,  its  money  value  in  detail, 
and  a  ILst  of  liis  creditors,  sliowing  their  residences,  if  known  (if 
unknown  tluit  fact  to  be  stated),  the  amount  due  each  of  them, 
the  consideration  thereof,  the  security  held  by  them,  if  any.  and 
a  claim  for  such  exemptions  as  lie  may  be  entitled  to,  all  in 
triplicate,  one  copy  of  each  for  the  clerk,  one  for  the  referee, 
and  one  for  the  trustee;   and  (9)  when  present  at  the  tirst  meai* 


BANKRUITCY  195 

Dig  of  his  creJitorn,  and  at  such  othwr  times  a«  the  court  ahull 
order,  submit  to  an  exaininatioa  concerning  the  oomducting  of 
his  bu-sinews,  the  cau.se  of  hia  bankruptcy,  his  dealings  with  liis 
crmliLorM  and  other  |>er»oiw,  the  anioiuU,  kind,  and  whArei»l>outH 
of  his  property,  and,  in  addition,  all  matters  which  may  alTwt 
the  adinini-stration  anil  H«*ttlement  of  hia  eHUite;  but  no  tewti- 
mony  given  by  him  nliall  b«  ofTered  in  evidence  against  him  in 
any  criminal  proc*e«dings. 

Provided,  however,  that  he  shall  not  be  required  to  attend  a 
meeting  of  his  creditors,  or  at  or  for  an  examination  at  a  plaoe 
more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  mile*  ili»tant  frum  his  home 
or  princijMil  pla<*e  of  buninons,  or  to  examine  claims  exoept  when 
pres««nt*Mj  to  him,  unlera  orderexl  by  the  cotirt.  or  a  ju«ige 
thereof,  for  cau-no  shown,  and  the  lituikrupt  sliall  be  paid  his 
actual  exfienses  from  the  estate  when  examined  or  re<iuirtvl  to 
attend  at  any  plaoe  other  than  the  city,  town,  or  village  of  his 
residence. 

Oof  ta. — Tlie  aim  of  Uie  act  has  been  to  make  the  expense  of 
the  procoeilings  depend  largely  upon  the  amount  of  th«  pn)i>erty 
Involved,  and  the  compensation  of  the  refen-ew  in  11x«h1  HutMtan- 
tially  at  1  \n>r  cent  on  the  amount  distrihut«Hl  to  the  creditors  in 
ordinary  cases,  where  the  assets  are  di'*tribute<l  by  tl>e  Court, 
and  one-half  of  1  per  cent  in  composition  caites,  and  the  trustees 
wlio  luive  charge  of  the  actual  nmnagement  of  the  bankrupt's 
proj^rty  receive  as  oompensation  such  commissions  on  amounts 
paid  out  by  them  as  dividends  as  the  Court  may  allow,  not  to 
exc«»«»«l,  how»«vf<r,  3  per  cent  on  the  flrnt  $5.00),  2  per  cent  on  the 
sec<ind  $.').!>>«).  mill  1  |>er  cent  on  all  sums  in  excess  of  $10,000. 

Discharge  of  Debtor. — Any  person  may,  after  the  expiration 
of  one  month  and  within  the  next  twelve  months  8ubeet{uent  to 
being  a<ljudgetl  a  bankrupt,  file  an  application  for  a  discharge, 
or  if  it  .shall  be  ma<le  to  apjKMir  thiit  the  Uinkrupt  was  unavoid- 
ably prevented  fr<jm  filing  such  application  within  said  time,  it 
may  l>e  file<l  within  the  next  six  month.s.  The  judge  shall  hear 
the  application  for  di.s4;luirge,  and  all  such  pleas  and  proofs  as 
may  be  made  in  opposition  thereto.  Applicants  are  to  l>e  dis- 
charged unless  they  have  committed  offenses  punishable  by 
imprisonment,  as  provided  in  the  act,  or  with  fraudulent  intent 
to  conceal  their  true  financial  condition  and  in  contemplation  of 
bankruptcy,  destroyed,  concealed  or  failed  to  k««ep  bf)oks  of 
•ocount  or  records  from  which  tlieir  true  condition  might  be 
•acertained. 


106  SAfB   MvmoDS 

The  oonflrnintion  of  a  oompoaition  shAll  librhAXKQ  Ui«  bank- 
nipt  from  hiii  dubu,  other  than  thuae  aKr**'*^  to  be  pail  \>y  Htm 
torniM  of  thw  c)om|HMit>uu,  and  thotto  not  aiTiH'tcMl  by  a  Uiauiiargv. 

I)L>*«'li;irf;i-4  riuiy  U«  ritv(>ki)>l  on  th«  ground  of  fmuJ. 

Liability  of  Co-Debtor  or  Surety— Ute  liability  of  a  p«r«oo 
who  iH  a  (x>  di'btor  with,  or  KUArant4)r.  ur  io  any  manner  a  aurriy 
for  H  ttaukrupt.  Htuill  nut  be  aliereU  by  thm  <ltaoharg»  of  auoh 
bankrupt. 

Effect  of  Discharge.— A  disoharge  In  bankruptcy  Khali  relaaae 
a  iMidkrupt  fnxii  all  hia  prorable  drbta.  nu'vpt  lurh  aa  are  dtia 
an  a  lAx  luviod  by  the  United  Statea.  U>e  Hute.  county.  diMrii-t. 
or  inuniripolity  in  which  he  reaiden:  judgmaota  In  actiona  fur 
fraud,  or  obtAining  property  by  falae  praCen—  or  faiae  repr»- 
itentatiunfl.  or  for  willful  and  n.   '  -'#«  to  the  fiervoa  or 

pr(){xirty  of  another ,    dnbtii  wh:  '-on  duly  ache^luled 

in  time  fur  proof  and  ullowniu-*-  <•'.  '  t  u«  u*me  of  Ibo  oraditor. 
if  known  t*i  the  bankrupt,  tirii-  .^  -^  i  i  creditor  had  DOtioe  or 
ai'tuiil  knowl«i|)(n  of  tho  pri>>w<linK>  'n  bankrupttry:  or  debCa 
which  wore  ortwted  by  bin  fraud,  ewbeaalement.  miaappropria- 
tion,  or  defalcation,  while  acting  a«  an  oAoar  ar  io  any  fiduciary 
relation  or  oapaoity. 

BONDS 

A  Bond  \H  an  in.Ttnimont  in  writin>c  whor»«>iy  <in«  fictMn  binila 
him.s<>lf  (or  iieverai  i>onion«  bind  tlionutehm,  Io  another  or  uthera 
to  pay  a  sum  of  money,  to  abide  by  an  award,  or  to  do  aome  law- 
ful  act,  or  not  to  do  !«ome  particular  thing  or  thing*  rpiwlB^  ia 
the  condition  of  the  bund. 

Names  of  Parties  —The  p«<r«on  who  glrea  the  bond  and  so 

biniLs  hiiiusolf  is  called  the  lAAigor,  the  peraon  reoeiring  the  bond 
is  called  the  oftligee. 

Kinds  of  Bonds.— If  th<»rt<  ia  no  stipulation  in  tho  bonl  V.\t 
the  olili^or  Mhail  HuiTer  any  |ienaltr  in  ca."»e  of  nonporforma:.  ■»•. 
the  Ix^nd  Ls  calle<l  a  ftimple  one-  But  there  generally  Is  a  >-,  n  li- 
tiou  addtnl  that  if  the  obligor  does  wome  particular  act,  th»»  obli- 
gation cthall  be  void,  or  else  shall  remain  In  full  force,  as 
payment  of  rent,  performance  of  covenantit  in  a  deed,  or  repny- 
ment  of  a  princij)al  sum  of  money  borrowed  of  the  obligee,  with 
interest:  which  principal  sum  usually  is  one- half  of  the  penal 
sum  speciOed  in  the  bond. 


BONDS  197 

Se&l  Required.— Bonds,  at  common  law,  must  b«  under  seal, 
the  Ht'ul  making  proof  of  ooniiideration  unneoeaaarj. 

forfeiture. — In  case  of  a  failure  to  perform  the  condition,  the 
obliK»>3  can  recover  only  his  yrincipttl.  int«r«Ht.  and  expetweti,  if 
the  lx)nd  wa«  given  to  neoure  the  payment  of  money  ,  and  if 
given  to  set'ure  the  performance  of  a  covenant,  he  can  recover 
only  reasonable  damages  for  the  breach. 

Action  On.— Ik)ndfl  belong  to  the  (-laM  of  obligations  known  as 
tlMcitiltitv,  and,  like  other  sealed  instruments,  are  in  fortxj  by 
statute  in  numl  of  the  Stat««  fur  twenty  yearn,  or  during  such 
time  as  the  H|>ecial  Htatut«  of  tl.e  Stat**  riuiv  provide. 

Form  of  Simple  Bond 

Know  all  Uen  fry  TIum  PretrntM,  Thftl  I.  WtiUtn  Jrnkin*.  of  the  city 

of  I>»llu.  Ht»t«-  of  Tmm.  am  hH<l  an<l  nrrnly  bound  v '   Hirvrn«.  of 

Ibe  cily  and  Hlatc  afiirr«»*iil.  in  the  ium  of   Klve   II  at^.  U(»fiiJ 

moaey  of  ihc  fimr.l  -t  t-.--    t..  !..•  t  k.  i  i..  iri-  "a.  i  .1.-    ..r  ii.n 

■Mlcm;    lo  which  \>^  •  on  or  Xyri 

day  of  Hay     191Z    I  ^  &ii<i  ^i- 

ftrmly  by  thcae  prr«riit.i. 

In  Teatxmony   H'Ac-rr.)/,  I.   \\  .  have  wt  my  hand  and  M-al 

to  this  inainifiirnt  on  the  tnx  day  of  Maid).  In  tb«  year  of  our  I»rd  ona 
thousand  nine  hundred  and  •)«T«n. 

WtUJAM  JSMXlNa.      (asAi.] 
Executed  and  delivered 

In  \)T*fnct  at 

WILX4AM  ItotMcas. 
Loi'ia  Wooi>«. 

0«ii«ral  tons  of  B<md,  with  Condition 

Know  all  Men  by  Tks»e  PmtnU.  That  I,  Juhn  T.t)lor,  of  Lincoln,  In 
the  county  of  Ix>can.  State  of  lUlnoU.  am  ftrmly  bouml  unto  Harvey  Newman. 
of  the  [>lace  a/ureMUd.  In  the  mm  of  One  Thousand  Dollan.  to  be  paid  to  the 
•aid  John  Taylor,  or  hu  le(al  repreaentallvej;  to  »hl<  h  payment,  to  be  made, 
I  bind  myirlf,  my  hein.  exccuton.  and  adminuiratori  firmly  by  Iheae 
praeots. 

Sealed  with  my  seaL     Dat>d  the  fifth  day  of  June,  A.  D.  191 L 

The  condition  of  the  above  oblUratlon  b  fuch  that.  If  the  above  boundeo 
John  Taylor.  hU  help»,  eiecutors.  or  adminwratont.  ihall  promptly  pay  the  sum 
of  Fire  Hundred  Dollars  In  four  equal  annual  payments  from  the  date  her<-<>f, 
with  annual  Interest,  then  the  above  obllcaUoo  to  be  of  no  effect:  olhcrwue 
to  be  In  full  force  and  valiu. 

Joiui  Taviob.     [aKAi.] 
ttffned,  aealed,  and  delivered 

in  presence  of 
RjcuASD  Low. 


108  BA>->:  ymioo* 

Bond  to  a  Oorporatioa 

Ktunc  all  Mm  hy  Tkra*  l^f*nU.  Tli*!  I.  f»»«»    "W  :-  llMrtii 

VIl-.i    Ci.mMv      M'.rv'.-    ..f    Iri'i:*.".*     kill    flrii:!'-     •-..'.)    I..    '  -  i  !«•    lloW 

M  1  !• 

l:.        .1    Alul    rriifTM-iilativaa  tUluljr  by   tlMB*  pf— Ota.                                  ■••;    ««1 

la:    I    thia    thlffl    of    Jun».    1«n  T»»#   «"«NWl>lt«>w    »»                      -    b'Hi.l    !• 

llU'-h  that    It  I    th«  tftUt  Cha*  . 
unto  lh«  7crre  ll»ut«  flow  ' 


l>  —    .^  fviw* .^..  ;....-*„...  .. 

CMiUL  Gamaiia.     (mluJ 


Bond  of  Indemnity 

Kn«m  dH  Mm  Hr  T1«M  r*tM*nl».  That  I.  rhlUlp  B«rTv«ra.  fli  RMUMOtf. 

VlrcinlA.  am  iMid  uid  finnlr   l-..-.  t  i.t '..•  M  ftrTr:!   M&iritrm    >.!  th<-  •«in«> 

l>lar  f.  In  Ih*  mm  erf  Two  T 

llai'-ltcun.   hta  rifcuton,   tn    ^  -  : 

truly  to  b<<  ntAile.  I  (In  blnU  tu>M!iI.  ut>  baa*,  rsacwior*.  m>  aoc* 

(Irmly  by  thnie  pnrawntA. 

H«>«1«<1  with  my  m«1.     iHtml  ihti  IWh  day  ol  rwtocxiary.    itil. 

Whrrr**.  Wmrtm  llhxflirvn  la  about  to  aatplaT  mv    n*fiti««,  Haitt  K 

Hall.  a.  ;iOfo(Myra  1. 

N  n  to  njci)  II 

T'""  '  >  •,  c^jfj  nu[>i<iv  iii'nt,  ami  i>rnniptty 

o  moamf  or  prop«ijr  o(  Um  m14 

w  ....  ..  „ ;.„, :»«iwla  duftoc  IUcomm.  Umb  Utli 

oblicmtion  atiAll  b«  void;   olh«rwlae  to  rBtDAin  In  full  fomi 

Pmu.ij»  haaanwm.     ^mMAL^ 
BlffntHl.  ural'^l  and  delivered  ) 
in  prrsM-ncr  of  ) 

Hiram  Junm. 

WitXIAM  tiMITO. 

BROKERS 

A  Broker  is  an  a^^nt  who  is  employed  to  tranaact  btuJnMi  for 
others.  IIi.s  province  is  to  find  buyers  and  nellera  and  bring 
theui  together  to  make  their  barKaina,  or  to  tranaact  for  them 
the  business  of  such  buying  and  sellinf;.  In  law.  he  Is  regarded 
as  a  middleman,  or  interm*'  '  ^tor  between  the  prin- 

cipal.s  on  both  sides  of  the  r.  iucted  by  him. 

Classes  of  Brokers.— Hrokei^  are  linitled  into  dilT«  r<>nt  cl 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  property  in  which  tliey  deaL 


COMMISSION    MERCHANTS  IM 

Bill  and  Not*  Brokers  are  thoee  who  buy  and  sell  for  others 
dnifLs.  lulls  of  f-K-liun;;©,  and  notert. 

Exchange  Brokers  buy  an.l  wll  uucurrent  money,  and  deal  in 
exchiui^'<s  r.liititik'  to  money  in  different  c-ountrien. 

Insurance  Brokers  ac^t  for  tl»e  owners  of  propertj  In  obUining 
in.suran.-..  iiix.n  it.  nettling  louse*,  etc. 

Merchandise  Brokers  buy  and  sell  property,  known  a«  mer- 
chuniliH.',  fi>r  others. 

Pawnbrokers,  though  called  brokers,  are  really  principals. 

Real  Estate  Brokers  buy  and  sell  real  esUt«  or  mortgages  on 
rwil  •stJite  fi'f  olherw. 

Shipping  Brokers  deal  with  the  purchase  and  sale  of  vesaels. 
pnxMin^  frvixhtfi,  eto. 

Stock  Brokers  buy  and  sell  for  others  the  stock  and  bonds  of 
niJlroad.H,  eto. 

MERCHAin)ISE  BROKER'S  FORMS 
Memorandum  to  bo  Given  to  the  8«U«r 

Sew    Y'.rk.   Juno    10    Wll. 

Mbmimi.    Wm-rr.   LeoLOW  *   Co., 
41  Hr<>».Jw»y. 
We  have  miii  U>-<l»y  on  your  »«ounl  to  Will  aiti  ll.4.*..Tth.  *M  22cl  BU, 
the  rotlowtns  s^*MiM■    i.OOO  oui>c«  8uJphal*  "f  guit.inr  li    »n<l  U.  at  t2.76 
oun«».  llr,i-^ifuUy, 

MrMRiAM  A  Cmam-i.  BrokcfS. 

Memorandum  to  be  Given  to  th«  Buy«r 

New    York.   June    10.    1911. 
Mm.  WitxiAM  HuuswoN-ni. 

450  23d  81.  ^        ^    .  ., 

We  have  to-day  for  your  account,  from  Whit*.  Lu.Jlow  A  Co..  the  folio* 
tot:    1.000  ouDC<*  Sulphate  o(  Qutoine  B.  and  C.  at  12.75  prr  ounce. 

Ke«t>*<"*f""y- 

McRiuxM  *  Chxtvi,  Bnken. 


COMMISSION  MERCHANTS 

A  Commission  Merchant  l^  one  to  whom  gooiis  are  sent  for 
sale,  and  who  cluu->?es  a  certain  per  cent  on  the  price  of  the 
goodA  sold  for  hLs  service,  which  is  called  commiMsion. 

Farmers  and  manufacturers  who  have  large  quantities  of 
goods  to  sell  «>nd  them  to  the  cities  to  the  oommiasion  vaer- 
ohant,  who  sells  them  for  them. 


200  BATE    METHODS 

Commijwion  morrhanU  ar«,  thcrt^fore,  a<;«»ntM  t<>  *^11  »nl  t\\« 
OwnerM  of  the  jfiiod.n  arc  their  jiriiu'ipnlji.  Thi«<H««  <liitinN  unj 
re«p<)n«ihilitiofl  ar«  in  gcnemi  \\k»  iho-H"  of  ot'  ■  ^ 

Duties.— The  wliolo  huiiiicMi  Is  on«  of  c«>i  •  :    (i*<rw>nAl 

8ervir<\H.  The  rnerchant'M  chief  aim  iii  to  im>1I  tlkc«  K<aHlii  for  the 
boHt  price  ho  cuii  f^vl.  and  pay  over  the  muiiry  when  c«>Uo<>tcd. 
after  he  haa  deUucte^l  hit  oommiMUon.  lie  must  ulwj  the  or<iKn 
of  hiit  principal.  coDduct  the  biuincM  nkiUfully  and  carefully, 
and  render  true  accouaUi  when  c«lle<i  upi^n  lie  most  not  make 
hi.H  own  interodtM  averse  to  thone  (jf  >  ;<»l. 

Authority.— Tlii*  in  m*  oonferroil  >.,-  i  by  iipecial  ^rr^ 

ment.  but  often  the  iximmiflBion  merchant  U  left  to  oondu't  the 
bu.sin««H  acourdioK  to  his  own  Judgment  and  in  the  way  mch 
bunini'.HM  i.i  u.suAlly  conducted. 

RespcnsibUity  to  Prlndpftl.— If  he  vioUtM  in  any  way  the 
agreement,  disobeyv  injitructioa^  or  is  n«icliff«*nt.  then  h**  is 
rei<[)onsible  to  his  prtn(M|)al  for  any  lom  that  may  renti'- 

When  left  to  ezerciiw  his  own  judgment,  he  is  not  r>  •! 

for  any  Iom  that  may  result  from  making  a  mistake. 

If  he  be  given  authority  to  sell  on  credit,  and  the  buyer  faila 
to  pay,  the  owner  mu.it  loee,  not  the  commission  merchant. 

The  Oommission.  — To  this  he  is  entitled  when  he  has  p«r- 
formed  hLs  sorvifo.  When  selling  on  credit,  he  Is  entitle*!  to  his 
o«>mini.sMion  when  the  sale  is  effected,  whether  the  principal  gete 
hi.H  pHy  or  not. 

But  if  in  any  way  he  breaks  his  contract,  he  loeea  his  claim 
to  any  rommi.<nion  on  that  transa^^tion. 

Guaranty  OommissioQ. — Sometimee  the  oomroiMion  is.  by 
agreement.  nia«le  to  guarantee  payment  by  the  party  to  whom 
the  goodjt  are  sold.  In  such  caace  he  is  responsible  to  the  owner 
if  the  buyer  does  not  pay. 

Advances.— Frequently  the  commisRion  merchant  advances  to 
the  owner,  before  he  baa  made  any  sales,  some  portion  of  what 
he  thinks  the  goods  are  worth. 

When  the  sale  is  made  he  deducts  this  amount,  with  hii  om- 
mifwion,  from  whiit  he  realizes  from  the  sale 

Lien  upon  Goods. — His  principal  can  revoke  his  authority  and 
take  his  goo<.ls  away  at  any  time,  but  if  the  merchant  has  in  the 
meantime  iucurreil  any  expense  he  can  hold  the  goo-ls  vmtil  hia 
expenses  or  outlays  are  made  good. 

The  rule  in  law  is:  A  commission  merchant  has  a  right  to 
keep  any  goods  of  his  principal's  which  are  in  his  hand  until 


CORPORATIONS  JQl 

he  has  beep  paid  all  ooauniasion,  adracoee  and  expenses  due  him 
f  rum  the  owner. 
By  this  general  lien  he  can  keep  any  goods,  whether  the  debt 

arrjsn  ill  conntH-tion  with  them  or  with  othera. 

Relation  to  the  Buyer.— If  the  owner  of  the  goods  is  made 
known  to  the  buyer,  tlien  the  c<jmmiMsion  merchant  asfiumes  in 
general  no  rwpon.sihility  himn^lf,  but  if  he  nays  nothing  about 
who  Qwn.i  the  goodw.  or  »t<ll.i  them  a^  hia  own.  acting  a.H  prin- 
cipal, he  n.viumefl  all  the  reHpouHibility  of  tlie  prinuipaL 


COKPORATIONS 

A  Corporation  is  a  body  created  by  law.  composed  of  indivldu- 
sLt  united  under  a  oommon  name,  invest^  with  oertain  powers 
anil  funrtions.  and  i>prpetuat«d  by  a  fiU(-4'«MHion  of  members,  so 
that  the  Ixxiy  cx^ntinue^t  the  same  notwitlurtanding  the  change 
of  the  inJiviiiuals  who  com[KMie  it. 

How  Created.— Corporations  are  created  by  special  character 
of  the  legiitlature.  or  formed  by  voluntary  association  of  mem- 
bers under  a  general  law.  The  necessary  ffjnns  for  organizing 
a  corporation  under  the  laws  of  the  ilifT»T«>nt  States  are  usually 
to  be  had  on  application  to  the  Secretary  of  .State,  and  senre  as  a 
gui  le  to  the  proper  hu?ih  to  be  taken  to  effect  an  inoorporation 

The  Charter  is  the  instrument  embodying  the  rights  and 
privileg'-.s  Krauted  to  the  incorporated  body. 

The  Capital  Stock  is  the  money  paid  in  to  carry  on  the  business 
of  the  corjKjration. 

A  Share  Ls  one  of  the  equal  parts  into  which  the  stock  or  cap- 
ital is  divi.le<l. 

Stockholders  aro  the  owners  of  one  or  more  shares  of  stock. 

A  Certificate  of  Stock  is  a  written  statement  setting  forth  the 
numl)er  and  value  of  the  shares  to  which  the  holder  is  entitled. 

The  Par  Value  of  stock  is  the  amount  named  as  each  share;  it 
in  al.so  (^lle<l  the  nominal  value. 

The  Market  Value  is  the  sum  for  which  nhares  will  sell  They 
aro  s.'ii.l  t<i  b»>  at  i>ar  when  they  sell  at  their  nominal  value, 
atotv  fxir,  or  at  a  premium,  when  they  sell  for  more,  and  Mow 
par  when  they  soil  for  less  than  their  nominal  value. 

The  Premium  or  Discount  on  stock  is  computed  at  a  oertain 
per  ifT.t  <jn  the  original  nominal  value  of  the  shares. 

Freferred  Stock  is  given  to  sectire  some  obligation  of  the  oor- 


202  BAFE    METHODS 

poratiun  and  takm  preference  of  the  ordinary  or  ( 
and  the  holders  are  entitled  to  a  (ixtxi  p«r  oeot  oat  of  Umi 
inf^  of  the  (*orporHtioa  before  a  dividend  can  be  declared  on  tbm 
cotiiinori  attx'k. 

Dividends  aru  the  declared  sliarea  of  the  proflta  due  Um  (tock- 
hoMt»r>i  !ift«<r  nil  t'X|x<njt«<j«  have  l»©«n  |)aid. 

How  Corporations  Act.— A  rorporatiun  act*  through  iU  oflBoen 
or  authorize«l  agents.  Its  businene  must  be  done  in  ila  cocpormtt 
DHiiu*  and  in  harmony  with  its  charter. 

Seal. — Every  oor|Miration  is  re<|uired  to  have  what  is  called  m 
corjHjratf  teal,  which  consists  uf  an  engraved  stitnip  bearing 
some  dHvi(<e  or  in.Hcription  i<i«<ntifying  the  oor]>*Jnitiun.  and  aa 
iinprt>!vuon  of  this  seal  i.t  rtx{uirtHl  to  be  attacheil  to  cortain 
written  intttrunients  executed  by  the  corporation.  Its  uite  is  nui 
necessary  in  ordinar}'  hu.sin«eM  transactions,  but  only  in  the 
execution  of  solemn  instruments,  such  as  deeda,  bonds,  mort- 
gages, etc. 

Liability. — CoriM>rations  are  liable  for  oontrru^ts  made  by  their 
duly  uuthuriz4xl  agent  wiihiu  the  h<hi|i«  uf  hti  uuthorily,  as  well 
as  for  treHfioMseH  or  torts  committed  by  such  agent  under  author- 
ity  of  such  corporations. 

The  stockholders  art«  inJividunlly  liable  to  the  corporation's 
cnniitors  to  extent  fixed  by  titatuto  under  which  the  company  is 
incori)orated.  Usually  they  are  not  made  liable  beyond  the 
amount  of  st<x'k  held  by  them. 

Suits  By  and  Against.— A  corporation  may  be  plaintifT  or 
defoiuiuiit  in  a  suit  at  law  or  in  p<|uity.  The  notice  or  summons 
is  served  ujwn  any  of  the  executive  officers. 

Ouaranteed  Stock  is  stock  upon  which  a  certain  dividend  is 
guaniiit<'«Hi. 

Watered  Stock  is  stock  issued  to  shareholders  without  any 
increase  of  tl»e  actual  capital  of  the  ooqxiration.  Sometimes 
the  charter  of  a  corporation  forbids  the  di'claring  of  a  dividen** 
exceeding  a  certain  i>er  cent  of  the  par  value  of  the  stock.  In 
this  case  the  directors  may  find  it  desirable  to  "water"  the 
stock,  that  is,  issue  additional  shares.  This  increase  in  the  num- 
ber of  shares  of  course  reduces  the  {percentage  of  dividend, 
although  the  same  profit,  in  the  aggregate,  is  secured  to  the 
stockholders. 

Corporations  of  One  State  may  do  Business  in  Another.— .\s  a 
general  rule  cor|x)rations  organized  under  the  laws  of  one  State 
are  privileged  to  do  business  in  other  States,  and  this  fact   is 


CORPORATION'S  208 

taken  advantage  of  by  persons  who  desire  to  organize  with  a 
small  paid  up  capital  and  wLsh  to  do  business  in  a  State  that 
required  a  Lirge  proportion  of  tlie  capital  to  be  paid  up.  For 
instance,  a  company  can  organize  in  Maine  for  |IOO,0(K)  on  a  pjiid 
up  capital  of  $^5  and  do  buiiiness  in  a  State  that  requires  a  large 
proportion  of  the  capital  Ht<x'k  of  corjwrations  organized  therein 
to  be  paid  up.  ThLs  is  why  many  corporations  doing  business  in 
the  large  citiee  of  Ma^saohu-setts,  New  York,  eto.,  are  organized 
under  the  laws  of  New  Jers«'y. 

Dissolution  of  Oorporationa. — Corporations  are  in  theory 
immortal,  but  praf'ticaliy  they  can  bo  terminate<l  in  variouB 
ways.  If  a  cor]Hjration  vi<lat«?.s  its  chart»»r,  it  lost-s  the  right  to 
continue  its  existence.  It  may  al^j  be  terniinated  by  an  act  of 
the  legislature  when  the  law  that  freat»xl  it  lias  re^rve<l  the 
right  to  dLssolve  or  to  abolish  it.  A  corporation  limited  aa  to 
time  Lh  of  course  dissolved  at  the  expiration  of  such  tinie. 

When  di.Hsolved.  the  debts  of  the  corporation  mu.st  be  paid  out 
of  the  a.sseta.  and  what  remains  beyond  that  is  divided  among 
the  HtfM-kholders. 

Land  Granted  to  a  Corporation  reverts  back  to  the  grantor 
when  it  w  no  lunger  u.sed  for  the  purp«j«»«  for  which  it  was 
granted.  If  used  for  another  purpose,  or  not  used  at  all,  the 
grantor  ran  claim  it  a.s  forfeited. 

The  Stock  Exchange  is  a  place  where  "stocka."  or  in  other 
words,  securities  of  governments,  railroads  and  other  c<^)rpor»- 
tions,  are  Ujught  and  sold.  The  London  and  New  York  stock 
exchanges  are  the  chief  associations  of  their  kind  in  the  world. 

Stock  exoiiauges  perform  a  number  of  u.Heful  functions,  only  a 
few  of  which  can  be  indicated  here.  The  body  of  dealers  find  it 
convenient,  if  not  neceasarj*.  to  liave  a  place  where  they  may 
meet  to  tran.sact  business  among  themselves.  Here  they  have 
the  advantage  of  the  latest  intelligence,  of  the  exclianges 
themselves,  from  all  the  leading  associations  of  the  same  kind 
throughout  the  world.  The  result  is  that,  owing  to  the  keen 
competition  of  the  buyers  and  sellers,  prices  are  promptly 
adjusted  to  existing  conditions  of  supply  and  demand,  and 
excessive  and  ruincus  fluctuations  in  the  prices  of  securities  are 
thus  obviated.  The  declaration  of  a  good  or  bad  dividend  on 
mining  or  railroa^l  shartjs.  the  report  of  an  increase  or  decrease 
in  the  output  or  traffic  in  the  concern  often  brings  alxitit  an 
undue  exaltation  or  depreciatif>n  in  the  market  value  of  its  secu- 
rities.    The  stockbroker  or  dealer  in  the  case  of  an  undue  oonfi- 


204  BAFC    METHODS 

denoe  sells  his  Hliart>M  trviely.  and  thus  arrests  the  rlsei     In 
of  an  irrational  pHiiic  he  buys  largely  and  thus  arrests  a  fall 

The  original  (X»t  of  a  swat  in  the  New  York  Stork  Exobjuige 
was  1400.     Prii-oa  now  rangM  from  $50,000  to  Wo.OOO  per  seat 

Trusts.— A  truAt,  Htrictly  H{>MkkinK,  is  an  organixation  for  th« 
control  of  several  corixjrations  under  one  dins'tion,  usually 
efTected  by  the  device  of  a  transfer,  by  the  Mtix,-kholdoni  in  each 
of  the  oon>onition«  (xjnoerned,  of  at  least  a  majority  of  the  stock 
to  a  central  committee,  or  board  of  truitttwn,  whic5h  issues  In 
return,  to  Huch  nt<x'kholderH,  rw»poctivoly.  t^jrtitlcates  showing 
In  elToot  that  although  tlwy  luive  part«»«l  with  their  Ktoi-k  and 
tlie  coruMX]UJ«nt  voting  jwwer.  they  are  still  entitltsl  to  dividends, 
or  to  tlteir  share  in  the  profits. 

Tlie  word  '  truat."  however  has  cjome  to  have  a  much  broader 
Application,  and  as  now  commonly  understotxl  means  "any  ooQ- 
solidation,  combine,  pool,  or  agrnement  of  two  or  more  com- 
peting concern.H,  which  establiHhes  a  limite<l  monopoly,  with 
power  to  flx  prices  or  nitee  in  any  industry  or  group  of  indu*- 
tries." 

National  and  State  laws  have  recently  been  posse*!  niaking 
some  of  the  more  obje<'tionahle  foruts  of  trusts  unlawful  and  sub- 
jecting the  others  to  State  supervision  and  control 

Form  of  Application  for  Incorporating 

&rATi:  or  Tixjnow,    } 

aty  o(  Sprinirflold.    j  **' 

To .  Secretary  of  Btste* 

We.  the  un<lfrsljm«l.  Chaa.  WUllsmn,  Wsltrr  Baker.  mnA  Howard  Calhoun, 
propose  to  form  a  corporation  under  an  act  of  the  General  Asaembly  of  the 
State  of  IllinoLt.  entitled  "An  Act  Concemlnj  Corporation*,'"  approved 
April  18.  1872,  and  all  acta  amt-ndatory  thereof,  and  that  for  the  purpose  of 
such  orKanization  we  hervhy  state  aa  follows,  to  wit: 

1.  The  name  of  such  corporation  Is  the  S(>rinsfield  Glove  Ifanufacturinf 
Company. 

2.  The  object  for  which  It  la  formed  \s  to  carry  on  the  business  of  manu- 
faclurinK  gloves  m  all  itjj  branches,  and  to  sell  the  proihirt  no  manufactured. 

3.  The  capital  stock  shall  be  llirce  Hundred  Thousand  ($300  000) 
Dollars. 

4.  The  amount  of  each  share  is  One  Hundred  (llOO)  Dollars. 

5.  The  numt>er  of  shares  three  thousand  (3.000). 

6.  The  location  of  the  principal  oftlce  is  In  Sprlncfleld.  State  of  Illinois. 

7.  The  duration  of  the  corporation  shall  be  seventy  (70)  years. 

ChAS.    WllXIAMS. 

Walter  Baker, 
Howard  C:ai.houn. 


DEEDS  208 

The  document  must  bear  the  following: 

Indorsement  on  the  Back 

Btatt  or  Illivois,    1 
City  of  Springfield.    /  *'" 

I,  Oiarlea  Phillips,  a  notary  public  In  and  for  the  said  c  ty  of  Rprinjffleld, 
and  State  aforesaid,  do  hereby  certify  that  on  this  15th  day  of  Manh,  A.  D. 
1911.  perwHnally  appeared  before  me  OiaA.  Wlhlanw,  WaJt«r  Baker,  and 
Howard  Calhoun,  to  me  personally  known  to  be  the  Kaiue  p«-r!ton«  who 
executed  the  foregoinjt  utatenienl.  and  neverally  acknowU'<lK'-d  that  they 
executed  the  name  tor  the  purpoMrs  therem  set  forth. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal  the  day  and 
year  above  wrUteo. 

CUAHLJM    PlltI.I.IPfl, 

Notary  Public 

DEEDS 

ik.  Deed  in  an  instrument  in  writing  and  under  ii«il,  whereby 
real  estate  or  Bome  inter^rt  therein  ia  oonveyed. 

The  Seal  required  by  the  common  law  oonidiita  of  an  impree- 
sion  u[>on  wax,  wafer  or  other  tenarioua  substance,  but  in  Home 
jf  the  State"*  a  scroll  or  circle  made  with  a  p*>n  around  the 
word  seal  or  in  place  of  the  seal  is  sufficient.  In  Home  States  no 
seal  Ls  required  except  in  case  of  deeds  by  corporations. 

Names  of  Parties. — The  maker  of  the  dee<l  is  called  the  ffrantor, 
the  jMirty  to  whom  it  is  delivered  the  grunttf. 

Reqtiisites  of  a  Valid  Deed.— 1.  Competent  parties.  2.  Con- 
sideration. 3.  The  deed  u.aKt  be  reduced  to  writing.  4.  It  must 
be  duly  executed  and  deli'  rred.  If  signed  by  an  agent  or 
attorney,  the  seal  should  be  that  of  the  principal,  and  the 
authority  of  the  agent  to  use  the  seal  should  it«elf  \je  under  seal. 
To  l>e  effective  against  third  parties  it  must  be  duly  acknowl- 
edk'ed  and  reoo-ded.     (See  Acknowledgment  a.) 

The  Consideration  on  which  the  deed  is  based  may  be  either 
goi^l  (a.s  for  love  and  aflfection"^  or  valuable  (as  for  money  or 
other  property).  It  is  customary,  though  not  neceesary,  to 
mention  some  nominal  sum,  as  one  dollar,  even  when  no  money 
price  i.s  paid. 

The  Property  to  be  conveyed  should  be  deecribed  by  bound- 
ftrins  ius  ii.iiiiitely  as  possible. 

When  Wife  Must  Join.— If  ♦^e  wife's  dower  or  homestead  is 
to  1.'  r-lf.useJ.  she  niu-st  join  with  the  htisband  in  the  deed. 
A  husband  and  wife  may,  by  a  joint  deed,  convey  the  real  estata 


206  8AFE    METHODS 

of  the  wife;  and  in  some  of  the  Stat«A  her  arknowledgmeat 
muMt  he  taken  ai>art  from  her  husbaod.    (See  AcJcwnrtinlgmmlM.) 

Acknowledgment.— The  mode  and  eiTei't  of  an  ai*knuwle<i((iueot 
or  of  a  de«»«l  i.s  governed  by  the  law  of  the  State  where  the  land 
liee.  and  not  hy  ttiat  of  the  place  where  the  a^'knowltHl^roent  la 
taken.  Where  thu  deetl  i»  executed  by  an  attorney  in  fiK't.  it  la 
ciLstomary  to  hjive  the  i»ower  of  attorney  at'knowledj^ed  by  tb* 
principtil  and  tho  (it><vl  a4-knowle<i);«xl  by  the  attorney. 

Separate  Acknowled^nn>nt  by  wife  is  required  in  Alanka, 
Arkiui-HOA,  Delaware,  iJitttrict  of  Columbia.  Horiila.  Geurgia, 
Iilaho,  Kentucky,  Ixjuisiana.  Montana.  Nevada,  New  JerMj, 
North  Carolina,  Oref^n,  Pennsylvania.  South  Carolina,  Tennes- 
see, and  TtixaH. 

Witnesses.  — It  is  alwnyH  l>eHt  that  the  exeimtion  of  the  deed 
shimlii  l>o  witn««tt«ed,  even  thouKh  not  re«|uired  by  statute.  A 
witnew*  Hhould  have  no  intereMt  in  tho  dee«l.  Therefore  a  wife 
is  not  a  pn)|x>r  witnewi  of  a  dtted  to  her  husband.  One  untntsa 
to  the  exet'ution  of  deeds  is  r^iuired  in  District  of  Columbia. 
Maine.  Marj-lund.  Nebraska.  New  Jerm*y.  Oklahoma,  Utah. 
Wyoming.  Tu\y  uritmjt.sf-ji  to  the  exe<'ution  of  deeds  are  required 
in  ArkansaH.  C*onnoctiin>t.  Florida,  Georgia,  Louisiana.  Mi<'hi- 
giin,  MinneHOtH.  New  Hampshire.  Uhio.  Oregon.  South  Carohna, 
Tex&s.  Vermont,  and  Wi.Hoon.Mn.  If  witneeaea  die,  proof  of 
their  handwriting  will  be  a<lmitted:  if  this  cannot  be  obtained, 
proof  of  the  grantor's  handwriting  is  sufficient. 

The  Estate  Passes  upon  the  ai'tual  delivery  of  the  deed.  If  it 
i»  retaitu'«i  until  the  grantor'rt  death,  it  l)e<x>nte(i  void  and  of  no 
efTect.  Hut  where  it  is  dolivere«^i  to  a  third  person  to  tran.sfer  to 
the  grantee  upon  the  hapfwning  of  some  event,  as  the  death  of 
the  grantor,  the  estate  will  pass  upon  that  final  delivery.  Such 
a  deed  is  culled  an  ejjcroir. 

Recording. — The  object  of  the  public  recording  of  a  deed  is  not 
to  give  validity  as  between  the  grantor  and  grantee,  but  to  pro- 
tect the  grantee  against  subsequent  bcma  fidt  purchasers  or 
mortgagees,  and  against  the  grantor's  creditors. 

Summary.— Deeds  should  be  signed,  sealed,  witnessed,  acknowl- 
etiged.  delivered,  and  recorded. 

Caution. — Do  not  purchase  real  estate  without  first  carefully 
examining  the  title,  and  always  procure  an  abstract  of  title 
before  advancing  money  or  signing  contract  for  purchase  of 
property. 


DEEDS  207 

DIFFERENT  KINDS  OF  DEEDS 
A  Warranty  Deed  is  so  callml  lj«cause  th«  ^tauIot  covenants 
to  wurrHiit  an.l  .l^-fend  landa  mentioned  against  all  person*,  and 
to  the  extent  specified. 

A  General  Warranty  covenants  and  warrants  against  all  per- 
sons whosoever. 

A  Special  Warranty  covenants  and  warrants  only  against  one 
person,  his  heirs  and  those  claiming  under  iiim. 

A  Quit  Claim  Deed  Ls  one  which  conveys  all  the  interest  which 
the  gnmtcr  poKM^s-ses.  whatever  it  uxay  be.  in  the  lands  specitied. 
without  containinK  any  warrants.  By  it  the  grantor  merely 
quit  ciaims  any  interest  he  may  liave.  but  does  not  warrant  hia 
title. 

A  Trust  Deed  conveys  property  to  persons  to  hold  for  the  use 
of  some  other  person  wi.<.  i.s  entitled  to  the  proceeds,  title,  or  use 
of  the  property. 

Tax  Deeds  are  made  by  a  public  officer  after  sale  of  the  land 
for  nonpayment  of  taxes.  They  differ  from  common  deeds  in 
that  they  do  not  in  r/i^/u.Wi«  transfer  title.  That  Ls  to  say.  any 
irregularity  or  illegality  in  the  sale  or  other  proceedings  on 
which  the  deed  is  based  will  invalidate  the  deed  itself.  In  many 
States  the  grantee  of  such  a  deed  holds  the  property  subject  to 
the  right  of  the  owner  to  redeem  it  within  a  specified  time,  by 
paying  taxes,  costs  and  interest  on  the  purcliase  money,  at  a 
fixed  rate,  greater  than  the  u-sual  rate  of  interest. 

Deeds  by  Executors.  Admmistrators,  or  Ouardians  ^;fnerally 
contain  no  wananty;  and  every  recjuisition  of  the  law  must  be 
complied  with  to  give  a  good  title. 

Forms  of  Deeds  conveying  land  are  prescribed  by  some  Statee. 
*nd  such  form  should  generally  be  used. 
Warranty  Deed 

This  Indenttre.  made  thia  Unth  day  of  April,  in  the  7**' "'  o"'  '^"J 
one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  eleven,  between  Howard  Denman  ana 
Mary  Denman.  hia  vcife,  of  the  village  of  liriatol.  In  the  County  of 
Uorgan,  State  of  Ohio,  party  of  the  first  part,  and  William  A.  Mar- 
tin.  of  the  City  of  Columbus,  In  the  County  of  Franklin,  and  State  ot 
Ohio,  party  of  the  second  part, 

Wiinesseth,  That  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  for  and  in  ron«id.ratlon 
of  Ihe  (mm  of  Fiive  Thousand  ($5,000)  Dollars.  In  hand,  paid  by  the  8a.d  party 
of  the  second  part,  the  receipt  whereof  Is  hereby  adcnowledired.  have  fnjanied. 
bargahied.  sold,  reraised,  released,  conveyed,  aliejied.  and  confirmed,  and 
by  these  prei»nl«.  do  grant.  barBain.  sell,  remise,  release,  convey,  al.en.  and 


2UH  HAri:    MLTIIUUH 

eonflrm  unto  (h«  MUd  p«nr  ot  ih«  aaeond  part.  mmI  hto  bain  kod  irrlif 
forrvrr,  »ll  lli»l  rvrt»l/i  ittirtrr',  iir  p»rrH.  of  l*fiii  ■iiuaiod  and  bsUtC  la  Iti 
VUIb^v  of  ItriMiol,  ('o4iiit/  ttl  Uorgam,  mnd  8UI«  uf  Uhut,  tod  rliiHiMl  tm 
follow*,  to  wit. 

Tfu  NtrrikMut  QvarUT  ot  Ssrtum  Fiftttm  (15).  In  Tamuktp  rm*nl9^i0kt 
(2M).  Soul\  of  Kan^  .Vtiw  (0>.  W»M  vf  U«  /oitrM  rnnnptU  JiT^vMlM. 
eorUainin(r  One  llymdrr*  and  fiftf  aerm  by  g^v^num^mt  curwy. 

TocrttuT  with  ftJl  aixl  atncular  lh«>  h<-rr»lii«iiMinU  UMntO  baloiHilc  or  !■ 
any  mmy  kt>i«rTtAmiii«.  7'o  //u*r  otwi  u  //cxUi  iIm  ■•ki  |)««ailMB  ■«  itt  riti ill. 
with  the  A{>purtwuuM oa.  unt«  thr  •»i4|  itu\y  ol  lh«  M«i>f  .     t  to  hto 

helm  an<t  Bmignm  tatv/wg      And  lh«  Miit  i>«rt)r  of  ib*  Ur  r  hctrt. 

exocuton.  Mid  •dalDlalrmton.  do  cortwiAni.  rrmni.  t>«xr%ii'  a  ;  Mir^  to  and 
with  the  mM  pwt/  ol  Um  Mcood  p*rt.  tiui  hrir*  aii'l  mmi^tui.  thai  u  Um  ItoM 
of  the  enaoallnc  Mid  daltvery  of  th<wi<  i'r-~  >  c  .  >•  "..i^a^Md  of  Um 
prrmiara  otiovncoavnjrnt,  •«  of  «  (Qiiil.  «i.-  t 

e*t«ir  of  tnlw>x(t«o(«  in  law.  in  fro  «tni(>l<>.  >  rttfl  | 

lawful  autltorM/  to  crant.  t>Arir«in.  aril,  anl  ntnrrj  ihm  —jna  in 
fonn  afo(TnKi<J,  UiaI  tii<<7  arr  rmr  rn>ni  all  oiUrt  rranu.  btigmuu.  wlw.  Umm, 
taxr!«.  aMrwanrati.  an<t  mriimhrmn<r«  of  what  kind  or  iMlufw  wb«UorT«r. 
and  thjU  ihcgr  wiU.  ami  thetf  hrtn.  exrcuian,  and  adialiilMralan  ilMH 
irorrnni  ami  4«(end  Ibo  Mune  acainjrt  all  lawful  dalmi  wh^taamnt. 

In  Wiinrts  Wkmrttt.  Tb«  Mid  pany  of  Ih*  tnt    pan   Mm   hmwuMto  nt 
Vitru-  band*  and  ■mli  Uie  day  and  year  Ont  ahovv  wrtll«a 

llo«A.an  IhLMMAD.     (amAL] 
klAar  ItujfUAM.  UaAt4 

8i«ned.  analed  and  ddlTmd  ) 
in  Unt  \tt\mmLm  at  { 

li.    IL   MOTM. 
U.  J.  Hljck. 

[  7>  b*  dutf  artmtwitdtwt  omd  r^eord^d) 

Quit  ClAim  De«d 

Tub  laoflvnma.  nada  the  Orat  of  Marvh.  m  ih-  yrar  nf  our  I^orl  on« 
thWf  nd  nfaw  hondrad  and  elerwn.  brlir.-'-n  Jamr.»  R.  Ward  and 
I«ulM  U  Ward,  hlx  wifr.  of  lUjrtlnicii.  lUrry  County.  State  of  Mlch- 
*•»»»  P«rtl«»  of  Iho  nrwt  part,  and  Myor  A.  Walkar.  of  RichLand. 
County  of  KaUunaaoo,  State  of  Michigan,  party  of  the  aacond  part, 

WitnfMriA.  Ttial  th^  said  partu*  of  the  flnrt  part,  lor  and  In  cooatderatloa 
of  the  «um  of  C>He  Hollar  to  thcin  in  hand  pai<i  by  the  party  of  the  aerood 
part,  the  rwoipt  wh.^rrof  m  Uvrti^y  conframd  and  acJknowle«l»ed.  do.  by  tbeM 
prescjiUs.  RTunl,  bar»:^ui.  »*.  n-tnuir.  mleaae.  and  forerrr  tjuU  ciaim  unto  the 
party  of  the  wxoud  part,  and  to  bin  h«ir«  axwl  aaii^nj  lore»er,  all  that  cv-rtain 
piecr.  or  parori,  of  land  rttuale^l  and  hrtrxK  In  the  County  of  Barry  and  8ta(e 
of  Micbipui.  aitd  dracrtbed  aa  foUowa.  to-wit: 

The  Soulhwwt  quarter  at  Section  number  Nine.  In  Township  number 
Three.  South  of  Ilan««  number  F1t«,  We«t.  roniaming  One  Hundred  and 
Fifty  Acres  of  Land,  be  the  same  more  or  leaa.  Toifethsr  with  all  and  ainirular 
the  herwlitainentB  and  appartec&ncoB  thereto  belon«lo«,  or  in  anywtoe 
apperUinio^.  To  Uave  and  To  UM  Ux  aaid  ptttniaM,  a«  above  deacrUMd, 


EMPIX)YER    AND     EMPLOYEE  »« 

•othe  »ld  party  o(  the  •^con-l  piu-t.  anJ  lo  hi*  hein  and  uaign*.  to  tlie  aol« 
an.lonly  proi)^r  tum  and  b«n»-Ul  of  the  sal.l  party  of  the  •econd  part,  his  hedrt 
and  umigns,  forever. 

In  Witnfita  Whereof.  The  Bald  partlea  of  the  flrrt    part   have   hereunto 
■et  ther  hands  and  seals  the  day  and  year  tint  above  a-rltten. 

JaMEM      IL       WaRO.      [SRAi] 
LotUiC  L.  VfAHD.  l«aAi.l 

filsned.  seUed.  and  delivered  i 
In  the  treeence  of  ) 

Walikii  R.  Wixo, 

ClIAA.   "UMMONS. 

[To  b4  dull  ackiuneledgtd  and  record»d.\ 


KMPLOYKU  AND   KMPIOYKE 

RELATIVE  RIGHTS  AND  OBUQATIONS  OF 
An  A^©«ment  t»  work  for  another  l«  a  very  oommon  kind  of 
Oontra<-t  in  l.iwintNs*  life      (,S«*«  ContracU) 
There  are  two  geuerul  kiiuLs: 

1.  To  do  some  partic-ular  thinj;. 

2.  To  do  wli»t«ver  the  employer  may  direct. 

Brokers.  coinmWBiou  morcluuitJi.  Uwyeni.  tnide«men  and 
many  others  UUong  to  the  first  claiw;  clerks  and  all  others 
employed  to  do  general  work  belong  to  the  aeoond  claM*. 

The  act  of  employing  in  both  rlaj«e*  la  a  contract  In  which 
each  party  agrees  to  do  a  certain  thing. 

The  Compensation.— All  agreements  to  employ  oontain  a 
promi.'*e  lo  jhiv  for  the  uervicMja  rendered,  which  promLie  is  either 
eipreewMsl  or  injplied. 

When  services  are  requested  there  I«  always  an  implied  prom- 
Lne  to  i>ay  what  they  are  worth,  that  la  to  say.  the  price  twually 
|>aid  by  othfrn  for  such  .-ierviceti. 

Employee's  A^eement.— The  person  employed  to  do  a  certain 
work  must  fullill  his  agreement,  but  he  need  not  do  anything 
el.Ho.  It  is  an  implied  part  of  ever^-  agreement  to  render  serv 
icert  that  the  work  will  be  done  with  ordinary  skill,  care  and 
diligence.  A  failure  in  this  makes  the  employee  forfeit  his 
oompensatioa.  no  matter  bow  much  he  has  done.  If  another 
doe-H  the  work,  the  party  to  the  agreement  is  in  all  respects 
responsible  for  the  work  done. 

Loss  or  Injury.— W lien  one  has  another's  property  in  his  poe- 
session  he  is  expected  to  take  all  possible  care  of  it;  if  through 
his  carelessneas  it  is  Lost  or  injun>d  the  careless  one  is  not  only 


210  8AFK    MKTIIODS 

not  entitleil  to  any  compeniiation  for  wluit  work  he  luui  cli/tie, 
but  must  «'otnj>enMiit«  tlie  owner  for  hi.s  lo«w  or  injury.  K(jr  k>w«« 
<K'casii>ritMl  ()th«'rwi.>m  he  is  not  re.spon»*ihle.      (S»}«<  IitiUmfH%) 

Length  of  Employment. — Where  in  the  (tec^und  rXojv^  u  {wrson 
is  empIoyoJ  to  perform  a  certain  clajw  of  dutie«.  the  time  for 
which  he  in  hired  is  an  imjxtrtant  elenu-tit,  whether  tha^  time  be 
a  day,  a  week,  a  month,  a  year  or  longer.  When  oo  time  of 
service  is  niiecifled.  the  time  when  i>aymont  is  niaUd  will  indi- 
cate the  length  of  employment.  Thui*.  if  a  clerk  meaaenger, 
etc.,  is  hirt'd  fur  no  fixed  time,  but  iit  .so  many  do^lam  a  week, 
or  a  month,  it  is  a  hiring  fi^r  a  we<'k  or  a  month,  renpectively. 
If  the  work  cx>ntinues  the  next  week  or  month  in  the  same  man- 
ni>r,  it  is  a  new  <v>ntrart  on  the  .same  terms. 

Discharge  of  Employee. — An  employee  may  be  discharged  at 
tiiu  end  of  hLs  time  without  any  cau-ie  or  iirerious  notioe.  If 
hired  at  so  much  {ter  we«>k  and  for  no  definite  time  he  may  be 
dischargeil  at  the  end  of  any  week,  or  ev<'n  during  the  week, 
and  he  hiis  no  right  to  insi.st  upon  working  after  he  is  dis- 
charged. If,  however,  tl;o  di.schargo  is  without  good  cause,  i  e., 
if  the  work  is  all  right,  he  is  entitled  to  payment  for  the  whole 
period.  If,  on  the  other  liond,  there  was  good  reason  for  the 
discharge,  arising  from  his  own  fault,  he  b  entitled  to  no  pay 
fur  any  of  that  period. 

Leaving  Services. — An  employee  can  leave  at  the  end  of  the 
time  without  giving  notice.  Kut  if  he  leaven  before  the  expira- 
tion of  the  time  he  is  entitle<l  to  no  pay  for  that  periixi,  no 
matter  how  much  of  the  time  he  has  worked. 

Thus,  if  he  agreed  to  stay  a  month  and  left  at  the  end  of  three 
weeks  he  would  be  entitled  to  nothing.  The  general  rule  appliee 
here  as  elsewhere.  Each  party  viiatt  keep  his  part  of  the  ctm- 
tract  if  the  other  does,  but  need  not  if  the  other  does  not.  (See 
Contracts. ) 


GUARANTY 

A  Guaranty  is  a  promise  or  undertaking  to  pay  the  debt  of 
anotlier  iu  case  the  latter  does  not  pay  it. 

Names  of  Parties. — The  person  who  makes  tlie  promise  is 
called  the  ^taraiitor,  the  person  in  whose  behalf  the  promise  is 
made,  the  principal,  and  the  person  to  whom  the  promise  Im 
made,  the  guarantee. 


GUAR.^JJTY  211 

Who  are  Guarantors. — Every  surety  is  a  guarantor,  and  every 
Indorsar  uf  a  negotiable  instrument  is  in  fuct  a  guarantor,  but 
with  peculiar  rights  and  duties  not  known  to  ootnmon  guar- 
antors.    (See  Negotiable  Sotes.) 

Coniideration. — Like  every  other  binding  promise  a  guaranty 
must  \t^  founded  upon  a  good  consideration,  but  it  Ls  sufKcient, 
however,  if  the  person  for  whom  the  guarantor  becomes  surety 
receives  a  benefit,  or  the  person  to  whom  the  guaranty  is  given 
suffer  inconvenience,  as  an  inducement  to  the  surety  to  become 
guanintur  (or  the  principal. 

Must  be  in  Writing.— Being  a  promise  to  pay  a  debt  of 
another,  a  guaranty  is  recjuired  to  be  in  writing  (see  Contracts). 
But  where  one  who  promises  to  piiy  the  debt  of  another  receives 
therefor  an  independent  consideration,  the  promise  is  deemed  a 
promise  to  pay  his  own  debt,  and  need  not  be  in  writing.  Thus, 
if  two  parties  go  together  into  a  shop  or  warehouse,  and  upon 
one  8elf»<"ting  ami  giving  an  order  for  go^nls,  the  other  engages 
verbally  to  jwiy  for  those  goods  in  riise  the  other  does  not,  in 
whatever  form  of  words  that  promise  is  given,  he  Ls  not  bound 
by  it — it  must  be  reduced  to  writing  and  signe*!  by  the  guar- 
antor. But  if  the  guarantor  tells  the  merchant  that  he  will  be 
responsible  for  goods  purchased  by  the  other  and  absents  to  liav- 
ing  the  goods  charged  to  himself,  the  promise  nee<l  not  l>e  in 
writing  to  bind  the  guarantor. 

Any  Material  Change  in  the  extent,  terras,  or  character  of  the 
priiK-ipal's  li.ibiluy  discharges  the  giiarantor,  even  though  the 
change  be  in  no  way  injurious  to  him.  lie  may  assent  to  it, 
however,  and  will  then  be  Liable. 

Where  there  are  several  guarantors,  and  one  of  them  is  obliged 
to  pay  the  debt,  he  can  look  to  the  others  for  their  proportion. 

Indemnity. — A  guarantor  ought  to  take  care  to  be  indemnified 
fcffninst  loss,  in  the  event  of  being  called  on  to  pay  the  debt. 
With  this  view  indemnities  are  given  (frequently,  but  not 
always  or  necessarily,  by  bond),  holding  harmless  him  who, 
under  an  undertaking  to  be  responsible  for  the  debt  or 
engagemeuts  of  another,  becomes  chargeable  or  b'able  for 
the  debt. 

Ouau-anty  Companies.— There  are  companies  which  transact  a 
guarmity  or  surety  business,  from  whom,  for  a  consideration, 
persons  on  assuming  a  place  of  financial  responsibility  where  an 
Indemnity  bond  is  required,  can  obtain  the  necessary  bond. 


J12  BAKE    MFTIIOnS 

Ouaranty  for  the  Performance  of  a  Contract 

For  a  Krx»l  a"'l  vaUiiiMi"  i-ofisldi-raUuii,  liv  ua  ri-«rivr<l.  »r.  Iha  liniT- 
■licned,  do  turtby  K'l^rann-e  a  faithful  compliance  with  the  trrnu  ■if  ';.»• 
above  (or  within)  a^.Trenifnt  upon  «.he  part  of  the  Mtld  contractor,  Itk'l  ird 
Unjer. 

Done  at  PHkhart,  Ilkh&rt  ('oiint%-,  State  of  Indiana.  thl«  15th  day  of 
June.  A.  D.  191L 

Wai.tk»  Ha.<«kims,{ul4l] 

FmUCK    KUKK.  (ULU4 

signed,  teaJed,  and  delivered   ) 
in  the  prwtence  of  J 

W1U.IAM  Ix>wrn, 

ClIAHUUI   A.VORBWS 


Ouaranty  for  the  Purchase  of  a  Horf« 

(»tnaha.  Ni-t>raidia.  January  3.  ItU. 

In  connlderatlon  of  One  Hundn^i  and  T»iniy -five  Dollan  for  a  black 
marc.  I  hereby  iruarantee  her  to  b*  only  flre  yean  old,  lound.  fre«  from  vice, 
and  eaiiy  to  ride  or  drive.  Ciia^.  Huwi^ni*. 

[S.  h.  —  ln  thia  ffuaranly  the  arller  vM  U  hrld  for  alt  On  defeciM  in  tht 
animal  ai  the  timt  of  tale.  Thu  m  the  aafett  uny  [ur  on€  vho  is  not  an  cji>eri- 
«fic«d  JMdgt  of  hortes  to  purckoM*  one.) 


Guaranty  for  a  Debt  Not  Yet  Incurred 

Rochester.  N.  Y..  March  10.  inX 
Santoro  a  Barth, 
Buffak). 
GrNTXEMKN:     The  bearer  of  thla.  Mr.  R.  J.  Walker,  of  thli  dty,  is  on 
the  point  of  visiting  your  city  for  the  purpose  of  buying  goods,  and  de«<ir«a 
articles  in  your  line.     He  la  considered  worth  Dome  tlilrty  thousand  doll.irs, 
and  such  is  our  confidence  in  his  ability  and  Integrity,  that  we  hereby  guar- 
antee th^  payment  of  any  bills  which  he  may  make  with  you  during  thi« 
year,  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  five  thousand  dollars. 

Yours  respectfully. 

Wilxjams  a  Rtan. 

Guaranty  of  a  Debt  Already  Incurred 

lUa<lin<r.  Pa..  June  9.  1911- 
The  PiTrsBrRQ  MANtrrAcrtniiNO  Co., 
Pittsburg. 
Gentlemen:     In  consideration  of  One  Dollar,  paid  by  yourselves,  the 
receipt  of  which  is  hereby  acknowledged,  I  guarantee  that  the  debt  of  three 
hundred  dollars,  now  owing  to  you  by  Henry  Wilcox,  shall  be  paid  at  maturity. 

Yours  truly, 

CbAS.   ST7NI>Saa,AND. 


INSURANCE 

Definitions.— Terms  Employed.— Insurance  is  a  contract  oy 
which  one  of  the  partie.s.  called  the  itimrer,  bind.s  himself  to  the 
other,  called  the  insured,  to  pay  him  a  sum  of  money  or  other- 
wise indemnify  him  in  case  of  the  happening  of  a  fortuitous 
event,  provided  for  in  a  general  or  special  manner  in  the  con- 
tract, in  consideration  of  a  certain  sum  of  money  called  a  pre- 
miuvi.  wliich  the  latter  pays  or  binds  him.self  to  pay  him. 

The  Instrument  of  writinR  by  which  the  contract  is  made  is 
called  &jK>liry.  the  events  or  causes  to  l>e  insured  against  rinkn  or 
perils,  and  the  thing  insured  the  mibjcct-matter  or  iiimirable 
interest. 

Kinds  of  Insurance.— Insurance  is  divided  generally  into  three 
kinds:  Jire,  tnuHne,  and /t/e— the  last  including  acciderU  insur- 


MODERN    MOTOR    PROPELLED    FIRE    ENGINE 

FIRE  INSURANCE 

yire  Insurance  include.s  all  undertakings  to  indemnify  the 
insured  iiK^iiii'^t  losses  by  fire,  whether  upon  buildings,  ships, 
or  the  gooi-ls  and  stork  rontaine<l  therein,  or  live  stock. 

What  Property  may  be  Insxired.— Every  kind  of  property  may 
become  the  subject  of  insurance,  unless,  from  motives  of  public 
policy,  it  has  been  prohibited  by  law.  Insurances  are  most 
commonly  made  on  buildings,  goods,  merchandise,  freight,  V^ot- 
tomry,  loans,  profits  and  commissions. 

Who  may  Insure.— .\  person  in  order  to  secure  a  valid  policy 
must  have  an  interest  in  the  property  insured.     It  \B  not  necee- 


214  SAFE   METUUDii 

sary,  however,  thnt  a  person  shouM  be  the  owner  of  the  whole 
or  a  pftrt  of  the  property  in  order  to  enuble  him  to  etltx-t  an 
insuruuce  thereon.  It  in  sullioient  if  he  is  directly  interentod  in 
its  safety.  A  person,  therefore,  ha^  an  in.sumhlo  int*»r»»fit  in  any 
pro{>erty  when  he  is  so  circuuiNtunoed  with  ruHpect  to  it,  tliut  ita 
loss  will  \h'  prejiulicial  to  him. 

Increasin^^  Risk.— The  amount  of  premium  is  baaed  upon  the 
degree  of  danger  there  ia  of  fire.  The  insured  muat,  therefore, 
not  increase  the  risk;  if  he  does  the  {wliry  Un^omeB  void.  No 
change  should  be  made  without  notifying  the  itururanoe  com- 
pany and  obtaining  its  consent. 

Changes  made  after  the  policy  is  issued,  for  which  the  Insured 
ia  not  rPHiMinsibh',  will  not  utTiM't  the  contract. 

Oondltions  in  the  Policy.  — All  policieo  contain  certain  addi- 
tional agreements,  such  as:  that  no  gunpowder  or  gasolene  shall 
be  kopt  on  the  premise.«i  in.sured;  that  they  shall  n«t  l>©come 
vacant,  or  that  if  any  other  insurance  is  added  the  company  be 
notifird 

Misrepresentations  on  the  part  of  the  owner  as  to  ibe  cbarao 
ter  of  the  proi>erty  or  the  danger  to  which  it  may  be  exposed 
make  the  policy  void. 

Neghgence.— A  lire  caused  by  negligence  does  not  exempt  the 
coni()uny  from  (laying  the  loss,  unless  the  negligence  is  ao  great 
as  to  be  criminal  or  to  indicate  fraud. 

Proof  of  Loss. — In  order  to  re<'over  amount  of  insurance  Uie 
insured,  ufter  the  loss  of  property  by  fire,  must  prove  the  quan- 
tity and  value  of  the  goods  so  lost,  and  also  the  injury  sustained 
on  goods  not  burned  by  reason  of  water  u.sed  in  attempting  to 
extinguish  the  tire,  and  must  make  such  atfidavits  and  produce 
such  certificates  as  the  terms  of  the  poliry  require,  and  cause 
the  same  to  be  filed  in  the  ofllce  of  the  comj^any  within  the  time 
specified  in  the  policy  of  insurance. 

Amount  Paid. — The  amount  to  be  paid  in  fire  insurance  is  the 
amount  of  tlie  loss,  unless  the  loss  exceeds  the  amount  of  the 
policy.  The  company  never  pays  more  than  the  policy.  Thus 
if  the  policy  is  for  $3,000  and  the  loss  is  $300.  it  pays  $300  and 
the  j)olicy  becomes  §2,700.  If  the  policy  is  $5,000  and  the  loes 
16,000,  the  company  pays  only  the  $>5,000  and  the  policy  is 
discharged. 

Valuation  is  sometimes  made  in  policies  upon  chattels  of  uncer- 
tain value,  as  books,  plate,  or  works  of  art,  and  if  a  loss  happens 
the  insured  is  entitled  only  to  actual  indemnity. 


INSURANCE  215 

Rebuilding. — Insurers  against  fire  usually  stipuLite  that  tiiey 
niay  rebuild  or  repair  the  premii>es  insured,  if  they  prefer,  and 
they  frequently  avail  themselves  of  the  right. 

Tranafsr  of  Policy. — A  policy  of  insurance  is  not  negotiable; 
yet  if  it  is  transferred  for  value  in  good  faith,  the  transfer  may 
be  so  far  valid  as  to  give  the  assignee  a  right  to  sue,  subject  to 
any  equitable  defenses  which  could  be  nuule  against  the  insure*.!. 

The  insurance  jxjlicy  does  not  go  with  the  property  when  sold, 
but  must  be  conveyed  separately  with  the  consent  of  the 
company. 

Fire  Insurance  Policy— The  Main  Clause 

No.  420.74.V  |5.00a 

The  Hartfortl  Fire  Insuranc*  Company,  of  Hartford, 

In  con.si'kration  of  forty  tloUant,  do  liuiurc  C'ha.-*.  \.  barrows  a^inat  loaa 
or  damage  by  tire  to  the  mount  of  five  tbouNand  duUani  a-t  follows: 

On  certain  books,  enKra%'infcs.  tteel  and  copper  plates,  and  other  mer- 
diandioe  now  contained  In  the  building  at  No.  425  Lincoln  Strt-et,  I^>!iton. 

And  the  aaid  company  hereby  a^ree  to  make  good  unto  the  at«ured,  hla 
executors,  adniitiLstraioni,  and  assi^is,  all  such  immediate  loss  or  dama^ 
(not  exceeding  in  amount  the  sum  iiisurt-'l)  as  Khali  hapin-n  l>y  tlri-  to  the 
ptopcrty  above  apcclticd  from  the  15th  day  of  January.  1911.  at  ooon,  to 
tbe  l&tb  day  o(  Janaary.  1912,  at  noon,  the  amount  of  Hucb  Sou  and  daman 
to  be  proven  and  paid,  or  mado  good  acoorduiK  to  the  following  leriiia  luid 
conditions: 

(Here  follow  ordinarily  a  large  number  of  addititmal  dayuea.) 

In  witness  whereof  we  have  caused  this  r»olicy  to  be  attested  by  the 
IVesident  and  secretarj-  of  the  compaiky  the  10th  day  of  January-,  1911. 

Wm.    R.   StA-SFuRO,  W'ALTtH   E.   Cl^KKK, 

Secretary.  President. 

Renewal  of  Fire  Insurance 

Hartford.  Conn.,  January  IS.  1912. 
The  Hartford  Insurance  Company, 
Do  tn.^ure  Clias.  A.  Barrows,  in  consideration  of  forty  dollars,  being  the 
premium  on  five  thousand  dollars;   this  being  a  renewal  of  policy  No.  420.74.5, 
which  w  hereby  continued  in  force  for  one  year,  to  wit,  from  January   15. 
1912.  to  Jauuanr  15.  191S,  at  nooo. 

WiixiAM  H.  St.vnfoku.  Walter  E.  Clarke. 

Secretary.  President. 

tSEAL] 

Assignment  of  Policy 
Know  all  Men  by  Thexe  Preaenta,  That  I,  the  within  named  Chas.  A. 
Barrow?,  for  and  in  consideration  of  the  sum  of  Fifty  iJoUars,  to  me  paid 
by  Charles  Dana,  of  Boston  (the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby  acknowledged), 
have  granted,  sold,  a».signed,  transferred,  and  set  over,  and  by  these  pre,seiii» 
I  do  abaolutely  grant,  sell,  assign,  transfer,  and  set  over  to  him.  the  said 
Charles  Daoa.  ail  my  right,  property.  Interest,  claim,  and  demand  in  and 


216  SAFE    METHODS 

to  the  within  policy  of  insurance,  which  have  already  arisen,  or  which 
hereafter  arise  thereon,  with  full  power  to  use  my  name  so  far  a«  majr  b* 
necessary  to  enable  him  fully  to  avail  himself  of  the  Intercut  her»'ln  a«lfn«l, 
or  hereby  intended  to  be  assi^ed.  The  conveyance  herem  mode,  and  Um 
powers  hereby  given,  are  for  myself  and  my  legal  reprusfnlailvea  to  taid 
Charles  Dana  and  his  legal  representatives. 

In  testimony  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal,  thla  tenth 
day  of  May,  A.  D.    1912. 

CUAKI.E8   A.    lUnBOWS.    [*BAlJ 

Executed  and  delivered  in  the  | 
presence  of  ^ 

William  Spenceh. 

MARINE  INSURANCE 

Marine  Insurance  is  a  ciontract  to  pay  the  owner  of  a  ship  and 
its  cargo  certain  portiona  of  his  loss,  if  it  is  damaged  or  destroyed 
while  at  Hea. 

The  Premivun  is  often  paid  by  a  Heries  of  not«8  called  lyrrrnium 
notes.     The  policy  is  valid  whether  the  notes  are  paid  or  n<jt. 

The  Amount  of  the  policy  may  be  any  fixed  sum,  namely,  the 
loss  the  company  shall  be  responsible  for.  The  amount  tx>  be 
paid  is  that  proportion  of  the  loss  which  the  amount  of  the 
policy  bears  to  the  value  of  the  property.  Hence  the  company 
does  not  pay  the  whole  of  the  loss  unless  the  policy  nqtials  the 
value  of  the  property. 

If  property  is  insured  to  ouly  half  its  value  the  company  pays 
only  one-half  the  loss. 

If  policies  have  been  obtained  in  several  companies  each  com- 
pany pays  its  proportion  of  the  loss  in  the  same  proportion  as 
though  it  were  the  only  company.  Whether  there  are  one  or 
many  policies  the  amount  to  be  paid  by  any  one  company  is 
fotind  by  the  following  proportion;  As  the  value  of  the  prop- 
erty is  to  the  amount  of  its  policy,  so  is  the  amount  of  the  loss 
to  the  share  it  must  pay. 

A  Time  Policy  is  one  [framed  to  cover  possible  loss  within  a 
specified  time.  This  may  be  a  year  or  certain  months  of  a  year. 
Other  policies  cover  only  the  risk  in  a  certain  voyage. 

When  the  insurance  is  for  a  certain  voyage,  the  place  of  sail- 
ing and  that  which  is  to  be  the  termination  of  the  voyage  must 
be  specified,  and  the  voyage  must  be  by  the  ordinary  course  from 
the  one  port  to  the  other  unless  deviation  is  allowed  by  the 
terms  of  the  policy.  If  the  vessel  does  not  enter  upon  the  con- 
templated voyage  the  premiuin  need  not  be  paid,  and  if  paid 
must  be  returned. 


mSU  RANGE  217 

Risk  Assiuned.— The  risk  provided  against  is  not  only  that  of 
fire  but  aLiO  the  other  extraordinary  perils  attending  a  sea  voy- 
age' such  as  the  perils  of  the  sea,  piracy,  general  average  and 
salvage.  General  average  is  the  loss  of  goods  occasioned  by 
throwing  overboard  a  part  of  the  cargo  in  order  to  save  the  ves- 
sel during  a  storm  Salvage  is  a  compensation  seamen  obtain 
for  saving  property  they  find  abandoned  at  sea. 

Ownership.— Since  goods  are  often  sold  after  being  insured, 
the  consent  of  the  company  should  be  secured  to  make  tlie  insur- 
aace  valid     This  may  be  obviated  by  making  the  policy  "for 
the  benefit  of  whom  it  may  concern  at  the  time  of  the  loss.' 
Then   the  policy   remains   in   force  no  matter  who  owns  the 

CPCKXis. 

Valued  PoUcy.-The  place  for  the  valuation  of  the  property  is 
sometimes  left  blank.  In  that  case  the  value  must  be  deter- 
mined at  the  time  of  the  loss.  But  often  the  value  is  inserted; 
then  that  value  is  controlling  for  both  parties.  It  is  then 
called  a  vcUued  policy.  If  in  the  policy  the  goods  are  valued  at 
$500  and  the  loss  is  $250.  the  company  pays  only  §2.'i0.  If  the 
loss  had  been  $500  the  company  would  liave  paid  the  whole 
loss.     A  full  insurance  is  when  value  of  property  and  value  of 

policy  are  e<iuaL 
Seaworthines3.-It  is  taken  for  granted  that  a  vessel  to  be 

insured  is  seaworthy.     The  person  insured,   not  the  company. 

must  take  the  risk.     If  the  vessel  proves  to  be  not  seaworthy  the 

insurance  is  void,  though  both  the  insured  and  insurers  were  not 

aware  of  it. 
Lost  or  Not  Lost.- These  words  in  a  policy  have  reference  to 

the  insurance  of  property  on  sea  when  neither  the  owner  nor 
the  company  know  whether  it  is  already  last  or  not.     The  com 
pany  take  the  risk.  also,  and  will  pay  the  loss  at  the  time  the 
sontract  is  made. 

Abandonment.-If  property  is  wholly  lost  the  company  pays 
the  whole  amount  of  its  policy.  H  the  partial  loss  be  les-s  tlian 
half  the  value  of  the  property  the  company  pays  its  due  propor- 
tion of  the  loss.  But  if  the  loss  is  partial,  but  amounts  to  more 
than  half  the  property  in  value,  its  owner  has  the  right  to  give 
up  to  the  company  what  remains,  and  claim  the  full  amouiit  of 
the  poUcy  This  is  called  the  right  of  abandonment.  If  the 
words  "without  right  of  abandonment"  are  in  the  p-Ucy  the 
company  can  refuse  to  take  the  property. 


218  SAFE   METHODS 

LIFE  INSURANCE 

Life  Insurance  is  a  contract  to  pay  a  certain  sum  of  monej 
on  the  death  of  a  certain  person  or  when  he  reaches  a 
certain  age. 

A  Whole-life  Policy  is  an  agreement  to  pay  a  certain  sum  to 
the  representatives  ot  the  insured  mentioued  therein  on  his 
death. 

An  Endowment  Policy  is  an  agreement  to  pay  a  certain  sum  to 
the  insured  at  tlie  end  of  a  fixed  term,  or  to  his  representjitives 
on  liis  de^itli,  should  tliat  hapj)en  before  the  end  of  the  term. 

Principles  Governing. — Life  insurance  is  governed  by  the  same 
legal  principles,  so  far  as  they  are  applicable,  as  other  kinds  of 
insurance.  Any  fraud  or  decait  in  obUiining  a  policy,  or  mis- 
representation of  e.ssential  facts,  will  reuiier  it  void. 

Insurable  Interest.— Any  person  can  insure  the  life  of 
anotlier  upon  whom  he  or  she  is  dependent  for  support,  or  in  the 
continuance  of  whose  life  he  or  she  has  an  adetjuate  pecuniary 
interest,  and  a  wife  is  always  held  to  have  an  insurable  interest 
in  the  life  of  her  husband. 

The  consent  of  the  person  whose  life  is  insured  must  be 
obtained  to  a  policy  issued  in  favor  of  a  third  party. 

If  there  is  no  insurable  interest  the  contract  is  void,  as  being 
a  wager  policy. 

Restrictions  are  usually  imposed  by  the  company,  such  as  to 
travel  only  within  certain  limits,  or  not  to  engage  in  hazardous 
employments.  In  such  cases,  if  the  insured  desires  to  overstep 
the  restrictions,  permission  must  be  obtained  from  the 
company. 

A<'signing  PoUcy. — Life  insurance  policies  are  assignable.  The 
policy  itself  usually  specifies  the  way  in  which  the  transfer 
must  be  made. 

Indorsed  Assignment 

I.  the  undersigned  Chas.  N.  Milton,  insured  by  the  within  policy  issued  by 
the  Occident  Life  Insurance  Company,  in  consideration  o(  one  dollar  to  me 
in  hand  paid  by  Clarence  Dorr,  and  for  other  good  and  sufficient  consideration, 
do  hereby  assign  and  transfer  to  the  said  Clarence  Dc^r,  the  said  within 
policj'.  together  with  all  the  right,  title,  interest,  and  claim  which  I  now  have 
or  hereafter  may  have,  in,  to,  or  under  the  sama. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  this  first  day  of  October.  A.  D.  J  911, 

Cbas.  N.  Milton,    [seal] 
Executed  in  the  presence  of 
Edward  E\-erett. 


Mortality  Table.  Following  is  the  table  recognized  by  insur- 
ance companies  in  the  United  States  showing  the  expectation  of 
life  of  persons  from  birth  to  ninety-five  years.  It  is  used  in 
ascertaining  the  value  of  life  estates.  It  is  accepted  by  courts 
as  evidence  in  fixing  such  value.  It  is  used  also  in  ascertaining 
the  pecuniary  loss  in  case  of  death  by  negligence. 
EXPECTATION  OF  LIFE. 


Si 

•< 

.  □ 

< 

.  a 

5-gS 

< 

■  5 
"2 

« 

t« 

-< 

.  a 

an* 
«  a  "' 

< 

,  a 

«2 

0 

29.17 

20 

41.50 

40 

27.75 

60 

15.45 

80 

6.85 

1 

87.78 

21 

40.75 

41 

27.00 

61 

14.843 

81 

5.60 

2 

89  82 

22 

40.00 

42 

26.50 

62 

14.26 

82 

5.16 

8 

45  04 

23 

89.50 

43 

25.75 

63 

13.66 

83 

4.87 

4 

45.78 

24 

88  76 

44 

25  25 

&i 

13.  OJ 

84 

4.66 

6 

45.92 

25 

88.00 

45 

24. ."iO 

65 

12.43 

85 

4.57 

6 

45.78 

28 

87.25 

46 

24.00 

66 

11.% 

86 

4.21 

7 

45.96 

27 

86.50 

47 

23.25 

67 

11.48 

87 

3.90 

8 

46.10 

28 

85.75 

48 

22.50 

08 

11.01 

88 

3.67 

9 

50.00 

29 

29.35 

49 

22  00 

69 

10  60 

H9 

3.56 

10 

4900 

80 

84.25 

60 

21.25 

70 

1006 

90 

3.43 

11 

4800 

81 

33.75 

51 

20.61 

71 

960 

01 

3.32 

12 

47.25 

82 

83.00 

52 

20.05 

72 

9.14 

9"^ 

3.12 

13 

4C50 

83 

82.60 

53 

19.49 

73 

8.69 

93 

2.40 

14 

45.75 

84 

31.75 

54 

1M.92 

74 

8.25 

<^ 

1.98 

15 

4500 

86 

31.00 

56 

18.35 

75 

7.83 

95 

1.62 

16 

44  25 

86 

80.50 

56 

17.78 

76 

7.40 

17 

43.50 

87 

29.75 

57 

17.20 

77 

699 

1» 

43  00 

38 

29.00 

68 

16.63 

78 

6  59 

19 

42.25 

89 

28.25 

59 

16.04 

79 

C.21 

ACCIDENT  AND  CASUALTY  INSURANCE 

Accident  and  Casualty  iuiiurance  provides  indemnity,  not  only 
again.st  loss  or  injury  from  personal  accident,  but  also  against 
loss  from  various  fortuitous  happenings. 

Accident  Insuramce,  as  applied  to  the  death  or  injury  of  per- 
sons, usually  provides  for  a  stipulated  sum  to  be  paid  on  the 
death  by  accident  of  tlie  insured  and  a  specific  indemnity  for  the 
loss  of  one  or  both  eyes,  one  or  both  hands,  or  one  or  both  feet, 
while  by  the  addition  of  about  one-fifth  to  the  ordinary  premium 
rate  double  indemnity  is  promised  for  death  or  disabling  injury 
while  riding  upon  raihvaj's  and  other  public  conveyances.  Some 
companies  stipulate  to  pay,  besides  the  usual  indemnity  in  case 
of  accidental  death,  a  weekly  benefit  for  a  partially  disabling 
accident. 

Casualty  Insurance  covers  losses  by  fortuitous  happenings  in 
many  kinds  of  business.  There  are  companies  which  insure 
against  elevator  accidents,  breakage  of  plate  glass,  loss  through 
dishonest  employees,  liability  of  employers  for  accidents  to  those 
in  their  employ,  accidents  to  steam  boilers,  eta 


220  SAFE   METHODS 

LANDLORD  AND  TENANT 

LEASES 

Leases  are  contracts  by  which  one  party,  culknl  the  leMor  or 
landlord,  gives  to  a  second  party,  called  the  lessee  or  tenant, 
possession  of  land  or  other  real  estate  for  a  tixe«i  in-riod  of  time. 
receiving  in  return  for  the  use,  potisession  and  protlt  thereof  a 
fixetl  compensation  called  the  rent. 

Duration. — A  lease  may  he  fur  life,  by  sufferance,  or  for  a  term 
of  years. 

A  Lease  for  Life  terminates  with  the  death  of  the  lessee  or 
tenant  or  any  person  specified  as  such  in  the  Icaiie. 

A  Lease  by  Sufferance  of  the  landlord  exists  when  a  leaae  for  a 
term  of  years  has  expired  and  the  tenant  Ls  allowed  to  remain 
in  possession.  Such  possession  may  be  terminated  without 
notice. 

A  Lease  at  Will  is  one  which  exists  only  during  the  will  of  the 
landlord  and  may  terminate  at  the  will  of  either  party,  as  the 
rights  of  possession  on  the  part  of  the  landlord  or  the  rights  of 
abandonment  on  the  part  of  the  tenant  may  justify,  or  by  the 
death  of  either  party. 

A  Lease  for  a  Term  of  Tears  begins  and  ends  at  a  certain  speci- 
fied date.  Under  the  latter  the  tenant  possesses  greater  privileges 
than  under  either  of  the  former.  When  the  number  of  years  is 
not  mentioned  it  is  construed  to  mean  not  less  than  two. 

Written  or  Unwritten. — Leasee  for  a  term  of  more  than  one 
year,  in  most  of  the  States,  must  be  in  writing,  and  in  some 
States  must  be  executed,  acknowledged  and  recorded  in  the 
same  manner  as  deeds,  otherwise  they  are  invalid  as  against 
third  parties  without  notice. 

Essential  Specifications  in  a  written  lease  are:  dates,  namet, 
rent,  description. 

The  Date  fixes  the  beginning  of  the  lease.  Where  no  date  is 
mentioned  the  time  commences  ordinarily  with  the  delivery  of 
the  lease.  This,  however,  is  not  always  conclusive  if  another 
date  can  be  proven. 

Names. — The  law  recognizes  only  one  Christian  name  and  the 
surname.  If  a  party  assumes  a  false  name  he  is  nevertheless 
responsible.  The  landlord  deals  with  the  man,  not  with  the 
name. 

The  Rent. — Rents  may  be  payable  in  other  valuables  besides 
money;  the  amount  should,  however,  always  be  stated.     If  upk 


LANDLORD    AND    TENANT  221 

stated,  the  law  will  allow  the  landlord  wliat  the  iise  of  the  prem* 
ises  is  reasonably  worth- 
Description  of  Premises.— The  lease  must  describe  the  prem- 
ises. It  need  not  be  in  full  detail;  any  general  description  that 
will  identify  the  proi>erty  is  sufHcient.  The  parts  and  appur- 
tenances that  ordinarily  U^Iong  to  such  premises  are  included. 

Who  Cannot  Give  a  Lease.  — A  husband  cannot  make  a  lease 
which  will  bind  his  wife's  proi)erty  after  his  death.  A  guardian 
cannot  give  a  lease  extending  beyond  a  minor's  majority  which 
the  minor  cannot  annul  if  he  wishes,  but  if  he  does  not  annul  it 
the  tenant  is  bound  by  it.  Under  the  common  law  a  married 
woman  cannot  lease  her  property,  but  under  the  statutes  of 
most  States  she  can.  A  special  statute  supersedes  the  common 
law. 

A  minor  cannot  make  a  valid  lease,  but  can  become  a  tenant. 
Students  under  age  hiring  rooms  come  under  this  class. 

Rights  of  Landlord 

Subletting  and  Assigning  Lease.— The  landlord  can  prohibit 
his  tenant  from  subletting  the  premises,  or  any  part  of  tliem,  or 
from  as/signing  the  lease,  by  stating  the  prohibition  in  a  special 
clause  of  tiie  sivnie. 

Tenant  Breaking  the  Condition.— If  the  tenant  has  broken  the 
condition  of  the  lease  by  subletting  the  premises,  the  landlord,  if 
he  accepts  the  rent  due,  cannot  remove  tiie  tenant. 

Right  to  Inspect  Premises  —The  landlord  has  the  right  to  enter 
upon  the  premises  to  ascertain  wiiether  there  is  any  waste  or 
Injury  done,  after  first  giving  notice  of  his  intention. 

Making  Repairs. — Unless  expressly  covenanted,  the  landlord 
Is  not  obliged  to  make  the  necessarj-  repairs.  If  a  tenant  wishes 
his  landlord  to  make  special  repairs  during  the  term  he  must 
stipulate  for  the  same  in  the  lease.  But  if  the  landlord  does 
agree  to  make  all  necessary  repairs  and  fails  to  do  so,  even  that 
does  not  relieve  the  tenant  from  paying  rent. 

Notice  to  Quit.— In  case  of  a  tenant  at  will,  or  one  who  holds 
over  after  the  expiration  of  his  lease  with  the  consent  of  the 
landlord,  a  notice  to  quit  is  necessary  to  compel  him  to  give  up 
his  possession.  This  notice  must,  as  a  general  rule,  be  given  at 
a  date  before  some  '"rent  day,"  and  distant  from  it  by  the  usual 
period  at  which  rent  is  payable.  Thus,  if  it  is  payable  iconthly, 
there  should  be  a  month's  notice  ending  on  the  day  when  the 
rent  is  payable.     If  the  rent  is  in  arrears,  only  a  brief  notice  is 


222  SAFE    MFmiODS 

required.  In  nioet  of  the  States  this  io  fixed  at  from  fire  to 
fourteen  duya  Such  notice  Deed  not  be  made  to  end  upon  ib« 
day  wht-n  rent  is  i>ayable. 

Refusal  to  Vacate.— If  a  tenant  refunea  to  vacate  the  premine* 
after  the  tenniruitiun  of  his  lease,  from  any  caui»e.  the  pro|)6r 
and  safest  way  fur  the  landlord,  as  well  an  the  chen|)(«t,  Ln  to  get 
him  out  by  process  of  law,  or  by  a  sealed  lease  to  a  third  iiarty. 
who  can  legally  claim  possession. 

Rights  of  Tenant 

Some  of  the  ri(;hts  of  tennntN  are  embodied  in  the  abore  ■tat*' 
ment-M  of  the  rijjhts  of  the  landlord. 

To  What  a  Tenant  is  Entitled.  — In  taking  posMssion  of  the 
premiseH  the  tenant  is  entitled  to  all  the  privileges  and  appurte- 
nance.<4  to  the  proi)erty  in  all  their  details  without  being  expressed 
in  tht«  h'a.He. 

Sale  of  Property.— Tlie  landlord  has  no  right  to  interfere  with 
the  tenant's  rights  by  selling  the  proi^^rty.  Such  sale  must  be 
made  subject  to  the  rights  of  the  tenant. 

The  Right  to  Sublet.— A  tenant  can  sublet  the  r«nte<l  premises 
or  any  p^irt  of  them,  unless  expressl}  prohibited  from  doing  so 
by  the  terms  of  the  leHf>e.  He.  however,  remains  responsible  to 
his  landlord,  unless  the  latter  accepts  such  third  party  as  hia 
tenant  in  place  of  the  former  and  releases  him  in  writing. 

Lease  Assignable.— .->.  tenant's  lease  is  always  assignable  unless 
it  contains  re.st fictions  to  the  contrary.  Such  an  assignment, 
however,  to  be  fully  legal  must  be  under  seal.  The  assignment 
may  be  for  a  part  or  the  whole  of  the  original  term,  but  if  for 
less  than  the  original  term,  then  it  is  properly  subletting. 

The  Subtenant.— The  subtenant  bears  no  relation  to  the  orig- 
inal landlord  and  is  not  responsible  to  him  for  rent.  The  tenant 
from  whom  he  has  rented  i.s  his  only  landlord.  In  the  case  of 
an  assignment  of  the  lease  the  new  tenant  becomes  the  tenant 
of  the  original  landlord  and  must  pay  him  the  rent 

Repairs.— A  tenant  cannot  make  repairs  upon  the  property 
rented  and  deduct  the  amount  paid  out  from  the  rent,  for  that 
would  be  in  effect  compelling  the  Landlord  to  do  it. 

Making  Improvements.  — For  improvements  that  become  part 
of  the  premises,  or  such  as  cannot  be  removed  without  injury  t% 
the  same,  the  tenant  can  claim  no  allowance  from  the  landlord- 
but  a  tenant  may  remove  from  rented  property  articles  which 
he  has  placed  for  use  in  some  trade,  such  as  steam  engines  or 


LANDLORD    AND    TENANl'  223 

Other  machines,  or  even  buildings  erected  for  the  same  purpose, 
or  articles  for  domestic  u-se.  such  as  furnaces,  shelves,  giw  fix- 
tures, etc.  Of  course  his  personal  proi>erty  a  tenant  can  remove 
any  time  at  pleasure. 

Right  to  Quit. -Where  the  renting  is  for  a  definite  time  no 
notice  from  either  party  to  the  other  is  necessary',  as  the  land- 
lord has  the  immediate  right  of  possession  as  soon  as  the  time 
expires,  so  the  tenant  has  also  the  right  to  vacate  at  that  time 
without  giving  notice  to  the  landlord.  vVhere.  however,  no 
limit  of  time  ls  set  a  notice  from  either  party  is  required  of  six 
months'  tiiiHi  or  le.ss. 

Paymeni  of  Taxes.  -  Wliere  the  tenant  is  to  pay  the  taxes  on 
the  proi»erty  he  occupies  it  must  be  distinctly  stated  in  the 
lease,  as  a  verbal  promise  is  of  no  effect. 

A  Recorded  Lease.- If  a  lease  for  three  or  more  years  is 
acknowledged  and  recorded  in  the  recorder's  oftice.  then  the 
leased  proi^rty  cannot  be  secretly  or  fraudulently  conveyed 
during  tliat  time. 

Eflecta  of  MoTtg%gt.-U  after  renting  the  landlord  should 
mortgage  the  property,  the  mortgagee's  right«  would  be  subject 
to  those  of  the  tenant,  and  a  sale  or  foreclosure  could  not  disturb 
the  tenant's  possession. 

Duties  of  the  Landlord 

1.  It  is  the  Uindlord's  duty  to  see  to  it  tliat  his  tenant  has  the 
quiet  enjoyment  of  the  premises  and  is  not  disturbed  by  any  one 
having  a  better  title  t<j  the  same  tlian  the  landlord. 

2.  The  landlord  must  not  render  the  tenant's  occupation 
uncomfortable  by  erecting  anything  like  a  nuisance  on  or  near 
the  premises. 

3.  If  not  otherwise  provided  for  in  the  lease,  it  is  the  landlord  8 
dutj  to  pay  the  toxes.  ground  rent,  or  interest  on  a  mortgage 
that  may  exist. 

4.  The  landlord  is  not  bound  to  make  repairs  or  allow  the  ten- 
ant for  rei>airs  which  he  may  make  unless  especially  agreed  for 
in  advance  and  so  stated  in  the  lease. 

Duties  of  the  Tenant 

1.  The  tenant  must  take  such  care  of  the  premises  that  others 
may  not  be  injured  by  any  neglect  of  any  part  of  it. 

2.  The  chief  duty  of  the  tenant  is  to  pay  rent.  If  no  time  for 
his  possession  is  fixed,  then  he  is  only  obliged  to  pay  for  the  time 


234  SAFE   METHODS 

he  ha.s  occupied ;  but  if  under  anj  agreement  for  a  ocrti^  term 
he  will  have  to  pay  for  Uisi  term. 

8.  He  is  expected  to  keep  the  pr*»nu.v«  wind  and  water  tight 
and  repair  all  damages  made  or  Hutfered  bj  him.  Natural  wear 
and  tear  he  need  not  make  good. 

4.  The  tenant  in  obliged  to  return  Uie  premijiea  to  bia  landlord 
at  the  end  of  his  term  uudimini-shixl  in  value  by  any  willful  or 
neglig(*nt  act  of  his.  Tlib  re«juire«  hini  t«  replace  broken  diwra 
or  windows,  or.guch  other,  articles  as  may  liave  been  broken  by 
use,  neglect  or  accident. 

LaaM  for  Renting  a  Eouse— Short  Form 

Thta  Inntrum'-nl,  m^Ar  the  Prit  ct»y  of  April.  »M.  wltnemeth.  th»l  I 
nave  Ihia  <l»y  let  and  rrnte<l  unio  (liwtrfi  W»u-r»  tny  houM  and  premta**. 
No.  430  Lincoln  Ave..  In  the  City  ot  Aumra  an<l  St«t«  ot  IllutoU,  wUh  lite 
•ole  and  unlntc-rTu;)te<l  um  and  ocru|>«lu>n  ttirrrof  (or  on*  ytmt,  to  cum- 
menco  the  ftnt  day  of  May  next,  at  the  monthly  rrntal  of  twcnly-flre  doUara* 
payuble  In  advance. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal. 

jAtnm  DtxDKm.     faKA!.] 

Lease  for  Renting  a  House — Long  Form 

This  Indenture,  made  the  20th  day  of  M»y.  1911.  between  WUllara  B. 
Clark,  of  Chirajco.  State  of  Illinois,  of  the  Unt  >>art.  and  Jamea  I..  Holmes, 
of  the  same  place,  of  the  second  part, 

WilneggfUi.  That  the  party  of  the  first  part  has  hereby  let  and  rented  to 
the  party  of  the  second  part,  and  the  party  of  the  second  part  has  hrrehy 
hired  an<l  taken  from  the  party  of  the  first  part,  the  KTound  ttoor,  cellar,  and 
second  story  of  the  prt-mlses  known  as  434-1  Indiana  Ave..  In  the  Oty  of 
ChicajTo,  with  the  appurtenances,  for  the  term  of  three  years,  to  commence 
the  first  day  of  June,  1911  at  the  yearly  rental  of  nine  hundred  doUan  (tOOO), 
payable  in  equal  quarterly  payments  on  the  usual  q\iarter  days  In  each  year. 

And  it  is  a^eed  that  if  any  n*nt  shall  be  due  and  unpaid,  or  if  default 
shall  be  made  In  any  of  the  covenants  h<*rein  named,  then  it  shall  be  lawful 
for  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  to  re-enter  the  said  premisea  and  to  remove 
all  persons  therefrom. 

And  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  covenanU  to  pay  to  the  said  party 
of  the  first  part  the  said  rent  aa  herein  specified  and  that  at  the  explratioa 
of  the  said  term  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  will  quit  and  surrender  the 
premises  in  as  good  state  and  condition  as  reasonable  use  and  wear  thereof 
will  permit,  damages  by  the  elements  excepted;  and  the  said  party  of  the 
first  part  covenants  that  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  on  paying  the 
said  yearly  rent  and  performing  the  covenants  aforesaid  shall  and  may  peace- 
ably and  quietly  have,  hold,  and  enjoy  the  said  demised  premises  for  the 
term  aforesaid. 

In  witness  whereof  the  parties  hereto  have  hereunto  lnteicha«c«sblT  sst 
(heir  hands. 

WlLLJAM   B.  Cu^RK,' 
JaMEB  L.    HoLJfES. 


LANDLORD    AND    TENANT  525 

Landlord's  Agreement 

t^h  Mrtlfles  that  f  have  let  and  rented,  this  first  day  of  June.  1911. 
unto  Oiaa.  Burrows  my  houae  ami  lot.  No.  450  Taylor  Btreet,  In  the  City  or 
St.  Louia  State  of  MUaouri.  and  Its  appurtenances ;  he  to  have  the  fre«  and 
•uninterrupted  occupation  tJiereof  for  one  year  from  thia  date  at  the  yearly 
rent&l  of  five  hundrwl  dollars,  to  be  paid  monthly  In  advance,  rent  to  cease  If 
deatroyt-U  by  lire  or  otherwlM:  made  unteaaxiiable. 

(Ienrt  Dramdon. 

Tenant's  Agreement 

This  CCTtlflea  that  I  have  hir«"d  and  taken  from  Henry  Brandon  hLs  house 
And  lot.  .No.  450  Taylor  St..  In  the  City  of  8l.  Louis,  State  of  Muiaourl.  with 
appurtenances  thereto  belongmg  for  one  ye»r.  to  commence  thLs  day.  at  a 
yetrly  rental  of  Ave  hundred  dollars,  to  be  paid  monthly  In  a<lvance  unlea 
•aid  bouae  become* -untenantable  from  fire  or  oth«r  cause.t.  In  which  case 
rent  ceaaea.  and  I  further  airre«  to  give  and  yield  said  iirpmi.*i«  one  year  from 
ttdi  flnt  day  of  June.  1911.  In  at  food  condition  aa  now.  ordluary  wear 
and  damai^e  by  the  elements  excepted. 

Given  under  my  band  this  day,  etc 

ClIAS.    BCKROWB. 

Landlord's  Notice  to  Quit 

lb  Cnxm.  Bchrows. 

Sir.  PleaAe  observe  that  the  t*-rm  of  one  year  for  which  the  house  and 
land  Situated  at  Na  450  Taylor  St.,  and  now  occupied  by  yountelf.  »er» 
noted  to  yofi  expired  on  the  first  day  of  June.  1911.  and  as  I  <Ualr«  to 
repoaMH  a&id  premises  you  are  hereby  requested  and  n-^^ulre  1  to  vacal<:  tin- 
■aoM. 

Ec«pect fully  your*. 

LiK.S-UT    BRANr>ON. 

St.  Lods.  Mo..  June  10.   191Z 

Tenant's  Notice  of  Leaving 

To  HcvRT  Brasdom. 

Sir  Tlie  i>remt>ea  I  now  occupy  as  your  tcn*nt  at  No.  450  Taylor  St.  I 
ihaD  yaoate  on  the  flnt  day  of  July,  1912.  yoa  will  piease  take  noUoe 
aocordin^ly. 

Yours  truly. 

CUJkA.   BUBBOWa. 

St.  Lcols.  Mo..  June.  10,  1812. 


198  SAKE    MtmiODM 

lAHM  LEASES 

While  the  foregoing  laws  are  of  general  nppliration  to  bind' 
lords  and  tenants,  some  additional  features  iwrtaining  to  farm 
leases  demand  ^perial  attention. 

General  Duties  of  Farm  Tenants.— A  tenant  of  a  farm  U  bound 
without  u  siH.><.-ial  rhiiuM)  in  the  lease  to  cultivate  the  land,  and 
gonenill}-  so  to  nuiimge  all  the  atTuirs  of  the  fiirin  as  good  hu*- 
biiritlry  requires,  and  as  is  the  cuHtoin  in  tho  vicinity. 

Crops.  —  \h  a  general  rule  when  no  time  is  5|>««<iJl©tl  at  which 
the  tenancy  sliall  cease,  the  tenant  Ls  entitifd  to  the  Bocalled 
"away-going  cro|)8,"  or  crofs  of  the  present  season,  but  when 
the  time  is  fixed  and  certain  the  tenant  is  nut  entitled  to  moh 
crops,  bec4iuse  he  knew  when  he  sowimI  that  he  took  the  risk  of 
getting  his  crops  otT  t>efore  the  termination  of  his  term.  It  is 
al.so  hrld  that  the  t«Miant  Ifaving  is  entitled  only  to  the  annual 
prinluctions  of  the  soil  rnisiHl  by  his  own  labor,  which  does  not 
include  the  permanent  and  natural  prcHlucts  of  the  earth,  such 
as  trees,  fruits  of  the  orchard,  natural  grasses  and  the  like. 
Local  usages  of  the  country  are,  however,  largely  taken  into 
ounsideration  here,  and  special  statutes  of  the  States  may  rary 
greatly  in  this  resi>ect. 

Manure.— It  is  a  general  law  that  manure  upon  a  leased  farm 
ciiimot  l>e  removed  by  the  outgoing  tenant. 

Fixtxires. — The  question  as  to  what  constitute  fixtures  on  a 
farm  is  a  broad  one,  and  we  can  only  say  that  respecting  this 
the  rules  are  liberal  in  favor  of  the  tenant  It  is  stated  in  a  gen- 
eral  way  that  a  tenant  may  .sever  and  remove  at  any  time  all 
such  fixtures  of  a  chattel  nature  as  he  has  himself  erected  or 
placed  upon  the  rented  premi.'<e,s  for  the  purpose  of  ortiament, 
domestic  convenience,  or  to  carry  on  a  certain  trade:  such  may 
be  steam  engines  or  other  stationary  machinery  and  buildings 
erected  by  him,'  for  such  machinery. 

Taxes. — The  tenant  in  possession  is  generally  considered  as 
liable  for  the  taxes,  but  without  special  agreement  he  is  under 
no  .obligations  to  his  landlord  to  i>ay  the  taxes,  and  if  he  does 
pay  thera  so  as  to  protect  himself  in  the  possession  and  free 
enjoyment  of  the  premises  he  can  deduct  the  amount  from  the 
rent  and  hold  his  landlord  for  any  excess  above  the  rent  due 
him. 

Good  Advice. — No  class  of  litigation  is  more  intricate  and 
technical  than  that  of  landlord  and  tenant.     It  should  there- 


FAKM    LEASES  227 

fore  be  avoided  if  possibla  In  order  to  do  so  have  your  lease 
carefully  executed,  specifying  as  far  as  possible  all  details  of 
conditions,  and  then  observe  them  carefully.  If,  however,  any 
one,  lie  he  landlord  or  tenant,  anticipates  difliculty,  then  we 
advise  him  to  secure  the  services  of  a  competent  lawyer  to  help 
him  if  jiossible  to  avert  the  litigation  or  to  conduct  it  for  him. 

"lAwand  justice  are  two  things  which  God  has  joined  but 
man  ha.H  put  asunder." 

Lease  of  a  Farm 

Tills  Indenture,  made  thla  f.nd  day  of  Marcli,  1911.  between  Oias.  Oriland, 
of  the  towiibhip  of  Lisle.  County  of  Dupa^t*.  aiul  Htalv  of  Illiiiui.s,  of  tin-  tint 
port,  and  John  UurKCHii,  of  th«  Haid  town8hi[>  and  county,  of  the  se<-ond  |)art, 

\i' UnfKnetf' ,  That  the  said  Clia«.  Ortland.  for  and  in  consideration  of  the 
yearly  rt-nts  and  covenants  hereinafter  mentioned  and  renerved  on  the  part 
and  beltalf  of  the  said  Cha«.  Ortland,  his  heini,  executors,  and  administrators 
to  be  paid.  kept,  and  perfonned,  hath  di-mised.  8<-t,  ajid  to  farm  let,  and  by 
these  presents  doth  demise,  set  and  to  farm  let  unto  the  huid  John  Burgt-Ms, 
hU  heirs  and  assifois.  ail  that  certain  pi<-(-e,  parcel,  or  tract  of  land  situale<l, 
lyinK,  and  beinjc  in  the  town.Hhip  of  LL^le  af(>r«-?*aid,  kno^^n  as  lot  No.  [descrip- 
tion o[  farm  here],  now  m  the  posHCSHion  of  Joiin  Ilartinan.  ix)iitaininK  three 
hundred  acn«.  together  with  all  buildings  and  imiiroveiiu-nt.s.  to  have  aiid 
to  hold  the  same  unto  the  «aid  John  Uurge9<<<,  his  heirs,  executors,  and  asiiigTU, 
from  the  flrit  day  of  May  next,  for  and  durmi;  the  tenn  of  hvc  years  next 
ensuing  and  fully  to  be  complete  and  ended,  yielding  and  paying  for  the  same 
unto  the  said  Chas.  Ortland,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  the  yearly  rent  or  sum 
of  One  Thousand  Dollars  on  the  first  day  of  May  In  each  and  every  year 
during  the  frm  aforexald.  and  at  the  expiration  of  said  term  or  sooner  if 
determinf<l  u|>on.  he  the  said  John  Durge«8.  his  heirs  or  as-signs,  shall  and 
will  quietly  and  peacefully  surrender  and  yield  up  said  premises  with  the 
appurtenances  unto  the  said  Chas.  Ortland,  his  heirs  and  assign-s.  In  as  good 
order  and  repair  as  the  same  are  now.  reasonable  wear  tear,  and  casualties 
which  may  hapiR-n  by  (ire  or  otherwL'«e  only  excepte<l. 

In  witni-ss  wlit-rtxif  we  huve  htreto  set  our  hands  and  seals. 

CHAJt.  Ortxa.vd,     (skal] 
John  BunoEas.      [seai,] 
8i^ed,  sealed,  and  d<.Jvered   ) 

in  presence  of  J 

William  Klink. 

A  Lease  of  Real  Estate 

This  Indenture,  made  this  third  day  of  January.  A.  D.  1911,  between 
William  Caxton  of  the  Town  of  Centralia,  In  the  County  of  Marion  and  .Slate 
of  llinoLs,  of  the  first  part,  and  Chas.  Kiley  of  the  Town  of  .Sakm,  in  the  county 
and  .State  aforesaid,  of  the  second  part.  Wiinesseth,  that  the  .said  William 
Caxton,  for  the  consideration  hereinafter  named,  hath  demi.sed.  granted,  and 
leased  and  doth  by  these  presents  hereby  demise,  grant,  and  lea«e  unto  the 
laid  Chaa.  Kiley  and  his  assigns  Lots  five  (5)  and  six  (6)  in  Block  eight  (8) 
of  the  original  Town  of  Centralia,  as  showii  by  the  plat  of  said  town.  Also 
the  southeast  quarter     (S.  E.  i)  of  Section  six  (6),  in  Township  ten  (lOX 


228  SAFE    Mm'HODS 

BAng«  Mven  (7),  west  of  fourth  Principal  Meridian,  and  contalninff  etxhty 
(80)  acres,  arcordinK  to  Bovt-mineiit  giirvcy,  to(ct?th«T  with  all  the  prlv.:.  j;f« 
and  appurtenanc<«  b^lonRlng  iherfto.  to  have  and  to  hold  the  above  deiw ni'M 
premises  for  and  <luriiiK  the  time  of  three  year*  from  the  date  h«-r«jf. 

And  the  said  Clia«.  Uiley  doth  covenant  and  hgrv*  to  pay  ihr  aaltl  WUllam 
^axton  or  his  oM-slgns  the  auro  of  Nine  Ilumlrcd  Dollars  a«  yi*&rly  rent  tor  tald 
I)remlst>s,  In  three  e<|ual  payments  of  Throe  Hun<lrr<l  IVjllan  each,  at  tb« 
expiration  of  every  foi:r  months  from  date,  durinf  th«  continuance  of  this 
lease. 

In  witne<ts  whrreof  the  said  parties  have  to  this  and  one  other  instrument 
of  the  same  tenor  an<l  date  intrrvhan^eably  set  their  bands  and  seals  the 
day  and  year  first  aUivu  written. 

Wru.iAM  Caxtom.  [saAL] 

CtLAM.    UlUET.  (SKAXJ 

8i^ed,  sealed,  and  delivered    ) 
In  presence  of  I 

John  Weioiaann. 


LICENSE 

License  is  a  special  permiitsion  granted  by  a  competent  author- 
ity to  a  person  or  persons  to  carry  on  a  certain  trade  or  hu.sinesA, 
or  to  do  certain  acts,  at  a  certain  place,  within  a  certain  dis- 
trict, city,  town,  or  village,  on  the  payment  of  a  apecial  tax  or 
premium  for  such  pri^-ileges. 

The  trades,  vocations  ami  professions  for  which  lioensea  are 
granted  are  of  great  rariety.  They  are  regulated  by  ntatntea 
and  ordinances  of  city  governments,  which  provide  reetrictiona 
and  fix  penalties  for  violating  the  conditions  of  the  license  bj 
misrepresentation  or  other  fraudulent  practice. 

A  license  is  liable  to  be  recalled  or  canceled  by  the  authorities 
who  have  issued  the  same,  either  in  accordance  with  a  fixe-i  date 
or  because  of  some  violation  by  the  licensed  person. 

Canvassers  and  Drummers  are  held  not  to  be  liable  to  payment 
of  a  peddler's  license  where  they  simply  take  orders  from  sam- 
ples of  goods  or  prospectuses  of  books,  etc.  But  where  t-liey 
have  the  goods  ready  for  delivery  they  come  within  the  defini- 
tion of  peddlers  and  must  obtain  a  license. 

Oovemment  License  to  sell  liquor,  etc.,  strictly  speaking,  is 
not  a  license,  but  simply  a  receipt  for  special  tax.  It  does  not 
authorize  the  sale  of  liquors,  etc.,  in  violation  of  State  laws  or 
mimicipal  regulations. 

A  license  may  be  legally  granted  in  mere  words  without  writ- 
ing, but  in  such  cases  the  presence  of  a  competent  witness  ifl 
required  to  substantiate  the  same. 


UEN3  229 

The  followinj?  forms  may  serve  as  general  models  and  prove  of 

nervice  to  some  interested  party. 

Licen3e  from  the  Government  to  Retail  Liquors 

$20.00.  Bi-Tica  of  MIL  No.  307.850.  United  States  stamp  for  special 
tax.     Internal   Kevenue. 

Received  from  William  R.  Howanl  the  sum  of  Twenty  Dollars  for  special 
tax  on  the  business  of  retail  liquor  dt-ali-r.  to  l>c  carried  on  at  Cleveland.  State 
of  Ohia.  for  the  periodj  rc|>rej.ented  by  the  coupon  or  coupona  hereto 
tltactied. 

:  U.  8.  Rev.  Seai_  :  Dated  at  nereland.  Ohio.  June  10,  1911. 

ClIAA.    R.    .VfoRTE!*. 

Collector  1st  Dut..  State  of  Ohio. 
Severe  penalties  ar*  impowd  for  nc«lect  or  refua&l  to  place  and  keep  thla 
•Ump  coaiipjcuoujily  m  your  eatabliahmciit  or  place  of  bunmcsa. 

Form  of  Peddler's  License 

By  authority  of  the  City  of  Chlrafro,  permission  b  hereby  jflven  to  Wm. 
O'Unen  to  p.-<l<lle  ^vvn  fruit  numbered  450.  from  the  date  herrof  until  the 
first  day  of  April  next  In  said  city,  subject  to  l»»e  ordinance  of  said  city  In 
such  caae«  made  and  provided  and  to  revocation  by  the  Mayor  at  any 
time  at  bis  discretion. 

• "'  Witne«   the  hand  of  the   Mayor  of  said  city  and 

:  crrr  beai-.   :       the  corporate  seal  thereof,  thla  fifteenth  day  of  ApriL 

: Mil. 

Cahtch  II.  IlAJUuaoN.  Mayor. 

Attest. .  City  Qerk. 

On  the  back  of  the  license  is  printed  the  following: 

I.KENHE   450. 

To  Peddijirji:  Your  attention  is  directed  to  the  foUowln*  section  from 
the  ordinance  relating  to  peddlers. 

Section  5.  Any  person  who  shall  exercise  the  vocation  of  peddler  by 
means  of  a  wagon,  cart,  or  other  vehicle  shall  cause  his  name,  together  with 
the  number  of  his  license,  to  be  painted  on  the  outside  of  his  vehicle,  the 
letters  and  figtires  not  less  than  one  Inch  In  length. 

Any  violation  of  this  section  shall  subject  the  ofTender  to  a  One  of  not 
leas  than  Five  Dollars  and  not  more  than  Fifty  Dollars. 

LIENS 

A  Lien  is  a  hold  upon  or  right  to  property  to  secure  the  pay- 
ment of  a  debt  or  the  discharge  of  an  obligation;  more  specifio- 
aUy,  it  is  a  right  in  one  person  to  retain  that  which  is  in  his 
possession  belonging  to  another,  till  certain  demands  of  the  per- 
son in  pr>»;seasion  are  satisfied. 

A  Lien  by  Force  of  Common  Law  consists  in  a  mere  right  to 
retain  possession  of  the  property  imtil  the  debt  or  charge  is  paid. 


230  sakf:  Mfmions 

A  Particular  Lien  holds  the  proi>erty  of  another  beoftoae  ot 
labor  bestout'il  ujxm  it  or  money  exi»oiiileil  for  it 

A  General  Lien  includes  a  particular  lien  und  conMihta  in  a  ri^ht 
to  retain  the  property  of  another  be4'au.se  of  a  general  balance 
due  from  the  owner. 

Parties  Havintf  a  Particular  Lien  without  Special  Statute.— 
Every  Mechanic  hits  a  jiurticuljir  lien  on  any  article  on  which  he 
lias  exj)eiuied  labor  and  money. 

Carriers  ulijo  have  a  lien  on  all  goods  consigned  them  for 
special  services  rendered. 

Lawyers  have  a  lien  on  all  the  pajHjn*  In  a  ca.se  for  their  pay. 

Pawnbrokers  have  a  right  of  lien  in  ci\»e  where  the  person 
pawning  the  goods  Ixas  authority  to  pledge,  but  not  otherwise. 

All  Venders  have  a  lien  on  good.s  for  thoir  }>ay  as  long  as  they 
are  not  delivered,  but  not  after  thiit. 

Oommiasion  Merchants  and  Broken  have  a  general  lien  oo 
good.s  fur  comrais-siou  due. 

Hotel  Keepers  have  a  lien  upon  the  baggage  of  their  guests  for 
accommodation  cliarges. 

Liens  by  Express  Agreement..— Tlii.H  occurs  when  gootls  are 
placed  into  the  Imnds  of  a  jHjrson  for  some  special  pur|Mwe  with 
an  express  contract  that  the  goods  shall  be  a  pledge  for  the  labor 
or  expense  incurred  or  where  property  is  delivered  to  another 
with  the  express  understanding  that  it  is  security  for  a  loan 
made  on  the  credit  of  it 

Other  Lnportant  Liens  are:  the  lien  upon  the  land  of  a  debtor 
created  in  favor  of  hLs  creditor  by  the  judgment  or  other  process 
of  a  court ;  the  equitable  lien  of  a  seller  of  real  estate  for  the 
unpaid  balance  of  the  purchase  price,  which  is  reoognufed  only 
in  some  of  the  States;  and  the  statutorj*  lien  of  mechanics  on 
the  houses  and  ships  which  they  build  or  repair. 

Special  Statutes. — In  many  States  liens  are  given  by  special 
statutes  to  boarding-house  keepers,  livery  men  and  others. 

Reqmsites  of  a  Lien. — The  essential  requisite  of  a  personal 
property  lien  consists  in  the  lawful  delivery  of  the  property  to 
the  party  claiming  the  lien  or  to  his  authorized  agent.  When- 
ever possession  is  voluntarily  given  up  the  lien  is  loct. 

Rights  of  Creditor. — A  creditor  can  by  lien  i;etain  possession  of 
goods  even  against  the  assignee  of  debtor,  provided  they  have 
been  placed  honestly  into  his  hands. 

Enforcement  of  Liens. — A  person  holding  a  lien  under  the 
common  law  has  in  general  not  the  power  to  sell  the  property , 


UEX3  231 

It  ia  only  a  right  to  force  payment  by  holding  the  property  and 
thereby  depriving  the  owner  from  the  use  of  it  until  he  renders 
justice  where  it  is  due.  Where  property  is  held  as  security  for 
a  loan  the  lender  may  sell,  but  he  must  give  due  notice  of  the 
time  and  manner  of  sale  so  as  to  give  the  owner  of  the  property 
all  possible  chance  to  redeem  or  to  waive  rights.  Many  States 
have  special  statutes  for  the  enforcement  of  liens  and  it  is  safest 
to  consult  these  where  enforcement  becomes  necessary. 

MECHANICS'  LIENS 

Liens  created  by  statutes,  although  based  upon  the  principles 
of  common  law  are  designed  to  go  further,  namely:  to  give  liens 
even  where  the  possession  is  not  with  the  consent  of  the  owner 
or  where  exclusive  possession  is  impossible. 

Mechanics'  liens  are  exclusively  created  by  statutes;  and  no 
matter  how  just  the  claim  may  seem  the  lien  will  not  exist 
unless  the  party  brings  himself  under  the  provisions  of  the 
statute. 

The  statute  is  based  upon  the  principle  that  the  party  who 
has  increased  the  value  of  the  projierty  by  his  labor  or  material 
furnLshed  should  have  security  upon  the  property  although 
changed  in  form. 

Mechanics  are  here  assured  of  their  right  to  a  lien  upon  the 
property  for  thur  labor  and  material  furnished,  but  as  to  details 
concerning  the  conditions  of  the  lien  and  the  manner  of  enforc- 
ing it  they  will  do  well  to  consult  the  statutes  of  their  particular 
Stata 

Before  bringing  action  to  enforce  such  a  lien,  notice  must  be 
given  in  writing  by  the  holder  of  the  lien  to  the  owner  of  the 
property,  and  in  order  to  guard  against  fraud  to  third  parties, 
the  certificate  of  the  claim  must  be  filed  with  the  county  clerk 
or  other  officer  as  provided  by  the  statute.  Tlie  following  form 
may  be  used : 

Notice  of  Mechanic's  Lien 

Clerk  of  the  Cook  CorvrY  Court, 
ChicaKO,  111. 
Sir:  Please  lake  notice,  that  I.  Frank  Greene,  residing  at  4550  Went- 
worth  Ave.,  in  the  City  of  Chicago.  County  of  Coolc.  have  a  claim  against 
Charles  Hudson,  owner  (or  onlu  contractor,  aa  the  case  may  6«)  of  a  new 
/our -story  brick  dwelling  house,  amounting  to  Fifteen  Hundred  and  Forty 
Dollars  and  Fifty  Centa,  now  due  to  me.  and  that  the  claim  is  made  for  and 
on  account  of  material  furnished  and  labor  done,  and  that  such  work  was 


232  SAFE  METHODS 

done  and  matcrinU  riimi«hMl  in  punu&nce  of  a  rontrart  entered  Into 
l&th  day  of  April.    1011.    (kere  deambe  Uu  contract.)   between  Um 

signed  and  the  said  Oiua.  Hudjiun.     Ttic  Maid  btiiUlinK  t«  •ilUiat«d  oo  Lot . 

ill  hlock  ,  in  Htoiie'a  addition  to  the  City  of  Oiica«u,  on  the  eaat  aide  ci 

HaLited  Stirvt.  and  Li  luiown  aa  Na  3242  of  laid  ftncU     The  foUowtnc  ka  • 
dlatrram  of  said  pn-ralaes. 

(InMrrt  dxanram.) 

And  that  I  have  and  claim  a  lien  upon  add  bufldta^  and  the  appurt** 
nancea  and  lot  on  wlikch  said  building  rtatids,  wibjoct  to  the  provlatoiui  of  an 
Act  of  the  I>e^iaJature  of  the  State  of  IlllnoUi  rntltled  "An  Act  to  Henire  the 
Payment  of  Merhanlca,  laborer*,  and  IVphjoi  Kumlatilng  Matertal  Toward 
the  Erection.  Altering,  or  Repairing  of  Building*  m  the  Cttjr  of  Chicago," 

paaaed .  10 ,  and  of  the  artj*  amending  the  saiDe. 

D«ted  thU  ISth  day  of  October.  1911. 

Frank  OuuDtm. 
(Yank  Grcwne,  being  duly  rwom.  NayR  that  he  la  the  claimant  OMatiotMd  In 
the  foregoing  notice  of  lien;  that  he  haii  read  the  aald  notice  and  kaows  Uw 
conlentji:  and  that  the  Mune  Is  tnie  to  \\\n  nwn  knuw|r<igr.  except  aa  to  tboo 
matters  Htutcd  on  li^fciruiation  mkI  t>.  Ii<r,  &.h  to  thoae  malten  he  believe*  to 
b«  true. 

FnAjnc  ORCBMm. 
Bwom  before  ue  liUa  16lh  day  of  October.  A.   D.    1911. 

Uboikib  PmotwoM. 
Police  Juatioe. 

MAIL  ORDER  BUSINESS 

Origin.— The  mail  order  buslneas  ia  an  evolution  of  the  depurt- 
ment  store,  or  the  concentration  under  one  tnAnagetnent  of  the 
sale  of  every  imaginable  article  for  which  a  customer  can  be 
found.  It  is  simply  the  department  store  universalized  by  means 
of  the  poetoffloe  establishment. 

The  Postal  Service  of  the  United  States  is  the  greatest  busi- 
ness conr^Tn  in  the  world.  It  is  estimated  that  it  handles  eight 
thousand  pieces  cf  mail  matter  a  minute,  and  in  the  course  of  a 
year  from  four  to  five  billion  pieces,  including  letters,  papers, 
books  and  parcels. 

It  was  a  master  stroke  to  convert  this  great  institution  into  a 
business  agent  for  a  commercial  house,  and  a  fortune  was  real- 
ized from  it  almost  immediately.  Men  and  women  are  still 
making  fortunes  through  the  operation  of  this  great  postal 
department  store  system. 

The  mail  order  mercantile  btisiness  originated  in  Chicago, 
where  it  is  now  carried  on  the  most  extensively.  In  1910  the 
mail  order  houses  of  that  city  did  a  total  business  of  $112,000,000 

Ho^  to  ravage  in  the  Business.— One  who  iuis  mauo  u  aucocbd 


MAIL    ORDER    BUSINESS  233 

of  it  furnishes  the  following  rules  for  the  guidance  of  others 
who  may  wish  to  engaf^e  in  the  business: 

First. — Go  slowly.  Don't  decide  to  embark  upon  a  mail  order 
career  and  then  resign  your  present  position  without  knowing 
definitely  in  what  direction  you  are  going  to  work.  A  few 
months  of  quiet  consideration  and  planning  won't  do  any  harm. 
There  will  be  as  many  ciistomers  for  you  after  that  period  as 
there  are  now. 

Second. — Choose  carefully  a  "leader"  or  article  upon  which 
you  will  base  your  main  campaign  and  upon  which  you  can  get 
all  the  profit.  To  do  this,  unlesa  you  are  already  the  jx)6ses8or  of 
an  exclusive  idea,  run  carefully  over  the  entire  list  of  what  people 
wear,  eat,  drink,  or  need  from  the  cradle  to  the  grave.  Nothing 
is  too  small  or  too  large  to  be  included  in  this  va.st  catalogue,  and 
your  eventual  choice  will  probably  come  in  a  flash  of  inspiration. 

Third. — Having  chosen  your  leader,  investigate  carefully  the 
price  at  which  you  will  be  able  to  offer  it  to  successfully  com- 
pete with  other  similar  articles.  Be  sure  that  you  can  sell  it 
through  the  mails  cheaply  enough  to  meet  competition. 

Fourth. — Plan  your  advertising.  Consultation  with  an  expert 
is  a  safe  precaution,  an  an  advertising  man  iK>sses8es  experience 
tliat  will  be  valuable  to  you  even  if  you  are  brilliant  enough  to 
euccessfully  word  your  own  advertisement. 

Fifth. — As  a  general  rule  one-fifth  of  a  small  capital  is  not  too 
much  to  expend  in  experimenting.  When  you  begin  to  get 
results  resign  your  position,  devote  your  whole  time  to  your  new 
business,  and  develop  it  economically  and  judiciously  upon  the 
lines  originally  decided  upon. 

Sixth. — Do  not  be  content  with  a  single  leader.  Get  from 
supply  houses  a  number  of  specialties,  and  inclose  circulars  for 
them  in  all  your  letters.  Any  orders  thus  gained  cost  merely 
the  two-cent  stamp  that  carries  the  bait. 

These  are  simple  rules  to  write,  but  it  takes  business  capacity 
to  carry  them  out  The  days  of  the  "fake"  mail  business  are 
over.  Every  now  and  then  a  swindle  is  brought  to  light,  but 
the  government  is  stern  and  relentless  in  ferreting  out  and  sup- 
pressing such  enterprises.  It  was  the  government  that  gave  the 
mail  order  business  its  first  gjeat  impetus  by  reducing  the  rate 
of  postage,  and  it  is  the  government  that  has  doubled  the  total 
trade  in  the  last  few  years  by  establishing  the  rural  free  delivery 
system.  (For  rates  of  postage  on  merchandise,  etc,  see  Poatal 
Information.) 


234  SAFE    METHODS 

MERCANTILE  AGENCIES 

A  Mercantile  Agency  i»  an  establishment  for  supplying  mflt^ 
chants,  bankers,  and  all  who  do  a  more  or  less  cre<iit  businen, 
with  information  as  to  the  financial  standing  of  persons  engaged 
in  basiness. 

How  they  Operate— These  agencies  obtain  from  local  oor- 
respondenta  in  all  i)arts  of  the  country  inforniation  as  to  the 
character  and  iKjrsonal  responsibility  of  individuaLs.  firms,  and 
corporations,  and  make  such  information  readily  available  at 
all  business  centers. 

Conunercial  Ratings. — From  the  information  thus  obtained  is 
deduced  what  are  known  and  recognized  as  "commercial  rat- 
ings." The  names  of  the  various  mercliants,  with  the  ratings, 
are  issued  ({uarterly,  in  book  form,  and  are  closHified,  fir^t  by 
states  and  provinces,  then  by  cities  and  towns,  all  arranged  in 
alphabetii'a.1  order.  The.so  volumes,  covering  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  embrace  a  million  and  a  qiuirter  of  distinctive 
business  organizations,  and  yet  so  simply  are  tliey  classified  that 
a  reference  can  be  had  with  as  much  readiness  as  the  finding  of  a 
subject  in  a  cyclopedia. 

Leading  Agencies.— The  Bradstreet  and  R.  G.  Dun  <^  Co.  con- 
cerns art!  the  leading  agencies  for  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
They  have  headquarters  in  New  York,  and  sub-agenciee  in  all 
principal  cities,  /.gencies  also  exist  in  EurojKj.  and  importing 
and  exporting  houses  on  opposite  sides  of  the  K^obe  are  thus 
kept  informed  as  to  each  other's  commercial  standing. 

Benefit  to  Merchants.— This  system  enables  the  solvent  mer- 
chant to  purchase  goods  anywhere  with  reasonable  certainty 
that  they  will  be  delivered  promptly,  avoiding  undue  deL'iy  con- 
sequent to  investigating  his  credit.  The  agency  thus  serves  as 
a  sort  of  clearing-house  for  credit,  and  good  ratings  are  much 
sought  after  in  the  business  world. 

Credit  Books  are  also  issued,  furnishing  the  same  sort  of 
information  to  those  selling  to  particular  trades. 


-r*  ■      T  ♦ -'  ♦t^ 


MORTGAGES  236 

MORTGAGES 

A  Mortgage  is  a  conveyance  of  property,  either  real  or  per- 
sonal,  given  to  secure  payment  of  a  debt,  or  the  performance  of 
some  special  act  When  the  debt  is  paid  the  mortgage  becomes 
void  and  of  no  value. 

Names  of  Parties. — The  person  mortgaging  his  property  is 
called  the  mortgagor,  and  the  person  to  wliom  the  mortgage  is 
given  the  mortgagee. 

REAL  ESTATE  MORTGAGES 

In  real  estate  mortgages,  unless  otherwise  provided,  the  per- 
son giving  the  mortgage  retains  possession  of  the  property, 
receives  all  the  rents  and  other  profits  and  pays  all  taxes  and 
other  expenses. 

Must  be  in  Writing.— All  real  estate  mortgages  must  be  in 
writing,  signed  and  sealed.  The  time  when  the  debt,  to  secure 
which  the  mortgage  was  given,  is  due  must  be  plainly  stated, 
and  the  property  conveyed  must  be  clearly  described  and 
located. 

Must  be  Acknowledged.— A  mortgage  j>ledging  real  estate 
must  be  acknowledged  like  a  deed,  before  a  proper  public  oflicer, 
whose  duty  it  is  to  record  suc^h  instruments. 

The  AccompanjTJig  Bond  or  Note.— It  is  ;isual  not  only  to 
insert  a  covenant  of  promise  in  the  mortgage  to  pay  the  debt, 
but  for  the  mortgagor  to  give  also  his  bond  or  note,  as  collateral 
to  the  personal  security.  In  this  case  the  mortgagee  may  sue 
and  recover  upon  the  note  or  b<ind,  or  he  can  foreclose  his  mort- 
gage; and  if  there  is  not  sufficient  realized  from  the  sale  to  pay 
the  debt  ho  may  recover  the  balance  on  the  bond  or  note. 

The  bond  or  note  is  drawn  precisely  like  any  other  instrument 
of  the  kind.  In  the  case  of  note.s.  it  is  customary  to  state  therein 
that  tltey  are  secured  by  a  mortgage  of  even  date. 

Ownership. — Formerly  the  mortgagee  was  considered  the  legal 
owner  of  the  property,  but  now  he  is  regarded  as  having  only  a 
lien  upon  the  property  by  way  of  security.  The  title  still 
remains  in  the  mortgagor. 

Redemption-— By  what  is  termed  equity  of  redemption  the 
mortgagor  is  given  further  time  to  redeem  liis  property  after  the 
debt  for  which  the  mortgage  is  security  falls  due.  Witliin  tliis 
extended  time  ho  must  pay  the  full  amount  of  the  mortgage 
with  the  interest  prescribed  by  the  statuta 


2B6 


SAFE    MbmiODS 


The  Equity  of  Redemption  is  such  a  potitive  rit{ht  that  it  maj 
be  sold,  and  Ls  of  such  a  charactei  that  the  law  refuaea  to  allow 
It  to  be  foregone,  even  by  an  agreement  to  that  effect  in  the 
mortgage. 

Power  of  Sale.— A  power  of  sale  Ls  not  essential  to  a  mortgage, 
but  it  may  contain  a  clause  permitting  the  sale  of  the  property, 
if  forfeited  by  nonpayment  of  debt,  as  required.  A  mortgage 
may  be  so  drawn  that  the  property  can  be  sold  without  decree 


TBC  MAH  WHO    RKVKR   FATS  BIS  MOBTOACa 

from  the  Court,  according  to  the  statutes  of  the  State,  or  by 
agreement  of  the  parties. 

Mortgages  are  sometimes  so  drawn  that  a  single  failure  in 
paying  the  interest  at  a  stated  time  renders  due  the  whole,  both, 
principal  and  interest,  and  gives  the  mortgagee  authority  to  sell 
the  property  long  before  the  debt  is  due. 

Assignment. — A  mortgage  can  be  assigned,  but  unless  the 
bond  or  note  is  also  assigned  it  is  worthless  and  gives  no  right 
to  foreclose. 

Making  Pa3nnents. — If  the  wording  in  the  mortgage  or  note 
is,  "payable  on  or  before"  a  certain  date,  the  creditor  cannot 
compel  payment  before  that  date  (if  the  interest  is  kept  up) ;  but 
the  debtor  if  so  dis|x>sed  can  pay  at  any  time  and  the  creditor 
must  accept  it. 


MORTGAGES 


237 


A  debtor  cannot  compel  hia  creditor  to  accept  payment  before 
It  ia  due,  because  he  has  a  right  to  have  hia  money  remain  on 
interest  according  to  agreement. 

Whenever  payment  is  made  upon  a  note  or  bond  or  mortgage 
it  shonld  bo  carefully  indorsed  upon  the  instnmient. 

Tendering  Payment.— If  the  full  amount  due  on  a  mortgage  is 
tendered  to  the  creditor  it  stops  the  intereat  and  releases  the 
lien  on  the  mortgage,  but  the  debt  remains.  The  creditor  haa 
after  that  only  the  individual  responsibility  of  the  debtor  to 
jsecure  his  claim.     ThLs  rule  is  applicable  to  mortgages  on  real 


THE  THRIFTY  MAN  VTllO  PAID  HIS  MORTGAGL:  AT  MATURITY. 

end  personal  property,  as  also  to  all  liena  for  personal  labor  and 
chattels. 

ForecloBTir©.— If  the  mortgagor  fails  to  meet  ithe  conditions  of 
the  mortgage  then  the  mortgagee  may  foreclose.  The  method 
of  foreclosure  differs  in  the  several  states.  In  some  the  statutes 
prescribe  a  short,  summary  method ;  in  others  an  action  of  court 
is  necessary ;  In  still  others  either  method  is  legaL 


HOW  TO  FORECLOSE  A  MORTOAQE 

The  methods  of  foreclosing  vary  in  different  States,  but  the 
following  general  steps  are  common  in  all: 

1.  Application  to  a  Court  of  Chancery  for  authority  to  foro* 
close. 

i.  Hearing  the  paxtiea  b/  the  Court 


238  SAFE    METHODS 

8.  Referring  the  OMt  to  a  Master  in  Chancery. 

4.  Advertising  the  property. 

6.  Selling  it  to  the  highest  bidder  at  auction. 

6.  Deeding  it  to  the  purchaser. 

7.  Paying  over  any  surplus  fund  remaining  from  the  aale  to 
the  mortgagor. 

Since  the  interests  involved  in  giving  and  taking  a  mortgage 
on  real  estate  are  of  Huuh  great  importance  that  a  mistake  in 
executing  it  or  in  complying  with  its  conditions  may  subject 
the  interested  parties  to  much  trouble  and  heavy  lonoe.  the 
mortgage,  l)ond  and  note  should  be  drawn  up  with  the  utnKJHl 
care  and  the  conditions  laid  down  strictly  and  promptly  com- 
plied with. 

Promissory  Note  Secured  by  Mortgage 

S3.000.  N.w   ^.^       M..  ..   1^.   1911. 

One  year  after  date  I  promise  to  pav  to  U(it>fTt  II  •   MiDinand 

Dollars  at  the  First  .National  Bank  of  Nrw  York  Cho.  ■•jTvuX  at  the 

rate  of  seven  p^  cent  per  annum  making  luch  aaJe.  on  demaad.  to  the  party 
for  va'tie  r»H-fived. 

TtiLs  note  Is  .secured  by  a  mortgaKC  of  even  dat«  herewith  on  certain  real 
estate  {.describe  the  prrmi.ie»). 

Si^cd.  Jtruca  tlAwnioaNB. 

Real  Estate  Mortgafre  to  Secure  Payment  of  Above  Note 

Thi^  In'lfntiir''.  mai1<»  this  1.1th  day  nf  >tar''h.  In  the  v  ! 

Dbie  bundred  and  eleven,  between  Juliua  Uawihoroe.  oi  Ux:  '  i 

State  o(  .\>w  Vuirk,  and  Mari^rct.  hu  wife,  parties  of  tli.  i.i-l  t  -  ""^ 
Robert  Hartlcss,  of  ih';  City  of  Chicago,  County  of  Cook,  and  State  of  Illinola. 
party  of  the  second  part, 

Witncsscth,  That  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  for  and  in  con.slderatlon 
of  the  sum  of  Three  Thou.sand  Dollars,  does  CTTint,  bargain,  s^ll,  and  rrxucy 
unto  the  said  party  of  the  seconrl  part  and  to  hLs  heirs  and  ajwlims  all.  (  .  -  i 
complete  description  of  the  premises  mortgaged),  toirether  with  all  the  hf T'  .;.i- 
ments  and  appurtenances  thereto  belonKioK  or  In  anywise  ap(>ertainini;. 

This  conveyance  is  intended  aa  a  mortgage  to  secure  the  payment  of  the 
above  note  according  to  the  condition  of  the  same,  and  these  presents  shall 
be  void  if  such  payment  be  made. 

But  in  c;usc  default  shall  be  made  in  the  payment  of  the  principal  or  interest 
as  above  provided,  then  the  party  of  the  second  part,  his  executor?*,  admin- 
istrators, ami  as*ipns,  are  hereby  empowere<l  to  s«ll  the  premises  above 
described,  with  all  and  everj'  of  the  appurtenances  or  any  part  thereof, 
in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law,  and  out  of  the  money  arisinc  from  such 
sale  to  retain  the  said  principal  ard  interest,  toRether  with  the  costs  and 
charges  of  making  such  sale,  and  the  surplus  if  any  there  be  ."hall  be  paid 
by  the  party  making  such  sale,  on  demand,  to  the  party  of  the  first  part,  hia 
heirs  or  assigns,  etc. 


MORTGAGES  239 

In  witness  whereof  said  party  of  the  first  part  hereunto  set  their  hands 
%Dd  seals  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 

Jcuus  Hawthorne,      [seal] 
Maboaket  Hawtuornl.  [seal 
Signed,  sealed,  and  delivered  ) 
In  presence  of  J 

Walter  Mat, 
IIakvey  Jones. 

Mortgage  —Short  Form 

The  Mortgagor.  Otarge  E.  Arnold  and  Charlotte  Arnold,  his  vrife,  of  the 
town  of  WoosttT,  in  the  County  of  Wayne  and  Stale  of  Ohio,  Afortoage  and 
Warrant  to  John  lUmdolph,  of  the  same  place,  to  wciirt-  tlie  payment  of 
a  certain  promisMry  note  for  the  aum  of  One  Thouxand  DoUam,  jtayable  to  the 
order  of  the  said  John  Randolph  in  two  years  from  the  date  thereof,  irith  interest 
at  the  rate  of  aiz  per  cent  per  annum,  payable  semi-annually,  the  following 
dc-.scril>e<l  Heal  Instate:  Lots  number  one  (I),  two  (2),  and  three  (3)  in  Block 
No.  fiftet-n  (15)  of  Carter's  Aildltion  to  the  Town  of  Woost<r,  in  the  County 
of  Wayne  and  State  of  Ohio,  hi-reby  nlea-sinK  and  waiving  all  rights  under  and 
by  virtue  of  the  Honu-stead  Kxemption  I.aw8  of  thlK  Stale. 
Dated  tLls  4tb  day  of  May.  A.  1>.  19U. 

Ceoroe  E.  Arnold,      [seal] 
Cuahlotte  Arnold,      [seal] 
Signed,  sealed,  and  delivered   ) 
in  pre.sfnce  of  l 

AHTHIR    B.    I-OWE. 

Hahky  N.  Stkvi-.vs. 

Release  and  Satisfaction  of  Mortgage 

Krunc  all  Men  by  Thfxe  Prvnents,  Tlial  ihe  <l<t)i  s«>/-ur<*d  by  mortgage 

upon  the  following  described property,  situatt'd  m ,  In County, 

In  the  State  of ,  to-wit:  (dtacribing  it),  wherein  Clias.  Anderson  is  grantor 

and  Kred  Johnson  Is  grantee,  and  dated  ,  a  of  which  is  m 

volume ,  page ,  in  the  office  of  the  {register  or  recorder)  of  deeds  of 

County. ,  has  been  fully  satisfied,  in  consideration  of  which  said 

mortgage  is  hereby  released. 

Fred  Johnson. 

Witness:  . 


CHATTEL  MORTGAGES 

A  Chattel  Mortgage  is  a  mortgage  on  personal  property. 
Persons  sometimes  desire  to  use  their  personal  property  as  secu- 
rity and  yet  retain  possession  of  it,  as,  for  instance,  furniture, 
machinery',  tools,  a  library,  etc.  This  can  be  done  by  giving  a 
chattd  mortgage,  which  is  really  a  conditional  sale  of  the  prop 
erty,  to  the  cre<iitor,  whose  the  property  becomes  if  the  debt  ie 
not  paid  when  due. 


240  SAFE    METHODS 

Rules  Oovemlng  Ohatt«l  Mort^a^rea 

1.  A  chattel  niurtgnge  mast,  in  some  of  th«  8tat«a,  b^ 
acknowledged  before  a  justice  of  the  peace  or  before  the  county 
judge. 

2.  It  runs  out  in  two  years  or  such  other  time  aa  prescribed  by 
the  State  statute. 

8.  No  seal  is  necessary,  though  commonly  used,  in  a  diattol 
mortgage. 

4.  A  person  cannot  mortgage  property  which  he  doea  not  own. 
Ilonre  a  chattel  niurtt;iige  made  by  a  merchant  upon  all  gooda 
which  ho  may  hereafter  purchase  is  of  no  effect. 

6.  If  the  mortgagor  retains  poaseflsion.  the  instrument  is  of  no 
avail  as  against  third  parties  unlem  recorded  in  accordance  with 
the  law  of  the  Stute  where  it  is  made. 

6.  The  property  must  be  tuk  n  poaaeealon  of  by  the  mortgagor 
when  the  mortgage  matures,  or  other  creditors  can  claim  the 
property. 

7.  If  the  debt  is  not  paid  when  due  the  property  becomee  the 
creditor's  and  the  debtor  is  entitled  to  no  surplus. 

8.  It  is  a  criminal  ofTense  for  the  mortgagor  to  sell  the  prop- 
erty covered  by  a  chattel  mortgage. 

0.  Mortgapres  of  personal  property  should  have  a  clauM  pro- 
viding for  the  equity  of  redemption. 

10.  A  mortgagee  may  sell  or  transfer  his  mortgage  to  another, 
but  the  purchaser  cannot  sell  the  property  until  the  mortgag* 
matures. 

Ohattel  Mortgage,  with  Power  (A  Sale 

Know  all  Men  by  These  I'reseni^.  Iliat  I.  John  F.  Thotna«.  of  th^  City  ol 
Wilmington,  Stat«  of  Delaware,  in  con.iir1t>ration  of  five  hundred  dollan  t47 
me  paid  by  Henry  A.  Da  la,  of  t)ie  city  and  State  a(ures«ld.  the  receipt  ol 
which  is  hereby  acknowledged,  do  hereby  grant,  bargain,  and  sell  unto  the  nl4 
Henry  A.  Davis,  and  hia  assigru,  forever,  the  foUowmg  gooda  and  chattels,  M 
wit: 

[Here  insert  an  accurate  list  of  the  articles  mortgaged,  giving  a  fuU  descrip- 
tion of  each] 

To  Have  and  To  Hold,  AU  and  singular  the  said  goods  and  chattels  unto 
the  mortgagee  herein,  and  his  assigns,  to  their  sole  use  and  behoof  forever. 
And  the  mortgagor  herein,  for  himself  and  for  his  heirs,  executors,  and  admin* 
istrators,  does  hereby  covexiant  to  and  with  the  saidjmortgagee  and  his  assign-*, 
the  said  mortgagor  is  lawfully  possessed  of  the  said  goods  and  chattels,  as 
of  his  own  property:  that  the  same  are  free  from  all  incumbrances,  and  thai 
he  will  warrant  and  defend  the  same  to  him.  the  said  mortgagee  and  his 
assigns,  against  the  lawful  claims  and  demands  of  all  persons. 

Provided,  Nevertheless,  That  if  the  said  mnrtgagoi  shall  pay  to  \fM 


MORTGAGES 


241 


mortew^e  on  the  tenth  day  of  May.  In  the  year  1911.  the  sum  or  five  hundred 
?oJa«  then  lhl3  mortgage  la  to  he  void,  othenvise  to  remain  In  full  fore*  and 

'"*^^nd  Provided  further.  That  untU  default  be  made  by  the  said  mortpagor 
in  the  iK^rformance  of  the  condition  aforesaid,  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for 
him  to  retain  the  p«ise«lon  of  the  said  good^  and  chattels,  and  to  u.se  and 
enjoy  the  same;  but  If  the  same  or  any  part  thereof  sliaU  be  attached  or 
claimed  by  any  other  person  or  persona  at  any  time  before  payment,  or  the 
•aid  monKSKor.  or  any  jn-rson  or  persons  whatever,  upon  any  pretense,  shall 
attempt  '.o  ci^rry  ofT.  conceal,  make  way  with.  sell,  or  in  any  manner  dispose 
of  the  same  or  any  part  thereof,  without  the  authority  and  perral«ion  of  the 
said  mortK-agt*  or  his  executors,  admmistratom.  or  assigns,  in  writing  ex- 
prcMed.  then  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  far  the  said  mortgagee,  with  or 
without  •-•.Ulance.  or  hU  agent  or  attorney,  or  his  executors,  administrators. 
or  assigns  to  take  poMeeeion  of  said  goo<ls  and  chatteU.  by  entering  u|K.n 
any  pn-mlnes  wherever  the  same  may  be.  whether  in  this  county  or  .State,  or 
eljewhere.  to  and  for  the  u»e  o(  said  mortgagee  or  his  aligns.  And  if  the 
moneys  hereby  «ecun-d  or  the  matters  to  be  done  or  |-rformed.  as  above 
•pwlfled  aie  not  duly  paid.  done,  or  performed  at  the  time  and  according  to 
the  conditions  above  set  forth,  then  the  said  mortgage,  or  his  attorney  or 
agent  or  h'.s  cxwrulon..  administrators,  or  aiuilgns.  may  by  virtue  hereof,  and 
without  any  suit  or  procew.  immeiliately  ent.:r  and  take  po«««rton  of  said 
rx>da  and  ciiatteU.  and  seU  and  dispoae  of  the  same  at  public  or  private  sale, 
and  after  satisfying  the  amount  due.  and  all  exp«n»«.  the  surplus,  if  any 
remain  shall  be  paid  over  to  said  mortgagor  or  his  awlgns.  The  exlublilon 
of  tills  mortgage  shaU  be  sufflclent  proof  that  any  person  claiming  to  art  for 
the  mortgage*  Is  duly  made,  constituted,  and  apfwinted  agent  and  attorney 
to  do  whatever  Is  above  authorixed.  .      ^       j 

In  WUnesa  Wkrrecf.  The  said  mortgagor  haa  hereunto  set  his  hand  and 
seal  thU  tenth  day  of  May.  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  nine  hundred 

and  elevea. 

John  F.  Thomab.        (seal) 

\ 

Wiixi/LM  Wise, 

Harbiao.v  Wool- 
State  or  Delaware,  }  ^^ 

Sussex  County.        (     '  ^  . 

This  mortgage  was  acknowledged  before  me  by  J.  F.  Thomas.  thU  tenth 

4ay  of  May.  A.  D.  1911  . 

Andrew  White. 

Justice  of  the  Peace. 


Sealed  and  delivered 
in  presence  of 


343 


8AKL    MKTIIOUM 


NATIUALIZAIION 

All  forelgnera  not  born  within  the  juriadiction  of  'the  Unit«d 
States  are  re(;%rded  m  aliens  until  they  are  naturalized 

An  alien  haa  not  the  right  to  vote  at  eleotioiu  of  offloen  of 
the  Rovernnient.  Stato,  county,  citjr  or  town;  neither  can  Im 
hoKl  a  public  ofHce  nor  8er%'e  on  a  jury  before  baring  declared 
hi.H  intention  of  beooniini;  a  citizen 

Rights  of  Aliens.— An  alien  i.s  entitled  to  all  the  pririlegee  of  a 
citizen,  except  jK>liticiil  rvjhU.  He  can  buy  and  lell  real  estate 
and  pergonal  property,  make  contracts  and  ^ue  and  be  bu»-<1  ;  he 
is  entitled  to  the  full  protection  of  the  government  in  his  person 
and  his  projxsrty. 


HOW  TO  BECOME  NATURAUZED 

1.  Declaration  of  Intention.— Two  years  before  he  can  be 
admitted  as  a  citizen  an  alien  must  declare  his  intention  to 
become  n  citizen  of  the  United  States  before  a  federal  court,  or 
some  local  court  ef  record,  or  the  clerk  of  either  of  such  courta. 
This  decUiration  entitles  him  to  a  vote  in  most  of  the  States^ 
He  must  take  the  following  oath  before  the  court : 


NATL'RALIZATIONr  243 

I.Jacob  M.  Booker,  do  swear  that  I  will  support  the  roruititutton  of  the 
United  Slates  and  that  I  ilo  ahbolutdy  and  entir<-ly  renounce  and  ahjun-  for- 
evi '  to   any    (ureijcn    Pnnn-.  I*«i«ntate,  Statu  or  Sov.pij,'iity 

wl:  .rtinilarly  <lo  abnohit'-ly  iiii'l  entirely  r<'iiounc«  and  atijiinj 

all  ....■  h....v.  ^,,..  ..delity  to  the  KuiKdutn  u(  I'ru>iita.  whereof  1  wao  a  Huhject. 

Jacob  U.  Dkckkh. 

Sworn  and  subscribed  In  open  court  thla  20th  day  of  December,  A.  D.  1910. 

2.  Katuralization  Completed.— Two  years  after  flHtifi;  his  decla- 
ration of  iiitfiitiun,  }uiviii);  been  a  resilient  of  the  United  States 
for  liv((  yriif?*.  he  a^uin  apiH^ars  in  <xjurt,  giving  written  proof 
that  he  ha.M  been  long  enough  in  the  Unites!  States  to  become  a 
citizen,  and  makes  oath  of  his  nllegiiince  as  a  citizen,  accom- 
panied by  the  oath  of  a  witness,  giving  prxxtf  of  hia  rciridence 
and  moral  character. 

3.  If  an  alien  has  served  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the  United 
States  and  can  show  papers  of  an  honorable  discharge  from 
service,  he  can  be  natunilize*!  after  liaviiig  live<l  one  y«Mir  in  any 
State  or  territory  and  giving  pnxjf  before  the  court  of  such 
residence. 

4.  Minor  Resident  Aliens.— A  [>erson  haring  arrive*!  in  the 
United  Stat»*s  under  the  age  of  eighteen  yeaw  and  having  con- 
tinued su'-h  resideHCM  until  the  time  of  his  application  for  citi- 
zenship MKiy  at  the  age  of  twenty-ono  years,  having  lived  in  the 
United  States  tlvo  years,  inclusive  of  the  tlireo  years  of  his 
minority,  be  admitted  as  a  citiz«-n  uithovit  in:iui.'i_'  the  furinal 
declanition. 

5.  Widow  and  Children  of  Declarant.-  if  un  uifn  should  die 
after  h»?  h:is  l(';;:illy  tiled  his  d«'<-lar:iti<'n  and  taken  the  necessary 
oath  of  alllrination,  but  before  he  is  actually  naturalized,  then 
his  widow  and  children  are  entitled  to  all  the  riglits  and  priv- 
ileges of  citizens  upon  taking  the  requiretl  oaths  or  affirmation 
which  would  have  l)een  refjtiired  of  him. 

a.  Children  of  Naturalized  Persons.— Children  of  naturalized 
persons,  if  under  twenty-one  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  ihe 
naturalization  of  their  parents  and  residing  in  the  United 
States,  are  considere<l  as  citizens  there<3f ;  and  the  children  of 
citizens  of  the  United  States,  though  born  in  a  foreign  com, try. 
are  citizens  of  the  United  States. 

7  Certificate  of  Naturalization.— A  person  who  has  been  nat- 
uralized according  to  law  is  entitled  to  a  certifK-ule,  wlii<-h  is 
issued  under  the  hand  of  the  clerk  and  seal  of  the  court.     Such 


244  SAFE    METIIOIMI 

ccrtincattf  may  in  certain  rircum!itanr>e«  be  of  much  Importeaos 
to  u  naturuli/.**'!  |>«*nM)n  and  HhouKl  be  obtAined  and  prvMnrrMj. 

Chinese  Not  Eli^ble.— The  naturmiizAtion  of  (*hin«mea  ia 
exprt'SMly  prohibited  by  Sec.  14.  Chap.  I'.'fl.  ljkw%  of  iMttt 

CmZENaHlP  AND  surniAQE 

Naturalijation,  or  citJxenahip.  i«  goTemed  by  nation*!  law, 
whi(  h  proviiltw  that  no  alien  atiall  be  naturalijted  until  afler  At* 
years'  rt«idence. 

SuiTrage,  or  the  right  to  vote,  is  gorarDed  by  the  lawa  of  th« 
dilftTiint  States. 

A  Naturaliied  Citiien  i.<i  not  entitled  to  rote  unleae  the  law  of 
tho  State  whort^  naturalized  cx)ofom  the  pdTll«^  upon  him.  and 
in  many  Statee  an  alien  nuiy  vote  nix  montlia  afl«r  laniiing.  if 
he  haa  declared  hin  intention,  under  the  laws  of  the  United 
States,  to  become  a  ritiM^n. 

Inhabitants  of  Insular  Poiseisions  —  Hr  the  art  of  1900  or^ 
atitiKC  Hawaii  a  t4>rrit<>ry  tlie  inhabitants  wnre  dtn-Lared  to  hm 
citizonii  of  the  United  Sutee.  Tlie  inhabitAntJi  of  the  Philip- 
pines and  Porto  Rico  are  entitled  to  full  protection  under  the 
constitution,  but  not  to  the  privileges  of  Vr  ited  8tat>i  citixenahip 
until  Conferees  no  decreee.  by  admitting  the  countries  a«  State* 
or  organizing  them  ae  territorie*. 

QUALinCATIONS  FOR  VOTiNQ 

In  all  the  Statee  except  Colorado,  Idaho,  Utah,  and  WyonUni^ 
the  right  to  vote  at  general  elections  is  reetxicted  to  malea  of 
twenty  one  years  of  age  and  upward. 

Women  are  entitled  to  vote  at  all  elections,  the  same  as  men. 
in  Culomdo.  Idaho.  Utah,  and  Wyoming,  and  at  school  elections 
in  Connecticut  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas.  Kentucky,  Ms— iihu 
setts.  Minnesota,  Nebraska.  New  Jersey.  New  York,  North 
Dakota.  Ohio,  Oregon,  South  Dakota.  Vermont,  Washington,  and 
Wisconsin. 

In  New  York  women  otherwise  qualified,  but  for  sex.  vote  at 
village  elections  and  town  meetings  to  raise  money  by  tax  or 
assessment  if  they  own  property  in  the  village  or  town. 

Persons  Unable  to  Bead  cannot  vote  in  Connecticut  In 
California  a  person  unable  to  read  the  constitution  in  F.ngliah 
and  to  write  his  name  cannot  vote.  In  Massachusetts  in  order  to 
vote  a  person  must  be  able  to  both  read  and  write.     In  Misat** 


NATURALIZATION  245 

llp[i  a  voter  must  be  able  to  read  or  undertt*nd  the  Constitution- 
In  all  the  Slates  persons  convicted  of  felony,  and  in  most 
of  the  States  paupers,  idiots  and  lunatics  are  excluded  from 
suffrage. 

Naturalization  Papers 

DtCUitLkTlOM  or  IXT«HTlO!» 

I,  A.  n.,  do  (1<>clar«.  on  o«th.  that  it  U  bona  fide  mT  Intention  to  become 
a  cttucn  of  lh«  I'niled  Htattw.  and  to  r«-nounc«<  forwrr  all  allrclanrr  and 
fidelity  lo  all  and  any  (orvlrn  prlnre.  {jotrntatr.  itate,  and  •ovrr>-iicnty 
whatever  and  {lartlcularty  to  i-ldward  VII,  Kinf  u(  the  L'nitrtl  KiiMCdoin  ot 
Gnsat   Briiajn  and   Ireland. 

A.  B. 

Bwora  In  open  cotirt.  ttUa  ) 

day  of  .   ig— .   f 

I.  L.  T.    cirrk  of  the  court  of  .  do  certify  that  the  abore  la  a 

true  copy  of  the  uriclnal  declaration  of  Intention  of  A.  B.  to  become  a  citizen 
of  the  l'nltr<l  Stalre.  remainlnc  on  record  at  my  office. 

In  testimony  whereof.  I  have  hereunto  nibM-rtbcil  my  nante  and  a/Tlted 

(•SA1.J     thf-  wal  of  the  lald  court,  the day  of  .  one  thouMUid  nine 

hundred  and  . 

Oath  of  Alien 

CNiTKi)  erATta  or  AMCJiirA 

Brtrrx  or  Nrw  Yoax,  ) 

County  of  .        ( 

A.  It.,  t>«lnc  duly  ■worn,  duth  depoee  and  aay.  that  he  U  a  reel'lent  In  the 
State  of  .Sew  York,  and  Intend*  alway*  to  reside  In  the  l'nlt«<l  Htat«4.  an<l  to 
become  a  cltlicn  thereof  aa  aoon  a«  he  can  t>e  naturallznl  and  that  he  haa 
taken  auch  Incipient  meaaunsa  a«  the  lawa  of  the  I'nlted  Stalea  ri^iuire.  to 
enable  hun  to  obtain  naturaluatlon. 

8 worn  txiore  me,  the day  of .  19 — . 

J.  &.  Clerk  of  the  U.  8.  I>iftrlct  Court. 

Certificate  of  Citixenship 

Be  It  rrmembere*!.  thai  on  the  day  of  .  in  the  year  of  our  l-ord 

one  thouaand  nine  hundred  and  .  A.  B..  late  of  I.Unertck.  Ireland    at 

preaent  of  the  city  of ,  In  the  State  of .-.-..  .r..t  ,,,  ti  ..  --.rt 

of (the  aaid  court  beinK  a  rtjurt  of  record,  ha  :i 

and  a  clerk  and  aeal),  and  applie<l  to  the  laid  err  ■ 

a  dtlaen  of  the  United  Statf'si  of  Am«r1ca,  punuant  to  the  dir^'cttonji  of  the  act 
of  Ooncreaa  of  the  I'nited  States  of  America,  entitled.  "An  act  to  eetahlUh  an 
uniform  rule  of  naturalixatioa,  and  to  rF(>eal  the  act!i  heretofore  paMe<l  on 
that  subject;"  and  al.^o  to  an  act  entUle<t '  An  ai-t  m  addition  to  aa  act.  entitled 
'An  act  to  establish  an  uniform  rule  '  it  ion.  and  to  repeal  the  acta 

heretofore  paaaed  on  that  aubject;'  lie  "Act  relative  lo  evidence 

In  caaea  of  naturalization."  paMed  .j  i  .ii.ir  .i.  1H16;  and  alao  to  an  act 
•Qtitled  "An  act  in  further  adduion  to  an  act  to  establuh  an  umform  r\ila 


246  ti^B  MKTHo[>s 

of  natunlUalion.  and  to  rrp^»l  xhn  acu  tw 

pMWd  May  20.  1834.      And  the  nt<)  A    B..  havi  • 

court  (uch  evld«nr«>,  made  vurh  drrlarattoo  and  i-  .'t 

oath.  a«  are  by  the  said  acta  rrqulTcd: 

TtifTrupon  It  wu  ordrr<-<|  by  th«  nld  court,  thai  the  Mid  A.  B.  b«  •4- 
mitted,  and  he  waa  ariiirdinKly  admitted  by  tiM  a^lij  oouft  to  b«  •  ctlUM 
of  the  United  Hlatca  of  Aiacrica. 

la  teatlmony  whertof.  the  iral  of  the  Mid  court  to  bamailo  aflsad  tllli 

day  of .  In  the  year  one  tboua«Dd  ola*  huDdrtd  Mkd  » 

(asAL]    and  In  th« year  of  our  UidapaiMtaocak 

Ftr  curiam.  L.  T^  dafc. 


Th«  Regiatration  of  Votora  \»  rrqaiffil  in  the  fltat««  of  .Mabamft, 
California,  Colorado,  Connfcticut,  Kluri>ia.  tiiMrsia,  Idaho,  Illi> 
Doifl  (id  Cook  Coanty,  if  unrrgistcrfHl,  vo(«r  cannoi  *w«ar  in  hi« 
vote),  Iowa  (in  citin  of  3,'jOO  or  over),  Kaiuuu  (in  dtirc  of  ibe 
first  and  nocond  claM),  Kentackr  (in  incor|>onU4Hl  U>wt\M  and 
cities),  Loui  I,  MaMachti*« ' 

Minnesota,   '  i  citie*  of  Z 

Montana  (in  ctues  of  over  1,kak>),  Now  Jcrtpy,  New  York,  North 
Carolina,  North  Dakota  (in  towtxa  of  bOO  or  over),  Ohio  (in  c.i..  a 
of  over  14,000),  Oklahoma  (in  citict  of  ortiT  2.S00),  Or 
Pennsylvania,  South  Carolina,  South  Dakota,  Khode  Ialan<i  •  <  v 
non-taxpayers),  Tfnno«9*»»,  I'tah,  Vermont,  Virginia,  Wrat  Vir- 
ginia, Wisconsin  and  WyotninR. 

lu  Pennsylvania  votors  arc  ri't;ist4>rr<l  by  the  aaaeaaors. 

Kogistrntion  is  not  required  in  Arkan«a«,  Indiana,  New  Hamp- 
«liiri>,  or  'Icxaa. 


OFFICIAL  POSITIONS 
UNDER  THE  CIVIL  SERVICE  ACT 

The  Civil  Service  Act,  oa  it  is  commonly  called,  or  the  'Act  to 
Regulate  and  Improve  the  Civil  Service  of  the  United  State*," 
as  it  is  ofEcinlly  dt^si^ated,  was  paased  in  January,  1883.  It 
provides  for  the  appointment  of  three  oommiasioDerB,  a  chief 
examiner,  a  secretary,  and  other  employees,  and  makes  it  the 
duty  of  the  commifssioners  to  aid  the  President  In  preparing 
rules  for  carryint:  the  new  art  into  efTect.  to  make  regulation* 
to  govern  all  examinations  held  under  the  provisions  of  the  act, 
and  to  make  investigations  and  report  upon  all  matters  touching 


OFFICIAL    POSITIONS  247 

the  enforcement  and  efTect  of  the  ruleo  and  regulations.     The 
adilress  of  the  conimiHsioner  is  Washinj^on,  D.  C. 

Number  of  positions. — Th»re  are  over  335, OUO  poaitious  lu  Uie 
exe<'utive  civil  servioe,  about  half  of  which  are  subject  to  cx)m- 
petilive  examination. 

Qualifications  of  Applicants.— Applicunt-s  for  examination  must 
be  cjlizeus  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  proper  age.  No 
I)er8on  itsing  intoxicating  liquom  to  excesH  may  be  appointed. 
No  discrimination  is  made  on  account  «f  Hex,  oolor,  or  political 
or  reUjciouH  opinions.  The  limitatiuna  of  afce  vary  with  the 
dilTerent  Hervices,  but  do  not  apply  to  any  {wrson  honorably  dis- 
charg««i  from  the  military  or  naval  servic*  of  the  UniUnl  States 
by  r«a.s(in  of  di.sability  retiulting  from  wounds  or  sickneM 
incurred  in  the  line  of  duty. 

How  App  ication  must  be  Made.— Persons  seeking  to  be  exam- 
ined must  tllo  an  application  blank.  The  blank  for  the  deiiart- 
mental  service  at  Washington,  railway  mail  Hervic«.  the  Indian 
■chuol  »ervic«,  and  the  government  printing  service  Hhould  be 
requeiitetl  directly  of  the  cUil  service  commiswion  at  Washing- 
ton. The  blank  for  the  cu-ntoms,  postal,  or  internal  revenue 
servioe  uuini  be  re<|ueHted  in  writing  of  the  civil  service  board 
of  examiners  at  the  ofli(*e  where  service  is  sought.  Tht^MO  [lapers 
should  b«»  returned  to  the  ofllcers  from  whom  they  emanat«d. 

Ezazninatioos  are  open  to  all  {tentons  qualified  in  respect  to 
age.  citizenship,  legal  residence,  charact^^r.  and  health.  More 
than  one  thousand  local  boards  of  examitu-r^i.  deHignatoi  by  the 
commission,  conduct  examinations,  make  certification  of 
eligible*,  and  perform  such  other  work  as  nuiy  be  aasigiied  to 
them,  at  poetofHces.  c\istom  bouses,  minta,  and  other  local  gov- 
ernment institutions. 

Register  of  Eligibles.— The  name  of  each  person  'obtaining  a 
grade  of  70  on  the  l^asis  of  100  Ls  entered  in  the  order  of  his 
rating  on  the  regi-ster  of  eligibles.  with  the  names  of  thoee 
entitled  to  military  or  naval  preference  under  Section  1.7l>i 
R  S. ,  ahead  of  all  others. 

Appointments.— In  ca.se  of  a  vacancy  not  filled  |by  promotion, 
reduction,  transfer,  or  reinstatement,  the  highest  three  of  the 
sex  called  for  on  the  appropriate  register  are  certified  for 
appointment,  the  apportionment  being  considered  in  appoint- 
ments at  Washington.  In  the  absence  of  eligibles.  or  when  the 
work  is  of  short  dumtion.  terai>oran.-  appointment«.  without 
examination,  are  permitted.    The  number  of  women  applying  foi 


348  BAFi:  MirriioDA 

clerical  pUoM  ia  greatly  in  ezoe«  of  ttie  oalLi  of  appoioUag  oA* 
oers.  Tlie  positions  to  which  the  lAFKedt  nuiubun  of  .th«m  art 
appointed  are  tboee  of  aMistant  mirrLM(>jptj.t  in  lh«  braaoh 
offices  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  InduHtrj  at  the  various  stook* 
yards  throughout  the  country,  and  teactter*.  matrons,  naot* 
strc—ee,  etc.,  in  the  Indian  service.  A  fow  reor>ivr>  apfiointmanU 
as  ntenofcmphpni  and  typewriters  in  tiie  dcportntental  sarri(M» 
and  a  f«nv  arc  ap|>ointed  to  technical  and  profssalonal  plaoea. 

Proference  Claimants  —Persons  who  served  in  the  military  or 
oaval  (u<rvi('it  of  tho  rntte<t  States,  and  were  dlaoharfad  bj 
reason  of  disabililius  rw«iultin;;  from  wounds  or  sickness  inoorrad 
in  the  lino  of  duty,  are.  undor  the  civil  service  rules.  Riven  o«r> 
tain  prefort>nres.  They  nr>«  rnloiuMd  from  ail  maximum  aga 
litnitations.  are  eligible  for  np})ointment  at  a  icrade  of  05,  wbila 
All  others  are  obliged  to  obtain  a  Rrads  of  70.  and  are  oertifUd  to 
appointing  ofUcors  before  all  others.  Subject  to  the  otbar  ooti> 
iitions  of  the  rules,  a  veteran  of  the  rebellion  or  of  the  war  with 
Spain,  or  the  widow  of  any  such  person,  or  any  army  narw  ot 
eith(>r  war,  miiy  Iw  rtMristated  without  regard  to  tbe  lan|;th  ot 
time  ho  or  sho  hiut  b«M»n  H«>p<irate<l  from  the  servioa 

Dismissals  and  Removals.— The  rivil  service  rules  proride  thai 
no  person  ia  tlie  executive  civil  service  shall  dismiss,  or  oausa 
to  be  dLsmissed.  or  make  any  attempt  to  procure  tka  il ism  1—1  of 
or  in  any  manner  change  the  oHlcial  rank  or  oompanaaUoo  of  any 
other  person  therein,  because  of  hi.^  politir>al  or  reiigioos  opin- 
ions  or  affiliation.H;  that  no  removal  nhall  be  made  from  any 
position  subjoct  to  competitive  examination  exo(>pi  for  just 
cause  anil  upon  written  charges  filed  with  the  head  of  the 
department  or  other  appointing  officer,  and  of  which  the  aocoaed 
shall  liave  full  notice  and  an  opportunity  to  make  defense;  and 
that  no  person  in  the  executive  civil  service' shall  use  his  official 
authority  or  oflBcial  influence  for  the  purpose  of  interfering  with 
an  election  or  controlling  the  result  thereof.  Such  rules  also 
provide  that  any  person  in  the  executive  civil  service  who  shall 
wilfully  violate  any  provision  of  the  civil  service  act  or  rules 
shall  be  dismissed  from  office. 

Political  Assessments. — Tlie  civil  service  act  contains  pro- 
visions forbidciing  any  person  in  the  service  of  the  United  States 
from  levying  upon  or  collecting  from  persons  in  the  executive 
civil  service  contributions  to  be  devoted  to  political  objects,  the 
collection  of  such  contributions  by  any  person  in  any  public- 
building  of  the  United  States,  or  discrimination  against  persons 


PARTNERSHIP  249 

who  do  not  make  tuch  contributions  or  render  political  aervioe. 
A  violation  of  any  of  the  proviaions  concerning  political  assess- 
menta,  or  their  collection  in  a  public  building  of  the  United 
Btates.  is  declared  to  be  a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by  a  tine  not 
exceeding  five  thousand  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  for  a  term 
not  exceeding  three  years,  or  by  such  fine  and  imprisonment 
both  in  the  discre'.ion  of  the  court.  The  act  also  declares  that 
when  ruloH  to  carry  its  provisions  into  effect  shall  have  been 
promulgat«d,  "it  sliall  l>e  the  duly  of  all  officers  of  the  United 
States  in  the  departments  and  oflices  to  which  any  such  rules 
may  relate,  to  aid,  in  all  proper  ways,  in  carrying  said  rules,  and 
any  nio'liMcations  thore^-jf.  into  effect-*' 

Publications  of  the  OommisBlon.— Among  the  publications  of 
the  oomraisaion  for  free  disti  bution  are  the  following: 

Manual  of  Examinations,  giving  plac*»^  and  dates  of  examina- 
tions, rules  by  which  \i«L\^n  are  rated  ^rw  of  examina- 
tions, specimen  questions,  and  •'enerai  i                .on. 

The  Civil  Servloo  Act.  Rules  and  Regulations. 

The  Annual  Reports  of  the  Commission,  showing  its  worL. 
Tl»e«e  annual  reports,  of  which  nineteen  have  been  issued,  may 
be  consulted  at  public  libraries. 

PARTNERSHIP 

A  partnership  exists  when  two  or  more  pen*on«  combine  their 
property,  their  labor,  their  skill,  or  all  ef  these  in  basinesa.  to 
•hare  the  gains  and  losses  in  certain  proportions. 

The  Firm  is  the  name,  style  or  title  under  which  the  partners 
do  biLsineas.  and  abto  means  the  partners  themselves,  taken  col- 
lectively.    The  firm  name  should  be  set  forth  in  the  articles. 

DIITZRENT  KINDS  OF  PARTNERSHIP 

▲  General  Partnership  Is  conHtitut'-i  f>etween  individuals  if 
they  agree  to  enter  into  a  general  or  particular  business,  to  share 
the  profits  and  losses  together  without  fixing  any  limiUtions  or 
conditions. 

A  Special  or  Limited  Partnership  is  an  agreement  entered  into 
to  allow  a  jr;>.riVi/  partner.  whoM-  niime  does  not  appear  in  that 
of  the  firm,  to  put  in  a  limite^i  amount  of  capital  and  to  receive 
a  corresponding  share  of  the  profits,  and  be  held  corresp^jndingly 
^sponsible  for  the  contracts  of  the  firm. 

Such  partnerships  were   unknown  to  the  common  law.  and 


380  HAFE    M>n*ll<)D« 

the  llmiUtlon  of  tUbilitjr   b  ••K'unnl  in  IhU  cxmnlry  oolj  by 
Btrict    eomplmni-e    wilh    the    (MXticuUr    rv^uirvmvoU    of    Ut* 

BtatutMi  of  tlje  iwvoral  SUt««  on  the  «uhj«»ct. 

The  Htatutm  gt'iierully  require  such  a  partnership  lo  b*  d«AB*4 
In  a  certilii-ate.  aiknowlcUKeJ  like  a  ilwnl.  which  muat  aat  forth 
the  firm  naino.  nature  of  buainem.  names  of  icroeral  and 
partneni,  «li.^tinguii^I»Oll  an  i»uoh.  and  the  amount  which 
•pcH'iul  partner  «x)ntribute«. 

An  Ottenjible  Partner  i.i  one  who  iji  V  •  irh  to  th«  world. 

A  Secret  Partner  i^  ouo  who   tJi  ii'  '    or  (eottrallj  ■> 

det'Uro.1.     He  Iji  not  liubl«  fur  .lebl/i  .xintnu-twi  afUr  his  reiire- 
ni»>nt,  iiltliotmh  hf*  ban  j^ivon  no  notice  of  th«  Mun*. 

A  Dormant  or  Silent  Partner  in  one  who  ta.'-ee  no  |mrt  in  the 
tninsik.ti..n  or  control  of  the  biu»in«««*.  but  (Area  loth*  proAU 
an<l  II1W.S4VH  ac«'orilin^  to  cvrtAin  uk'"'^'"''''^**- 

A  Nominal  Partner  u  helJ  out  t4)  the  wnrM  an  -  '  -mt 

octualls   p.uti.  ip.klinn  in   the  profit*  ftn«l   l«iee««  of  I.  .i^MB. 

HOW  PARTNERSHIPS  A&Z  FORMED 

All  ptTsoius  who  ure  l''>;'k'lj  ctni^otcnt  to  ilo  basineMi  for  them- 
selves may  enter  into  partuerahiiK 

A  partnership  maj  i>e  fornuvl  by  a  mere  rerbal  agreement  and 
stand  in  Law,  but  a  written  at^reemeni  is  ths  only  aa/e  ons.  and 
be  who  neglects  it  will  doubtlees  bare  reasoo  to  regreC  it  later. 

The  portiee  may  agree  as  they  please  as  to  sharing  profits  or 
losses,  but  in  the  absence  of  writing  to  prore  the  contrary  the 
law  will  assume  that  partners  share  profits  and  losses  equally. 

The  articles  of  agreement  should  be  drawn  up  with  special 
care  in  writing  the  details  of  conditions,  liabilities  and  propor- 
tionate share  of  profits  or  loss  fully  ntated. 

How  Soon  a  Partnership  is  in  Force.— It  In  presumed  that  a 
partner.ship  coniinenced  at  the  time  the  articles  of  oopartnervhip 
are  drawn  unless  otiierwise  stated. 

Use  of  Name  in  Partnership.— When  a  partner  withdraw*  from 
a  firm,  but  allows  his  name  to  be  um^I  as  before,  or  if  one  lends 
his  name  to  a  firm,  in  either  case  he  is  held  responaible  to  third 
persons  as  a  partner. 

Suing  Partners. — It  is  generally  supposed  that  one  partner 
cannot  sue  another.  Tliis  is  not  wholly  tnie  A  partner  can 
sue  for  a  balance  due  him  after  settlement  of  general  accounts 
or  for  a  balance  due  him  on  some  specific  account.     It  is,  how* 


I'AltTNKItSHIP  251 

ever,  best  to  app»»Jil  tr>  a  court  of  e<jiiity,  for  that  court  can  do 
for  partncrMhip  what  the  law  cannot  <lo 

DISSOLUTION  OF  PARTNERSHIP 

A  partnership  may  be  dis^^IveU  by  mutual  connent,  by  expira- 
tion of  predelerniin©*!  tiine.  by  dfath  of  ono  of  the  partners,  by 
infinity,  by  the  bankruptcy  of  either  {wrtner,  or  by  the  oourt 
for  any  good  caiue.  such  an  diMhoneiity  of  one  |>artner  aKaintit 
the  rerit,  or  inr^pocity  cauited  by  habitual  druukennetw  or  con- 
viotion  of  any  crime. 

A  {wrtner  may  withdraw  nt  any  time  if  no  time  for  the  con- 
tinuHtion  of  the  |>artnenthip  in  mentione<l  in  the  articl«>M  of 
aKrwouient,  but  he  inuat  give  due  notice  of  his  iut4*ntiun  to  the 
other  partner*. 

If  the  time  for  the  oontinuanoe  of  the  |>artnerHhip  Ls  men- 
tioDod.  a  partner  can  nerertlieleaB  withdraw  at  any  time,  but  lie 
ia  reaponsible  to  the  firm  for  damages  caused  by  the  breach  of 
hia  protniae. 

If  a  partner  dien  the  surviving  partnera  alone  have  the  right 
to  settle  up  the  bu.<tiiu*iia.  Tu  hi«  hfim  and  legal  reprosentatives 
they  n«-ed  only  to  render  an  a(x*ount  of  the  bujuneoa. 

Notice  to  b«  OiTen.— U[x)n  the  di.>tsolution  of  a  partnership  bj 
mutual  coniwnt  it  should  be  indorsed  on  the  articles  of  copart- 
nership and  a  notice  given  in  some  prominent  news]tu;)er. 
Special  notice  should  also  be  sent  to  each  one  of  the  creditorH  of 
the  firtn 

Aathority  of  Partners.— As  a  general  rule  the  whole  firm  and 
each  member  of  it  is  bound  by  the  acts  and  contracts  of  one 
partner,  because  in  the  eye  of  the  law  the  act  or  contract  of  one 
is  regarded  as  the  act  of  alL  E^h  is  reg^arded  as  the  a^ent  of 
all  without  any  ezpreas  authority  being  given.  Thufl,  loams 
purchases,  sales,  assignments,  pledges,  or  mortgages  cfTe<-t('d  by 
one  partner  on  the  partnership  account,  and  with  good  faith  in 
the  third  party,  are  binding  on  all  the  firm. 

So  is  also  release  by  one  a  release;  notice  to  one  is  notice  to 
all;  demand  of  one  is  demand  of  all.  In  matters,  however,  not 
connected  with  the  partnership,  but  intended  for  his  own  per- 
•onal  intere-ts   the  firm  is  not  Vwund. 

Liability  of  the  Several  Partners.— For  the  payment  of  part- 
nership debts  tl»o  property  of  tho  firm,  both  rt-al  and  perwirial,  as 
also  that  of  each  individual  ftartner.  is  held  responsible  for 
amount  of  the  unpaid  partnership  debt. 


252  BAFB  METHODS 

Partnurn  in  order  to  bind  all  must  act  in  unUon:  two  meiut 
of  a  tinn  cunnot  conolusivel/  bind  a  thir>l  If  on*  of  mj  parV 
nen  wun>  iilM)ut  making  a  tnvl«  with  A.  of  which  I  do  do! 
appnnt),  aiul  I  that  pxprvas  my  diiw«nt  to  A  th«  trad*  if  ooo* 
Huinnuited  will  not  bind  m<*.  pro%ltled  I  t^irn  noiio*  la  ttOM  lO 
pnnent  A  from  tnit«>rinic  ijfnomntly  into  it. 

Individual  Debt«  o(  Partners.  -If  a  partn«v  ha«  Indiridoal 
del)t«.  then  hiii  intertwt  in  the  rirm  i.<i  hrld  r«w{Minmibl«  for  UMm, 
aftt^r  the  drbt^  of  tite  Hrm  have  lM«<n  |«ld.  T)»«  liabiUti«a  of  Um 
tlrin,  however,  always  tiave  the  Hrvt  claim  upon  it*  ova 
proportr. 

Liabilities  of  a  New  Partner.— A  new  partner  [m  not  revfooaibl* 
for  deblH  of  ttie  Itrm  rontrart<Hi  by  the  aim*  prvvioua  to  his 
at.lmi.wion. 

Bellin^f  of  a  Partner's  Interest— No  partner  ran  mII  hla  Inter* 
out  to  im  oiit.^iiit)  piirty.  in  ordor  t')  hare  iiim  take  hta  plaoe^ 
without  the  <'iiJi,M«>nt  of  tho  oth»'r  jiftrtPT. 

Aathority  of  Partners  after  the  Partnership  Is  I>laaolT«d.-> 
Aft4)r  (liMtolution  each  [nirtner  haa  the  riKht  to  iMitl*  up  th* 
bu.Hine^K,  iinleMi  the  partners  a^re*  otherwiiw  and  i[ir9  diM 
notice  thereof.  He  can.  however,  create  no  new  obliKatlooj^ 
but  only  nettle  up  the  old  oneA  The  ntatute  law  of  th«  8tAt« 
should  be  carefully  complied  with  in  this  rwipert. 

The  r^Ilowinf;  forms  will  serve  aa  modeb  for  drmwing  up 
articles  of  copartnenihip" 

Articles  of  Copartnership 

ArtirUa  of  Agrfrmenl  m»dc  %n<\  coni-luil«'<l  Uiu  fint  day  of  Januarr,  la 
|b«  year  A.  D.  one  tboiuaixl  nine  buii<lrr<l  arKl  aJevto.  b«lwr«a  Ueory  IL 
Raymer.  of  the  first  part,  and  Charif^  ''  -.  of  the  Moopd  part,  botb 

of  the  nty  of  (incinnatl.  County  of  Ha  '•  of  Obkk. 

The  said  parttes  have  ainv^'d  to  a.^--- inadrM  as  eopartnm  for 

the  ptir^ioso  of  rarryinK  on  the  fivnrral  Dry  Goods  Buslnw  at  No.  450  Oev^ 
land  Avi-nuf.  In  the  City  of  Ctncinnatl. 

1.  The  name,  title,  and  style  of  cuch  p*rtnerihlp  ahall  b«  R*yn)rr  h 
Werner  and  It  shall  continue  three  years  from  date  hrirof.  except  In  caa* 
of  the  deatn  of  either  of  the  said  partners  within  the  said  term. 

2.  That  the  said  Henry  Raymer  contribute  Six  Thoii-iand  DoQan  (t«.000) 
and  the  said  Chas.  Werner  Two  Thou.sand  Dollan  (t2.000). 

3.  All  the  net  prohta  arising  out  of  the  busmen  shall  b«  divided  In  the 
following  proportions:  Three-fourths  to  the  said  Raymer  and  one-fourth  im 
the  said  Werner. 

4.  That  bocks  of  account  shall  be  kept.  In  which  shall  be  entered  a  fuU 
and  exact  account  of  all  purchases,  sales,  transactions,  and  acrountj  of  sAM 
firm,  and  which  shall  always  be  open  to  the  Inspection  of  both  pantoi  and 
their  legal  representatives  respectively. 


PARTNE31SHIP  SSS 

0.  TTiftt  tb«  Mdd  Henry  lUjrmer  ahall  haTO  exclusive  charge  of  all  the 
buylnjc  (or  ihr  ftnn. 

e.  hUu-h  partner  nhall  devote  all  hk  time  to  tb«  said  bualnoa  and  will 
use  till  t>«4i  e/Torta  to  make  the  bualocM  lucc—ifiil  and  promote  tb«  liiterc»t« 
o(  th«  iirin  m  ivrry  way. 

7.  Netihtf  party  khall  ajaume  any  obliratton  or  liability  In  the  namr  of 
the  Arm  for  the  accomnwxtaiuin  of  any  oibrr  {>rT>«m  or  prrson*  whatntx-vrr 
without  the  coiiaenl  of  th.-  ..  «-lth«>r  party  lend  any  of  the 

fun<la  of  the  ftrra  without  :  r  |>artnrr. 

An-1  It  u  furthrr  urr-  ^'■•■^  any  of  the  alorr»ald 
artldrjt  of  a*TT*mpnt  th*-  U-wolve  lhi« copartnrr- 

■hlp  Imrartlialciy  upon  hv^ „  .... -.'  -.  Ualion. 

In  Wiltx^it  Wkrrect.  we  bare  b«Yeunto  eet  our  hands  and  seals  the  day 
ADd  year  altove  anttcn. 

IleNNT  II.  ILATMra,       (acxL] 

LuxULUiM    D.    WkUNUI.      [lICAl.] 

Eiecut'*!  and  drllverr<l  | 
In  the  pmence  of       ) 
)!.  K.  Ruanowa, 

▲rtidei  of  LlmiUd  Partner  ihip 

ArtxcUa  of  Partnrrthip  ajrrr^d  iip^in  JIU  flr»t  day  of  May.  A.  D.  1911. 
bHwtvn  Hrnry  IL  lUyn>er  of  the  flrat  pan.  and  diarlra  U.  Wenirr.  of  the 
•econd  part. 

Tb«  partira  h«Tf>to  acree  to  forra  a  limited  partn^rihlp,  undrr  the  law 
prov'.linjf  (<>r  linutwl  partnerahipa,  un'^f!-  ■•  ••  ••  ■  ••  ■'  lir..  -v  K  llayrnrr,  a« 
rrtatJ  il-al»-ri  ir>  <lry  Koo<u,  to  be  cor.  iaii.  County 

of  Hani.Uon.  ."^tate  of  Ohio,  to  com::.  ■•  thr*>e  years, 

lUnry  R.  Raymer  is  to  be  the  general  partnT.  an<l  contribute  to  tb« 
capital  t-t.OOO.  He  Is  to  have  charxe  and  mana<rin<-nt  of  the  bujitiwea  and 
devote  bis  tire*  and  attention  to  it.  and  tue  hla  beet  espitlona  to  tnaiie  It 
proAtable.  He  la  to  keep  rorrrct  and  prop«T  booka  of  amount,  in  a  prope* 
manner,  to  show  all  the  partocrahlp  tranaacttona.  which  are  to  be  open  for 
exanunation  to  aald  Werner  at  all  times,  and  ahail  communlrate  to  aaid 
Werner,  from  time  to  time,  all  information  that  be  may  destn  as  retards  tb« 
buaineaa. 

Chart**  B.  Werner  is  to  b*  the  tpeda!  partner,  and,  at  the  time  of  exerutln^ 
theee  artlcliv.  has  contributed  to  the  capital  ei«ht  thousand  dollars  (94.000) 
In  caMi  to  the  common  ttocn. 

From  the  profiu,  if  any,  each  partner  Is  to  receive  the  interest  upon  hie 
contribution  to  the  capital,  and  the  residue  of  the  profit  Is  to  be  divided 
between  them.  An  accounting  Is  to  be  had  onoe  in  six  months,  the  ptofite 
and  leases  aacertainrd.  and  the  lonses.  if  any.  are  to  be  borne  by  the  panoea 
tai  pror<ortK>n  to  itteir  respective  contrlbutlona  to  the  capltaL 

Hc.fRT  R.  RaTiacm.       (skai>] 
CwaHi.ra  0.  WaxKBa.    (acaij 
Exectr.ed  and  d^-llv^red  ) 
in  the  pr>.«<. •.".'-.•  of        J 
H.  IL  HtKnowa. 
B.  M.  MiLj.i.it. 


254  BAIT   MtmiUDe 

OertiflcAU  of  UmiUd  PutMfihip 

This  i*  to  Crrt.fy,  TTiml  lh«  undrnirrirfi  hmrr.  pun>j*ni  to  th* 
of  the  utatutt-a  of  th«  HUle  of  Oh:  ..Wr  lb* 

firm  nanir  or  lirory  il.  lUynirr.  t  ntwma  to 

l>e  irBimai-trti  i<  iH«t  of  rvt*U  tlralm  m  •inlwrlsd 

in  tlir  City  of  ('iiiriim»(l     thit'.  Il-firr   !  mimt  tta4 

tltaili-s  It.  VVrrrjrr  thr  --mrr  h»0 

coiiiritnii<'<l  ihr  aura  of  cnmnwMI 

«to«-k;    an<l  that  Mid  t>«r'!i.  r-.!,  ;■  :.  (■.  ;  •  *    :         •.' •-  r    i'.  .:iy  ..f  May.  A,  tX 
1911.   kn'l  la  to  trrininair  on  thr  tlT'tt -Uy  uf  May,  A    t>    DtC 

Dmtcd  thU  Qnt  day  of  U«y.   1911. 

Ilnnrr  R.  ILtTitnL. 
Cuamjm  B.  Wouna. 

City  or  OiMrixitATi,  1 
Hamilton  County,      )  **• 
(>n  th«  finl  day  of  May.    1>U.   b«fr>r«  n"  rarr,<"  lf»^ry  R  fUrmar  Mid 
CharIrM  it.  Wtfnrr,  to  in"  known  to  be  '  '"arTtbad  la  AOd  wbO 

extvuttti  the  above  ccnUk«l«,  and  th<  ..>«lMl«e4  thai  llwy 

executed    the   •Aina. 

WnoJAM  t.niuuMKa. 
(«kal]  Nourr  rubUe. 


DlAsolatlon  of  Partnenblp 

Wt  the  l'ndrr»iffnrd  <l.>  tnui  lah)  ajrT«<  that  the  within  nvntlooed  ptU 
nersliip  l>c  and  tl>e  Mm*'  l*  li'r<Sy  .!lmm.U«-«I.  eirvpl  fof  th«  ptrpoaa  of  tb« 
final  ll'iutdktlon  and  •rttlrnirtit  of  the  tiinlniM  Um(«o  and  upoa  mKb 
■ettlcmrnt  wtiolly  to  craM  and  trnninale. 

In  witnrM  wh.-rrof.  w«  h«r«  hereunto  aet  our  hwida  and  m»U  thia  flnt 
day  of  January.  1913. 

Hk.xmt  R.  Ratmkii.       ['■  >    " 
CtiAA.  b.  Wajuraa.         (•>>  <i  j 
81gne<l.  ii«^lrd.  and  dellTered  I 
In  pn-srnc*  of  j 

FllKU   PoHTXH. 
AtXILN    MoRTTM. 


Notice  of  DUsoluUon 

Nolle*  is  hereby  riven  that  tho  partnrr^hlj)  heretofore  ex Irtfnr  b^i 
Hcpr>-  R.  Raymer  and  Cha.s.  H.  Wonirr,  of  Cincinnati.  Ohio.  •  •  no 

name  of  Raj-mcr  A  Werner,  U  thU  first  day  of  January.  1912.  .  by 

mutual  consent. 

HrxHT  R.  RArMCK, 
CiJAJt.  B.  Wr-Rxtn. 
The  business  \km  b«  continued  at  Cincinnati  by  Henry  R.  Raymer.  ifte 
Is  authorized  to  sf  ttle  the  affairs  of  the  said  firm- 
Cincinnati,  January  1,  1912. 


Passports — patents,  til\de  M.\RKa,  coFnuoirre      255 
PASSPORTS 

A  paagport  fa  a  wHtt«n  jiermft  to  citlxens  of  thla  oountrj  U 
travel  unm«jlfstetl  in  uny  f<)r»«iKn  country.  It  rt>oominend«  them 
to  the  protoction  of  forei>^i  Kovemmontii  whero  thf^y  may  viult 

The  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  State*,  at  Ww»hinKton.  i« 
alone  properly  authorixed  to  itsue  paanportA  In  tho  Unittni  Statea, 
but  the  minintprs  and  otlior  diplotnatio  r««|>r»*>«ntatiTeB  of  out 
gOTPrnm.-nt  ttbr»>ad  nmr  grant,  Umie  and  verify  them. 

Application  for  a  pawport  by  a  penon  in  one  of  tho  Insuljc 
pciwe— iona  of  tho  L'ntt<Hi  States  should  be  made  to  the  chiel 
neonlive  of  nuch  poMneKKion. 

Non«  hut  ciiizontt  of  the  United  States  can  receive  pawporta 
The  Government  charge  i«  fl.OO.     Notary  fee,  25  cents. 

Any  ortlcwr  Kn"»ti"g  unlawfully  a  passport  subjects  hIraaeU 
to  punii'hiui'nt  by  fine  or  impri 

PanportM  nuiy  \m  imued  by  4  of  customs  to  United 

States  vesBeh  visiting  foreign  pt.rtM.anl  lb.»  iiia«t«r  of  aship  who 
sails  without  one  to  a  foreign  port  makea  himiwlf  liable  to  pun- 
tshment. 

The  name,  age  and  rvwldenoe  of  the  applicant,  irlth  a  deacri|>' 
tion  of  his  personal  appearance,  are  entered  in  it,  to  properly 
Identify  him. 

PATENTS,  TRADE  MARKS  AND 
COPYRIGHTS 

PATENTS 

A  patent  Is  a  written  inHtrument  i<wue«l  by  the  national  go»^ 
emniont.  giving  the  inventor  the  eiclujiive  riKbt  to  ils«,  numu 
farture  and  sell  his  invention  or  improvement  for  a  given  tenr 
of  yptfirs  within  the  United  Statea. 

Without  such  a  patent  on  hla  part  any  one  eL»e  can  use  or 
•ell  anything  he  has  invented,  A  patent  socurea  to  him  the 
•xclu-sive  right 

A  patent  la«ta  for  seventeen  years;  after  thU  any  one  cub 
oiake,  use  or  sell  the  thing  patented. 

Tlie  pitpnt  i.s  designe<1  to  enconmge  and  protect  invention*. 

How  Obtained. — To  obtain  a  patent,  application  muAt  l>e  mmW 
%•  the  Coniniiasioner  of  Patents,  accomii»inie<l  by  carefullr 
7nf»rv>ii  paiier«  and  drawings,  describing  tho  invention.     Tho»» 


26C  BAFC  MirriioD?* 

ar«  examined  by  the  (coTcmment  officer*  t. >  •».•-  .  .--  -  -;  ^  .inM 
is  a  proper  ooe  fur  a  patent,  and  if  it  U,  th<'  ■...{ 

U'tttTs  jxitrnt)  ia  signed  and  Mot  to  tlie  invcniur  ra 

may  also  obt^n  patents  M  well  as  ritlzens  of  tlir  rr.'  « 

A  complete  application  compriMM  tl>e  p«''  ■\. 

oath  and  drawingn  and  the  model  of  •{Mirlmc: . 

The  Specifications.-  Ln  framing  the  ipeoiflcation  It  is  wail  to 
pup«u«  tho  follo%vinK  order: 

1.  Ih-eamblt^  giving  the  mune  and  resideooe  of  the  appticanl 
and  tho  title  of  tho  invention. 

2.  Cionmil  •itat4>tnnnt  of  the  object  and  nature  of  the  inventtoo. 
8.   Dricf  d<>(H'ription  of  the  drawing*,  ahowing  what  eaoh  riew 

reprcsontii.  unleen  no  drawing  l«  pra<:tl(^ble. 

4.  Detailotl  dtwcription.  explaining  fully  the  allegvd  InrentkNl 
and  thu  manner  of  oonstmotinf,  prmotioia(,  oparmtlng  aad 
using  it. 

5.  Claim  or  claimd 

6.  Signature  of  inventor. 

7    Signnturee  of  witne— ea. 

The  Oath.— The  applicant,  if  the  inreotor.  must  nukke  omX}k 
that  he  believM  himself  to  be  the  (Init  and  original  disoorerer  oc 
inventor  of  the  art.  machine,  manufarture,  oompositioo  or 
improvement  for  which  he  deeiree  a  patent,  and  that  to  his  beat 
knowledge  and  belief  the  same  was  never  before  known  or  used. 
Drawings.— The  appliciLnt  for  a  patent  must  furnish  a  draw- 
ing of  his  invention  where  the  nature  of  the  case  adrai'.s  of  it. 
Drawings  must  be  mado  upon  pure  white  bristol  board  The 
size  of  the  sheet  must  bo  exactly  ten  by  fifteen  inches,  leaving  a 
margin  of  one  inch  all  around  the  drawing. 

All  drawings  mu.st  be  umde  with  a  pen  and  with  IndiA  ink. 
The  inventor's  signature  must  be  placed  at  the  lower  r^ht- 
kand  cerner  of  the  sheet  and  those  of  the  witnesses  at  the  lower 
left-hand  corner. 

Drawings  should  be  rolled,  not  folded. 

Models  must  clearly  exhibit  every  feature  of  the  machino 
which  forms  the  subject  of  the  claim,  but  no  other  matter 
except  for  illustration. 

A  working  model  is  best  where  it  can  be  furnished- 
Amendments. — The  applicant  has  a  right  to  amend  before  or 
after  the  first  rejection,   and  he  may  amend  as  often  a^   the 
examining  officers  present  any  new  references  or  reasons  tor 
rejection. 


PATKNTS.  TRADE    MARKS    A.VD    COPYRIGF!-ra  257 

In  caM,  an  .pplirant  .lo,^  not  prosecute  hi.  application  for  two 

h.m    ,t  u  ,11  U  held  that  the  application  ha«  been  al>an.lone,l 

i:xt«nsioM.-ratentsiunc«  March  2.  186..  annot  be  extruded 
exf..j)t  by  t  ongre-w. 

A-,igiunenta.-Every  patent  or  anr  interest  therein  «hall  he 
««.Knul.le  m  law  by  an  instrument  i„  writi,,;,  The  ,«,tentee 
or  h..H  ,..„Kn.s  may  aK,  ^^r.^nt  an.l  convey  in  like  manner  an 
exclu.s.ve  n^M  unJer  hi.  ,«tent  for  the  whole  or  any  «,«cined 
part  ..f  the  Unite<l  States.  ^  "l-ecineu 

Mark.-Every  patented  article,  before  it  i.  «olJ.  n.ast  be 
^"enuld'^  '"^  ^''*'  "^"'^  ""  '''''y  ^"«  '^^'^^  it  i- 

Infringement  is  the  making,  twing  or  celling  the  patented 
art.,  ...  wuhout  the  ,M.rmi«iion  of  the  owner  of  the  patent  Ita 
o.r>..-,.-nc«H  are  twofold:  (1)  The  Infringer  must  pay  to  the 
owner  of  the  intent  whatever  damage-  the  latter  Buffen.  through 
the  mfrmgement.  equivalent  a.ually  to  the  profile  which  the 
infringer  lm«  made;  (2)  the  court  will  compel  the  Infringer  to 
•top.     By  the«  two  n,ethod«  the  exclu.iTe  right  i*  enforced. 

Fe«a  Required  by  Law 

1  ApplicaUon.-()n  rilmK  each  origmal  application  for  a  pat- 
ent  f-xrvpt  in  <I»-Hiffn  ca.H«^.  fiftwn  dollars 

2  Origmal  Patent.-,  .n  induing  each  original  patent,  except 
in  de.siKM  rtis,-*.  tw..rity  dollara. 

8.  Li  Design  Oases.  -  For  three  yean,  and  «ix  month,,,  ten  dol- 
d^Ur!"'*''''"^**"*'  «'l**«n  dollan.;    for  fourteen  yeara.  thirty 

4.   tuveat. — Not  available  since  1910 

6  Re-l5sue  of  Patents.-On  every  application  for  the  reissue 
of  a  [vilent.  thirty  dollam. 

6.  Disclaimer.  -On  lilingeach  disclaimer,  ten  dollan. 

7.  Extension  of  Patent. -On  every  application  for  the  exten- 
•Ion  of  a  patent,  fifty  dollarn 

8.  Grant  of  Extension.-On  the  gran»mg  of  every  extension  of 
a  patfnt.  fifty  dnllars 

»  First  Appeal. -On  an  appeal  for  the  fln-t  time  from  the 
primary  exan.iners  to  the  examiner  In  chief,  ten  dollars. 

10^  Every  Appeal.-On  every  appeal  from  the  exaralner-ln- 
«>hier  to  tho  cofnini.tsioner.  twenty  dollars 

1 1    Certifled  Copies  of  Patents. -For  certified  copies  of  patent* 


25S  BAIT   UmiODS 

and  other  p*p«r*,  inoludiog  oertifled  priotod  oopica.  tMi 
per  hunJrp<l  wordji 

12.  Recordini^.— For  recording  erery  amignment.  «|{regimal> 
pow'ur  uf  Httornejr,  ..  other  paper,  of  thrtw  hun>lrpil  words  or 
unil»>r.  oD»  dullnr;  of  over  three  hundrtvl  at  '><^u«iand 

word.H.  twodo'liirit:  of  over  one  thuiinan  1  loUarv. 

18.  Oopiffi  of  Drawing.— For  copies  of  drawing*,  the  reaaooabte 
Ooet  of  making  (h<-tn 

14.  Foil  Information.— Hietw  fees  maj  be  paid  to  the  Ciimmia* 
sloner  of  riiU'utM.  or  to  the  Trro-iurvr  or  any  of  the  amistani 
treasureni  of  the  Unit«d  Stat««.  If  you  dr«>irt<  to  M^mre  a  pat- 
ent  write  to  t  le  Commijiiuonpr  of  I'Mtrtit*.  \V'  ■  '', 

and  you  will   receive  all  the  niw^'fwwvry  |«j»«n«,  >  ■«»• 

pleto  iiiMtructiuns  and  directionji. 

CAVEATS 

A  mv«»t.  under  lhi«  j'litorit  Uw.  u  a  notii'w  gircn  •  ^i.^ 

of  the  fftvcntor'n  claunH  a^  inventor,  in  order  to   ;  ; Ite 

gTHDt  of  a  |Mitent  to  another  for  the  name  all«^*-  i'lO 

an  Hpplicstion  tiled  during  tiie  life  of  a  cavr^t  .  '  to 

the  caveator. 

Any  fverson  who  has  made  a  new  invention  ir  .it-w  .^t-rT.  nti  t 
dcwireo  fiirtlier  time  to  mature  the  Maine,  may,  on  pavnient  of  a 
fe«^  of  ten  dollarH.  file  in  the  (vntent  olll--**  am-  •  <  forth 

tlje  ohje<'t  and  the  di.^t)nKuiMhtn^  chxirm-teri'it  ■     inven 

tion,  and  pmyinf;  protection  of  lii^  right  untik  he  iiiiall  have 
matured  his  invention.  Such  caveat  itluiU  be  tiled  in  the  o>nH- 
dential  archives  of  tlie  offlce  and  preserved  in  wcrerj.  and  ahalS 
be  operative  for  the  term  of  one  year  from  the  filing  thereof. 
Tlie  caveat  may  be  renewed,  on  request  in  writing,  by  the  pay- 
ment of  a  second  fee  of  ten  dollan*.  and  it  will  continue  in  force 
for  one  year  from  tlie  payment  of  such  second  fee. 

Tlie  caveat  mu.st  comprise  a  speciHcation.  oath,  and  when  the 
nature  of  the  case  admits  of  it.  a  drawing,  and.  like  the  applt''«- 
tion,  must  be  limited  to  a  single  invention  or  improvement. 

TRADE  MARKB 

A  trade  mark  is  a  mark,  emblem  or  symbol  which  a  merch^uit 
or  manufacturer  uses  to  denote  his  own  goods.  It  is  usually 
attached  to  them  and  may  be  in  the  form  of  letters,  words  or 
ornamental  designs. 


PATENTS,  TilADE    MARKS    AN'D    COPYRIGirTS  ^.f^) 

The  Right  Acquired  in  a  trade  mark  in  the  exclusive  right  to 
Om!  it,  or,  in  oilier  words,  the  right  to  keep  others  from  iLsing 
that  tra«^iH  mark. 

Tlie  right  may  be  acquired  by  a  citizen  or  foreigner  and  lasts 
as  loni:  a.s  the  trade  mark  ia  used. 

Ita  Object  in  to  protect  both  the  owner  and  the  public  against 
imitaliouii  of  an  article  which  has  ac<|uired  a  gooil  reputation. 
If  it  were  not  for  this  ext'liwive  riKht.  others  might  pbice  the 
aaine  mark  on  tlieir  goods,  and  thas  deceive  the  public  into 
believing  they  were  manufacturtvl  by  the  wiine  tlrm.  This 
would  deprive  the  one  who  lia  1  built  up  the  tra<le  of  the  benefit 
of  his  industry  and  skill  or  defraud  the  public  into  buying  an 
Inferior  article. 

Acquinng  a  Trade  Mark.— Copjrrights  cannot  bo  granted  upon 
tnidf  (irnrLH  or  labels  intended  to  be  used  for  any  articles  of 
manufacture. 

If  prottvtion  for  such  names  or  labeLt  w  de*iire<l.  application 
muMt  l>e  made  to  the  patent  offl.'w,  where  they  are  registered,  if 
admitted,  at  a  fee  of  six  dollars  for  lal)els  and  twenty-five  dol- 
lar* fi-r  tni'Ie  mark.<« 

Infringement  of  a  trade  mark  is  prevented  in  the  same  way  as 
in  tl»e  ca«e  of  patents,  viz.,  by  a  suit  against  the  infringer  for 
damaijes  and  for  an  injunction  to  compel  him  to  cease  uting  it 

What  Cannot  b«  Used  aa  a  Trade  Mark.— A  generic  name  of 
an  article  cunoot  U*  used  a.s  u  triide  mark.  A  name  merely 
descriptive,  or  representing  the  kind,  quality,  ingredients  or 
characteristics  of  the  article,  is  not  avnilable  as  valid  trade 
marks.  Geographical  names  used  in  their  proper  sense  cannot 
beoome  valid  trade  marks. 

COPYRIGHT 

Copyright  in  deflne<i  by  the  fcct  of  Congress  of  1874  as  the 
liU-rty  of  printing,  publishing,  compiling,  executing  and  vend- 
ing any  original  book,  map,  chart,  dnimatic  or  mu.«<ical  compo- 
sition, engraving,  print,  photograph  or  negative  thereof,  or  of  a 
painting,  drawing,  chromo.  statue  or  statuary  and  of  models  or 
designs  intended  to  be  perfected  as  works  of  art. 

The  object  of  such  copyright  i.s  to  encourage  the  writing  of 
books  or  the  pro<iuction  of  anything  that  may  conduce  to  the 
advancement  of  art  and  literature  and  the  general  improvement 
of  mankin  1. 


S60  BAFB    MKTilOUH 

COPYRIGHT  LAWS  OF  THE  irNTTED  STATK5 

How^  to  Obtain  Ck>pyright. — ^Th«  follnwinff  rvqaUeinonU  ar« 
preecribcd  by  Acta  o(  Coagr«M,  approved   March  4,    19D0  aad 

AuKUflt-M,  I'Jl'J. 

The  Application  for  rof^latnUion  of  r-  -  '   ruaM  •Moifr  to 

which  of  tiio  (i>iluwinK  cIwmm  the  work  t<  >  r;i;hlMi  mIuuks: 

(a)  BookH,  includiog  conipo«il«  an<l  cyci  t- 
criea,  pa/.»'ti»'«Tfi,  and  other  OonipilaMind;     i 

cludin^:  I  rn:  (c)  lecturrn,  :  •  d 
(or  oral                      (d)   draiiialic  ct 

tinnfl;  (n   !M>i-.   .il   componitiuiui:     (i;   i  .^ti, 

niodelfl  or  df-ijnfl  for  wofIls  of  art;  nf    a 

work  of  art;     (i)  drawiiif^a  or  plastic  w<  •  '•    U- 

nical    chftrartfr;       (j)     plt>ol<:)t;rapln;     (  vl 

lllnBtra»iorn;  (1)  motion  picture  photo-;  ,  ,  .  ;  ^  '• 
iurea  other  than  photo-playe. 

Necessary  Step*  to  Secure  Registration.— For  wor'  -  '■•--€»• 
diiccd  ill  Copies  for  Bale:     1.  The  w-  rk  tii'isl   b«   pabl  :h 

copyriplit  notice,  which  In  cane  of  b««jkf<,  >    ■  ,  i  i-.- )m<  h. 

"Ccpyrntiit,  1V>  ..,  by " 

brftCfd  in  clnflfl»'9  (  to  k,  inclunive,  tin*   i  *» 

letter  C  inclom-d   within   a   circle,  :.  . 

monoRram,  mark  or  symbol  of  the  r  ,  •] 

bis  name  appears  eloewitore  on  Uie  Cwi,,c<i.      1).  n.ut 

publication  of  tiie  work  two  oopio«  of  the  beet  c.  H  l-e 

Bent  to  the  Copyright  Othco,  Library  of  Congrvaa,  >n  asLungton. 
D.  C,  with  appUcaiion  for  regietration. 

In  case  of  motion  picture  photo-plavs  and  of  r     •  "  turea 

Other  than  photo-plays  a  dencnntjon  of  the  work  n.  1  and 

a  money  order  payable  to  tne  Kegi8t*>r  of  CopynguLa  iur  th« 
Statutory  requisition  fee  of  $1.00. 

In  case  of  bookB  by  American  authors,  or  p<>rmanert  '      '4 

of  the  United  States,  the  copies  dt-posit^Hl  must  be  a<  1 

by  an  artidavit,  under  the  otlicial  seal  of  an  oificier  aui;.  .  •  i  t-j 
administer  oaths,  etatinj?  that  the  typeet-tiiiij^,  printing,  ami  h:nd- 
Ing  of  the  book  have  been  performed  within  the  United  States. 
Athdavit  and  application  forms  will  be  BuppUed  bj  the  copyrigbl 
office  on  request. 

Books  of  foreigrn  orifnn  in  a  lanf^A(;e  or  lanf^ages  other  than 
English  are  not  required  to  be  manufactured  in  the  United  States. 
In  the  case  of  a  book  in  the  English  laneua^e  published  abroad 
before  publication  in  this  country,  an  adlnttn'm  copyright  for  30 
days  from  the  day  of  the  deposit  of  the  foreign  copy  may  be 
secured  by  depositing  in  the  copyright  ofhce  one  complete  copy 
of  the  foreij:^n  edition  within  SO  days  after  its  publication  abroad. 
If  two  copies  of  such  book  manufactured  in  this  country  are  de- 
posited with  application  for  registration  and  fee    ($1)   during  the 


PATENTS,    TRADE    MARKS   AND   COPYRIOHTS  261 

ttliTyi'^''^'  ^^^  °°P^'8^'  '^'l'  ^  extended  for  the  full  term 

.l^''''^''l^'>.^''y^Pr^^^ced  in  copiea   for   Bale:    CopyriRht  mav 
alflo    be    had   of  certain  claasea  of  works   (see  a,  b.  cb!o\J?ol 
which  copies  are  not  reproduced  for  sale    hv  niin»  iU  ,f' ""^^   ^' 
right  omce  an  appl.cat.o'n  fur  reg.stratfoi  'w.^h'u"!    t'atu"  r^'f"; 
of  $1.00   8»-ndinK  therewith:  (a)    In  the  case  of  lectures  or^ftlw-r 
ora.  addresses  or  of  dramatic  or  musical  compoaTt  on   one  cm 
p  eie  manuHcnpt  or  typewriten  copy  of  the  work.     ThisTivi  Z 
of  regisiraliun,  however,  doea  not  exempt  the  cor^vrlXF^V  ^ 
etor  irom  the  depoait  of  printed  copies  J)'.  draSc'o'rSu«rcai 
composition  or  lecture  where  the  work  ia  lat*>r  r  .^r  :  i        i   ■ 
copies  for  sale,     (b)   In  the  ca«e  of  phou,gV\p?rnor^^^^^^ 
general  circulation,  one  phou,Kraphrc   print.^cMn  "incase  of 
works   of    art  (pa.nt.ng.  drawings,  sculpture);  or  of  dru^^Sta  or 
plaatic  works  of  a  scientitic  or  technical  rharaw!^r  "'^^^'"K"  °f 
«r.p.  or  o,her  ide„ti(yi„,  reprod^uT  o.  ZZZ'  "a  c'u  o^Ji 
«  motioD  p.olure  photo-pPay,  .  title  and  dcKription  and  onlprin 

JsSnVpZ:"pt-r.'."?;  r„'d  dX";n'.?£';';",,!;i".",:; = 

cop.ea  for  sale,  two  copies  must  then  be  deposit^.  ^  ° 

Fees. -For  registration  of  any  work  subject  to  copyrieht  SI  on 
wh.c^isum  IS  to  include  a  certificate  of  rigistratioS^nder  se^' 
But  only  one  regi«tratiun  at  one  fee  is  required  in  the  cLe  of 
•everal  volumes  of  the  same  book  depoaft^ Tn  Uie  conTrleht 
office  at  the  same  t.me.  For  every  additional  certif  cate  CFreLI.. 
tration,  or  copy  of  record  under  seal  60  cenL^  in  ♦»!  1  *"  # 
photographs  the  fee  shall  be  60  c^nti,'  where^a -cetaic^te'iT'no 
reonest^d  hor  recording  and  certifying  an  asaiRnrnent  of  con^ 
nglit.  or  for  a  certified  cony  of  an  k«,ignme^1?  So     f    he  ^n-" 

thr.'"h°'!f  ""a^  ""7^  ^^^r  ^""^^^  '^"^^s  in  lenRfh;  if  more  than 
hree  hundred  and  leBS  than  one  thousand  words  in  lenShV>(i 

SiMa"?;^HdS^r.7»e?-^X*o«S^^ 

inc^h  '•°'^^'  article   in  addition  to  the  fte  prescribed  for  recr?rd 
ing  the  instrument  of  ass  gnment      For  recnnJin,,  «r,^  l^^"^^' 

Z  T''''''  °JS  ^^^>'"^^''  ^  ^-^      RemiU^'n  e  lo'u^d'b?n7a.i: 
by  monev  order  payable  to  the  ReRiater  of  CopvrighS      Forma 

[equeau  '^  ^'  "^^P^"^^'  registration  will^be  Cnished  on 

Duration  of  Copyright.-The    original    term    for  convri^ht 
runs  for  twenty-eight  yeara.      Withi.i  one  v^ar  prior  ^^hlfx 
p.ration   of  the   original  term,  the  author.'if  liv^nl    t^e  wkJow 
or  widower  of  the  author,  or  the  children  of  the  ku^tbor  if  he  ij 


8Ani  Mrrnons 

not  living;  or  if  none  of  thoso  b«  living  th'>n  the  aathor'iei 

or  in  the  nboc-nco  of  a  will,  the  authur's  ti>*xt  of  kto  m&v  MCdrs 

%  ri*ni*wal  for  a  further  term  of  twenty-eiRht  yeani,  tna 

■iz  ycarfl  in  all.     In  caM  of  compoeita  workii,  if  the  \  ^        .  i<ir 

eecured  the  original  copyright,  be  may  »l»o  accure  ibe  rrncwal. 

Assignments. — CopyriRhtu  arc  assignable  by  any  Iniitnimrnt  of 
writing.     Kviry  assignment  of  copynght  must  br  rccurtletl  in  tb« 
copyright  otlico  within  three  calendar  months  after  it«  rxrcation 
in  the  United  States  or  within  six 
tion  without  tlie  limits  of  the  I':, 
■hall  be  void  aa  against  any  suhiH-((tu -nt  i 
for  a  valuable  consideration,  without  n'  ' 

has  been  duly  recorded.  Every  assignment  of  copyright  ezrcutMl 
in  a  foreign  country  must  be  acknowUnlged  before  A  conwiilar 
officer  or  secretary  of  legation  of  the  L'niird  Stat«>«  authori/«d  by 
law  to  administer  oaths  or  perforin  r  ~  i" 

of  such   acknowledgment  utidor  tK'  ' 

■uch  consular  onicer  or  socrrtary  of  legauuo  i»  ptimtt  j^.it 
evidence  of  the  execution  of  the  inatrumvot. 

Penalty  for   Willful  Infringrmcnt.— Any  p*r«»on   who  ^hall 

willfully  and  for  a  profit  infringe  r  n   1 

or  abet  such  iufringpiiiont,  eh.-ill  be  >  .i  1-- 

meanor,  and  npon  conviction  thereof,  shall  be  punished  by  im- 
prisonment for  not  exceeding  one  year  or  by  a  fine  of  not  \rpn  than 
$100  Dor  more  than  $1,000  or  both,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court. 
Foreigii  Copyright —Americana  to  obtain  a  onpyHght  in  Oreaft 
Britain  mu^t  have  title  entofiHl  at  Stationer's  Ilall,  London,  th* 
fee  for  which  is  Ove  siiillingB  sterling,  and  five  ahillings  addi- 
tional if  a  certifie<.i  copy  of  entry  is  required.  The  work  moflflt 
be  published  in  Groat  Britain  or  in  her  dominions  simultaneously 
^th  its  publication  in  the  United  States,  and  Qve  copies  of  tbm 
publication  are  required,  one  for  the  Britiah  Ifoseum  and  fooa* 
on  demand  of  the  G:>mpany  of  Stationers  for  four  other  libraries. 
Copyright  may  be  secured  in  France  by  an  American  by  pub- 
lishing two  copies  of  the  publication  at  the  Hinistry  of  the 
Interior  at  Paris.  No  fee  or  entry  title  required.  Copyright  in 
Canada  ia  to  be  registered  with  the  Minister  of  Agriculture  at 
Ottawa;  fee,  one  dollar  for  registry  and  fifty  cents  for  certifl- 
oate,  and  the  work  to  be  published  in  Canada  and  two  copies 
depotiited 


BOOKKEEI'INU  263 


SIMPLE  BOOKKEEPING 

Everyone  who  buys  and  boIIs  Roods  of  any  kind  becomes 
a  dealer — a  merchant;  and  every  dealer,  no  matter  how 
simple  his  business,  must  keep  a  record  of  his  transactions 
if  he  would  know  where  he  stands,  whether  be  is  making 
or  losing  money,  or  "breaking  even."  Such  a  record  1» 
fundamentally  necessary  in  all  merchandizing,  large  or 
small.      Without  it  a  business  would  fall  into  confuuiun. 

The  art  of  bookkeeping  has  become  profoHsional.  A  large 
concern  must  have  a  regularly  organized  staff  of  book- 
keepers, each  member  of  which  has  charge  of  some  one 
part  of  the  work:  all  being  under  a  head  t>ookkeeper.  The 
systems  employed  in  such  cases  are  based  alike  on  a  defl- 
nite  set  of  working  principles,  though  they  vary  In  form 
according  to  the  business  and  its  peculiar  nocessities.  Some 
of  these  systems  are  highly  elaborate.  All  of  them  require 
lines  of  special  ability. 

The  r«tiiil  dealer  who  supplies  a  neighborhood  Is  in  bis 
degree  as  much  in  need  of  a  record  of  his  transactions  as 
those  who  deal  wholesale  or  whoso  retail  tran.sactions  In- 
Tolve  a  large  number  of  customers,  whether  the  customers 
pay  cash  or  have  charge  accounts.  For  such  a  dealer  a 
simple  system  is  sufficient.  He  requires  only  a  record  that 
will  show  him  at  any  time  what  be  has  bought  or  sold, 
bow  much  of  it  has  been  paid  for  and  how  much  charged. 
In  many  cases  it  is  enough  to  have  a  record  of  charge  trans- 
actions, their  collection  or  settlement.  His  primary  record 
is  of  cash  he  has  paid  for  goods,  and  cash  received  when 
the  goods  are  sold.  That  is.  cash  banded  out  for  goods 
taken  in;   and  goods  handed  out  for  cash  taken  in. 

lietween  the  two  stands  his  profit  or  bis  loss  so  far  aa 
concerns  his  purchases  and  sales,  taken  by  themselves. 

But  a  real  profit  or  loss  cannot  be  determined  until  the 
merchant  charges  his  rent  and  other  expenses  as  part  of 
the  cost  of  his  goods.  They  are  such  a  part,  Just  as  actual, 
and  Just  as  strictly  requiring  repayment  out  of  the  selling 
price,  as  the  actual  price  be  paid  his  wholesaler  for  the 
goods  alone. 


204  HAKE  MKTIIOD8 

Every  morrhAot  nhoulil  kntiw  tbo  total  cost  of  hli  stock 
of  goodfl.      To  make  himself  lafe,   he  must   know   alio  the 
exact  cost  of   his   help,   his   rent,   his   Insuranre.   his   taxes, 
the  tnteretit-value  of   his   workloK   capital,    the   ai 
consUIors   his  own   time   worth,   and   ovitv    lf«m    ? 
he  has  to  pay.     The  total  of  those  ilen>»   ' 
"overhead")   can  easily  bo  reduced  to  a  "  ■        r   ;►- 

resent  a  per  cent  of  the  sum  he  paid  for  his  goods,  and 
that  per  cent  must  be  added  to  the  first  cost  befo-  '  --- 
make  a  selling  price  that  will  yield  him  a  sum  • 
the  comblnrd  total  cost.  Thrrofore  thn  first  hi-aJ.iii;  uf 
his  simple  bookkeeping  mu!«t  nhuw  all  the  costs.  Ju^t  as 
the  second  must  show  all  the  receipts.  The  difference  be- 
tween the  two  will  show  him  exactly  where  he  stands.  He 
should  remember  this:  His  percentage  of  profit  Is  In  the 
selling  price. 

Accounts  of  the  kind  described  can  be  kept  In  a  book 
that  can  be  bought  from  any  stationer — a  day  book,  they 
call  it.  On  the  loft  hand  side  of  a  page  let  him  s«>t  down 
each  item  of  his  sales,  as  he  makes  them.  On  the  right 
hand  side,  opposite  each  item,  let  him  set  dr>«"  '^'•>  price 
at  which  he  sold  the  item. 

He  may  keep  a  private  record  of  the  cost  uf   i  I* 

per  weight,  solid   men.suro,    liquid   measure,   yard    ;       - 
count  (as  per  dozen,  for  example),  or  article. 

Personal  accountu  with  customers  are  easily  kept,  each 
on  a  page  or  other  space,  at  the  top  of  which  the  customer's 
name  Li  written,  with  the  date  at  the  left  and  the  price 
at  the  right.  When  an  account  la  paid  the  word  "P.ild" 
should  be  written  diagonally  across  It.  with  the  an'.'unt 
and  the  date  of  payment.  If  a  partial  payment  be  made, 
the  charges  should  be  added  up,  the  total  set  down  at  the 
foot  of  the  column  as  it  then  stands,  and  the  amount  paid 
set  down  under  and  subtracted  from  it.  The  remainder 
is  the  balance  still  due. 


COMi'UTINU    I'UOKITH  ggj 

HOW  TO  FIGURE  PROFITS 

Any  per  cent  of  a  smaller  sum  is  a  smaller  per  cent  of 
a  larger  sum.  Instance:  If  25  is  twenty-five  per  cent  of 
100.  it  is  only  twenty  per  cent  of  125;  so  that  25  per  cent 
Increase  over  cost  is  20  per  cent  profit  in  the  selling  price. 
,  To  figure  the  cost  of  doing  business  on  gross  sales  and 
the  percentage  of  profit  on  the  costs  Is  an  error  If  the  ini- 
tial cost  is  the  only  figure  used  as  the  base.  The  percentage 
of  profit  should  be  figured  on  the  selling  price,  whether 
prime  cost  or  cost  plus  selling  expense  is  tised.  All  oper- 
ating expenses — storage,  selling.  ofTlco  expense,  and  every 
other  Item  of  expense  and  profit  mu.'it  be  added  to  prime 
cost  and  included  in  the  difference  between  net  cost  and 
net  selling  price. 

Most  of  the  business  text  books  used  in  schools  or  busi- 
ness colleges  assume  that  if  cost  (100)  be  taken  as  a  base 
and  to  this  25  per  cent  is  added  oa  profit,  the  cost  as  100 
and  the  added  25  per  cent  would  make  a  total  of  125" 
whereas  the  selling  price  should  be  considered  as  100  per- 
cent, and  the  profit  would  be  twenty-five  one-hundred-and- 
iwenty-flfths.  which  would  be  exactly  20  per  cent  (not  '>b 
per  cent)   profit  in  the  sale. 

To  repeat:  The  percentage  of  profit  and  the  percentage 
of  cost  of  doing  business  should  be  figured  on  the  same 
base. 

Separate  Capital  Accounts.— In  every  mercantile  business 
two  iii'p:irate  amounts  of  capiul  are  required  One  is  for 
investment  in  merchandise;  the  other  (the  working  or 
operating  capital)  is  necessary  for  operating  expenses 
Eelling  expenses,  and  all  other  expenditures  not  properly 
chargeable  to  merchandise  account. 

All  the  capital— both  amounts — must  produce  a  proper 
return;  otherwise  there  could  be  no  proper  dividends  If 
the  percentage  of  profit  be  figured  on  the  cost  of  merchan- 
dise only,  whence  can  the  operating  capital  draw  Its  re- 
turns? 

All  these  matters  must  be  considered  in  making  selllne 
prices.  * 

Sales  totals  are  easily  and  readily  ascertained  but  the 
total  of  daily  and  monthly  cost  of  goods  sold  is  seldom 
shown  In  the  books.  Gross  sales  are  shown  dally  but 
gross  costs  can  only  be  shown  at  the  end  of  the  year. 

The  amount  of  profit  depends  largely  on  the  volume  of 
businesa.  so  that  the  percentage  of  profits  to  sales  is  cU-arly 
indicative  of  the  character  of  the  year's  work.     This  would 


2M  SA"  MRTIIODS 

not  be  the  case  If  the  percentage  of  proflta  wera  flsured  on 
the  base  of  cost. 

The  p«'rc«ni«Ki*  of  tv\|Miix<  nf  conducting  a  bualneaa  may 
be  ascertained  readily  by  dlvldinfc  the  tcroaa  eipcnsea  by 
the  gross  buIos.  As  this  perrontaKo  of  expense  Is  OD  the 
sales.  It  is  best  to  refer  the  percentage  of  profit  to  the  aalea, 
to  avoid  misunderstandlnK  and  loss  through  the  use  of 
any   other   method. 

For  example,  if  percentage  of  profit  be  flgarod  on  the 
cost  and  your  overhead  coat  on  the  sale  (you  may  add 
25  per  cent  to  the  cost,  with  an  overhead  expense  of  20 
per  cent  on  the  selUng  price)  can  you  expect  to  make 
money? 

A  profit  is  not  made  until  a  sale  Is  actually  eCract^d: 
and  this  fact  farther  advances  the  Belllnc  price  as  th* 
proper  base  for  percentage  of  profit. 

The  Halarieft  or  other  form  of  re;  '    >n  of  salesmen 

Is  always  reckoned  on  the  .mile,  ant  .  >unt  Is  always 

based  more  or  less  on  a  perrent.nKe  nf  the  sale*  totals. 

Mercantile  or  other  taxes  of  a  similar  nature  are  aassssed 
on  a  percentage  of  the  annu.il  sales.  If  any  special  taxes 
are  levied  by  the  state  on  the  sales  of  any  special  goods, 
such  as  revolvers,  drugs  and  so  on,  the  amount  Is  always 
a  percentage  of  the  selling  prices  of  such  articles,  not  s 
percentage  of  the  cost. 

To  find  the  actual  percentage  of  profit  In  any  transaction, 
subtract  the  cost  from  the  selling  price,  add  two  ciphers 
to  the  diCferencc.  and  divide  by  the  selling  price. 

WHAT  A  nrCKFTT  HHOI*  I.S 

A  bucket  shop  is  a  place  where  a  lame  sport  can  l}et  on 
the  stock  market,  and  a  new  hand  can  get  himself  robbed. 
Old  hands  will  not  go  near  one.  The  new  band  is  known  as 
"a  fall  guy." 

It  pretends  to  be  a  brokerage  office,  though  it  never  buys 
or  sells  any  stock  whatever,  as  brokers  do.  It  books  orders 
to  buy  or  sell,  charges  commissions,  and  "settles"  with  Its 
customers  on  the  base  of  market  reports.  It  pays  back  to 
its  customers  enough  of  their  own  money  to  tease  them 
along,  until  they  go  broke.     Then  it  wipes  them  out. 

It  is  a  gambling  joint,  with  everything  stacked  against 
the  outsider.  In  a  bucket  shop,  a  "fall  guy"  has  exactly  the 
same  chance  that  a  sheep  has  with  a  butcher. 


COMMERCIAL  CREDITS  0(57 

COMMERCIAL  CREDITS 

Commercial  credit  is  mechanical  lu  lorm  and  action,  func- 
tiuniug  through  the  banks. 

A  merchant  accepts  a  buyer's  check,  deposits  it  in  his  own 
bank,  and  draws  his  own  checks  against  it.  No  cash  changes 
hands. 

Practically  all  business  is  settled  in  this  way  by  checks — 
credits.  There  is  not  enough  cash  in  the  country  to  settle 
the  business  of  one  active  day. 

Daily  clearances  are  made  between  the  banks.  Each 
presents  at  the  clearing  house  the  checks  it  has  received 
that  are  drawn  on  other  banks.  These  checks,  from  and  on 
various  banks,  meet  and  offset  each  other,  differences  being 
adjusted  by  clearing-house  checks. 

Payments  passing  between  cities  are  effected  by  this  system 
or  by  transmission  of  bank  checks,  or  by  droits  of  exchungo 
upon  some  financial  centre. 

Settlements  between  distant  jxjir.is  are  largely  made  by 
offsetting  the  purchases  they  make  from  each  other.  The 
bulk  of  bank  credits  comes  in  this  way,  instead  of  settlements 
being  made  by  transmissions  of  cash  passing  each  other  in 
transit. 

It  is  only  by  these  uses  of  credit  that  domestic  trade  could 
be  carried  on  at  all.  It  would  be  impossible  to  do  it  by 
passing  money  from  hand  to  hand  or  from  place  to  place. 
The  system  is  universally  established,  and  is  satisfactory*  as 
well  as  safe. 

Credit  is  as  sensitive  to  destruction  as  the  most  delicate 
film  or  watch  spring.  Someone  has  compared  injured  credit 
to  "a  broken  piece  of  beautiful  porcelain.  You  may  put  it 
together  again  and  it  may  seem  as  good  as  of  old,  but  the 
cracks  are  there  and  you  can  not  forget  that  it  was  broken. ' ' 


268  ■▲ra  MVmOMI 

FARMS  AND  FARMING 

About  878,780,000  acres  of  land  iii  the  I  i..  •  i  S'..i'.*i  ar* 
in  crops  and  available  for  rmtn.     Thi-*  i*  furt^  :  ■  -■  '•- nt 

of  the  total  land  area. 

In  1910  there  were  370,0  -  i  arable 

land.     Of  this  acreof^e  8ou...^ii..;   ....    .    ,  .,ad   b««o 

reclaimed  duwn  to  1918.  The  area  in  staple  er^pa  ioeresMd 
by  37,000,000  acres  between  1914  and  1918,  according  to  a 
1919  bulletin  of  the  Bureau  of  Crop  Kstiroates  I  Department 
of  Agriculture),  an  increase  of  almost  ten  per  cent,  which  is 
much  greater  than  the  increase  in  the  population  of  th* 
nation. 

This  four  years  increase  in  cultivated  aereage  is  eqvir*- 
lent  to  the  acreage  of  all  crops  in  1910  in  the  New  England 
.•states.  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Delaware, 
Maryland,  Virginia,  West  Virginia  and  North  Carolina. 
Nearly  all  of  it  lies  in  the  north  central  states,  the  western 
side  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  western  Oregon  and 
Washington. 

A  total  of  367,000,000  acres  was  planted  in  crops  in  1918. 
The  report  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  for  1918,  states 
that  "for  every  100  acres  now  tilled,  300  may  be  utilixed 
when  the  country*  is  fully  settled." 

The  Agricultural  War  Effort— The  first  year  of  America's 
participation  in  the  great  war  witnessed  the  nation's  record 
for  acreage  planted — 283,000,000  to  the  thirteen  leading  crops, 
including  all  the  cereals  and  potatoes,  tobacco  and  cotton, 
as  against  261.000.000  in  1916;  251,000,000  in  1913;  and  248,- 
000,000  average  for  the  five  years  from  1913  down  to  and 
including  1918. 

The  1018  figure  was  a  gain  of  32,000,000  over  the  year 
preceding  our  entry  into  the  war,  and  of  35,000,000  over  the 
five  years  average. 


FARMS    AND    KARBflNO 


200 


Time  of  Planting,  Qn&ntity  of  Seed,  Etc. 

NKW    KNULAND 


Kind  of  t'rop. 

Diit'-  «r  Plantln«. 

Aisounl  of  Beetl 
per  men. 

W*«k.s  to 
maturity. 

Com 

y                   ') 

I                      K 

A                   •     .  .     

\                        •■20 

\               •         .  8»-i>t 

A N!.i>    1    . 

Jui»    I  lo  Autfunl  3.  . .  . 
April  15  to  Mmy  5.  .  . 
8ec<i  bed.  A;  r  I 

8  to  12  qta 

U-17 

Wheal 

2  bu«h 

20 

0»U 

3  lo  3  hiiih,            ,    ,  .  . 

n-15 

Burley 

do 

'<  to  t\  i»<  Ita. 

-r» 

lO-lA 

Rye 

40 
10-l.S 

Willi'-  lu-ana  . .  .  . 

H-14 

Potat<>.« 

Turiiii»i 

-^ 

I  lb 

l-'-20 

lu 

MaxiK'-li 

4  to  e  lb 

17-22 

Tobacco 

»-12 

Cbm 

Wheal 

Oau 

Barley 

Rye 

Buckwheat 

A-    r    1      •,.    t 

July.  .  . . 
May.  . 

.  \;„ 

'  ly 

'   ly 

ct.    1 

a  to  8  qta. 

2  buiih 

2  to  i^  bu-ih 

1    .      do 

10-IM 
41  43 
ltt-17 
1.1-1  ft 

1  i  bu«h. 

40-43 

4  to  1 4  b«iah 

1  k  buiih. 

H-10 

White  beans 

»y  .* 

13-14 

Putalont 

M  to  lA  buiih 

14-22 

Hwn-t  |>otatoe*.  .  . 

10  to  12  buah 

4I0H0JL 

I0-1& 

Cabt(»*:>- 

J  uijr 

8-lA 

Tunii|>< 

'2  to  fl  llw 

10-12 

10  to  16  buah 

aO  (ila 

1&-18 

Flax         

May.  .  .  . 
8e«r<l  UM. 
A\>trif.  to 

r. 

March'  '.'.'.'.'. 

8-10 

Toba«« 

1   .    . 

lS-20 

Hay.  timolhy  .... 
Hay.  dover 

« krtober   .  .  . 
•    '1  .  .  . 

6  to  8  qU 

«  qu 

f»OrTnE«3«  WTATKB 


Cotton 
Com. 


May  15.  . 

June  .  .  . 


Wheat 

Oau 

Barley 

Rve 

White  beana.  .  . 

Cabba*.'.- 

Wat<r  mHona. . 

Onion.i 

Potatoefl 

8we«t  potatoea. 

Pumpkins 

Tomatoea. 

Tumipa 

Tobacco 

Cow  peaa. 


S*pt . 


.    o  Octob»T 

Jkldfiii  lo  Mav 

(x-i  .  .March  to  Mav   . 
March  1  to  .May  10.  .  . 
Feb.  1  to  April  10.  .  . 
Jan..  Feb.  to  April   .  .  . 

Mav  to  June 

April  1  to  May  1.  .  .  . 
Jan.  1  to  Feb.  19.  .  .  . 

(....  V     .,.  A,    „|.        .. 


to  3  buah. 

«  qtfl 

2  bujih.  .  .    . 
2t  buMh. 

do.  . 
1  i  buah.  .  . 
1  to  2  bitHh. 

1  to  ♦  lb.    . . 

2  to  7  lb  .  . . 


8  to  10  buah.  . 
10  to  12  buah. 

4  U)  7  lb 

4  to  9  or. 

2  to  6  lb 
0»-  to  6 
2  to  A 


I  6  aq.  rd. 
pctia.  .  . 


wmamnn  mtatb* 

Com 

. . .  i 
. . .  .\ 

.  ..    Fai; 

...  8«-pt. 
. . .  June 
...  Mav 

...Man 
.  ..  Ju'v 
..  .     V 

:::AK.i 

■<  ■ 

M.y 
■  r  ."';  ririf.  . 
1  to  30  . . 

I 

•  qu 

16-20 

Wheat 

2  buah 

40-4:.' 

Oau 

Barley 

Rye 

Buckwheat  . . . 

3  to  3  buah. 

2  buah 

I  to  2  buah. 

12-14 
11-I.t 
35-40 

.    do 

10-12 

White  l>eana  . . 

10  to  June  10  .  .  . 
h  IS  to  June  1    .  . 

1 t  buah 

12 

Pntato>-a 

&  to  1 0  huah 

10-20 

TuniiiMi 

ManceU 

Flax 

Tobacco 

Hay  

lu  May 

,  .      , 

S  10  15  lb 

22-24 
15-20 
lS-18 

20-.30 

lH-20 

43 

17 

17 

43 

7-8 

14 

16-20 

16-24 

11-15 

12-15 

17-20 

14-20 

8-12 

18-20 

«-8 


270 


BATE  MmiODe 


RelAtiT*  Vumb«r  of  PUnU  or  Hiib  in  «| 

Gi vine  the  number  In  aa  »cr«  mbax  Ihe  direct  uui  crw»  torn*  M*  ol  ( 
or  unequal  width: 


In. 

10  In. 

la  ln.|l5  In.  18  ln.'w  In. 

a  ft 

2*ft. 

art 

3ift 

4  n. 

««n.8ft. 

10 

...^..^           1 

13 

ol 

Ifi 

•iTrwm 

18 

"  ■•-■•i-»'»  to'-'r* 

20 

34 

:n(wJ 

SO 

-  ■  ■  "■"■"1 

ae 

43 

iVlAl 

4a 

...     .^  _ 

M 

00 

1 

.79 

DUUnce  TntveUd  by  »  Hor««  In  Plowing  tn  Aen  o(  Land 

with  th«  qu&ntit/  of  Und  wirkrd.  at  th<'  nte  erf  10  and  18  milM  p«r  6a9 
of  Oboun: 


Width 

Milrji 

AcTHploirad 

W-- 

v.- 

ACTMptOWVd 

of  fur 
Hj"  in 

lUCjlCH. 

traN  '1  in 

pw^V. 

p«dajr. 

ail  at  re. 
14   t-8 

1 

mll«a. 

la  mUML 

UKnrii 

Ik: 

•  V 

-ntaiallA  uuim 

7 

1-4 

1   1-8 

St 

4    ■ 

3  1-a 

8 

12   1-4 

1 

1-a 

1    1-4 

33 

4   1    -« 

« 

18 

3  7-10 

B 

n 

1 

3-« 

1  1-a 

24 

1-3 

3  »-10 

10 

0  e-io 

1 

4-& 

1   3-8 

28 

j-a 

4 

11 

9 

a 

1   S-4 

a« 

8  4-8 

»-4 

4    IS 

13 

H    1-4 

3 

1-8 

I  »-IO 

37 

3  3-8 

»-i0 

4   l-» 

13 

7  1-a 

a 

l-S 

a  i-io 

an 

a  i-a 

3-8 

4   l-S 

14 

7 

a 

1-2 

a  14 

29 

3  1-2 

1-4 

4  .V8 

IS 

6   1-3 

a 

»-4 

2  3   & 

30 

3   1-2 

3-4 

4  4-8 

16 

6   1-0 

3 

»-IO 

2  3-6 

31 

3   1-8 

8 

17 

5  3-» 

3 

I-IO 

a  3-4 

33 

3  1-10 

4-8 

8  1-4 

IF 

5   1-2 

3 

1-4 

2  9-10 

S3 

8  l-S 

19 

5   1-4 

3 

1-2 

3   1-10 

84 

3  »-10 

1-8 

8  1-a 

20 

4  9-10 

A 

3-S 

3   1-4 

38 

3  4-& 

1-3 

6  3-8 

21 

4  7-10 

3 

4-5 

3   1-3 

88 

3  3-4 

1-2 

8  4-8 

Me«sarement  of  Oorn 
In  Gob.— Two  heaptnf?  biiiihels  ef  oom  on  the  oob  wiU 
one  struck  buabel  of  shelled  com.  Some  claim  that  one  and 
oDB-half  bushels  of  ear  will  make  one  btishel  of  shelled  com. 
Much  will  depend  upon  the  kind  of  oorn,  sliape  of  the  ear,  sise 
of  the  cob,  etc. 

In  Crib. — To  mea.'iurp  corn  in  a  crib,  multiply  the  length  of 
the  crib  in  inches  by  the  width  in  inches,  and  that  by  the  height 
of  the  com  in  the  crib  in  Inches,  and  divide  the  product  by 
2,748,  and  the  quotient  will  bo  the  numl)er  of  heaped  buaheb  of 
aars-     If  the  crib  dares  at  the  sidesi,  measure  the  width  at  the 


FARMS    AND    FAR.\nNG 


271 


top  and  aliio  at  the  bottom,  add  the  two  sums  together,  and 

divide  by  2,  whirh  will  pve  the  moan  width. 

Capacity  or  Contents  of  a  Oranary.  Bin,  Crib  or  Wagon 
Multiply  the  three  dimensions — the  length,  width  and  dupth — 
in  feet  (the  inchea,  if  any,  being  reduoed  to  fractions  of  a  fuot), 
multiply  the  prolu'-t  by  the  d»>oimiil  .803564,  or  deduct  one- 
fifth,  which  ih  suthciently  exact  for  ordinary  pur{x>M-s.  and  the 
result  i."^  the  nuinlx«r  of  biLsl»«<lM.  Where  the  wagon  or  crib  tlurea 
considerably  in  length  or  width,  it  will  be  nwe^sary  to  obtain  a 
mean  di  nension.  This  is  done  by  taking;  thu  longest  and  Hhort* 
eet  nieat>urue,  with  one  or  more  intermtnliate  oneH,  and  dividing 
the  Hum  of  all  by  the  number  taken.  Tlie  quotient  will  be  the 
mean  di  neution  sought  The  greater  the  ^are  tiu»  larger  the 
nuintj«r  of  intermediate  dimensions  tluit  nhould  !>e  taken  to 
insure  accuracy.  Corn  in  the  ear,  when  fir^t  cribbed,  is  esti- 
mated at  twice  the  bulk  of  shelled  corn 

Capacity  of  Oom-Oribs  Ten  7eet  High 


30 

•105 
47.1 
.140 
MM 
•t75 
743 
HJO 
N7H 
Q45 
' III  .i 


Comparative  Value  of  Good  Hay  and  Other  Food  for  Stock 

100  Ibo.  h«y  &re  wjuaI 

to 

100  !'>•>.  huy  are  e«jual  to 

S04  lb*.  mmiiMi. 

50  IbB. 

oat  A. 

WO    "     camit-t. 

46     •• 

wheat. 

201     "     unrtx)krd  potatoes. 

M     •• 

ne. 

175    •'     tHjil*-*!  potatoes. 

64     " 

t.iu    ',^'.1  )<<.^« 

.139    *•     m&niU'l-wurzeL 

57     •' 

;                 -  ■  1 

442    ••     rye  mraw. 

45     •• 

■  ans. 

360    ••     wheal  »traw. 

105     •• 

180    ••     barley  oiraw. 

109     •• 

rye  Dran. 

150    *'     p««  dtraw 

2    )    **     hiickwheat  utraw. 

16/     •• 

wheat.  t»ea  and  oat  chaff, 
rye  and  barley  mlxe<L 

179     •• 

275    *     gnen  inilian  cum. 

68     •• 

a<-oma. 

272  aAFK  M»:riioi>8 

Table  Showin^f  Amount  of  Hay  or  lu  EqoiTalent  R«<nxir*d  Each 
Day  for  Every  Od«  Hundred  PoundA  an  Animal  Watgha 

Workinx  IforMi 3  m  Iba 

y,i,r^iu^  r,x.n ..     2.*0  " 

Kat too  • 

Kn                      when  (M I  00  * 

Mil                       rrum  3  2i  to  I  ■»0  " 

Dry  loAH I  4J  • 

YoiirtK  cirowlng  CaiUa. a  CM  ** 

Butn V  »«  •• 

Pica 3  «jO  - 

ahwp. .                                                                          a  uo  ** 


How  to  TeD  the  Ag9  of  Cattle 

A^e  of  Oattle.--A  cow'-*  liorn  i.t  ({•''■•^'rnliv  nuppnaed  to  fumUh 
a  corre<'t  indiration  of  the  a^u  uf  the  aniiiiAl.  Tliia  is  not 
always  true.  Howerer.  for  ordinary  purpoM»,  the  foUnwlog 
will  be  found  to  be  approximately  rorrod.  At  two  year*  of  affe 
a  circle  of  thick  matter  beKiiiH  to  furin  on  the  animal  a  horom 
whicli  becomes  clearly  .f»»inK«l  at  three  yean  i-f  a?».  wh»«o 
another  circle  or  riii^-  •     f^rm.  and  jio  on  >  y««ar 

Its  age  then  can  be  d  •  by  counting  the  t  :  rinjfe 

and  adding  two  to  their  number.  The  rings  on  the  bull's  horna 
do  not  show  themselves  until  he  i^  tive  years  old.  so  to  the  num- 
ber of  rings  we  miut  aild  five  to  arrive  at  his  age.  Unless  the 
rings  are  clear  and  distinct,  this  rule  will  not  apply  Besides, 
dealers  soiiu-tiines  file  off  some  of  the  rings  of  old  cattle  to  make 
thetu  appear  yomiger. 

Age  of  Sheep  and  Qoats.— At  one  veur  old  they  hare  eight 
front  teeth  of  uniform  size.  At  two  years  of  age  the  two  mid 
die  ones  are  supplanted  by  two  large  ones.  At  three,  a  small 
tooth  appears  on  each  side.  At  four,  there  are  six  large  te<>th. 
At  five,  nil  the  front  teeth  are  large,  and  at  six  the  whole  begia 
to  get  large. 


FABMS    AND    FARM  I  NO  273 

To  Find  the  Weight  of  Live  Stock  by  Measurement 

riie  (july  iii.strument  necessiiry  Is  a  measure  with  feet  ant 
Inch  luarkLs  upon  it.  The  girth  is  the  circumference  of  the  ani- 
mui  just  behind  the  shoulder  bhide5i  The  length  is  the  distance 
from  the  shoulder  blaiies.  The  sui^ertiriul  fe«t  are  obtained  hj 
multiplying  the  girth  and  length.  The  following  table  contains 
the  ruie  to  ajicertain  the  weight  of  the  animal: 

If  UrM  than  one  foot  In  irirth    Tnulllfilv  ni|H-rfU-l^  frft  bv  ripht. 

H.  .n. 

If.  n. 

l».r.. 

U  Ic.'-j  thou  nine  and  more  than  Mven,  multiply  aupcrfklal  fert  by  thirty* 
Ultrr. 

If  IcM  than  eleven  anil  more  than  nine,  multiply  miperflcial  feet  by  forty- 
two. 

Kx.*«v!r     PHvprt*^  thr  r-rth  of  s  t>'il!r»rk  to  be  %tx  U-rt  U.rtf;  Incbflt: 
i> '  thrn  be  iliirtyfuur.  and. 

II  .1  » ill  be  ■even  hundred 

a. 

a  piic  to  meanure  In  cirth  two  feet,  and  length  one 

f  -  "    '  '  '       ■'   •     '     ■     '    ;.!iid  by 

In  thia 


lUf. 


Measurement  of  Land 


If  the  Held  Iju  a  square  or  piirallelograiu,  multiply  the  length 
in  rods  by  tlie  wi(Jth  in  rods,  and  divide  by  160,  the  number  Oi 
equate  rods  in  an  acre.  If  the  Held  in  triangular,  multiply  the 
len;^'th  of  the  longeet  hide  in  rods  by  the  greatest  width  in  roda, 
and  divi.le  half  the  pnxlurt  by  160.  If  the  tl>'ld  bu  of  irregular 
Bha|>e,  divide  il  into  triungUrs,  aud  find  the  acreage  of  each  tri- 
angle as  ulx)ve.  All  Btruiglil-.sided  fields  Ciin  be  thmj  measured. 
Where  the  sides  are  crooked  and  it  regular.  Lake  the  length  in 
rodfi  in  a  number  of  places  at  equal  duttaiiceM  apart,  add  them, 
and  divide  b}  the  number  of  uieaHurement^.  which  will  give 
the  mean  length;  pnx^eed  Rimilarly  with  the  width,  multiply 
the  mean  length  by  the  mean  width,  and  divide  by  W).  Where 
the  tieli  is  in  a  circle,  lind  the  diameter  in  rods,  multiply  the 
(N{iUire  of  the  di;im»'t»r  l>y  7  v')l    aii'l  divi  l.«  by  ir»o. 

To  Lay  Out  an  Acre  in  Rectangular  Form  — .\n  acre  of  hind 
oont.'iins  I'JO  »iuare  rods,  or  4:}  ."XW  square  feet  Hence,  to  lay 
out  an  acre  at  right  angles  (square  cornert).  when  one  8i<le  is 
known,  divide  the  units  in  the  square  contents  by  the  unite  at 


274 


RAPE    METHODS 


tt)»4  Hjime  kind  in  the  lenf^h  of  the  known  side.  Thus;  if  tb0 
known  hiiIh  ixs  4  rcxlii,  divido  100  by  4.  and  the  quotient.  40.  «m11 
be  the  depth  of  the  ot^e  plot.  If  ttie  leoj^h  of  the  known  $idm 
be  VO  feet,  divide  43.560  t>y  UO.  and  the  quotient.  4^.  will  b«  Um 
Uoplh  uf  an  arri*plot 


Township. 


._ ffaftgff 

County. 


vo/;r/r 

■;•*:'■ 

•:*:i.:: 

.  ( 

.1$ .. 

a 

I 

!■  ■'  7 

8 

p 

10 

11 

la 

18 

i 

17 

le- 

2 

ui 

ua 

23 

34 

'      10 

20 

SO 

20 

aH 

27 

26 

86-  1 

■Tsi  I 

■  •  ■  ! 
'82 

33 

3i 

35 

SO 

dULIii 


MeMorement  of  an  Acre  Plot 

Elthrr  of  the  followlnjr  m«>»-i-iris  include  &a  %cn  plot : 

3  by  53  1-8  rods.         I     7  by  22  0-7  ro«U.  I  10  by  1«  nxte. 

4  by  40  H  by  20  Ilbyl4«-ll 

5  l>v  32  ••  9  by  17  7-8      "  12  by  13  1-3 

6  by  26  2-3      "  1 
12  ro<la  10  fift  and  8^  Inches  vjuar''  make  %n  mm. 


Square  Feet  and  Feet  Square  in  Fractions  of  an  Acre. 


Fraction  of 
an  acre 

Square 
fe«t. 

Feet 

Ik]  u  are. 

Frartton  of 
an  acre. 

Square 
feet. 

FeH 

ik^iiare. 

1-16 
1-8 
1-4 
1-3 

2722* 

5415 

10S9C 

14520 

52 »                   S 
-A       '           1 

KM*                     2 

I20i 

217MO 

4.%seo 

87120 

a 

FARMS    AXD    FARMING 

Amount  of  Barbed  Wire  Required  for  Fences 


275 


Ettimai«'d  number  of  pounds  of  Hartwd  w.rc  rp«iiiirfHl  to  fenci-  space  or 
<lii4anc*>^  mentioned,  with  one.  two  or  three  lines  of  wire,  ba*ed  upon  each 
pound  of  wire  meaauring  one  rod  (10)  feet). 


1  Square  wre 

1  Si  I.-  ..f  u  -.|M  ire  acre. 

I  S;  .  ir-  1.  ,.'  ..■  re 

1  S  ;  ;  .r-  Iii.l.-       

1  S:  u-  ni  .1  s.)'..ire  mile. 

I    Kixl  111  l.iu'tii      

JfX)  Hi»it  iti  L-iiK-th 

100  Feel  in  IciiKth 


1  Line. 

fiO« 
12 

lbs. 

IbA. 

30 

lb*. 

1280 

llNI. 

320 

ItM 

1 

lbs. 

100 

Iba. 

0  1-ie  it>s.| 

1 

2  Lines. 


lOU  lb«. 
25}   lbs. 
72     lbs. 
25«>0 
640 


3  Lines. 


152 

38 

108 

lbs.  3840 

lbs.     OCO 


20<) 
1 


lbs. 

ltM« 

i  lbs 


3 
300 


Iba. 
lbs. 
lbs. 
lbs. 
lbs. 
lU.s. 
lbs. 


18  3-16  lbs. 


Minimum  Weights  of  Produce 

The  following  are  minimum  wei^hta  of  certain  articles  of  produce  accord- 

ing  to  the  laws  of  the  L'uited  States: 


Per  Bushel. 

Wheat           tiO  lbs. 

Oirn,  in  tli-  car 70  '" 

Com.  shelled M  " 

Kye M  '• 

Buckwheat 48  " 

Barley 48  •' 

Oan    32  " 

r                                 60  " 

\'.                                 60  '■ 

•                                   46  •• 

\\\..iv  ru;.n.>4.,                          60  " 

SWM't    Polaloen                                 '>6  " 

Onions    57  " 

Turnips. 65  " 


Per  Buahd. 

IV.-d   Prarhes 33   Ibs. 


Grass  Seed. 


ow) 


torsi  .Ml  .V. 
Cniuml  !'•  . 

Mult 

Bran 20 


26 
.60 

56 
.50 

50 

45 
.44 
.44 

.48 

.•J4 
.34 


Sait  — Wfii-ht    rxr    tiiishel    u   adopt<><l    Nv    diff.r.nt    ."^'nti-^    r?.npr-^    from 
50  to   -  Ul  in   Peii.  mU. 

and  in  t  -r  busliel.      i  l      r       ■mec 

at  62  pounds,  ui  Kentucky  and  lUlnols  ai  66  puuuOs  {rci  Ou»lieL 


Area  and  Weight  of  Tile 
The  following  table  sliows  ilie  area  and  the  weiicht  of  the  difTerent  sUed  tUe. 


Size. 

Weight. 

Arc». 

Sixe. 

Weight. 

Ares. 

3  In. 
3»   •• 

4  " 
6     " 
6      •■ 

5  Ibs.  ea. 
6 

7       •• 
10      •* 

12       •• 

84  sq.  in. 

b(      • 

14 

214       •• 

30*       ••     ! 

1 

7  In. 

8  •• 

9  •' 

10  •• 

12   •' 

15  lbs.  ea. 

18 

21 

24 

28       •• 

41  sq.  In. 
63)      " 
67 

80)      •• 
113 

276 


■ATE  iiErriioDe 


The  O&nying  Oapacity  of  Tile 


Gaixons  Pea  MtxL'TC 


FaU  1- 

40 

Blxe  of  TU«. 

1  in. 

a  In. 
33 

«  in 
S3 

-•  in 
4A 

34  in 

30  iO. 

»-lnch 

IS 

M 

79 

4-»nrh 

»7 

47 

trfV 

Ml 

03 

ISI 

lea 

6-lnrii 

76 

•   ■ 

i 

86» 

wu 

460 

»-lnrh 

153 

4) 

639 

7M 

034 

»-lnrh 

306 

a.... 

•  ;  7 

711 

100« 

1340 

10-lnrh                         

307 

4t>a 

666 

Ii03 

03« 

I.IIO 

lAIS 

12-lnch                         

433 

730 

1033 

1773 

UAH 

2U7rt 

3651 

A  larce  tile  will  emny  man  water  arcordlnc  to  lu  ilw  than  a  nnall  ooa. 
ThtM  iA  t>rrau»«  (hrr«  iM  \*m  lurfarv  on  the  Inatde  of  the  lari*  tile  otm pared 
with  the  *U<>  of  ■trratn.  and  thrrrfote  \tm  friction.  More  water  «tlj  flow 
throiiKh  a  utraljrht  ttlp  than  a  crooked  one  havinc  the  tame  diameter. 

tJCAMPtr:  A  nine-Inch  tUe  at  0  Inchea  fall  to  the  100  (eet  wUl  Sow  6M 
per  minute. 


How  to  Use  the  Ho;  and  Cattle  Table 
I  Artta. 
What  will  be  the  ooet  of  1.170  lbs.  of  cattle  at  ^  ad  per  bun- 
dred  weight? 

1.100Ol4S5>Hd.75 
70  O    4  35»     8.96 

Answer— 149.78 
Hooa. 
What  will  be  the  ooet  of  2.750  Ibe.  of  hogs  at  |8.70  per  nai>- 
dredweightt 

2.700  @  13  75  =  1101.25 
60  @    8.75=       1.88 

Answer — 1 108. 18 


Hoflr  and  Oattle  Table 


277 


The  middle  column  gi  v«s  the  number  o(  pouniJs  and  the  top  of  each  column 
the  FTice  pt-r  pound  or  hundr  d  weujljt. 


6c 

10 

2.50 

2.75 

8.00,8.25 

«Mfht 

8.50;8.75 

4.00,4.2514  5011 

IBb 

.00 

.08 

.06 

.00 

.10 

a 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.13 

.14 

JOO 

.01 

.la 

.14 

.16 

.10 

6 

.18 

.10 

JO 

.21 

.23 

.01 

.01 

.26 

JM 

JBO 

.33 

10 

36 

38 

.40 

.43 

.46 

.01 

.02 

.3ft 

.41 

.45 

.49 

16 

ja 

.60 

.00 

.04 

.08 

M 

.08 

.60 

.55 

.OO;       .66 

20 

.701      .75 

.80 

.86 

.90 

m 

.08 

.63 

.00 

.76 

.81 

26 

.m     .04 

1.00 

1.00 

1.18 

m 

.03 

.75       .83 

iS 

.9i 

30 

1.06     1.13 

].20i     1.28 

1.8S 

M 

.04 

.88!       .06 

1.14 

36 

1.2J     1.31 

1.40 

1.40 

1.68 

M 

.04 

LOO 

1.10 

1.20 

130 

40 

1.40      IM 

1.00 

1.70 

1.80 

.02 

.06 

1.18 

124 

1.88 

L46 

4& 

1.58      1.00 

1.80 

1.91 

2.08 

.03 

.05 

1.25 

1J8 

1J» 

1.63 

60 

1.75      1.88 

200 

2.13 

2.86 

.06 

.06 

L38 

IJl 

1.66 

LTO 

&S 

1.80 

2.00 

2.20 

234 

8.48 

.03 

.06 

1.60 

1.66 

1.80 

1.06 

60 

2.10 

2.28 

2.40     2.56 

2.70 

JO 

.07 

1.63 

1.70 

1.06 

2.11 

6S 

2.28 

l& 

2.fO     2.76 

2.88 

.Oi 

.07 

1.76 

1.03 

8.10 

2.2i< 

70 

2.46 

2.80     2.0H 

3.16 

.04 

M 

1.88 

2.06 

t-26 

2.44 

76 

8.03 

8.81 

800 

3.19 

a38 

.04 

.08 

2.00 

2.20 

2.40 

800 

80 

2.80 

800 

8.20 

a40 

3.80 

.04 

.09 

2.13 

IM 

8.66 

2.76 

85 

8.00 

8.10 

840 

301 

3.83 

.06 

.00 

tM 

2.48 

170 

2.92 

90 

8.16 

8.8B 

8.00 

3.83 

406 

.06 

.10 

2iol    275 

8.86 

8.0H 

e& 

as8 

8.66 

3.80 

4.04 

4  28 

.06 

JO 

8.00 

825 

100 

8  50!     8.75 

4.00      4.iV 

4.60 

.10 

.20 

5.00'     5  50 

6.00 

650 

200 

700l     7.60 

8.0O      8.50 

9.00 

.15 

.;»,     •:  Ml     Si',     nno 

0.7.^ 

30O 

hi'^i   11  ir, 

1.'   <i    IJ  7S    13.60 

J» 

.«                       ■■■■«'  13.00 

40<) 

1 '   .      ■   . 

Ift-OO 

M 

•  )j  16.25 

boo 

1 

:2.ftO 

30 

.u      ....-,    .  .  ^.    ....00,  19J0 

OCH) 

LT  'D' 

.35 

.70 

17.601  lV.iS& 

81.00 

82.75 

700 

..  t  • 

.40 

.90 

20.00   £^00 
22  60    24.75 

UjOO 

M.00 

80<J 

-  •         I 

.45 

.00 

n.oo 

20  25 

9<K> 

.60 

I.OO 

2S.0O  27.60 

80.00 

82  50 

lOtX) 

JA 

1.1'J 

27JiO   80J» 

88.00 

86.7i 

1  I IX) 

.V) 

1.20 

80.00  83.00 

88.C0 

80.11' 

12<)0 

( 

.« 

130 

82.60  86.76 

80.00 

42.2.', 

liOU 

< 

.70 

140 

85.00  88.50 

48.00 

45.5<J 

MOO 

i 

.7J 

1  y) 

87 JO   41.25    45.00 

in.r, 

I50<) 

' 

•  .    "J 

.W 

l.*J 

40.00    44.00;  48.00;  52.r>» 

I64M» 

:/uO) 

X- 

I  ?. 

42  V>'  46.75    61.00 

S&.^.'S 

170<» 

T6W! 

•     '■■'  V)'  54.00 

58. V' 

I  MOO 

,  .,. 

•ol  67.00 

01. r. 

11HH> 

•If  60.00 

65.  (<i 

2000 

T^   63^)0 

68.2.', 

iioo 

»   06.00 

TIX- 

ii(H) 

/.    89.00 

74.:'> 

iMK) 

11    7k  1 1 . 

ZUHt 

«.    M  ::'. 

UAH) 

.     ^  •, , 

•2  GOO 

\< 

•'■ 

i7«M) 
•^HOO 
i'MH) 
MHH) 

; 

■  --.  :n(K) 

1 

•       UIH) 

. 

.{»ilH» 

:}7<Mi 

t 

;, 

4iOO 

•^ 

.75 

430O 

2.- 

4     V  •      1  !■...«  ■     ._  1     •  »         i  .  ..     ■  '         IT-.'*) 

4400 

1   'r,     .*...,       1. 

IsaOu.lvi^iT  iwi^MJj 

l» 

♦  iO  112.60  l;a!76  13&.UU  I4<i.25 

l4500 

157  50  16«.75 

278  BAFB   HVTHODS 

How  to  Find  the  Number  of  Bushels  of  Orain  in  a  Bin  or  Box 

/2u/c  — Multipy  the  length  in  feet  by  the  bright  in  f<wt.  and 
then  a^'uin  by  the  breadth  in  feet,  and  then  aK^in  by  8.  Mnd  ook 
o(T  the  right  haixi  tlKure.  The  last  result  will  (w  the  number  of 
bushels. 

Rrample  —How  many  bushel/i  in  a  bin  13  feet  long.  8  feet  wid« 
and  4  ftH<t  highr 

So/u/ion— 13X8X4X8^807.3  busheU— Answer. 

To  Find  the  Oontentt  of  a  Wa^^on  Box 

A  common  wagon  box  is  a  little  more  than  ten  feet  long  aad 
three  feet  wide,  and  will  hold  about  two  buaheU  for  every  inch 
in  depth. 

Au/e.— Multiply  the  ilepth  of  the  wagoo  box  in  loobea  bj  t, 
and  ynu  have  the  number  of  bunhebi 

If  the  wagon  box  i.^  11  feet  long  multiply  thn  depth  In  inohea 
by  2.  and  add  one  tenth  of  the  numl>er  «>f  bujUiebi  to  iuelf. 

Kriituplf. — How  many  busheLi  of  grain  will  a  wagon  box  hold, 
M  inches  deep  and  10  feet  long? 

So/»/ion.  — 20x  2=40.  —Answer. 

N.  R — A  bushel  to  the  inch  U  calculated  for  com  on  the  cob. 

Explanations  of  Orain  Tables 

The  figures  in  heavy  tyjx'  r»'pres*>nt  th--  •    /  the  load,  the 

nuuil)er  of  bushels  and  jx)unds  over  are  f  .       im  right  under 

the  kind  of  grain. 

Ejcample. — How  many  bu.sheI.H  in  a  load  of  wheat  weighing 
1490  pounds?  Run  down  the  first,  or  weight  column,  to  1480 
And  find  opposite  under  "wheat"  24  bu.HheIs  and  SO  pounds. 


FARMS    AND    F.VRMINO 


279 


Table  Showing  the  Number  of  Bushels  and  odd  Pounds  in 
a  Load  of  Grain 


k  «_      Oftti.   1 

Corn,E7«l 

Whe«t. 

C&r  Cora 

E«r  Cora 

Barl07. 

idu) 

32 

31 

IS 

&6 

B.I. 

l.H 

lb.; 
02 

60  L»« 

ha>.  ,"(.t,r 

10   .'jO 

14   30 

75  Lb. 

I3':i.5 

Ha..         Lb«. 

21   02 

1020 

31 

IS 

IM 

12 

17 

0) 

14  40 

13l45 

21 

12 

1030 

:j3 

J6 

IS' 

>•< 

17 

10 

14  50 

I3ir>,) 

21 

l>0 

101(> 

32 

ItJ 

18' 

)•> 

17  -20 

14' 00 

13  65 

21 

32 

lO'jO 

ri2;2«3 

IM 

42 

17  30 

15,(.NJ 

14  00 

21 

42     1 

lOOO 

'Si  C»4 

18 

r  •» 

17 

40 

15il0 

14  10 

22 

04     ' 

1070 

:i:i  14 

19' 

(J*; 

17 

50 

15   20 

14  ■" 

20 

22   14     , 

loso 

33  24 

\\f 

10 

18 

00 

15   30 

14 

[JO 

22  24     1 

1D'M> 

:j-l  02 

I'j' 

2»> 

IS 

10 

15  140 

14 

40 

22  84 

1100 

;u!i2 

VJ 

30 

18  2»)    1 

1.5  .50 

14 

50 

22  44 

111«' 

34 1 22 

I'Ji 

40 

18 

M 

15  <iO 

14 

60 

23100 

1 1  LM  > 

S't  1 00 

20 

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18 

40 

lOiOO 

14  70 

2;J  16 

1130 

3.',  HO 

20 

10 

18 

.50 

10    10 

15105 

23  26 

11  10 

:{.'• '  20 

20 

20 

VJ^(n) 

10 '20 

15115 

2.3  36 

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3')  i  30 

20 

30 

VJ   10 

1013^3 

15  2.5 

2.3  46 

ii»;») 

30  OH 

2<i 

40 

19   20 

16   40 

1.5,35 

24|08 

1170 

3H'  18 

2't 

.V) 

lu  ;'.o 

1650 

15  45 

24 

18 

llbO 

W '  2M 

21  ■ 

fH 

I'j'l't 

16 

60 

15|55 

24 

28 

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37  (X) 

21  ' 

14 

l'J''»<> 

17 

00 

15  05 

24 

38 

1200 

37   Id 

21  i 

24 

2»)  (Xi 

17 

10 

16  Wj 

2.5 

00 

1 L*  1 0 

37 ,  20 

21' 

31 

20    10 

17l2r) 

10  10 

25 

10 

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3»< !  w 

21 

44 

20 ,  20 

17  30 

18,20 

25 

20 

1230 

S'H'  14 

21 

54 

20 

30 

17  40 

16  30 

25 

^ 

1240 

3**  24 

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08 

20 

40 

17  .50 

lfl|40 

2.5 

40 

1250 

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oo 

18 

20 

50 

17  60 

16  50 

26 

02 

1200 

;«>!  12 

22 

2M 

21 

00 

18  00 

10  00 

20 

12 

1270 

30;  22 

22 

M 

21 

10 

18   10 

10  70 

26 

22 

12^<) 
■  12 'JO 

4o!oo 

4<»'l0 

22 
23 

48 
02 

21 
21 

20 

18  20 
18  30 

17  a5 
17il5 

28 
26 

83 
42 

1300 

IU'20 

Zi 

12 

21 

40 

18  40 

17 '2.5 

27 

04 

1310 

4n'30 

23 

22 

21 

.V) 

18  50 

17  a5 

27 

14 

1320 

4r0H 

2:5 

32 

22  (/J 

l8lC0 

r  t? 

27 

24 

1330 

41    IH 

23 

42 

22|10 

19  1 00 

n  5.5 

27 

34 

134  0 

41   28 

2:i 

.52 

•>i 

2<"J 

I'J  1 10 

17  05 

27 

44 

1350 

42 ;  (>) 

24 

00 

22 

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19120 

18  00 

28 

00 

1300 

42'  16 

24 

10 

22 

40 

19130 

^^\\? 

28 

10 

1370 

42l2«5 

24 

26 

22 

.50 

19  40 

18  20 

28 

20 

13^0 

43!  04 

24 

36 

2.3 

(.*) 

19  50 

18  30 

28 

80 

1300 

1 

43' 14 

24 

146 

aj'io 

19  CO 

18  40 

28 

46 

1400 

1 

43  24 

2-1 

00 

23,20 

20  00 

18  50 

20 

08 

1410 

44 

02 

^j 

10 

23 

30 

20 

10 

18  60 

29 

18 

.  1420 

44 

12 

2.5 

20 

23 

40 

20 

20 

18 

70 

29 

28 

1430 

44 

22 

2.5 

30 

23 

50 

20 

30 

19 

05 

29 

38 

'  1440 

45 

00 

25 

40 

24 

00 

20 

40 

19 

15 

80 

00 

1450 

A^ 

10 

25 

50 

24 

10 

20 

50 

19 

25 

80 

10 

1460 

45 

20 

26 

04 

24 

20 

20 

60 

19 

85 

80 

20 

1470 

45 

30 

26 

14 

U 

30 

21 

00 

19 

45 

80 

80 

1480 

46 

08 

26 

24 

24 

40 

21 

10 

19 

55 

80 

40 

'1400 

46 

18 

26 

?4 

24 

50 

21 

20 

19 

65 

81 

02 

1600 

46 

28 

26 

44 

25 

|oo 

21 

30 

20 

00 

81 

12 

1 

280 


BAFE   METHODS 


Table  Showing  the  Number  of  Buahela  and  odd  Pounds  in 


a 

Load  of  Qrain- 

'<iiii 

ll:';>' 

1. 

^  M 

Oati. 
3211. 

Corn.By* 
56  L^' 

WheftU 

E»r  Core] 

EirC;r:ji 

2Ar\tj. 

^h 

60  L^« 

H* 

-  -,      , 

4  S  1  V,     1 

_Lr« 

Dui.l 

lu. 

ft... 

L'... 

B^.. 

!.>.« 

ri. 

,*    ' 

1510 

47 

OC 

•m\ 

.54 

2.5 

10 

-'  :  ^         1 

1520 

47 

16 

27 

08 

25 

20 

21     .') 

•__.., 

1530 

47 

20 

27 

18 

25 

:w 

21 

ll'l 

'^" 

1540 

48 

04 

•)-• 

28 

25 

4(1 

2"' 

00 

2»' 

• 

1550 

AH 

14 

"7 

38 

2.1 

,'^) 

10 

2" 

ISf'O 

•js  -^.l 

27  i 

48 

2»i 

(X) 

20  2<  1 

2 

1570 

4'.',"-' 

2n1 

(rj 

2«i 

10 

•.'_• ,  ;<  1 

'.'" 

15HO 

.J'Vl2 

2M 

12 

2'".   JO 

•-■-•    1" 

■-". 

151M) 

•J'..  -J-J 

28 

•VI 

2«>i:;o 

'.'  -'   '■' ' 

-.1 

1600 

,',0,(X) 

2.S 

32 

2»;  t  JO 

V  .'  1 '  •" 

21 

1610 

:>n'  10 

2.S 

42 

2.;!.v» 

■J ,  II.) 

Jl 

161.'0 

r)0|2U 

2M 

52 

27   i«) 

:  :   li> 

•J\     . 

i6;io 

:>()  ;<o 

29 

m 

■J  7    '1 

.  J" 

1610 

.M  <w 

e^.i 

!•) 

■J ; 

;  .:o 

2 !    ' 

'. 

1650 

51    IH 

29 

-y, 

1.'  r 

;  ' 

•j:Jil»i 

M 

'■^    t 

1660 

Til  2H 

2<» 

M 

'J  r 

22  10 

34 

38 

1670 

ry2 :  on 

29 

V) 

'..'  ? 

■  >-  >  ,  rn^ 

84 

38 

16  so 

r.j  ir, 

;;n 

IM) 

■  1 

; 

8S 

00 

16iH) 

r,2 1 2''. 

:u) 

10 

.  -    ;  1 

_  i       ' 

-      ,    I    ' 

8S 

10 

1700 

.Mj,  m 

;((> 

20 

■J"'   'j'l 

•J ;  -'• 

22 

50 

85 

90 

1710 

.VI  14 

,"(» 

:in 

2m  i.'.o 

•J ;  . ;'  1 

0  1 

60 

85 

80 

1720 

53 

24 

30 

40 

2"^,.»(> 

•Ji    M 

2-J 

70 

8ft 

40 

1730 

54 

02 

3U 

50 

J-'  "i<i 

■- 1  ■■'" 

2.1 

OS 

86 

08 

1740 

54 

12 

31 

04 

'.". '       i 

.'  'i  '  ' 

.1 J   • » 

86 

19 

1750 

54 

•  )0 

31 

14 

■J  ■ 

86 

99 

1760 

55 

00 

31 

24 

L". '       ' 

v-» 

86 

89 

1770 

55 

10 

31 

34 

1.'  ' 

2.<  45 

86 

42 

17H0 

55 

20 

81 

44 

2'i    i  1 

1 

2:j  .%5 

87 

04 

1790 

55 

30 

31 

54 

2lt|.'>0 

2.".  1  40 

2.<  H5 

37 

14 

1800 

56 

08 

32 

08 

3<  • '  Cx') 

25  ■  50 

24 

00 

87 

24 

1810 

56 

18 

1^ 

:.'! '  ■'. 

■   /  ■   > 

21 

10 

37 

84 

1820 

56 

28 

:%■-.' 

1 

24 

20 

87 

44 

1830 

67 

06 

32 

O"' 

2» 

30 

88 

06 

1840 

57 

16 

32 

48 

',■  1    '■ 

24 

40 

88 

16 

1850 

67 

26 

8;^ 

02 

3u,-..) 

2t 

50 

88 

36 

1860 

68 

04 

33 

12 

81 

00 

2'>|4<> 

24 

60 

88 

86 

1870 

68 

14 

33 

oo 

81 

10 

2») 

50 

24 

70 

88 

46 

1880 

58 

24 

33 

32 

31 

20 

26 

»;o 

25 

05 

89 

08 

1890 

59 

02 

a-^ 

42 

81 

30 

07 

00 

2.-, 

15 

39 

18 

1900 

69 

12 

33 

52 

31 

40 

27 

10 

2.) 

25 

89 

28 

1910 

59 

22 

34 

06 

31 

50 

"^7 

20 

2.5 

35 

89 

38 

1920 

CO 

00 

34 

16 

82 

00 

27 

30 

2.5 

45 

40 

00 

1930 

60 

10 

34 

26 

32 

10 

27 

40 

25  5.5 

40 

10 

1940 

60 

20 

34 

36 

82 

20 

'^7 

50 

2.5 

65 

40 

20 

1950 

60 

30 

34 

46 

32 

30 

27 

60 

26 

00 

40 

SO 

1960 

61 

08 

85 

00 

32 

40 

28 

00 

26 

10 

40 

40 

1970 

61 

18 

35 

10 

82 

50 

2X 

10 

26 

20 

41 

02 

1980 

61 

28 

85 

2C 

33 

00 

28 

20 

26 

.30 

41 

12 

1990 

62 

06 

35 

30 

33 

10 

28 

30 

26 

40 

41 

00 

2000 

62 

16 

8.5 

40 

33 

20 

28 

40 

26 

.50 

41 

S  J 

FARMS    AND    FARMING 


281 


Table  Showing  the  Number  of  Bushels  and  odd  Pounds  in 
a  Load  of  Grain  -Continued. 


H- 

Oati. 

Corn,  Bye 

Wtuat. 

Ear  Com 

Bar  Com 

Barley. 

32  Lk. 

U«a.  1    l.bi 

dj'..  1  Lb«: 

6C 

LtM. 

70Lbt. 

B«.,  peer 

E».  1  LtM 

48Lbi. 

'2010 

t>2 

•Jf. 

:ir> 

50 

XI 

30 

2M 

50 

26 

60 

41 

42 

'L'(  »•_>(> 

(»;! 

<n 

:«] 

04 

Xi 

40 

28 

60 

26 

70 

42 

04 

jii:{i( 

(i:i 

14 

36 

14 

33 

.-iO 

2<J 

00 

27 

05 

42 

14 

•ji>i() 

(k! 

24 

:«i'24 

M 

00 

29 

10 

27 

15 

42 

24 

:.'(i',(» 

n\ 

(r2 

:ui  1  ;t4 

.34 

10 

29 

20 

27  2.5 

42 

34 

j(  11,(1 

tv\ 

12 

.•W   44 

;m 

20 

29  30 

27  35 

42 

44 

JmTO 

til 

22 

:«; '  r,i 

M 

.30 

29  40 

27,45 

43 

00 

Ji'-.(( 

I'fc"* 

IX) 

37   (X 

.34 

40 

29i.*j0 

27  55 

43 

16 

.  L'U'.Ml 

i\:> 

10 

37    IH 

.34 

50 

21(1 60 

27  t\r, 

4.3 

26 

2100 

jk'i 

20 

;{7,28 

lir, 

(W 

30  [o<) 

2>  (V) 

43 

36 

•21  lO 

t^) 

30 

;f7!3H 

:ir> 

10 

.30|l0 

2^-:  10 

43 

46 

'21-JO 

«'>«; 

as 

37  48 

a") 

20 

:V)  20 

2><  20 

44 

08 

2130 

•'.*; 

IS 

38 

(r2 

a') 

:«) 

.30  ;y) 

2s  30 

44 

18 

214() 

♦w. 

2N 

as 

12 

a-i 

40 

;w)  40 

2.M  40 

44 

28 

2ir.(t 

t'.T 

Oti 

38   22 

a-i 

50 

30  i  W 

2M'5o 

44 

38 

2ir.o 

t'(7 

u; 

.38  32 

m 

00 

;J0'60 

2s  »)0 

45 

00 

i217(» 

»)7 

26 

38142 

3*J 

10 

31  ,00 

2'<|70 

45 

10 

:']  ^o 

O 

<M 

:iH  j  52 

36 

20 

31  ho 

21>  M 

4,5 

30 

■ji  ■<(> 

Hm 

14 

:«  0*} 

M 

30 

31   20 

21>!l5 

45 

30 

.iil'UU 

♦;^ 

21 

.n)  le 

3<3 

40 

31  :w 

29  25 

45 

40 

22  lO 

«u 

02 

39  28 

36 

50 

31    40 

29  35 

46 

02 

222U 

»;;) 

12 

39   36 

37 

00 

31   50 

2".»  45 

46 

12 

'J  J  > ' ' 

'•'. ' 

■.'•J 

39  1  46 

.37 

10 

31  '60 

29;  53 

46 

22 

:."J  iM 

7  . 

■  ■) 

40 '  00 

37 

20 

32  00 

29  r>.5 

46 

32 

'J .-'  <  1 ' 

7m 

\i) 

40 '  10 

;r7 

30 

32   10 

3(J  W 

46 

42 

■J  .''■(» 

7(1 

20 

40 '  20 

37 

40 

.32  20 

.30   10 

47 

04 

J  J  r  I » 

70 

30 

40!:W 

37 

.50 

32,:}0 

.30 '20 

47 

14 

2 -."-(» 

71 

(W 

40   40 

38 

00 

32  40 

301.30 

47 

24 

22'.H» 

71 

IH 

40;  50 

.^8 

10 

32  .50 

30'40 

47 

34 

12300 

71 

is 

41 

04 

.38 

30 

32160 

.30:50 

47 

44 

2310 

~M 

(Kl 

41 

14 

38 

30 

a3  00 

30  60 

48 

06 

2J20 

72 

16 

41 

24 

38 

40 

.^3;io 

30 

70 

48 

16 

2330 

72 

26 

41 

34 

38 

50 

.33  20 

31 

05 

48 

26 

2310 

73 

04 

41 

44 

39 

00 

a3  30 

31 

15 

48 

36 

l:  : ; .',  1 1 

73 

14 

41 

54 

39 

10 

33 

40 

31 

25 

48 

46 

23i;() 

73 

24 

42 

06 

39 

20 

.33 

50 

31 

.35 

49 

08 

1  2370 

74 

02 

42 

18 

39 

30 

33 

60 

31 

4.5 

49 

18 

2380 

74 

12 

42 

28 

39 

40 

34 

00 

31 

55 

49 

28 

2  3 'JO 

74 

22 

42  38 

39 

50 

34 

10 

31   65 

49 

38 

2400 

73 

00 

42 

48 

40 

00 

34I2O 

32  00 

50 

00 

12110 

75 

10 

4,3 

02 

40 

10 

34I3O 

32;  10 

-50 

10 

2120 

75 

20 

43 

12 

40 

20 

34  40 

.32 '20. 

50 

20 

I2J30 

75 

30 

43 

22 

40 

30 

34  1.50 

.32  30 

50 

30 

12440 

76 

08 

43 

32 

40 

40 

34  60 

32  40 

50 

40 

2450 

76 

18 

4^1 

42 

40 

M 

3r>  0() 

32150 

51 

02 

2460 

76 

28 

43 

53 

41 

00 

35 '10 

.32 ,  60 

61 

12 

2470 

77 

06 

44 

06 

41 

10 

a5;20 

.32  70 

51 

22 

'JIHO 

1 1 

16 

44 

16 

41 

20 

35  30 

S3 

03 

51 

32 

21 '.to 

77 

26 

44    26 

41 

30 

:«  40 

33 

16 

61 

42 

|2oOO 

_t8 

04 

44   36 

41 

10 

36  60 

88 

86 

52 

04_^ 

182 


BATT  siymun^ 


Table  Showing  tlie  Number  of  Bushels  and  odd  Poundj  ta 
a  Load  of  Oram    <'<>;:'"<v-< 


^h 

Otli. 
32  i^. 

Corn,R]r* 

WhMU 

larUr: 

__-•- 

iiui 

•   I-  •■ 

n<< 

1  '.. 

»■... 

1 1^ 

•  .1 

tur 

551(» 

',  s 

1  ( 

44 

4*. 

41 

'.o 

14 

2520 

7s 

•Jl ' 

4.*. 

(M) 

42 

(X) 

;i'. 

*-- 

—  .24 

'J :):{(» 

T'.i 

irj 

4.'. 

10 

42 

H> 

.'.'■. 

•O 

M 

34 

•2r>io 

71* 

12 

V, 

20 

42 

-It 

:;i. 

•a 

as 

44 

.•jr>r><t 

T'.t 

•  >•» 

I.*. 

.U) 

42 

:iit 

■  U\      ,.  1 

.(4  00 

AS 

06 

IT.  CO 

Sll 

INI 

1'. 

40 

42 

JO 

.;».    |M 

.■m!|o 

&3 

16 

•J.'i7(t 

SU 

III 

1'. 

:.4i 

42 

'.u 

.'.''. 

i   20 

S3 

96 

•jr.  HO 

Ml 

Jll 

4ii 

Hj 

4  : 

1 II ) 

:     U) 

ss 

ai 

]  'J  :.'.•(» 

•~i  1 

:i) 

»'. 

t  J 

J.: 

! '  1 

40 

u 

46 

'snoo 

-1 

1  c^ 

ji; 

J  J 

J ; 

•  1 

M) 

54 

06 

,'j«;i(t 

^\ 

\■^ 

jr. 

.;i 

{■ 

..■  I 

'•.0 

54 

18 

'jr.jti 

M 

'^ 

v\ 

4^1 

u 

JO 

.1 . 

:    70 

54 

38 

L>r.:{o 

^■J 

iw; 

4»5 

M 

j.t 

Vl 

•  rt 

54 

38 

IT.  l(t 

S'J 

Hi 

47 

l)H 

4  J 

IMI 

l.% 

55 

00 

I  jiir.o 

M' 

2'! 

47 

IH 

(4 

HI 

23 

55 

10 

•2»;«.(> 

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1^1 

47 

2M 

44 

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C\ 

55 

30 

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M.1 

K 

47 

;w 

J( 

U) 

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55 

80 

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47 

JM 

4J 

JO 

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55 

40 

2«51M» 

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56 

Qt 

2700 

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12 

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56 

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67 

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34 

2770 

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tV. 

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37 

25 

68 

16 

1  28  1  u 

v? 

2'i 

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HI 

4.. 

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40 

10 

87 

33 

58 

36 

2S20 

SM 

iV{ 

:.n 

20 

47 

00 

40 

20 

37 

43 

58 

36 

2h:h) 

KS 

14 

w 

30 

47 

10 

40 

30 

37 

35 

68 

46 

2K10 

S,S 

24 

rn) 

40 

47 

2t) 

JO 

40 

37 

65 

59 

06 

2Hr.C» 

Ml 

nj 

.V) 

.50 

47 

.;o 

»o 

30 

88 

00 

59 

18 

28f;0 

M» 

12 

.".i 

Ol 

47 

JO 

40 

60 

38 

10 

59 

36 

2870 

W) 

22 

r.i 

14 

47 

:.<") 

41 

00 

38 

20 

59 

38 

2880 

1)0 

(K) 

r.i 

24 

4H 

00 

41 

10 

38 

:M) 

60 

00 

2890 

90'.10 

51 

34 

48 

10 

41 

20 

38  40 

60 

10 

8900 

00 

2<1 

51 

44 

48 

20 

41 

:» 

38  .50 

60 

80 

2910 

IX) 

;j<i 

51 

.54 

48 

;» 

41 

40 

38 

60 

60 

30 

2020 

IH 

0.S 

52 

08 

48 

40 

41 

50 

:« 

TO 

00 

40 

2930 

91 

IM 

52 

18 

48 

.50 

41 

60 

39 

06 

61 

08 

2940 

01 

28 

52 

28 

40  Ot) 

42 

00 

39 

15 

61 

18 

2950 

02 

0C> 

52 

•.w 

40   10 

42 

10 

;» 

25 

61 

28 

29G0 

92 

10 

52 

4.S 

40   2t^ 

42 

20 

SO 

35 

61 

32 

2970 

92 

26 

M 

02 

40  :?o 

42 

30 

39 

45 

61 

42 

2980 

o:? 

(M 

5;^ 

12 

40 '  40 

42 

40 

39 

55 

63 

04 

2990 

93 

14 

53 

22 

49  1 50 

42 

50 

39 

65 

68 

14 

isooo 

93 

24 

63 

32 

60  00 

42 

[gj 

40 

00 

68 

84 

FARMS    AND    FARMING 


283 


Table  Showing  the  Number  of  BuaheU  and  odd  Pounds  in 
a  Load  o(  Grain  Coiitinuecl. 


1^ 

5oio 

3020 

3030 

3040 

3050 

30«)0 

13070 

'3080 

'3000 

8100 

3110 

,31'JO 

3130 

3140 

SISO 

3160 

3170 

3180 

3190 

ttoo 

3210 
3220 

3J30 
3240 
3250 
13260 
,3270 
3290 
3290 
t::00 
3310 
13320 
3330 
3340 
13350 
13360 
,3370 
3380 
3390 
840U 
3410 
,3420 
3430 
8440 
3450 
3460 
3470 
3480 
3490 
8500 


284 


BAFT    UmiOOS 


fr&rrw>   IhM   mfMtit'ili 


t»y 


FARMER'S  CLUB 

In  a  farraer'ii  rlub,  whioh  l;.ut  fur  iln  ulijoct  aocUl  int«rooof« 
and  tlu)  a^Mjuijiition  uf  koowleil)(«.  th«re  o««d  \>m  f»«  arbitrmiy 
rulen  uf  order  oufurc«d.  but,  liutead.  t)i«  rtiKWlnna  maj  b« 
niort^  or  lewM  ••onrnnational  Hut.  a*  all  hotrfiMMi  la  fofellltAtod 
by  ^ool  r>'  the  ofllcwini  t>f  Ow  rh:'  (•>  Iw  arroad 

with  byln  "iiipowered  to  eofurrw  t  i^iooa 

ever  nwo.t^ary 

OonsUtutlon 

Art.    I       ' 
lU  o()Jf>rt  «t; 

Inc  »iiv-'—    '  .,, .1...  _,i.  ttj^.*. 

rncnt^  '  ••«. 

A  I  .    !h.«» 

a' 

til.  >   •        .  .  ■•    itj« 

(ur  iitoikilil/ )  iiiiu  iii«  ir*-*«tir>. 

Aht  X  —The  ort»rrr»  of  ih*  <1tih  •hsQ  be  «  Ptwidwu.  a  Wi*  r»t«fy  wIm 
■hall  b«  thit  Trr«*ur(T.  axkI  «tth  ih*  utd 

6«crvtArv,  atikll  ronstituie  c  '.«•>      Th«  ~  ■'■•■ 

k>.  -fty 

(if  •  nC 

buii'i'i.    u    i>''iu;i  -M.    itll'i  <   %| 

th«  annual  me<*tln(.      i  «-b 

•hall  bf  a  quorum,  khail  ..a-.  ^-    ■ ,..  ,  ,^  *ad 

the  carry  Inc  out  of  Iti  obJ<>rti*.      It   i'  «  oMcaf*. 

n.akr   rulm.    invitn   nrw   ^M•m^>m    to   ,  „    _  ,  <.   manac* 

exhihit;ons  or  fatr*.  puhluh  offrr*  of  pnira  «n<l  ih«  a«*r<u.  t*  rvaponatbto 
lor  the  welfare  of  the  Club,  an'l  rrport  at  the  anouai  inM>tinc  lhrot>«b  lU 
aerk. 

Art.  4.— Tbe  mwtlnr  of  the  Club  ahall  take  plan  oa  (h*  Bnl  Tuaaday 
of  each  month:  th<  ■  January  b«in(  known  aa  Iba" Annual  Mfrtinc.** 

Aht.   5.— ThLi  n  may  be  amende*!  by  a  rola  of  lwo-thir»la  of 

the  momb«r^  prr*t-r.i  »:  ar.y  refular  OMctlnc.  DOtIca  bavla(  bwn  (tvaa  at  tlM 
preccUluc  rv^ular  meeting. 


FACTS    AND    FIGURES    FOR    BUHINf>i8    MKN  288 

FACTS    AND    FIOrRES    FOR 
BLSINESS  MK\ 

HOW  TO  BECOME  WEALTHY 

The  way  to  weaitb,  .saj.t  Kraiiklin,  Li  na  |>lain  an  the  way  to  mar- 
ket.     It  (leijendB  chiefly  on  two  worda — iodiLHtry  aod  frugality. 

It  is  not  whAt  a  man  earna,  but  wlmt  he  aavoH  tliat  makes  him 
rich. 

F>om  thn  following  table  it  apiiean  that  if  a  ptTHon  8a%'ee  'J} 
oent.*t  per  day  from  the  time  he  Li  twenty-oiu*  till  he  is  seventy, 
the  total,  with  romf>«)und  intermit,  will  antuunt  to  f2.V0<).  and  a 
daily  saving  of  27^  eenta  reat-hm  thn  important  sum  of  t'i\iJM){j. 
Bare  all  you  can  in  a  prudent  and  systematic  tnanner  for  a  time 
of  poaitible  want,  but  at^  justly  by  \>  i.  ir  d«<bts.  and  liber- 

ally by  assisting  thuee  in  need,  and  1.  a  good  caiuie. 

A  Table  of  Daily  Sariii^i  at  Compound  Interest 
Cent*  p*T  l)»y.  I'rr  Vrw  I'l    !■      "  1   f: .    \-  ^r^. 

jy  •  10  t  I     "" 

ft}  I'U  -    -. 

II  1" 

&i  :>'<  :•■•<  -    ■    < 

I  .10  l'»i  ■..-..,  i .,,  ..<, 

1. 37  vhj  I   -,..1  n'..i»,.i 

BIO  SALARIES  PAID  TO  BUSDfESS  MEN 

Thi  railroad  pr.>"«.  i.-iiti  in  the  Unite-i  "-t  kt«--i  ilmw  salaries 
a^Jl^regating  f4M,(XNJ  p^-r  annum,  an  avt?ni,<u  (<f  tVi.'jUO  for  each 
mdiviJuaL  Few  of  these  men  are  capitalists,  but  each  one 
wields  a  laboring  oar  in  railway  management  and  takes  great 
responaibilitiuM  utT  the  shoulders  of  the  capitalists  who  employ 
him.     The  list  is  as  follows : 

A.  J.  f'«"i".     Ptf  r. •>.'..  ir  ;.i  railfja'l 

Cieorr- 

L.  K   : 

^^  '  «utr«i  aystem.  . 


'''  Northwestern 

]..    ;       .......   .-  n 

TotsJ .   M&A.OOO 

In  most  cases  theee  Large  salaries  include  compensation  for 
•ervices  rendered  as  the  executive  head  of  several  difTerent  oom- 
IMuiies.  all,  however,  belonging  to  one  system. 


886 


BATE  MirrnoDS 


TEACH  BUSDTESS  WAYS  TO  WIVES  AND  DAUOHTZBS 

Evi^n.-  busint"-s  nuin  who  has  a  wife  an.l  JaukIiUts  should 
Instruct  tliem  in  the  essential  principles  of  biu-'incss,  s»<.)  that  If 
illness  should  prevent  him  for  a  time  from  fn^inR  active  otton- 
tioD  to  his  afTairs,  they  may  convey  to  tiim  occuxato  ksowledgv 


TKACHGVG  CHIU)BEI«  BVSXXWBB 

of  the  condition  of  his  business,  or.  in  case  of  his  death,  may  aid 
in  the  proper  settlement  of  his  estate. 

Wives  and  daughters  of  business  men  should  seek  to  acquaint 
themselves  with  the  laws  and  conduct  of  actual  business,  and 
become  familiar  with  the  forms  vised  in  the  transaction  of  com- 


FACTS    AND    FIGURES    FOB    BUSINESS    MEN  287 

tnercial  affairs.  Even  if  they  are  not  called  upon  to  take  actual 
charge  of  business  matters,  still  this  knowledge  will  be  of  serv- 
ice, as  it  will  enable  them  to  give  valuable  aid  and  helpful  coun- 
sel to  husband  or  father. 

And  let  no  man  think  lightlv  of  the  opinion  of  his  wife  in 
times  of  difficulty.  Women  generally  have  more  acuteneas  of 
perception  tlianmen;  and  in  moments  of  peril,  or  in  circum- 
stances tliat  involve  a  crisis  or  turning-point  in  life,  they  have 
usually  more  resolution  and  greater  instinctive  judgment. 


HOW  TO  TEACH  BUSINESS  TO  CHILDREN 

Children  will  learn  with  jileHsure  from  th*>  lips  of  parents 
what  they  think  drudgery  to  learn  from  books.  This  fact, 
should  be  taken  early  advantage  of  to  familiarize  sons  an^ 
daughters  with  business  customs,  and  to  induce  them  to  fonr 
business  habits. 

I^t  them  learn  from  ezperienoe  how  money  is  earned  by 
industry  and  saved  by  economy. 

That  they  may  form  a  habit  of  doing  busineM  systematically, 
procure  for  them  a  little  account  book,  and  have  them  keep  an 
itemized  account  of  all  money  received  and  paid  out.  This 
should  show  how  each  sum  entered  was  earned,  and  how  each 
sum  paid  out  mtas  expended.  This  habit,  once  acquired,  will 
become  a  second  nature  and  remain  witn  them  for  Life. 

System  is  absolutely  essential  to  business  success,  and  parents 
should  see  to  it  that  their  children  do  things  systematically. 
"Successful  men,"  says  Carlyle,  "possess  the  great  gift  of  a 
methodical,  well-balanced,  arranging  mind;  they  are  men  who 
cannot  work  in  disorder,  but  will  have  things  straight,  and 
know  all  the  details,  which  enables  them  so  to  arrange  the 
machinery  of  their  aCTairs,  that  they  are  fully  cognizant  alike 
of  its  strength,  weakness,  and  capacity,  and  they  judiciously  and 
dLs^rfvtly  exercise  all  its  po'ver  to  the  uttermost." 

WHEN  NAME  SHOULD  BE  SIGNED  IN  FULL 

Persons  should  always  sign  their  full  name  to  deeds,  mort- 
gages, notes,  and  receipts;  for.  although  one  Christian  name 
only  is  recognized  in  law,  yet  the  writing  out  in  full  of  one's 
"middle"  name,  as  well  as  the  first  name,  tends  to  prevent  the 


■Am  MirriioDA 


name  being  mlitakm  for  that  of  nome  other  imliTidtuil  having 
■imilar  initiaU.     For  JMlincw.  instead  of  John  A.  Jones,  writ* 

John  Albert  Jon»n< 


HOW  A  MARRIED  WOMAN  ftHOULD  BIGlf  HXR  NAMI 

A  iiuirriul  tvuiuan  iihuulil  fti^o  ^^^'f  •>«'<>  L'ltrUitiAii  uame.  Uulcad 
of  that  uf  her  hiuband.  to  lef^al  and  hiuiineM  d(wutnent«.  For 
exninple.  Mnt.  Smith  ahould  aign  Marjr  Elian  Smith,  in.^t«ad  of 
Mm   John  Smith. 


HOW  SIGNATURE  OF  PERSON  WHO  CANNOT  WRITB 
SHOULD  BE  SIGNED 


Wiieu  a  i>or*>n  wlia  rat. 
meat,  it  hhuuM  be  donn  ) 
gigoature  Mitould  alwuyn  iw  witnewte*!.      klxaxupie; 

lii« 
Henry  X  YatMi 
mark 
Wltvem:     William  Henaon. 


•;   a  iit**u- 
.Aik.     Tbr. 


PBHBiaMi 


J^ENSIONS 


Tb«  Pension  Durcau  La  the  largeit  bureau  r.{  the  govornment. 
It  ie  preaidfi  ovt-r  by  tiie  CotnmiMioner  t>t  F^nnionn,  who 
ltt«nda  to  all  uiatu-re  concerning  pfiifliong,  nnd  law  iiff<-<'iin(r 
them;  to  their  payiuent,  and  tiie  dctecuou  and  prosecuuuu  ol 
atu-mpta  at  fraud  in  claims  f"r  p'^nwione. 

Pension  A>;cncies  were  aboliahed  by  Act  of  Anr^«t  17,  1912, 
and  Bince  January  31,  I^'IS  the  payment  o(  a!'  haa  been 

made  by  a  L>i«bur«ing  Clerk  In  tne  Bur^aa  o(  i 

Age  aod  Disability  Peoitiofu — Act  of  Mav  11,  I'JiJ  pmvidpi  a« 
(ollowa:  Any  person  who  e^rved  ninety  ciaya  or  more  in  tt« 
iniliuary  or  nnval  aervice  of  the  Unite<l  htat'-s,  durinj?  the  late 
civil  war,  and  \\"ho  haa  been  honorably  (li-^-har^^'d  then-from, 
and  has  reacLiHj  tho  age  of  eixty-two  y«-ara  or  ovf-r,  on  making 
proof  of  Bucb  facta  ia  entitled  to  recerve  a  i«<  n'-K.n  aa  followB: 
Age  iixtv-two  years— I-'jr  a  aorv-ice  of  ninety  daya,  fl3.00  per 
month;  dmontfis.  $13.50;  1  year,  $14.00;  l>i  years,  $14.r>0;  2 
years,  $15.00;  2.4  yi-ars,  $15.50,  and  3  years  or  more,  $16.00. 
Asre  68  years— For  a  aervice  oi  00  davs,  $l.'i.00  j>er  month;  6 
months,  fl.VSO;  1  year,  $16.00;  1}^  veara,'  16.r/j;  2  years,  $17.00; 
2"^  years,  918.00,  and  3  years  or  m'ore,  $iy.OO.  Ace  70  ye  re— 
For  a  service  of  90  dav8,  $18.00  per  month;  6  montha,  $19.00;  1 
Y-rvr,  riO.OO;  Hi  years,  $21..W;  2  vears,  $J3.(>0;  2'A  years,  $21.00; 
8  ypars  or  m^re,  $_'.'). OCJ.  Age  v5  yearf — Fur  a  e<rsice  of  90 
days,  $21.00  per  month;  G  montha,  tr2.:>0;  1  year,  $24.00:  1 '4 
years,  $27.00;  2  veara  or  more,  |:V).00.  Any  each  pension 
shall  commence  from  the  dat^  of  tiling  the  a^j^lication  in  th0 
Bareau  of  Penaiona. 


200  BAWX  METHODS 

Any  p«rson  who  served  ilxty  «!  ■■  -  -  ■  ore  In  the  w-ir  with 
Mexico,  aiiJ  who  rfot-ivt'd  an  hoiiui..  ^rgr,  U  ii.t;:..  (1  to 

$30.00  prr  month.  Any  person  who  was  W'Minded  in  Laxtio  or 
in  line  of  doty  in  the  civil  war,  and  is  now  nntlt  (ur  manual  labor 
by  reason  thereof,  or  who  from  disonso  or  other  cansv  incurr«*d  la 
line  of  duty  rosnitinj;  In  his  disability,  is  now  nnable  to  perform 
manual  hihor,  is  entitled  to  $3<).00  |>«t  niuntb. 

Bow  to  Obtain  a  Pension.— Tu  olitain  a  penaloo  the  applicant 
must  t]U^  u  i-laiin  with  tlu)  Coniini.vtioiior  of  Panaiona.  \VaAhln|^ 
ton,  I).  C.  In  u  cluiui  by  the  miMier  he  aboold  Mi  forth  all  him 
military  or  nnval  lu^rvice,  givint;  dates  of  •nllrtm^nt  and  di»- 
charge.  He  slwuld  al.so  set  forth  the  name  or  nature  of  alt  dia- 
(ibilitioA  for  which  puusion  is  claimod.  giring  the  time  when,  th* 
place  whero  and  the  circumMtaocwa  under  which  each  was  coa- 
tracted.  The  prime  requirement  to  establiah  a  claim  andar  thm 
act  of  July  H,  ISC'2,  usually  termed  the  general  law,  b  to  ahow 
that  the  disability  for  which  {it'n.nion  in  rLaitne>l  had  ita  origin 
whilo  in  the  nervire  and  lino  of  duty ;  tluit  it  Itas  existed  as  » 
disabling  cause  from  date  of  dLiw^hargM.  and  now  exists  in  a 
degree  {wnMionable  under  the  Liw.  In  a  rLaJm  under  the  act  of 
June  27,  1890,  the  eeaential  n{uirvinnntH  are:  A  MTfioe  of 
ninety  days  or  nioro,  an  honorable  discharge  tharefrom  and 
proof  that  the  disability  fur  which  penakm  is  "l*1miwi  is  not  dua 
to  cLiimant's  ow^  vicious  habits,  but  it  need  not  nnm— rilj  be 
of  service  origin. 

Widow's  Claim. — In  a  widow's  claim  it  is  nenesaary  to  show 
her  legal  marriage  to  the  soldier,  the  date  of  his  death,  and, 
under  the  general  law,  that  it  w  as  due  to  some  cause  of  serrioe 
origin.  She  must  aLso  sliow  that  she  has  remained  his  widow. 
If  there  are  children  of  the  soldier  under  sixteen  jeara  of  ag«  at 
the  date  of  his  death,  their  nauias  should  be  given  and  the  dat» 
of  birth  of  each  clearly  shown.  If  any  have  died,  the  date 
should  be  proved.  In  a  widow's  claim  under  the  act  of  June  27, 
1890,  the  rei|uirement  as  to  service  is  the  same  as  under  aa 
invalid  claim,  and  in  addition  thereto  she  must  show  a  legal 
marriage  to  the  soldier  prior  to  the  passage  of  the  act,  the  fact 
of  soldier's  death  (but  it  need  not  be  shown  to  be  due  to  servioe), 
her  continued  widowhood  and  that  she  is  without  other  means  of 
support  than  her  daily  labor.  A  minor  child's  title  to  pension 
accrues  only  on  the  death  or  remarriage  of  the  widow,  which 
fact  must  be  shown,  in  addition  to  the  requirements  in  widowT 
claim. 

Dependent  Mother. — A  dependent  mother  must  show  her 
relationship  to  the  soldier,  his  celibacy,  that  he  contributed  to 


PENSIONS  291 

her  support,  that  his  death  was  due  to  some  cause  of  service 
ongin.  tlie  date  of  his  death,  and.  under  the  general  law.  that 
she  wa-s  dei)endent  upon  him  at  the  date  of  his  deatli.  Under 
the  ac-t  of  Juno  27.  1890.  it  is  only  necessary  to  show  depen.lence 
at  date  of  filing  claim  and  since  then.  A  dependent  father 
mast  show  relationship  by  legal  marriage  to  soldier's  mother 
the  date  of  soldier's  birth  and  of  the  incther's  death,  in  addition 
to  the  retiuirements  in  the  mother's  claim. 


ANARCHISTS  NOT  EUOIBLE  TO  CITIZENSHIP 

1    iS.'^'',?"''''  V.?'^"r"  r"^'  ^'  °'  "*"*'  '•  '«"  '•'^'"'f  -'^'^t  June 
1.  19031.  itniKjded  U.t««  further  r^trlcttonj  on  Iho       •  ,  ^,,,_^. 

No  person  who  dlstx-llcvw.  in  or  w»w  U  o|.imj.«h1  lo  a.  ,  ,,,.,J^.' 

or  who  ia  a  mem»K^^r  of  or  amUati-d  with  any  ..r.-.  ,,^  ^1 

tcaclun*  «urh  diiit>elicf  In  or  opposition  to  oil  .  .  '^ 

•dvocmtM  or  teachw  th«  duty.  ncveMlty,  or  pn.  vsauU 

ln«  or  kllllnif  of  any  officer  or  ofllwrm.  elthrr  of  i.i.,^.ri,    i.  :.!.■..!,  .iir'?r  of 

omcrn  grneraUy.  of  the  novemment  of  the  Lnit«l  Stat.-.,  „r  „f  anv  oth.-r 

oncanUed  government.  Ik«iui«  of  hu  or  their  ofTicial  character,  or  who  haii 

rmAn     f".K  ",."""  I'T^'^'"'"  °^  '^^'  ^''  -^^U  ^  natuxaiut^  or  be  made  » 
citizen  of  the  Lnited  Statea. 

•  K     ^.T  '"'  ^'^^'■'•'"•-A"  court*  and  tribunal,  ind  all  Judr«.  and  offlcCTs 

thenx)f  havliu'  iirLH.iu  f  ,,.,  ..f ,.i ""^'" 

in  rejtard  ther  i-rform 

Inquln- into  s  ""•'"' 

naturalization,...-.   •,,:,.  .:..„  :  .  r  r^ror^l' U,.  ,^'"''' 

of  hla  wltn.*.M,   „,  r,.r  ...  u;  ;...  ..i,i...  r«:ltlnK  ..  '     .. 

every  material   fact  rcquu.te  for  naturalization.     All  final  or  r 

tiflcate.  of  naturalization  hereafter  made  .hall  hhow  on  their  fa-  •  J 

that  aald  affidavit,  were  duly  made  and  recorded,  and  all  orden'  and  ^. 
tiflcat«  that  faU  to  .how  .uch  facta  ahaU  be  nuU  an.l  void 
l^iJori^"^  r.?  ^''"'^;^'o^--Any  P«-n«n  who  ptirjoM-iy  procure  natural- 
t^n  «  '"/J"'*"""  «'  «»'e  provlMoru  of  thia  Mxrt.on  ^h.ll  U-  fln.Hl  not  Z-e 
than  five  thou^d  dollars,  or  .l.all  be  Im;  -  •  ,  „   "„.  "^"l! 

than  ten  yean,,  or  both,  and  the  court  .:  Z  ZZZ 

thereupon  adJudRe  and  declare  the  order  .: , ....... al."  a  Im^. 

ttag  such  pen«n  to  citizenship  null  and  void.  Ji.r.Mlu  tion  .,  h,  r.l.y  conf.  rre<l 
^JudLTion.'  '"''  J""^''^"^"  °'  ">«  '^  «f  '"^"  -"• '-  to  make  «uch 

to  ^^Z  ^,"^"  ^'^^  knowin,dy  aida.  advia«  or  e«couraR«,  any  «uch  p^nwn 
to  applj  for  or  to  .secure  nafiralizatlon  or  to  file  the  preliminary  par>*-ni 
declarinK-  an  mtent  to  become  a  citizen  of  the  Inited  Stat...  or  who  inTny 
naturalization  pHveedin.:  knowingly  procure-  or  pv.^  fal.so  ..-^.-mony  .^ 
^  any  material  fact,  or  who  knowingly  make,  an  affidavit  fal.e  a.s  to  an^ 
^JI  IhL  r   '"T"^^  i"."*  ^"''■'^  '"  *"""  ^"^♦^•'I'nf.  shall  be  fine<l   not 


292 


bafe  MFrnfODS 


►J    5»_( 


CJJ   rH  O  i-H  00  CO  u^  »0   Ci   w 

O   05    C/D   •-'   ^'   00   t^    C»0   O      ' 
fOO-^'-H-t'OOCI    — 
OS,   O,  O   0_  t-J^  !?!_  t^^  C5    i~ 

cT  t  -'  -"T  —T  n"  o  cT  o  cr' 
CO  ci  —<  lO  t-  ©  t^  r-  -r 
o  "r>_  -1^  i^v  *.  '■''«  ®.  '1  '"■- 

o"  rT  o"  cT  n'  Qo"  Qo'  •■o  ^'  - 

aoc5<Oi-<aoofox^ri  r 


f-«  l>^ 

Cl" 


I  fo  CT)  d6 


-3 


Sii 


93     03 

a  ^ 

§30 

3  -T!  n 


-3 


3   >     3 


Oh  HH  >^ 


C  J3    - 

Ph  fu  ►S 


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fj    —    ij    ^ 


•"  J3  -3 
tC    tXr-l   "u 

c   a        3 

-t   "    ij 
^  ~   ?   ® 
c   =  >  ^ 


.-i.'O  >.-5  n  ir;  c;  o  kO  C5  t^  C5  ?i  ic  00 

'O   co'oo  aoaoaoaooOoDaooc30Cic;o 

O     ,—.,—11— (,—(--.— .t—i,— .,—.,— It— II— ii—i»H 

•r;    --!<  :>'i  t-^  -o  r~  --i  o  r-^  •C'  o  CO  ^  r'l  ir^ 

Ph     t^OOOOOOQCOOCJDSQOaOOOCnCiO 


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BUIIJ)IXG    AND    LOAN    ASSOCIATIONS 


293 


CHICAGO  SKTSCEAPBK 

BUILDING  AND  LOAN  ASSOCIATIONS 

These  associations,  usually  incorporated,  are  establisheti  for 
the  purpoee  of  loaning  money  to  their  members  upon  real  estate 
flecurity.  They  make  it  their  object  to  enable  persons  having 
a  lot  to  borrow  money  thereon  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a 
dwelling,  allowing  them  to  repay  the  money  in  installments 
amounting  to  little  more  than  ordinary  monthly  rent.  When 
the  full  amount  is  paid  up  the  borrower  becomes?  owner  of  the 
property. 

Interest. — In  considering  the  question  of  usury  in  a  loan  from 
a  building  association,  payments  made  by  the  borro'^-er  as  dues 
are  not  to  be  considere*!  as  interest,  as  such  payments  are  made 
in  order  to  acquire  an  interest  in  the  property  of  the  association 
aod  not  for  the  use  of  moue". 


294  BAFE   METHODS 

Fines  iiuposed  for  default  in  payment  of  duMi  And  int4<Test 
cannot  l)e  cdllect^'d  by  forwlrwuro  of  a  ntri*  ir^ 

jMiyinent  of  nn  amount  borrowcl.  \inl«'-H  t  ■•d 

for  by  spe<MaI  ii^rt-fUK'nt. 

Liability  of  Stockholder!.— A  .st<"kiioi.i»T  wnn  a.  ii\«m_v 
oivt-ly  ciinfurs  in  thn  nianaK>'ni<<nt  of  the  atT«in»  »if  then 
tion  inuHt  U>ar  h in  share  of  tlie  kwaes  during  his  i  ip 

re8ulting  from  such  manage  men  L 


PRACTICAL  LAW  AND  liUSI- 
NESS    roiNTEKS 

An  Attorney's  Power*.— An  attorney -at-law  baa  do  iniplied 
authority  to  rom|>ound  or  give  up  any  rit;ht«  of  hl«  olienta,  or  to 
couHent  to  a  judgment  ag7iin.it  bin  cliont. 

Bank  Checks. — Tlie  arreptanro  of  a  bank  cberk  by  a  creditor 
is  not  nil  iil>»)ulute  but  a  ixinditional  payment  of  the  drawer'n  debt. 

A  drawer  of  a  bank  check  cannot  countermand  it  eo  as  to 
afToot  it  in  the  liands  of  ii  lioMtT  in  ^ihkI  fuith. 

Waiver  of  Homestead  and  Personal  Property  Exemption.— 
A  waiver  of  u  debtor's  right  to  claim  pomonal  \>ru\>*srty  bm 
exempt  from  execution,  when  attempted  to  be  made  by  an 
executory  contract,  is  ineffectual  and  will  not  be  enforced. 

A  cliuise  in  a  promissory  note  expressly  waiving  the  l)enpfit  of 
all  laws  exempting  real  or  pers4tiuil  proj>t'rty  from  levy  and 
sale,  liein;;  contrary  to  public  policy,  is  inoperative,  and  con- 
fers no  right  to  levy  up-jn  anJ  sell  personal  pruj^rty  which  is 
exempt. 

Distress  for  Rent. — Tiie  rigiit  of  a  lan'ilori  to  i.Hsue  a  warrant 
authorizing  a  k<vy  uf>on  projHjrty  of  a  tenant  for  tlie  satisfaction 
of  rent  is  looked  uix>n  in  this  country  with  disfavor,  and  in  some 
of  the  States  the  right  has  l>eeu  alnjlished. 

When  property  temporarily  in  the  possession  of  a  tenant,  but 
belonging  to  another,  is  taken  under  a  distress  again.st  the  ten- 
ant, the  landlord  will  be  liable  to  the  owner  (or  its  value. 

Wrongfiil  Levy  of  Execution.- For  wrongful  levy  on  property, 
when  an  officer,  un>ler  an  execution,  seizes  the  goods  of  soma 
other  person  than  the  defendant  in  the  exe<'ution.  the  owner 
may  maintain  an  action,  and  trespass  is  the  iisual  remedy  of 


PRACTICAL    LAW  AND    BUSINESS    POINTEIiS  295 

the  owner;  but  trove/*  may  bo  maintained  in  many  cases  and  in 
some  cases  replevin  will  lie.  The  owner  is  not  bound  to  resort 
to  a  trial  of  the  right  of  proi)erty. 

HUSBAND  AND  WIFE 

Liability  of  Husband  for  Qoods  Sold  to  Wife.— When  goods 
necessary  iiiul  suitable  to  the  jKJsitiou  iu  life  of  :i  wife  are  sold  to 
her,  the  jury  will  be  justified  in  finding  a  verdict  against  the 
hi.ixband,  as  she  acted  as  agent  of  the  husband  in  contracting 
the  debt. 

Wife  Living  Apart  from  her  Husband.— A  husband  is  not  liable 
fur  nece-usaries  furni.shed  his  wife  when  she  lives  separate  from 
him  without  his  fault. 

Separate  Maintenance.— Where  the  wife  leaves  her  husband 
without  buflicieiit  cause,  she  will  not  be  entitled  to  a  decree  for 
a  separate  maintenance. 

When  slio  leaves  him  with  his  consent  and  on  arcount  of  his 
ill  tr>>atment,  he  is  liable  for  the  exi>en.se  of  a  separate  main- 
tenance. 

FENCE  LAWS 

Fences  are  mostly  re^^ulated  by  statutes  of  the  State  where 
located.  There  are  certain  laws,  however,  that  are  applicable 
to  th»'ni  generally. 

Legal  Fence. — The  laws  of  the  several  States  provide  what 
shall  constitute  a  legal  fence,  which  generally  must  Ijo  four  feet 
hiRh.  with  Buillcient  boards  or  wire,  or  both,  to  turn  cattle. 

Damages. — As  a  general  rule  all  premises  must  be  properly 
inclosed  before  damages  can  be  recovered  froni  the  owner  of 
tre.<?passing  stock  for  injury  thereto. 

Partition,  or  Division  Fences.— The  owners  of  adjacent  tracts 
of  Land,  in  most  of  the  .Slutea,  are  bound  to  erect  and  main- 
tain one-half  of  a  suitable  fence  along  the  line  separating  such 
trarts. 

Repairs. — E^h  party  is  bound  to  look  after  his  own  part  of 
the  fence  and  keep  it  in  good  repair,  and  he  must  restrain  his 
own  sto<'k  from  trespa-ssing  upon  tiie  lands  of  his  neighbor. 

Fence- Viewers,  in  some  of  the  States,  are  provided  for  by  statute 
to  determine  the  just  share  of  each  party  liable  to  maintain  a  parti- 
tion fence,  and  suitable  methods  are  provided  for  enforcing 
their  awards. 


*296  B.\FE    MmiODS 

Railroads  arc  required  hj  ntatuU)  in  ranny  8tAt««  to  fence  their 
tmots,  and  a  failure  to  do  ho  reiulem  them  liable  for  Btook  killed 
by  rt'uson  of  n(>n-i'oin|>lianco  with  tli««  ntiitute. 

Barb- wire  f«>ni>eA  muxt  be  h<>  u.4»«<1  an  J  mred  for  mi  not  to 
eniluMK'T  iH»r!KmH  and  i)ro|>t»rty.  uiil  thn  umi  of  mrb  feaoes 
im]H)Mnfl  ii[M)n  thcwe  «'bo  uiw  them  cure  ri>4i.H<ituihly  pro|»orUonat< 
to  th»<ir  (IjiiiKPr. 

liiiilruful.H  UNJn^  barb-wire  frnren  munt  uh4>  ilue  dIli({<>noe  in 
running  their  tniiiui,  not  onU  to  avoitl  killing;  iit<M<k,  but  to 
avoid  ]ire«-i|)itiitin(;  thorn  by  fright  a^atiut  m  fence  to  be 
nuingied  or  bruised. 


vv,:-. 


-'r/*' 


TUET  wwrr  TO  i^w  aboct  tub  u!<b  rn3icK—Tnu  nrrr  aeoum 

TRESPASSINQ  AND  MISCHIEVOUS  ANIMALS 

Owners  of  domestic  animals,  such  a«  cows,  hon<»-<.  slic.'p.  hoj^s. 
poultry  and  doRS.  must  not  permit  them  to  Btrny  ir,-in  the 
premises  of  others,  or  they  will  be  liable  in  tn-[..i.-.s  for 
damages. 

No  Right  to  Kill  or  Injure.— But  those  upon  whoee  premwes 
such  animals  trespass  are  not  justified  in  killing  or  injuring  the 
animals,  no  matter  how  aggravating  or  repeated  the  acts  ot 

trespass  may  be. 

Remedy  Provided. — Tlie  persons  injured  by  such  trespassing 
have  tlieir  remedy  in  an  action  at  law  for  damages,  and  there 


PRACTICAL    LAW  AND    BUSINESS    POINTEItS 


297 


are  statutes  providing  for  the  taking  up  of  such  animals  and 
holding  them  at  the  ezi>ense  of  their  owner  or  impounding  them 
as  est  rays. 

Mischievous  Animals.— The  owner  of  a  mischievoua  animal, 
known  to  him  to  be  so,  is  responsible,  when  he  permits  him  to 
no  at  large,  fur  t!>e  damages  he  may  do.  And  any  one  may 
justify  tho  killing  of  a  ferocious  animal  at  large  The  owner  of 
SMi-li  :in  uriiiM.iI  tiiav  l>o  indicted  for  a  common  nuisance. 


.^^■^ 


TBI  SUIT  K.VDd  AHU  TBI  UA.WTKB  GSTS  BOTH  CoW  A.XD  MOJL 


If  a  person  enters  the  bam  or  pasture  of  another,  and  is 
injureil  l>y  a  vicious  liorse  or  bull,  it  nuL'?t  be  shown  that  the 
owner  used  all  reasonable  means  in  the  care  of  his  animals  for 
the  safety  of  his  help  and  neighbors. 

If  a  person  enters  upon  the  hind  of  another,  and  is  injured,  he 
must  show  good  cause  for  entering  upon  said  land,  and  also 
prove  ordinary  caution,  in  going  where  cattle  and  horses  were 
kept. 


RE3P0NSIEIUTY  OF  OWNING  A  DOG 

A  person  has  a  right  U)  keep  a  th>g  to  guard  his  premises,  but 
not  to  put  him  unconHMtHl  at  the  entrance  of  his  house;  be<'auHe 
a  person  coming  there  on  a  social  or  bu.sinee8  errand  may  be 


208  BAIIE    MEniODA 

injuretl  by  him.     Put  if  the  dog   it  chaincHl.  and  a  rlaHor  m 
incautiuuHly  )?<)«m  near  him  that  he  la  bitten,  he  haa  no  right  of 

s<'tinn  apiinut  lh<'  nwner. 

Liable  for  Damage.— Ownen  of  doioi  niuat  ke««p  them  from 
stnijiiiK  ujxjn  t!  iwajr.  or  they  will  be  reaponslbto 

for  any  (liiiimi;«<  '  r  annoyant<«  of  trmrelen.  naiing 

of  rliililrtm.  iMirkiiiK  nft4«r  teaiim.  Ptr- 

If  a  doK  Htmys  upon  the  pretniMie  and  kill*  or  injurea  aa^ 
other  domeetio  animal,  ita  owner  U  liable  for  dainagea. 


Danirerous  Dog*  runnlnfc  at  lari^e  may  lawfully  be  killed  wheo 
their  fonxity  is  known  to  thwir  owner,  or  in  •elf-di'feniir.  and 
when  bitten  by  a  rabid  aniiual  a  dog  may  Iw  lawfully  killed  \>j 
any  ona 

But  a  person  i»  not  justified  in  killing  a  do((  without  notir«  to 
the  owner,  merely  be'^u.se  it  liarka  around  hi«  bnuee  at  night. 

The  owner  of  a  vicioiui  dog  will  not  l«  held  liable  for  the  dog's 
biting  a  person  unlees  it  c«n  be  shown  that  the  dog  had  previ- 
ously oxhibit*><l  a  propensity  to  violence,  and  that  the  owner  was 
acquainted  with  this  propensity. 

BREACH  OF  TRUST 

Breach  of  trust  is  the  willful  misappropriation  of  personal 
property  by  one  who  has  been  intrusted  with  ita  poaseesion  in 
confidence. 

As  DistingTiished  from  Larceny.— The  cams  where  personal 
proptriy  is  taken  by  a  i^erson  U)  whom  it  has  been  intrusted, 
and  who  oonvens  it  to  his  owti  use.  present  very  nice  dtScrimJ- 
nations  of  mere  breaches  of  trust  from  larcenr 


PUACTICAL    UlW  AND    liUSIXF^S    POINTERS  299 

If  a  pwrson  lias  property  in  f^ooda,  and  a  right  to  the  poasesKion 
of  them,  he  cannot,  in  g^-neral.  comniit  the  crime  of  Uir<,'ony  in 
taking  them;  but  if  he  only  has  the  cuhtodj  of  thorn,  and  no 
property  in  them,  he  may  stoul  them. 

Tlie  court-s  generally  lean  toward  con.struing  the  offense  to  be 
larceny,  and  not  merely  a  breach  of  tru-st,  where  the  party  gaina 
posaossion  by  some  false  preteni«e.  witli  the  original  intent  to 
steal. 

A  bailee  who  fraudulently  conTertu  the  prop>erty  intrusted  to 
him  to  his  own  use  w  guilty  not  Himply  of  a  breach  of  trust, 
which  is  only  a  trespass,  but  of  larceny,  which  is  a  crime. 

LEGAL  OUTS 

Definition.— .\  gift  Ls  the  voluntary  and  g^tuitous  transfer  or 
oonveyunce  of  the  right  and  posseenion  of  property  by  one  per- 
son  to  another. 

Names  of  Parties.— The  giver  of  the  property  Is  called  the 
doH'ir.  the  rec«'iver  the  donee. 

Who  May  Make  a  Gift.  — Any  person  competent  to  transact 
ordinary  business  may  give  whatever  he  owns  to  any  other 
person. 

Delivery  to  the  donee  is  essential  to  a  gift,  and  there  must  also 
be  actual  acceptance.  It  must  bean  actual  delivery,  ko  far  an 
the  subject  Ls  capable  of  delivery.  If  the  thing  be  not  capable 
of  actual  delivery,  there  mu.st  l>e  Home  act  efjuivalent  to  it; 
something  HuHicient  to  work  an  iintne^Jiate  change  in  the  control 
of  the  projjerty. 

Looked  Upon  with  Suspicion.— The  law  genenilly  lfX)k.s  witlj 
some  iJegre«>  of  .su.-.|)iciun  ujhjh  gifl«.  and  they  are  usually  consid- 
ered to  be  fraudulent  if  creditors  or  others  become  sufferers 
thereby. 

Retracting.- Where  a  gift  has  been  executed  by  delivery  of 
po«.se^><i>)n.  it  is  not  in  thu  donor's  ix>wer  to  retract  it;  but  so 
long  a.s  the  gift  has  not  been  completed  by  delivery  of  posses- 
sion, it  Ls  not  properly  a  gift,  but  a  contract,  and  this  a  penwjn 
cannot  be  compelled  to  perform  but  upon  good  and  Hufllci»'nt 
consideration. 

A  Gift  Made  in  Prospect  of  Death  may  l*e  revoked  by  the 
donor  at  any  time  during  liis  life,  though  it  be  completed  and 
executed  by  deliver^'  and  acceptance. 


300  BAFR    M>miODS 

A  out  may  be  Annullad  bj  the  creditors  of  th«  donor,  tf  h* 
waH  intM^lvnnt  at  the  time  of  the  gift  and  it  diminijihed  th« 

cretiitur'8  fund. 

riNDER  or  LOST  PROPERTY 

The  K»Mif^riil  law  on  thi.s  .siil)jf<-t  i.H,  tlwil  ihr  liiuler  of  monoj  or 
giMul.s,  if  iu^  tak««M  |>o(«*>H.si()n  of  the  propertj.  ia  to  uae  all  due 
tneann  to  di^^oover  tiie  rit^htful  owner:  uu<l  if  ho  a[>propriut«M  tlie 
articles  to  )>i.H  own  iLse,  knowing  the  riKhtful  owner,  oi  without 
having  made  duo  exertion  to  tlnd  him,  tie  in  ht'ld  guilty  of  lar- 
ceny.  Failing  to  find  the  rightful  owner,  after  t*klng  due 
metiitii  to  do  ao,  the  tinder  of  the  loet  artiolee  ia  entitled  to 
regard  them  aa  hiii  own  pro{)erty. 

RULES  OOVERNINO  THE  nNDINO  OT 
LOST  PROPERTY 

1.  The  finder  of  lost  property  is  the  owner  of  it  agninat  all  Um 
worl  1  hut  the  original  owner  Thiui.  it  is  held  that  a  ntmnger 
who  flndM  lost  money  in  a  shop  may  retain  it  aa  aguinat  the  shop 
owner. 

Money  Left  on  a  Desk  in  a  hank,  provided  for  the  uae  of  its 
dH|M>vit<)rs.  is  not  lost  mi  art  to  entitle  the  finder  to  the  aame,  aa 
agaiu^st  the  biink. 

An  Aerolite  which  buries  itHelf  in  the  ground  ia  regarded  aa  an 
accri  tmn  to  the  land,  and  belongs  to  the  owner  of  the  aoil  on 
which  it  f;ills. 

2.  The  finder  in  always  at  liberty  to  leave  untouched  what  he 
finds,  and  cannot  be  made  accountable  for  any  injury  thereafter 
happening  to  it. 

8.  The  finder  may  demand  from  the  owner  all  his  expenaea 
necessarily  incurred  in  keeping  and  preserving  the  property, 
and  probably  advertising  and  like  charges  for  the  owner's 
benefit. 

4.  If  a  reward  be  offered,  specific  and  certain  or  capable  of 
being  made  so  by  reference  to  a  standard,  the  finder  complying 
with  the  terms  of  the  advertisement  becomes  entitled  to  such 
reward,  and  may  sue  for  it. 

5.  If  the  finder  of  lost  goods,  or  goods  which  are  reasonably 
supposed  by  him  to  have  been  lost,  appropriates  them  to  his  owti 
use,  really  believing  when  he  takes  them  that  the  owner  cannot 


PRACTICAL    L.\W  AND    BUSINESS    POINTERS  301 

be  found,  it  is  not  larceny ;  but  if  he  lAkus  them  reasonably 
believing  that  the  owner  can  be  found  and  thus  appropriates 
them  it  is  larceny. 

THE  LAW  OF  SUBSCRIPTIONS 

Subscription  is  the  placing  of  a  hij;niitun>  under  a  written  or 
printed  agreement.  By  surh  an  act  a  p«>n»on  contracts,  in 
writing,  to  jiay  a  sum  of  money  for  a  .'inxific  purpo«e;  a.s  a  sub- 
scription to  a  ciiaritable  institution,  a  Bubtscriptiun  for  a  book, 
etc. 

Subscription  Papers.— "The  law  on  the  subject  of  these  sub- 
8<'ription  pajx-rs,"  says  Parsons,  "and  of  sU  voluntary  promises 
of  contribution,  is  substantially  this:  No  such  promises  are 
binding  unless  something  is  jxaiil  for  them,  or  unless  some  party 
for  whose  benefit  they  are  made  (and  this  jMirty  may  bo  one  or 
more  of  the  subscribers),  at  the  recjueHt,  express  or  implied,  of 
the  promisor,  and  on  the  faith  of  the  8ul)«<'ri[)tion.  incurs  tu^tual 
expense  or  loss,  or  enters  into  valid  contracts  with  other  parties 
which  will  occasion  expense  or  loss.  As  the  objection  to  these 
promises,  or  the  doubt  about  them,  comes  from  the  want  of  con- 
sideration, it  may  be  removed  by  a  seal  to  each  name,  or  by  one 
seal  whirli  is  ile<-liired  in  the  instrument  U^  be  the  seal  of  each." 

Book  Subscriptions.— .V  person  sul>scribing  for  a  lK>ok  is  bound 
to  take  it  w.hen  delivered  by  the  agent,  provided  it  corre«ponds 
with  the  sample  copy  shown  him  when  the  suliscription  was 
given.  The  agent  or  publisher  may  recover  at  law  the  price  of 
the  book  should  the  subscriber  refuse  to  take  it  when  presented 
to  him. 

Publication  Subscriptions  Received  Through  Agents. — 
The  following  rulings  of  the  PostofTlce  Deparimcnt  became 
effective  In  October,  1919: 

"Subscriptions  obtained  through  agents  or  agencies  on 
commission  or  in  connection  with  clubbing  arrangements 
with  other  publications  in  cases  where  the  amount  received 
by  the  publisher  (after  deducting  the  amount  paid  as  com- 
mission, or  as  a  rebate,  or  through  other  arrangements)  Is 
less  than  50  per  cent  of  the  amount  at  the  regular  advertised 
annual  subscription  price  of  the  publication,  are  at  a  nom- 
inal rate. 

"This  rule  applies  In  cases  where  agents  work  on  a  com- 
bined commission  and  salary  basis,  as  well  as  where  they 


302  B^^ra  MBTMOUH 

work  on  commission  alone,  and,  therefore,  publishers  moat 
receive  at  leaHt  50  per  cent  of  the  amount  at  the  regular 
advertlHed  uiinuul  HubHrrlptlon  prlc«>  of  tho  publication,  aftrf 
deducting  both  Halary  and  coinnilHulon,  In  onlrr  to  bring  the 
BubHcriptlons  within  the  •leglllmato  list  of  aub»cribers'  w- 
quircd  by  law. 

"In  order  that  persons  whose  subscriptions  are  obtataed 
through  agentii  employed  on  a  straight  salary  and  expense 
allowuuco  buslu  may  be  regarded  an  forming  a  proper  part 
of  the  'leKlliuiato  list  of  Bub«crlbor«'  preitcrlbed  by  the 
Btntute.  It  is  essential  that  the  condliionn  obtslning  with  re- 
spect thereto  bo  bona  fide  in  every  reiip«ct  To  this  end 
the  agents'  compensation  should  not  be  above  that  which 
is  (ulr  and  reasonable  nor  out  of  keeping  with  the  nature  of 
the  duties  and  services  rendered.  Kxp4*nse  allowances 
should  be  on  the  same  basis,  alwayx  within  reasonable 
boundH,  and  to  this  end  some  rentrictions  should  govern. 
The  subscriptions  should  be  solicited  strictly  on  the  mertla 
of  the  publication,  preferably  at  the  regular  price  free  from 
premium  or  other  extraneous  inducements,  and  not  be  ob- 
tained under  arrangements  tending  lo  violate  the  clear 
Intent  of  the  law  that  a  publication,  to  enjuy  the  second- 
class  mall  privilege,  shall  be  circulated  in  response  to  a 
genuine  public  demand  and  the  publisher  shall  receive  more 
than  'a  nominal  rate'  for  the  subscriptions." 

WOHKINO  ON  .Sl'XD.lYS  AXD  Li>Xi.\L  HOLID.WH 

Sundays. — No  one  is  bound  to  work  on  Sunday  in  per- 
formance of  his  contract,  unless  the  work  by  its  very  nature 
or  by  express  agreement  is  to  be  done  on  that  day  and  can 
be  then  done  without  a  breach  of  law. 

Holidays. — There  are  no  laws  which  forbid  or  compel  a 
laborer  to  work  on  holidays.  A  laborer  must  either  work  on 
such  days  or  forfeit  his  wages.  In  most  parts  of  our  country 
people  do  not  work  on  Christmas,  New  Year's,  Fourth  of 
July.  and.  in  the  East,  on  Thanksgiving  Day.  and.  in  the 
North,  on  Decoration  Day,  yet  most  employers  pay  their 
employees  their  usual  wages.  Where  this  custom  is  common 
and  well  known  it  may  so  govern  that  wages  can  be  col- 
lected, though  the  work  is  not  done. 


WHEN  A   TRADE'S    A  TRADE 


3oa 


TUE  MACUINHST 


Glr»  me  a  plac«  on  which  to  stand  and  with  my  lever  I  will 

more  ihe  world.— AUCHIMKOES. 


WHEN  A  TRADE'S  A  TRADE 

1.  The  Offer. — \n  offer,  or  proposal  to  do  a  thing,  may  be 
made  either  by  words  or  signs,  either  orally  or  in  writing,  but  In 
law  it  is  not  regarded  as  an  offer  until  it  comes  to  the  knowledge 
oi  the  person  to  whom  it  is  made. 

Offer  by  Mail. — In  commercial  tranBaotiona  when  an  offer  is 
made  by  mail,  the  general  rule  is  that  the  offerer  is  entitled  to 
an  answer  by  return  mail;   but  this  will  not  apply  in  all  cases. 


304  BAFE    METHODS 

fur  example,  where  th«>re  ore  Heventl  inall<i  tmrU  dty.  In  tr&n» 
Actiuns  which  am  nut  ooiniuercial.  luti.  h  U-nA  protiiptituit^  itt 
answering  U  required. 

When  Revokmble.  — An  offor  which  .•.:•..  :.' -itipultttiun  aa 
to  hou-  loii^  it  Nhiiil  continue  i<i  rovi>kjk:  .•  ki  ^nr  tituo.  \Vh<<u 
an  otTt^r  Ls  inatix  for  a  tiino  liniit«d  iu  the  olI«r,  no  aooepUtnc* 
after wiinl.H  will  iitake  it  binding. 

2.  The  AcceptAnca.— An  offer  <mn  oolj  be  Mxwptod  In  tte 
termn  in  whirh  it  i.i  made;  an  aro«ptan(^.  thervfoca^  which 
moJiiied  the  olTt^r  in  anj  (xirtiouLar  guee  f^ir  outhiog. 

When  the  Trade's  Complete  —The  rule  that  a  oontrart  la  nrm* 
ploto  lit  the  iiLHtant  whiui  the  minib  of  thi«  |iartir«  mtmt  U  •ub' 
Ject  to  modinctation  whore  tiiM  oeKotiation  i«  carried  on  by  l<iter. 
for  hore  it  i»  iinptmniblo  ttiat  both  partiea  aboold  b«tra  knowleitga 
of  the  tiioment  it  b«Kx>nioe  ooniplcta. 

Where  an  Offer  is  Made  bj  Letter,  th**  mntUmj  of  a  Urtter  n^n- 
tniniii>;  un  ur«><>piunt-M  u(  tli<<  DlTcr  i-otnplotea  the  rontrmrt. 
althuugh  the  letter  oontainin>;  the  aocr>ptani>e  may  ba  drla/ed 
or  ni.'iy  not  ho  roroived  throuj^h  fault  of  the  niail. 

Offers  of  Reward  for  the  return  of  Inet  property,  or  for  Infor- 
niation  loii<iiii)<  to  ttie  arrent  and  oinvidiMn  (if  ofTendan,  baooma 
ohliKAtory  hh  Hoon  ax  anj  one  imipirfHl  to  action  bj  tha  offer  oom* 
plien  with  itn  t«nu.<i.  Where  the  offer  ia  for  information,  tha 
whole  of  w-hirh  i.s  furnished  in  fmgmenta  hj  dilTerent  persona, 
the  reward  may  be  e<iuitnbly  proportioned .  and  ho  aa  to  tha 
recovery  of  property. 

NAVIGATION  LAWS 

No  vessel  is  deeme«l  Anvr: -iii  .vn  1  entitlo«i  to  the  proter^lon 
of  the  American  tlag  uule-v-i  siu«  is  wholly  built  in  thia  country 
and  wholly  owne«i  and  officered  by  Ameriran.H.  Foreign  veeaeb 
cannot  engage  in  our  coiwsting  trade,  which  i»  held  to  include 
voyages  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific  porta.  American  vaaeeb  oaaae 
to  be  such  if  even  a  part  owner  (except  in  a  few  instanoea) 
resides  abroad  for  a  short  time.  An  American  veaael  onoa 
transferred  by  .iny  pro<'e.sa  to  foreigners,  can  never  N\il  un-ler 
our  flag  again.  Duty  must  be  {laid  on  the  value  of  all  reftairs 
which  an  American  vessel  makes  in  foreign  ports  on  her  return 
to  this  country.  Restrictions  are  placed  on  the  re|»airing  of 
foreign  vessels  in  our  ports  with  imported  materiaK     Veaaali 


POINTS   ON   CRIMINAL   LAW 


305 


eni^aged  in  trade  to  porta  not  in  North  or  Central  America,  and  a 
few  specified  a<ljacent  placea  (except  tirihine  and  pleaauro  vessels), 
pay  a  tax  un  entry  of  six  cents  per  ton  of  their  burden,  but  the 
maximum  aggregate  tax  in  anyone  year  dot-a  not  exceed  thirty 
oenta.     This  -is  called  a  tonnage  tax.     Foreign  vessels  pay  the 


TT-nHISE    BTKAMKUrr    MATUKTASIA 

L«Dk't'       ■  'loPM?  i>o»    •         ..  Ill  tona. 

LeariDK  Ll\  l<nn.   ui  '    U>o   trip  In 

1    -  - .   .  --  liours.  41  u-.^-i-  - 

Bame  tax,  but  an  American  vessel  is  forced  to  pay  an  additional 
tax  of  Tidy  cent.i  \>fr  Um  if  one  of  her  oflicers  is  un  alit-n.  5Iate- 
riala  for  the  construction  of  vessels  for  foreign  trade  may  be 
import.-d  free  of  duty,  but  the  duly  must  be  piiid  if  the  vessel 
engages  fur  more  than  two  months  a  year  in  the  coasting  trade. 

POINTS  OX  CRIMINAL  LAW 

Ignorance  No  Excuse.  —  Kvery  person  is  prewuined  to  know 
what  the  hiw  is.  and  ignorance  Is  no  excuae  for  crime. 

Arrests. — No  one  can  be  legally  arrt>st»d  without  a  warrant 
unle.sa  the  person  making  the  arrest  has  personal  knowledge 
that  the  one  he  arrests  has  committed  a  crime.  Any  one  with- 
out  a  warrant  may  arrest  a  person  committing  a  felony  in  his 
presence,  and  any  peace  officer  may  arre.st  a  person  while  com- 
mitting a  breach  of  the  peace  or  immediately  afterwards. 

The  rule.  "Everyman's  hou.se  is  his  rastle."  does  not  hold 
good  in  criminal  cases,  and  an  ofHcer  may  break  open  doors  of 
the  criminal's  house  to  exerrute  a  warrant:  and  he  may  do  so 
wltl>out  a  warrant,  as  also  may  a  private  person,  in  fnssh  pursuit, 
under  circumstance.'?  which  authorize  him  to  make  an  arrf^t. 

Wftirmnts. — No  warrant  shall  U»  it<aued  but  upon  probable 
s,  supported  by  oath,  or  atUrmation. 


B06  SATS   METHODS 

Innocence  Presumed. — Evtry  one  ia  preeumed  to  b«  inaoeMlt 
until  the  contrary  in  proved. 

Bound  to  Aid  the  Sheriff. — Every  mftn  is  beuod  to  obey  t^« 
call   of   a  sheriff   for   asaistance   in    making   an   arrest. 

An  Accident  is  not  a  crime,  unless  criminal  careleMSM*  ran 
be  shown. 

Arson  is  the  malicious  burning  of  another's  bouse.  In  som* 
Btateii  by  statute  it  is  an  indictable  oBeutn  to  burn  one's  own 
house  to  defraud  insurers. 

"Settling"  an  Offeni*. — It  is  an  indictable  offense  for  the 
party  ininxnliatrly  a^'grteved  to  agree  with  a  thief  or  other 
felon  thut  ho  will  not  prosecute  him,  on  condition  that  he  re- 
turn the  stolen  goods,  or  to  take  a  reward  not  to  proeecute. 

Embezxlement  is  the  wrongful  appropriation  of  the  money  or 
goods  of  another  by  one  entrusted  therewith.  It  was  not  in- 
dictable at  common  law,  but  has  been  made  a  felony  by  vari 
0U9  Ktatutos.  Public  otTicor^,  bank  caahirrs,  clrr*s,  and  others 
acting  in  a  flduciary  capacity  are  peculiary  liable  to  be  charged 
with  this  offense. 

Drunkenness  is  not  a  legal  excuse  for  crime,  but  sometimes  is 
evidence  of  the  absence  of  malice. 

Self  Accusation. — No  one  ought  to  accuse  himself  except  b«> 
fore  God. 

A  Married  Woman  who  commits  a  crime  in  the  presence  of 
her  husband,  unless  it  is  of  a  very  aggravated  character,  is 
presumed  to  act  by  his  coercion,  and,  unless  the  contrary  is 
proved,  she  is  not  responsible.  Uuder  other  circumstances  she 
is  liable,  criminally,  as  if  she  were  a  single  woman. 

Insane  Persons  and  others  who  are  incapable  of  judging 
between  right  and  wrong  are  usually  absolved  from  criminal 
responsibility,  though  they  may  be  liable  civilly  for  damage 
done  by  their  wrongful  acts. 

MINES  AND  MINING 

Laws  Governing. — The  laws  governing  mines  and  mining 
vary  in  the  different  States,  and  a  person  intending  to  engage 
in  the  mining  business  should  consult  the  statutes  of  the  par* 
ticular  State  in  which  he  desires  to  operate. 


MINES  AND  IflNENO  307 

HOW  TO  LOCATE  A  MUTE 

Who  May  Locat«. — All  valuable  mineral  depoeita  in  landa 
belonging  to  the  United  States,  whether  eurvoyod  or  unsur- 
veyed,  are  "free  and  open  to  exploration  and  purchaao  by  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States,  or  those  who  have  declared  their 
intention  to  become  such." 

Requisites  of  Location. — To  stake  off  a  claim  so  as  to  entitle 
a  prospector  to  a  patent  requires  considerable  care.  Unless  the 
boundaries  are  given  correctly,  and  the  claim  located  strictly  in 
accordance  with  the  statutory  provisions,  the  application  for  a 
patent   will   be   refused. 

For  existing  regulations  governing  the  requisition  of  mineral 
lands,  the  title  to  which  is  in  the  government,  see  Revised 
SUtutes  of  the  United  States,  Sections  2318  2352,  and  Supple- 
ment of  Revised  Statutes,  pp.  166-67;  276,  324,  948,  950.  An 
examination  of  these  regulations  is  absolutely  essential  to  the 
successful  location  of  a  claim,  for  it  is  not  priority  of  discovery, 
but  priority  of  compliance  with  the  various  requirements  of  the 
statutes  that  gives  the  right  to  the  mine.  As  laws  and  regula- 
tions for  the  location,  development  and  working  of  mines  may 
be  made  by  the  different  States,  as  well  as  by  the  general  gov- 
ernment, the  statutes  of  the  particular  State  where  the  mine  is 
to  be  located  should  also  be  consulted. 


BUBEAU    OF    MINES. 


From  an  exhaustive  and  carefully  prepared  report  of  the 
Committee  on  mines  and  mining  submitted  to  the  House  of 
Representatives  in  March,  1910,  the  following  is  manifest;  that 
among  the  industries  of  the  country,  in  magnitude  and  im- 
portance, mining  ranks  second.  Agriculture  being  first.  The 
former  contributes  $2,000,000,000,  annually  to  our  national 
wealth.  It  contributes  65  per  cent  of  the  freight  traffic  of  the 
country.  In  1910,  the  wages  paid  men  en{»a;;od  in  mining 
amounted    to    $864,158,487.  It     employe     more    than    3,000,000 


808  aAFB  MSTHODf 

men  in  mines  and  in  performing  labor  connected  with  mining. 
It  is  the  basis  of  a  larRe  portion  of  the  nation's  varied  mano- 
facturing  interests,  and  of  Ita  supplies  of  light  and  beat. 
Nevertheless,  there  baa  been  found  to  bo  an  exceasive  and 
Increasing  waste  in  the  resources  of  American  mines — 250,- 
000,000  tons  of  coal  annually.  More  deplorable  tbiui  tbia,  U 
the  ever  increasing  death  roll— from  8,000  to  10,000  miaMB 
killed  or  seriously  injured  every  year,  most  of  Umbb  leariaf 
widows  and  fatherless  chiMren.  Each  year  our  mlDet  ar« 
becoming  more  dangerous  as  the  work  extends  deeper  and 
gases  Increase.  It  has  been  ascertained  that  In  the  United 
States,  nearly  three  times  the  numhor  are  killed  and  Injured 
in  mines,  to  the  1,000,  than  in  European  coontries.  For  the 
purpoeo  of  discovering  some  means  of  remedying  tbli  Intoler- 
able condition  at  the  Second  Session  of  the  Sixty  first  Con- 
gross,  n  Bill  was  passed  and  became  a  Law  creating  the 
"Bureau  of  Mines"  for  the  purpose  of  providing  such  scien- 
tific Inquiries  and  investigations  as  would  enable  Congr«'ss  and 
states  to  provide  legislation  that  would  materially  lessen  tbia 
waste,  and  Iocs  of  life. 


LAWS  GOVERNING  PUBLIC  ROADS 

OENERAI.  PRINCIPLES 

1.  To  prevent  collisions,  and  to  secure  the  safety  and  eonras- 
ience  of  travelers  meeting  and  passing  each  other  upon  tba 
highway,  a  code  of  rules  has  been  adopted  which  constitutes 
what  is  called  the  law  of  the  road.  These  rules,  originally 
established  by  custom,  have,  in  many  instances,  been  re-enacted 
and  declared  by  statute,  and  are  of  general  and  uniform  observ- 
ance in  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  In  general,  they  apply 
to  private  ways,  as  weTl  as  public  roads,  and,  indeed,  extend 
to  all  places  appropriated,  either  by  law  or  in  fact,  for  the 
purposeg  of  travel. 

2.  Public  Roads  are  those  which  are  laid  out  and  supported  by 
officers  entrusted  with  that  power.  Their  care  and  control  ia  reg- 
ulated by  the  statutes  of  the  different  States,  and  in  detail  will 
Note— For  Road  Petition*  Bce  ra^e  38. 


LAWS    OOVERJilNG    PUBLIC    ROADS  309 

not  be  referred  to  here,  aa  they  can  be  easily  looked  up  by  those 
who  desire  information  so  entirely  local. 

3.  Ownership.— Tlie  soil  and  the  land  renmin  in  the  owner, 
who  ni.iv  put  the  land  to  any  use,  and  derive  from  it  any  profit, 
not  inconsistent  with  the  rights  of  the  public.  If  the  road  is  at 
any  time  dLw-ontinueil,  the  land  reverts  Ijack  to  the  owner. 

4.  Liability.— Tlie  repair  of  highways  is  usually  imposed  upon 
towns,  and  they  are  made  liable  by  statute  for  all  damages 
against  persons  or  e«tat«<j,  from  injuries  received  or  hapijening 
in  consetjuence  of  a  negl»>ct  of  duty  on  the  part  of  the  officers 
having  tlie  same  in  charge. 

5.  The  Primary  law  of  the  road  is  that  all  pers^>ns  using  the 
same  must  exercise  due  care  to  prevent  collisions  and  accidents. 
No  one  can  claim  diimages  for  an  injury  mainly  caused  by  his 
own  negligen<'e. 

6.  Persona  traveling  with  carriageii  or  vehicles  of  transporta- 
tion, meeting  on  any  public  way,  are  re^juired  to  turn  their  car- 
riages or  wagons  to  the  right  of  the  (•<?nter  of  the  road,  so  far  as 
to  permit  sufh  carriages  or  wagons  to  pa.s»  without  interruption. 
Any  unreasonable  occupation  of  the  public  way.  whether  arising 
out  of  a  refusal  to  turn  out  and  allow  a  more  rapid  vehicle  to 
pass,  or  from  an  unjustifiable  occupancy  of  such  a  part  of  the 
road  as  to  prevent  others  from  passing,  will  render  the  party  so 
trespassing  liable  for  damages  to  any  suffering  injuries  there- 
from. A  loaded  vehicle  must  turn  out,  and  allow  those  to  pass 
who  may  reasonably  and  lawfully  travel  faster. 

7.  Riders  are  not  governed  by  any  fixed  rules,  but  are 
re<|uire<l  to  use  reasonable  prudence  at  all  times  to  prevent 
accidents.  They  need  less  room  and  can  make  quicker  move- 
ments, and  are,  therefore,  not  under  as  well  defined  rules  as 
vehicle.'*. 

8.  Pedestrians  have  a  right  to  use  the  carriage-way  as  well  as 
the  sidewalk,  and  drivers  must  exercise  reasonable  care  to  avoid 
injuring  them,  but  a  foot  passenger  in  crossing  the  street  of  a 
city  has  no  prior  right  of  way  over  a  passing  vehicle;  both  are 
bound  to  act  with  prudence  to  avoid  an  accident,  and  it  is  as 
much  the  duty  of  the  pedestrian  to  look  out  for  passing  vehicles 
as  it  is  for  the  driver  to  see  that  he  does  not  run  over  any  one; 
nor  does  the  rule  requiring  vehicles  to  keep  to  the  right  apply  to 
carriages  and  foot  passengers,  for,  as  regards  a  foot  passenger,  a 
carriage  may  go  on  either  side- 


310  BAni  METHODS 

9.  RanawajR. — The  owner  of  a  runaway  horse  or  horMS, 
If  negUgcDt,  or  not  oxorcliilng  due  care.  In  rmponiiible  for  all 
damages  that  may  occur.  If  a  horse  naturally  quiet  tu  rtde 
and  drive  la  frightened  by  a  railroad  traiit.  Mteam  thresher 
or  other  causcH  not  under  the  control  of  the  rider  or  drivi-r, 
and  does  any  damage,  or  Injures  any  person  or  pertonii.  the 
owner  is  not  responalble.  If  horses  an«  known  to  bo  vicious. 
or  sustain  a  runaway  reputation,  break  looee  or  run  away 
with  their  driver,  or  injure  any  person  or  porsons.  the  owner 
is  rosponslhln,  unless  It  can  b<«  shown  that  the  horses  worn 
frightened  by  some  obstacle  which  would  naturally  frighten 
a  gentle  or  ordinarily  quiet  horse. 

AlTOMOIUl.K   I.\WS 

Many  of  the  st«iea  have  enacted  lawn,  and  most  large 
cities  paused  ordinances.   t;ovornlng  the   '  )   of  auto- 

mobiles on  the  public  highways.    The  pro.  r  lh»«  vari- 

ous laws  and  ordlnanco^i  difTcr  In  some  roepocLs  in  the  differ- 
ent states  and  cities,  but  generally  nil  motor  cam  arc  r«*- 
qulred  to  he  reRlatercd  and  nunibcrod.  and  the  number  con- 
spicuously displayed  on  the  car,  with  proper  lights  at  night. 

rcnuUtiiYi  nrc  prtwcrllir*!  for  "spcodlng"  or  traveling  faster 
than  a  limit  fixed  by  statute  or  ordinance.  Most  or  all  of 
the  provisions  are  based  on  the  English  Motor  Car  Act  of 
1903.  which  provides  a  speed  limit  of  twenty  miles  an  hour, 
with  power  to  the  Ix>cal  Government  Board  (on  the  appli- 
cation of  the  local  authority)  to  reduce  it  to  ton  milos  per 
hour  within  certain  areas,  or  to  prohibit  altogether  the  driv- 
ing of  cars  on  any  highway  or  port  of  a  highway  which  does 
not  exceed  16  feet  In  width,  or  on  which  ordinary  motor- 
car trafHc  would  In  their  opinion  bo  dangerous. 

The  act  provides  for  the  punishment  of  speeding  or  reck- 
less motoring  on  public  highways,  the  registration  and  num- 
bering of  motor  cars,  the  licensing  of  chauffeurs  and  mak- 
ing It  their  duty  to  stop  in  case  of  accident  and  give  the 
number  of  the  car  and  the  name  and  address  of  the  owner, 
under  penalty  of  flnc  and  imprisonment 

The  necessity  of  limiting  the  speed  of  automobiles  on  the 
public  highways  Is  apparent  when  it  is  considered  that  a 
speed  of  120  miles  an  hour  has  been  reached  by  the  latest 
improved  racing  cars. 


MONEY 


311 


MONEY 

Money,  or  the  medium  of  exchange,  in  the  United  SUtee  oon- 
8iHt«  of  gold,  Hilver.  niokel  and  wmpowition  coins,  and  the  paper 
money  iuaued  by  the  government  and  the  national  bank*. 

COINS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
The    loUuwinK   ta»)leH    show    tho   aeiioiiiijnitii.ns.    weight,    and 
fiueutxi**  of  the  coiua  of  thia  country. 


DtNOMlNATlOS*. 


..liar  ($n    

•r  i-aclf  (12.50), 


t&) 


(»3). 


l^)u;.i.-  .-u*!*?  (120) 


Gold 


nne  Oold 
Contained. 


Gnliu. 

23.23 

&8.06 

M.M 

lift. 10 

232.20 

444.40 


Alloy 
Contained.* 

Oraini. 

2  &8 

0  45 

7.74 

12  00 

25  80 

51.60 


WoiKht. 


(iralnx. 
25  HO 
);4  50 
77    40 

]:■'!   (XT 

.    -    I") 

.   ()0 


•Tbe  alloy  neither  adds  to  nor  detracu  from  the  value  of  the  coin. 


DtNOM  1.N  AT10N8. 


Standard  dollar 
Half  doUar  .  .  .  . 
iiartrr  dollar  . 


8' 


Silver 


Fine  Silver  Alloy 

Contained.    |    Contained. 


Gra'ns. 
371.25 
173.01 
M.805 
34.722 


Gralnii. 
41   26 
19  29 
9  645 
3.858 


Wei«bt. 


Graina. 

412  M 

192  00 

9*^  45 

ZS  58 


Prior  to  the  Act  of  February  21.  1858,  all  silver  coin.s  were 
legal  tender  in  all  payments  whatsoever.  The  Act  of  F«bniarr 
21  1853.  reduced  the  weight  of  all  silver  coins  of  le«.s  .lenomina- 
tion  than  the  silver  dollar  about  7  per  cent,  to  be  coined  on  gor- 


813 


SAFE    UETIIODe 


eminent  account  only,  and  made  tbeni  legal  tender  in  pajrnieot 
of  debta  for  all  nunut  not  exceeding  fire  doUara.  No  foreign 
oolna  are  legal  tender  iu  the  United  Statea. 

Minor 


DUfOUINATIONa. 

Flnr  (Dt.tMf 

Allor 

Wi^bt. 

Five  rrnlii* 

..   i         67  il       1 

3  40 

77  le 

One  CMit» 

...|         4A.0O       1 

4*. 00 

•  8«^«ily-flve  per  cmt  copper.  3S  p«r  c*nt  ni< 
t  Nlneljr-flve  pr-  crnl  copptr.  5  p«r  c«it  im  an! 

Tro7  wetghti  are  iwed.  and.  while  metric  weighta  are  bj  law 
aa8i>;ned  to  the  half  and  qiUirtMr  dollar  and  dtme.  troj  weight* 
will  continue  to  be  employed,  15.482  giainx  being  ronaidered  aa 
the  e«(uivalent  of  a  (cram.  nKret^ibly  to  the  Act  of  July  '2H.  1804 

The  weight  of  $1,000  in  United  Stu;  "   <x>in  i«  53  7t  troy 

ounrt'S,  efiiiivHlont  to  H.8M  poundn  ii  s      The  weight  of 

$1,000  in  Htandard  8ilv(«r  dolbtrM  Ls  n.'u  .;70  lri>^  ounce*,  etjuivalent 
to  58.0*3  pounds  avoirdu(>oia,  and  th<*  weit(ht  of  |1.<XM)  in  aubeid- 
iarr  nilvor  is  80;). 75  troy  oimces.  er(uivalent  to  55.11  pounda 
avoirdupois. 

Where  OoinB  Are  Made 

The  coins  of  the  Unittvi  States  uru  mode  at  the  mint  in  I'hila- 
delphia,  and  at  the  branch  mints  in  New  Orleans,  San  Francisco, 
Carson  City,  and  Denver.  Thoee  coineil  in  Phibuitdphia  have 
no  mint  mark  on  them,  but  those  coined  in  New  OrleanM  have 
an  O  on  the  reverse  side,  bolow  the  eagle;  those  coined  at  Sjin 
Francisco  an  8;  thotM)  coined  at  Carson  City,  CC;  and  those 
coined  at  Denver  a  D. 


Total  Number  and  Value  of  United  States  Coins 

The  total  number  of  gold  piecee  coined  at  the  mints  of  the 
United  States  from  their  organization.  1792.  to  June  30.  1902, 
was  206.517,774,  of  a  total  value  of  $2. 32«.  134,400.50,  t*)tal  num- 
ber of  silver  coins.  1,736.628.993,  of  a  total  value  of  $861,553,- 
027.50;  total  numl)er  of  minor  coins,  2.019,854.160,  of  a  toUl 
value  of  $37,943,273.97;  total  number  of  coins  of  all  kinds,  8,968,- 
000,927,  of  a  total  value  of  §3,227,630,701.97. 


MONEY  313 

Legal  Tender  Value  of  Coins 

Legal  tender  is  a  term  ased  to  designate  money  which  may  be 
lawfully  u^ed  in  the  payment  of  debUi. 

Oold  Ooln  ia  legal  tender  at  its  nominal  or  face  value  for  all 
dt»bu,  public  and  pri*-ute,  when  nut  below  the  standard  weight 
and  tolerance  prewribed  by  law;  and  when  below  such  standard 
and  legal  tolerance  it  is  legal  tender  in  pro)Mjrtiuu  tu  iia 
weight. 

The  Standard  Silver  Dollar  is  legal  tender  for  all  debts,  publio 
an  i  private,  without  regiird  to  the  amount,  except  where  otlier- 
wise  ex|)rt'SMly  stipulated  in  the  contract. 

The  Trade  Dollar,  n  silver  piece  no  longer  coined,  is  not  legal 
tender  fur  any  amount;  nor  is  any  of  tlie  commemorative  coin- 
age, such  aa  the  Columbian  Lxpoeition  isttue. 

The  Subsidiary  Silver  Ooina.  Imlf  dollars,  quarters  and  dimes, 
are  legal  lender  in  suni.s  not  excet>diug  ten  dullurs,  in  piiymunt 
of  all  p'lhlic  and  private  debts. 

Minor  Ooins,  all  coins  of  the  Unite*!  Statics  of  smaller  denomi- 
nation than  dimes,  are  legal  tender  fur  single  {Kiyments  not 
exceeding  twenty-tlve  cents. 

PAPER  MONEY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

The  pa{x»r  money  of  this  country  consi.'its  of  four  kinds:  first, 
legal  tender  notes,  which  are  divided  into  United  States  nut«<s 
and  Treasury  notes;  Be<!ond,  national  bank  notes;  third,  gold 
oertificatew;  fourth,  silver  certiOcates. 

The  Legal  Tender  Notes  of  the  United  States  are  bills  issued 
merely  on  the  credit  of  the  government.  Tlie  acts  of  1^75  and 
1W2.  however,  direct  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  to  hold 
1100.000,000  as  a  reserve  for  their  redemption. 

The  National  Bank  Notes  are  isAue<l  by  the  national  banks  and 
guaranteed  by  the  government,  the  banks  depositing  United 
States  b<jn  Is  as  security. 

Oold  and  Silver  Certificates  are  issued  by  the  government 
against  deposits  of  gold  and  silver  coin,  and  are  cx(*hangeable 
for  the  coin  on  demand.  The  Treasury  holds  the  coin  so 
deposited  as  a  trust  fund.  The  certiticates  represent  the  coin 
and  are  used  in  preference  to  it  merely  because  of  greater  con- 
venience in  handling. 


314  BAFB  MBTIIUDfl 

LeK*l  Tcmfl«r  V»loe  of  Taprr  Monrjr 

I'nited  Htiitrii  Notm  aro  IrRal  trndor  for  all  (l(<bta.  pablle 
mill  prtvntt'.  «-xct'pt  duties  on  Iroporu  and  lntor<>Dt  oo  tho 
public"  ili'bt. 

Trr«Mury  N'otm  iMued  under  the  act  of  Jutr  H.  1890. 
arn  legal  tondor  for  all  dobtji.  public  and  private,  except 
where  otherwise  expreaalj  atlpulatcd  la  the  contract. 

(;ol<l  nn<l  Hil vrr  rmiflc«tr«i  nrf>  rot  I^Kal  tender,  bat  are 
rocolvablo   for  ruHtoiiiM  and  all   pnl)lu-  duoa 

National    lUink    N'otm   are   not  .    bat    are  re- 

ceivable  for  all   public   du«'!»  ••X'  (nifMirt*.   and 

may   be   paid  out   by   th<«   r^'  '.    for   ai  >   and 

other   debta   and    demnndii    <'  the    I'ti  '•■«    to 

Individ  .  •  .ml    I  wlthm   •  '     1 

States.  1    I    •     ;  t    and    I; 

tlon  o(   ii.--   .  Li,...*  .-v..i.«  ii.>t..rt  ....1    .....sury  noi.  .. 

CJOIJ>  I\   TIIK   IMTKH  ST  \TF-S 

Total  Held  Ily  Or  For  CrfNlit  Of  FrOcval  lt«M>rvf  lUnk* 

December   31.  1914 t    :41.:»;1.000 

December   30.  1915  4'  tl. 1.000 

December   29.  1916  '    •        •i.OOO 

December   31.  1917 '..000 

December   31.  1918 :.000 

October       17.  1919 1  ;;h.443.000 

I<:iiUmatcU    Stock    In    T)>-    I  n>t(<4|    HtJUe* 

December   31.  1913  .  1.924.361.000 

December  31.  1914  1. 816. 976.000 

December   31.  1915  2.312.444.000 

December   31.  191»^  -  *' <  -  4     ■  ^n 

December  31.  1917  » 

December   31.  19  IS  ...    .0 

September  30,  1919  2.906.727.000 

HOW   TO   SKXD   MONEY 

There  are  various  methods  In  vogue  for  sending  money. 
The  choice  between  them  Is  largely  a  matter  of  circum- 
stance and  convenience. 

Bank  Drafts A  draft  on  some  reliable  bank   is  by  far 

the  best  and  most  business-like  way  to  send  large  amounts 
of  money.      It  Is  safe,  convenient  and  cheap. 

PostofHce  Order. — By  po«toflRce  ordrr  is  al.so  a  i>afe  and  reli- 
able way  to  send  money.     It  costs  a  little  more  than  to  remit  by 


MONEY  315 

draft,  but  it  is  eijually  secure,  and  many  times  more  conven 
ieut.  l)ecau>e  the  {jostofilce  is  acc-etif>ible  at  all  hours  of  the  day. 

Registered  Letter*.— The  government  promises  special  care  in 
handhng  and  transniittinK  a  reL;i.'?t«'rf<i  loiter  or  package,  but 
is  liable  not  to  exceed  twtnty-live  ;$-"»;  uollars  in  caise  the  letter 
or  package  is  lost.  This  applies  only  to  tirst-cUuia  registered 
ni:itt<'r 

Express  Orders.— The  express  order,  as  to  security,  has  all  the 
aJvauUgos  of  the  bank  draft  or  postofiioe  order.  Serious  disad- 
vantages often  arise,  however,  when  the  express  office  on  which 
the  f)rder  is  <lrftwn  has  not  the  money  on  lian«l  to  pay  It.  conse- 
quently ttie  holder  of  the  order  has  to  wait  the  hIow  action  of 
the  company's  agents  in  getting  the  amount  forwarded  frona 
some  other  oflico. 

HOW  MONEY  IS  SE^T  BY  TELEGRAPH 
Tele^n^ph  offices  are  Hupplie*!  with  blanks  for  nending  money, 
and  to  knuw  juj^t  how  it  is  done  might  l>e  no  Hrnall  tflief  in  aa 
emergency.  If  by  any  accident  one  (Inds  himself  far  from  home 
and  moneylesM  he  can  telei;niph  for  money  and  ^.'>^t  a  remittance 
at  once.  The  friend  to  whoni  the  telegram  i^  M-nt  shoul  J  take 
the  pre<'aulion  to  satisfy  himself  that  thr  is  froa.  the 

person  whase  name  is  attached  to  it.     He  t  ^  his  money 

to  the  telegraph  offioe  and  makes  out  the  following  blank: 

N-. 

Chlesfo.  ni UlL 

Ilie  We«t*Tn  Vnkm  'leicKTui  h  <  'lunuiy. 

PiO-   to .    

Dollar* 

for  nv>.  fuhject  to  the  forecolng  terms  and  con<:.:.oru,  vktik  n  i.T<-  a(,Ti-«d  to 

(SumAiure) 

(Ail<lrc*B) 

Amounl  of  Trnosfw,  S 

TelfirTaph  Serv  ice. 

Other  H«rvic« 

Total S 

JaD«  10.  191L 

As  the  within  named may 

Dot  t><?  able  to  produce  ; '       '  .,....-    i  .    -  .  •■-.or- 

ize  and  dirt-ct  The  W«-  .m 

of li ■  ■.  - .--  . '.  ••  ( » »  •   •"  •••      .*;ne 

•a  the  proper  office  manager  or  agent  of  said  company  tihall  bcitcve  to  be 

•aid 

(SigiiatuT'-) 

Cliarges  of  1  per  cent  are  made  on  all  sums  of  525  or  over,  and 
for  smaller  amounts  25  cents  in  each  case. 


$16  SAKK    MKTI(Ol>i4 

EXECUTORS  AND  ADMINISTRATORS, 

An  executor  la  named  In  a  will  to  execut©  that  will  and 
settle  the  estate.  If  the  will  does  not  n:inie  an  oxwutor.  or 
if  named,  he  will  or  can  not  act,  the  Trobate  Court  iM)m« 
states  Surrogate,  others  Orphans'  Court)  upiwlnts  un  'ad- 
mlnlHtrator  with  the  will  annexed."  If  a  person  dies  without 
leaving  a  will  the  court  appoints  an  administrator.  wbOM  duty 
Is  the  same  us  that  of  an  executor,  except  that  be.  haTlnc  no 
will  of  the  deceased,  dlstrlbuti-s  tno  property  as  the  law  di- 
rects. 

The  duties  of  an  executor  are:  Fint.  To  ■«•  that  the 
deceased  Is  suitably  burled,  avoiding  unreasonable  expense 
if  the  estate  Is  Insolvent,  ^'cconci.  To  ofTvr  the  will  for  pro- 
bate, or  proving;  to  conform  to  the  laws  of  bis  state  and 
rules  of  the  court,  the  clerk  of  which  will  give  full  Instruc- 
tions. Third.  To  make  and  return  to  the  court  within  rc- 
qulrtnl  time  an  Inventory  of  the  property.  "Real  estate  lylnx 
In  another  state  nerd  not  be  Inventoried,  for  that  must  be 
udnilnlstered  u|)on  In  the  sUite  where  It  lies;  but  personal 
property  sltMated  In  another  stale  should  b*  Inventoried." 
If  the  real  estate  Is  encunibered,  U  should  b«  described.  Fourth. 
To  collect  the  property,  pay  the  debts  and  dispose  of  the  re- 
mainder as  the  law  and  will,  or  either,  directs.  Oeuerally  the 
debts  should  be  paid  as  follows:  1.  Funeral  expenaea.  2. 
Expenses  of  lost  sickness.  3.  Debts  due  the  United  States. 
4.  Debts  due  the  state.  5.  Claims  of  creditors.  Fifth.  To 
render  the  accounts  as  directed  by  the  court  and  the  law. 

Commissioners  are  generally  appointed  to  hear  the  claims 
of  all  within  a  limited  time.  An  api>eal  from  their  action  may 
be  taken  to  the  court.  If  no  ap(>eal,  the  executor  pays  the 
legacies,  etc.,  makes  final  accounts  which  are  submitted  to 
a  hearing,  and  if  no  objection,  the  estate  Is  closed.  If  the 
executor  dies  before  the  estate  is  closed,  his  executor  has  no 
authority  over  the  first  estate.  Another  is  appointed  to  com- 
plete the  execution. 

The  law  provides  that  the  widow  of  the  Intestate  shall  be 
first  entitled  to  act  as  administrator,  next,  the  nearest  of  kin 
who  are  competent;  next,  any  creditor  who  will  accept  the 
trust;   and  lastly,  any  other  person  of  proper  ability. 

Executors  and  administrators  are  required  to  take  an  ofBctal 
oath;  also  to  give  a  bond,  which  is  usually  for  double  the 
amount  of  the  estate.    Exceptions  are  few. 


EXECUTORS   AND   ADMINISTRATORS  817 

EXECUTORS   OR  ADMINISTRATOR'S  BOND. 

KNOW  \LL  MEN  HY  THKSK  PRKiJKNTS.  That  I.  CharleB  D.  Mann 
of  Ira  In  the  County  of  Rutland  and  State  of  Vermont,  aii  principal, 
and  UenJ  E.  Morrill  of  Foultivt-y  and  N.  Wright  Koierson  of  Wt^Hn.  lu 
the  County  of  Rutland  aforl■^ala.  aa  aur.  ti-.,  arc  holden  and  flrmly 
bound    unto    the    Probate    Court    for    the    Ul.trlct'cf    Rutland    (In    aome 

atatea     unto    the    People    of    the    State   of    — — -  > .    In    the    sum 

of  Elkht  Thousand  Dollar*,  to  b«  paid  unto  the  aald  Probate  Court 
to  the  whl.h  payment  well  and  truly  to  b«  made  we  bind  ouraelvea.  and 
each  of  our  helr«.  executor,  and  admlnl.tratorH.  Jointly  and  aoyerally. 
flrmly    by    thcae   preeenta.    algned    with   our   handa    and   aoaled    with   our 

'**Uated   at  Rutland.    In  aald   Dlatrlct.  thl«   fifteenth  day  of  September. 

^'  The"c«ndltlou  of  the  above  obligation  la  ;ucb  That  If  "»•  ^bo^e 
bounden  CharleH  D.  Mann.  Executor  of  the  In.t  \\  11  "'"I,  .Tu 'H™^?d 
of  John  I.  Merrltt.  late  of  Fair  Haven.  In  the  County  of  Kutland  and 
State  of  VeriuoDt.  decea».-d.  .halt  make  and  return  to  the  1  robatfi 
Court  within  three  month-  a  true  and  perf.-.  t  Inventory  of  all  the 
gS^a.  rhaltelp.  right.,  credit-,  and  eatate  of  «uUl  de.  ea-^U.  whkh  -hall 
rome  lo  hi.  po.«eH..lon  or  knowledge,  or  to  the  po..e.«lon  <>'  •"'  ""j^" 
oerion  far  him  ;  and  al«o  all  other  good*,  chattel.,  right..  credUa  and 
Mtate  of  .aid  deceased  which  .hall  any  tlm«  after  come  to  '^i^fTTeVl 
"on  or  the  powea.lon  of  any  other  p..r.on  for  him  ;  ,  •""^  ,"b*''  *«" 
aad 'truly  admlnl.ter  the  .am«  and  pay  and  dlncharg.,  all  debt..  l'H»clM 
and  charge-  chargeable  thereon,  or  .uch  dividend,  thereon  a.  .hall  be 
"deA-d  a*n^  d*^r5ed  by  ..Id  Probate  Court,  render  a  true  and  Ju.t 
^cc^rm  of  hU  admlnl-tratlon  to  .aid  Court.  »llhlB  one  year  and  at 
In^other  time  when  required  by  .aid  Court,  and  perfonn  all  order- 
Cnd  SU.  o?  Tald  Pn/bate  Court  by  Executor  to  be  performed  la 
?he  pJ^UeV^then  the  above  obligation  la  TOld.  otherwlae  In  force. 
Signed,  .ealed  and  delivered 
In  prom-nre  of 
H.   Max   Wkbbicb, 

Clerk  of  County  Court.  ^^^^^  HANCOCK.        (U  8.) 

J    D.  OODEN  (L..  8.) 

DAVID    E.    IJSB.  (L.  8.) 

Some  States  require  acknowledgment  as  below. 

^''-'^V^^.^e^.'^oTof   Probate  Court   In    and   for   .aid   County     holden   at 

iTl'J  ;Llf  recorded  In  the  Probate  OfHoe  of  -aid  C.unty    ^^^^^^^ 

Judge  of  Probate. 

COUNTERFEIT  MONEY 
A  counterfeit  bank  ii-t.-  U  i,  facsimile  of  tho  genuine,  or  aa 
nearly  like  it  a^  it  i^  iH>*ihlH  to  make  it.  A  »puHous  note  la 
one  whose  deeigna  are  different  from  the  genuine,  and  la 
Intended  to  pass  in  places  where  the  genuine  is  unknown.  An 
altered  note  la  one  tlxat  is  altered  from  a  lower  to  a  higher 


818 


SAKE   MLTllODH 


denomination:  or  on  a  broken  or  V-  *    ^l^^lHK  ii»«  n»ni« 

or  locuility  chun^.K!  for  that  of  non  le  b^nk.     A  cut  mtim 

Is  one  mtule  from  piwea  cut  from  :i  im:uU'r  <>f  »c<">»l  bllb.  A 
little  strip  Ij*  cut  from  one  Renuino  nol«<.  a  Iitr!"  !  irt^rr  ttrlp 
from  another,  ami  the  strip  cut  fn)m  the  flr»t  '   in  th« 

place  of  it,  an.l  .•«>  ou.  until,  by  skinrnl  .uttinu-  i   .ill  ml 

of  about  every  ten  in  made. 

Rules  for  Detecting  Counterfeit  Colni 
Gold.  — A  j<{»iuu'U.H  >joM  coin  may  *)mi«l»me«  bo  detecte-i  ny  ino 
ddll  w)und  it  niaked  when  thrown  iiixin  tbe  oooBltr.     Ica  tim 
and  weiKht  nerve  aa  an  ailditiotial  teat,  a  iipurioQa  gold  ooia 


TniB  nvB  Hr;«rmM)  i>«>i.i.ak  biu.  tn  i-«>Mr.)«rt)  «-r  k 

rUoM   lirMMN*    NoTKH,    AWU   W  AJ»   l««J«T   T«  •   Till   I 

THSAflUHaa  roH  luiuuii'Tlux  BT  A  xcw  Toaa  ila.'^k 


•  "■»  GOT 


usually  being  nrnde  larger  than  a  genuine  coin  of  the  Him* 
denomination  in  order  to  give  it  the  neceonary  weight.  The 
milling  or  edge-work  usually  is  imperfect,  owing  to  the  fact 
that  the  counterfeit  coin  is  genernlly  rimt  in  a  mol  1.  while  the 
genuine  coin  is  stamped  and  cut  with  a  die.  All  count'«rfeit 
coins  have  a  greasy  feel  when  rubbe  1  between  the  flng<'n*  and 
thumb.  But  the  most  dangemu-s  counterfeit  gold  coins  are 
made  from  a  die,  and  sometimes  can  only  be  detected  by  the 
acid  te^^t.  Strong  nitric  acid.  6')' drachms:  muriatic  acid,  ^ 
drachms:  water,  5  drachm.s,  con.stitute  the  acid  mixture  necea- 
sary  for  the  tost.  If  the  edge  of  a  coin  be  scratched  with  a 
knife  and  exposed  to  a  drop  of  this  mixture,  the  color  will 
change  instantly  if  the  coin  is  counterfeit,  and  if  the  coin  ia 
genuine  the  acid  will  have  no  effect  upon  it. 


MONKY  319 

Genuine  gold  coins  of  larKi'  denoiuiiiations  are  frequ»«ntly 
deba^^ed  by  iinx5e8»»*s  known  a«  ^wtudtig,  pluyijing,  and  /tiling. 
Swertting  is  done  by  means  of  abrasion,  filing,  or  an  a^-id  bat  i. 
Plugging  is  done  by  boring  a  hole  in  the  coin  and  tilling  the 
place  with  some  base  metal,  which  i^  then  plated  over  with 
gold.  Filling  in  done  by  sawing  or  splitting  the  coin  into  two 
thin  pieces,  removing  the  interior,  tilling  in  with  base  meUiI, 
joining  the  pieces  together  again,  and  then  reraillingaud  plating 
the  edges. 

Bilver,  — Must  counterfeit  silver  coins  are  made  from  Ikibbitt 
metal,  and  are  almost  always  molded.  Glxi.ss  Lh  sometimes  mi.x«*d 
with  the  metal  to  give  the  coins  a  ringing  sound.  This  often 
makes  them  so  brittle  that  they  are  shattern*!  when  thrown 
upon  the  counter.  Their  imperfect  ed^i'S  and  greasy  feel  usu- 
ally reveal  thorn  to  be  counterfeit  When  tln'v  ar»<  maile  from  a 
die,  however,  and  antimony  and  Uuid  are  ustni  in  their  composi- 
tion, the  acid  test  is  generally  re<iuired  to  detect  their  true 
chartt<-t«'r. 

Five-Cent  Pieces  (nickels)  have  been  extensively  oounter- 
feitod.  but  usually  are  easily  detected,  being  made  of  pewter  or 
some  other  soft  composition. 

How  to  Detect  Ooanterfeit  Bills 

1.  Counterf»MU«rs  rarely,  if  ever,  g»'t  the  imprint  <>r  entn^iver's 
name  perfect.  The  shading  in  the  ba/^kground  of  the  vignette 
and  over  and  around  the  letters  forming  the  name  of  the  bank  on 
a  good  bill  is  even  and  perfect;  on  a  (X)unterfeit  it  is  uneven  and 
imperfect. 

2.  Examine  the  vignette  or  picture  at  the  top  of  the  note 
closely.  If  the  note  be  genuine,  the  faces  have  a  life-like 
expression,  the  eyes  are  well-detlned,  showing  the  pupil  and  the 
■white  distinctly,  the  drajwrj'  or  dress  tits  Wfll.  looks  easy  and 
natural,  and  shows  the  folds  very  plainly;  in  short,  the  entire 
figure  liarmonizes.  The  sky  is  cl«ir,  or  transparent,  8<^)ft  or 
even,  not  scratchy,  and  all  the  ditlerent  objects  have  a  flni.shM<i 
appearance.  In  the  genuine  note  all  the  small  figures  in  the 
background  are  perfectly  executed. 

8.  Examine  the  lettering.  In  a  genuine  bill  it  is  alm'^>lutel7 
perfect.  There  has  n«>ver  l>een  a  counterfeit  put  out  but  waa 
more  or  lexs  defective  in  the  lettering. 

4  Examine  the  medallion  rulings  and  the  circxilar  ornamenta 
around  the  figure  carefully,  and  see  if  they  are  uniform,  regular 


320  bah:  mlthuus 

and  finwx)th.  If  l\u'Tt-  nr«  two  medalliooa  on  a  nnt*.  dnr>.,  -..-i  t.i 
l«  iilike.  thry  Hr««  r)X«<*tij  alikr,  an  Ihmr  arvt  frcin  (>••<  «.k(M«t 
oru'iiiftl   <li«.      Tlii»   work    U   done   hjr   t\  ••    % 

niinliiriH  of  pt'^'^t  »'«i«t,  wlilch  pr<xlu<©i   t.  In* 

of  nui-h  exqui]iit«  unifurniitj  und  {M<rf««<-tion  that  it  m  aiiiXMt 
iniptwHtble  fur  a  oountprff>it«r  to  pmdut^  a  Kovd  imitation  A 
microHoopA  in  a  Ki^*^t  aid  in  ezamininnc  the  flner  work. 

5.   F.xiiu         •  In 

Noniu  coui  ''^r 

wllli  a  pen.  K'  I""  ■I'l" 

irtruko  haA  a  <l'  „  r  nnil   rou^ 

alwnyH  follow  the  Imirntroke  cxirvr  («xa<m]r.  Tb«  K«nuin«  tif- 
nAturoi.  ticinK  «  Htt«n  with  a  p«n.  look  more  or  lam  glomj,  and 
tlio  Htroko  hao  a  iimuoth  edge. 

0.  T])*^  pnfiAr  of  a  fxjuntorfiMt  l'  S.  not*  ia  alwaja  of  an  infe- 
rior ({ualitr.  while  the  govemmpnt  liaa  the  bast  and  moat  |i«rf«ct 
gjntetn  of  nianufacturinj;  the  highent  grade  of  paper.  The  (Irat 
notcA  printo.1  on  thin  |M|>er.  in  IMO.  had  «ilk  liber  distributed 
prumijk^uoujtlj  all  throu);)i  the  pa{M*r.  then  came  nolea  bariaf 
■ilk  threa<i]«  running  thruu^^h  th>-  ^      '  «od 

bottom,  and  lnt<*r  on  not««  ha\..  len 

dlstributtHl  arroea  and  near  thrir  nidn  I'-y  buUiing  the  biiU  up 
to  the  light  you  can  eaaily  mx^  the  flh><m  or  threada  in  each  bill. 
ThLt  i»  one  of  the  beet  teeta  of  a  genuine  bill.  Iiecauae  no  ooon- 
terfeiter  can  imitate  the  paper  of  tlie  bilb  in  thia  reaped. 

7.  Hank  notes  that  hare  been  nlt^rvd  by  what  ia  called  tba 
"juustiiig  prooeoa"  can  l«e  det«»«'t''  '  ';tjg  them  to  the  light 

Tlie  |>nrt.>t  pastod  on  will  then  be  •  <-<>v«red      If  any  alter- 

ation hnA  been  made  by  tubetituting  letter*  or  flgurea  for  olhen 
that  have  been  erased,  tho  denomination  in  tlie  center  of  the 
note,  if  carefully  examine<i,  h'tt«r  by  lett^^r.  will  be  found  to  be 
blurrcsi  and  improperly  formed,  and  the  parallel  line*  irre^^olar 
and  im{)erfect 

S.  The  texture  of  the  paper  between  the  letteri  ia  frequently 
destroyed.  Thi.s  defect  can  be  di5co%-ered  by  comparing  the 
paper  l)otween  the  letters  with  that  immediately  abo%e  and 
below  them.  Sometimen  the  ink  of  the  altered  part  ia  dilTerent 
from  the  re»t  of  the  note 

9.  The  ink  use!  in  genuine  notes  is  rery  difficult  tf>  iinitata. 
It  givos  a  clear,  glossy  iinpremiion.  while  counterfeiter's  ink 
looks  dull,  smutty  and  muddy. 


POSTAL  INFORMATION  321 

10.  The  numbers  on  the  genuine  bills  are  printed  in 
either  red  or  blue  ink  of  a  permanent  brilliancy,  bo  that 
no  matter  how  dim  the  rest  of  the  bill  has  become,  the 
numbering  always  stands  out  clear  and  distinct. 

These  rules  are  esppolally  approved  by  New  York  bankers. 

One  should  be  careful  not  to  be  Imposed  upon  by  a 
stranger  seeking  the  accommodation  of  having  one  large 
bill  exchanged   for  several  small  ones. 

One  should  acquire  the  habit  of  looking  sharply  at  a 
bill  before  taking  it.  especially  of  a  stranger,  and,  more 
especially,  at  a  place  of  amu«<>ment.  or  where  there  is  a 
special  tendency  to  haste  and  liability  to  imposition. 

POSTAL  INFORMATION 

POHT.AL  SKRVICE  OF  THK   WOKIJ> 

Two-thlnbt  of  all  the  letters  which  pass  through  the  post- 
ofHces  of  the  world  are  written  by  and  sent  to  people  who 
speak  English.  There  are  substantially  T.'iO.'^' m.OuO  per- 
sons speaking  colloquially  one  or  another  of  the  ten  or 
twelve  chief  modern  European  Innguai;'?*.  and  of  these, 
at  least  one-third,  or  250.or>o.OOO  p«r  T"      :ish. 

In    round    figures.    180.000.000    sp»-ak  Ave 

niillion  German,  sixty-odd  million  Fren^jh.  .sc.cM; -li\i;  mil- 
lion Spanish,  thlrty-flve  million  Italian  and  twelve  million 
Portuguese,  and  the  balance  Hungarian.  Dutch,  Polish. 
Flemish,  Slavic,  Danish  and  Norwegian.  Thus,  while  only 
one-quarter  of  those  who  employ  the  facilities  of  the  postal 
departments  of  civilized  governments  speak,  as  their  native 
tongue.  English,  two-thirds  of  those  who  correspond  do  so 
In  the  English  language. 

This  situation  arises  from  the  fact  that  so  large  a  share 
of  the  commercial  business  of  the  world  Is  done  In  English, 
even  among  those  who  do  not  speak  English  as  their  native 
language.  There  are,  for  Instance,  more  than  20,000  post- 
ofTlces  In  India,  the  business  of  which  In  letters  and  papers 
aggregates  more  than  300.000,000  parcels  a  year,  and  the 
business  of  these  ofllcea  is  done  chiefly  in  English,  though 
of  India's  total  population,  which  is  nearly  300,000,000, 
fewer  than  500,000  persons  either  speak  or  understand 
English. 

Though  180,000,000  speak  or  understand  Russian,  the 
business  of  the  Russian  post  department  is  relatively  small. 


322  BAFK  Mrriiom 

the  number  of  lotteni  tent  throuichout  the  old  empir* 
amounting  to  \e*n  than  on<*-t«nlh  lh«  number  mailed  In 
Oront  Hrltaln  alone.  tbouKh  th«  population  of  Ureat  DrttAln 
Is  consldorablx  leM  tban  one-half  of  tb«  population  of 
Russia  In  ?Zurop«. 

Tbo  Southern  and  C«ntral  American  countrlea.  In  which 
either  Spanish  pr   PortufcuMie  Is  spoken,  do  comparatlrely 
little  postofnce  buslnons:   the  total  numb4»r  of  letters  posted 
and  colU«rti<d  a  year  In  all  th- 
trni  America  and  the  W»'st   I: 

tralla.     Chile  and  ArRentlna  are.  tn  (act.  the  onlj  t» 
American  countries  In  which  any  Important  postal  L,  ._  -j 
Is  done,  and  most  of  the  letters  receUed  from  or  sent  to 
forelsn  countries  are  not  In  Spanish,  but  In  Enfllsh.  Oermaa 
or  Italian. 

POSTAX  8£RV1CK  07  THB  XJTfTTED  STATEfl 

The  Orowth  of  the  (Mwtal  jwrvi.>«  of  th«  l'nit«>ti  8tat«e  is 
amazing;  In  IHOO  them  worv  \>*<\  |H.-.t.>t1iiMi.  30.817  mile*  of 
mail  ruutes  and  yourly  ri<vnnu««  of  $.>'-<<), Ml^  Today  the  post- 
offlres  number  o%-or  61,(»).thi<rr  ar»»  ovi«r  a  half  m(!!t»n  milcN  «if 
mail  roat<'H,  and  the  yiwrly  n»vi«nui<-<  .'I'-o^nI  {  •«i. 

The  pcwtal  servl*-*©  of  the  Unitt'-l  States  h.k  -t  .V)  p«r 

cent  more  mail  nuitter  tluui  the  pontal  service  of  Great  Britain, 
about  100  per  cent  more  than  the  fMwtal  senrioe  of  Oermany.  and 
over  100  iwr  cent  more  than  the  poatal  survioe  of  France. 

Domestic  Rates  of  Postage.  —All  nmilnhlo  matter  to  points  in 
the  rnit«3<l  Strite^.  Canada.  Mpxicx».  Cuba,  Forto  Rioo.  Hawaii, 
Guam,  Tutuila,  and  the  rhilippioee,  b  dirided  into  four  claaeea 
under  the  following  rogulationa: 

Pirst-Olass  Matter.— This  cL'mb  includes  letters,  postal  card*. 
"post-oards,"  and  anythinf;  sealed  or  othcrM-i<te  clueed  ^gminrt 
inspection,  or  anytliiuf;  containing  writing  not  allowed  as  an 
aooompiiniment  to  printed  matter  under  class  three. 

Rateti  of  letter  poetage,  two  cents  per  ounce  or  fraotion 
thereof 

Rates  on  local  or  drop  letters  at  free  delivery  offlcee.  two 
cents  per  ounce  or  fraction  thereof.  At  offices  where  tliere  is 
no  free  delivery  by  carriers,  one  cent  per  ounce  or  fraction 
thereof 


POSTAL.    INFORMATION  323 

Ratee  on  postal  cardii,  one  cent  (double  or  "reply"  card-s,  two 
cents).  Nothing  muxt  Im  added  or  attache^i  to  a  (XMital  card, 
except  tliat  a  printed  addrcMi  ulip  nut  LirKur  tlian  2  inches  by  ^' 
of  an  inch  may  be  puiited  un  the  addrasH  or  meMage  side.  The 
addition  of  anything  ehm  tiubjucta  the  card  to  letter  postage. 
Cardji  tliat  have  been  vpuiled  in  printing  or  otherwise  will  be 
redeemed  from  the  original  purcliaMjrM  at  Ti  [ler  cent  of  their 
faoe  value,  if  unniutilated.  "Punt  cardn"  or  private  niailing 
cards  bearing  written  mefwagwj  may  U)  transmitted  in  tlie 
domeHtic  maiU  at  the  rate  of  a  cent  apiiH;c<,  hUiiuim  to  lie  ailixed 
by  th«'  )M«ii.i»>r;  sticli  curds  to  U^  H«'nt  openly  in  the  maiLs. 

Rates  on  Specially  Delivered  L^tten,  ten  rents  on  each  letter  in 
additiun  to  the  regular  puetage.  This  entitles  the  letter  to 
imme^Iiate  delivery  by  fipo<!ial  messenger.  8[)ecial  delivery 
stumiM  are  sold  at  poettoflices,  and  must  be  a/Hxed  to  such  let- 
tern.  An  ordinary  ten  cent  atanip  allixed  to  a  letter  will  nut 
entitle  it  to  Bj)t«cial  delivery.  The  delivery,  at  carrier  ofllces. 
extend.s  to  the  limits  of  the  carrier  routes.  At  non-carriur 
ofticee  it  extends  to  one  mile  from  the  [KMU^tlice.  Postmasters 
are  not  obliged  to  deliver  beyond  these  limits,  and  letters 
addreeaed  t^)  plac««  beyond  must  await  delivery  in  the  usual 
way,  notwitlistiinding  the  special  delivery  stamp. 

Prejiayment  by  Mtami>s  invariably  rt^juired.  Postage  on  all 
letters  hhould  h^  fully  pre[Miid,  but  if  prefjaid  one  full  rate  and 
DO  more,  they  will  be  forwarded,  and  the  amount  of  deficient 
postage  oolle<^tod  on  delivery;  if  wholly  unpaid,  or  prepaid 
with  lees  than  one  full  rate  and  deposited  at  a  postoflice,  the 
addressee  will  be  notified  to  remit  postage;  and  if  he  fails  to  do 
•o.  they  will  be  sent  to  the  Dead  Letter  Otiice;  but  they  will  be 
returned  to  the  sender  if  he  is  located  at  the  place  of  mailing, 
and  if  his  a4.idres8  be  printed  or  written  upon  them 

Letter  rat«H  are  charged  on  all  productiouM  by  the  tyjteirriter 
or  manifold  process,  and  on  all  printed  imitation.*)  of  tyjMjwriting 
or  manuscript,  unless  such  reproductions  are  presented  at  post- 
oflice windows  in  the  minimum  number  of  twenty  identical 
copies  separately  addressed. 

Letters  (but  no  other  class  of  mail  matter)  tcill  be  retumrd  to 
the  sender  free,  if  a  request  to  tlmt  effect  is  printed  or  written 
on  the  envelope.  Tliere  is  no  limit  of  weight  for  tirst-class  mat- 
ter fullv  prepaid. 

Pre[>a»d  letters  will  be  reforxcurded  from  one  postoflice  to 
another  upon  the  written  request  of  the  person  addressed,  witk- 


324  SAFE   MimiOM 

out  additional  ohju-»;e  for  postage.     Tlie  dirvctioa  oa 

letter*  may  be  otianfced  aa  manj  timni  aji  mar  be  mrt— My  to 

reaoh  the  pereoa  addreaHML 

Second -€lau  Matter.    Thlfl  rla<«.  >  -m,  peH* 

odirul.H,  or    t'>.itt<<r  i<x<'lti.4J%«<lr  in    ,  v.<ued   al 

Stated    int'Tvalj*   a.*    fri^iucntly   n.^  frum   a 

known  oni<»  of  |nibli''ttt;nn  or  now  1  .1.  ^^-nf^Ti 

or  newR  a^vntA.  unJ  trumiient  n«wii()n|>*»ri  and  publicattona  of 
this  clawt  niail'vl  |>y  {M>nion<t  other  tlian  publiahen.  PubH<m> 
tiona  havinK  thn  rlianu-t'^riAtica  of  bnclu  and  mioh  an  are  noi 
K   ■  "   fur  on  Oi-oju-  Imt  twrnuae 

(i:  lii-"rn»«nt'*.  ar  >   f»r<r||«»i;Ba. 

S.-         .  I'r  T    al-Mi    1,  .:ioo«   of 

U-:         1.  !  •     .-.I   ftiiU^mul  »•-  •'«   lo«J|pr 

iyistetn  and  liavinff  a  ninmlwmliip  of  a  thouiand  p«*r«ooa,  and  of 
tho  l>ulletinji  and  pmceedinirt  of  utrictly  pn>f(Mni<mal.  literarj. 
hiiitorit^l.  and  iiciontifln  aiurM^iationii  and  institutiona,  trade 
uniunii.  «*tc.,  provided  onlr  tbat   thm^  h**  put  '  .'.   etated 

int«'rvAl.4   not    lesa  than    four  tirnrA  a  ,r««r    u  ihejr  be 

]<rii:t«Hl  on  and  be  bound  in  pAp**r  I*uMUh«*ni  wbu  wtiii  to  avail 
tlteinM«)lr>w  of  lite  privil««(;r«i  of  tho  met  ar*)  rtrc|uirrd  to  make 
form;kl  application  to  th«>  department  throuKh  the  |>uMtinaater  at 
the  place  of  publication,  produrlntt  ii.%ti«fa<'>tory  evidence  tttat 
the  organitations  repreeented  come  within  the  purvmw  of  tb« 
law,  and  that  t  .  :  >nii  i«  to  further  th« 

obj«H.'ts  antl  pu 

Rates  of  Postage  to  Publishers,  '  r  fractional 

part  then«of,  i'r»'i>;ii  i   in  «'i:r»«M   v  UjaiiHied   pri- 

marily for  adrertising  or  free  circulation,  or  not  having  m 
legitimate  list  of  subecribers,  are  excluded  from  the  pound  rat«, 
and  pay  thirdH^lass  rates. 

'  <nn  miwt  pn%»'iw  Intimate  nuhncription 
li  i-^jr  ctjnt  of  the  numlwr  of  copies  regu- 

larly i:vsu*"l  liud  circulated  by  mail  or  othrrwiae.  Unless  they 
do.  pound -nit«>  privileges  are  revoked  or  withheld. 

Publications  sent  to  actual  subscribers  in  the  county  wljere 
published  are  free,  unless  mailed  for  local  delivery  at  a  l<9tter 
carrier  office. 

Ratee  of  pioetage  on  trawnr^nt  nrtntpajxru.  ni  >  -^^r  peri- 

odicals, one  cent  for  each  four  ounc«a  or  fm-  -Hif.     It 

shouH  be  observe-l  that  the  rate  in  one  cent  for  »39«ch  four 
ounces,   not  one  cent  for  each    paper  contained    in   the 


POSTAL    l.\F0RM.\T10N  325 

wrapper.  Tliis  rata  applies  only  when  a  complete  copy  i« 
mailed.  PartH  of  tvecond-claBa  publioationA  or  ptirtial  or  inc<om« 
plete  copied  are  third <UiMJi  matter.  S«(X)nd-oLi.'«  iimtU^r  will  be 
entitled  to  8p««cial  delivery  when  Hj^etnal  delivery  ten-cent 
BtaiiijM  ure  aftixed  in  addition  to  the  retcular  ]ycmt&f^. 

Transient  oecond-claiM  matter  muHt  be  ho  wrapped  as  to 
enable  the  |)Ofltma»ter  to  inffpe<<t  it.  The  sender'fi  name  and 
addreAH  may  be  written  in  them,  but  any  other  writing?  8ubj«>ota 
the  matter  to  letter  postage.  Tlie  name  aitd  addreMS  of  the 
Bender  may  hIho  l>e  written  on  the  wrupi>er. 

Third-€hui8  Matter.— Mail  matter  of  the  third  cUim  includes 
printed  U«)ki,  j^iniphletM,  engravin^H,  circuliir«  in  print  (<»r  by 
the  hectograph,  electric-pen.  or  nimilar  pn^  «•«  when  at  leaMt 
twenty  identical  copies,  seimrntely  addnwMHl,  are  mailed  at 
{HMtofTii^  windows  at  one  time),  and  other  matter  wholly  in 
print.  pro<jf-«heetM.  corrected  proof-sheets,  and  manuscript  c<ipy 
ac<Njni|ianying  the  same. 

The  rate  on  matter  of  this  class  is  oiM  cent  for  rack  ttra 
ounrf.n  or  fntction  thrrrvf. 

MiinuAcript  iinaccomiianled  by  proof-sheets  mu«t  pay  letter 
rates. 

Thlrd-cIaAs  matter  must  admit  of  easy  Inspection,  otherwise  it 
will  be  charj^ed  letter  rates  on  deliver}'.  It  must  l>e  fully  pr»- 
piiid,  or  it  will  not  he  for\varded. 

Tlio  limit  of  wei^:ht  is  four  pounds,  ext^pt  single  l>or>k«  In  sepa- 
rate packa^eA,  on  which  the  weight  is  not  limited.  It  is  entitled, 
like  matter  of  the  other  classes,  to  sfiecial  delivery  when  spwial 
delivery  stamps  are  atlixed  in  addition  to  the  re^^ular  postage. 

Upon  matter  of  the  third  class,  or  upon  the  wrapper  or  envelope 
inclosing  the  same,  or  the  tag  or  lalwl  attached  thereto,  the 
sender  may  write  his  own  name,  occupation,  and  residence  or 
bu-«in'>fle  address,  preceded  by  the  word  "from,"  an<l  may  make 
ni.irk.H  other  than  by  written  or  printed  words  to  call  attention 
to  any  word  or  pa-inage  in  the  text,  and  may  correct  any  typo- 
graphical errors.  There  may  be  placed  upon  the  blank  leaves  or 
Cover  of  any  book,  or  printed  matter  of  the  third-class,  a  simple 
manuscript  dedication  or  in.-^cription  not  of  the  nature  of  a  i»er- 
eonal  correspondence.  Ujx)n  the  wrapi>er  or  envelope  of  third- 
class  inatter,  or  the  tn?  or  label  attached  thereto,  may  be  printed 
any  matter  mailable  a.-*  third-class,  btit  there  must  be  left  on  the 
address  si  le  a  sjKice  sutKcient  for  the  legible  a<idre8S  and  neuea- 
•ary  8tam{)s. 


326  SAFE    MKTllonS 

Fourth -ClaflA  Mattor.-  ;               '  um  mutter  U  .:  ■  timt* 

ter  not  iiuluilo-l  m   tin*  l                     .nlin^f  rUuu»«»»»  •  .  \'tv 

pored  for  iiiailiiii;  tut  t<>  U^  tvu/tilv  v\  it)i<iruH-u  from  tnu  w  i  >,  |>  r  .vnd 

examineil.      It  eoibracud   luerdiiUidiM)   mil    m.;;ii  !••  f    .  .rir 
description,  and  coin  or  specia. 

Rat*>H    of    }K)MtA(C<<.   one    cent  for  rack    <mcii.     it   ,i<i    ;i   .n     inrrr  •/ 

(exct'pl  BoeiLi,  root«,  bulbs,  cutliugs,  M'ifriii,  nnJ  plniiL*.  th«  rmt« 
on  which   Is  one  c^-nt   for  t'nrh   ttr^i  nunt-rn  or  J  •  rt\tf\ 

Thij*  nmtter  must  b©  fully  prejiuil.  or  it  will  n.  :  irird. 

Tlie  iifllxing  of  Hjiot'iAl  dolivt-ry  t<>n  i'vnt  »tAm|>«  in  to 

the  ref^ul&r  podtaice  entitles  fourth-oLwa  nuktt«r  t<> «:  v- 

OTj.     (See  renmrks  under  FintClaMM  itattrr.) 

Articles  of  this  cUss  that  are  lUtbU  to  i^Jurr  ur  nrjurr  in« 
wuiilt,  puch  as  ff}MMm,  sugar,  needlon,  nails,  pons.  etc.  moal  hm 
first  wmp(M*«i  in  a  ha^-  ^^x>  o''  opnn  env*>lcip«  and  thr<n  seourwl 
in  another  outride  tul>o  or  box.  luadn  of  uivtai  ur  hard  wood, 
without  sharp  ocmoni  or  edgps,  and  liaving  a  sliding  clasp  or 
•crew  lid.  thus  securing  the  articles  In  a  double  package. 

Such  articles  as  pnuttms,  exj>U>nv<ea.  or  injUtmmable  arti^t% 
/ity  animaU,  inaecta.  fruita.  or  vtffeUtbU  u%attrr  liabla  to  dooom* 
position,  or  substanoee  exhaling  a  bad  odor  will  not  be  tog' 
warded  in  any  case. 

Firearms  may  only  be  sent  in  detached  parta. 

Limit  of  wt>i^ht  of  fourth-class  iDatt<>r.  four  pounds. 

The  name  and  addrei*  of  the  sender,  preceded  by  the  word 
"from."  also  any  mariui,  numbem,  names,  or  letters  for  the  pur> 
poee  of  description.  .Huch  as  prices,  quantity,  etc..  may  be  writ* 
ten  00  the  wrapper  of  fourth-cUsa  matter  without  additional 
postage  charge.  A  request  to  the  delivering  postmaster  may 
also  be  written  asking  him  to  notify  the  sender  in  case  tba 
package  ix  not  delivered. 

Registration.— .Ml  kinds  of  postal  matter  may  be  registered  at 
the  rate  of  eight  cents  for  each  paclcage  in  addition  to  the  rega* 
lar  rates  of  potstage,  to  be  fully  prepaid  by  stamps.  Each  pack* 
age  must  bear  the  name  and  address  of  the  sender,  and  a  receipt 
will  be  returned  from  the  penion  to  whom  addressed.  Mail 
matter  can  be  registered  at  all  postoffices  in  the  United 
States. 

An  indemnity,  not  to  exceed  |25  for  any  one  registered  piece, 
or  tHe  actual  value  of  the  piece,  if  it  is  less  than  925.  shall  be 
paid  for  the  loss  of  fma -class  registered  matter. 

Domeatic  Money  Orders.— Domestic  money  orders  are 


POSTAL    INFORMATION  327 

by  money-order  poetofflcea  for  any  amount  up  to  $100,  at  the 
following  rates: 

For  sums  not  exceeding  $2.50,  8  cents:  over  $2.50  to  $5.  5 
cents;  over  $5  to  flO,  8  cents;  over  $10  to  |20,  10  cents;  o%'er  $20 
to  $30,  12  cents;  over  $»)  to  $40.  ir>centa;  over  $40  to  $50,  18 
cents;  over  $50  to  $«0,  20  cents;  over  $60  to  $75,  25  cents;  over 
$75  to  flW,  30  cmt.H. 

Stamped  Envelopes.— Cmbomed  stamped  envelopes  and  news- 
pajjer  wrnjuMjrH  of  several  deiiominationM,  hizes  and  t-olors  are 
kept  on  Hitle  at  fKwtortires,  singly  or  In  quantities,  at  a  small 
AdvHiH-«<  on  the  ixjstuvTe  nite.  8tanii>s  cut  from  stamped  enve- 
lopes are  valueless;  but  {XMtmasterM  are  auth<>ri/.e<l  to  give  good 
•tamps  for  stamped  envelojMjsor  newH|)a|>er  wnipi>erM  that  may  be 
spoiled  in  directing,  if  presented  in  whole  condition  and  with 
satisfactory  evidence. 

Forei^  Postage  Rates.— The  rates  of  jKwtage  to  all  foreign 
countri><*t  and  coIoni»*s  (except  Canada,  Cuba  and  Mexico)  are  as 
(oIIowb:  (Inters  to  Great  Britain  or  Ireland,  2  cents  an  ounce 
or  fraction  thereof;)  Ix^tters,  first  ounce  or  Icis,  6  cents;  postal 
cards,  each,  2  cents;  double  i>ostal  cards,  each,  4  cents;  newn- 
pajRT.s  and  other  printed  matter,  per  2  ounces,  1  cent.  Com- 
mercial papers:  Pa<kets  not  in  excess  of  10  ounces,  5  cents; 
packets  in  excess  of  10  ounces,  for  each  2  ounces  or  fraction 
thereof,  1  cent.  Samples  of  merchandise:  Packets  not  in  ex- 
cess of  4  ounces,  2  cents;  packets  in  excess  of  4  ounces,  for 
each  2  ounces  or  fraction  thereof,  1  cent.  Registration  fee  on 
letters  or  other  articles,  10  cents. 

Or<linary  letters  for  any  foreign  country  (exrej)t  Canivla  and 
Mexico)  mast  l>e  forwarded  whether  any  porttagt  is  prejwiid  on 
them  or  not.  All  other  mailable  mat-ter  mu-st  be  prefMiid,  at 
least  partially.  Matter  mailed  in  the  Unite<l  States  addressed  to 
Canada,  Cuba  or  Mexico  is  subject  to  the  same  postage  rut«s  and 
conditions  as  it  would  Ije  if  it  were  a«ldres.He<l  for  delivery  in  the 
United  Stated  Full  prepayment  is  required  upon  all  registered 
articles;  and  postat:»«  up^n  all  articles  other  than  letters  Ls  required 
to  be  prepaid,  at  lea.st  in  part.  If  the  postage  is  tot  prepaid  in 
full,  double  the  amount  of  the  deficiency  will  be  collected  of 
the  atldressee  wljen  the  article  is  delivered.  The  rate  on  "com- 
mercial papers"  per  2  ounces  is  the  same  as  for  "printed  mat- 
ter," excei)t  that  the  lowest  charge  on  any  package,  whatever 
its  weight,  is  5  cent^.  Tlie  rate  on  samples  of  merchandi.'<e  per 
S  ounces  is  also  the  same  as  for  "printed  matter."  except  that 
the  lowest  charge  on  any  package,  wliatever  its  weight,  is  2  cent*. 


338  %ATZ  METIIOIMI 

Artirlea  of  every  kind  and  nature  which  are  admitud  to  iW 

United   SuteM  •!  iiiaila  are  aili  '.   our    iliiiii— lio 

poHtak'e  nkt*M  at.  tinii,  to  the  n  ^njced  hetw— o 

the   United  States  and    the   Unitt^l   S'  ^  i     "(al    AcancT'   at 

ShanRhid.  China.     Artiolea  a<ldreMe««i  f<>r    •    i      r  r  at  the  f.t:  .w- 
ing  placea  in    China,  namely:    Cha/oo    (\antai).   Chin 
ChunR-Kinp.  Hankow,   HanR  t*how,    IrliAnc     »-'-•••••-    »■         »,,, 
Kinkinnir.  NankisK.  Nrw-Oiwanir.  Ninirpn.  ( '  t!>K< 

bai.   In  t«in.   Wenrht)w.   W  .  r  -.U. 

are  tnu  •  in  th«*  tnaiU  nijwi'  I'tla 

and  Tatx>n>a  for  ti««  L'nit«^l  Stut**  ■  .     ti; 

but  at  i>laccM  other  than  HhanKhni  .^  -  I'-^V- 

af^e  may  be  oollacted  of  the  addreaaeea  opoo  iha  daiirvrj  of  itm 
artic-l*^ 

Parceli  Poit. — The  flmt  parceU  prwt  conTaatkm  beCwevn  tb« 
Unttrd  Mtat4M  and  a  I  -pa  was  aiicnad  betwaaa 

the  Unit<Hl  State*  ai  amaat  M.  I.hM.  and  want 

into  operation  0<*t4>)K>r  ).  It  wm  tiia  bagioninit  of  «  pijatal  aanr- 
ic«  by  meana  of  whirb  artirlea  of  merrluuidUn  may  bff 
exchanKwl  by  mail  b««tweon  the  two  oountriea,  prorided  titry  ar« 
put  up  in  parkafcve  whirh  do  not  ezcaed  4  poanda  6  ounces  ia 
Wright.  Ttie  potitaiio  rate  for  |iaroel«  iCoinK  from  the  L'nitad 
8tat4yi  to  Germany  in  Qxed  at   12  oenta  for  each  pou'  •'^ 

tion  of  a  pound.     Hie  rate  in  (Germany  on  parcels  for  :  -d 

States  lit  tlxed  at  1  mark  40  pfennifpi  a  parrel.  whaleTer  its 
weight.  Pro  vision  In  made  for  ruj«t4>ni«  declaration  and  pay* 
ment.  The  United  States  ha<l  parceU  post  convantionii  with 
•everal  countries  in  C4>ntral  and  .South  America  and  tlie  West 
India  Islands,  but  thin  wha  the  flmt  oonrnntlon  nta<i«*  with  any 
country  in  Europe.     Tli^  \n\\  •  :;.Tiil 

to  niiikp  such  conventions  b^  ^  :.'i*'ot 

of  the  Preuident. 

BE  CA&EFUL 

The  careleaBMn  And  oversiKbt  of  a  hurrying  people  is  esooi- 
plificd  by  the  report  of  the  IVad  I>ett«r  Office  at  Wsshingtoo, 
that  there  are  on  the  sremKe  >13  letters  and  parcels  without 
any  address  whatever  received  there  daily.  Con.^iil#»rably  more 
than  half  of  them  contain  money.  In  a  fin(cl<>  year  (19^.1)  the 
Dead  Letter  OtTice  receivetl  2-19.2.').')  letter^,  all  containirrg  post- 
age stamps,  and  besides  these  $5,821.96  in  postage  stamps  that 


PROl'KKTY,    REAL    AND    PERSONAL  329 

had  gotten  out  of  the  letters  were  found  loose  in  the  mail 
bags. 

The  Dead  Letter  Ofllce  returns  what  it  can,  but  the  oarelea*- 
nen  or  ignorance  which  mii»direct«  lHtt«*rs  is  very  apt  to  reoord 
no  return  addrnm  for  the  enlightenment  of  the  postofDoe.  In 
consequence,  while  there  were  in  the  name  year  2.544,879  letters 
sent  to  thu  Demi  L«*tt«»r  Office,  which  were  subMequently  deliv- 
ered to  th^'ir  ownetM.  and  5.'*<36  returned  to  the  writ^jfs,  there 
were  6.111.433  that  gave  no  clue  and  wnro  deMtn>yed.  There 
were  s<jld  ut  auction  5.702  piocos  of  merchandiite  tliat  oauie  to 
the  Vktn\  I^etter  offirv  and  could  not  be  delivered;  ahu)  934  par- 
oels  of  )xM>ks  and  476  pieces  of  jewelry. 

Sug^stions.  -Always  write  "Tratudent,"  or  "Oeneral  Deliv* 
ery."  ou  matter  for  persons  not  living  where  you  send  raail  to 
tiiem. 

When  direi^-ting  to  cities,  always  add  the  street  and  num))er, 
or   poritodice   box.   of   the  ponion     addresaed.    unless    nuirked 

Trunsient."  or  "General  I>elivery." 

To  inMure  certainty  in  dispatch  of  mail,  give  the  county  in 
which  the  po  itoflioe  is.  and  spell  out  the  name  of  the  State  in  full 

If  you  will  write  or  print  )'  '  iuldreah  (and  the  con- 

tent.f.  if  a  |)arkni'»>)  in  the  u  !  comer  of  your  mail 

nuittrr.  it  will  .^J  to>«ju  fur  correction,  if  impro[*erly 

addrejwed,   or   i:  :itly  paid,   and   if  not  railed   fur  at   its 

destination,  it  can  be  returned  to  you  without  going  to  the  dead 
letter  office.     If  a  letter,  it  will  be  returned  free. 

Register  all  valuable  letters  and  packages. 
POSTAL  SAVINGS. 

An  Act  of  Con({ri'««  approved  June  2.'i,  1910,  provided  for  the 
eetabliehment  of  Postal  Savings  Depositaries  in  all  parts  of  the 
country,  thus  enaMing  all  persons  of  the  a^.'t•  of  wn  years  or 
over  to  opon  nn  Hfrnint  by  making  an  iniiial  deposit  of  One 
Ikillar  or  :t  i  »ne  Hundred  Dollars 

in  any  on.  -  than  one  dollar  may 

be  accumulated  for  deposit  by  purchasing  for  ten  cents  from  any 
dt  poeitary  a  postal  savings  card  to  which  may  be  attached  ad- 
hesive stamps  of  the  denomination  of  ten  cents  representing  the 
small  amounts  saved.  When  these  stAmps,  including  the  card 
amount  to  one  dollar,  they  may  be  deposited  and  will  draw 
inter'  St  at  the  rate  of  two  per  cent  per  annum.  When  these 
postal  savings  reach  the  sum  of  Twenty  Dollars,  they  may  be  ex- 


eliang«d  for  »  rolled  8uIm  bond  of  Um  d«nowln>lWi  of ' 
DollAra,  bearing  interMt  Mi  the  pau  of  SH  pM  e«»4,  paj^bto 
•emi-anDa&lljr.  The  laith  of  the  Uiutc<l  8utr«  U  ■olwnttly  pl>dgid 
to  th«  paymvut  of  thrae  ilriMi«tu  and  b«>nd«  «llh  Mcn»«d  tnltfWl 
M  «UI«d.     I  M>I>U«* 

AtioD  to  anx  '  u*bk 

tbem  to  tracamil   to  th«  U«p«j«iUU7  tiimr  Mvmgit   •lUwtti  coil 
for  poftage. 

PROPERTY,  RKAL  AM)  PKRSONAL 

All  profwrtT  U  dlriJed  Into  r*rti  .••'if'-  <\n\  t^-^-^i^n!  pnyperfp. 

1    R«al  BstAt«  metuu  land  and  •  <  ur  Imllt 

Qpon  It    wiK'h  KA  trr««i,  hotui««  u- 

9.  Penonal  Property  i-«v«r\  .:  •i.irk 

of  niilmA.l  (Hiiii|wtni>  <  t. 

CTfto  thuiiKti  tht»  pn.j-  I. 

A  Dol4^.  dmft  nr  rUiin  upim  a  debCor  ta  p^nii>Qal  pmp*«rtj. 
Rdil  entate  niaj  ctiAntrn  to  pertrmal  profwrty.  Tlut*.  tr«««a 
growing  and  rniU  in  mine  am  rral.  but  «b«n  trexe  are  rmt  dowB 
and  ooaJ  Lt  mined,  thrr  iMwimn  pMrmoaL  B— I  Mam*  to  tnp^ 
the  ixnmoTaUe  charmt^ter  of  pn>prrtjr. 

8  Joint  Oim«r«hip.— Here  earh  pvfton  hae  a  pr«noi  aad 
equal  riKht  to  p>*ieHi%ion.  All  ran  um  It  or  sell  It  to«rether  each 
can  diiipoee  of  his  ahare  a*  he  pleaeea.  If  in  a  diriaion  iltej  oaa- 
DOt  at;ri*f>.  onr  c^n  brini;;  nuit  and  the  court  will  divide  it. 

4.  To  Hold  in  Trtut.— xS)tnotimes  property  is  pUc«d  in  tmct  of 
a  third  pfvrty  for  the*  Uiw  of  rlii!  Irvn  under  ug«^  Surh  a  peraOQ 
b  onllod  a  tnuit^.  and  is  entrujited  with  the  doty  of  manaciof 
the  pm|ierty  and  applying  the  profltn  to  the  use  of  tboee  to  bo 
benefited. 

Tlie  riRhta  of  each  trustee  are  osoallj  deAned  by  a  wilL  Tbo 
powen  of  the  tru.«te«)  over  the  property  are  goToncd  by  tbo 
deed  or  will  creatine;  the  trurt. 

The  tni<«t«<*  can  do  nothing  with  the  estate  to  benefit  himaelf 
The  beneflciary  has  no  power  over  the  profierty ;  In  soroe  oana  bo 
cannot  even  transfer  his  rights  to  receire  *,bie  innooM  to  aootbar. 

For  Iaws  governing  the  sale  and  transfer  of  real  eetato  or 
interest  therein,  see  iVrtfs.  Lrosn.  Morigagn.  For  law*  go«» 
emin^  sales  of  p^ersonal  property,  see  Sate*.  SrgotiabU  ydm, 
Chattel  Mortgage*. 


RIGHTS  AND  OBLIGATIOV8  OF  PARrVTS  AND  CHILDREN   331 

RIGHTS  AND  OBLIGAIIONS  OF 
rAKEMS  AM)  CHILDHEN 

In  aiK-i«nt  lioiuestic  life  the  father  ruled  as  absolute  nu>naroh 
over  the  faatilj.  80  it  b  Htill  in  oriental  oountriea.  Chrintian 
civilization  hafl  greatljr  modiQod  thl«  and  lawn  have  been  enact«><l 
thnt  Mft  furth  the  n^lntion  of  parent  auJ  child,  delloing  the 
dutieH  and  obligations  of  each. 

RIGHTS  OF  PARENTS 

1.  A«  long  a«  a  child  i.t  undMr  iiK»  lir>  lh  iiut>j«y-t  to  the  control 
of  the  parenta.  who  have  all  reasonable  authority  to  enfun^ 
obedience.  An  long  ait  a  child  iji  pru|i«>rlT  truat4xl  by  tho  pivri<nL(i 
no  one  haa  a  ri>;ht  to  interfere  nor  to  take  awaj  and  ruUiin  a 
child  agiiinftt  th»ir  wiAbee. 

2  Adoptinf  a  Child.— When  a  child  la  adopt«d  by  another  fam- 
ily itM  parenU  loee  their  claim  upon  it  and  the  adopting  permmn 
take  their  plac-e.  A  child  cannot  be  adopted  without  the  con- 
sent of  it«  parents,  but  if  coasent  ia  onoe  given  it  cannot  be 
revoked. 

A  child  over  fourteen  must  hinutelf  oonaent  to  the  a(*option. 
The  court  has  in  all  casea  the  right  to  consent  to  or  refuse  the 
Adoption. 

Application  must,  therefore,  be  made  at  the  county  court  and 
the  ju't^'>«  will  coiinider  it  and  piuM  u|xjn  it. 

y.  Punishment.  — Parnntn  have  a  ri;;ht  to  punLth  their  minor 
childnm,  providing  they  arv  tuit  guilty  of  cruelty.  Brutality  is 
severely  punishf>d  by  law  as  a  crime.  The  puniithment  muMt  lie 
reasonable.  lea\ing  no  bruises  nor  injuring  the  health  of  the 
child. 

4.  Claims  open  Earnings.— While  the  child  Is  a  minor  parents 
have  a  right  to  alt  his  eamingx.  They  can  cluini  thotn  of  his 
employer,  rarents,  however,  may  free  the  child  and  allow  him 
to  collect  and  use  his  own  wages.  When  this  is  once  ma<le 
publii'  tlu"  parfnt.H  cannot  thereafter  collect  the  child's  wagns. 

(L  A  Runaway  Child.— A  child  ha.<t  no  right  to  leovn  home 
without  j»erini>':nj  of  tho  |iarent8;  if  he  does  he  can  b«  brought 
back  by  force.  Kelationii  or  others  who  would  keep  him  can  be 
forced  by  law  to  give  him  up  unless  it  can  be  shown  tlmt  the 
father  is  brutal  in  his  treatment  of  the  child  or  is  not  ca{>able 


332  SAFE     METHODS 

becaose  of  drunkenneM  or  other  raa^M  to  properly  oar*  for  Lb* 
ohild. 

OBLIGATIONS  OF  PARZlfTS 

Obhi^ation  to  Support— The  law  re<iiure8  that  parents  ahall 
support  their  minor  children.  A  child  having  property  of  hit 
own  dut«  not  relieve  the  parents  from  supporting  him.  Tliey 
can,  however,  by  applying  to  the  court,  get  perminion  to  uae  a 
part  or  lUl  of  the  income  from  the  rhild*.H  prnperty  for  his  ini]^ 
port.  l3«>yuod  thin  the  parents  Imve  ou  claim  upon  or  control 
over  the  child's  property. 

CHILDREN  3  RIGHTS  AND  OELIOATIOKt 

1.  A  child  <*an  own  prt>i>t>rty,  over  wliioli  th"  |  ir.«nt«  hare  DO 
control,  except  the  use  of  the  income  of  the  suime  for  the  8U{h 
port  of  the  child,  as  stated  alx)ve. 

3.  Where  it  m  shown  that  j«rentH  are  unable  to  support  them- 
•elves  the  child  is  under  leg^l  obligations  to  support  and  oara 
for  them,  at  least  do  what  he  can  toward  such  .HUpfxirt. 

8.  If  a  cliild  commits  a  premeiiitated  crimo  he  is  personally 
liable;  parents  cannot  be  held  respons'ble  for  crime*  committed 
by  their  minor  children 

4.  Guardian. — A  guardian  may  be  appointed  over  an  orphan 
child,  or  the  child  may  choone  his  own  guardian,  who  in  a  legal 
•ense  exercises  all  the  authority  of  a  parent. 


SALESMANSHIP 


333 


SALESMANSHIP 

Skill  in  tlie  art  of  sellinR  goods  has  been  reduced  to  a  science, 
and  schools  lor  teaching  this  new  science  of  "salesmanship."  as 
it  is  called,  have  been  established  at  New  York.  Chicago,  and 
other  large  cities  in  the  United  States. 

How  to  Sell  Qoodfl.— The  following  instructions,  drawn  up  by 
Mr.  John  A.  Huwland,  an  experienced  and  successful  salesman. 
are  worthy  of  careful  study  by  those  about  to  enter  upon  a 
mercantile  life  and  by  others  who  have  thus  far  failed  of  thy 
success  they  hoped  for  wlien  entering  upon  their  business  career. 

The  Highest  Class  Salesman  never  appears  to  work  hard  to 
make  a  sale.  Usually  he  is  not  a  great  talker.  It  is  the  clerks 
in  cheap  stores  who  talk  hard  and  fast;  they  hustle  ami  sweat 
a&d  appear  to  try  to  corner  their  customers  and  to  browbeai 


334  SAFE   METHODS 

them  into  buying.  The  first-class  salesman  is  cool  and  easy  in 
manner,  because  he  has  studied  his  art  and  knows  just  how  to 
proceed  to  make  a  sale.  The  great  talker  may  be  a  good  sales- 
man, but  he  chooses  the  hardest  road  and  necessarily  accom* 
plishes  less,  since  he  spends  too  much  energy  on  each  customer. 

Method  Necessary. — The  salesman  who  wants  to  pass  every- 
body on  the  road  must  have,  either  consciously  or  unoonsciously, 
a  definite  method  of  procedure. 

How  to  Proceed. — Before  trying  to  sell  anything  find  out  what 
the  person  can  buy.  When  a  man  has  told  you  just  what  he 
wants  he  has  committed  himself  and  he  has  given  you  a  dis- 
tinct advantage.  In  business  it  is  the  effort  of  each  man  to 
make  the  other  man  "come  to  him."  and  as  soon  as  your  pro- 
spective customer  has  told  you  what  he  wants — material,  style, 
price,  etc. — he  has  "come  to  you"  ;  all  you  have  to  do  is  to  fill 
the  order.  If  you  can  do  that,  there  is  a  strong  presumption  in 
favor  of  a  sale  without  much  further  effort.  Even  if  he  changes 
his  mind  and  refuses  to  buy  the  thing  he  asked  for,  you  can  ask 
once  more  his  desires  and  again  try  to  satisfy  them  in  the 
required  article. 

Illustration. — Suppose,  for  example,  you  are  selling  suburban 
lots  on  a  commission.  You  go  out  on  the  train  some  morn- 
ing; perhaps  you  get  to  talking  on  the  way  out  with  some  of 
your  firm's  prospective  customers.  Don't  talk  at  random ;  try 
to  draw  out  your  man  as  to  what  he  wants,  how  much  he  can 
pay,  cash  or  m  payments.  Ail  that  you  learn  about  his  busi- 
ness, his  experience  or  lack  of  it  in  real  estate  deals,  his  income, 
his  savings,  etc  ,  is  just  so  much  to  your  advantage,  because, 
with  all  this  information  about  him  and  his  wants,  you  can  pick 
out  just  one  lot  and.  ignoring  all  the  rest,  spend  all  your  time 
and  energy  talking  up  its  merits.  If  you  proceed  skillfully  you 
will  not  have  to  ask  him  for  a  deposit;  he  will  probably  ask  you 
to  accept  one  If  he  does  not  get  as  far  as  t'ais  you  have  nothing 
for  which  to  blame  you-self,  since  you  have  followed  the  only 
intelligent  method  for  making  a  sale. 

Showing  Goods  at  Random.— For  you  as  a  dry  goods  clerk  tc 
bring  out  goods  at  random,  without  first  ascertaining  just  wLct 
a  customer  wants,  shows  lack  of  method  and  therefore  lack  of 
intelligence.  Ten  chances  to  one  you  will  not  strike  what  the 
person  wants.  You  have,  therefore,  placed  yourself  at  a  di-ad 
vantage  at  the  outset,  lowered  your  own  dignity,  and  iesseYied 
the  value  of  your  judgment  in  the  eyes  of  your  prospective  cu* 


SALESMANSHIP  835 

iomer.  If  he  is  a  superior  man  he  will  resent  this  waste  of  time, 
and  feel,  even  if  he  does  not  display,  impatience. 

How  Some  Sales  are  Lost. — If  you  first  find  out  what  a  person 
wants  and  can  pa?/ /or,  you  escape  the  serious  danger  of  show- 
ing the  prospective  purchaser  something  he  or  she  will  want 
but  cannot  pay  for.  Many  a  possible  sale  is  lost  in  just  this 
way.  If  you  show  a  woman  a  $30  hat  who  has  no  intention  of 
spending  more  than  $12,  she  may  be  so  pleased  with  the  more 
expensive  article  that  nothing  cheaper  will  suit  her.  But  she  is 
unable  to  buy  the  $30  hat;  therefore  she  hesitates  long  and 
finally  leaves  the  shop  without  buying  anything.  If  you  liad 
first  found  out  that  she  expected  to  pay  only  $12,  you  might 
have  kept  the  $30  beauties  out  of  sight  and  so  have  easily  satis- 
fied her  and  completed  the  sale.  This  is  a  kind  of  failure  that 
all  successful  salesmen  must  carefully  guard  against.  Even  if 
you  should  at  last  bring  the  woman  who  admired  the  $30  hat  to 
the  point  of  buying  the  $12  article  she  could  pay  for,  you  would 
have  wasted  time  and  energy  that  you  might  easily  have  saved: 

Importance  of  Concentration. — Another  advantage  in  first 
finding  out  what  your  customer  wants  is  that  you  can  talk  so 
much  more  forcibly  than  you  can  if  you  scatter  your  efforts. 
Suppose  you  are  selling  men's  shirts  and  you  say.  "Here's  some- 
thing nice  at  $2.50."  The  man  seems  to  like  that;  he  picks  it 
up  and  looks  closely  at  it  while  you  dilate  on  its  good  qualitiea 
A  minute  later  he  says:  "Well,  I  don't  want  to  pay  more  than 
$2."  All  you  can  do  now  is  to  go  back  to  the  $2  line  and  say 
"Well,  these  are  nice,  too,"  etc.  Weak,  isn't  it?  After  com- 
mitting  yourself  in  favor  of  the  more  expensive  grade  of  shirts, 
you  have  discounted  beforehand  all  you  can  possibly  say  ia 
favor  of  the  $2  article.  If  you  want  to  talk  effectively  and  con- 
vincingly, you  must  concentrate  your  attention  on  the  one 
article  the  man  can  pay  for. 

If  this  rule  of  first  finding  out  a  customer's  wants  were  strictly 
adhered  to,  think  how  much  time  would  be  saved  from  those 
terrors  of  the  dry  goods  clerks,  the  women  who  are  merely 
amusing  themselves  by  fingering  piece  after  piece  of  gooda 
Many  times  if  such  women  were  directly  and  courteously  ques* 
tioned  they  might  admit  at  the  start  that  they  only  wanted  sam« 
pies.  By  further  inquiry  as  to  color,  weave,  price,  etc.,  think 
how  quickly  one  could  get  rid  of  them,  without  giving  o'^ens^s 
either. 

Much  Talk  not  Required.— Besides  the  direct  saving  in  time 


336  SAFE   METHODS 

and  energy  you  can  effect  by  first  getting  a  customer  to  state 
his  wants,  you  save  yourself  a  large  percentage  of  effort  and 
nervous  strain  by  the  procedure.  After  you  have  produced  the 
article  the  man  has  asked  for,  there  isn't  much  more  for  you  to 
do;  a  few  judiciously  chosen  words  of  admiration  and  encour- 
agement at  most.  The  man  who  has  thought  out  his  method 
beforehand  does  not  need  to  make  any  great  effort  or  talk  much 
in  order  to  make  a  sale. 

Sell,  or  Know  Why  You  Fail.— It  is,  of  course,  absolutely 
impossible  to  make  a  sale  for  every  inquiry,  but  what  an 
immense  satisfaction  it  is  to  know  accurately — as  you  can  know 
if  you  follow  this  method — just  when  the  failure  to  make  a  sale 
was  not  your  own  fault  and  just  when  it  resulted  from  your  own 
carelessness ! 

Your  confidence  and  consequently  your  effectiveness  con- 
stantly increase  as  you  reduce  your  work  to  a  systematic  pro- 
cedure. You  always  "know  where  you  are  at,"  you  can  note 
your  own  progress,  and  there  is  with  such  a  method  far  less 
cause  for  possible  discouragement.  There  is  nothing  so  helpful 
as  knowing  the  cause  of  each  failure  you  make;  for  if  you  know 
your  weak  point  you  can  guard  against  it  next  time. 

The  Only  Way. — This  cautious  method  of  always  finding  out 
what  a  prospective  customer  wants  before  taking  your  goods  to 
him  is  the  only  way  to  become  a  really  high  class  salesman. 


SHIPPING 

Shipping  is  the  transporting  of  goods  by  water.  Ship-owners 
are  common  carriers,  those  who  send  goods  are  shippers.  Own- 
ers sometimes  charter  their  vessels  to  others,  who  then  as  char- 
terers take  the  owner's  place. 

As  common  carriers,  ship-owners  or  charterers  are  subject  to 
all  the  laws  that  govern  common  carriers  on  land. 

Exportation. — When  goods  are  shipped  abroad,  or  exported, 
they  have  to  be  cleared  at  a  custom-house.  This  is  done  by  the 
shipper  filling  out  and  swearing  to  what  is  called  a  sJiipper's 
manifest,  containing  a  description  of  the  goods  shipped.  A  bill 
of  lading  is  then  given  the  shipper  as  in  inland  shipments. 

A  Bill  of  Lading  is  a  document  delivered  by  a  master  or  owner 
of  a  vessel,  or  the  officer  of  a  transportation  company,  and 


SHIPPING  337 

signed  by  such  parties  as  an  acknowledgment  that  the  gooda 
have  been  received  for  transportation. 

The  bill  constitutes  the  contract  between  the  shipper  and  the 
carrier  Three  copies  of  the  bill  are  made  out ;  one  is  kept  by 
the  shipper,  another  by  the  party  transporting  the  goods,  and 
the  third  is  sent  to  the  person  to  whom  the  goods  are  directed. 

When  one  of  the  bills  has  been  \ised  the  others  become  void. 
The  master  usually  makes  certain  exceptions  in  writing;  as, 
*'contents  unknoivn''  of  loose  goods;  ''not  accountable  for  leakage 
or  breakage''  of  liquids  in  bottles;  "not  accountable  for  leak- 
age'^ of  liquids  in  casks;  and  ' 'pieces  in  dispute/'  if  the  shipper's 
list  of  articles  differs  from  the  ship's  account.  The  master  also 
makes  notes  of  any  goods  which  seem  to  be  in  bad  condition, 
lest  he  should  be  compelled  to  make  good  cr  pay  for  any  defect, 
as  the  bill  of  lading  begins  by  stating  them  to  be  "shipped  in 
good  order  and  well  conditioned." 

Transfer  of  Bill  of  Lading. — The  bill  of  lading  stands  for  the 
property  itself,  and  carries  ownership  with  it.  The  consignee 
upon  receiving  it  becomes  the  owner  of  it,  and  can  assign  the 
bill  of  lading  and,  of  course,  the  right  of  the  goods  with  it  to 
another  party. 

Ship's  Manifest. — With  the  aid  of  the  manifests  furnished  by 
the  shippers  the  ship's  master  makes  out  the  ship's  manifest, 
containing  the  name  and  tonnage  of  the  vessel,  the  place  to 
which  it  belongs,  and  the  name  of  the  master,  besides  a  regular 
list  of  the  ship's  cargo,  giving  the  mark  and  number  of  each 
separate  package,  the  names  of  the  persons  by  whom  the  differ- 
ent parcels  of  goods  are  shipped,  and  those  of  the  persons  to 
whom  they  are  consigned,  and  a  specification  of  the  quality  of 
the  goods  contained  in  each  package.  This  manifest  must  be 
signed  by  the  master  of  the  ship,  and  he  cannot  clear  for  a  for- 
eign port  without  it.  Within  a  certain  number  of  hours  after 
arrival  at  any  port  and  before  "bulk  is  broken,"  this  manifest 
must  be  delivered  by  the  ship's  master  to  the  customs  oflScer  oj 
the  port. 

If  the  goods  perish  without  fault  of  the  master  of  a  ship,  the 
freight  must  be  paid,  otherwise  the  master  or  owner  of  a  ship  is 
liable  for  damages. 

Loss  or  Injury. — As  common  carriers,  owners  of  vessels  or 
charterers  are  responsible  for  any  loss  or  damages  of  the  goods, 
whether  caused  by  negligence  of  agents,  master  or  crew  on  the 
voyage. 


838  SAFE  METHODS 

But,  as  on  land,  there  are  exceptions,  namely:  Carriers  by 
8ea  are  not  responsible  for  damages  which  occur  through  some 
extraordinary  peril  of  the  sea,  such  as  storms  or  piracy  or  fire 
at  sea. 

General  Averag-e. — A  loss  occurring  to  the  cargo  when  in 
order  to  save  the  ship  in  a  storm  a  part  of  it  must  be  thrown 
overboard  is  called  General  Average. 

The  law  is  that  if  any  part  of  the  vessel  or  cargo  is  voluntarily 
sacrificed  to  save  the  rest,  all  the  owners  of  both  vessel  and  cargo 
must  bear  the  loss  in  proportion  to  their  interest. 

Three  conditions,  however,  are  necessary  to  make  it  a  general 
average:  1.  The  sacrifice  must  be  necessary.  2.  It  must  be 
made  voluntarily.  3.  It  must  succeed,  i.  e.,  the  rest  of  the  ves- 
sel must  be  saved. 

Salvage  relates  to  property  abandoned  at  sea.  Any  one 
saving  property  which  he  finds  abandoned  afc  sea  is  entitled  to 
large  compensation  foi  his  services.  This  compensation  is 
called  salvage  and  is  intended  to  encourage  such  services,  which 
are  usually  attended  with  danger. 

The  amount  of  salvage  varies  according  to  the  difficulty  and 
danger  and  may  be  one-half  of  the  value  cf  the  vessel  and  cargo 
saved.  All  who  take  part  in  the  rescue,  master,  crew  and 
owner,  share  in  the  salvage.  If  aid  is  rendered  to  a  vessel  in  dis- 
tress salvage  is  allowed. 

Form  of  BUI  of  Lading 

New  York,  December  10,  1910. 

Shipped  in  good  order,  and  well  conditioned,  by  James  C.  Hanton 

on  board  the  ship  Goodspeed 

Marked  as  follows:  whereof  Chas.  Bollman 

Sylvester  Clyde,  is  master,  now  lying  in  the  port  of  New 

Rio  Janeiro.  York and  bound  for  the  port  of 

Rio  Janeiro 600  barrels  of  flour, 

being  marked  and  numbered  as  in  the  margliM  and  are  to  be  delivered  in 

the  like  order  and  condition  at  the  port  of  Rio  Jaiieiro (the  dangers 

of  sea  only  excepted)  unto  Sylvester  Clyde or  his  assigns,  he  or 

they  paying  freight  for  the  said  cases,  with  ien  cents  primage  and  average 
accustomed. 

In  witness  wh'reof  I  have  affirmed  to  three  bills  of  lading,  all  of  this  tenoi 
and  date;  one  of  which  being  accomplished  the  others  to  stand  void. 

Henry  R.  Saxdford, 
Contents  and  weight  unknown. 

[In  the  above  form,  Hanton  is  the  shipper  or  consignor,  Clyde  the  con- 
tiignee,  and  Sandford  the  carrier.  It  might  be  signed  by  the  master  (.Bollman} 
instead  of  by  Sandford.} 


HOW    TO    INVEST    SMALL    SAVINGS. 


339 


STATE   STREET,    CHICAGO 

HOW    TO    INVEST    SMALL    SAVINGS 
SUCCESSFULLY 

To  persons  who  desire  to  Invest  their  savings  In  a 
safe  and  profitable  manner,  the  following  suggestions  and 
established  principles  pertaining  to  such  business  should 
be  carefully  considered. 

A  Good  Broker  Necessary. — In  the  first  place,  it  is  es- 
sential that  the  investor  should  have  a  good  broker.  How 
can  he  become  acquainted  with  one?  He  may  be  recom- 
mended to  one  by  a  friend,  and  probably  this  is  the  saf- 
est way,  because  there  are  brokers  and — brokers.  If 
the  investor  writes  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Stock  Exchange 
he  will  simply  get  a  list  of  brokers,  no  help  being  afforded 
him  as  to  the  particular  members  who  will  transact  small 
orders.  For  it  must  be  remembered  that,  as  a  rule,  the 
Inside  broker  does  not  care  for  small  orders.     On  account 


840 


SAFE    METHODS. 


of  this  fact  the  outside  broker  flourishes  exceedingly,  as 
he  is  prepared  to  execute  all  kinds  of  orders,  small  and 
great;  sometimes  he  is  an  honest  man,  sometimes  he  ia 
not,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  inside  broker.  The 
Question  of  getting  into  touch  with  the  right  kind  of  a 
man  is  therefore  all-important. 

Ability  to  Read  the  Financial  Nevrs  Necessary. — The  next 
thing  is  that  the  investor  should  be  able  to  read  Intelll^ 
gently  the  news  published  in  the  financial  columns  of  the 
daily  press.  This  is  explained  in  the  Financial  Guides, 
to  be  obtained  at  the  book-stores. 

A  Knowledge  of  the  Guiding  Principles  Necessary. — Hav- 
ing secured  the  right  kind  of  a  man  and  learned  how  to 
read  the  financial  news,  the  next  thing  should  be  a  mas- 
tery of  certain  guiding  principles. 

The  small  investor  should  not  touch  mines  cf  any  kind; 
he  should  confine  himself  to  industrial  schemes,  and  in 
BO  doing  give  his  attention  to  the  man  and  the  figures. 
The  directorate  of  a  company  is  exceedingly  Important. 
He  should  ascertain  all  he  can  about  their  past  history 
In  connection  with  business,  and  especially  the  capacity 
of  the  managing  director  for  his  special  duties.  The  great 
Becret  of  the  success  of  some  of  the  industrial  companies 
has  been  the  expert  management  from  beginning  to  end. 

Study  of  Accounts  Necessary. — Next  the  Investor  should 
Btudy  the  accounts,  going  through  the  balance  sheets  for 
various  years.  He  may  say  that  he  has  not  time,  and 
perhaps  not  an  eye  for  figures,  In  which  case  he  will  have 
to  trust  to  the  judgment  of  others,  and  that  is  where  the 
services  of  a  really  good  broker  are  invaluable. 

All  these  necessary  features  of  sound  investment  go 
to  show  that  you  cannot  make  money  in  this  way  with- 
out working  hard;  but  money  ca.n  be  made  by  watchful- 
ness and  care.  The  Investor  should  so  train  his  own 
judgment  that  he  need  not  be  obliged  to  follow  the  advice 
of  "friends"  nor  the  ipsi  dixit  of  the  broker. 

Esta,blished  Principles. — The  following  are  some  of  the 
established  principles  of  investment  which  are  well  worthy 
of  attention:  (1)  Don't  buy  shares  in  a  company  which 
is  about  to  pay  big  dividends.  (2)  Don't  be  led  away  by 
Bhowy  prospectuses,  big  names,  and  a  lot  of  advertising. 
Know  the  man,  the  class  of  business,  and  the  trade  condi- 
tions. (3)  Don't  invest  in  a  company  with  a  bad  history, 
however  attractive  the  new  regime  may  be.  Follow  lucky 
men  and  companies  with  good  records.  (4)  Ask:  Is  there 
a  demand  for  the  products  this  company  deals  In?  That'a 
a  question  which  determines  good  investments  from  merd 
speculations.  (5)  Note  the  startling  changes  in  prlcei 
and  trace  them  to  their  origin;  in  a  word,  know  what 
you  are  doing." 


TRADE    AND    SPECULATION.  341 

TRADE  AND  SPECULATION 

Th*    Principles   Underlying   Business   Success. 

Trade  is  re  business  of  buying  and  selling  for  gain  or 
profit  In  the  ordinary  course  of  traffic. 

Speculation  is  buying  and  selling,  not  in  the  ordinary 
course  of  traffic  for  the  continuous  marketing  of  commo- 
dities, but  to  hold  In  the  expectation  of  selling  at  a  profit 
upon  a  change  in  values  or  market  rates. 

In  order  to  be  thoroughly  successful  In  business  a 
merchant  must  have  a  fair  knowledge  of  the  basic  prln« 
clples  of  both  trade  and  speculation. 

Basic  Principles  of  Successful  Trade. 

1.  A  knowledge  or  judgment  of  the  value  of  goods  la 

necessary.  Without  such  knowledge  it  is  impossible  for 
one  to  do  justice  to  his  customers  and  to  himself. 

2.  Cash  Capital  To  Start  With  Is  Required. — No  one 

is  justified  In  commencing  a  business  without  the  moder- 
ate capital  usually  required  to  carry  it  on,  trusting  to  ac- 
commodations and  credit  for  success.  It  is  asserted  by 
Bome  authorities  that  four-fifths  of  the  men  who  are 
wealthy  commenced  business  on  borrowed  capital.  Thlg 
may  be  true,  but  It  was  actually  capital,  borrowed  for  no 
definite  period,  but  for  such  length  of  time  that  It  could 
be  paid  out  of  the  profits  of  the  business  and  not  from 
the  sales  of  stock.  No  one  who  has  tried  doing  a  business 
without  a  suitable  capital,  even  If  he  has  succeeded,  will 
advise  another  to  attempt  It.  It  Involves  an  amount  of 
anxiety,  a  degree  of  labor,  embarrassment,  and  hazard, 
which  is  painful  to  reflect  upon.  To  do  a  business  alto- 
gether on  credit  requires  a  fortunate  combination  of  cir- 
cumstances to  make  it  successful,  that  no  prudent  man 
would  predict. 

The  amount  of  credit  that  will  be  issued  to  a  prospective 
merchant  depends  upon  the  amount  of  capital  he  has  to 
Invest.  The  greatest  mistake  a  beginner  could  make  would 
be  to  tie  himself  up  with  an  overstock  or  with  an  abnor- 
mal expense  for  fixtures  and  other  opening  incidents  which 
would  prevent  him  from  buying  his  merchandise  on  a 
cash  basis,  or,  to  be  more  explicit,  to  do  anything  that 
would  prevent  him  from  taking  his  cash  discount  promptly 
and  regularly. 

3.  The  selection  of  the  right  location  is  important.  In  a 
city  or  town  it  usually  is  best  to  choose  a  location  In  the 
midst  of  those  engaged  in  the  same  business.     There  ia 


StZ  SAFE    METHODS. 

where  customers  expect  to  find  such  trade,  and  there  the 
mass  of  them  will  go  to  buy.  "A  poor  location,"  says  a 
recent  writer  on  this  subject,  "can  bring  about  disaster 
quicker  than  can  anything  else.  The  biggest  concern 
(shoe  store)  in  State  Street  (Chicago)  found  the  sledding 
extremely  tough  when  they  first  opened.  They  did  prac- 
tically no  business.  One  day  they  realized  they  had 
Btarted  in  on  the  wrong  side  of  the  street.  They  moved 
to  the  opposite  side  and  the  difference  in  location  was  no- 
ticeable from  the  start.  Business  grew  by  leaps  and 
bounds.  Today  these  people  are  representative  of  the  re- 
tail shoe  business  in  Chicago.  A  few  months  on  the  wrong 
Bide  would  have  driven  them  into  the  bankruptcy  court." 

4.  Locality  Governs  Stock  Selection. — "The  first  thing 
to  be  considered  in  buying  a  stoclc  of  goods,  writes  Mr. 
W.  F.  Hypes,  General  Sales  Manager  for  Marshall  Field  & 
Co.,  In  The  Workers'  Magazine,  "is  the  class  of  merchan- 
dise that  will  be  in  demand  in  the  locality  in  which  one 
expects  to  engage  in  business. 

"There  is  a  most  appreciable  variance  In  the  different 
flections  of  the  country  as  to  the  character  of  merchan- 
dise used  by  the  consumer.  Some  articles  that  sell  well 
In  Ohio  do  not  command  any  sale  at  all  in  Washington  or 
Oregon.  The  young  man  who  has  clerked  in  a  retail  dry 
goods  store  and  learned  the  business  in  a  general  way 
seldom  realizes  this.  To  him,  for  instance,  lingerie  ia 
lingerie  the  world  over  and  he  figures  that  a  bit  of  mus- 
lin should  sell  as  well  in  the  far  west  as  it  does  in  the 
middle  states  and  in  the  east." 

5.  A  reputation  for  dealing  in  the  best  lines  of  mer- 
chandlise  procurable  must  be  firmly  established.  This  is 
the  only  policy  that  will  build  up  a  permanent  trade.  "To 
buy  merchandise  of  a  great  number  of  houses,"  says  the 
same  authority,  "is  not  a  good  business  move,  for  even  the 
merchant  of  many  years'  experience  to  make.  Therefore, 
It  is  even  more  disadvantageous  to  the  beginner  to  take 
such  a  step.  He  perhaps  might  save  a  few  dollars  in  buy- 
ing his  stock  indiscriminately,  but  in  the  long  run  ho 
would  find  himself  burdened  with  a  badly  assorted  stock, 
and   in   a   short   time   his   shelves   would    present   such   a 


TRADE    AND    SPECULATION.  343 

conglomerate  mass  of  odds  and  ends  that  his  stock,  If 
forced  to  a  sale  for  any  reason,  would  bring  a  low  price. 
In  other  words,  the  man  who  will  establish  certain  lines 
and  fill  in  on  those  lines  as  occasion  demands,  confining 
himself  as  closely  as  practicable  to  such  a  policy,  always 
will  have  a  representative  stock  in  such  good  condition 
that  he  can  in  an  emergency  realize  almost  100  cents  on 
the  dollar." 

6.  Display  and  Publicity  are  Absolutely  Essential. — 
Every  retail  merchant  should  make  an  attractive  display 
of  his  wares  in  his  shop  windows.  Persons  passing  in 
the  street  may  see  just  the  articles  they  want  to  purchase 
and  be  reminded  thereby  of  this  want  and  become  your 
customer  at  once,  or  they  may  be  induced  to  seek  within 
for  what  they  want  in  the  line  displayed. 

"The  old  habit  of  having  merchandise  tucked  away 
under  counters  and  in  stock  boxes  long  ago  became  obso- 
lete. The  great  increase  in  the  volume  of  sales  enjoyed 
by  merchants  today  is  directly  attributable  to  the  effective 
displays  in  the  windows  of  retails  stores  as  well  as  to 
the  educating  of  the  buying  public — especially  the  wo- 
men contingent — has  received  through  the  medium  of  these 
displays  and  through  reading  the  up-to-date  fashion  jour- 
nals." 

The  Importance  of  Advertising. — But  the  most  efficient 
modern  method  of  getting  customers  is  by  advertising. 
To  the  merchant  or  dealer  who  is  sure  of  his  ability  to 
fill  orders  on  the  most  favorable  terms,  the  attainment 
of  an  adequate  publicity  is  the  matter  of  primary  con- 
cern. If  his  circle  of  trade  is  properly  the  county  in  which 
he  lives,  then  he  should  take  effectual  measures  to  let 
every  family  in  the  county  know  what  he  sells,  and  on 
what  conditions.  It  is  idle  to  speak  of  the  cost  as  an 
Impediment.  He  might  as  well  object  to  the  cost  of  shel- 
tering his  goods  from  bad  weather,  protecting  them  from 
thieves,  or  dealing  them  out  to  customers.  All  the  other 
cost  of  his  business  is  incurred  without  adequate  motive 
or  return,  so  long  as  the  essential  element  of  his  business 
Is  neglected  or  scrimped.  If  his  location  and  his  stock 
only   entitle  him   to   expect  the  custom   of  his  own   town 


344  SAFE    METHODS. 

and  neighborhood,  then  he  should  incur  the  expenses  of 
fully  informing  that  locality.  Just  so  with  the  wholesal* 
merchant  who  aspires  to  a  custom  co-extensive  with  his 
country.  If  he  is  prepared  to  satisfy  so  wide  a  demand 
on  favorable  terms,  the  expense  of  apprising  those  whom 
he  desires  for  customers  of  the  nature  of  his  business, 
the  character  of  his  stock,  the  range  of  his  prices,  and  the 
reasons  why  he  should  be  dealt  with,  is  one  which  he  can- 
not refuse  to  incur  without  gross  incompetency  and  ruin- 
ous prodigality.  By  thus  refusing,  he  increases  his  ex- 
penses for  rent,  lights,  fuel,  assistance,  etc.,  from  one- 
half  per  cent  to  three,  five  and  in  some  cases  ten  per 
cent  on  his  aggregate  sales,  and  renders  it  morally  Im- 
possible that  he  should  sell  at  a  profit,  and  at  the  same 
time  sell  as  cheaply  as  his  more  enterprising  and  capable 
rivals.  In  effect,  he  confesses  defeat  and  incapacity,  and 
retreats  to  the  rear  rank  of  his  vocation. 

Some  men  who  know  they  should  advertise  are  yot  bo 
narrow  as  to  confine  their  advertisements  to  journals  of 
their  own  creed  or  party.  If  they  do  not  choose  to  trade 
with  any  but  men  of  like  faith,  this  is  wise;  but  if  they 
desire  to  have  the  whole  public  for  customers,  it  is  other- 
wise. 

Basic  Principles  of  Successful  Speculation. 

1.  Fluctuations  in  value®  affect  the  interests  of  mer- 
chants engaged  in  regular  trade.  It  is  necessary  there- 
fore, in  order  to  be  thoroughly  successful  in  mercantile 
business,  to  study  statistics  and  give  note  to  important 
political  and  commercial  changes.  "Take  a  commodity," 
advises  an  experienced  and  successful  merchant,  "and  find 
out  the  average  price  of  a  number  of  years,  excluding 
from  consideration  extreme  cases,  and  buy  when  the  price 
has  fallen  belov;  the  average,  or,  in  other  words,  when 
the  commodity  has  become  cheap.  If  the  harvest  after 
all  be  bad,  you  gain;  if  otherwise,  it  does  not  follow  that 
you  are  to  lose.  Sell,  and  replace  your  old  stock — buy 
a  new  one." 

"Everybody  is  aware,"  says  Mr.  Roderick  H.  Smith,  In 
bis  masterly   treatise   on  The   Science  of  Business,   "h<yw . 


TRADE    AND    SPECULATION.  348 

much  the  interests  of  the  mercantile  classes  and  other 
classes  are  affected  by  fluctuations  in  value.  Fortunes  are 
made  or  lost  by  the  rise  or  fall  in  price  of  a  commodity 
of  which  a  merchant  may  have  a  large  supply.  But  the 
merchant  Is  affected  not  only  by  the  price  of  articles  in 
his  possession,  but  by  the  price  of  articles  in  the  posses- 
sion of  others.  He  owes  a  large  number  of  people  and  a 
large  number  of  people  owe  him.  His  ability  to  pay  de- 
pends upon  the  prices  which  his  customers  receive  for  the 
produce  or  goods  they  have  In  their  possession.  Hence 
there  Is  hardly  a  fluctuation  in  the  price  of  any  article 
whatsoever  that  does  not  influence  to  some  extent  the 
prosperity  of  the  mercantile  classes  at  large,  in  addition 
to  the  particular  influence  it  may  exert  upon  the  fortunes 
of  a  particular  individual. 

"In  society  as  we  see  it  today,  not  only  each  man  ii 
dependent  upon  other  men,  but  each  class  of  men  upon 
all  other  classes,  and  whatever  injures  one  class  of  the 
community  effects  upon  all  other  classes  a  like  injury.  The 
Interests  of  each  are  bound  up  in  the  interests  of  all,  and 
the  interest  of  all  is  bound  up  in  the  interest  of  each." 

2.  There  are  two  qualities  which  principally  fit  any 
commodity  for  speculation:  First,  frequency  in  the  change 
of  its  price,  and  secondly,  the  extent  of  that  change;  it 
being  obvious  that  alternation — a  fall  as  well  as  a  rise— - 
Is  necessary  to  the  purpose  of  the  speculator,  and  the 
extreme  of  prices  is  that  which  he  will  chiefly  look  to  or 
in  which  he  will  seek  his  gain. 

3.  The  price  of  a  commodity  depends  upon  supply 
and  demand.  When  the  demand  is  greater  than  the  sup- 
ply the  price  of  the  commodity  rises,  and  when  the  supply 
Is  greater  than  the  demand  the  price  falls.  Speculation, 
therefore,  is  in  fact  merely  an  exception  in  business  aris- 
ing out  of  the  derangement  of  trade  or  impossibility 
of  adjusting  the  supply  to  the  demand,  yet  so  far  useful 
to,  or  coming  in  aid  of  trade,  as  it  has  a  tendency  to  pro- 
duce readjustment;  to  prevent  extremes  in  price,  as  well 
that  which  is  ruinously  low  as  that  which  is  excessive; 
and  to  prevent  dearth  or  famine.  For  if  a  person  buys 
when  prices  are  low,  this  has  a  tendency  to  raise  the  price; 


346  SAFE    METHODS. 

as  when  he  brings  out  a  store,  and  sella  when  prices  ar« 
high,  it  has  to  lower  it. 

4.  Nerve  Is  Necessary  to  Success. — To  be  a  good  mer- 
chant or  speculator,  as  to  be  a  good  general,  nerve  is 
necessary,  and  the  one  as  well  as  the  other  must  often 
act  In  the  face  of  appearances.  He  must  believe  that  the 
Bun  will  always  rise  again  after  it  sets  and  always  act 
contrary  to  what  the  generality  of  men  believe  to  be  good 
Judgment.  He  must  buy  when  no  other  person  will  buy 
and  sell  when  no  other  person  will  sell. 

"Trade  is  steady  and  uniform,"  and  can  b©  carried  OQ 
at  all  times;  speculation,  on  the  other  hand,  only  occa- 
sionally, or  when  opportunity  offers.  There  is,  therefore,  a 
peculiar  certainty  which  belongs  to  the  former  which  doe« 
not  belong  to  the  latter,  and  this  certainly  is  the  certain- 
ty of  employment  or  the  scope  for  it.  The  time  also  re- 
quired to  make  a  speculation  is  not  to  be  forgotten,  dur- 
ing which  it  may  be  conceived  money  will  often  be  made 
In  the  regular  course  of  trade.  Yet,  without  doubt,  oc- 
casionally very  large  sums  are  made  by  opportunities 
which  it  requires  but  a  very  ordinary  share  of  sagacity  to 
take  advantage  of. 

If  a  person  be  inclined  to  make  speculation  a  business. 
It  would  be  best  to  invest  only  part  of  his  capital  in  any 
one  commodity,  so  to  have  many  speculations  afloat  at 
the  same  time,  different  in  their  stages — some,  if  possible, 
always  commencing,  and  others  falling  in  or  terminating. 
By  these  means  it  may  be  brought  more  nearly  to  the 
nature  of  a  regular  trade,  in  which  not  only  is  a  person's 
whole  capital  with  some  certainty  engaged,  but  an  average 
established,  rendering  it  more  uniform  and  safe.  And 
BO  considered,  it  matters  not  to  a  speculator  whether 
prices  fall  or  rise.  When  they  fall  he  is  to  buy,  when  they 
rise,  he  is  to  sell.  His  only  difficulty,  when  they  stand 
still.  Nor  is  this  to  be  confounded  with  wholesale  trade 
strictly  understood,  which  is  a  different  thing,  and  con- 
sists in  supplying  set  customers  for  a  regular  profit." 

5.  Successful  Speculators  and  Merchants  Must  Be  Stu- 
dents of  Social  Science. — "Without  knowing  it,"  says  th9 


TRADE    AND    SPECULATION.  347 

eminent  scientist,  Herbert  Spencer,  "men  who  look""  at 
the  state  of  the  money-market,  glance  over  prices  current, 
discuss  the  probablo  crops  of  corn,  cotton,  sugar,  wool. 
Bilk,  with  the  chances  of  war,  and  from  all  these  data 
decide  on  their  mercantile  operations,  are  students  of 
social  science;  empirical  and  blund-ering  students,  it  may 
be,  but  still  students,  who  gain  the  prizes  or  are  plucked 
of  their  profits,  according  as  they  do  or  do  not  reach  th» 
right  conclusion.  Not  only  the  manufacturer  and  the 
merchant  must  guide  their  transactions  by  calculations  ol 
supply  and  demand,  based  on  numerous  facts,  and  tacitly 
recognizing  sundry  general  principles  of  social  action;  but 
even  the  retailer  must  do  the  like;  his  prosperity  very 
greatly  depending  upon  the  correctness  of  his  judgments 
respecting  the  future  rates  of  consumption.  Manifestly, 
all  who  take  part  in  the  entangled  commercial  activities 
of  a  community  are  virtually  interested  In  understanding 
the  laws  according  to  which  those  activities  vary." 

The  correctness  of  Mr.  Spencer's  position  Is  forcibly  Il- 
lustrated in  the  following  extract  from  The  Science  of 
Business:  "These  truths  drawn  from  a  wide  class  of 
business  facts,  are  of  value  to  each  business  man.  The 
wholesale  dealer,  who  has  on  hand  a  large  stock  of  goodi 
bought  at  constantly  increasing  prices,  must  see  to  It 
that,  at  the  turn  of  affairs,  he  is  not  left  with  a  supply 
on  his  hands  for  which  there  is  no  call,  and  on  which  he 
will  be  obliged  to  sacrifice.  The  retail  dealer  who  In- 
vests his  savings  in  a  store,  and  stocks  it  with  such  arti- 
cles as  the  laborers  need,  must.  If  he  lives  in  a  town  whose 
principal  industry  is  the  iron  trade,  time  his  affairs  to 
the  fluctuations  of  the  business.  The  speculator  who.  In 
the  assurance  born  of  ignorance,  endeavors  to  bull  the 
Btock  market  during  the  years  of  depression,  will  see  his 
profits  melt  slowly  away;  and  even  a  rising  market,  the 
wise  must  remember,  will  not  last  forever.  The  manu- 
facturer must  intelligently  foresee  the  trend  of  future 
events,  or  suffer  the  consequences  of  his  ignorance.  The 
clerk,  the  lawyer,  the  doctor  and  even  the  clergyman, 
are  affected,  both  in  their  salaries  and  their  fees,  by  the 
course  of  the  business  world." 


348 


SAFE    METHODS 


BUSINESS  ABBREVIATIONS 


Acct Account 

Advtg Advertising. 

Agmt A^eement. 

Agt Asfiit. 

Amt Amount. 

Art Article. 

B.ov  Bk Bank. 

Bal Balance. 

Bbl Barrel. 

B.  B Bill-book  or 

Bank-book. 
B.  Ex Bill  of  Exchange. 

B.  P. OT  Bills  Pay.  Bills  Payable. 
B.R.oxBillsRec.  Bills  Receivable, 
Bo't Bought. 

Bush   Bushel. 

C.  or  CI Cent. 

Cash Cashier. 

C.  B Ca-sh  Book. 

Cer Certificate. 

Chgd Charged. 

Ck Check 

Co Company. 

CO.  D Collect  on  Delivery. 

Com Commission 

Con.  or  Const  .  .Consignment. 

Cr Creditor. 

Cwt Hundred  weight. 

D.  B Day  Book. 

Dep.  B Deposit  Book. 

Dfl Draft. 

Dis Discount. 

Do.  or  do ( Ditto)  The  same. 

Doz Dozen. 

Dr Debtor. 

Ds.  oT  ds Days. 

ea Each. 

E.  E Errors  excepted. 

E.  &  O.  E Errors  and  omis- 
sions excepted. 

Ex.  or  Exch.  . . .  Exchange. 

Exp Expense. 

fav Favor. 

F.B.   £?,  o Foreign  Bill  of 

Exchange. 

For'd .Forward. 

Ft.  ox  it Foot  or  Feet. 

Gal Gallon. 

Guar Guarantee. 

Hdkf Handkerchief. 

Hhd Hogshead. 

Hund Hundred. 

/.  or  Inv Invoice. 

LB Invoice  Book. 

Ins Insurance. 

inst (Instant)   The  pres» 

ent  month, 
Insol Insolvency. 


Invt Inventory. 

J.  or  Jour Journal. 

J  F Journal  pa«e. 

L.  B Letter  Book. 

lbs Pounds. 

L.  F Ledger  Folio. 

Mdse Meriliandi.se. 

Memo,  or  mem. Memorandum. 

Mols Molasses. 

Nat Nat  ional. 

N.  B I  Nota    Bene)    Take 

Notice. 

Net Without  deduc- 
tion. 

O.  I.  B Outward  Invoice 

P.orp Page.  [Book. 

Pai/t Payment. 

Pd Paid. 

Pkg Package. 

Per  OT  pr By  the. 

per  ct (Per  centum)  By  the 

hundred. 

P.  &  L Profit  and  Loss. 

Pr Pair. 

Prem Premium. 

prox (Proximo)  The  nexi 

month. 

Ps Piece  or  Pieces. 

P.  C.  B Petty  Cash  Book. 

Rccd Received. 

It.  R Raih-oad. 

S.  B Sales  Book. 

S.  S Steamship. 

Shipt Shipment. 

St.  Dft Sight  Draft. 

Stg Sterling. 

Sunds Sundries. 

Tr.  or  Trans  .  .Transaction. 

vU ( Lltimo)      The  last 

month. 

viz (Videlicet)     To  wit; 

namely. 

vs (Versus)  Against. 

Yds Yards. 

S Dollar. 

t Onts. 

£ Pounds  Sterling. 

d Pence. 

@ At,  or  to. 

% Per  cent. 

% Account. 

" (^Ditto)  The  same. 

If Number. 

y Check  Mark. 

V One  and  1  fourth. 

1» One  and  2  fourths. 

\    13 One  and  3  fourths. 

I    Int Interest. 


TRUSTS  AND  MONOPOUES 


THE  SHERMAN  ANTLTRUST  LAW 

Sections  1  and  2  of  the  anti-trust  law  approved  July  2, 
1890,  and  commonly  called  the  "Sherman  law,"  forbid  com- 
binations and  monopolies  in  undue  restraint  of  interstate  or 
foreign  trade  and  prescribes  punishment  by  fine  or  impris- 
onment or  both  for  any  violation  thereof.  What  constitutes 
an  undue  restraint  of  trade  is  a  mooted  question. 

Illegal  Combination  in  Restraint  of  Trade  Defined. — In 

the  case  of  the  United  States  vs.  The  International  Harvester 
Co.,  decided  in  favor  of  the  Government  by  the  U.  S.  District 
Court  in  Minnesota,  August  12,  1914,  it  was  held  that  "there 
is  no  limit  under  the  American  law  to  which  a  business  may 
not  independently  grow,  and  even  a  combination  of  two  or 
more  businesses  if  it  does  not  unreasonably  restrain  trade, 
is  not  illegal;  but  it  is  the  combination  which  unreasonably 
restrains  trade  that  is  illegal." 

The  Trusts  which  dominate  the  business  world  of  to-day  are 
the  legitimate  dascendants  of  the  old  English  monopolies. 

Definition. — The  old  time  monopolies  were  grants  by  the  crown 
aecuring  to  one  or  more  persons  an  exclusive  right  to  carry  on 
some  particular  branch  of  trade  or  manufacture,  while  the 
modern  trusts  are  organizations  formed  by  the  combination  of 
competing  firms,  which,  independently  of  any  grant  of  a  sover- 
eign or  State,  exert  the  right  and  power  of  controlling  the  entire 
business  of  the  particular  branch  of  trade  or  manufacture  in 
which  they  are  engaged. 

History. — In  the  sixteenth  century  the  people  of  England  com- 
ftlained  of  the  extortions  of  the  monopolies  which  had  been 


34d 


350  SAFE   METHODS 

granted  by  the  crown  and  the  whole  system  was  attacked  in 
Parlianaent  in  1597.  No  restraining  law  was  passed,  because  of 
the  personal  solicitation  of  the  queen,  but  in  1601  Parliament 
took  up  the  subject  and  a  list  of  the  most  objectionable 
monopolies  was  read  in  the  House  of  Commons.  One  member 
of  that  body  caused  a  sensation  at  the  time  by  asking,  ''Is 
not  bread  among  the  number?" 

In  1623  the  so-called  statute  of  monopolies  was  passed,  which 
provided  that  all  monopolies  should  be  illegal,  except  such  as 
might  be  granted  by  Parliament,  the  only  exceptions  being  the 
control  of  new  manufactures  and  inventions.  For  a  time  this 
law  put  an  end  to  the  formation  of  monopolies,  which  have  now 
become  common  under  the  name  of  "trusts"  in  nearly  every 
civilized  country  of  the  world. 

English  Trusts. — In  England,  despite  the  industrial  energy  of 
the  country  and  its  extensive  commerce,  the  trust  system  has 
not  made  the  advance  it  has  in  some  other  countries  in  Europe 
or  in  America. 

German  Trusts. — There  are  many  trusts  in  Germany.  In  such 
industries  as  brick,  stone,  plaster  of  paris,  glue,  mortar  and  the 
like  there  are  about  fifty  trusts  of  which  a  recent  writer  says: 
•'Of  these  tnists— in  the  widest  sense  of  the  word — it  may  be 
said  that  by  hindering  unlimited  underbidding  they  have  proved 
an  actual  blessing  to  the  trades  concerned,  without  becoming  a 
menace  to  the  pubUc  welfare. "  The  same  writer  says:  "The 
activity  and  extension  of  trusts  in  Germany  has  not  yet  led  to 
serious  apprehensions  or  open  hatred  on  the  part  of  large  por- 
tions of  the  population,  as  now  appears  to  exist  in  the  United 
States.  Although  aiming  primarily  at  the  establishment  of 
better  prices,  German  trusts  cannot  be  accused  of  the  exploita- 
tion of  the  public  at  large  or  of  the  working  classes.  As  regards 
the  establishment  of  prices,  also,  the  trusts  have  hitherto  dis- 
played a  wise  moderation." 

Russian  Trusts. — In  Russia,  while  the  courts  do  not  recognize 
the  formation  of  trusts  as  legal,  strong  industrial  organizations 
control  many  of  the  commodities.  Iron,  brandy,  sugar,  petro- 
leum and  a  vast  number  of  other  products  are  in  the  hands  of 
monopolies  which  oppress  the  people.  Not  only  is  no  resistance 
offered  them  by  the  government,  but  many  of  them  have  been 
organized  under  the  protection  and  with  the  assistance  of  the 
government. 


TRUSTS    AND    MONOPOLIES  351 

French  Trusts.— Perhaps  in  no  country  in  Europe  has  the 
trust  system  assumed  the  proportions  it  has  acquired  in  France. 
The  iron  trade,  the  chemical  industries,  the  bottle-glass,  sugar 
refining,  zinc  and  many  other  important  lines  of  industry  are 
controlled  by  trusts,  and  have  been  so  for  many  years. 

American  Trusts.-In  the  United  States  trusts  are  of  com- 
paratively  recent  origin,  but  have  increased  with  such  rapidity 
that  to-day  ther  outnumber  those  of  all  other  countries  of  the 
world  combined.  In  Moody^s  Manual  of  Corporation  Securities 
it  is  stated  that  there  are  in  this  country  about  8^0  tn^ts  or 
great  industrial  combinations,  with  a  total  capital  of  §9,000  000- 
000,  and  that  the  railroad  consolidations  would  increase  this  to 
$15,000,000,000  of  outstanding  capital. 

Besides  these  gigantic  industrial  trusts  there  are  mnumerable 

pnce-fixing  and  profit-sharing  pools  in  nearly  every  mdustry  of 

the  country. 
Natural  Monopolies,  such  as  railroads,  street  railways,  gas, 

electric  light,  and  water  companies,  are  not  classed  as  trusts. 

because  they  are  not  composed  of  naturally  competing  concerns. 

Consolidations  and  price  and  rate-fixing  agreements  m  these 

industries  exist  in  nearly  every  city  in  the  countrj-. 
Stringent  anti-trust  acts  have  been  adopted  by  the  general 

government  and  most  of  the  States,  but  owing  to  the  restrictions 

these  acts  have  experienced  at  the  hands  of  jurists,  most  of  them 

have  practically  become  dead  letters.      The   American   trusts 

having  the  largest  capitals  are  as  follows: 

A  List  of  Fifteen  of  the  Principal  American  Trusts 

Location.  Capital. 

Amalgamated  ,^pper  Co New  Vojk  .53  8S8  000 

American  Can  Co J^ew   luift.  =n  Ann  fVWl 

American  Sugar  Refining  Co New  Icork f'Z;To 

American  Smelting  &  Refining  Co.    New  York t^'^^^'noo 

American  Tobacco  Co New  York ^{tf-'Z 

SsTilS  ^o  oflmerica New  York 44.596.U8 

International  Harvester  Co Chicago       '?°'^oC 

International  Merchant  Marine  Co. .   New  York ^?'?ooZ 

Standard  Oil  Co  New  York %''Z'^ 

United  Copper  Co New  York 45.000.000 

TT   c;   T  pither  Co  New  York 62,882,300 

S:  I:  S  cLporaUon New  York 508.495.200 

Caxnegie  Co.  (Steel,  coal,  ore.  etc.)    Pittsburg 156,800.000 


152 


SAFE   METHODS 


PARLIAMENTARY  RULES  AND  USAGES 

Trace  each  motion  to  its  respective  references  and  you  master  at  a  glance 
the  intricacies  of  parliamentary  usages,  comprising  some  three  hundred  points 
Of  order. 

Forms  in  which  questions  may  be  put 8.  9.  10.  11.  12.  13.  14. 

Questions  of  precedence  of  questions 1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  6.  7. 

Motion  to  withdraw  a  motion a.  e.  g.  i.  m.  n.  p. 

To  take  up  a  question  out  of  its  proper  order a.  e.  g.  i.  1.  n.  p. 

Motion  to  take  from  the  table a.  e.  g.  k.  1.  n.  b. 

Motion  to  suspend  the  rules c.  e.  h.  j.  m.  n.  p. 

To  substitute  in  the  nature  of  an  amendment c.  e.  h.  i.  m.  n.  p. 

Motion  to  make  subject  a  special  order c.  e.  h.  i.  1.  n.  p. 


INDEPENDENCE  HALL,  1776. 

(In  the  rt)OiD  to  the  left,  on  entering  the  haJI.  the  Declaratioo  of  Independence  was  signed.) 


Question  whether  subject  shall  be  discussed a.  e.  g.  i.  1.  o.  q. 

Motion  that  committee  do  not  rise a.  e.  g.  j.  m.  n.  p. 

Motion  to  refer  a  question c.  f.  h.  j.  m.  n.  p. 

Motion  to  reconsider  an  undebatable  question a.  e.  g.  j.  m.  n.  r. 

Motion  to  reconsider  a  debatable  question c.  f.  g.  j.  m.  n.  p. 

Reading  papers a.  e.  g.  i.  m.  i    p. 

Questions  of  privilege c.  e.  h.  i.  m.  n   o. 

Questions  touching  priority  of  business a.  e.  h.  i.  m.  n.   ». 

Motion  for  previous  question a.  e.  g.  i.  I.  n.  p. 

Motion  to  postpone  indefinitely c.  f.  g.  i.  m.  n.  p. 

Motion  to  postpone  to  a  definite  time d.  e.  h.  i.  m.  n.  p. 

Motion  for  the  orders  of  the  day a.  e.  g.  i.  m.  o,  q. 

Objection  to  consideration  of  question a.  e.  g.  i.  1.  o.  q. 

jjotion  to  limit  debate  on  question a.  e.  h.  i.  1.  n.  pw 

Motion  to  lay  on  the  table a.  e.  g.  k.  m.,n.  p 


PARLIAMENTARY    RULES    AND    USAGES 


353 


Leave  to  continue  speaking  after  indecorum . . 
Motion  to  extend  limits  of  debate  on  question. 

Motion  to  commit 

Motion  to  close  debate  on  question. 

Call  to  order 

Motion  to  appeal  from  Speakers  decision  generally 
Motion  to  appeal  from  Speaker's  decision  re  indecorum 

Motion  to  amend  the  rules 

Motion  to  amend  an  amendment 

Motion  to  amend 

Motion  to  determine  time  to  which  to  adjourn 
Motion  to  adjourn 


.c.  f. 
.a.  e 


g.  1. 
h.  i. 
h.  i. 
h.  i. 


m.  n.  p. 

m.  n.  p. 

m.  n.  p. 

1.  n.  p 


.a.  e.  g.  1.  m.  o.  q. 


.0.  e. 
.a.  e. 
.c.  e. 

.0. 


e. 


.c.  6. 
.b.  e. 


h.  i. 
h.  i. 
g-  J- 


m.  n.  q. 
m.  n.  q. 
,  1.  n.  p. 
m.  n.  p. 
m.  n.  p. 
m.  n.  p, 
m.  n.  p. 


•ittacM  Of  TMC  Of  eiAa*' 


lohn  Hancock, 
%amutl  Adams. 
Robert  Treat  Paine. 
William  Whipple. 


Ma 


V  ThomloK. 


William  Ellery. 
lohn  Hart. 
Tleiijainrn  Rirdl, 
Benjamio  FraDkUn. 
John  Monun, 
Ceorec  Clym«f, 
lames  Smilb. 
CeorgeTayloi, 
lames  W,Uoi>. 
George  Ross. 
C»sar  Rodney. 
George  Reed. 
Thomas  Stone. 
Charles  Carrolt 
Richard  Henry  Let. 
Francis  UghtCoot  L««. 
Carter  BraatoB. 
William  Hooper. 
losephHewe^ 
John  Penn. 
Button  Cwinncll, 
Lymao  HaU. 
Ctotge  W»Itca 


Of  iMOEpeNoeMOt. 
dbridge  Gerry. 
Stephen  Hopkins, 
Jo&iah  Bartlett. 
Ro^cr  Sherman, 
Franci*  Uwis. 
Philip  Livin(;stO% 
WJliam  Floyd, 
Oliver  Wolcoit. 
Wiltiam  Williamt. 
Samuel  Huntington 
Lewis  Morns. 
Richard  StocVtoft, 
Jotm  WiiherspooiV 
r .  Hopkmson, 
A.  tbrk. 
Robert  Morris. 
Benjamin  Rush, 
Thomas  McKeofu 
Samuel  ChaM. 
Wilham  Paca. 
George  Wythe. 
Thomas  Jefferson, 
Benjamin  Hamsofi, 
I'homav  Nelson.  Jr. 
Edward  Rutledge. 
Thomas  Hayv'ard.  |c 
Thomas  Ljroch.  Jt. 
Arthur  Middleiotk 


INDEPENDENCE  HALL,  1876. 

(Philadelphia,  Pcno.) 


Question  undebatable;  sometimes  remarks  tacitly  allowed. 

Undebatable  if  another  question  is  before  the  assembly. 

Debatable  question. 

Limited  debate  only  on  propriety  of  postponement. 

Does  not  allow  reference  to  main  question. 

Opens  the  main  question  to  debate. 

Cannot  be  amended. 

May  be  amended. 

Can  be  reconsidered. 

Cannot  be  reconsidered. 

An  affirmative  vote  on  this  question  cannot  be  reconsidered. 

Requires  two-third  vote,  unless  special  rules  have  been  enacted. 

Simple  majority  suffices  to  determine  the  question. 

Motion  must  be  seconded. 

Does  not  require  to  be  seconded. 

Not  in  order  when  another  has  the  floor. 

Always  in  order,  though  another  may  have  the  floor. 


354 


SAFE   METHODS 


t.  May  be  moved  and  entered  on  the  record  when  another  has  the  floor,  but 
the  business  then  before  the  assembly  may  not  be  put  aside.  The  motion 
must  be  made  by  one  who  voted  with  the  prevailing  side,  and  on  the 
same  day  the  original  vote  was  taken. 

1.  Fixing  the  time  to  which  an  adjournment  may  be  made;  ranks  first. 

2.  To  adjourn  without  limitation;   second. 

3.  Motion  for  the  Orders  of  the  Day;  third. 

4.  Motion  to  lay  on  the  table;   fourth. 

6.    Motion  for  the  previous  question;   fifth. 

6.  Motion  to  postpone  definitely;    sLxth. 

7.  Motion  to  commit;  seventh. 

8.  Motion  to  amend;   eighth. 

9.  Motion  to  postpone  indefinitely;   ninth. 

10.  On  motion  to  strike  out  words,  "Shall  the  words  stand  part  of  the  motion?*' 
unless  a  majority  sustains  the  words  they  are  struck  out. 

11.  On  motion  for  previous  question  the  form  to  be  observed  is.  "Shall  the 
main  question  be  now  put?"     This,  if  carried,  ends  debate. 

12.  On  an  appeal  from  the  chair's  decision,  "Shall  the  de<ision  be  sustained 
as  the  ruling  of  the  house?"     The  chair  is  generally  sustained. 

13.  On  motion  for  Orders  of  the  Day,  "Will  the  house  now  proceed  to  the 
Orders  of  the  Day?"     This,  if  carried,  supersedes  intervening  motions. 

14.  When  an  objection  is  raised  to  considering  question,  "Shall  the  question 
be  considered?"  objection  may  be  made  by  any  member  before  debate 
has  commenced,  but  not  subsequently. 


CUBICAL 

CO 

NT 

EN 

TS 

OF  ROUND  TIMBER 

• 

Ft. 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia  Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

long 

5 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

8 

1.57 

2.14 

2.79 

3.53 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

10 

11 

12 

14 

16 

17 

19 

9 

1.76 

2.40 

3.14 

3.97 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

11 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

10 

1.96 

2.67 

3.49 

4.42 

5 

7 

8 

9 

10 

12 

14 

16 

IS 

20 

22 

24 

11 

2.16 

2.91 

3.84 

4.86 

6 

7 

8 

10 

12 

13 

15 

17 

19 

22 

24 

26 

12 

2.35 

3.20 

4.19 

5.30 

6 

8 

9 

11 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

24 

26 

29 

13 

2.55 

3.47 

4.54 

5.74 

7 

9 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

2.3 

26 

28 

31 

14 

2.75 

3.74 

4.89 

6.19 

7 

9 

11 

13 

15 

17 

19 

22 

25 

28 

31 

34 

15 

2.94 

4. a") 

5.24 

6.6;^ 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

21 

23 

26 

30 

33 

36 

,16 

3.14 

4.27 

5.58 

7.07 

9 

11 

12 

14 

17 

20 

22 

25 

28 

32 

35 

88 

17 

3.33 

4.M 

5.  as 

7.51 

9 

11 

13 

16 

IS 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

37 

41 

18 

3.53 

4.81 

6.2S 

7.95 

10 

12 

14 

16 

19 

22 

25 

28 

32 

35 

39 

43 

19 

3.73 

5.07 

e,.(ia 

8.39 

10 

13 

15 

17 

21 

23 

27 

30 

33 

37 

41 

45 

20 

3.92 

5.34 

6.98 

8.84 

11 

13 

16 

18 

21 

25 

28 

31 

3ii 

39 

44 

43 

Ft.  IDia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

Dia 

iongi  22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

31 

35 

36 

37 

38 

a 

SI 

2.3 

25 

27 

29 

32 

.34 

37 

.39 

42 

45 

48 

60 

63 

57 

60 

62 

9 

24 

26 

28 

31 

.3;^ 

36 

38 

41 

44 

47 

60 

.53 

57 

60 

64 

67 

70 

10 

26 

29 

31 

34 

37 

40 

43 

46 

49 

52 

56 

59 

63 

67 

71 

75 

79 

n 

29 

32 

a'i 

37 

41 

43 

47 

50 

53 

57 

61 

6.5 

69 

73 

77 

82 

86 

1?. 

32 

.34 

38 

41 

44 

47 

51 

55 

58 

62 

67 

71 

76 

80 

85 

90 

91 

13 

3^1 

37 

41 

44 

48 

61 

66 

60 

63 

68 

7'> 

77 

82 

87 

92 

97 

102 

14 

37 

40 

44 

48 

52 

55 

60 

64 

68 

73 

78 

8:5 

88 

M 

99 

105 

no 

15 

40 

43 

47 

51 

55 

59 

64 

69 

7:3 

78 

84 

89 

96 

100 

106 

112 

118 

16 

42 

46 

60 

55 

.59 

63 

68 

73 

78 

83 

89 

95 

101 

107 

113 

119 

126 

17 

45 

49 

53 

.58 

63 

68 

73 

78 

83 

89 

95 

101 

107 

114 

121 

127 

135 

18 

48 

52 

57 

61 

66 

72 

77 

82 

8S 

94 

100 

1(T6 

114 

120 

1-28 

134 

142 

19 

50 

.55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

81 

87 

93 

99 

106 

112 

120 

127 

135 

142. 

151 

20 

63 

58 

63 

68 

74 

79 

85 

91 

98 

105 

112 

118 

126 

134 

142 

149 

159 

COMMERCIAL   ARITHMETIC  355 


COMMERCIAL   ARITHMETIC 

The  object  of  the  following  pages  is  to  set  forth  methods  of 
making  some  of  the  calculations  which  occur  in  commercial 
arithmetic  with  greater  rapidity  and  ease  than  attend  the  ordi- 
nary methods  of  making  the  same  calculations.  It  is  impossible 
to  become  proficient  in  arithmetical  computations  unless  the 
fundamental  principles  of  arithmetic  have  been  fully  mastered, 
and  the  more  thorough  this  knowledge  is,  the  more  serviceable 
will  the  following  methods  prove  to  be. 

ADDITION 

Proficiency  in  addition  can  be  acquired  only  by  practice. 
There  are  no  contractions  by  means  of  which  addition  may  be 
performed  with  rapidity  and  ease.  Practice,  and  practice  only, 
will  secure  this  first  requisite  of  the  accountant.  However,  a 
few  practical  suggestions  will  prove  beneficial  to  those  who  have 
acquired  but  little  proficiency  in  addition. 

The  Result  Method  of  Addition 

25  Explanation. — Beginning  with  the  lower  figure  in  units 

84  column,  name  the  remilt  only  of  each  successive  addi- 

69  tion;   thus  4,  8,  14,  16,  25,  29,  34;   then  carrying  the  3  to 

72  the  next  column  add  3,  8,  17,  25,  32,  38,  46,  48. 

86  To  Prove.  — Add  the  columns  downward.     This  method 

94  lies  in  the  ability  to  see  and  combine  the  result  of  two  or 

54  more  figures  without  stopping  to  add  each  separately. 
484 

The  Group  Method  of  Addiuon 

478"^  Eocplanation. — Beginning  at  the  right  add  upward, 

121  I  2Q  15,  25,  45;   grouping  6,  4,  3  and  2  for  15;    grouping  6 

597  I  and  4  for  10  to  add  15,  making  25;  and  grouping  4,  7, 

464j  1  and  8  for  20  to  add  to  25,  making  55,  the  result  of 

644  "I  first  column.     Carrying  the  4  tens  to  the  second  col- 

286  >■  10  umn,  adding  as  before,  etc. 

850  j  To  Prove. — Add  the  columns  downward,  grouping 

422^  as  illustrated  above. 

513  Kg  A'bfe.  — Practice    in    grouping    will    lead    to    great 

644  r  proficiency,  and  after  one  has  become  skilled  in  the 

836  J  same,  it  is  advisable  to  skip  about  along  the  column 

in  order  to  select  those  numbers  which  can  be  most 

6855  conveniently  grouped. 


356  SAFE   METHODS 

Horizontal  Addition 

Numbers  when  written  in  horizontal  order,  as  in  invoices  and 
other  business  forms,  may  be  added  without  being  rewritten  in 
vertical  columns. 

In  adding  numbers  written  horizontally  more  care  is  requisite 
that  the  units  shall  be  of  like  order,  and  great  certainty  of  cor- 
rectness can  be  had  by  adding  first  from  left  to  right  and  then 
from  right  to  left. 

510,  297,  67.  841,  638  =  2,353.     Ans. 

The  group  method  may  be  employed  with  equal  advantage 
where  numbers  are  written  horizontally. 

Horizontal  addition  is  not  often  practiced  with  numl>ers  con- 
taining more  than  four  or  five  figures.  In  adding  dollars  and 
cents  it  is  best  to  omit  the  dollar  sign. 

4» 
2 

7 

6  Easy  Methods  for  Adding  Lengthy  Single  and 

6'  Double  Columns 

4 

1  Explanation. — Begin  at  8  and  add  as  near  20  as  possible, 

7  thus  8,  6,  3  =  17,  reject  the  tens  and  place  7  to  the  right  of 
3^  the  last  figure  added,  as  in  example ;   begin  at  7  and  add 

6  7,  1,  4  and  5  =  17,  reject  the  tens,  place  7  to  the  right  of 

8  5,  begin  at  6  and  add  6,  7,  2  and  4  =  19.  Now  adding  the 
—  figures  in  the  new  columns,  7,  7  and  9  =  234-3  tens 
53  rejected  =  53.     Ans. 

7  Explanation. — When  the  columns  reach  into  the  hun- 
9'<**  dreds,  as  each  hundred  is  reached  note  the  amount  oppo- 

8  site  the  last  figure  entering  into  its  sum,   as  shown   in 

9  example,  and    then  begin  to  add  again,  finally   adding 

8  these  results. 

7  The  best  method  of  proof  is  that  usually  employed  by 

9  business  men,  viz.,  beginning  at  the  top  and  adding  down 
6      the  column.     If  the  result  is  like  the  first  it  may  be  safely 

8  assumed  to  be  correct,  for  the  same  error,  if  there  were 

9  one,  would  not  be  likely  to  occxir  in  the  reverse  order. 
8 

9 
8 
•? 

113 


COMMERCIAL    ARITHMETIC  357 

The  Civil  Service  Method  of  Addition 

$2,974.60  21 

8,947.24  28 

2,843.11  86 

2,976.54  47 

7,894.33  60 

9,874.21  39 

6,432.18  

4,567.81  $45,509.01 

Begin  at  the  right  and  add  each  column  separately ;  thus  the 
sum  of  the  first  column  equals  21,  the  second  28,  the  third  36, 
and  so  on,  and  then  add  the  results  as  shown  above. 

This  method  is  used  by  civil  service  employes,  bank  clerks, 
and  others  who  handle  large  sums  of  money.  The  advantage 
lies  in  the  fact  that  one's  attention  may  be  called  to  other 
things  and  yet  he  is  never  at  a  loss  to  resume  work  where  he 
left  off. 

MULTIPLICATION 

The  following  are  contractions  in  multiplication  of  simple 
numbers. 

1.  To  multiply  by  10,  100,  etc.,  annex  as  many  ciphers  to  the 
multiplicand  as  there  are  in  the  multiplier. 

2.  To  multiply  by  5,  50,  500,  etc.,  annex  as  many  ciphers  to 
the  multiplicand  as  there  are  figures  in  the  multiplier  and 
divide  the  result  by  3, 

3.  To  multiply  by  25,  250,  etc.,  multiply  by  100,  1,000,  etc.. 
and  divide  the  result  by  4. 

4.  To  multiply  by  any  number  ending  in  9,  multiply  by  the 
next  higher  number  and  then  subtract  the  multiplicand. 

Example.— Mnltiplj  83  by  39 :    83  X  40  =  3,320  —  83  =  3,237. 

5.  To  multiply  any  number  of  two  figures  by  11,  write  the 
sum  of  the  two  figures  between  them.: 

Example. — Multiply  45  by  11:    4+5  =  9,  hence  495.     Ana. 

6.  When  the  sum  of  two  figures  is  10  or  over,  add  the  1  to  the 
left-hand  figure. 

Example.     Multiply  74  by  11 :    7  +  4  =  11,  hence  814. 

7.  To  square  any  number  of  9's.  Beginning  at  the  left  write 
9  as  many  times  less  1  as  there  are  9's  in  the  given  munber,  an 
8,  as  many  ciphers  as  9's  and  1. 

Example.— Sqn&re  of  99  =  9,801,  of  999  =  998,001. 


358  SAFE  METHODS 

Lightning  Methods  of  Multiplicatian 
To  multiply  by  IJ,  divide  by  8,  call  it  tens. 
To  multiply  by  15,  divide  by  6,  call  it  tens. 
To  multiply  by  2  J,  divide  by  4,  call  it  tens. 
To  multiply  by  3  J,  divide  by  3,  call  it  tens. 
To  multiply  by  Cj.  divide  by  16,  call  it  hundreds. 
To  multiply  by  8§,  divide  by  12,  call  it  hundreds. 
To  multiply  by  12 5,  divide  by  8,  call  it  hundreds. 
To  multiply  by  16§,  divide  by  6,  call  it  hundreds. 
To  multiply  by  25,  divide  by  4,  call  it  hundreds. 
To  multiply  by  81  J,  divide  by  82,  call  it  thoiisands. 
To  multiply  by  33  §,  divide  by  3,  call  it  hundreds. 
To  multiply  by  50,  divide  by  2,  call  it  hundreds. 
To  multiply  by  665,  divide  by  15,  call  it  thousands. 
To  multiply  by  83J,  divide  by  12,  call  it  thousands. 
To  multiply  by  125.  divide  by  8,  call  it  thousands. 
To  multiply  by  1663,  divide  by  6,  call  it  thousands. 
To  multiply  by  250,  divide  by  4,  call  it  thousands. 
To  multiply  by  833 J,  divide  by  3,  call  it  thousands. 
To  multiply  by  37  J,  take  §  of  the  number,  call  it  hundreds. 
To  multiply  by  87J,  take  J  of  the  number,  call  it  hundreds. 

To  Multiply  Numbers  Ending  with  6 

To  multiply  two  small  numbers  each  of  which  ends  in  5,  such 
as  35  and  75,  take  the  product  of  the  3  and  7,  increase  this  by 
one-half  the  sum  of  these  figures,  and  prefix  the  result  to  25. 
Thus, 

35    5  X  5  =  25 

75    7  X  3  =  21,  21  -f  i(7  +  3)  =  26 
2,625 

To  Multiply  Any  Number  by  21,  31,  41,  etc. 

In  multiplying  any  number  by  21,  or  31,  or  401,  or  any  num* 
ber  of  two  figures  where  the  last  is  1,  or  of  three  figures,  where 
the  last  two  figures  are  01,  a  good  deal  of  time  can  be  saved  by 
abbreviating  the  ordinary  process  as  here  illustrated.  For 
231423  instance,  suppose  we  have  to  multiply  231428  by  21. 
4628460      Instead  of  putting  down   231423  with   21    under   it, 

then  drawing  a  line,  multiplying  by  1,  then  by  2  or  20, 

4859883      then  adding,  as  is  the  ordinary  custom;  all  that  is 
necessary  is  simply  to  multiply  by  the  2,  placing  the  product 


COMMERCIAL   ARITHMETIC  359 

one  figure  to  the  left,  and  then  to  add.  Try  this  method, 
using  31,  51,  61,  91,  201,  3001,  and  901  as  multipliers.  There  is 
a  saving  in  the  above  example  of  eight  figures. 

To  Mult^)ly  by  9,  99,  999,  etc. 

It  is  easier  for  most  people  to  subtract  than  to  multiply. 
Instead  of  multiplying  by  9,  we  multiply  by  10  and  subtract  the 
number  from  this  product. 

8759632  X  9  =  87596320 

875%32 

Product,        =  78836688 

To  multiply  by  99,  add  two  ciphers  and  subtract ;  to  multiply 
by  999,  add  three  ciphers  and  subtract,  etc. 

The  Complement  Rule 

N.  B. — The  "complement"  of  a  number  is  a  number  which 
when  added  to  it  makes  it  100.  Thus  the  complement  of  94  is 
8,  of  98  is  2. 

To  find  the  product  of  two  numbers,  as  94  and  98,  for  instance, 
multiply  their  complements  together,  and  for  the  other  two  fig- 
ures subtract  across,  either  the  2  from  the  94  or  the  6  from 

the  98. 

98  —  2 

94  —  6 

9212 

Proof  of  Multiplication  in  Ten  Seconds 

Here  is  a  simple  proof  of  multiplication  which  is  a  modifica- 
tion of  the  old  method  of  casting  out  the  nines.  The  unitate  of 
a  number  is  the  sum  of  its  digits  reduced  to  a  unit.  Note  these 
examples: 

24562  =  1  9  =  10  =  1 
398469  =  89  =  1  2  =  3 
400298  =  23  =  5 
The  sum  of  the  digits  of  the  first  number  is  19;  these  digits 
added  equal  10,  and  these  added  equal  1.     Note  the  following 
example  in  multiplication : 

252  =  9/ K  A Q 

321  =  6  J— ^*  —  " 

252 
504 
756 
80892=27=9 


360  SAFE   METHODS 

The  unitate  of  the  multiplier  is  9  and  the  unitate  of  the  multi- 
plicand is  6;   6  times  9  equals  54,  and  the  unitate  of  54  is  9. 
Now  the  unitate  of  the  product  is  found  to  be  9  also,  which  is  a 
proof  of  the  correctness  of  the  work.     Note  this  example: 
7598  =  29  =  1  1  =  2  ;.._^ 
3463  =  16  =l\  —  ^^  —  ^ 

22794 
45588 
30392 
2  2  7  9  4 
26311  874  =  82  =  5 

It  is  not  necessary  to  write  down  as  many  figures  as  are  writ- 
ten above.  The  unitate  of  each  number  can  easily  be  found 
mentally. 

Rapid  Multiplication 

When  the  unit  figures  added  equal  ten,  and  the  tens  are  alike, 
multiply  the  units  and  set  down  the  result ;  add  one  to  either 
numbers,  in  ten's  place,  and  multiply  by  the  other,  and  you 
have  the  product. 

To  multiply  any  number  by    66f ,  add  3  ciphers  and  divide  by  15. 

"  166§,    "    3       "         "        "         "     6. 

"  "  "  "         "     125,    "    3       "        "        "         "    8. 

The  three  ciphers  increase  the  number  to  be  multiplied  one 
thousand  times,  or  two  ciphers  one  hundred  times,  and  dividing 
it  by  the  number  of  times  the  multiplier  is  contained  in  100  or 
1,000  gives  the  product. 


COMMERCIAL    ARITHMETIC 


361 


THE  NEW  3Q(n7LTIPLICATION  TABLED 


This  Table  shows  that  the  large 
intended  to  multiply  the  small  head        n 
the  large  9  is  followed  by  2,  3,  4,  5,         / 
increase  of  each,  multiplied  by         -«— - 
V  times  3  are  27,  9  times  4  are  2 

seen  at  the  end  of  the  row;  and     .      v 
etc.,.  and  ^t  ttie  end  S5  times       /     2 


I figures  io  front  of  each  double  row  sir 

2  figures  in  said   raw;    for  instaoica 

4  6,  7,  8,  9,  beneath  wMch  stands  thi 

■         -  9,  namely,  9  times  2  are  eighteen 

;        g  36,  etc.,  e  times  9  are  81,  as  will  b« 

'        ^  in  the  last  row,  25  time$  3  are  50, 

3  4      25  are  623. 

12  16 


10 


3 
15 


4 
20 


5 
25 


2 

12 


4 

24 


6 

36 


2 

14 


5 
35 


6 

42 


49 


7 
66 


8 

64 


1 


6 
54 


10 


6 
60 


10 
100 


I  1  22   33 


5     6     7 
55   66   77 


9     10    It 
99  110  121 


12 


3     4     5     6     7     8 
36  48  60  72  84  96 


9     10     11     12 
108  130  132  144 


13 


2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  1')  11  12  13 
26  39  52  65  78  91  104  117  130  143  166  169 


Jl 

rs 


J6 
17 


2     3     4     5     6     7     8     0     10     11    12    13    14 

28  42  56  70  84  98  112126  140  154  168  182  196_ 

2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15 

30  45  60  75  90  105  120  135  150  165  180  195  210  225_ 

2  3  4  6  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16 

32  48  64  80  96  112  128  144  16)  176  192  208  224  240  256 


2  3  4  S  6   7  8  9  )0  11  12  13  14  15  16  1? 

34  51  68  85  102  119 136 153  170  187  2QH  221  238  255  272  289 


2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18 

36  54  72  90  108  126 144 162 180 198  216  234  252  270  288  306  324 


19 


2   3   4   5    &    7    9    »   10  11  12   13    14   15   16   17   18    19 
33  6776  95  114133152171190  209228  247  266  ^5  304  323  342  361 


20 


21 
72 
23 


2   3   4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12  13   14   15   16   17    18   19   20 

40  60  80 100 120 140 160  ISO  200  2?0  240  260  280  300  320  340  360  380  400. 

2   3   4     5    6    7    8    9    10  11  12  13  14   15   16    17  18   19    20   21    " 

42  63  84  105 126 147 168  139-210  231  252  273  294  315  336  357  378  399  420  441 

2   3   4    5    0    7    8    9   10  11  12  13  14  15    16  17  18  19  20    21   22' 
44  66  88  110  132 154 176 198  220  242  264  286  308  330  352  374  396  418  440  462  484' 

2    3    4     5     6     7     8     9    10  11    12  13  14   15  16  17  18   19   20  21  22    23 

46  69  92  115 138  161 184a)7  230  253  276  299  322  345  368  391  414  437  460  483  5C6  K9 


M. 
25 


2    3    4     5     6    7     8     9    10    11   12  13  14   15  16  17  13  19  20  21    22  23  24 
48  72  96  120  144  168  ^92  216  240  261  288  312  336  360  384  40S  432  456  480  504  528  552  576 

2    3   4     5     6     7     8     9    10    11   12  13  14  15  16   17  18    19  20  21    22   23  24   25 

60  75 100 125 150 175  200  225  260  275  300  325  350  375  400  425  450  475  500  525  550  575600  625 


362  SAFE   METHODS 

To  Multiply  Mixed  Numbers 

Rule. — 1.  Multiply  the  whole  numbers  together. 

2.  Multiply  the  upper  whole  nuruber  by  the  lower  fraction. 

3.  Multiply  the  lower  whole  number  by  the  upper  fraction. 

4.  Multiply  the  fractions  together. 

5.  Add  the  four  products. 

Example.— MMltiply  13§  by  8|.  13| 


1.  Whole  numbers  multiplied 96 

2.  Multiply  13  by  f 9 

3.  Multiply  8  by  f 5§ 

4.  Multiply  i  by  I  =  6-12  or i 

Add  results llOf 

To  Multiply  Two  Numbers  Having  the  Same  Fractions 

Rule. — 1.  Multiply  the  whole  numbers  together.  9f 

2.  Add  the  two  numbers  together  and  multiply  this  6§ 
sum  by  either  one  of  the  fractions.  

3.  Multiply  the  two  fractions  together.  54 

4.  Add  the  results.  10| 

64^ 
DIVISION 

Lightning  ^Methods  of  Division 

To  divide  by  1  J,  remove  point  one  place  to  left,  multiply  by  8. 

To  divide  by  2|,  remove  point  one  place  to  left,  multiply  by  4. 

To  divide  by  S^,  remove  point  one  place  to  left,  multiply  by  3. 

To  divide  by  8J,  remove  point  two  places  to  left,  multiply 
by  13. 

To  divide  by  131,  remove  point  two  places  to  left,  multiply 
by  8. 

To  divide  by  16§,  remove  point  two  places  to  left,  multiply 
by  6. 

To  divide  by  25,  remove  point  two  places  to  left,  multiply 
by  4. 

To  divide  by  33  §,  remove  point  two  places  to  left,  multiply 
by  3. 

To  divide  by  50,  remove  point  two  places  to  left,  multiply 
by  2. 

To  divide  by  125,  remove  point  three  places  to  left,  multiply 
by  8. 

To  divide  by  250,  remove  point  thiee  places  to  left,  multiply 
by  4. 

To  divide  by  333J,  remove  point  three  places  to  left,  multiply 
by  3. 


COMMERCIAL    ARITHMETIC  363 

Tests  of  Divisibility 

Any  number  is  divisible  by  2  when  the  last  figure  is  even; 
divisible  by  4  when  the  last  two  figures  are  divisible  by  4; 
divisible  by  5  when  the  last  figure  is  0  or  5;  divisible  by  3  when 
the  sum  of  its  figures  is  divisible  by  3 ;  divisible  by  9  when  the 
sum  of  its  figtires  is  divisible  by  9. 

The  product  of  any  three  consecutive  numbers  is  divisible  by 
6;  the  product  of  any  four  consecutive  numbers  ia  divisible 
by  34. 

MULTIPLICATION  AND  DIVISION  COMBINED 

When  it  becomes  necessary  to  multiply  two  or  more  numbers 
together,  and  divide  by  a  third,  or  by  a  product  of  a  third  and 
fourth,  it  must  be  literally  done  if  the  numbers  are  prime. 

For  example:    Multiply  19  by  13  and  divide  that  product  by  7. 

This  must  be  done  at  full  length,  because  the  numbers  are 
prime;  and  in  all  such  cases  there  will  result  a  fraction. 

But  in  actual  business  the  problems  are  almost  all  reduceable 
by  short  operations ;  as  the  prices  of  articles,  or  amount  called 
for,  always  corresponds  with  some  aliquot  part  of  our  scale  of 
computation.  And  when  two  or  more  of  the  numbers  are  com- 
posite numbers,  the  work  can  always  be  contracted. 

Example. — Multiply  375  by  7,  and  divide  that  product  by  21. 
To  obtain  the  answer,  it  is  sufficient  to  divide  375  by  3,  which 
gives  125. 

The  7  divides  the  21,  and  the  factor  3  remains  for  a  divisor. 
Here  it  becomes  necessary  to  lay  down  a  plan  of  operation. 

Draw  a  perpendicular  line  and  place  all  numbers  that  are  to 
be  multiplied  together  under  each  other,  on  the  right-hand  side, 
and  all  numbers  that  are  divisors  under  each  other,  on  the  left- 
hand  side. 

EXAMPLES 

Multiply  140  by  36,  and  divide  that  product  by  84.  We  place 
the  numbers  thus: 

^  I    36 
We  may  cast  out  equal  factors  from  each  side  of  the  line  with- 
out affecting  the  result.     In  this  case  12  will  divide  84  and  36; 
then  the  numbers  wiU  stand  thus : 

7  I  140 

But  7  divides  140,  and  gives  20,  which,  multiplied  by  3,  givea 
60  for  the  result. 


364  SAFE   METHODS 

Multiply  4783  by  39,  and  divide  that  product  by  13. 

ta  I  4788 
'^^  I    ?^  3 
Three  times  4783  must  be  the  result. 

Multiply  80  by  9,  that  product  by  21,  and  divide  the  whole  l^ 
the  product  of  60  X  6  X  14. 

3  ^0  I  80  4 
6    I  9 

In  the  above  divide  60  and  80  by  20,  and  14  and  21  by  7,  and 
those  numbers  will  stand  canceled  as  above,  with  3  and  4,  2 
and  3,  at  their  sides. 

Now,  the  product  3  X  6  X  2,  on  the  divisor  side,  is  equal  to  4 
times  9  on  the  other,  and  the  remaining  3  is  the  result. 

TRACTIONS 

The  reciprocal  of  a  number  is  a  imit  divided  by  the  number. 
The  reciprocal  of  a  fraction  is  the  fraction  inverted.  To  reduce 
two  or  more  fractions  to  a  common  denominator,  multiply  all 
the  denominators  except  its  own  for  a  new  numerator  and 
multiply  all  the  denominators  together  for  a  common  denomi- 
nator. 

ADDITION  OF  FRACTIONS 

If  the  fractions  have  not  a  common  denominator,  reduce  them 
to  a  common  denominator,  then  add  the  numerators  and  place 
the  sum  over  the  common  denominator. 

2  3    2      40  +  45  +  24      i09       49 
Add    H — 1~= = =1— 

3  4    5  60  60        60 

Here  3X4X5  or  60  is  the  common  denominator. 

SUBTRACTION  OF  FRACTIONS 

Reduce  the  fractions  to  a  common  denominator,  subtract  the 
numerators  and  place  their  difference  over  the  common 
denominator.  Subtract  §  from  f .  Here  the  common  denomi- 
nator is  3  X  4  =  12,  and  the  difference  of  the  numerators  1,  hence 
Jj  is  the  answer 

MULTIPLICATION   OF  FRACTIONS 

Multiply  the  numerators  for  a  new  numerator  and  the  denom- 
inators for  a  new  denominator. 

Multiply  §  X  I  =  r\  =  ^  t^©  answer.  3  X  4  is  the  new  denom* 
inator,  and  2  X  3  is  the  new  numerator. 


COMMERCIAL   ARITHMETIC  365 

DIVISION  OF  FRACTIONS 

Invert  the  terms  of  the  divisor  and  proceed  as  in  multipli- 
cation. 

Inverting  the  divisor  tells  how  many  times  the  divisor  is 
contained  in  one,  as  |  inverted  eqxxals  |,  the  number  of  times  J 
is  contained  in  1. 


RULES  AND  EXAMPLES  FOR  VARIOUS 

BUSINESS  OPERATIONS 

Such  As:    Commission,  Discounts,  Profit  and  Loss, 
Taxes,  Insurance,  Partial  Payments,  etc. 

COMMISSION 

To  Find  the  Commission,  the  Cost  or  Selling  Price  and 
Per  Cent  of  Commission  Being  Given 

Rule. — Multiply  the  cost  or  selling  price  by  the  rate  per  cent 
of  commission. 

Example. — How  much  commission  will  be  due  an  agent  who 
buys  §9,000  worth  of  coal  on  a  commission  of  5  per  cent? 
operation 

$9,000  =  Investment  or  basa 
.05  ^  Per  cent  of  commission. 


$450.00  =  Commission  or  percentage. 
Explanation. — Since  the  rate  of  commission  is  5  per  cent,  the 
whole  commission  due  the  agent  will  be  5  per  cent  of  the  invest- 
ment, $9,000,  or  $450. 

To  Find  the  Investment  or  Gross  Sales,  the  Commission 
and  Per  Cent  of  Commission  Being  Given 

Ride. — Divide  the  commission  by  the  rate  per  cent  of  com- 
mission. 

Example. — If  an  agent's  rate  of  commission  is  3  per  cent,  what 
value  of  goods  must  he  sell  to  earn  a  commission  of  $75  ? 

Com. 
3%=.03  I  $75.00 

I $2,500 
Explanation. — Since  the  agent's  commission  is  3  per  cent,  he 
earns  3  cents  by  selling  $1  worth  of  goods';  the  value  of  the 


366  SAFE   METHODS 

goods  sold,  therefore,  nmst  be  as  many  times  $1  as  3  cents  ia 
contained  times  in  $75,  which  is  2,500  times,  and  2,500  times  $1 
is  $2,500. 

To  Find  the  Investment  and  Commission  When  Both  are 
Included  in  a  Remittance  by  the  Principal 

RtUe. — Divide  the  remittance  by  1  plus  the  rate  per  cent  of 
commission. 

Example. — If  $1,050  is  sent  to  a  Syracuse  agent  for  the  pur- 
chase of  salt,  how  much  will  he  invest,  his  rate  of  commission 
being  5  per  cent? 

OPERATION 

11.00  =  Investment.  $1.05)$1.050 

.05  =  Commission.  $1,000,  Sura  invested 

$1.05  =  Actual  cost  to  principal  of  each  in  salt, 

dollar  invested  by  agent. 
Explanation. — For  each  dollar  invested  the  principal  supplies 
the  dollar  invested  and  5  cents  for  the  agent's  services,  therefore 
the  agent  will  invest  only  as  many  dollars  in  salt  as  $1  plus  5 
cents,  or  $1.05,  is  contained  times  in  $1,050,  or  1,000  times,  hence 
the  investment  $1,000. 

DISCOUNTS 

Discount  is  the  allowance  made  from  the  amount  of  a  debt,  a 
note,  or  other  obligation,  or  a  deduction  from  the  price  of  goods 
for  payment  before  it  is  due. 

Trade  Discount  is  the  allowance  made  by  manufacturers  and 
merchants  upon  their  fixed  or  list  prices. 

When  there  is  more  than  one  trade  discount  they  are  known 
as  discount  series. 

Trade  discount  is  computed  by  the  rules  of  percentage  on  the 
market  price  as  a  base.  When  a  series  of  discounts  is  allowed, 
the  first  only  is  so  computed,  and  in  every  subsequent  discount 
the  remainder  after  each  preceding  discount  is  regarded  as  the 
base. 

To  Find  the  Selling  Price,  the  List  Price  and  Discount 
Series  Being  Given 

Example. — The  list  price  of  a  carriage  is  $250,  what  isthe.net 
selling  price,  if  a  discount  of  40  per  cent  is  allowed? 


COMMERCIAL    ARITHMETIC  367 

OPERATION 

$250  =  List  price.  $250  =  Cost. 

.40  =r  Per  cent  of  discount.  1 00  =  Discount. 

5100.00  =  Discount.  $150  =  Net  selling  price. 

Explanation. — Since  the  discount  is  40  per  cent  and  the  list 
price  or  base  is  $250,  the  discount  to  be  deducted  will  be  40  per 
cent,  or  $100.    The  net  price  will  be  $250  —  $100  =  $150. 

True  Discount 

True  Discount  is  the  difference  between  the  face  of  a  debt  due 
at  a  future  time  and  its  present  worth. 

The  Present  Worth  of  a  debt  payable  at  a  future  time  without 
interest  is  its  value  now;  hence  is  such  a  sum  as  being  put  at 
simple  interest  at  the  legal  rate  will  amount  to  the  given  debt 
when  it  becomes  due. 

To  Find  the  Present  Worth  and  True  Discount 

Example. — Find  the  present  worth  and  true  discount  of  a 
claim  for  $871.68  due  2  years  3  naonths  hence,  at  6  per  cent  per 
annum. 

OPERATION 

$    .135  =  Interest  on  $1  for  2  yrs.  3  mo.  at  6  per  cent. 

1.136  =  Amount. 
871.58    -f-  1.135  =  $768,  present  worth. 
871.68   —$768  =  $103.68,  true  discount. 

Explanation  — The  amount  of  the  debt  at  the  end  of  2  years  3 
months  is  $871.68,  and  since  $1  would  in  that  time  at  6  per  cent 
amount  to  $1  135,  the  present  worth  must  be  as  many  times  $1 
as  $1,135  is  contained  times  in  $871.68,  or  $768.  If  the  face  is 
$871.68  and  its  present  worth  is  only  $768,  the  true  discount  will 
be  $871.68  minus  $768,  or  $103.68. 

Rule. — Divide  the  amount  of  the  debt  at  its  maturity  by  one 
dollar  plus  its  interest  for  the  given  time  and  rate  and  the 
quotient  will  be  the  present  worth.  Subtract  the  present  worth 
from  the  amount  and  the  remainder  will  be  the  true  discount. 

Bank  Discount 

Bank  Discount  is  a  deduction  from  the  sum  due  upon  a  nego< 
tiable  paper  at  its  maturity  for  the  cashing  or  buying  of  such 
paper  before  it  becomes  due. 


368  SAFE    METHODS 

The  discount  may  be  a  fixed  sum,  but  is  usually  the  interest  at 
the  legal  rate  taken  in  advance.  Bank  discount  is  usually  reck- 
oned on  a  basis  of  360  days  a  year. 

The  time  in  bank  discount  is  always  the  number  of  days  from 
the  date  of  discounting  to  the  date  of  maturity. 

The  term  of  discount  is  the  time  the  note  has  to  run  after 
being  discounted. 

Notes  containing  an  interest  clause  will  bear  interest  from 
date  to  maturity  unless  other  time  be  specified. 

Non-Interest  Bearing  Notes  become  interest  bearing  if  not 
paid  at  maturity. 

The  maturity  of  a  note  or  draft  is  indicated  by  using  a  short 
vertical  line  with  the  date  on  which  the  note  or  draft  is  nomi- 
nally due  on  the  left  and  the  date  of  maturity  on  the  right; 
thus,  Nov.  21—24. 

To  Find  the  Discount  and  Proceeds,  the  Face  of  a  Note, 

Time  and  Rate  Per  Cent  of  Discount  Being  Given 

Example. — Find  the  bank  discount  and  proceeds  of  a  note  for 
$580  due  in  63  days  at  6  per  cent. 

OPERATION 


.00  =  Face. 
6.09  =  Discount  for  63  days. 
$573.91  =  Proceeds. 

Explanation.  — The  bank  discount  of  a  note  being  its  interest 
for  the  time  plus  grace  and  the  proceeds  being  the  face  of  a  note 
minus  the  bank  discount,  it  is  only  necessary  to  compute  the 
interest  on  the  face  for  the  full  time  to  obtain  the  discount  and 
to  subtract  such  discount  from  the  face  to  find  the  proceeds; 
thus,  $6.09  being  the  discount,  §580  minus  $6.09  equals  $573.91 
proceeds. 

Rule. — Compute  the  interest  for  the  time  and  rate  for  the  bank 
discount,  and  subtract  this  bank  discount  from  the  face  of  the 
note  to  find  the  proceeds. 

To  Find  the  Face  of  a  Note,  the  Proceeds,  Time  and  Rate 

Per  Cent  of  Discount  Being  Given 

Example. — What  must  be  the  face  of  a  note,  payable  in  60 
days,  that  when  discounted  at  6  per  cent  the  proceeds  may  be 
$573.91? 


COMMERCIAL    ARITHMETIC  369 

OPERATION 

§1.00   =  Face  of  note  of  $1. 
.0105  =  Discount  of  note  of  $1. 
.9895  =  Proceeds  of  note  of  §1. 
$573. 91  -i-  .9895  =  $580  face  required. 

Explanation. — If  the  discount  of  $1  at  6  per  cent  for  63  days 
is  $.0105,  the  proceeds  of  §1  of  the  note  would  be  $1  miniis  $.0105, 
or  $.9895,  and  if  the  proceeds  of  $1  are  $$.9895  it  would  require 
as  many  dollars  face  of  note  to  give  $573.91  as  $.9895  are  con- 
tained times  in  $573.91,  or  $580. 

Rule. — Divide  the  proceeds  of  a  note  by  the  proceeds  of  one 
dollar  for  the  given  rate  and  time. 

PROFIT  AND  LOSS 

Profit  and  Loss  treats  of  gains  or  losses  in  business  transac- 
tions. 

The  gi'oss  or  full  cost  of  an  article  is  its  first  cost  increased  by 
all  OHtlays  incident  to  its  purchase  and  holding  to  date  of  sale. 

The  Net  Selling  Price  is  the  gross  selling  price,  less  all  charges 
incident  to  its  sale. 

To  Find  the  Profit  and  Loss,  the  Cost  and  Rate  Being  Given. 

Example. — An  agent  paid  §95  for  a  reaper  and  sold  it  at  a 
profit  of  18  per  cent.     What  was  his  gain? 

OPERATION 

$95.00  =  Cost. 

.18  =  Per  cent  of  gain. 
$17. 10  =  Gain. 

Explanation. — Since  the  agent  gained  18  per  cent  or  18  cents 
on  $1,  on  the  $95  of  cost  he  would  gain  95  times  $.18,  or  $17.10. 
Rule. — Multiply  the  cost  by  the  rate. 

To  Find  the  Cost,  the  Gain  or  Loss  and  the  Rate  of  Gain 

or  Loss  Being  Given 
Rule. — Divide  the  gain  or  loss  by  the  per  cent  of  gain  or  loss. 

To  Find  the  Rate  of  Profit  or  Loss,  the  Cost  and  the  Profit 
or  Loss  Being  Given 
Rule. — Divide  the  profit  or  loss  by  the  cost. 

To  Find  the  Cost,  the  Selling  Price  and  the  Rate  Per  Cent 
of  Profit  or  Loss  Being  Given 

RvZes. — Divide  the  selling  price  by  1  plus  the  rate  of  gain. 
Divide  the  selling  price  by  1  minus  the  rate  of  loss. 


370  SAFE    METHODS 

TAXES 
To  Find  a  Property  Tax 

Example. — The  rate  of  taxation  in  the  city  of  Dee  Mdnes, 
Iowa,  is  IJ.  What  amount  of  tax  must  a  person  jMiv,  whoe* 
personal  property  is  valued  at  $17,500,  and  who  owns  reoi  estate 
assessed  at  $24,900? 

$17,500 
24,900 


$42, 400  X.  01}  =  $742. 

Explanation. — Since  his  total  valuation  was  $42,400,  and  the 
rate  of  taxation  1 }  per  cent,  his  tax  would  bo  1 }  per  cent  of 
$42,400,  or  $742. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  total  assessed  value  by  the  rate  per  cent 
of  taxation. 

rNSURANCE 

To  Find  the  Cost  of  Insurance 

Example. — The  stock  in  a  store  is  insured  for  $750.  What  is 
the  cost  of  insurance  for  one  year  at  1)  per  cent  premium  if 
$1.25  is  charged  for  the  policy? 

OPERATION 

$750  =:  Amount  insured. 
.015  ^  Per  c^nt  of  premium. 
$11.25  =  Premium. 

1.25  =  Cost  of  policy. 
$12.50  =  Full  cost  of  insurance. 
Explanation. — Since  the  amount  insured  is  the  base,  and  the 
per  cent  of  premium  the  rate,  if  the  amount  is  multiplied  by  the 
rate  the  product,  $11.25,   will  be  the  premium;   adding  $1.25, 
cost  of  policy  =  $12.50,  the  full  cost. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  amount  of  insurance  by  the  rate  per  cent 
of  premium,  and  add  extra  charges,  if  any. 

To  Find  the  Amoxmt  Insured,  the  Premium  and  Per  Cent 

of  Premium  Being  Qiven 

Rule. — From  the  full  cost  of  insurance  subtract  the  extra 
charges,  if  any;  divide  the  remainder  by  the  per  cent  of  pre- 
mium, and  the  quotient  will  be  the  face  of  the  poliov- 


INTEREST  371 

INTEREST 

Legal  Points  Concemmg  Interest 

1.  Interest  is  money  paid  for  the  use  of  money.  If  one  bor- 
rows money  promising  to  repay  it  with  an  additional  amoimt, 
the  sum  borrowed  is  called  the  principal,  the  additional  amount 
interest.  It  is  usually  stated  as  so  much  per  cent,  i.e.,  so  many 
dollars  of  interest  for  every  hundred  dollars  of  principal. 

2.  When  Allowed.— Interest  is  allowed  (1)  when  it  is  expressly 
contracted  for,  (2)  when  such  an  agreement  is  implied,  (3)  when 
a  debt  has  become  due  but  remains  unpaid. 

The  most  common  instance  in  the  first  class  is  where  money  is 
borrowed.  The  debtor  usually  expre&sly  agrees  to  pay  the  debt 
and  interest. 

The  second  class  is  where  money  is  borrowed  and  the  agree- 
ment to  pay  interest  is  implied  from  the  nature  of  the  business 
or  the  usual  custom. 

The  tkird  class  relates  to  the  interest  accruing  after  the  debt 
becomes  due.  and  it  is  a  general  rule  that  one  who  fails  to  pay 
money  due  must  also  pay  interest  upon  it  up  to  the  time  he  does 
pay. 

3.  Usury.— Many  of  the  States  forbid  any  one  to  give  or 
receive  more  than  a  stated  ra^  e  of  interest.  This  rate  differs  in 
the  diflferent  States,  varying  from  6  to  13  per  cent.  The  taking 
of  a  higher  rate  than  that  allowed  by  the  law  is  usury ;  thus 
usury  is  unlawful  interest. 

4.  Legal  Rate.— Every  State  has  established  a  certain  rate 
which  shall  be  the  rate  of  interest  in  all  those  ca-ses  where  the 
parties  have  not  fixed  their  own  rate.  This  is  called  the  legal 
rate,  and  in  most  States  it  is  6  per  cent  per  annum.  See  Interest 
Laws  and  Statutes  of  Limitation. 

A  promise  to  "pay  §100  and  interest"  means  interest  at  the 
legal  rate  of  the  State  in  which  the  payment  is  to  be  mada 

5.  Penalty  of  Usury.— Some  penalty  is  inflicted  upon  the  one 
who  takes  usury,  i  e.,  upon  the  lender,  not  upon  the  borrower. 
It  varies  in  the  different  States,  but  is  usually  one  of  three 
kinds:  (1)  the  forfeiture  of  the  usurious  interest,  i.e.,  all  above 
the  lawful  rate;  ("2)  the  forfeiture  of  all  the  interest;  or  (3)  the 
forfeiture  of  botli  principal  and  interest. 

In  a  State  where  the  first  rule  is  adopted,  the  lender  who  has 
lent  at  an  usurious  rate  may  recover  the  principal  and  interest 


372  SAFE    METHODS 

at  the  legal  rate;  where  the  second  is  adopted  only  the  money 
he  lent;  and  where  the  third  is  adopted  not  even  that.  Sed 
Interest  Laws. 

6.  Book  Accounts. — Interest  may  be  charged  on  book  accounts, 
when  it  is  known  to  the  customer  that  it  is  a  common  practice 
of  the  seller  to  charge  interest ;  but  not  until  the  statement  is 
rendered. 

7.  Judgments. — Interest  upon  a  judgment  dates  from  the 
time  the  judgment  was  rendered.  Debts  for  board  and  lodging, 
where  there  was  no  price  or  time  of  paj^ment  fixed,  will  not 
draw  interest  until  they  are  reduced  to  judgments. 

8.  Administrators,  Executors,  Guardians  and  Trustees  may  be 
charged  interest  upon  all  trust  funds  in  their  hands  after  their 
failure  to  invest  them  within  a  reasonable  time. 

9.  Copartnership. — If  a  partner  withdraws  money  from  the 
funds  belonging  to  the  firm,  for  private  use,  he  will  be  liable  for 
interest  on  the  same. 

10.  Policy  of  Insurance. — If  loss  occurs  under  a  policy  of 
insurance,  it  bears  interest  from  the  time  it  is  due  according  to 
the  terms  of  the  policy. 

11.  Compound  interest  is  not  collectible  by  law.  When  inter- 
est has  accumulated  and  become  payable,  an  agreement  that  it 
shall  be  added  to  the  principal  thus  formed  will  usually  be 
deemed  legal. 

Lightning  Method  for  Calculating  Interest 
This  is  probably  the  shortest  and  simplest  method  known. 
Multiply  the  principal  by  the  nun  t>er  of  days,  and 
For  4  per  cent,  divide  by  90 


5 

"   72 

6 

*'  60 

7 

"  52 

8 

"  45 

9 

"  40 

10 

"  36 

19.             « 

"    9A 

"  12 

Example. — What  is  the  interest  on  $450  for  1  month  and  10 
days  at  8  per  cent? 
Solution.— A50  X  40  -h  45  =  $4.00.     Ans.     Interest. 

BANKERS'  METHOD 

To  Find  the  Interest  on  Any  Sum  at  6  Per  Cent  for  Any 
Number  of  Days 

Rule. — Remove  the  decimal  point  two  places  to  the  left,  and 
you  have  the  interest  for  60  days. 

Example.— Wh&t  is  the  interest  on  $250  for  60  days  at  6  per 
cent? 

Principal.  $250.     Interest,  $2.50. 

When  the  time  is  more  or  less  than  60  days,  first  find  the 
interest  for  60  days,  and  from  that  to  the  time  required. 


INTEREST 


373 


For  120  days,  multiply  by  2 
"     90    "      add  I  of  itself. 
"      75    "         "     i  "       " 
"     30    "      divide  by   2. 
«'     15    "  "       "    4. 

«       3    "  "       "  20. 

What  is  the  interest  on  $720  for  75  days  at  6  per  cent? 
$7.20,  interest  for  60  days. 
1.80,        "         "    15     " 


$9.00,  interest  for  75  days. 

Cancelation  Method 

IZMfe.— Place  the  principal,  the  rate,  and  the  time  in  months, 
on  the  right  of  a  vertical  line,  and  12  on  the  left;  or,  if  the  time 
is  short  and  contains  days,  reduce  to  days,  and  place  360  on  the 
left.  After  canceling  equal  factors  on  both  sides  of  the  Ime,  the 
product  of  the  remaining  factors  on  the  right,  divided  by  the 
factor,  if  any,  on  the  left,  will  give  the  required  interest. 

To  find  the  interest  of  $184.80  for  1  year  5  months  at  5  per  cent. 

OPERATION 

(15.10 


n 


.05 

17 


$13.09,  Ans. 

Analy8is.-^lSi.S0  X  .05  gives  the  interest  for  1  year  or  13 
months,  which  divided  by  12  gives  the  interest  for  1  month ;  the 
quotient  multiphed  by  17,  the  number  of  months  m  1  year  5 
months,  gives  $13.09,  the  interest  required. 

To  find  the  interest  of  $240  for  2  months  18  days  at  7  per  cent. 

OPERATION 

.07 

m0 


$10.92 


$3.64,  Ans, 

Analysis.— $24:0  X  .07  gives  the  interest  for  1  year  or  360  days, 
which  divided  by  360  gives  the  interest  for  1  day ;  the  quotient 
multiplied  by  78,  the  number  of  days  in  2  months  18  days,  gives 
13.64,  the  requu-ed  interest.  ^  ^  .. 

To  find  the  interest  of  $696  for  93  days  at  1  per  cent  a  month. 
Of  $325.20  at  |  per  cent  a  month  for  63  days. 

OPERATION  OPERATION 


WJ5P 


.1^ 

$107.88 
$21,576,  Ans, 


63 


.121,  AnA 


874  SAFE  METHODS 


INTEREST  TABLES. 


¥N  the  following  interest  tables,  interest  is  computed  to  mills 

to  insure  greater  accuracy. 

The  interest  at  any  other  rate  can  easily  be  found.  Interest 
at  4  per  cent  is  Yz  of  interest  at  8  per  cent.  Double  interest  at 
6  per  cent  and  you  have  interest  at  10  per  cent,  etc. 

The  interest  is  given  in  hundreds  of  dollars.  To  find  the 
inter'est  on  $10,  $20,  etc^  move  decimal  point  one  place  to  the 
left.  To  find  interest  on  $1,  $2,  etc.,  move  decimal  point  two 
places  to  the  left. 

EXAMPLE : 

FWD  THB  iNTIftEST  ON  $165  FOR  OnE  YeaR  FiVS  MONTHS  SiXTBEH  DaT9 

AT  Five  Per  Cent. 

Interest  on  $100  for  one  year... „..  $5.00 

*'  "  CO    ' 8.00 

•*  ••  5    "     '•       "   „.       .25 

•*  "  100    "    fivemonths 2.08 

*•  **  60 1.25 

'*  "  5    "      "         " .10 

••  "  100    "    sixteendays 22 

V  "  60    "         "          " 18 

"  *'  6    "        w          " 01 

Totallnterest^...^^... $12.04 


mTEREST 


375 


INTEREST  AT  FIVE  PER  CENT. 


Days. 

$100 

$200 

$300 

$400 

$500 

$600 

$700 

$800 

$900 

I 

.014 

.028 

.042 

.056 

.069 

.083 

.097 

.111 

.125 

2 

.028 

.056 

.083 

.111 

.139 

.167 

.194 

.222 

.250 

3 

,042 

.083 

.125 

.167 

.208 

.250 

.291 

.333 

.375 

4 

.056 

.111 

.167 

.222 

.278 

.333 

.389 

.444 

.500 

6 

.069 

.139 

.208 

.278 

.347 

.417 

.486 

.556 

.625 

6 

.083 

.167 

.250 

.333 

.417 

.500 

.583 

.667 

.750 

7 

.097 

.194 

.291 

.389 

.486 

.583 

.681 

.778 

.875 

8 

.111 

.222 

.333 

AH 

.    .556 

.667 

.778 

.880 

1 .000 

9 

.125 

.250 

.375 

.500 

.625 

.750 

.875 

1.00(1 

1.125 

10 

.139 

.278 

.417 

.556 

.694 

.833 

.972 

1.111 

1.250 

11 

.15;^ 

.306 

.459 

.611 

.7(34 

.917 

1.069 

1.222 

1.375 

12 

.167 

.333 

.500 

.667 

.83:i 

1.000 

1.167 

1.333 

1.500 

13 

.180 

.361 

.542 

.    .722 

.903 

1.083 

1.204 

1.444 

1.625 

14 

.194 

.389 

.683 

.778 

^  .971 

1.167 

1.361 

1.550 

1.750 

15 

.208 

.417 

.625 

.833 

1.041 

1.250 

1.458 

1.667 

1.875 

16 

.222 

.444 

.667 

.889 

1.111 

1.333 

1.555 

1.778 

2.000 

17 

.236 

.472 

.708 

.944 

1.180 

1.417 

1.653 

1.889 

2.125 

18 

.250 

.500 

.750 

1.000 

1.250 

1.500 

1.750 

2.000 

2.250 

19 

.264 

.528 

.792 

1.056 

1.319 

1.583 

1.847 

2.111 

2.375 

20 

.278 

.556 

.833 

1.111 

1.^89 

1.667 

1.944 

2.222 

2.500 

21 

.291 

.583 

.875 

1.167 

1.458 

1.750 

2.041 

2.333 

2.625 

22 

.305 

.611 

.917 

1.222 

1.528 

1.833 

2.138 

2.444 

2.750 

23 

.319 

.639 

.959 

1.278 

1.597 

1.917 

2.236 

2.556 

2.875 

24 

.333 

.667 

1.000 

1.333 

1.667 

2.000 

2.333 

2.667 

3.000 

25 

.347 

.694 

1.042 

1.389 

1.736 

2.083 

2.430 

2.778 

3.125 

26 

.361 

.722 

1.083 

1.444 

1.805 

2.167 

2.528 

2.889 

3.250 

27 

.375 

.750 

1.125 

1.500 

1.875 

2.250 

2.625 

3.000 

3.375 

28 

.389 

.778 

1.167 

1.556 

1.944 

2.333 

2.722 

3.111 

3.500 

29 

M08. 

1 

.403 

.806 

1.208 

1.611 

2.014 

2.417 

2.820 

3.?.?.?. 

3.625 

.417 

.833 

1.250 

1.667 

2.083 

2.500 

2.917 

3.333 

3.750 

2 

.833 

1.667 

2.500 

3.333 

4.167 

5.000 

5.833 

6.667 

7.500 

3 

1.250 

2.500 

3.750 

5.000 

6.250 

7.500 

8.750 

10.000 

11.250 

4 

1.667 

3.333 

5.000 

6.667 

8.333 

10.000 

11.667 

13.333 

15.000 

5 

2.083 

4.167 

6.250 

8.333 

10.416 

12.500 

14.583 

16.667 

18.750 

6 

2.600 

5.000 

7.600 

10.000 

12.500 

15.000 

17.500 

20.000 

22.600 

7 

2.917 

5.833 

8.750 

11.667 

14.583 

17.500 

20.417 

23.333 

26.250 

8 

3.333 

6.667 

10.000 

13.333 

16.667 

20.000 

23.333 

26.667 

30.000 

9 

3.750 

7.500 

11.250 

15.000 

18.750 

22.500 

26.250 

30.000 

33.750 

10 

4.167 

8.333 

12.500 

16.667 

20.833 

25.000 

29.167 

33.333 

37.500 

11 
Veu- 

1 

4.583 

9.167 

13.750 

18.333 

22.917 

27.500 

S2.083 

36.667 

41.250 

5.000 

10.000 

15.000 

20.000 

25.000 

30.000 

35.000 

40.00045.000 

376 


SAFE    METHODS 


INTEREST  AT  SIX  PER  CENT. 


Days. 

$100 

$200 

$300 

$400 

$500 

$C00 

$700 

$800 

$900 

1 

.017 

.033 

.050 

.067 

.083 

.100 

.117 

.133 

.150 

2 

.033 

.067 

.100 

.133 

.167 

.200 

.233 

.267 

.300 

3 

.050 

.100 

.150 

.200 

.250 

.300 

.350 

.400 

.450 

4 

.067 

.133 

.200 

.267 

.333 

.400 

.467 

.533 

.600 

6 

.083 

.167 

.250 

.333 

.417 

.500 

.583 

.667 

.750 

6 

.100 

.200 

.300 

.400 

.500 

.600 

.700 

.800 

.900 

7 

.117 

.233 

.350 

.467 

.583 

.70U 

.817 

.933 

1.050 

8 

.133 

.267 

.400 

.533 

.667 

.800 

.933 

1.067 

1.200 

9 

.150 

.300 

.450 

.600 

.750 

.900 

1.050 

1.200 

1.350 

10 

.167 

.333 

.500 

-.667 

.833 

1.000 

1.167 

1.333 

1.500 

11 

.183 

.367 

.550 

.733 

.917 

1.100 

1.283 

1.467 

1.650 

12 

.200 

.400 

.600 

..800 

1.000 

1.200 

1.400 

1.600 

1.800 

13 

.217 

.433 

.650 

.867 

1.083 

1.300 

1.617 

1.733 

1.950 

14 

.233 

.467 

.700 

.933 

1.167 

1.400 

1.633 

1.867 

2.100 

15 

.250 

.500 

.750 

1.000 

1.250 

1.500 

1.750 

2.000 

2  250 

16 

.267 

.533 

.800 

1.067 

1.333 

1.600 

1.867 

2.133 

2.400 

17 

.283 

.567 

.850 

1.133 

1.417 

1.700 

1.983 

2.267 

2.550 

18 

.300 

.600 

.900 

1.200 

1.500 

1.800 

2.100 

2.400 

2.700 

]9 

.317 

.633 

.950 

1.267 

1.583 

1.900 

2.217 

2.633 

2.850 

20 

.333 

.667 

1.000 

1.333 

1.667 

2.000 

2.333 

2.667 

3.000 

21 

.350 

.700 

1.050 

1.400 

1.750 

2.100 

2.450 

2.800 

3.150 

22 

-.367 

.733 

1.100 

1.467 

1.833 

2.200 

2.667 

2.933 

3.300 

23 

..383 

.767 

1.150 

1.533 

1.917 

2.300 

2.683 

3.067 

3.450 

24 

.400 

.800 

1.200 

1.600 

2.000 

2.400 

2.800 

3.200 

3.600 

25 

.417 

.833 

1.250 

1.667 

2.083 

2.500 

2.917 

3.333 

3.760 

26 

.433 

.867 

1.300 

1.733 

2.167 

2.600 

3.033 

3.467 

3.9nO 

27 

.450 

.900 

1.350 

1.800 

2.250 

2.700 

3.150 

3.600 

4.050 

28 

.467 

.933 

1.400 

1.867 

2.333 

2.800 

3.267 

3.733 

4.200 

29 
Mm. 

1 

.483 

.967 

1.450 

1.933 

2.417 

2.900 

3.383 

3.867 

4.350 

.500 

1.000 

1.500 

2.000 

2.500 

3.000 

3.600 

4.000 

4.500 

2 

1.000 

2.000 

3.000 

4.000 

5.000 

6.000 

7.000 

8.000 

9.000 

3 

1.500 

3.000 

4.500 

6,000 

7.500 

9.000 

10.600 

12.000 

13.500 

4 

2.0(10 

4.U00 

6.000 

8.000 

10.000 

12.000 

14.000 

16.000 

18.000 

6 

2.500 

5.000 

7.500 

10.000 

12.600 

15.000 

17.600 

20.000 

22.600 

6 

3.000 

6.000 

9.000 

12.000 

15.000 

18.000 

21.000 

24.000  27.000 

7 

3.500 

7.000 

10.500 

14.000 

17.500 

21.000 

24.600 

28.000  31.500 

8 

4  000 

8.000 

12.000 

16.000 

20.O0O 

24.000 

28.000 

32.000  36.000 

9 

4*500 

9.000 

13.500 

18.000 

22.600 

27.000 

31.500 

36.000  40.500 

10 

5:000 

10.000 

15.000 

20.000 

25.000 

30.000 

35.000 

40.000  45.000 

11 
Year. 

1 

§.500 

11.000 

16.500 

22.000 

27.600 

33.000 

38.500 

44.000  49.500 

gOOO 

12.000 

18.000 

24.000 

30.000 

36.000 

42.000 

48.000  54.000 

INTEREST 


377 


INTEREST  AT  SEVEN  PER  CENT. 


Dsyi. 

$100 

$200 

$300 

$400 

$o00 

$600 

$700 

$S00 

$900 

1 

,019 

.039 

.058 

.078 

.097 

.117 

.136 

.156 

.175 

2 

.039 

.078 

.117 

.156 

.194 

.233 

.272 

.311 

.350 

3 

.058 

.117 

.175 

.233 

.292 

.350 

.408 

.467 

.525 

4 

.078 

.156 

.233 

.311 

.389 

.467 

.544 

.622 

.700 

5 

.09V 

.194 

.292 

.389 

,486 

.583 

.681 

.778 

.875 

6 

.117 

.233 

.350 

.467 

.58H 

.700 

.817 

.933 

1.050 

7 

.136 

.272 

.408 

.544 

.681 

.817 

.953 

1.089 

1.225 

8 

.156 

.311 

.467 

.622 

.778 

.933 

1.089 

1.244 

1.400 

9 

.175 

.350 

.525 

.700 

.875 

1.050 

1.225 

1.400 

1.575 

10 

.194 

.389 

.583 

.778 

.972 

1.167 

1.361 

1.556 

1.750 

11 

.214 

.428 

.642 

.856 

1.069 

1.283 

1.497 

1.711 

1.925 

12 

.233 

.467 

.700 

.933 

1.167 

1.400 

1.633 

1.867 

2.100 

13 

.253 

.506 

.758 

1.011 

1.264 

1.517 

1.769 

2.022 

2.275 

14 

.272 

.544 

.817 

1.089 

1.361 

1.633 

1.906 

2.178 

2.450 

15 

.292 

.583 

.875 

1.167 

1.458 

1.750 

2.042 

2.333 

2.625 

16 

.311 

.622 

.933 

1.244 

1.556 

1.867 

2.178 

2.489 

2.800 

17 

.331 

.661 

.992 

1.322 

1.653 

1.983 

2.314 

2.644 

2.975 

18 

.350 

.700 

1.050 

1.400 

1.750 

2.100 

2.450 

2.800 

3.150 

19 

.369 

.739 

1.108 

1.478 

1.847 

2.217 

2.586 

2.956 

3.325 

20 

.389 

.778 

1.167 

1.556 

1.944 

2.333 

2.722 

3.111 

3.500 

21 

.408 

.817 

1.225 

1.633 

2.042 

2.450 

2.858 

3.267 

3.675 

22 

.428 

.856 

1.283 

1.711 

2.139 

2.567 

2.994 

3,422 

3.850 

23 

.447 

.894 

1.342 

1.789 

2.236 

2.683 

3.131 

3.578 

4.026 

24 

.467 

.933 

1.400 

1.867 

2.333 

2.800 

3.267 

3.733 

4.200 

25 

.486 

.972 

1.458 

1.944 

2.431 

2.917 

3.403 

3.889 

4.375 

26 

.506 

1.011 

1.517 

2.022 

2.528 

3.033 

3.539 

4.044 

4.550 

27 

.525 

1.050 

1.575 

2.100 

2.625 

3.150 

3.675 

4.200 

4.725 

28 

.544 

1.089 

1.633 

2.178 

2.722 

3.267 

3.811 

4.356 

4.900 

29 

Mob. 

1 

.564 

1.128 

?.692 

2.256 

2.819 

3.383 

3.947 

4.511 

5.075 

.583 

1.167 

1.750 

2.333 

2.917 

3.500 

4.083 

4.667 

5.250 

2 

1.167 

2.333 

3.500 

4.667 

5.833 

7.000 

8.167 

9.333 

10.500 

3 

1.750 

3.500 

5.2.50 

7.000 

8.750 

10.500 

12.250 

14.000 

15.750 

4 

2.333 

4.667 

7.000 

9.333 

11.667 

14.000 

16.333 

18.667 

21.000 

5 

2.917 

5.833 

8.750 

11.667 

14.583 

17.500 

20.417 

23.333 

26.250 

6 

3.500 

7.000 

10.500 

14.000 

17.500 

21.000 

24.600 

31.500 

7 

4.083 

8.167 

12.250 

16.333 

20.417 

24.500 

28.583 

32! 667 

36.750 

8 

4.667 

9.333 

14.000 

18.667 

23.333 

28.000 

32.667 

37.333 

42.000 

9 

5.250 

10.500 

15.750 

21.000 

26.250 

31.500 

36.750 

42.000 

47.250 

JO 

5.833 

11.667 

17.500 

23.333 

29.167 

35.000 

40.833 

46.667 

52.500 

11 
Year 

1 

6.417 

12.833 

19.250 

25.667 

32.083 

38.500 

44.917 

51.333 

57.750 

7.000 

14.000 

21.000 

26.000 

35.000 

42.000  49.000 

56.000 

63.000 

378 


SAFE   METHODS 


INTEREST  AT  EIGHT  PER  CENT. 


•«ys. 

$100 

$200 

$300 

$400 

$500 

$600 

$700 

$800 

$900 

1 

.022 

.044 

.067 

.089 

.111 

.133 

.156 

.ns 

.200 

2 

.044 

.089 

.133 

.178 

22"^ 

.267 

.311 

.356 

.400 

3 

.067 

.133 

.200 

.267 

!333 

.400 

.467 

.533 

.600 

4 

.osy 

.178 

.267 

.356 

.444 

.533 

.622 

.711 

.800 

5 

.111 

200 

.333 

.444 

.556 

.667 

.778 

.889 

1.000 

6 

.133 

!267 

.400 

.533 

.667 

.800 

.933 

1.067 

1.200 

7 

.156 

.311 

.467 

.622 

.778 

.933 

1.089 

1.244 

1.400 

8 

.178 

.356 

.533 

.711 

.889 

1.067 

1.244 

1.422 

1.600 

0 

.200 

.400 

.600 

.800 

1.000 

1.200 

1.400 

l.COO 

1.800 

10 

ooo 

.444 

.667 

.889 

1.111 

1.333 

1.556 

1.778 

2.000 

11 

[244 

.489 

.733 

.978 

1  222 

1.467 

1.711 

1.956 

2.200 

12 

.267 

.533 

.800 

1.067 

l!333 

1.600 

1.867 

2.133 

2.400 

13 

.289 

.578 

.867 

1.156 

1.444 

1.733 

2.022 

2.311 

2.6p0 
2.866 

14 

.311 

.622 

.933 

1.244 

1.556 

1.867 

2.178 

,2.489 

15 

.333 

.667 

1.000 

1.333 

1.667 

2.000 

2.333 

2.667 

3.00O 

16 

.356 

.711 

1.067 

1.422 

1.778 

2.133 

2.489 

2.844 

3.200 

17 

.378 

.756 

1.133 

1.511 

1.889 

2.267 

2.644 

3.022 

3.400 

18 

.400 

.800 

1.200 

1.600 

2.000 

2.400 

2.800 

3.200 

3.600 

19 

.422 

.844 

1.267 

1.689 

2.111 

2.533 

2.956 

3.378 

3.800 

20 

!444 

.889 

1.333 

1.778 

2.222 

2.667 

3.111 

3.556 

4.000 

21 

.467 

,933 

1.400 

1.867 

2!333 

2.800 

3.267 

3.733 

4.200 

22 

.489 

.978 

1.467 

1.956 

2.444 

2.933 

3.4^ 

3.911 

4.4C0 

23 

.511 

1.022 

1.533 

2.044 

2.550 

3.067 

3.578 

4.089 

4.600 

24 

.533 

1.067 

1.600 

2.133 

2.667 

3.200 

3.733 

4.207 

4.800 

25 

.556 

1.111 

1.667 

2.222 

2.778 

3.333 

3.889 

4.444 

5.000 

26 

.578 

1.156 

1.733 

2.311 

2.889 

3.467 

4.044 

4.622 

5.200 

27 

.600 

1.200 

1.800 

2.400 

3.000 

3.600 

4.200 

4.800 

5.400 

28 

.622 

1.244 

1.867 

2.489 

3.111 

3.733 

4.356 

4.978 

5.600 

29 
Mm. 

1 

.644 

1.289 

1.933 

2.578 

3.222 

3.807 

4.611 

5.158 

5.800 

.667 

1.333 

2.000 

2.667 

3.333 

4.000 

4.667 

5.333 

6.000 

2 

1.333 

2.667 

4.000 

5.333 

0.607 

8.000 

9,333 

10.667 

12.000 

3 

2.000 

4.000 

6.000 

8.000 

10.000 

12.000 

14.000 

10.000 

18.000 

4 

2.667 

5.333 

8.000 

10.667 

13.333 

16.000 

18.667 

21.333 

24.000 

5 

3.333 

6.667 

10.000 

13.333 

16.667 

20.000 

23.333 

26.667 

30.000 

6 

4.000 

8.000 

12.000 

16.000 

20.000 

24.000 

28.000 

32.000 

36.000 

7. 

4.667 

9.333 

14  000 

18.667 

23.333 

28.000 

32.667 

37.333 

42.000 

8 

5.333 

10.667 

16.000 

21.333 

26.607 

32.000 

37.3.33 

42.667 

48.000 

9 

6.000 

12.000 

18.000  24.000 

30.000 

36.000 

42.000 

48.000 

54.000 

10 

6.667 

13.333  20. 000;26. 667 

33.333 

40.000 

46.667 

53.333 

60.000 

11 

Vear. 
1 

7.333 

14.667 

22.000  29.333 

36.667 

44.000 

51.333 

58,667 

66.000 

8.000 

16.000 

24.000  32.000 

40.000 

48.000 

56.000 

64.000 

72.000 

INTEREST 


379 


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380 


SAFE    METHODS 


How  Money  Grows  at  Interest 

If  one  dollar  be  invested  and  the  interest  added  to  the  principal  annually, 
at  the  rates  named,  we  shall  have  the  following  result  as  the  accumulation 
of  one  hundred  years. 

One  dollar,  100  years  at  1  per  cent $        2.75 

One  dollar,  100  years  at  2  per  cent 7 .  25 

One  dollar,  100  years  at  3  per  cent 19 .  25 

One  dollar,  100  years  at  4  per  cent 50. 25 

One  dollar,  100  years  at  5  per  cent 131 .  50 

One  dollar,  100  years  at  6  per  cent 340.00 

One  dollar,  100  j'ears  at  7  per  cent 868.00 

One  dollar,  100  years  at  8  per  cent 2,203.00 

Time  in  which  Money  Doubles 


Per' 

Q'll  Simple  Int. 


2 

2i 

3 

3^ 

4 


50  years. 

40  years. 

33  yrs.  4  mos. 

28  yrs.  208  da. 

25  years. 

22  yrs.  81  da. 


Comp.  Int. 


35  years. 
28  yrs.  26  da. 
23  yrs.  164  da. 
20  yrs.  54  da. 
17  yrs.  246  da. 
15  vrs.  273  da. 


Per 
C't. 


10 


Simple  Int. 

20  years. 
16  yrs.  8  mos. 
14  yrs.  104  da. 
12*-years. 
1 1  yrs.  40  da. 
10  years. 


Comp.  Int. 


14  yrs.  75  da. 
11  yrs.  327  da. 
10  yrs.  89  da. 
9  yrs.  2  days. 
8  jTs.  16  da  vs. 
7  vrs.  100  da. 


Table  Showing  Number  of  Days  Between  Two  Dates 


r  To^F- 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

59 

28 

Apr. 

90 

59 
31 

May 

120 
89 
61 
30 

June 

151 

120 

92 

61 

31 

July 

181 

150 

122 

91 

61 

30 

Aug. 

212 

181 

153 

122 

92 

61 

31 

365 

334 

304 

273 

243 

Sep. 

243 

212 

184 

153 

123 

92 

62 

31 

Oct. 

273 

242 

214 

183 

153 

122 

92 

61 

30 

Nov. 

304 

273 

245 

214 

184 

153 

123 

92 

61 

31 

Dec 

January. 

Febru'ry 

March .  . 
3  April..  . 
3  May  . .  . 
-  June.  .  . 
■*  July  .  .  . 

August. 

Sept 

October. 

Nov.  .  . . 
L  Dec.  .  .  . 

365 

334 

306 

275 

245 

214 

184 

153 

122 

92 

61 

31 

31 

334 

365 
337 
306 
276 
245 
215 
184 
153 
123 
92 
62 

303 

365 
334 
304 
273 
243 
212 
181 
151 
120 
90 

275 

365 
335 
304 
274 
243 
212 
182 
151 
121 

244 

365 
334 
304 
273 
242 
212 
181 
151 

214 

i 

365 
335 
304 
2'13 
243 
212 
182 

183 

365 
334 
303 
273 
242 
212 

153 
122 

365 
335 
304 

274 

91 

365 
334 
304 

61 

365 
335 

30 

365 

For  example:  From  any  date  in  July  to  the  same  date  in  February  tliere 
are  215  days.  When  the  day  of  the  month  to  which  you  count  is  later, 
add  the  difference;  if  eahlier,  subtract  it.  Thus,  from  January  1  to  May  1 
are  120  days;  to  the  11th  of  May  it  is  10  days  more;  while  from  January  11 
to  May  1  it  is  10  days  less.  In  Leap  Years  add  1  day  if  the  last  day  of  Feb- 
ruary is  included  in  the  given  time. 

Dividing  the  table  diagonally  by  short  horizontal  lines,  the  numbers 
below  show  the  days  to  a  date  in  the  year  following,  and  numbers  above  to  » 
date  within  the  same  year. 


Table  of  Wages  by  the  Week  from  $2.00  to  $20.00    381 


$2 

2t 

$3 

H 

$4 

H 

$5 

Dajt 

$7 

$8 

$9 

10 

12 

15 

•■?<? 

.?6 

•  4? 

■so 

■S7 

.64 

•  T 

1 

r.oo 

f./4 

/.?<? 

■'■.<? 

f.y/ 

2./4 

.08 

.10 

.IH 

.15 

.17 

.19 

.21 

H 

.29 

.'dii 

.38 

.42) 

.50 

.Kt 

.17 

.21 

.25 

.2« 

.33 

.38 

.42 

H 

.58 

.67 

.75 

.83 

1.00 

1.26 

.2.5 

.31 

.38 

.44 

.60 

.56 

.63 

=K 

.88 

1.00 

1.13 

1.26 

1.60 

1.88 

.;i3 

.42 

.50 

M 

.67 

.75 

.KJ 

1 

1.17 

1.33 

1.60 

1.67 

2.00 

2.50 

.50 

.63 

.75 

.88 

1.00 

1.13 

1.25 

T/t 

1.75 

2.00 

225 

2.50 

3.00 

3.75 

.fl7 

.as 

1.00 

1.17 

1.33 

1..50 

1.67 

2 

2.33 

2.67 

3.{K) 

3.;« 

4  00 

6.00 

M 

1.04 

1.25 

1.46 

1.67|1.88 

2.08 

2H 

2.92 

383 

3.75 

4.17 

6.00 

6  25 

1.00 

1.25 

1..50 

1.75 

2.00  2.25 

2.50 

3 

3.,50 

4.00 

i.m 

5.00 

6.00 

7..50 

1.17 

1.46 

1.75 

2.0i 

2.33  2.63 

2.92 

3H 

4.08 

4.67 

5.25 

583 

7.00 

8.75 

!.;« 

1.67'2,00 

2.33 

2.G7  3.00 

.3.a3 

4 

4.67 

5.33 

6.00 

6  67 

8.00 

10.00 

1.50 

1.88;2.25 

2.6.-^ 

.3.00  3.38 

3.75 

4% 

5.25 

6.00 

6.75 

7.50 

9.00 

11.25 

1.67 

2.08  2.50 

3.92 

3.r:3!3.75 

4.17 

5 

5.83 

6.67 

7.50 

8.33 

lO.O.J 

13.50 

1.83 

2  29,2.75 

.3.21 

3.6714.13 

4..58 

5H 

6.42 

7.33 

8.25 

9.17 

11.00 

13.75 

a.oo 

2.50 

3.00 

3.50 

4.00 

14.50 

6.00 

6 

7.00 

8.00 

9.00 

10.00 

12.00 

15.00 

2.S6 
.83 
1.67 
2.50 
3.33 
5.00 
6.67 
8.38 
10.00 
11.67 
13.33 
1.5.00 
16.67 
18.33 
20.00 


Explanations.— The  rate  per  Week  will  be  found  In  the 
top  lines,  and  the  Time,  in  the  middle  columns.  For  example, 
at  $7  per  week,  the  wages  for  4V4  days  will  amount  to  $5.25. 

The  third  line  (in  italic  figures)  shows  the  wages  for  one 
day,  at  the  rate  of  counting  seven  working  days  a  week. 


Table  of  WAGES  hy  the  DAY.    The  10  Hour  System. 


.10 
.20 
.30 
.40 
..50 
.60 
.70 
.8a 
.90 
1.00 


H 

H 

If 

$2 

2i 

2i 

Hoars 

2f 

$3 

3| 

H 

$4 

H 

.13 

.15 

.18 

.20 

.23 

.25 

1 

.?8 

.30 

.33 

.35 

.40 

.45 

.25 

,30 

.35 

.40 

.45 

.50 

2 

.55 

.60 

.65 

.70 

.80 

.90 

.38 

.45 

..53 

.60 

.68 

.75 

3 

.83 

.90 

.98 

1.05 

1.20 

1.35 

,50 

.60 

.70 

.80 

.90 

1.00 

4 

1.10 

1.20 

1.30 

1.40 

1.60 

1.80 

.63 

.75 

.88 

1.00 

1.13 

1.25 

5 

1.38 

1.50 

1.63 

1.75 

3.00 

2.25 

.75 

.90 

1.05 

1.20 

l.;S5 

1..50 

6 

1.65 

1.80 

1.95 

2.10 

2.40 

a.  70 

.88 

i.a5 

1,23 

1.40 

1  58 

1.75 

7 

1.93 

3.10 

2.28 

2.45 

2.80 

3.15 

1.00 

1.20 

1.40 

1.60 

1.80 

2.00 

8 

3.20 

3.40 

3.60 

2.80 

3.30 

3.60 

1.13 

i.a5 

1.58 

1.80 

2.a3 

3.25 

9 

2.48 

2.70 

2.93 

.3.15 

3.60 

4.05 

125 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.60 

10 

2.75 

3.00 

3.25 

3.50 

4.(J0 

4.50 

.50 
1.00 
1.60 
2.00 
2.50 
8.00 
3.50 
4.00 
4.60 
5.00 


Table  of  WAGES  by  the  DAY.   The  8  Hour  System. 


$1 

.13 
.25 
.38 
.50 
.63 
,75 
.88 
1.00 


u 

n 

If 

$2 

2i 

2^ 

Hours 

21 

§3 

3i 

3^ 

$4 

4^ 

.16 

.19 

.22 

.25 

.28 

.31 

1 

.34 

.38 

.41 

.44 

.50 

.66 

.31 

.38 

.44 

.60 

.56 

.63 

2 

.69 

.75 

.81 

.88 

1.00 

1.13 

.47 

..56 

.66 

.75 

.84 

.94 

,3 

1.03 

1.13 

1.22 

1.31 

1..5U 

1.09 

.63 

.75 

.88 

1.00 

1.13 

1.25 

4 

1.38 

1.50 

1.63 

1.75 

2.00 

2.35 

.78 

.9411.09 

1.25 

1.41 

1..56 

h 

1.72 

1.88 

2.03 

2.19 

2.50 

2.81 

.94 

1.13  1.31 

1.50 

1.69 

1.88 

6 

2.06 

2  25 

3.44 

2.63 

3.00 

3  38 

1.09 

l.3l|l53 

1.75 

1.97 

2.19 

7 

3.41 

2.63 

3.84 

3  06 

3,50 

3.94 

1.26 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.60 

8 

2.75 

3.00 

3.35 

3.50 

4.00 

450 

$5 

~!63 
1.35 
1 

2.50 

3.13 

3. 

4.38 

5.00 


At,  the  rate  of  $2.25  per  day,  4  hours*  wages,  by  the  ten  hour 
system,  will  come  to  90  eta. ;  and  by  tho  eight  hour  system,  to  $1.13 


Table  of  Board  or  Bent,  by  the  Week,  showing  it  for  Days. 


n 

.07 

.14 

.29 

.43 

.57 

.71[1.43 

.86  1.71 


1.00 


f2 

.14 

,29 

.57 

.86 

1.14 


2.00 


.21 
.43 
.86 
1.39 
1.71 
2.14 
2.57 


$4 

.29 

.67 

1.14 

1.71 

2.29 
2.86 
3.43 


3.0014.00 


$5  Days 


.36 

.71 

1.43 

2.14 

2.88 
3.57 
4.29 
5.00 


.43    .67 
1.14 

17112.29 
2.57  3.43 
3.4S|4  57 

4.29  6.71 
5.14  6.86 


.64 
1.29 
2.67 
3.86 
5.14 
6.48 
7.71 


10 


.71 
1.43 
2.86 
4.29 
5.71 
7.14 
8.57 


6.001 8.001 9.00110.00 


11 


.79 
1.57 
3.14 
4.71 
6.29 
7.86 
9.43 
11.00 


JL2 

.86 
1.71 
3.43 
6.14 
6.86 
8.57 
10.29 
12.00 


15' 


1  07 
2.14 
4.29 
6.43 
8.67 
10.71 
12,88 
16  00 


One  (Uy '3  board  on  reat,  at  ti  per  w«lc,  oom69  to  67  eta. ;  at8*.Mt,to7ct3  more.] 


882  SAFE  METHODS 

Table  of  Wages  by  the  Month  from  $9.00  to  $75.00 


99 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

Pays 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20  D 

•JO 

ss 

■J7 

.40 

■% 

•47 

i 

so 

■53 

•J7 

bo 

■  i>3 

t>7 

.35 

J3» 

.-42 

.46 

M 

1 

.68 

.62 

.66 

.69 

.73 

.77 

69 

.77 

;85 

.92 

1.00 

1.08 

2 

1.15 

1.23 

1.31 

1.38 

1.46 

1.54 

1.G4 

1.15 

lJr^ 

L38 

1.60 

1.62 

3 

1.73 

1.85 

1.96 

2.08 

2J9 

2.81 

1-38 

1.64 

1.69 

1.85 

2.00 

2.16 

4 

2.31 

2.46 

2.62 

2.77 

2.92 

3.08 

l.Ti 

1.82 

2.12 

2.31 

2.50 

2.69 

5 

2.88 

3.08 

8.27 

3.46 

365 

3.85 

2.08 

2.31 

2.54 

2.77 

3.00 

3.23 

6 

3.46 

3.69 

3.92 

4.15 

4.;« 

4.62 

2.42 

2.69 

2.96 

3ll 

3.50 

3,77 

7 

4.01 

4.31 

4.58 

4.85 

6.12 

6  38 

2.77 

3  08 

a38 

3,69 

4.00 

4.31 

8 

4.K2 

4.92 

6.2:3 

5.54 

5.85 

6.16 

a  12 

3.46 

3.81 

4.15 

4.6U 

4.K5 

9 

.5.19 

554 

5.88 

6.2:4 

6.58 

6.92 

3  40 

3.85 

4.23 

4.62 

5.00 

5.38 

10 

6.77 

6.15 

6.64 

6.92 

7.31 

769 

asi 

4.23 

4.65 

6.08 

5.50 

5.9-' 

11 

6.35 

6.7: 

?;g 

7.62 

8.04 

846 

4.15 

4.62 

508 

5.54 

600 

6.46 

12 

6.92 

7.38 

8.31 

8.77 

9.23 

4.50 

600 

6.60 

6.00 

650 

7.00 

13 

7.50 

8.00 

8.50 

9.00 

9.50 

1000 

4.«5 

53e 

5.92 

6.46 

7.00 

7.54 

i4 

e.08 

8.62 

9.15 

9.69 

I0.2:j 

1077 

6.19 

5.77 

6.35 

6.92 

7.50 

8.08 

15 

8.65 

9.23 

9.81 

10.38 

10.96 

11.64 

6.54 

6.15 

6.77 

7.38 

8.00 

8.62 

16 

9.23 

9  80 

10.46 

11.08 

11.69 

12  31 

5.S8 

6M 

7  19 

785 

8.50 

9.15 

17 

9.81 

10.46 

11.12 

11.77 

12.42 

13.08 

6.23 

6.92 

762 

8.31 

9.00 

9.69 

18 

10.38 

11.08 

11.77 

12.46 

13.15 

13.85 

6.58 

7.31 

8.01 

8.77 

960 

10.23 

19 

10.96 

11.69 

12  42 

L3.15 

1388 

14.62 

6.92 

769 

8.46 

9Xi 

10.00 

10  77 

20 

n.54 

12.31 

13.08 

13.85 

14  62 

15  38 

7.27 

8.08 

8.88 

9.69 

10.50 

1L31 

21 

12.12 

12.92 

13.73 

14.54 

15  35 

16.15 

7.62 

8.46 

9.81 

10  15 

11.00 

11.86 

22 

12.69 

13.54 

14.38 

15.21 

16.08 

16  92 

7.98 

8.85 

9.73 

10.62 

11.50 

12.0^ 

23 

13.27 

14.15 

15.04 

15.92 

16.81 

17.69 

8.31 

9.23 

10J5 

11.08 

12.00 

12.92 

24 

13.85 

14.77 

15.69 

16.62 

17.61 

18  46 

8.65 

9.62 

10.58 

11.54 

12.50 

1346 

25 

14  42 

15.3g 

16.35 

17  31 

18.27 

19.23 

9.00 

lOflO 

11.00 

12.00 

13.00 

14.00 

26 

15.00 

16  00 

17.00 

18.00 

19.00 

20.00 

showing  the  Amount  for  1  Day,  up  to  26  (working)  Days.      | 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

30 

Days 

35 

40 

45 

50 

GO 

75 

70 

7S 

77 

-.So 

~s} 

t.oo 

~l 

in 

'33 

t  50 

i.67 

i.oo 

2.50 

.&i 

.85 

88 

.92 

.96 

1.15 

1 

1.35 

1.64 

1.73 

1.92 

2.31 

2.88 

1.6J 

1.69 

1.77 

1.85 

1.92 

2.31 

2 

2.69 

3.08 

3.46 

3.85 

4.62 

5.77 

2.42 

2.64 

265 

2.77 

2.88 

3.46 

'i 

4.01 

462 

619 

5.77 

6.92 

8.65 

3.23 

3.38 

3.54 

3.69 

3.85 

4.6.' 

4 

6.38 

6.15 

6.92 

7.69 

9  23 

11.64 

4.04 

4.23 

4.42 

462 

4.81 

5.77 

5 

6.71 

7.69 

8.65 

9.62 

11.54 

14.43 

4.85 

6.08 

5.31 

5.64 

5.77 

6.92 

6 

8.08 

9.23 

10.38 

11  54 

13.85 

17.31 

6.65 

5.92 

6.19 

646 

6.73 

8.08 

7 

9.42 

10.77 

1212 

13.46 

16.15 

20.19 

6.46 

6.77 

1(18 
7.96 

7.38 

7.69 

9.23 

8 

10.77 

12  31 

13.65 

15.38 

18.46 

23.O8 

7.27 

7.62 

8.31 

8.65 

10.38 

9 

12.12 

13.85 

15.58 

17.31 

20  77 

25.^ 

8.08 

8.46 

8.85 

9.23 

9.62 

11.54 

10 

13.46 

15.38 

1731 

19.23 

23.98 

28.85 

8.88 

9.31 

9.T3 

10.15 

10.58 

12.69 

11 

14.81 

16.92 

19.04 

21.15 

25.38 

31.73 

9.69 

10.15 

10.62 

11.08 

11.64 

13.85 

12 

16.15 

18.4G 

20.77 

23.08 

27.69 

34.62 

10.50 

11.00 

11.50 

12.00 

12.50 

15.00 

13 

17.60 

20.00 

22.60 

25.00 

30.00 

37.60 

11.31 

11.85 

12.38 

12.92 

13.46 

16.15 

14 

18.85 

21.61 

24.23 

26.92 

32.31 

40.38 

12.12 

12.69 

13.27 

13.85 

14.42 

17.31 

15 

20.19 

23.08 

25.96 

28.85 

34.62 

43.27 

12.92 

13.54 

14.15 

14.77 

15.38 

18.46 

16 

21.54 

24.62 

27.69 

30.77 

36.92 

46.15 

13.73 

14.33 

15.04 

15.69 

16.35 

19.62 

17 

22.88 

26.15 

29.42 

32.69 

39.23 

49.04 

14.54 

15.23 

15.92 

16.02 

17.31 

20.77 

18 

24.23 

27.69 

31.15 

34.62 

41.54 

51.92 

15.35 

16.08 

16.81 

17.54 

18.27 

21.92 

19 

25.58 

29.23 

32.88 

86.54 

43.85 

54.81 

16.15 

16.92 

17.69 

18.46 

19.23 

23.08 

20 

26.92 

30.77 

34,62 

38.46 

46.15 

57.69 

16.96 

17.77 

18.55 

19.38 

20.19 

24.23 

21 

:i8.27 

32.31 

36.35 

40.38 

48.46 

60.58 

17.77 

18.62 

19.46 

20.31 

21.15 

25.38 

22 

29.62 

33.85 

3808 

42.31 

50.77 

63.46 

18.68 

19.46 

20.35 

21.23 

22.12 

26.54 

23 

30.96 

35.38 

39.81 

44.23 

63.08 

66.35 

19.38 

20.31 

21.23 

22.15 

23.08 

27.69 

24 

32.31 

36.92 

41.64 

46.15 

55.88 

69.S 

20.19 

21.15 

22.12 

23.08 

24.04 

28.8,5 

25 

33.65 

38.46 

43.27 

48.08 

57.69 

72.12 

21.00 

22.00 

23.00 

24.00 

25.00 

30.00 

26 

35.00 

40.00 

45.00 

50.00 

60.00 

75.00 

The  center  column  shows  the  days  and  the  black  face  figures  at  the  tojl 
ehow  rate  per  month.  Example — 21  days' work  at  130  per  month;  find  it 
under  30,  opposite  21.     Answer,  $24. 23. 


MISCELLANEOUS  TABLES 


383 


READY   RECKONER. 

SEADT  BECK0NT:R,  to  find  the  Price  o£  any  dumber  of  Pounds,  Yardi 

Pieces,  or  Bushels,  from  2  cents  to  $3.00. 

The  first  column  contains  the  NUMBER,  the  top  columns  the  PRICES. 


No« 

2ct, 

3  ct.    4  ct. 

6ct. 

6Ct. 

sV^ct. 

7ct. 

8ct. 

9ct. 

10  ct. 

: 

11  Ct. 

2 

.  4 

.  6 

.8 

.10 

.12 

.12% 
•18% 

.14 

.16 

.18 

.20 

.22 

3 

.  6 

.  9 

.12 

.15 

.18 

.21 

.24 

.27 

.30 

.33 

4 

.  8 

.12 

.16 

.20 

.24 

.25 

.28 

.32 

.36 

.40 

.44 

6 

.10 

.16 

.20 

.25 

.30 

.3HA 

.35 

.40 

.46 

.50 

.55 

6 

.12 

.18 

J24 

.30 

.36 

.42 

.48 

.64 

.60 

•66 

7 

.14 

.21 

.28 

.35 

.42 

.43^ 

.49 

.66 

.63 

.70 

.77 

8 

.li 

.24 

.32 

.40 

.48 

.50* 

.66 

JA 

.72 

.80 

.88 

9 

.18 

.27 

.36 

.45 

M 

•66'/* 

.63 

.72 

.81 

.90 

.99 

10 

.20 

.30 

.40 

.50 

•60 

.62% 
.68% 

.70 

.80 

.90 

1.00 

1,10 

11 

.22 

.33 

.44 

.55 

.66 

.77 

.88 

.99 

1.10 

1.21 

12 

.24 

.36 

.48 

4)0 

.72 

.75 

.84 

.96 

1.08 

1.20 

1UJ2 

13 

.26 

.39 

.62 

.65 

.78 

^ 

.91 

1.04 

1.17 

1.30 

1.43 

14 

.28 

.42 

.66 

.70 

.84 

.98 

1.12 

1.26 

1.40 

1.54 

16 

.30 

.45 

.60 

.75 

.90 

•93^ 

1.05 

1J20 

1.36 

1.50 

L65 

16 

.32 

.48 

.64 

.80 

.96 

1.00 

1.12 

1.28 

1.44 

1.60 

1.76 

17 

.34 

.61 

.68 

.85 

1.02 

1.061/, 
1.12% 

1.19 

1.36 

1.63 

1.70 

1.87 

18 

.36 

.M 

.72 

.90 

1.08 

1.26 

1.44 

1.62 

1.80 

1.98 

19 

.38 

.57 

.76 

,95 

1.14 

1-18% 

1.33 

1J52 

1.71 

1.90 

2.09 

20 

.40 

.CO 

.80 

LOO 

1.20 

1.25 

1.40 

1.60 

1.80 

2.00 

2.20 

25 

.60 

.75 

1.00 

1.26 

1.50 

l-^i 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

2.  5 

3o 

.60 

.90 

1.20 

1.50 

1.80 

2.10 

2.40 

2.70- 

3.00 

3.30 

40 

.80 

1.20 

1.60 

2.00 

2.40 

2.60 

2.80 

3.20 

3.60 

4.00 

4.40 

60 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

3.12% 

3.50 

4.00 

4.60 

S.OO 

5.50 

60 

1.20 

1.80 

2.40 

3.00 

360 

3.75 

4.20 

4.80 

5.40 

6.00. 

6.60 

70 

1.40 

2.10 

2.80 

3.60 

4.20 

4.37% 

4.90 

6.60 

6.30 

7.00 

7.70 

80 

1.60 

2.40 

3.20 

4.00 

4.80 

5.00 

6.60 

6.40 

7.20 

8.00 

aso 

90 

1.80 

2.70 

3.60 

4.50 

6.M) 

5.62% 

6.30 

7JM 

8.10 

9.00 

9.90 

100 

2.00 

3.00 

4.00 

600 

6.00 

6.25 

7.00 

.8.00 

9.00 

10.00 

11.00 

1408 

12  c(. 

12V2Ct.  13ct. 

14  Ct. 

15  Ct. 
JO 

16  Ct. 

18  Ct. 

l83Act. 

19  ot. 

20  Ct. 

21  ct. 

2 

.24 

.25 

.26 

.28 

.32 

.36 

^. 

je 

.40 

,.42 

3 

.36 

•37»^ 

.39 

.42 

.45 

.48 

.64 

.CT 

.60 

.63 

4 

.48 

.50 

.62 

.5(5 

.60 

.64 

.72 

.75 

.76 

.80 

.84 

6 

.60 

.6214 

.65 

.70 

.75 

.80 

.90 

.93% 
1.12% 

.96 

1.00 

1.06 

fi 

.72 

.75 

.78 

.84 

.90 

.96 

1.08 

1.14 

1.20 

1-26 

7 

.84 

.87% 

.91 

.98 

1.05 

1.12 

1.26 

1.3114 

1.33 

1.40 

1.47 

8 

.96 

1.00 

1.01 

1.12 

1.20 

1J28 

1.44 

1.50 

1.52 

1.60 

1.6S 

9 

1.08 

112% 

1.17 

1.26 

1.35 

1.44 

1.62 

l.fi8% 
2!06^ 

1.71 

1.80 

1.89 

10 

1.20 

1.25^ 

1.30 

1.40 

1.50 

1.60 

1.80 

1.90 

2.00 

2.10 

11 

1.32 

1.37% 

1.43 

1.54 

1.65 

1.76 

1.98 

2m 

2.20 

2.31 

12 

1.44 

1.50 

1.56 

1.68 

1.80 

1.92 

2.16 

2.25 

2.28 

2.40 

2.52 

13 

1.5« 

l.K2% 

1.69 

1.82 

1.95 

2.08 

2.34 

2.43% 

2.47 

2.60 

2.73 

14 

1.68 

1.75^ 

1.82 

1.96 

2.10 

2.24 

2.52 

2.62% 

2.66 

2.80 

2.94 

15 

1.80 

1.87% 

1.95 

2.10 

2.25 

2.40 

2.70 

2.8ltyi 

2.85 

3.00 

3.15 

16 

1.92 

2.00 

2.08 

2.24 

2.40 

2.56 

2.88 

3.00 

3.04 

3.20 

3UJ6 

17 

2.04 

2.12»/a 

2.21 

2.38 

2J>5 

2.72 

3.06 

3.18% 
3.37% 
3.561/i 

3.23 

3.40 

3.57 

18 

2.16 

2.25 

2.31 

2.62 

2.70 

2.88 

3.24 

3.42 

3.60 

3.78 

19 

2.28 

2.37% 

2.47 

2.66 

2.85 

3.04 

3.42 

3.61 

3.80 

3.99 

20 

2.40 

2.50 

2.60 

2.80 

3.00 

3.20 

3.60 

3.75 

3.80 

4.00 

4.20 

25 

3.00 

3.12% 

3.25 

3.50 

3.75 

4.00 

4.50 

4.68% 
5.62% 

4.75 

5.00 

5.25 

30 

3.60 

3.75 

3.90 

4.20 

4.50 

4.80 

5.40 

5.70 

G.OO 

6.30 

40 

4.80 

5.00 

5.20 

5.60 

6.00 

6.40 

7.20 

7.50 

7.60 

8.00 

8.40 

60 

6.00 

6.25 

C.50 

700 

7.5C 

8.00 

9.00 

9.37% 

9.50 

10.00 

10.50 

tiO 

7^20 
8.40 

7.50 

7.80 

8.40 

9.00 

960 

10.80 

11.25 

11.40 

12.00 

12.60 

70 

8.75 

9.10 

9.8C 

10.5C 

11.20 

12.60 

13.12% 

13.30 

14.00 

14.70 

80 

9.60 

10.00 

10.40 

11.2c 

12.0c 

12.80 

14.40 

15.tH) 

15.20 

16.00 

16.80 

90 

10.80 

11.25 

11.70 

12.0t 

13.5C 

14.40 

16.20 

16871/2 

17.10 

18.00 

18.90 

100 

12.00 

12.50 

13.00 

I  14.0C 

15.0« 

16.00 

18.00 

18.75 

19.00 

20.00 

21.00 

364 


SAFE   METHODS 


READt  RECKONER. 

The  flret  column  on  the  left  contains  the  NUMBER  of  the  Article,  and  th» 
column  on  the  tops  of  the  tables  the  PRICE. 


NOE 

22  ct. 

23ct. 

24  Ct. 

26  Ct. 

26  Ct. 

..62 

27  Ct. 

28  Ct. 

29  Ct 

30  ct 

31  Ct  31V4Ct. 

2 

.44 

.46 

.48 

.60 

.54 

.66 

.68 

.60 

.62       .62% 

3 

.66 

.69 

.72 

.76 

.78 

.81 

.84 

.87 

.90 

.93 

•93% 

4 

.88 

.92 

.90 

1.00 

1.04 

1.08 

1.12 

1.16 

1.20 

1.24 

1.25 

6 

1.10 

1.15 

1.20 

1.25 

1.30 

1.35 

1.40 

1.46 

1.60 

1.65 

1» 

6 

1.32 

1.38 

1.44 

1.50 

1.66 

1.62 

1.68 

1.74 

1.80 

1.86 

7 

1.54 

1.61 

1.68 

1.75 

1.82 

1.89 

1.93 

2.03 

2.10 

2.17 

2.184i 

8 

L76 

IM 

1.92 

2.00 

2.08 

2.16 

2.24' 

2.32 

2.40 

2.48 

2.50 

9 

1.98 

2.07 

2.16 

2.25 

2.34 

2.43 

2.52 

2.61 

2.70 

2.7S 

2.8I14 

10 

2.20 

2.30 

2:40 

2.50 

2.60 

2.70 

2.80 

2.90 

3.00 

3.10 

11 

2.42 

2.53 

2.64 

2.75 

2.86 

2.97 

3.08 

3.19 

3.30 

3.41 

12 

2.64 

2.76 

2.88 

3.00 

3.12 

3.24 

3.36 

3.48 

3.60 

3.72 

3  76 

13 

2.86 

2.99 

3.12 

3.26 

3.38 

3.51 

8.64 

3.77 

3.90 

4.03 

4.06»4- 

14 

3.08 

3.22 

3.36 

3.50 

3.64 

3.78 

8.92 

4.06 

4.20 

4.34 

4.37iJ 

16 

3.30 

3.45 

3.60 

3.75 

3.90 

4.06 

4.20 

4.35 

4J50 

4.66 

4.684i 

16 

3.52 

3.68 

3.84 

4.00 

4.16 

4.32 

4.48 

4.64 

4.80 

4.96 

6.00 

17 

3.74 

3.91 

4.08 

4.25 

4.42 

4.59 

4.76 

4.93 

6.10 

6.27 

6.3114 

18 

3.96 

4.14 

4.32 

4.60 

4.08 

4.86 

5.04 

6.22 

6.40 

6.68 

6.62% 
6.93^^ 

19 

4.18 

4.37 

4.66 

4.75 

4.91 

6.15 

6.32 

6.51 

6.70 

6<89 

20 

4.40 

4.60 

4.80 

5.00 

6.20 

5.40 

5.60 

6.80 

6.00 

6.20 

6.23 

25 

5.50 

5,76 

6,00 

6.25 

6.50 

6.75 

7.00 

7.25 

7.26 

7.76 

7.811/4 
9.3714 

30 

6.€0 

6.90 

7.20 

,7.60 

7.80 

8.10 

8.40 

8.70 

9.00 

9.30 

40 

8.80 

9.20 

9.60 

10.00 

10.40 

10.80 

11.20 

11.60 

12.00 

12.40 

12.60 

60 

11.00 

11.50 

12.00 

12.50 

13.00 

1350 

14.00 

14.50 

1500 

15  50 

16.62^4 

60 

13.20 

13.80 

14.40 

16.00 

15.60 

16.20 

16.80 

17.40 

18.00 

18  60 

18.75 

70 

15.40 

16.10 

16.80 

17.50 

18.20 

18.90 

19.60 

20.30 

21.00 

21.70 

21.87«A 

80 

17:60 

18.40 

19.20 

20.00 

20.80 

21.60 

22.40 

23.20 

24.00 

24.80 

26.00 

90 

19.80 

20.70 

21.60 

22.50 

23.40 

24.30 

25.20 

26.10  1 

27.00 

27.90 

28.12y4 

100 

22.00 

23.00 

24.00 

25.00 

26.00 

27.00 

28.00 

29.00  1 

30.00 

31.00 

31.25 

No8 

32  ct. 

33ct 

ssy^ct. 

34  Ct 

36  Ct 

36  Ct 

37  Ct 

37y2Ct. 

38  Ct 

39  Ct   46  Ct. 

2 

.64 

.60 

.662/3 

.68 

r7o 

.72 

.74 

.75 

.76 

'     .78 

.80 

3 

.96 

.99 

1.00 

1.02 

1.05 

1.08 

1.11 

1.12% 

1.14 

1.17 

1.20 

4 

1.28 

1.32 

1.33% 
1.66% 

1.36 

1.40 

1.44 

1.48 

1.50 

1.62 

1.66 

1.60 

6 

1.60 

1.06 

1,70 

1.76 

180 

1.85 

1.87% 

L90 

1.96 

2.00 

6 

1.92 

1.98 

2.00 

2.M 

2.10 

2.16 

2.22 

2.25 

2.28 

2.34 

2.40 

7 

2.24 

2.31 

t^ 

2.38 

2.46 

2.62 

2.59 

2.62% 

2.66 

2.73 

2.80 

8 

2.56 

2.64 

2.72 

2.80 

2.88 

2.96 

3.00 

3.04 

3.12 

3.20 

9 

2.88 

2.97 

3.00 

3.06 

3.16 

3.24 

3.33 

3.37% 

3.42 

3.51 

3.60 

10 

3.20 

3.30 

3.33% 
3.664$ 

3.40 

3.50 

3.00 

8.70 

3.76 

3.80 

3.90 

4.00 

11 

3.62 

.^.63 

3.74 

3.85 

3.96 

4.07 

4.12% 

4.18 

4.29 

•4.40 

12 

3.84 

•3.96 

4.00 

4.08 

4.20 

4.32 

4.44 

4.50 

4.66 

4.68 

4.80 

13 

4.16 

4.29 

iSt 

4.42 

4.55 

4.68 

4.81 

4.87% 

4.94 

B.07 

«.20 

14 

4.48 

4.62 

4.76 

4.90 

6.04 

6.18 

5.25 

6.32 

5.46 

6.60 

16 

4.80 

4.95 

6.00 

610 

6.25 

5.40 

6.65 

5.02% 

6.70 

6.85 

6.00 

16 

6.12 

6.28 

6!66§ 

6,44 

6.60 

6.76 

6.92 

6.00 

6.08 

6.24 

6.40 

17 

6.44 

6.61 

6.78 

5.95 

6.12 

6.29 

6.37% 

6.46 

6.63 

6.80 

18 

5.76 

5.94 

6.00 

6.12 

6.30 

6.48 

6.66 

6.75 

6.84 

7.02 

7.20 

19 

6.08 

6.27 

6.33% 

6.46 

6.65 

6.84 

7.03 

7.12% 

7.22 

7.41 

7.60 

20 

6.40 

6.60 

6.06% 

6.80 

7.00 

7.20 

7.40 

7.50 

7.60 

7.80 

8.00 

25 

8.00 

8.25 

8.33^ 

8.50 

8.76 

9.00 

9.25 

9.37y2 

9.60 

9.75 

10.00 

30 

9.60 

9.00 

10.00 

10.20 

10.50 

10.80 

11.10 

11.25 

11.40 

11.70 

12.00 

40 

13,60 

12.20 

13.33% 
16.66% 

13.60 

14.00 

14.40 

14.80 

15.00 

15.20 

15.60 

16.00 

50, 

16.00 

16.50 

17.00 

17.50 

18.00 

18  50 

18,76 

19.00 

19.50 

20.00 

60 

19.20 

19.80 

20.00 

20.40 

21.00 

21.00 

22.20 

22.60 

22.80 

23.40 

24.00 

70 

22.40  23.10 

23.33y, 
26.66% 

23.80 

24.60 

25.20 

25.00 

20.25 

26.60 

27.30 

28.00 

80 

26.60  2C  40 

.27.20 

28.00 

28.80 

20.60 

30.00 

30.40 

31.20 

32.00 

90 

28.80  29.70l 

30.00 

30.60 

31.50 

32.40 

33.3i> 

33.75 

31.20 

35.10 

36.00 

900 

32.00 

33.001 

33.33% 

31.00 

36.00 

36.00 

37.00 

37.60 

38.00 

S9.00 

40.00 

MISCELLANEOUS  TABLES 


385 


READY  RECKONER 

The  fliBt  colnmn  oli  the  left  contains  the  NUMBER  of  the  Article,  and 
tlie  column  on  the  tops  of  the  Tables  the  PRICEL 


Nos 

41  ct 

42  ct 

.84 

43  ct 
.86 

44  ct. 

.88 

45  ct. 
.90 

46  ct. 

47  ct 

48  ct 

49  ct 

50  ct 

61  Ct 

2 

.82 

.92 

.94 

.96 

.98 

1.00 

1.02 

3 

1.23 

1.26 

1.29 

1.32 

1.35 

1.38 

1.41 

1.44 

1.47 

1.50 

1.53 

4 

1.64 

1.68 

1.72 

1.76 

1.80 

1.84 

L88 

1.92 

1.96 

2.00 

2.04 

6 

2.05 

2.10 

2.15 

2.20 

2.25 

2.30 

2.35 

2.40 

2.46 

2.50 

2.66 

6 

2.46 

2.52 

2.58 

2.64 

2.70 

2.76 

2.80 

2.88 

2.94 

3.00 

3.06 

7 

2.87 

2.94 

3.01 

3.08 

3.15 

3.22 

3.29 

3.36 

3.43 

3.60 

3.57 

8 

3.28 

3.36 

3.44 

3.52 

3.60 

3.68 

3.76 

3.84 

3.92 

4.00 

4.08 

9 

3.69 

3.78 

3.87 

3.96 

4.06 

4.14 

4.23 

4.32 

4.41 

4.50 

4.59 

10 

4.10 

4.20 

4.30 

4.40 

4.50 

4.60 

4.70 

4.80 

4.90 

6.00 

6.10 

11 

4.51 

4.62 

4.73 

4.84 

4.96 

5.06 

5.17 

5.28 

6.39 

5.60 

5.61 

12 

4.92 

6.04 

5.16 

5.28 

5.40 

5.72 

6.64 

6.76 

6.88 

6.00 

6.12 

13 

5.33 

5.46 

5.59 

5.72 

5.85 

5.98 

6.11 

6.24 

6.37 

6.50 

6.63 

14 

5.74 

5.88 

6.02 

6.16 

6.30 

6.44 

6.58 

6.72 

6.86 

7.00 

7.14 

15 

6.15 

6.30 

6.45 

6.60 

6  75 

6.90 

7.05 

7.20 

7.35 

7.50 

7.65 

16 

6.56 

6.72 

6.88 

7.04 

7.20 

7.36 

7.52 

7.68 

7.84 

8.00 

8.16 

17 

6.97 

7.14 

7.31 

7.48 

7.65 

7.82 

7.99 

8.16 

8.33 

8.50 

8.67 

18 

7.38 

7.56 

7.74 

7.92 

8.10 

8,28 

8.46 

8.64 

8.82 

9.00 

9.18 

19 

7.79 

7.98 

8.17 

8.30 

8.65 

8!74 

8.93 

9.12 

9.31 

9.50 

9.G9 

20 

8.20 

8.40 

8.60 

8.80 

9.00 

9.20 

9,40 

9.60 

9.80 

10.00 

10.20 

25 

10.25 

10.50 

10,75 

11.00 

11.25 

11.50 

11.73 

12.00 

12.25 

12.50 

12.75 

30 

12.30 

12.60 

12.90 

13.20 

13.50 

13.80 

14.10 

14.40 

14.70 

15.00. 

16.30 

40 

1640 

16.80 

17.20 

17.60 

18.00 

18.40 

18.80 

19J20 

19.60 

20.00 

20.40 

W 

20.50 

21.00 

21.50 

22.00 

22.50 

23.00 

23.50 

24.00 

24.50 

25.00 

25.50 

60 

24.60 

25.20 

25.80 

26.40 

27.00 

27.60 

28J20 

28.80 

29.40 

30.00 

30.60 

70 

28:70 

29.40 

30.10 

30.80 

31.50 

32.20 

32.90 

33.Q0 

31.30 

36.00 

35.70 

80 

32.80 

33.60 

34.40 

36.20 

36.00 

36.80 

37.60 

38.40 

39.20 

40.00 

40.80 

90 

36.90 

37.80 

38.70 

39.60 

40  50 

41.40 

42.30 

43.20 

44.10 

45.00 

45.92 

100 

41.00 

42.1)0 

43.00 

44.00 

46.00 

46.00 

47.00 

48.00 

49.00 

60.00 

51.00 

Noa 

62  Ct. 

63  ct. 

54  ct 

65  ct. 

66  ct. 
1.12 

57  Ct 

58  et 

59  Ct 

60  ct. 

61  Ct. 

62  ct 

^ 

1.04 

1.06 

1.08 

1.10 

1.14 

Lie 

1.18 

1.20 

1.22 

1.24' 

3 

1.66 

1.69 

1.62 

1.63 

1.68 

1.71 

1.74 

1.77 

1.80 

1.83 

1.86 

4 

2.08 

2.12 

2.16 

2.20 

2^ 

2.28 

2.32 

2.36 

2.40 

2.44 

2.48 

6 

2.60 

2.66 

2.70 

2.75 

2.80 

2.83 

2.90 

2.95 

3.00 

3.05 

3.10 

6 

3.12 

3.18 

3.24 

3.30 

3.36 

3.42 

a48 

3M 

3.60 

3.66 

3.72 

7 

3.64 

3.71 

3.78 

3.85 

3.92 

a99 

4.06 

4.13 

4.20 

4.27 

4.34 

8 

4.16 

4.24 

4.32 

4.40 

4.48 

4.56 

4.64 

4-72 

4.80 

4.88 

4.96 

9 

4.68 

4.77 

4.86 

4.95 

6.04 

6.13 

6.22 

6.31 

6.40 

6.49 

6.68 

10 

6.20 

6.30 

6.40 

6.50 

6.60 

6.70 

6.80 

5.90 

6.00 

6.10 

6J20 

11 

5.72 

5.83 

5.94 

6.05 

6.16 

6.27 

6.38 

6.49 

6.60 

6.71 

6.82 

12 

6.24 

6.36 

6.48 

6.60 

672 

6.84 

6.96 

7.08 

7.20 

7.32 

7.44 

13 

6.76 

6.89 

7.02 

7.15 

7J28 

7.41 

7.54 

7.67 

7.80 

7.93 

8.06 

14 

7.28 

7.42 

7.66 

7.70 

7.84 

7.98 

8.12 

8.26 

8.40 

8.54 

8.68 

15 

7.80 

7.95 

8.10 

8.25 

8.40 

8.65 

8.70 

8.85 

9.00 

9.15 

9.30 

16 

8.32 

8.48 

8.64 

8.80 

8.96 

9.12 

9.28 

9.44 

9.60 

9.76 

9.92 

17 

8.84 

9.01 

9.18 

9.35 

9.52 

9.69 

9.86 

10.03 

10.20 

10.37 

10.54 

18 

9.36 

9.64 

9.72 

9.90 

10.08 

10.26 

10.44 

10.62 

10.80 

10.98 

11.16 

19 

9.88 

10.07 

10.26 

10.45 

10.64 

10.83 

11.02 

11.21 

11.40 

11.59 

11.78 

20 

10.40 

10.60 

10.80 

11.00 

11.20 

11.40 

11.60 

11.80 

12.00 

12.20 

12.40 

25 

13.00 

13.25 

13.50 

13.75 

14.00 

14.26 

14.50 

14.75 

15.00 

15.25 

15.50 

30 

15.60 

1590 

16.20 

16.50 

16.80 

17.10 

17.40 

17.70 

18.00 

18.30 

18.60 

40 

20.80 

21.10 

21.60 

22.00 

22.40 

22.80 

23.20 

23.60 

24.00 

24.42 

24.80 

60 

26.00 

26.50 

27.00 

27.50 

28  00 

28.50 

29.00 

29.60 

30.00 

30.50 

31.00 

60 

31.20 

31.80 

32.40 

33.00 

33.60 

34.20 

34.80 

35.40 

36.00 

36.60 

37.20 

^ 

36.40 

37.10 

37.80 

38.50 

39.20 

39.90 

40.60 

41.30 

42.00 

42.70 

43.40 

41.60 

42.40 

43.20 

44.00 

44.80 

45.60 

46.40 

47.20 

48.00 

48.80 

40.60 

90 

46.80 

47.70 

48.60 

49.50 

50.40 

51.30 

52.20 

53.10 

54.00 

54.90 

65.80 

ilUO 

52.00 

53.00 

54.00 

65.00 

56.00 

57.00 

68.00 

69.00 

60.00 

61.00 

62.00 

386 


SAFE    METHODS 


READY    RECKONER. 

If  t^e  Namber  required  is  not  found  in  the  Tables,  add  two  Numbers  to* 

gether  :  for  instance,  if  35  bushels  are  required,  add  the  prices  opposite 

30  and  5  together  ;  and  bo  for  366  bushels— treble  the  value  of  100,  and 

add  60  and  6  together. 


Nos 

62yaCt 

63  Ct 

64ct. 

66  ct. 

66  Ct. 
1.32 

66%ct. 

67  ct. 

68  ct. 

69  ct. 

70  ct 

71  ct 

T 

1.26 

1.26 

1.28 

1.30 

1.33% 

1.34 

1.36 

1.38 

1.40 

1.42 

3 

1.871^ 

1.89 

1.92 

1.95 

1.98 

2.00 

2.01 

2.04 

2.07 

2.10 

2.13 

4 

2.50 

2.62 

2.66 

2.60 

2.64 

2.66% 
3.331^ 

2.68 

2.72 

2.76 

2.80 

2.84 

B 

3.12V4 

3.16 

3.20 

3.25 

3.30 

3J5 

3.40 

3.46 

3.60 

3.65 

6 

3.76^ 

3.78 

3.84 

3.90 

3.96 

4.00 

4.02 

4.08 

4.14 

4.20 

426 

7 

4.37y, 

4.41 

4.48 

4.56 

4.62 

6'..33^ 

4.69 

4.76 

4.83 

4.90 

4.97 

8 

6.00 

6.04 

6.12 

6.20 

6.28 

6.36 

6.44 

6.62 

6.60 

668 

9 

5.62»4 

6.67 

6.76 

6.85 

5.94 

6.00 

6.03 

6.12 

6.21 

6.30 

6.39 

10 

6.25 

6.30 

6.40 

6.50 

•6.60 

?S 

6.70 

6.80 

6.90 

7.00 

7.10 

11 

6.87y5 

6.9.) 

7.04 

7.15 

7.26 

7.37 

7.48 

7.69 

7.70 

7.81 

12 

7.B0 

7.56 

7.68 

7.80 

7.92 

8.00 

8.04 

8.16 

8.28 

8.40 

8JS2 

13 

8.12ya 

8.19 

8.32 

8.45 

8.58 

8.66% 

8.71 

8.84 

8.97 

9.10 

9.^ 

14 

8.75 

8.80 

8.96 

9.10 

9.24 

9.33% 

9.38 

9.62 

9.66 

9.80 

9.94 

15 

9.37  yj 

9.45 

0.60 

9.75 

9.90 

10.00 

10.05 

10.20 

10.36 

10.60 

10.65 

16 

10.00 

10.08 

W.24 

10.40 

10.66 

10.66% 

10.72 

10.88 

11.04 

11.20 

11.36 

IT 

10.6214 

10.71 

10.88 

11.05 

11.22 

11.33% 

11.39 

11.66 

11.73 

11.90 

i2.or 

18 

11.25 

11.34 

1L62 

11.70 

11.88 

12.00 

12.06 

12.24 

12.42 

12.60 

12.78 

19 

11.87yj 

11.97 

12.16 

12.35 

12.54 

12.6624 

12.73 

12.92 

13.11 

13.30 

13.49 

20 

12.60 

12.60 

12.80 

13.00 

13.20 

13.33% 

13.40 

13.60 

13.80 

14.00 

14.20 

25 

15.62^ 

15.76 

16.00 

16.25 

16.50 

16.66% 

16.76 

17.00 

17.25 

17.60 

17.75 

SO 

18.76 

18.00 

19.20 

19.50 

19.80 

20.00 

20.10 

20.40 

20.70 

2L00 

21.30 

40 

26.00 

25.2C 

26.60 

26.00 

26.40 

26.66% 
33.33% 

26.80 

27.20 

27.60 

28.00 

28.40 

60 

31.25 

31.60 

32.00 

32.50 

33.00 

33.60 

34.00 

34.60 

36.00 

36.60 

60 

37.60 

37.8C 

38.40 

39.00 

39.60 

40.00 

40.20 

40  80 

41.40 

42.00 

42.00 

70 

43.75 

44.10 

44.80 

45.60 

46.20 

46.66% 
53.33% 

46.90 

47.60 

48.30 

49.00 

49.70 

80 

50iK) 

60.40 

61.20 

62.00 

62.80 

63.00 

64.40 

66.20 

66.00 

66.80 

90 

51.25 

66.70 

67.60 

68.60 

69.40 

60.00 

60.30 

61.20 

62.10 

63.00 

63.90 

100 

62.60 

|63.0( 

64.00 

66.00 

66.00 

ffi.eCVa 

67.00 

68.00 

69.00 

70.00 

7L0O 

Kos 

72  ct. 

73  Ct. 

74  ct. 

76  ct. 
IJSO 

76  Ct 
1.52 

77  ct. 

78  ct. 

79  Ct. 

80  ct 

81  ct 

82  Ct. 

2 

1.44 

T46 

1.48 

1.64 

1.66 

1.68 

1.60 

1.62 

1.64 

8 

2.16 

2.19 

2.22 

2.26 

2.28 

2.31 

2.34 

2.3-/ 

2.40 

2.43 

8.46 

4 

2.68 

2.92 

2.06 

3.00 

3.04 

3.08 

3.12 

3.16 

3.20 

8.24 

3.28 

6 

3.60 

3.66 

3.70 

3.76 

3.80 

3.85 

3.90 

3.95 

4.00 

4.05 

4.10 

« 

4.^ 

4.38 

4.44 

4.60 

4.66 

4.62 

4.68 

4.74 

4.80 

4.86 

4.92 

7 

6.04 

6.11 

6.18 

6.25 

6.32 

6.39 

6.46 

6.63 

6.60 

6.67 

6.74 

8 

6.76 

6.84 

6.92 

6.00 

6.08 

6.16 

6.24 

6.32 

6.40 

6.48 

6.66 

9 

6.48 

6.67 

6.66 

6.76 

6.84 

6.93 

7.02 

7.11 

7.20 

7.29 

7.38 

10 

7.20 

7.30 

7.40 

7.60 

760 

7.70 

8,47 

7.80 

7.90 
8.69 

8.00 

8.10 

8.20 

11 

7.92 

6.03 

8.14 

8.25 

8.30 

8.68 

8.80 

8.91 

9.02 

12 

e.64 

6.76 

8.88 

9.00 

9.12 

9.24 

9.36 

9.48 

9.60 

9.72 

a84 

13 

9.36 

».« 

9.62 

9.75 

9.88 

10.01 

10.14 

10.27 

10.40 

10.63  ■ 

10.66 

14 

10.08 

10.22 

10.36 

10.50 

10.64 

10.78 

10.92 

1L06 

11.20 

11.34 

1L48 

16 

10.80 

10.95 

11.10 

11.25 

11.40 

11.56 

11.70 

11.85 

12.00 

12,15 

12.30 

16 

1L62 

11.68 

11.84 

12.00 

12.16 

12.32 

12.48 

12.64 

12.80 

12.96 

13.12 

17 

12.24 

12.41 

12.68 

12.75 

12.92 

13.09 

13.26 

13.43 

13.60 

13.77 

13.94 

18 

12.96 

13.14 

13.32 

13.50 

13.68 

13.86 

14.04 

14.22 

14.40 

14.58 

14.76 

19 

13.68 

13.87 

14.06 

14.26 

14.44 

14.63 

14.82 

16.01 

15.20 

15.39 

10.58 

20 

14.40 

14.60 

14.80 

15.00 

16.20 

15.40 

15.60 

16.80 

16.00 

16.20 

13  40 

25 

18.00 

18  25 

18.60 

18.76 

19.00 

19.26 

19.60 

19.75 

20.00 

20.25 

20.60 

30 

21.60 

21.90 

22.20 

22  60 

22.80 

23.10 

23.40 

23.70 

24.00 

24.30 

24.60 

40 

28.80 

29.20 

29.60 

30.00 

30,40 

30.80 

31.20 

31.60 

32.00 

.^2.40 

32.80 

60 

36.00 

36  60 

37.00 

37.60 

38.00 

38.60 

39.00 

39.50 

40.00 

40.50 

41.00 
49.i0 

60 

43.20 

43.80 

44.40 

45.00 

fe.60 

46.20 

46.80 

47.40 

48.00 

48.60 

70 

60.40 

51.10 

61.80 

52.50 

53.20 

53.90 

54.60 

55.30 

66.00 

66.70 

57.40 

80 

67.60 

58.40 

59.20 

60.00 

60.80 

61.60 

02.40 

6.3.20 

64.00 

64.80 

66.60 

00 

64.80 

65.70 

66.00 

67.60 

68.40 

69.30 

70.20 

71.10 

72.00 

72.90 

73.80 

,100 

72.00 

73.00 

74.00 

76.00 

76.00 

77.00 

78.00 

7«.00 

80.00 

81.00 

;«2.0» 

MISCELLANEOUS  TABLES 


387 


READY   RECKOJiTEai. 
If  the  Number  reqaired  is  tiot  found  in  the  Tables,  add  two  Numbers  to- 
gether; for  ioBtance,  if  35  bushels  are  required,  add  the  prices  oppoaita 
20  and  5  together ;  and  bo  for  365  bushels — treble  the  value  of  100,  and 
add  60  and  6  together. 


Noe 

83  ct. 

Met. 

86  ct 

86  ct 

87  ct 

87>X!Ct 

88  ct 

89  ct. 

90  ct 

91  ct 

92  cC 

2 

1.66 

1.68 

1.70 

L72 

1.74 

1.75 

1.76 

1.78 

1^ 

L82 

1.84 

3 

2.49 

2.52 

2.55 

2.28 

2.61 

2.62Vi 

2.64 

2.67 

2.70 

2.73 

2.76 

4 

3.32 

3.36 

3.40 

3.44 

3.4J 

!    3.50 

3.52 

3.56 

3.60 

364 

3.68 

5 

4.15 

4.20 

4.25 

4.30 

4.3J 

>    4-37V 

[     4.40 

4.45 

4.60 

4.65 

4.60 

6 

4.98 

6.04 

5.10 

5.16 

6.25 

,    5.25 

5.28 

6.34 

6.40 

6.46 

5.62 

7 

5.81 

6.88 

5.95 

6.02 

6.0S 

)       6.12»;^ 

6.16 

6.23 

6.30 

6.37 

6.44 

8 

6.64 

6.72 

6.»0 

6.88 

6.9( 

5    7.00 

7.01 

7.12 

7.20 

7.28 

7.36 

9 

7.47 

7.66 

7.65 

7.74 

7.K 

i    7.87»/ 

,      7.92 

8.01 

8.10 

a  19 

a28 

10 

8.30 

8.40 

8.60 

8.60 

8.7( 

)    8.75 

8.80 

8.90 

9.00 

9.10 

9.20 

11 

9.13 

9.24 

9.35 

9.46 

9.6- 

r    9.62V 

!      9.68 

9.79 

9.fl0 

10.01 

10.12 

12 

9.96 

10.08 

10.20 

10.32 

10.4^ 

U0.50 

10.66 

10.68 

10.80 

10.92 

11.04 

13 

10.79 

10.92 

11.05 

11.18 

1L3 

L  11. 37  V 

t    11.44 

11.57 

11.70 

11.83 

11.96 

14 

11.62 

11.76 

11.90 

12.04 

12.  If 

i  12.25 

12.32 

12.46 

12.00 

12.74 

12.88 

15 

12.45 

12.60 

12.75 

12.90 

13.0( 

)  13.12V 

8    13.20 

13.36 

13.60 

13.65 

13.80 

16 

13.28 

13.44 

13.60 

13.76 

13.9; 

2  14.00 

14.08 

14.24 

14.40 

14,66 

14.73 

17 

14.11 

14.28 

14.45 

14.62 

14.7 

J  ft.87V 

,    14.96 

16.13 

15.30 

15.47 

16.6* 

18 

14.91 

15.12 

15.30 

15.48 

15.6< 

5  16.75 

16.84 

16.02 

16.20 

16.38 

16.66 

19 

15.77 

15.96 

16.15 

15.34 

16.6. 

3  ia62V 

,    16.72 

16.91 

17.10 

17.29 

17.49 

20 

16.60 

16.80 

17.00 

17.20 

17.* 

)  17.60 

17.60 

17.80 

18.00 

18.20 

ia40 

26 

20.75 

21.00 

21.25 

21.60 

21.7 

5  21.87V 

,    22.00 

22.25 

22.50 

22.75 

23.00 

30 

24.90 

25.20 

25.50 

25.80 

26.1 

)  26.25 

28.40 

26.70 

27.00   27.30  1 

27.60 

40 

33.20 

33.60 

3tOO 

34.40 

34. 8( 

3  35.00 

35.20 

35.60 

36.00 

36.40 

36.80 

60 

41.50 

42.00 

42^ 

43.00 

43. 6( 

3  43.75 

44.00 

44.50 

45.00 

45.60 

46.00 

60 

49.80 

50.40 

51.00 

51.60 

52.2 

3  52.50 

62.80 

53.40 

64.00 

64.60 

66.20 

70 

58.10 

58.80 

59.50 

60.20 

60. » 

3  61.25 

61.60 

62.30 

63.00 

63.70 

64.40 

80 

66.40 

67.20 

68.00 

68.80 

69.61 

3  70.00 

70.40 

74.20 

72.00 

72.80 

73.60 

90 

74.70 

75.00 

76.60 

77.40 

78.a 

3  78.75 

79.20 

80.10 

81.00 

81.90 

82. 8» 

100 

83.00 

84.00 

85.00 

86.00 

87.0 

9  87.50 

1  88^00 

89.00 

90.00 

91.00 

92.00 

Noe 

93  Ct. 

94  ct. 

95  ct 

96  ct 

97  Ct 

98  ct 

99  ct 

»L 

$2. 

»a 

~2 

1.86 

1.88 

L90 

1.92 

1.94 

1.96 

L98 

2. 

4. 

& 

3 

2.79 

2.82 

2.85 

2.88 

2.91 

2M 

2.97 

'  a 

«. 

9. 

4 

3.72 

3.76 

aso 

3.84 

3.88 

3.92 

aee 

.    '4. 

a 

la. 

6 

4.65 

4.70 

4.75 

4.80 

4.85 

4.90 

4.95 

6. 

10. 

IS. 

e 

6.58 

5.64 

5.70 

6.76 

6.82 

6.88 

6.94 

6. 

12. 

la 

7 

6.51 

6.58 

6.66 

6.72 

6.79 

6.86 

6.93 

7. 

14. 

21- 

8 

7.44 

7.62 

7.60 

7.68 

7.76 

7.84 

7.92 

a 

16. 

24. 

9 

,  a37 

8.46 

8.55 

8.64 

8.73 

8.82 

8.91 

9. 

la 

2T. 

10 

9.30 

9.40 

9.50 

9.60 

9.70 

9.80 

9.90 

10. 

20. 

20. 

11 

10.23 

10.34 

10.45 

10.56 

10.67 

10.78 

10.89 

IL 

22. 

33L 

12 

11.16 

11.28 

11  40 

11.52 

11.64 

1176 

11.88 

12. 

24. 

3a 

13 

12.09 

12.22 

12.35 

12.48 

12.61 

12.74 

12.87 

11 

26. 

39. 

14 

13.02 

iai6 

13.30 

13.44 

13.58 

13.72 

13.86 

14. 

28. 

42. 

15 

13.95 

14.10 

14.25 

14.40 

14.56 

14.70 

14.86 

15. 

30. 

4Bi 

16 

14.88 

15.04 

15.20 

15.36 

15.62 

16.68 

15.84 

16. 

32. 

4a 

17 

16.81 

15.98 

16.15 

16.32 

16.49 

16.66 

16.83 

17 

34. 

6L 

18 

16.74 

16.92 

17.10 

17.28 

17.46 

17.64 

17.82 

la 

34 

64. 

19 

17  67 

17.86 

18.05 

18.24 

ia43 

18.62 

18.81 

19. 

38. 

67. 

20 

18.60 

18.80 

19.00 

19.20 

19.40 

19.60 

19.80 

20. 

40. 

60. 

25 

23.25 

23.50 

23.75 

24JK) 

24.25 

24.50 

24.75 

26. 

60. 

75. 

30 

27.90 

29.20 

28. W 

28;80 

29.10 

29.40 

29.70 

3a 

60. 

90. 

40 

37.20 

37.60 

38.00 

38.40 

38.80 

39.20 

39.00 

40. 

80. 

120. 

60 

46.50 

4-<.00 

47.50 

48.00 

48.50 

49.00 

49.50 

60. 

100. 

160. 

60 

55.80 

56  40 

67.00 

57.60 

58.20 

58.80 

59.40 

60. 

120. 

18a 

70 

65.10 

65.80 

66  50 

67.20 

67.90 

68.60 

69.30 

70 

142. 

2ia 

80 

74.40 

75.20 

76.00 

76.80 

77.60 

7S.40 

79.20 

80. 

160. 

240. 

90  1  83.70 

84.60 

85  50 

86.40 

87.30 

88.20 

89.10 

90. 

180. 

«a 

100 

193.00 

91C 

10 

96 

00 

» 

6.00  1 

97.00  I 

s&oo 

99.00 

loa 

200. 

3Q0. 

388  SAFE   METHODS 

Table  Showing  the  Value  of  Coal  and  Straw 


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1.63 

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2.10 

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2.80 

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3.50 

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1.31 

1.50 

1.69 

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3.25 

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2.63 

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3.38 

3.75 

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1.40 

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2.40 

3.60 

2.80 

3.20 

3.60 

4.00 

4.80 

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1.49 

1.70 

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2.13 

2.34 

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2.,S5 

3.76 

2.98 

3.40 

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5.10 

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1.58 

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2.70:2.93 

3.15 

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15  40 

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18.20  19.60 

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10.16 

11.60 

13.05 

14.5C 

15.95 

17  40 

29O0 

18.85  20.30 

21.76  23.20 

24.65 

28.10 

10  50liaOOll3.50il6.00'16.B0118.00l  3OOOll9.50l21.00l  22.50' 24.001 25.501 27.00 1| 

MISCELLANEOUS  TABLES  389 


COAL 

As  reported  by  the  Geological  Survey,  there  are  4,076,206,- 
000,000  tons  of  coal  in  the  United  States  within  3,000  feet  of 
the  surface.  Down  to  1919,  about  12,134,000,000  tons  had  been 
mined.  This  quantity  is  equal  to  about  one-half  of  one  per 
cent  of  the  total  deposits  as  they  were  100  years  ago,  when 
coal  mining  began.  At  this  rate  the  supply  would  last  about 
one  hundred  million  years. 

Weight  of  Goal  in  Bin  or  Box 

A  solid  cubic  foot  of  anthracite  coal  weighs  about  93  pounds. 
"When  broken  for  use  it  weighs  about  54  pounds.  Bituminous 
coal  when  broken  up  for  use  weighs  about  50  pounds. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  height  in  feet,  and 
again  by  the  breadth  in  feet,  and  this  result  by  54  for  anthracite 
coal,  or  by  50  for  bituminous  coal,  and  the  result  will  equal  the 
number  of  pounds. 

To  find  the  number  of  tons,  divide  by  2,000. 

To  Find  How  Many  Tons  of  Goal  a  Bin  Will  Hold 
iJttfe. —Multiply  the  length,  breadth  and  height  (all  in  feet) 
together,  and  this  product  by  56  for  anthracite,  or  by  50  for 
bitiuninous  coaL     Divide  by  2,000  and  the  result  will  be  the 
number  of  tons. 

Example. — How  many  tons  of  bituminous  coal  will  a  bin  hold 
•which  is  12  feet  long,  10  feet  wide  and  6  feet  high? 

12X10X6=720  (cubic  feet)  X  50=36, 000  pounds. 
86,000-5-2,000=18  tons. 

To  Find  the  Amount  of  Charcoal  a  Bin  Will  Hold 

A  bushel  of  charcoal  contains  2,571  cubic  inches,  and  a  bushel 
of  bitmninous  coal  2,688  cubic  inches. 

EitZe.— Multiply  the  length,  breadth  and  height  (all  in  inches) 
together,  and  divide  by  the  number  of  cubic  inches  in  a  bushel. 

Example. — How  many  bushels  of  charcoal  will  a  bin  hold 
which  is  150  inches  long,  48  inches  wide  and  50  inches  deep? 
150  X  48  X  50  =  360,000  cubic  inches  in  bin. 
360,000  -7-  2,571  =  140  bushels. 

Anthracite  coal,  when  broken  for  the  market,  weighs  about  54 
pounds  to  the  cubic  foot.  Bituminous  coal  weighs  about  50 
pounds. 


390  SAFE   METHODS 

BUYING  AND  SELLING  BY  THE  TON 

To  find  the  cost  of  any  number  of  pounds  at  so  much  per  ton. 

Rule. — Remove  the  decimal  point  three  places  to  the  left,  and 
multiply  by  one-half  the  price  per  ton. 

^tcampZe.— What  will  1799  pounds  of  hay  cost  at  $10  per  ton? 
1799  pounds  with  the  point  removed  equals  1.799,  and  1.799  X  5, 
one-half  the  price  per  ton,  is  $8,995,  the  answer. 

GROCER'S  RETAIL  RT7LE 

As  many  articles,  such  as  tea,  sugar,  coffee,  etc.,  are  sold  at  a 
given  nvunber  of  pounds  per  dollar,  the  following  method  will 
show  the  number  of  pounds  that  can  be  purchased  for  any  num- 
ber of  cents. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  number  of  pounds  to  be  sold  for  one  dol- 
lar by  the  munber  of  cents'  worth  desired. 

Example. — When  sugar  is  sold  at  19  pounds  for  a  dollar,  how 
many  pounds  can  be  purchased  for  60  cents? 

Solution.— 19  X  60  =  11.40  or  llf  pounds. 

Grocer's  Table 

12  things  make 1  dozen. 

12  dozen  make 1  gross. 

12  gross  make 1  great  gross. 

20  things  make 1  score. 

196  pounds  of  flour  make 1  barrel. 

200  pounds  of  beef  or  pork  make 1  barrel. 

135  poimds  of  potatoes  or  apples  make 1  barrel 

280  pounds  of  salt  make 1  barrel. 

400  pounds  of  molasses  make 1  barrel 

200  pounds  of  sugar  make 1  barrel. 

240  pounds  of  lime  make 1  barrel, 

100  pounds  of  fish  make 1  quintal 

100  pounds  of  nails  make 1  keg. 

50  pounds  of  soap  make 1  box. 

20  pounds  of  raisins  make 1  box. 

2  pounds  of  cigars  make 1  box. 

20  pounds  of  soda  make 1  box. 

40  pounds  of  cheese  make 1  box. 

25  pounds  of  tobacco  make 1  box. 

62  pounds  of  tea  make 1  box. 

60  pounds  of  saleratus  make 1  box. 

25  pounds  of  chocolate  make 1  box. 

56  pounds  of  butter  make 1  firkin. 

5  pounds  of  spices  make .1  can. 

1100  pounds  of  rice  make 1  tierce. 

2150.  42  cubic  inches  make A  bushel 

331  cubic  inches  make 1  gallon. 


MISCELLANEOUS   TABLES  391 

Rapid  Methods  for  Maxking  Goods 

Those  who  buy  largely  can  best  appreciate  the  value  of  a  quick 
and  rapid  method  for  calculating  the  per  cent  of  profits  desired. 

If  you  wish  to  calculate  the  per  cent  on  a  single  article,  the 
following  table  will  be  an  excellent  method.  If  you  desire  to  sell 
an  article  at  any  of  the  following  per  cents,  say  the  article  costs 
50  cents,  and  you  wish  to  make 

10  per  cent,  divide  by  10,  multiply  by  11  =  55. 
20  per  cent,  divide  by  10,  multiply  by  12  =  60. 
25  per  cent,  multiply  by  10,  divide  by  8  =  62J. 
30  per  cent,  divide  by  10,  multiply  by  13  =  65, 
33^  per  cent,  add  J  of  itself  =  66. 
33 1  per  cent,  divide  by  3,  multiply  by  4  =  66§. 
50  per  cent,  add  ^  of  itself  =  75. 

How  to  Mark  Goods 
In  many  mercantile  houses  it  is  customary  to  use  a  private 
mark,  which  is  placed  on  the  goods  to  denote  tbeir  cost  and  sell' 
ing  price.  Various  devices  are  used,  A  word  or  phrase  contain- 
ing ten  different  letters  is  the  most  common  used.  These  letters 
are  used  instead  of  figures,  thus: 

Cash  Profit 
1234  567890 

If  the  cost  and  selling  price  of  an  article  were  respectively 
$165  and  $210,  the  mark  would  be: 

o  r  p 

act 

An  extra  letter  called  a  "Repeater"  is  used  to  prevent  the 
repetition  of  any  figure.  Instead  of  writing  255,  which  accord- 
ing to  the  above  key  would  be  a  p  p,  the  repeater  z  or  any  other 
letter  not  in  the  key-word  may  be  used,  which  would  make  255 
read  a  p  z. 

The  following  are  a  few  of  the  words  that  can  be  used : 

Republican.        Regulation.        Quick  Sales.        Importance. 
Charleston.         Cumberland.      Vanderbilt.  Misfortune. 

Instead  of  letters,  characters  similar  to  the  following  are  fre- 
quently used: 

j>>2Gx    <HOn: 

1984       56         7890 
o     h     p 


392 


SAFE   METHODS 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


WEIGHTS 
Troy 

24  grains  (gr.)  1  pennjrw'ht, — dwt. 
20  dwts 1  ounce, — oz. 

3.2  grains,  1  carat,  diamond  weight. 

By  this  weight  gold,  silver,  and 
Jewels  only  are  weighed.  The  ounce 
and  pound  in  this  are  the  same  as  in 
apothecaries'  v/eight. 

Apothecaries' 

20  grains 1  scruple. 

3  scruples 1  draclim. 

8  drs 1  ounce. 

12  ozs 1  pound. 

Avoirdupois 

16  drams  (drs.)  1  ounce, — oz. 
16  ozs 1  pound, — lb. 

25  lbs 1  quarter, — qr.* 

4  Quarters. 100  weight, — cwt. 

20  cwts 1  ton. 

*  Formerly  28  lbs.  were  allowed  to 
the  quarter,  but  the  practice  is  now 
nearly  out  of  use  excepting  in  the 
coal  mines  in  Pennsylvania,  the  East- 
em  fish  markets,  and  the  U.  S.  Cus- 
tom House. 

Grains  are  the  same  in  each  of  the 
above  weights. 
5,760  grains,  apothecaries'  or  troy 

weight 1  lb. 

7,000  grains  avoirdupois  weight  1  lb. 
Therefore,  144  lbs.  avoir.  equaJ 
175  lbs.  apoth.  or  troy. 

Of  Liquids 

1  gallon  oil  weighs  9.32  lbs.  avoir. 
1  gallon  distilled  water,  8.35  lbs. 
I  gallon  sea  water,  10.32  lbs. 
1  gallon  proof  spirits.  9.08  lbs. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

IRON,  L^AD    ETC. 

14  lbs 1  stone. 

21i  stones. 1  pig. 

8  pigs 1  lotber. 

BEEF,  PORK,  ETC. 

200  lbs 1  barrel. 

196  lbs.  (flour). .... 1  barrel. 

100  lbs.  (fish) 1  quintal 


MEASX7RES 

Dry 

2  pints 1  quart,— qt 

8  quarts 1  peck, — pk 

4  pecks 1  bushel, — bu 

36  bushels 1  chaldron. 

1  United    States    standard    (Win-» 

Chester)  bushel — 18i  inches 
in  diameter,  and  8  inches 
deep — contains  2150.42  cubic 
inches. 

Liquid  or  Wine 

4  gills 1  pint, — pt. 

2  pints 1  quart, — qt. 

4  quarts 1  gallon, — gal. 

3H  gallons 1  barrel, — bbl. 

I.  2  carrels 1  hogshead, — hhd 

U.    S.   st-andard 

gallon 231  cubic  inches, 

Beer  gallon.  .  . .  231  cubic  inches. 
31  beer  gallons.  .   1  bbl. 

Time 

60  seconds 1  minute. 

60  minutes 1  hour. 

24  hours 1  day. 

7  days 1  week. 

4  weeks 1  lunar  montlL 

''3l'K:"fl<^alendar  month. 

30  days 1  month  (in  com- 
puting interest). 
52  weeks   and    1   day . . . .  1 1  „oa» 

12  calendar  months S '■  ^*^^' 

365  days,  5  hours,  48  minutes,  and 
49  seconds 1  solar  yea*. 

Circular 

60  seconds 1  minute. 

60  minutes 1  degree. 

30  degrees I  sign. 

90  degrees 1  quEulrant. 

4  quadrants j,   *  -,>pip 

360  degrees f   l  circle 

A  convenient  method  of  finding 
the  difference  in  time  between  two 
places,  is  to  notice  their  distance 
apart,  in  degrees  or  longitude,  and 
allow  4  minutes  to  each  degree,  based 
on  the  following 

calculation; 

1440  minutes 1  day. 

or  revolution  of  the  earth. 
1  revolution  of  the  earth  is 
360  degrees;    therefore, 

1  degree 4  minute*. 


WEIGHTS   AND    MEASURES 


393 


MEASURES 

Long 

DISTANCE 

3  barleycorns 1  inch, — in. 

12  in 1  foot,— ft. 

3  ft 1  yard,— yd. 

6i  yds. 1  rod.— rd. 

40  rds 1  furlong, — fur. 

8  fur 1  mile. 

OLOTH 

2i  Inches. 1  nail. 

4  nails 1  quarter. 

4  quarters 1  yard. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

3  Inches. 1  palm. 

4  inches 1  hand. 

6    inches 1  span. 

18    inches. 1  cubit. 

21.8inches,3 1  Bible  cubit. 

2i  feet 1  military  pace. 

3   feet 1  common  pace. 

Squaxe 

144  sq.  ins 1  sq.  foot. 

9  sq.  ft 1  sq.  yard. 

30J  sq.  yds 1  sq.  rod. 

40  sq.  rods 1  rood. 

4  roods 1  acre. 

Surveyors' 

7.92  inches 1  link. 

25  links 1  rod. 

4  rods 1  chain. 

10  square  chains  .   )  ••  „„_. 
160  square  rods  ...  S 

640  acres 1  square  mile. 

Cubic 

1728  cubic  inches . .   1  cubic  foot. 
27  cubic  feet.  ...   1  cubic  yard. 
128  cubic  feet.  ...   1  cord  (wood) 
40  cubic  feet.  ...   1  ton  (shipping) 
2150.42  cubic  in.  . .   1  standard  bu. 
231  cubic  in 1  standard  gal. 

1  cuDic  ft.,  four-fifths  of  a  bushel. 
To  find  the  number  of  bushels  in 
a  bm  of  any  dimensions  find  the 
number  of  cubic  feet  by  multi- 
plying the  three  dimensions  of  the 
bin  in  feet ;  deduct  one-fifth,  and  the 
«esult  is  the  number  of  bushels. 


PAPER 

The  Sizes  in  Inches 

Flat  Writing-Paper 

Flat  Letter 10  x  If 

Flat  C;ap. 14  X  17 

Double  Flat  Letter 16x20 

Flat  Foolscap 13  x  16 

Crown 15x  19 

Folio  Post 17  X  22 

Demy 16x21 

Medium 18  x  23 

Check  Folio 17  x  24 

Bank  Folio 19x24 

Double  Cap 17  x  28 

Royal 19  X  24 

Super  Royal 20  x  28 

Imperial 23  x  31 

Of  the  different  sizes  there  are  also 
several  different  weights  of  each  size. 
as  Demy  20,  22,  24,  26,  and  28  lbs. 
per  ream. 

Stationers  usually  rule,  cut  and 
fold  the  sizes  required  to  make  the 
various  styles  of  letter  and  note  pa- 
pers— a  flat  sheet  making  one,  two 
or  four  sheets  of  letter  or  note  paper- 
Ledger  Papers 

Flat  Cap 14X17 

Oown 15  X  19 

Folio 17  X  22 

Demy 16  X  2i 

Medium 18  x  23 

Royal 19  X  24 

Super  Royal 20  x  28 

Imperial 23  X  31 

linephant 23  X  28 

Book  Papers 

The  usual  sizes  of  these,  from  the 
different  American  and  English  man- 
ufacturers, differ  but  little  from  the 
above,  except  to  fill  special  orders. 

Paper  Counts 

24  sheets 1  quira. 

lOi  quires 1  tokea. 

20  quires 1  ream. 

2  reams 1  bundle. 

5  bundles 1  bale. 

Units  of  Anything 

12  pieces 1  dozen. 

12  dozen. .  1  gross. 

12  gross 1  great  groa»j 

20  units. 1  score. 


804 


SAFE    METHODS 


THE  METRIC  SYSTEM 


Measures  of  Length 


tietric  Denominations  and  Values. 

Myriameter  =  10,000  meters 
Kilometer      =    1,000  meters 


Hectometer 

Dekameter 

Meter 

Decimeter 

Centimeter 

Millimeter 


100  meters 

10  meters 

1  meter 

.1  of  a  meter 

.01  of  a  meter 

.001  of  a  meter 


Equivalents  in  Denominations  in  Ute. 

=  6.2137  miles. 

=  0.62.137  m.  or  3,280  feet  10  In. 

=  328  feet  and  1  inch. 

=  393.7  inches. 

=  39.37  inches. 

=  3.937  inches. 

=  0.3937  inch. 

=  0.0394  inch. 


Measures  of  Surface 

Metric  Denominations  and  Values.         Equivalents  in  Denominaiions  in  Use. 

Hectare   =  10,000  square  meters  =  2.471  acres. 

Are  =       100  square  meters  =  119.6  square  yards. 

Centare    =  1  square  meter   =  1,550  square  mches. 

Measures  of  Capacity 
Metric  Denominations  and  Values.         Equivalents  in  Denominations  in  Vae. 

Names.  No.Liters.     Cubic  Measure.         Dry  Measure.  Wine  Measure. 

Kiloliter     =  1,000  =  1  cubic  meter      =  1.308  cubic  yards  =264.17  galls. 

Hectoliter  =     100  =  .01  cubic  meter  =  2  bush.  3.35  pks.  =  26.417  galls. 

Decaliter   =       10  =  10  c.  decimeters  =  9.08  quarts.  =  2  6417  galls. 

Liter  =  1  =    1  c.  decimeter    =  0.908  quarts.  =  1.0567  quarts 

Deciliter    =        .1=  .1  c.  decimeter   =  6.1022  cubic  inch.  =  0.845  gills. 

Centiliter  =      .01  =  10  c.  centimeters=  0.6102  cubic  inch.  =  0.338  fluid  oz. 

Milliliter    =    .001  =    1  c.  centimeter  =  0.061  cubic  inch.  =  0.27  fluid  dr. 

Weights 
Metric  Denominations  and  Values.         Equivalents  in  Denominations  in  Use 

Weight  of  what  quan-     Avoirdupois 
tity  of  water  at  max-  Weight. 

Names.  No.  Grams,    imum  density. 

Millier  or  tonneau  =  1,000,000  =  1  cubic  meter  =  2204.6  pounds. 

Quintal  =  100,000  =  1  hectoliter  =  220.46  pounds. 

Myriagram  =  10,000  =  10  liters  =  22.046  pounds. 

Kilogram  or  kilo  =  1,000  =  1  liter  =  2,2046  pounds. 

Hectogram  =  100  =  1  deciliter  =  3.5274  ounces. 

Dekagram  =  10  =  10  c.  centimet.  =  0.3527  ounces. 

Gram  =  1   =  1  c.  centimet.  =  15.432  grains. 

Decigram  =  .1  =  .1  c.  centimet.  =  1.5432  grains. 

Centigram  =  .01  =  10  c.  millimet.  =  0.1543  grain. 

Milligram  =  .001   =  1  c.  millimet.  =  0.0154  graio- 

Tahle  for  Finding  the  Contents  of  Square  Tanks 

A  tank  five  feet  by  five  feet  holds 6  barrels. 

A  tank  six  feet  by  six  feet  holds 8i 

A  tank  seven  feet  by  seven  feet  holds Hi      " 

A  tank  eight  feet  by  eight  feet  holds 15i 

A  tank  nine  feet  by  nine  feet  holds I9i      " 

A  tank  ten  feet  by  ten  feet  holds 23| 

The  above  table  is  for  one  foot  of  depth  only. 

To  find  the  contents  of  a  trough,  measure  its  depth  in  feet  and 

(nultiply  it  by  the  contents  of  one  foot  in  depth. 


WEIGHTS    AND    MEASURES  395 

A  Table  for  Circulax  Tanks  One  Foot  in  Depth 

Five  feet  in  diameter  holds 4ibarre!a 

8ix  feet  in  diameter  holds 6f      " 

Seven  feet  m  diameter  holds 9        '* 

Eight  feet  in  diameter  holds 12        " 

Nine  feet  in  diameter  holds 15        " 

Ten  feet  in  diameter  holds 19}-      " 

N  B. — To  find  the  contents  of  a  tank  by  the  table,  multiply  the  contents 
of  one  foot  in  depth  by  the  number  of  feet  deep. 

To  Measure  Wells  or  Cisterns 
Sqviare  the  diameter  in  inches,  multiply  by  the  decimal  .7854, 
eind  the  product  by  the  depth  of  the  well  or  cistern  in  inches. 
The  result  will  be  tlie  full  capacity  of  the  well  in  cubic  inches. 
If  the  actual  quantity  of  water  be  sought,  multiply  by  the  depth 
of  water  in  inches,  and  in  either  case  divide  by  231  for  the  num- 
ber of  gallons. 

Circular  Cisterns,  One  Foot  in  Depth,  Computed 

DIAMETER  CONTENTS  DIAMETER  CONTENTS 

IN  INCHES  IN  GALLONS         IN  INCHES  IN  GALLONS 

12 5875        18 13.218 

15 9. 18         20 16.32 

16 10.44         21 18 

For  any  greater  depth  than  one  foot,  multiply  by  the  number 
of  feet  and  fractions  of  a  foot.  As  the  areas  of  circles,  and 
consequently  the  capacities  of  circular  cisterns  of  equal  depth, 
vary  as  the  squares  of  their  diameters,  it  is  unnecessary  to 
multiply  calculations.  For  instance,  should  it  be  required  to 
find  the  contents  of  a  circular  cistern  of  2  feet  in  diameter,  say 
as  the  square  of  1:  to  the  square  of  2:5.875,  that  is,  as  1:4::5.875, 
and  5.875  X  4  =  23.5  =  the  contents  of  such  cistern.  This 
formula  will  apply  to  any  diameter;  for  3  feet,  multiply  by  9; 
for  4  feet,  multiply  by  16,  etc. ;  for  5,  by  25. 

Cisterns  and  Casks 

To  Measure  the  Contents  of  Cisterns.— To  ascertain  the  con- 
tents of  circular  cisterns,  multiply  the  square  of  the  diameter  in 
feet  by  the  depth  in  feet,  and  that  product  by  4''o''^o  ^'^^  the  con- 
tents in  hogsheads,  or  by  j^^  for  barrels,  by  Y  for  the  contents 
in  gallons. 

Square  Cisterns.— Multiply  the  width  in  feet  by  the  length  in 
feet,  and  that  by  the  depth  in  feet,  and  that  again  by  ^Vo  f<" 
hogsheads,  or  ^  for  barrels,  or  7^*f{j  for  gallons. 

Another  and  simpler  method  is  to  multiply  together  the 
length,  width,  and  depth,  in  inches,  and  divide  by  231,  which 
will  give  the  contents  in  gallons. 


396  SAFE  METHODS 

Cask  Gauging. — To  measure  the  contents  of  cylindrical  vessels 
multiply  the  square  of  the  diameter  in  inches  by  34,  and  that  by 
the  height  in  inches,  and  point  off  four  figures.  The  result  will 
be  the  contents  or  capacity,  in  wine  gallons  and  decimals  of  a 
gallon.  For  beer  gallons  multiply  by  28  instead  of  34.  If  the 
cask  be  only  partially  filled,  multiply  by  the  height  of  the  liquid 
instead  of  the  height  of  the  cask,  to  ascertain  actual  contents. 
In  ascertaining  the  diameter,  measure  the  diameter  at  the  bung 
and  at  the  head,  add  together,  and  divide  by  2  for  the  mean 
diameter. 

TANK  AND  BARREL  MEASUl'^'^MENT 
To  Find  the  Contents  of  a  Roimd  Tank 

Multiply  the  square  of  the  diameter  in  feet  by  the  depth  in 
feet,  and  multiply  this  result  by  6,  and  you  have  the  approximate 
contents  of  the  tank  in  gallons.  (For  exact  results  multiply  the 
product  by  5|,  instead  of  6.) 

Example. — How  many  gallons  will  a  tank  hold  7  feet  in 
diameter  and  5  feet  deep? 

Solution.  —7  X  7  X  5=245. 

245X6=1,470  gallons. 

Note. — If  the  tank  is  largerat  the  bottom  than  at  the  top,  find  the  average 
diameter  by  measuring  the  middle  part  of  the  tank  halfway  between  the  top 
and  bottom. 

To  Find  the  Capacity  of  Barrels 


Rule. — Add  the  head  and  bung  diameters  in  inches,  and  divide 
by  two  for  the  mean  diameter.  Then  multiply  the  average 
diameter  by  itself  in  inches,  and  again  by  the  height  in  inches, 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  397 

then  multiply  by  8,  cut  off  the  right-hand  figure,  and  you  have 
the  number  of  cubic  inches.  Divide  by  277^  and  you  have 
the  number  of  gallons. 

To  find  the  bushels  divide  by  2150.4. 

Example. — How  many  gallons  in  a  barrel,  whose  middle  or 
bung  diameter  is  20  inches,  and  end  diameter  is  16  inches,  and 
30  inches  in  height? 

Solution. — 20+16-^2=18   average  diameter 

18X18X30x8=7776. 

7776-^277%=28  52-1109  gallons. 

Note — A  barrel  is  estimated  usually  at  31%  gallons.  The  hogshead 
at  63  gallons. 

To  Find  the  Contents  of  a  Watering-Trough. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  height  in  feet  by  the  length  in  feet, 
and  the  product  by  the  width  in  feet,  and  divide  the  result  by 
4,  and  you  will  have  the  contents  in  barrels  of  31%  gallons 
each. 

Example. — What  are  the  contents  of  a  watering-trough  10 
feet  long,  6  feet  wide,  and  4  feet  deep? 

Solution.— iX10X6=240^i=eO  barrels. 

Note — For  exact  results  multiply  the  length  in  inches  by  the.  height 
In  inches,  by  the  width  in  inches,  and  divide  the  result  by  231,  and 
you  will  have  the  contents  in  gallons. 

Rule  for  Measuring  Hay. 

Good  timothy  hay  in  the  mow  when  thoroughly  settled  takes 
about  350  cu.  ft.  to  make  a  ton.  Partly  settled  or  new  hay 
takes  from  400  to  500  cu.  ft.,  while  common  meadow  hay  takes 
nearly  twice  the  number  of  cu.  ft.  to  a  ton.  Hay  stacked 
takes  probably  100  cu.  ft.  more  than  hay  in  the  mow. 

Example. — How  many  tons  in  a  mow  25  ft.  long  20  ft.  wide 
and  14  ft.  high? 

25X20X14=7000   cu.   ft.     7000-=-350=20  tons. 

HoMT  to  Estim&te   the  Number  of  Tons  in  a  Stack, 

Rule. — Multiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  tmdth  in  feet,  and  this  by 
me-half  the  height,  and  divide  the  product  by  300. 

Example:  How  many  tons  of  hay  in  a  stack  20  feet  long,  12 
feet  high,  and  15  feet  wide? 

Solution:      20X6X15-^300=6   tons.     Ans. 

Ho'w  to  Elstimate  the  Contents  of  a  Round  Stack. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  square  of  the  distance  around  the  stack  in  yards 
by  4  ti7nes  the  height  in  yards,  and  paint  off  two  places  from  the  right, 
and  this  will  be  the  number  of  cubic  yards  in  the  stack,  which  divided 
by  20  will  equal  the  number  of  tons. 

Example:  How  many  tons  of  hay  in  a  stack,  distance  around 
the  bulge,  25  yards,  and  height,  9  yards? 

Solution:  25X25=625,  then  625X36=22,500,  pointing  off 
two  places  makes  225,  then  225-^20=:lll4  tons.     Ans. 

*Some  authorities  allow  only  350  cubic  feet  for  a  ton  of  timothy  hay 
when  thoroughly  settled.  Others  allow  343  to  420.  For  millet  allow 
only  216  cubic  feet  to  a  ton.  The  fact  is,  hay  in  stack  or  mow  can 
only  be  approximately  ascertained  by  measurement. 


398 


SAFE   METHODS 


BUILDERS'  TABLES 

BUILDERS'  ESTIMATING  TABLES 

Quantity  of  material    in  every  four  lineal  feet  of  exterior  wall  in  a  balloon 
frame  building,  height  of  wall  being  given; 


Length 
of 

Size 
of  Sills. 

Size  of  Studs.Braces, 
etc. 

Quantity 
of  Rough 

Quantity 
of  inch 

Siding 

Ul 

Tar 
Paper  in 

Studs. 

Lumber. 

Boarding 

sup.  ft. 

sup.  feet. 

8 

6x    6 

2x4  Studs 

42 

36 

40 

74 

10 

6x    8 

4x4  Braces 

62 

44 

60 

80 

12 

6x  10 

4x4  Plates 

62 

53 

60 

96 

14 

6x  10 

1x6  Ribbons 

69 

62 

70 

112 

16 

8x  10 

82 

71 

80 

128 

18 

8x  10 

Studs 

87 

80 

90 

144 

20 

8x  12 

16  inches  from 

98 

88 

100 

160 

22 

9x  12 

centers 

109 

97 

110 

176 

24 

10  X  12 

119 

106 

120 

192 

18 

10  X  10 

2x6  Studs 

102 

80 

90 

144 

20 

10  X  12 

6x6  Braces 

137 

88 

100 

160 

22 

10  X  12 

4x6  Plates 

145 

97 

110 

176 

24 

12  X  12 

1x6  Ribbons 

162 

106 

120 

192 

26 

lOx  14 

169 

114 

130 

208 

28 

lOx  14 

Studs  16-inch  centers 

176 

123 

140 

224 

30 

12  X  14 

198 

132 

150 

240 

Amount  of  lumber  in  rafters,  collar-piece  and  boarding,  and  number  of 
shingles  to  four  lineal  feet  of  roof,  measured  from  eave  to  eave  over  ridge. 
Rafters  16-inch  centers: 


■Widtliof 

Size  of 
Rafters. 

Size 

Quantity  of  Lumber  in 

Quantity  of 

No.  of 

Shingles. 

House, 
Feet. 

of  Collar- 
piece. 

Rafter  and  (dollar- 
piece. 

Boarding. 
P^eet. 

14 

2x4 

2x4 

39 

91 

560 

16 

2x4 

2x4 

45 

70 

640 

18 

2x4 

2x4 

50 

79 

720 

20 

2x4 

2x4 

56 

88 

800 

22 

2x4 

2x4 

62 

97 

880 

24 

2x4 

2x4 

67 

106 

960 

20 

2x6 

2x6 

84 

88 

800 

22 

2x6 

2x6 

92 

97 

880 

24 

2x6 

2x6 

101 

106 

960 

26 

2x6 

2x6 

109 

115 

1040 

28 

2x6 

2x6 

117 

124 

1120 

30 

2x6 

2x6 

126 

133 

1200 

Comparative  Strength  of  Timber  and  Cast  Iron 

Table  showing  the  transverse  strength  of  timber  and  of  cast  iron  one  foot 
long  and  one  inch  square. 


Material. 

Breaking 
Weight,  lbs. 

Wei 
with 

ght  Borne 
Safety,  lbs. 

Ash,  seasoned ..... 

175 
170 
270 
240 
135 
150 
5,781 

105 

Chestnut,  seasoned 

Hickory,  seasoned , 

115 
200 

White  Oak,  seasoned. ..... , 

196 

White  Pine,  seasoned.  .  ,  ,.,...... 

Yellow  Pine,  seasoned 

9.^ 
100 

Iron  (cast) 

4,000 

BXnLDEBS'    TABLES 


399 


BUILD15RS'  TABLE  OF  BRICK  REQUIRED 

(AUowing  7  Brick  to  Superficial  Square  Foot.) 


Square  feet 
of  wall 
surface. 


Number  of  Bricks  required  in  a 

woU     1     Wail     I    "WaU     I     Wall     I     Wall 

,1- "H.4^.s.4».s.-'ns.'' 


45 
90 

135 

180 

225 

270 

315 

360 

405 

450 

900 
1,360 
1,800 
2,250 
2,700 
3.15C 
3,600 
4,050 
4,500 
9.000 
13,500 
18,000 
22,600 
27,000 
31,500 
36,000 
40,500 
45,000, 


Facts  for  Builders 

100  square  feet  of  surface,  4  inches  to  weather,  requires  ahout 
1,000  shingles. 

1,000  shingles  require  of  shingle  nails  about  5  pounds. 

70  yards  of  surface  will  require  about  1.000  laths. 

100  square  yards  of  plaster  will  require  16  bu.  sand.  8  bu. 
lime,  1  bu.  hair. 

1  000  laths  will  require  of  lath  nails  U  pounds. 

100  cubic  feet  of  wall  will  require  1  cord  stone,  3  bu.  lime  and 
'i  cubic  yard  of  sand. 

One-fifth  more  siding  is  required  than  surface  measure.  t« 

allow  for  lap 


400 


SAFE  METHODS 


FACTS  FOR  BUILDERS 


FACTS    CONCERNING    STONEWORK,    BRICKWORK    AND 
PLASTERING 

Stonework 

1.  A  cord  of  stone,  three  bushels  of  lime  and  a  cubic  yard  of 
sand  will  make  100  cubic  feet  of  wall. 

2.  One  cubic  foot  of  stonework  weighs  from  130  to  175  pounds. 


Brickwork 

3.  Five  courses  of  brick  will  make  one  foot  in  height  on  a 
chimney. 

4.  One  cubic  foot  of  brickwork,  with  common  mortar,  weighs 
from  100  to  110  pounds. 

5.  A  cask  of  lime  will  make  mortar  suflScient  for  1,000  bricks. 

For  Plastering 

6.  Six  btishels  of  lime,  40  cubic  feet  of  sand*  and  H  bushels 
of  hair  will  plaster  100  square  yards  with  two  coats  of  mortar. 

*N.  B.    There  are  about  li  cubic  f«et  in  a  bushel. 


FACTS    FOR   BUILDERS  401 

Common  Brick  in  a  Wall  or  Building 

A  brick  is  8  inches  long,  4  inches  wide  and  2  inches  thick,  and 
contains  64  cubic  inches.  Twenty-seven  brick  make  one  cubic 
foot  of  wall,  without  mortar,  and  it  takes  from  20  to  23  bricks, 
according  to  the  amount  of  mortar  used,  to  make  a  cubic  foot 
of  wall  with  mortar. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  length  of  the  wall  in  feet  by  the  height 
in  feet,  and  that  by  its  thickness  in  feet,  and  then  multiply 
that  result  by  20,  and  the  product  will  be  the  number  of  bricks 
in  the  wall. 

N.  B. — For  a  wall  8  inches  thick  multiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  height 
in  feet  and  that  result  by  16,  and  the  product  will  equal  the  number  of  bricks. 

When  doors  and  windows  occur  in  the  wall  multiply  their  neight,  width 
and  thickness  together  and  deduct  the  amount  from  the  solid  contents  of  the 
wall  before  multiplying  by  20  or  15,  as  the  case  may  be. 


Short  Method  of  Estimating  Stonework 

Rule. — Multiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  height  in  feet,  and 

that  by  the  thickness  in  feet,  and  divide  this  result  by  22   and 

the  quotient  will  be  the  number  of  perches  of  stone  in  the  wall. 

N.  B. — In  a  perch  of  stone  there  are  24|  cubic  feet,  but  2J  cubic  feet  are 
generally  allowecl  for  the  mortar  and  filling. 

How  to  Find  the  Number  of  Cord  Stone  to  Build  Cellar  and 
Bam  Walls 

Ride. — Multiply  the  length,  height  and  thickness  together  in 

feet,  and  divide  the  result  by  100. 

N.  B. — There  are  128  cubic  feet  in  a  cord,  but  the  mortar  and  sand  make. 
it  necessary  to  use  but  100  cubic  feet  of  stone. 

The  Niimber  of  Bricks  Required  for  a  Building 

The  average  brick  is  eight  inches  long,  four  inches  wide  and 
two  inches  thick,  or  64  (8x4x2)  cubic  inches;  1,728  cubic  inches 
make  one  cubic  foot,  and  27  bricks  make  1,728  (64x27)  cubic 
inches.  In  laying  bricks  ^  is  allowed  for  mortar,  or  4^  out  of 
every  27,  leaving  22 ^  actual  bricks  for  each  cubic  foot.  There- 
fore, multiply  the  dimensions — length,  height  and  thickness — in 
feet  and  fraction  of  a  foot,  of  the  several  brick  walls,  and  the 
product  by  22|^  and  the  result  will  be  the  number  of  bricks 
required.  Multiply  by  20  instead  of  22^  if  the  bricks  are  larger 
than  the  average  above  given.  Allowance  should  be  made  for 
chimneys,  projections  for  mancels  and  the  like  on  the  same 
basis. 


402  SAFE    METHODS 

Number  of  Perches  of  Stone  Required  for  a  Wall  or  Cellar 

The  perch  of  stone  is  now  computed  at  a  perch,  or  1C.5  feet  in 
length  by  1.5  feet  in  width  and  1  foot  in  height,  or  24.75 
(16.5x1.5x1)  cubic  feet.  Of  this  amount  one-ninth,  2.75  cubio 
feet,  is  allowed  for  mortar  and  filling.  Multiply  the  three 
dimensions  of  the  wall  or  walls  in  feet — width,  height  and 
thickness — and  divide  by  23  (24.75 — 2.75)  if  the  needed  quantity 
of  stone  is  the  subject  of  inquiry,  or  by  24. 75  if  it  be  sought  to 
ascertain  the  amount  of  masonry  in  the  wall  or  cellar. 


BUYING  AND  SELLING  LUMBER 

To  find  the  cost  of  any  number  of  feet  of  lumber  at  so  much 
per  thousand  feet. 

Rule. — Remove  the  decimal  point  three  places  to  the  left  in 
any  number  of  feet,  and  multiply  by  the  price  of  one  thousand 
feet. 

Example. — What  will  859  feet  of  lumber  cost  at  $12  per 
thousand  feet?  Remove  the  point  three  places  to  the  left  in 
859=.859,  and  .859x$12=$10.308,  the  answer. 

The  Number  of  Cubic  Feet  in  a  Round  Log  of  Uniform  Diameter 

Square  the  diameter,  in  inches,  multiply  by  .7854,  and 
multiply  this  product  by  the  length  in  feet,  divide  by  144,  and 
the  quotient  is  the  number  of  cubic  feet. 

Estimate  of  the  Number  of  Cubic  Feet  in  the  Trunk  of  a  Standing 

Tree 

Find  the  circumference  in  inches,  divide  by  8.1416,  square  the 
quotient,  multiply  by  the  length  in  feet,  divide  by  144;  deduct 
about  one-tenth  for  thickness  of  bark,  and  the  result  will  be, 
approximately,  the  nimiber  of  cubic  feet. 


LUMBER 

FACTS  FOR  LUMBERMEN 


403 


iji,.j!jji:lj,4; 


The  Number  of  Feet,  Board  Measure,  in  a  Log  of  Unequal 
Diameters 

Square  the  smallest  diameter  in  inches,  multiply  by  .7854,  and 
the  product  by  the  length  of  the  log  in  feet,  divide  by  12,  and 
the  quotient  will  be  the  number  of  feet  of  board  measure, 
approximately. 

The  Number  of  Feet,  Board  Measure,  in  a  Lot  of  Boards,  Planks, 
Flooring,  Scantling,  Joists,  Sills  or  Beam^ 

The  foot  of  board  measure  is  a  superficial  or  square  foot,  one 
inch  thick.  Multiply  the  product  of  the  width  and  thickness 
of  each  board,  plank  or  other  article,  in  inches,  by  the  length 
in  feet  and  fractions  of  a  foot,  divide  by  12,  and  the  quotient 
will  be  the  number  of  feet  of  board  measui'e.  In  flooring, 
allowance  must  be  made  for  rabbeting,  the  proportion  varying 
with  the  depth  of  the  groove  and  the  width  of  the  boards. 

The  Number  of  Square  Yards  in  a  Floor  or  Wall 

Multiply  the  length  and  width  of  the  floor,  or  height  and 
width  of  the  wall,  in  feet  and  fractions  of  a  foot,  divide  by 
nine,  and  the  quotient  is  the  number  of  square  yards. 

Note— For-Cubical  Contents  of  Round  Timber  see  page  354. 


404 


SAFE    METHODS 


BOARD  AND  PLANK  MKASUUEMENT-AT  SIGHT 

nis  Tftble  eivo  the  Sq.  Ft.  und  In.  In  Board  Crntn  6  Ui  25  in.  wld  ,  and  from  i)  to  36  ft.  loot 
If  a  board  be  lonK^''  thitn  36  ft.,  anite  two  number*.  Thus,  If  a  Board  Is  40  ft  long  una 
13  la.  wide,  add  SO  and  10  and  70a  hare  63  fb  4  la.    For  t-tn  Planlc  double  the  pro</uc(. 


GinW 

7inW 

8inW 

9inW 

lOinW 

llinW 

12inW 

lainW 

U  in  W 

loinW 

it.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in 

ft,  in. 

ft  in 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in 

ft.  in. 

T 

4  0 

4    8 

64 

60 

6    8 

7    4 

80 

8    8 

9    4 

10  0 

s 

4  6 

6    3 

60 

69 

7    6 

8    3 

90 

9    9 

10    6 

11  a 

10 

6  0 

6  10 

6  8 

76 

8    4 

9    2 

10  0 

10  10 

11    8 

12  6 

11 

6  6 

6    6 

74 

83 

9    2 

10    1 

11  0 

11  11 

12  10 

12  9 

12 

60 

7    0 

8  0 

90 

10    0 

11    0 

12  0 

13    0 

14    0 

15  0 

13 

6  6 

7    7 

88 

9  9 

10  10 

11  11 

13  0 

14    1 

15    2 

16  3 

14 

7  0 

8    2 

94 

10  6 

11    8 

12  10 

14  0 

16    2 

16    4 

17  6 

16 

76 

8    9 

10  0 

113 

12    6 

13    9 

15  0 

16    8 

17    6 

18  9 

16 

8  0 

9    4 

10  8 

12  0 

13    4 

14    8 

16  0 

17    4 

18    8 

200 

17 

8  6 

9  11 

11  4 

129 

14    2 

15    7 

17  0 

18    6 

19  10 

21  3 

18 

90 

10    6 

12  0 

13  6 

15   0 

16    6 

18  0 

19    6 

21    0 

226 

19 

9  6 

n  1 

12  8 

14  3 

16  10 

17    6 

19  0 

20    7 

22    2 

239 

20 

10  0 

11    8 

13  4 

15  0 

16    8 

18    4 

20  0 

21    8 

23    4 

26  0 

21 

10  6 

12    8 

14  0 

15  9 

17    6 

19    3 

21  0 

22    9 

24    6 

26  8 

22 

11  0 

12  10 

14  8 

16  6 

18    4 

20    2 

22  0 

23  10 

25    8 

27  6 

23 

11  6 

13    6 

15  4 

17  8 

19    2 

21    1 

23  0 

24  11 

26  10 

28  » 

24 

12  0 

14    0 

16  0 

18  0 

20    0 

23    0 

240 

26    0 

28    0 

800 

26 

12  6 

14    7 

16  8 

18  9 

20  10 

22  11 

25  0 

27    1 

29    2 

81  3 

26 

13  0 

15    2 

17  4 

19  6 

21    8 

23  JO 

260 

28    2 

30    4 

82e 

27 

13  6 

16    9 

18  0 

208 

22    6 

24    9 

27  0 

29    8 

31    6 

33» 

28 

14  0 

16    4 

18  8 

21  0 

23    4 

26    8 

28  0 

30    4 

32    8 

350 

29 

14  6 

16  11 

19  4 

21  9 

24    2 

26    7 

29  0 

81    6 

83  10 

368 

80 

15  0 

17    6 

20  0 

226 

26    0 

27    6 

80  0 

-82    6 

35    0 

87  » 

81 

16  6 

18    1 

20  8 

238 

26  10 

28    6 

31  0 

83    7 

38    2 

88  9 

32 

16  0 

18    8 

21  4 

24  0 

26    8 

29    4 

32  0 

34    8 

37    4 

400 

83 

16  6 

19    3 

22  0 

24  9 

27    6 

30    3 

830 

36    9 

3b    6 

413 

84 

17  0 

19  10 

22  8 

266 

2<    4 

31    2 

34  0 

86  10 

39    8 

426 

85 

17  6 

20    6 

234 

263 

29    2 

32    1 

350 

87  11 

40  10 

439 

86 

18  0 

21    0 

•  24  0 

27  0 

30    0 

33    0 

36  0 

39    0 

42    0 

460 

BOARD  TABLE  MEaSUREME 

:nt-c 

ONTINUBD. 

II 

l6inW 

17inW 

18inW 

ISiuW 

•20m  W 

21mW 

22inW 

23inW 

24inW 

2SlnW 

ft  In. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  In. 

ft.  In. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  In 

ft.  in 

ft.  in. 

ft.  In. 

8 

10  8 

11    4 

12  0 

12    8 

13  4 

14  0 

14    8 

16    4 

16  0 

16    8 

9 

12  0 

12    9 

13  6 

14    3 

16  0 

15  9 

16    6 

17    8 

18  0 

18    9 

10 

13  4 

14    2 

15  0 

15  10 

16  8 

17  6 

18    4 

19    2 

20  0 

20  10 

11 

14  8 

16    7 

16  6 

17    5 

18  4 

19  3 

20    2 

21    1 

220 

22  11 

12 

16  0 

17    0 

18  0 

19    0 

2(0 

21  0 

22    0 

23   0 

24  0 

25    0 

13 

17  4 

13    6 

19  6 

20    7 

21  8 

22  9 

23  10 

24  11 

260 

27    1 

14 

18  8 

19  10 

21  0 

22    2 

23  4 

24  6 

25    8 

26  10 

23  0 

29    2 

16 

20  0 

21    3 

22  6 

23    9 

250 

26  3 

27    6 

28    9 

30  0 

31   a 

16 

21  4 

22    8 

24  0 

25    4 

26  8 

28  0 

29    4 

3i)    8 

320 

33    4 

17 

22  8 

24    1 

26  6 

26  11 

28  4 

29  9 

31    2 

82    7 

34  0 

as  6 

18 

24  0 

25    6 

27  0 

28    6 

30  0 

31  6 

S3    0 

34    6 

36  0 

37    6 

19 

25  4 

26  11 

28  6 

30    1 

31  8 

333 

34  10 

36    6 

380 

39    7 

20 

26  8 

23    4 

30  0 

31    8 

334 

85  0 

36    8 

38    4 

40  0 

41  a 

21 

28  0 

29    9 

31  6 

33    3 

35  0 

36  9 

38    6 

40    3 

42  0 

43    8 

22 

29  4 

31    2 

830 

34  10 

86  8 

38  6 

40    4 

42    2 

44  0 

45  m 

23 

30  8 

32    7 

34  6 

36    6 

88  4 

403 

42    2 

44    1 

46  0 

47 11 

24 

32  0 

34    0 

38  0 

38    0 

40  0 

42  0 

44    0 

46    0 

48  0 

60    0 

25 

334 

35    6 

37  6 

39    7 

418 

43  9 

45  10 

47  11 

60  0 

52    1 

26 

34  8 

36  10 

39  0 

41    2 

43  4 

46  6 

47    8 

49  10 

62  0 

54    3 

27 

36  0 

38    3 

40  6 

42    9 

45  0 

47  8 

49    6 

61    9 

64  0 

56    3 

28 

87  4 

39    8 

42  0 

44    4 

46  8 

49  0 

61    4 

63    8 

66  0 

68    4 

29 

88  8 

41    1 

43  6 

46  11 

48  4 

60  9 

53    2 

66    7 

68  0 

60    6 

SO 

400 

42   6 

460 

47    6 

600 

616 

66    0 

57    6 

600 

62    « 

SAFE  METHODS 


405 


Number  of  Shingles  Reqmred  for  a  Roof 

R%de. — Multiply  the  length  of 
the  ridge  pole  by  twice  the  length 
of  one  rafter,  and,  if  the  shingles 
are  to  be  exposed  4|  inches  to  the 
weather,  multiply  by  8,  and  if 
exposed  5  inches  to  the  weather, 
multiply  by  7^,  and  you  have  the 
number  of  shingles. 

Note. — Shingles  are  16  inches  long, 
and  average  about  4  inches  wide.  They 
are  put  up  in  bundles  of  250  each. 

One  bundle  16-inch  shingles  will  cover  30  square  feet. 

One  bundle  18-inch  shingles  will  cover  33  square  feet. 

When  laid  5  inches  to  the  weather,  5  pounds  4-penny  or  3| 

pounds  3-penny  nails  will  lay  1,000  shingles. 

Slating 

The  thickness  of  slates  ranges  from  ^^  to  ^  of  an  mch,  and 
their  weight  varies  from  2.6  to  4.5  lbs.  per  square  foot. 

The  lap  of  slates  varies  from  2  to  4  inches.  The  standard 
is  assumed  to  be  3  inches. 

Rule  for  computing  the  number  of  slates  of  a  given  size 
required  per  square. — Subtract  3  inches  from  the  length  of  the 
slate,  multiply  the  remainder  by  the  width  and  divide  by  2. 
Divide  14.400  by  the  number  so  found,  and  the  result  will  be 
the  number  of  slates  required. 

Dimensions  of  Slates  and  Numbers  Required  to  a  Square 

12x6  requires  533  to  the  square;  14x9  requires  291;  18X9 
requires  213;  24X13  requires  105. 


Number  of  Laths  for  a  Room 

Laths  are  4  feet  long  and  1\  inches  wide,  and  16  laths  are 
generally  estimated  to  the  square  yard. 

Rule. — Find  the  number  of  square  yards  in  the  room  and 
multiply  by  16,  and  the  result  will  equal  the  number  of  laths 
necessary  to  cover  the  room. 

To  find  the  number  of  square  yards  in  a  ceiling  or  wall, 
multiply  the  length  by  the  width  or  height  (in  feet)  and  divide 
the  product  by  9 ;  the  result  will  be  the  square  yards. 


406  SAFE  METHODS 

FEDERAL  TRADE  COMMISSION. 
As  a  "First  Aid  to  Business" 


PLANS  TO  HELP  SMALL  DEALERS. 


Purpose  and  Powers  ol  the  Commissioa— The  Federal  Trade  Com- 
mission,  created  by  Act  of  Cougress  approved  September  26, 
1914,  is  composed  of  five  commissioners  appointed  by  the  Presi- 
dent. The  principal  office  of  the  Commission  is  in  Washington, 
but  it  may  meet  and  exercise  all  its  powers  at  any  other  place 
in  the  United  States. 

To  Prevent  Unfair  Competition.— The  act  creating  the  Commis- 
sion declares  unfair  methods  of  competition  to  be  unlawful,  and 
empowers  and  directs  the  Commission  to  prevent  persons,  part- 
nerships, or  corporations,  except  banks,  and  common  carriers 
subject  to  the  acts  to  regulate  commerce,  from  using  unfair 
methods  of  competition  in  commerce. 

Proceedings  of  the  Commission. — When  complaint  is  made  of 
unfair  competition  the  Commission  issues  a  formal  complaint, 
if  it  considers  public  interest  demands  it,  citing  the  concern 
against  which  complaint  is  made  to  appear  within  thirty  days 
and  show  why  an  order  should  not  be  issued  instructing  it  to 
desist  from  unfair  practices.  If  the  defendant  fights  the  case 
a  hearing  is  held.  The  Commission's  decision  then  is  subject  to 
review  by  the  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals,  which  passes  on  points 
of  law  alone.  An  appeal  may  be  had  from  the  Circuit  Court 
to  the  United  States  Supreme  Court. 

Purpose  ©f  the  Commission  Misunderstood. — Because  of  its  au- 
thority to  investigate  claims  of  unfair  methods  of  competition, 
an  erroneous  impression  has  become  prevalent  among  business 
men  that  it  is  the  purpose  of  the  Commission  to  pry  into  the 
afl'airs  of  American  manufacturers  and  dealers  and  dictate  to 
them  the  methods  they  should  pursue  in  conducting  their 
business. 

To  counteract  such  impression  the  Commission  has  issued  an 
official  statement  declaring  that  the  Commission  has  no  inten- 
tion and  no  desire  to  use  compulsory  methods  in  its  "helpful 
activities,"  buti  that  it  does  hope  to  reach  the  desired  end  by 
encouraging  improvements  in  accounting  practice,  by  indorsing 
standard  systems  of  bookkeeping  and  cost  accounting,  and  by 
assisting  in  devising  standard  systems,  either  at  the  request 
of  individual  merchants  and  manufacturers,  or  through  fhe 
association  that  represents  the  industry. 


FEDERAL  TBADE  COMMISSION  407 

Plans  for  Helpful  Adlivities. — With  this  purpose  in  view,  the 
Vice-chairman  of  the  Commission,  Mr,  Edward  N.  Hurley,  on 
account  of  his  practical  business  experience,  was  requested  by 
the  Commission  to  suggest  plans  for  "helpful  activities  tx> 
strengthen  American  business." 

To  Aid  Small  Dealers. — One  of  the  great  purposes  of  the  Com- 
mission, in  accordance  with  Mr.  Hurley's  plans,  will  be  to  close 
the  gap  between  the  big  and  successful  business  enterprises  and 
the  small  struggling  business  men  of  the  country,  6y  lending  a 
helping  hand  to  the  weak,  instead  of  trying  to  impede  the 
progress  of  the  strong. 

To  Point  the  Way  to  Success. — It  is  not  contemplated  the  Com- 
mission shall  pry  into  the  private  affairs  of  the  small  business 
man.  The  purpose  is  to  ofCer  advice,  based  on  the  experience  of 
successful  business  men,  to  those  who  ask  it — to  point  the  way 
to  success  to  those  who  wish  to  profit  by  the  success  of  others. 

Plans  for  Constru<ftive  Help.— Among  the  several  suggested 
methods  by  which  the  Federal  Trade  Commission  proposes  to 
be  of  constructive  help  to  American  business,  there  are  two  of 
particular  importance.  One  of  these  is  to  aid  the  business  men 
of  the  country  in  obtaining  additional  credits  to  which  their 
business  operations  may  entitle  them.  The  second  is  to  aid  in 
establishing  a  standard  system  of  bookkeeping  and  cost  ac- 
counting.   The  two  are  interdependent. 

To  Help  Credit  at  the  Banks. — The  Commission  believes  that 
the  small  manufacturer,  the  country  storekeeper  and  the  retail 
merchant  as  a  rule  do  not  get  all  the  bank  credits  that  they 
ought  to  receive,  owing  to  the  fact  that  they  are  unable  to  pre- 
sent balance  sheets  in  accordance  with  good  business  practice. 

Magic  of  a  Reliable  Balance  Sheet— Frequently  a  business  man 
with  a  credit  of  a  few  hundred  dollars  at  his  bank,  based 
wholly  on  personal  grounds,  could,  if  he  could  produce  a  reliable 
balance  sheet,  readily  obtain  several  thousand  dollars,  which 
would  enable  him  to  expand  his  business  along  sound  lines. 

Ability  to  Borrow  at  the  Bank  has  a  far-reaching  effect  on  all 
credit,  because  to  the  bank,  primarily,  are  directed  inquiries 
for  a  rating  of  a  manufacturer  or  merchant  seeking  credit  for 
goods.  An  unfavorable  or  noncommittal  report  from  the  bank 
results  in  a  curtailment  of  opportunity.  It  also  checks 
expansion. 

Danger  in  Cutting  Prices. — It  is  a  fact  well  understood  among 
business  men  that  the  general  demoralization  in  a  large  num- 
ber of  industries  has  been  caused  by  firms  who  cut  prices,  not 
knowing  what  their  goods  actually  cost  to  manufacture;  and 
the  cost  of  selling,  which  is  equally  important,  is  almost  wholly 
lost  sight  of. 


408  SAFE   METHODS 

Elxpert  Service  to  be  Afforded  by  the  Commission. — ^The  Federal 

Trade  Commission  has  no  power  to  use  compulsory  methods  to 
help  cure  the  existing  conditions,  but  it  proposes  to  reach  the 
desired  end  by  putting  at  the  service  of  the  manufacturers  and 
merchants  who  have  Dot  had  the  experience  or  advantages  that 
larger  firms  possess  the  accountants,  bookkeepers,  and  experts 
in  cost  of  production  that  are  employed  by  the  Commission,  and 
in  that  way  to  help  strengthen  American  industries  where  they 
are  weak.  These  services  will  be  rendered  only  on  the  request 
of  the  individual  merchant  or  manufacturer  who  desires  them. 

Forms  for  Business  Men. — When  there  is  completed  within  the 
Commission  the  organization  for  aiding  business  any  manufac- 
turer or  merchant,  on  request,  may  receive  (a)  an  approved 
form  for  presentation  to  his  bank  when  seeking  credit;  (b)  a 
form  designed  to  show  accurately  and  concisely  his  assets  and 
liabilities,  stock  on  hand,  etc. ;  (c)  a  form  of  double  entry  book- 
keeping adapted  to  his  class  of  business,  as  well  as  (d)  a  form 
and  method  of  arriving  at  costs,  also  adapted  to  his  line  of 
business.  All  of  these  sample  forms  are  single  in  character  and 
can  be  supplied  by  the  local  printer. 

A  pamphlet  outlining  a  simple  system  of  accounts,  with 
appropriate  forms,  is  supplied  free  of  cost  to  retail  merchants 
who  apply  therefor,  by  the  Federal  Trade  Commission,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Benefits  to  be  Derived  from  the  Activities  of  the  Commission. 

■ — First  The  individual  enterprises  will  be  helped.  They  will 
be  enabled  to  know  exactly  where  they  stand.  Their  prices  will 
be  made  on  a  solid  basis  of  fact.  There  will  be  less  unfair, 
unhealthy,  and  ruinous  competition.  Manufacturers  and  mer- 
chants will  be  able  when  seeking  credit  to  produce  to  their 
bankers  correct  statements  of  their  financial  condition  which 
will  enable  the  bankers  to  extend  to  them  the  full  credit  to 
which  they  are  entitled  and  which  they  need  in  order  to  expand 
their  business. 

Second.  Employees  will  be  benefited.  They  will  be  trained 
to  more  thorough  and  more  accurate  methods  of  work.  This 
improved  knowledge  will  increase  their  effectiveness  and  their 
individual  value  to  their  employers. 

Third.  The  investor  will  be  benefited.  He  will  be  able  to 
invest  his  money  with  greater  assurance  of  profit. 

Fourth.  The  public  will  be  benefited ;  it  will  not  have  to  pay 
for  inefficient  methods  and  practices. 

In  European  countries  manufacturers  and  merchants,  aided 
by  their  Governments,  have  developed  a  high  state  of  efficiency, 
which  enables  them  to  sell  their  goods  in  the  markets  of  the 
World.  The  Federal  Trade  Commission  desires  to  do  what  it 
can  to  aid  the  American  manufacturer  and  merchant  to  meet- 
this  competition  in  both  domestic  and  foreign  trade. 


VALUABLE  MISCELLANEOUS  MATTER  409 

LARGE  LIBRARIES 

The  largest  library  in  the  world  is  the  Bibliotheque  National,  ic 
PariSj  founded  by  Louis  XIV.    It  contains  over  3,000,000  volumes 

The  second  largest  library  is  that  of  the  British  Museunir 
which  contains  something  over  2,000,000. 

The  Public  Library  of  New  York  in  the  third  largest  library  in 
the  world.    It  contains  1,984,653  volumes  and  printed  pamphletSc 

The  Library  of  Congress  is  the  fourth  largest  library  in  the 
world.    It  contains  about  1,891,800  printed  books  and  pamphlets. 

The  Imperial  Library  of  Russia,  established  by  Peter  the 
Greats  is  the  fifth  among  the  world's  great  hbraries.  It  contains 
about  1,300,000  volumes  and  27,000  manuscripts.  It  attained  a 
place  in  the  front  rank  of  European  libraries  by  the  acquisition 
of  the  celebrated  Zaluski  collection.  Count  Zaluski  had  col= 
iected  about  i260,000  volumes  and  10,000  manuscripts.  On  the 
suppression  of  the  Jesuit  order  in  Russia  the  collection  of  the 
books  in  their  possession  was  taken  in  charge  by  Prince  Italinski 
and,  among  other  libraries,  the  Prince  transferred  the  Zaluski 
collection  from  the  Jesuit  College  at  Warsaw  to  St.  Petersburg. 
The  most  important  of  the  manuscripts  in  this  library  is  the 
"Codes  Sinaiticus"  of  the  Greek  Bible,  brought  from  the  con= 
Tent  ot  St.  Catherine  on  Mount  Sinai  by  Professor  Tiechendort 
to  1869.. 

WHAT  CONSTITUTES  A  DAY? 

The  word  day  is  used  in  several  different  senses.  A  soIaTf. 
BStronomical,  or  apparent  day  is  the  interval  between  the  time 
the  sun's  coming  to  the  meridian  and  returning  to  it  again.  A 
siderial  day  is  the  interval  between  the  time  of  a  star's  coming 
to  the  meridian  and  again  returning  to  it  on  the  immediate  sub= 
sequent  night,  or,  in  other  words,  is  the  time  occupied  by  a 
revolution  of  the  earth  on  its  axis. 

A  day,  in  law,  includes  the  whole  24  hours  from  midnight  to 
midnight.  In  reckoning  periods  of  time  from  a  certain  event, 
the  day  on  which  the  event  occurred  is  excluded.  On  the  other 
hand,  if  it  be  required  to  prove  survival  for  a  certain  number  of 
days,  it  will  suffice  if  the  person  be  aUve  for  any  portion,  howevei 
small,  of  the  last  day.  While  an  obligation  to  pay  on  a  certain 
day  would  therefore  be  theoretically  discharged  by  payment  be- 
fore midnight,  the  law  requires  that  reasonable  hours  be  ob- 
served—for example,  if  the  payment  (as  a  bill)  is  at  a  bank  or 
place  of  business,  it  must  be  within  banking  or  business  hours. 
Generally  in  the  United  States,  a  bill  or  note  becoming  due  on  a 
Sunday  or  a  holiday,  is  payable  on  the  first  business  day  thereafterc 


410  SAFE  METHODS 

BUSINESS  EFFICIENCY. 

Webster's  Definition  of  "Efficiency."— Noah  Webster  defined  ef- 
ficiency as  "The  power  of  producing  the  effect  intended ;  active, 
competent  power." 

Nearly  a  hundred  years  have  passed  away  since  Webster 
wrote  that  definition,  and  during  that  period  the  gigantic 
development  of  American  business  has  evolved  a  new  meaning 
for  the  term,  especially  as  applied  to  manufacture  and  trade. 

Present  Meaning  of  the  Term  Efficiency.— As  applied  to  mod- 
ern business,  "efficiency"  means  "the  power  of  securing  the 
largest  returns  for  the  least  expenditure." 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  modern  definition  differs  from 
Webster's  in  the  fact  that  it  takes  into  consideration  the  expeii- 
4Hure  incurred  in  "producing  the  effect  intended." 

Something  More  than  Effectiveness. — It  is  evident  from  the 
foregoing  modern  definition  that  business  efficiency  is  something 
more  than  effectiveness  through  system  and  celerity. 

This  "something  more"  has  been  well  expressed  as  "getting 
the  best  results  with  the  best  methods  under  the  best  available 
conditions,  and  with  the  least  loss  or  waste." 

Three  Cardinal  Factors  of  Business  Elfficiency. — First,  manage- 
ment ;  second,  capital ;  third,  economy. 
I.    MANAGEMENT.— 

The  successful  management  of  any  business  undertaliing  pri- 
marily depends  upon  the  qualifications  of  the  man  who  is  placed 
in  control — the  manager,  or,  in  other  words,  upon  the  manager's 
capacity  for  executing  the  duties  he  is  required  to  perform.  In 
order  to  possess  such  capacity  he  must  have  been  thoroughly 
trained  in  the  particular  kind  of  business  that  is  to  be  engaged 
in,  and  his  competency  should  be  thoroughly  tested  before  he  is 
intrusted  with  the  responsibility  of  management.  This  is  essen- 
tial because,  in  order  to  secure  efficiency,  every  branch  of  the 
various  departments  of  the  business  must  be  conducted  under 
his  active  and  vigilant  supervision. 

The  manager  must  utilize  to  the  best  possible  advantage  the 
labor-saving  devices  of  today,  such  as  telephones,  electric  an- 
nunciators, call  buttons,  indicators  and  tabulating  machines, 
pneumatic  cash  and  bundle  carriers,  elevators,  cash  registers, 
calculating  machines,  filing  cabinets,  manifolding  and  mailing 
machines,  motor  delivery  vehicles,  etc. 

Systematic  and  Supervising  Management  has  grown  more  im- 
portant and  exceedingly  more  difficult  with  the  rapid  advance 
of  business  methods  and  the  stupendous  development  of  Ameri- 
can trade  and  industries.  Hence  the  primary  importance  of 
having  a  man  in  control  who  has  both  operating  and  executive 
ability,  with  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  most  efficient  modern 
equipments  and  methods,  and  capable  of  enforcing  strict  disci- 
pline. In  fact,  the  efficiency  ot  the  entire  business  establish- 
ment deiwuds  primarily  on  his  ability  to  properly  supervise  the 
Conduct  of  the  business. 

Fifteen  Essential  Qualities  oi  an  Efficient  Business  Manager.— 
(1)  Soundness — physical,  lueutal,  and  moral ;  (2)  generalship — 
judicious  or  skillful  tactics  ot  management;  (3)  concentration 


BUSINESS  EFFICIENCY  411 

— ability  to  focus  one's  entire  mental  activity  upon  the  work  in 
hand;  (4)  energy — intensity  and  forcefulness  in  spirit  and  con- 
duct proportioned  to  the  result  desired;  (5)  confidence — firm 
trust  or  reliance  on  one's  self  and  in  the  certainty  of  the  suc- 
cess of  his  undertaking;  (6)  enthusiasm — ardent  earnestness  or 
zeal  in  the  pursuit  of  one's  object;  (7)  deliberation — calm  and 
careful  consideration  before  acting;  (8)  industry — constant  and 
assiduous  attention  to  business  ;  (9)  courage — that  power  of  the 
mind  which  enables  one  to  meet  opposition  and  apparent  defeat 
with  intrepidity,  calmness  and  firmness,  and  when  convinced  of 
having  pursued  the  wrong  course,  admit  his  mistakes,  about 
face  and  take  a  fresh  start;  (10)  resourcefulness — the  faculty 
of  creating  one's  own  opportunities,  or  doing  the  right  thing  in 
any  contingency;  fertile  in  resources;  (11)  perseverance — 
steadfastness  in  the  pursuit  of  any  purpose  or  enterprise  in 
spite  of  discouragements;  (12)  circumspection — attentive  con- 
sideration of  all  circmnstances  and  conditions  that  may  affect 
the  desired  result  of  a  purposed  course  of  conduct ;  (13)  honesty 
— disposition  to  deal  frankly  and  honorably;  conscientious  in 
the  observance  of  obligations  of  honor ;  (14)  reliability — dispo- 
sition and  ability  to  "make  good";  (15)  equitableness — the 
quality  of  being  fair,  just,  impartial. 
II.    CAPITAL.— 

It  goes  without  saying  that  no  business  can  be  efficiently 
conducted  without  adequate  capital — money,  means,  resources. 

Capital  is  essential  in  order  to  ensure  the  necessary  pre- 
paredness and  equipment. 

The  Obtaining  of  Adequate  Capital,  however,  is  generally  a  mat 
ter  of  course  where  the  enterprise  is  projected  by  or  under  the 
control  of  those  who  have  established  a  character  for  reliability, 
competency  and  efficiency  in  the  particular  line  of  business  to 
be  engaged  in. 
HI.    ECONOMY.— 

The  third  cardinal  factor  of  efficiency  is  economy — the  prac- 
tical organization  and  operation  of  the  business  under  the  most 
favorable  conditions  and  with  the  least  loss  or  waste  in 
achieving  its  purpose. 

The  Essential  Requisites  of  Economy  are:  (1)  The  avoidance 
of  waste  and  consequent  loss  by  use  of  means  and  methods 
whereby  savings  can  be  effected  and  the  standard  of  work  im- 
proved without  injury  to  the  productive  power  of  the  business; 
(2)  the  securement  of  personal  efficiency  among  all  those  em- 
ployed in  the  business  from  highest  to  lowest  through  proper 
instruction  and  equipment  and  by  making  it  the  obvious  interest 
of  each  to  earnestly  desire  a  better  showing  of  the  results  of 
his  work.  Such  a  desire  is  usually  effected  through  honest  reo- 
ognition  of  merit  and  the  assurance  of  impartial  advancement. 

It  is  very  important  that  the  respective  duties  of  every  em- 
ployee should  be  clearly  defined,  so  that  each  may  know  exactly 
What  is  required  of  him. 

A  definite  chain  of  responsibility  from  top  to  bottom  is 
necessary. 

Importance  of  Personal  Efficiency. — That  personal  efficiency  is 


412  SAFE   METHODS 

one  of  tho  most  Imiiortaiit  sourcrs  of  pnxlncllvtMK'ss  Is  cdhiIhi? 
to  bo  nvoijnl'/tMl  by  (lio  j^roat  liidiiHtrhil  ««slnbllsbni»Mil«.  'I'hoy 
doiimnd  (bo  bt\st  rosiilts  of  (bolr  omployo»>H  and  nrt>  awnro  tJuit 
tills  can  bo  ob(aint>d  oi\ly  tbrouirh  o<inllal)lo  oompcnsallMn,  fair 
troatmoiit,  and  |)ropor  onvln)iimt>iit  ami  iMpilpiiiont. 

Contentment  Essential  to  Efficiency.  — In  order  to  bnvo  poraonul 
oflloionoy  prevail  in  a  business  or  Industrial  eslabllsbineni  ovory 
einployeo  from  l\i;;liest  to  lowest  should  be  a  clietMrul  worker. 
A  diseontented  eniployeo  must  necessarily  lie  inellioieut,  for  Ids 
ndnd  is  (Ixeil  upon  f^rievances  wlien  it  should  l>e  fom-ent rated 
on  the  busiiu'ss  in  hanil. 

The  iniporlauce  of  securinir  (h(>  personal  elllclency  of  workers 
In  a  irn^it  industrial  eslabllsluneut  is  well  t>xpressed  In  tho 
followiiif;  oxlnicl  from  ii  rec<>n(ly  publisluMl  article  by  JudK4> 
Elbert  II.  (Jary,  Chairman  of  the  rnlted  Slates  Steel  ('orponi- 
tlon :  "For  the  bulldin^j  of  tlie  elllcleut  orfj:uni/.ation,  tin*  llrst 
rule  Is  tluit  the  iieads  of  it  observe  the  duties  of  the  employiT 
and  the  rij;hts  of  tlu>  emi>loyees.  (leniTous  motives,  fair  prin- 
ciples and  lionest  dealiiiLrs  are  vastly  mor(»  inii)orlant  as 
elllclency  nieasun^s  than  the  technicjd  |)has«'s  of  skilled  manage- 
ment and  economical  prodiiclion.  Next  to  tin*  failli  of  tlit»  cus- 
tomer In  the  ])ro(luct,  the  faith  of  the  emi)loyee  In  tho  employer 
becomes  a  vital  factor  in  the  ellichMicy  plan  of  tho  couc«>rn.  'I'o 
creat«>  and  pr»>scrve  a  kindly  f»>cliii>;  amoiitc  our  workers  by 
Jiccordiuf;'  tliem  the  jkropcr  treatment,  (MpdpmiMil  and  environ- 
ment has  been  perhai)S  our  cldi-f  object  and  endt^avor  and  rule 
for  success." 

Knowledge  Essential  to  Efficiency. — Tho  extent  to  which  tlu» 
workiMs  of  any  business  conct>ru  really  know  tlieir  business 
measures  tho  extent  to  which  Unit  bnslu(>ss  may  Im  really 
etiiclent.  Tho  well  informed  worker  <'()mb!nes  Npoutaueousiy 
tliose  details  of  his  work  which  make  f(M'  ln(^rt^astHl  speed  and 
perfection,  and  a  competent  manaijer,  bein;^  responslblt>  for  tho 
econondcal  conduct  of  the  l»iislness,  will  se(»  to  It  that  such 
workers  ard  |)refernMl  and  that  those  who  do  not  dlsclosci  u 
possil)illty  of  Itecomlnj^  etllclciit  mciiilu-rs  of  tho  force  aro  l"o« 
placed  by  otherH  who  show  an  aptitude  for  (lie  work. 

Standardizing  n  Business. — ^Wiicn  th(»  most  elllcleut  way  of 
performln;^  any  task  under  tho  exist  iiijx  condll  lous  Is  determined 
In  any  of  the  lar^e  mercantile  or  industrial  establlshmeiils  of 
today  that  "way"  Is  adopted  as  a  standard,  and  all  «'mployee.H 
en>;a(;ed  in  sucii  work  are  retpdred  to  measure  tip  (o  U. 

Difficulty  of  Establishing  Standards. — "'I'o  establish  r  a  t  lo  n  a  I 
work  standards  for  men,"  observes  Hai'rison  lOmerson  In  'I'lio 
End'tmcrinii  Mdfiazlnc,  "nnpdres  indeed  moliou  and  llmostudlcM 
of  all  operations,  but  I(  nMpdres  in  addition  all  (lie  skill  of  tho 
planning'  maiia^'(>r,  all  (he  skill  of  (iu^  physician,  of  (In;  humanl- 
turlan,  of  tho  i)hyslolo!j;isl  ;  it  rcipilres  liilliill<^  knowhilL'je,  di- 
rected, ^;nidcd  and  res( rained  by  hope,  I'aMh  and  compassion." 

Uhimately,  business  elli<'leii(y  Is  based  on  tin;  Hubllme  idea  of 
\\w  brodierliood  of  man,  and  he  that  best  serves  the  Interests  of 
nil  who  are  concerned  in  the  results  of  hl.s  work  is  (lu^  moHt 
efllcient. 


fl  e^ 


<V     03 


PRICE  OF  WOOD  PER  CORD 


413 


S.§2qs.8.§.SS.§ge.||g|l||i33S3S 


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M   1  -•'-'-' 

Number  of  Cords  in  a  Pile  of  Wood  ,  ,  ^    . 

A  cord  of  wood  is  a  pile  8  feet  long.  4  feet  wide  and  4  feet 

»°S;r-HorZT-ds  t-a  pU.  ot  wood  4  feet  wide.  7 
'toK&'ilxISlleT.  cubic  feet.   073.128=51  cords.    An. 


414  SAFE    METHODS 

VALUABLE  MISCELLANEOUS  MATTER 


RX7LES  FOR  MEASURING  LAND 
AND  TOWN  LOTS 


To  find  the  number  of  acres  in  a  rectangular  piece  of  land. 


Fig.  1 


Rule. — Multiply  the  length  in  rods  by  the  breadth  in  rods,  and 
divide  by  160. 

TRIANGULAR  PIECES 

"When  the  triangle  is  a  right-angled  triangle. 


Fig.  2 


Rule.— MnitiTply  the  width  by  the  length  and  divide  by  2. 
Example.— How  many  acres  of  land  in    a  triangular    field 
CO  rods  long  and  40  rods  wide? 


VALUABLE    MISCELLANEOUS    MATTER 


415 


OPERATION 

60x40-1-2=1,300  sq.  rods.     1, 200 -5-160=7§  acres. 

WHERE  THE  TRIANGLE  IS  NOT  A  RIGHT  ANGLED  TRIANGLE 


FIG.  3 

If  a  triangle  is  without  a  right  angle,  a  perpendicular  has  to 
be  found. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  base  in  rods  by  the  perpendicular  height 
in  rods,  and  divide  by  2,  and  you  have  the  area  in  square  rods. 

Example. — How  many  acres  in  a  triangular  field  whose  base 
or  side  is  140,  and  its  width  (perpendicular  height)  is  60  rods? 

OPERATION 

140x60-5-2=4,200  sq.  rods. 
4,200-5-160=26^  acres.     Ans. 

To  find  the  area  of  a  piece  of  land  when  only  two  of  the  oppo 
iste  sides  are  parallel. 


Fig.  4 

Rule. — Add  the  two  parallel  sides  together,  and  divide  by  3, 
and  you  have  the  average  length.  Then  multiply  the  width  in 
rods  by  the  length  in  rods  and  divide  by  160,  and  you  have  the 
number  of  acres. 

Example. — How  many  acres  of  land  in  a  field,  the  two  parallel 
sides  of  which  are  80  and  120  rods  long,  and  50  rods  wide? 

OPERATION 


80+120H- 2=100  rods. 
100x50-5-160=311  acres. 


Ans. 


To  Lay  OS  Small  Lots  of  Land 

Farmers  and  gardeners  often  find  it  necessary  to  lay  off  small 
portions  of  land  for  the  purpose  of  experimenting  with  different 
crops,  fertilizers,  etc.  To  such  the  following  rules  will  be 
helpful: 

One  acre  contains  160  sq.  rods,  or  4,840  sq.  yards,  or  43,560  sq 
feet.    To  measure  off  one  acre  it  will  take  208 j^  feet  each  way 


416 


SAFE    METHODS 


One-half  acre  it  will  take  147§  feet  each  way.  One-third  acre 
it  will  take  120  J  feet  each  way.  One-fourth  acre  it  will  take 
104|  feet  each  way.  One-eighth  acre  it  will  take  73|  feet  each 
way 

To  Measure  Town  Lots 

ijtt^e. —Multiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  width  in  feet  and 
divide  the  result  by  43,560  and  you  will  have  the  fractional  part 
of  an  acre  in  the  lot. 

Example. — What  part  of  an  acre  is  there  in  a  lot  100  feet  deep 
and  75  feet  wide? 

/SoZwfion.— 100X75=7,500  sq.  feet. 

I'^^—.QY  about  1-6  of  an  acre. 
43,560 

To  Find  the  Number  of  Acres  in  a  Given  Number  of 
Square  Rods 

Uttfe.— Remove  the  decimal  point  two  places  to  the  left  in  the 
number  of  square  rods,  divide  by  8  and  multiply  by  5,  and  you 
have  the  number  of  acres. 

Example.— Jlo-vr  many  acres  in  a  piece  of  land  80  rods  long  and 

40  rods  wide  f  80X40=3200.  3200  with  the  point  removed 
equals   32.00-^-8=4X5=20  acres. 


FOSTER'S  LOG  TABLE. 

(For  larger  logs  see  table  on  page  407) 


Ft. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia.  dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

tog. 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

49 

61 

72 

89 

99 

116 

133 

150 

175 

196 

209 

11 

16 

22 

27 

33 

38 

44 

54 

67 

79 

98 

109 

127 

147 

165 

19? 

209 

230 

12 

18 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

59 

73 

86 

107 

119 

139 

160 

180 

210 

228 

251 

13 

19 

26 

32 

39 

45 

52 

64 

79 

93 

116 

129 

150 

173 

195 

227 

247 

272 

14 

21 

28 

35 

42 

49 

56 

69 

85 

100 

125 

139 

162 

187 

210 

245 

286 

292 

15 

22 

30 

37 

45 

52 

60 

74 

91 

107 

134 

140 

173 

200 

225 

262 

as.5 

313 

16 

24 

32 

40 

48 

.56 

64 

79 

97 

114 

142 

159 

ia5 

213 

240 

280 

304 

334 

17 

26 

34 

42 

51 

59 

68 

84 

lo;^ 

122 

151 

158 

196 

227 

255 

297 

.323 

.3,55 

18 

27 

36 

45 

54 

63 

72 

98 

109 

129 

160 

178 

208 

240 

270 

315 

349 

376 

19 

28 

38 

47 

57 

66 

76 

93 

116 

136 

169 

188 

219 

2.S3 

285 

as2 

361 

397 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

9« 

122 

143 

178 

198 

232 

267 

300 

3.50 

a^o 

418 

21 

31 

42 

52 

63 

73 

84 

103 

128 

150 

187 

208 

243 

280 

315 

368 

3i>9 

439 

22 

33 

44 

66 

66 

77 

88 

108 

i;^4 

157 

196 

218 

2.55 

293 

330 

:is.'s 

41^ 

460 

23 

34 

46 

67 

69 

80 

92 

113 

140 

164 

205 

228 

266 

307 

345 

403 

4.37 

4,80 

24 

36 

48 

60 

72 

84 

96 

118 

146 

172 

214 

238 

278 

320 

360 

420 

4.56 

501 

25 

37 

60 

62 

75 

87 

100 

123 

152 

179 

223 

248 

289 

333 

375 

438 

475 

522 

VALUE    OF    MONEY 


417 


O  tn  *.  CaJ  K5  H-- 
OOOOOOcOOO-JO!5;i*.MtCi-- 

c 
3 

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Sterling. 

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French  Franc, 
Italian  Lira. 

$0.57.2 

1.14.4 

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2.28.8 

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3.43.2 

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O  Cn  O  Oi  O  Cn  CO  top  tO  <1 05  *>.  CO_k- 

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Russian 
Gold  Ruble. 

pppop^.tO^^H-h-i-'pppp 

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«1S 


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VALUE  OF   MONEY 


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420 


SAFE   METHODS 


Miscellaneous  Table  of  Things,  Distances,  Books,  Etc. 


A  book  composed  of  sheets  folded 

into  2  leaves  is  a  folio. 
A  book  composed  of  sheets  folded 

into  4  leaves  is  a  quarto. 
A  book  composed  of  sheets  folded 

into  8  leaves  is  an  octavo  (8vo). 
A  book  composed  of  sheets   folded 

into    12   leaves   is   a    duodecimo 

(12mo). 
A  book  composed  of  sheets  folded 

into  16  leaves  is  a  16mo. 

12  units  make  1  dozen. 
12  dozen  make  1  gross. 
12  gross  (144  dozen)  make  1  great 

gross. 
20  units  make  1  score. 
56  fKDunds  of  butter  make  1  firkin. 
100  pounds  of  fish  make  1  quintal. 
196  pounds  oi  flour  make  1  barrel. 
200  pounds  of  beef,  pork,  shad  or 

salmon  make  1  barrel. 

24  sheets  of  paper  make  1  quire. 
20  quires  make  1  ream. 

2  reams  make  1  bundle. 
5  bundles  make  1  bale. 

3  barleycorns  make  1  inch. 
18  inches  make  1  cubit. 

22  inches  make  1  sacred  cubit. 
9  gallons  make  1  English  firkin. 
2  firkins  make  I  kilderkin. 
2  kilderkins  make  1  barrel. 

25  pounds  make  1  keg  (powder). 
100   pounds   make   1   cental   (grain 

measure). 

100  pounds  make  1  cask  (raisin  meas- 
ure). 

256  pounds  make  1  barrel  of  soap. 

280  pounds  make  1  barrel  of  salt. 

3H  gaUons  make  1  barrel  (wine 
measure). 

42  gallons  make  1  tierce  (wine  meas- 
ure), 

B3  gallons  make  1  hogshead  (wine 
measure). 

%4  gallons  make  1  puncheon  (wine 
measure). 


126  gallons  make  1  pipe  (wine  meas- 
ure). 

252  gallons  make  1  tun  (wine  meas- 
ure), 

8  bushels  of  wheat  (of  70  lbs.  each) 
make  1  quarter  (European  meas- 
ure). 

8  bushels  of  salt  make  1  hogshead. 

36  bushels  of  coal  make  1  chaldron 
(English). 

32  bushels  make  1  chaldron  (Amer- 
ican). 

14  pounds  make  1  stone. 

2H  stones  make  1  pig  (iron). 

8  pigs  make  1  fother. 

24}  cubic  feet   (masonry)   make   1 

perch. 
100  square  feet  (carpentry)  make  1 

square. 
1,760    yards    (5,280    feet)    make    1 

statute  mile. 
2,028.63  yards  (6,085.9  feet)  make  1 

nautical  mile. 
3  miles  make  1  league. 
69i  statute  mEes  make  1  degree  (of 

latitude). 
60  geographical  miles  make  1  degree 

(of  latitude). 
360  degrees  make  1  circle. 
60  pairs  of  shoes  make  1  case. 

9  inches  make  1  quarter  (of  a  yard). 

3  quarters  make  1  ell  (Flemish). 

5  quarters  make  1  ell  (English). 

6  quarters  make  1  ell  (French). 

4  mches  make  1  hand  (measuring 
horses). 

6   feet    make    1    fathom    (depth   of 

water). 
120  fathoms  make  1  cable-length. 
7i  cable-lengths  make  1  mUe. 
640  acres  make  1  square  mile. 
36  square  mUes  make  1  township. 
4  farthings  make  1  penny  (marked  d). 
12  pence  make  1  shilling  (marked  s). 

20  shilJ  ings  make  1  pound  (marked  £ ), 

21  shillings  make  1  guinea. 
6  shillings  make  1  crown. 


CARPENTER   WORK  421 


KAILS  EEQUIEED  IN  CAPPENTES.  WOBS. 

f  o  case  and  hang  door,  1  pound. 

To  case  and  hang  one  window,  ^4  pound. 

Base,  100  lineal  feet,  1  pound. 

To  put  on  rafters,  joists  etc.,  3  pounds  to  1,000  feel, 

To  put  up  studding,  3  pounds  to  1,000  feet. 

To  lap  a  6-inch  pine  2oor,  15  pounds  to  1,000  f  eet^ 


inJMBER  or  NAILS  TO  THE  POUND, 

€  penny  fence,  2       inches , =.  89 

8  penny  fence,  2%  inches 5® 

10  penny  fence,  3       inches , 34 

12  penny  fence,  3^   inches 39 

3  penny  fine,  1  1/3  inches 760 

3  penny,  1^4  inches 480 

4  penny,  1^^  inches 300 

6  penny,  1      inch. 200 

@  penny,  2      inches. 160 

7  penny,  2^4  inches 128 

8  penny,  2^  inches 92 

9  penny,  2      inches 72 

10  penny,  3      inches 60 

12  penny,  3^4  inches 44 

16  penny,  3%  inches 32 

20  penny,  4      inches 24 

30  penny,  4%  inches 18 

40  penny,  5      inches 14 

50  penny,  5^^  inches 12 


422  PANAMA  CANAL 

HOW  THE  PANAMA  CANAL  AFFECTS  THE 
WORLD'S  COMMERCE 

Through  the  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal  all  ports 
on  the  Pacific  coasts  of  the  Americas,  which  formerly  were 
about  as  far  from  New  York  as  from  Liverpool,  find  them- 
selves drawn  within  the  circle  of  New  York  trade. 

"Herein,"  observes  Benjamin  Ide  Wheeler,  president  of 
the  University  of  California,  "lies  a  factor  that  brooks  no 
gradual  process  of  development.  It  means  revolution.  It 
means,  for  example,  eleven  days  less  time  for  Callao  to  get 
an  order  filled  in  New  York  than  in  Liverpool.  It  means  that 
the  region  on  the  globe  over  which  the  Panama  route  is  dom- 
inant from  New  York  outward,  in  competition  with  the  Suez 
route  from  Liverpool  outward,  stretches  northwest  to  include 
Northern  China  from  Shanghai  onward,  and  Japan,  Eastern 
Russia  and  the  Pacific  islands;  and  southwest  to  include  New 
Zealand  and  Eastern  Australia.  The  opening  of  the  canal 
directly  affects  all  the  lands  which  are  touched  by  Pacific 
waters  except  Southern  Asia  and  the  East  Indies." 

The  countries  so  affected  include  about  one-fifth  of  the 
land  surface  of  the  earth,  and  embrace  a  population  aggre- 
gating one-third  of  the  human  race — a  hitherto  unexploited 
area  in  the  realm  of  international  trade.  The  northwestern 
corner  of  the  area  is  marked  by  Shanghai,  which  is  10,649 
miles  distant  from  New  York  by  Panama  and  10,607  miles 
from  Liverpool  by  Suez,  while  the  southwestern  corner  is 
marked  by  Melbourne,  which  is  10,028  miles  distant  from 
New  York  by  Panama  and  11,654  miles  from  Liverpool  by 
the  Suez  route. 

How  distances  are  shortened  by  the  canal  between  various 
ports  of  the  world  is  shown  by  the  following  extracts  from 
the  United  States  consular  reports: 

Between  New  York  and  Yokohama  the  reduction  is  3,729 
miles,  and  that  Japanese  city  is  brought  nearer  to  New  York 
than  Liverpool  by  1,805  miles.  Shanghai  is  1,629  miles  nearer 
to  New  York.  Sydney,  Australia,  is  3,806  miles  nearer  to 
New  York,  and  the  distance  between  the  two  cities  is  2,382 
miles  less  than  the  distance  between  Sydney  and  Liverpool. 
Wellington,  New  Zealand,  is  2,542  miles  nearer  New  York, 
and  the  distance  between  them  is  2,759  miles  less  thaQ  be- 


PANAMA  CANAL  423 

tween  Wellington  and  Liverpool.  Between  New  Zealand  and 
Europe  there  is  an  average  saving  of  1,600  miles. 

The  canal  brings  Callao,  Peru,  4,320  miles  nearer  Liver- 
pool by  steamer,  reducing  the  distance  from  10,230  miles  to 
5,910  miles  and  saving  about  14  days  in  time.  To  Valparaiso 
the  shortening  in  distance  is  1,813  miles,  making  it  7,185 
instead  of  8,998,  and  the  saving  in  time  is  about  6  days.  By 
its  means  the  United  States  has  an  all-sea  route,  which  is 
from  2,500  to  3,000  miles  shorter  than  routes  from  Europe. 
New  York,  via  the  canal,  is  3,379  miles  from  Callao,  instead  of 
9,769  as  formerly. 

By  the  former  route  the  distance  from  New  York  to  San 
Francisco  by  water  is  12,800  miles,  while  by  the  canal  it  is 
but  7,000  miles. 

South  American  Trade. — The  diplomatic  and  consular 
agents  of  every  European  commercial  nation  are  studying  the 
probable  effect  of  the  canal  on  the  trade  of  their  respective 
countries  and  Mr.  John  Barrett,  Director-General  of  the  Pan- 
American  Union,  warns  the  American  Government  and  Amer- 
ican manufacturing,  exporting  and  shipping  interests  that 
they  must  exert  themselves  to  the  limit  if  they  would  derive 
as  much  benefit  from  the  canal  as  other  countries  will  derive. 

"European  commercial  organizations  and  private  busi- 
ness houses,"  says  Mr.  Barrett,  "have  their  scouts  all  over 
the  world — particularly  in  the  twenty  countries  of  Latin- 
America — investigating  every  phase  of  their  import  and  export 
markets,"  and  he  urgently  recommends  that  the  slogan  from 
now  on  of  our  government,  our  commercial  and  civic  organ- 
izations, our  private  business  interests  and  even  of  our  schools 
shall  be:  "Get  ready  for  the  Panama  Canal  and  go  after  Pan- 
American  commerce." 

"We  must  remember,"  says  Mr.  Barrett,  "that  the  foreign, 
commerce  of  Latin-America  now  totals  nearly  two  billion  five 
hundred  million  dollars  a  year,  an  increase  of  one  billion  dol- 
lars in  the  last  ten  years. 

"We  must  not  forget  that  the  trade  of  the  United  States, 
exports  and  imports,  with  these  countries  has  already  reached 
the  seven  hundred  million  dollar  mark,  which  is  nearly  one 
flunared  per  cent,  greater  than  it  was  six  or  seven  years  ago." 


424 


RACES  OF  MANKIND 


RACES  OF  MANKIND  CLASSIFIED 

Copyright,  1916,  by  Gordon  G.  Sapp 

Table  showing  the  different  races  of  mankind  divided  into  racial  stocks, 
groups  and  peoples,  with  their  distinctive  complexions  and  numbers. 


Race 

Stock 

Group 

Peoples 

'Scandinavian : 

Danish 

Norwegian 

^Teutonic   .  .  . 

(223.000.000) 

J        Swedish 
]  German 
Dutch 

English  (Anglo-Saxon) 
.Flemish 

Lettic 

(4,000,000) 

J  Lett 

)  Lithuanian 

'Scotch  (part) 

Celtic 

(9,250,000) 

J  Irish         " 
)  Welsh      " 
^Armoric  or  Breton 
'Russian 

Polish 

Czech 

Bohemian 

Moravian 

Serbian 

Croatian 

Slavonic  .... 

<  Montenegrin 

(132,000,000) 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Ruthenian 

'Aryan 

Dalmatian 

(Numbering  8SO.S50.000 

Herzgovinian 

and  oupposed  to  have 

Bosnian 

originated  La  Central 
Asia  and  to  have  mi- 

lUyric  

U.500,000) 

^Bulgarian  (part) 

grated  into  India  and 
Europe.) 

Albanian 

Axmenic.  .  .  . 

Armenian 

(3,000,000) 

HeUenic  .... 

Greek 

(5,000.000) 

'French 
Italian  (part) 

Italic 

(165,000,000; 

J  Roumanian 
]  Spanish 
Mexican,  etc. 
..Portuguese 

Iranic 

j  Persian 

Caucasian .  .  . 

(22,000,000) 

(  Gypsy 

(Numbering  880,- 

Caucasic.  .  .  . 

Caucasus  peoples 

SSe.OOO.  Cfimplex- 
lon  generally 
■wblte,  but  eome- 

(10,000,000) 
Euskaric  .... 

Basques 

tlmes    dark    or 

(600,000) 

brown.) 

Indie 

.     (255,000,000) 

Hindus,  Mahrattas.ttc 

Semitic 

(Numbering  30.000,000, 
and   supposed   to    be 
desoended  from  Shem. 

Arabic  ..... 
Hebraic 

J  Arabians 
1  Bedouins 
Hebrew  or  Jewish 

Complexion  dark  or 

brown,) 

TEgyptian.  .  .  . 

Coptic 

Hamitic 

Lybian 

j  Berber 

(Numbering  20,000.000, 

1  Lybian 

and    BUppoBed    to    be 

TAbyssinian 

desoendants  of  Ham, 
second  son  ofNoab.) 

Abyssinian  .  .  < 

J  Nubian 
1  Galla 
USomeli 

RACES  OP  MANKIND 


425 


Raob 


Stock 


Group 


Phoplk 


Malay.  .  .  . 

(Numbering 
86.000.000.  Com- 
plexion brown  or 
yeUowlsh.) 


Malayan. 


Tagala.  . 

Javanese 
Hova   .  . 

Dyak.  .  . 


Finlc 


Mongrolian.  .  , 

(Numbering  882, 
000.000.  Complex- 
Ion  yellow  or 
dark.) 


Siblric 

(118,(XX),(X)0) 


Sinitic 

1664,000,(X») 


Chinese 


Ethiopian  .  .  . 

(Numbering  160,- 
000,000.  Complex- 
Ion  black  or 
brown.) 


American 
Indian  .  .  .  . 

Aborlglnese  of 
America 
(Numbering 
8B.000.000.  Com- 
plexion  red,  cop- 
per-color or  yel- 
lowish.) 


Negro. 


Bantu  .  .  .  . 
Papuan  .  . . 
Polynesian . 


Negrito 

pNorth  American  . 

1  Central  American 
kSouth  American  . 


Algonkian,  eto. 
Aztecan,  etc.  . 
Maya,  etc. .  .  . 
Arawak,  etc.  . 


J  Malays  of  Malacca  and 
I     Sumatra 

J  Tagala  (of  the  Philip- 
j     pines) 

Javanese,  etc.  (of  Java) 

Hovas(of  Madagascar) 

j  Dyaks,  etc.  (of  Borneo. 
I     etc.) 

{Finnish 
Lappish 
Magyar 
Bulgarian  (part) 

Tnrkiah,  Cossac,  eto. 

Japanese,  Korean 

Kalmuk 

rc:!hinese 
j  Siamese 
I  Burmese,  etc. 

{Senagambian 
Dahomeys 
Ashantis,  etc. 

5  Bantus :  Kaffirs,  Zulus. 
(     etc. 

( Papuans  and  Melanea* 
I     iana 

I  Polynesian,     Austral* 
(     ian,  Maori,  etc. 

Negrito 

Arapaho,  etc. 

Aztec,  etc. 

Lacandon,  etc. 

Manoa,  etc. 


UNCLASSIFIED  PEOPLES 

Eskimos,  etc.,  of  the  Arctic  regions,  numbering  40,000.    (Complexion,  light 
brown. 

Singhalese,  of  the  island  of  Oylon,  numbering  2,000,000.  Complexion,  brown. 
Hottentots  and  Bushmen,  of  Southwest  Africa,  numbering  117.000. 
Total  of  all  races  and  peoples,  1,931,360,000. 


426 


SAFE   METHODS 


Line  of  Perpetual  Snow 

The  line  of  perpetual  snow  varies  with  latitude,  and  is  as  follows 
in  feet  above  sea-level. 


Latitude 

Feet 

Latitude 

Feet 

0 

15,260 
14,764 
13,478 
11,484 

40 

9,000 

10 

50 

6,334 

20 

60 

3,818 

30 

70 

.1,278 

Longest  Rivers 

MILES 

Missouri-Mississippi 4,194 

Nile 4,020 

Yang-Tze , 3, 158 

Amazon 3,063 

Yenisei 2,960 

Amur 2,920 

Congo 2?883 


Deepest  Seas 

feet 

Pacific  Ocean,  deepest 30,000 

Atlantic 27,000 

Southern 25,000 

Indian 18,000 

Arctic 9,000 

Lake  Baikal 4,080 

Caspian  Sea 3,600 


A  CENTURY  OF  PROGRESS 

The  nineteenth  century  received  from  its  predecessors  the 
horse.  "VVe  bequeath  the  bicycle,  the  locomotive,  and  the 
automobile. 

We  received  the  goosequill,  we  bequeath  the  fountain  pen  and 
typewriter. 

We  received  the  scythe,  we  bequeath  the  mowing  machine. 

W  e  received  the  sickle,  we  bequeath  the  harvester. 

We  received  the  hand  printing  press,  we  bequeath  the  Hoe 
cylinder  press. 

We  received  the  painter's  brush,  we  bequeath  lithography,  the 
camera,  and  color  photography. 

We  received  the  hand -loom,  we  bequeath  the  cotton  and 
woolen  factory. 

We  received  gunpowder,  we  bequeath  nitro-glycerine. 

We  received  twenty-three  chemical  elements,  we  bequeath 
eighty. 

We  received  the  tallow  dip,  we  bequeath  the  arc  light. 

We  received  the  galvanic  battery,  we  bequeath  the  dynamo. 

We  received  the  flint  lock,  we  bequeath  automatic  Maxims. 

We  received  a  sailing  ship,  we  bequeath  the  steamship. 

We  received  the  beacon  signal  fire,  we  bequeath  the  telephone 
and  wireless  telegraphy. 

We  received  leather  fire-buckets,  we  bequeath  the  steam  fire- 
engine. 


VALUABLE    RnSCELLANEOUS  MATTER 


427 


APPORTIONMENT  OF  REPRESENTATIVES 

In  the  Congress  of  the  United  States 


Census. 

Apportionment 

Whole  Number 
of  Represent- 
atives. 

Year. 

Population. 

Year. 

Ratio. 

Constitution 

Fust  Census 

Second  Census 

Third  Census 

Fourth  Census 

Fifth  Census 

Sixth  Census 

Seventh  Census.  .  .  . 

Eighth  Census 

Nintii  Census 

Tentli  Census 

Eleventh  Census  . . . 

Twelfth  Census 

Thirteenth  Census  . . 

1790 
1800 
1810 
1820 
1830 
1840 
1850 
1860 
1870 
1880 
1890 
1900 
1910 

3,929,214 

5,308,483 

7,239,881 

9,633,822 

12,866,020 

17,069,453 

23,191,876 

31,443,321 

38,558,371 

50,155,783 

62,622,250 

74.565,906 

93,346  543 

1789 
1793 
1803 
1813 
1823 
1833 
1843 
1853 
1863 
1873 
1883 
1893 
1901 

30,000 

33.000 

33,000 

35,000 

40,000 

47,700 

70,680 

93,423 

127.381 

131,425 

151,911 

173,901 

194.182 

65 
105 
141 
181 
213 
240 
223 
233 
243 
293 
325 
356 
386 
418 

Cost  of  War  and  Education 

In  some  tables  recently  compiled  the  amount  per  capita  expended  by 
various  governments  for  military  and  educational  purposes  is  set  down  as 
follows: 


Mill- 

Educa- 

tary. 

tion. 

France 

...«4.00 

$0.70 

Prussia 

.. .   2.04 

.50 

Russia 

. ..   2.04 

.03 

England 

Holland 

...   3.72 

.62 

...   3.58 

.74 

Saxony 

.. .   2.38 

.38 

Wurtemburg... 

...   2.38 

.38 

Mili- 

Educa- 

tary. 

tion. 

Bavaria 

.. .$2.38 

$0.40 

Denmark 

.. .   1.76 

.94 

Italy 

...    1.52 

.34 

Belgium 

...    1.38 

.46 

Austria 

...   1.36 

.32 

Switzerland 

...      .82 

.84 

United  States . . . 

...      .30 

1.35 

Troops  in  Wars  of  the  United  States 


Wars. 

Years. 

Total 
troops. 

Revolution 

1775-1783 
1790-1795 
1798-1800 
1801-1805 
1813-1814 
1812-1815 
1817-1818 
1831-1832 
1836-1837 
1836-1837 
1835-1843 
1838-1839 
1846-1848 
1849-1855 
1856-1858 
1861-1865 
1898 

395,330 

8,983 

\\  ith  France  (Naval) 

4,593 

With  Tripoli  (Naval) 

3,330 

(Treek  Indians 

13,781 

War  of  1812 

528.274 

Seminole  Indians 

5,911 

5,031 

Creek  Indians 

12,483 

Cherokee  troubles 

3,926 

Florida  Indians 

29,253 

Aroostook  troubles 

1,500 

Mexican         

108,475 

Apache,  Navajo  and  Utah 

2,561 

3,687 

Civil  War        

2,778,304 

Spanish  War 

298,913 

128  SAFE   METHODS  / 

COST  OF  WARS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

Revolutionary $  135,193,703X)0 

War  of  1812-15 107,159,003.00 

Mexican  War 100,000,000.00 

RebeUion 6,189,929,908.58 

Estimated  cost  of  Indian  wars  from  July  4,  1776,  to  June 

30,  1886 696,339,277.68 

Spanish- American,  including  $20,000,000.00  for  Philippine 

Islands 222,000,000.00 

Losses  in  wars — 

Revolution  (English) 50.000  men 

1812-15  killed  and  wounded 6,614  " 

Mexican  Wax 3,420 

TJ<.h^iiir,n  \  Union,— died 279,376  " 

iteoeuion,  -j  confederate,— died 300,000  " 

♦Spanish-American,  killed,  wounded  and  died  in  camp 3,833  " 

*These  figures  do  not  include  those  who  died  after  being  mustered  out. 

BLOODY  BATTLES 

The  losses  in  the  battle  on  the  Yalu  in  the  Japanese-Russian 
War  were  from  1,000  to  4,000  men  on  both  sides.  Compared  with 
battles  in  the  American  Civil  War,  such  losses  are  as  "drops  in 
a  bucket."  The  figures  in  the  following  list  of  the  bloodiest  bat- 
tles of  the  Civil  War  in  the  United  States  are  from  the  "Statis- 
tical Record  of  the  Armies  of  the  United  States,"  by  Capt.  Fred- 
erick Phisterer.     They  include  killed,  wounded  and  missing. 

Battle.  Union. 

Antietam 12,469 

Atlanta 3,641 

Bull  Run,  First 2,952 

Bull  Run,  Second 7,800 

Cedar  Creek 5,995 

Chancellorsville 16,030 

Chickamauga 15,851 

Cold  Harbor 14,931 

Corinth 2,359 

Franklin 2,326 

Fredericksburg 12,353 

Gettysburg 23,186 

Missionary  Ridge,  etc 5,616 

Perryville 4,348 

Shiloh 13.573 

Stone  River 11,578 

Wilderness. 18,387 


Confed- 

erate. 

Total. 

25,899 

38,368 

8,499 

12,140 

1,752 

4,704 

3,700 

11,500 

4,200 

10,195 

12,281 

28.311 

17,804 

33.655 

1,700 

16.631 

9,433 

11,782 

6,252 

8,578 

4,576 

16,929 

31,621 

54,807 

8,684 

14.300 

4,500 

8,S48 

10,699 

24,272 

14,560 

16,138 

11,400 

29,787 

VALUABLE    IVHSCELLANEOUS    MATTER 


429 


CIVIL  WAR  STATISTICS 

The  following,  giving  the  number  of  persons  in  the  Army,  Navy  and 
Marine  Corps  in  the  war  of  1861-65,  is  taken  from  the  latest  revised  reports 
ol  the  Government : 


States,  Territories,  etc. 


Altbama 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Dglaw^are 

District  of  Columbia. 

Florida 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Indian  Nation 

♦Colored  troops 


Totals 2,498.122 


White 
troops 
of  army. 


2,556 

8,289 

15,725 

4,903 

51,937 

206 

11,236 

11,912 

1,290 

255,057 

193,748 

75,797 

18,069 

51,7*3 

5,224 

64,973 

33,995 

122,781 

85,479 

23,913 

545 

100.616 

3.157 

1,080 

32,930 

67,500 

6,561 

409,561 

3,156 

304.814 

1,810 

315,017 

19,521 

31,092 

1,965 

32,549 

964 

31,872 

91,029 

t3,530 


Sailors. 

and 
marines 


2,163 

94 
1.353 

2,224 

1,078 

5 

314 

5,030 

3,925 

19,983 

438 

3 

151 


882 
8,129 

35,164 

3,274 

14,307 

1,878 


101,147 


Colored 
troops. 


1,764 


8,344 


120 


196 
165 


*99,337 
178,975 


*Number  not  credited  on  the  quota  of  any  State,     t  Indians. 

The  number  of  casualties  reported  by  the  Provost  Marshal-General  was: 
Killed  in  battle,  61,362;  died  of  wounds,  34,727;  died  of  disease,  183,287; 
f  otal  deaths,  279,376;  desertions,  199,105.  The  bounties  paid  by  the  several 
States  was  (about)  $285,941,036.  The  nativity  of  the  soldiers  in  the  Federal 
Army  during  the  war  was  as  follows:  United  States,  1,523,300;  German, 
176,800;  Irish,  144,200;  British-American.  53,500;  English,  45,500;  othei 
foreiiracrs,  48,400;  foreigners,  unknown  nativity,  26,500. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES  OF  THE  UNION 

Salaries  and  Terms  of  Governors,  Areas,  Dates  of  Admission,  Thirtees 

Original  States,  Population  in  1900  and  1910,  and  Electoral  Vote 


states 
and  Territories 


Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California. 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

District  of 

Columbia 

Florida ■ 

GJeor^a 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina.. 
North  Dakota — 

Ohio 

tOklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Porto  Rico 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina.... 
South  Dakota.... 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


Salary  |  y„_ 


$7,500 

7,000 

4,000 

1  4,000 

10,000 
5.000 
5,000 
4,000 


6,000 
5.000 
7,000 
5.000 

moo 

8,000 
5,000 
5,000 
6,500 
5,000 
3,000 
4,500 

10,000 
5.000 
7,000 
5,000 
5,000 

15,000 
2,500 
7,000 
3.000 

10.000 
5,000 

10,000 
5,000 
5.000 

10,000 
4,500 
5,000 

10,000 
8.000 
3,000 
3,000 
3,000 
4,000 
4.000 
6,000 
2,500 
5,000 
6.000 
5,000 
5,000 
4,000 


Area  in 

Square 
UUes 


52,250 

590.884 

113,020 

53,850 

158,360 

103,925 

4,990 

2.050 

70 
58,680 
59,475 

6,740 
84,800 
56,650 
36.350 
56,025 
82,080 
40,400 
48,720 
23,040 
12,210 

8,315 
58,915 
83,365 
48,810 
69,415 
146,080 
77,510 
110,700 

9,305 

7,815 
122,580 
49,170 
52,250 
70,795 
41,000 
70,430 
96,030 
45,215 

3,600 

1,2.50 
30,570 
77,650 
42,050 
205,780 
84,970 

9,565 
42,450 
69,180 
24,780 
56,040 
97,890 


When 

Ad- 
mitted 


1819 

1912 
1836 
1850 
1876 

*1788 
♦1787 


1845 
♦1788 

1890 

1818 

1816 

1*16 

1861 

1792 

1812 

1820 

*1788 

*1788 

1837 

1858 

1817 

1821 

18S9 

1SS7 

1864 

*1788 

*1787 

^1911 

*1788 

♦l789 

1889 

1803 

1907 

1859 

*1787 

*i796 

*1788 
1889 
1796 
1845 
1896 
1791 

*1788 
1889 

1863 
1848 
1890 


Popu- 
lation In 
1900 


1,828,697 

63,592 

122,931 

1,311.564 

1,485,053 

539,700 

908,420 

184,735 

278,718 

528,W2 

2,216,331 

164,001 

161,772 

4,821,550 

2,516,462 

2,231.853 

1,470,495 

2,147,174 

1,381,625 

694,466 

1,188,044 

2,805,346 

2,420,982 

1,751,394 

1,551,270 

3,106,665 

243,329 

1,066,300 

42,335 

411,588 

1,883,669 

195.310 

7,268,8W 

1,893,810 

319,146 

4,157,5-15 

790,391 

413,536 

6,302,115 

953,243 

428,556 

1,340,316 

401,570 

2,020,616 

3,048,710 

276,749 

343,&11 

1.854,184 

518,103 

958,800 

2,069,042 

92,.531 


Popu- 
lation In 
1910 


2.138.093 
64.356 

204.354 
1.574.449 
2.377.549 

799.024 
1,114,756 

202,322 

331,069 

752,619 
2,609,121 

191,909 

325,594 
5,638,591 
2,700,876 
2,224.771 
1.690.919 
2,289,905 
1,656,388 

742,371 
1,295,348 
3.366.416 
2,810,173 
2,075,708 
1,797,114 
3,293,335 

376,053 

1,192,214 

81,875 

430,572 
2.537,167 

327,301 
9,113,614 
2,206,287 

577,056 
4,767,121 
1,657,155 

672,765 
7,665,111 
1.118.012 

542,610 
1,515,400 

583,888 
2,184,789 
3,896,542 

373.351 

355.956 
2.061.612 
1,141,990 
1,221,119 
2,333,860 

145,965 


Total 78,271,811    93,346,543     483     531$ 


*Datcs  of   ratifying   the   Constitution   by   thirteen  original   states. 

Area  of  new  possessions  not  included  in  above  list:  Philippines,  140,000 
square  miles;  Guam,  150;  Xutuila  and  islets,  79.  Population,  I'hilippines,  about 
8,U00,00O;    Guam,    about    8,661;    TutuMa,    5,800. 

fOklahoma    aud    Indian    territory    admitted   as    State    of    Oklahoma    In    1907. 

JApril  1911,  the  House  of  Representatives  passed  a  bill  providing  f»r  an 
increase  of  membership  for  from  391  to  495  apportioned,  according  to  1910 
census — including   one   each    for   Arizona    and    New   Mexico. 

1.  Arkansas  Governor  gets  $1,000.00  additional  and  Montana  Governor  gets 
$2,500.00  additional   towards  expenses  of  executive   mansion. 

430 


VALUABLE   MISCELLANEOUS    MATTER 


4» 


Eh 


o 

OQ 

a 


432  SAFE  METHODS 

RELIGIOUS  VIEWS  AND  CHURCH  CONNECTIONS  OP 
OUR  PRESIDENTS 

George  Washington  was  a  member  of  the  Episcopal  Church, 
and  a  great  behever  in  prayer,  as  is  evidenced  by  numerous  mes- 
sages. One  was:  "The  blessing  and  protection  of  Heaven  are/ 
at  all  times  necessary,  but  especially  so  in  time  of  public  danger/ 
and  distress."  He  also  said:  "Though  I  am  a  member  of  the 
Church  of  England,  I  have  no  exclusive  partialities."  / 

John  Adams  was  a  Congregationalist,  and  came  of  a  long 
line  of  Puritan  ancestors,  but  was  very  liberal  in  his  views  as  t* 
religion.  He  was  baptized  October  26,  1735,  in  the  first  churcji 
of  Quincy,  called  "The  Church  of  Statesmen." 

Thomas  Jefferson's  ideas  on  religion  are  difficult  to  classify. 
He  was  an  admirer  of  the  great  Tom  Paine,  the  agnostic,  and  was 
denounced  from  New  England  pulpits  as  a  "Godless  man,"  but 
a  letter  to  Mrs.  John  Adams  shows  that  he  believed  ia  a  future 
life,  where  "we  will  meet  our  friends,"  and  his  life  was  a  stricily 
moral  one.     He  belonged  to  no  church. 

John  Quincy  Adams  was  a  Congregationalist,  like  his  father, 
and  wrote  a  hymn. 

Madison  and  Monroe  were  both  Episcopalians  in  good  standing. 

Andrew  Jackson  was  notoriously  irreligious  in  his  early  man- 
hood and  mature  life.  As  a  youth  at  Salisbury,  he  is  described  as 
"the  most  roaring,  rollicking,  game-cocking,  horse-racing,  card- 
playing,  mischievous  fellow  that  ever  lived  in  the  town."  After 
his  retirement  from  the  Presidency  he  became  converted  and 
joined  the  Presbyterian  Church,  his  dymg  words  being:  "My 
dear  children  and  friends  and  servants,  I  hope  and  trust  to  meet 
you  all  in  heaven,  both  white  and  black." 

Martin  Van  Buren  never  made  any  religious  profession,  but 
was  a  man  of  irreproachable  morality. 

William  Henry  Harrison  was  an  Episcopalian  of  strong  con 
victions,  which  prevented  him  from  fighting  duels. 

John  Tyler  was  also  an  Episcopalian. 

James  K.  Polk  made  no  profession  until  he  was  on  his  death- 
bed, when  a  Methodist  clergyman  sprinkled  him. 

Zachary  Taylor  apparently  gave  the  matter  of  religion  no 
thought,  but  his  wife  was  an  Episcopalian,  and  he  contributed  tc 
the  support  of  that  church. 

Millard  Fillmore  was  a  very  quiet  and  pious  man,  who  affiliated 
with  the  Baptists. 


Valuable  MiscELLAKEOtrs  matter  433 

f*ranklin  Pierce  was  an  Episcopal  coffimunicant. 

James  Buchanan  was  always  pi6us,  but  didn't  join  the  chxirch 
lintil  after  his  retirement  from  the  Presidency,  when  he  became  a 
Presbyterian. 

Abraham  Lincoln  was  profoimdiy  reverential,  and  though, 
uncommitted  to  any  special  creed,  he  was  essentially  a  devout 
believer.     Both  his  parents  were  Baptists. 

Andrew  Johnson  was  not  a  member  of  any  church,  hut  a  tacit; 
Tbeliever  in  Christianity.    He  inclined  to  Methodism. 

Ulysses  Grant  was  a  Methodist,  and  extoUed  for  his  piety 
by  his  biographers,  though  he  was  never  demonstrative. 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes  was  a  Methodist. 

James  A.  Garfield  was  a  member  of  the  Chiirch  of  Christ. 

Chester  A.  Arthur  was  an  Episcopalian. 

Benjamm  Harrison  was  a  Presbj^terian,  and  active  in  church 
affairs. 

Grover  Cleveland  was  a  Presbyterian. 

William  McKinley  was  a  Methodist. 

Theodore  Roosevelt  is  a  member  of  the  Reformed  Dutch 
Church,  and  sometimes  preaches  from  its  pulpit. 

William  H.  Taft- is  a  Unitarian. 

Woodrow  Wilson  is  a  Presbytenati. 

THE  PRESIDENTlAii  SUCCESiaSSr 

The  Presidential  succession  is  fixed  by  chapter  4  of  the  acts 
of  the  Forty-ninth  Congress,  first  session.  In  case  of  the  removal, 
death,  resignation,  or  inability  of  both  the  President  and  Vice- 
President,  then  the  Secretary  of  State  shall  act  as  President  until 
the  disability  of  the  President  or  Vice-President  is  removed  or  a 
President  is  elected.  If  there  be  no  Secretary  of  State,  then  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  will  act;  and  the  remainder  of  the 
order  .of  succession  Is  as  follows:  The  Secretary  of  War,  Attorney- 
General,  Postmaster-General,  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  and  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior.  The  acting  President  must,  upon  taking 
ofl&ce,  convene  Congress,  if  not  at  the  time  in  session,  in  extraor- 
dinary session,  giving  twenty  days'  notice.  This  act  applies  only 
to  such  Cabinet  officers  as  shall  have  been  appointed  by  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  a>Qd  are  eligible  vmder  the  Con- 
sUtution  to  the  Presidency, 


434  SAFE  METHODS 

How  the  Presidents  Are  Elected 

Even  the  ablest  politicians  of  the  country  have  little  more 
than  a  superficial  knowledge  of  how  Presidents  are  elected  under 
the  electoral  system  now  in  use.  This  feature  of  the  Constitu- 
tion gave  its  f  ramers  more  trouble  than  any  other  section. 

Properly  speaking,  there  is  no  popular  vote  for  President. 
There  is  only  a  vote  for  presidential  electors.  The  President  is 
elected  by  the  States.  Each  State  is  given  two  votes  to  repre- 
sent its  sovereignty  and  as  many  other  votes  as  it  may  be 
entitled  to  representatives :  that  is,  the  votes  are  distributed  in 
proportion  to  its  population.  The  State  casts  the  vote ;  the  people 
do  not. 

On  Presidential  election  day,  which  occurs  every  four  years 
on  the  Tuesday  next  after  the  first  Monday  in  November, 
instead  of  voting  directly  for  the  President  and  Vice-President 
of  the  United  States,  the  qualified  voters  of  each  State  vote  for 
as  many  electors  as  their  State  has  Senators  and  Representatives 
in  Congress.  The  names  of  the  electors  to  be  voted  for  are  placed 
upon  the  various  national  tickets,  and  those  elected  constitute 
the  Electoral  College.  After  the  election  those  elected  meet  in 
their  respective  States  on  the  second  Monday  of  January  follow- 
ing, at  the  State  capital,  and  ballot  for  President  and  Vice- 
President. 

Separate  lists  are  prepared,  one  copy  of  which  is  deposited  in 
the  mail  and  another  sent  by  special  messenger^  to  the  President 
of  the  Senate.  The  Senate  then  visits  the  House  of  Represent- 
atives, the  President  of  the  Senate  occupying  a  seat  with  the 
Speaker  of  the  House.  The  President  of  the  Senate  announces 
tellers  on  the  part  of  the  Senate,  the  Speaker  of  the  House  per- 
forming a  like  duty  for  that  body. 

The  President  of  the  Senate  then  breaks  the  seals  of  the  pack- 
age containing  the  lists  and  announces  the  votes,  a  note  of 
which  is  made  by  the  secretary.  "When  this  is  concluded  the 
result  declares  the  next  President  and  Vice-President. 


VALUABLE  MISCELLANEOUS  MATTER 


435 


UNITED  STATES  NAVAL  ENLISTMENT 

The  term  of  enlistment  of  all  enlisted  men  of  the  navy  ia  four 
years.  Minors  over  the  age  of  eighteen  may  be  enlisted  without 
consent  of  parents  or  guardians,  but  minors  under,  but  claiming 
to  be  over  eighteen  years  of  age,  are  liable,  if  enlisted,  to  punish- 
ment for  fraudulent  enlistment.  Only  such  persons  shall  be 
enUsted  as  can  reasonably  be  expected  to  remain  in  the  service. 
Every  person,  before  being  enlisted,  must  pass  the  physical  exam- 
ination prescribed  in  the  medical  instructions.  Applicants  for 
enlistment  must  be  American  citizens,  able  to  read  and  write 
English,  and  when  enlisted  must  take  the  oath  of  allegiance. 

NAVY  AND  MARINE  CORPS  PAY  TABLE 


NAVY  (Linb) 


Admiral  of  the  navy 

Rear-admirals— First  nine 

Second  nine 

Chief  3  of  bureaos 

Captains 

Judge-advocate  general 

Commanders 

Lieutenant-commanders 

Lieutenants 

Lieutenants  (junior  grade) 

Ensigns 

Chief  boatswains,  gunners,  carpenters,  sail-makers 

Midshipmen  at  sea 

Midshipmen  at  academy 

Marine  corps. 

Major-general 

Colonels 

Lieutenant><;olonels 

Majors 

Captains  (line) 

Captains  (staff) 

First  lieutenants 

Second  lieutenants 

*On  sea  duty,  or  on  shore  duty  beyond  sea,  10  per  cent  increase 


Pay  per 
annum* 


$13,500 
8,000 
6,000 
6,000 
4,600 
4,000 
4,100 
3,000 
3,000 
2,000 
2.140 
1.700 
1.400 
600 

8,000 
4.000 
3,500 
3.000 
2.400 
2,600 
2.000 
1.700 


436  SAFE  METHODS 

Chaplains  of  or  above  the  rank  of  lieutenant-commander  get  the 
pay  and  allowance  of  a  lieutenant-commander;  those  who  have 
rank  of  Ueutenant,  appointed  prior  to  July  1,  1906,  $2,800;  others 
according  to  rank  in  above  table;  naval  constructors,  $3,200  to 
$4,200;  assistant  naval  constructors,  $2,000,  or  pay  of  rank  accord- 
ing to  above  table;  warrant  officers,  $1,125  to  $2,250. 

Petty  officers  and  chief  petty  officers  get  a  salary  ranging  from 
$4  0  to  $92  per  month. 

First-class  seamen  get  $26  a  month ;  seamen  gimners,  $28 ;  fire- 
men, first-class,  $38;  ordinary  seamen,  $21;  firemen,  second-class, 
$35,  shipwrights,  $27;  apprentice  seamen,  $18;  coal  passers,  $24. 

UNITED  STATES  ARMY  REOEUITINa  REQUIREMENTS 

Applicants  for  first  enlistment  must  be  between  the  ages  of 
eighteen  and  thirty-five  years,  of  good  character  and  temperate 
habits,  able-bodied,  free  from  disease,  and  must  be  able  to  speak, 
read  and  write  the  English  language.     Minors  will  not  be  enlisted. 

For  infantry  and  coast  artillery  the  height  must  be  not  less  than 
five  feet  four  inches,  and  weight  not  less  than  one  hundred  and 
twenty  (120)  poimds  and  not  more  than  one  hundred  and  ninety 
(190)  pounds. 

For  cavalry  and  field  artillery  the  height  must  be  not  less  than 
five  feet  four  inches  and  not  more  than  five  feet  ten  inches,  and 
weight  not  to  exceed  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  (165)  pounds. 
No  minimum  weight  is  prescribed  for  these  arms,  but  the  chest 
measures  must  be  satisfactory. 

UNITED  STATES  ARMY  ENLISTMENT 

The  Army  Act  of  August  24,  1912,  prescribes  a  seven  years'  term 
of  enhstment  in  the  army  after  November  1,  1912,  in  heu  of  the 
previous  term  of  three  years,  the  first  four  years  with  the  colors  in 
active  service,  and  the  remaining  three  years  on  furlough,  without 
pay,  and  attached  to  the  Army  Reserve  established  by  the  same 
Act.  The  Army  Reserves  are  subject  to  be  called  into  active  serv- 
ice only  in  the  event  of  actual  or  threatened  hostiUties. 

The  monthly  pay  of  recniits  during  the  first  enhstment  ranges 
from  $16  to  $18.  Additional  pay  of  from  $1  to  $4  per  month  for 
continuous  service  is  allowed  during  each  enhstment  period  of  four 
years,  after  the  first,  up  to  and  including  the  seventh. 


VALUABLE   MISCELLANEOUS   MATTER 


437 


SALARIES  OF  UNITED  STATES  OFFICERS 

Civil,  Military  and  Naval 
Salaries  of  the  principal  United  States  government  ofiScials 
are  as  follows:  President,  $75,000;  vice-president,  $12,000; 
cabinet  officers,  $12,000  each;  senators,  $7,500  each,  -with, 
mileage;  speaker  of  the  house,  $12,000;  representatives, 
$7,500  each,  with  mileage;  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  $15,000;  associate  justices,  $14,500  each;  justices  of 
Circuit  courts,  $7,000  each.    Effective  March  4,  1907. 

Army  Pay  Table 


PAY   OF   OFFICERS   IN   ACTIVE   SKRVICB 


Yearly  Pay  * 


First  5 
years' 
service 


After  5 
years' 
service 


After  10 
years' 
service 


After  15 
years' 
service 


After  20 
years' 

service 


General     

Lieutenant-General     ... 

Major-General     

Brigadier-General    

Colonel     (b)     

Lieutenant-Colonel    (b) 

Major    (b)     

Captain     

First    Lieutenant    

Second    Lieutenant    . . . 


UO.OOO 
9.000 
8.000 
G.OOO 
4.000 
3.500 
3.000 
2,400 
2.000 
1.700 


.10  p.  0. 


M.400 
3.850 
3.300 
2.640 
2.200 
1,870 


20  p.  c. 


M.800 
4.200 
3,600 
2,880 
2,400 
2.040 


30  p.  c.    140  p.  c.  a 


$5,000 

$5,000 

4.500 

4.500 

3,900 

4.000 

3.120 

3.360 

2.600 

2.800 

2.210 

2.380 

GBADE 


PAY  OF  RETIRED   OFFICERS 


Yearly  Pay 


First  5 

After  5 

After  10 

After  15 

After  20 

years' 

years' 

years' 

years' 

years' 

servife 

service 

service 

service 

service 

$7,500 



6,750 

6,000 

4.500 

3.000 

$3,300,00 

$3,600 

$3,750.00 

$3,750 

2.625 

2,887.50 

3.150 

3.375.00 

3.375 

2.250 

2.475.00 

2,700 

2.924.40 

3.000 

1.800 

1,980.00 

2.160 

2.340.00 

2.520 

1,500 

1.650.00 

1.800 

1.950.00 

2.100 

1,275 

1.402.50 

1.530 

1,657.44 

1.785 

General     

Lieuten  an  t-  General     . . . . 

Major-General     

Brigadier-General     

Colonel     (b)     

Lieutenant-Colonel     (b) 

Major    (b)     

Captain     

First   Lieutenant    

Second    Lieutenant    


*  Does  not  Include  allowances  for  quarters,  etc. 

Chaplains  have  the  rank  and  pay  of  major,  captain  and  first  lieutenant,  re- 
Bpeotlvely. 

(a)  Service  increase  of  pay  of  officers  below  rank  of  brigadier-general  cannot 
exceed  40  p.  c.  in  all. 

(b)  The  maxinrum  pay  of  a  colonel  is  $5,000.  <rf  a  lieutenant-colonel  $4,500. 
and  of  a  major  $4,000. 

Dental   Surgeons  have  the  rank  and  pay  of  first  lieutenant, 

Aoting  Dental  Surgeons  receive  $150  per  month. 

Veterinary  Surgeons  receive  the  pay  of  second  lieutenant  with  right  to  retire- 
ment. 

Army  Pay  Clerks  receive  from  $1,125  to  $2,000  per  year  with  right  to  retire- 
ment. 

The  pay  of  non-oommisBioned  officers  is  from  $21  to  $99  per  month,  and  of 
privates  from  $15  to  $25  per  month.  Service  outside  the  United  States,  exoept 
in  Porto  Rico.  Panama  and  Hawaii,  10  per  cent,  additional  for  officers  and  20  per 
cent,  for  enlisted  men. 


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VALUABLE   MISCELLANEOUS    MATTER 


439 


fiELIGIOUS  DENOIdlNATIONS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Denomination. 

Members. 

Denomination. 

Members. 

Adventists 

98,487 

5,510,590 

8,605 

6,661 

12,372,069 

1,491 

85,717 

3,084 

782,500 

1,430,015 

106.194 

162,031 

118,306 

1  Jews 

143,000 

Mormons 

310,500 

Brethren  (Plymouth) 

2,173  (M7 

Menonites  

59,274 

Catholic  Apostolic 

6,477,224 

Presbyterians   

1,848.046 

Protestant  Episcopal 

921,713 

Congregation  alists 

Disciples  of  Christ 

385,038 

277,a52 

Unitarians 

71,000 

Evangelicals   

Dniversalists  

52,944 

CREEDS  IN  THE  WORLD 

The  following  estimates,  by  Krose,  are  the  latest  that  have 
been  made  by  a  competent  authority,  and  refer  to  the  religions  of 
the  world  at  the  commencement  of  the  twentieth  century: — 


Creeds. 

No.  of 
Followers. 

Creeds. 

No.  of 
Followers. 

Christianity 

549,000,000 

253,000,000 
210,000,000 
202,000,000 
120,000,000 

Taoism 

32,000,000 

Worship  of  Ancestors 
and  Confucianism  . 

17,000,000 

Judaism 

11,000  OOC 

145,000,000 

Mohammedanism  .... 
Buddhism 

Old  Indian  Religions.  . 
Miscellaneous 

12,000,000 
3,000,000 

CHRISTIANITY 


Churches. 

Total. 

Churches. 

Total. 

Roman  Catholic  Ch'rch 
Protestant  Churches.   . 
Orthodox  Greek  Ch'rch 

264,000,500 
167,000,000 
109,000,000 

Orthodox  Russians  . .  . 
Oriental  Schism 

109,000,000 
6,500,000 

Continents 


Europe 

Asia 

Africa 

America 

Australia  and  Ocean 
ica 

Total 


Catholics 


177,657,261 
11,513,276 
3,004,563 
71,687,261 

97&,943 


264,502,922 


Greek 
Protestants  Orthodox 
Churches 


97,293,434'  97,059,644 

1,926,108'  12,034,149 
l,663,34l|         53,479 

62,556,967  


3,187,259 


166,627,109  109,147,272 


Orthodox 
Russians 


1,736,464 
436,907 


Oriental 
Schism 


220,394 
2,726,053 
3,608,466 


2,173,371  6,554,913 


Total 
Christians 


373,975,951 

28,636  493 

8,329,849 

133,907,846 

4,167  202 


549,017,341 


Out  of  the  total  population  of  the  world,  which  amounts  to  1,539  millions 
(according  to  Yuraschke),  35.7  per  cent  are  Christians,  13.1  per  cent  Moham- 
medans, 0.7  per  cent  Jews,  or,  762,102,000  are  Monotheists  against  776,000,000 
who  are  Polytneists — i.  e.,  nearly  hnJf  of  the  population  the  world  believe  io 
one  God 


440 


SAFE   METHODS 


CARPENTER'S  RULES 


ROOF  FRAMING 

Definition  of  Terms.— The  "gable"  is  the  triangular  end  of  a. 
common  double-roofed  building.  By  the  "pitch"  of  a  roof 
is  meant  the  relation  which  the  height  of  the  ridge  above  the 
level  of  the  roof-plates  bears  to  the  span,  or  the  distance 
between  the  studs  on  which  the  roof  rests.  Thus  a  roof  that  is 
one-half  as  high  as  the  width  of  the  building  is  "half -pitch,"  one 
that  IS  one- fourth  as  high  as  the  width  is  "quarter-pitch,"  etc. 
The  following  illustration  from  Hodgson's  "Practical  Treatise 
on  the  Steel  Square,"  not  only  shows  the  most  common 
pitches,  but  also  gives  the  degrees : 

"Most  carpenters,'* 
says  Mr.  Hodgson, 
"know  that  half- 
pitch  is  45  degrees, 
yet  few  know  third- 
pitch  is  nearly  34,  and 
quarter  -  pitch  about 
27  degrees. 

"A  building  24  feet 
wide  (as  the  rafters 
come  to  the  center) 
has  a  12- foot  run  and 
half  -  pitch,  the  rise 
would  also  be  12  feet, 
and  the  length  of  the 
rafter  would  be  17 
feet  {the  diagonal  of 
12).  Length,  cuts, 
etc.,  could  all  be  figured  from  the  one  illustration." 

The  Length  of  Rafters  for  the  most  common  pitches  can  be 
found  as  follows  from  any  given  span: 

If  i  pitch.multiply  span  by  .559,  or  7-12  nearly. 


If  \ 

' 

*•    .6     ,  or  3-5 

lit 

(              .«           .« 

"    .625,  or  J 

4                                   .•                             » 

"    .71  ,  or  7-10 

hi 

*                                   »i                             «1 

"    .8     ,  or  4-5 

If  full 

.                                   •>                             1> 

"  1.12,  or  li 

To  lengths  thus  obtained  must  be  added  amoimt  of  projection 
of  rafters  at  the  eaves 


CAKPENTER  S    RULES 


441 


As  rafters  must  be  purchased  of  even  lengths,  a  few  inches 
more  or  less  on  their  lengths  will  make  a  difference  to  the 
pitch  so  slight  that  it  cannot  be  detected  by  the  eye. 

Example. — To  determine  the  length  of  rafters  for  a  roof 
constructed  one-half  pitch,  with  a  span  of  24  feet — 24x."l= 
17.04;  or,  practically,  just  17  feet.  A  projection  of  one  foot 
for  eaves  makes  the  length  to  be  purchased  18  feet. 

How  to  Find  Bevels  and  Length  of  Rafters 


How  to  Find  the  Length  and  Bevels  of  Rafters. 

1.  Bevels. — Place  your  steel  square  on  a  board  (say  the 
bmlding  is  40  feet  long),  with  the  corner  20  inches  from  the 
edge  of  the  board  one  way  and  7  inches  the  other,  and  mark  it 
as  shown  in  the  above  figure.  The  angle  at  c  will  be  the  bevel 
of  the  upper  end,  and  the  angle  at  d  at  the  lower  end  of  the 
rafter. 

2.  Length. — From  a  to  6  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  board  is 
the  length  of  the  rafter.  The  20  inches  shows  the  20  feet,  or 
half  the  width  of  the  building;  the  7  inches  the  7  foot  rise.  The 
distance  from  a  to  b,  on  the  edge  of  the  board,  is  21  inches, 
two-twelfths  and  one-quarter  of  a  twelfth  (always  use  a  square 
with  inches  on  one  side  divided  into  twelfths),  therefore  this 
rafter  will  be  21  feet  and  2  J  inches  long. 

How  to  Determine  Curves  for  Brick  and  Stone  Arches 


Measure  width  required  and 
draw  the  figure  above  in- 
dicated. If  the  points  in  the 
figures  are  equal  on  both  sides, 
the  curve  will  be  an  exact 
part  of  a  circle. 


To  Find  the  Area  of  a  Gable  End 

Multiply  the  width  of  the  building  by  the-  height  of  the  roof, 
and  take  one-half  of  the  result.  Or,  if  the  roof  is  quarter- 
pitch,  find  the  area  by  multiplying  the  width  of  the  roof  by  J  of 
itself. 


442 


SAFE    METHODS 


To  Find  Number  of  Feet  of  Stock  Boards  to  Cover  a  House 

Multiply  the  distance  around  the  house  by  the  height  of  the 
post,  and  add  the  area  of  the  two  gable  ends  to  the  result. 

How  to  Find  the  Height  of  a  Tree 

Measure  off  on  the  ground  from  the  base  of  the  tree  the 
number  of  feet  you  desire  your  log  to  be  in  length  (allowing 

for  the  height  of  the 
stump),  then  measure 
back  one -third  of  the 
distance  and  place  there 
a  pole  as  many  feet  long 
as  this  last  measurement; 
let  some  one  hold  it  from 
the  height  of  prospective 
stump  from  the  ground, 
then  place  your  eye  at 
the  outer  end  of  the  line 
measured  from  the  tree 
and  look  over  the  pole  towards  the  tree.  The  point  where  the 
eye  strikes  the  tree  is  the  height  which  will  give  you  the  log 
of  the  required  length. 

Example. — Suppose  a  log  33  feet  long  is  wanted — measure  off 
33  feet  out  from  the  base  of  the  tree,  and  then  measure  back 
again  11  feet.  At  this  point  (indicated  by  6  in  the  cut),  have 
some  one  hold  an  11-foot  pole  at  the  height  from  the  ground 
that  the  stump  is  to  have ;  then  put  your  eye  at  e,  look  over  the 
top  of  the  pole  at  c,  and  your  eye  will  strike  the  tree  at  d, 
which  will  be  33  feet  from  a,  the  point  where  the  tree  is  to  be 
cut  down- 


FOURTEENTH  CENSUS,   1020 


443 


DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

FOURTEENTH  CENSUS,  1920 

OFFICIAL  CENSUS  CITIES  OF  7000  AND  OVER 


Aberdeen,   S.  D 14,537 

Aberdeeen,    Wash 15,337 

Abilene,    Tex 10.274 

Ada.     Okla 8.012 

Adrian,     llich 11,878 

Akron,    Ohio 208.43') 

Alameda,    Cal 28.80fi 

Albany,    Ala. 7,652 

Albany,     Ga 11,555 

Albany,    N.    Y 113,344 

Albert  Lea.  Minn 8,056 

Albion.     Mich 8.354 

Albuqueraue,   N.    M...  15.157 

Ak«andria,    La 17,516 

Alexandria,    Va 18,000 

Alhambra.     Cal. ......  9,096 

Allentown,    Fa. 73.5ir2 

Alliance.    Ohio 21,C03 

Alma.    Mich 7,542 

Alpena,  Mich 11,101 

Alton,     lU 24,682 

Altoona.    Pa 60.331 

Ambridse.     Pa. 12,730 

Americus.    Ga 9,010 

Amsterdam,  N.  T 33,524 

Anaconda,   Mont 11,608 

Anderson.    Ind 29.767 

Anderson,   S.    C. 10,535 

Andover,     Mass 7,489 

Ann  Arbor,   Mich 19,516 

Annapolis.  Md 11.214 

Anniston,    Ala 17,734 

Ansonia,     Conn 17,643 

Antigo.    Wis 8,451 

Appleton,    Wis 19,501 

Amarlllo,    Tex 15.494 

Archbald.    Pa 8.603 

Ardmore,     Okla 14,181 

Arlington.     Mass 18,646 

Asbury   Parlt.  N.    J...  12,400 

Ashland.    Ky 14.729 

Ashland,    Ohio 9,249 

Ashland,    Wis. 11.3:u 

Ashtabula.    Ohio 22.082 

AshevlUe,    N.     C 22,026 

Astoria,   Ore 14,027 

Atchison,   Kan 12,630 

Athens,    Ga. 16,748 

Athol.     Mass. 9,792 

Atlanta.  Ga 200,616 

Atlantic    City.    N.  J. . .  50,682 

Attleboro,     Mass 19.731 

Auburn,    N.    Y 36.192 

Auburn,    Me 16,985 

Augusta,    Ga 52,548 


Augusta.     Me 14,114 

Aurora,    111 36.397 

Austin,    Minn 10.118 

Austin,     Tex 34.876 

Bakersfleld.     Cal 18.038 

Baltimore.     Md 733,826 

Bangor.     Me 25,978 

Barbertoii,     Ohio 18.811 

Barre.     Vt 10.008 

Bartlesville.    OUla 14,417 

Batavia,   N.   Y 13,541 

Bath,     Me 14,731 

Baton  Rouge,  La 21.782 

Battle   Creek.    Mich...  36,164 

Bay    City,    Mich 47,554 

Bayonne,    N.    J 76,754 

Beacon,    N.    Y 10,99R 

Beardstown,    111 7,111 

Beatrice,    Nebr 9,604 

Beaumont,  Tex 40,422 

Beaver   Dam,    Wis 7,992 

Beaver   Falls.    Pa 12,802 

Bedford.    Ind 8,963 

Bellaire,      Oblo 15.061 

BelleTllle,    111 24,741 

Belleville,    N.     J 15,696 

Bellevue,    Ky 7,379 

Bellevue.   Pa 8,198 

BeUinsham.     Wash. .  .  25,570 
Belmont,     Mass 10,744 

Beloit,    Wis 21,284 

Belvulere,     111 7,804 

BpmUl.ii.    Minn 7.080 

Bennington.    Vt 9,982 

Benton.    Ill 7,201 

Benton  Harbor,   Mich.  12.233 

Berkeley.      Cal 55.886 

Berlin,   N.    H. 16,104 

Berwick.    Pa 12,181 

Berwyn,     111 14,150 

Bethlehem,    Pa 50,358 

Beverly.    Mass 22.561 

Bidtntll.    Ind 7.635 

Biddeford.      Me 18.008 

Billings,    Mont. 15,100 

Biloxi.    Miss 10,937 

Blnghamton,    N.    Y 66,800 

Birmingham.    Ala 178,270 

Bisbee,    Ariz 9.205 

Blackvvell,     Okla 7,174 


Blcomfleld.  N.  J.. 
Bloomiiigton.  111.. 
Bloominglon.  Ind. 
Hloomshurg.  Fa. .  . 
Blueflcld.    W.    Va. 


22.011 
28,638 
11,595 
7,819 
15,191 


Blue   Island.    Ill 10,528 

Bogahisa.    La 8.245 

Boise.     Idalio 21.393 

Boston.    Mas^ 748,060 

Boulder.     Colo 10,989 

Bowling  Green,   Ky. . .  9,638 

Braiilnrd,    Pa 15,525 

Bradci.x-k,    Pa 20,879 

Braliierd.   Minn 9.591 

Bralntree,     Mass 10,554 

Brazil,    Ind 9.293 

Bremerton,    Wash 8,918 

Bsidgeport.     Conn 143.538 

Bridgeton.  N.  J 14.323 

Bristol.    Conn 20,620 

Bristol.    Pa 10,273 

Bristol,   R.   1 11,375 

Bristol,   Tenn 8.047 

Brocltton.    Mass 60,254 

Brookline,    Mass 37,748 

Brunswick.     Ga 14.413 

Buffalo,    N.    Y 506,775 

Burlington,     Iowa 24.057 

Burlington,   N.   J 9,049 

Burlington,   Vt 22,779 

BurrillviUe,  R.  1 8,606 

Butler,    Pa 23,778 

Butte,    Mont 41,611 

Ca^lillac.     >Uoh 9,734 

Cairo,     111 15,203 

Cambridge,    Mass 109,694 

Cambridge,    Ohio 13,104 

Cambridge.    Md 7.467 

Camden.    N.    J 116.,S09 

Canadalgua,    N.    Y 7,356 

Canonsbtirg.    Pa. 10.632 

Canton.    Oliio 87,091 

Caiitoa,    111 10,928 

Cai>e  Girardeau,   Mo..  10,252 

Cai-bondale,    Pa 18,640 

Cariisle.  Pa 10.916 

Caniegie,  Pa 11,516 

Caxrick.    Fa 10,504 

Carthage,    AIo 10,068 

Carthage,    Pa 10,053 

Casper,    Wyo' 11,447 

Cedar    Rapids.    Iowa..  45.506 

Cfutervllle.     Iowa 8.486 

Central   Falls.   R.   I...  24,174 

CentraUa,    III 12,491 

Centralia,    Wash 7,549 

f'liamlwrsburg      Pa 13,171 

(niampaign.     Ill 15,873 

rhanute,     Kan 16.286 

Charleroi.    Pa 11.510 


444 


FOURTEENTH  CENSUS,  1920 


Charles   City,    Iowa...  7,350 

Charleston,  W.   Va....  39,608 

Chajleston,     S.     C 67,957 

Charlotte,  N.   C 46,3S8 

CharlottesTille.    Va....  10,688 

Chattanooga,     Tenn. . .  57,895 

Chelsea,     Mass 43,184 

Cheltenham.     Pa, 11,015 

Chester,     Pa. 58,030 

Chicago,     111 2,701,212 

Chicago  Heights,   111..  19,653 

Chico,    Cal 8,872 

Chicopee.    Mass 36,214 

Chi(x>pee   Falls.    Wis..  9,130 

ChiUicothe.     Ohio 15,831 

Chippewa  Falls.  Wis..  9,130 

Chisholm,     Minn 9.039 

Cicero,    111 44,995 

Cincinnati,    Ohio 401,247 

CircleviUe.    Ohio 7.045 

Cisco.  Tex 7,422 

Clarksburg,    W.    Va, . .  27,86n 

Clarksburg,   Miss 7,552 

Clarksville,     Tenn 8,110 

Clearfield,   Pa. 8,529 

Clebum,    Tex 12,820 

Cleveland,   Ohio 796,830 

Cleveland    Heights,    O.  7,nfi2 

Clifton,    N.    J 26,470 

Clinton,     Iowa 24,151 

Clinton.     Mass 12,964 

Clinton.    Ind 10,062 

Cbateeville,     Pa 14, .n5 

Coffeyville,     Kan 13,4')2 

Cohoes,    N.    y 22,987 

CoUlngswood.    N.   J...  8,714 

ColUnsviUe,   III 9,753 

Colorado  Spgs.,  Colo..  30,10"i 

Columbia,    S.    C .37.524 

Columbia,     Pa 16,836 

Columbia,     Mo 10,379 

Columbus,     Ga. 31,125 

Columbus,     Ohio 237,031 

Columbus,     Ind 8,9U0 

Columbus,     Miss 10.501 

Concord,  N.  H 22,107 

Concord,   N.   C 9,903 

Conneaut,    Ohio 9,343 

Connersville.     Ind 9,901 

Conshohocken,   Pa .  8,4X1 

Coming,   N.  Y 15,820 

Corpus    Christi,    Tex..  10,522 

Corry,     Pa. 7,22;-' 

Corsicano,     Tex 11,350 

Cortland,    N.    Y 13,294 

Coshocton,    Ohio 10,847 

Council  Bluffs,  Iowa..  ;:6,l(i2 

ConnellsviUe,     Pa 13,804 

Covington,    Ky 57,121 

Cranston,  R.   I. 29,407 

Crawford,    Ind 10.139 

Cumberland,   Md 29,837 

Cumberland,   R.   1 9,543 

Dallas.     Tex 158, n7« 

Danbury,    Conn 18,943 


DanvillB,    111 33,750 

Danville,     Va 21,539 

Darby.    Pa 7,922 

Davenport.    Iowa 50,727 

Daytoa,    Ohio 153,330 

Dayton,     Ky 7,846 

Decatur,    111 43,818 

Dedham,     Mass 10,783 

Defiance,   Ohio 8,876 

De   Kalb,   lU 7.871 

Delaware.    Ohio 8,756 

Del    Rio,    Tex 10,589 

Denison.    Tex 17,005 

Denver.     Colo 256,491 

Derby,     Conn 11,238 

Des   Moines,    Iowa 126.468 

Detroit,     Mich 993,739 

Dickson,     Pa 13,049 

Dixon,    111 8,191 

Donora,     Pa 14,131 

Dothan.   Ala 10,034 

Douglas,     Ariz 8  916 

l>over,     N.    H. 13,029 

Dover,    N.    J 9,817 

Dover,    Ohio 8,101 

Drownwood,  Tex 8,223 

Dublin,    Ga 7,707 

DubuQue.    Iowa 39,141 

Du   Bois,    Pa 13,681 

Duluth,    Minn 98,917 

Dunkirk,   N.    Y 19,336 

Dunraore.    Pa 20.250 

Duquesne,     Pa 19,011 

Duquoin,      111 7,2,'<ri 

Durant.    Okla 7.340 

Durham.    N.    C. 21,719 

Duryea.     Pa 7.77 1; 

Kast   Chieaso.   Ind 35,967 

East  Cloveland,  Ohio. .  27  292 

Eastland,    Tex g^SOS 

Bast  Liverpool,  Ohio..  21,411 

Bast    Moline,   111 8,675 

East  Orange,  N.  Y 50,710 

Easton.    Pa 33,813 

Kast  Providence,  R,  I.  21,793 

East   St    Louis,   111...  66,740 

Ea.st  Youngstown.  Ohio  11,237 

l':iau  Claire.    Wis 20,880 

Edwardsville,   Pa 9,027 

Eldorado,     Kan 10,995 

Elgin.     lU 27,454 

Elizabeth,   N.    J 9.=i  G82 

Elizabeth  City,  N.  C.     8[925 

Klkhart,     Ind 24,277 

Ellwood,   Pa 8,'049 

Elmira.  N.   Y 45  305 

El  Paso,  Tex 77  543 

rawood,     Ind 10^790 

Blyrta,    Ohio 20,474 

Emporia.    Kan 11,273 

Bndicott,    N.    Y 9,300 

Enfield,  Conn 11,708 

Bnglewood.    N.    J 11617 

Enid,    Okla 16,5Vi') 

Emiis,    Tex 7,224 


Erie,    Pa 102,093 

Bbcanaba.    Mioh 13,103 

Eugene,     Ore ■.'.".   10,593 

Eureka,    Cal 12,923 

Everett,     Mass 40.120 

Everett,    Wash 27,644 

Fairmont,    W.    Va 17,851 

Fall    River,    Mass 120,485 

Fargo,    N.     D 21,901 

Faribault,    Minn 11,089 

Fayetteville,  N.   C. 8,877 

Fergus  Falls,   Minn...  7.581 

Fiiidley.     Ohio 17.015 

Fitchburg,    Mass 41.029 

Flint,     Mioh 91,599 

Florence,    S.    C 10,968 

Florence,     Ala 10,529 

Fond   du   Lac.   Wis...  23,427 

Fort   Collins,    Colo....  8,755 

Fort  Dodge,    Iowa....  19,333 

Fort  Madison,    Iowa. .  12,066 

Fort  Scott,    Kan 10,693 

Fort  Smith,    Ark 28,811 

Fort  Wayne,   Ind 86,549 

Fort  Worth,    Tex 106,482 

Postoria,     Ohio 9,987 

Frankfort.    Ky 9,805 

Frankfort,     Ind 11.585 

Franklin,    Pa 9,970 

Framingham.    Mass...  16,785 

Freeport,   HI 19,669 

Freeport.   N.    Y 8,599 

Frederick,    Md 11,086 

Fremont.     Nebr 9.570 

Fremont.     Ohio 12.468 

Fresno,     Cal 44,616 

Fulton.    N.    Y 13,043 

Gadsden,     Ala 14.737 

Gainesville,     Tea 8.648 

Galesburg,    111 23,785 

Gallon,     Ohio 7,374 

Galveston.     T&x 44,255 

Gardner.     Mass 16,960 

Garfield.     N.     J 19,381 

Gary,    Ind 56,378 

Gastonia.   N.    C. 12,871 

Geneva,    N.    Y 14,648 

Glendale,     Cal 13,536 

Glens   FaHs,    N.    Y...  16.638 

Globe.   Ariz. 7,044 

Gloucester.     Mass 22,947 

Gloucester,    N.   J 12.162 

Gloversville,    N.    Y. ...   22,075 

Goldsboro,     N.     a 11.296 

Goshen,     Ind 9.525 

Grand   Forics,   N.    D. .  14,010 

Grand  Haven,  Mich...  7.224 
Grand  Island,  Nebr..  13,960 
Grand  Junction.  Colo.  8,665 
Grand  Rapids.  Mich.  .137,634 

Grand   Rapids.   Wis...     7.243 

Granite.     Ill 14.757 

Great   Falls,    Mont 24,121 

Greeley,      Colo 10,883 

Green   Bay.   Wis 31,017 


FOURTEENTH  CENSUS,  1920 


445 


Creenfleld.    Mass 15.462 

Greensboro.     N.     C. ...  19,746 

Greensburg,    Pa 15,104 

Greeiirtlle.    Ohio 7,104 

GreeiiviUe.    Pa 8,101 

Greenville.    Miss 11.560 

Greenville.    S.    C 23,270 

Greenrille.    Tex 12.384 

Greenwood.  S.   C 8,703 

Gretna.    La 7.197 

Grlffln.    Ga 8,240 

GulfDort.    Miss 8.157 

HagersUnvn.    Md 28,066 

Hamilton.    Olilo 39,675 

Hammond,    lad. 36,004 

Hamtramack,    Mich...  48.615 

Hancock.    Mich 7.527 

Hannibal.    Mo 18.950 

Hanover.     Pa 8.664 

Harrisburg.     IE 7,125 

Harrisburg,    Pa 75.917 

Harrison.     N.     J 15.721 

Hartford.    Conn 138.036 

Harvey,    111 9.216 

Hastings.    Nebr 11,647 

Haverhill.     Mass 53.884 

Hazeltou.    Pa 32,277 

Helena.    Ark 9,112 

Helena.     Mont 12.037 

Henderson,    Ky 12,169 

Herkimer.    N.    Y 10,453 

Herrin.     lid 10.986 

Hibbing.      Minn 15.089 

Highland    Park.   Mich.  40.499 

Hoboken,    N.    J 68.166 

Holland.     Mioh 12.166 

Holyoke.     Mass 60.203 

Homestead.     Pa 20,452 

Hopkinsville.    Ky 9.C96 

Hoquiara.    Wash 9.885 

Hornell,    N.    Y 7.607 

Hot    Springs.    Ark 11.695 

Houston.    Tex. 138,076 

Hudson.    Mass 7,607 

Hudson,    N.    Y 11,745 

Huntington,    Ind 14.000 

Huntington,  Pa 7  051 

Huron.    S.    D 8.302 

Hutchi!."!on,     Kans. ...   23.298 
Idaho  Falls,   Idaho...     8,064 

nion.    N.    Y 10,169 

Independence.     Kan...   11,920 

Indiana.    Pa 7,043 

Indianapolia.    Ind 314.194 

lola,    Kan 8,513 

Iowa  City,   Iowa 11.267 

Iron  Mountain.  Mich. .     8.251 

Ironton.    Ohio 14.007 

Ironwood.     Mich 15,739 

Irvlngton,    N.    J 25,480 

Ishi>eming.     AQch 10.500 

Ithaca.    N.    Y 17.004 

Jackson.    Mich 48.374 

Jackson.     Tenn 18.860 

Jackson.    Miss 22.817 


Jacksonville.     Fla 91,558 

Jacksonville.     lU 15.713 

Jamestown.     N.    Y 38.917 

Janesvllle,    Wis 18,293 

Jeanette,     Pa 10,627 

Jefferson    City,    Mo...   14.067 

Jeffersonville,     Ind 10.098 

Jei-sey    City.    X.    J 297,861 

Johnson  City.   N.   Y...     8.587 
Johnson  City.   Tenn...   12,442 

Johnston    City,    111 7,137 

Johnstown.   X.   Y 10.908 

Joluistown.    Pa 67.327 

Joiiet.     Ill 38.406 

Jonesboro.     Ark 9,384 

Joplin.    Mo 29.f55 

Junction   City.    Kan...  7.516 

Juniata,    Pa 7,660 

Kalamazoo,    Mich 48,858 

Kane.    Pa 7,283 

Kankakee,   lU 16,721 

Kansas  City,    Kan 101,177 

Kansas     City.    Mo 324,410 

Keene.   N.    H 11.210 

Kenraore,     Ohio 12,683 

Kenosha.     Wis 40.472 

Kent.     Ohio 7,070 

Kenton,      Ohio 7  690 

Keokuk.     Iowa 14,423 

KewaJiee,     111 16,020 

Key   West,    Fla 19.039 

Kingston.    Pa 8.952 

Kingston.     X.     Y 26.688 

Kinston.   N.    C 9.771 

Kirksville.    Mo 7.213 

Kittannlng.    Pa 7,153 

Knoxville.     Tenn 77.818 

Knoxville.     Pa 7,201 

Kokorao.     Ind 30.067 

Lackawanna,   N.    Y. . .  17,918 

Laconia.    N.    H 10.897 

La   Crosse,   Wis 30.363 

Lafayette.    La 7 .855 

Lafayette.     Ind 22.486 

La  Grange.   Ga 17,033 

Lake    Charles.    La 13,0S8 

L.ilteland,    Fla 7,062 

Lake  Wood.    Ohio 41.732 

Lancaster.     Pa 53.150 

Lancester,     Va 9,757 

Lancester,   Ohio 14.706 

Lansing,      Slicli 57,327 

Lansford.     Pa. 9,625 

La    Porte.    Ind 15.158 

LaxksvUle,    Pa 9,438 

LaSalle,     HI 13.050 

Latrobe.    Pa 9,413 

T>aurel,     Miss 13,037 

Lawrence.     Mass 94,270 

Lawrence,    Kan 12,456 

Lawton.   Okla 8.930 

Lebanon.     Pa 24.643 

Leominster,    Mass 19,745 

Lewiston,    Pa 9,849 

Lewiston,    Me 31,791 


Lexington,     Ky 41,534 

Lima.    Ohio 41.306 

Lincoln,     111 11,882 

Lincoln,     R.     1 9.543 

Lincoln.    Nebr 54,948 

Little   Falls.    N.    Y...  13,029 

Little    Rock.    Ark 64,997 

Lock   Haven.    Pa 8,557 

Lockport.    N.    Y 21.308 

Logan.     Utah, 9,439 

Logansport,    Ind 21.626 

Long   Beach.    Cal 55.593 

Long  Branch.   N.   J. . .  13.521 

Lorain.     Ohio 37,295 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 576,673 

LouisviUe,     Ky 234,891 

Lowell,    Mass 112,759 

Ludington    Mich 8,810 

Ludlow.    Mass 7,470 

Lynchburg,     Va 29,956 

Lynn.     Mass 99.148 

Macon,    Ga 52,995 

Madison.     Wis 38,378 

Mahanoy,    Pa 15,599 

Maiden,    Mass 49,103 

Malone.   N.    Y 7.556 

Manchester.   Conn 18,370 

Mancliester.    N.    H 78,384 

Manistee.    Mich 9.694 

Mankato,     Minn 12.469 

Mansfield.    Ohio 27.824 

Marblehead.     Mass 7,324 

Marietta,     Ohio 15,140 

Marion.    Ohio 27.891 

Marion.   Ind 23,747 

Marion.     Ill 9,582 

Marlborough.  Mass 15.028 

Marquette.   Mich 12.718 

Marshfleld.  Wis 7.394 

Marshall,    Tex 14,271 

Marshalltown.    Iowa. . .  15.731 

Martinsburg.   W.    Va..  12,515 

Martins   Ferry.    Oliio. .  17,428 

Mason  City.  Iowa 20,065 

MassiUon.     Ohio 17,428 

Mattoon.    Ill 13.352 

Maynard.    Mass 7.086 

Maywood.    Ill 12.072 

McComb.    Miss. 7.775 

MoKeesport.     Pa 45,975 

McKees  Rocks.  Pa. . . .  13,713 

MeadvUle.     Pa 14,568 

Mechanicsville.  N.   Y. .  8,166 

Medford,     Mass 39.038 

Medrose,     Mass 18,204 

Melrose  Park.    Ill 7.147 

.Memphis.     Tenn 162,351 

Menasha.    Wis 7,214 

Meridian   City.    Miss..   23.399 
Meriden.     Conn 29.867 

Methuen.    Mass 15,189 

Miami,      Fla 29,549 

Mich'gan   City,   Ind..,  19,457 

Mlddlesboro,    Ky 8.041 

Jliddletown,    Conn 13,638 


446 


FOURTEENTH  CENSUS,  1920 


MidcUetown.    X.    Y. . . .  IS. 420 

Middletown,     Ohio 23,594 

Miles.    Mont T.9S7 

Mllford.    Mass 13,471 

MillvUle.    N.    J 14.691 

Milton,    Mass 9.3S2 

Maton.    Pa 8,638 

Milwaukee.     Wis 457,147 

Minersvllle.    Pa 7,845 

MinneapoUs.   Minn. ..  .380,582 

Minot,    N.    I> 10.476 

Mishawalia.    Ind 15,195 

Missoula.    Mont 12.668 

Mitdiell,    S.    D 8,478 

Mt.    Carmel,    lU 7,456 

Mt.    Carmel.   Pa 17.469 

Mt.    Clemens.    Mich...  9.488 

Mt.  Vernon.  Ohio 9,237 

Moberly,     Mo 12.789 

MobUe,    Ala 60,151 

Moline,     m 30.709 

Monessen.  Pa 18,179 

Monitowac.     Wis 17.563 

Monmouth.    HI 8.116 

Monougahela,    Pa 8,688 

Monroe,  La 12,675 

Monroe.     Mich 11,373 

Montague,    Mass 7,675 

Montclair.    N.    J 28,810 

Montgomery,    Ala 43,464 

Montpelier.     Vt 7.125 

Morgan'town.  W.  Va. .  12.117 
Moundsvllle.  W.  Va. .  10.669 
Mount  Vernon.  111...  9,815 
Mount  Vernon,  N.  Y..   42,726 

Muncle.     Ind 36,524 

MurDhysbOTO      111 10.703 

Muscatine.     Iowa 16,068 

Mu.'ikegim.    Mich 36,570 

Muskegon  Heights,  Mich.  9,514 

Muskogee.    Okla. 30,277 

Nantocoke.    Pa 22,614 

Nashua.    N.     H. 28,379 

Nashville,     Teon 118,342 

Natchea,    Miss 12,60S 

Naugatuck,    Conn 15,051 

Needham,   Mass 7,012 

Neenah,     Wis 7,171 

Negaunee,     Mich 7.419 

New    Albany.    Ind 22,992 

Newark.   N.    J 413,609 

Newark,     Ohio 26,718 

New  Bedford.  Mass. .  .121,217 

Newbern,    N.    C 12,198 

New    Brighton.    Pa. . .    9.361 

New  Britain,  Conn..  59,310 
New  Brunswick,  N.   Y.  32,779 

Newburgh.    N.    Y 30,366 

Newburyiwrt.  Mass. . .  15.618 
New    Castle.    Ind 14,458 

New    Castle.    Fa 44.938 

New   Haven,  Conn 162.519 

New  Kensington.  Pa. .  11,987 
New  London.  Conn...  25.688 
Newman,    Ga 7,037 


New    Philadelphia.    O.  10,718 

Newport.     Ky 29,317 

Newport,     R.    1 30,255 

NeHTjort    News.    Va...  35,596 
Newton.    Kan 9,781 

Newton,    Mass 46,054 

New    York    City, 

N.     Y 5,621.151 

Niagara  Falls,  N.   Y..   50,760 
Niles,    Mich 7,311 

Niles.    Ohia 13.080 

Norfolk,     Nebr 8.8.i4 

Norfolk,    Va 115,777 

North  Adams,  Mass...   22.282 
Northampton,    Mass...  21,951 

North   Braddock.  Pa..  14,928 

Nortlibridge,    Mass....  10,174 
North    Little    Rock. 

Ark 14.048 

North  Platte.    Nebr...  10.466 

North  Tonawanda.N.T.  15,482 

Norwalk,     Conn 27,743 

Nurwalk,     Ohio 7.379 

Norwich.     Conn 22,304 

Norwich,    N.    Y 8,269 

Norwood,    Mass 12.627 

Norwood.     Ohio 24.966 

Nutley.    N.    J 9.421 

Oakland.     CaJ) 216.361 

Oak   Park.   Ill 39,830 

Oelwein,    Iowa 7,455 

Ogden,     Utah 32,804 

Ogdensburg.    N.    Y 14,609 

Oil    CTty,    Pa 21.274 

OklahtMTia    City,    Obla.  91,258 

Old    Forge,    Pa 12,237 

Olean,    N.    Y 20,500 

Olympia.    Wash 8,537 

Olyphant.    Pa 10,236 

Omaha.    Nebr 191,601 

Oneida.    N.    Y 10,541 

Oneonta,    N.    Y 11,582 

Ontario.   Cal 7,280 

Orangeburg.   S.   C 7,290 

Orange    City,    N.    J...  33.268 

Orlando,    Fla 9,282 

Oshkosh.     Wns 33,162 

Oskaloosa.     Iowa 9.427 

Oswego.    N.    Y 23,626 

OtUwa,     111 10,810 

Ottawa,    Kan 9,01? 

Ottumwa.    iQwa 23,003 

Owatonna.     Mirui 7,252 

Owosso,     Mich 12,575 

Faducah.    Ky 24,735 

Palmer,     Mass 9,896 

Palraertown,    Pa 7,168 

Paris.    lU 7.985 

Paris.     Texas 14,939 

Parkersburg.    W.   Va. .  20,039 

Parsons,     Kans 16,02.< 

Pasadena,    CaJ 45,354 

Passaic.    N.    J 63,824 

Paterson,    N.    J 135,8(!6 

Pawtucket,    R.    1 64,248 


Peabody.     Mass 19,552 

Peekskill,     N.     Y 15,868 

Pekln,     111 12,086 

Pendelton   City,    Fla..     7.387 
Pensacola,    Fla 31.035 

Peoria.     Ill 79.121 

Perth   .Amboy.  N.   J...  41,707 

Peru.    Ill 8.869 

Peru.      Ind 12,361 

Petersburg,     Va 31,002 

Philadelphia.    Pa.. .  .1.823.158 

Phillipsburg.   N.    J 16,923 

Picher,     Okla 9,676 

I>ine    KLuflf.    Ark 19,280 

Flqua.    Ohio 15,348 

Pittsburg,    Kan 18,0.52 

Pittsburg,     Pa 588.193 

I'ittsfleld,    Mass 41751 

Pittston.     Pa 18.0.'i2 

Plainfleld,   N.    J 27,700 

Plattsburg,    N.    Y 10,909 

Plymouth.     Pa 16.500 

Pl>-mouth.    Mass 13.032 

Pcmiona.     Cal 13.50.5 

Ponca,    Okla 7,051 

Poplar   Bluff,   Mo 8,042 

Port  Arthur.    Tex 22,251 

Port  Chester,  N.   Y...  16,573 

Port    Huron,     Mich...  25.944 

Port  Jarvis,   N.   Y 10,171 

Portland.    Maine 69,196 

Portland,    Ore 258,288 

Portsmouth,    N.    H 13,569 

Port-smouth,      Ohio 33.811 

Pontiac.    Mich 34,273 

Pottstown,     Pa 17,431 

Pottsville.     Pa 21.785 

Poughkeepsie.    N.    Y.,  35,000 

Princeton.     Ind 7.132 

Princeton.    Mass 41,534 

Providence.    R.    1 237 ,595 

Provo.    Utah 10,303 

Pueblo,     Colo 42.908 

Pun.tsutawney,    Pa 10,311 

Putnam,    Conn 7,711 

Quincy,     111 35.978 

Qulncy.    Mass 47,611 

Racine.    Wis 58,593 

Rahway,    N.     J 11.042 

Raleigh,    N.    C 24,418 

Ranger,   Tex 16,205 

Rankin,     Pa 7,301 

Ravenna.    Ohio 7.219 

Reading,     Mass 7,424 

Reading.    Pa 107.784 

Redlands,    Cal 9,571 

Red    Wing,    Minn 8.637 

Rensselaer.    N.    Y 10.823 

Revere,      Mass 28.823 

Richmond,   Cal 16,843 

Richmond,    Ind 26,765 

Richmond,    Va. 171.667 

River   Rouge.    Mich...     9.822 

Riverside.    Cal 19.341 

Rochester,   N.    H 9,673 


FOURTEENTH  CENSUS,   1920 


447 


Rochester,   N.   T 295,850 

Rockford,     111 65.651 

Rock    Hill,    S.    C 8,80U 

Rock    Island,     HI 35,177 

Rockland,    Maine 8,109 

RockviUe,     Conn 7,726 

Rocky  Jlount.   N.   C. . .  12,742 

Rome,     Ga 13,252 

Rome.    N.    Y 26,341 

Rosedale,     Kan 7.674 

Rumford.    Me 7,016 

RuUierford.  N.  J 9,497 

Rutland.      Vt 14,954 

Sacramento.    Cal &5,857 

Saginaw,    Micil 61.903 

Salamanca.   N.   Y 9.276 

Salem,     Mass 42,529 

Salem,    N.    J 7,435 

Salem.    Oliio 10.305 

Salem,    Ore. 17,679 

Salina,    Kan. 15.085 

SaUsbury,    N.    C 13,884 

Salisbury,    Md 7.502 

Salt  Laiie  City,   Utali.  118,110 
San   Antonio,    Tex 161,379 

San  Bernardine,  Cal..  18,721 

San    Diego,     Cal 74,683 

Sandusky.   Ohio 22.897 

San   Francisco,   Cal. .  .508,410 

Sauford.     Me 10,691 

San   Jose.    Cal 39,604 

Santa   Ana.    Cal 15,485 

Santa    Barbara,    Cal..  19,441 

Santa  Cruz,   Cal 10,917 

SanU   Fe,    N.    Mex...  7,236 

Santa   Monloa.    Cal...  15.252 

Santa  Rosa,   Cal 8.T5S 

Sapulpa.    Okla 11,634 

Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y. .  13,181 

Saugus,    Mass 10,874 

Sault   Sainte   Marie, 

Mich.     12,0% 

Savannah,    Ga 83,252 

Sayre.    Pa 8,078 

Schenectady,    X.    Y...  88,723 

Scranton,    Pa 137,783 

Seattle.    Wash 315.652 

Selma.   Ala 15,607 

SejTnour,     Ind 7,348 

Shamokin.    Pa 21,204 

Sharon,     Pa 21,747 

Sharpsburg.    Pa 8,921 

Sha\raee.     Okla 15,438 

Sheboygan.     Wis 30,9.55 

Shenandoah.    Pa 24,726 

Sheridan,     Wyo 9,175 

Sherman,  Tex 15,031 

Shreveport.     La 43,874 

Sidney,    Ohio 8,590 

Sioux  City,    Iowa 71,227 

Sioux   Falls,    S.    D....  25.176 

Somerrille,     Mass 93.0M1 

South  Amboy.   X.   J...  7,897 

Southbridge.    ^Cass 14,245 

South  Milwaukee.   Wis  7,598 


South  Xorfolk,   Va 7,724 

South  Pasadena,  Cal..     7,648 
South  PorUand,  Me...     9.254 

Spartanburg.    S.    C 22,638 

SiXikane,    Wash. 104,437 

Springfield,     lU 59.183 

Springfield,    Mass 129,563 

Springfield,    Mo 39.631 

Springfield.     Ohio 60.840 

St.    Albans,    Va 7,588 

Stanford,    Conn 35,096 

Statesville,   N.   C 7,895 

Stauton.    Va 10.617 

St.     Charles.    Mo 8,503 

St.    Cloud.    Minn 15,873 

Steelton,     Pa 13,428 

Sterling.    Ill 8,182 

Steubenville,     Ohio 28,508 

Stevens   Point.    Wis...   11.371 
Stillwater,     Minn 7,735 

St.    Joseph.    Mich 7,251 

St.     Joseph,     Mo 77,939 

St.     Louis,    Mo 773,000 

Stockton.     Cal 40,296 

Stoneham,   Maas 7,873 

St.  Paul.   Minn 234,395 

St.     Petersburg,     Fla. .    14,237 

Suffolk.     Va 9.123 

Sumroit,    X.    J 10,174 

Sumter,    S.    C 9,508 

Sunbury,     Pa 15,721 

Superior,     Wis 39,024 

Swampscott,    Mass....     8,101 

Smssvale,  Pa 10.908 

Syracuse,    N.    Y 171,917 

Tacoraa.     Wash 96,965 

Tamaqua,    Pa 12,363 

Tampa.     Fla, 51,252 

Tarentum,     Pa 8,925 

Taunton,     Mass 37,137 

Taylor,    Pa 9.87fi 

Temple       Te^ 11,033 

Terre  Haute.   Ind 66. 083 

Terrell.     Tex 8.349 

Texarkana.     Ark 8,251 

Texarkana.    Tex 11,480 

Tiffin.     Ohio 14.375 

TitusvUle.     Pa 8,432 

Toledo,     Ohio 243,109 

Tonawanda.  N.  Y 10,068 

Topeka,    Kan 30,022 

Traverse  City.  Mich...   10.925 

Trenton,   X.   J 119.289 

Trinidad,     Colo 10,906 

Troy.    N.    Y 72,013 

Troy.    Ohio 7,260 

Tucson,     Ariz 20.292 

Tulsa.     Okla 72,075 

Tupolo,     Miss 10,329 

Turtle   Creek,    Pa 8,138 

Tuscaloosa.     Ala 11.996 

Twin    FaUs,    Idalio. ..  8,324 

Two    Rivers.    Wis 7,305 

Tyrose,     Pa 9.084 

Union,    X.     J 20,651 


Unioiitown,    Pa 15,609 

Urbana,    111. 10,244 

Urbana,   Ohio 7,621 

Utica,    X.    Y 94,156 

Valdosta.    Ga 10,783 

Vallejo.    Cal 16,853 

Vancouver,    Wash 12,637 

Vandergrlft.     Pa 9,531 

Van   Wert.   Ohio 8,100 

Venice,     Cal 10,385 

Vlcksburg,    Miss 17,931 

Vinceimes,    Ind 17,210 

Virginia,     Minn. 14,022 

Wabash,    Ind 9,872 

Waco,    Tea 38,500 

Wakefield,    Mass 13,010 

Walla  Walla,  Wash...  15,503 

Waltham,   Mass 30,915 

Warren,     Pa 14,256 

Warren.     Ohio 27,050 

Warren,    R.    1 7,841 

Warwick,    R.    1 13,481 

Washington,     D.     C... 437, 571 

Washington,   Ind 8.743 

Washington,     Pa 21,480 

Washington    Court 

House.    Oliio 7,962 

Waterbury,     Conn 91,713 

Waterloo,    Iowa 36,230 

WatertoB-n.  X.  Y 31,285 

Watertown,   S.   D 9,400 

VVatertown,     Wis 9,299 

Wateirville,     Me 13,351 

Watervliet.    N.    Y 16.073 

Waukegan.     Ill 19,226 

Waukesha,   Wis 12,553 

Wausau.    Wis 18,661 

Waxahachie.    Tex 7.958 

Waycross.   Ga 18.068 

Waynesboro.    Pa 9,720 

Webb    City.  *  Mo 7,807 

Webster.    Mass 13.258 

Wellington,   Kan 7.048 

Wellsville.     Ohio 8.849 

West  Allis,   Wis 13,765 

West    Chester.    Pa 11,717 

Westerly.    R.    1 9.952 

Westfleld.    X.    J 9.026 

West   Frankfort,    III...  8,478 

West  Hammond,  Hi...  7,492 

West  Haven.  Ccmn 12,369 

West   Hoboken,    X.    J.  .110,068 

West  Xew  York.  X.  J.  29.926 

West    Orange.    X.    J. . .  15,373 

West  Palm  Beach.  I  la.  8,659 

West   Park,    Ohio 8,560 

West    Springfield, 

-Mass 13,443 

West  Warwick,  R.   I..  15,461 

Weymouth,    Mass 15,057 

Wheeling,    W.    Va 54,322 

Wniiting.    Ind 10,143 

Whittier.    Cal 7,997 

Wichita,   Kan 72,128 

Wiciiita   Falls.    Tex...  40,079 


448 


FOURTEENTH  CENSUS,   1920 


Wilkinsburg,    Pa 24,40S 

WLlkes-Baxre.    Pa 7:!. 833 

Williamsport.    Pa 36,198 

WlUlmantic.    Conn 12,330 

Wilmette.    Ill 7,814 

Wilmington,     Del 110.169 

Wilmington.    N.    C 33,372 

Wilson.    N.     a 10,653 

Winchester,    Ky 7.866 

Winchester,    Mass 10,391 


Windier.   Pa 9,462 

Winona.   Minn 19.143 

Wlnsted  City,  Conn...  8,248 
Winston-    Salem, 

N.   C.    48,395 

Winthrop,    Mass 15,446 

Wlnton,    Pa 7,583 

Wobum.    Mass 16,574 

Woodlavvu,     Pa 12,495 

Woonsocket.  R.   1 43,490 


Wooster,    Ohio 8,204 

Worcester,     Mass. 179,741 

Wyandotte,   AHch. 13,851 

Xenia,    Ohio 9,110 

Yakima,    Wash 18,539 

Yonkers,    N.    Y 100,226 

York,     Pa 47,312 

Y'oungstown,     Ohio 132,358 

Y'psilanti,    Mich 7,413 

ZanesvlUe,    Ohio 29,563 


CENSUS  GAINS  BY  STATES  FOR  LAST  DECADE 

Following  are  the  1 920  census  figures  for  the  various  states  according 
to  their  present  rank.  The  figures  for  1910  and  the  standing  of  the  States 
at  that  time  also  are  shown. 


1930 
Pop. 
New    York..  10,384,144 

Penn 8,720,159 

Illinois     6,485,098 

Ohio      5,759,368 

Texas   4,661,027 

Vlass 3,852,356 

Michigan  3,667,222 

California  . .  3,426,536 
Missouri  . .  .  3,403,547 
Vew   Jersey.   3,155,374 


1910 
Pop. 


1910 
Bank 


Indiana 
3reorg:ia    . . . 
fVisconsin    . 

v.  C 

Kentucky    , 

Iowa 

Minn.y 

Alabama 

Tenn 

Virginia 

Oklahoma 

Louisiana 

Mississippi 

Kansas     . . 

Arkansas 


2,930,544 
2,894,683 
2,631,839 
2,556,486 
2,416,013 
2,403,630 
2,386,371 
2,347,295 
2,337,459 
2,.306,361 
2.027,564 
1.797,798 
1,789,.S84 
1,769,237 
1.750,995 


9,113,614 
7,665,111 
5,638,591 
4,767,121 
3,896,542 
3,366,416 
2,810,173 
2,377,549 
3,293,335 
2,537,167 
2,700,876 
2.609,121 
2,333,860 
2,206,287 
2,289,905 
2,224,771 
2,075.708 
2,138,093 
2,184,789 
2.061,612 
1.657,135 
1,656.388 
1,797.114 
1.690,949 
1,574,449 


S.  C 

VV.   Va.    . 

Maryland 


1920 
Pop. 

1.683,662 
1,463,610 
1.449,610 


Conn 1,380,385 

Washington.  1,356,316 

Nebraska    .  .  1,295,502 

Florida     966,296 

Colorado    .  .  .  939,376 

Oregon     ....  793,389 

Maine 768,014 

N.  Dakota  . .  645,730 

S.  Dakota   . .  635,839 

Rhode    Isl. .  .  604,379 

Montana    .  .  .  547,593 

Utah     449,446 

New     Hamp.  443,083 

Idaho     431,826 

N.  Mex 360,247 


Vermont    . . .       352.421 

Arizona    333.273 

33  Delaware   .  .  .       223,003 

24  VVyoiuing  .  .  194,402 
2j  Nevada  ....  77,407 
22  District    Col.      437,571 

25 

I  Total  ...105,683,108  91,972,266 


1910  1910 
Pop.  Kank 
1,515,400  26 
1,221,119 
1,295,346 
1,114,756 
1,141,990 
1,192,214 

752,619 

799,024 

672,765 

743,371 

577,056 

583,888 

542,610 

376,053 

373,351 

430,572 

325,594 

327,301 

355,956 

204,354 

262,322 

145,965 
81,875 

331,069 


28 
27 
31 
30 
29 
33 
32 
35 
34 
37 
36 
38 
40 
41 
39 
44 
43 
42 
45 
46 
47 
48 


SPECIAL — The  1920  population  of  continental  United  States 
was  announced  as  105,683.108  by  the  census  bureau  today.  This  is 
an  increase  of  13,710,842.  or  14.9  per  cent  since  1910. 

Approximately    12,250,000    people    are    living    in    the    country's 
outlying    possessions.      This    would    bring    the    population    of    the 
whole   United   States    up    to   about    118,000,000. 
From  Country  to  City. 

'The  figures  of  the  present  census  also  show  that  the  trend 
of  p(i;)ulation  from  the  country  to  the  city  has  become  greatlv 
accentuated  since  1910  and  that,  for  the  first  time  in  the  country's 
history,  more  than  half  the  entire  population  is  now  living  in 
urban   territory  as  defined  by  the  census  bureau. 

"That  is  to  say,  of  the  105.683,108  persons  enumerated  in  the 
fourteenth  census,  preliminary  tabulations  show  that  54,816,209. 
or  51.9  per  cent,  are  living  in  Incorporated  places  of  2,500  in- 
habitants or  more,  and  50,866,899,  or  48.1  per  cent,  in  rural  terri- 
tory. At  the  census  of  1910  the  corresponding  percentages  were 
46.3  and  53.7  respectively,  showing  a  loss  of  5.6  per  cent  in  the 
proportion    of   the   population   living   in   rural    territory. 


PAECEL  POST  SYSTEM  449 

PARCEL  POST  SYSTEM  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES 

The  Parcel  Post  System  was  authorized  by  an  Act  of 
Congress,  approved  August  24,  1912,  and  became  effective 
January  1,  1913.  By  this  act  all  fourth-class  matter  is  placed 
under  newly  established  rules  and  Is  extended  to  embrace 
farm  and  factory  products  and  all  mailable  matter  not  in- 
cluded by  law  in  either  the  first,  second  or  third-class  not 
exceeding  fifty  pounds  in  weight,  nor  greater  in  size  than 
eighty-four  inches  in  length  and  girth  combined.  Extended 
to  include  books  after  March  16,  1914;  also  seeds,  plants,  etc. 

Mailable  Matter, — Harmful  articles,  which  from  their 
form  or  nature,  might,  unless  properly  secured,  destroy,  deface 
or  otherwise  damage  the  contents  of  the  mail-bag  or  harm 
the  person  of  any  postal  employe,  may  be  transmitted  in  the 
mails  only  when  packed  in  accordance  with  the  postal  regu- 
lations. 

Butter,  lard  and  perishable  articles,  such  as  fish,  fresh 
meats,  dressed  fowls,  vegetables,  fruits,  berries,  and  articles 
of  similar  nature  which  decay  quickly,  when  so  packed  or 
wrapped  as  to  prevent  damage  to  other  mail  matter,  will  be 
accepted  for  local  delivery,  that  is,  for  delivery  to  be  made 
in  the  same  town  as  that  in  which  the  sender  lives,  or  in  its 
suburbs,  reached  by  rural  free  delivery. 

Butter,  lard,  or  any  admissible  greasy  or  oily  substance 
intended  for  delivery  at  offices  beyond  the  first  zone  must  be 
packed  in  accordance  with  regulations,  which  regulations  can 
be  learned  by  inquiry  at  any  postoffice  or  postal  station,  and 
also  regulations  as  to  liquids. 

Vegetables  and  fruits  which  do  not  decay  quickly  will 
be  accepted  for  mailing  to  any  zone  if  packed  so  as  to  prevent 
damage  to  other  mail  matter. 

Eggs  will  be  accepted  for  local  delivery  when  so  packed 
in  a  basket  or  other  container  as  to  prevent  damage  to  other 
mail  matter,  and  wil-1  be  accepted  for  mailing  regardless  of 
distance  when  each  egg  is  wrapped  separately  and  surrounded 
with  excelsior,  cotton,  or  other  suitable  material,  and  packed 
in  a  container  made  of  double  corrugated  pasteboard,  metal. 


450  SAFE  METHODS 

wood,  or  other  suitable  material  in  such  manner  a«  to  place 
each  egg  on  its  end  to  prevent  them  from  striking  together  or 
against  the  side  or  top  of  the  container,  with  an  outer  cover 
of  double  corrugated  pasteboard,  metal,  wood,  or  other  suit- 
able material,  and  wrapped  so  that  nothing  can  escape  from 
the  package.    Must  be  marked  "Eggs— this  side  up." 

Preparation  for  mailing. — Manufacturers  or  dealers  in- 
tending to  transmit  articles  in  considerable  quantities  should 
submit  to  the  Postmaster  for  approval  a  specimen  of  parcel 
showing  the  manner  of  packing. 

Parcels  must  be  prepared  for  mailing  in  such  manner  that 
the  contents  can  be  easily  examined.  A  parcel  will  not  be 
accepted  for  mailing  unless  it  bears  the  name  and  address  of 
the  sender  preceded  by  the  word  "From." 

What  may  be  written  on  the  wrapper. — In  addition  to  the 
name  and  address  of  the  sender,  which  is  required,  it  is  per- 
missible to  write  or  print  on  the  covering  of  a  parcel,  or  on 
a  tag  or  address  label  attached  to  it,  the  occupation  of  the 
sender,  and  to  indicate  in  a  small  space  by  means  of  marks, 
letters,  numbers,  names  or  other  brief  description,  the  charac- 
ter of  the  parcel,  but  ample  space  must  be  left  on  the  address 
Bide  for  the  full  address  in  legible  characters  and  for  the 
necessary  postage  stamps.  Inscriptions  such  as  "Merry 
Christmas,"  "Please  do  not  open  until  Christmas,"  "Happy 
New  Year,"  "With  best  wishes,"  and  the  like,  may  be  placed 
on  the  covering  of  the  parcel.  A  simple  manuscript  dedica- 
tion or  inscription  may  be  written  on  blank  leaves  or  cover 
of  any  book. 

Inclosnres. — There  may  be  inclosed  a  written  or  printed 
invoice  showing  names  and  addresses  of  sender  and  ad- 
dressee; name  and  quantities  of  articles  enclosed,  with  state- 
ment of  price,  style,  stock,  number,  size  and  quality  of  the 
articles,  order  of  file  number,  date  of  order  and  date  and 
number  of  shipment;  and  the  initials  or  name  of  the  sales- 
man, packer,  or  checker. 

Fragile  articles,  such  as  millinery,  toys,  musical  instru- 
ments, etc.,  and  articles  consisting  wholly  or  in  part  of  glass, 
or  contained  in  glass,  must  be  securely  packed  and  the  parcel 
stamped  or  labeled  "Fragile."  Parcels  containing  perishable 
articles  must  be  marked  "Perishable." 


PARCEL  POST  SYSTEM  451 

Limit  of  Weight  and  Size. — If  a  parcel  exceeds  twenty 
pounds  in  weight  or  is  greater  in  size  than  eighty-four  inches 
in  length  and  girth  combined,  it  will  be  refused  except  for 
delivery  in  first  or  second  zone,  when  weight  may  be  fifty 
pounds. 

Nailed  Boxes. — Parcel  post  mail  may  be  Inclosed  in  boxes 
to  which  the  lids  are  nailed  or  screwed,  provided  the  lids  can 
be  readily  removed  with  a  chisel  or  screw  driver  for  examina- 
tion of  contents. 

C.  0.  D.  Parcels.— Where  postage  is  fully  paid,  thp  sender 
may  have  price  and  charges  collected  from  payee  for  fee  of 
ten  cents  in  stamps  affixed,  provided  amount  collected  does 
not  exceed  $100,  and  such  parcel  may  be  insured  to  amount 
of  $50  without  additional  charge.  C,  O.  D.  parcels  will  be 
accepted  for  mailing  only  at  a  money-order  office  and  when 
addressed  to  a  money-order  office. 

Bemailed  and  Forwarded  Parcels. — If  a  parcel  is  remailed 
or  forwarded,  payment  of  additional  postage  at  the  same  rate 
which  would  be  chargeable  if  it  were  mailed  originally  at  the 
forwarding  office  will  be  made.  In  such  case  the  stamps  will 
be  affixed  by  the  last  postmaster  to  handle  it. 

Where  Parcels  Must  Be  Posted. — Parcel:?  of  books,  seeds 
and  plants,  weighing  more  than  eight  ounces,  and  parcels  of 
other  fourth-class  matter  weighing  more  than  four  ounces, 
must  be  mailed  at  a  post  office  or  branch  station  or  delivered 
to  a  carrier  authorized  to  receive  it.  Smaller  parcels  may  be 
deposited  in  letter  or  package  boxes. 

Bates  of  Postage. — On  and  after  January  1,  1914,  the  limit 
of  weight  of  parcels  of  fourth-class  mail  for  delivery  within 
the  first  and  second  zones  shall  be  increased  from  20  to  50 
pounds.  The  rate  of  postage  on  parcels  exceeding  four  ounces 
in  weight  shall  be  five  cents  for  the  first  pound  and  one  cent 
for  each  additional  two  pounds  or  fraction  thereof  when  in- 
tended for  local  delivery,  and  five  cents  for  the  first  pound  and 
one  cent  for  each  additional  pound  or  fraction  thereof  when 
intended  for  delivery  at  other  offices  within  the  first  and  sec- 
onu  zones. 

Parcels  Weighing  Four  Ounces  or  Less  are  mailable  at 
the  rate  of  one  cent  for  each  ounce  or  fraction  of  an  ounce, 


452  SAFE  METHODS 

regardless  of  distance.  Parcels  weighing  more  than  four 
ounces  are  mailable  at  the  pound  rates  shown  in  the  follovang 
table,  a  fraction  of  a  pound  being  considered  a  full  pound. 
For  rates  on  books,  seeds,  etc.,  see  page  454. 

The  Parcel  Post  Map  is  divided  into  eight  zones,  each 
of  which  is  divided  into  a  number  of  "units  of  area"  or 
quadrangles,  each  a  half  a  degree  of  latitude  by  half  a  de- 
gree of  longitude  square.  There  are  5,803  units  in  the  country. 
If  mailing  to  a  point  within  the  local  unit  or  within  any  of 
the  eight  units  touching  the  sides  of  that  unit,  the  rate  is  that 
specified  per  pound  for  the  first  zone. 

If  the  destination  of  the  package  is  outside  this  first  zone, 
draw  a  circle  with  a  radius  of  150  miles  from  the  center  of 
the  home  unit  and  if  the  destination  is  inside  this  circle  or 
within  the  extreme  boundaries  of  any  unit  intersected  by  the 
circle  the  rate  for  the  second  zone  applies.  By  the  same 
procedure  the  location  of  post  offices  for  parcel  post  purposes 
may  be  fixed  in  the  third  zone  by  extending  the  radius  to  300 
miles  from  the  center  of  the  home  unit;  for  the  fourth  zone 
the  radius  is  600  miles;  the  fifth,  1,000  miles;  the  sixth,  1,400 
miles;  the  seventh,  1,800  miles,  and  the  eighth  includes  all 
outside  the  seventh  zone. 

Alaska,  Hawaiian  and  Philippine  Islands,  etc — The  eighth 
zone  rate  of  12  cents  for  each  pound  or  fraction  thereof  on  all 
parcels  weighing  over  4  ounces  (except  books,  seeds,  plants, 
etc.,  weighing  S  ounces  or  less)  applies  (1)  between  the  U.  S. 
and  the  Hawaiian  Islands;  (2)  between  the  U.  S.  and  the 
postal  agency  at  Shanghai;  (3)  between  any  two  points  in 
Alaska  and  between  any  point  in  Alaska  and  any  point  in  the 
U.  S.;  (4)  between  the  U.  S.  and  the  Canal  Zone;  (5)  between 
the  U.  S.  and  the  Philippine  Islands;  (6)  to,  from,  or  between 
Guam,  Tutuila,  and  Manua  and  other  islands  of  the  Samoan 
group  east  of  longitude  171°  west  of  Greenwich,  and  the  U.  S. 
and  its  other  possessions;  (7)  between  the  U.  S.  and  its  naval 
vessels  stationed  in  foreign  waters. 

Undelivered  Parcels  will  be  advertised  either  by  publica- 
tion or  by  posting  a  list  in  the  post  office  and  will  be  held  for 
one  month. 

Insurance  of  Parcels. — ^A  mailable  parcel  on  which  the 


PABC£L     POST  SYSTEM 


453 


postage  is  fully  prepaid  may  be  insured  against ; 
loss  in  an  amount  equivalent  to  its  actual  value,  ; 
but  not  to  exceed  $5,  on  payment  of  i  fee  of 
3  cents,  and  in  amount  not  to  exceed  $25  on  ; 
payment  of  fee  of  5  cents,  not  co  exceed  $50  on 
payment  of  a.  fee  of  10  cents,  or  not  to  exceed 
$100  on  pajrment  of  a  fee  of  25  cents,  in  stamps 
to  be  affixed. 


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454  SAPE  METHODS 

Registration  of  Parcels. — Fourth  class  (parcel  post)  mail 
cannot  be  registered,  but  may  be  insured.  Parcels  addressed 
to  foreign  countries  may  be  registered,  but  cannot  be  sent  as 
insured  parcels  post  mail. 

NEW  POSTAGE  RATES  AND  LIMIT  OF  WEIGHT. 

On  and  after  January  1,  1914,  the  limit  of  weight  for 
delivery  within  the  first  and  second  zones  shall  be  50  pounds; 
to  all  other  zones  20  pounds. 

Parcels  weighing  more  than  8  ounces  containing  books, 
seeds,  plants,  cuttings,  bulbs,  roots  and  scions,  parcels  of 
miscellaneous  printed  matter  weighing  more  than  4  pounds, 
and  all  other  parcels  of  fourth-class  matter  weighing  more 
than  4  ounces  are  chargeable,  according  to  distance  or  zone, 
at  the  pound  rates  shown  in  the  foregoing  table. 

Books,  Seeds,  Plants,  etc. — Parcels  weighing  8  cmncee  or 
less,  containing  books,  seeds,  plants,  cuttings,  bulbs,  roots  or 
scions,  1  cent  for  each  two  ounces  or  fraction  therecrf,  re- 
gardless of  distance.    See  Rates  of  Postage,  page  451. 

For  parcels  weighing  over  20  pounds,  up  to  and  includ- 
ing 50  pounds,  for  local  rate*  add  1  per  cent  for  each  addi- 
tional 2  pounds. 

For  first  and  second  zones  add  1  cent  for  each  additional 
1  pound. 

♦The  rate  of  local  delivery  sliall  apply  to  all  parcels  mailed  at  a  postoffice 
from  which  a  rural  route  starts  for  delivery  on  such  route,  or  mailed  at  any 
point  on  such  route  for  delivery  at  any  other  point  thereon  or  at  the  office 
from  which  the  route  starts,  or  on  any  rural  route  starting  therefrom,  and  on 
all  matter  mailed  at  a  city  carrier  office,  or  at  any  point  within  its  delivery 
limits,  for  delivery  by  carriers  from  that  office  or  at  any  office  for  local  delivery. 

HOW  TO  DRESS  SHOP  WINDOWS 
ATTRACTIVELY 

The  art  of  dressing  shop  windows  attractively  may  ap- 
propriately be  termed  "auto-salesmanship,"  for  by  its  means 
the  retail  merchant  is  enabled  to  display  his  wares  to  such 
an  advantage  that  they  sell  themselves. 

The  shop  window  is  an  index  to  the  store.  It  goes  with- 
out saying  that  the  object  of  window  dressing  is  to  at- 
tract attention.  As  the  number  of  people  who  pass  a 
store  is  largely  in  excess  of  those  entering  it,  it  is  at 
once  plainly  evident  that,  like  the  index  to  a  book,  the 
"Windows  afford  the  quickest  means  of  getting  an  idea  of 
the  contents  of  the  store  by  those  who  are  not  its  regu- 
lar patrons.  Most  people  go  upon  the  streets  with  a  pur- 
pose in  view,  which  often  may  be  the  purchase  of  just 
Buch    goods    as   you   carry;    to   many    such   a   handsomely 


HOW    TO   DRESS    SHOP    WINDOWS    ATTRACTIVELY.  455 

dressed  window  is  an  irresistible  invitation  to  enter  and 
Inducement  to  buy. 

The  educational  features  of  window  dressing  are  ad- 
mitted. In  matters  of  taste  it  is  the  eye  which  must  first 
be  trained,  for  the  sense  of  sight  alone  decides  upon  the 
fitness  and  harmony  of  material  arrangements.  It  is  not 
to  be  doubted  that  taste  and  ideas  of  appropriateness  have 
been  vastly  improved  by  the  efforts  of  shopkeepers.  There 
are  many  matters  that  window  dressing  helps  to  decide, 
especially  in  regard  to  decorative  effects,  and  from  hints 
thus  obtained  many  a  home  is  made  more  comfortable 
and  attractive. 

Artistic  show  windows  create  a  desire  for  the  goods  by 

eo  displaying  them  that  their  merits  and  beauties  are 
chiefly  conspicuous  and  their  desirability  at  once  ap- 
parent. 

Things  to  be  avoided. — In  dressing  a  window  avoid 
crowding;  no  matter  how  fine  and  desirable  goods  are, 
their  merits  will  not  show  to  advantage  in  a  huddled 
medley.  Another  thing  to  avoid  is  incongruity.  Because 
certain  articles  are  pretty  or  useful,  do  not  imagine  their 
beauty  or  evident  utility  will  be  enhanced  by  throwing 
them  together.  Many  things  seem  massy  and  weighty, 
•while  others  of  equal  size,  perhaps,  appear  light  and 
airy.  Don't  put  massive  looking  objects  together  unless 
you  wish  to  secure  an  appearance  of  heaviness;  don't  mass 
light,  fragile  objects  unless  you  want  to  deprive  them  of 
the  quality  of  durability;  don't  put  solid  articles  witK 
fragile  ones,  as  it  only  emphasizes  the  heaviness  of  the 
one  and  the  frailty  of  the  other. 

Things  to  be  observed. — Dress  your  window  on  an  as- 
cending scale  as  it  were,  putting  two  or  three  heavy  ar- 
ticles as  a  foundation,  and  from  that  central  idea  work 
out  a  light  and  attractive  theme.  Have  a  keynote  of  color 
and  stick  to  it.  The  rainbow  is  a  thing  of  beauty  as  it 
spans  the  heavens  with  its  prismatic  arch,  perfect  alike 
In  its  symmetrical  form  and  harmonious  tints,  as  it  lies 
against  a  background  of  gray,  somber  clouds;  but  don't 
fancy  that  rainbow   colors  are   always  desirable. 


456  SAFE  METHODS 

1920  FEDERAL  INCOME  AND  WAR  TAX 

LAWS 

ESSENTIAL  PROVISIONS  OF  THE  LAW,  RULINGS  AND 
REGULATIONS 

Present  Federal  Internal  Revenue  Taxes  are  properly 
referred  to  as  War  Taxes,  because  the  very  high  rates  of 
tax  imposed  and  the  wide  field  of  subjects  covered  are 
directly  due  to  the  extraordinary  need  for  revenue  resulting 
from  the  war.  The  War  Taxes  are  imposed  by  the  Revenue 
Act  of  1918,  enacted  February  25,  1919;  this  law  applies 
to  all  future  years  until  repealed.  All  the  federal  legisla- 
tion provided  for  the  taxes  on  incomes  and  profits  and  the 
war  taxes  on  transactions  and  commodities  is  collected  and 
codified  by  this  one  law.  The  statute,  however,  is  only  the 
foundation;  the  practical  application  of  the  law  depends 
upon  the  rulings  of  the  Treasury  Department,  which  pre- 
scribes the  details  of  interpretation  and  administration. 

Previous  Legislation. — In  1913,  after  the  adoption  of  the 
Sixteenth  Amendment  removing  certain  constitutional  re- 
strictions upon  income  taxation,  a  general  law  was  adopted 
taxing  individuals  as  well  as  corporations.  This  was  re- 
vised and  extended  by  the  Revenue  Law  of  1916,  and  again 
by  the  Revenue  Law  of  1917,  which  introduced  the  Excess 
Profits  Tax.  All  these  taxes,  and  the  new  War  Profits  Tax, 
were  re-enacted  by  the  1918  law,  with  increase  in  rates 
and  with  many  additional  features. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  the  Commissioner  of 
Internal  Revenue  are  expressly  authorized  to  make  rules 
and  regulations  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the  law  and 
collect  the  tax.  Within  the  limits  of  the  authority  con- 
ferred, the  regulations  have  all  the  force  and  effect  of  law 
and  are  binding  upon  the  taxpayer  to  the  same  extent  as 
the  statute  itself. 

The  statute  distinguishes  between  the  Income  Tax  upon 
Individuals,  the  Income  Tax  upon  corporations,  and  the 
Excess  Profits  Tax.  The  Excess  Profits  Tax  applies  only 
to  corporations,  and  to  similar  associations  which  are  classi- 
fied as  corporations  under  the  tax  law.  Personal  service 
corporations  and  partnerships  are  not  subject  to  any  tax, 
but  must  make  returns. 

Persons  Subject  to  the  Tax. — The  income  received  by  an 
individual  is  not  subject  to  the  Excess  Profits  Tax.  The 
Income  Tax  is  not  limited  to  income  from  business,  but 
applies  to  every  person  receiving  from  any  source  whatever 
a  net  income  in  excess  of  the  exemptions.  Not  only  citi- 
zens and  aliens  residing  in  the  United  States,  but  also  non- 
resident   aliens    receiving    income    from    this    country '  and 


1920  FEDERAL.  INCOME  AND   WAR  TAX  LAWS  457 

citizens  residing  abroad,  without  regard  to  the  source  of 
their  income,  are  covered  by  the  law.  Married  women  and 
persons  not  arrived   at  legal   age  are   taxed. 

The  Personal  Exemption. — Every  individual  receives  a 
"personal  exemption"  upon  which  no  income  tax  is  paid,  in 
the  following  amounts:  Husband  and  wife,  living  together, 
from  their  aggregate  net  income,  $2,000;  head  of  a  family, 
$2,000;  single  person,  $1,000;  for  each  dependent  (not 
husband  or  wife)  under  18  years  of  age  or  incapable  of 
self-support,  in  addition,  $200. 

The  Normal  Tax  and  the  Surtax. — The  Income  Tax  on 
individuals  includes  two  taxes  computed  by  different 
methods.  The  first  is  the  Normal  Tax  which  applies  at  the 
same  rate  to  every  individual.  The  rates  are:  $4,000  of 
Net  Income  (in  excess  of  exemptions  and  credits),  4%;  re- 
mainder of  Net  Income,  8%.  For  example,  a  single  person, 
not  the  head  of  a  family,  will  pay  no  normal  tax  on  the 
first  $1,000  of  his  net  income,  4%  on  the  next  $4,000  or 
part  thereof,  and  8%  on  all  the  remainder,  whether  his 
net  income  is  $10,000  or  $200,000.  If  his  net  income  is 
$6,000,  his  normal  tax  will  be  $240.  In  addition,  he  will 
pay  a  surtax. 

If  the  net  income  of  an  individual  exceeds  $5,000,  it  is 
subject  to  the  surtax,  which  is  at  different  rates  on  suc- 
cessive parts  of  the  income,  increasing  rapidly  as  the  in- 
come grows  larger.  The  personal  exemption  is  not  used 
to  compute  this  tax.  For  example,  if  the  net  income  ex- 
ceeds $5,000,  the  surtax  will  amount  to  1%  on  the  excess 
up  to  $1,000  or  a  net  income  of  $6,000.  If  the  net  income 
is  greater  than  $6,000,  the  excess  up  to  $8,000  is  taxed  2%, 
and  a  higher  rate  is  imposed  on  each  succeeding  part  of 
the  net  income,  increasing  by  1%  for  each  $2,000  up  to 
$100,000  and  then  by  greater  steps  to  65%.  The  Income 
Tax  Table  on  page  458  shows  all  the  rates  of  surtax  and 
a  convenient  method  of  computation  up  to  a  net  income  of 
$26,000.00 

An  annual  Return,  showing  in  detail  the  gross  income 
and  the  net  income  for  the  calendar  or  fiscal  year,  must  be 
filed  by  every  single  person  receiving  a  net  income  of  $1,000 
or  over  during  the  year,  even  though  the  head  of  a  family 
or  for  any  other  reason  not  subject  to  tax,  and  by  every 
married  person  living  with  husband  or  wife  where  the 
husband  and  wife  receive  an  aggregate  net  income  of  $2,000 
or  over  during  the  year.  The  Return  must  be  filed  with 
the  Collector  of  Internal  Revenue  for  the  district  in  which 
the  taxpayer  resides  or  has  his  principal  place  of  business, 
on  or  before  March  fifteenth  of  each  year  or  within  two 
months  and  fifteen  days  following  the  close  of  the  estab- 
lished fiscal  year  of  the  taxpayer. 

Returns  of  Husband  and  Wife. — A  Return  by  the  husband 
and  wife  is  required  if  the  combined  net  income  of  husband 


458  SAFE  METHODS 

and  wife  (living  together)  is  $2,000  or  more.  If  a  man 
earns  $1,100  and  his  wife  earns  $600,  no  Return  is  due,  but 
a  Return  must  be  filed  if  he  has  a  net  income  of  $1,800  and 
she  has  a  net  income  of  $600.  This  may  be  two  separate 
Returns  or  the  wife  may  subscribe  to  the  joint  Return  made 
by  both  the  husband  and  the  wife.  If  the  amount  of  the 
wife's  income  is  small,  it  is  acceptable  if  only  the  husband 
signs  the  Return.  The  Return  should  show  separately  the 
income  received  by  each. 

Married  Woman's  Separate  Return. — A  married  woman 
may  make  a  separate  Return  of  her  own  income,  and 
should  do  so  if  the  net  income  of  her  husband  or  herself 
exceeds  $5,000,  as  the  surtax  is  imposed  upon  the  separate 
incomes  and  the  assessment  is  much  more  convenient  upon 
separate  than  upon  combined  Returns.  The  8%  rate  ap- 
plies also  to  the  income  separately  and  not  combined. 

Exemptions  of  Husband  and  Wife. — Husband  and  wife 
are  entitled  to  only  one  exemption,  to  be  deducted  from  their 
combined  incomes.  If  the  husband  deducts  the  $2,000  ex- 
emption and  the  allowance  for  dependent  children  from  his 
separate  Return  in  computing  his  normal  tax,  then  his  wife 
who  files  a  separate  Return  is  not  entitled  to  any  exemption 
from  normal  tax.  Where  one  return  includes  the  income 
of  both  husband  and  wife,  the  exemption  should  be  deducted 
from  their  combined  incomes.  Where  the  husband  and  wife 
are  not  living  together  they  are  to  be  treated  as  single 
persons,  and  each  is  entitled  to  the  $1,000  exemption  of 
a  single  person. 

INDIVIDUAL  INCOME  TAX  TABLE 

Showing  Total  Tax  and  Convenient 
Method  of  Computation 

Begin  at  the  first  column  with  the  largest  amount  which  is 
included  in  your  net  income,   and  read  across  the   page. 

The  figures  given  are  for  a  married  person  or  the  head  of  a 
famJly  with  a  personal  exemption  of  $2,000,  not  receiving  any 
dividends  or  exempt  interest. 

For  a  sing-le  person  find  the  total  tax  according  to  the  table 
and  then  add  $80  where  the  net  income  exceeds  $6,000  or  $40 
where  the  net  income  is  less  than  $5,000. 

Where  there  are  dependents,  as  defined  by  the  law,  other 
than  husband  or  wife,  from  the  amount  shown  by  the  table 
deduct  $16  for  each  dependent  where  the  net  income  exceeds 
the  total  personal  exemption  by  $4,000  or  more,  or  $8  for  each 
dependent  where  the  net  income  is  between  the  personal  ex- 
emption and  $6,000.  If  the  net  income  does  not  come  in  either 
of  these  classes,  compute  the  tax  without  using  the  table. 

If  the  net  income  includes  any  dividends  or  interest  which 
is  subject  to  surtax  only,  from  the  amount  shown  by  the  table 
deduct  8  per  cent  of  the  amount  of  such  partially  exempt  in- 
come if  the  remaining?  net  income  exceeds  the  personal  exemp- 
tion by  $4,000  or  more;  4  per  cent  of  such  amount  if  tlte  net 
income  Indudlni?  the  partially  exempt  income  is  less  than  $4,000 
in  excess  of  the  personal  exemption.  If  the  net  income  does  not 
come  In  either  of  these  classes,  .compute  the  tax  without  using- 
the  table. — Courtesy  Chicago  Association  of  Credit  Men. 


1920  FEDERAL  INCOME  AND  WAR  TAX  LAWS 


459 


Net 

Nomaal  Surtax 

Total 

Add  Tax 

on  Additional  Net  Income 

Income 

Tax 

Tax 

From 

To 

Normal 
Tax 

None 

Surtax 

$   1,000 

None 

None 

None 

$   1,000 

$   2,000 

None 

2,000 

None 

None 

None 

2,000 

5,000 

4% 

None 

2,500 

$       20 

None 

$       20 

2,500 

5,000 

4% 

None 

3,000 

40 

None 

40 

3,000 

5,000 

4% 

Nene 

4,000 

80 

None 

80 

4,000 

5,000 

4% 

None 

5,00O 

120 

None 

120 

5,000 

6,000 

4% 

1% 

6,000 

160 

$      10 

170 

6.000 

8,000 

8% 

2% 

7,000 

240 

30 

270 

7,000 

8,000 

8% 

2% 

7,500 

280 

40 

320 

7,500 

8,000 

8% 

2% 

8,000 

320 

50 

370 

8,000 

10,000 

8% 

3% 

9,000 

400 

80 

480 

9,000 

10,000 

8% 

3% 

io,ooo 

480 

110 

590 

10,000 

12,000 

8% 

4% 

12,000 

640 

190 

830 

12,000 

14,000 

8% 

5% 

12,500 

680 

215 

895 

12,500 

14,000 

8% 

5% 

14,000 

800 

290 

1,090 

14,000 

16,000 

8% 

6% 

15,000 

880 

350 

1,230 

15,000 

16,000 

8% 

6% 

16,000 

960 

410 

1,370 

16,000 

18,000 

8% 

7% 

18,000 

1,120 

550 

1,670 

18,000 

20,000 

8% 

8% 

20,00O 

1,280 

710 

1,900 

20,000 

22,000 

8% 

9% 

22,000 

1,440 

890 

2,330 

22,000 

24,000 

8% 

10% 

24,000 

1,600 

1,090 

2,690 

24,000 

26,000 

8% 

11% 

25,00O 

1,680 

1,200 

2,880 

25,000 

26,000 

8% 

11% 

26,000 

1,760 

1,310 

3,070 

26,000 

28,000 

8% 

12% 

Exemption  of  Head  of  a  Family. — A  person  is,  for  tax 
purposes,  the  head  of  a  family  and  has  an  exemption  of 
$2,000  from  the  normal  tax  where  he  actually  supports  in 
one  household  one  or  more  related  persons,  pursuant  to 
some  legal  or  moral  obligation.  Mere  support  of  a  de- 
pendent who  continuously  and  without  necessity  resides 
elsewhere  than  in  the  home  of  the  taxpayer  does  not  confer 
the  $2,000  exemption. 

For  each  person  (except  husband  or  wife)  under  18  years 
of  age  or  incapable  of  self-support  because  mentally  or 
physically  defective,  dependent  upon  and  receiving  his  chief 
support  from  the  taxpayer,  the  taxpayer  receives  an  exemp- 
tion of  $200  from  the  normal  tax. 

A  parent  may  include  in  his  Return  the  income  of  de- 
pendent minor  children.  Compensation  earned  by  such 
children  is  income  of  the  parent.  As  to  such  income,  there 
is  no  personal   exemption  for  the  minor. 

Exemption  Fixed  by  Status  at  the  End  of  the  Year, — The 
status  of  the  taxpayer,  for  the  purpose  of  the  exemption, 
is  determined  as  of  the  last  day  of  the  taxable  year  for 
which  the  Return  is  made.  A  man  who  marries  on  Decem- 
ber 30  is  entitled  to  deduct  the  full  amount  of  the  exemp- 
tion applicable  to  a  married  person. 

Nonresident  Aliens, — A  citi2en  or  subject  of  a  foreign 
country  who  does  not  reside  in  this  country  is  a  non- 
resident alien  and  is  taxed  upon  the  income  received  from 
sources  in  this  country.  An  alien  residing  in  the  United 
States  and  a  citizen  residing  here  or  abroad  are  taxed  upon 
their  entire  income,  including  that  received  from  foreign 
sources.  Citizenship  is  conferred  only  by  completed  natural- 
ization, not  by  so  called  "first  papers."  An  alien  entitled 
to  a  personal  exemption  from  tax  may  secure  freedom  from 


460  SAFE  METHODS 

withholding  from  his  salary  or  wages  by  filing  with  his 
employer  an  affidavit. 

Corporations  and  Associations. — Corporations  organized 
in  this  country  are  taxed  upon  their  income  received  from 
all  sources;  corporations  organized  in  foreign  countries  are 
taxed  upon  the  net  income  received  from  sources  in  this 
country  only. 

Kinds  of  Taxes  on  Income. — The  net  income  of  a  corpo- 
ration is  subject  to  two  distinct  taxes,  the  Excess  Profits 
Tax  (called  the  Profits  Tax  for  brevity),  and  the  Income 
Tax,  each  with  different  rates,  exemptions,  credits,  and 
methods  of  computation.  The  Excess  Profits  Tax  is  directed 
at  the  excess  over  a  fixed  return  upon  the  invested  capital. 
The  tax,  however,  is  limited  to  a  maximum  determined  at 
flat  rates  without  reference  to  invested  capital.  The  Income 
Tax  is  levied  at  a  flat  rate  upon  the  taxable  income  in  excess 
of  the  stated  exemptions  and  is  in  addition  to  the  Proflts  Tax. 

Partnershii>s. — Although  a  partnership  itself  is  not  taxed 
irpon  its  income,  the  law  requires  every  partnership  to  file 
a  Return  showing  its  gross  income  and  net  income,  which 
is  determined  according  to  the  requirements  of  the  Income 
Tax  Law  applying  to  individuals,  except  that  donations  to 
charities  are  not  deductible.  The  Return  must  be  filed  even 
though  the  firm  has  no  net  income  for  the  year.  A  partner- 
ship is  classified  as  a  corporation  and  not  as  a  partnership 
under  the  Income  Tax  Law,  and  is  subject  to  the  corpora- 
tion taxes,  where  there  is  any  evidence  that  it  is  organized 
and  operated  in  corporate  form. 

Estates  and  Fiduciaries. — Whenever  an  estate  receives 
any  income  which  is  not  received  for  distribution  to  known 
beneficiaries,  it  is  taxed  upon  such  income  as  if  it  were 
an  individual.  It  is  subject  to  the  normal  tax  and  the  sur- 
tax, and  the  same  credits  are  allowed,  including  the  per- 
sonal exemption  of  $1,000. 

Gross  Income  and  Net  Income. — All  that  a  person  re- 
ceives In  the  way  of  gains  or  profits,  with  certain  exceptions 
described  by  the  Act,  makes  up  the  "Gross  Income,"  which 
therefore  means  taxable  gross  income.  The  Act  then  speci- 
fies certain  "Deductions"  which  are  allowed,  and  the  re- 
mainder is  what  is  called  the  "Net  Income."  Net  Income  is 
to  be  determined  for  the  calendar  year  unless  the  taxpayer 
regularly  employs  books  based  upon  an  annual  accounting 
period  ending  upon  the  last  day  of  some  month  other  than 
December. 

Deductions  From  Gross  Income. — Individuals,  partner- 
ships, and  corporations  are  allowed  to  deduct  from  their 
taxable  gross  income  "all  the  ordinary  and  necessary  ex- 
penses paid  or  incurred  during  the  taxable  year  in  carrying 
on  any  trade  or  business."  The  law  expressly  disallows  the 
deduction  of  "personal,  living,  or  family  expenses." 

Items  Not  Included  in  Gross  Income. — The  value  of  prop- 
erty acquired  by  gift,  bequest,  devise,  or  descent  is  not  in- 
cluded in  income  of  individuals  or  corporations,  but  the 
income  from  such  property  must  be  included. 


1920  FEDERAL,  INCOME  AND   WAR  TAX  LAWS  461 

Amounts  received  by  an  individual  as  compensation  for 
personal  injuries  or  sickness  are  not  regarded  as  gains  and 
are  not  included  in  the  gross  income. 

The  money  received  upon  a  life  insurance  policy  by  the 
estate  of  the  insured  or  by  an  individual  or  partnership 
beneficiary,  at  the  death  of  the  one  insured,  is  not  taxable. 

The  amounts  received  by  a  corporation  as  dividends  upon 
stock  in  other  taxable  corporations  are  exempted  from  all 
taxes. 

The  law  exempts  the  interest  upon  obligations  of  the 
United  States  issued  before  September,  1917,  and  upon 
those  issued  after  that  date,  if  and  to  the  extent  provided 
In  the  act  authorizing  the  issue. 

Profit-sharing  or  bonus  or  other  special  form  of  com- 
pensation is  income,  if  it  is  in  fact  a  payment  for  services, 
but  not  if  it  is  a  gift.  Christmas  gifts,  even  though  custom- 
arily and  regularly  made,  are  not  taxable  income. 

Farming. — When  farm  products  are  sold,  the  entire  re- 
ceipts are  gross  income  and  the  Deductions  include  the 
items  of  cost  and  expense.  Farmers  are  allowed  to  com- 
pute net  income  on  an  inventory  basis. 

Taxable  profit  resulting  from  the  sale  or  other  disposition 
of  property  which  has  been  held  as  capital  or  principal,  is 
income  of  the  year  in  which  it  is  realized,  notwithstanding 
that  it  may  actually  have  accrued  in  other  years. 

The  cost  of  property,  as  used  to  determine  profit,  may 
be  the  inventory  value,  where  inventories  are  made  in 
accordance  with  the  Regulations. 

Expenses  of  Farmers, — An  individual  or  corporation 
carrying  on  the  business  of  farming  may  deduct  amounts 
paid  for  labor  used  in  producing  crops  or  livestock,  cost  of 
seed  and  fertilizers,  cost  of  feed,  repairs  to  buildings,  fences 
and  machinery,  expense  of  marketing,  and  similar  ordinary 
and  necessary  expenses.  Where  farm  labor  or  farm  produce 
is  charged  as  an  expense,  the  same  items  may  not  again  be 
used  to  determine  the  cost  of  live  stock  or  other  property. 

Dividends  and  Stock  Dividends. — Dividends  received  by  a 
corporation  are  not  subject  to  any  Income  or  Profits  Tax. 
Dividends  paid  by  foreign  corporations  not  paying  an  income 
tax  to  the  United  States  are  subject  to  all  taxes. 

A  paper  profit  or  merely  a  bookkeeping  gain,  not  actually 
realized  in  money  or  otherwise  "cashed  in,"  is  not  income. 
Profits  from  sales  and  stocks  in  security,  is  income  where 
the  transaction  has  actually  been  brought  to  a  conclusion. 

The  law  expressly  provides  that  a  stock  dividend  con- 
stitutes income  to  the  extent  of  the  earnings  or  profits  dis- 
tributed. The  Supreme  Court  recently  ruled  that  Congress 
has  no  constitutional  authority  to  tax  stock  dividends. 

Pensions  and  Compensation  for  Injuries. — Pensions  regu- 
larly paid  to  employees  or  their  dependents  in  case  of  death, 
retirement,  or  injury,  may  be  deducted,  but  a  mere  gratuity 
may  not  be  deducted.  Compensations  for  injuries,  paid  pur- 
suant to  legal  liability,  is  a  deductible  expense. 

liosses. — Individuals  must  separately  report:      (1)  losses 


462  SAFE  METHODS 

incurred  in  trade  or  business;  (2)  losses  incurred  in  a 
transaction  entered  into  for  profit  but  not  connected  with 
the  trade  or  business;  (3)  losses  not  connected  witb  the 
trade  or  business  arising  from  fire,  storm,  shipwreck  or 
other  casualty  or  from  theft;  (4)  debts  ascertained  to  be 
worthless  and  charged  off. 

Contributions  to  Charities. — Contributions  or  gifts,  made 
within  the  year  covered  by  the  Return  to  certain  classes 
of  charitable  organizations,  may  be  deducted  by  an  indi- 
vidual to  an  amount  not  in  excess  of  15%  of  his  net  income 
as  computed  without  the  benefit  of  this  deduction.  This 
deduction  is  not  allowed  to  corporations  or  partnerships. 

Returns  and  Payment  of  Tax. — Returns  of  individuate  and 
corporations  must  be  filed  on  or  before  March  15  of  each 
year,  or  the  fifteenth  day  of  the  third  month  following  the 
close  of  the  fiscal  year  where  made  on  the  basis  of  a  fiscal 
year. 

If  the  Return  is  not  filed  in  time,  the  taxpayer  is  subject 
to  a  penalty  of  $1,000  and,  unless  it  is  shown  that  the 
delay  was  due  to  a  reasonable  cause  and  not  willful  neglect 
or  mere  oversight,  to  a  further  penalty  of  25%  of  the 
amount  of  the  tax.  The  consequent  delay  in  paying  the 
first  or  subsequent  installments  is  also  subject  to  penalty. 

The  Return  of  an  individual  should  be  filed  where  such 
person  resides  or  has  his  principal  place  of  business.  The 
collector  may  require  any  taxpayer  to  produce  evidence  in 
support  of  his  Return  and  to  submit  to  examination  with 
reference  to  all  items  in  it,  and  may  increase  amounts  which 
he  finds  to  be  understated. 

Frequently  collectors  refuse  to  accept  Returns  which  do 
not  conform  to  their  ideas  of  computation  of  the  tax,  but 
this  exceeds  their  authority. 

Time  of  Payment. — The  Income  and  Profits  Taxes  are 
due  in  four  equal  installments  on  March  15,  June  15,  Sep- 
tember 15,  and  December  15.  The  penalty  for  delay  in  pay- 
ing any  installments  is  5%  of  the  amount,  plus  interest  at 
1%  per  month  from  the  date  fixed  by  the  notice  and  de- 
mand from  the  collector. 

Payment  must  be  made  in  cash  ox  bank  check  or  draft 
which  will  not  involve  cost  of  collection. 

THE  NEW  BANKING  AND 
CURRENCY  SYSTEM 

ESTABLISHED  BY  THE  FEDERAL  RESERVE  ACT  OP 
DEC.  23,  1913. 

The  title  of  the  Act  providing  for  the  new  banking  and 
currency  system  reads:  "An  act  to  provide  for  the  estab- 
lishment  of   Federal   reserve  banks,   to  furnish   an  elastic 


BANKING  AND  CURRENCY  SYSTEM  463 

»5urrency,  to  afford  means  of  rediscounting  commercial  pa- 
ler, to  establish  a  more  effective  supervision  of  banking 
in  the  United  States,  and  for  other  purposes." 

Need  and  Purpose  of  the  System  Explained.  —  President 
Wilson,  in  his  currency  message  which  he  read  to  the  two 
Houses  of  Congress  in  joint  session  June  24,  1913,  de- 
clared: "We  must  have  a  currency,  not  rigid  as  now,  but 
readily,  elastically  responsive  to  sound  credit,  the  expand- 
ing and  contracting  credits  of  every-day  transactions,  the 
normal  ebb  and  flow  of  personal  and  corporate  dealings. 
Our  banking  laws  must  mobilize  reserves;  must  not  permit 
the  contraction  anywhere  in  a  few  hands  of  the  monetary 
resources  of  the  country  or  their  use  for  speculative  pur- 
poses in  such  volume  as  to  hinder  or  impede  or  stand  in 
the  way  of  other  more  legitimate,  more  fruitful  uses.  And 
the  control  of  the  system  of  banking  and  of  issue  which 
our  new  laws  are  to  set  up  must  be  public,  not  private, 
must  be  vested  in  the  Government  itself,  so  that  the  banks 
may  be  the  instruments,  not  the  masters,  of  business  and  of 
industrial  enterprise  and  initiative." 

Commended  by  Investment  Bankers. — At  a  meeting  of  the 
board  of  governors  of  the  Investment  Bankers'  Association 
of  America,  held  at  Philadelphia  in  January,  1914,  the  fol- 
lowing resolution  commending  the  currency  act  and  be- 
speaking its  acceptance  by  the  entire  country,  was  adopted: 
"Resolved,  That  the  board  of  governors  of  the  Invest- 
ment Bankers'  Association  of  America  hereby  congratulate 
the  government  and  the  people  upon  the  passage  of  a 
currency  bill  which  is,  on  the  whole,  calculated  to  restore 
confidence  and  prevent  panics,  at  the  same  time  introducing 
a  certain  elasticity  into  our  currency  which  has  always 
been  lacking. 

"We  believe  it  to  be  the  patriotic  duty  of  every  banker 
and  citizen  to  co-operate  with  the  government  for  the 
common  good.  We  hereby  pledge  ourselves  to  use  our  best 
efforts  in  this  direction. 

"It  is  unnecessary  to  point  out  that  the  crux  of  the  whole 
matter  is  the  personnel  of  the  National  Reserve  Board. 
High  character,  experience  in  business  and  banking  should 
control  in  the  appointments  to  the  National  Reserve  Board 
If  the  new  system  is  to  command  the  confidence  of  the 
country." 

MAIN  FEATURES  OF  THE  ACT. 

Federal  Reserve  Districts. — The  act  provides  that  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture 
and  the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency,  acting  as  the  Reserve 
Board  organization  committee,  shall  designate  not  less  than 


464  SAFE  METHODS 

eight  nor  more  than  twelve  cities  to  be  known  as  federaJ 
reserve  cities,  and  shall  divide  the  continental  United  State!, 
excluding  Alaska,  into  districts,  each  district  to  contain 
only  one  of  such  Federal  reserve  cities.     (See  page  146 J 

NatioHcil  Banks  Must  Subscribe  to  Capital  Stock.  — THien 
the  organization  committee  shall  have  designated  th^  cities 
in  which  Federal  reserve  banks  are  to  be  organized,  and 
fixed  the  geographical  limits  of  Federal  reserve  districts, 
every  national  banking  association  within  that  district  shall 
be  required  wfthhi  thirty  days  after  notice  from  the  organ- 
ization committee  to  subscribe  to  the  capital  stock  of  such 
Federal  reserve  bank  in  a  sum  equal  to  six  per  centum  of 
the  paid-up  capftal  stock  and  surplus  of  such  bank. 

Capital  Required.  — No  Federal  reserve  bank  shall  com- 
mence business  with  a  subscribed  capital  less  than 
$4,000,000. 

Branch  Offices.  — Each  Federal  reserve  bank  shall  estab- 
lish branch  banks  within  the  Federal  reserve  district  in. 
which  it  is  located  and  may  do  so  in  the  district  of  any 
Federal  reserve  bank  which  may  have  been  suspended. 
Such  branches  shall  be  operated  by  a  board  of  directors 
under  rules  and  regulations  approved  by  the  Federal  re- 
serve board.  Directors  of  branch  banks  shall  possess  the 
same  qualifications  as  the  directors  of  the  Federal  reserve 
banks.  Four  of  said  directors  shall  be  selected  by  the 
reserve  bank  and  three  by  the  Federal  Reserve  Board.  The 
reserve  bank  shall  designate  one  of  the  directors  as  man- 
ager. 

Stock  Issues.  —The  capital  stock  of  each  Federal  reserve 
bank  shall  be  divided  into  shares  of  $100  each.  The  out- 
standing capital  stock  shall  be  increased  from  time  to  time 
as  member  banks  increase  their  capital  stock  and  surplus 
or  as  additional  banks  become  members,  and  may  be  de- 
creased as  member  banks  reduce  their  capital  stock  or 
surplus  or  cease  to  be  members.  When  a  member  bank 
Increases  its  capital  stock  or  surplus  it  shall  thereupoa 
subscribe  for  an  additional  amount  of  capital  stock  of  the 
Federal  reserve  bank  of  its  district  equal  to  six  per  Centura 
of  the  said  increase. 

State  Banks  as  Members. — Any  bank  incorporated  by 
special  law  of  any  State,  or  organized  under  the  general 
laws  of  any  State  or  the  United  States,  may  make  applica- 
tion to  the  reserve  bank  organization  committee,  pending 
organization,  and  thereafter  to  the  Federal  Reserve  Board 
for  the  right  to  subscribe  to  the  stock  of  the  Federal 
reserve  bank  organized  or  to  be  organized  within  the 
Federal   reserve   district   where   the   applicant   is   located. 


BANKING  AND  CURRENCY  SYSTEM  465 

The  organization  committee  or  the  Federal  Reserve  Board 
may  permit  the  applying  bank  to  become  a  stockholder  in 
the  Federal  reserve  bank  of  the  district  in  which  the  apply- 
ing bank  is  located. 

Eeserres  Required.^ — ^By  amendment  of  August  15,  1914,  iat 

bank  in  a  reserve  city  is  required  to  hold  reserves  equal  to 
fifteen  per  cent,  of  the  aggregate  amount  of  its  demand  de- 
posits and  five  per  cent,  of  its  time  deposits,  and  a  bank  in 
a  central  reserve  city  reserves  equal  to  eighteen  per  cent. 
of  its  demand  deposits  and  five  per  cent,  of  its  time  deposits. 

A  Federal  Reserve  Board  is  created  by  the  act,  consist- 
ing of  seven  members,  including  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  and  the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency,  and  five 
members  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  states, 
which  board  is  to  exercise  general  supervision  over  the 
Federal  reserve  banks. 

Federal  Advisory  Council. — The  act  provides  for  a  Fed- 
eral advisory  council,  consisting  of  as  many  members  as 
there  are  Federal  reserve  districts.  The  council  shall  have 
power,  by  itself  or  through  its  officers,  (1)  to  confer 
directly  with  the  Federal  Reserve  Board  on  general  busi- 
ness conditions;  (2)  to  make  oral  or  written  representa- 
tions concerning  matters  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
board;  (3)  to  call  for  information  and  to  make  recom- 
mendations in  regard  to  discount  rates,  rediscount  business, 
note  issues,  reserve  conditions  in  the  various  districts,  the 
purchase  and  sale  of  gold  or  securities  by  reserve  banks, 
open-market  operations  by  said  banks,  and  the  general 
affairs  of  the  reserve  banking  system. 


POWERS  OF  FEDERAL  RESERVE  BANKS. 

To  Receive  Deposits.  — Any  Federal  reserve  bank  may 
receive  from  any  of  its  member  banks,  and  from  the  United 
States,  deposits  of  current  funds  in  lawful  money,  national 
banli  notes,  Federal  reserve  notes  or  checks  and  drafts 
■upon  solvent  member  banks,  payable  upon  presentation;  or, 
solely  for  exchange  purposes,  may  receive  from  other 
Federal  reserve  banks  deposits  of  current  funds  in  lawful 
money,  national  bank  notes,  or  checks  and  drafts  upon 
solvent  member  or  other  Federal  reserve  banks,  payable 
npon   presentation. 

To  Discount  Notes,  Drafts  and  Bills  of  Exchange. -Upon 
the  indorsement  of  any  of  its  member  banks,  with  a  waiver 
of  demand,  notice  and  protest  by  such  bank,  any  Federal 
reserve  bank  may  discount  notes,  drafts  and  bills  of  ex» 
change  arising  out  of  actual  commercial  transactions;  that 


466  SAFE  METHODS 

is,  notes,  drafts  and  bills  of  exchange  issued  or  drawn  for 
agricultural,  industrial,  or  commercial  purposes,  or  tha 
proceeds  of  which  have  been  used,  or  are  to  be  used,  for 
such  purposes,  the  Federal  Reserve  Board  to  have  the  right 
to  determine  or  define  the  character  of  the  paper  thus 
eligible  for  discount  within  the  meaning  of  this  act.  Nothing 
in  this  act  contained  shall  be  construed  to  prohibit  such 
notes,  drafts,  and  bills  of  exchange,  secured  by  staple 
agricultural  products,  or  other  goods,  wares,  or  merchan- 
dise, from  being  eligible  for  such  discount;  but  such  defini- 
tion shall  not  include  notes,  drafts,  or  bills  covering  merely 
investments  or  issued  or  drawn  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
or  trading  in  stocks,  bonds  or  other  investment  securities, 
except  bonds  and  notes  of  the  Government  of  the  United 
States.  Notes,  drafts  and  bills  admitted  to  discount  under 
the  terms  of  this  paragraph  must  have  a  maturity  at  the 
time  of  discount  of  not  more  than  ninety  days:  Provided, 
That  notes,  drafts,  and  bills  drawn  or  issued  for  agricul- 
tural purposes  or  based  on  live  stock  and  having  a  maturity 
not  exceeding  six  months,  may  be  discounted  in  an  amount 
to  be  limited  to  a  percentage  of  the  capital  of  the  Federal 
reserve  bank,  to  be  ascertained  and  fixed  by  the  Federal 
Reserve  Board. 

To  Discount  Acceptances. — Any  Federal  reserve  bank 
may  discount  acceptances  which  are  based  on  the  importa- 
tion or  exportation  of  goods  and  which  have  a  maturity 
at  time  of  discount  of  not  more  than  three  months,  and 
indorsed  by  at  least  one  member  bank.  The  amount  of 
acceptances  so  discounted  shall  at  no  time  exceed  one-half 
the  paid-up  capital  stock  and  surplus  of  the  bank  for  which 
the  rediscounts  are  made. 

The  aggregate  of  such  notes  and  bills  bearing  the  signa- 
ture or  indorsement  of  any  one  person,  company,  firm  or 
corporation  rediscounted  for  any  one  bank  shall  at  no  time 
exceed  ten  per  centum  of  the  unimpaired  capital  and  sur- 
plus of  said  bank;  but  this  restriction  shall  not  apply  to 
the  discount  of  bills  of  exchange  drawn  in  good  faith 
against  actually  existing  values. 

Any  member  bank  may  accept  drafts  or  bills  of  exchange 
drawn  upon  it  and  growing  out  of  transactions  involving 
the  importation  or  exportation  of  goods  having  not  more 
than  six  months  sight  to  run;  but  no  bank  shall  accept  such 
bills  to  an  amount  equal  at  any  time  in  the  aggregate  to 
more  than  one-half  its  paid-up  capital  stock  and  surplus. 

Open  Market  Operations. — Any  Federal  reserve  bank 
may,  under  rules  and  regulations  prescribed  by  the  Federal 
Reserve  Board,  purchase  and  sell  in  the  open  market,  at 
home  or  abroad,  either  from  or  to  dom«etic  or  foreign 
t)anks,  firms,  corporations,  or  individuals,  cable  transfers 


BANKING  AND  CURRENCY  SYSTEM  467 

and  bankers'  acceptances  and  bills  of  exchange  of  the  kinds 
and  maturities  by  this  act  made  eligible  for  rediscount, 
With  or  without  the  indorsement  of  a  member  bank. 

Every  Federal  reserve  bank  shall  have  power: 

(a)  To  deal  in  gold  coin  and  bullion  at  home  or  abroad, 
to  make  loans  thereon,  exchange  Federal  reserve  notes  for 
gold,  gold  coin  or  gold  certificates,  and  to  contract  for 
loans  of  gold  coin  or  bullion,  giving  therefor,  when  neces- 
sary, acceptable  security,  including  the  hypothecation  of 
United  States  bonds  or  other  securities  which  Federal 
reserve  banks  are  authorized  to  hold; 

(b)  To  buy  and  sell,  at  home  or  abroad,  bonds  and 
notes  of  the  United  States,  and  bills,  notes,  revenue  bonds, 
and  warrants  with  a  maturity  from  date  of  purchase  of 
not  exceeding  six  months,  issued  in  anticipation  of  the 
receipt  of  assured  revenues  by  any  State,  county,  district, 
political  subdivision  or  municipality  in  the  continental 
United  States,  including  irrigation,  drainage  and  reclama- 
tion districts,  such  purchases  to  be  made  in  accordance 
with  rules  and  regulations  prescribed  by  the  Federal  Re- 
serve Board; 

(c)  To  purchase  from  member  banks  and  to  sell,  with 
or  without  its  indorsement,  bills  of  exchange  arising  out 
of  commercial  transactions,  as  hereinbefore  defined; 

(d)  To  establish  from  time  to  time,  subject  to  review 
and  determination  of  the  Federal  Reserve  Board,  rates  of 
discount  to  be  charged  by  the  Federal  Reserve  bank  for 
each  class  of  paper,  which  shall  be  fixed  with  a  view  of 
accommodating  commerce  and  business; 

(e)  To  establish  accounts  with  other  Federal  reserve 
banks  for  exchange  purposes  and,  with  the  consent  of  the 
Federal  Reserve  Board,  to  open  and  maintain  banking 
accounts  in  foreign  countries,  appoint  correspondents  and 
establish  agencies  in  such  countries  wheresoever  it  may 
deem  best  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing,  selling  and  col- 
lecting bills  of  exchange,  and  to  buy  and  sell,  with  or 
without  its  indorsement,  through  such  correspondents  or 
agencies,  bills  of  exchange  arising  out  of  actual  commercial 
transactions  which  have  not  more  than  ninety  days  to  run 
and  which  bear  the  signature  of  two  or  more  responsible 
parties. 

Government  Deposits.  — The  moneys  held  in  the  general 
fund  of  the  Treasury,  except  the  five  per  centum  fund  for 
the  redemption  of  outstanding  national  bank  notes  and  the 
funds  provided  in  this  act  for  the  redemption  of  Federal 
reserve  notes,  may,  upon  the  direction  of  the  Secretary 
Of  the  Treasury,  be  deposited  in  Federal  reserve  banks. 


468  SAFE  METHODS 

Which  banks,  when  required  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury, shall  act  as  fiscal  agents  of  the  United  States;  and  the 
revenues  of  the  Government  or  any  part  thereof  may  be 
deposited  in  such  banks,  and  disbursements  may  be  made 
by  checks  drawn  against  such  deposits. 

Note  Issues. — Federal  reserve  notes,  to  be  issued  at  the 
discretion  of  the  Federal  Reserve  Board  for  the  purpose 
of  making  advances  to  Federal  reserve  banks  through  the 
Federal  reserve  agents  as  set  forth  in  the  act  and  for  no 
other  purpose,  are  hereby  authorized.  The  said  notes  shall 
be  obligations  of  the  United  States  and  shall  be  receivable 
by  all  national  and  member  banks  and  Federal  reserve 
banks  and  for  all  taxes,  customs,  and  other  public  dues. 
They  shall  be  redeemed  in  gold  on  demand  at  the  Treasury 
Department  of  the  United  States,  in  the  City  of  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia,  or  in  gold  or  lawful  money  at  any 
Federal  reserve  bank.  Any  Federal  reserve  bank  may 
make  application  to  the  local  Federal  reserve  agent  for 
such  amount  of  the  Federal  reserve  notes  hereinbefore  pro- 
vided for  as  it  may  require.  Such  application  shall  be 
accompanied  with  a  tender  to  the  local  Federal  reserve 
agent  of  collateral  in  amount  equal  to  the  sum  of  the  Fed- 
eral reserve  notes  thus  applied  for  and  issued  pursuant  to 
Buch  application.  The  collateral  security  thus  offered  shall 
be  notes  and  bills,  accepted  for  rediscount  under  the  pro- 
visions of  section  thirteen  of  this  act,  and  the  Federal 
reserve  agent  shall  each  day  notify  the  Federal  Reserve 
Board  of  all  issues  and  withdrawals  of  Federal  reserve 
notes  to  and  by  the  Federal  reserve  bank  to  which  he  Is 
accredited.  The  said  Federal  Reserve  Board  may  at  any 
time  call  upon  a  Federal  reserve  bank  for  additional 
eecurity  to  protect  the  Federal  reserve  notes  issued  to  it. 

Gold  Reserves.  — Every  Federal  reserve  bank  shall  main- 
tain reserves  in  gold  or  lawful  money  of  not  less  than 
thirty-five  per  centum  against  its  deposits  and  reserves  in 
gold  of  not  less  than  forty  per  centum  against  its  Federal 
reserve  notes  in  actual  circulation,  and  not  offset  by  gold 
or  lawful  money  deposited  with  the  Federal  reserve  agent. 

Refunding  Bonds.  — After  two  years  from  the  passage  of 
this  act,  and  at  any  time  during  a  period  of  twenty  years 
thereafter,  any  member  bank  desiring  to  retire  the  whole 
or  any  part  of  its  circulating  notes,  may  file  with  the 
Treasurer  of  the  United  States  an  application  to  sell  for  its 
account,  at  par  and  accrued  interest,  United  States  bonds 
securing  circulation  to  be  retired. 

Loans  on  Farm  liands. — Any  national  banking  associa- 
tion not  situated  in  a  central  reserve  city  may  make  loans 
Secured  by  improved  and  unincumbered  farm  land,  situ-' 


BANKING  AND  CURRENCY  SYSTEM  469 

ated  within  Its  Federal  reserve  district,  but  no  such  loan 
shall  be  made  for  a  longer  time  than  five  years,  nor  for  an 
amount  exceeding  fifty  per  centum  of  the  actual  value  of 
the  property  offered  as  security.  Any  such  bank  may  make 
such  loans  in  an  aggregate  sum  equal  to  twenty-five  per 
centum  of  its  capital  and  surplus  to  one-third  of  its  time 
deposits,  and  such  banks  may  continue  hereafter  as  here- 
tofore to  receive  time  deposits  and  to  pay  interest  on  the 
same. 

The  Federal  Reserve  Board  shall  have  power  from  time 
to  time  to  add  to  the  list  of  cities  in  which  national  banks 
shall  not  be  permitted  to  make  loans  secured  upon  real 
estate  in  the  manner  described  in  this  section. 

Bank  Examinations.  —The  Comptroller  of  the  Currency, 
with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  shall 
appoint  examiners  who  shall  examine  every  member  bank 
at  least  twice  in  each  calendar  year  and  oftener  if  consid- 
ered necessary:  Provided,  however.  That  the  Federal  Re- 
serve Board  may  authorize  examination  by  the  State 
authorities  to  be  accepted  in  the  case  of  State  banks  and 
trust  companies  and  may  at  any  time  direct  the  holding  of 
a  special  examination  of  State  banks  or  trust  companies 
that  are  stockholders  in  any  Federal  reserve  bank.  The 
Federal  Reserve  Board  shall,  at  least  once  each  year,  order 
an  examination  of  each  Federal  reserve  bank,  and  upon 
joint  application  of  ten  member  banks  the  Federal  Reserve 
Board  shall  order  a  special  examination  and  report  of  the 
condition  of  any  Federal  reserve  bank. 

Prohibitions  and  Penalties. — No  member  bank  or  any 
officer,  director  or  employee  thereof  shall  hereafter  make 
any  loan  or  grant  any  gratuity  to  any  bank  examiner. 
Any  bank  officer,  director  or  employee  violating  this  pro- 
vision shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  shall 
be  imprisoned  not  exceeding  one  year  or  fined  not  more 
than  $5,000,  or  both;  and  may  be  fined  a  further  sum  equal 
to  the  money  so  loaned  or  gratuity  given.  Any  examiner 
accepting  a  loan  or  gratuity  from  any  bank  examined  hf 
him,  or  from  an  officer,  director,  or  employee  thereof,  shall 
be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  shall  be  imprisoned 
not  exceeding  one  year  or  fined  not  more  than  $5,000,  or 
both;  and  may  be  fined  a  further  sum  equal  to  the  money 
so  loaned  or  gratuity  given;  and  shall  forever  thereafter 
be  disqualified  from  holding  office  as  a  national  bank  ex- 
aminer. No  national  bank  examiner  shall  perform  any 
other  service  for  compensation  while  holding  such  office 
for  any  bank  or  officer,  director,  or  employee  thereof. 

Other  than  the  usual  salary  or  director's  fee  paid  to  any 
officer,  director,  or  employee  of  a  member  bank  and  other 
than  a  reasonable  fee  paid  by  said  bank  to  such  officer, 
director,  or  employee  for  services  rendered  to  such  bank. 


470  SATE  METHODS 

no  officer,  director,  employee,  or  attorney  of  a  member  banK 
shall  be  a  beneficiary  of  or  receive,  directly  or  indirectly, 
any  fee,  commission,  gift,  or  other  consideration  for  or  in 
connection  with  any  transaction  or  business  of  the  bank. 
No  examiner,  public  or  private,  shall  disclose  the  names  of 
borrowers  or  the  collateral  for  loans  of  a  member  bank  to 
other  than  the  proper  officers  of  such  bank  without  first 
having  obtained  the  express  permission  in  writing  from  the 
Comptroller  of  the  Currency  or  from  the  board  of  directors 
of  such  bank,  except  when  ordered  to  do  so  by  a  court  of 
competent  jurisdiction,  or  by  direction  of  the  Congress  of 
the  United  States,  or  of  either  House  thereof,  or  any  com- 
mittee of  Congress  or  of  either  House  duly  authorized.  Any 
person  violating  this  section  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine 
not  exceeding  $5,000  or  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  one 
year,  or  both. 

Stockholders  Liable  for  Debts.  —The  stockkolders  of 
every  national  banking  association  shall  be  held  individ- 
ually responsible  for  all  contracts,  debts,  and  engagements 
of  such  association,  each  to  the  amount  of  his  stock  therein, 
at  the  par  value  thereof,  in  addition  to  the  amount  invested 
In  such  stock.  The  stockholders  in  any  national  banking 
association  who  shall  have  transferred  their  shares  or 
registered  the  transfer  thereof  within  sixty  days  next  before 
the  date  of  the  failure  of  such  association  to  meet  its  obli- 
gations, or  with  knowledge  of  such  impending  failure,  shall 
be  liable  to  the  same  extent  as  if  they  had  made  no  such 
transfer,  to  the  extent  that  the  subsequent  transferee  fails 
to  meet  such  liability;  but  this  provision  shall  not  be  con- 
strued to  affect  in  any  way  any  recourse  which  such  share- 
holders might  otherwise  have  against  those  in  whose  named 
such  shares  are  registered  at  the  time  of  such  failure. 

Foreign  Branches. — Any  national  banking  association  pos- 
sessing a  capital  and  surplus  of  $1,000,000  or  more  may  file 
application  with  the  Federal  Reserve  Board,  upon  such 
conditions  and  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed 
by  the  said  board,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  authority  to 
establish  branches  in  foreign  countries  or  dependencies  of 
the  United  States  for  the  furtherance  of  the  foreign  com- 
merce of  the  United  States,  and  to  act,  if  required  to  do  so, 
as  fiscal  agents  of  the  United  States.  Such  application  shall 
specify,  in  addition  to  the  name  and  capital  of  the  banking 
association  filing  it,  the  place  or  places  where  the  banking 
operations  proposed  are  to  be  carried  on,  and  the  amount 
of  capital  set  aside  for  the  conduct  of  its  foreign  business. 
The  Federal  Reserve  Board  shall  have  power  to  approve  or 
reject  such  application  if,  in  its  judgment,  the  amount  of 
capital  proposed  to  be  set  aside  for  the  conduct  of  foreign 
business  is  inadequate,  or  if  for  other  reasons  the  granting 
of  such  application  is  deemed  inexpedient. 


FEDERAL  RESERVE  SYSTEM  471 


FEDERAL  RESERVE  SYSTEM  IN  OPERATION 

FINANCIAL  GROWTH  UNPARALLELED 
RESOURCES  AND  NEEDS  OF  THE  SYSTEM 

According  to  the  report  of  the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency, 
John  Skelton  Williams,  the  operation  of  the  National  banks  dur- 
ing the  period  from  October,  1914,  to  November,  1915 — the  first 
year  under  the  Federal  Reserve  System,  "reveals  a  development 
never  paralleled  in  the  financial  history  of  any  country." 

The  net  resources  of  the  banks  increased  in  the  year 
$1,743,S7S,64B ;  the  deposits  mcreased  $2,081,530,164;  and  the 
loans  and  discounts  inci'eased  $917,450,502.  Available  cash  in- 
creased in  the  same  period  $862,000,000,  and  on  November  10, 
1915,  the  reporting  National  banks  had  excess  reserves  of 
$891,000,000.  Tables  of  the  comparative  condition  of  banks  in 
1895  and  1915,  compiled  in  the  Comptroller's  oflice,  show  that 
in  September,  1895,  there  were  3,712  reporting  banks  with  net 
deposits  of  $1,989,300,000  and  loans  and  discounts  of  $2,059,- 
408,402,  while  in  November,  1915,  there  were  7,617  reporting 
banks  with  net  deposits  of  $9,079,471,447,  loans  and  discounts  of 
$7,233,928,973. 

Resources  of  the  Federal  Reserve  Banks. — Statements  issued  by 
the  twelve  Federal  Reserve  Banks  on  November  12,  1915,  made 
the  following  showing:  Capital,  $54,846,000;  deposits, 
$374,317,000 ;  resources,  $446,192,000. 

Created  Reserves  Ever  Held. — The  resources  held  by  the  Na- 
tional banks  November  10,  1915,  exceeded  by  $587,000,000  the 
greatest  reserves  ever  held  at  any  time  prior  to  the  passage 
of  the  Federal  Reserve  Act.  Loans  and  discounts  amounted  to 
more  than  the  total  loans  and  discounts  of  all  banks,  including 
national,  state,  savings  and  private  banks  and  loan  and  trust 
companies,  as  late  as  the  year  1902. 

The  banking  power  of  the  United  States  (the  capital,  surplus, 
circulation,  deposits,  etc)  of  all  reporting  banks,  national  and 
otherwise,  with  an  estimate  of  the  figures  of  non-reporting 
banks,  amounted  in  June,  1915,  to  $25,397,100,000,  an  increase 
in  a  year  of  about  $1,057,100,000. 

Savings  bank  depositors  increased  by  176,256  during  the  year 
ending  June,  1915,  with  total  deposits  of  $4,997,706,013.  The 
average  deposit,  however,  decreased  from  $444.36  to  $442.83, 
while  the  number  of  banks  increased  from  2,100  to  2,159. 

Amendments  Recommended  by  the  Comptroller. — The  Comp- 
troller of  the  Currency  suggests  that  an  amendment  to  the 
Federal  Reserve  Act  be  passed  authorizing  and  directing  the 


472  SAFE  METHODS 

Department  of  Justice  to  bring  suits  against  usurers  upon  In- 
formation furnislied  either  by  tlie  Comptroller  or  through  other 
sources. 

"To  prevent  failures,"  other  amendments  are  suggested  by  the 
Comptroller  as  follows :  To  prohibit  officers  from  borrowing 
from  their  own  banks ;  to  prevent  loans  to  directors  except  with 
the  approval  of  the  board ;  to  require  officers  and  employees  to 
give  surety  bonds;  to  limit  direct  and  indirect  loans  to  one 
individual,  firm  or  corporation ;  to  prevent  or  limit  overdrafts ; 
to  require  certificates  of  deposit  to  be  signed  by  two  directors ; 
to  prevent  erasures  on  the  books  of  a  bank ;  to  limit  Interest 
paid  on  deposits ;  to  authorize  the  establishment  of  branches  in 
the  United  States;  to  permit  branches  in  Alaska  and  insular 
possessions;  to  authorize  minimum  interest  charges — which  or- 
dinarily might  be  usurious — on  small  loans,  and  to  authorize 
the  Comptroller  to  bring  proceedings  against  directors  for  losses 
sustained  by  a  bank  through  violation  of  the  bank  act ;  to  give 
the  Comptroller  authority  to  remove  directors  guilty  of  per- 
sistent violations  of  the  bank  act. 

How  Banks  are  Broken. — Banks,  according  to  the  report  of  the 
Comptroller,  nearly  always  are  broken,  not  by  bank  robbers 
who  have  come  from  the  outside,  not  by  failure  of  customers  to 
whom  they  have  loaned  money,  but  by  the  tying  up  or  dissipa- 
tion of  the  bank's  funds  through  loans  to  their  own  officers  and 
directors,  or  else  by  direct  defalcations  and  embezzlements  by 
trusted  officers.  If  these  evils  are  remedied — and  they  can  be 
remedied,  says  the  Comptroller,  if  the  necessary  amendments  to 
the  bank  act  can  be  secured — failures  among  national  banks 
can  be  reduced  to  a  negligible  number,  or  be  absolutely 
eliminated. 

_'Number  of  Bank  Fculures. — There  wera  fourteen  failures  dur- 
ing the  twelve  months  ended  October  31,  1915.  In  the  last  fifty 
years  there  were  208  failures  attributable  to  criminal  acts, 
while  injudicious  or  careless  banking  was  responsible  for  136 
failures. 

DecentreJizing  the  Money  Power. — "It  is  time,"  says  the  Comp- 
troller in  his  report,  "for  all  banks  of  this  country  to  realize 
that  the  Federal  Reserve  Act  was  framed  to  benefit  not  only 
the  banks,  but  also  the  customers  of  the  banks ;  that  one  of  the 
great  objects  of  the  law  was  to  decentralize  the  money  of  the 
country ;  to  effect  a  more  equitable  distribution  of  capital  and 
do  away  with  the  old  system  by  which  the  resources  of  our 
banks  have  been  so  greatly  concentrated  in  a  few  cities  or 
sections,  there  to  be  loaned  out  largely  on  speculative  ventures, 
while  in  other  regions  money  needed  so  urgently  for  the 
legitimate  purposes  of  industry  and  of  development  has  been 
scarce  and  oftentimes  only,  if  at  all,  at  rates  injurious  if  not 
prohibitory." 


FABM    LOANS 


473 


.^-^ 


NEW  UNION  EAILEOAD  STATION.    KANSAS  CITY,  MISSOURI 


FAEM  LOANS 

The  Federal  farm  loan  act,  or  rural  credit  bill,  approved 
July  17, 1916,  provides  for  a  system  of  land  banks,  empowered 
to  make  long-time  farm  loans. 

A  Federal  farm  loan  board  is  provided  for  by  the  act.  The 
board  consists  of  five  members,  four  chosen  by  the  Presi- 
dent with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  the  fifth  being 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

A  Federal  farm  loan  bureau  is  established  at  Washington 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Federal  farm  loan  board. 

Twelve  Land  Bank  Districts. — The  act  provides  that  the 
United  States  shall  be  divided  into  twelve  Federal  land  bank 
districts,  in  each  of  which  a  Federal  land  bank  shall  be  estab- 
lished, having  a  minimum  capital  of  $750,000. 

Each  Federal  land  bank  is  to  be  governed  by  nine  directors. 

The  capital  stock  of  each  Federal  land  bank  shall  be  di- 
vided into  shares  of  $5  each  and  may  be  subscribed  for  and 
held  by  any  individual,  firm  or  corporation  or  by  the  govern- 
ment of  any  state  or  of  the  U.  S. 


474  FABM  LOANS 

The  Federal  Farm  Loan  Board  shall  open  books  of  sub- 
scription for  the  capital  stock  in  each  Federal  land  bank 
district  If  within  thirty  days  after  the  opening  of  the  books 
any  part  of  the  $750,000  remains  unsubscribed,  it  becomes 
the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  subscribe  the 
balance  thereof  on  behalf  of  the  U.  S.,  subject  to  call,  in 
whole  or  in  part,  by  the  board  of  directors  of  the  bank  upon 
30  days'  notice  with  the  approval  of  the  Federal  farm  loan 
board. 

OoTemment  Deposits. — ^The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  Is 
authorized,  upon  request  of  the  Loan  Board  to  make  deposits 
for  the  temporary  use  of  any  Federal  land  bank,  jut  of  any 
money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

The  land  banks  when  designated  for  that  purpose  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  shall  be  depositories  of  public 
money,  except  receipts  for  customs. 

Farm  Loan  Associations. — Ten  or  more  farmers  in  local 
parts  of  each  bank  district  may  form  national  farm  loan 
associations,  in  conformity  with  instructions  contained  in 
circulars  and  blanks  furnished  by  the  Federal  loan  board  at 
Washington,  D.  C. 

These  local  national  farm  loan  associations  furnish  the 
Federal  land  bank  of  their  respective  districts  with  farm 
loans,  and  ultimately  become  the  only  stockholders  of  the 
Federal  land  banks. 

How  Loans  Must  be  Made. — Loans  can  be  made  only  for  the 
following  purposes:  To  provide  for  the  purchase  of  land  for 
agricultural  purposes  or  for  the  purchase  of  equipment, 
fertilizers  and  necessary  live  stock;  to  erect  buildings  and 
improve  the  land  mortgaged;  to  liquidate  existing  incum- 
brances. 

Amount  of  Loans. — No  loan  can  exceed  50  per  cent,  of  the 

value  of  the  land  mortgaged  and  20  per  cent,  of  the  value 
of  the  permanent  improvements  thereon.  No  loan  is  to  be 
less  than  $100  nor  more  than  $10,000  to  one  borrower. 

To  "Whom  Loans  Can  be  Made^— No  loan  is  to  be  made  to 
any  person  who  is  net  at  the  time  or  shortly  to  become  en- 
gaged in  the  cultivation  of  the  farm  mortgaged. 


CTTSTOMS  DT7TIES  AND  FREE  LIST  475 

Borrowers  Must  be  Stockholders. — Every  applicant  for  a 
loan  must  become  a  stockholder  in  the  national  farm  loan 
association  of  his  district.  For  every  $100  borrowed  he  must 
subscribe  and  pay  for  one  share  or  $5  worth  of  stock. 

The  maximum  interest  rate  that  can  be  charged  on  the 
loan  is  6  per  cent,  and  the  loan  may  run  from  five  years  to 
forty  years,  but  must  contain  an  amortization  plan  of  annual 
or  semi-annual  payments,  so  that  the  entire  debt  is  extin- 
guished at  the  final  maturity  of  the  loan. 

The  loan  must  run  for  five  years  in  strict  conformity  with 
its  terms,  after  which  time  it  can  be  fully  paid  or  install- 
ments accelerated  if  desired. 

Federal  Bonds. — The  Federal  land  banks  become  the  own- 
ers of  the  mortgages,  which  are  deposited  with  the  district 
registrar  appointed  by  the  Federal  farm  loan  bureau.  The 
Federal  land  banks  are  then  permitted  to  issue  Federal  land 
bonds,  which  are  direct  obligations  of  the  Federal  land  banks 
and  collaterally  secured  by  the  mortgages  so  hypothecated. 

The  bonds  bear  a  lower  rate  of  interest  than  the  mort- 
gages. 

The  profit  of  the  system  lies  in  the  difference  of  interest 
rates  borne  by  the  mortgages  and  the  bond  issue.  In  no  case 
can  the  difference  in  rate  exceed  1  per  cent,  per  annum. 

The  locations  of  the  twelve  farm  loan  banks  are  as  follows: 
Springfield,  Mass.,  Baltimore,  Md.,  Columbia,  S.  C,  Louisville, 
Ky.,  New  Orleans,  La.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  Omaha, 
Neb.,  Wichita  Kas ..  Houston,  Tex.,  Berkeley,  Cal.,  and  Spo- 
kane, Wash. 


476  SAFE  METHODS 


LIBERTY  BOND  AND  NOTE  ISSUES 

Between  June,  1917,  and  June,  1919,  the  Government  issued 
twenty-two  billion  dollars  of  Liberty  Bonds  and  War  Savings 
Certiificates.  They  were  all  subscribed  for  and  we  are  entitled 
to  congratulate  ourselves  on  the  feat.  But  they  were  by  no 
means  all  taken  up  and  paid  for  out  of  current  income  or 
earnings.  Several  billion  dollars  were  carried  by  the  banks 
through  mere  expansion  of  credit  and  currency.  Mr.  Miller, 
of  the  Federal  Reserve  Board,  suggests  that  the  amount  so 
carried  may  be  as  much  as  seven  billions.  Savings  in  other 
forms  were  greatly  curtailed. 

Almost  twenty-three  million  individuals  bought  bonds. 
Many  never  had  owned  a  bond  of  any  sort.  Most  of  them 
learned  for  the  first  time  how  to  save.  Since  these  issues, 
savings  banks  have  more  depositors  and  larger  deposits.  The 
savings  habit  had  taken  hold. 

Issues  of  municipal  bonds  in  1918  dropped  below  three 
hundred  million  dollars.  Railroads,  public  utilities,  and  so 
on,  restricted  their  calls  upon  investment  funds  to  the  lowest 
limit.    Building  everywhere  was  deferred. 

To  a  most  extraordinary  extent  the  total  savings  of  the 
people  in  those  two  years  went  into  government  bonds  and 
certificates. 

Never  before  in  all  our  history  had  the  people  made  such 
a  great  united  effort  to  save.  Never  before  had  they  made 
such  a  great  united  effort  to  produce.  Thanks  to  the  war 
emergency  we  got  a  better  co-ordination  of  industry  than 
ever  before;  we  got  a  more  vigorous,  continuous  application 
of  labor  to  production  all  along  the  line.  Mainly  private 
quarrels  were  laid  aside  in  order  to  get  maximum  production 
for  winning  the  war.  Even  then  prices  had  more  than 
doubled.  For  a  great  many  people,  with  products  to  sell, 
about  half  the  effort  saved  a  dollar  in  1919  that  would  have 
been  required  to  save  a  dollar  in  1914.  But  the  saved  dollar 
of  1919  was  worth  only  half  the  dollar  of  1914. 

The  First  Liberty  Loan  was  covered  by  an  issue  of  two 
billion  dollars  in  denominations  of  $50  to  $1,000,  running 
fifteen  to  thirty  years  and  drawing  three-and-one-half  per 
cent  annual  interest,  payable  semi-annually. 


LIBERTY  BOND  AND  NOTE  ISSUES  477 

These  bonds  are  exempt  from  all  but  estate  and  inheritance 
taxes.    Interest  dates,  June  15  and  December  15. 

The  issue  date  is  June  15, 1917,  and  the  maturity  date  Juno 
15,  1947.  They  are  redeemable  at  the  government's  option 
after  June  15,  1932.  They  are  convertible  into  any  higher 
rate  bond  of  later  issue  during  the  war  (excepting  short  term 
notes)  within  six  months  after  the  date  of  issue  of  such 
higher  rate  bond.  (**The  date  of  the  termination  of  war  shall 
be  the  date  fixed  by  proclamation  of  the  President.") 

Beginning  July  1,  1920,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is 
authorized  to  buy  bonds  or  notes  of  this  issue  at  an  average 
cost  of  not  to  exceed  par  and  accrued  interest  to  an  amount 
equal  to  the  sum  of  (a)  two  and  a  half  per  cent  of  the 
aggregate  amount  of  bonds  and  notes  outstanding  on  July  1, 
1920,  less  an  amount  equal  to  the  par  obligations  of  foreign 
governments  held  by  the  United  States  on  July  1,  1920 ;  and 
(b)  the  interest  which  would  have  been  payable  on  the  bonds 
and  notes  purchased  or  redeemed  or  paid  out  of  the  sinking 
fund  during  such  year  or  in  previous  years  for  "which  the 
appropriation  was  made. 

The  First  Liberty  Loan  Converted  fours  10-25  jear  bonds 
"were  dated  November  15,  1917 ;  to  mature  November  15,  1947. 
Interest  dates,  June  15  and  December  15.  Redeemable  at  gov- 
ernment's  option  on  or  after  June  15,  1932.  Convertible  into 
the  First  Converted  4^/4%  bonds  if  application  is  made  before 
November  9,  1918.  (This  privilege  to  convert  has  been  ex- 
tended and  renewed.) 

1.  The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  authorized  from  time 
to  time  until  the  expiration  of  one  year  after  the  termination 
of  the  war  (by  Presidential  proclamation)  to  buy  bonds  of 
this  issue  at  an  average  cost  of  not  exceeding  par  and  accrued 
interest  during  any  twelve  months'  period;  provided  that  the 
par  amount  of  bonds  of  this  issue  purchased  in  each  twelve 
months'  period  shall  not  exceed  five  per  cent  of  the  amount 
outstanding  at  the  beginning  of  the  period. 

2.  Beginning  July  1,  1920,  and  each  fiscal  year  thereafter, 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  authorized  to  buy  bonds  or 
notes  of  this  issue  at  an  average  cost  of  not  to  exceed  par 
and  accrued  interest  to  an  amount  equal  to  the  sum  of  (a) 
two  apd  one-half  per  cent  of  the  aggregate  amount  of  bonds 
and  notes  outstanding  on  July  1,  1920,  less  an  amount  equal 


478  SAFE  METHODS 

to  the  par  amount  of  any  obligations  of  for.eign  governments 
held  by  the  United  States  on  July  1, 1920,  and  (b)  the  interest 
v/hieh  would  have  been  payable  on  the  bonds  and  notes  pur- 
chased or  redeemed  or  paid  out  of  the  sinking  fund  during 
such  year  or  in  previous  years  for  which  the  appropriation 
was  made. 

[Note. — The  terms  of  the  two  paragraphs  above  marked  by 
boldface  (heavy)  numerals  are  common  to  all  the  issues 
described  below,] 

This  issue  is  exempt  from  state  and  local  taxes  and  from 
normal  income  tax,  but  subject  to  estate,  inheritance,  super- 
tax, excess  and  war  profits  tax  on  all  incomes  and  earnings 
above  the  normal  exemption.  (Incomes  from  holdings  of 
$5,000  bonds  are  tax-exempt  except  for  estate  and  inheritance 
taxes.)  Undistributed  net  incomes  of  corporations,  invested 
in  United  States  bonds  issued  after  September  1,  1917,  are 
not  subject  to  the  ten  per  cent  tax  imposed  by  the  income  tax 
law  on  net  income  remaining  undistributed  six  months  after 
the  end  of  the  taxable  year. 

In  addition  to  the  tax  exemption  in  the  last  paragraph  pre- 
ceding this  paragraph,  income  from  not  more  than  $45,000  of 
this  issue  or  a  smaller  amount  of  bonds  of  this  issue  not  ex- 
ceeding one  and  one-half  times  the  amount  of  Fourth  Liberty 
bonds  held  by  the  owner,  is  exempt  until  two  years  after  the 
war  from  surtaxes,  excess  and  war  profits  taxes,  provided  said 
Fourth  Loan  bonds  were  originally  subscribed  for  and  have 
been  continuously  owned  by  the  taxpayer  up  to  the  date  of 
his  tax  return. 

In  addition  to  the  tax  exemption  noted  in  the  fourth 
paragraph  under  this  head,  income  received  on  and  after 
January  1,  1919,  on  not  to  exceed  $30,000  bonds  in  the  aggre- 
gate until  the  expiration  of  five  years  after  the  war  from 
surtaxes,  excess  and  war  profits  taxes,  is  exempt. 

And  in  addition  to  the  exemption  noted  in  the  last  para- 
graph preceding  this  paragraph,  income  received  on  and  after 
January  1, 1919,  on  not  to  exceed  $30,000  in  the  aggregate,  is 
exempt  from  surtaxes,  excess  and  war  profits  taxes,  extend- 
ing through  the  Victory  Notes,  provided  such  bonds  do  not 
exceed  three  times  the  principal  amount  of  the  Victory 
Liberty  Loan  originally  subscribed  for  by  such  owner  aad 
still  held  by  him  at  the  date  of  his  tax  return. 


LIBERTY  BOND  AND  NOTE  ISSUES  479 

The  Second  Liberty  Loan  Fours,  10-25  years,  dated  Novem- 
ber 15,  1917,  maturing  November  15,  1942,  was  issued  in  the 
amount  of  $3,808,766,150. 

Exemptions  identical  with  those  allowed  on  First  Liberty 
Loan  Convertible  Fours. 

First  Liberty  Loan  Converted  Four-and-one-quarters.  Issue 
of  May  9,  1918,  15-30  year  bonds.  Maturity,  June  15,  1947. 
Redeemable  at  government 's  option  on  or  after  June  15, 1932. 
Interest  dates,  June  15  and  December  15.  Not  convertible 
into  any  later  issue. 

Exemptions  identical  with  convertible  fours  and  Second 
Liberty  Loan  fours,  with  this  addition: 

Bonds  owned  continuously  far  at  least  six  months  prior  to 
one's  death  are  acceptable  at  par  and  accrued  interest  in 
payment  of  any  estate  and  inheritance  taxes  imposed  by 
the  United  States  under  any  present  or  future  law. 

First  Liberty  Loan  Second  Converted  Fonr-and-one-quar- 
ters,  15-30  year  bonds.  Dated  October  24,  1918.  Mature 
June  15,  1947.  Interest  dates,  June  15  and  December  15. 
Redeemable  at  government 's  option  on  or  after  June  15, 1932. 
Not  convertible  into  any  later  issue. 

Exempt  from  state  and  local  taxes  and  from  normal  income 
tax,  but  subject  to  estate,  inheritance,  supertax,  excess  and 
war  profits  tax  on  all  incomes  and  earnings  above  the  normal 
exemption.  (Incomes  from  holdings  of  $5,000  are  tax-exempt 
except  for  estate  and  inheritance  taxes.)  Undistributed  net 
incomes  of  corporations  invested  in  United  States  bonds 
issued  after  September  1, 1917,  are  not  subject  to  the  ten  per 
cent  tax  imposed  by  the  income  tax  law  on  net  incomes  re- 
maining undistributed  six  months  after  the  end  of  the  taxable 
year.  In  addition,  income  from  not  more  than  $45,000  bonds 
of  this  issue,  or  a  smaller  amount  of  bonds  of  this  issue  not 
to  exceed  one  and  one-half  times  the  amount  of  Fourth 
Liberty  Loan  bonds  held  by  the  owner,  is  exempt,  until  two 
years  after  the  war,  from  surtaxes,  excess  and  war  profits 
taxes ;  provided  said  Fourth  Loan  bonds  were  originally  sub- 
scribed for  and  have  been  continuously  owned  by  the  tax- 
payer up  to  the  date  of  his  tax  return. 

Other  exemptions  identical  with  those  allowed  the  First 
Liberty  Loan  four-and-one-quarters. 


480  SAFE  METHODS 

Second   Libearty  Loan   Converted   Four-and-one-oiuarters, 

10-25  year  bonds.  Outstanding  $2,752,153,400.  Dated  May 
9,  1918 ;  due  Novembei^  15,  1942.  Interest  dates,  May  15  and 
November  15.  Not  convertible  into  any  later  issues.  Re- 
deemable at  government's  option  on  and  after  November  15, 
1942. 

Exempt  from  state  and  local  taxes,  and  from  normal  in- 
come tax,  but  subject  to  estate,  inberitance,  supertax,  excess 
and  war  profits  tax  on  all  incomes  and  earnings  above  the 
normal  exemptions  (incomes  from  holdings  of  $5»000  bonds 
are  tax  exempt  except  for  estate  and  inheritance  taxes). 
Undistributed  net  incomes  of  corporations,  invested  in  United 
States  bonds  issued  after  September  1,  1917,  are  not  subject 
to  the  ten  per  cent  tax  imposed  by  the  income  tax  law  on  net 
income  remaining  undistributed  six  months  after  the  end  of 
the  taxable  year. 

In  addition,  income  from  not  more  than  $45,000  bonds  of 
this  issue  not  exceeding  one  and  one-half  times  the  amount 
of  Fourth  Liberty  Loan  bonds  held  by  the  owner,  is  exempt 
until  two  years  after  the  war  from  surtaxes,  excess  and  war 
profits  taxes,  provided  said  Fourth  Loan  bonds  were  originally 
subscribed  for  and  have  been  continuously  owned  by  the  tax- 
payer up  to  the  date  of  his  tax  return. 

(In  case  of  holder's  death,  bonds  of  this  issue  are  accept- 
able in  payment  of  estate  and  inheritance  taxes  the  same  as 
with  the  issue  of  May  9,  1918.) 

Income  received  on  and  after  January  1,  1919,  on  and  not 
to  exceed  $30,000  in  the  aggregate,  is  exempt  until  the  ex- 
piration of  five  years  after  the  war  from  surtaxes,  and  excess 
and  war-profits  taxes. 

Income  received  on  and  after  January  1,  1919,  on  not  to 
exceed  $20,000  bonds  in  the  aggregate,  is  exempt  from  sur- 
taxes, excess  and  war  profits  taxes,  extending  through  the  life 
of  the  Victory  Notes,  provided  such  bonds  do  not  exceed 
three  times  the  principal  amount  of  notes  of  the  Victory 
Liberty  Loan  originally  subscribed  for  by  such  owner  and 
still  held  by  him  at  the  date  of  his  tax  return. 

Fourth  Liberty  Loan  four-and-one-quarters,  10  year  bonds. 
Issued,  $4,176,516,850.  Dated  May  19,  1918,  mature  Septem- 
ber 15,  1928.  Interest  dates,  September  15  acd  March  15. 
Not  redeemable  until  maturity.     Not  convertible  into  any 


LIBERTY  BOND  AND  NOTE  ISSUES 


481 


later  issue.  Exemptions  identical  with  those  allowed  the 
Second  Liberty  Loan  Convertible  four-and-one-quarters. 

Fourth  Liberty  Loan  four-and-one-quarters,  15-20  year 
bonds.  Dated  October  24,  1918,  mature  October  15,  1958. 
Redeemable  at  government  option  on  and  after  October  15, 
1933.  Interest  dates,  April  15  and  October  15.  Not  con- 
vertible into  any  later  issue. 

Exempt  from  state  and  local  taxes  and  from  normal  income 
tax,  but  subject  to  estate,  inheritance,  supertax,  excess  and 
war-profits  tax  on  all  incomes  and  earnings  above  the  normal 
exemption  (incomes  from  holdings  of  $5,000  bonds  are  tax 
exempt  except  for  estate  and  inheritance  taxes).  Undistrib- 
uted net  incomes  of  corporations  invested  in  U.  S.  Bonds 
issued  after  Sept.  1,  1917,  are  not  subject  to  the  10%  tax  im- 
posed by  the  income  tax  law  on  net  income  remaining  undis- 
tributed six  months  after  the  end  of  the  taxable  year. 

Bonds  owned  continuously  for  at  least  sLx  months  prior  to 
one's  death  are  acceptable  at  par  and  accrued  interest  in  pay- 
ment of  any  estate  and  inheritance  taxes  imposed  by  the 
United  States  under  any  present  or  future  law. 

In  addition  to  the  tax  exemption  of  interest  on  not  to 
exceed  $30,000  bonds  of  this  issue  is  exempt  until  two  years 
after  the  war  from  surtaxes,  excess  and  war-profits  taxes, 
when  owned  by  one  individual,  partnership,  corporation  or 
association. 

In  addition  to  the  tax  exemption  of  income  received  on 
and  after  January  1,  1919,  on  not  to  exceed  $30,000  bonds 
in  the  aggregate  is  exempt  until  the  expiration  of  five  years 
after  the  war  from  surtaxes,  excess  and  war-profits  taxes. 

In  addition  to  the  tax  exemption  of  income  received  on 
and  after  January  1,  1919,  on  not  to  exceed  $20,000  bonds 
in  the  aggregate,  is  exempt  from  surtaxes,  excess  and  war- 
profits  taxes,  extending  through  the  life  of  the  Victory  Notes, 
provided  such  bonds  do  not  exceed  three  times  the  principal 
amount  of  Notes  of  the  Victory  Liberty  Loan  originally  sub- 
scribed for  by  such  owner  and  still  held  by  him  at  the  date 
of  his  tax  return. 

Victory  Liberty  Loan,  three-and-three-quarters  and  four- 
and-three-quarters  3-4  Year  Notes.  Authorized,  $7,000,000- 
000.  Dated  May  20,  1919 ;  due  May  20,  1923.  Interest  dates, 
April  15  and  October  15.    Redeemable  at  government 's  option 


482  SAFE  METHODS 

on  or  after  June  15,  1922,  upon  not  less  than  four  months' 
notice. 

The  3%s  and  4%s  are  convertible  and  reconvertible  each 
into  the  other  at  the  holder's  option  after  July  15,  1919,  but 
before  maturity  or  call  for  redemption,  subject  to  possible 
temporary  suspension  of  the  privilege; 

(a)  For  one  month  before  interest  dates,  (b)  For  the 
period,  or  any  portion  thereof,  from  the  date  of  any  notice 
of  redemption  to  and  including  the  date  of  redemption  (but 
not  more  than  four  months  and  one  week). 

If  all  notes  of  either  series  be  called  for  redemption,  the 
conversion  privilege  ceases  on  the  other  series  of  notes  on  the 
date  designated  for  redemption. 

Acceptance  under  death  clause  applies  to  the  four-and- 
three-quarters  only. 

The  two  issues  of  First  Converted  -iY^s  differ  only  to  the 
extent  that  the  issue  of  October  24th  is  tax  exempt  as  to  the 
interest  on  not  to  exceed  $30,000  bonds  regardless  of  one's 
subscription  to  the  Fourth  Loan,  whereas  the  issue  of  May 
9th  is  tax  exempt  as  to  the  interest  on  not  to  exceed  $45,000 
bonds  in  connection  with  one's  subscription  to  the  Fourth 
Loan. 

The  3%s  are  exempt  both  as  to  principal  and  interest  from 
all  taxation  (except  estate  and  inheritance  taxes)  now  or  here- 
after imposed  by  the  United  States,  any  State  or  any  of  the 
possessions  of  the  United  States,  or  by  any  local  taxing 
authority. 

The  4%s  are  exempt  both  as  to  principal  and  interest  from 
all  taxation  now  or  hereafter  imposed  by  the  United  States, 
any  State,  or  any  of  the  possessions  of  the  United  States,  or 
by  any  local  taxing  authority,  except  estate  or  inheritance 
taxes,  and  graduated  additional  income  taxes,  commonly 
known  as  surtaxes,  and  excess  profits  and  war-profits  taxes, 
now  or  hereafter  imposed  by  the  United  States,  upon  the  in- 
come or  profits  of  individuals,  partnerships,  associations  or 
corporations. 

NOTE.  NeTv  Liberty  Bond  Tax  Exemption. — This  bill,  passed 
May  27,  1920,  amends  the  1918  tax  law  and  creates  additional 
Liberty  bond  Exemptions.  Bonds  to  the  value  of  $125,000  held 
by  one  individual  would  be  exempt  from  the  surtax,  excess- 
profits  and  war  profits  levies  for  two  years  after  the  proclama- 
tion of  peace.  The  same  exemption  on  $50,000  would  be  granted 
for  three  years. 


MERCHANT  MABINB  483 

VAST  GROWTH  OF  AMERICA'S 
MERCHANT  MARINE 

Official  figures  of  the  Bureau  of  Navigation,  Department  of 
Commerce,  show  that  on  July  30,  1914,  just  before  the  war, 
the  American  merchant  marine  consisted  of  755  seagoing 
steamers  of  over  one  thousand  tons  each,  having  a  gross 
tonnage  of  2^25,731,  and  other  ships  with  a  combined  gross 
of  5,169,9'57  tons ;  the  total  gross  tonnage  being  7,928,688. 

The  report  of  the  Bureau  for  the  fiscal  year  that  ended 
June  30,  1919,  shows  on  that  date  a  combined  merchant  fleet 
of  2,058  steamships  of  1,000  tons  or  over,  having  a  total  of 
7,300,022  gross  tons.  Additionally,  there  were  seagoing  vessels 
of  less  capacity,  amounting  to  5,499,978  gross  tonnage,  making 
a  total  of  12,800,000  tons  in  steel  ships,  not  including  405,000 
gross  tons  in  military  service. 

This  last  item  of  tonnage  was  made  up  of  steamships  in 
government  transport  service,  such  as  the  George  Washington, 
Leviathan,  and  other  seized  German  ships. 

The  wooden  steam-seagoing  tonnage  of  1,000  gross  tons  or 
over  increased  from  eight  steamers,  of  10,595  gross  tons  on 
June  30,  1914,  to  253,  of  693,541  gross  tons,  on  June  30,  1919. 
The  world 's  commerce  is  conducted  mainly,  of  course,  by  steel 
seagoing  steamers  of  1,000  gross  tons  or  over,  of  which  on 
June  30,  1919,  our  total  documented  was  1,436  of  6,072,901 
gross  tons. 

The  increase  in  American  merchant  marine  in  the  months 
of  April,  May  and  June,  1919,  was  slightly  over  1,000,000 
gross  tons. 

The  total  number  of  vessels  on  June  30,  1919,  was  27,300. 
The  increase  between  July,  1914  and  June,  1919,  was  26,546 
ships. 

At  the  time  the  report  was  issued,  half  the  American 
tonnage  was  registered  for  foreign  trade,  a  situation  without 
a  parallel  since  1856. 

Ships  lost  and  abandoned  during  the  first  nine  months  of 
the  fiscal  year  aggregated  267,485  gross  tons,  and  for  the 
whole  year  only  slightly  exceeded  300,000  gross  tons.  The 
transfer  of  ships  from  foreign  flags  to  the  American  flag 
virtually  ceased  during  the  fiscal  year,  American  additions 


484  SAFE  METHODS 

from  foreign  sources  being  almost  exclusively  Japanese  ton- 
nage bought  by  the  United  States  Shipping  Board.  The  trans- 
fer of  ships  from  the  American  to  foreign  flags  amounted 
to  only  38,300  gross  tons. 

Ships/  built  in  the  United  States  and  officially  numbered 
during  the  year  ending  June  30,  1919,  were  2,182,  of  3,739,372 
gross  tons,  not  including  fifty-nine  vessels  of  121,112  gross 
tons  built  for  foreign  owners,  making  a  grand  total  of  2,241 
vessels  of  3,860,484  gross  tons,  or  two-thirds  of  the  world's 
output  of  the  year,  compared  with  3,332,882  gross  tons 
launched  in  1913,  throughout  the  world  (including  the  United 
States);  the  world's  largest  single  year  output  before  the 
■war,  according  to  Lloyd's. 

In  the  first  half  of  the  calendar  year  1919,  the  government 
Shipping  Board  had  829  ships  with  a  total  of  4,248,973  dead- 
weight tons  engaged  in  general  commerce,  exclusive  of  2,500,- 
OOO  dead  tons  still  in  war  or  relief  service.  During  the 
same  months  sixty-two  regular  general  cargo-line  services  in 
trade  routes  had  been  established,  employing  174  steamships 
of  1,351,305  tons. 

Nineteen  of  the  Shipping  Board's  new  trade  routes  are 
between  United  States  and  South  American  ports;  and  New 
York  alone,  under  the  Shipping  Board's  arrangements,  has 
sixteen  ships  runing  to  Argentina.  All  the  other  Atlantic 
ports  are  given  a  share  of  the  South  American  trade. 

Trade  between  Pacific  ports  and  the  Orient  showed  vigorous 
movement  throughout  1919.  Eventually  the  Pacific  coast  will 
develop  a  vast  trade  with  the  west  coast  of  South  America, 
but  the  Pacific  ocean  offers  an  increasingly  rich  commerce 
with  Asia.  The  east  is  potentially  the  larger  market  of  the 
two,  but  its  development  will  be  comparatively  slow. 

During  the  latter  half  of  1919,  the  Shipping  Board  set  about 
building  four  oil-burning  passenger  -steamers  of  55,000  tons, 
each  fifty  feet  longer  than  the  Leviathan,  and  capable  of 
crossing  the  Atlantic  in  four  days.  Nothing  will  help  more 
to  keep  us  toward  the  top  as  a  maritime  power  than  the 
possession  and  operation  of  such  liners.  They  mark  in  sea- 
travel  the  passing  of  supremacy  in  sea-passenger  traffic,  from 
Germany  to  the  United  States. 

Oil  Fuel. — The  Shipping  Board  summarizes  the  advantages 
of  oil  fuel  in  a  statement  showing  that  it  saves  forty  per 


MERCHANT  MARINE  485 

cent  bunker  space,  increases  mileage  ten  to  twenty  per  cent, 
insures  better  control  of  steaming,  eliminates  fire-risk  from 
spontaneous  combustion,  does  not  deteriorate  in  storage,  will 
not  shift  in  a  rough  sea,  and  requires  no  stokers. 

Not  until  the  War  Trade  Board  levied  its  restrictions  on 
bunkering  were  any  accurate  statistics  kept  of  the  amount 
of  fuel  consumed  on  merchant  ships.  The  Shipping  Board, 
realizing  the  needs  of  the  future,  projected  a  comprehensive 
tanker-building  program.  Forty  steel  tankers  of  402,710  tons 
were  completed  after  the  entrance  of  the  United  States  in 
the  war.  The  completed  program  calls  for  fifty-eight  tankers 
of  560,230  tons.  Contracts  upon  which  work  has  not  started 
will  bring  this  total  up  to  15&  tankers  of  1,463,230  dead-weight 
tons.  Each  one  of  these  tankers  is  capable  of  transporting 
oil  sufiicient  to  displace  approximately  21,000  tons  of  coal. 
Each  can  make  three  trips  every  two  months  from  Mexico 
to  American  seaboard  ports. 

Need  for  a  Navy. — The  appearance  of  this  vast  and  grow- 
ing American  merchant  marine  calls  for  a  navy  adequate  to 
protect  the  ships  and  their  lanes  of  traffic.  The  government 
has  therefore  divided  its  naval  forces  into  two  principal 
units,  basing  the  more  powerful  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Secre- 
tary Daniels  thus  summed  up  the  situation  in  his  message  to 
Admiral  Hugh  Rodman,  fleet  commander,  in  July,  1919. 

"The  country  is  to  be  congratulated  that  the  American 
Navy  of  today  is  big  enough  and  powerful  enough  to  be 
organized  into  two  powerful  fleets  of  i534,142  tons  each.  The 
world  gave  glad  welcome  to  what  we  called  our  great  fleet 
when  it  made  its  historic  tour  around  the  world.  The  tonnage 
of  that  fleet  was  206,527,  or  less  than  half  the  present  Pacific 
fleet.  We  have  an  equal  fleet  in  the  Atlantic,  a  small  Asiatic 
fleet,  which  is  to  be  strengthened,  and  a  number  of  ships  in 
European  waters. 

'  *  There  were  800  officers  and  13,500  men  in  the  fleet  when 
it  circled  the  globe  in  1908.  There  are  2,000  officers  and 
33,000  men  in  the  present  Pacific  fleet  alone. 

"These  comparisons  afford  an  indication  of  the  growth  in 
tonnage  and  personnel  in  these  years,  but  the  growth  in  fight- 
ing power  is  many  times  greater.  Then  the  largest  ship  had 
four  twelve-inch  guns  and  could  shoot  10,000  yards.  Your 
splendid  flag-ship,  the  New  Mexico,  of  32,000  tons,  carries 


486  SAFE  METHODS 

twelve  fourteen-inch  guns  and  can  hit  the  target  at  20,000 
yards.  Its  electrical  propelling  machinery  has  marked  an 
epoch  in  naval  progress,  and  since  1907  the  substitution  of 
oil  for  fuel  has  greatly  Increased  the  fighting  radius  of  our 
ships." 

One  hundred  and  seventy-five  vessels,  headed  by  eight 
super-dreadnaughts,  composed  the  Pacific  fleet.  Its  units 
passed  through  the  Panama  Canal  in  the  record  time  of  ten 
hours  each. 

Losses  and  Gains. — The  Commerce  Monthly  magazine, 
issued  by  the  National  Bank  of  Commerce,  New  York,  says 
our  merchant  marine  lost  ships  with  a  capacity  of  1,145,524 
gross  tons  during  the  four  years  of  war.  This  was  42  per 
cent,  of  the  tonnage  we  owned  in  August,   1914. 

Nevertheless,  by  reason  of  our  promptly  devised  facilities; 
of  war's  imperative  demands  upon  sea  traffic;  the  world's 
poverty  of  ships;  the  temporary  paralysis  of  the  shipbuild- 
ing industry  in  all  European  countries  save  only  Great 
Britain;  and  the  necessity  of  replacing  tonnage  sunk  by 
enemy  submarines,  our  gains  were  so  great  that  the  net 
result  was  an  increase  of  125  per  cent,  over  the  1914  ton- 
nage.    Details  are  shown  in  this  tabulation: 

Gains  Gross  tons. 

New  construction 2,941,845 

Seized   from  enemy 562,005 

Purchased  from  aliens 833,854 

Transferred    to    the    ocean    from    the 

Great  Lakes    139,469 

Miscellaneous    39,219 

Total   gains    4,516,392 

Losses 

Enemy    action    322,214 

Marine   risk    405,400 

Sale  to  aliens 268,149 

Sale  to  Government,  abandonment,  etc.  149,761 

Total  losses 1,145,524 

Net  gain  during  war 3,370,868 

Seagoing  merchant  marine,  August,  1914 2,706,317 

Seagoing  merchant  marine,  November,  1918.  .  .  .    6,077,185 

These  figures  cover  in  chief  the  items  of  los-s  and  gain 
while  the  war  was  on.  They  are  important  as  indicating 
that  revival  of  shipbuilding,  which  under  the  impetus  given 
It  by  war,  is  restoring  American  merchant  shipping  to  the 
leading  place  it  held  at  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury. 


TAX-EXEMPT  STOCK  DIVIDENDS  487 

TAX-EXEMPT  STOCK  DIVIDENDS 

March  8,  1920,  in  the  case  of  the  Collector  of  Internal 
Revenue  for  the  Third  District  of  the  State  of  New  York 
versus  Myrtle  H.  Macomber,  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  decided  that 

1.  The  Sixteenth  Amendment  to  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion must  be  construed  in  connection  with  the  taxing  clauses 
of  the  original  Constitution  and  the  effect  attributed  to 
them  before  the  amendment  was  adopted. 

2.  The  Sixteenth  Amendment,  providing  that  "the  Con- 
gress shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes  on  incomes, 
from  whatever  source  derived,  without  apportionment 
among  the  several  states,  and  without  regard  to  any  census 
or  enumeration,"  does  not  extend  the  taxing  power  to  new 
subjects,  but  merely  removes  the  necessity  which  otherwise 
might  exist  for  an  apportionment  among  the  states  of  taxes 
laid  on  income.  The  amendment  should  not  be  extended 
by  construction  so  as  to  repeal  or  modify,  except  as  applied 
to  income,  those  provisions  of  the  Constitution  that  require 
an  apportionment  according  to  population  for  direct  taxes 
upon  property,  real  and  personal.  This  limitation  still  has 
an  appropriate  and  important  function  and  is  not  to  be  over- 

jridden  by  Congress  or  disregarded  by  the  courts. 

3.  The  essential  element  of  income  derived  from  prop- 
erty is  that  it  is  a  gain  derived  from  capital,  from  labor  or 
from  both  combined.  It  is  not  a  gain  accruing  to  capital, 
but  a  gain  or  a  profit  proceeding  from  the  property,  severed 
from  the  capital,  however  invested  or  employed,  and  being 
received  for  the  recipient's  separate  use,  benefit  and  dis- 
posal. A  stock  dividend  normally  is  payable  in  money — 
under  exceptional  circumstances,  in  some  other  divisible 
property.  When  so  paid,  and  then  only,  does  the  stock- 
holder realize  a  profit  or  gain  which  becomes  his  separate 
property  and  thus  derive  income  from  the  capital  invested. 

4.  Declaring  a  stock  dividend  is  no  more  than  a  book 
adjustment — in  essence  not  a  dividend,  but  rather  the  op- 
posite. The  stockholder  has  received  nothing  that  answers 
the  definition  of  income  within  the  meaning  of  the  Six- 
teenth Amendment.  To  tax  dividend  is  to  tax  a  capital 
increase,  and  not  income. 

5.  Neither  under  the  Sixteenth  Amendment  nor  otherwise 
has  Congress  power  to  tax  without  apportionment  a  true 
stock  dividend  made  lawfully  and  in  good  faith,  or  the 
accumulated  profits  behind  it,  as  income  of  the  stockholder. 
The  Revenue  Act  of  1916,  in  so  far  as  it  imposes  a  tax  upon 
the  stockholder  because  of  such  dividend,  violates  the  pro- 
visions of  Article  I,  Section  2,  Clause  8,  and  Article  I,  Sec- 
tion 9,  Clause  4,  of  the  Constitution,  and  to  this  extent  is 
invalid,  notwithstanding  the  Sixteenth  Amendment. 


488  SAFE  METHODS 

Exemptions. — Two  days  after  the  decision  was  handed 
down,  Internal  Revenue  Commissioner  Daniel  C.  Roper 
sent  the  following  letter  of  instructions  to  collectors  of  in- 
ternal revenue,  outlining  the  procedure  to  be  followed  by 
taxpayers  in  claiming  credit  for  taxes  already  paid  on 
stock  dividends: 

"A  true  stock  dividend  made  lawfully  and  in  good  faith 
by  a  corporation,  either  against  profits  invested  in  lands, 
buildings,  equipment  or  working  assets  of  a  corporation, 
or  against  accumulated  and  undivided  profits,  is  not  taxa- 
ble as  income  to  the  shareholder  recipient,  it  being  held 
that  to  tax  such  stock  dividends  would  be  to  tax  property 
without  apportionment,  there  being  no  realization  of  profit 
taxable  as  income  until  a  sale  of  shares  is  made. 

"The  Bureau  has  telegraphed  to  the  collectors  of  internal 
revenue  as  follows: 

*'  'Claims  for  credit  against  first  installment  March  15th 
on  account  of  tax  paid  in  prior  years  on  stock  dividends 
may  be  accepted  but  must  not  be  permitted  to  reduce  pay- 
ment on  March  15th  installment  unless  Claim  on  47A  is 
filed  setting  forth  full  details  of  dividends  received  and 
taxes  paid  thereon  and  a  statement  of  all  details  of  any 
subsequent  sale  of  shares  received  as  a  stock  dividend  and 
unless  claim  is  accompanied  by  statements  from  the  corpora- 
tion which  distributed  dividends  as  to  amount  distributed 
to  taxpayer  and  years  in  which  profits  distributed  were 
earned.' 

"In  filing  returns  for  prior  years  taxpayers  reported  divi- 
dends received,  including  both  cash  and  stock  dividends, 
without  segregation.  It  will  therefore  be  necessary  for  the 
Department  to  have  specific  information,  verified  by  the  cor- 
porations declaring  the  dividends,  as  to  the  amount  of 
dividends  distributed  to  each  taxpayer,  the  year  in  which 
the  profits  distributed  were  earned,  and  a  statement  dis- 
closing all  details  of  subsequent  sales  of  the  shares,  in  order 
that  the  amount  of  credit  allowable  and  the  validity  of  the 
claim  may  be  correctly  and  justly  determined. 

"In  accordance  with  this  the  taxpayer  should  present  to 
the  Collector  formally  a  claim  for  credit  for  any  overpay- 
ment of  taxes  in  prior  years  on  the  regular  form  for  that 
purpose  (Form  47A)  and  on  this  form  must  be  set  forth  the 
full  details  of  dividends  received  and  taxes  paid  thereon. 
This  claim  must  be  accompanied  by  a  statement  or  certifi- 
cate from  the  corporation  distributing  the  dividends,  show- 
ing the  amount  distributed  to  the  taxpayer  and  the  years  in 
which  profits  distributed  were  earned. 

"Taxpayers  on  complying  with  these  requirements  will 
be  permitted  by  the  collectors  to  credit  the  amounts  due 
them   against  any  installment  of   taxes  remaining   unpaid. 


TAX-EXEMPT  STOCK  DIVIDENDS  489 

In  case  the  credit  to  which  the  taxpayer  is  entitled  exceeds 
the  amount  of  taxes  remaining  unpaid,  a  claim  for  refund 
of  the  difference  may  be  filed." 

STOCK  DIVIDENDS  FOLLOWING  THE  DECISION 

Within  the  six  weeks  immediately  following  the  Supreme 
Court  decision  twenty-nine  corporations  declared  stock  divi- 
dends aggregating  $131,337,800. 

In  addition,  P.  W.  Woolworth  Co.  announced  that  at  the 
annual  meeting,  May  19,  stockholders  were  asked  to  in- 
crease common  from  $50,000,000  to  $100,000,000.  From 
this  increase  a  stock  dividend  of  30%,  or  $15,000,000,  was 
declared.     Of  these  the  most  important  were: 

General  Motors,  which  declared  quarterly  stock  dividend 
of  2y2%,  $3,684,497  par  value.  At  high  of  410,  March  24, 
it  showed  an  advance  of  157%  from  close  of  252 ^4  March 
6,  Saturday,  the  last  trading  day  before  decision  was  handed 
down. 

Crucible  Steel,  which  declared  stock  dividend  of  50%, 
$12,500,000  par  value.  At  high  of  278%,  April  7,  it  showed 
advance  of  81%  from  close  of  197%,  March  6. 

Studebaker,  which  declared  stock  dividend  of  33  1-3%, 
$15,000,000  par  value.  At  high  of  126%,  April  8,  it  showed 
advance  of  39%   from  close  of  87^4,  March  6. 

Kelly-Springfield  Tire,  which  declared  quarterly  stock 
dividend  of  3%,  $165,966  par  value.  At  high  of  137%, 
March  27,  it  showed  advance  of  19%  from  close  of  118, 
March  6. 

American  Tobacco,  which  declared  75%  stock  dividend, 
par  value  $38,330,886.  At  high  of  280,  April  14,  it  showed 
advance  of  45  from  the  close  of  235,  March  4,  last  day  on 
which  stock  was  traded  in  before  the  decision  was  handed 
down. 

Twenty-five  companies  which  declared  dividends  before 
the  close  of  April,  1920,  are  here  tabulated: 

Stock 
outstanding 
Company:  Mar.  8,  1920 

Am.  Light  &  Traction..  .$25,057,219 

American   Piano    7,019,700 

American  Tobacco  .  .  .  .t51,107,848 
Am.  Steel  Foundries...  17,184,000 
Am.   Thermos  Bottle...      1,150,000 

American  Trading 2,124,420 

Autocar    3,000,000 

Bank  of  America 1,500,000 

Columbia   Motors 500,000 

Continental    Oil    3,000,000 


Stock 

Stock 

dividend 

dividend 

% 

par  value 

2%Q 

$626,450 

5 

350,958 

75 

38,330,886 

6 

1,031,040 

30 

345,000 

100 

2,124,420 

40 

1,200,000 

200 

3,000,000 

700 

3,500,000 

200 

6,000.000 

490  SAFE  METHODS 

Stock               Stock  Stock 

outstanding     dividend  dividend 

Company:                      Mar.  8,  1920           %  par  value 

Crucible  Steel    25,000,000        50  12,500,000 

Federal  Motor  Truck.  .  .      1,000,000      100  1,000,000 

Federal  Oil    4,750,000           3  142,500 

General   Chemical 16,519,200        20  3,303,840 

General  Motors 147,479,900           2i^Q  3,684,497 

Hood  Rubber    2,000,000        66.6  1,333,333 

Int.   Motor  Truck 70,777  sh      100  * 

Kelly-Springfield    Tire..      5,532,000          3Q  165,966 

Mahomet   Mills    3,000,000        663  2,000,000 

Nashua  Manufacturing..      2,500,000      100  2,500,000 

Nonquitt  Spinning    ....       2,400,000      100  2,400,000 

St.   Maurice  Paper 5,000,000        30  1,500,000 

Stanley  Works    2,500,000      100  2,500,000 

Studebaker     45,000,000        33,1  15,000,000 

Stutz  Motor  Car 120,000  sh  80,000  sh  * 

Thompson,  John   R 4,500,000        33J  1,500,000 

Truscon  Steel    1,444,650        20  288,930 

Union  Bag  «6;  Paper.  ..  .    10,000,000        50  5,000,000 

United  Fuel  Gas 10,000,000      200  20.000,000 

Total  of  stock  dividend  at  par 131,337,800 

•  No  par  value. 

t  Includes  $40,242,400  common  stock  now  outstanding  and 
$10,865,448  class  "B"  common  which  will  be  outstanding  after 
conversion  of  the  $12,072,720  scrip. 


TEST  AND  REVIEW  QUESTIONS  491 

A  FEW  TEST  AND  REVIEW  QUESTIONS 

The  following  series  of  questions  wiU  tend  to  fix  in  the  mind 
of  the  reader  much  of  the  valuable  information  contained  within 
the  pages  of  this  book. 

All  of  the  subject  matter  of  the  book  is  not  covered  by  the 
questions,  nor  indeed  could  it  be  without  greatly  enlarging  the 
size  of  the  volume,  for  its  pages  literally  teem  with  important 
facts  and  figures  of  the  most  practical  value,  not  only  to  the 
business  man,  but  to  the  student,  teacher,  fanner,  mechanic, 
lawyer,  and  statesman. 

To  those  who  have  not  familiarized  themselves  with  the  con- 
tents of  the  book,  this  partial  list  of  questions  will  serve  to  show 
what  a  valuable  aid  this  compact  little  ready-reference  manual 
must  be  in  solving  the  many  puzzling  problems  that  are  con- 
stantly presenting  themselves  for  solution  in  the  practical  every 
day  business  life  of  busy  people. 

Questions 

What  are  some  of  the  special  points  to  be  observed  in  writ- 
ing business  letters?   54 

Can  school  directors  terminate  a  contract  with  a  teacher  by 

doing  away  with  the  school  in  which  he  teaches? 90 

In  levying  taxes,  how  is  the  rate  of  taxation  determined?. . .     99 

What  is  garnishment? 107 

What  amount  of  personal  property  is  exempt  from  execution 

in  the  different  States? IH 

What  is  stock- jobbing? 112 

Is  a  warehouse  receipt  negotiable? 117 

What  is  the  total  railway  mileage  of  the  world? 119 

What  is  meant  by  bonded  goods? 119 

What  five  things  are  necessary  to  constitute  a  valid  contract?  120 
Is  a  husband  bound  to  pay  for  necessaries  furnished  his  wife 

against  his  orders? 120 

What  is  the  exception  to  the  rule  that  a  contract  without  a 
consideration  is  void  at  the  option  of  the  party  against 

whom  it  is  sought  to  be  enforced? 121 

Is  a  contract  made  under  mistake  of  fact  binding? 121 

What  contracts  cannot  be  enforced? 121 

What  contracts  must  be  in  writing? 122 

[f  a  person  is  hired  for  a  certain  time  and  before  the  time 
expires  is  dismissed  without  cause,  can  he  recover  for  the 
whole  term  for  which  he  was  hired? , 128 


492  SAFE  METHODS 

Under  what  circumstances  may  letters  constitute  a  contract?  135 

What  is  a  negotiable  note?    How  is  it  negotiated? 128 

Is  it  necessary  to  present  a  note  for  payment  in  order  to 

make  its  maker  liable? 130 

What  should  every  receipt  show? 140 

What  is  a  raised  check? 149 

In  what  case  will  the  drawer  of  a  check  be  liable  for  a  raised 

amount  paid  on  it  by  the  bank? 149 

In  what  three  States  is  New  Year's  day  not  a  legal  holiday?.  164 

What  constitutes  a  warranty  of  goods  sold? 167 

What  instruments  must  be  acknowledged? 174 

For  what  acts  of  his  agent  is  a  principal  liable? 178 

How  far  is  a  hotel  keeper  responsible  for  the  goods  of  his 

guests? 191 

What  is  the  responsibility  of  a  warehouseman  for  the  loss  or 

injury  of  goods  entrusted  to  him? 191 

What  are  the  requisites  of  a  valid  deed? 205 

What  is  a  guaranty,  and  how  must  it  be  created? 210 

Does  negligence  of  the  insvured  exempt  the  company  from 

paying  loss  by  fire? 214 

Who  may  insure  the  life  of  another? 218 

When  is  a  notice  to  quit  necessary  to  make  a  tenant  give  up 

possession? 221 

When  is  a  farm  tenant  entitled  to  "away-going  crops,"  or 

crops  of  the  present  season  unmatured  when  he  quits? 226 

What  is  the  essential  requisite  of  a  personal  property  lien?. .  230 
In  what  States  mxist  a  person  be  able  to  read  and  write  in 

order  to  be  entitled  to  vote? 244 

How  must  applications  be  made  for  official  positions  under 

the  civil  service  law  of  the  U.  S.  ? , 247 

Is  a  new  partner  liable  for  debts  of  the  firm  contracted 

previous  to  his  becoming  a  member? 253 

How  long  does  a  patent  secure  to  the  patentee  the  exclusive 

right  to  manufacture  and  sell  his  invention? 255 

Does  the  copyright  law  secure  to  authors  the  right  of  trans- 
lation?    261 

Is  it  necessary  for  a  merchant  to  keep  a  set  of  books?   263 
What  is  the  general  law  as  to  the  rights  and  duties  of 

the  finder  of  lost  property? 300 

What  is  a  breach  of  trust  as  distinguished  from  lar- 
ceny?        298 

Is  a  laborer  bound  to  work  on  legal  holidays? 302 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY 


Abantfenment. — ^In  marine  insurance, 
the  giving  up  of  property  partly 
destroyed,  by  the  owner  to  the  in- 
surer. 

Abatement — A  discount  allowed  for 
damage  or  overcharge,  or  for  the 
payment  of  a  bill  before  it  is  due. 

Abolish. — To  make  void;  to  cancel. 

Acceptance. — In  mercantile  law,  the 
act  by  which  the  person  upon  whom 
a  bill  of  exchange  or  other  order  is 
drawn  engages  to  pay  it;  the  bill 
itself  after  it  has  been  accepted. 

Acceptance  for  Honor. — An  accept- 
ance made  after  a  bill  has  been 
protested  for  non-acceptance  for 
the  honor  of  the  drawer  or  any  in- 
dorser. 

Acceptor. — One  who  accepts  an  order 
or  draft  or  bill  of  exchange. 

Accommodation  Paper. — Commercial 
paper   for   which   no   consideration 

I  passed  between  the  original  par- 
ties; also  a  note  to  which  a  party 
has  put  his  name  to  accommodate 
anolfher  who  is  to  provide  payment 
When  due. 

Acknowledgment — The  act  by  which 
a  party  who  has  executed  an  in- 
strument declares  or  acknowledges 

,'  it  before  a  competent  oflQcer  to  be 
his  or  her  act  and  deed. 

Account — A  written  or  printed  state- 
ment of  debits  and  credits  in  any 
business  transaction. 

Account  Current — A  detailed  state- 
ment of  the  transactions  between 
parties  for  a  certain  period,  show- 

■  ing  the  condition  of  affairs  at  the 
current  or  present  time. 

Account  Sales. — A  detailed  statement 
of   a   conunission   merchant   to   his 

:  principal,  showing  his  sales,  the 
expenses  attending  the  same  and 
the  net  proceeds. 

Accountant. — A  person  trained  to 
keep  accounts. 

Actionalre. — The  owner  of  shares  in 
a  stock  company ;  a  stockholder. 

Action. — The  formal  means  of  recov- 
ering one's  rights  in  a  court  of 
justice ;  a  suit. 

Act  of  God. — Any  accident  produced 
by  a  physical  cause  which  is  irre- 
sistible, such  as  lightning,  hurri- 
canes, earthquakes,  etc. 

Actuary. — A*" registrar  or  clerk;  gen- 
erally applied  to  the  manager  of  a 
life  insurance  company. 

Administrator^;-A  person  appointed 
to  settlBi  thet'estate  of  a  testator  or 
to  manage  an  intestate  estate. 


Admiralty. — ^The  power  that  controls 
naval  affairs  in  Great  Britain. 
Court  of  Admiralty — A  court  which 
decides  questions  of  maritime  just- 
ice. 

Adulteration. — The  debasing  of  an 
article  or  substance  by  spurious  or 
less  valuable  mixture. 

Ad  valorem. — According  to  value. 

Advance. — A  rise  in  price ;  additional 
profits;  stocks  above  par. 

Adventure. — Goods  sent  to  sea  at  the 
owner's  risk;  a  speculation. 

Adventure  in  Co. — Goods  sent  to  be 
sold  on  joint  account  of  shippers 
and  consignee. 

Advice. — Admonition  or  suggestions 
offered,  usually  in  regard  to  buy- 
ing and  selling  goods. 

Affidavit. — A  written  statement  made 
upon  oath. 

Affreight — To  hire,  as  a  ship,  for 
transporting  freight. 

Affreightment — The  hiring  of  a  ship 
for  the  conveyance  of  goods. 

Asency. — The  relation  existing  be- 
tween two  parties  by  which  one  is 
authorized  to  do  certain  business 
for  another,  with  other  parties. 

Agent. — Any  person  who  is  employed 
by  another  to  do  business  or  in 
any  way  act  for  him. 

Age  of  Consent. — The  age  at  which 
young  persons  are  capable  of  mak- 
ing a  valid  contract  of  marriage. 

Agio. — A  term  used  to  denote  the 
difference  between  the  real  and 
nominal  value  of  money. 

Alimony. — An  allowance  made  to  a 
wife  out  of  her  husband's  estate 
during  a  suit  for  divorce  or  sepa- 
ration, or,  at  its  termination,  for 
her  life  or  for  a  shorter  period. 

Allonge. — A  paper  attached  to  a  bill 
of  exchange,  when  there  are  too 
many  indorsements  to  be  contained 
on  the  bill  itself. 

Amotion. — Removal  of  an  officer  of 
a  corporation. 

Allowance.— ^A  deduction  made,  for 
instance,  from  the  gross  weight  of 
goods. 

Anker. — ^A  common  liquid  measure, 
varying  in  different  European  coun- 
tries from  nine  to  ten  gallons. 

Antal. — A  wine  measure  of  Hungary, 
holding  about  thirteen  and  a  half 
gallons. 

Anticipate. — ^To  be  before  in  doing, 
or  pay  before  due. 

Ante-dated. — Dated  at  a  time  earlier 
than  the  actual  date. 

Annulment — The  act  o£  maMog 
voi<^ 


493 


194 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY 


Appraise. — To  set  a  value  on  goods 
or  property. 

Appurtenance. — Adjunct  or  append- 
age to  property. 

Arbitration. — The  investigation  and 
decision  of  a  cause  or  matter  be- 
tween parties  in  controversy,  by 
chosen  persons. 

Arbitration  of  Exchange.— The  de- 
duction of  a  proportional  or  arbi- 
trated rate  of  exchange  between 
two  places,  through  an  intermedi- 
ate place,  to  ascertain  the  most 
advantageous  method  of  drawing 
or   remitting. 

Arrear. — That  which  remains  unpaid, 
though  due. 

Articles  of  Copartnership. — The  writ- 
ten agreement  by  which  a  copart- 
nership is  formed. 

Assay. — To  subject  an  ore  to  chem- 
ical examination  to  find  the  amount 
of  any  metal  contained  in   it. 

Assess. — To  fix  a  certain  value  for 
the  purpose  of  taxation. 

Assets. — Property  available  for  the 
payment  of  debts :  also  the  entire 
property  of  an  individual  or  corn- 
pa  nj*. 

Assignee. — The  person  to  whom  the 
failing  debtor  transfers  all  his  re- 
maining property  for  the  put  pose 
of  having  it  distributed  among  his 
creditors;  one  to  whom  anything 
is  assigned. 

Assignment. — A  transfer  of  a  failing 
debtor  of  his  property  to  an  as- 
signee ;  a  transfer  by  one  person 
to  another  of  any  property,  per- 
sonal or  real. 

Assignor^. — One  who  assigns  prop- 
erty. 

Association. — The  union  of  a  number 
of  persons  for  some  special  pur- 
pose. 

Attachment. — A  seizure  by  virtue  of 
a  legal  process. 

Attorney,  Power  of. — ^A  written  au- 
thority from  one  person  empower- 
ing another  to  act  for  him. 

Auctioneer. — One  who  sells  goods  at 
public  sale. 

Auditor. — A  person  appointed  to  ex- 
amine and  settle  accounts. 

Avails. — Profits  of  property  disposed 

of;    proceeds  of  goods  sold. 
Average. — A  proportional  share  of  a 
general  loss ;    also  a  mean  time  of 
payment   for  several   debts  due   at 
difTorent  times. 
Avoirdupois. — Commercial      standard 
of  wei^'ht  in  the  United  States  and 
England. 
Award. — Decision  of  arbitrators. 


B 

Bail. — The  security  given  for  releas- 
ing a  person  from  custody. 

Bailee. — The  person  to  whom  goods 
are  intrusted. 

Bailment. — A  delivery  of  goods  in 
trust  upon  a  contract  that  the  trust 
shall  be  faithfully  executed  on  the 
part  of  the  bailee. 

Bailor. — One  -who  intrusts  goods  to 
another. 

Balance. — The  excess  on  one  side, 
or  what  added  to  the  other  malfes 
equality  in  the  account. 

Balance  Sheet. — A  statement  in  con- 
densed form  showing  the  condition 
and  progress  of  business. 

Ballast. — Any  heavy  matertal  placed 
in  the  hold  of  a  ship  to  steady  it 
in  the  water. 

Banco. — A  commercial  term  used  in 
Hamburg  to  distinguish  bank  money 
from  common  currency. 

Bank  Bill. — A  written  promise  to  pay 
to  the  bearer  on  demand  a  certain 
sum  of  money,  issued  by  a  bank 
and  used  as  money. 

Banking. — The  business  of  a  banker, 
-     or  pertaining  to  a  bank. 

Bank  Note. — Same  as  bank  bllL 

Bankrupt. — An  insolvent;  one  who 
is  unable  to  pay  his  debts. 

Bankruptcy. — The  condition  of  one 
who  is  unable  to  pay  tiis  debts  as 
they  fall  due. 

Bank  Stock. — Shares  in  the  capital 
stock  of  a  bank 

Barratry. — Any  iJTeach  of  duty  com- 
mitted by  the  master  of  a  vessel  or 
the  seamen,  without  the  consent 
of  the  owner,  by  reason  of  which 
the  ship  or  cargo  is  Injured. 

Barque. — A  three  masted  vessel  car- 
rying no  square  sails  on  her  mizzen 
mast. 

Barter. — To  trade  by  exchange  of 
goods,  in  distinction  from  trading 
by  the  use  of  money. 

Bazaar. — A  word  of  Eastern  usage, 
signifying  a  place  of  exchange,  or 
general  market  place ;  a  repository 
of  fancy  articles,  especially  of 
dress. 

Beacon. — A  signal  light  for  the  guid- 
ance of  mariners;  usually  erected 
and  sustained  by   the   Government. 

Beneficiary. — In  life  insurance,  the 
person  to  whom  a  policy  is  made 
payable ;  the  person  for  whose 
benefit  another  holds  the  legal 
title    to   real   estate. 

Beyond  Seas. — Denotes  absence  from 
the  country,  and  generally  held  to 
mean  absence  from  the  particular 
State. 

Bidder. — One  who  bids  or  offers  a' 
price. 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY 


405 


Bill.— A  name  given  to  statemen^  in 
writing ;  as  goods,  a  note,  a  draft, 
r  law  not  enacted;    exhibition  of 

BuroT'Exchange.-A    direction    In 
"riting.  by   ^he   person  who   signs 
it    to  another,  to  whom  it,  is  aa 
dressed   to  pay  to  a  third  person  a 
aeiiQite  sum  of  money  at  a  speci- 

RhfifTa^-ing.— A  written  statement 
^  by  a  co^on  carrier  to  one  sending 
tuods  by  him,  acknowledging  that 
tliey  have  been  received  by  him, 
fo?  transportation,  with  terms  of 
shipment;    it  is  both  a  receipt  and 

em  'orParcels—A  detailed  account 

Bi^!  ir'safe^-A   formal   instrument 
for  the  transfer  of  goods  and  chat- 

Blaili    Indorsement— One    in    which 

^no   particular   person   is  named   as 

the  one  to  whom  payment  is  to  be 

mide ;  it  consists  of  the  indorser  s 

Board'orirade-An  association  of 
^business  men  for  the  advancement 

of   commercial  interests. 
Rnna    Fide.— In  good  faith ;  in  reality. 
Bond  _A  written  and  sealed  instru- 
^ment  bining  a  Person  and   in  more 

cases,   his    heirs   to   fuinu   ceriaiu 

Bonie'd'^Goods-Goods  in  charge  of 

^"the   officers   of   customs  the  duties 

on  which  bonds  are  given  at  the 

Bo'nu'^^A'^p'^mlum  or  extra  sum  for 
a  loan,  a  charter,  or  other  privilege. 

Book°Debt!-An  entry  or  charge  on  a 
ledger;  called  also  an  open  ac- 
coimt,  in  contradistinction  to  a 
written  promise   or  note.  . 

B^ry  Bond.-An  obligation  given 
for  a  loan  upon  a  vessel  and  ac- 

BreTch.'-In  meSaw  of  contracts,  the 
violation  of  an  agreement  or  obli- 

Br^e*aK.age.— An    allowance    made    by 
the    shipper    or    seller    on    certain 
descriptions  of   f"gUe  goods 
R-oker.— A     person     who     transacts 
business  for  another,  commonly  in 
stock,  money,  etc..  using  the  name 
of  his  principal. 
Brokerage.- The     fee     charged     for 
^transacting   business  by   a  broker 
Bulls    and    Bears.— Persons    engaged 
in    the    gambling    transactions    of 
stock  exchange ;  the  bulls  are  per- 
lonally  interested  in  tossing  up  the 
prices   of  certain  goods,  while  the 
bears    are    fighting    to    pull   down 
prices. 


Bullion. — A  commercial  name  for  un- 
coined gold  or  silver. 
By-Bidder. — A  person  employed  at 
auctions,  in  order  to  raise  the  price 
of  articles  to  be  sold. 
By-Laws. — The  private  laws  made 
by  a  corporation  for  Its  own  gov- 
ernment. 

0 
Capital. — The     stock     employed     In 
trade;    the    fruit    of    past    labors 
saved. 
Capital    Stock.— The    fund    or    prop- 
erty,   as    a   whole,   contributed,    or 
supposed  to  have  been  contributed, 
to   a   corporation   at   its   organiza- 
tion,  as   its   property. 
Carat. — An    imaginary    weight    that 

expresses  the  fineness  of  gold. 
Cargo. — A  ship's  lading  or  freight. 
Cashier. — One    who    has    charge    of 
money    and    superintends    the    re- 
ceipts of  pajTiients. 
Caveat     Emptor.— A    Latin     phrase, 
meaning,    "let    the    purchaser    be- 
ware,"   and   applies    to    a    case    in 
which  the  thing  sold  is  before  the 
buyer  and  he  examines  it. 
Centage.— A   rate  by  the  hundred. 
Certified  Check. — A  check  which  has 
been  certified  by  the  bank  on  which 
it  is  drawn,  making  the  bank  ab- 
solutely   responsible    for    its    pay- 
ment. 
Certificate. — A  certificate  issued  by  a 
bank    or    banker,    showing    that    a 
certain    sum    of    money    has    been 
deposited  there,  payable  to  a  cer- 
tain person,  or  to  his  order,  or  to 
the  bearer. 
Certificate    of    Stock.— A    certificate 
given   by   the    proper  officers   or   a 
corporation,  showing  that  a  certain 
person   owns  a   certain  number   of 
shares  of  the  capital  stock. 
Certification    of    Check.— The    signa- 
ture   of   the    proper   officer   of   the 
bank,    written   across   the    face    of 
the     check,     sometimes    with    anc/ 
sometimes  without  the  word  "cer- 
tified" or  "good." 
Chancellor.— The    chief    judge    of    a 

court  of  chancery  or  equity. 
Charter. — An  Instrument  in  writing 
from  the  sovereign  power  or  legis- 
lature, conferring  certain  rights  or 
privileges. 
Charter  Party. — The  written  instru- 
ment by  which  the  owner  of  a  ves- 
sel lets  it,  or  a  part  of  it,  to  an- 

Chattel*  Mortgage.— A  conditional 
sale  of  nersonal  property,  one 
vrtiich  is  to  become  void  if  a  cer- 
tain thing  happens;  chiefly  used 
as  the  security  for  the  payment  of 
money. 


496 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY 


Chattels. — Commonly  means  goods 
of  any  kind,  or  every  species  of 
personal  property. 
Check. — ^A  written  order  for  money 
drawn  upon  a  bank  or  banker,  and 
payable  immediately. 

Choses  in  Action. — Things  of  which 
the  owner  has  not  possession,  but 
merely  the  act  of  legal  action  or 
possession,  as  notes,  accounts,  etc 

Chases  in  Possession. — Things  in 
possession  of  the  owner ;  circulat- 
ing medium — cash  and  bank  notes 
payable  on  demand;  the  medium 
of  exchange. 

Civil  Law — The  system  of  law  of 
ancient  Rome. 

Civil  Remedy. — The  method  of  re- 
dressing an  injury  inflicted  by  one 
person  upon  another  by  legal 
measures. 

Clearance. — ^Permission  from  a  cus- 
tom house  ofHcer  for  a  ship  to  sail. 

Clearing  House. — A  kind  of  bank- 
ing exchange  for  the  convenience 
of  daily  settlements  between  banks. 

Clerical  Error. — ^An  error  in  calcu- 
lating or  other  accidental  error  on 
books  or  documents. 

Collateral. — Property  pledged  as  se- 
curity for  the  performance  of  a 
contract. 

Commerce. — The  exchange  of  mer- 
chandise on  a  large  scale. 

Commercial  Paper. — Bills  of  ex- 
change, drafts  or  promissory  notes 
given  in  the  course  of  trade. 

Common  Carrier. — One  who,  as  a 
business,  undertakes  for  hire  to 
transport  from  place  to  place  pas- 
sengers or  goods  of  all  who  choose 
to  employ  him. 

Coasting. — Sailing  near  land,  or  ves- 
sels trading  between  parts  of  the 
same   country. 

Codicil. — ^A  supplement  to  a  will. 

Common  Law.— The  unwritten  law, 
as  distinguished  from  written  or 
statute  law;  the  old  law  of  Eng- 
land, that  derives  its  force  from 
long  usage  and  custom. 

Commission. — The  brokerage  or  al- 
lowance made  to  an  agent  or 
factor  for  doing  business  for  an- 
other. 

Competency.— The  legal  fitness  of  a 
witness  to  give  evidence  on  the 
trial  of  an  action. 

Composition  Deed. — An  agreement 
between  an  insolvent  delrtor  and 
his  creditors  by  which,  upon  pay- 
ment to  each  of  some  fixed  propor- 
tion of  his  claim,  they  all  agree  to 
release  the  debtor  from  the  balance 
of  their  claims. 


Compromise. — An  agreement  between 
a  debtor  and  his  creditors  by 
which  they  agree  to  accept  a  cer- 
tain proportion  of  the  amounts 
due,  and  discharge  him  from  tbe 
remainder. 

Concurrent. — Existing  together;  a 
consideration  is  concurrent  when 
the  acts  of  the  parties  are  to  be 
performed  at  the  same  time. 

Condition  Precedent. — An  act  which 
must  be  performed  by  one  person 
before  another  is  liable,  or  in 
order  to  make  him  liable. 

Cooperage. — Charges  for  putting 
hoops  on  casks  or  bales. 

Consideration. — The  reason  for  in- 
ducement in  a  contract  upon  which 
the  parties  consent  to  be  bound. 

Consignee. — One  to  whom  merchan- 
dise, given  to  a  carrier  by  another 
person  for  transportation,  is  di- 
rected. 

Consignor. — One  who  gives  merchan- 
dise to  a  carrier  for  transportation 
to  another. 

Compact. — A  covenant  or  contract 
between  different  parties. 

Company. — A  nmnber  joined  together 
to  undertake  some  common  enter- 
prise. 

Compound. — To  adjust  by  agreement 
differently  from  the  original  terms; 
to   settle  by   compromise. 

Compromise. — A  friendly  settlement 
of  differences  by  mutual  conces- 
sions. 

Consignment.— The  act  of  consigning, 
as  charge  for  safe-keeping,  and 
management,  as  goods,  property, 
etc. 

Consul. — A  person  commissioned  to 
reside  in  a  foreign  country  as  an 
agent  of  the  Government. 

Contraband — Prohibited  merchandise 
or  traffic. 

Contract — To  make  an  agreement; 
to  covenant 

Conveyance. — The  act  of  carrying  by 
land  or  water;  the  means  of  con- 
veyance; a  written  instrument  by 
which  an  estate  in  lands  is  trans- 
ferred from  one   to  another. 

Copartnership. — A  joint  interest  In 
business. 

Corporation. — An  artificial  iwrson 
created  by  law,  consisting  of  one 
or  more  natural  persons,  united  in 
one  body,  and  endowed  with  the 
capacity  of  perpetual  succession, 
and  of  acting  in  certain  respects  as 
a    natural    person. 

Counter-claim. — Same  as  set-off;  one 
debt  or  claim  to  set  off  another. 

Counterfeit— To  copy  or  imitate 
without  authority,  with  a  view  to 
defraud;    a  forgery. 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY 


497/ 


Countersign. — To  sign  in  addition  to 
the  »ame  of  a  superior  that  of  the 
secreiary  or  subordinate  officer,  a3 
bank  uotes  are  signed  by  the  presi- 
dent and  countersigned  by  the 
cashier. 

Coupon. — Aji  interest  warrant  printed 
at  the  ends  of  bonds,  to  be  cut  off 
.  when  the  interest  is  paid. 

Course  of  Exchange. — The  current 
price  of  bUis  of  exchange  between 
two  places. 

Covenant Any  compromise  con- 
tained in  a  staled  instrument 

Covenantee.— The  person  to  whom 
the  promise  is  made. 

Coverture. — The  legal  state  and  con- 
dition of  a  married  woman,  being 
considered  as  under  the  shelter 
and  protection  of  her  husband. 

Credentials. — Testimonials  or  certifi- 
cates showing  that  a  person  is  en- 
titled to  credit,  authority  or  official 
powers. 

Credit. — Trust  given  or  received; 
mercantile  reputation  entitling  one 
to  be  trusted;  also  the  side  of  an 
account  on  which  payment  i3  en- 
tered. 

Creditor. — One  to  whom  money  is 
due. 

Curb-stone  Brokers. — A  term  applied 
to  a  clas3  of  stock  operators  in 
New  York  who  do  business  on  the 
sidewalk  or   pavement. 

Currency. — That  which  circulates  as 
a  representative  of  value. 

Customs.— -Customary  toll,  tax,  or 
tribute  on  imported  or  exported 
goods. 

Custom  House. — A  building  where 
duties  are  paid  and  vessels  entered 
and  cleared. 

D 

Damages. — ^A  compensation,  usually 
in  money,  to  one  party  for  a  wrong 
done  him  by  anoUier. 

Days  of  Grace. — Days,  usually  three, 
allowed  by  custom  for  the  pajTnent 
of  bills  and  notes  beyond  the  day 
expressed  for  payment  on  the  face 
of  them. 

Debase. — To  lessen  in  value  by  adul- 
teration. 

Debenture. — A  certificate  given  by 
the  collector  of  a  port  of  entry  to 
an  importer  for  drawback  of  duties 
on  imported  merchandise,  which, 
when  the  merchandise  is  exported, 
are  to  be  refunded. 

Debit. — A  recorded  item  of  debt,  also 
the  debtor  side  of  an  account. 

Debt — That  which  is  due  from  one 
person  to  another. 

Debtor. — The  person  who  owes  an- 
other, eitter  money,  goods  or  serv- 
icaa. 


Deed. — A  sealed  instrument  in  writ- 
ing used  to  transfer  property,  usu- 
ally real  estate. 

Default — Omission,  neglect  or  fail- 
ure. 

Defaulter. — One  who  fails  to  dis- 
charge a  public  duty,  as  to  account 
for  money  intrusted  to  him. 

Defalcation. — A    dimifaution  ;     deficit. 

Defense.— The  answer  made  by  the 
defendant  to  the  plaintiff's  action 
by  demurrer  or  plea  at  law. 

Del  Credere. — A  commercial  term  im- 
plying a  guarantee  of  the  solvency 
of  the  purchaser. 

Delivery. — Giving  money  or  goods  to 
another. 

Demand. — A  peremptory  urging  of 
payment  of  a   claim  and  exaction. 

Demise. — To  convey,  to  bequeath  by 
will. 

Demurrage. — ^Allowance  for  detention 
of  a  ship. 

Deposit. — A  delivery  of  goods  to  be 
kept  and  returned  without  recom- 
pense. 

Depository. — A  trustee,  one  to  whom 
something  is  committed  for  safe- 
keeping ,  also  the  place  where  such 
deposited  goods  are  kept  in  store. 

Deputy. — One  appointed  to  act  for 
another;  a  representative  or  dele- 
gate. 

Diplomacy. — The  science  of  conduct- 
ing negotiations  between  nations. 

Deviation. — In  the  law  of  marine  in- 
surance, a  voluntary  departure 
without  necessity  from  the  regular 
course  of  the  specific  voyage  in- 
sured. 

Discount. — An  allowance  or  deduc- 
tion made  for  the  payment  of 
money  before  it  is  due. 

Discount  Days. — The  days  of  the 
week  on  which  the  directors  of  a 
bank  meet  to  consider  paper  offered 
for   discount 

Disability. — Want  of  qualification; 
incapacity  to  do  a  legal  act. 

Disafflrmance. — The  annulling  or  can- 
celing of  a  voidable  contract. 

Disfranchisement. — Expulsion  of  a 
member  from  a   corporation. 

Dishonor. — The  non-payment  of  ne- 
gotiable paper  when  due. 

Distress. — The  taking  of  personal 
property  to  enforce  the  payment 
of  something  due,  as  rent. 

Divorce. — The  separation  of  husband 
and  wife  by  the  sentence  of  law. 

Dividend. — A  percentage  of  profits 
paid  to  stockholders. 

Domestic  Relation. — The  relations  of 
the  members  of  a  household  or 
family. 

Doflee. — The  person  to  whom  a  gift 
or  donation  is  made. 


498 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY 


Donor. — One  who  confers  anything 
gratuitously. 

Dormant — Silent  partner,  one  who 
takes  no  share  in  the  active  busi- 
ness, but  shares  profit. 

Drawback. — Money  paid  back  on 
goods  exported,  a  part  or  the  whole 
of  the  duty  charged. 

Draft. — An  order  from  one  man  to 
another  directing  the  payment  of 
money,  a   bill  of  exchange. 

Drawee. — The  person  upon  whom  a 
bill  of  exchange  is  drawn,   who  is 

'    directed  to  make  the  payment. 

Drawer. — The  person  who  draws  or 
makes  a  bill  of  exchange. 

Dress  Goods.^A  term  applied  to  fab- 
rics for  the  garments  of  women 
and  children,  usually  of  mixed  ma- 
terials, such  as  silk  and  cotton 
silk  and  worsted,  etc. 

Due  Bill. — A  written  acknowledg- 
ment of  debt;  not  transferable  by 
mere  indorsement. 

Dun. — To  press  urgently  the  payment 
of  a  debt. 

Duplicate. — A  copy  or  counterpart  of 
anything. 

Duress. — Personal  restraint,  or  fear 
of  personal  injury  or  of  imprison- 
ment ;  it  nullifies  all  contracts  into 
which  it  enters. 

Duties. — A  tax  levied  by  the  Govern- 
ment on  imported  goods ;  money 
paid  to  the  Government  on  Im- 
ported and  exported  goods. 


Earnest — Something  given  by  the 
buyer  to  the  seller,  to  bind  the 
bargain  and  prove  the  sale. 

Easement — The  right  to  use  another's 
land. 

Effects. — All  kinds  of  personal  prop- 
erty. 

Ell. — An  English  measure  of  length 
equal  to  1^  yards;  the  Scotch  ell 
is  1   3-100  yards. 

Embargo. — A  detention  of  vessels  in 
port;    prohibition  from  sailing. 

Embarrassment — Perplexity  arising 
from  insolvency  or  temporary  in- 
ability to  discharge  debts. 

Embassy. — The  public  business  in- 
trusted to  diplomatic  oflBcers. 

Enact — To  make  a  law  or  establish 
by   law. 

Engrosser. — One  who  buys  large 
quantities  of  any  goods  in  order  to 
control  the  market. 

Embezzlement — To  appropriate  pub- 
lic money  to  private  use  by  a 
breach  of  trust. 

Emporium. — A  place  of  extensive 
commerce,  a  market  place. 

Emblements. — Growing  crops  of  any 
kind  produced  by  expense  or  labor. 


Eminent  Domain. — The  right  of  sov-^ 
ereign  power  to  take  private  prop- 
erty for  public  purposes. 

Equity  of  Redemption. — The  rlgh» 
which  a  mortgagor  has  to  redeem 
his  estate  after  the  mortgige  has 
come  due. 

Endorse. — To  endorse  a  not^  by  writ- 
ing the  name  on   the  btck. 

Entrepot. — A  bonded  warehouse;  a 
storehouse  for  the  deposit  of  goods;, 
a  free  port. 

Equity. — A  system  supplemental  to 
law,  qualifying  or  correcting  it  in 
extreme   cases. 

Escrow. — A  deed  or  bond  delivered 
by  a  third  party  to  be  held  or  de- 
livered to  the  guarantee  or  cred- 
itor upon  the  performance  of  some- 
condition. 

Estate. — The  degree,  quantity,  na- 
ture, or  extent  of  interest  which  a 
person  has  in  real  property. 

Estoppel. — A  stop,  a  bar  to  one's  al, 
leging  or  denying  a  fact  contrary 
to  his  own  previous  actions,  alle- 
gation or  denial. 

Exchange. — Act  of  bartering;  a  bill 
drawn  for  money ;  a  place  where 
merchants  meet ;  difference  between 
the  value  in  two  places,  or  p^- 
mlum  or  discount  arising  from 
purchase  or  sale  of  goods. 

Executed   (of  a  contract). — Finished. 

Excise. — Taxes  or  duties  on  articles 
produced  and  consumed  at  home; 
internal  revenue  tax. 

Execution. — A  written  command  Is- 
sued to  a  sheriff  or  constable  after 
a  judgment  directing  him  to  en- 
force it;  the  act  of  signing  and 
sealing  a  legal  instrument,  or  giv- 
ing it  the  form  required  to  make 
it  a  valid  act. 

Executor. — The  person  appointed  by 
a  testator  to  execute  his  will. 

Executory. — To  be  executed  in  the 
future. 

Exports. — That  which  is  carried  out 
of  a  country,  as  goods  and  produce 
in  traffic. 

Express. — A  courier;  also  regular 
and  quick  conveyance  for  pack- 
ages,  etc. 

F 

Face. — The  amount  expressed  on  a 
note  or  draft. 

Factor. — An  agent  who  sells  and  buys 
in  his  own  name,  being  entrusted, 
with  the  goods,  in  this  respect  dif- 
fering from  a  broker. 

Facture. — An  invoice  or  bill  of  par- 
cels. 

Failure. — Becoming  bankrupt,  sus- 
pension  of  payment. 

Fae-simile. — An  exact  copy  or  like- 
ness. 


BUSINESS  DIOTIONARY 


499 


Fav«r. — ^A  note  or  draft  is  said  to  be 
in  favor  of  the   payee. 

Fee  Simple. — Puil  ownership  in  land. 

Foud. — An  estate  in  land  held  of  a 
superior   by   service ;    a   flef . 

Feudal  System. — The  system  of  feuds 
or  fiefs  as  existing,  especially  dur- 
ing the  middle  ages. 

Finance. — Revenue,  public  money, 
income. 

Financier. — One  skilled  in  financial 
operations ;    a   treasurer. 

Firm. — All  the  members  of  a  partner- 
ship taken  together,  a  business 
house  or  company,  the  title  used 
by  a  business  house. 

Firkin. — A  measure  of  capacity  ;  the 
fourthpart  of  a  barrel,  or  eight  or 
nine  gallons. 

Fiscal. — Pertaining  to  the  public 
treasury  or  revenue. 

Fixtures. — The  part  of  the  furniture 
of  a  store  or  ofBce  which  is  not 
movable,  as  gas  pipes  or  burners, 
partitions,   etc. 

F.  0.  B. — Free  on  board ;  the  bill  or 
invoice  with  F.  O.  B.  includes  the 
transporting  to  the  shipping  port 
and  ail  the  shipping  expenses. 

Foreclose. — To  cut  off  by  a  court 
judgment  from  the  power  of  re- 
deeming mortgaged  property. 

Foreclosure. — The  process  of  cutting 
ofif  the  right  or  interest  of  the 
mortgager  and  his  assignees  in 
mortgaged   premises. 

Forestall. — To  buy  goods  on  their 
way  to  market.  Intending  to  sell 
again  at  a  higher  price. 

Forfeiture. — A  loss  of  property,  right, 
or  office,  as  a  punishment  for  an 
illegal  act  or  negligence ;  some- 
times used  for  the  thing  forfeited. 

Folio. — A  page  in  an  account  book, 
sometimes  two  opposite  pages 
bearing  the  same  serial  number. 

Franc. — A  silver  coin  used  in  France 
equal  to  about  nineteen  cents. 

Frank.. — To  exempt  from  charge  of 
portage. 

Fraud.— A  cunning  deception  or  arti- 
fice to  cheat  or  deceive  another. 

Free  Trade. — The  policy  of  conduct- 
ing international  commerce  with- 
out duties. 

Freehold. — Land  held  by  free  tenure, 
or  in  fee  simple,  subject  to  no  su- 
perior  or   conditions. 

Freight. — Merchandise  being  moved 
from  one  place  to  another ;  the 
price  paid  for  carrying  freight; 
also  a  load  or  burden. 

Funded. — Turned  into  a  permanent 
loan,  on  which  annual  interest  is 
paid. 

Funds. — The  supply  of  money  or  the 
capital. 


Forgery. — The  fraudulent  making  or 
altering  of  a  written  instrument. 


Gain. — Advantage,  acquisition,  accu- 
mulation, profit. 

Garbled. — Drugs,  spices  or  other 
goods  which  have  been  sorted  or 
picked  over  and  freed  from  im- 
purities. 

Gauging. — Measuring  the  capacity  of 
casks,  etc. 

General  Average. — A  contribution 
made  by  the  owners  of  a  vessel 
and  cargo  toward  the  loss  sus- 
tained by  one  of  thetr  number, 
whose  property  has  been  sacrificed 
for  •  the  general  safety. 

General  Ship. — A  vessel  navigated  by 
its  owner,  receiving  and  carrying 
freight  Indifferently  for  all  who 
apply. 

Gist — The  principal  point  of  a  ques- 
tion,  the   pith  of  the  matter. 

Go-between. — Agent  for  both  parties. 

Goods. — Same  as  chattels  and  effects. 

Good  Will. — Benefit  arising  from  the 
successful  conduct  of  business  by 
a  certain  person  or  firm,  usually  in 
a  certain  place ;  it  is  a  property 
subject    to   transfer. 

Grant. — A  transfer  of  a  property  by 
deed;  a  conveyance  made  by  the 
Government. 

Gross. — Twelve  dozen. 

Gross  Weight. — Weight  of  goods  in- 
cludin.r  dust,  dross,  bag,  cask,  etc. 

Guaranty  (or  guarantee). — A  con- 
tract whereby  one  person  engages 
to  be  answerable  for  the  debt  or 
default  of  another  person. 

Guarantor. — He   who  makes  a  guai 
anty. 

Guardian. — One  who  has  the  care  of 
the  person  and  property  of  an 
orphan  or  other  person. 

H 

Habeas  Corpus, — A  writ  to  bring  a 
party  before  a  court,  to  prevent 
false    imprisonment. 

Haberdasher. — A  seller  of  small 
wares,  as  thread,  pins,  etc. 

Hand-book. — A  book  of  reference;  a 
manual. 

Hand-money. — Money  paid  the  pur- 
chaser at  the  closing  of  a  contract 
or  sale. 

Harbor. — A  port  or  haven  for  ships. 

Haven. — A  port  or  shelter  for  ships, 
a  harbor. 

High  Seas. — The  uninclosed  waters 
of  the  ocean  outside  the  boundaries 
of  any  country. 

Hollow  Ware. — A  trade  name  for 
camp  and  kitchen  utensils  made  of 
cast-iron  or   wrought-iron. 


500 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY 


Honor. — To  accept  and  pay  when 
due. 

Husbandage. — An  owner's  or  an 
agent's  commission  for  attending 
to  a  ship. 

Hypothecate. — To  pledge  for  the  se- 
curity of  creditor. 

i 

Infant. — In  law,  one  under  the  age 

of   twenty-one   years. 
Impolite. — Wanting  in  prudent  man- 
agement;   not  politic. 
Import. — To  bring  in  from  abroad  or 

a  foreign  country. 
Importer. — The    merchant    who    im- 
ports   goods. 
Imposition. — Tax,  toll,  duty  or  excise 
prescribed    by    authority. 

Impost. — A  tax  or  duty  imposed  on 
imported  goods. 

Indemnify. — To  recompense  for  loss, 
to   reimburse. 

Indenture. — A  mutual  agreement  in 
writing. 

Indorsement. — A  writing  on  the  back 
of  a  note. 

Indorser. — The  one  who  makes  the 
indorsement. 

Indorsee. — The  person  in  whose  favor 
the  indorsement  is  made. 

Injunction. — An  order  or  direction  of 
ihe  court  compelling  a  certain  per- 
son to  refrain  from  doing  some 
particular  act  or  thing. 

Indulgence. — Extension  of  time  of 
payment;  forbearing  to  press  for 
payment 

Inland  Bills. — A  draft  or  bills  of  ex- 
change drawn  on  a  party  in  the 
same  country  as  the  drawer. 

Insolvency. — Inability  to  discharge 
debts  when  due. 

Insurance. — Indemnity  from  loss;  the 
premium   paid. 

Installment. — Payment  of  parts  at 
different   times. 

Interest — Premium  paid  for  the  use 
of  money. 

Internal  Revenue.— The  part  of  the 
revenue  of  our  Government  which 
is  collected  in  the  form  of  internal 
duties. 

Intestate.— Without  a  will. 

Invalid — Of  no  legal  force. 

(nventory. — A  list  of  merchandise 
inade  periodically  for  the  purpose 
of  knowing  the  quantity  and  value 
of  unsold  goods,  in  order  to  ascer- 
tain the  condition  of  business. 

Investment — The  laying  out  of 
money  in  the  purchase  of  some 
species  of  property. 

Invoice. — A  written  account  or  bill 
of  merchandise  bought;  a  bill  of 
items. 


Jett'son. — Throwing  goods  overboard 
in  case  of  peril,  to  lighten  and 
preserve   the   ship. 

Joint  Stock. — Stock  held  in  company; 
a  species  of  partnership. 

Joint  Tenancy. — Joint  occupancy; 
not  so  close  intimacy  as  partner- 
ship. 

Journal. — A  book  used  to  classify 
and  arrange  business  transactions. 

Judgment — The  sentence  of  the  law 
pronounced  by  the  court  upon  any 
matter  contained  in  the  record,  or 
in  any  case  tried  by  the  court. 

Judgment  Debtor.  —  Party  against 
whom  a  judgment  is  obtained. 

Judgment  Note. — A  note  in  the  usual 
form,  with  the  addition  of  the 
power  to  confess  judgment  if  not 
paid  when   due. 

Jurisdiction. — The  power  of  exercis- 
ing judicial  authority. 

K 

Kilogram. — The  French  measure  of 
weight,  equal  to  21/^  lbs.  avoirdu- 
pois, or   1000  grains. 

Kiting  or  Kite  Flying. — Exchanging 
checks  on  different  banks,  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  the  use  of 
money  for  a  single  day. 


Lame  Duck — ^A  stock  broker's  term 
for  one  who  fails  to  meet  his  en- 
gagements. 

Landlord. — One  who  owns  and  rents 
or  leases  lands  or  houses ;  a  hotel- 
keeper. 

Larceny.— Theft ;  taking  personal 
property    belonging   to   another. 

Law  Merchant. — The  general  body 
of  usages  in  matters  relative  to 
commerce. 

Lay  Days. — Days  allowed  for  loading 
and  unloading  a  cargo. 

Lay  Down. — A  phrase  used  to  ex- 
press the  entire  cost  of  a  commod- 
ity. Including  transportation,  etc., 
at  a  place  remote  from  its  produc- 
tion or  purchase. 

Lease. — A  contract  by  which  one 
grants  to  another  for  a  period  the 
use  of  certain  real  estate. 

Legal  Tender. — That  kind  of  money 
which  by  law  can  be  offered  in 
payment  of  a  debt. 

Legacy — A  gift  by  will  of  personal 
property. 

Ledger — A  book  in  which  a  summary 
of  accounts   is  preserved. 

Lessee. — One  who  takes  an  estate*  by 
a  lease. 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY 


501 


Letter  of  Credit. — A  letter  authoriz- 
ing credit  to  a  certain  amount  to 
be  given  to  the  bearer;  also  a 
written  direction  by  some  well- 
known  banker  to  someone  to  draw 
upon  him  for  any  amount  he 
chooses  up  to  a  specified  limit. 

Liability. — Obligations,  debts. 

Libel. — To  defame  by  public  writing, 
printing,   signs,   or   pictures. 

License. — A  grant  or  permission  by 
the  authorities. 

Lien. — A  legal  claim  on  property  for 
debt. 

Liquidate. — To  clear  oflf;  to  settle; 
to  pay  as  debts. 

Lloyds. — A  marine  insurance  associ- 
ation  in   London.     The   records   of 

•  this  society  contain  a  complete  his- 
tory of  the  sea,  so  far  as  concerns 
the  number  of  shipwrecks,  col- 
lisions, fires,  piracies,  mutinies, 
etc. 

Litigation. — The  act  of  litigating; 
judicial  contest;    a  suit  at  law. 

Loan. — A  thing  furnished  to  anothar 
for  temporary  use,  on  condition 
that  it  be  returned. 

Long  Price. — Price  after  the  duties 
are  paid. 

M 

Malfeasance. — Evil  conduct;  illegal 
deed. 

Maintenance. — Support  by  means  of 
food,  clothing  and  other  conveni- 
encies. 

Mandate. — A  bailment  of  personal 
property  in  which  the  bailee  un- 
dertakes without  compensation  to 
do  some  act  for  the  bailor  in  re- 
spect to   the  thing   bailed. 

Mandatory. — A  person  to  whom  a 
charge  is  given  or  business  in- 
trusted. 

Manifest — An  invoice  of  a  ship's 
cargo. 

Manufacture. — The  process  of  reduc- 
ing raw  material  into  a  form  suit- 
able for  use. 

Marine. — Relating  to  the  ocean; 
nautical. 

Maritime  Law. — Law  relating  to  har- 
bors, ships,  seamen. 

Marc. — A  weight  of  gold  and  silver, 
used  as  a  measure  of  these  metals 
in  Europe. 

Mart. — A  commerciul  center;  a  mar- 
ket place. 

Maturity. — The  date  when  a  note  or 
draft  falls  due  or  i«  payable. 

Mercantile  Law. — Law  pertaining  to 
trade  and  commerce. 

Merchandise. — Whatever  is  sold  or 
bought  in  trade. 


Merger. — The  absorption  or  extin- 
guishment of  one  contract  into  an- 
other. 

Metallic  Currency — Silver  and  gold 
coins,  forming  the  circulating  me- 
dium of  a  country. 

Minor. — Same  as  infant;  a  person 
under   twenty-one   years. 

Misfeasance. — A  trespass;  doing  im- 
properly an  act  that  might  be  done 
lawfully. 

Misdemeanor. — A  lower  kind  of 
crime ;  an  indictable  offense  not 
amounting  to   felony. 

Mitigation.  —  The  abatement  of  a 
judgment,  penalty  or  punishment. 

Money. — Coin  ;  any  currency  law- 
fully used  instead  of  coin,  as  bank- 
notes. 

Money  Broker. — A  broker  who  deals 
in  money. 

Monopoly. — Sole  permission  or  ap- 
propriated power  to  deal  in  any 
species  of   goods. 

Monetary. — Pertaining  to  or  consist- 
ing in  money. 

Mortgage. — A  grant  or  conveyance 
of  an  estate  or  property  to  a  cred- 
itor, for  the  security  of  a  debt,  and 
to  become  void  on  payment  of  such 
debt. 

Municipal. — Of  or  belonging  to  a 
city. 

Municipal  Law. — The  system  of  law 
of  any  one  nation  or  State. 

Muster. — ^A  collection  of  samples. 

N 

National  Banks. — Banks  organized 
under  the  conditions  of  an  act  of 
Congress ;  they  can  issue  bank- 
notes only  to  the  amount  of  United 
States  Bonds  they  have  deposited 
in  the  U.  S.  Treasury ;  the  object 
is  to  unify  the  currency. 

Navigation. — The  science  of  conduct- 
ing vessels  on  the  ocean. 

Negotiable. — Transferable  by  assign- 
ment or  indorsement  to  another 
person. 

Negotiate. — To  transact  business;  to 
hold  in  intercourse  in  bargain  or 
trade. 

Negotiable  Paper. — Notes,  bills  and 
drafts  which  may  be  transferred 
with  all  their  rights  by  indorse- 
ment or  assignment. 

Net. — Clear  of  all  charges  and  de- 
ductions. 

Net  Profits. — Clear  profit  after  de- 
ducting losses. 

Met  Weight. — Weight  of  merchan- 
dise without  bag,  box  or  covering. 

Nominal. — In  name  only,  very  small, 
as  a   nominal  price. 

Non-feasance. — An  omission  of  what 
ought  to  be  done. 


502 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY 


Note. — A  written  or  printed  paper 
acknowledging  a  debt  and  promis- 
ing  payment. 

Note  Book. — A  book  in  which  notes 
of  hand  are  recorded. 

Notarial  Seal. — Seal  of  a  notary  pub- 
lic. 

Notary  Public. — A  public  officer  who 
attests  or  certifles  to  acknowledg- 
ments of  deeds  and  other  papers, 
protests  notes  and  bills. 

National  Currency. — National  bank 
bills. 

National  Damages. — Those  given  for 
the  violation  of  a  right  from  which 
no  actual  loss  has  resulted. 

Nonuser. — A  failure  to  use  rights  and 
privileges. 


Obligation. — A  duty;  a  binding  en- 
gagement; a  bond  with  a  condition 
annexed. 

Open  Account. — A  running  or  unset- 
tled account  with  an  individual  or 
firm. 

Open  Policy. — An  Insurance  policy 
covering  undefined  risks,  which 
provides  that  Us  term  shall  be- 
come definite  by  subsequent  addi- 
tions or  indorsements. 

Option. — Permission  to  choose;  a 
stockholder's  term  for  the  priv- 
ilege of  taking  or  delivering  at  a 
future  day  a  certain  number  of 
shares  of  a  given  stock  at  a  price 
agreed  upon. 

Order. — A  commission  to  purchase ; 
direction  to  pay  money  or  to  de- 
liver   goods. 

Order  Book. — A  book  in  which  orders 
received    are    entered. 

Ordinary. — A  ship  in  harbor  Is  said 
to  be  in  ordinary;  of  medium 
quality. 

Ordinance. — A  rule,  or  order,  or  law; 
usually  applied  to  the  acts  or  laws 
passed  by  the  common  council  of 
a   city. 

Ordnance. — All  kinds  of  large  guns. 

Outlawed. — A  debt  is  said  to  be  out- 
lawed that  has  existed  for  a  certain 
length  of  time,  after  which  the 
law,  on  that  ground  alone,  prevents 
its  being  enforced. 

Ostensible  Partners. — Those  known 
to  the  public. 

Outstanding  Accounts. — ^Book  debts 
not  yet  collected. 

Outstanding    Debts. — Unpaid    debts. 

Overdraw. — To  call  for  more  money 
than   is   on   deposit. 

Overdraft. — A  check  paid  above  the 
amount  on  deposit. 

Overdue. — Applied  to  a  note  or  draft, 
the  specified  time  for  payment  of 
which  has  passed. 


Overt — Apparent,  manifest ;    open. 
Owe. — To  be  obliged  to  pay. 


Panic. — A  financial  crisis  among 
business  men ;  a  monetary  pres- 
sure ;  generally  the  result  of  over- 
trading and  speculation. 

Paper  Money. — Bills  of  banks  or  of 
the  Government  passing  current 
as  money. 

Par. — State  of  equality  in  value, 
equality  of  nominal  and  actual 
value. 

Parol. — Oral  declaration;  word  of 
mouth. 

Par  Value. — The  face  or  nominal 
value  of  a  commercial  paper. 

Par  of  Exchange. — The  value  of  a 
unit  of  one  country's  coinage  ex- 
pressed In  that  of  another's. 

Partner. — An  associate  in  business; 
member  of  a  partnership. 

Partnership. — Contract  of  two  or 
more  persons  to  join  money,  stock 
or  skill  In  trade  for  mutual  benefit. 

Part  Owner. — One  of  several  owners 
of  a  ship ;  the  relation  differs  ma- 
terially   from    partnership. 

Pass  Book. — A  book  kept  by  a  cus- 
tomer in  which  entries  of  pur- 
chases is  made ;    a  bank  book. 

Passport. — A  permission  from  a  Gov- 
ernment to  travel,  with  identifica- 
tion and  certificate  of  nationality ; 
a  document  carried  by  neutral 
merchant  vessels  in  time  of  war 
for  their  protection. 

Pawnbroker. — One  who  holds  money 
at  interest  on  security  of  goods 
deposited. 

Payable. — Justly  due;  capable  of 
payment. 

Payee. — The  person  to  whose  order 
a  note,  bill  or  draft  is  to  be  paid. 

Payor. — One  who  pays. 

Penalty. — ^Forfeiture,  or  sum  to  be 
forfeited  for  non-performance  of 
an    agreement. 

Per  Cent. — By  the  hundred;  rates  of 
interest,  discount,   etc. 

Percentage.- — An  allowance  reckoned 
by    hundredth   parts :     commission. 

Per  Contra. — To  the  opposite  side  of 
an    account. 

Permit. — Written  authority  to  re- 
move   dutiable    goods. 

Petty  Cash  Book. — Account  of  small 
receipts   and  expenses. 

Pledge. — A  pawn;  personal  property 
deposited  as  security. 

Policy. — The  written  contract  of  in- 
surance. 

Port. — A  harbor  for  vessels;  a  com- 
mercial  city. 

Port  of  Entry. — A  port  where  a  cus- 
tom house  is  established  for  the 
entry   of   imports. 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY 


503 


Post  Dated. — Having  a  date  subse- 
quent to  that  at  which  It  is  actu- 
ally  made. 

Posting. — To  transfer  from  day  book 
or  journal  to  the  ledger. 

Post  Obit. — A  promise  to  pay  loans 
after  the  death  of  some  person. 

Power  of  Attorney. — Written  author- 
ity from  one  person  to  another  to 
act   for   him. 

Preferred  Creditor.  —  One  whose 
claims  a  bankrupt  debtor  elects  to 
settle   first. 

Premises. — The  thing  previously  men- 
tioned,   lands,    estate,    etc. 

Premium. — The  percentage  paid  for 
insurance ;  the  excess  of  value 
above   par. 

Price. — Current  value,  or  rate  paid 
or   demanded   in  barter. 

Price  Current — A  statement  show- 
ing prevailing  price  of  merchan- 
dise,   stocks   or   securities. 

Price  List. — A  list  of  articles  with 
prices    attached. 

Prima  Facie. — At  first  view  of  ap- 
pearance. 

Principal. — An  employer;  the  head 
of  a  firm ;  a  capital  sum  placed  at 
interest. 

Proceeds. — The  sum  realized  by  a 
sale. 

Procuration. — A  general  letter  or 
power  of  attorney ;  an  instrument 
empowering  one  person  to  act  for 
another. 

Produce. — Farm  products  of  all 
kinds. 

Profit  and  Loss. — An  account  in 
which  gains  and  losses  are  bal- 
anced. 

Promissory    Note. — (See    Note). 

Pro  Rata. — A  proportional  distribu- 
tion. 

Protective  Tariff. — Duty  Imposed  on 
imports  to  encourage  manufacture. 

Protest. — A  formal  declaration  made 
by  a  notary  for  want  of  pajTnent 
of  a  note  or  bill  of  exchange. 

Purveyor. — One  who  supplies  pro- 
visions. 

Q 

Quarantine. — To  prohibit  a  ship  from 
intercourse  with  shore  when  sus- 
pected of  having  contagious  dis- 
eases on  board ;  the  place  of 
such    prohibition. 

Quasi. — As  if;  as  though;  quasi 
corporations  are  bodies  like  cor- 
porations, and  yet  not  strictly  cor- 
porations. 

R 

Rate. — The  ratio  or  standard. 

Ratification. — Giving  force  to  a  con- 
tract made  by  the  person  in  ques- 
tion, but  now  in  force,  or  by  an- 
other man  as  his  agent. 


Real  Estate. — Property  in  houses  or 
lands. 

Real  Property — That  which  is  fixed 
or  immovable ;  land  with  whatever 
is  erected  or  growing  upon  it.  with 
whatever  is  beneath  or  above  the 
surface. 

Rebatement. — Deduction  on  account 
of  prompt  payment,  discount. 

Receipt. — An  acknowledgment  of  pay- 
ment in  writing. 

Receipt  Book. — A  book  in  which  re- 
ceipts  are  filed. 

Receiver. — An  officer  appointed  by  a 
court  to  hold  in  trust  property  in 
litigation,  or  to  wind  up  the  affairs 
of  a  bankrupt  concern. 

Reciprocity  Treaty. — A  commercial 
treaty  between  two  nations  secur- 
ing mutual  advantages. 

Reclamation. — A  claim  made  against 
the  seller  of  goods  which  prove  de- 
ficient or   defective. 

Refund. — To  repay;    to  restore. 

Register — A  ship's  paper  issued  by 
the  Custom  House,  stating  descrip- 
tion, name,  tonnage,  nationality 
and    ownership. 

Registry. — The  entering  or  recording 
of  real  estate  conveyances  in  books 
of  public  record. 

Remittance. — Transfer  of  funds  from 
one   party  to  another. 

Release. — An  instnunent  In  the  gen- 
eral form  of  a  deed  which  in  dis- 
tinct terms  remits  the  claim  to 
which  it  refers. 

Remedy. — The  legal  means  employed 
to  enforce  a  right  or  redress  an  in- 
jury. 

Rent — Compensation  for  the  iise  of 
real    property. 

Repository. — A  warehouse  or  store- 
house. 

Reprisal. — The  seizure  of  ships  or 
property  to  Indemnify  for  unlaw- 
ful  seizure  or  detention. 

Resources. — Available   means  ;  funds. 

Respondentia!  Bond. — A  pledge  of  a 
cargo  at  sea. 

Retail. — Selling  goods  in  small  quan- 
tities. 

Retire. — To  take  up  one's  note  before 
due ;  to  relinquish  business. 

Returns. — Profit  of  an    investment. 

Revenue. — Income;  return;  annual 
income  of  a  nation  for  public  uses. 

Revenue  Cutters. — Small  vessels  to 
aid  revenue  officers  in  the  collec- 
tion of  duties  or  to  prevent  smug- 
gling. 

Reversion. — Right  to  possess  proper- 
ty after  the  happening  of  some 
event,  as  the  death  of  a  person. 

Revert. — To  fall  again  into  the  pos- 
session of  the  donor,  or  of  the  for- 
mer proprietor. 


'504 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY 


Sale. — Transfer  of  property  for  a 
consideration. 

Salvage. — A  compensation  to  those 
who  rescue  a  ship  or  a  cargo  from 
loss. 

Salvor. — One  who  voluntarily  saves 
a  ship  or  a  cargo  from  peril. 

Sans  Recourse. — Without  recourse  ; 
sometimes  added  to  the  indorse- 
ment of  a  note  or  bill  to  protect 
an   indorser  from   liability. 

Scrip.— Certificate  of  stock  given  be- 
fore registration. 

Secondarily. — Applied  to  an  indorser 
of  a  note  or  drawer  of  a  bill,  sig- 
nifying that  he  is  only  condition- 
ally liable,  or  liable  if  the  maker 
and  drawee  fail. 

SeavKorthy.— Fit  for  a  voyage  and 
properly  equipped. 

Sample. — A  small  portion  of  mer- 
chandise taken  as  a  specimen  of 
quality. 

Securities. — ^Documents  securing  a 
right  to  property. 

Seize. — To  take  possession  of  by  vir- 
tue of  a  warrant  or  legal  authority. 

Seller's  Option. — A  term  mostly  con- 
fined to  the  sales  of  stocks,  for  a 
sale  which  gives  to  the  seller  the 
option  of  delivering  the  article 
sold  within  a  certain  time,  the 
buyer  paying  interest  up  to  de- 
livery. 

Shipment — That  which  is  shipped; 
embarkation. 

Set-off. — A  claim  which  one  party 
has  against  another  who  has  a 
claim  against  him;  a  counter 
claim. 

Shipper. — One  who  gives  merchan- 
dise to  another  for  transportation. 

Sight. — Time  of  presenting  bill  to 
drawee. 

Short— To  "sell  short"  is  to  sell  for 
future  delivery  what  one  does  not 
possess,  in  hopes  that  prices  will 
fall. 

Shrinkage.— Tleduction  in  bulk  or 
measurement. 

Short  Exchange. — Bills  of  exchange 
payable  at  sight  or  in  a  few  days. 

Sight  Draft. — One  payable  at  sight, 
i.  e.,  when  presented. 

Signature. — The  name  of  a  person 
written  with  his  own  hand,  signi- 
fying his  consent  to  the  writing 
above  it 

Silent  Partner. — One  who  furnishes 
capital,  but  takes  no  active  part  in 
a  business. 

Simple  Interest. — Interest  on  princi- 
pal alone ;  not  compound. 

Sinking  Fund. — A  fund  set  apart 
from  earnings  or  other  Income,  for 
the  redemption  of  debts  of  Govern- 
ment, or  of  a,  corporation, 


Sleeping  Partner.— One  who  shares 
the  profits  of  a  business  without 
letting  his  name  appear,  or  taking 
part  in  it  actively. 

Slop  Shop. — A  store  where  cheap 
ready-made  clothing  is  sold. 

Smuggler. — One  who  avoids  the  pay- 
ment of  duties  by  secretly  import- 
ing goods  into  a  country;  a  vessel 
engaged  in  smuggling. 

Solvency.— Ability  to  pay  all  debts 
or  just  claims. 

Specialty. — A  contract  or  obligation 
under  seal. 

Statement. — Usually  a  list  of  prop- 
erty, or  resources  and  liabilities. 

Speculation. — A  business  investment 
out  of  the   ordinary  run  of  trade. 

Stamp  Duty. — Law  requiring  stamps 
to  be  affixed  to  checks  and  proprie- 
tary articles. 

Solicitor. — An  attorney  or  advocate; 
the  title  of  a  person  admitted  to 
practice  In  the  court  of  chancery 
or  equity. 

Staple. — Principal  commodity  of  a 
country  or  district. 

Statistics. — A  collection  of  facts  ar- 
ranged and  classified. 

Statute. — A  positive  law,  established 
by  act  of  legislature. 

Statute  Law. — Enactments  by  the 
legislature,  written,  as  opposed  to 
common  or  unwritten  law. 

Sterling. — Lawful  or  standard  money 
of  Great  Britain. 

Stock. — Shares  in  the  capital  of  a 
corporation  ;  goods  on  hand. 

Stock '  Broker. — One  who  buys  and 
sells  stock  on  commission. 

Stock  Exchange. — Place  where  shares 
of  stocks  are  bought  and  sold. 

Stockholder. — One  who  holds  shares 
of  stock. 

Stock  Jobber. — One  who  speculates  In 
stocks. 

Stipend. — Settled  pay  or  compensa- 
tion for  services. 

Stipulation. — A  contract  or  bargain. 

Stoppage  in  Transitu. — The  seller  of 
goods  upon  credit  resuming  pos- 
session after  their  shipment  be- 
fore they  get  into  actual  possession 
of  the  buyer. 

Storage. — Sums  paid  for  storing 
goods;  the  business  of  storing 
goods. 

Stowage. — Careful  arrangement  of 
cargo  in  a  ship. 

Sundries. — Unclassified  articles. 

Sue. — To  seek  justice  by  a  legal  proc- 
ess. 

Supercargo. — ^An  agent  who  accom- 
panies a  cargo  to  care  for  it  and 
sell  it, 


BUSINESS  DICTTIONARY 


505 


Surcharge. — ^An  overcharge. 

Surety. — One  who  binds  himself  to 
pay  money  in  case  another  person 
fails  to  pay,  to  fill  a  contract  or  to 
serve  with  integrity. 

Surveyor. — Agent  of  an  insurance 
company  to  esamin«  and  report  on 

j  applications  for  hiarine  or  fire  in- 
surance. 

Suspend. — To  fail ;  to  stop  payment. 

Sutler. — One  authorized  to  sell  goods 
to  an  army. 

Suttle  Weight — Weight  after  tare  is 
deducted. 

Suspense  Account. — An  account  used 
to  contain  balances  of  personal  ac- 
counts which  may  be  considered 
doubtful. 


Tacit. — Implied  but  not  expressed. 

Tally. — Keeping  account  by  checking 
off. 

Tally  Man. — One  who  receives  pay- 
ment for  goods  in  weekly  install- 
ments. 

Tare. — An    allowance    for    the    cask, 

I    bag    or    covering    in    which    goods 

'    are  contained. 

Tariff. — A   list   of   duties    to   be    im- 

;  posed  on  goods  imported  or  ex- 
ported. 

Tax. — A  levy  made  upon  property 
for  the  support  of  the  Government. 

Teller. — Officer  in  a  bank  who  re- 
ceives and  pays  out  money. 

Tenants. — Those  who  lease  or  rent 
real  estate. 

Tenants  in  Common. — Persons  hold- 
ing land,  etc.,  by  several  and  dis- 
tinct  titles  and  not  by  joint  title. 

Tenement — That   which    is    held. 

Tender. — Offer  to  supply  money  or 
articles ;  to  offer  or  present  for  ac- 
ceptance. 

Tenure. — The  manner  of  holding 
property  in   lands. 

Testator. — The  person  leaving  a  valid 
will. 

Textile  Fabrics. — All  kinds  of  woven 

,  goods,  generally  restricted  to  piece 
goods. 

Tickler. — A    book    containing    mpmo- 

I  randa  of  notes  and  debts,  arranged 
in  the  order  of  their  maturity. 

Time  Bargain. — A  contract  for  the 
future   sale  of  stock. 

Time  Draft. — A  draft  maturing  at  a 
future    specified  time. 

Tonnage. — The  weight  of  goods  car- 
ried in  a  boat  or  ship. 

Trade  Discount. — An  allowance  made 
to   dealers   in  the   same   line. 

Trade  Mark. — Letters,  figures,  or  de- 
vices used  on  goods  and  labels 
I  which  a  manufacturer  has  the  sole 
right  to  use. 


Trade  Price. — That  allowed  by  whole- 
sale  dealers  to   retailers. 

Trade  Sale.— ^An  auction  by  and  for 
trade ;    especially   of   booksellers. 

Trades  Union. — A  combination  of 
workingmen  to  protect  their  own 
interests. 

TrafRc. — Business  done,  especially 
that  of  a  railroad. 

Transshipment  —  Removing  goods 
from  one  ship  or  conveyance  to 
another. 

Transportation. — Conveying-  goods 
from    one    place    to    another. 

Transit  Duty. — Tax  imposed  on  goods 
for  passing   through  a   country. 

Traveler.— A  commercial  agent;  a 
drummer* 

Transact — To  perform  commercial 
business ;  to  conduct  matters. 

Transfer. — To  convey  right,  title  or 
property. 

Treasury. — A  place  where  public 
revenues  are  deposited  arid  kept. 

Treasury  Notes. — Notes  of  various 
denominations  issued  by  the  Gov- 
ernment, and  received  in  payment 
of  all  dues,  except  duties  on  im- 
ports. 

Treaty. — An  agreement  or  compact 
between  two  or  more   nations. 

Tret — Allowance  for  waste  of  4  lbs. 
in  104  lbs.,  after  tare  has  been 
deducted. 

Triplicate. — To  make  three  copies  of 
a  paper ;  the  third  copy. 

Trustee. — One  who  is  intrusted  with 
property  for  the  benefit  of  another. 

U 

Ullage. — What  a  cask  lacks  of  be- 
ing full. 

Unclaimed  Goods. — Goods  in  Govern- 
ment   storehouses    unclaimed    after 

';  three  years  from  importation,  oi 
..  on  which  duties  have  not  been 
paid,  may  be  sold  at  auction. 

Ultimo  or  Ult — Last  month. 

Uncurrent — Not  current;  not  pass- 
ing in  common  payment. 

Undersell. — To  sell  below  the  trade 
price. 

Underwriter. — An  insurer,  so  called 
because  he  underwrites  his  name 
to  the  condition  of  the  policy. 

Unseaworthy. — Unfit  for  voyage  in 
condition   or   equipment. 

Unsound. — In  bad  condition;  of 
doubtful   solvency. 

Usage  of  Trade. — Custom,  or  the  fre- 
quent repetition  of  the  same  act 
in  business. 

Usance. — Business  custom  which  is 
generally  conceded  and  acted  upon. 

Usury. — Exorbitant  interest,  for- 
merly merely  interest. 


506 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY 


United  States  Notes. — A  written 
promise  to  pay  to  the  bearer,  on 
demand,  a  certain  siun  of  money, 
issued  by  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment and  used  as  money. 


Valid. — Having     legal     strength     or 

force. 
Validity. — The  quality  of  being  good 

in   law. 
Value. — Rate    of    estimated    worth; 
,    amount  obtainable  in  exchange  for 

a  thing. 
Value     Received. — Phrase     used     in 
1    notes  or  bills  to  express  a  consid- 
eration  indefinitely. 
Valued  Policy. — One  which  fixes  the 

value  of  property  insured. 
Vend. — To  sell. 
-Vendee. — The    person    to    whom    a 

thing  is  sold. 
Vender. — A  seller. 
Vendue. — An  auction  sale. 
Venture. — A    mercantile    speculation 

or  investment. 
Void. — Null ;     having    no    legal     or 

binding  force. 
Voidable. — Hawng    some    force,    but 

capable   of   being  adjudged  void. 
Voucher. — A  book,   receipt,  entry  or 

other    document    which    establishes 

the  trutU  of  accounts. 


W 

Wages. — Hire,»  reward,  salary. 

Waiver. — The  act  of  waiving;  of  not 
insisting  on  some  right,  claim  or 
privilege. 

Wares. — Goods,  merchandise,  com- 
modities. 

Warehouseman. — One  who  stores 
goods  for  pay. 

Warrant. — A  precept  authorizing  an 
ofHcer  to  seize  an  offender  and 
bring  him  to  justice ;  also  to  in- 
sure  against  defects. 

Warranty.  —  An  undertaking  that 
goods  of  title  are  as  represented. 

Wastage. — ^Loss  in  handling;  shrink- 
age. 

Waste. — ^Refuse  material. 

Waybill. — A  document  containing  a 
list  and  description  of  goods  sent 
by  a  common  carrier  by  land. 

Wharfage. — Fee  or  duty  for  using  a 
wharf. 

Wharfinger. — The  proprietor  of  a 
wharf. 

Wreckage.  —  Merchandise  from  a 
wreck. 

Wreck- Master. — A  person  appointed 
by  law  to  take  charge  of  goods, 
etc.,  thrown  ashore  after  a  ship- 
wreck. 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX— NEW  MATTER  1920 


Page 

Alphabetical  Table   of  Contents 5-12 

America's   merchant  marine 483 

Automobile    laws    _310 

Booltkeeping,    simple    263 

Bond,    Liberty,    etc 476 

Bucket  shop,  what  is  It?   266 

Caveat 257 

Census,    1920   443 

Cost  of  U.   S.  Military,  etc 292 

Credits,     commercial     267 

Currency    system,    new 462 

Debt,    national    8  3 

Facts   and   fibres  in   finance 79 

Farms    and    farming,    etc 268 

Federal  Income  and  War  Tax  laws. 

456-462 

Federal  reserve  banks,   map 438 

Finance — Facts   and   figures 79 

First  Liberty  Loan.   etc.    479 

German  losses  of  ships,  etc 86 

Gold,    how  shipped,   etc 81 

CJold   in    the   United   States 314 

How    gold    i3   shipped 81 

How    to   llgure    profits 265 

Increase  of  southern  wealth 8  4 

Indians  in  the  U.   S 80 

Industrial    wealth,    etc 8  3 

Introduction 3-4 

Laws,    automobile    310 

Law    of    subscriptions 301 


Page 

Liberty  bonds    and   note    issues 47  6 

Liberty   bonds — Tax   exempt 4  82 

Losses    of    the    war,    shipping 85 

Map:    federal    reserve    bank 438 

Merchant   marine,    etc 483 

Military   establishment,    etc 292 

Military   establishments,    cost   of 292 

Money,    how    to   send 314 

National  debt  83 

Navy    485-489 

Navy   and   Marine   pay   table 435 

New   banking  and  currency   system..    462 

New    Federal    income    tax 456-462 

Paper  money,    legal   tender 314 

Percentage   of  expense  in  business...    266 

Postal    information    321 

Pi-ofits,    how    figured 265 

PuWithers'    subscriptions    301 

.Ships  bought  in  the  U.   S 484 

Shipping   losses   of   the   war 85 

Southern   wealth,   increase 84 

Special    new    chapters 12 

Stock   dividends,    tax  exempt 487-490 

Sundays   and    legal    holidays. 302 

Tax    exempt,    stock   dividends. ...487-490 

Tobacco,    value   and    production 79 

Trade   between  Pacific  ports 48^ 

V     S     postal    service 322 

War  loans  in   the   U.    S 86 

Wealth,    increase    of 84 

Working   on    Sundays,   etc 302 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX 


A  Page 

Abandonment   (Marine  Insurance)  217 

Abbreviations,    business ^*^ 

Acceptance   of   drafts ^j?' 

Acceptance  of  offer ^"^ 

Accident  insurance •  •  •  •  ^^2 

Acknowledgments    ^* 

Acre,  how  to  measure. ^'* 

Acre,  number  of  plants..........   ^7U 

Acre,    to   lay    out   in   rectangular  ^^^ 

Acr**e,°amount  "of  '^ed"  required. .  2^ 
Acreage  of  farms  in  tbe  U.S. . . .  ^bs 
Addition,  civil   service   method   of  357 

Addition,  rapid  method  of ^^ 

Addition  of   fractions. <5?5 

Address,    how    to  write .•■•     »- 

Administrators   <»-i»'  •^''^ 

Alphabetical  index,   new »"" 

Advertising    mediums.. I45 

Advertising,    successful 

Affection,   letters  of '" 

Affidavits     :  ••!',', '  tyro 

Age  of  cattle,  how  to  tell ^i^^ 

Agency     iTq 

Agent's  liability  .  ■■■•••• iXZ 

Agents,  wrongful  acts  of 1  <» 

Agreements • 242 

Aliens,   rights  of gi. 

Alphabetical    Index     .  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  «^' 

Alphabetical  table  of  contents...       5 

Alterations    (contracts) j^* 

Ambiguities  in  deeds,   etc. . . .  •  •  •  ^^ 
AnarcMsts    not    eligible    to    citi-  ^^ 

AnTmilsf    trespassing  '  and'  *  mis-  ^^ 

chievons • aa 

Apology,   letters  of -^ 

Appeals,    how   taken.. -i^ 

Application,   letter's  <)f  .....•••••  •     ?* 

Appointments    (Civil    Se^'^'lce) ; . .  •   247 
Apportionment  of  representatives.  427 

Apprenticeship  -oj 

Arbitration     •••• o?5 

Area  and  weight  of  tile..... -f^ 

Mels  of  Statis  and  Territories. .  430 

Arithmetic,  commercial   ^o» 

Army  pay  table ■  •  •  •  •  1^ 

Army    recruiting    requirements...  436 

Arrests,   authority  to  make 30a 

Arson,  law  as  to....... ^ 

Articles  of  copartnership ^o| 

Assaults    •• ,21 

Assent    (contracts) i^^ 

Assessments,    political ^o 

Assignment   of   copyright ^^^ 

Assignment   of  fire   insurance....  215 
Assiinment  of  life  Insurance....  ^8 

Assignment   of  mortgage ^^ 

Assignments,  law  of  with  forms.  186 
inolSfys.    extent   of   authority..  2|4 

Awards    (Arbitration)    18a 

AQtomobile  Laws  *»-^" 


Page 

Bank  drafts    157,  314 

Bank  discount    ^^ 

Bank  forms    J^^ 

Banks  and  banking 14d 

Banks,  national,   145;  reserve 462 

Banks,  saving    144 

Banks,  the  part  played  by.. 14 

Bankers'   method  of  interest ST^ 

Banking  business    146 

Banking  rules    loo 

Bankruptcy    Igl 

Baptists,    number  of 4d» 

Barb-wire   fences    296 

Barrels,  how  to  find  contents diio 

Basic   principles   of   trade 341 

Battles  of   the   Civil   War 428 

Bills  of  exchange r-v-.l-  i?X 

Bills,   how  to  detect  counterfeit,  dia 

Bills   of   lading 172 

Bills  of   sale •,••/••/•,••••!  ■'■°° 

Bin    or    box,    to   find    bushels    of 

grain    in    ^| 

Bloody  (battles    *^ 

Board  measure Wd 

Bonded   goods    ^^^ 

Bonded  -ivarehouses ii» 

Bonds,     196,     317.... Bail 189 

Book    agents    (License) ^ 

Book  subscriptions . . •  •  •  •  d"l 

Books,   miscellaneous  tables  or. . .  4^ 

Borrowers  and  hirers Iw 

Branches   of   reserve  banks 4©| 

Breach  of  trust ^-y 

Bricks,    how    to   find   number   for 

^all    ^^* 

Brick  work,   facta  concerning 400 


Brokers    , .  _ 

Bucket  shops  ij* 

Building  contract •  • 1^0 

Building  and  loan  associations...  29^ 

Builders'    tables    «»» 

Builders,    facts   for ^ 

Bureau   of  mines ^' 

Business  abbreviations  ^fa 

Business,   how   to  teach 287 

Business    facts    and    figures '» 

Business  correspondence     «< 

Business  dictionary    *»* 

Business  efficiency y-'--f""     Rfi 

Business  letters,   examples  of....     &*> 
Business  operations,  rules  and  ex- 

amples  for   • \  ^'^^ 

Business,    teaching  to  wives   and 

daughters    7?n 

Business,   standardizing  a   ^ 

Kels.'lfow  ■t;>--^d-numb;r::::  278 
Buying  and  selling -i"*^ 


Baggage,   carrier's  liabUity  for..  1^ 

Bail    . .  • ., -iva 

Ball    bond    •••••.•:/• --i im 

Bailee,   responsibility   of iw 

Bailments   J,"',. i<?n 

i^^^a?rnt?«r\a^nce  of  keep.  '^^ 

Ba^nl  ch^k!  'payment  of'd^bt'wlth  294 
Bank  deposits   


148 


Cables,  submarine  ••'•'•  •,'\'-'' 1 
Cancellation,   to  compute  interest 

by    

Canvassers   and  drummers 

Capacity   or  contents  of  granary, 

to   find    • ••••; 

Capital  stock  (Corporation^  •  •  •  •  • 
Capital  required  of  land  banKS. 
Capital  stock  of  land  banks.... 

Cars,    American  motor 

Carpenters'    rules 

Carrier,    private    for    hire 

Carriers,  common  •  • 


100 

373 

228 

271 
201 
473 
473 

440 
190 
170 


50T 


508 


ALPHABETICAL  DIDEX 


Page 

Carriers'  lien  on  goods 230 

Carrying  capacity  of  tile 276 

Carrying  trade    118 

Casks,   how  to  measure  contents.  395 

Casualty  Insurance 219 

Cast    iron,    comparative    strengtii 

of  398 

Catholics,    number   of 439 

Cattle  tables   276 

Cattle,    weight    of    by    measure- 
ment    273 

Caveats    (Patents)    258 

Century    of    progress 42C 

Certificate  of  deposit 153 

Certificate  of    naturalization 243 

Certified   check    150 

Charcoal,    amount  bin  will  hold..   389 

Chattel  mortgages    239 

Check  book   (Banking) 149 

Check,  stopping  payment  of 154 

Checks,  certified   150 

Checks,   forms   of 153 

Checks,  indorsing    154 

Checks,  forged   and   raised 149 

Children,    how   to   teach 287 

Children's   Bureau    183 

Chinese    (Naturalization)     244 

Christians,     denomination     of     in 

U.   S 439 

Christian  Scientists,  number  of. . .  439 
Cisterns,    how   to  find  contents...  395 
Cities  and  towns,   population  of.  .  443 
Citizenship,    anarchists   not   eligi- 
ble    291 

Citizenship  and   suffrage 244 

Civil  service,  method  of  addition.  357 

Civil  service,  positions    in 246 

Civil  war  statistics 429 

Clearing    a    vessel 336 

(Clearinghouse  operations 15 

Clearing  houses   147 

CHerk,   contract  with 127 

Coal,  how  to  find  weight  of 389 

Coal,  tables  showing  value  of....  388 

Codicils    to   wills 95 

Coins  of  the  U.  S 311 

Coins,    rules    for    detecting   coun- 
terfeit     318 

Coins   in    circulation 

CX)ins.  value  of  foreign 417 

Collateral  notes    133 

Ojllecting   notes    130 

Collection   (Banking)   147 

Collection  of  debts : 102 

Commerce   13 

Commerce,   trade  and 118 

Commercial  agencies    234 

Commercial  arithmetic    355 

Commercial  forms    120 

Commercial  ratings    234 

Commission,    to  find  the 365 

Commission  merchants   199 

Common   carriers    170 

Complement      rule       (Commercial 

Arithmetic)    359 

(Compound   interest  not   collectible  372 
Compound  interest,  possibilities  of  379 

Compromises    (Bankruptcy)    194 

Conditional  Indorsement 136 

Condolence,   letters  of 75 

Congratulation,   letters  of 73 

Congregationallsts,    number   of. . .  439 

Consideration   (Contracts)    121 

Consideration    (Deeds)    205 

0>ntracts,  law  and  forms  of .... .  120 


Contracts  that   are  not   law,til,  ,.'12T 

Contracts  that  must  be  In  writing  122 

Copyright    2o3 

Corn,    measurement  of 270 

Corporal  punishment 91 

Corporation    201 

Corporations,  contracts  by 121 

Correspondence    46 

Correspondence,  business  48 

Correspondence,    social    68 

Counterfeit  money    317 

Courtship,  letters  of  love  and....  77 

Credit,  origin  and  nature  of 16 

Credit    books     (Mercantile    Agen- 
cies)      234 

Creeds  of  the  world 439 

Criminal    law,    points  on 305 

Currency  system,   the  new 462 

Custom  houses 119 

Customs  duties  and  free  list....  475 

D 

Dates  of  admission  of  States 430 

Day,    what    constitutes    a    solar, 

sidereal   and   legal 409 

Days  of  grace 130,  163 

Death  of  holder  of  note 131 

Debts,  how  to  collect 102 

Debts,  sale  of 167 

Debts,  suggestions  for  avoiding..  103 
Debts,  time  when  outlawed.  .111,  163 
Deeds,     requisites     of,     law    and 

forms    205 

Delivery  of  goods  (Sales) 166 

Demand  and  payment  (Promissory 

Notes)    130 

Denominations,   religious    439 

Dependent    mothers    (Pensions)...   290 

Deposit   ticket    (Banking) 148 

Deposits,  discounts  and  loans 17 

Depositories  and  pawnees 190 

Depths  of  seas 426 

Dictionary  of  business  terms 493 

Difference    of    time    between   dif- 
ferent points   

Directors,    power    of    attomev    to 

vote  for  ." 181 

Discharge  of  debtor  (Bankruptcy)  195 

Discharge    of   employee 210 

Discount  (Banking)   14*7 

Discounts     366 

Discriminations    by    carriers 171 

Dismissals    from   office 248 

Display  and   publicity   essential . .  343 
Distance,   parcel  post  charges  ac- 
cording to 454 

Distance   traveled  by   a   horse   In 

plowing  an  acre  of  land 270 

Distances,   how  shortened  by   the 
Panama  Canal  between  various 

ports  of  the  world 422 

Distress  for  rent ■. 294 

Dividends    (Corporations)     202 

Divisibility,   tests  of 363 

Division,    lightning    method 362 

Division    of    fractions 365 

Division  fences   295 

Dog,   responsibility  of  owning....  297 

Domestic   postage    322 

Drafts,     rules    for    writing,    ac- 
centing,  etc 157 

Drafts,  forms  of 158 

Drunkenness  as  excuse   for  crime  30ft 

Due  bills   139 

I>uress,  note  executed  under 129 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX 


509 


Page 

Duties  of  landlord 223 

Duties  of  tenant 223 

r>utles,   or  customs 119,  475 

E 

Easy  methods  of  adding 356 

Elootion  of  President 434 

Electoral    votes,    number 430 

Electors,    how   chosen 434 

Embezzlement     306 

Employer  and  employee 209 

Envelopes,    styles  of 68 

Episcopalians,    number  of 439 

Erasures  in  contracts 124 

Escrow    (Deeds)    206 

Execution,   wrongful  levy  of 294 

Estrays    296 

"Exchange"  explained  21 

Exemption   laws    110 

Exports    and    imports ^  118 

Express  companies  ....» 170 

Elxpress    money   orders 315 

Extending  time  of  payment 131 

Executors    316 

Expectation  of  life 219 

F 

Facts    and    figures 79,  285 

Fact-s  for  builders 399 

FaUures  in  U.   S 

Fair  dealing  necessary 

Farm  statistics 268 

Farmers'   club   284 

Farm  loans 473 

Farm  leases   226 

Farms    and    farming 268 

Federal    reserve    act  463       Cities  145 

Federal    trade    commission 406 

Fence    laws    295 

Fences,    amount   of    barb-wire...  275 

Entires  (Explained) 278 

Finance,  credit  and  exchange....     14 

Financial  panics    15 

Finder  of  lost  property 300 

Finder  of  a  note,  right  of 131 

Fire  Insurance  213 

Flooring   estimates    403 

Fluctuations   in   values 344,  347 

Follow-up  letters   

Foods  for  stock,  comparative  value  271 

Foreclosure  af  mortgage 237 

Foreign    copyright    262 

Foreign  money,   values  of 417 

Foreign   postage    327 

Forged  checks   149 

Fractions 364 

Fragile  articles,  parcels  post 450 

Fraud  by  buyer  of  goods 167 

Fraud,    theft,    or  robbery    (Prom- 
issory  Notes)    128 

Friendship,  letters  of 71 

Friends,  Society  of,   number 439 

G 

Garnishment  or  suing  garnishee.,  107 

General  average   (Shipping) 338 

Gifts,   legal    299 

Governors,  salaries  and  terms  of.   430 

Goats,   how  to  tell   age  of 272 

Good  advice  to  tenants 226 

Grain  tables   278.  283 

Granary,  capacity  or  contents  of.  271 


Page 

Grocer's  table    390 

Grocer's  retail  rule 390 

Guaranty     210 

H 

Hay,  comparative  value  of  good.  271 
Hay,    table    showing    amount    re- 
quired     272,  397 

Holders  of  note  in  good  faith....  128 

Hog  and  cattle  table 277 

Holidays,   working  on 302 

Homestead  exemption,  waiver  of.  294 

Hotel    keeper's   lien 230 

How  a  contract  should  be  written  124 
How  goods  are  to  be  shipped....  166 
How  money  is  sent  by  telegraph.  315 
How  to  advertise  successfully.... 

How  to  become  naturalised 242 

How  to  become  wealthy 285 

How  to  collect  debts 102 

How  to  dress  shop  windows 454 

How  to  foreclose  a  mortgage....  237 

How  to  Invest  small  savings 339 

How  to  obtain  a  pension 290 

How  to  open  a  bank  account 148 

How  partnerships   are   formed....  250 

How  to  locate   a   mine 307 

How  to  sell   goods 333 

How  to  send  money 314 

How  to  teach  business  to  children  287 
How  to  tell  the  age  of  cattle...  272 
Husband  and  wife 295 

I     ' 

Dlegal  contracts  121 

Illegal  combinations 349 

Immoral  contracts 121 

Income   tax   requirements 457 

Indorsement,    letters  of 61 

Indorsements  of  checks,   forms  of  155 

Indorsement  of  notes 136 

Indorsers.    liability    of 129 

Indorsing  checks 154 

Industrial  relations  commission. .  183 
Innkeepers,    for  what  responsible.   190 

Inks,  what  kind  to  use. 68 

Insane  persons,  liability  of 306 

Insular  possessions,  inhabitants  of  244 

Insurance    213 

Insurance,  to  find  cost  of 370 

Insurance  of  parcels 452 

Interest   laws    163 

Interest,  legal  points  concerning.  371 
Interest,  lightning  method  of  cal- 
culating      372 

Interest,    cancellation    method   of 

calculating    373 

Interest,  how  money  grows  at. . .  380 

Interest,   when  a  note  bears 131 

Interest   tables    374 

International  copyri^t 262 

Introduction,    letters    of 61,     74 

Investments  (Banking)    147,  339 

Items  on  tariff  free  list 


Judgment  of  justice  of  the  peace  106 

Jury,    demanding   a 106 

Justices    of    the    peace,    limit   of 
jurisdiction    1C5 


510 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX 


L 

Page 

Land,  measurement  of 273 

Land  granted  to  corporation 203 

Land,   rules  for  measuring 414 

Landlord    and    tenant 220 

Laths,  number  required  for  room.  405 

Lawyer's  lien    230 

Leases    220 

leases,  farm  227 

Legal  gifts  299 

Legal  holidays  164 

Legal  holidays,   teachers  allowed.     90 

Legal  holidays,    working  on 302 

Legal  tender  notes 313 

Legal  tender  value  of  coins 313 

Legal  tender  value  of  paper  money  314 
Letter  of  revocation  (Agency)...   ISO 

Letters,  classes  of 4G 

parts  of    47 

folding   of 52 

business   54 

spec. ui  points  in 54 

opening    54 

examples  of 56 

requesting   special   favors    60 

of  introduction  61 

of  recommendation    62 

of  application   64 

requesting  payment 65 

©f  apology    66 

social    68 

of  affection    70 

of  friendship    71 

of  congratulation   73 

of  introduction    74 

of  condolence    75 

of  love  and  courtship....     77 

Letters  of  credit 161 

Letters,  registered    315 

Letters,  specially    delivered 323 

Letters,  suggestions   for  directing 

and  posting    329 

Liability,   letters  Incurring  direct    62 

Limitation,   statues  of 163 

Liability    of    co-debtor   or   surety 

(Bankruptcy)    196 

Liability  of  partners 251 

Liability  of  raOroad  and  express 

companies   170 

Liability    of    Indorsers 129 

Libraries,  large 409 

License,  who  must  pay 228 

Lien,  carrier's  171 

Lien     upon     goods      (Commission 

Merchants)    200 

Liens,  various  kinds  of 229 

Life  insurance 218 

policy  218 

Loans   (Banking)    147 

Log   measurement    402 

Log  table,    Foster's    416 

Loss  or  iQjury  by  common  carriers  172 

Lost  notes 131 

Lost   property,   finder  of 3(X) 

Love  and  courtship,   letters  of...     77 

Lumber,  buying  and  selling 402 

Lumbermen,  facts  for 403 

Mall  order  advertising 

Mail  order  business 232 

Manufactures,    growth   of 119 

Map,  parcels  post 452,  453 

Marine  insurance   216 


Page 

Marking    goods 381 

rapid    methods    381 

bow   to  marit    391 

figures     391 

letters     891 

Married  woman,   how  should  sign 

her  name    288 

Maturity,   transfer  of  note  after.  128 

Measurement   of  land 278 

Measures,  weights  and 392 

Mecbanics'  liens  231 

Metric  system   384 

Military  titles   

Mines  and  raining 306 

Mischievous  animals   297 

Mistake    (Contracts)     121 

Mixed  numbers,   to  multiply 362 

Money  of  the  U.   S 311 

Money,  counterfeit 31T 

Money,  how    to    send 314 

Money   market,    the 18 

Money,  legal   tender  value  of 313 

Money,  value   of  foreign 417 

Money   orders,    postoflice 326 

Monopolies,  natural  851 

Mortality  tables   219 

Mortgages,  real  estate 236 

chattel  239 

Mortgages,   rented  property 223 

Multiplication    357 

Multiplication   and   division   com- 
bined      363 

Multiplication  of  fractions 364 

K 

Name,  how  married  women  should 

sign 28$ 

Name,  use  of  In  partnership 254 

Name,   when  should  be   signed  In 

full   287 

National  bank  notes 314 

National     banks ^  .,  145 

Naturalization   242- 

anarchists  not  eligible  to  291 

Naval  enlistment,  V.   S 4^5 

Naval  officers,  titles  of 

Navigation  laws  304 

Navy,   pay  table  of  U.  S 435 

Necessaries  furnished,  liability  for  120 

Nerve  necessary  to  success 346 

New  partner,   liability  of 252 

Note,  promissory 127,  132^ 

Notes,   forms  of 131 

Notice     to    quit     (Landlord     and 

Tenant)    2SI 

0 

Oath  of  alien    (Naturalization)..  245 

Ocean   distances   422 

Offers  made  by  letter 304 

Ofiicial  positions  under  civil  serv- 
ice  act    246 

Orders 138 

forms  of 139 

P 

Paper  money  of  the  U.  S 313 

Paper,  size  and  style 68,  39» 

Panama  canal  commerce 422 

Parcels   post    328 

Parcels  post  system  of  U.  S 449 

Parliamentary  rules  and  usages. .  352 

Partnership,   different  kinds  of...  249 


AliPHABETICAL  INDEX 


511 


Page 
Parents,  rights  and  obligations  of  331 

Partial   payments    (Notee) 136 

Partners,    individual   debts   of. . . .  252 

Partners,    suits    between 250 

authority  of 251 

Pass  book    (Banlsing) 148 

Passports     255 

Patents    255 

Pawnbrokers'   lien    230 

Payment,  letters  requesting 65 

Payments  f  Mortgages)    236 

Payment  (Sales  of  Personal  Prop- 
erty)     ■. ..   166 

Peddler's    license    229 

Pedestrians,   right  and  duties  of.  309 

Personal   Injury  Laws 23 

Elective    and    compulsory 23 

Federal   law    24 

laws  of  States  and  Territories  25 

Pensioners,    nmnbcr   of 

Pensions    289 

People,  number  of,  by  races 425 

Perishable       goods       (Transporta- 
tion)        172 

Personal   property,   sales  of    166 

Plants,     relative    number    in    an 

acre     270 

Planting    time    of,     quantity    of 

seed,   etc.    269 

Plastering,   facts  concerning 400 

Plowing,   distance  traveled  In....  270 

Political   assessments    248 

Population  of  cities  In  0.  S 443 

Popnlation  of  world    425 

Postage  rates  of  parcel  post 451 

Postal    information    321 

Postal,  rules  for  writing  a   55 

Postage,  domestic  rates  of 322 

Power  of  attorney  180 

forms  of   ...  180 

Power  of  sale   (Mortgages)    .....  236 
Practical  law  and  business 

pointers    294 

Preferred    stock    (Corporations) . .  201 

Presidential   succession    433 

Presidents  of  the  U.  S 431 

President,    popular    vote    for 434 

Presidents,    how    elected 434 

Presidents,  religious  views  of....  432 
Price  depends  ou  supply  and  de- 
mand      345 

Probate  of  wills  95 

Produce,   minimum  weights  of. . .  275 

Profit  and   loss   369 

Progress,  a  century  of 426 

Promissory   notes,    100   facts   and 

forms    of     127 

Promissory  notes,   forms  of 131 

Promissory      notes      secured      by 

mortgage     238 

Proof    of    multiplication    in    ten 

seconds    359 

Property,  real  and  personal 330 

Protest  (Promissory  Notes)   130 

Public      pcdicy,      contracts      con- 
trary  to    121 

Public  roads,   laws  governing 308 

Public   schools,    laws  governing. .  89 

Publishers,   rates  of  postage  to. .  324 

Publications  sent  to  subscribers.  324 

Q 

Qualifications  for  voting  244 


B 

Page 

Races   of   mankind    classified 424 

Railway   mileage   of  the  world. .  119 

Raised   checks    149,    151 

Rapid  multlpHcation    360 

Rapid  methods  of  marking  goods  391 

Rates,    parcels   post    451,    454 

Ratification    of    agent's    act    by 

principal    179 

Ready    reckoner    tables    3S3 

Receipts,    rules    for    writing    all 

kinds   of    139 

forms  of   140 

Recommendation,  letters  of 62 

Recording    of   deeds    206 

Redemption    (Mortgages)    235 

Registered    letters    315 

Registration  of  parcels   454 

Registration  of  postal  matter. . . .  326 
Religious     denominations     of     U. 

„S 439 

Rents,   how  payable   220 

Repairs     (Landlord    and    Tenant) 

„ 221,    222 

Representatives,        apportionment 

„of    427 

Reserve  bank  system    462 

Resignation,  letters  of  . .    58 

Resolutions,   forms  of 87 

Responsibility    of    indorsers 155 

Revocation    (Agency)    180 

Revocation   of  wills    95 

Reward,    offers  of 304 

Riders,    prudence   required  of 309 

Right     to     quit      (Landlord     and 

Tenant)      222 

Rivers,   longest   426 

Road,     petitions     for    laying     out 

and    changing    gg 

Roads,   laws  governing  public 308 

Roof   framing    440 

Runaways,    responsibility    for 310 

Rural  Free  Delivery  233 

S 

Salaries  of  governors  430 

Salaries  paid  to  business  men 285 

Salaried   men's    savings 285 

Sales,   how  some  are  lost 335 

Sales  of  personal  property   166 

Salesmanship    333 

Salvage   (Shipping)    338 

Sample,  goods  sold  by 167 

Savings    banks    144 

Savings,    daily   at   comp,    interest  285 

Savings,   how  to  invest 339 

Savings,    Postal    329 

Schools,     public     89 

Seal  required  for  deeds,  etc 205 

Seal    of    corporation 202 

Seas,  deepest  426 

Selling  produce   "short"    20 

Separate  maintenance 295 

Separate  schools   89 

Settling  an  offense   306 

Shares,      contract      to      cultivate 

land  on    127 

Shares    (Corporations)     201 

Sheep,   how   to  tell   age  of 272 

Sherman  Anti-trust  law. .-, 349 

Shingles,   TiTitp  npf  reouired   405 

Shipping 336 

Shop  windows,  how  to' dress 454 

Short  selling   21 


512 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX 


Page 
Signature  on  blank  paper   (Prom- 
issory   Notes) 129 

Signature    of   person   who   cannot 

write    288 

Slating,     rules     for 405 

South  American  trade   423 

Speeding    '6±0 

^ow,   line  of  perpetual    426 

Social    science,    students   of    346 

Special    sales,    advertising    264 

Specific  performance   123 

Speculation,    basic   principles  of. .  344 

Speculation,   trade  and.... 341 

Stamped    envelopes    327 

States  and  territories   430 

Statute   of   limitations   begins    to 

run,    when    131 

Stock  brokers,   bank   loans  to. . . .     19 

Stock  exchange    18,  203 

Stock  jobbing 112 

Stock   selection    342 

Stonework,    facts   concerning    ....  400 
Stopping    goods    on    the    way    to 

purchaser    167 

Storage   houses    117 

Sub-agents    179 

Sublet,  tenant's  right  to 222 

Submarine  telegraphy   100 

Subscriptions,  the  law  of 301 

Subtenant     (Landlord     and     Ten- 
ant)      222 

Suffrage    (Naturalization)    244 

Suing    partners    250 

Suits  by  and  against  corporations  202 

Summons,    form    of     105 

Sundays     and     holidays     (Promis- 
sory  Notes)    130 

Sundays,    working    on    302 

Surety,  liability  of  bankrupts  . . .  196 

T 

Table,  hogs  and  cattle  277 

Table       of       things,        distances, 

books,    etc 420 

Table    showing    amount    of    hay 

required     272 

Tables  for  builders   398 

Tables  for  lumbermen   404 

Tables  of  wages    381 

Tables,    ready   reckoner    383 

Tables    showing    the    number    of 
bushels     and     odd     pounds     in 

load  of  grain   279-283 

Tables  showing  the  value  of  art- 
icles sold  by   the  ton 3SS 

Tank   and   barrel   measurement...  396 
Tanks,   tables   showing   contents. .  394 

Tariff  rates,   the  new 

Tax,  to  find  a  property  370 

Taxes,    where    tenant    is    to    pay 

223,    226 

Taxes  and  taxation   97 

Teachers,  employment  and  salary 

of    90 

Telegraph,    how    to    eead    ii.,/ney 

by    315 

Telegraphs    100 

Tenant,    rights   of    222 

Tender    (Contracts)    124 

Tendering    payment    (Mortgages) .  237 

Test   questions    490 

Tile,   carrying  capacity   276 

i'Je,   weight   and  area  of 275 

fllme,    difference    of    In    principal 

cities    

Timber,  comparative  strength  of.  398 


Page 

Total   losses  of   war 

Ton,    buying   and    selling   by    the  390 

Tons,    to  find   number  of 389 

Town  lots,  rules  for  measuring. .  414 

Trade   and   commerce    118 

Trade  and  speculation   341 

Trade,   when   complete    303 

Trademarks    258 

Transfer  of  note  after  maturing. .  128 

Transportation     170 

Treasury   notes    314 

Tree,    how   to   find   height  of 442 

Trespassing        and        mischievous 

animals    296 

Trespassing    stock    (Fence   Laws)  295 

Trust    companies    18 

Trusts  and  monopolies   349 

Trusts,     definition     of     (Corpora- 
tions)   204 

U 

Uncompleted  notes 129 

United  States,   growth  of  in  com- 
merce,  art,   etc 13 

Units  of  anything    393 

Usury,   penalty  of   371 

V 

Valuation  of  property   (Taxes) ...     98 

Vender's  lien   230' 

Voting,    qualifications  for   244 

W 

Wages,   tables  of  381 

Waiver     of    homestead    and    ex- 
emption     294 

Warehousemen,    liability   of 191 

Warehouse    receipts    116,    117 

Warehousing    115 

Warrant,   when  necessary   for  ar- 
rest    305 

Warranty      (Sales      of      Personal 

Property)     167 

Wars   of   the   U.    S.,    troops    in..  427 

Wars  of  the  U.  S.,   cost  of 428 

Watered    stock    (Corporations)     . .  202 
Water-trough,   to  find  contents  of  397 

Wealthy,    how   to  become 285 

Weight  and  size  of  parcels.  .451,   454 
Weight     of     live-stock,     how     to 

find  by  measurement   273 

Weights    and   measures    392 

Weights    of    produce,    minimum..  275 

Wells,  how  to  measure   395 

Wharfingers,   responsibility  of....   191 

Widow's  claim   for  pension 290 

Wife     living     apart     from     hus- 
band      295 

Wife  must  join  in  deeds,  when. .  205 

Wills,  rules  for  writing 92 

Wills,   rules  governing   93 

Wireless   telegraphy    101 

Wives      and      daughters,      teach 

business  ways  to   286 

Witnesses  to  wills 93 

Witnesses  (Deeds)   206 

Woman    suffrage    244 

Wood,  cords  in  a  pile 413 

Working    on    Sundays    and    holi- 
days     302 

World's  commerce   422 

Workmen's   compensation   laws...     23 
Writing,   contracts  that   must  be 

in 122 

Wrongful  levy 294 


AA    001  018  465    3