CONFIDENTIAL No. 2
Devised)
NOT TO BE TAKEN INTO FRONT LINE T&ENCH
lsttHAnOBMnMMMHHHMMW1 ?Bi
ISSUED TO INCLUDE COMPANY OFFI^M
LIAISON
FOR^LL ASMS
TRANSLATED FRO ENCJI EDITION
OF DECEMBER '2S, 1917
AT
lilHAL HEADOUARTEHS
AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FOR«
CONFIDENTIAL No. 2
(Revised)
NOT TO BE TAKEN INTO FRONT LINE TRENCHES.
ISSUED TO
LIAISON
FOR ALL ARMS
TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH EDITION
OF DECEMRER 28, 1917
AT
GENERAL HEADQUARTERS
AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES, FRANCE
JUNE, 1918
GENERAL HEADQUARTERS
AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES.
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
FRANCE, June 15, 1918.
This revision of the French official pamphlet entitled
"Instruction on Liaison for Troops of all Arms" is
announced as the official manual on this subject for the
American Expeditionary Forces.
Until modified by proper authority, its provisions
will be strictly complied with in all exercises and opera-
tions.
BY COMMAND OF GENERAL PfiRSHING:
JAMES W. McANDREW,
Chief of Staff.
OFFICIAL :
ROBERT C. DAVIS,
Adjutant General.
THE PRESENT INSTRUCTION
ANNULS THE
INSTRUCTION ON LIAISON FOR TROOPS
OF ALL ARMS
TRANSLATED AT THESE HEADQUARTERS
FROM THE FRENCH EDITION
OF DECEMBER 12
1916
JT 640
CONTENTS
I. — General Considerations.
II.— Duties of Chief of Staff.
III. — Plan of Liaison.
PART I.
MEANS OF OBTAINING INFORMATION.
Chapter I.— LIAISON AGENTS OF THE COMMAND.
Designation of the Agents of Liaison.
Duty of the Agents of Liaison.
Use of the Cavalry Officers and N. C. O.'s.
Chapter II.— ARTILLERY LIAISON AGENTS ATTACHED TO THE IN-
FANTRY.
Detachment of Liaison.
Chapter III.— OBSERVATION.
I. — Ground observation.
Kinds of observation stations.
A. — Observation during a period of stabilization.
Organization and working of observation stations.
Personnel of observation stations.
Work of the observers — reports.
Co-ordination of observation work.
Utilization of observation stations for reconnoitering
the enemy's terrain.
B. — Observation in combat.
II. — Aerial observation.
Chapter IV.— LIAISON BY AIRPLANES AND BALLOONS.
I. — Airplanes.
A. — Work assigned to airplanes.
1. Airplanes of command.
2. Courier airplanes.
3. Airplanes for accompanying the infantry.
B. — Means of communication.
1. Communication from the airplane to the earth.
(a) Weighted messages.
(b) Radio telegraphy.
(c) Visual signaling and signaling by fireworks.
2. Watch posts.
3. Communication from the earth to the airplane.
(a) Firing line.
(b) Command posts.
II. — Balloons.
A. — Duties of balloons.
B. — Means of communication.
1. From the balloon to the command.
2. From the balloon to the firing line and advance command
posts.
3. From the firing line and advance command posts to the
balloon.
III. — Reconnaissances and preliminary understandings.
PART II.
MKANS OF TRANSMISSION.
CSSITY FOR FREQUENT USE OF THE VARIOUS MEANS OF
TRANSMISSION.
Chapter I.— PERSONNEL INTRUSTED WITH THE MEANS OF TRANS-
MISSION.
I. — General Headquarters.
II. — Array.
III. — Army Corps.
IV. — Infantry and Cavalry Divisions.
V. — Infantry and Cavalry Units.
VI.— Artillery Groups and Battalions.
VII.— Air Service.
VIII.— Supplies.
IX.— Duties of the Chief Signal Officer.
Chapter II.— TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMMUNICATrONS.
I. — Telephone System.
A. — Army System.
1. Command System.
2. Fire System.
.'J. Reserved circuits.
(a) Aviation circuits.
(b) Balloon circuits.
(c) Anti-aircraft circuits.
B. — Regimental System.
1. Infantry Regiment.
2. Artillery Group.
3. Balloon Companies.
4. Anti-Aircraft Defense — Artillery Intelligence Service.
C. — Various arrangements.
1. Advantages of the Army System.
2. Homogeneousness of the Telephone System.
3. Plan of Systems.
4. Construction of the Army System.
5. Operation of the Army System.
6. Authorization for Telephone Service.
7. Diagram and Directory.
D. — Liaison between Army Systems.
E. — Miscellaneous recommendations.
1. Overhearing telephone communications
2. Use of telephone,
3. Discipline of use.
II.— Telegraphy.
Chapter III.— RADIO-ELECTRIC COMMUNICATIONS.
I.— Radio Telegraphy.
1. Radio Aerial System.
2. Radio Terrestrial System.
(a) Army System.
(b) Army Corps System.
(c) Divisional System.
(d) Advance System.
3. Plan for employment of radio telegranhv
Radio officer.
II.— Earth Telegraphy.
Principle.
Range.
Precautions to be taken in setting up station.
A. — Orientation of bases.
B. — Earth connections.
C. — Interference.
D. — Employment of earth telegraphy.
E. — Density of employment of earth telegraphy.
III. — Secrecy of communications.
Chapter IV.— VISUAL, ARM, SOUND, PANEL SIGNALING.
I. — General remarks.
II.— Visual signaling.
A. — Technical considerations.
1. Apparatus.
2. Colored lights.
3. Efficiency.
4. Location of visual stations.
5. Change of position of the station.
B. — Use of visual signaling.
C. — Visual system.
(a) Visual centrals.
(b) Relay stations.
(c) Liaison to be organized.
III. — Arm signaling.
IV. — Arrangements common to visual and arm signaling.
1. Station calls.
2. Secrecy of communications.
V. — Sound signaling.
VI. — Panel signaling.
Chapter V.— SIGNALING BY MEANS OF FIREWORKS.
Chapter VI.— COURIERS.
Chapter VII.— CARRIER PIGEONS, MESSENGER DOGS.
A. — Carrier pigeons.
, I. — General remarks.
II. — General instructions concerning the working of carrier
pigeon liaison.
III. — Liaison by carrier pigeons.
1. Liaison between the advance elements and the com-
manding authority.
2. Liaison between Infantry and Artillery.
3. Liaison between officers detailed on special duty
and the unit which detached them.
IV. — Secrecy of communications.
B. — Messenger dogs.
Chapter VIII.— MESSAGE CARRIERS.
Chapter IX.— ORGANIZATION OF LIAISON IN CASE OF AN OFFEN-
SIVE ACTION.
I. — General remarks.
II.— Axis of liaison.
III. — Advance centers of information.
IV. — Change of position for command post and centers of informa-
tion.
V. — Organization of communications in case of rapid advance.
VI. — Re-establishment of contact.
.linpter X.— ORGANIZATION OF LIAISON ON THE DEFENSIVE.
I. — Telephone lines.
II.— Radio-electric communications.
III. — Visual communications.
IV. — Station calls, codes.
V. — Fireworks.
VI. — Carrier pigeons
VII. — Liaison personnel.
VIII. — Case of alarm, reinforcement, relief.
PART IIL
TRAINING.
APPENDICES.
I. — Provisional signal unit equipment for infantry division.
II. — Description and use of projectors.
III. — Description of panels.
1. Identification panels.
2. Rectangular panels for command posts.
3. Artillery signaling panels.
4. Marking panels for firing line.
IV.— Signal and illuminating rockets and throwing devices.
V. — I. Morse alphabet.
II. Method of making signals.
Ill; Sending signals.
IV. Special instructions for visual signaling.
VI.— I. Signals made by Infantry.
II. Signals made by infantry airplane.
VII. — Transmission of standard time.
VIII. — A summary of the organization and working of carrier pigeons.
IX. — Characteristics of fireworks. •
X.— Organization of liaison.
1. Artillery liaison.
2. Diagram of telephone system in an army corps sector.
3. General diagram of radio-electric liaisons.
LIAISON
FOR ALL ARMS
I.— GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
1. The object of liaison is as follows:
To keep the commander constantly posted on the situation
of the units under his orders, and to furnish him with a basis
for his decisions.
To insure, between the various echelons of the command,
between adjoining units and between the various arms of the
service, the safe and rapid transmission of orders, questions,
reports and information, and in a general way to insure all
communications necessary to obtain a close co-operation, parti-
cularly between the infantry and artillery.
Consequently, to be complete, the liaison must secure the fol-
lowing communications:
(1) From the front to the rear.
(2) From the rear to the front.
(3) Laterally between units co-operating in the same action.
It utilizes :
(a) Means of obtaining information (liaison agents, ground
observation, aerial observation, liaison with airplane,
liaison with balloon).
(b) Means of transmission:
Telephone and telegraphy.
Radio telegraphy and earth telegraphy (T. S. F. and T. P. S.)
Visual and acoustic signaling.
Various signaling (by arms, by panels, by fireworks).
Couriers.
Carrier pigeons, etc.
II.— DUTIES OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
2. "In large units the Chief of Staff is responsible for the
organization of the various systems of liaison, and for combining
these various systems into such a general system as will best
insure prompt and reliable intercommunication between the
elements of the command."
His chief duties are:
To prepare the plan of liaison, i. e., instructions for services
concerned, co-ordination of resulting technical proposals, and
the definite drafting of the plan of liaison.
10 Liaison for All Arms.
To follow up its execution.
To control the use of the different liaison methods.
To see that all necessary instructions concerning the working
of liaisons are given upon their arrival to all units assigned to the
command to which he belongs.
To see that in case of relief all standing orders concerning
liaisons are properly transmitted.
To supervise through the signal officer the working of the
liaison system within his unit (army, army corps and division).
III.— PLAN OF LIAISON.
3. The organization of liaisons is worked out in a general plan,
called "Plan of Liaisons," and appears in the defensive plans,
engagement plans and operation orders. The plan is drafted at
each echelon of the command.
It i.oist be simple, concise, contain only such instructions as
are necessary for the units for which it is intended, and not
repeat any of the arrangements of this text. It provides only for
thi use of the customary means of liaison; new appliances and
conventional codes, settled upon or altered at the last moment,
might be badly applied and lead to mistakes.
The plan of liaisons gives, if necessary, the distribution and
assignment of the means of liaison pertaining to the unit, and
possibly of those which are assigned to it in addition.
It states:
(a) The organization (completed, in course of construction or
planned) of the different telephone systems; the kind of construc-
tion of the lines (aerial, in communicating trenches, in open
ditch or under ground).
(b) The distribution of the technical characteristics (wave
length, sound, etc.), of the different radio-telegraphic stations
(T. S. F. and T. P. S.), and, if necessary, the hours of communi-
cation assigned to each station.
(c) The organization of visual and possibly acoustic liaison.
(d) The codes of liaison by fireworks and by panels.
(e) The organization of liaison by carrier pigeons.
(f) The markings of airplanes and balloons assigned to liaison
duties; the conditions under which the airplanes and balloons will
operate.
(g) Th^ distribution of station calls; the same call being
assigned to stations of different nature (radio, earth telegraphy,
visual and acoustic signaling, carrier pigeons), working for the
same headquarters.
(h) The liaison personnel detailed with superior, adjoining or
subordinate authorities. At the divisional headquarters this
paragraph fixes the composition and assignment of the liaison
detachments of artillery.
(i) Hours of mails and of daily reports.
Liaison for All Arms.
Besides, there must be further added:
On the defensive, the instructions concerning the organization
of liaison in case of reinforcement, or falling back.
On the offensive, the precise position of the liaison axis, the
location of information centers and of the different telephone
and visual signaling stations, whose organization must be fore-
seen; the assignment of laboring units, and measures taken for
pushing forward the various liaison materiel.
All these arrangements are advantageously presented in the
form of tables and diagrams.
4. The plan of liaison should not prevent officers of all ranks
from meeting their subordinates frequently and personally,
thereby gaining a first hand knowledge of the condition of the
units commanded by these subordinates; neither should it pre-
vent officers of the various arms who must work together,
from meeting on the field of action and reconnoitering it together
so as to insure complete co-operation.
The failure of mechanical means of transmission will not
excuse a commanding officer's remaining in ignorance of an
important change which has occurred either in the situation of
his own unit, or in that of neighboring ones; neither will it
be an excuse for his failure to exercise the necessary personal
supervision.
Part I.
MEANS OF OBTAINING INFORMATION.
CHAPTER I.
LIAISON AGENTS OF THE COMMAND.
DESIGNATION OF THE LIAISON AGENTS.
5. The experience of war has led to the following rules in
regard to liaison in combat:
As a principle each large unit, army, army corps and division
detaches a liaison agent (officer) to subordinate units.
It is in exceptional cases only that a liaison agent is detached
from a large unit to a superior unit; this happens only when the
command gives orders to this effect.
Within the brigade, it is the subordinate unit which detaches a
liaison agent (officer, non-commissioned officer or soldier, depend-
ing on circumstances^, to the superior unit.
Besides, each unit detaches a liaison agent to neighboring units.
The liaison agents are provided with special means of trans-
mission (carrier pigeons, cavalrymen, cyclists, motorcyclists), if
required by the nature of the operations.
These rules do not modify the instructions for the organization
of liaison given by the special infantry and artillery regulations
(see Appendix X). Although having their line of conduct mapped
out for them, the liaison agents must nevertheless take notice of
all interesting points, and also of all information which it might
be useful to report. They cannot do this unless their military
education is well developed and their judgment excellent. Their
selection should thus be made with great care. On the other
hand, the better they know the unit to which they are to be
attached, its composition, officers, and moral condition, and the
ground where it operates, the more useful and the more efficient
they will be. It is therefore advantageous that they should
become the permanent liaison agents with a certain unit GO.
DUTY OF LIAISQN AGENTS.
6. It is the duty of liaison agents to give information on the
situation of subordinate units.
They must also give information as to the manner in which
orders have been executed.
(/)• These instructions apply only to liaison officers sent to brigades or unity
superior to brigades. Liaison agents of small units are usually transmission
agents, who may be intrusted with easy and well defined duties outside of their
regular duty as transmission agents.
Liaison for All Arms. 13
Coming frequently into contact with the troops, they are able
to give their leaders all explanations necessary to clear up the
points in orders or reports which could not be interpreted
accurately without knowledge of certain details.
It is well understood that the written or verbal reports of
liaison agents do not excuse the chief of the inferior unit, in
case important events should happen, from communicating
direct to his superior officer all information about the situation
of his unit, about his intentions or his opinion, nor from assum-
ing definitely the burden of responsibility; nor does it excuse
the chief of the superior unit from informing himself person-
ally whenever that is possible.
USE OF CAVALRY OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED
OFFICERS.
7. Cavalry assists in the liaison service under conditions
determined by the commanders (division commander for divi-
sional cavalry, etc.). This happens when the role of the cavalry
permits; for example, during an attack against fortified positions
when the cavalry is not held in reserve for pursuit or during
periods of inaction (1) when the cavalry is not defending a
sector.
CHAPTER II.
ARTILLERY LIAISON AGENTS ATTACHED TO
THE INFANTRY.
8. In order to act efficiently the artillery must be in close
co-operation with the infantry, for whom it works.
This liaison is established:
By frequent meetings of infantry and artillery officers, whose
command posts ought to be established near one another, when-
ever it is possible, provided that infantry and artillery com-
mand posts are assured the best conditions.
By liaison agents sent from the artillery to the infantry.
LIAISON DETACHMENT (2).
9. During the active period of defensive or offensive opera-
tions each group, sub-group or battalion of light or heavy
artillery charged with supporting the infantry directly, details
to it an officer, chief of the liaison, who commands a liaison
detachment including:
Non-commissioned officers and privates as scouts and liaison
agents.
(1) Taking into account, for this particular case, the necessity of carrying on
instruction.
(£) As a principle the liaison detachment takes no part in the observation of
fire; the latter Is considered as a duty excluding all others, and is secured by
a special personnel and under conditions which in each particular case are
determined by the battalion commanders.
14 Liaison for All Arms.
Telephone operators and signalers, with the necessary ma-
terial (telephone, visual signaling apparatus, etc.).
His duty is (/) to supply information to the chief who de-
tailed him about the situation and the needs of the infantry
and to transmit the requirements of the latter in such a way
that the batteries can make use of it, and to inform the infantry
commander regarding the support which his own artillery unit
can give.
The plan of liaison of each division fixes the composition
and assignment of the liaison detachment to the first line bat-
talions and regimental commanders.
Before setting out, the officer, chief of liaison, receives very
precise instructions from the chief who sends him out, concern-
ing:
(1) Established fire programs.
(2) The locations and fire possibilities of the batteries.
(3) The ammunition expenditure allowed.
(4) The kinds of supply for the batteries (proportion of shells
of different kinds).
(5) The plans concerning eventual changes of position.
(6) The kind of information considered most necessary and
most important.
In addition, the infantry commander to whom he is detailed
must instruct him:
(a) Before the operation:
(1) On the details of the plan of the infantry maneuver.
(2) On the conventional signals agreed to.
(3) On the successive locations of his command post.
(b) During the operation:
(1) On the information he receives about the situation of
his own advance line and that of the enemy.
(2) On his intentions.
Lastly, the chief of liaison, before his departure, must study
carefully the sector in which his unit is working. This study
must include not only a thorough examination of the battle map,
and relief plans and photographs, but also visual reconnaissances
carried out from observing stations affording good views over
the region concerned.
He must prepare his maps and those of his subordinates mark-
ing the battalions' zones of action, limits of range, dead space
zones, zones defiladed from ground observation and possible
positions of future observation stations.
10. To communicate with the artilllery he uses the telephone,
buzzerphone, or, for want of these, visual signaling, utilizing his
own personnel and possibly carrier pigeons.
(/) The institution of the liaison detachments does not cancel the dnty of
light and heavy artillery officers (battalion and group commanders) to get
frequently in touch with the chiefs of infantry units (regiment and battalion
commanders), for whom most of the work is being done.
Liaison for All Arms. 15
Besides, with the permission of the commander to whom he
is detached, he can if necessary use the infantry's chains of
runners and even its sending posts or radio and earth telegraphy.
To use the latter methods, one of the combined sending and
receiving stations of the regiment's earth telegraphy, worked by
the personnel of the regimental radio-telegraphic section, is
placed whenever possible close to one of the advance observation
stations of the battalion or group (stations properly connected
with the rear by telephone). This station works as a relay be-
tween infantry and artillery in case telephone communications
should be interrupted.
The telephone liaison between the infantry and its supporting
artillery is double: one circuit laid and kept up by the artillery,
one laid and kept up by the infantry.
In a period of inaction, this double liaison between artillery and
infantry must systematically follow different routes; on the
contrary, when these two circuits have to be extended in the
course of an advance, and time must be gained in the installa-
tion and personnel must be spared, a common route or two
routes very close to each other may be adopted.
As a principle, the chief of the liaison goes with the ' unit
commander to whom he has been assigned by the plan of
liaisons; but it goes without saying that the fulfillment of his
duty may oblige him to absent himself momentarily (recon-
naissances, controlling the work of the detachment, resuming
contact with his unit).
In this case, he leaves a non-commissioned officer and the
necessary liaison personnel with the commander of the infantry
unit.
11. These instructions should control the organization of
liaisons between infantry and artillery in a period of inaction.
The purpose is always the same: to give the infantry in due
time the efficient support of the artillery. The importance of
the methods used varies according to circumstances.
CHAPTER III.
OBSERVATION.
I.— GROUND OBSERVATION.
12. The powerful means of observation that are used to-
day (observation from airplane and balloon, and aerial pho-
tography), ought not to bring about the neglect of ground ob-
servation.
Aerial and ground observation complete and corroborate each
other; ground observation provides information that aerial
observation, which works only intermittently, cannot give;
ground observation is therefore as indispensable nowadays as it
used to be in the past.
15 Liaison for All Arms.
KINDS OF OBSERVATION STATIONS.
13. Ground observation stations include:
The observation stations of command.
The observation stations of artillery.
Observation stations for information, whose field of action is
quite extensive and whose main duty consists in locating hostile
targets, particularly hostile batteries in action.
Observation stations of artillery command.
Observation stations of range finding and of fire control,
whose name is self-explanatory.
A mere mention of the latter will suffice, and, in what follows,
only observation stations of command will be discussed. One
must remember, however, that observation stations of artillery,
and especially the observation stations for information, will
always participate to a certain degree in the work of the observa-
tion stations of command. The latter may, of course, eventually
be used by the artillery.
A.— OBSERVATION DURING A PERIOD OF STABILIZATION.
14. During a period of stabilization, as in combat, observation
is continuous. In both cases it is necessary to be informed as to
the enemy, not only as a protection against his attacks, but also,
and chiefly, to do him as much damage as possible.
Trench warfare is neither a truce nor a guard service; it is a
phase of battle. It is necessary that the enemy should feel that
he contends with a vigilant hatred.
In the end, a patient and continuous observation always
furnishes valuable information on the work of the enemy (hours
of relief or replenishing; hours and places when the enemy
works; the most used approaches); on his defensive organiza-
tions (new works, flank emplacements, machine guns, minen-
werfer, posts of command, observation stations, etc.), and on
offensive preparation. All this information makes it possible to
inflict heavy losses on the enemy by a timely and pitiless stroke
delivered at weak points. It is indispensable in anticipation of
an attack, which contingency it is always the duty of a com-
manding officer to foresee.
ORGANIZATION AND WORKING OF OBSERVATION.
15. Each echelon of command uses one or more observation
stations. If necessary, additional observation stations are created
so that no part of the enemy lines visible from our lines should
escape observation.
The organization and work of ground observation are covered
by a special pamphlet of the plan of defense of the sector.
This pamphlet includes:
(1) A general map of the location of the observation stations,
clearly indicating the zone observed by each one of them.
(2) A panorama from each one of the observing stations.
Liaison for All Arms. , 17
(3) A diagram of telephone and other liaisons established be-
tween the observation stations on the one side and the corre-
sponding posts of command on the other.
(4) A general description of the workings of the observation
service, the stations which are permanently and temporarily
occupied, the personnel of each of them, contribution of
artillery observation stations to the observations of the com-
mand, transmission of information, special regulations of some
of the observation stations, etc. (for example, repetition of
certain signals given by the first lines).
Stations to be occupied permanently (day and night) are
determined after a thorough inspection. They should watch
the enemy with a maximum of efficiency, while at the same
time the observation personnel ought to be reduced to a
minimum.
ORGANIZATION OF OBSERVATION STATIONS.
16. The organization of the observation stations ought to
be particularly well done from the point of view:
Of convenience of observation.
Of protection (sheltered station of observation, or at least
station communicating with a shelter).
Of concealment (camouflage of the station and of the paths
leading to it).
A superior commander determines the location of the stations
and their construction where several commands are interested
in establishing an observation post.
Each observation station is provided;
With special instructions (personnel attached to the station,
duty roster, sector to be watched, points of that sector which
are to be watched with special care, transmission of
information).
With an "observation notebook" in which all observations
made will immediately be entered.
With a copy of the battle map on a 1/5000 scale brought
up to date. The battle map (scale 1/5000) is chiefly for the use
of infantry units in order to enable them to discover all the
characteristic points of the country they occupy, to locate
guiding points, to study roads of advance, and on the other
hand to enable them to locate all the interesting features of
the enemy lines of defenses. Reciprocally the infantry col-
laborates in the drawing up of the 1/5000 maps, by means of
the information which it supplies, chiefly through its observa-
tion service.
Each station^ if necessary, may also be supplied with a copy
of the 1/10000 or the 1/20000 maps. It is also supplied with
a map of the ground seen from the observation .station, with
a panoramic sketch of it, and with the material necessary
for observation (G. O. No. 49, 1918, A. E. F.). The observation
material belongs to the units, not to the sector.
Ig Liaison for All Arms.
Every precaution is taken to keep the enemy from locating
the observation stations (camouflage, and instructions posted
at the entrance of each station, to which visitors of all ranks
must strictly conform). Discipline cannot be too strict here.
One must take notice of the fact that an observation post
which is not fired upon is not necessarily one that has not
been located. It is best, indeed, to leave unmolested stations
which have been found out, in order that the enemy may not
construct others, better protected or disguised. It often happens
that these stations are not destroyed until the day when it
will be really advantageous to deprive the enemy of their use,
as in the case of attack.
PERSONNEL OF OBSERVATION STATIONS.
17. The personnel of an observation station is furnished by
the unit to which it belongs.
It is chosen with care from among the ablest non-commis-
sioned officers and men of the organization.
The training of the observers devolves upon the commanding
officer of the unit who must :
First let them acquire, by a detailed study of the land, of
the panorama from the observation post, of the battle map
and of photographs, a thorough knowledge of their sector of
observation.
Teach them the use of the material of their observation
posts.
Guide their investigations by showing them by concrete ex-
amples, in so far as it is feasible, the significance of the various
things that can be noticed in the enemy organizations.
Teach them to explore their sector methodically and to take
note of their observations thoroughly and accurately.
WORK OF THE OBSERVERS— REPORTS.
18. The observer's duty consists in signaling immediately
all indications tending to show an impending attack on the
part of the enemy. They must also note all the manifestations
of the enemy's activity which they are able to ascertain, and
all the unusual facts which they can possibly gather. The
reports of the observers are transmitted every day by the
official channels at the prescribed time.
In each regiment, the intelligence officer gathers these reports,
examines them and transmits them to the regimental com-
mander. Those which are particularly interesting are trans-
mitted to superior echelons; those relating to the defensive
organization of the enemy are carried over to a copy of the
battle map, scale 1/5000; they are submitted to the divisional
topographical section and reproduced in the next edition of the
map.
Liaison for All Arms. 19
CO-OREtfNATION OF OBSERVATION WORK.
19. It is indispensable that the work pi the observation sta-
tions be co-ordinated (division of duties, guiding of the ob-
servers in their work, in order to verify the truthfulness of
information coming from other sources, etc.).
This work of co-ordination devolves upon the chief of the
Second (Intelligence) Section in the army, and in the army
corps and division upon a staff officer specially picked from
the brigade, and upon the intelligence officer in the regiments.
These officers frequently visit the observation stations in
order:
To acquire a thorough knowledge of their sector.
To keep their superior officer posted on the working of
the service.
To make the observation work as useful as possible by
immediately giving the commander of the units all information
capable of helping the work of the unit's observers.
To stimulate the zeal of the observers by making them
know the use which the commanding officer has been able to
make of the information contained in their reports.
UTILIZATION OF OBSERVATION STATIONS FOR RECON-
NOITERING THE TERRAIN OF THE ENEMY.
20. Staff officers and officers commanding troops should do
their utmost to gain a perfect knowledge of the ground occupied
by the enemy opposite them; they therefore use all stations from
which ground can be seen, including the sectors of nearby
units.
On each staff there should be at least one officer sufficiently
familiar with the details of the terrain in front of the unit,
wh,o could be used as an observer in case of an offensive or
defensive action.
Finally, it is necessary that artillery officers as well as air-
plane and balloon observers come into frequent contact with
the chief of the infantry units for whose benefit they work,
and that they study the terrain with them, not only by the
battle map and by photographs, but also by use of observation
posts.
B.— OBSERVATION IN COMBAT.
21. Follow carefully, for the organization of ground observa-
tion in combat, the instructions given above for observation
in a period of stabilization. Commanders of small units
should choose an observation post permitting them, when-
ever possible, to follow the combat which develops in their
zone of action. This also holds good for reserve units; they
must, whenever they can, watch the events in the zone in
which they may be called to fight themselves.
The commander of small units insures the permanency of
the observation, assisted, if necessary, by some observers among
on Liaison for All Arms.
It-horn he divides the work, so that watching is continuous both
Pin time and space. The post of a commander must be established
near the post of observation. The choice of the latter precedes
that of the former. He must also take into account, when choos-
ing the location of his post, the necessity of making the liaison
system as easy as possible and, in the case of regimental or
higher command post, the fact that it must be possible for
airplanes to drop messages near his post. The study of
the zone of attack allows one to determine beforehand the
probable location of future observation stations, and hence that
of the posts of command. One must not forget that any inde-
cision in the choice of a site for the post of command delays the
creation of all liaison.
The above is applicable to the division as far as possible,
while leaving the division commander within easy reach of his
subordinate units, of his artillery and of the air units who
help him.
Within the divisions, the ground observation system is com-
pleted, if the terrain offers good posts of observation with a
wide view, by observation stations working for superior units
(stations occupied by officers selected specially for that duty,
and judiciously chosen observation stations for the information
of the artillery).
Generally speaking the duty of the observers consists: in
following the progress of the combat (movement of friendly
as well as of enemy troops, activity of the two artilleries) ; in
observing signals given by the advanced units or by airplanes,
and, if necessary, in transmitting or repeating them according
to orders received.
II.— AERIAL OBSERVATION (1).
22. Airplane and balloon observers fulfill the same duty as
ground observers, with but one advantage; their observation can
cover all th? ground that is of interest to the command. Be-
sides, their aerial photographs furnish documents on the orga-
nization and on the activity of the enemy, which are of prime
importance to all the echelons of the command.
On the other hand, thanks to the means of transmission which
are used for communication between the airplane and the ground,
and vice versa, the observer in the airplane can rapidly transmit
the information he has received.
(I) This deals only with aerial observation working for the immediate benefit
<>f the command. The use of aerial observation In liaison with artillery is the
subject of a special instruction pamphlet.
CHAPTER IV.
LIAISON BY AIRPLANES AND BALLOONS.
I.— AIRPLANES.
A.— WORK ASSIGNED TO AIRPLANES.
23. In combat, besides the various duties of reconnaissance
which may be assigned to them by the commander, the work
of aerial observers includes:
Watching the enemy in the zone of the combat.
Liaison of the commander with subordinate echelons.
Accompanying the infantry.
In an army corps, for instance, these duties may be distributed
in the following way:
(1) One or several airplanes of command follow the general
development of the combat, watch the enemy within the assigned
zone, give information as to the distribution of his forces, indi-
cations of counter-attacks, etc.
(2) Courier airplanes are charged with the rapid transmission
of orders from the commander and of valuable information about
their own situation, that of nearby units and that of the enemy.
(3) Airplanes for accompanying the infantry (cavalry uses
the same methods as infantry for its liaison with airplanes and
balloons), as a rule one per division.
They follow the assaulting troops and reserves, observe signals
of the firing line and of the command posts and transmit them
to the general commanding the division, and possibly to the
artillery radio stations, to the command posts of brigade and
regiment.
They transmit to the infantry the orders of the division com-
mander and, generally speaking, inform the commander of every-
thing going on in the vicinity of the first line and behind it.
24. The airplane for accompanying the infantry is provided
with distinctive signs (pennants, rows of lights, etc.), and besides
makes itself known by a sound signal and a signal cartridge,
both determined by the plan of liaison.
Its characteristics and the signals which it uses to communi-
cate with the infantry ought to be familiar to all men of the units
for which it works.
To prevent its appearance from giving the enemy a sure indi-
cation of an impending attack, and to make all concerned fami-
liar with their own airplanes, it is indispensable that the air-
planes accompanying the infantry fly frequently over the lines
during the days of artillery preparation. Outside these periods
they should fly from time to time in order to practice liaison
with the infantry.
22 Liaison for All Arms.
The airplane for accompanying the infantry rises above the
advanced units to a height which must not exceed 1,200 meters.
In certain cases it may be obliged to fly over the lines at very
low height, but must not come below 600 meters except in case
of necessity.
It must be the constant care of the crew to assist the infantry,
noting exactly its position and its needs and conveying rapidly
such information to the commander and the artillery.
B.— MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.
(1) COMMUNICATION FROM THE AIRPLANE TO THE EARTH.
25. Airplanes communicate with the earth by means of:
(a) Weighted messages (I) for important indications, sketches
and photographs intended for the command posts of army corps,
divisions, brigades, and in exceptional cases of regiments.
To drop a weighted message the airplane comes down to a
low height (about 200 meters) above the command post concerned,
calls the attention of the addressee by one or several sound
signals (fixed by the plan of liaison), and drops its message so
that it falls in open ground. (The plan of liaison should pre-
scribe, as far as possible, on what terrain weighted messages
shall be dropped.)
In the course of the infantry's advance, supported by artillery
fire of all calibers, it is difficult for an airplane to get through
the very dense sheet of projectiles. At that moment it can drop
messages on a command post located near the line of batteries
only by remaining above that sheet, hence under bad conditions
for carrying out its duty.
(b) liadio telegraj>hu, for urgent information (position of
friendly troops, requests for artillery fire, lengthening of range,
etc.), to the authorities whose receiving station is likely to hear
it, i. e., to commanders of army corps, divisions, brigades, in-
fantry regiments, artillery groups and battalions.
Such communications are made by using one of the codes of
Appendix VI. Only such indications as are totally useless to
the enemy may be transmitted in plain language.
(c) Visual signaling and sionalinq bv fireworks (conventional
signals of codes in Appendix VI) after having drawp attention by
a sound signal (fixed by the plan of liaison) for communications
intended for such elements as have no radio stations at their
disposal and whose advance position does not permit the drop-
ping of weighted messages.
With the fireworks used nowadays the airplane cannot pos-
sibly indicate which element it wishes to communicate with.
Such signals are consequently intended for all elements con-
stituting the large unit for whose benefit the airplane is
working. The use of projectors, on the contrary, enables the
m The mrpsnjre itsolf is placed in a metal box provided with a white or
colored pennant which increases its visibility.
Liaison for All Arms. 23
airplane to choose its correspondent. It is therefore advisable
to try constantly to improve the latter method.
To be visible, visual and fireworks signals must not be used
when the airplane is seen by the infantry against the sun or
close to it.
Signal cartridges must always be fired from a height greater
•than 300 meters, and as much as possible upwards, to avoid
confusion with the signals made by the infantry.
(2) WATCH POSTS.
26. In order that the airplane signals and the messages sent
by them may not pass unnoticed, in case the noise of the battle
drowns the sound signals, a permanent, watch post service must
be secured by the radio officers, or by the officers in charge of
the liaison near the posts of command of army corps, division,
brigade, regiment, artillery group and battalion, as soon as the
post of command is established. This service is carried on by
observers within the battalions and companies. (The distribu-
tion of the personnel should be such as to insure simultane-
ously "observation" and "watch.")
(3) COMMUNICATION FROM THE EARTH TO THE AIRPLANE.
27. The airplane receives communications from the firing
line and from the command posts.
(a) Firing line: The line indicates its location:
1. By means of position-marking panels. All men carrying
panels alternately open and shut their apparatus, taking care
to set it facing the airplane with that side whose color stands
out better on the surrounding ground. Jt is better to use many
panels simultaneously during a fairly short time than a smaller
number of panels during a longer time; thus, the line is auto-
matically traced very quickly and clearly and troubles caused by
forgotten panels are avoided.
To reduce the enemy's chances of spotting our line, the air-
plane observer must endeavor to reduce to a minimum the time
required to take note of the new line.
Panels are folded up again as soon as the airplane signals
"understood," and in any case after ten minutes.
2. By means of Bengal flares of certain color (fixed by the
plan of liaison). These signals constitute the surest way of
indicating one's position. It is important, however, to conceal
them as much as possible from hostile view, by hiding them
behind a screen, at the bottom or on the front side of a shell
crater, while taking care that they remain visible to friendly
observers.
To avoid confusion it is forbidden to display position-marking
panels or to light Bengal flares anywhere but on the line. (This
interdiction applies as well to patrols sent in front of the lines
as to supporting or reinforcing units).
In order to distinguish clearly the signals made by our in-
fantry from those which might be set by the enemy to impede
1
'24 Liaison for All Arms.
observation it is important to agree that panels or Bengal
(lares will be placed in groups of 2, 3, etc.
3. For want of marking panels and Bengal flares, the line
uses all means available to indicate its location: signal cart-
ridges of the 25 mm pistol or V. B., signal projectors sending
series of alternated dots and dashes, waved handkerchiefs,
pocket mirrors, etc.
The marking out of the firing line is carried out:
Either at an hour set beforehand, or on a prearranged line:
for instance, the final objective or one of the successive ob-
jectives; or by order of the command transmitted by the air-
plane by means of the signal cartridges, "Where are you?"
after having drawn the infantry's attention by a sound signal;
or upon the company or platoon commander's initiative, when
their unit cannot advance any farther; or when, compelled to
fall back, it has succeeded in securing a hold on the ground.
Orders for marking out should not be too frequent. In prin-
ciple the marking out will be done by panels.
Should the observer not see the panels, or should he see them
badly, he will request another marking out, which will then be
executed by means of Bengal flares.
In that case the company or platoon commanders will also
signal their positions by means of one-color signal cartridges
fired with the 25 mm pistol.
The line sends its request to the airplane by means of the
same fireworks and according to the same codes as for com-
munications with the rear (see codes of Appendix VI).
The airplane transmits these requests by radio to the general
commanding the division.
(b) Command posts. The different command posts indicate
their locations by means of the identification panels described
in Appendix III.
Such panels are placed, either upon initiative from the com-
mand post to draw the airplane's attention, or at a fixed hour,
by order of the higher command transmitted to the command
post by the airplane under the same conditions as to the firing
line. Hence, as soon as the airplane sends out the signal,
"Where are you?" all command posts noticing the signal should
mark their respective positions. The panels are removed as soon
as the airplane has answered, "Understood."
Command posts of generals commanding army corps and di-
visions can communicate by radio with such airplanes as have
a receiving apparatus.
All command posts can communicate with airplanes either
by visual signaling or by means of their rectangular panels (de-
scribed in Appendix III), using the conventional signals of
Appendix VI.
As a rule, visual signals are repeated and panel signals left
in place until the airplane has answered, "Understood" (pref-
erably by projector signals).
Liaison for All Arms. 25
II.— BALLOONS.
A.— DUTIES OF BALLOONS.
28. The divisional balloon, whose work it is to insure liaison
for the infantry, carries as a distinctive mark one or more
pennants attached to the rear or to the cable of the balloon. If
a night ascension is deemed necessary in order to receive signals
from the infantry, the balloon indicates its presence by means
of a luminous signal lit at regular intervals.
Like the airplane for accompanying the infantry, its duties
consist in:
Following the progress of assaulting troops and reserves.
Observing the signals from the line of the command posts,
and transmitting them to the general commanding the division.
Informing the commander of everything going on in the
vicinity of the firing line, and behind it.
Sending out, if necessary, to the advanced elements conven-
tional signals provided for in the plan of liaison.
B.— MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.
29. (1) From the balloon to the command. The balloon is
directly connected by telephone with the divisional command
post (balloon circuits) and with the army system.
It is besides provided with a radio apparatus enabling it to
transmit its observations in case telephone communications
should not work.
(2) From the balloon to the firing line and to the advance
command posts. The balloon can communicate with the ad-
vance elements.
(a) In daytime by means of a cylinder which folds and un-
folds at will, thus making signals corresponding to dots and
dashes. These transmissions are limited to the two signals,
"Understood" or "Repeat," preceded by the call of that par-
ticular post which the balloon addresses.
(b) At night by means of luminous signals, enabling it to
send more complete messages, which, however, are always
likely to be read by the enemy.
(3) From the firing line and the advance, command posts to
the balloon. In daytime, the firing line and the advance com-
mand posts indicate their positions to the balloon and com-
municate with it by means of the same methods as for com-
municating with the infantry airplane. However, the follow-
ing should be noted:
(a) The balloon does not semi out to the firing line the
order. to mark out the line which it occupies. Consequently
it only observes the prearranged marking, or that ordered by
the airplane.
(b) The balloon does not see the panels clearly.
(c) It can see the identification panels and the rectangular
panels of the command posts only when they are inclined at a
sufficient angle.
Liaison for All Arms.
(d) Being far away from the lines it can hardly ever receive
in daytime the signals made by the advanced elements with
the 24 cm. projectors.
At night the balloon indicates its presence and position by
lighting a luminous signal at regular intervals.
To this end, at an hour settled in the plan of liaison, the
balloon sends out its call several times in succession and keeps
its light up for five minutes.
The signalers of the different command posts take note of
the direction of the balloon, orient their projector toward it,
call up and then send their particular station call to the balloon
until the latter sends it back. The balloon then takes them
from right to left successively and receives their message,
which it immediately transmits to the post of command by
telephone or radio.
After these liaisons have been established the balloon ob-
server watches the battlefield to catcb any call which the dif-
ferent posts of command might send to him, and every 15 min-
utes he indicates his presence by two-minute calls.
As soon as he notices a call from a command post he starts
communications with that post according to service regulations
prescribed in Appendix V. Signals must be transmitted at low
speed.
III.— RECONNAISSANCES AND PRELIMINARY
UNDERSTANDING.
30. Observations made for the use of infantry can be executed
with good results only by experienced observers who have made
a thorough study of the order of operations (or of the plan of
defense) and of the ground.
The habit of working together is a capital factor of success,
however, and preliminary understanding is always necessary.
It is especially indispensable, in case of attack, for airplane
and balloon observers to complete the knowledge of the situa-
tion which they have been able to acquire by aerial observation
and by the study of the order of operation, by acting in concert
with the infantry command (usually at least down to battalion
commanders), and by studying with them their zone of observa-
tion on the battle map, on photographs and in the observation
stations.
Commanders of all ranks must favor by all available means
the establishment of personal relations between infantry offi-
cers (company or battalion commanders) and observers. The
latter should avail themselves of all opportunities, especially
during the periods of inaction, rest or instruction, to get in
7ouch with the units with which they have to co-operate in
combat.
Part II.
MEANS OF TRANSMISSION.
NECESSITY FOR FREQUENT USE OF THE VARIOUS MEANS
OF TRANSMISSION.
31. All the means of transmission herein mentioned have
been made use of under the most varied circumstances. Each
one of them has been as successful as might have been expected,
although experience has shown that none of them has been
absolutely reliable.
As a consequence:
It is necessary to provide every one of the ways of transmit-
ting messages that can possibly be used, and moreover to or-
ganize each one of them as if it were the only one that can be
relied on.
As nothing can be done at the last minute, and as troops
will use in battle only methods with which they are thoroughly
conversant, a daily use of all means of transmission is abso-
lutely indispensable, if only by way of drill.
When one of the methods employed turns out to be a failure,
no time ought to be lost before making successive use of all
other methods.
CHAPTER I.
PERSONNEL INTRUSTED WITH THE MEANS
OF TRANSMISSION.
32. The Signal Corps in large units, the Outpost Company,
Signal Corps, and regimental signaling personnel in regiments,
are intrusted with the service of electric and visual liaisons
(and usually of acoustic liaisons).
This personnel includes for each unit a controlling authority
and agents of execution.
33. I.— GENERAL HEADQUARTERS.
Controlling Authority.
Chief signal officer.
Agents for Execution.
Signal corps battalions.
34. II.— ARMY.
Controlling Authority.
Army signal officer.
Three assistants.
28 Liaison for All Arms.
Agents for Execution.
One field battalion signal corps.
Two telegraph battalions signal corps.
One signal park.
If necessary, reinforcement elements.
35. III.— ARMY CORPS.
Controlling Authority.
Corps signal officer.
Two assistants.
Agents for Execution.
One field battalion signal corps.
One telegraph battalion signal corps.
36. IV.— INFANTRY AND CAVALRY DIVISIONS.
Controlling Authority.
Division signal officer.
Agents for Execution.
One field battalion signal corps, which secures the electrical
and visual liaison necessary to the staff and command posts of
the division, brigades, and of the divisional artillery (assisted
by the telephone and radio personnel belonging to the divisional
artillery staff).
37. V.— INFANTRY AND CALVARY UNITS.
Controlling Authority.
In an infantry or dismounted cavalry regiment the signal
corps officer who commands the platoon of the outpost company
which is attached to the regiment.
Agents for Execution*
One platoon of signal corps outpost company.
One platoon of regimental headquarters company.
38. VI.— ARTILLERY GROUP AND BATTALION.
Controlling Authority.
The senior liaison officer.
Agents for Execution.
See tables of organization.
VII.— AIR SERVICE.
To each army corps, division, or heavy artillery squadron, is
attached such signal corps personnel as is necessary to super-
vise and assure the efficient operation of the telephone and radio
stations.
39. VIII.— SUPPLIES.
The supplying of telegraph, radio, visual and occasionally
acoustic material is secured from the Signal Corps. (Fireworks
and accessories of all kinds are furnished by the Ordnance De-
partment.)
Liaison for All Arms. 2$
•
40. IX.— DUTY OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.
In every large unit the signal officer reports to the Third Sec-"
tion (Operations) of the General Staff.
He is under the technical authority of the signal officer of
the next higher unit.
Officers in charge of liaison in regiments, radio and artillery
telephone officer? are under the technical authority of the signal
officer of the unit to which their regiment belongs.
The signal officer in each unit is in charge of:
(1) Regulating and co-ordinating according to the commander's
instructions the use of means of transmission (telegraphy, tele-
phone, radio, earth telegraphy, visual and acoustic signaling).
(2) Directing the personnel's instruction.
(3) Developing the technical instruction in subordinate units
down to the regiments, inclusive.
(4) Supervising upkeep of material and conditions of technical
use.
(5) Securing replenishment of material.
CHAPTER II.
TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMMUNICA-
TIONS.
I.— TELEPHONE SYSTEM.
41. In each army the telephone system includes:
A. — An army system.
B. — Regimental systems.
A.— ARMY SYSTEM.
42. Its organization is as follows:
Wire lines with many circuits, on poles or deeply buried, con-
stitute a more or less close network. Large centrals are installed
as a rule at the junctions of these lines, at headquarters or com-
mand posts of large units and close to the firing, observing and
ranging organizations.
These organizations are connected with the centrals by per-
manent circuits as short as possible.
The centrals being supplied with large switchboards and
manned by experienced personnel make it possible to connect
stations rapidly both in depth and laterally.
Moreover, all arrangements are made in the centrals so that
in case of need certain lines can be temporarily connected and
looped together. Direct circuits of great length are obtained
which are necessary for fire or command communications.
As the circuits pass through the centrals it is possible to sec-
tion the lines and to make transfers of circuits in case of trouble,
an advantage that would not exist in long direct circuits.
The army syetem must first serve normal needs, and it must
also allow reinforcement or modification of the engaged units
without causing thereby the disorganization of existing liaisons.
LaO Liaison for All Arms.
The system is built, kept up and operated by the different
' units of the signal corps.
The army system includes two distinct systems:
(1) A command system,
(2) A fire system.
Experience has shown and confirmed the necessity of both
systems, whose respective roles are different.
Nevertheless, whenever it is possible, the circuits of both
systems will naturally follow the same route and their centrals
be ^stalled on the same premises.
In that case the two switchboards will be entirely separated
and the fire system circuits distinguished by a red mark.
A few intercommunication circuits connect the two systems.
A certain number of circuits are also reserved for the needs
of certain special units, such as aviation, balloon service, anti-
aircraft units.
The number of circuits assigned to each system and the number
of reserved circuits depend on the importance of the lines and
on circumstances (an inactive sector, offensive or defensive
operations).
43. (1) COMMAND SYSTEM.— The command system is con-
nected: at the rear, with the telegraph system of the Services
of Supply (at Army Headquarters) ; at the front with the regi-
mental systems (at regimental and artillery group posts of com-
mand). It furnishes the lines which are necessary for carrying
out the commander's orders.
This system includes large centrals generally installed at
headquarters and posts of command. It also includes less im-
portant centrals for parks, depots, hospitals, billets, etc.
44. (2) FIRE SYSTEM.— The object of the fire system is to
enable artillery units to use under the proper conditions all
necessary agents of ground and aerial observation by relieving
them of the construction, upkeep, and operation of long lines.
The centrals serving this system are:
Rear centrals, located on lines parallel to the front (called
rear main cable) at its points of junction with the various cables
which extend from rear to front.
Advance centrals, established on the rear to front lines, near
artillery groups.
If means and circumstances permit, advance centrals will be
connected by an advance cable parallel to the front.
Observation centrals, installed near groups of observing sta-
tions.
Aviation centrals, installed on aviation grounds.
Balloon centrals, as a rule, one per army corps.
Observation and advance centrals may be merged into one if
the advance centrals are sufficiently near the observing stations.
Lines running to the front can be extended beyond the obser-
vation centrals up to advance centrals installed in the front
lines for use in an advance. All elements taking part in the
Liaison for All Arms. 31
firing or adjustment (artillery battalions, balloon companies,
general ground observing stations, centrals of sound ranging
sections, ground observation ranging sections, artillery intelli-
gence service, anti-aircraft centrals, etc.), are connected with each
other by permanent circuits and are joined as a rule to the
nearest centrals as follows:
Observing stations with observation centrals.
Artillery battalions with advance or rear centrals.
High power heavy artillery, balloons, etc., with rear centrals,
etc.
These elements, especially artillerj' battalions, must have two
permanent circuits (as a rule one for adjustment and one for
conversation).
When a trench mortar group is constituted, it is connected
with the nearest central of the fire system.
45. (3) Reserved circuits. Experience has shown that, to en-
able certain commanders and certain units to obtain speedy
communications under all circumstances, or to use the same
lines during several hours running, it is necessary to reserve
permanently for them a certain number of circuits in the army
system.
(a) Aviation circuits. — These circuits connect the aviation cen-
ters (where aviation centrals are installed) with the principal
command posts and with the artillery units most frequently
in communication with those centers.
As a rule, for an army corps, the following reserved circuits
are provided:
One or two circuits between the army corps and the division
command posts (command and artillery).
One or two circuits extended to the groups of corps heavy
artillery.
Five or six circuits leading to properly selected centrals on
the fire system to establish liaisons between aviation, the
artillery battalions concerned, balloon central, etc.
One or two circuits with the nearest central of the command
system.
In short, the aviation central is generally served by a set
of 8 to 12 circuits, according to circumstances (extent of the
sector, tactical situation, etc.).
(b) Balloon circuits. These circuits connect the balloon cen-
tral:
With the central of each balloon company of the sector; with
the army corps command post (command and artillery).
With properly selected centrals of the fire system in order
to establish liaisons between the balloon central and the ar-
tillery groups and battalions, aviation central, adjoining balloon
centrals.
The balloon central ought therefore to be installed close to
a central on the fire system.
\
32 Liaison for All Arms.
(c) Anti-aircraft circuits. The circuits reserved for anti-air-
craft defense include, as a rule, for each anti-aircraft sector:
(1) Towards the front. These circuits connect the central
of the anti-aircraft sector with the motor gun sections (day
post and billet) and with the sections and semi-fixed posts.
(2) Towards the rear. These circuits connect the anti-air-
craft central with aviation centrals, balloon centrals, adjoining
anti-aircraft centrals, posts under control of independent anti-
aircraft groups and the command system.
Liaisons towards the rear are carried out by units of the
signal corps.
The operation of the anti-aircraft central is directed by the
signal corps with the help of personnel from the artillery.
Liaisons towards the front and liaisons within the group are
carried out by the telephone operators of anti-aircraft units
assisted, if necessary, by units of the signal corps.
B.— REGIMENTAL SYSTEMS.
46. The regimental systems extend the army system with
whicn they have numerous points of contact (centrals of posts
of command of regiments and groups of artillery). They are
built, kept up and run by regimental telephone operators. They
include:
(1) Infantry regiment system, providing:
Liaison between regimental post of command and subordinate
units down to the battalions, at least.
Liaison between infantry units (regiments, battalions) and
the artillery which supports them.
Various necessary liaison (liaison with observing stations,
lateral liaisons, etc.).
(2) Artillery group system, securing:
Liaisons between groups and subordinate elements (sub-
groups, battalions, batteries, special observing stations, etc.).
(3) Balloon company system, connecting the special central of
each of them:
With the posts of command of the units to which the balloon
is assigned.
With the balloon central of the sector.
With a certain number of centrals on the fire system chosen
so as to obtain through one single central communication with
each of the artillery battalions which normally work with the
company.
With the different points of ascension, with the camp, etc.
Moreover it is sometimes advisable to connect the balloon
by a direct line with the groups, sub-groups or battalions for
whose benefit it most frequently observes; this arrangement
may in case of need form an emergency system.
During the advance in open country each balloon company is
connected with the command post of the unit to which the
balloon is assigned.
Liaison for All Arms.
Telephone service of balloons is operated by the telephone
operators of the balloon companies under supervision of the
Signal Corps.
Balloon company centrals must be installed as close as pos-
sible to the centrals of the firing system.
(4) Interior systems of units belonging to anti-aircraft defense
and artillery intelligence service; these are organized according
to the needs of these different elements.
C.— VARIOUS ARRANGEMENTS.
47. (1) Advantages of the army system. Its elasticity assures
rapid connection with permanent posts; especially for artillery
it facilitates concentrating fire and deployment; reliability and
quality of communications; saving of personnel and material;
possibility of using one of the two systems (command or fire)
in case of interruption or congestion of the other one; perma-
nent presence on the terrain of a strong framework to which
large units and elements coming into the sector can connect
without difficulty.
48. (2) Homogeneousness of telephone system. To really
serve its purpose and secure the above mentioned advantages
the telephone system must constitute a homogeneous wiiole
from the army to the most advanced elements.
This requires:
Co-ordination of telephone and telegraph services of the
different units (army, army corps, infantry division, regiments).
Continuity of purpose in planning and building the system
49. (3) Plan of systems. The general plan of the army sys-
tem forms one of the paragraphs of the army's plan of liaison.
It is worked out by the army signal officer, who is constantly
kept informed of the situation and. of the commander's inten-
tions (1). It is approved by the chief of staff.
The general plan of the army system is communicated to
each of the large subordinate units (army corps, division),
which within its scope and according to its needs draws up the
detailed plan of that part of the system which is assigned to
it for construction, operation and maintenance. In each of
those units the plan is prepared by the signal officer and ap-
proved by the chief of staff.
Plans of regimental systems are submitted for approval to
the commander of the unit to which those regiments belong.
50. (4) Construction of the army system. The building and
maintenance of the army system are carried out by the signal
corps units of the army, army corps and division, and by rein-
forcement units assigned to the armies by the Commander-in-
chief.
(1) The chief signal officer must be Informed iii due time of the plans for
organizing or building railway lines, ammunition dumps, hospitals, etc., all
organizations HkeTy to bring hostile firing on the lines and centrals located
in the vicinity.
34 Liaison for All Arms.
The distribution of the work among the elements is made
by the army on recommendation of the army signal officer.
This officer requests the commander to assign to him the
necessary laborers for:
Earthwork of the lines, transportation of material, and
building shelters for the centrals.
51. (5* Operation of the army system. <,a) Command system.
The large centrals of the command system are operated by the
signal corps battalions of the units which they serve, however,
centrals which are installed at the junction of two sections of
this system, assigned to two different units, are operated, as a
rule, by operators belonging to both these units.
Regimental and artillery group centrals are operated by the
telephone personnel of those units.
Fire system. Centrals of the fire system (if isolated), or
switchboards reserved for the fire system (in stations common to
both systems*, are operated by the Signal Corps. The com-
mander alone on recommendation from the signal officer may
detail, if necessary, auxiliary telephone operators from the units
served by those centrals.
52. (6> Authorization for telephone service. Authorization
for telephone service of centrals is given by the chiefs of staff.
In urgent cases, the chief of the station allows the connection
to be made and then asks for the permanent authorization.
53. (7) Diagram and directory. A diagram of all the systems,
indicating the exact location of the different centrals and of the
main permanent stations, and a directory giving for each cen-
tral the list of telephone stations, are made up and kept up to
date by the signal corps in each army, army corps and division.
They are distributed to all parties concerned. In particular, a
copy of each of these pamphlets is sent without delay to all
units which arrive in the sector.
D.— LIAISON BETWEEN THE ARMY SYSTEMS.
54. It is incumbent upon the chief signal officer to secure
the liaison between the systems of the armies, so that all
changes in the composition or in the grouping of those armies
may not cause important modifications in the organized sys-
tems.
E.— MISCELLANEOUS RECOMMENDATIONS.
55. (1) Overhearing telephone communications. Great pre-
caution must be taken and the strictest orders given to keep the
enemy from overhearing telephone communications.
For that purpose and as far as circumstances allow:
Build all lines with metallic circuit and perfectly insulated;
a circuit with a leakage to the earth is just as dangerous as a
line with a ground return.
Use the wooden pulley or other approved means as cable
support, excluding metal hooks.
Take up each useless or worn out line.
Liaison for All Arms.
Avoid long lines from the eltreme front to the rear. Cut
them, if necessary, by relay stations set up at the limit of
doubtfully insulated lines. Communications over long lines
are more easily overheard.'
In conquered terrain, look for and take up lines buried by the
enemy.
Whatever precautions are taken in building the lines, com-
munications may be overheard at the front by special hostile
listening posts, and at the rear by indiscreet people.
Consequently:
Reduce to the indispensable minimum the number of mes-
sages containing such information as would be useful to the
enemy (reliefs, numbers of units, planned operations, casualties,
etc.).
Always cipher messages containing such information by using,
according to circumstances, any regulation method of ciphering;
the person who sends the message is responsible for the cipher-
ing.
56. (2) Use of telephone. The telephone is used either for
exchange of communication between stations or for sending
messages.
Connections are given by the centrals in the same order as
they are asked for, exception being made for connections re-
quested with the mention, "Priority."
Priority connections are always granted at once, interrupting,
if necessary, conversation and message transmissions.
57. (3> Discipline of use. The telephone has necessarily a
limit to its use, like all other means of communication. As
long as this capacity is not exceeded the telephone is an excellent
method of transmission; on the contrary, its efficiency becomes
rapidly lower as soon as too much is required of it.
Consequently one must:
Proportion the extent and capacity of systems to the forces
which are available for their upkeep. A small system which
is well built, well kept up and well operated is always better
than an overdeveloped one which is insufficiently controlled.
Limit the work required of every system to its possibilties.
These two conditions suggest the following observations:
(a) Avoid too many direct or specialized lines, the building
of which is often not justified, either by their importance or
by their traffic, and the control of which is generally very
difficult. Telephones served by good centrals must be the rule.
Direct or specialized lines can be built only with the authority
of the chiefs of staff.
(b) Observe a strict discipline in the use of telephone.
The commander is the sole judge of the need for telephone
and of the number of telephones to be assigned to a single unit.
He regulates the priority.
It is incumbent upon the commander to cancel temporarily
certain stations of secondary importance either every day at
hours of congestion or during a period of operations.
36 Liaison for All Arms.
(c) Never discuss unofficial matters.
(d) Impose upon others and upon yourself the use of the
message instead of conversation; the officer \vno draws up u
message is more brief and more precise, and there remains a
record of the communication.
Conversation over the telephone must be considered as quite
exceptional.
The misuse of the telephone is a mark of shortsightedness.
(e) Strictly avoid telephone communications, even by message,
except in case of necessity.
Commanders of small units should not be called to the
telephone at any time of the day or night to receive unimportant
messages. The chief who makes an immoderate use of the tele-
phone is improperly induced to consider it as a most convenient
way of saving himself from the necessity of drawing up com-
plete and clearly written orders.
Liaison by telephone between the command posts of the
front line battalions and companies leads to abuses which are
all the more regrettable because in that zone communications
are particularly liable to be overheard by the enemy.
In sectors where such telephones are authorized the forward
station must be sealed. The seals are broken only by order
of the battalion commander, or in urgent cases by the company
commanders upon their own responsibility.
II.— TELEGRAPHY. '
58. Telegraphic liaison. Telegraphic liaison extends from
the army toward the front:
Down to army corps, in all cases.
Down to divisions, whenever the conditions of the lines make
it possible.
Such liaisons are obtained either by laying telegraph wires
or by appropriating telephone circuits.
The use of telegraphy guarantees discretion and rapidity and
avoids congestion on the telephone lines.
The buzzerphone, when operated as a telegraph instrument,
can be superimposed upon telephone circuits. It cannot be
overheard even when operated over leaky or ground lines. It
must be used on the forward lines.
CHAPTER III.
RADIO-ELECTRIC COMMUNICATIONS, RADU)
AND EARTH TELEGRAPHY.
(1) RADIO TELEGRAPHY.
59. Radio telegraphy is used for the following liaisons:
(1) .Radio aerial liaison, between the ground and airplanes,
and sometimes between airplanes.
Liaison for All Arms, j 37
"
(In addition, balloons are fitted with a radio apparatus which
if necessary takes the place of telephone.)
(2) Radio terrestrial liaisons between ground stations.
Some stations (for instance, receiving stations of divisions,
brigades, infantry regiments, artillery groups or battalions, etc.),
are used both for aerial and terrestrial liaisons.
(3) Simultaneous transmission may occur to several receiv-
ing stations of weather forecasts, ballistic data, standard time,
etc. It is possible with a single transmitting station to dissemi-
nate instantaneously down to artillery battalions messages
which would involve great trouble if sent by telephone.
I.— RADIO AERIAL SYSTEM.
60. With radio aerial liaisons it is possible:
(a) For airplanes, and possibly balloons, to send their obser-
vations concerning fire adjustment, and information relative to
the situation and movements of friendly or hostile troops.
(b) For some of the ground stations to send orders or in-
structions to airplanes fitted with receiving apparatus.
(c) Possibly, for some of the airplanes, to communicate with
one another during flight (pursuit or bombing duties).
The density of the radio aerial system will very probably
reach in 1918 16 to 19 simultaneous airplanes per army corps
front, i. e., an average of 5 or 6 airplanes per kilometer.
This result will follow the improvement in the apparatus, but
will require particularly thorough training of all the personnel
(observers, radio officers, operators of receiving stations).
(2) RADIO TERRESTRIAL SYSTEM.
61. The radio terrestrial system includes:
(a) An army system, which provides the following liaisons:
Army to neighboring armies.
Army to army corps.
Army corps to neighboring army corps.
In addition, it secures liaison if necessary from the army
group to General Headquarters.
This system includes sustained wave stations fitted up on
light motor trucks.
Range: 100 to 250 kilometers, approximately, according to the
aerial used.
(b) An army corps system which provides the following
liaisons:
Army corps to divisions.
Army corps to air service sector.
Division to neighboring divisions.
Division to aviation centers.
This system includes sustained wave stations fitted up, as
a rule, on automobiles, or, if need be, on light horse-drawn carts.
Range: about 50 kilometers.
38 w£ Liaison for All Arms.
(c) A division system which provides the following liaisons:
Division to brigades.
Division to advance information center of division.
Division to tanks.
Division to command airplane.
Division to artillery brigade.
This system includes sustained wave stations.
Range: 15 to 30 kilometers, according to the aerial used.
(d) An advance system which provides the following liaisons:
Division to regiment or brigade.
Regiment to neighboring regiments.
Regiments to direct support artillery (unilateral liaison).
Inis system includes portable damped wave apparatus.
Range: 4 to 8 kilometers, according to aerials used.
By means of its battalion aerials, the artillery receives signals
sent by the regiments.
(3) PLAN FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF RADIO TELEGRAPHY.
62. Owing to the large number of radio stations simultaneously
in operation within a limited area, it becomes necessary to have
a strict organization to maintain order in the different systems
and to avoid interference.
The emission of a radio station is characterized by:
(1) The nature of ) Damped waves or
the wave emitted > sustained waves.
(2) The wave length.
(3) The sound peculiar to the emission.
(4) The station call (group of letters or numbers).
The distribution of these characteristics among the different
systems and the different stations is given by the plan for the
employment of radio telegraphy made out in each unit (army,
army corps, division), by the signal officer of that unit. It is
fixed by the plan of liaison.
The basic distribution of wave lengths and of station calls
between the armies is made by the chief signal officer in the field.
This distribution is altered every time changes in the order of
battle make it necessary.
RADIO OFFICER.
63. As a rule, an officer called radio officer is attached to
each important radio station, and especially to the transmitting
and receiving stations of army corps, division (i) or brigade
staffs, and to receiving stations of divisional artillery, artillery
groups and battalions, and air squadron landing grounds.
The duties of a radio officer are:
To see to the general installation of the station.
To supervise the transmission and reception of messages.
To insure the rapid transmission of messages to the com-
manders concerned.
(l) Supplied by the radio company of the signal corps field battalion.
Liaison for All Arms.
To supervise the work) with
airplanes.
To keep a record of any useful information wraro tne snRion
may receive.
II.— EARTH TELEGRAPHY.
64. Earth telegraphy is used for liaison in the extreme ad-
vance zone, as it is the electrical method which is least hampered
by bombardment.
Principle. The main parts of an earth telegraphy station are
the following:
A receiving and transmitting apparatus (or a single receiving
, or transmitting apparatus).
A base, i. e., a piece of insulated cable, either buried or placed
on the ground, the length of which as a rule is :
About 100 meters for the advanced station and 200 meters for
the rear station.
All this arrangement is simple and easy to fit up. It may be
entirely protected in dugouts or at the bottom of communication
trenches, and thus be practically invulnerable.
Range: With an advance base of 100 meters and a rear base
of 200 meters, a range of 2,000 meters can be expected, except
in very unfavorable ground (sand, rock, or marshy soil with
water close to the surface).
As soon as the distance between two command posts con-
nected by earth telegraphy exceeds 2,000 meters a change of
position for the rear station must be provided for.
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHEN SETTING UP STATIONS.
A.— ORIENTATION OF THE BASES.
65. The bases of two corresponding stations must be oriented
relatively to each other.
The best arrangement consists in having two parallel bases,
the centers of which are on a line perpendicular to both.
B. -EARTH CONNECTIONS.
66. The bases are carefully grounded at the ends.
C.— INTERFERENCE.
67. Wires for electric light or power with alternating current
and telephone wires, especially single circuit lines, cause dis-
turbances in neighboring earth telegraphy bases, which are likely
to interfere with and even prevent reception.
Consequently, it is advisable to Jake the following precautions
in such areas when earth telegraphy is used:
(1) Place the bases some distance from telephone centrals.
(2) Suppress all ground return telephone lines.
(3) See to the insulation of the telephone circuits.
D.— EMPLOYMENT OF EARTH TELEGRAPHY.
68. Earth telegraphy is normally employed to insure liaison
between regimental command posts and battalion cfcrmmarid
Liaison for All Arms.
posts. Advanced divisional information centers are also pro-
vided with earth telegraphy apparatus.
E.— DENSITY OF EMPLOYMENT OF EARTH TELEGRAPHY.
69. Earth telegraphy stations must not be too numerous with-
in a given area; otherwise there will be interference. In addi-
tion, a different sound is given to each of the neighboring sta-
tions.
This precaution and the use of station calls allow operators to
receive those particular messages which concern them.
Should military circumstances require that a large number of
earth telegraphy stations be used simultaneously, it is then
necessary to fix for each of them a different time for periods of
working.
III.— SECRECY OF COMMUNICATIONS.
70. As the enemy can intercept radio-electric communications
even more easily than telephone communications, it is necessary
that the strictest measures be taken to insure their secrecy : mes-
sages must not be transmitted by radio or earth telegraphy
otherwise than in code. (1).
It may also be mentioned that the compulsory use of a code
considerably increases the efficiency of these methods of liaison,
as a long sentence may be transmitted in code by means of a
few simple signals.
CHAPTER IV.
VISUAL SIGNALING— ARM SIGNALING-
SOUND SIGNALING— PANEL SIGNALING.
(I) GENERAL REMARKS.
71. The first two of the above methods of liaison are based
upon the Morse code, and permit conventional signals or, under
favorabl2 conditions, short messages, to be sent; the last two
methods can be used only for conventional signals.
II.— 'VISUAL SIGNALING.
A.--TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS.
12. (1) Apparatus. The lamps or projectors used for visual
signaling are usually designated by the measure in centimeters
of the diameter of the mirror.
At the present time they include: »
(1) The 14 cm. electric projector, the range (2) of which 1
to 2 kilometers by day, and 3 to 4 kilometers by night.
(1) Airplane observers alone. In case of emergency, may send non-coded
messages; these messages must be worded ID such a way that the enemy may
gain no useful Information from them.
(*) Those ranges which correspond to observations with the naked eye are
onjy given for reference. They not only depend upon atmospheric conditions,
but ajso upon the state «f the source of light (worn or new la-rap and batterr>
•rift its more or less accurate adjustment.
Liaison for All AriraA
(2) The 24 cm. electric pr«
from 1.5 kilometers to 4 kilomet Rfflpfaay, anl
by night.
(3) The 35 cm. projector, the range of which varies f\
5 to 10 kilometers by day, and 5 to 15 kilometers by night.
(4) Projectors used on airplanes and fed by storage batteries
or a small electric generator. Folding cylinder and luminous
signals are used on balloons.
73. (2) Colored lights. The 14 cm. and 24 cm. projectors use
white or red lights. The latter are used only for artillery
intercommunication and for communication between artillery
and infantry.
74. (3) Efficiency. In spite of rain, fog, smoke and natural
obstacles which sometimes hamper and even prevent visual
communications, experience has shown that in the hands of an
experienced personnel this method provides excellent and rapid
liaison, on the defensive as well as on the offensive.
75. (4) Location of visual stations. It is advisable that the
selected stations not only allow communication from front to
rear, but also, if possible, from rear to front, without the
enemy's being able either to intercept the messages or spot the
stations. As a matter of fact, a liaison is sure only when it is
bilateral, i. e., when the receiving station is able to acknowledge
receipt of the messages and answer them.
Even at worst, it must always be possible to signal from rear
to front by means of simple visual signals or fireworks, giving
the indications, "Understood" or "Repeat."
In the case of fixed stations, it is to a certain extent possible
to conceal the beam of light from the enemy by inclosing it in a
wooden tube, or limiting it by a screen in which a small hole
has been bored. Better still, when the terrain is suitable, the
stations and visual apparatus can be placed at the bottom of
tunnels or narrow camouflaged trenches turned exactly in the
direction of the corresponding station.
In the case of a temporary installation, efforts will always
be made to place the station in front of a hedge, a curtain of
trees or an embankment, in order to avoid the sky, a white
frontage, or light colored ground as a background. The light
from the apparatus is more visible when it stands out on a
darker background.
The mirror must not be exposed to the sun, as it is necessary
to avoid reflected light which would interfere with the reading
of the signals. The apparatus must be placed in the shade
or protected by a screen.
Lastly, it must be remembered that two transmitting stations
placed close to each other cannot simultaneously send out
messages in two neighboring directions, unless there is sufficient
distance between them.
76. (5) Change of position of the stations. The greatest
difficulty encountered when organizing visual communication
Liaison for All Arms.
consists in locating tl -ndent. It is therefore advisable
that two stations which are to communicate shall not change
their positifltf^ simultaneouslyW^Wnen a station is about to
clMJf its position, it first of all notifies its correspondent, and
notes referenc2 marks so as to be sure of finding it again later.
When there is a long distance to be covered it is advisable
to make one or two intermediate halts of sufficient length to
permit of the identification of the correspondent.
B.— USE OF VISUAL SIGNALING.
77. Visual signaling is used to send complete messages (in
plain or in code) and conventional indications (see Appendix VI).
The messages are transmitted in the order in which they are
brought to the visual station. The only exceptions are messages
bearing the notation, "Priority" or "Urgent," which are always
immediately transmitted, interrupting if necessary other trans-
missions already begun.
C.— VISUAL SYSTEM.
78. As a rule, visual stations are installed:
(1) In the vicinity of advance command posts or intelligence
centers of divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions, companies,
artillery groups and battalions, and close to observing stations,
etc.
(2) On airplanes and balloons.
Those stations communicate with one another under conditions
fixed by the plans of liaisons made out in each unit.
(a) Visual centrals. When the ground is suitable, it is profit-
able to install one or several central visual stations in each
division to receive messages from certain given stations, and
possibly from stations which have lost their correspondent.
Such centrals must be organized under conditions as favorable
as possible and connected by telephone with the general system.
(b) Relay stations. Owing to the distance, or to the configura-
tion of the ground, it is sometimes imperative to install relay
stations, avoiding, however, too great a number, as they con-
siderably reduce the efficiency of the visual system.
(c) Liaisons to be organized. On the defensive, the plans of
liaison indicate which are the communications that are to be
permanently organized in order to double the main telephone
lines.
On the offensive, the plans of liaison give, as exactly as
possible, the probable location of the different stations in order
to facilitate locating them.
III.— ARM SIGNALING.
79. Arm signals (Morse, semaphore, or conventional signals),
can be of service in many cases. They are made either with
the arms only, or, more often, with flags or other objects (see
Appendix V showing the signals).
Liaison for Alt Arms.
IV.— ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO
H
80. (1) Stationer!! >. Every visual or ^IM
given a station call fixedlr^hi^Ian of liaison and drawn from
the same series as the station calls for radio or eartli telegraphy.
A visual or arm signal station attached to a command alreadjB
supplied with a radio or earth telegraphy station is given th<r
same call as that station.
Every message or conventional signal transmitted by means
of visual or arm signaling always begins with the addressee's
station call, and that of the sender, separated by the word
"from."
For instance, a transmitting station, I J, corresponding with
a receiving station, A B, begins its message as follows:
A B from I J.
(2) Secrecy of communications. Every time the enemy is
likely to intercept communications, the code of Appendix VI is
to be cautiously used, and as far as possible coded messages
only are to be sent.
V.— SOUND SIGNALING.
81. An ordinary bugle can be used as a means of sound
signaling. It may be used either with the regulation bugle
calls or with conventional calls.
More powerful bugles may also be used — bugle blown by
compressed carbonic acid gas, pump trumpet (1) — which in cer-
tain cases, particularly in foggy weather, are likely to be of
service.
Airplanes use a sound signal, bugles blown by compressed
air, klaxon horns and possibly machine guns, to draw the
attention of elements with which they wish to correspond.
VI.— PANEL SIGNALING.
82. Identification panels, oblong panels of command posts
and position-marking panels are used for transmitting certain
signals to airplanes and possibly to balloons. The description
and directions for use of these panels are given in Part I, Chap-
ter 4, Appendices III and VI, of these Regulations, and also in
the "Regulations Concerning the Use of Aerial Observation in
Liaison with Artillery."
CHAPTER V.
SIGNALING BY MEANS OF FIREWORKS.
83. Fireworks may be used for the transmission of a small
number of prearranged signals and for marking out a position.
Experience has shown that it is objectionable to arrange a
code of signals once for all. It therefore devolves upon each
(l) These are being studied.
for All Arms.
e of fireworks, and to alter at the right
signals to be included in the
;en from those prescribed in the table of conven-
tional si£ . ,->{>endix VT. Exceptionally, one or two addi-
tional signnls™ay be used for an operation.
p In'Order to avoid mistakes and abuse in the use of signaling
fireworks it is absolutely necessary to take the following pre-
cautions:
Select lights which are easily distinguished from one another,
base their meaning more on their shape than on their color (1),
reserve the most characteristic and visible ones for the most im-
portant signals, etc. (2).
Give the codes a fairly long time ahead to all units arriving
at the army, and likewise to the units concerned of the neigh-
boring armies.
State for each sector, according to the situation, who is the
commanding authority (battalion commander, captain, platoon
leader), who has the right to use signals; otherwise there is a
risk of alarms being given without reason and involving waste
of ammunition.
Provide relays for repeating the signals when local conditions
(lay of terrain, distance), make it necessary, and ascertain
that artillery units concerned have located these relays and know
to which advance unit each of them corresponds.
Carefully organize the service of artillery lookouts.
84. Together with other position-marking signals (panels,
projectors), the infantry use Bengal flares to mark out the line
they are holding.
As with signaling fireworks proper, no rules as to their use can
be laid down once for all. The different types in use allow of a
variety of methods (grouping of lights by twos and threes, use
of different colors, etc.).
85. Lastly, the following method, which has already been used
by some units, may be considered as firework signaling. It con-
sists in giving the signal for some particular operation (an attack,
for instance), by means of distinctive artillery firing carried out
at a certain point, or at a height of burst decided upon .before-
hand.
The plan of engagement or the order of operations must clearly
state which kind of fire is to be delivered, the point on which
it is to be made, and the length of time which is to elapse be-
tween the beginning or the end of the signal and the launching
of the operation.
(l) The color may be used as a call, a given color, for instance, being assigned
to each battalion or regiment, or used as an identification signal by varying it
according to a simple rule made out beforehand.
(*) See Appendix IV: Signal and Illuminating rockets and throwing devices.
Liaison for All Ar
CHA
86. The role of
the different arms.
Apart from the personnel prescribed by these regulati
sufficient number of runners is detailed in each infantry unl
to insure the liaisons within the unit itself and with the one
above by means of chains of runners.
The chain of runners is made up of relay stations of runners
(two or three runners to each station), sheltered and placed 150
to 300 metres apart, according to circumstances. It is under the
command of a chief, who may be assisted by a few non-com-
missioned officers distributed among the stations, if the length
of the chain should require it.
During periods of stabilization, although the complete set of
relays is still kept up, only one out of every two or three are
kept occupied for the daily transmitting service.
It is profitable that telephone relay stations, when there are
any, should be at the same time runner relay stations. The run-
ners may thus help in repairing the lines; in addition, if only
one section of the line happens to be cut, time may be saved by
giving the runners an open message to be telephoned through
by the nearest relay which is still connected with the addressee.
When such combination of runners and telephone is used, the
written messa~3 must nevertheless be taken to its address to
confirm the telephone message.
PARTICIPATION OF THE CAVALRY IN THE TRANSMISSION
SERVICE.
87. When in a position to do so, divisional and corps cavalry
provide the following, under conditions fixed by the plans of
liiison:
Mounted couriers.
Runners.
Guides.
Patrols assigned to guard some of the telephone lines (1).
Fractions or groups of troopers thus detached are commanded
by officers and non-commissioned officers from the cavalry.
CHAPTER VII.
MESSENGER DOGS— CARRIER PIGEONS.
A.— CARRIER PIGEONS.
(1) GENERAL REMARKS.
88. The principle of liaison by means of carrier pigeons is
based upon the homing instinct of these birds.
(1) It is advisable, . during periods of inaction, training or rest, to send a
few troopers or non-commissioned officers to the various liaison courses to
acquire the necessary training.
Snfeon for All Arms.
.(1 in the day time return
•
10 the addressee by tele-
phone or I- ^ir-i^'x^F
• pigeons usecTtor^iaison are drawn from stationary
:-aveIThg lofts assigned to the armies.
jfilFi a rule, stationary lofts belong to the army within whose
area they are situated.
Traveling lofts are distributed among the armies according
to needs by the Commander-in-Chief.
The birds must not be confined at the stations longer than
two days and three nights. Pigeons which are not made use of
must be released when they have been confined two days.
Messages sent by carrier pigeons are written on tissue paper.
Si seial pads are issued for that purpose at the same time as
the pigeons: pads for ordinary messages for use during periods
of inactivity, and checkered pads for sketch messages for use
during active periods. The messages are folded and placed in
an aluminum tube called "message holder," tied to the pigeon's
leg.
Pigeons may also be provided with a "message holder
pocket," in which larger size sketches and reports can be sent.
II.— GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS CONCERNING THE WORKING
OF CARRIER PIGEON LIAISON.
89. Regularity. The essential characteristic of carrier pigeon
liaison is its reliability. Over and over again, and under most
varied circumstances (even under the heaviest shelling, and
through poisonous gas clouds), carrier pigeons have insured
liaison between the first, lines and the commanding authorities,
even when other methods proved of no avail.
Experience has shown that 97% of the carrier pigeons regu-
larly return to their loft: the loss, consisting of pigeons which
have gone astray or become disabled, amounts therefore to 3%.
Speed. The rapidity of liaison depends upon the quality of
the pigeons, upon atmospheric conditions, and upon the arrange-
ments made to connect the lofts with the addressees.
(1) In clear weather (showers do not matter) the speed of the
pigeon is very uniform.
1200 to 1600 meters per minute with the wind.
800 to 1000 meters against the wind.
1000 to 1200 meters if there is no wind to speak of.
Well trained birds can easily fly a distance of 100 to 200
kilometers.
(2) Snow, fog, and rain considerably hamper the pigeons,
cause them to lose their bearings, reduce their speed, and
shorten the distance they can travel.
However, fine drizzle or light mists are odds that a pigeon
can overcome over a distance of 15 to 25 kilometers at a speed
of 500 to 800 meters per minute.
Liaison for All Arms.
(3) All necessary
mission of messages that r
phone or liaison agen^M
Priority is always given, in transmission
messages brought by carrier pigeons.
To sum up, it may be calculated (taking into consideratiJ
time required for the transmission of the message from1
loft to the command post concerned) that it takes, on an
average, twenty-five or thirty minutes for a message from a
front line element to reach the command post of the general
commanding the division.
III.— LIAISON BY CARRIER PIGEONS.
90. The following liaisons can be insured by means of carrier
pigeons:
(1) Liaison between the advance elements and the commander.
(2) Liaison between infantry and artillery.
(3) Liaison between liaison officers and commands who have
detached them.
(1) Liaison between advance elements and the commanding
authority. As a rule, command posts of battalions or regiments
in the front line must be provided with a complete station of
carrier pigeons.
These stations can detach smaller posts of two or four pigeons
each, placed in one or two infantry baskets, to each unit in-
trusted with special duties or one whose communications are
threatened. The stations are supplied by the divisional lofts.
During periods of inactivity the use of pigeons serves a double
purpose. It completes the organization of the service and the
training of those in charge of it. It attains its full importance
as soon as hostile artillery action jeopardizes the reliable work-
ing of other means of liaison.
(2) Liaison between infantry and artillery. Infantry pigeon
stations may be used for sending messages to the artillery: the
message is sent to the divisional command post, and the
divisional artillery commander there forwards the message to its
address.
It is often profitable to supply artillery liaison detachments
with pigeons.
(3) Liaison between officers detailed on special duty and the
unit which has detached them. Officers on special duty who
are provided with carrier pigeons are able to send reports and
sketches to the authority who has detached them much more
rapidly than by any other method.
The use of this method of liaison gave excellent results in
the last operations.
IV.— SECRECY OF COMMUNICATIONS.
91. Although very few pigeons go astray, every precaution
must be taken when intrusting pigeons with messages in plain
/i for All Arms.
^Ks.
iely to be of any
which are swifter and less vulnerable than men,
great many circumstances take the place of runners,
used as messengers, the dogs require careful breaking in
tnd constant training.
The training of dogs for liaison purposes consists in applying
and developing the characteristic instinct of those animals:
their faithfulness and attachment to their master. It is im-
perative that messenger dogs be always tended by the same
men, and officers and men must realize that they handicap the
dog's efficiency by calling, petting or feeding him.
A dog which is to be used for a liaison is led away in leash
by a stranger and tied up, some distance off, in the vicinity of
the command post concerned. At the given moment, the metal
box containing the message is attached to the dog's collar by any
man, the dog is turned loose and with a sign of the hand shown
the direction he is to take. The dog sets off at once, and returns
to his master, who is close to the addressee's station.
Liaison in both directions requires lengthy training, and can
only be obtained with particularly gifted dogs.
CHAPTER .VIII.
MESSAGE-CARRIERS.
93. Special projectiles, called message-carriers, have been de-
vised to make possible transmission of orders, or \vriUen reports,
while reducing the use of runners and mounted couriers. The
document to be sent is inclosed in the message-shell. (Before
firing and whenever possible the addressee's attention is at-
tracted, for instance, by a whistle.)
All these projectiles contain a smoke-producing composition,
the combustion of which at the point of fall facilitates locating
them.
According to the distance, they are used to transmit docu-
ments from the sender to the addressee either directly or by re-
lays. Posts of runners when supplied with the necessary ma-
terial are suitable for use as such relay posts.
CHAPTER IX.
ORGANIZATION OF LIAISONS IN CASE OF AN
OFFENSIVE ACTION.
94. The organisation of the liaisons is particularly difficult in
the case of an offensive action; there is a large movement of
troops, a greater artillery activity, hence an increase in the
chance of having telephone liaisons broken, hence also changes
Liaison f
of location oi
ing of new lin<
These difficult!^
to study them thorougl
It is necessary:
(a) That the initial telephone system be built \\n
care (lines classified and located in order to facilitate
special protection of important lines).
(b) That the officers commanding the attack stay near^HPM
front, so as to watch the field of action, and that they changed
their position just as soon as the progress of the attack makes
it necessary. They have thus a direct view of the advance units,
and are ready to direct any change which may be necessary.
(c) That the successive changes of posts of command shall
have been prepared; previous construction of command posts to
be established within our lines, as well as construction of cor-
responding telephone liaisons; organization of construction gangs
having the material necessary to build or to improve rapidly the
successive posts of command.
(d) That the beginnings of telephone lines towards the com-
mand posts which are to be established in conquered territory
shall have been pushed as far as possible (armored cable, which
withstands passage of troops, and even of vehicles, must be used).
These telephone lines end in a terminal box installed in a
sheltered station built in the parallel of departure.
(e) That the plan of telephone system built on the ground
which is to be conquered shall have been roughly mapped out
in advance. To this end, it is necessary that a preliminary study
be made of the probable location of the future command posts,
which is done by studying the terrain and the battle map. It is
also indispensable to make all dispositions necessary for the
rapid construction of lines behind the troops of attack (prepara-
tion of material, organization of personnel, particularly of the
gangs commissioned with the watching and repairing of the
lines).
(f) That the signal work shall have been organized (division
of signal gangs and of material).
(g) That the personnel of transmission (signalers, liaison
agents, runners), shall have been especially prepared for the at-
tack by thorough and frequent reconnaissance made, under the
direction of officers, of the terrain which can be seen from
ground observation stations; by study oil the map or the battle
map of the terrain which is not visible; by distribution of large
scale sketches.
Trench warfare produces a regrettable tendency to neglect the
study of the field of action. Every time a unit occupies a new
sector the commanding officer of the unit must compel officers,
non-commissioned officers and liaison agents to learn their way
about as quickly as possible, not only inside the system of
trenches, but outside as well.
Liaison for All Arms.
found, even by liaison
Knapped out,
Hags in daytime, and at night-
time by lanter «m be done with-
Cnemy's attention, T7f by any other special
V
Firiffl^, and especially, that every possible way of es-
tablhj^mg and keeping the liaison between the infantry and the
IJiKr which helps the former be carefully provided for (ar-
:'j observers going about with infantry commanders; liaison
Pith the batteries by wire, radio, earth telegraphy, visual signal-
ing, flags, prearranged signals by means of rockets, Bengal
flares, etc., which must be perfectly well known to all concerned).
II.— AXIS OF LIAISON.
95. When the objectives to be reached are fairly distant the
organization of liaisons beyond the starting position, owing to
difficulties encountered and the lack of time, can be satisfac-
torily realized only by concentrating the personnel's activity and
means in material on a small number of routes in the general
direction of the advance.
The plan of the liaison of the army corps, in particular, assigns
to each front line division a special route called axis of liaison.
An important telephone central fixed by the plan of liaison of
the army is the initial point for the axis of liaison of each
division.
It contains a certain number of telephone centrals with which
the different posts of command and subordinate units are con-
nected.
The locations of centrals planned beyond the parallel of de-
parture, the number and the kind of construction of circuits
which are to connect them, are fixed by the divisional plan of
liaison, according to instructions in the plan of liaison.
When the importance of the advance warrants it, the army
plan of liaison also assigns an axis pf liaison to each one of the
army corps.
This axis of liaison should follow the same route as that of
one of the engaged divisions, in order to take advantage of work
already completed.
On the other hand, when a near objective only is to be reached,
several axes of liaison can be assigned to engaged divisions, for
instance, one per attacking regiment or battalion.
III.— ADVANCE CENTERS OF INFORMATION.
96. The advance center of information of the division
operates close to one of the centrals, installed on the axis of
liaison, and as far forward as possible. This center is in charge
of gathering and transmitting as fast as possible information
about the progress of the fight to the general commanding the
division and to all concerned, and, if necessary, of transmitting
forward orders and information coming from the rear.
The ndv;
command obsc
the advance center of inform;;
communicate direVHplHHW^Pty tWjrcK^Hj
shown by a sign board, wmch is lit up by uij
It is directed by a staff officer of the division, aii<
A detachment of telephone operators.
A detachment of radio operators.
A detachment of signalers and, if necessary, one or
carrier pigeon stations.
Mounted couriers and, if necessary, runners.
The initial location of the advance center of information is
always on this side of our first line. It must be completely
organized before the attack.
Its fitting up must not alter the working of liaisons which
normally connect the different commanders. When the chief
of the center of information is sure, or simply suspects, that
information or an order which has reached him has skipped for
some reason an echelon of the command, he must inform this
echelon as soon as possible in order to restore the normal
hierarchic working of liaisons.
IV.— CHANGE OF POSITION OF THE COMMAND POSTS AND
CENTERS OF INFORMATION.
97. The change of position of command posts and centers
of information is always a delicate operation, causing a period
during which the transmission of information and orders is
not efficient.
These drawbacks will be reduced to a minimum by observing
the following instructions:
(1) Never change the location of a command post (/) or of a
center of information until the working of liaisons has been
verified at the new location.
(2) Leave a detachment behind at the old location until the
new one is in working order.
(3) Do not change simultaneously the location of the divi-
sional command post and that of the advance center of informa-
tion.
V.— ORGANIZATION OF COMMUNICATIONS IN CASE OF
RAPID ADVANCE FOLLOWING EITHER AN ATTACK OR A
WITHDRAWAL OF THE ENEMY.
98. (1) Axis of Liaison. In case of a rapid advance the axis
of liaison assigned to each division is generally that of the main
column; the axis of liaison of the army corps is that followed
by the head division or by one of the head divisions. They are
(/) Command post of regimental commander or of superior authority.
or of the
Hron settles as
• ' -
^JPssive con! formation, and the
must be ready^^uwork.
ters of information. The centers of information
according to conditions settled by the operation
TThey form a series of elements, supplied with all the
Mtty liaison methods, and close to which the general com-
^ng the division successively establishes his command posts,
i officer of the air service is attached to each divisional staff
^ a liaison agent. He obtains close to the center of information,
if possible, an auxiliary landing ground of easy access. The com-
manding authority details to this ground the necessary personnel,
and causes liaison to be organized between the landing ground,
and the penter of information.
If an auxiliary landing ground cannot be found, telephone,
radio, automobile and carrier pigeon liaisons provide for the
rapid transmission of orders between the division and the
squadron ground.
A center of information is changed only when the next one
is in condition to work.
The center where orders and information from all sources
must arrive is designated by panels (identification panels of the
division) and signboards.
In certain cases, it may be necessary to establish army corps
centers of information. Their organization and working are
similar to those of the divisional centers of information.
VI.— RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF CONTACT WITH THE ENEMY IN
FRONT OF A FORTIFIED POSITION.
100. When contact with the enemy is resumed in front of a
fortified position, the plan of work to be carried out and the plan
of liaison must be drawn up in the different units without delay,
in accord with the instructions of the commander.
Useless work and wasting of material are thus avoided.
CHAPTER X.
ORGANIZATION OF LIAISON ON THE
DEFENSIVE.
101. The organization of liaisons in a sector must secure
good communication in case of an attack and under the most
difficult circumstances.
This organization must provide satisfactory liaisons not only
between the habitual command posts of the different units but
also between their observing stations and their command posts
of combat.
Liaison for All Arms.
It must be in accord with t'
up for the sect Tied,
mission betweeifche advance /
resistance betweem the commander,
the various lines of the diff h'<>ns an
artillery.
The plan of liaison is consequently strictly subordi
defensive organization. It forms a part of the plan of
It always fixes the personnel and material assigned t
telephone, radio and visual stations (which are not
normally), and the conditions under which the working of
different liaison methods will be periodically tested.
orBfcg
I.— TELEPHONE LINES.
102. The framework of the telephone system must adapt itself
without difficulty to all emergencies considered for the defensive.
The location of centrals must be chosen, as far as possible,
away from points likely to be shelled by the enemy (cross-roads,
isolated houses, etc.).
All precautions are taken to avoid the telephone centrals
being disclosed by the convergence of trench and pole lines.
The number of circuits in the different systems between the
various centrals must be sufficient to provide all communica-
tions which may become necessary during the most active opera-
tions.
Stations which are not used normally must always be kept
up in good condition; lines seldom used must be frequently
tested and maintained in condition for use.
In the zone which is exposed to heavy hostile artillery fire
all central and permanent telephone stations must be established
in bomb proof shelters; telephone lines must be buried or
at least placed in special open trenches, or along the side walls
of communicating trenches.
The distribution of personnel in charge of keeping up the
different lines is clearly defined. The necessary repair material
is kept at hand.
II.— RADIO-ELECTRIC COMMUNICATIONS.
103. All command posts of generals commanding divisions
or brigades, or regimental commanders, in the advance zone as
well as on the chief position of resistance, must, include bomb-
proof shelters for their different radio stations.
Command posts of front line regimental and battalion
commander., also include bomb-proof shelters for the installa-
tion of sending and receiving stations.
The bases needed for these stations are given the maximum
protection possible.
The working of these different stations is frequently tested.
•rtelep
W^ stati
Liaison for All Arms.
III.— VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS.
signaling stations, which are
one and on the main line of resistance
interruption in telephone and radio
MS must be established at all times. Their
ion includes:
Kmbproof shelter for the personnel
Tubes in the direction of corresponding stations.
A special telephone liaison when the visual signaling
ion is not located in the immediate vicinity of an existing
telephone station. It is advisable to locate each visual signaling
station close to the command post it has to serve. This should
be considered in the selection of command posts.
It is necessary to parallel the telephone system with a visual
signaling system to be used in normal times; this is the best
way to secure efficient visual signaling communications in time
of need.
IV.— STATION CALLS— CODES.
105. The station calls of stations which do not work in
normal times must be determined and brought to the knowledge
of the personnel who will take charge of those stations.
All commanders concerned must at all times be supplied with
the list of station calls and with the set of codes to be used
in case of active operations.
Besides, a sufficient stock of these is kept with the army, army
corps or divisional staffs to be handed to reinforcing units upon
their arrival.
V.— FIREWORKS.
106. Each command post of brigade, regiment, battalion or
company established in first line positions must at all times
be supplied with a sufficient stock of fireworks corresponding
to the signal codes in use or prescribed.
A supply must be prepared for units about to come into
action, in accord with the plan of defense and the plan of
reinforcement. Relay stations, either in the advance zone or on
the line of resistance which might become necessary in order
to secure the repetition of signals, are studied and organized.
VI.— CARRIER PIGEONS.
107. Each command post of a battalion or regiment must be
supplied with carrier pigeon stations. No pigeon will be re-
leased without carrying a message, if only to mention that the
situation is unchanged.
VII.— LIAISON PERSONNEL.
108. The liaison agents and carriers who are detached to
superior, inferior or adjoining authorities will be designated
Liaison f&r All Ar^
by name; they will carefully rec;
bring them back to their posts.
The chains of ruTralJBH|
clearly defined and the unit which furnishes the det;
nated; the shelters for tn^BRnBPrposts are organized; frecjr
practice must be had to test the working of this m^H
liaison.
VIII.— CASE OF ALARM OR RELIEF.
109. As soon as the commander gives the order all
tions prescribed by the plan of liaison become operative.
Any modification at the last moment is to be carefully
avoided unless it is indispensable.
At all echelons tne documents, plan of liaison and appended
sketches intended for the reinforcement or relief units are
kept up to date, in order to enable the latter to meet any
emergency by their own means. However, when possible, it is
advisable to leave for a few days, at the disposal of units
arriving in the sector, a reduced personnel which will enable
them to overcome rapidly all the difficulties arising from a
new organization.
TRAINING.
(See Section VII, G. O. No. 30, A. E. F., 1918.)
The proper functioning of liaison requires:
(1) That the commanding authority and its auxiliaries be
perfectly acquainted with the possibilities of use and with
the efficiency of the different liaison methods.
(2) That the personnel (officers, non-commissioned officers and
men), assigned to the operation of each -of these methods know
thoroughly the use and maintenance of the material intrusted
to them, and be used to working together.
(3) That the details of the present instructions be known
and applied by all.
ORGANIZATION OF TRAINING.
111. Officers and non-commissioned officers are instructed in
the corps signal schools; men are instructed in the technical
courses of divisional liaison.
CORPS SIGNAL SCHOOLS.
112. A signal school operates in each corps.
This school is directed by an officer particularly qualified
and assisted by a technical personnel appointed by the corps
commander.
As far as possible, it is organized in the immediate vicinity
of a camp and of an infantry training center, so that it can
without difficulty make use of the terrain and accessory person-
nel for practical exercises.
Its purpose is:
(a) To improve constantly the instruction of officers and
non-commissioned officers of the different units in charge of
liaison.
(b) To diffuse knowledge of improvements in the material and
in the methods of liaison.
This information includes:
(1) Course for officers, attended by:
Officers of the Signal Corps.
Officers in charge of liaison (infantry, artillery, cavalry).
Telegraph and telephone courses for non-commissioned officers
and men attended by:
Non-commissioned officers of the signal corps.
Non-commissioned officers of all arms.
Liaison for All Arms.
Radio telegraph ;
by:
Non-commissioned offi
(2)
These exercises are
and on the defensive.
They are for:
The personnel attending the different courses mentioned
Sta3' officers who have to assist the chief of staff in"
liaison.
Signal officers of the corps and divisions.
Non-commissioned officers of signal units.
If necessary, for airplane observing officers.
In addition, it is advisable for the following to attend the
most important exercises:
Chiefs of staff of large units.
Officers of the centers of information and battalion com-
manders.
Air service officers.
Available regimental commanders and staff officers.
The complete course lasts about four weeks.
EXERCISES AND MANEUVERS.
113. The different methods of liaison, including the liaison
by airplanes and balloons, are simultaneously brought into
play in all exercises carried out by units in the vicinity of the
rest billets and in the training camps. Thus instruction given
in the courses and within the units during their stay in rest
areas is completed by general exercises under conditions as
similar as possible to those of combat.
w
APPENDICES
(VISIONAL SI
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4 (a) Amplifiers, Type 3 Ter (French)
5 (b) Axes hand
6 (b) Bags, tool, service, complete
••
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1
4
8 (b) Batteries dry No 6
..
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12
40
*8
100
*2
12
46
*8
100
48
184
32
400
9 (b) Batteries, tungsten, Type «A» extra
10 (b) Batteries, Bveready, No. 703, extra
11 (a) Bells, vibrating, 50 ohm. or equiv. .
12 (b) Books field message. . ....
14 (a) Bulbs amplifier
15 (b) Buzzers Service Model 1914
16 (a) Buzzerphones
8
'.'.
8
.-
32
..
17 (b) Cable, 10 pair, cotton covered, ft. . .
18 (b) Caudles lantern stearic acid
19 (b) Carriers, buzzer and antennae wire
20 (b) Carts, wire, complete (2 horses) . .
21 (a) Carts, wire, hand (Brouette Der'e)
22 (a) Cases battery
23 (b) Cases map
24 (a) Charging <)et Type «D» (French)
25 (b) Chests packing
26 (b) Chests, tool, Mechanics No. 1
27 (b) Chests, tool, Mechanics No. 2
28 (b) Chests, tool, Electrical Engineers . .
29 (b) Chests, tool, cable splicers
30 (b) Chests tool construction
..
31 (b) Clamps splicing 1"
4
4
16
32 (b) Climbers with straps, pairs
33 (b) Clips, testing, Frankel or Muller
Universal
13
13
52
35 (b) Cord, lamp, feet
36 (b) Diggers post hole Ewan 6"
37 (b) Discs, cipher ».
38 (a) Electrolyte, 28 Baume, in car-
boys of 10 litres each
.. ..
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21
84
76
142
304
568
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40 (b) Flashlights
41 (a) Fuses, 1 amp., for 4 and 12 line
42 (b) Glasses field Type D or EE
9
15
16
1
43 (a) Glasses field Huet 8 power
44 (b) Grips buffalo .
2
4
o
4
4
1 ••
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16
16
46 (b) Hatchets with handles
I 4
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48 fa) Hvdrometers. Baume. . .
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223
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766
231
16
26
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564
231
8
..I ..
8
10
..1
4 9
10
33 1 34
;;
104| ..
6
-•
. . 1
6| 6
is
APPENDIX
MACHINE
H
a
3
I
m
6
s
H
8
I
I-
P
11
f
a
I
**
i
s
a
6
£
CO
a
I
— i
Insulators. w..,,,len knob
r,l il>i Kits, Ihu'. combination, standard..
g
8
is]
••I
117
468
8
l\,t>. soldering
r. I (In Knivcy. brnsheutting
• •1
60
60
240
1
••
i-Qg candle
.. I
..
••1
- ' '
59 (b) Motorcycles, liarley-1 lavidson
60 (b) Mortorcycles, Ha rley -Davidson, with
61 (b) Motor trucks, 4 wheel-drive, 1$ ton
special
B, Artillery Brigade, white..
• II. -ry Brigade, black
1'aiiels. Artillery type, white
4
4
1(5
I'M n try Brigade, white. .
. lnf:intr\ I'.riirade, black...
71 iin • aatry Division, black. . .
•> rkiiiji
84
768
3072
• •
4
4
16
Pencils, lend, dozm
I'ikes wire
12
1 ••
12
48
76 (b) fliers side-cutting 5"
77 'b) Pliers side-cutting 0"
45
45
180
78 (b) Pliers side-cutting 8"
15
15
60
70 (a) Poles, sectional bamboo, (2 sec-
80 (a) Projectors, 14 cm. with batteries..
M ml l'r«'jci't»r<, 1 1 em. ui in o:ise), com-
2
2
•r2
:;s
1
! 152
2
82 (a) rrojt-etors, _J etu. with batteries..
83 (a) Receiving sets, Type «A-1», com-
4
1
4
1
16
4
84 (a) Receiving sets. Artillery, Type
«A-1» complete 1 1'rench)
85 (a) Receiving > -nch) . .
80 (a) Keels brenst
1
4
1
4
4
16
*2
2
87 (a) Saws hand cross cut, 24"
I
|
4
16
4
4
16
,
89 (a) Sets, radio. Type «E-3», French,
mounted < n two Ford trucks each
90 (b) Sets, radio, Type oB-10», bis
( French)
91 (b) Sets, testing, magneto...
•See Circular 55, C. S. O., May 12.
Liaii
1 (Continued)™
APPENDD
[NTRY
MACHINE
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
o
,_(
^^T^ ^^^^
£5
TH
O M
*j
.
:t
a
a
2
P
—
S
a
a
1
o
3
B
I
6
•§"
1
a
*o
11
o
H
-r
S
K
(a; Switchboards, telephone. 4 line
mono
10
10
40
2
(a) Switchboards, telephone, 12 line
mono
1
1
4
(b) Tape, friction, pounds
4
4
16
(b) Tape rubber pounds..
2
2
8
(b) Telephones, camp, Model 1917....
25
25
100
1
'4
(b) Telephones, Western Electric, No.
1375B
(a) Transmitting set, T. P, S. No. 2
bis (French) ...
4
4
16
(a) Transmitting set, portable, Type
No 3 (French)
1
1
4
(b) Typewriters field Corona
(b) "Volt-ammeters, "Western Type 280.
(b) Wagons, instrument, Escort, Type
sc ...
(b) Watches, wrist, luminous dials....
14
14
56
(b) Wire, outside, T. P., cc., M. Ft
(b)Wire, field, U. S. Standard, miles
(b) Wire, outpost, twisted -pair,' km. . .
30
30
120
1
2
fa) Iterrjs being obtained iu France,
'b) Items being obtained in the United State?.
*Stj<j Circular 55, C. S. O.. May 12.
Liaison for All Arms.
pendix II.
USE OF PROJECTORS.
/.— 35 CM. PROJECTOR.
(1) Type B.
Description of the Material. — The projector comprises:
(1) One short focus mirror, mounted on three adjusting screws
and protected by a metallic box provided with a sight and
closed by a hinged lid.
(2) One incandescent light, of low voltage, supported by a
bayonet lamp holder fastened to the bottom of the metallic box.
(3) One small mirror fastened to the aforesaid holder and
intended to screen the direct light of the lamp.
(4) One support socket, with a spring hinged lug and a
stop limiting the downward motion of the lamp.
(5) One fastening hook for the projector elevating rope.
(6) One two-piece staff=
(7) One feed cable with a switch.
, The whole is inclosed in a wooden box, which contains be-
sides:
One bundle of cotton or gauze for cleaning the mirror.
Twelve spare lamps in a metallic box.
Mode of use of the material. — Connect the feed cable to the
electric source.
Open ttie lamp lid and fasten it with the firing pin.
Turn toward the lamp the small mirror screening the direct
light.
Operate the lamp by means of the feed cable switch and see
that, during the transmission, the sighting tube is accurately
directed towards the distant station.
Adjusting the beam. — To get the maximum efficiency from the
projector it is absolutely necessary to have the beam of light
as converging as possible. This result is obtained when the lamp
has been accurately focused in the mirror. To this effect
move the mirror as follows:
Tighten the three adjusting screws, but not quite home, then
unscrew them till they are even. Verify the adjustment in the
meanwhile by flashing the beam horizontally on a vertical wall
20 or 30 meters distant. The luminous spot should be as small
as possible and uniformly illuminated.
Projectors will have their lamps adjusted before being
shipped.
Care of material.'-' Change the incandescent light when tht
bulb begins to darken.
Be careful to close the projector lid when not in use.
•;o/j for All Arms.
Clean the mirror with g
sary.
Description of tl
One short focus me!
ing nuts and protected by a metal
safety movable lid.
One incandescent electric light.
One jointed fork supporting the entire mobile part by ineH!
of a sighting handle fastened to the metallic casing.
One suspension ring on the end of this fork.
One feed cable provided with a key and a bayonet contact
plug.
The whole is inclosed in a wooden case, which contains be-
sides:
Twelve spare incandescent lights in a sheet metal box.
One cotton or gauze wadding for cleaning the mirror.
Mode of use.— Having set up the lamp at a suitable height foi
x>bserving easily through the sight, connect the feed cable to the
electric source.
Aim at the objective through the sighting handle so that it
appears at the cross wires determining the sight center.
Make the required signals by means of the key.
Remark.— When the projector is normally fed from batteries
it is absolutely necessary to use only the special bulbs which
come with the apparatus to keep the cells from soon becoming
unserviceable.
•• With such a mode of feeding, the lamp should not be used
tor continuous lighting. •
To avoid impairing the mirror and to protect the incandes-
cent light, close the lid as soon as the-lamp is no longer in
use.
Adjustment and care. — To insure normal efficiency of the
lutnp it is absolutely necessary to have, the beam of light as con-
nerging as possible. This result will be secured when the lamp
is accurately adjusted in the focus of the mirror.
The apparatus will be adjusted in a like manner before being
shipped. But a lamp of somewhat different type, used as a
spare lamp, may happen to be , inaccurately focused. This
should be remedied at once. To this effect, move the mirror
; |jy, screwing or unscrewing the .three adjusting screws to the
same length.
A catch which must be freed by slightly pressing the mirror
prevents these screws from becoming loose.
Control the adjustment by flashing the beam on a wall 20
meters distant. The luminous spot thus obtained should be
as small as possible.
Clean the mirror, if necessary, with gauze or cotton wadding,
after washing it with pure or slightly soapy water.
or All Arms.
'HOJECTOR. jfe ''
n prises: ^*
:cable and plug,
ping 2 bags, each of which con-
IplBrwbug carrying:
HHcontact plug.
^|ro spare lamps.
^The box of the projector contains 8 battery cells and 3 spare
lamps.
Method of use. — Put the plug in the socket.
Open the lid and aim at distant station by means of the aim-
ing tube.
Signal by using the key with the right hand.
It is essential that the aiming tube be turned exactly in the
direction of the distant station during the transmission of the
message.
The apparatus may be held in the hand or put on any sort of
;» pedestal.
Upkeep. — Whenever the apparatus is not in use be sure to
keep the lid closed so as to protect the mirror.
Avoid pulling the cable fastened to the bottom of the pEpjec-
tor when taking it out of the box.
Avoid touching the mirror, which ought to be cleaned with
Hauze or cotton, and washed, if necessary, with clear water.
Adjustment. — The apparatus is adjusted when issued; how-
ever, it is possible that the light will be out of focus after the
lamp has been changed. In order to focus it, flash the light on
the wall, a few yards away, and carefully turn the screws which
are around the mirror, until the flash becomes as brilliant and
as small as possible.
III.— 14 CM. PROJECTOR.
This apparatus is analogous to the 24 cm. projector, but is
smaller. It has one bag, which is carried over the shoulder.
IMPORTANT NOTICE.
The battery cells or accumulators are very quickly used up
if they are used continuously.
It is especial 1\ recommended never to use the apparatus for
tixed lights.
The use of signal apparatus as a means of lighting is strictly
forbidden.
APPENDIX III.
DESCRIPTION OF PANELS
IDENTIFICATION PANELS.
DESIGNATION
OF UNITS
DESCRIPTIONOPPANE
Army Corps and Ca-
valry Corps Com-
mand Post. . . .
Division Command
Post
Command Post of
the let Brigade of
a Division. . . .
Command Post of
the 2nd Brigade of
a Division. . . .
Regiment Command
Post .......
Battalion Command
P«Bt .......
\ / 3
M
meters
1st I. D. 2nd I. D. 3rd I. D. 4th I. D.
of the Army Corps.
3 meters
of the Army Corps.
(a)
3 meters
of the Division.
A A A A
/ \ / \ r\ fi\
Z _ A / ea \ / \ / a \
Battalion 1st Bat. 2nd Bat. 3rd Bat. 4th Bat.
unit »f a Regiment.
(3)
Eacb aidc
2 metcrs-
(1) Each black band 40 centimeters wide.
(S9 Each black band 4O centimeters wide.
Each black square 40 X <0 centimeters.
Liaison for All Arms.
fication panels
tiarateristic panel (a
black diagonal stripe).
R$pe is no possible doubt.
3 meters in diameter,
((ptilar panel 3 meters in diameter.
:ular panel 3 meters in diameter.
^^^ triangular panel with 2-meter sides.
Hi-marks. — The various command posts arc differentiated by
TOack stripes or marks arranged on each face as indicated in the
above table.
ARTILLERY IDENTIFICATION PANELS.
Every artillery battalion or group is equipped with an iden-
tification panel of its own, to be placed in the vicinity of its
receiving station throughout work with airplane.
The identification panel marks out for observers the emplace-
ment of the receiving station and furnishes a basis for panel
signaling. It is made:
For the divisional artillery of a 4-meter square of white
canvas, to which one or several movable black squares of 1.33 x
1.33 meters may be applied.
For long heavy artillery by a white canvas lozenge, 4x4
meters, whose diagonals are at a ratio of 2-3 and on which sev-
eral movable black lozenges may be fixed 1.33 x 1.33 meters.
(2) Command Post rectangular panel.
A rectangular panel of 2 x .60 meters.
(3) Artillery Signal panel.
A rectangular panel of 4 x 1 meters.
(4) Marking Panel.
A panel, white on one side, neutral color on the other. (2.)
Dimensions, 50 x 40 cm.
(/) Panels white on the one side, orange-red on the other are under experi-
ment.
Appendix IV.
SIGNAL AND ILLUMINATING ROCKETS, AND
THROWING DEVICES.
(1) SIGNAL ROCKETS.
Signal rockets at present in use are:
(a) ROCKETS AND SIGNAL CARTRIDGES.
1
Rockets. |V. B. Cartridges.
Cartridges for 25
mm. pistol
Cartridges for 35
mm. pistol. (Avia-
tion.)
With large white! White parachute)
stars star I
With large red
stare
With large green
Red parachute. . . ; jRed . . .
I
I
Green parachute. . . ! Green .
One star . . .
. Three stars .
. i Illuminating with- 1 One star
out parachute. . . I
I I '
. ' j Two stars
. i Three stars I Three stars . . .
| Six stars.. j Six stars I Six stars
I I I
Caterpillar (Caterpillar | •. . | Caterpillar
Yellow smoke | Yellow smoke I Yellow smoke j Yellow smoke
I ! i
*'laK I I I
(b) BENGAL FLARES.
Bengal white flare, 30 seconds.
Bengal red flare, 30 seconds.
Liaison for A ^
ontinued*
HWORKS.
Cartridges.
V. B. and 25 mm. pistol cartridges: One white star with or
without a parachute, of the series "signal" fireworks.
(c) Bengals.
White Bengal, 15 and 30 seconds of the series "signal" fire-
works.
(3) THROWING DEVICES.
Very pistols. V. B. tromblons and rocket tubes are supplied
by Ordnance Department (see Tables of Equipment).
NOTE.
(a) ]t is essential that the following precautions he taken,
when a signal code for fireworks is made out:
(1) For important signals, the most visible, the most
characteristic and the most distinct signals must be used.
Fireworks which might be mistaken for one another should
be used only for signals which might be confused without
too great danger.
(2) When use is made of fireworks belonging to the series
of illuminating fireworks, they should be used for signals
which cannot be used at night time.
(b) All fireworks belonging to the series of the "signal" fire-
works are visible (more or less) during day and night thn.\
excepting rockets and bombs with yellow or red smoke and
the flag rocket, which arc only visible in daytime.
(c) The need for signal fireworks varies greatly. The armies
must make an estimate of the amount of material they will
need, and make the arrangements necessary to get their supplies.
MORSE
Appendix
I.—
ALPHABET.
a . — i . .
s . . .
b - . V. J • -
t —
c — . — . k — . — u.. —
ch 1 . — . . v . . . -
(1 — .. m - w. — —
c . n — .
X — . . —
e . . — • • o —
f . . — . p . — - .
l ~ IT. r
g - q - - . -
h ! r . - .
NUMERALS.
g
7
8
The study of the Morse alphabet is made easier by classifying
the letters in series of similar character. The table below is
given as an example:
. e
— t
. — a
— . n
. . i
m
. . — u
— . . d
. . . s
0
. . . — v
— ... b
. . . . h
- ch
. . z
— . -
- . c
. — —
- • P
— •* g
- . — q
A
j*
jj
— . y
. . — . f
— . . — x
w
• J
|
Liaison for All Anns.
ontinued)
SIGNALS.
(Request that nJWagc be Aent)
of message)
(understood) (1)
(wait)
(separation)
visual signaling tne signal «Uuderstood» is aometime& abbreviated and
by one signal dot.
II.— METHOD OF MAKING SIGNALS.
Morse signals are represented in radio, earth telegraphy and
in visual signaling as follows:
The dot by a short flash.
The dash by a long flash.
With signaling flags: The dot is made by showing one flag
or some similar object, and the dash by showing two flags or
two similar objects.
Interval between two signals of the same letter equals the
length of 1 dot.
III.— SENDING OF SIGNALS.
In order that Morse signals may be legible, it .is indispensable
(especially in visual signalling) :
(1) That the cadence be not too quick.
(2) That dots and dashes be very distinct from each other.
(3) That successive letters be well separated.
The signalers will especially remember the following points:
(1) They must work without haste.
(2) They must exaggerate the length of the dashes.
(3) They must separate two letters very distinctly, in order
to allow the receiver to dictate each letter after having read it.
IV.— SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR VISUAL SIGNALING.
Direction of flash. — It is very important that the flashes be
sent exactly in the direction of the receiver.
In case the latter should not see the signals well he should
send a series of dots
The sending station must examine the apparatus, see whether
its direction is correct and whether its lamp works well.
The receiver indicates the variation which he perceives:
(1) He quickens the cadence of the dots, if the light works
worse
(2) He slows up, if it works better
(3) He sends - .... — . (b r) when the light works
normally.
Liaison for Alt Arms.
APPENDIX
. — As a rule thei
a signalingH
tates the messapPbne letter
who transmits them ; a thir«
for breaks.
At the receiving
then dictates them letter by letter to his
them down; a third stands by the instrument. In ordeP
another station, the sending station sends the call of that statiol
several times. The latter answers with tne signal — . . .
. — . (b r).
The message is sent, word by word, and the receiving post
sends one dot after each word if it has understood everything
correctly; a question mark . . . . if it wants the word
repeated.
At the end of a message the sending post sends the signals
. — . — . (a r). The receiving post sends one dot if it has
understood the message.
If it desires some of it to be repeated, it sends the last word
which it understood followed by (?)'..- - . .
A station which changes its position warns the station
corresponding with it by sending the signal CL (closed),
followed, if possible, by the hour and the place where it will
resume its work. Example CL — 17.00 Cor 140 (5 p. m. on 140).
The signal=rr( — . . . — ) represents a hyphen.
EXAMPLE OF TRANSMISSION OF A MESSAGE.
Station call of sending station: Ca.
Station call of receiving station: F*.
Cs wishes to send a message of 4 words to F*.
TRANSMITTED SIGNALS.
Station C3.
F* F* F*
Fi from
1st word
2nd word
3rd word
3rd word
4th word
a r (end of trans-
mission)
Station F4.
Understood
b r
dot.
dot.
9
dot.
dot.
dot.
Remarks.
has not under-
stood the 3rd
word.
a
HP
-
u
•4
c
S *
f
>
1
O
a
U
« .£
i! 1
00
ll
8
If
acoustic
\
1
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
O
g
t-3 H
Division or Brigade
0
O
0
L
O
i — i
o
0
0
0
S USED FOR SIGN^
THE INFANTRY AIKPL
a
o
1
1
Q
Y
L
B
0
0
3s
Battalion
0
L
V
i — '
i 1
V
0
V
D
SIGNALS
Q
a
o
i
0
1 REQUEST FOR
BARRAGE FIRE.
1 REQUEST FOR
PREPARATORY FIRE
FOR ATTACK.
«' FRIENDLY LIGHT
ARTILLERY IS FIRING
ON US.
FRIENDLY HEAVY
•
•3 «
a & "S
1 ! ! i I I
P u 7? d **
5 3
e 3 - 'g
!(1) The signal "understood" (by panels) must be given after receiving each message sent by the airplane by means of radio. It
knowing whether his sending apparatus is working. .
NOTE. -• The conventional signals made by radio, earth telegraphy, visual or acoustic means must be repeated several times tofl
ed with the call letters.
M
•
•
1
1
•
i
I
•
•
•
1
1
•
1
i
i
i
1
|
•
•
cm
o
CUD
0
O
i — i
D
0
O
*
o
6
OB
crj
^7
i 1
0
©
r — i
. D
0
^
*
&
A
C7D
i — :i
V
C=3
0
V
(=1
D
0
V
*
V
fo
V
V»
Sg
N
!i
WlLb HOT BB BBADT
TO ATTACK AT THE
HOUR SET.
»WlSH TO ADVANCE,
INCREASE RANGE.
sj
f" O
is
*t
II SUPPLY OF GRENADES.
UNDBBSTOOD OR (1)
MBSSAGB RECEIVED.
)
•^anizations I am flying over seem to be
Liaison for All Arm.s
APPi nitimied)
AIRPLAM:
final cartridges or projectors.
, . .
Wher .Driving posi-
tioi
Und1 stood
irection Code to be
fixed by army
commanders ac-
poorly manned cording to em-
Order to attack under such and such con- \ enrencies
ditions (as fixed in the plan of engage- 1
ment) • |
Attack postponed (under conditions pre- !
scribed in the plan of engagement) ...... I
Do you hear my radio? /
B. By Radio Telegraphy.
List No. 1.
ART Artillery.
AVI Enemy airplane.
BAV Anti-aircraft battery.
BCA Anti-tank battery.
BTA Battery in action.
BTO Battery occupied.
CAV Cavalry.
COV Train (convoi).
DIR Direction (followed by the name of the locality).
DRO Right at
EST East of
PDF Wire.
PRO Front (followed by a figure indicating the length in
meters).
GAU Left at
IFC Infantry in columns.
IFD Deployed infantry.
IF'R Massed infantry.
IDI Here available airplane.
NOR North of
OUS West of
PRF Depth (followed by a figure).
QUE Rear at
HAS Nothing to signal.
SUD South of
TAM Friendly troops.
TCP Railway train.
TET Head at
TRA Trenches.
Liaison for All Arms.
APPENDIX VI f<
!•
REG '.ants to a
••:.: has bet-
:?i position to secure
RLV Relieve ifljjP
VRV Am coming to reliev
From 41 to 94 (do not use
localities or important points. H
Each army will be given tncilpribers whfl
numbers will incerase from the left to the right
in order to avoid error at the meeting point of two neighbor
armies.
List No. 2. — Coded according to instructions laid down in
Note No, 6385 from General Headquarters, dated March 6, 1918:
Communicating trench.
Trench.
Grenade fight at ...
Command post of battalion at ....
Command post of brigade at
Command post of division at ...
Command post of regiment at ....
Indications of enemy attack at ...
I do not see troops at . . .
Friendly troops at ...
Friendly troops progressing at ...
Friendly troops stopped while progressing at ...
Friendly troops retreating at ...
Enemy troops at ....
Enemy troops progressing at ...
Enemy troops retreating at ...
Very heavy enemy barrage fire at ...
I see no points of fall at ...
Friendly tank at ...
Enemy tanks at ...
Enemy machine gun at
List No. 3. — Refer to table of radio signals made by the
infantry.
CODING OF CO-ORDINATES.
Co-ordinates will be coded as prescribed in Note No. 6385
from General Headquarters, dated March 6, 1918.
jndix VI
RD TIME.
i -fattens are commissioned to re-
HVndard time from the Eiffel Tower.
M^^^ne Tower transmits standard time three times a day,
T. e., at 10 a. m., at 10:45 a. m., and 11:45 p. m. (Greenwich
time, the time used by Allied armies in France and by French
railroads.)
At 10 a. m. it transmits a number of signals, of which only
those transmitted in the last minutes should be retained.
From 9:45 to 9:59 a. m. a series of "N's" (— .) with 10-second
intervals and ending with three dashes, the termination of
which means 9:59 precisely.
From 9:59 to 10 a. m. a series of "GV ( -- .) with 10-second
intervals ending with three dashes, the termination of which
means 10 a. m. striking.
At 10:45 a. m. and 11:45 p. m. standard (Greenwich) time is
transmitted in the following manner:
At the hour plus 44 minutes, a series of dashes during 55
seconds, 5 seconds silence, one dot at the hour plus 45 minutes.
At plus 46 minutes, a series of dash two dots during 55 sec-
onds, 5 seconds silence, one dot at the hour plus 47 minutes.
At plus 48 minutes, a series of dash four dots during 55
seconds, 5 seconds silence, one dot at plus 49 minutes.
III. Standard time should be received as follows:
While the Tower is sending preliminary signals, the radio
operator on duty will adjust his receiving apparatus and care-
fully watch the motion of the split second hand of a stop watch.
Just as the Tower sends the signal indicating the precise time,
he will carefully note down the time of the watch. By compar-
ing the watch time with the transmitted time he will get the
correction to be applied to .the watch.
To avoid any mistake, do not attempt to time the reference
watch itself.
IV. The radio officer for infantry and artillery units, the local
radio service for large unit staffs, are responsible for reception
of standard time.
V. All advisable measures must be taken within the units to
insure standard time transmission over the telephone to the
most advanced units. The lists of units to receive daily time
transmission should be posted in every telephone station.
m for Alt Arms.
APPENDIX
VI. For tran
the transmitting operate
announce:
"Am going to transmit stand
He then watches the spli^pj Hnand ol
into account the required corr^Rron, warns
10 or 15 seconds before the time announced by caning^
and just as the split second hand passes on the required divisl
he announces the time, calling, "Time." The receiving operator
goes through the same performance as the radio operator when
receiving from the Tower.
VII. — Standard time transmission must be very carefully per-
formed in order to avoid any mistake. It is highly advisable
that radio and telephone operators assigned this duty should
be specialized.
Paragraph II, sub-paragraphs Nos. 1, 2 and 3, G. O. No. 79,
H. A. E. F., Dec. 20, 1917, gives the manner of handling time on
telegraph and telephone lines of the Armerican Expeditionary
Forces as follows :
"II. 1. Beginning at midnight, December 25, 1917, Greenwich
time is announced as the standard time for the American Expedi-
tionary Forces.
"2. The Signal Corps is charged with the telegraphic and tele-
phonic distribution of this time. All business on telegraph lines
will be suspended daily at 10:42 a. m., when the operator at H.
A. E. F. will take control of the lines. Following the radio sig-
nals from the Eiffel Tower, a series of "N's" (, — . — . — .)
will be sent until 10:44. Then for 55 seconds a series of "TV
( --- ) are sent. At five seconds before 10:45 there is a pause,
and at 10:45 exactly a dot is signaled, and business on lines may
be resumed. At offices not reached by telegraph and where tele-
phone centrals are installed, the lines will be reserved for time
signals, beginning at 7:57 a. m., and the final time signal will be
sent at 8:00 a. m., when business on the lines may be resumed.
"3. At each important telegraph and telephone office a clock
or watch will be designated as the standard for local time by the
signal officer in charge of the station, and such timepieces will
be kept carefully regulated, if required, at least once per day.
"4. The Chief Signal Officer, A. E. F., will arrange for the
distribution of time from H. A. E. F., and will prepare the neces-
sary instructions to carry this order into effect."
lix VIII,
ORGWIZATION AND
ORKINr. OF CARRIER PIGEONS.
ptw B IBI^^
PERSONNEL.
(a) DIRECTING PERSONNEL.
(1) One officer from each army corps staff.
(2) One officer from each divisional staff.
(3) One non-commissioned officer for each regiment or inde-
pendent battalion (i). Besides, there is a non-commissioned
officer stationed at the loft by order of the large unit working
it. He is charged with the operation of the service; he inspects
the stations at the front; lets out and shuts up the pigeons;
supervises the wording of messages; numbers and files in a
list the equipment intrusted to his care. He sees to it that the
messages received at the loft are forwarded without delay.
(b) OPERATING PERSONNEL.
Pigeon Keepers of Ihe Stations.
(1) Two men for each divisional headquarters. .
(2) Two men for each brigade headquarters.
(3) Eight men for each regiment of infantry.
(4) Four men per artillery regiment.
This personnel is charged with the supervision, the care and
the handling of the birds; with the sending of messages, and
sometimes with the transport of the birds.
ORGANIZATION OF THE STATION.
Each station is composed of:
Two pigeon keepers.
The pigeons and the necessary material.
The liaison between the post and the pigeon loft is kept up
by a flight of 12 pigeons, divided into three lots (designated
by letters A, B" and C) of four birds each.
One loft is made up by the necessary material and a complete
squad of men. It is forbidden to bring to the posts texts of
special orders on the use of the pigeons.
The relief is made every other day, or every third day (in the
evening or at night). The birds relieved are not dismissed until
next morning, one by one, and they then carry dispatches, by
way of exercise. At each relief, the commanding officer retains
the two flights if the circumstances require such action. A small
post with two birds may be detached with a company on special
duty. An infantry basket will then be used.
i/i Under the supervision of the officer in charge of liaison.
Appe
CTERISTK
ROCKETS.
Large (white, red or green
Caterpillar rocket ."!
Yellow smoke
Flag
Illuminating rocket of 34 mm
V. B. CARTRIDGES.
Wbite with parachute
lied witii parachute
Green with parachute
One star
Three stars
Six stars
Caterpillar
.Inscription on aj
YHlow smoke yellow disc, stuck!
' on closing plug.
25 MM. CARTRIDGES
lied R. \
Green j V.
Illuminating without parachute *
Three stars
Marks in
relief.
Six stars | ,
j Inscription and]
Yellow smoke < yellow varnish on |
( closing plug.
.35 MM. CARTRIDGES. - |
One star *
Two stars . . .
Three stars. . ,
Six stars
Caterpillar j * * * * * *
j Label on base, yel- j
Yellow or red smoke ,' low or red paint!
'on plug.
nENOAL LIGHTS
Bengal white light ! Color baud
BengaJ red light I
Marks
in
relief.
Appendix X.
VTION OF LIAISONS.
LIAISON.
ional Artiller;
m
ESTABLISHED
M^Prander.
•^
TochuielnMHraon.
Commander of Corps
Artillery, 1 officer.
When commander
Corps Arty, leaves
Corps Commander.
Commander Corps Arty.
Itegtl. or Group Comdrs.
Regimental Commanders Corps
Artillery, 1 officer.
Battalion Commanders of Corps
Artillery, 1 officer.
Always.
Always.
Battalion Commanders.
Battery Commanders of Corps
Artillery, 1 N. C. O.
Always.
Comdr. Corps Arty.
Commander Corps T. M. Bn.,
1 officer.
Always.
Comdr. Corps T. M. Bn.
Battery Commanders Corps T.
M. Battery, 1 N. C. O.
Always.
Comdr. Corps Arty.
Commander Corps Artillery
Park, 1 officer.
Always.
Division Commander.
Brigade Commander, Division
Artillery Brigade, 1 officer.
When Comdr. Dir.
Art. Brig, leave,,
Div. Comdr.
Itegtl. or Group Comdrs.
Battalion Commanders, Divi
sional Artillery, 1 officer.
Always.
Battalion Commanders.
Battery Commanders, Division
Artillery, 1 N. C. O.
Always.
Comdr. Div. Arty. Brig.
Regiment Commanders, Divi-
sional Artillery, 1 officer.
Always.
Comdr. Div. Arty. Brig.
Commander Divisional T. M.
Battery, 1 N. C. O.
Always.
Comdr. Div. Arty. Brig.
Commander Divisional Ammuni-
tion Train.
Always.
Commander of the unit
with which it is as-
signed to work or sup-
[K>rt.
Tactical liaison.
Commander of a Group, Regi-
ment or Battalion of Corps
Artillery, 1 officer (Liaison
Chief). Such N. C. O.'s and
soldiers with communication j
material as may be necessary.
When assignment
is made.
Commander of the unit
with which it is as-
signed to work or sup-j
port.
Commander of a Group, Regi-
ment or Battalion of Divisional
Artillery, 1 officer (Liaison]
Chief). Such N. C. O.'s and
soldiers with communication
material as may be necessary.
When asalgMiCMt
is made.
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