ELIJAH CLARENCE HILLS • 1867-1932
Elijah Clarence Hills was, from 1922 till his death, first a Professor of
Spanish and then Professor of Romance Philology at the University of
California. A native of Illinois, reared in Florida, he graduated from Cor-
nell in 1892 and studied in Paris; he was successively professor in Rollins
College, in Colorado College, librarian of the Hispanic Society of America,
and head for romance languages at Indiana University. For his distin-
guished achievements in Spanish philology, he was made Knight Com-
mander of the Royal Order of Queen Isabel.
In Professor Hills were combined vast and precise learning with extraor-
dinary humanity. Though a grammarian and philologist, his teaching
implied the great world. He had a talent for friendship: capable of the
seclusions of the scholar and editor and born to an inviolable personal dig-
nity, he possessed also an uncommon social charm which exercised itself
in widening circles. His charity showed as kindliness, deference, toler-
ance, the sharing of the possessions his long labors had accumulated. He
was a wise collector of books, and specialized in Spanish lexicons. Mrs.
Hills presented to the University of California his collection of books, one
of which is here inscribed to his memory.
LETSSONS
IN
HAITIAN CREOLE
VViTll
SOME INFORMATION REGARDING
THE REPUBLIC OF HAITI
Arrange!! and compiled hy
Tlie Um ieJical, GeiiflariDerie rflalti
— »—»--»— —
printed by
Edmond CHENET,
435, Rue Roux, 435.
PORT-AU-PPvINCE, HAITI.
1921
N. M.SHAW
N. M. SHAw
NS
IN
HAITIAN CREOLE
WITH
SOME INFORMATION REGARDING
THE REPUBLIC OF HAITI
Arraigtil ml tiniillel Ij
Tie Seryj ce Beiical, Gendarme rie d'Halti
printed by
Edmond Chenet,
435, Rue Roux, 435.
PORT-AU-PRINCE, HAITI.
1921
c.U.Ws uWr^vy
Table of contents
Pages
1 Preface.
2 A shorl history of (he
Gendarmerie U'Haiti. 1
3 A brief outline of llie iiislory of Haili. 9
4 Vocabulary. 25
o A few rules in Creole grammar. 71
6 Phrases. 72
7 Proverbs. .78
8 Numbers, days and months. 80
9 Additional data. 83
^
A^diiional copies of this book may be obtained from
the Medical Dii'ecloi* of the Gendarmerie d'Haiti.
Price 0.
PREFACE
This lillle volume is inlended lo serve as
an aid to the English speaking persons who
are endeavoring lo learn the first principles
of the Creole language as it is spoken in
Haiti.
This booklet should be used as a sup-,
plenient and guide in the actual practice of
speaking with the natives.
The authority of the Chief of the Gen-
darmerie has been obtained lo utilize the
net proceeds derived from the sale of this
book as a W'clfare fund for patients in the
hospitals of the Gendarmerie.
This fund is to be expended under the
supervision of the Medical Director of the
Gendarmerie d'Haili, for the purpose of
purchasing reading matter, games, phono-
graphs, and other forms' of amusement for
the patients. It may also be used for any
other purpose which the Chief-of the Gen-
darmerie may authorize.
This volume was originally started under
the authority of the former Chief of the Gen-
darmerie Lt. Col. F. M. Wise. U. S. M. C.
-11-
Several Medical Officers of the Gendar-
merie d'Haiti have taken part in the prepa-
ration of this book. Medical Inspector C. J.
Brown, Gendarmerie d'Haiti, Pharmacist G-
G. Strott, U. S, Navy, and Lient. B.D.Shef-
lield, Gendarmerie d'Haiti, have rendered
active assistance in the compilation of this
data.
Mr H. P. Davis of Port an Prince has
written the chapter on the History af Haiti*
The vocabulary was arranged by Lieu-
tenant Earl C. Beaulac, ^Service Medical,
G. d'H., who, by the way has been credited
as the most fluent speaker, among the
American Occupation, of the Creole lan-
guage.
The necessitv of a book of this kind is
obvious to the long term residents in Haiti.
To the ((newcomer)), we invile him to
find any similar book on this subject. The
chances are that he will be unable to pur-
chase an}^ other reading matter which will
serve as an outline in studying the Creole
language.
— III-
Oiir prime motive in liie publication of
this matter is to facilitate and expedite the
:adap(ation of the American military person-
nel to the conditions in Haiti.
In order for the American Occupation to
accomplish the best results in Haiti, it is
considered desirable that members of the
above organisation arriving in Haiti.acquire^
i)s soon as possible^ some knowledge of the
country in which they are serving. For
example, an elementary knowledge of the
history of the Island, and the habits and
trails of the natives, their laws, institu-
tions, governments^ etc., is considered to be
11 help to the new arrivals in adjusting
themselves to the environments.
A compilation of some of these facts is in-
cluded in this book in order to render such
data accessible.
In copclusion we wish to slate that we
do not pose as an authority on such subjects
nor do we wish to claim any originality^
This matter is a compilation of snch data
Avhich \ve have collected from the various
-tv-
aulhqrities for our own information and the
publication of such proved to be a second-
ar}^ consideration.
W. L M'AHH. Lt. Commaniler. [MC] 0. S. NaYj
Medical Director^ Gendarmerie d Haiti.
Al^FROVED ;
B. C. M c. BOUGAL, Lt. Col. U.SJ.C.
ChieJ of the Gendarmerie d'Haiti.
Port-au-Prince, Haiti,
July 1, 19^1
A Sliorf listorj of k Mwrnm Um
— « o » —
The Gendarmerie d'Haili was organized in ac-
cordance wiih Article « X ., of ihe Convenlion of
September 16, 1915, between Ihe Governments of
he Un.led Slates and ihe Republic of Haiti, quo-
led as follows; *
« The Hailieu Government obligates itself for
the preservation of domestic peace, the secu-
nty of individual riglils and the full observance
of he provisions ot this treaty; to create with
oiU delay an efficient constabulary (gendar-
merie ), urban and rural, composed of native
ttdiiens. This constabulary (gendarmerie)
Shall be organized and oincered by Americans,
appointed by the President of the United
T p. "'''''^" Government shall clothe
these officers with the proper and necessary
authority and uphold them in Ihe performance
of their functions. These officers shall be re-
placed by Hailiens as they, by examination con-
ducted under direction of a board to be select-
ed by the Senior American Officer of this
constabulary (gendarmerie), in the presence
of a representative of the Haitien Government
^2
are found to be qbalified to assume such du-
ties. Hie .conGtab'urarV ( gendarmerie ) herein
provided for, shall, under the direction of Ihe
Hailien Government, have supervision and con-
trol oi arms and ammunition, milit:\iy sup-
plies, and traffic (herein, throughout the coun-
try. The hioh contracling parties agree that
the stipulations in (his article are necessary to
prevent factional strife and disturbances. »
Shortly after the Occupation, July 25, 1915, on
'he anticipation of a tTrealy which was to autho-
rize the Gendarmerie, tentative plans of organiza-
tion were drawn up and details were made of
commissioned and non— commissioned officers
from Ihe Occupation for duty in connection with
recruiting and mobilizing (his new force. This
work was started early in September 1915, and by
June 1916, out of a field of apparent barren ground,
the Gendarmerie became a corps of considerable
worth— comprising an established force of 123 of-
ficers and 2 533 men, fully equipped, and organized
into 19 companies, distributed to 140 poslslhrough-
out Ihe Republic of Haiti.
The Gendarmerie took over the division of Pub-
lic Woiks from the Marine Corps Detachments
stationed throughout the Island, and until Ihe
spring of 1917 had supervision o/er the construe--
lion of roads, telephone and telegraph systems,
and general public woiks improvement ot the
- 3 -
Island. In June 1919, or there about, this detail
was turned over to the Engineer of Haiti. During
the period in which the Gendarmerie had direct
charge of this worlc, many miles of road were
constructed. To this date, in the interior of the
Island, and even in some of Ihe large sea coast
town?, the Gendarmerie representative ( oflicer )
stationed there still retains a supervisory position
over the Public Works within his distiicl.
A similar function, in regard to the Public
Health Service, was also performed by^ the Gen-
darmerie, piior to the organization of the present
Sanitary Service of Haili. During that time the
Geu'larmerie performed such functions as the es-
tablishment of outlying hospitals, the general clean-
ing up of cities and towns occupied by the Gen-
darmerie, sanitary inspections, quarantine and
the like.
The Gendarmerie functions as a military police
force or constabulary, corresponding closely to the
<( Texas Ranger's », « Northwest Mounted Police »
etc : it executes the laws of the country, it is res-
ponsible for the administration of prisons. Eveiw
section of llaiii, even the most remote, is visited
at intervals by the ofticer personnel of the Gen-
darmerie. Its influence extends into every town,
hamlet, and individual home in the Republic.
It would be vei'y difficult to give a worthy ac-
count of the many difliculties and obstacles over-
come in Ihe materialisation of the original [ilans
_ 4 -
of the organization. Its birlh occurred at a time
Avhen the general allilnde of Ihe population to-
ward Ihe Occupation was extremely adverse ;
owin^r to frequent revolutions tliPre was lillle res-
ided for anihorifv, there was much ilh'teracv, and
tlie siandard of physiral type was low. Certain
physical standards had been eslablish^d and in
consequence thp rpciMiitin^ of a force of 8 000 men
^onformmg to tin's c;»anr|prd horderpd on impo^isi-
In'lilv. It WIS soniplimps necPscRiy |o examine
2.000 men to fill a cnmpnnv of 120.
These conditions did not consHfule the only and
fTTPnlest dirR(-nllips met with. There were bar-
rncks In he prpctpd, or pxi^itin? suitable buildings
lind to bp rpponstrnc'ed to se^'vp as harracks ; re-
Q-nI?>iion<^ for fl)P crovprnmpnt of the Gendarmerie
anrl hiIps of i^olice to conform to the oivil, rural
and nennl eod^s of Hn'fi h^d to be written and
tanoht to Ihe m^n : and lhp»'P wa=? ttie ahnost
insnrmpiintabjp fpsk of tpnrhinnr (his law nndis-
pinh'n^d mai^s the sphonl of Ihp srmad. Difficulties
wprp fnrlhpr inci'parpd 'hrongh thp diff^^rences in
toneneoftpacheran'l pnpil ; ihe pupil speakinga very
'ow patois French and the tenclier. except in a very
few instances, speakina onlv English. Tiie mi-
terial nart was accom])lished with only very mea-
gpr allowancps of moupy, for in Ihp bpp^inning
lhp,'P wns no provision of funds made for cons-
truction of barracks, ho.^pilals, lh3 purchase of
-5 —
uniforms, rifles and equipment, whieh was all ef.
fected thronofi great economy of the funds allotted
to nnnnal maintenance. Great physical hardships
were also met wifh at the same time, for each
company was allotted approximately 1000 square
miles of territory to police, requiring long difficnU.
trips over the worst of trails and mountain
pj^sses.
For purposes of administration the G-ndarme-
)'ie is divided into two dep^^rtments, eadi com-
manded bv a Colonel. The Artibonite Valley and
all territory south of it forms the Dennrtment of
ihe South, while all territory north of the valley
forms the Deoartment of the North. Each Depart-
ment i« divided into districts, sub-districts and
nosts. Di^triprs are normally commanded by Cap-
tains, snb-dis!ricts by Lienlenan(s, and posts by
non-commissioned officers. The boundaries of a
district correspond c^o^ely to that of the old
commune.
Af thp head of fhe o^cranization is the Chief of
fhe Gendarmericwho holds the rank of Major Gene-
ral, and whose headquarters are at Port-an-Prinre,
the Capital. His staff consists of the Assistant Chief
fa Brigadier General,) the Ouartermaster fa Colonel,)
the Medical Director fa Colonel), the Intelligence
Officer fa Major), and the Adjutant (a [lieutenant ).
Thft Assistant Chief has additional dnties as the
officer in charge of prisons, which are adminis-
tered by the Gendarmerie personnel.
- 6 —
The Medical Director is Ihe h^^^ad of the Medical
Department, which consisis of Iwo Inspectors,
each wi!h the vr.nk of Major, ten Lieutenants and
sixty one native hospital corpsmen. Medical alten^
tiori is accorded all of the Gendarmerie personnel
^*nd all prisoners. Each sub-district has a trained
hospital corpsman.
The National Penitentiary at Port-au-Prince was
remodeled and much additional construction was
accomplished hy the Gendar'merie. The sanitation
was p^reatly improved, many modern convenien-
<"es were installed, cells w^ere enlarged, ventilation
was improved, and in every respect this prison
will now compare favorably with any prison in
the world.
The Haitien Coast Guard consisted orginally of
three auviliary schooners, the ((Republic,)) the
<»: Indpppnd nice, » and the ^< Pi'ogress, » all manne^i
by Gend.umprie personnel. The ((Republici> was
IvM^ned r.t Sr Marc and ihe Progress w^ent ashore
an 1 was wrecked at Aux Cayes. The « Haiti d
was pnr(M]a-ed in 1918 and was sold two years
later. The ((Independence,)) the remaining ship,
is a Iwo masted auxiliary schooner, and is miu"
ned hy Ihree ofticers and 15 enlisted men. It was
formerly a racing yacht and at one time won a
cup in a race from INewYork to Bermuda.
Invaluable services have been rendered hy
the Gendirmerie toward the pacification of the
country, The Gendarmes have proven dependable
in times of stress and hardslii(3,arid there are many
instances of bravei y, valor ard devotion woilhy
of the greatest praise, and which redound to the
credit of the organization
*-*Tti^=fe^=^lj^:$^
^
A BRIEF OUTLINE
OF
The History of Haiti
In reviewing ihe history of Haiti, one is struck
with the fact Ihal, since the discovery by Colum-
bus, |condilioiis on ^he islands have alternated
helween short periods of prosperity with bright
promise for Ihe future and a state of anarchy and
rehehion, accompanied by their irjseparable corn-
panioris, destruction of economic lesources and
limi(ation of progress.
It is as impossible to question llie heroism and
r^nergy of the early Spanisl] adventurers as it is to
deny that their ciueliy and greed resuUed in the
complete desfruclion of the race which on their
uirival vv^as the owner of Ihe soil and wliich by
all laws of hi]niani(y and expediency, should
have been fostered and prolected. The history of
Fi'ench colonial government in Haiti, exceptnig
for Ih^ material progress achieved, was little bellei'.
Both Spain and France lust [hnv exceedingly
valuable colonies through lack ot consideraliua of
diclales of hun:ai,iiy.
— 10-
Discovery 1492
After lanrling at San Salvador on the inih of
October, 1402, and touching at some of Ihe islands
of Ihe Haliama group, Columbus sighted the coast
of Cuba on October 28 h.
Disappointed at not finding on this island, which
he took to be the mainland of Asia, the f.ibled
cities of \farco Polo, he cruised along the coast,
and rounding the Eastern extiemily of Cuba, saw
in the distance the mountains of Haiti. The Admi-
ral had heard from the Indi ins rumors of the
riches of Babeque and, hoping ihat the high
mountains in Ihe distance marked 'ihe shore of
this mylhical island, he set sail and on the
evening of December Gih, entered a fine harbour
which he named Mole St. Nicolas.
On the I2lh of December, 1492, the Admiral
landed at the Ba\e des Mousliques, there erected •
a cross and took possession of Ihe island, whicli
he named Hispanola,
^^. Wreck of Santa Maria
Sailing along Ihe Noilh coast and '^landing at
Tortugp, a small island direclly north of Ihe pre-
sent town of Port-de-Paix, Columbus entered Ihe
Bay of A3ul, and continuing his voyage a few days
later was wrecked on a reef ofT Ihe small town
of Pelit-Anse at the entrance of the harbour of
I
-11-
Cap-Haitien. The flagship « Santa Maria » was a
complete loss, and, linding the Indians friendly
and not having room for all of his men, the Ad-
miral decided to call for volunteers to remain on
the island, while he returned to Spain to report
his discoveries and secure assisiance in establish-
ing a colony.
The contrast between the hardships of a long
tedious trip, in an overcrowded boat, and the indo-
lent life of Ihe savages so appealed to his men,
that Columbus h ul no difficully in securing ihe
necessaiy volunteers, and having erected, with the
friendly help of the Indians a tower from the
materials saved from the wreck, he sailed for
Spain.
First Settlement by White Men
La Navidad, as Columbus named this hastily
constructed fortress, was therefore the fust settle-
ment of white men in the Western Hemisphere.
It was almost a year later before Columbus
again sighted the mountains of Haiti and found
his settlement destroyed and also learned that
his colony had been exterminated by the Indians.
Founding of Isabella 1493
Colnmbus appears to have realized that this,
the first massacre of a Whites i), was justilied by
^\2 —
outrageous treatment of peaceably disposed and
friendly Inciians, and instead of waiting io punish
the natives, he sailed to the East, and about mid-
Way botween the present town of Monte ("hristi
and Porto Plnta ( UominioRn Republic ) founded
thR first rpal Sftttlement of Europeans in the new
world, which he named « Isabella » in honor of
his sovereign.
The choice of this locality was nnforlunafe and
the settlement was soon abandoned, the Spnniards
Rradnally spreading out over the eastern half of
the island, and by their horrible cruelly and greed
for eold left in their wake a devastated country and
a desolated population.
The Spaniards found on their arrival a popula*
lion variously estimated at from 800.000 to 2.000
TOO peaceable, amiable but indolent and self-in-
dulgent aborioinah, living in an environment de-
signed by nature for just such people.
Aboriginal Government
The Government, tvpifi d i)y five '* Caciques "
or chiefs, wiiile arbitrary, wis confined to the
simplest element of tribal control.
Labor was performed only as the necessities
of the people demanded tlie slight exertion inci-
dent to the cullivalion of the crops that beneficent
Nature had provided.
-13-
Cruelty of Spaniards
This simple and essentially kindly government
wns superceded by Ihe brutal administration of
Spanish adventurers v^hose sole object was to se-
cui'e as much i(old as the labor of the enslaved na.
tives could produce from the accumulated depo-
sits in the streams.
The history of Spanish rule in Santo Domingo,
dming the first one hundred years, while glorious
in achievement, in so far as the spiiit of the
times was concerned, was typical of Ih^ Spanish
method of colonization, which, pursued until 1898,
resulted finally in Ihe loss of all Spanish posses-
sions in America.
In 1508, sixteen years after the discovery, the
native population was reported -to the Spanish
coui't as not over 60.000 and in 1514 it was esti-
mated that the total aboriginal population of the
island did not exceed 14.000 souls.
Inceptioa of Slave Trade 1510
Negroes, imported from Africa to replace the ra-
pidly disappearing Indians, were trealed with ex-
traordinary cruelty. The records ot the slave trade
wi^ S;uilo Domingo are periiaps the most dis-
tressing in the annals of this unforlunale traffic
in Humanity.
The establishment of tljie French in Haiti was
the direct result of Ihe short-sighted policy of
the Spanish Roy^l and Snpreme Council ot tlie
Indies, which passed law\s prohibKing trade by
other nalions wilh ihe uqw woild.
In direct defiance of ihese measures, French,
Engh'sh. and Dutch traders, supported at least
in spiiit by their government, dealt more or less
openly with Ihe Spanish selllements. From Ihi^,
trade developed the privateers, buccaneers and
pirates which for many years infested the Cariib-
bean waiers.
Inception of French interests in Haiti 1630
In 1630 refugees from one of the small sellle-
menls of privateers which Ind been destroyed by
Spanish warships landed on Tortuga Island, and
from this desperate lilile band of Frerjch, Dutch
and Efiglish grew, in time, a settlement of « free-
booter's » or "Brethren of the S-'a, " who, by
their habit of curing the meat of wild Citlle over
sma 1 fires or*' bucans", became kuowMi as .(Buc-
caneers. ))
In 16G7 Ihe Ishuid of Tortuga passed under
the control of the Government of Fiance, t
Spain recognizes French claims 1697
Increasing in numbers and influence under Ihe
energetic rule of the French governors, these
people graliially buit settlements ou the main-
land and in 1697 Spain recognized (he claim ol
France to approxim itely ihe area now included
in tlie Repnblic of Haiti.
The Fren^di rule in this rapidly increasing co-
lony was the very antithesis of thai of Spain. Ra-
pid strides were made in agriculture and ^ from
the bpginning of the eighteenth century until the
Frencli revolution was, with short intervals of
depression, a period of progress unequaled in
the history of colonial development.
. Introduction of Sugar cane
The extraordinary success wliich attended the
introduction of sugar cane resulted in an increa-
sing demand for negros slaves. Between the years
1680 and 1790 over 1 OOl.OOO negros were impor-
ted into the colony. In 1728 the number of slaves,
in spitft of a tretn^ndoas m )rial'ty, wis estimated
at 50 000 and in 1793 at over 480.000.
Records of the colonial government for 1790
show that there were in the colony :
Whites, 30 331 exclusive of P'rench troops
Negi'o slaves 434.429 » a domestic slaves
" (( « 46.0i>0 (estimate ) «
Mnlattoes 24.000 (estimate )
In the first « Buccaneer » settlement there were
no white women and later in the French settle-
ments women were in the minority. The conse-
— 16-
qaent union of whites with negro slaves resulted
in the development of a mulatto caste which in
time assumed vit^l importance in tlie polilical
life of the colony.
The slave trade and the commerce with San Do-
mingo engaged over one-lhird of Ihe merchant
marine of France. The exports from ihis colony
were produced from over 3.000 indigo planta-
tiptis, 2.800 (^olTee plantations, 792 sugar planta-
tions, 69 cocoa plantalions, 705 cotton plantations
and many distilleries of rum and many tanneries.
- Over 2 500.000 acres of l;md were in cultivation and,
approximately 400.000 slaves were employed in
the fields.
The polilical history of French San-D.^mingo
from 1789 to the Declaration of Independence by
Dessalines in IStM is far too complicated to review
HI this brief outline.
Political conditions in France
During this period Ihe French nation threw oiT
tlie yoke of a degenerate royaUy, and established
a Republic. Political conditions in France pro-
foundly affected the colonies and in French San
Dominao in particular opened the way to vitally
Important changes.
Movements started in E'igland to ameliorate the
condition of the Black Race, spread to France
and there centered largely in a semi-political
-17^
canpaign to assist the mulattoes in the French
colony of San Domingo.
From Ihis movement came the support of the
ill-fared attempt of Oge and Chavannos to secure
equah'ly for the mulalloes.
The Mulattoes
The '' people of color, " as the mulattoes called
themselves, occupied a most unfortunate position
in the colony. Many of them were educated, and
conducted large and profitable plantations. They
were, however, granted no political or civil
rights and the '' Whites ", dissatisfied with the
home government and at war among themselves
nnitpd only in a determination to deny to the
mulattoes any semblance of civil, social, or poli-
tical equMlity.
Political chancres in France reacted on colonial
conditions and led to internal dissension among
the whites, conflict with the mulattoes and final-
ly to a revolt of the *' blacks '\
The succpssf'ul revolt of the slaves in French
San Domingo accomplished a revolution more
sweem'ng in lis pfFects on the social and political
condition of the victors than any in the annals of
history. The gi'eat mass of densely ignorant and
half-savage blacks profiuced such extraordinary
characters as Touss^int Louverture, Dessalines
and Ciuistophe, and from the compaialively small
number of mulaltoes, Petion, Boyer and many
nioie met] of unusual ability.
Tlie lesult of (his revoluUon was a complete
change in the fundamental basis of the social and
economic situation of the country, in Ihe incep-
tion of a new nation and ihe expulsion of the
while race lioni a land which Ihey had develot)ed
to an extremely high state of productiveness.
It is hopeless lo atlempt in this brief review to
follow closely Ihe progress of this long-drawn-out
and complicaled struggle for freedom. The French
fighting among ihemselvrs contributed lo Iheir
own ruin : both England and Spam, at war with
France, at various times attempted to secure this
much coveted colony and by their interferenge
added to the unforlunale lerords of a period of
savage and inhumane warfare.
Toussaint Louverture
Led by Toussaint Louverlnre, one of, if not the
greatest of the black race, Ihe slaves finally secured
what amounted to complete frecilorn and even
conquered the Spanish part of the Island, and un-
der the wise rule of their great leader governed
it fairly and cfticienily.
Final Expulsion of ihe Whites
Napoleon, finding in Europe no more worhis lo
conquer, (inally decided to regain iiis lost colony
-19^
and despatched under his brolher-in-Iaw, General
Leclerc, an expedition of over 25.000 of his finest
troops.
The struggle, renewed and accompanied by acts
almost inconcievable in their barbarous cruelty,
finally led to the withdrawal of the French, who.
decimated by disease, were only too glad to depart
with the remnants of as fine an army as had ever
crossed the seas.
Dessalines 1804-1806
Toussaint, who had been sent to France in
chains, died in prison, and WdS succeeded by the
ferocious Dessalines, who, with the aid of such
lieutenants as Christophe and Petion, represenl:-
ing the two divisions of the race, finally on Janua-
ry 1, 1804, proclaimed himself Governor-General
for life. In October of the same year he was pro-
claimed Emperor of « Haiti », the name of the
aboriginals for (he country, and on October 17,
1806, he was assassinated, while on the way to
quell a revolt against his authority.
The death of Dessalines plunged the country in
to the first of the series of internecine, and suici-
dal conflicts, which have since marred the pages
of Haitian history.
Christophe and Petion
Christophe and Petion, while serving under Des-
salines in positions of almost equal power, dif-
e
-20-
fered mentally, morally and physically, and their
ideiis of Goveruineiit were as opposite as their
characters.
Christophe, educated only in the hard school
of slavery, and later through the years of struggle
nnder negro leaders, sincerely believed in the
form of govei-nment estibli^lied by Toussaint, and
continued by Dessalines. He was a natuial des-
pot and planned for his countiy a dictatorship
perhaps best suited to the needs of his people.
Petion. on the other hand, was highly educated
and cultured, familiar with the European govern-
ments, and sincere in his dreams for an ideal re-
public based on the sull'iage of ihe people.
Christophe, confident of his control, prepared
to assume the dictatoi ship laid down by his od
chief. Petion, not trusting to a coiiflicl of torce,
resorted to politics, and through his control ot Ihe
Consiitutioual Assembly at Porl-au-Pnnce, dratted
a ronstitution, based on his ideals, and so restric-
tive of the powers of the President, that it was a
foregone conclusion th.it his riv.il would have
none of it.
Christophe was elected by the Asseaibly on
December 25, 180i3, over the protests of his fol-
lowers, who withdrew rather than vote for Peiion s
rest; icLive consliuition.
As w.is lobe expecied, Christophe, ignoring his
election, gathered his armies in the North and
advanced on Porl-au-Prince, near which town he
met and defeated Petion on January 1, 1807.
Without following up this victory, Christophe
returned to the North and on February 17lh was
elected by his self-chosen Assembly (n President of
the Stale of Hai(i ».
On xMa»^ch9th, of the same year, the Assembly of
Port-au-Prince, elected Petion, President of the
Republic of Haiti, while in the South, an insur-
gent chief, Govuran, set up a government of his
own.
Thus was inaugurated the Republic of Haiti, in
a country of less than 10.200 square miles, and
not over 500.000 inhabitants, there were three
governments at war with each other, and each de-
pendent upon the practically despotic will of its
chosen ruler.
Christophe ruled as « President » until March;
'1811, when he assumed the title of « Henri i,
King of Haiti. ». On October 8, 18*20, finding his
power gone and his people in revolt, he shot him-
self on the s^eps of his wonderful palace of Sans
Souci. The Kingdom of Haiti ; was on the dealli
of Christophe consolidated with the Haitian Repub-
lic.
Petion, after being re-elected for four years,
and finally for life, served until March 29, 1819^
when he died in office and was followed by his
close friend and chosen successor, Boyer, who
united the whole Island under one government
-- 22 -
and ruled until deposed by « a parfy dovoled to
liberfy » m 1813. This « liberly did not materia-
lizenndinthe next four yf^ars four Presidents
lield oKice. Soulouque, elected President in 1847,
not <iat!sfied with the almost despotic power of
this office, crowned hijnself Etnperoi, ifi 1849,
Kmperor Fauslin I, as Smlou^jue called himself.
Avas overthrown by Geffrard \\\ 1859, who in luiii
was forced to resign in 1867 after a sincere but
unsuccessful attempt lo establish in Haiti a real
democracy.
From 1867 to 1911, ten Presidents held office.
In 1912, Lecoiite was blown up in the explosion of
his pa'ace af(er a short term of one year. Inclu-
ding Leconfe and Snm, who was murdeiel in the
French Legalion in 1915, six Presidents held office
in three years, In 115 years of independenco 27
conslituled rulers have gover'ued the Haitian
people, fourteen of wliom liave served less than
one year each.
Guiilaume Vilbrun Sam, elected to the Presiden-
cy in March, 1915, was assassinated by a mob af-
Ip.ra lurbulfHit ride of a liit'e over four mon'hs.
On ,)uiy '21th Sam was driven from his palace
and took refuge in the French Legation. On the
same day he ordered the murder of over 160 po-
litical prisoners. On July28di, infuriated by this
wanton killing, the populacCj led by some of the
- 23 —
mos\ prominent men in Haiti, dragged Sam from
the French Legalioii and literally lore liim la
pieces.
On the afternoon of Julj^ 28lli a detachment of
the 1st Regiment, U. S. Marino Corps, was landed
and gnards were placed at the French and Ame-
)lcan legations and the Caserne. The following
day patrols were established throughout the oily
and Marine guar'ds took possession of the Bureau
d'Arrondissement and the Arsenal.
On August 8lh, under the protection of the Ma-
rines, the Senate elected to the Presidency, Philip
Sndre Dartiguenave, for a term of seven years
ending May 15, 1922.
Mnrfal law was declared on August 20t!i and on
the 16th of September the present Tieaiy between
the United States and Haiti was signed at Port-au*
Prince.
On May 3, 1916, the Treaty wjs pi'oclaimed at
Washington by the President of .the United States*
The present Gonstituiioii was ratified by popu-
lar vote on June 12, 1918.
KVjiff^fejtfl^Sr-i—
N. Wl. SHA\
VOCABULARY
EiNGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATION
Able
capab
kah pahb
Above
en haut
ahn ho
Abscess
abces
a lib say
Absent
pa la
pah lah
Accept
acceple
ahk sep tay
Accident
accident
ahk see dahnt
AccoQipagny
acconipagne
ah kome |)ahn yay
Account
conipt, bordro
korrjt, bor drow
Accurate
juste
je^st
Accuse
accuse
ah kee zay
Ache (an ache)
doule
doo ler
Ache (to ache)
te mal
fell mahl
Acide
acide
all seed
Action
action
ahk see own^
Active
actif
akk teef
Acquaintance
connaissance
kor nny sahns
Add
ajonle
ahd djoo tay
Admire
ad mi I e
ahd mee laj^
26 —
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATIOf
Adult
gran moun
grahn moon
Advance
avance
ah vahn say
After
apres
ah pray
Afoot
a pied
ah pee ay
Afraid
peur
per
Again
encor
ahn kor
Age
lage
lahzh
Agriculture
la culture
la keel tcher
Aim
vise
vee zay
Air
Tair
lair
All
tout
toot
Alligator
caiman
kah ee mahn
Alligator pear
zaboca
zah bo kah
Almost
presque
pres ker
Alone
sen I
sel
Already
deja
dey zhah
Also
aijssi
oh see
Always
toujou
too zlioo
Ambition
ambition
am bee see own
Ammunition
munition
mee nee see own
Amuse
amuse
ah-mew-zay
Anchor
lane
lahnk
And
et
ay '
Angry
fache
fah-shay
Animal
animal
ah-nee-mahi
Ankle
cheville
sheh-vee
Another
gnoun I'aulre
yoon-lole
Answer
repond
ray-porn
27-
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATION
Ants
fonmi
foo-mee
Any
niniport
nem-port
Any one
nimport qui
neni-port-kee
Anything
nirnport-bagay
neni- port-by-guy
Anywhere
nimport-cote
nem-port kor-tey
Appear
parete
pali-rett
Appetite
appetic
ah-pay-tee
Apply
applique
ah-plee key
Approach
approche
ah-prow-shey
Arm
bras
brah
Arrange '
range ^
ralin-zhey
Arrest
arrete
ah-reh-tey
Arrive]
rive
vee-vey
Ashamed
ronte
hornt
Ash
cendre
sahnd
Ask
mande
mahn-dey
Assassin
assassin
ah-sah-sen
Assault
assassine
ah-sah-see-nay
Associate
associe
ah-so-see-ay
Attack
allaque
ah-(ah key
Aunt:
tanl
tahnt
Axe
hache
hahsii
B
Baby (Child)
pilit
pee teat
Back
dos
doe
Back ol
deye
dey-yey
-28~
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUxNCIATK
Bad
mauvais
Mow vay
Bag
sac
sahk
Bai^gage
bagage
bah gahzh
Bake
enfouain
ahn foo nay
Baker
boulanger
boo lahn zhay
Balance
balance
bah lahnss
Bald
chanv
shove
Rail
boLii
bull
Ballot
bulletin
beel lehn
Bamhoo
banibou
bahni boo
Hanana
fig
fig
Band
band
bahnd
Banrlage
bandage
bahn dahzh
Bank
banqiie
balink
Banker
hanqiiie
bahnk yay
Baptism
Bapteni
bali tehni
Bar
Bar
bah
Barber
coiffeur
kwor fer
Rare
nu
nee
Bark
jape
zhah pay
Barracks
caserne
kah zern
Barrel
barrique
bah reek
Basin
cuvet
kee velt
Basket
panier
pah nyey
Bat
batt
Baht
Bathe
bingnin
beyn yay
Batlle
Bataitle
bah lye
Bawl
rhele
re 11 ay
-29-
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATION
Bay
bale
bay
Bayonet
bayonette
bah-yo uett
Beacon
pilar
phah
Beans
poi
poo ah
Beautiful
belle
bell
Beard
bab
barb
Beast
bete
belt
Beat
batt
baht
Because
parce que
pahss ker
Bed
cabann
kah bahn
Bed bug
puneze
pee nehz
Bee
nbeille
ah bey
Beef
hoeuf
befr
Beet
bettrave
beh trahv
Before
avant
all vahn
Beer
tnande
mahn day
Beggar
mandian
mahn dyahnt
Begin
coumance
l\Oo mahn say
Behavior
condui
korn dwee
Behind
deye
dey yey
Behold
gade
gah day
Believe
croue
krweh
Bell
cloche
klorsh
Belly
venle
vahn It
Below
en bas
ahn bah
Belt
ceinturoa
sen tehee rowii
Bench
ban
bahn
Best
pibon, meille
pee bon
-30-
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIAT
Belter
mieu
niee er
Bi^^ger
pi gro
pee grow
Bird
zouezo
zweh zow
Bite
morde
mor day
Biscuit
biscuit
bees kwcet
Black
noi
noo ah
Blndder
vessi
ves see
Blanket
laine
lehnn
Bones
zo
zoe
Borrow, lend
prete
preh tay
Boy
gaQon
gab sohn
Break, broken
cass6
kah say
Breakfast
dijone
day zhay nay
Brealh
respire
res pee ray
Bfcad
pain
pehn
Bring
mener
meh nay
Broom
balle
bah lay
Brother
fr6
Ireh
Bull
toro
loe row
But
min
mev
Butter
be
beh
Cafe
caffi
kali fay
Cake
galo
gah lo
Call
rele .
ray lay
Calabash
calbas
kahl bahss
^31^
ENGLISH
GRtoLE
PRONUNCIATK
Calm
, calm
kahm
Can
capab
kah pahb
Cane
baton
bah lone
Candle
bougie
boo zhee
Cannot
pa capab
pah kah pahb
Canteen
canline
kahn teen
Capable
capab
kah pahb
Capacity
capacite
kah pah sea tay
Capital
capitale
kah pee tahl
Captain
capitaine
kah pee tenn
Captive
captive
kahp tee vay
Capture
capture
kahp tehee ray
Card
cart
kart
Caress
caresse
kah ress ay
Carry
pole
por tay
Cartridge
cartouche
kah toosh
Casli
cash
kahsh
Cassava
cassav
kah sab
Coffin
cprcueil
ser kay
Cat
chalt
stiabt
Catcli
quimbe
keym bay
Cattle
beff
beff
Cause
la cause
lah kauze
Cave
cav
kahv
Cell
cache
kah sho
Ceuient
ciment
see-mahnt
Cemetery
cimilie
see-mee tyehr
Ceremony
cer^mcni
seh-rey-mo-nee
-32-
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNGLVfJ
Certify
ccrlifie
seh-tee-fyay
CliMir
chaise
sheyz
Chalk
craie
kray
(^liange
chang6
shahn zhay
Character
caraciere
kah-rahk-teh
Charcoal
charbon
shah-bohn
Charge
charge
shah-zhay
Charily
chanle
shah-ree-lay
Cheap
bon niarche
bohn mall-shay
Check
cheque
sheck
Cheese
homage
tVo-mahzh
Chest
estomac
ess-to-mahk
Chicken
poule
pool
Chief
chef
shell
i:hill
frisson
fiee-sohn
(Chocolate
chocolat
shor-ko-iah
Choke
louffe
loo tay
Chop
hache
hah shay
Church
eglise
lay gleeze
Circle
cercle
seek
Jlilizen
ciloyen
see Iwoy ehii
Civil
civil
see vef^l
Clean
propre
prope
Clock
pendule
pahn djeel
Close
femin
feh may
Clolh ••
loile
iwell
Clolhes
ihad
rahd
Coast
la cote
lah kort
--::!3 —
ENGLISH
Coat
Cockroach
Codfish
Coffee
Cold
Colic
Collar
Collection
Collision
Color
Comb
Come
Command
Commerce
Commissary
Company
Compare
Complain
Compose
Compress
Compromise
Condemn
Confess
Confide
Confine
Connect
Consent
Consider
CREOLE
dolmann
lavele
Ian morue
cafe
fiett
colic
collie
collection
collision
coulenr
pingne
vini
commande
commece
comrnisse
compagiii
fe comparezon
pleingnin
compose
compress
compromett
condamne
confesse
confie
femin
juinn
consenti
considere
PRONUNGIATIQN
dol mahn^ ^
rah velt
lahu mo rea
kah fay
frelt
ko leek
kol lyay
ko lek cioii
ko lee zione
koo ler
payng
vee nee
kome ahnd day
kome ess
kom ee say
kome pyne yee
fell kome pah ray zon
pleim yay
kome po zay
korm press
korm pro mett
korn dahn ay
korn feh say
korn fee ay
feh may
zliwenn
korn sahn tee
korn see day ray
• 34 -
ENGLISH
CREOLE
CODSult
consulte
Content
conient
Continue
continue
Control
coiiirole
Cork
coq
Corn
mais
(A)r()oral
caporal
Correct
correct
Cot
cad
Cotton
cotton
Cou^h
tousse
Conld
ta capab
Cousin (massj
1 couzin
Consin ( fern )
couzine
Cow
vache
Coward
capon
Crab
crabb
Cream
creme
Credit
credi
Cross
travers6
Crow
caou
Cruel
mediant
Crnsh
pile
Cry
crie
Cultivate
cultiv6
Cup
lass
Cure
gueri
Curse
joure
Cut
coup6
PROiNUNCIATlON
korn seel tay
korn l.ihn
korn leen way
korn tioi ny
cork
my ee
kah po rahl
ko rek
kahd
kor lone
too suy
tab kali pahb
koo zen
koo zeen
vahsb
kah pohn
krabb
krame
kr( h dee
trah veh say
cow
may shahnt
pee lay
kree ay
keel tee vay
tahss
gtW ree
zhoo ray
koo pay
-35-
D
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNGIATI
Daily
chaq jou
shack zhoo
Damage
domage
do mahzli
Dance
danse
daiin say
Dinger
tiang^
dahn zhay
Daik
fonce
fohn say
Date
dat
daht
Day
jou
zhoo
Danpfhter
fi
fee
Dead
mouri
moo ree
Denf
e-'oud
sood
Dear
Che
share
Uealli
!a mor
lah mor
Debt
delt
dett
Deceive, fool
Irompe
tron^e pay
Decide
decide
day see day
Decision
decision
day see zioii
Declare
declar6
day klah ray
Decorate
decore
day ko ray
Deep
fon
fohn
Defense
defense
day fahnss
Demand
inande
mahn day
Denounce
den once
day nohn say
Dentist
denlis
daiin tees
Depot
depo
day po
Depth
profondeur
pro forn der
Descend
decenn
day sahnn
Deserter
deserte
deh zer ley
Desk
bureau
bee row
Devil
djab
djab
Diarihoea
vantt passe -
vahat pah say
-36-
ExNGLlSH CREOLE PRONUNCIATION
Dice 20 zo
Die rnoiiri moo ree
Difference difference dee fey rahnce
Difficult difficil dee fee ceel
Dig fouye too yay
Dirt crass cialiss
Diily sal sahl
Discharge decliage day sliah zhay
Dish vesso veh so
Disobey dfesobei deh zo bay ee
Disorder desod dez ord
Distance distance dees talinss
Ditch rigole ree gawl
Divorce divoice dee vor say
Do f6 lay
Doclor docie dork teh
J)og chin shen
Dollar doia do lah
Donlvey bourique boo reelc
Don't (do not) pa fe pah fey
Door ' pott port
Dose doze doze
Double doub ttoob
Down en ba ahn bah
Dozen douzinn doo zenn
Drain seche seh shay
Draw lire tee ray
JJrawer tiroi tee wahr
Dress habille ah bee yay
Drill i-xece eggs eh say
Drink boue bweh
Drive condui korn dwee
--37-
ENGLISH
CRfiOLE
PRONUxNCIATIO:
Drop
quite tomb6
kee tay lonie bay
Drown
neve
nay yay
Drunk
fOU
soo
Drunkard
foula
soo lah
Drv
sec
sek
Duck
canna
kali nah
Dust
poussie
poo see ell
Duly
sevice
seh veece
Ea( h
chaque
Ear
zoreill
Early
bonn heur
Kariii
te
Easily
facilement
Hast
rest
Easy
facil
Kat
mange
Economy
econoini
Effect
fffe
yR9^
zeii
Eiiher
nimpolt
Eleclion
eleclion
Embrace
brace
Embroider
brode
Employ
employe
Emfity
vid
E»i close
femin
Encourage
encourage
End
bouit
Enemy
ennemi
shabk
zo rey
bon err
teh
fah seel mahnt
lest
fah seel
mahn zhay
ay kon o meQ
eh fey
zur
nem port
ay lek sione
brah say
bwo day
ahn ploy yay
veed
feh may
ahti koo rah zhay
boot
em\ mee
^38--
ENGLISH
Enforce
Engage
Engineer
Engrave
1^'nough
Knier
Envelop
Equal
Equipment
Escape
Every
Exact
Examine
Example
Except
Excuse
Execuiion
Exercice
Expense
Experience
Explain
Extinguish
Eye
CREOLE
forc6
engagfe
ingenie
engiav^
asse
enire
envelope
egal
equipage
chappe
yo toult
exact
examine
exanp
exeepie
escuse
execution
execice
depense
espei'ience
esplique
etinn
g6
PRONUNCLVTION
for say
ahn gah zliay
ehn zhehn yehr
ahn grah vay
ah say
aim tray
ahn vlope
ay gahl
ay kee pahzh
shah pay
yo toot
eggs act
eggs ah mee nay
eggs ahmp
ehks ehp tay
ess kee zay
egs eh kee see own
egs er seese
day pahnss
ess pay ree ahnss
ess plee kay
ay lenn
zher
Face figu
Facing en lace
fee gee
aim fahss t
Factory (mill) usine
Fail manque fe
P^all tombe
False faux
ee zeen
mahn kay feh
tombay
fo
-:?9
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATI
Faaiily
fan mi
fall mee
F'an
evantaille
ay vahn tye
Far
loin
twehii
Farn
jadin
zhah dehn
Fanner
cnliivateur
keel tee vah teli
Fartlier
pi loin
|)ee Iwehn
Fast
vile
veet
Fasten
taclie
lah shay
Fat
gra
grab
J^'alher
papa
pah pah
Faucet
robinett
rob ee net
Fault
fault
font
Favor
faveur
fab vir
Fear
pen
per
Feast
fete
felt
Feather
plume
pleem
Feeble
faibb
febb
Feed
fe inan<:;e
fell mahn zliey
Feel
mangniu
niahn yen
Fell
te lorn be
fay lorn ijay
Felt (I felt)
rn'le senii
ni-lay sahn-tee
Female
femell
feh me 11
Fence
lentourage
i^hn too rahzh
Ferry
barq
bark
Fever
iieve
fee ayv
Field
champ
sbabiii
Fio-
(igue
feeg
Fight
goiiiniii
goo mehn
Figure
Hgu
fee gee
Fill
piin
plenn
Filih
faira
fall Irah
Find
trouve
troo vay
-40-
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCLVTIO
Fine
amand
ah mahnn
FingfT
donetl
dwell
Finish
fini
fee nee
Fire
dif6
djse fay
Firing
ap6 Iir6
ap ay tehee ray
First
premier
prem yay
Fish
poesson
pweh ssohn
Fix
range
rahn zhey
Flag
rlrapo
drah po
Flame
flamm
flahm
Flat
plall
plaht
Flat iron
carro
kah row
Flavor
^^ou
goo
Flesh
chair
share
Floor
planche
plahn shay
Flour
farine
fall reen
Fly
mouch
moosh
Fold
phe
plee yay
Follow
suiv
sweev
Food
mang6
inahn zhay
Fool
fou
foo
Foot
pie
pyay
For
pou
poo
Forbidden
defendu
dey fahn djee
Ford
pass
paiiss
Force
forc6
for sey
Forehead
front
fwont
Forest
boi
bwah
Forever
tonjou
loo zhoo
For set
bh'6
l)lee ay
Fork
fouchett
foo shett
Fort
for
for
^41-
ENGLISH GREOLfc: PRONUNCIATION
1^'orward
Found
Fragile
Free
Fresh
Friend
Frog
Fiont (in)
Froniier
Fruit
Fry
Full
Funeral
Funnel
Furnilure
Further
devan
c^ay vahn
trouve
ti'oo vay
fragil
fiah zheel
gratis
grah tees
chage
shaizh
frai
f!"ay
zanmi
zabn mee
crapo
krah po
devan
day vahnt
fronlie
from tyer
fri
free
fri
free
plein
plehn
f ntement
ahri teh mahnt
entonoi
ahn ton wah
ineub
merb
pi loin
pee Iwenn
G
Gait
pa
(iallon
galon
Gallop
galope
Gamble
joui
Game
jouett
(iarden
jadin
Garlic
iaille
Gate
barrie
Gay
gwe
Gendarme
gendarme
Genlile
grnti
(iet
cheche
pah
gah lone
gah lo pay
zhwee
zhwelt
zhah den
lye
bah ree ay
gay
zharn darm
zhan tee
fchehr shay
— 42 —
EiNGLISH
Girl
Give
Glad
Glass
Glue
Go
Goat
God
Gold
Good
Goofl bye
Govern
Government
Graft
Grain
Grand
Grape
Grass
Grave
Gravel
Grease
Great
Green
Groan
Groceries
Ground
Group
Guard
Guide
Gum
Gun
CREOLE
cado
n
bailie
conten
ve
go mm
alle
cabrit
bon die
lor
bon
adieu
g][ouv6ne
^ouvernment
djob
grainn
gran
r^sin
zeb
foss
sab
graisse
gran
vert
plmgnin
epicerie
le
foul
gad
guide
go mm
fusil
PRONUNCIATION
kali doe
fee
by
kohn lahnt
vehr
gome
ah lay
kah breelt
bohn dyeh
lor
bohn
ah dyeh
goo ver nay
goo ven mahnt
djoib
grenn
grahu
ray zehn
zebb
force
sahb
gress
grahn
vert
plehn yay
ay pees ree
tehr
fool
gahd
gee day
gome
fee zee
-43
ENGLISH
11
CRlSOLE
Habit
habitude
Hair
cheve
Half
moilie
H a in
j mibon
Hammer
ma lean
Hand
main
Handkerchief
mouchoi
Handle
mane he
Hang
pann
Happen
rive
Happy
conlent
Harbor
bale
Hard
di
Hal
chapeau
Hate
railli
Have
gangnin
Hay
loin
He
11
Head
lete
Heatlh
sante
[lear
lende
Heart
coeur
Heavy
lo-u
Heel
lalon
Hen
nianin-an poui
Her
li
H^rb
feuille
Hile
caehe
High
^ rhaiit
Hill
morn
PRONUNGIATlOiX
ah bee teheed
shel) veh
mwah lyay
zliahm boh a
ijiah toe
miehn
moos-h wah
mahnsh
pahn
ree vay
kohn lahnt
bay
djee
siiMh poh
lah ee
gahn yen
fwehn
iee
(eht
sal] II lay
tahn day
ker
loo
lah lohn
mah mah pool
lee
lay
kah shay
wlioe
motn
-44-
ENGLISH
CREOLE
iUU.NUNClAl
Himself
Li minm
lee mame
Hinge
gon
|John
Hit
tVappe
Jrrdi pay
IJog
coihon
kor sbohn
Hold
quiiiib^
kime bay
Home
la caiile
lab ky
Hciif'St
honelt
or nt^lt
Hook
ciochelt
kio shelt
Hope
espere
CSS pay ray
Horn
-corn
korn
Horse
clioual
shwall
Jlot
ch.iu
show
Hour
riie
Ichr
House
caiile
kye
How
couman
koo mahn
How mu2h
combien
kahm biehn
Hiingiy
gi-an gou
grahn goo
Hunt
li chass
lah sli.diss
Hurt
fe mal
fell inahl
Husband
niari
• mall ree
Hygiene
hygiene
ee zhenn
I
Ice
Idea
Idenlify
Idiot
mouin
la glace
liiie
ideotifie
idiot
niAvelm
lah glahss
• lee day
ee dahn tee fyay
ee djo
Ignorance
ignorance
een vo ralmss
]|4(iorant
III
ignorant
malude
een yo rahn
niah lahd
-45
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNGLVTION
Illegal
pa egal
pah ay-gahl
Imagine
imagine
ee mah zhee-nay
Implement
zouti
zoo-tee
Impolite
pa poli
pah-pO'lee
Important
important
em-por-tahn
inch
pouce
poose
Infant
bebe
bay-bay
Inhabitant
habitant
ah-bee-tahnt
Innocent
innocent
ee-no-sahnt
Insane
fou
too
Inside
en dedan
ahn-deh-dahn
Inspect
inspecte
en-spek-tay
Instead
en guise
ahn-geeze
Instruction
instruction
en-streek-cion
Instiument
zouti
zoo -tee.
Insult
insult
ehn-seelt
Intelligence
intelligence
en-tell-ee-zhahns
Interest
interet
en-Iay-rey
Intoxicated
sou
soo
Intestine
tiell
fee-ell
Invalid
infirm
en-feerm
Investigate
fe-enquet
feh-aiui-kett
Invite
invite
en-vee-tay
Iodine
tintu d'iode
ten-chee-djord
Iron
fe
feh
It
li
lee
Itch
grat6
J
prison
grab tay
Jail
pree zohn
Jam
confitu
kohn-fee-tche^
—40-
ENGLISH
CRfiOLE
PRONUNGL^
Jar
cniche
kreeshe
Jralous
jaloux
Zllfitj-lOO
Jelly
gelle
zlieh-lay
Job
travail
trah-vye
Joi-.i
join
zhwenn
Joke
blague
blahg
Jouiney
voyage
voy-ahzli
Joy
joie
zhwali
Judge
juge
zheezli
Jwg
damjau
demm-zlKihn
Juice
ji^
zh^e
J u m p
voltig6
V()le-lee-zhay
Jurv
jure
zhec-ray
Jue^t
juste
zhees
Justice
justice
zbees-teece
K
Keep
quimb6
k eh in- bay
K^g
ti barrique
lee-barr-eek
Kerosene
giaz
gahz
Key
el6
klay
Kick
coup d'pied
koot-pyey
Kidiiey
rongiion
woyu-yon
Kill
tue
Iwey
Kin
parent
pah-rahnt
Kind
(jualite
kah-lee-tay
Kitchen
cuisine
kwee-zeen
Kiss
l:o
bo
Knapsac
bris?ac
bree-snk
Knee
jer»ou
zhen-noo
Knife
couleau
koo-tow
-47
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCLVTIO]
Knock
frappe
frah-pay
Know
connin
kornay
Knowledge
connaissance
L
korn-ay-sahnce
Labour
ii'availle
tiah vye
Lace
dentelle
dahn tell
Ladder
nechelle
tieh shell
Lady
dame
dahm
Lake
lac
lahk
Lame
boite
bwor tay
Lamp
lamp
lahmp
Land
ten-
tehr
Language
language
lahii gazh
Lard
mantegue
niahii leg
Lanlern
fanalle
fah netl
Last
dernie
deh niey
J.aunch
ciialoup
shah loop
Laugh
li
ree
Landry
lessive
less eev
Law
ioi
Iwah
Laxative
medecine
med seen
Lead (lo)
mener
rneh nay
Leaf
feuiU
fay
Leave
ijuitie
kee lay
Leak
coule
koo lay
Lean
maigue
meg
Lett
agauclie
ah goshe
Leg
jamb
zhahm
I^^^ggin^
guet
gate
Lcmoii
cdtion
see U'ohn
-48-
ENGLISH
CREOLlL
PROxNUNCIAT
Less
moin
nnvehn
Lei's
en nou
ah-noo
Letter
lelle
lett
Lettnce
salad
sah lahd
Level
nivo
nee vo
Liar
menteur
ma [in ter
Liberate
lague
lah gay
Lice
puce
peece
Lid
couvelu
koo veh chee
Lie (untrulh)
menii
mahn lee
Lie (lie down)
couche
koo shay
Life
la vie
lah vee
Light (weiglif)
le^e
leh zhay
Light (a light)
lumie
leem yeh
Like
rinmin
ray may
Limit
limile
lee meet
Line
ligne
leen
Liquor
liqueur
lee ker
Live
Vive
veev
Load
charge
shahzh
Long
long
lorng
Lost
pedi
pell djee
Low
ba
bah
Luggage
bagaille
bah gye
M
Mad
fache
fah shny
Magistrate
niag[islrat
mah zhee slrah
Mahogany
cajou
kali zhoo
Make
fe
feh
Male
iLale
niahl
ENGLISH
Man
Many
Map
March
Mcisoii
Meat
Meet
Mechanic
Melon
Mend
Alerchant
Message
Metal
JVIid-day
Middle
Mid-night
Might
Milk
Mill
Mine
Mir]isler
Minule
Minor
Misarranged
Miss
Mob
Moon
Moist
Money
Month
More
Morning
CREOLE PRON UNCIATION
nonin
enpil
cart
inache
niii^on
viann
jninn
niechanique
melon
ran fie
rnachann
depeciie
melai
nridi
millier
m inn it
li capab
lait
monlin
pMS mo I] in
minis! re
minule
glace
nial range
mademoiselle
fonle'
la Inne
mouiller
lagent
mois
plus
matin
numb
nbn peel
kaht
mall shay
mull i-olui
^iahu
zhwenn
liieh kan-eek
mrh-lown
ii\hn-zhay
ni.ih-^halui
day pesh
meh I lib I
mee djee
me el yeh
mee nweet
It-e kab pahb
lett
moo lenn
p'dh mweb
mee neest
meen eut
glahss
niabl rabn zhay
mahJ mwab zell
full
lab leen
moo yay
lah zbahn
mwab
[It-UCO
mall Ian
50-
ENGLISH
CUEOLE
ITvONUNGlATION
Mo.Sf|ui(o
marinoQuiu
mah ten gweun
Mother
ma run a u
mal) mah
Montil
inonle
n)oru lay
Mou:i!ain
morn
mawu
Mouth
bouche
boosh
Movement
moiivement
moov mahnt
Mr
m'sie
m sieh
Mrs
madame
mah dahm
:\luch
eiipil
aim peel
Mule
mulelt
mee-lelt
Murder
laumor
lah mor
Miislaclie
mousiache
moos lahsh
Music
nmsique
mee zeek
Must
fo
fo
Mustard
moularde
moo lard
Mutton
moulon
moo tone
N
Nail
clou
kloo
Naked
nu
uee
Name
uom
nohu
Napk'n
seviett
seh vyett
Narrow
^troit
ay twaht
Nasty
iiihl propre
mahl prope
Native
Qiour^.G
ICl
moon ee see
Nalural
iiaiurei
nah tehee rehl
Navy
navire
iiali vee
Near
pre
)ray
Neat
bandc)
yahn dah
NecPFsary
necessaire
nay-say seh
Neck
cou *
koo
■51-
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATION
Need
besoin
beh zwehn
Needle
zegui
zeh gwee
Negligent
negligent
neg lee zhahnt
Neg'O
neg
neg
Neighbor
voisin
vwah zehn
Neither
ni gnounrii
lott nee yoon nee lote
Nephew
neveu
neli ver
Nerve
ner
nehr
New
nouveau
noo vo
Never
jamin
jahm ay
Next
prochain
pro shehn
Nice
gen til
zhahn lee
Night
DUit
nweet
No
non
|iohn
'Nobody
person n
peh-ssohn
Noise
bru
bree
North
nor
nor
Nose
nin
neh
Not
pa
pah
Nothing
angnin
ahn-yehn
Nolice
avis
jih-vee
Number
niimero
nee may-ro
Nurse
bonn
bom
Nut
noisett
nwah-zett.
Oar
zaviron
zah-vee-rohn
Oath
serment
sehr ma lint
Obedient
obeissant
o-.bay-ee-sahnt
Obey
obeir
o-bay-ee
Object
objet
oib-zliay
^52-
ENGLISH
Oblipe
Observe
Occasion
Occupy
Occur
Ocean
Odor
orrer
Office
Oflen
Oil
Old
Olive
Once
One
Only
Open
Operation
Opinion
Oppose
Or
Oranj^e
Order
Orphan
Olher
Ounce
Ours
Ourselves
Out
Outside
Oven
Over
CREOLE
oblige
observ6
occasion
occupe
rive
ocean
odeur
ollri
burenu
souvent
ihuile
vi6
olive
^Doun foi
gnoun
seulement
ouvri
operation
opinion
oppose
on
zoiange
lord
orpheliu
laut
once
pa nou
nou meme
dehor
de hor
fou
laut bo
PRONUNCIATION
o-blee-zhay
orb-zer vay
o-lvali-zion
or-kee-pay
ree-vay
o say-ahn
o-dirr
or free
bee row
SCO vahnt
Iweel
vieh
o ieev
yoon fwah
yoon
sell mahnt
oo VI ee
o pay inh cion
o peen yone
o po zaV
oo
zo rahnzh
lord
or flen
loie
ownce
pall noo
noo mame
day or
day or
foo
lote bor
53-
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNGIATIO
Overdo
fe trop
feh trope
Overstrain
tro force
tro for say
Overtake
jouinn
zhwehn
Overturn
vire
vee ray .
Ox
boue
bway
Oyster
zuit
P
paquet
zweet
Package
par kay
Page
feuill
fay
Pain
douleur
doo ler
Painful
fe mal
feh mahl
Paint
peint
pent
Pal
camarad
kah mah rahd
Palace
palai
pah lay
I^aie
pal
pahi
Pants
pantalon
pahn tab Ion
Pantry
gaid mange
gahd rnahn zhay
Pardon
padon
pah don
Parent
parent
pah rahn
Partition
separation
sell pah rah sioa
Pass
passe
pah say
Paste
patt
paht
Passed
le passe
lay pah say
Passable
passable
pah sabb
Patch
racommcde
rah-ko-mo-day
Patrol
patrouill
pa-trooee
Pause
rete
reh-lay
Paved
pave
pah vay
Pay
paye
pay-yay
Pea
poi
pwah
-^54-
ENGLISH
Peace
Pen
People
Pepper
Permission
Perhaps
Phrase
Pick axe
Piece
Pig
Pity
Plate
Play
IMead
Please
Pfenty
Pocket
Poison
Poor
Pork
Port
Post
Possible
Pouch
Powder
Power
Powerful
Pray
Pretend
Prevent
Price
Prison
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATION
la paix
lah peh
plume
pleem
peuple
perp
poiv
pwahv
permission
peh-mee-sion
peu let
per late
fraze
frahz
piqiioi
pee kwah
ID ocean
mor-so
cochon
kor-shon
piti6
pee-tiay
assielt
ah-syelt
joui
zhwee
plede
play-day
sV)u plai
soo-play
empil
ahn-peel
poche
porsh
poison
pwah-zon
pauv
pawv
pore
pork
por
por
poss
poce
possible
po-seeb
bourse
boose
poudre
pood
poQVoir
poo-vwah
tor
for
pri6
pee-ay
preten
pray-tahn
emp6ch6
ahm-peh-shay
pri
pree
prison
pree-zon
-55
ENGLISH
Proceefl
Probably
Process
)Vocluce
Profit
Promise
Provision
Protect
Pull
Pulse
Quake
Qualify
Quantity
Quarter
Quarrel
Queen
QueslioR
Question (to)
Quick
Quick sand
Quieter
Quit
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATION
Race
Rag
Rain
proc4d6
pro-say-day
probable
pro-bnhb
pro€e
pro-say
3roduir
oro-dwee
3eneltce
Day-nay -fees
promett
pro-meht
provision
pro-vee-zion
protege
pro-tay-zhay
ral6
rah lay
pou
poo
«
irembte
trahm-blay
qaalifie
kah-lee-fyay
quantite
kahn-lee-tay
quartier
kah-tchee-ay
goumin
goo may
reine
rehn
question
kay-sion
questio«e
kjiv-sion-ay
vile
veet
lev vile
teh-veet
pi iraoquill
pee frahn-keel
quiUe
kee-tay
R
couce
kooss
chiffon
shee fon
ia pli
Uth plee
leve
leh Vtiy
— 56—
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATION
Rake
grattoir
grab Iwah
Rare
rar
rah
Rat
ratt
rahtt
Raw
cru
kree
Reach
ouinn
zhwenn
Read
i
lee
Rear
deyfe
day-yay
Reason
raison
ray zone
Receipt
regu
ray see
Receive
recevoir
reh seh vwah
Recite
recite
ray see tay
Recoj^nize
reconnaitr©
rehkorn ett
Recoinrnence
recommence
ray korm ahn say
Recover
recouvri
ray koo vree
Recruit
reciu
ray kree
Red
rouge
woozli
Reduce
reduir
ray dwee
Refuse
refuse
ray fee zay
Regard
regard
ray gahd
Register
enrpgistr6
ahn ray zhee stray
Regret
regrett
ray grett
Regulate
reg
reiig
1\ lax
reliiche
ray lah shay
Religion
religion
ray lee zhon
j^emark
remaiqu6
ray mah kay
Remove
rete
reh tay
Repair
range
rahn zhay
Repeat
repeLe
reh peh tay
lieply
repond
ray porn
Report to
fe rapport
fell rah por
Reserve
reserve
ray zer vay
Resign
r6signe
reh zeen yay
■57-
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONQNGIATION
Resist
Response
Responsible
Rest
Rett eat
Reluin
Revenge
Revoke
Revolver
Rib
Rich
Ride
Rifle
Right
Ring
Rise
Ruad
Roast
Rob
Rock
Roil
Room
Root
Hope
Rolten
Round
Rub
Rubber
Rudder
Rule
Run
Ruit
resisle
ray zis tay
reponse
ray pornse
responsable
ray sporn sahb
reste
res tay
mache deye
mah shay day yay
retoune
ray too uay
venge
vahii zhay
revoque
ray vo kay
revolver
ray volver
oot
kort
riche
reesh
inonle
morn tay
fusi
fee zee
droit
dwali
bag
bah-
leve
leh v;<y
cheaiin .
slieh niaitt
roti
ro ichee
vol-e
vo lay
rodie
wosh
)oule
^voo lay
chambre
shahm
lacine
rah seem
cold
kord
pouri
poo ree
rond
wonde
foubi
foo bee
caoulehou
kali oot shoo
guidon
gee don
reg
rehg
couri
koo ree
rouille
roo yay
-58-
S
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCLVTION
Sacrifice
sacrifice
sah kree feece
Sad
trisle
Ireest
Saddle
selle
sell
Snfe
coiTie fort
kor freh for
Said
le di
tay djee
Salt
sel
sell
Samo
m6me
ma me
Sand
sab
S:illb
Savage
saiivage
so valizh
Save
sauv6
so vay
Saw (I saw)
te 0116
tay weh
Sav*^ (a saw)
poine
go een
s y
di
djee
Sciile
balance
bah lahnce
Scandal
scandale
.^kahn dahl
Scarce
ra
rah
Scared
pen
per
Scent
odenr
der
S 'licine
coMibinaison
korm bee nay zone
Scholar
e'eve
ay lehv
School
I'ecole
lay korl
Scold
juri
zhew ree
Scramble
gaille
gah yay
S^M^alch
graire
grah tay
Screaiii
rhele
ray lay"
Scrub
foubi
foo bee
Sea
la mer
lah mare
Sea mm
marl 11
mah ren
Season
saison
say zone
^59-
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PROxNUNCIATIO
Second
second
Rch gorn
Secret
£ecre
seh kray
Security
.cecuriie
say kee ree tay
See
ou6
weh
Seed
grainne
grenn
Seem
semble
sahm-blay
Seize
sem
say zee
Selfish
chiche
sheesh
Sell
vann
vahn
Send
voyi
vo yay
Sentry
factionnaire
fahk cion air
Serve
serv6
ser vay
Sergeant
sergeut
ser zhahnt
Sew
coud
kood
Shake
souqu6
soo kay
Sheet
dra
drah
Shirt
chemise
sher meez
Shoe
soulie
sool yay
Shoot
lir6
tee ray
Shoulder
zepaule
zay paul
Sick
malade
mah lahd
Side
b6
bor
Silence
silence
see lahnca
Silver
argent
sh zhahnt
Simple
simp
semp
Since
depi
day pee
Sir
m'si6
m syeh
Sister
se
seh
Size
gross6
gro-ser
Slap
tape
tab pny
Sleep
doQ]i
dor mee
SUde
giiss6
glee say
— 60-
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATION
Slippery
gliss6
gloe say
Slope
pent
pahnt
Slow
doucement
doos mahn
Small
piti
pee tee
Smoke
fume
fee may
Soap
savon
sah vorn
Socks
chauselle
show sett
Soldier
soldat
sole (lah
Soon
tout a rheu
toot ah ler
Sorry
triste
freest
Soup
la soup
lah soop
South
sud
seed
Space
espace
sess pahss
Spade
pell
pell
Speak
pale
pahlay
Speech
discour
dis koo
Square
carre
kah ray
Stable
recini
lay kee ree
Stairway
escalier
ess kahl Iyer
Steam
vapeur
vah per
Steel
acier
ah cier
Steal
vole
vo lay
Step
mache .
mah shay
Stick
baton
bah tone
Stene
li roche
tehee woshe
Slop
rele
reh lay
Storm
mauve ten
mo vay tahn
Store
boulic
boo teek
Siout
gio
glow
Straight
droit
dvvort
Strain
force
forsay
Strange
elrange
ay trahnzh
-61-
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIA'
Stranger
etrange
ay trahn zhay
Strangle
ti'angie
trahn glay
Straw
paille
pye
Sirawberry
freize
frayze
Stream
vapeur
vah per
Street
ri
ree
Strength
lorc6
ior say
Strengthen
enforce
ahn for say
Strengthening
fortifient
for tee ilahnt
Stretch
taudi
tor djee
Strict:
stride
streekt
Strike
greve
grehv
Strike at
frappe
irah pay
String
ficeli
fee sell
Stripes
bariole
bah ree o lay
Strong
for
for
Struck
te frappe
tay frah pay
Stub
boutt
boot
Stubborn
tetu
tay tehee
Stuff
bagaille
bah-gye
Slufl
bourre
boo ray
Stumble
bute
bee tay
Stump (of tree
) chouq
shook
Stupid
Stupid
siee peed
Stutter
bege
beh gay
Style
mode
mode
Stylish
bozo
bor so
Sub due
soumelt
soo rnett
Subject
Fujet
see zhay
Sub lease
sous loue
soo Iway
Success
succes
seek fay
-62-
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATION
Such as
Suck
Sudden
Suds
Suffer
SulFe rings
Suflice >
Sugar
Suit
Suicide
Suiiahle
Sulphur
Sum
Summarily
Summer
Summon
Somersault
Sun
Sure
Sunday
Sunk
Superb
Superior
Superstition
Supper
Supply
Support
Suppose
Surprise
Surprise
Surrender
Surroun
tel que
let6
lou d*un cou
cume
sonlTre
souffrance
asse
sue
rechange
suicide
convenable
soufle
somme
en jia
le(e
cite
culbite
soleil
sur
dimanche
te coule
superb
superior
superstilion
soupe
founi
snpporle
suppose
surprann
surprise
rend
cerne
tell ker
teh tay
too dehn koo
keem
soo fray
soo frahnce
ah say
seek
ray shnhnzh
swee see day
korn vay nahb
soof
sorm
ahn-fehn
leh tay
see tay
keel beet
so lay
see
djee mahsh
tny koo lay
see peib
see per ree yer
see per stee cion
soo pay
too nee
see por tay
see po zay
see pralinn
see preez
rahnn
ser nay
—63
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATI
Surveyor
arpenteur
ah pahn ter
Suspect
suspecte
sis pek tay ,
Swallow
vale
vah lay
Swap
troke
tro kay
Swamp
marecagc
mah ray kahzh
Swear
jure
zliee ray
Sweep
balle
bah lay
Sweet
doiice
doose
Sweeten
adouci
ah doo see
Swollen
enfle ^
ahn flay
Syrop
siro
see ro
System
system
T
sees tehni
Table
tabi
tahb
Tablet
tablet
tahb lelt
Tack
ti clou
tehee -kloo
Tag
ticket
tehee ket
Tail
queu
ker
Tailor
lailleur
lye yer
Take
prann
prahnn
Talk
f)ale
pah lay
Tall
rhaut
whoe
Tame
dou
doo
Tarii!
tax
tahcks
Taste
goulte .
goo tay
Tax
tax
tahcks
Tea
te
tay
Teach
niontre
niorii tray
Tear
dure
shee ray
Telegraph
telegraph
teh lay graph
-64 -
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATIO
Tamper
cole
ko layr
Tent
tant V
larnt
Terrible
terrible
leh reeb
Testify
testifie
tes lee fyay
Testimony
temoignage
teh mwen ahzh
Thank
remerci
reli mair see
That
ga
sa
The
la (aschuallli
a)Iah
Theirs
pa yo
pah yo
Them
ca yo ^
sail yo
Then
alo
ah lor
There
In
lah
Thick
epaiss
ay pehss
Thief
voler
volny
Thin
mince
mehnss
Thing
bagaille
bah gye
Think
penser
pahn say
Thirst
soif
swahf
This
?a
^3
Thorn
piquann
pee kahnn
Thought
16 cone
tny kwehh
Thread
ticeli
fee sell
Threaten
menace
meh nah say
ThroiiiJh
lini
fee nee
Throw
voye
vo yay
Thumb
pence
poose
Thunder
lonner
to nayr
Tie
mare
mah ray
Tight
serre
seh niy
Tifr.ber
gio bois
grow bwah
Time
temp
tahn
Tin
fe blanc
fer blahn
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATION
Tire
Tired
Toast
Tobacco
Today
Toe
Together
Tomatoe
Tomorrow
Ton
Tongue
Too
Tool
Tooth
Top
Torture
Total
Touch
Toward
Towel
Town
Trace
Track
Trade
Trail
Train
Translate
Trap
Travel
Treason
Treasure
Tree
caoutchou
fatigu6
pain grille
tabac
joudi
zauteill
ensenfib
tomalt
demain
tonn
langue
too
zouli
dent
en rhaut
brutalize
total
touche
n'an direction
seviett
bouq
trace
chemin
nnetie
chemin
train
tradui
trap
voyage
trahison
tremor
pie boi
kah oot shoo
fall tehee gay
pehn gree yay
tah bahk
zhoo djee
zo tay
aha sahm
to maht
der man
torn
lahng
too
200 tehee
dahnt
aha whoe
bree tah lee zay
to tah I
too shay
nah dee rehk cion
seh viett
bouk
trah say
sher mane
meh Icheh
sher mane
trehn
trah dwee
trahp
voy all zhay
trah ee zone
treh-zor
pyay bwah
-66-
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATION
Trick
trique
ireek
Trigger
gHchett
gah shett
Trip
voyage
vo yahzh
Trot
Iroire
tf or tay
Trouble
troub
^roob
True
vrai
vray
Trunk
mal
mahll
Truih
la v6ril6
lab vay ree tay
Try
essaye
ess ay yay
Turn
vire
vee ray
Turtle
tortu
lor tehee
Twist
vir6, tord6
U
vee ray, tor day
Unhealihful
mal sain
mail] sehn
Unhurt
pa bles66
pah bleh say
Unpack
rit^ charge
leh fay sharzh
Unable
pa capnb
pah kah pahb
Uncle
ton toil
tone lone
Unclean
mal prop
mahl props
Under
en ba
phn bah
Underground
en ba ter
ahn bah lair
Undershirt
cbemizett
sheh mee zelt
Understand
comprann
korm prahnn
Uniform
uniform
ee nee form
Unite
mete ensemb
meh tay ahn sahm
Unjust
pa juste
pah zheest
Unlawful
cont la loi
korni lah Iwah
Uiik-ss
sauf que
sofe ker
Until
j usque
zhees ker
Up
en rhaut
ahn whoe
ENGLISH
Upspt
Urinate
Use
Useless
— 67-
CREOLE
chavire
pisse
use
iautile
PllONUNCLVTIOx^
shah vee ray
pe say
ee zay
een ee teel
Vacnnr
vid
Vagrant
oisif
Valley
valle
Valve
valve
Vegetable
le^nme
Vein
vein
Verify
verifie
Very
Ire
Vest
vess
Vicfory
victoir
View
vne
Vine
pie
Violent
violent
Visit
visile
Voice
voix
Vomit
vonai
Vote
vot
Vow
serment
Voyage
voyage
Wait
tend
Walk
mache
Wall
rnur
w
veed
wall zeef
vah lay
vahlv
leh geeni
vehn
veh leefee ay
tray
vess
veek Iwah
vee
pee ay
vee o lahnt
vee zee tay
vwah
vo mee
vote
ser mahnt
vo valjzh
tahn
mah shay
rneer
— 68 —
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PRONUNCIATION
War
la guerr
Warm
chau
Was
le y6
Wash
lave
Wasle
gaspill6
Watch
gard6
Water
d'lo
Wear
mette
Weather
I e m p
Wed
mar'ie
Weeding
niariage
Week
semainn
Wheel
roue
AVhen
1 heu
Where
cote
Which
qui less
Whip
batl
Whisker
barb
white
blanche
Who
qui nioune
Whole
entie
Whose
pon qui
Wick
meche
Wide
grand
Widow
veuve
Wife
fanm
Wild
marion
Will
va (li va)
Win
gagnier
Wit)d
vent
Window
fenett
Winff
zell
lah gayr
3how
^^y yay
lahvay
grihs pee yay
gah day
d low
meh tay
tahm
mah reeyay
rnah ree azh
seh mane
AVOO
ler
kor fay
kee less
bat
bahb
blahnsh
kee moon
ahn liay
poo kee
mehsh
^rahn
verv
farm
mah rone
vah
gahn yay
vahnt
feh nett
zeli
-69 —
ENGLISH
CREOLE
PROiNUNCIATl
Wire
hi fer
frel fer
Wise
sa^e
sahzh
Wish
vl6
vlay
With
avec
ah vek
Within
f'M de dau
ahn der dahut
Womnn
fa n m
fai m
Wood
hoi
bwah
Wool
lain
lehn
Word
mot
mo
Woik Z
travail
trail vye
Worm
ver
ver
Worship
idole
ee do lay
Wound
hiesse
bleh say
Wrap
viope
vio pay
Write
ecri
ay kree
Wrong
mal
Y
£11 ah 11^
Yard
la court
lali koo
Year
I'annee
lah nay
Y^>ast
Televin
lell veha
Yellow
JHune
zhorn
Yes
oui
wee
Yesterday
a hier
ah yayr
rou
ou
GO
Young
jeun
zhen
Yours
pa ou
pah 00
^
i--»iaigg^gE^to < "■
A few rules in Creole grammar
A — always as in AH. choual, cabann, mattla.
CH always as sh. as in choiial, chemin etc.
E...... _as e in Bed. in words of 1 syllable, in 2
syllables a«« AH. pension.
ENT- .as last syllable as AUNT. Tremblement;
Vomissement etc. T silent.
Q -im. before A and U as g in going; gargon,
guett.
Z IT" before E as Zh : genou, bandage :
GN „ is pronounced almost as y, in you, as
gnon, an^nin, gangnin.
^ '--- as E in EE. chita, vini, li, etc
N single pronounced NASALLY as in Gargon
NN double «: full as n in men.
OU __.._as 00 in moon, ; bouric. mouton.
TI as fchee, piti, senti
Words ending in aille as y inby: bagaille, mu-
raille, entrailte.
— 72^
PHRASES
ENGLISH CREOLK
Good moi ning bon jou
liood night bon soi
Huw are you? couman ou ye
How is your failier couman papa ou \i
Where is your brother cole fre ou ye
Wic i • is your huu.so cole caille ou ye
Wheie is your horse cole choual ou ye
Where are your men col6 moune ou y6
Have you any nevv^ ou gaguin nouvelle
What do you want ^a ou vie
« « « say « « di
t « « know « *i conniu
at Q a See e « oue
(( a « think a « ere
« « a: wish « (( vie
« « « need « a besoin
«: « (( like (( a rinmin
« « (( play « « joue
f ct « do (( « le
« c( « drink a. « bou6
^ a. a eat (c « mang6
« « « read « cc li
» « « wiite « c ecri
-~73-
Lend me your horse
^ c( « mule
^ « five dollars
^J^ « a saddle
Prele mouin choual ou
^ « muleit ou
« « cinq doU
« « gnou sell
Excepting when a word begins with the letter
<^^^ the letter «n» is always given a nasal pronon-
ciation.
ENGLISH
CREOLE
I came
m te
vini
You came
ou 6C
«
He came
ji ^
c
We came
nou «
«
You came
ou «
«:
They came
yo c
1^
I want
m'vle
You want
ou via
He wants
ti vie
We want
nou vie
You want
ou vie
They want
yo ^le
I dont want
it
m'pa
vie li
You a: «
«
ou 6r
« «
He V «
(C
li (f
« <c
We (( ((
«
nou «
c< c
You « «
«
ou (C
<sc «
They « «
((
yo «
« «
-74-
ENGLISH
Where do you live
Wtiere do you work
Where do you come from
When are you goiug
'^ will *' come
When did you ariive
** •* '• see him
Ask him his name
Tell him lo go
Force him to go
Olch him
Hit him willi
CREOLE
cot6 on r6l6
** '* Iravail
'* •* soiii
qui Ihe ou prall*
*• *• " ape vini
** '' '* leoueli
Mande li couman rele li
Di li alle
Force li alle
Quimbe li
Fra|»p6 U avec
I am jioing
mouin
pralle
He is ^'oing
li
(i
We aie going
nou
(i
You are going
ou
(t
They are going
yo
t(
I am coming
mouin
p6 vini
You are coming
ou
(( ti
He is coming
li
<< ((
We are coming
nou
• ( ( i
You are coming
ou
it it
They are coming
yo
<^ it
-75-.
I would come
Yon would come
He would come
We would come
You would come
Thev would come
m
ou
li
nou
ou
yo
ia
vmi
Presknt of verb ape
I am coming ,.
M'ape vini
Ou ape vini
Li ape vini
Nou ape vini
Ou ape viijj
Yo ape vim
J would have come.,.
M'ta villi
Ou la vini
Li ta vini
Nou ta vini
Ou ta vini
Yo la vini
/ came
M'te vini
Ou le vim
Li t6 vini
Nou te vini
Ou te vini
Yo 16 vini
Past tense
I was coming ..
M t'ape vini
Ou tape vmi
Li I ape vini
Nou (ape vini
Ou Tape vini
Yo t'ape vini
/ wasnt going to come
M pa rape vini
Oil pa I'ape vini
Li pa Tape vini
Nou pa t'ape vini
On pa tape vini
Yo pu Vupe vini
— 76 -
A few usual phrases
May well be used to pi (i*.iice phrase conslniclion
KNGLISH CREOLE mONUNClATlON
How do yoa feel conmnn o'l ye jmi koo-mih-oo-yay
tod IV ! (li '^ zhoo-djee.
Ilavo >ou a h(^a I- on ^.^nnmer md oo gahn-yav-mahl
aoh.i? toll! ? ' tjlc
Hive you a fever on ^agiiier ia lie- on g\hti-yay la fee
vre. ayv.
« K( « cold ou gagnier rluimo. oo gahn-yay-reem
a c a chill on gagnier Ins- a cc cc free- so a
fon,
« a (( pain ou gagnier dou- < * « doo-ler
lenr.
Where is the pain cole doule ou ye kor-lay doo ler oo
}1j\v lo:i,n^ linvc fl^pi qni;rheu ou day-pee-kee- ler-
yoii I) en s ck ? inal i(l^\ oo mah-lahd
How many times combien foi ou te karm- bien- fwah-
did you take the pranu reujed la oo-iay-p!arn- ray
inederjue yester- liier. mehd-!ah-yayr
(1 »y 1
Which is the road qui less chemin kee-less-sher- nia-
to iMirelaiais? pon aller Mireba- n^e-poo-prahu poo
lais. allay-nit^e bah-lay
Is Uv3 road loo ess qne chemin ess ker sher mane
muddy for the la gagnier trop h lah gahn yay trope
auto '? bju pou aulo la? lah boo poo aw
to lah
We wish to send nou besoin voye no >behzwehn vo-
ENGLISH
for more gaso-
line.
The trail is too
steep f )r my horse
can yon get me
another ? .
My horse is tired
how much will I
have to pay to
hire ano her ?
Saddle and bridle
my horse.
Give V)e mule
some grass
Give th'- horse
some wa'er
^uve the boy five
cents.
Call the men for
me.
Why do they go
away
Tell the n not to
be afraid
Fix my saddle
CREOLE
cherche plus ga-
zoline.
chemin la trop a
pique pou ch'^ual
moin, ou capab fe
mouinjuinn gnou
I'autr.
choual moin fati-
gue, combien pou
m'paye pou louer
gnoun Tautr.
selle bride choual
moin.
bail millet^ la un
pen zheb
bail choual ia un
peu d'l>
bail gacon la cinq
cob.
rhele moun la yo
pou moin
pou qui v) couri
di yo yo pas be-
soin peu
range selle mouin
PRO N UNCI ATIO>J
yay " sher shay
plees gah zo leen.
sher mane la trop
ah peek poo shw
all mweh oo ki^h
pahb feh mweh
zhwenn yoon lote
shwail mweh fah
tehee gay, karm
bien pou mweh
pay ay pou Iwey
yoon lote.
sell-ay bree-day
shwail mweh
buy mee-let lah
ehn peh sehb
buy shwal lah
ehn peh dlo
buy gah s ne la
sank kjrb.
reh lay mom la
yo poo mweh
poo kee yo koo
ree.
djee yo yo pah
beh zwehn per.
rahn-zhay sell
rnwfeh.
^ 78 -
Proverbs
1.^^ line Creole proverb
Sni » III feral Iransluiion
3rd » englisli prouerb
Soufle fairas pan on hold d'lo
Blow the (iirt aw.iy before driiik'iig
Be sure youre right llien go ahead
G4 cue boiiche pe *
Eyes see, moulh remains silent
Dont tell every Ihing you see
Chiq pa.<5 janmin re^pecle pie gran monchd.
Ticks never lespecr Ihe feel of great men
Misfortune l3omes to everyone regardless of rank
Mouup. qui rond par cnpab vini carr^.
People born round cannot become square
Once a crook always a crook
Zafair mouto}\ pas zafair cabrit.
Bnisness of sheep is not buisness of goat
Everybody mind Iheir own buisness
Calle poe>son pas J agent
Fush scales is not money
All is not gold that gUllers ,
-79-*
Tout bols ce boii^t niais inapoii pas cajou
All wood is wood but mapoii is not mahogany
All persons of the same clas<^ are nof^ of the same
quality
CV soldier qui connin si chaiisell gagnin troa.
It is shoes that know if the socks have holes
You have to live with a man to know his true
nature.
Qtiand ravett fai danse ^li pas \anntin iavite poule
When spiders hold a danse they never invite chic-
kens
A band of thieves never invite the police to their
rendez-vous
Pas janmin coiiri de chimin a la fois
Never try to go tw^) roads at the same time
Never try to do two things at the same time
Tout poesson mange monn, reqiiin seul pole blame.
All Qsh eats people, but sharks alone cany blame.
Any man is liable lo crime but only those once
convicted are suspects.
La fimiii pas janmin leve sans Ji/e.
Smoke never rises unless theiir is tire
Where there is a rumor Ibeir must be a foundation
• SO-
Numbers
3
v^n
erri
2
de
deh
3
tfois
iwor
4
qua Ire
kahlr
5
eincf
sank
«
six
seese
7
sept
ShI
8
huir
wpet
9
neiif
nehf
10
dix
deece
11
onze
ovvnze
42
douze
dooze
13
Ireize
treyze
#4
qnatorze
kHliloize
i5
quinze
kanz
16
e^eize
seyze
47
dix se|>t
deeset
4»
dix hmt
deece weet
11>
dix neiaf
deece nehf
20
vingl
vant
2t
vingt el nn
vani evern
^2
vingl dewx
vant deh
23
vingl trois
vant Ivvor
24
vin^t qnalie
vant kaht
25
vingt cinq
vant sank
26
vingt six
vant seece
27
\\ngi seot
vant set
28
vir^^t huit
vant weet
29
vingt neuf
vant nehf
80
tiente
trahnt
40
quarante
kah rahnt
50
cinqiiante
sank lihni
m
«;ni>Lqnle
KWjh SMhflt
•81-
70
soixanre diK
?^wor sahnt deece
80
quaire vingt
kah treh vant
00
quatre vingt dix
kali treli vaut deece
100
cent
bal'iit
.*!^unday
Monday
Tu-sday
Wednesday
Tliiiisday
FrM Jay
Saluiday
Days
dimnnciie
Inndi
mardi
inerciedi
jeudi
vendredi
samedi
dee mahsh
lern dee
mall dee
nieh kreh dee
ziier dee
vahn dreh dee
saliin dee
^lonths
Joniiaiy
Ft^biuary
March
April
May
June
July
August
Sepiember
October
November
December
Janvier
Fevrier
Mars ^
Avril
Mai
Jnin
Juillet
Aoiic
Sepiembre
Octobre
Novemhre
L)ecembre
zhahn vyey
ft^v ryey
niahss
ah vreel
may
jern
zliwee yet
uh col
seplemb
ahk lobe
no vahm
dav sahm
kiMml Data on Haiti
Habits and traits of the People
The native Hailiens are usually very quiet ar
P' ace loving.Theynreof a cjenerous and sympathet
<1i?posilion, an^l Iheir ronimnnily life is ifleal. A
^Isiance is always oriven to Ihe needy ; and Uk
1nke pride in Ibeir hospitality.
Tlie women are active, indnslrious, and pe
form a « £(oodIy porliou of llie inanual labor
llie country. » They are adepts at sale and barte
A most interesting: and pictniesque siorht are tl
long lines of markpt women cons^tantly comii
and goin^,*^ on the hi^^drways leading to Ihe lown
The matk^t produce is either carried on the hea(
of the women or on burroes. As pedestrians tl
women are above comparison, walking miles ar
miles with no appaient fatigue.
Markt ts are maintained in all the villages, towr
and cities, and it is from tlie.-e maikets that: nev
and gossip are disseminated Lhrougtio.it the com
try. Minor ti'ading is carried on at all cross road
—84-
Tiavellers are cordially greeted by evoryone
they meet and iuformaiioii as lo the couutiy is
gladly given,
Distani!vis are leckoned by lime ralher than
by distam-e, mid it is vviill lor ilie new arrival lo
keep this always in mind, when travelling in Ihe
counliy dislricls.
News travels rapidly owing lo the hige number
of voyagers and Iheir habits of viiriling.
The people are religious ; every lown of any con-
sequence has its place of worship, and it is well
pationized by all. Towns nol large enough lomain-
lain a priest in residence are periodically visited
by priesls fioni laiger towns who ride reg ilar
ciicnils , holding services m every town tlirougli
which ihey pass.
Visilif)g, riding, dancing, and cock-figluing form
the principal amusenienls in the countiy.
Heallli Conditions
Malaria is very prevalent and is Ihe principal
febiiie disease ot Haiti. The abundant vegetation,
the lack of drainage, etc, leads lo accumulation
of w ib'V wliich forms idea breeding places for mos-
qnilops. The bile of the infecttMl mosquito trans-
mit-; ihe disease and the freqn< ncy ot malaria will
b'- d'm.nislied only whon Iheir breeding places
are climated. The probubiliiy of acquiring the
disease is greatly diininished by sleeping under
good mosquito nets.
There are vary f^w water born diseases, perhaps
due to the high elevation of llie sonrces of streams
which provide water for drinking purposes. The
rate of flow leais to rapid emptying of infectious
material into the seas.
Then too, ih^^ process of filiration pinys a part,
for many of the streams seep into the ground on-
ly to reappear at a lower level. Very little amoebic*,
dysentery is seen, typhoid fever is rare and small-
pox occurs in a mi'd form. Dengue fever is fre-
qnent and hook-worm infection is present in ten
percent of Ihe population. Exciadin^r mblaria, the
J^^^land is remarkably free of the ordinary cosmo-
politan disease^;. The use of mosquito nets and
careful attention to personal hygiene are all thp
mea^sures necessary to maintain average good
health.
General Information
The Republic of Haiti lias an area of 10,t>n4
square miles, v^Mlh a population per square mile
of abont 196. This is six times ttie average num-
ber per square miie iii the United Stales and 1.4
limes that of France.
Haili is very mountainous. A certain nobleman
is said to have described the island Haili by
— 80 —
crumpling a piece of piper in his hand and tlirow-
ing it upon a table. Indeed, the high mountains
and the many subsidiary Mdges canse a bird's eye
view of certain poitio s to resemble a piece of
stiff paper when crumpled.
There aie three principal mountain chains. The
northern chain, Ihe Sierra del Cibao, extends
from central SanLo Domingo to Mole St Nicolas,
the central chain fiem central Sm Domingo lo
St Marc, and the southern chain runs from the
Bay of Neyba in San Djm ngclirectly west through
the southern peninsula to Cape Tiburon This
range contains the highest mountains in Hiiti ;
Morn Gaba ( 9000 feel J, and L'l Hjtie, south of
Jeremie ( 7400 feel.
The following information as to the altitudes of
some of the summits near Port-au-Frince was
furnishel by the Engineer of Haiti :
iMorne Crochu 3. 00 feet
Gran d'Eau 4600 a
Roseau 4500 ((.
En fan Is Perdus 3275 a:
Fort Jacques 4400 «
Montaignes Noires 0000 «
Morn Tranchant 6425 <r
Mom I'Hopital 3470 cc
Between the northern and southern peninsulas
is Ihe Gulf of Gonave. Port-au-Prince lies near the
tip of the triangle The island of Gonave is some
—87-
2^ miles from the Capital. The harbor of Porl-aa-
Prince is 200 square miles in area.
The largest river in Haiti is the Artibonite, which
rises iiq Santo Domingo afid emplies into the sea
about 12 miles norih of St. Marc.
The plains of Haiti are very fertile. Those of the
Artibonite an^l of the Cul de Sac ( east of Port aa
Prince ) are Ihe largest in the Republic. The rain-
fall is heavy. There is a wet and a dry season but
this varies greatly throughout the Island. One por-
tion may be in the middle of the rainy season
while another portion is suffering tor want of water.
About 20 miles east of Ihe Capital City lies the
lake refjion of the island. The first lake, Azuey, or
Elang Saumatre is 15 miles long and 5 miles w^ide.
The boundary line of Haiti and Santo Domingo pas-
ses through this lake. The water is salty.
Irrigation is practised in many parts of Haiti,
particularly ir) the plains of the Cnl da Sac. There
are many ruins of old French irrigation systems.
There are approximately 520 miles of road suita-
ble for motor traffic and Ihese are being constantly
extended. They radiate from Port au Prince to
Tronin, to Miragodne,to Croix des Bouqaels and to
Cape Hailien. Hinche can be reached via St Michel.
From Capellaitien ihere is a road toQuanaminthe
which continues inio San Domingo. The h'gh-
way from Port au Prince to Cape Haitien is 171
miles long and was completed late in 1917.
Railroads.
The p. C. S.
Porr au Prince to L«iogane
Port au Prince to Tlioniazeau
The National, R.R. of Haiti
Port au Prince to St. Marc
Gonaives to Enneiy
Cap Hailien lo Grande Riviere
Approximative Population
miles
20
«
22
f
61
a
20
«
10
Port an Prince
100,000
Gonaives
15,000
St iMarc
13.000
Cap Haitien
25.000
Caves
20 000
Jacmel
18,000
J^iemie
1(1,000
Mirogoane
5.000
Port de Paix
5,000
^ 11
Approximative Distance
Poi t au Prince
to Leogane miles 20
(( 41
to Pelionville cc 4 1(2
« «
to Thoniazeaa (( 22
<k <L
t3 Croix des Bouquets « 15
« e
to Arcahaie « 29 li2
89 -
Pof I au Prince
C( C(
« «
Arcahnie
.St. Miic
Sl Mate
(joiiaives
Eiinery
St. Michel
Maissade
Knnery
Plaisance
Limbe
C'ip IT;iiiien
Lr Troii
C<')p FInilien
Port de Paix
lean Rnbpl
MoleScNicolHS
P^imbardapo'is
Anse Rouge
Hincbe
Hinche
Petiie Rivieie
?Jircbalais
Lns ('ahobas
.(li'oix des Bqts.
Leogaue
(o Miiebalus
to Cap Hailien
to CcU^es
lo St. Marc
to Felile l^iviere
to Gonaives
to I^^niur y
to St. Michel
to Maissnde
to Hinche
to Plaisance
to Lifnbe
to Cap Hailien
to Le Troii
to OiiMH iminthe
to Port de Paix
to Giande Riviere
to Jpan Rabel
to Molf^ St. Nicolas
to Bonibardapolis
to Anse Rouge
to Gonaives
to Thomasique
to Thomonde
to La Chapelle
lo Las Cahobas
to 13elladere
to Fond Pari^iens
lo Tionin
nailes
«
«
«
<(
«
€
if
<i
«
«
«
33
171
125
33
17
4()
18
8
20
10
17
I:;
10
18
2<»
00
p)
20 1/2
i 5
15
13
40
10
12
21
18
10
27
/i
-^90-
Trouin
Jacmel
Jacmel
Leogane
I'elit Goave
Mirago^ne
Anse a Veau
Baradere
Pestel
.leremie
Dame xMarie
Aiised'Hainault
Tiburon
Port a Piment
i^ort Salut
Cayes
St Louis
Aqnin
Aquin
to Jacmel
to SalTrou
to Cotes de Fer
to Petit Goave
to Miragoane
to Anse ^ Veau
to Baradeie
to Pestel
to J^remie
to Dame Marie
to Anse d'Hainault
to Tiburon
to Port a Piment
to Port Salut
to Cayes
to St Louis
to Aquin
to Coles de Fer
to Miragoane
miles 15
Products of Haiti
«
«
«
45
24
14
21
23
Pi 1/2
25
30
8
20
25
20
18
25
11
25
29
The most imporlant exports are colTee, cotton,
locTwood, cocoff-, lignum vitce, wax, honey, sugar-
and hides.
Indigenous products, plants an i fruits, are rice,
maize, arrowroot, yams, sweet polatoes, plantins,
bananas, pinienloes,minioc or cassave,sugu^ cane,
coffee, melons, cabbage, bread fruit, mangoes, cai.
metes, oranges, limes, and grapes.
Weights and Measures.
The Metric System of weights and measures is
official in Haiti tjiough Ihere are in use some old
Haitien weights and measures that are not official.
Weights
1 Kilogramme equals 2.20462 pounds or 35.274
ounces
1 Pound equals 0.4535 kilogrammes or 553.50
grammes.
Volumes
1 Liter equals 0.2041 gallons or 2.1133 pints,
1 Gallon equals 3.785 liters
Length
1 Meter equals 1.0936 yards or 3.2808 feet or
39. 37 inches.
1 Kilometer equals 0,62137 miles,
1 Foot equals 0,3048 meters.
1 Mile equals 1.6093 kilometers.
Unofficial measures
1 Aune equals 45 inches.
1 Marmite equals the contents of a fl.ve pound
butter or lard can.
1 carreau equals approximately 3 1/4 acres.
9-2-
Normal Values of meleorological eleinenls
Port-au-Prince
BAROMETER TIME HUMIDITY NEBULOSITY RAINFALL IN MM
January
8.07
'24.4
65
2.7
29.9
February
8.93
2i.9
63
3.1
63.6
March
8.48
25.3
6i
3.8
9i.6
April
7.97
'26.1
05
4.7
171.6
May
7.28
10.4
73
5.5
256.8
June
7.96
'27.4
08
4.9
95.7
Jnly
8.33
27.9
04
43
73.0
August
7.59
27.6
08
45
i39.4
Septembei
' H.67
2(3.9
73
5.0
197.9
October
5.90
26.4
76
4.9
170.2
Novembei
• 6.58
25.6
72
^3.7
81.0
December
7.87
'24.7
68
3.1
39.0
Averages
7.68
26.13 68.5
4.2
118.3
Average annual
rainfall
1419.9
Data furnished by Engineer d'Haiti
- 93 —
HAITIEN MONEY SYSTEM.
Hailien money is issued in copper, Nickel, and
paper, and is one fiftb llie value of American nion-
ey. It isissup-din the following denomination :"
1 ceniime ( copper ) j/5 cent American
5 centimes ( nickel ) I « ^^
10 centimes ( nickel )..... 2 cents «
20 centimes ( nickel ) 4 cents «
50 centimes ( nickel ) iO « «
i gourde ( paper ).,... 20 « cc
2 gourdes (paper) .... 40 « «
iO gourdes ( paper ) . . . . 2 dollars «
FINIS.
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW
AN INITIAL PINE OP 25 CENTS
WrLL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN
THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY
WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH
DAY AND TO *I.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY
OVERDUE.
*-^
OCT 5 1935
W
MT-
4m-
' ■^niss^i^
JAN 24 I94b
5A{)r'57FHi
REC D LP
•p.1ri7 . '
1 2 ILc
^-tti-
\Kttf^
REC'D LD
-^
oj< MflU '65 -if AM
^B 8 19675 9
R'^CFfV
LOAN DEPT.
YB .18R24
870286
•**^-.> . ,
UNIVP|ISITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
