Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London

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PROCEEDINGS

COMMITTEE

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SCIENCE AND CORRESPONDENCE

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PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
BY RICHARD TAYLOR,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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LIST

OF

CONTRIBUTORS.

With References to the several Articles communicated by each.

Arnoxp, Mr. J. B.
Letters on the Naturalization of Sea-Fishes in a Lake

chiefly supplied with fresh water ...... 002 .e-e eee reese
Bancrort, E. N., M.D.
On several Fishes of Jamaica..........+2--- Bierce aveietere

Bexcuer, Capt. R.N.
Account of a Collection of Fishes from the Atlantic Coast
of Northern Africa, presented by ......+-.-eseeeeeeeeee

Bet, T. Esq.
Account of a pair of living Acouchies (Dasyprocta Acuschy,

Il. wee eereer eee eeserseeersereee eee earereresese eeeraeee

Bennett, E. T. Esq.
Characters of a New Species of Polyborus ? (since ascertained
to be the young of Vultur Angolensis, Penn.) .....-....--
On the History and Synonymy of the Cereopsis Nove Hol-
landia, Lath. 2.2... cece ee cece cert cee cece ete cane sens
Characters of a New Species of Deer (Cervus, L.) .....-
Description of a young Nyl-ghau (Antilope picta, Pall.) ..
Characters of a New Species of Spider-Monkey (Ateles,
Geoffr.) ..... SR eS SPR ISIC eRe PRP pata ah a
Observations on a Collection of Fishes from the Mauritius,
presented by Mr. Telfair, with Characters of New Genera and

Species ..... UPR Fe M.lapaiion AWE, 3 59, 61, 126,
On the Vultur auricularis, Daud. .... 0.2... 000266005
Characters of two Species of Mammalia (one constituting a

new genus) from Sierra Leone ...........4..---+ doers

Observations on a Collection of Fishes, formed during the
voyage of H.M.S. Chanticleer, with Characters of two New
he ee GMMR Ranta ops nie mi haem ee a ee Bi
Characters of a New Species of Pierois.........--+-+--
Characters of New Genera and Species of Fishes from the
Atlantic Coast of Northern Africa, presented by Captain
Belcher, R.N........ sia stshgrelcie Staal SPOR a ens

i

page

126

134

145

165
66

109

112
128

146

Borte, J. Esq.
On two Species of Mammalia, from Sierra Leone, presented
ie OE ee, |) SAO Re
Canruisce, Sir A.
On a Specimen of Labrus maculatus, Bl. taken on the Bri-
Rist cumst, presented MGs. ts ova ee sone vc oc ance Ree
Coreman, E. Esq.
On the propensity of Domesticated Quadrupeds to destroy
their young when suffering under a deficiency of milk ......
Couure, A. Esq.
On the Pouch of the Frigate-bird (Tachypetes Aquilus,
Viet asian ane ails a5 iis op ae. elace icles = n'y i coe
Cook, Captain.
On a Collection of Birds from the South of Europe, pre-
BO EGRIY ore Sie dace sais iaiwinia'»\aienivigs cian «a 4 ew oe ae
‘Cox, J. C. Esq.
Observations on the Treatment of the Sylviade in captivity
On the Preservation of a Proper Temperature for Exotic
PRUNS, Sai et etn «pias aN wissad vic vee SARUM oes Rae os

Covier, M. F.
Letter on several subjects of Zoological interest ........
Dessarvins, M. J.
Abstract of the Proceedings of the “Société de I’ Histoire
Naturelle de l’Isle Maurice,” to the 24th of August 1830...

Ditiwyn, L. W. Esq.
On the Capture of a Specimen of Labrus maculatus, Bl. in

SWAnseS DAY un n'y op sinals ct dn uhh Ooms sa teen
Exuis, H. Esq.
On a Collection of Birds from Africa, presented by......

Fayrer, Captain, R.N.
On the Migration of Birds between the Coasts of Scotland
and Trelind sO IGM) Maha Bay & IO, vega ieN

Fiennes, Hon. Twise.ton.
On a Hybrid between a Male Pintail and a Common Duck

Franxuin, Major James.

Catalogue of Birds, collected on the Ganges between Cal-
cutta and Benares, and in the Vindhyian Hills between the
latter place and Gurrah Mundela on the Nerbudda, with Cha-
¥acters. of. the New Species. .... .ocitc.L svmid acer. acai

Frienp, Lieutenant M. C.
On two New Species of Mammalia from New Holland,

presented By! ois oo. eens ble seins | epee a oe can
Gray, J. E. Esq.

On the Identity of the Ctenodactylus Massonii, Gray, with

the Mus Gundi, Rothm...).....<..<-«s 5 ite eee cage AP shecs/ eat

page

109
17
37
62

96

13

18
37
57

45

145

158

114

149

50

v
age
On the frequency of the Natter-jack of Pennant (Rana

Rubeta, L.) on the Commons in the neighbourhood of Lon-

Mi Su waccudaeeedes iS Ae Rs Sain mecpemigns aes s+ /ole lah ol 61
On two Species of the Genus Rhynchea, Cuv.....--+++- 62
On the Vultur Angolensis, Lath. .......++++++22ee0005 67
Characters of three New Genera, including two New Spe-

cies of Mammalia from China .........2--+-eeeeeeee es 94
Characters of a New Genus of Fresh-water Tortoise from

WH. io gees adens« sieceneasann sna ure RCE Ey i 106
Observations on the Animal (Ocythoz) found in the shells

of the Genus Argonautd......seeeeeeeeree ee eeeeeeres . 107

Hay, E. W. A. Drummonp, Esq.
Letter accompanying a present of several Living Animals
from the Empire of Marocco........+-- gi Bkh 19.cM oe 145
Hearn, J. M. Esq.
On two Species of Bats, accompanying a large Collection
of Birds from Madras, presented by ......---seeee +202 113
Hopexrnson, E. Esq.

Account of a Specimen of Gulo Barbarus, L., presented
Rees 7. See SPT TLY OE) Wet 20 Ao. Wr, Ae 74

: Hopeson, B. H. Esq.
Description and Characters of the Chiru Antelope (Antilope
Hodgsonii, Abel)......+-+- 2s eeeere rere rece
Hoxtpsworrn, Rev. R.
On a Specimen of the Umbrina (Sciena Aquila, Cuv.),
taken on the South Coast of Devon ........-- 2222-005: 112
Horsrietp, T., M.D.
Observations on two Species of Bats, from Madras, one of

them new, presented by Mr. Heath .......... Pe aN 113
Hoy, Baruow, Esq.
On the Hylurgus piniperda, Latr....... eats, Sn tht 126

Jenxins, F. Esq. Secretary to the Physical Committee of the Asiatic
Society.
Letier accompanying a Collection of Indian on mee ie 6
Kine, Captain P. P., R.N.
Characters of New Genera and Species of Birds from the
Straits of Magellan........--+--- PON Goer 14, 29
Leacna, W. E., M.D.
On a Collection of Italian Insects, presented by ......-- 24
Linpsay, H. H. Esq.
On a Collection of Birds from Manilla, presented by ,... 96
Loppices, Mr. G.
Notice of a New Genus of Trochilid@ ...... abi tcaits iyi 12
Lorp, Mr. W.
: On a Collection of Birds made in Shetland, and presented
) oe Pebiepinece <oyees «Sua nS aia een $a «gee AO

vi

Marmin, Mr. Witt1am. "page
Report on the Diseased Appearances of a Beaver (Castor
NETL aD esha. or a 2 « wrotehaier aaedas vi Donen see ae 12
On the Morbid Appearances of a Lion (Felis Leo, L.) .. 28
On the Anatomy of the Testudo Indica, L. ............ 46
On the Anatomy of the Ruffed Lemur (Lemur Macaco, L.) 58
On the Anatomy of the Testudo Greca, L. ........ 0044 63
On the existence of a Rudimentary Caecum in certain Tor
SOUR STi taste vinssevcvcseess onus tuns sumens cote 74
On the Anatomy of the Alligator: Tortoise (Chelydra ser-
Pen tind, SCDWCIG.) ...0.ssssvior ver Horse erre PUNT eyo7U. 95 129
On the Anatomy of a Monitor 1.0.2... 06.0 eeee cues a 1D%

Miter, Mr.
Report on the Circumstances attending the Birth of two
Armadillos (Dasypus sexcinctus, L.) .......... siete) tehs Seis ny AB

Oaiisy, W. Esq.
On the Identity of the Ctenodactylus Massonii, Gray, with

the Gundi Marmot (Mus Gundi, Rothm.) ........... Jstanawe
On two New Species of Phalangista, Cuv. ............ 135
On a New Species of Indian Deer (Cervus, L.) ........ 136

On two New Species of Mammalia from New Holland .. 149

Owen, R. Esq.
On the Anatomy of the Orang Utan (Simia Satyrus, L.)

9, 28, 67

On the Anatomy of the Beaver (Castor Fiber, L.)........ 19
On the Anatomy of a Female Suricate (Ryzena tetradactyla,

BUR Te sexs ays «sin ieye Sg eas noir aes oe 5» a se iS ee en 39

On the Anatomy of a Male Suricate..........0..65- see5l

On the Anatomy of the dcouchy (Dasyprocta Acuschy, Wh.) 75
On the Anatomy of the Thibet Bear (Ursus Thibetanus, F.

MOG) arene, ce v0 Dk pais o's 9 5 vs nyc 0 dy wera a 76
On the Anatomy of the Gannet (Sula Bassana.) ........ 90
On the Anatomy of the Sharp-nosed Crocodile (Crocodilus

WCET, Cp Vee cee te kee ee oe ce ee eae eae 139, 169

On the Anatomy of the 9-banded Armadillo (Dasypus Peba,
Desms) to Stcrwertecs cst sete e bec tenets ch seen

On the Anatomy of the Seal (Phoca vitulina, Linn.)...... 151

On the Anatomy of the Weasel-headed Armadillo (Dasypus
Sets MANN). ac cc cece nos os ek baile APM 154

On the Organs of Generation of the Female Kangaroo

{ Macropus-moyor, Shaw.) |). -. =: 2+ -jnahant shee sects Shear 159
On the Anatomy of the American Tapir (Tapir Americanus,
Et ae pS 161
Porter, Sir R. K.
On the Tapir (Tapir Americanus, Gmel.)........ oa SRELII94
On the Ant-Bear (Myrmecophaga jubata, Linn.) .......- 149

Reeves, Joun, Esq.
Notice ofa living Specimen of the Phasianus Reevesii, Hardw.
& Gray (Phasianus veneratus, Temm.) presented by........ 77

vil

Ricuarpson, J., M.D.

page
Birds and Mammalia collected during the last Arctic Land
Expedition under Sir John Franklin ................2+2- 132
Suarpre, D. Esq.
On the Luminous Appearance of the Ocean............ 24
Suiru, Anprew, M.D.
Letter accompanying a Collection of Fishes from South
Afiea e254 638s Serves oe eres ate rh fetes vale tine eeu eae at
Spooner, Mr.
On the accumulation of Fat in Animals.............. ve 164
Swinton, G, Esq.

Letter accompanying a Dugong (Halicore Dugong, Ill.),

Ea A oS ee ee etelerg: de wily 6:6 » 113
Syxes, Lieut.-Col. W. H.

Catalogue of the Mammalia of Dukhun (Deccan); with
Observations on their Habits, &c., and Characters of New
RIE. a ow wrnin ees» Semmes LURWIIUIG OUR LOIRE, ROW 99

Characters of a New Species of Monkey (Semnopithecus?) 105

Texrair, C, Esq.

Account of a Collection of Birds from the Mauritius, pre-
0 eo pert epee saat bate pee deg 41

Account of a Collection of Fishes from the Mauritius, pre-
PRMESEY. 66 ecu co ieee Bf adh tice Rai Sa a Mg 59, 61, 126, 165

Letter on several Subjects relative to the Zoology of the
Mauritius and Madagascar. ..... afte in! eats arate np swt san POO

Tuomrson, J. V. Esq.
On the Metamorphosis of Crustacea ..........0e0e.202 17
TaursFiexp, R. Esq.
Account of a Hybrid between the Hare and the Rabbit... 66
Vicors, N. A: Esq.
__ Observations on the Genus Ortyx, with Characters of two
eet enmreton s 2 ../.aeeeae ett lee ate VO EU! AN 2

Observations on a Collection of Birds from the Himalayan

Mountains, with Characters of New Genera and Species
7, 22, 35, 41, 54, 170

Characters of a New Species of Humming-Bird ........ 12

Characters of a New Species of Ground-Parrakeet (Platy-
ok AS EPRI, 2), |: RGSS RS he Sea aan 23

Characters of the Phasianus lineatus, Lath. MSS......... 24

On the absence of the os furcatorium in some of the groups
7 ea ie errr ~ 36

On a Collection of Birds from the Mauritius, presented by
Mr. Telfair, with Characters of a New Species of Spoonbiil
ebelen Ts). < Java... HR sis © Cate asc nea SORE SAE 41

On a New Species of Owl (Strix, L.) from New Holland.. 60

On a New Species of Cockatoo (Plyctolophus, Viele. "62

viii

page
On a Collection of Birds from Africa, presented by H. Ellis,

Esq., with Characters of New Species ........-.......05
On a Collection of Birds from the South of Europe, pre-
sented by' Captain Cook 2220 050. 00s 0. oo% oon ee are
On a Collection of Birds from Manilla, presented by H. H.
Lindsay, Esq. with Characters of New Species,....... wie ‘aye

YarReELu, W. Esq.
On the Preservation of Whitebait (Clupea alba, Yarr.) alive.
On the Morbid Appearances of a Rein-deer (Cervus Tarandus
TAUON, )isvininus uso,» » == Seen welt vet -es8l" ee o.0fdekieneeeeee
On the Occurrence of the Sylvia Tithys, Scop., in England.
On the Assumption of the male plumage by the female of
the Common Game Fowl), PS. Bee ae
On the Anatomy of the Cereopsis Nove Hollandie, Lath. ;
and on the Relations between the Natatores and Grallatores.
On the Sexual Organs of a hybrid Pheasant............
On the specific Identity of the Gardenian and Night Herons
(Ardea, Gardeni and Nycticorar),, ..:12- +0202 s200 20 Malet
On the Anatomy of the Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) ..
On the Trachea of the Red-nobbed Curassow (Crax Yarrellii,
Benny). Asters ce Bi icusls ao sci ouhse. Nive 'o Gs epalb toda ue Rl ee
Characters of a New Species of "Herring (Clupea, L.) .
On the Occurrence of several North American Birds in En-

NGG! oa cs dite ds ones cde b esses dukes cele te ee
: On the Anatomy of the Lesser American Flying Squirrel
(Pteromys volucella, Cuy.) .5 .. +> « « maynamaphadd viele oni

On the Anatomy, &c. of the Ctenodactylus Massonii, Gray
(Mus Gandi, Rothm-).... «5. . 6 sss. 57 0h ae eee
On the sterno-tracheal Muscles in the Razor-billed Curassow
(Ourax Mitu, Cav.) 2. 20. a0c ese sn - ale ccts ane
On the distinctive Characters of the Tetrao medius, Temm.
(i. kybridus, Lath.) ii)... 0. .aeat¥ == 005 eaee een
On two Species of Entozoa found in the Eel.......... oe
On the Generation of Eels and Lampreys.......-..se+

On the Brown-headed Gull (Larus capistratus, Temm.) ..
On the Anatomy of the Conger Eel (Conger vulgaris, Cuv.),
and on the Differences between the Conger and Fresh-water
EEE oe 5s Sabet Papi peeaine eke peigam GE .

73
132
132
151

159

PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
COMMITTEE or SCIENCE ann CORRESPONDENCE
OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

November 9, 1830.
R,. W. Hay, Esq. in the Chair.

The Chairman opened the business of the Meeting, by stating the
objects contemplated by the Council in the formation of the Com-
mittee. He explained these objects in conformity with the sub-
joined Extracts from the Minutes and Report of the Council.

4
ti Extract from the Minutes of Council, July 21.

i “On a consideration of the advantages likely to accrue to the
_ Society, by cultivating an extensive correspondence on subjects of
Natural History; it was Resolved, that a Committee be appointed,
to be entitled ‘The Committee of Science and Correspondence,’
for the purpose of suggesting and discussing questions and experi-
ments in animal physiology, of exchanging communications with
the Corresponding Members of the Society, of promoting the im-
portation of rare and useful Animals, and of receiving and preparing
reports upon matters connected with Zoology.
_ “That the Committee be requested, in the first instance, to pre-
pare a Report upon the Animals, for the importation of which it is
most desirable that the Council should take measures, whether for
purposes of utility or exhibition, under the heads of the seve-
‘ral countries in which they are produced; and pointing out the
means which should be taken for their preservation, either on the
_ passage or after their arrival; and secondly, to obtain all informa-
tion possible, upon the subject of the importation and breeding of
Fish.”

Oct. 6.
“Tt was ordered, that the Committee of Science, nominated
_ at the Council of the 2Ist of July, should be requested to meet
at the Society’s rooms, at eight o’clock on Tuesday the 9th of
_ November, and on every subsequent second and fourth Tuesday of
the month. It was also Resolved, that the Committee should have
power to add to their numbers ; and that the members of the Coun-
cil should be ex officio members of the Committee.”

me LNo. I.]

2

Extract from the Report of the Council, Nov. 4, 1830.

“Tt has been objected to the’Council, that but little of their
attention has been directed to the advancement of Zoological
Science; and the apology which they have to offer is, that their time
has been necessarily devoted to the very complicated and extensive
arrangements under which the formation of their present establish-
ments has been begun and accomplished. They have latterly been
particularly anxious to place the responsibility of detail upon their
salaried officers, so that their own time may be principally applied
to more general superintendence, and particularly to the encou-
ragement of scientific researches : they have, therefore, endeavoured
to establish meetings of such members of the Society as have prin-
cipally applied themselves to science; at which, communications
upon Zoological subjects may be received and discussed, and occa-
sional selections made for the purpose of publication. They propose
from time to time to publish in the cheapest form an abstract from
the most interesting of these communications; and they trust that
the first of these papers will be ready for delivery on the first of
January, 1831. They further propose, that these meetings shall
take place on the second and fourth Tuesdays in every month; and
they have invited, for the 9th of November next, such members
of the Society as appeared likely, from their scientific pursuits, to
take an interest in their views.

“The Council have moreover suggested that letters be sent to
the superintendents of the principal Menageries in Europe, viz. at
Paris, Leyden, Munich, Vienna, Madrid, &c. proposing mutual
communication of all observations upon these matters, and an
occasional interchange of such animals as may be most easily pro-
duced or imported in each country. They have also proposed, that
circulars be addressed to the Corresponding Members of the So-
ciety, requesting particular information upon such facts of Na-
tural History as it may be desirable to investigate at each place;
and they further propose that a prize be offered for the Essay which
shall contain the best and most extensive practical knowledge upon
the importation and domestication of foreign animals in this and
other countries.”

The Chairman concluded his Address by calling on the Members,
collectively and individually, to forward the views of the Council,
by communicating such facts as might tend to the advancement of
Zoological Science.

Mr. Vigors called the attention of the Committee to a Galli-
naceous group of America, which supplied in that continent the
place of the Quails of the Old World. Of this group, or the
genus Ortyx of modern authors, which a few years back was
known to ornithologists by two well-ascertained species only, he
exhibited specimens of six species; namely, of Ort. virginianus and
californicus, which had been the eazliest described, the former by
Linneus, the latter by Dr. Latham; of Ort. capistratus, a species
lately named and figured in Sir W. Jardine’s and Mr. Selby’s “ Il-

3

lustrations of Ornithology”: and of Ort. Douglusii, Montezuma, and
Squamalus, which had been characterized by himself in the ‘ Zoolo-
gical Journal.” In addition to these species he exhibited plates of
three others of which he regretted that he could obtain no spe-
cimens in London; namely, “of Ort. macrourus, figured by Sir W.
Jardine and Mr. Selby; of Ort. Sonninii, figured by M, Temminck
in the ‘‘ Planches Coloriées”’ [No. 75.]; and of the Ort. cristatus,
figured in the ‘‘ Planches Enluminées ” [No. 126.] of M. Buffon.
To these nine described species, he added two others apparently
new to science, and which he characterized under the names of Ort.
neoxenus and affinis; stating at the same time his doubts whether
both might not be the females or young males of the imperfectly
known species Ort. Sonninii or cristatus.—The following are the
specific characters of these birds.

Ortyx neoxenus. Ort. brunneus, supra fusco rufoque undulatin
variegatus, subtus pallido-rufo maculatus; genis lateribusque
colli rufescentibus ; caudd brunneo-fusco rufoque undulatim
Fasciata ; cristd brevi bruaned.

Staturé minor quam Ort. californicus.

Orryx arrinis. Ort. pallide brunneus ; dorso alisque fusco palli-
doque rufo variegatis ; caudd pallescenti-brunned, fusco alboque
undulatim fasciatd ; capite, collo, pectore, abdomineque rufescen-
tibus, hoc albo guttato, illis albo nigroque variegatis ; fronte
apiceque criste elongate rufo-brunnee albescentibus.

Statura minor quam species precedens,

t Mr. Vigors proceeded to state, that individuals of four of the
above-mentioned species, namely, Ort. virginianus, californicus,
| neoxenus and Montezuma, had been exhibited in a living state in the
_ Gardens of the Society. Specimens of the former three, he added,
___-were still alive there, having braved the severity of the last winter
__ without any artificial warmth. They were all natives of the northern
parts of America. ‘The Ort. virginianus, he also mentioned, had
_ bred in this country, and had even become naturalized in Suffolk.
.. He stated in addition, that Capt. P. P. King, R.N., had pointed
out to him, amongst his collection lately brought home from the
Straits of Magellan, specimens of a bird which he made no doubt
was the same as the Caille des [sles Malouines of M. Buffon, figured
in the “‘ Planches Enluminées”’ [No. 222.], and which was subse-

___ guently named Perdix Falklandica by Dr. Latham. This bird has

been added to the genus Ortyx by modern authors, but erroneously ;
as the structure of the wing, in which consists the chief difference
_ between the Ortyr of America and the genus Coturnix or the Quails
of the Old World, associates the Magellanic bird more closely with
_ the latter group than with the birds of its own continent. Mr.
_ Vigors mentioned, that the form which characterizes the true Quails
_ extends to Australia, where several species are found. And referring

to the deviation in form, which partially separates the South
_ American bird from the allied groups of the same continent, and
- brings it in contact with those of Australia, and through them
_ with those of the old continent, he dwelt upon the beautiful series
geographical affinity, which in this instance united the zoology

A

.

4

of the southern extreme of the New World with that of the nearest
portions of the southern hemisphere, in like manner as the zoology
of the northern extreme is united with that of the neighbouring
continents of Europe and Asia. He pointed out some additional
instances, in which the same union might be traced.

Mr. Owen commenced the reading of a paper On the Anatomy
of the Orang Utan (Simia Satyrus, L.).

The subject principally referred to was a young male, probably
about four years of age, which had recently been presented to the
Society by Mr. Swinton of Calcutta; it reached England in a very
debilitated state, and died on the third day after its arrival in Bruton-
street.

The morbid appearances met with in its examination were very
slight, and of themselves not sufficient to account for the death of
the animal. The brain was firm, and its membranes bore no traces
of inflammation. The stomach and intestines were also equally free
from morbid appearances. The liver was perfectly healthy, which
was the more remarkable, as on the third day before death the
feces were clay-coloured from a deficiency of bile. ‘lhe heart was
healthy, except that it had two or three patches of organized lymph
upon its surface, indicating old inflammation: the pericardium con-
tained more than half an ounce of fluid: about four ounces of fluid
were also effused in the cavity of the chest, and the cellular tissue of
the lungs was gorged with serum, a circumstance which must have
occasioned a great obstruction of the circulation. There existed be-
fore death evidence of this effusion, in the slow and laboured breath-
ing of the animal, as noticed by Mr. Martin, who also states that
the pulse was 100 and very feeble, but, as far as he observed, without
intermission. No other organ exhibited any lesion of structure ;
the lungs and liver were free from tubercles, the development of
which appears to be the most frequent cause of death in animals
which, coming from warm countries, have sojourned in our damp
climate. The effusion observed may probably be considered as one
of the consequences of that debility and exhaustion of the system,
produced by a long voyage, improper food, and diarrhea, which
terminated in premature death.

The general appearance and position of the abdominal viscera in
the Orang bear much resemblance to those of the human subject.
The stomach is thicker and narrower at its pyloric end, and the vil-
lous coat is of less extent. The small intestines are lined by a smooth
and uniform membrane, and are without valvule conniventes. The
position of the cecum is the same as in man: to its extremity is at-
tached the vermiform appendage, which is wider at its commence-
ment; thus exhibiting as a permanent structure in the Orang, that
which in man is a feetal peculiarity. The colon is sacculated, and ap-
pears, from the existence of glandule solitarie and from the presence
of lacteal glands in the meso-colon, to take a great share in the
functions of digestion. The liver generally resembles the human;
the gall bladder is long and tortuous; the pancreas is relatively larger,
and the-spleen more pointed at its extremities than in man; the

5

hepatic and pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum separately, but
close together. In the structure of the abdominal ring, the Orang
recedes further than the Chimpanzee (Simia Troglodytes, L.) from
the human type; the kidneys also differ, and present, like those of
the Monkeys generally, only a single papilla. The palate, unlike
that of man and of the Chimpanzee, has no pendulous wvula.

In external form, the brain resembles the human and that of the
Chimpanzee : it differs from the brains of other animals in the num-
ber and disposition of the lamine of the cerebellum; in the posterior
fissure of that part; and in wanting the transverse band of fibres
posterior to the pons Varolii. As compared with that of the Chim-
panzee, the medulla oblongata is shorter in proportion, as are also
the anterior lobes; and the cerebellum projects further behind the
cerebrum. The internal structure of the brain has not yet been
examined; some previous preparation of that part having been
deemed necessary, in order to render it sufficiently firm for dis-
section.

The structure of the /arynz is minutely described, and contrasted
with the anatomy of the same part in the Chimpanzee, in which
the laryngeal sacs are not developed as in the Orang. The left
laryngeal sac in the present instance was the largest, and extended
over the top of the sternum. In the Chimpanzee the laryngeal sac
is produced into a cavity in the body of the os hyoides, presenting
the first indication of the excavation which is carried to so great an
extent in the Monkeys of the genus Mycetes. The thyroid gland is
small in the Orang. ‘The lungs are entire on each side, and not
divided into lobes. The aorta gives off by a common trunk the
right subclavian and the right and the left carotid arteries, the
latter of which is given off in the Chimpanzee, as in man, from the

arch of the aorta.

In the course of his illustrations of the anatomical differences
which exist between the Orang and the Chimpanzee, Mr. Owen

_ frequently referred to Tyson’s ‘‘ Anatomy of a Pigmy,” and con-

firmed many of the descriptions given in that work,

November 23, 1830.
Dr. Waring in the Chair.

The following letter from F. Jenkins, Esq., Secretary to the
Physical Committee of the Asiatic Society, was read :

‘‘ Calcutta, 24th March 1830.

‘« Sir,—I am directed by the President of the Physical Committee
of the Asiatic Society to present, in their name, to the Zoological
Society, a small collection of Indian Birds, made (for our Society)
by Capt. Franklin (one of its most zealous members) during a late
geological tour.

‘‘T am instructed at the same time to state, that it will afford
pleasure to the Physical Committee of the Asiatic Society to pro-
mote as far as may be in their power, the views of the Zoological
Society in this country ; and they will be happy to receive commu-
nications of their wishes on the subject.

“The collection is in charge of Captain Franklin, who is pro-
ceeding in the ship Lady Nugent, to England. Iam, &c. &c.

‘“N. A. Vigors, Esq. Sec. Z. S. “ F, JENKINS.”

The collection alluded to in the preceding letter was laid on the
table. It was formed by Major Franklin, F.R.S. &c., on the
banks of the Ganges, and in the mountain chain of Upper Hindoo-
stan. It contained one hundred and seventy-one species, and was
accompanied by drawings of each of the birds, made while they were
recent. Mr. Vigors briefly remarked on several of them, as afford-
ing interesting illustrations of the extent of the geographical dis-
tribution of certain species. He declined to enter at any length
into the subject, which he expected would be fully treated of by
Major Franklin in a paper which that gentleman was preparing,
and which would be communicated to the Committee at an early
meeting.

Mr. T. Bell exhibited a pair of living Acouchies, (Olive Cavy,
Penn., Dasyprocta Acuschy, Illig.) recently obtained by him from
Guiana. Although they are abundant in their native country, he
had never, before the arrival of these individuals, seen a specimen of
the species, nor was he aware of the existence of even a preserved
skin in any English collection. The Acouchy is readily distinguish-
able from the well-known Agouti by its smaller size, its lighter
and more elegant proportions, its deeper colours, and other cha-
racters, which have been well pointed out by Barrére, Buffon, and
other naturalists. ‘The most marked difference is found in the tails
of the two animals, that of the Agowti being little more than a
tubercle, while the tail of the Acouchy is upwards of two inches in
length ; it is slender, and of equal diameter throughout its extent,

7

and resembles a quill, or a portion of a tobacco-pipe. The animal
frequently agitates this organ with a quick tremulous motior. Both
the individuals are mild and gentle in their dispositions, but some-
what timid; they are, however, familiar with their master, and run
to him whenever he enters the room in which they are kept, and
about which they are allowed to range during the day. ‘Their food
is entirely vegetable; they are especially partial to nuts and almonds ;
they drink but little. They are extremely cleanly, and take great
pains to keep their fur in order, in cleansing which they mutually
assist each other. They leap occasionally in play to a considerable
height, and frequently on springing from the ground to an elevation
of two feet, descend on the spot from which they rose. Their
voice is a short, rather sharp, plaintive pur. ‘The individuals, male
and female, show great attachment to each other.

_Mr. Vigors exhibited specimens of several species of birds, ap-
parently undescribed, from the Himalayan mountains. These
formed part of a collection which Mr. John Gould, A.L.S., had
lately received from India, and of which he intended to publish
coloured illustrations, to the number of one hundred figures. Se-
veral of the plates, representing some of the most interesting of the
species, were laid upon the table.

Mr. Vigors having called the attention of the Committee to the

expedition with which these birds were made known to science—
_ the specimens themselves not having been more than two months
_ in England, while representations of many of them were already
_ within that short space of time brought before the public,—pro-
__ eéeded to make some remarks upon tke geographical distribution
J : . . : .
_ of the species. He particularly pointed out the identity of a large
_ proportion of their forms with those of Northern Europe; observing
rt that the elevation of their native mountains placed them on an equa-
% lity in point of climate with the birds of more northern latitudes.

At the same time he added that many of the forms peculiar to
Southern Asia and the Indian Archipelago were found intermingled
_ with those of the northern regions. Among the forms similar to
_ the European, he particularized three species of Jays, the two first
_ of which exhibited a striking affinity in their markings to our well-
known British hird. They were named and characterized as follows :
_ GarruLus LanceoLatus. Garr. vinaceo-badius ; capite sub-
___s eristato, guld, jugulo, alisque atris ; collo anteriori albo lanceo-

lato ; pteromatibus remigibusque ceruleo fasciatis, illis albo ter-

minatis ; caudd ceruled, nigro fasciatd, fascid latd apicali albo
_terminatd notatd.
_ Garrvtus sispecutaris. Garr. pallide badius, uropygio cris-
soque albis ; maculd latd postrictali, caudd, pteromatibus, remi-
gibusque atris ; his duabus ceruleo fasciatis.
_ Garrutvs striatus. Garr. pallide brunneus, subtus pallidior ;

corporis supra subiusque plumis in medio albo longitudinaliter
__ striatis ; cristd verticali, remigilus, rectricibusque uniceloribus.
_ This latter species was observed to deviate in general colour and
narkings from the European species, although according in form ;

8

and in the former characters to exhibit a manifest approach to the
Nutcrackers, or the genus Nucifraga of Brisson.

A new species of this latter European form was also observed in
the collection ; a second species being thus added to a group which
had hitherto been supposed to have been limited to one. In the
shape of the bill, which was somewhat shorter and stouter at the
base than in the European species, it indicated an approach to the
Jays. Its characters were as follow :

NucirraGA HEMISPILA. Nuc. castaneo-brunnea ; capite subtus,
collo anteriori, dorso, pectoreque albo maculatis ; capite summo,
alis, rectricibusque intense brunneis ; his, duabus mediis exceptis,
ad apicem late albis.

The two following species of Woodpecker, which approached in
size and colouring most closely to the European green Woodpecker,
were also described.

Picus occrritatis. Mas. Pic. viridis, uropygio lutescenti; fronte
coccineo ; vertice, strigd lata occipitali ad nucham extendente, al-
terdque utringue sub oculos postrictali, atris ; remigibus rec-
tricibusque fusco atris, harum duabus mediis pallido-fusco striatis,
illis externe albo maculatis ; guld genisque canis.

Fem. Fronte atra albo lineata.

Picus squamatus. Pic. supra viridis, uropygio sublutescenti ;
guld juguloque viridi-canis ; capite coccineo; strigd superocu-
lari, alterd suboculari, abdomineque viridi-albis, hoc atro squa-
mato; strigd superciliari alterdque utrinque mentali atris ; remi-
gibus rectricibusque fusco-atris, illis externé, his utringue alto
maculatis.

A species of Hawfinch, according accurately with the characters

of that northern form, was also described.

Coccornravustes tcTerioipes. Mas. Cocc. capite, jugulo, dorso
medio, alis, femorum tectricibus, cauddque atris ; nuchd, uropy-
gio, corporeque subtus luteis.

Foem. Olivaceo-cana, uropygio abdomineque lutescentibus ; remigibus
rectricibusque atris.

As also a small Owl, very nearly allied to the Noctue passe-

rina and Tengmalmi of Europe.

Nocrva cucutoipes. Noct. brunneo-fusca; capite, dorso, tectri-
cibus alarum, corporeque subtus albo graciliter fasciatis ; remi-
gibus externé albo maculatis ; rectricibus utringue fasciis albis
quingue notatis ; guld albd.

Among the forms peculiar to India was observed a second spe-
cies of the singular group which contains the Horned Pheasant, or
the Meleagris Satyra of Linneus, and which has been lately sepa-
rated by M. Cuvier under the name of Tragopan. Its specific cha-
racters are:

TraGopan HAsTINGSII. Trag. dorso brunneo ~fusco undulato,
abdomine intense rubro, amborum plumis ad apicem nigris in
medio albo guttatis ; cristd crissoque atris, illd ad apicem coccined,
hoc albo maculato ; collo posteriori coccineo ; thorace aurantio ;
regione circumoculari nudd, carunculisque pendentibus luteis ;
caudd atrd, lutescenti-albo undulatd.

:
-

9

A species of true Pheasant, which seems to have been indicated
by former writers from incomplete descriptions or drawings, but
never to have been accurately characterized, was also exhibited
and named.

Puastanus ALBo-cristatus. Mas. Phas. supra ater, viridi
nitore splendens ; dorso imo alho fasciato ; criste plumis albis,
elongatis, deorsim recumbentibus, basi subfuscis ; remigibus cor-
poreque inferiori fuscis ; pectoris plumis lanceolatis albescentibus.

Fom. Corpore supra cristdque breviori fuscescenti-brunneis ; ab-
domine pallidiore ; guld, plumarumque corporis apicibus et rha-
chibus albescentibus ; rectricibus lateralibus atris, mediis brunneis
alhescenti undulatis.

A third species was likewise added from the collection to the
group of Enicurus of M. Temminck, which has hitherto been con-
sidered as limited in range to the Indian Archipelago. ‘The fol-
lowing are its characters :—

Enicurus macutatus. En. capite, collo, dorso superiori, pec-
tore, ptilis, remigibus secundariis, cauddque intensé atris ; frontis
notd latd, maculis confertis nuche et sparsis dorsi, pteromatibus,
dorso imo, abdomine, rectricibus lateralibus, mediarumque apici-
bus albis ; remigibus primariis fuscis ; rostro nigro ; pedibus al-

; bescentibus.
i Statura En. specioso zqualis.

4 Mr. Owen resumed the reading of his paper On the Anatomy
# of the Orang Utan (Simia Satyrus, L.). This part of the com-

munication is devoted to the osteology of the animal, which is
1 _ minutely described and contrasted with that of the Chimpanzee.
With the skeleton of the Pongo (Pongo Wurmbii, Desm.) the re-
semblance is in many particulars. almost complete ; and the exten-

sive examination which Mr. Owen has made of entire skeletons of
both the Pongo and the Orang, and of numerous crania of the
latter at various ages, has led him to adopt the opinion of those
_who maintain that these constitute really but one species, of which
the Orang is the young, and the Pongo the adult. The remarkable
differences in the crest of the cranium, and in the facial angle,
appear to be the result of the action of the powerful muscles of
_ manducation, and of the development of the extremely large
daniarii.
A marked peculiarity of the cranium of the Orang exists in
_ the junction of the sphenoid with the parietal bones; a junction
which is not found in the Chimpanzee, and has been asserted to
exist in man alone. Other peculiarities are met with, in the absence
of a crista galli on the ethmoid bone, and in the non-existence of
_ either mastoid or styloid processes : there is a process from the par-
ticular surface of the temporal bone, which is necessary to prevent
dislocation backwards of the lower jaw, the auditory process not
being adapted to prevent such an accident. The intermaxillary
bones are distinct. There are large foramina behind the deciduous
teeth, which lead to cavities containing the permanent ones; the
crowns of the latter are as large as those of the Pongo. The os

10

nasi is single and triangular ; it has a strong spine at the back part.
There are three infra-orbital foramina; and large foramina in the
malar bone. ‘The anterior condyloid foramina are two on each side.

The true vertebre are 23: 7 cervical, with long simple spines ;
12 dorsal; and 4 lumbar. ‘There are 8 false vertebre, viz. 5 sacral,
and 3 coccygeal. The ribs are 12; 7 true, and 5 false. The
sternum is composed, below the first portion, of a double series of
bones alternating with each other: the same structure obtains in
the Pongo.

The spine of the scapula is strongly incurvated upwards. ‘lhe
bones of the arm and hand are much elongated. The thumb is
short; the proximal phalanges of the fingers bent.

The ilia are narrow, flattened, and elongated. The femur is short
and straight; it has no ligamentum teres, a deficiency which occurs
also in the Elephant, the Sloths, in Seals, the Walrus, Ornithorhyn-
chus, &c., and by which a greater extent of motion is allowed to
the thigh. The tibia and fibula are shorter than the femur: these,
like the bones of the fore-arm, have a greater interosseous space
than is found in man. The patella is very smail. ‘The os calcis pro-
jects far behind. The bones of the metatarsus and the phalanges
are elongated, the first series of the latter being bent. The hinder
thumb is very short: in the individual examined it had a metatar-
sal bone, and two phalanges. A nail existed on the thumb of each
hinder hand.

ee

11

December 14, 1830.
G. B. Greenough, Esq. in the Chair.

A letter was read from Dr. Andrew Smith, addressed to N. A.
Vigors, Esq. The following are extracts :
“Cape Town, 8th Sept. 1830.
“JT am sure you will be pleased to learn that I have disco-
vered another species of Mucroscelides, as well as a new one
of Erinaceus; and three species of the genus Ofis, together with
one of Brachypteryx. ‘The descriptions of these I hope to be
able to forward to you in the course of three weeks or a month.
The first is designated in our Museum, Macroscelides rupestris ;
the second, Frinaceus Capensis; the third, fourth, and fifth,
Otis Vigorsii, Ot. feror, and Ot. Afraoides; the sixth, Bra-
chypterye Horsfieldii. ‘The first was found by myself on the
mountains near to the mouth of the Orange river, and the cireum-
stance of its always residing among rocks, together with the differ-
ence in its colouring, readily pointed it out as being of a distinct
species. As to the colour, the most marked distinction consists in
the Cape species having a large tawny rufous or chestnut blotch
on the nape and back of the neck. The second, Hrinaceus Ca-
_pensis, exhibits considerable affinity to the European species, yet
betrays such marked peculiarities as to warrant its being considered
as really different from it. The third, Otis Vigorsii, inhabits the
most dry and barren situations in the south of Africa, and is known
among the colonists by the name of Karor Koran. The prevailing
colour above is a light tawny or reddish yellow, and below tawny
gray, passing into dirty white on the belly. The back is variegated
by numerous violet blotches or reflections, as well as by whitish
spots, and the under parts by transverse narrow zigzag black lines.
The fourth is above principally tawny yellow, and below dull blueish
_ gray: it is found in the country toward Latakoo. The fifth is met
— with on the flats near the Orange river, and is called the Bushman
_ Koran. With the exception of a great portion of the quill feathers
being white, it resembles much the common Koran of the colony,
the Otis Afra. The sixth is met with in high rocky situations, and
agrees in most respects with the generic character of Brachypteryz,
_as described by Dr. Horsfield.”

—— =.

g - With the above letter Dr. Smith transmitted to the Society a
_ present of sixteen specimens of fishes, obtained in the neighbour-
hood of the Cape of Good Hope, “the details relative to which,”
he states, “will be forwarded as soon as possible.” The specimens
were exhibited, and Mr. Bennett laid on the table a list in which
they were enumerated as the Sebastes Capensis, Agriopus torvus,

Gy 7

12

Sciena hololepidota, Otolithus c@quidens, Chrysophris globiceps,
Chr. gibbiceps, and Pagrus laniarius, of MM. Cuvier and Valen-
ciennes; an undetermined species of Denter; a fish allied to
Oblada, Cuv., and apparently the type of a new genus; a new
species of Scomber, Cuv.; a Lichia? ; two species of Clinus, Cuv.,
one of which is probably the Clinus Capensis; an undescribed
species of Bagrus, Cuv., of the section distinguished in the ‘‘ Régne
Animal” by having six cirri and a rounded and smooth head; a
species of Scyllium, Cuv., probably new to science; and a second
species of the genus Rhina, Schn., which deviates from the type
by a slight production of the front of the head, and thus makes an
approach to Rhinobates, Schn.

Mr. Vigors exhibited several species of Humming-birds from
the collection of Mr. John Gould, one of which, previously unde-
scribed, had been dedicated to Mr. George Loddiges, F.L.S., &c.
It approaches most nearly to the Trochilus Lalandei, Vieill., but may
be distinguished from that bird (in which the crest is brilliantly
green and the throat and breast rich blue,) by the following cha-
racters :

Trocuritus Loppicesu, Gould. Troch. cristd elongatd, purpu-
reo-lilacind ; guld crissoque saturate cinereis ; pectore abdomine-
que nigris.

This species is from Rio Grande.

Mr. Loddiges stated that both species belonged to a genus which
he had distinguished among the Trochilide by the name of Cephal-
lepis; and promised to bring before the Committee, at an early
meeting, the results of his researches on the Trochilide generally.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Martin reported the diseased
appearances noticed on the examination of the Beaver which re-
cently died in the Society's Menagerie. ‘They were stated to be
such as result from great and universal inflammation. On exami-
ning the stomach, its lining membrane was found covered with a
blush of inflammation, prevailing more especially about its cardiac
portion, where a number of dark-coloured spots and patches indi-
cated the existence of gangrene. Both the stomach and the colon
contained undissolved fibres of bark in considerable quantity, the
function of digestion having been for some time past necessarily de-
ranged. Along the course of the small intestines, traces of ‘high
arterial action were still presented; in the large intestines the traces
of inflammation were more obscure. ‘The pericardium was highly
inflamed, its inner surface presenting a granulated appearance. The
heart also, as well as the lungs, gave evidence of having partaken
in the general disease. Much disease existed about the lower jaw,
which may probably have been the primary cause of all the
mischief, as it must have existed for several months, and necessarily
have produced a continued state of irritation in the system. The
alveolar processes of the lower jaw, embracing the incisor teeth,
were destroyed by caries, and the teeth themselves had fallen out,

|
.

13

In the adjacent soft parts there were extensive abscesses, and a
wide spread of discoloration, evidencing the progress of the dis-
organization.

Mr. Cox exhibited a Nightingale in fine plumage and full song,
which had been for four years in confinement. He stated that the ~
error generally committed by persons attempting to keep these birds
and the other species cf Sylviade, was the over care bestowed upon
them. A treatment not more tender than that afforded to granivo-
rous species, agreed well with the Nightingale, for which it was by
no means necessary to provide insects as food ; meat scraped fine and
mixed with egg forming a sufficient substitute, and furnishing a
nourishment at once grateful to the bird and fully adequate to supply
its wants.

|

Mr. Bennett called the attention of the Committee to two birds
which had been for some time living in the Society’s Garden. In
many respects, especially as regards the nakedness of their cheeks,
and the nakedness, length, and reticulation of their tarsi, they agree
with the Caracaras (Polyborus, Vieill.); but differ from the type of
that genus in the greater compression of their beaks; their trans-
verse oval nostrils; their comparatively slender make; and their
more vulturine appearance, which is much increased by the soft
downy nature of the plumage of their head and neck. From the
genus Morphnus of M. Cuvier, which they resemble in many parti-
culars, they are at once distinguished by the length of their wings,
which reach, when closed, to the extremity of the tail. He stated
his opinion that they would be found, on a close examination, (which
could only be made after death,) to constitute a new genus. Until
_ the opportunity of determining this question should occur, he asso-
ciated them provisionally with the Caracaras; and having met with
no trace of a description of them in any ornithological writer, he
_ proposed for them the following specific character :

_ Potysorus? uypoxteucus. Pol. ? capite, collo, pectore, abdomine-
que albis ; scapularibus fusco-griseis ; dorso tegminibusque fuscis ;
remigibus nigricantibus ; caudd basi nigrd, apice fascid latd al-
- bidd.

_ Jun. Fuscus, capite, collo, corporeque subtus dilutioribus, remigibus
: Susco-nigricantibus.

The following observations, by Mr. Yarrell, on the subject of his
attempts to preserve Whitebait alive, were read.

___** Several dozens of strong lively fish, four inches in length, were
transferred with great care from the nets into large vessels, (some
of the vessels, to vary the experiments, being of earthenware, and
others of wood and metal,) filled with water taken from the Thames
at the time of catching the fish. At the expiration of twenty mi-
_ nutes nearly the whole of them were dead, none survived longer
than half an hour; and all fell to the bottom of the water. On

examination, the air-bladders were found to be empty and collapsed.

14

There was no cause of death apparent. About four dozen speci-
mens were then placed in a coffin-shaped box pierced with holes,
which was towed slowly up the river after the fishing-boat. This
attempt also failed: all the fish were dead when the vessel had
reached Greenwich.

**] was told by two Whitebait fishermen that they had several
times placed these fishes in the wells of their boats, but they inva-
riably died when brought high up the river. The fishermen believe
a portion of sea water to be absolutely necessary to the existence of
this species, and all the circumstances attending this particular fishery
appear to prove their opinion to be correct.”

A report by Mr. Yarrell on the morbid appearances observed in
the examination of the Society’s Reindeer, was read. It is as
follows :

««On opening the body and removing the viscera, the lungs ap-
peared highly inflamed, of a dark purple colour; and on cutting into
their substance, the cells contained matter. The small intestines
also bore marks of inflammation, but in a much less degree: the
mesenteric glands were diseased, but not to the extent that might
have been expected in an animal that had been many years in an
artificial state. The external surface of the neck and head exhi-
bited a high degree of vascularity, and the animal appeared to have
been under the influence of that periodical determination of blood
to the head, which is known te occur in all deer at the annual pro-
duction of new horns. As far as the brain could be examined by
the occipital foramen, both the substance and its investing mem-
branes were also inflamed; but I have no doubt the primary cause
of death was the inflammation of the lungs.”

Several new species of birds belonging to the collection brought
‘home from the Straits of Magellan by Captain King were exhibited.
In the absence of that gentleman, the following species were pointed
out by Mr. Vigors, which are thus characterized in Captain King’s
MSS.

Turpus Magevtanicus. Turd. corpore supra grisescenti-olivaceo,
subtus pallidé rufescenti ; capite supra, remigibus, cauddque fusco-
atris ; guld albd, fusco-atro lineatd.

Habitat in Fretu Magellanico.

PsiTTACARA LEPTORHYNCHA. Psitt. viridis; fronte, strigd per
oculos, cauddque rufis ; capite nigro, abdomine imo rufo, varie-
gatis ; mandibuld superiori elongatd, gracillima.

Statura Psitt. Lichtensteinii equalis.

Habitat in insula Chiloe.

Picus MELANocEPHALUS. Fic. capite corporeque supra nigris,
hoc albo maculato ; pectore abdomineque albis, illo albo lineato,
hoc albo fasciato.

Longitudo 6 vel 7 uncias circiter.

Habitat in Fretu Magellanico et insula Chiloe.

15

Hyvacres. Novum genus, Megapodio affine.

Characteres Generici.

Rostrum subelongatum, subtenue, apice subemarginato: naribus
basalibus, longitudinalibus, membrana subtumescenti pilisque per
mediam longitudinem tecta.

Ale brevissime, rotundate ; remige 5ta longissima.

Cauda subelongata, gradata.

_Pedes fortes; tarsis subelongatis, in fronte scutellatis; digitis
unguibusque elongatis, his fortioribus subcompressis ; halluce fortis-
simo, incumbente.

Hyzacres Tarni. Ayl. saturate fusco-brunneus ; fronte, dorso,

abdomineque rufis, hoc fusco fasciato.

Habitat in insula Chiloe et Portu Otway Sinu Pefias.

Cotumpa Firzroyi. Col.vinacea ; alis, dorso imo, cauddque plum-
beis; hujus fascid, remigibusque atris; nuche plumis viridi-
splendentibus ; fascid occipitali albd.

Habitat in nemoribus insulz Chiloe.

Cyenvus anatoipes. Cygn. albus, remigibus primuriis ad apicem
nigris ; rosiro pedibusque rubris, illo lato, subdepresso, tuberculo
nullo.

Habitat in sinubus interioribus apud extremitatem meridionalem
Americe.

AwsEr 1nornatus. Mas. Ans. albus: dorso inferiori, caudd,
Sfusciis nuche dorsique superioris femorumque tectricum, ptero-
matibus, remigibusque atris ; rostro nigro, pedibus flavescentibus.

Fem. Capite collogue canis; dorso superiori corporeque inferiori
albis, nigro confertim fasciatis ; dorso imo, remigibus, rectrici-
busque nigris ; ptilis speculoque albis ; tarsis subelongatis.

Habitat in Fretu Magellanico.

Microrterus Patacnonicus. Micropt. supra plumbeo-grises-

cens; guld scapularibusque rufescentibus ; abdomine speculoque

alarum albis ; rosiro virescenti-nigro, ungue nigro.

Habitat in parte occidentali Frets Magellanici.

Statura minor Micropt. brachyptero.

Anas cuitoznsis. An. fronte, genis, abdomine, uropygio, ptero-
matibusque albis; capite posteriori, collo, dorso inferiori, ptilis,
remigibus primariis, cauddque fuscis ; dorso superiori pectoreque
fusco et albo fasciatis ; remigibus secundariis et tertiis scapulari-
busque nitide atris, his albo lineatis ; abdominis lateribus crisso-
que rufescentibus ; strigd post oculos latd splendide purpurascenti-
viridi.

Longitudo circa sexdecim uncias.

Habitat in insula Chiloe.

Anas rretensis. An. guld, genis, collo, pectore, dorsoque ante-
riori pallide badiis ; collo graciliter undulato ; pectore dorsoque
anteriori atro maculato ; dorso abdomineque imis, crisso, cauddque
albis nigro fasciatis ; dorsi fasciis latis, abdominis gracillimis,
caud@ sublatioribus, crissi sparsim undulatis ; capite supra, remi-
gibus, scapularibusque virescenti-atris ; his albo in medio linea-

.
;

16

tis ; tectricibus plumbeo-canis, fascid apicali albd : speculo supra
viridi, deinde purpureo, fascid atrd apice albo terminata.
Statura Anatis creccoidis, Nob.
Habitat in Fretu Magellanico.
It was announced that the whole collection of Capt. King’s birds,
with the descriptions of the remaining new species, would be brought
forward at an early meeting.

_—s
oS 2

17

December 28, 1830.
W. Yarrell, Esq. in the Chair.

The form of a circular letter, to be addressed to the heads of
Menageries and Museums in foreign countries, was submitted to
the Committee, and approved of.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary of the Society by

J. V. Thompson, Esq., dated ‘‘ Cork, Dec. 16, 1830.” In it Mr.
Thompson urges, in support of the universality of a metamorphosis
among the Crustacea, that he has ascertained the newly hatched
animal to be a Zoea in eight genera of the Brachyura, viz. Cancer,
Carcinus, Portunus, Eriphia, Gecarcinus, Thelphusa ?, Pinnotheres,
and Inachus; and in seven Macrourous genera, viz. Pagurus, Por-
cellana, Galathea, Crangon, Palemon, Homarus, and Astacus.
«These embrace all our most familiar native genera of the Deca-
poda.” The Lobster, or Astacus marinus, Mr. ‘Thompson states,
does actually undergo a metamorphosis, but less in degree than in
any other of the above-enumerated genera, and consisting in a
change from a cheliferous Schizopode to a Decapode ; in its first stage
being what I would call a modified Zoea with a frontal spine, spatu-
late tail, and wanting the subabdominal fins; in short, such an ani-
mal as would never be considered what it really is, was it not
obtained by hatching the spawn of the Lobster.” In the other
indigenous species of Astacus, Ast. fluviatilis, the River Crawfish, it
would appear from the excellent treatise of M. Rathke on the
_ development of its eggs, that the young are hatched in a form
according with that of the fully grown animal. Mr. Thompson,
_ however, suspects that some source of error may exist in these
_ observations. ‘‘ If it should be found otherwise, it can only be
regarded as one solitary exception to the generality of metamor-
_ phoses, and will render it necessary to consider these two ani-
mals for the future as the types of two distinct genera.” In il-
_lustration of the change of form observed by him in the limbs of
‘ the Lobster, Mr. a ee inclosed a ios of the * « cheliferous

the outer division of the tsb; or future igre and 3. a short
at rudiment of one of the future branchia.

18

deep blue colouring was stated to have been extremely beautiful ;
but this had already disappeared considerably, although the specimen
had been but twelve days in spirit. Still enough remained to show
how defective in this particular is the figure in Bloch’s Ichthyology
[No. 294.], which appears to have been taken from a dried speci-
men, and exhibits scarcely a trace of the rich colouring of the
recent fish.

The Chairman brought to the recollection of the Committee the
recent addition to the British Fauna of a species of Warbler (the
Sylvia Tithys, Scop.) nearly allied to the Redstart, Sylvia phenicu-
rus, L., but distinguished from that bird by its dark slate-coloured
breast, and by the dusky-black colour of its two middle tail-fea-
thers. The first occurrence of this bird in England was recorded
in the 5th volume of the ‘ Zoological Journal,” page 102, by Mr.
John Gould, who has since ascertained that two other individuals
have been met with; one in the neighbourhood of Bristol, the
other at Brighton. Both these specimens were obtained during the
last summer. The Chairman added, as a peculiarity of this bird,
that its egg, as described and figured by continental writers, is
white; while the eggs of all the nearly allied species are pale blue.

A communication by J. C. Cox, Esq., F.L.S., &c., was read, on
the subject of preserving a proper temperature for exotic animals.
Mr. Cox commences by remarking on the capability of animals for
enduring great extremes of temperature, and instances the experi-
ments of Sir Joseph Banks and Sir C. Blagdon, in which a heat of
at least 230° was borne without great inconvenience; while, on the
other hand, Captain Parry and his men were exposed to a tempera-
ture of —40° and even lower: thus showing that the human frame
is susceptible of a range of temperature of probably 300°, without
injury to life. Such extremes can, however, be submitted to but
for a short period. To keep animals, natives of tropical climates,
in good health, they should be preserved from too great extremes ;
and as it is important to imitate as much as possible the character
of the climate from which they are brought, the hygrometric state
of the atmosphere should be attended to almost equally with the
temperature. The hot winds of the Desert (Mr. Cox remarks), to-
gether with the absorbent nature of the sandy soil, render the
general state of the atmosphere in the central parts of Africa
that of extreme dryness; but this is an exception to intertropical
regions in general. In Guiana and La Plata, for instance, and in
Ceylon, the thick woods exhale a considerable degree of moisture,
far exceeding that of our own country; the mean dew point of the
atmosphere of London being 44°°5, while that of intertropical regions
is from 70° to 75°. Animals from such climates, it is suggested,
require a moist atmosphere, and this may readily be produced by
watering the flues used for heating the houses in which they are
kept. Analogous to this is the advantage obtained in the cultiva-
tion of stove plants by keeping the houses well-watered. The

19

neglect of supplying to the air a sufficient quantity of simple and
innoxious moisture is attended with two evils. Not only are the
animals kept in an atmosphere too dry for their healthy preserva-
tion ; but the dry air, greedily absorbing moisture, becomes impreg-
nated with the excreted fluids of the animals in confinement; and
thus the secreting surfaces of the lungs are at once exposed toa
constant stimulus from increased and rapid exhalation, and to the
additional stimulus inflicted by the continual breathing of air loaded
with saline and irritating particles. In well-constructed houses it -
is of the first importance that the fluids of the animals should be
conducted from the buildings. Ventilation should also be perfect
not only through the body of the building, but through each indivi-
dual cage or den. This is doubly necessary where the air is viti-
ated, not only by the animals themselves, but by numerous visitors,
For the general regulation of the admission of cold air a convenient
plan is to have a leaden or iron weight balanced in a vessel of mer-
cury, attached to a sliding sasb, which will thus rise or fall in
proportion to the height of the mercury. Mr. Cox regards it as of
no importance, as to the effect produced on the atmosphere, by
what means an increased temperature is preserved, whether by flues
or steam or hot water, if the degree obtained be the same: the
only reason for preferring one to another is the greater facility it
may afford of keeping up an equable temperature.

Mr. Owen read a portion of his notes made at the dissection of
the Beaver which died lately at the Society’s Gardens. He limited
himself on this occasion to the description of the organs connected
with digestion. The salivary organs and those of deglutition were
treated of in detail: the former parts, which are remarkably deve-

_ oped in all the Glires, were especially examined on account of the
peculiar nature of the animal’s food; while the latter claimed par-
ticular attention from the recent interesting discovery by Mr. Mor-
gan of a peculiar construction of the fauces in the Capybura, and
some others of the Rodent order.
Of the salivary glands the parotid are the largest. They are
united, like the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland in man, by an
_ anterior transverse portion; and form together a conglomerate
_ mass which extends across the front of the neck to within a short
_ distance of the upper part of the sternum, covering the laryar and
_ its muscles, and passing backwards on each side as far as the mas-
_ toid process. There are, however, two ducts, one on each side,
__ which terminate in front of the molar teeth. The submavillary glands
are quite distinct from the parotid, and are each about the size of a
_ walnut: their ducts pass under the jaw and terminate at the side of
the frenum lingue. The sublingual glands are very small.
Between the membrane of the palate and the bone, in the narrow
_ Space between the rows of molar teeth, a layer of mucous glands is
L situated : and a thick stratum of the same kind of glands exists also
_ immediately exterior to the membrane of the fauces.
The soft palate extends backwards from the posterior edge of the

20

bony palate as far as the circular aperture of the posterior nares.
The sides of the soft palate are continuous with the tongue, and,
becoming gradually contracted, form fauces of a funnel shape, the
posterior aperture of which just admits a black-lead pencil of the
usual size for drawing. ‘The membrane covering the posterior part
of the dorsum of the tongue is continued smoothly and uninter-
ruptedly to the epiglottis, without the production of any fold of
membrane in front of this part, nor was there any corresponding
duplicature above, or at the sides of, the fauces: so that here no
structure existed that would allow any part of the fauces to be pro-
truded -in a conical form into the pharynx, beyond the opening of
the glottis, as in the Capybara and Guinea-pig.

The fauces of the Rat are formed after the same type as those of
the Beaver: a type which is peculiar, inasmuch as there is properly
speaking no velum pendulum palati, the membrane forming the roof
of the fauces being continued straight, without duplicature or re-
flection, to the posterior aperture of the nares: this aperture is of a
circular form, on a horizontal plane, and situated immediately above
the glottis.

The muscular apparatus of the fauces consists of a pair of muscles
which arise, one from each side of the tongue, and ascend, the
fibres diverging a little; their action is to contract the commence-
ment of the fauces, being analogous to the palato-glossi: besides
these there are, at the narrower part of the fauces, circular fibres,
apparently continued from the superior constrictor of the pharyna,
and analogous to the palato-pharyngei.

There are no palatal arches, neither were any tonsils detected.

The peculiar cardiac gland much resembles tonsils in structure,
being composed of numerous small glands or follicles, forming an
aggregate of about 14 lines in length and half an inch in thickness,
which pour a viscid secretion, by numerous apertures, into the inte-
rior of the stomach.

The pancreas is of considerable extent, measuring in length nearly
two feet, and following the course of the duodenum down to the
iliac region and up again as far as the umbilical, being attached to
the intestine by a process of mesentery: it is thin and narrow, and
has one small branch or process lying parallel with its body where
it passes behind the liver, and a few others at the curvature of the
duodenum. Its duct, somewhat larger than a crow-quill, enters the
small intestine at the extremity of the gland, one foot and nine
inches from the pylorus, and one foot and six inches from the ter-
mination of the ductus choledochus.

At the commencement of the colon there are two pouches of an
oval form, from the union of which the rest of the intestine proceeds

with very distinct sacculi. An analogous structure exists in the .

cecum of the Guinea-pig, where however the two sacculi appear
rather to belong to the cecum, being partially separated from the
colon by a circular production of the lining membrane in a valvular
form.

21

January 11, 1831.

Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart., in the Chair.

An Address by Mr. J. V. Thompson “ To the Members of the
Zoological Society, and the Zoologists of the United Kingdom in
general,” was read, soliciting such support, by subscription, as may
enable him to continue, without further loss, his “‘ Zoological Re-
searches and Illustrations.” This Address is printed, together with
a list of the subjects of some of the succeeding Memoirs, on the
cover of the Fourth Number of the Researches, which was at the
same time laid on the table.

An Extract was read from a Letter addressed by Daniel Sharpe,
Esq., to Mr. Bennett, in which the writer describes the luminous
appearance of the ocean as observed by him on several nights du-
ring his passage to Lisbon. A considerable sparkling was visible in
the water close under the vessel’s side, particularly in the spray
just thrown off from the bow, and also occasionally when a wave
broke: it gradually vanished as the water became quieter. The
appearance was that of a number of small sparks not brighter than
the smallest stars. When a bucket full of the water was taken up,
nothing was visible until it was stirred or shaken, when it was in-
‘tantly filled with spangles, which disappeared as the water settled :
the most elegant effect was when the waves or spray broke over the
deck, which then became covered with stars for a few minutes. Mr.
_ Sharpe states that he collected a great quantity in a glass, and exa-
_ mined them carefully with a microscope the next morning, in the
_ expectation of observing minute Crustacea, &c., to which the ap-
_ pearance he describes has frequently been attributed. He could,
_ however, detect nothing but an abundance of small fibres and shreds
_ of, apparently, animal matter, and did not find even one entire animal.
_ Hence he is disposed to infer that, in some instances at least, the
_ phosphorescence of the sea arises from the quantity of particles of
_ dead fishes, &c., always floating on its surfuce; although he con-
- fesses himself unable to explain the reason why these shine only
4 ‘when the water is disturbed.

___ It was remarked that Commerson and others have attributed the
_ phenomenon described to the putrefaction of animal matters: and
M. Bory de St. Vincent has declared that marine animalcula take no
‘Share in it. Sir Joseph Banks, Dr. Macartney, and others, on the
contrary, have referred it to the presence of marine animals, prin-
cipally Crustacea; and the existence of such, as the cause of this
“appearance, has been recently insisted on by Mr. J. V. Thompson,

22

Dr. MacCulloch has also attributed it to the latter cause; and
states that every marine animal that he has examined is luminous.
Assuming the observations of M. Bory de St. Vincent and those of
Dr. MacCulloch to be equally correct in the instances which fell
under their notice, it is worthy of inquiry whether any, and what,
differences exist in the luminosity of the ocean, when it is occasioned
by marine animals, or when it is owing to other causes.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a female of the common game Fowl which
had assumed the plumage of a male. The dull brown colour of
the breast was varied by an intermixture of the jet black plumage
peculiar to the male; the feathers of the neck and those on the sides
of the tail were Jong, slender, hackled and bright in colour; all the
tail feathers were more or less curved; and the spurs were half an
inch in length. This bird very closely resembled the representation
' attached to Dr. Butter’s paper on this subject in the third volume
of the ‘‘ Memoirs of the Wernerian Society.’ A portion of the
body of the bird was also shown, the disease of the sexual organ
pointed out, and its appearance contrasted with preparations of the
same parts from healthy birds. The cause of this change in the
external character is fully detailed in John Hunter’s ‘‘ Animal Eco-
nomy,” in the Wernerian Memoirs before mentioned, and in a paper
by Mr. Yarrell, published in the “ Philosophical Transactions ”’ for
1827.

Mr. Vigors resumed the exhibition of the birds from the Hima-
layan Mountains, which he had commenced at the Meeting of the
23rd Nov. ; and named and characterized the following apparently
new species :

Atcepo cuTratus. Ale. cristatus, supra ater, maculis rotundis
albis guttatim notatus ; subtus albus ; colli lateribus pectoreque
atro maculatis.

Statura Ale. maximi.

MuscrreTa PrincErs. Musc. capite, collo, dorso summo, alis,
rectricibusque duabus mediis nigris ; corpore inferiori, dorso imo,
Fascia laté alarum, maculis paucis remigum secundariarum, rec-
tricibusque lateralibus aurantio-coccineis ; rostro fortiori.

Longitudo circiter 9 uncias.

Lanrus ERyYTHROPTERUS. Mas. Lan. nuché dorsoque griseis ;
capite supra, alis, cauddéque atris ; corpore subtus, strigd superci-
liari, remigumque apicibus albis ; alis maculd latd rubré notatis.

Foem. Capite griseo ; dorso, alis, rectricibusque virescenti-olivaceo
notatis ; harum apicibus flavis. :

Statura Lan. Collurionis.

Parus monticotus. Par. capite, collo, pectore, abdomine medio,
alis, rectricibusque atris ; genarum maculd latd nuchalique parva,
tegminum remigum secundariarum rectricumque apicibus, et remi-
gum primariarum rectricumque lateralium pogoniis externis albis ;
abdominis lateribus flavis.

Statura paulo minor Par. majori.-

23

Parus xantHoGenys, Par. capite cristato, guld, pectore, abdo-
mine medio, strigd utringue colli, scapularium maculis, alis, cau-

- ddque atris, his albo notatis ; dorso scapularibusque virescenti-
griseis ; genis, strigd superciliari, maculd nuchali, abdominisque
lateribus flavis.

Statura precedentis.

Parus MELANOLOPHUS. Par. griseus; capite cristato pectore-
que atris ; genarum, nuche, tegminumque alarum maculis albis ;
remigibus rectricibusque fuscis, ;. maculd sub alis rufd.

Statura Par. atro paulo minor.

Parus ERYTHROCEPHALUS. Par. supra pallide brunnescenti-ca-
nus, subtus rufescenti-albus ; guld, strigd superciliari, rectricum-
gue lateralium pogoniis externis albis ; capite supra rufo; strigd
laté per oculos ad nucham extendente, thoraceque atris.

Statura Par. pendulini, Linn.

FrInGILLa RopoPEPLA. Fring. supru brunnea; capite, nuchd,
dorsoque lineis fuscis rosaceoque nitore notatis ; strigd utrinque
superciliari, guld, thorace, maculis alarum, uropygio, corporeque
subtus rosaceis.

Longitudo circiter 7 uncias.

Frincitua ropocuroa. Fring. supra brunnea; capite, nuchd,
dorsoque lineis fuscis, illo rosaceo tinctis ; fronte, strigd utrin-
que superciliari, guld, pectore, corpore subtus, uropygioque rosa-
ceis ; alis immaculatis.

Longitudo circiter 54 uncias.

CarDUELis canicers. Card. brunnescenti-canus ; alis cauddque
nigris ; circulo angusto frontem rictum gulamque circumcingente
coccineo ; fascia alarum aured ; thorace, maculis paucis alarum,
uropygio, abdomine imo, crisso, rectricum externarum pogoniis
internis, mediarumque apicibus albis.

Statura Card. commuiis.

Picus HyPeryTHRUSs. Mas. Pic. corpore supra nigro, albo-ma-

; culato, subtus rufescenti-badio ; capite crissoque coccineis ; strigd

; utringue per oculos extendente albd ; mandibuld superiori nigré,

inferiori albd.

Foem. Capite nigro albo-lineato.

Statura Pic. medii, Linn. ;

_ Cotumna tevconora. Col. capite canescenti-atro; crisso cau-

ai ddéque nigris ; nuchd, corpore subtus, dorso medio, caudeque fas-

; cid laté media, albis; tegminibus alarum vinaceo-canis ; dorso
superiori scapularibusque brunnescenti-canis ; remigibus, fasciis-
que alarum brunnescenti-fuscis.

Statura Col. Palumbi, Linn.

Oris HimaLayanus. Of. niger; alis albis; dorso medio sca-
pularibusque pallido-rufo brunneoque variegatis ; dorso imo pal-

__ lido-rufo undulatim sparso ; criste collique plumis anterioribus et

___—--: posterioribus confertis, elongatis.

: Mr. Vigors exhibited a living specimen of a new species of Ground
arrakeet, which had lately been added to the Society’s Menagerie.
8 native place was not ascertained: but from the more graduated

24

form of the tail and the plumbeous colour of the bill, it was conjec-
tured to have belonged to some of the Australian islands; the Par-
rakeets of which are distinguished by these characters from the
allied groups of the same genus Platycercus of the Australian con-
tinent. The lively and active gait of this bird, as distinguished from
the slow and climbing motions of the Parrots in general, was
particularly noticed. Its colour was a uniform green without any
markings. It was named and characterized as

Puatycercus unicotor. Plat. corpore viridi concolore ; rostro

basi plumbeo, apice nigro.

Mr. Vigors also exhibited a specimen of the lineated Pheasant
of Dr. Latham [Gen. Hist. vol. viii. p. 201. sp. 14.] which had
lately been received from the Straits of Malacca. The bird ac-
corded accurately with Dr. Latham’s description, as communicated
to him by Dr. Buchanan from a living specimen in an aviary in
India, and afforded evident proof of being a distinct and strongly
marked species. It may be characterized as follows :

Puasranus tingatus, Lath. MSS. Phas. supra cano-griseus ;
fasciis gracilibus nigris undulatus ; capite, crista elongata, guld,
collo anteriori, corporeque infra nigris ; abdominis laterum plu-
mis in medio lineis gracilibus albis notatis ; caudd albo nigroque
undulatim sparsd.

A large collection of Insects, of various orders, presented to the
Society by Dr. Leach, was exhibited. It was chiefly formed in
the neighbourhood of Rome and Florence; and notes were ap-
pended to the greater number of the species, indicating the precise
locality of each, the time of its appearance, its food, comparative
rarity, &c.

The attention of the Committee having been directed to that
part of the Minutes of the Council which referred to the prepara-
tion of a Report on the animals which it was desirable for the So-
ciety to import :

It was resolved,

That Sir Thomas Phillipps, Mr. Vigors, Mr. Owen, Mr. Cox, and
Mr. Bennett, be requested to prepare, for the consideration of the
Committee at its next Meeting, a Report on the animals for the
importation of which the Council should be recommended to take
measures.

The following Resolution was also submitted to the Committee,
and adopted :

Resolved,

That Mr. Morgan, Mr. Yarrell, and Mr. Vigors, be requested to
prepare a series of questions on points relating to the generation,
gestation, parturition, and suckling of the Kangaroo, in order that
the same may be submitted to the Council, with a request that
directions may be given to the Superintendents of the Society’s
establishments to obtain information thereon. .

ae

th

om

January 25, 1831.
Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart. in the Chair.

A specimen of the Cereopsis Nove Hollandia, Lath., which had
recently died at the Society's Menagerie in the Regent’s Park, was
exhibited.— Mr. Yarrell stated that having examined the body of
the bird, he had remarked that its trunk was much shorter than that

_ of the true Geese, and more triangular in its shape: the pectoral
muscles were large and dark coloured. The trachea was of large,
+ but nearly uniform, calibre, without convolution, and attached in
its descent to the right side of the neck as in the Heron and Bit-
tern ; in the form of its bone of divarication and bronchie it most
resembled the same part in the Geese. The muscles of voice were
___ two pairs; one pair attached to the shafts of the os furcatorium, the
_ other to the inner lateral surface of the sternum. The lobes of the
___ liver were of large size, morbidly dark in colour ; their substance
broke down under the finger on the slightest pressure. The sto-
mach, a true gizzard, was of small size as compared with the bulk
of the bird. The first duplicature of intestine was six inches in
length, at the returning portion of which the biliary and pancreatic
ducts entered ; from thence to the origin of the c@ca four feet six
inches ; the ceca nine inches each; the colon and rectum together
‘five inches : the whole Jength of the intestines was seven feet five
inches. The stomach and intestinal viscera were loaded with fat ;
the other parts exhibited nothing remarkable.

Internally this bird,which was a male, resembled the true Geese ;
but externally, in the character of the bones, particularly in the
rounded form of the edge, and great depth, of the keel of the ster-

_ num, and the lateral situation of the trachea in reference to the cer-
_ vical vertebra, it was decidedly similar to the Ardeide.

_ Mr. Yarrell availed himself of the occasion to remark that the
_ Natatores of Mr. Vigors’s systematic arrangement in Ornithology
_ were placed between the Grallatores or Waders on the one side, and
the Raptores or Birds of Prey on the other: and that the order con-
_ tained five groups, two of which, the Alcade and Colymbide, were
_ called normal, containing those birds which were considered to be
_ the types of the true Swimmers, and three groups, Anatide, Peleca-
_nide, and Laride, called aberrant, as deviating from the type, and
_ exhibiting some characters which connected them either with the
_ Grallatores or the Raptores. Some of the Larid@ and Pelecanide in
the length of their wings, their consequent power of flight, and the
mode of taking their food in the air, exhibited their obvious affinity
to the Birds of Prey on the one hand; while some of the Anatide,
by their lengthened legs and neck, and their habit of passing much

[No. III.] Zoot, Soc. ProcEEpINGS oF THE CoM, oF SCIENCE.

26

of their time on land or frequenting shallow pools of water, showed
an equal affinity to some of the Waders. This was the case with
the Cereopsis, and occurred also in the Semipalmated Goose and in
another Goose now living in the Society’s Gardens, the Anser ju-
batus, Spix.

It was stated that in proportion as these birds departed from the
characters of the true Geese in their external appearance and habits, °
and in both approached to the Ardeid@, they would also be found
on examination to resemble them in their internal organization. In
proof of this an extensive series of parts of the skeletons of birds
from the true Divers to the Cranes was exhibited, and the peculia-
rities pointed out. The keel of the breast-bone in the Ducks and
true Geese was shown to be of considerable depth, with its inferior
edge nearly straight ; those of the Semipalmated Goose and Cereupsis
were shown to be much deeper in the keel, and the inferior edges
much more convex ; and comparison with the same parts from the
Spoonbill, Herons, Bitterns, and Storks, showed the approximation
to the Ardeide in form. The peculiarities of the whole series indi-
cated, between the two extreme points, the developement of the
powers of flight as contrasted with the maximum of the powers of
diving, in a succession of characters as easily recognisable in the
skeletons as in the external appearances of the birds themselves, and
supplied a valuable auxiliary chain of affinities to assist the natura-
list in his views of arrangement.

On the subject of the Cereopsis Mr.Bennett observed, that having
lately had occasion to investigate the history of that bird, hehad met
with some facts respecting it which might not be without interest.
After noticing the mistakes in Dr. Latham’s original description
and figure, which have been already corrected by MM. Temminck
and Vieillot, he pointed out certain errors in those given by the
two last-named writers, as compared with the bird on the table,
and with seven living specimens in the Society's Collection, all of
which, he believed, had been hatched in this country. Thus in
the description of the latter author it is said, ‘la téte est couverte
d’une peau nue, ridée et jaune, depuis la base du bec jusqu’audela
des yeux”; and in that of the former, ‘‘ une peau ridée et jaunatre
couvre le front”; but this supposed naked skin does not exist in
nature, and although represented in M. Vieillot’s figure, is very
properly omitted in that of M. Temminck. The latter indeed is,
with the exception of the legs being coloured of a dingy yellow
instead of a deep orange, a very characteristic representation. No
synonyms had hitherto been added to the original name ; but Mr.
Bennett stated that he had little doubt, both from the description
and locality, that a bird mentioned by Labillardiére as seen at
Esperance Bay, on the south coast of New Holland, and named by
M. Vieillot, in the ‘“* Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire Naturelle,”
Le Cygne cendré, was of the same species. To this bird it would ap-
pear, from d’Entrecasteaux’s Narrative, that the unfortunate Riche
had applied in his MSS. the name of Anas Terre Leeuwin. Ona
specimen, in all probability not distinct, brought home by Labillar-

27

diére, M. Vieillot founded a new species of Goose, Anser griseus,
described at length in the second edition of the “ Nouv. Dict.
d’Hist. Nat.” If this assumption be correct, the same individual
must have afterwards served as the type of his figure of the Cere-
opsis ; for only a single specimen of that bird existed until very lately
(or indeed probably still exists) in the gallery of the Paris Museum,
in which Labillardiére’s specimen was deposited.

A specimen was exhibited of a small species of Deer from Chili,
which had lived in the Society’s Menagerie for upwards of twelve
months, and which Mr. Bennett stated that he believed to be new.
It is a female, and consequently does not offer the accessory cha-
racters which zoologists have been in the habit of deriving from
the horns. The other distinctive marks are as follows :

_ Cervus HUMILIs, Cerv.parvus, obesus, brevipes ; facie latd, brevi,
obtusd 3 fissurd infra-orbitali mediocri ; cauda subnullé : cor-
pore toto rufo, antic? nigrescenti, postice fronte pedibusque infe-
rioribus saturatiortbus, infra dilutiort.

Alt. ad humeros vix 14 ped.: long. cauda vix unciam superans.

Mr. Bennett added that he was informed by Captain P. P. King,
R.N., that a second skin of.the same species had been brought to

_ England by him ; that the young was spotted with yellow, and had
a yellow stripe on each side of the back ; and that the animal was
plentiful at Concepcion, and found even as far south as the Archi-
pelago of Chiloe, living, he believed, in small herds.

A hybrid Pheasant belonging to the Society having lately died
at the Garden, Mr. Yarrel] observed that he had examined its body,
a preparation of a part of which, together with the preserved skin,
was then on the table. He remarked that in mules produced be-
tween animals placed at different degrees of distance from each
other in the scale of Nature, it was a point of some interest to as-
certain the relative state of the sexual organs, which it might be
expected would be found more or less perfect; depending on the
_ extent of the distance interposed between the parent animals. The
bird in question was a male, bred between the pheasant and the
common fowl, but most allied in appearance to the former. The
sexual organs appeared to be perfect and of large size for the pe-
riod of the year.

__ Three examples of the Ardea Nycticorax, Linn., were placed on
the table. On these Mr.Yarrell observed that the Menagerie of the
Society had furnished an interesting link in this species, in a young
bird which united in its plumage the brown spotted wing of the
Gardenian Heron with the black head and ash-coloured back of
the Night Heron : thus exhibiting the change from the young to
‘ee adult bird, and proving that the two supposed species are really
but one.

Two living specimens were exhibited of the Suricate, Ryzaena

28

tetradactyla, llig., which had recently been added to the Society’s
Collection. Both individuals were extremely gentle, and suffered
themselves to be handled and played with, without evincing any
uneasiness.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Martin reported the morbid
appearances observed in the Lion which recently died at the So-
ciety’s Gardens. Beforeremoving the skin, the whole of the body
presented aremarkably bloated appearance,which was found on exa-
mination to be owing to general emphysema. This was suspected by
Mr.Martin to be the result of morbid arterial secretion ; it could not
have been caused by putrefaction, the animal having been dead but
a few hours, and the body being still warm. The same appearance
had been not unfrequently observed by Mr. Spooner, the Veteri-
nary Surgeon of the establishment, in animals worn out by linger-
ing chronic disease. On examining the lungs, their cellular struc-
ture was found completely obliterated, except in one small portion,
where alone any oxygenation of the blood could have taken place.
They presented a dark appearance on the surface, with a hardness
or density of structure which must have resulted from lon,-conti-
nued inflammation. They were also partially studded with tubercles.
On cutting into them, purulent matter oozed from the incision, and
several abscesses, though not large, were discovered. The liver
was dark, and so soft as to break down with the slightest touch,
The spleen presented no decided trace of disease. ‘The intestines
adjacent to the liver were tinged with a dark and somewhat purplish
~ hue; but although distended with air presented nothing remark-
able. The stomach contained only a little bile and mucus.

The muscles generally were pale and flabby, as might have been
anticipated, where a chronic disease had wasted the vital energies,
and where the blood, impeded in its passage through the lungs, had
long ceased to be sufficiently oxygenated. )

Mr. Owen commenced the reading of his account of the Myology
of the Simia Satyrus, L. He confined himself to the notice of
such muscles as are peculiar to that animal, and have not any ana-
logues in the human frame; of those which, if analogous, deviate
remarkably in their proportions and attachments; and lastly, of
such as have been considered as of doubtful existence in the Orang.

The occipito-frontalis, which escaped the observation of Tyson
and Dr. Traill (Wernerian Trans. iii.) in the Chimpanzee, and which
some physiologists have asserted to be peculiar to man, is distinctly
developed in the Orang Utan. Portions of this muscle were also
found on the head of a Chimpanzee that had been flayed with great
care, the rest having been removed with the scalp, to which the
tendinous part closely adheres.

The following muscles of the face were described, corrugator
supercilit, levator labii supertoris aleque nasi, levator anguli oris,
zygomaticus major, depressor anguli oris, orbicularis palpebrarum
and orbicularis oris. On reflecting the inner membrane of the lips,

29

the depressores labii superioris and levatores labii inferioris were
found of considerable breadth and strongly developed : their action
in protruding the lips in a conical form has been frequently noticed
by those who have had opportunities of observing the living animal.

The platysma myoides is of greater extent than in the human
subject, and some of the fibres have a different. direction, bearing a
resemblance to the cervical portion of the panniculus carnosus in
some quadrupeds, as the Beaver and Guznea-pig.

_ The muscles of mastication, and the pare i of the lower jaw
were described.

The digastricus has not any connection with the os hyoides, the
anterior fleshy portion being altogether wanting in the Orang Utan.
It is inserted by a strong round tendon into the angle of the lower
jaw. This circumstance is interesting in connection with the me-
morable dispute between Dr. Monro (primus) and the French ana-
tomists, concerning the actions of this muscle; and it is remarkable
that Winslow, with his accustomed ingenuity, should have alluded
to such a disposition, in illustrating his opinions of the actions of the
digastricus onthe lower jaw in the human subject. Some peculiarities
in the mylo-hyoideus, genio-hyoideus, and omo-hyoideus were noticed.

The peculiar muscle discovered by Tyson in the Chimpanzee, and
called by him Jevator clavicule, arises in the Orang Utan from the
occiput and transverse process of the atlas. In the Chimpanzee
which Mr. Owen dissected, he also found it arising from the trans-
verse process of the at/as, and not from the second or third cervical
vertebra. It is inserted broadly into the humeral extremity of the
clavicle.

Neither in the Orang Utan nor in the Chimpanzee is there any true

ligamentum nuche. ‘The part commonly so called in the human
subject, consisting also in these animals only of the inelastic com-
missural tendons of the trapezii, the rhomboidei and the serrati
postici superiores. To give additional support, however, to the head
of the Orang Utan, which preponderates so far anterior to the oc-
cipital foramen, the origins of the rhomboidei are extended upwards
to the occipital bone, to which they broadly adhere, beneath the
trapezii. In the Chimpanzee this disposition does not occur, but
in both animals the rhomboideus is a single muscle, without division
into a greater and lesser portion.
_ Three muscles supply the place of the pectoralis major in the
Orang Utan. Their proportions and attachments were minutely
described ; and while speaking of these with reference to each other,
it was found convenient to apply to them the names of sterno-
humeralis, costo-humeralis, and sterno-costo-humeralis.

The reading of the remainder of this part of the anatomy of the
Orang Utan was postponed to a future meeting of the Committee.

Several species of Birds belonging to the collection recently
made by Capt. Philip P. King, R.N., during his survey of the Straits
of Magellan, were exhibited. Other birds from the same collection
had been named and characterized at the Meeting on the 14th of

30

December: and on the present occasion Capt. King pointed out
the distinctive characters of the following species which he believed
to be new.

SYNALLAXIS ANTHOIDES. Syn. supra brunnea, plumis in medio

co laté striatis, tectricibus alarum superioribus rufo tinctis ;
subtus pallidé cinerea ; rectricibus lateralibus ad marginem exter-
num, fasciaque alarum, rufis.

Statura Syn. Spinicaude.

DENDROCOLAPTES ALBO-GULARIS. Dend. corpore supra abdo-~
minisque lateribus rufo-brunneis ; remigibus secundariis, dorso
imo, caudaque rufis ; mandibuld inferiori ad basin, guld, jugulo,
pectore, abdomineque medio albis, hujus plumis brunneo ad api-
cem marginatis ; rostro sursum recurvo.

Longitudo circiter 7 + uncias.

TrocuiLus Fernanvensis. Troch. ferrugineo-rufus ; capitis
vertice splendenti-coccineo ; remigibus fuscis.

Longitudo 5 uncias.

Habitat in insula Juan Fernandez.

Trocuitus Stoxesit. Troch. corpore supra viridi-splendente,
subtus albo viridi-guttato ; capite supra, guttisque confertis gule
lazulino-splendentibus ; remigibus fusco-atris ; remigum omnium,
mediis exceptis, pogoniis internis albis.

Longitudo 44 uncias.

Habitat in insula Juan Fernandez.

PHALACROCORAX IMPERIALIS. Phal. capite cristato, collo pos-
teriort, corporeque supra intensé purpureis ; alis scapularibusque
viridi-atris ; remigibus rectricibusque duodecim fusco-atris ; cor-
pore subtus, fascia alarum, maculdque dorsi medit sericeo-albis ;
rostro nigro ; pedibus flavescentibus.

Statura Phal. Carbonis..

Habitat in sinubus interioribus ore occidentalis.

PwavLacrocorax SARMIENTONUS. Phal. capite, collo, dorsoque
imo atro-purpureis ; pectore abdomineque a is ; dorso supertort,
seepiinbtd alisque viridi-atris ; remigibus rectricibusque duo-
decim atris; gula, genis, femorumque tectricibus superioribus
albo-notatis ; rostro nigro ; pedibus flavescentibus.

Statura precedentis.

Habitat in Freto Magellanico.

PHALACROCORAX ERYTHROPS. Phal. capite, collo, corporeque
supra purpureo-atris ; pectore abdomineque albis ; gents parce
albo-notatis ; facie nuda rubra ; remigibus, rectricibus ducileoten
rostroque sub-brevi atris: pedibus flavescenti

Statura paulo minor precedentibus duobus.

31

February 8, 1831.
N. A. Vigors, Esq. in the Chair.

It was announced that the Council had Resolved, « That the
Meetings of the Committee are open to every Member of the So-
ciety.” In this resolution the Committee cordially concurred ; and
also in the propriety of distributing cards of the Meetings to the
Members of the Society residing in or near London.

The skeleton and parts of the viscera of one of the Society's spe-
cimens of the Chinchilla, (Chinchilla lanigera,) were exhibited, and
- the following notes by Mr. Yarrell were read.
<< On the death of one of the specimens of this interesting little
animal in the collection of the Zoological Society, the Museum,
previously containing a preserved skin, was enriched with a skeleton
and preparations of parts of the viscera, Of these additions I have
been permitted to furnish a description, which I was the more de-
sirous to. do, as no notice of the internal parts of this animal has
appeared, that I am aware of, except as far as regards its dentition ;
and on this part of the subject I was anxious to correct an error I
had committed in a short notice published in the fourth volume of
the ‘ Zoological Journal,’ page 317, from the prescribed use of li-
mited materials.

«It may be necessary to state that at the time of examination ail
the viscera had been preserved some months in a weak solution of

irit.
_ “The lungs are composed of three small lobes on each side.
The heart is flattened in form from behind forwards, measuring ,,ths
_ of an inch across its base, and but =4,ths in depth ; the want of apex
gives it a rounded and muscular appearance. The liver exhibits
two large and equally-sized lobes, and two smaller lobes. The sto-
mach, a single cavity, measures from the entrance of the esophagus
round the great curve to the pyloric contraction 5 inches +8,ths,
_ the greatest breadth 2 inches ,*,ths, the depth 1 inch +4,ths; the
ae is small and elongated. The length of the small intestines
_ from the pylorus to the end of the dium 3 feet 10 inches ; the ce-
a um and first portion of the colon are of large size, made up of three
_half-circular convolutions, one central, with one of smaller dimen-
sions on each outer side, containing numerous cells and divisions,
strengthened by muscular bands and septa ; the whole length of
s@cum, colon and rectum, measures 4 feet 10 inches. With the
: ion of the cecum and commencement of the colon, which as
_ Ihave stated are voluminous, all the intestines are of very small

32

calibre. The kidneys vary somewhat in shape ; one measures +5,ths
of an inch in length and -3,ths in breadth, that on the opposite side
is much more spherical, The specimen is a female, and the uterine
cornua measure each $+ inches in length.

«Of the skeleton, when mounted, the whole length from the
nose to the end of the tail is 13 inches ;*,ths ; the upper surface
of the cranium from the occiput to the inter-orbital space is ‘in
form triangular and flat, the width at the occiput 1 inch +,th,
of the inter-orbital space +4,ths, the whole length of the head 2
inches +%,ths, the mastoid processes and auditory cells of very
large size, the external meatus also large, oval, directed upwards
and backwards; the zygoma narrow and slender posteriorly, but
deep and stronger at its junction with the malar bone, which has
an ascending bony division between the orbits and temporal fosse ;
the nasal bones narrow, convex, and of parallel diameter; the lower
jaw is curved, broad and strong, the course of the incisor teeth is
visible, and the alveolar cavities of the molar teeth are well defined
externally ; the coronoid processes are wanting, apparently as if
broken off during the preparation of the skeleton, but have obviously
been of very small size; the condyle elongated from before back-
wards, the plate deep, and the posterior angle of considerable length.
Dentition 3g: the exposed portion of the incisors measures +,ths
ofan inch in length ; the molar teeth are all made up of three parallel
portions or bony lamina, each portion invested with a thin coat of
enamel and closely united, the base of a molar tooth presenting six
lines of enamel and three cavities; the anterior third of the first
molar tooth on each side, above and below, is smaller than the
other two portions, and gives to these teeth a triangular-shaped
crown ; the posterior third portion of the last molar tooth on each
. side above is nearly round, and gives an increase of surface to these
also ; in the molar teeth of the lower jaw the fold of enamel between
the first and second portions of the bony lamine of each tooth does
not reach quite to the outer edge, and the two portions of bone ap-
pear therefore to be only partially separated. ‘The direction of the
parallel lamine of all the molar teeth is not at right angles with the
line of the maxillary bones, but inclining obliquely from without
backwards.

_‘*The length from the atlas to the end of the tail is 11 inches
sths ; cervical vertebre 7, dorsal 13, lumbar 6, sacral 2, and cau-
dal 23. The scapule are small, measuring 1 inch from the exter-
nal angle to the articulation with the humerus, the spine is but
little elevated, fhe acromion ample, the clavicles perfect; length of
the humerus 1 inch 2,ths, the bone strong and furnished with an
elongated crest descending from the head; from the olecranon to
the carpal articulation 1 inch -°,ths, the ulna and radius firmly an-
chylosed throughout the distal half of their length ; thence to the
end of the longest of the five toes =%,ths of an inch. The ribs 13 pairs.
The hones of the pelvis slender and elongated ; from the crest of the
alium, which is but little produced, to the inferior edge of the
tschium is 1 inch 48,ths; the ossa pubis, slight in structure, advan-

33

cing but little, the symphysis elongated, and the obturator foramen
of large size. The femur is straight, strong and smooth, and mea-
sures 1 inch +,ths ; the tibia 2 inches ,%ths ; the fibula is complete
and forms the external malleolus ; from the os calcis to the end
of the longest toe 2 inches »,th; the toes four in number, of which
‘the outer one is the shortest, the third from the outside the longest,
the second and fourth equal.

‘In the published observations before referred to I stated that
the Chinchilla appeared to be closely allied to Mr. Brookes’s new
genus Lagostomus, and the character of the skeleton of the Chin-
chilla compared with the figure and description of Lagostomus in
the Ist part of the 16th volume of the ‘Transactions of the Lin-
nean Society’ confirms the general similarity. Still, the more
complicated structure of the teeth, and the existence of an additi-
onal toe on each of the feet, require for the Chinchilla the generic
distinction claimed for it by Mr. Bennett and by Mr. Gray.

“The resemblance of the skeleton of the Chinchilla to that of
the Jerboa is also remarkable, particularly in the form of the head,
in the excessive development of the auditory cavities, and the
small size of the anterior extremities compared with the hind legs.”

Mr. Yarrell having concluded the reading of his Notes, it was
remarked that MM. Isidore Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire and Dessalines
d’Orbigny had proposed, in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles’

___ for November 1830, the creation of a new genus, Callomys, to in-
_ ¢lude the Chinchilla and the Viscaccia. The latter animal is the
_ Dipus maximus, De Bl., and consequently the type of the genus
_ Lagostomus, described by Mr. Brookes in a paper read before the
_ Linnean Society in 1828, and published in the Transactions of that
___ body in 1829, in which the system of dentition and the osteology
are treated of in detail. The Chinchilla, long known in commerce
but only recently made known to science, was described as the type
of a distinct genus, under its common name, by Mr. Bennett in
1829, and by Mr. Gray in August 1830: its true characters seem
even now to be unknown to the French authors above referred to,
who appear to be acquainted with its skin alone, and never to have
examined either its teeth or the number of its toes, In these re-
_Spects it deviates from the characters of their proposed genus; a
enus which cannot be adopted, inasmuch as it is composed of
eterogeneous materials, and as the two types included in it have
_ both previously been described and designated as distinct groups.
my -

\

Specimens were exhibited of the érachee of various Gallinaceous
Birds included in the genera Pauai, Crax and Penelope of M. Tem-
‘minck ; and Mr. Yarrell observed that these birds have each, as
far as they have yet been examined, been found to possess a spe-
_ @ific difference in their organs of voice. Among thetrachee placed
on the table was that of the Red-knobbed Curassow, Crax Yarrellit,
_ Benn., a new species lately described from the Society's Menagerie,
_ and which had recently died. The trachea of this species differs
9m all those previously known, but most resembles that of the

34

Crax Alector, L.; while in external characters the bird approaches
the Crax globicera, L., from which it is distinguished by the redness
of its cere and by a prominence on each side under the base of the
lower jaw, in addition to the globose knob near the base of the
upper. The tube in the Crax Yarrelli is straight throughout its
whole length, except a short convolution imbedded in cellular
membrane placed between the shafts of the os furcatorium. The
trachea is narrow, and the fold, invested and supported by a mem-
branous sheath, gives off one pair of muscles, which are in-
serted externally helow the apex of the os furcatorium. The lower
portion of the tube, immediately above the bone of divarication,
sends off a pair of muscles to be inserted upon the sternum. The
upper pair of muscles (furculo-tracheal) influence the length of the
tube above the convolution. The inferior pair (sterno-tracheal)
have the same power over the bronchial tubes and that portion of .
the trachea which is below the convolution.

Several specimens were laid on the table of a Clupea taken in the
mouth of the Thames, which Mr. Yarrell regarded as distinct from
the common Herring of our coasts, the Clupea Harengus, Linn. He
dedicated it to Dr. Leach, who, he was informed, has often stated
that the British coast possessed a second species of Herring, The
Clupea Leachit is much deeper in proportion than the common Her-
ring, an adult fish 8 inches long being 1 inch {ths deep, while a com-
mon Herring of the same depth measures 103 inches in length. The
dorsal and abdominal lines of the new species are much more con-
vex; the latter is keeled, but has no serration. The under jaw has
three or four prominent teeth placed just within the angle formed
by the symphysis: the upper maaille have their edges slightly cre-
nated. The eye is large. The scales are smaller than in the other
species, and there is no distinct lateral line. The back and sides
are deep blue with green reflections, passing into silvery white be-
neath. The dorsal fin is placed behind the centre of gravity; but
not so far behind it as in the common Herring. The number of the
fin-rays and of the vertebre differ in the two species as follows :

D. Pinay A. C. Verlebra,

Clup. Harengus Ding Ate, Dida Law 20 ten

Clup. Leachi 1: aa by Ge Yee ae a
The new species differs also from the common Herring in flavour,
being much more mild. It is now full of roe, while the adult com-
mon Herrings ceased spawning in November, and having retired
subsequently to the deep waters are not at present to be met with
on the southern coast. Mr. Yarrell added, that there was reason to
believe that a third species of Herring, of a larger size than either of
the others, occurred sometimes on our eastern coast. He also men-
tioned that he had obtained last summer from the Thames, the
two Shads regarded by M. Cuvier as the Clupea Alosa, Linn., and
the Clupea fallax, LaCép.

Mr, Yarrell stated that he had received a letter from Mr. Dill-

35

wyn, mentioning the capture in Swansea Bay of a specimen of the
Labrus maculatus, Bloch ; being a second instance of the occurrence
of this fish on the British coasts within a few weeks.

Mr. Yarrell also stated that the Summer Duck, Anas sponsa,Linn.,
male and female, had been shot recently near Dorking. The Anas
_ occidua had also occurred in this country : and another American

and Northern species of bird, the Alauda alpestris, Linn.

The Chairman resumed the subject of the Himalayan birds, and

exhibited and described the following species.

PHONICURA C@ERULEOCEPHALA. Phen. atra, abdomine striga-
que alarum longitudinali albis ; capite pallidé ceeruleo.

Statura Phen. communis.

PHGNICURA LEUCOCEPHALA. Pheen.corpore apicequecaude@ atris ;
abdomine, crisso, uropygio, cauddque rufis ; capite supra albo.

Statura Phen. rubecule.

PHGNICURA RUBECULOIDES. Phen. capite, collo, corporeque su-
pra atro-cceruleis, capitis summo splendidiore ; abdomine albo ;
pectore rufo.

Statura Phen. cceruleocephale.

PHe@nicura FULIGINOSA. Phen. corpore fuliginoso-plumbeo ;
cauda rufa.

Statura paullo major quam precedens.

Emperiza cristata. Mas. Emb. capite cristato corporeque
atris ; alis caudaque rufis.

Feem., aut Mas jun.? Capite subcristato corporeque fuscis, abdo-
mine imo pallidiori ; alis cauddque rufescentibus, fusco tinctis.

Statura Carduelis communis.

LampProToRNIs sPILopTERUS. Mas. Lamp. supra plumbeo-ca-
nus, plumis ad apicem fusco marginatis ; subtus albus, rufo tinctus ;
uropygio rufescenti ; remigibus atris viridi splendentibus, ma-
cula alba ; caudd brunned; gula intensé rufa.

Foem. Supra pallidé brunnea, subtus albescens, brunneo tincta.

-Statura Lamp. cantoris.
Myovnonus Horsrietpu. Myoph. ccerulescenti-ater, fronte,
- humeris, marginibusque plumarum pectoris splendidé ceeruleis.

Statura Myoph. cyanei, Horsf.

Puasianus Stace. Phas. stramineo-albus, supra frequenter,
subtus parce nigro fasciatus, dorso abdomineque imis rufescenti-
bus ; capite cristato fusco ; cauda fasciis latis nigris, ad basin
interné rufis, ornata. ’

Longitudo corporis ab apice rostri ad apicem caudex, 3 pedes

41 uncias. ,

Oris niGRicers. Ot. corpore supra pallidé badio, rufo-brunneo
raciliter undulato ; collo, maculis parcis alarum, abdomineque al-
is ; capite cristato, tectricibus alarum exterioribus, remigibus, no-

tdque grandi pectorali nigris.

Longitudo corporis ab apice rostri ad apicem caude, pedes 4 ;

latitudo, 44. ;

36

The Chairman also directed the attention of the Committee to a
remarkable deficiency observable in some of the groups of the Pszt-
tacide, viz. the absence of the os furcatorium. This deficiency he had
observed in the osteology of the Psittacus mitratus, the Platycercus
eximius, and the Psittacula galgula; skeletons of the two last of which
species were exhibited. He observed that this extraordinary defi-
ciency evinced the approaching affinity of that group of birds to
the Rasores, one of the most conspicuous groups of which, the typi-
cal Struthionide, exhibited a like deficiency, indicating a corre-
sponding failure in the powers of flight.

37

February 22, 1831.

N. A. Vigors, Esq. in the Chair.

A specimen was exhibited of a young Nyl-ghau, (Antilope picta,
Pall.,) which was born at the Society’s Farm in January last. The
mother of this individual had borne two young about twelve months
since, while in the possession of His late Majesty. On the present
occasion she had also borne two, one of which is still living. The
differences between the young and the adult animal were pointed
out. The latter is well known. The former is generally of a dull
reddish fawn colour, which is brighter on the lower part of the legs.
A line along the belly, descending a short distance down the inside
of the legs, together with a line on the fore part of the hock, is
white. The under Jip, a line along its under surface, and a cres-
cent-shaped spot mounting on each side round the base of the lower
jaw, are also white. A spot above the front of the eye, and one
behind the angle of the mouth are white, as are also the inside of

_ the ears. A black line passes along the middle of the nose, and
spreading out between the eyes, becomes suffused and lost. From
between the ears a black line passes along the middle of the back tothe
root of the tail. A black line passes down the front of the fore legs,
_ commencing near their upper part, expanding in front of the knees,
_ then contracting, and afterwards dilating again above the base of the
hoof, which it surrounds. Above the pastern on the inner side is a
white spot ; and there is a white spot just above the hoofs both on
the outer and inner side. On the front of the lower part of the
hinder legs there isa black line, and the pastern and feet are black.
Above the pastern the limb is surrounded in front by a broad half
ring of white ; and there are two white spots, nearly uniting in
_ front, above the hoofs. The ears at their base for more than half
their length, together with their extreme tip, are of the general fawn
_ of the body becoming much lighter towards their outer margin : but
a broad black blotch occupies nearly their upper half, with the ex-
a. of the extreme tip. The tail is white beneath, and its tip
is black.

_ Mr. Cox adverted to the prevalence among Sheep of prolapsus
uteri, which he stated to be almost universally fatal to the animals
afflicted with it, and for the relief of which he pointed out a simple
_and efficient method. In a sheep suffering from this cause he re-
moved the protruded parts by the application of a ligature ; the
animal was subsequently turned out to grass, and becameas healthy
and as fat as any of the flock with which it was associated. Mr.
Brookes stated that prolapsus is equally frequent in some other
animals, and gave the history of a case in which profuse and almost

[No. IV.] Zoo. Soc. PRocEEDINGS OF THE CoMM. OF SCIENCE.

38

fatal hemorrhage ensued from cutting away the displaced parts :
he fully agreed in the propriety of removing them by ligature.

Mr. Bennett called the attention of the Committee to one of the
Spider- Monkeys, (Ateles, Geoff.,) at present living in the Society’s
Garden, which he regarded as a new species. He named and cha-
racterized it as the

ATELES FRONTALIS. At, ater, maculd frontali semilunari albd.
Statura 4¢t. atri, F. Cuv.

By the white patch on the forehead and the radiation of the hair
from the back of the neck, this monkey approaches the 4t. hybridus,
described in the ‘ Dictionnaire Classique d’Histoire Naturelle,’ by
M. Isidore Geoffroy-Saint Hilaire. In the latter, however, the co-
lours of the body are varied and generally light, the darkest tint
which is mentioned as occurring on the specimen described being
the pure brown of the head and anterior limbs. In the Society’s
individual, on the contrary, the whole of the hairs, with the excep-
tion of the frontal patch, are jet black: the naked parts of the skin
are also black, except a flesh-coloured space on the face including
the eyes, nose, and lips. It has been suspected that as the lighter-
coloured species of Ateles advance in age they acquire the black
which is so generally prevalent in the group; but this change of
colour yet remains to be proved.

Some notes by Mr. Yarrell of an examination of the body of the
lesser American Flying-Squirrel, (Pteromys volucella, Cuv.,) were
read, The individual examined had lived in the Society’s Collec-
tion for upwards of a year.

The pectoral muscles, and also the muscles of all the limbs were
well marked and of Jarge size ; the clavicles perfect ; and the general
character of the bones similar to that of the Squirrels. The heart
was comparatively large, and the lungs were formed of two unequally
sized lobes on each side, bearing evident marks of inflammation ;
the chest was capacious, the diaphragm being situated very low
down, and dividing the body into two nearly equal cavities. The
liver was composed of six lobes, varying in size, deeply divided,
and placed three on each side; the gall-bladder was small, elon-
gated, and collapsed. The stomach in form and position resembled
that of the Squirrel ; it was triangular, the apex forming the pyloric
portion; the breadth 1~,th of an inch, and 1 inch in depth. The
length of the small intestines was 19} inches; the cecum 1 inch;
the colon and rectum 7 inches; the cecum also resembled that of our
Squirrel in form, but the membrane connecting its inner surface
being more free, the cecum was less curved upon itself. The kid-
neys measured each 5,ths of an inch in length by 43,ths in breadth ;
they were inflamed; and both ureters were also diseased and en-
larged. The subject was a female, and the uterine cornua measured
each 1 inch inlength. The whole length of the intestinal canal was
28 inches ; the length of the animal from the nose to the origin of
the tail 4: inches.

39

The stomach, cecum, and portions of the skeleton were laid on
the table. Mr. Brookes remarked that the cartilage which, passing
from the carpus, affords support to the volitant membrane in the
Flying- Squirrels, is found in all the Pteromyes and Sciuroptert ; but
that it does not exist in Galeopithecus.

One of the specimens of Suricate (Ryzena tetradactyla, Illig.),
which were exhibited to the Committee on the 25th January, having
died, the following notes respecting its anatomy were read by Mr,
Owen.

« The specimen was a female, and measured, from the end of the
snout to the vent, 11 inches. On opening the body it was observed
that the bile had exuded through the peritoneum, and had stained the
‘ensiform cartilage close to which the fundus of the gall-bladder lay.
The viscera of the abdomen presented a beautiful appearance when
exposed; the liver occupied the hypochondriac and epigastric re-
gions ; below this appeared the stomach with its vessels injected,

and along the convexity of this organ the spleen swept across the
abdomen from the left to the right lumbar region ; the convoluted
intestines occupying the lower part.

“ The cesophagus has a course of about half an inch in the abdo-
men, and enters the stomach half an inch from the left extremity
of that viscus. ‘The stomach is of a full oval shape, without any
contraction in the middle, and retaining the same circumference to
very near the pylorus: its longitudinal diameter is 2 inches; its
depth 1 inch 10 lines. There is a large omentum, broadly attached
to the stomach and spleen, which was hidden among the convolu-
tions of the small intestines. The duodenum makes a large curve at
the right side of the abdomen, is a loose intestine throughout its
whole course, having a mesoduodenum which becomes shorter as it
‘approaches the spine at the lower part of its curve ; it is continued
into the jejunum before it crosses the spine. The small intestine
then descends into the left iliac region, makes a sudden turn up-
wards, and after a few convolutions again at the lower part of the
_ abdomen, terminates in the cecum which is situated in the left lum-
bar region just above the left kidney. The circumference of the
small intestines is nearly the same throughout their course, viz.
Linch; their length 3 feet 2 inches.

‘Lhe cecum is nearly an inch in length, with a rounded extremity,
and rather contracted at its commencement ; but its position and
- direction are the reverse of the cecum in the human subject, having
- the blind end pointing to the diaphragm, and lying, as in birds, by
the side of the small intestine, and in the direction of the large intes-
tine, which is continued almost straight down to the anus. There
‘is not any natural division into colon or rectum, the large intestine
being without longitudinal bands or sacculi,and measuring in length
only six inches. The circumference is rather more than that of the
‘small intestines.

_“ The liver is tripartite, with a lobulus Spigelii ; the right division
is bilobed; the middle division has three lobes, with the gall bladder

40

lodged deep in the right fissure, and the coronary ligament in the

‘left; the left division is entire. The gall-bladder is large; it had
an irregularly contracted surface. The ductus choledochus enters
the duodenum half an inch from the pylorus.

‘«« The pancreas has a singular form. A thick transverse portion
extends from the spleen behind the stomach to the pylorus; it then
divides and forms a circle, which lies in the concavity of the great
curve of the duodenum; sending off one or two processes in the
mesoduodenum. Pails

‘«« The spleen is a flat elongated body, four inches in length, about
an inch in breadth, with the margins irregularly notched ; one of
these is thicker than the other, so as to give it the appearance of a
three-sided body. Two large veins go from it to the vena porte ;
on inflating these, the whole substance rose and became turgid, ap-
pearing to be little else than a receptacle for venous blood.

«« The kidneys are small oval bodies, having the veins partly
ramifying on their exterior, as in the Civet, the Genette, and the
Cats.

“ The lungs have three lobes on the left side and four on the right,
one of which lies in the mesial line behind and below the heart. This
single lobe, which is very general in the Mammalia, has consider-
able analogy with the Jobulus Spigelii of the liver.

« The heart is oblong, with a round obtuse apex. The left
brachial vein joins the superior cava ; the arch of the aorta gives off
the two carotid arteries and the right brachial by a common trunk,
then the left brachial artery.

«« The rings of the trachea are regular and of uniform size, in-
complete behind, in number thirty-six. The arytenoid cartilages
have thin elevated apices. The sides of the epiglottis extend back-
wards as far as the cricoid cartilage, and it arches over the rima
glottidis like a penthouse or shed. ‘The thyroid gland consists of
detached lobes lying below the /arynz, in the interspace of the eso-
phagus and trachea.

«““ The tongue measures one inch and eight lines ; it becomes
gradually thinner to the tip, which is neatly rounded.. The horny
papille are principally collected in three groups, one near the apes,
and one on either side near the middle of the tongue.

“« The esophagus has longitudinal ruge internally.

«© The parts ef generation showed, by their vascular condition,
evident traces of recent excitement: this individual, indeed, had
been observed to receive the advances of the male ashort time pre-
vious to her death ; but there was no visible proof of impregnatiun
having taken place. The vagina had longitudinal ruge on its inner
aspect ; the wrethra opened close to the external aperture, within a
small fold of membrane, but without any appearance of clitoris. From
the os tince to the commencement of the cornua uteri was half an
inch ; the cornua were an inch in length; the fold of peritoneum, or
broad ligament, was continued from them as high as the upper part
of the kidneys. The fallopian tubes made a turn round the ovaries,
their extremities being closely attached to the capsules of these

41

lands. The ovaries themselves were small oval bodies, being about
three lines in the long diameter, and were surrounded bya small cap-
sule of peritoneum; I observed on one part a small dark coloured
speck, which was probably a corpus luteum.

«« Two small glandular follicles open on either side of the orifice
of the urethra, and two larger spherical bags open at the verge of the
anus ; these were filled with a white unctuous secretion, which had
a faint odour, like the ordinary secretions of glandule odorifere.
The quantity of this secretion probably had reference to the con-
dition of the sexual organs before alluded to.

“© The principal morbid appearances were in the lungs. They
were of a dark livid colour, and in a state almost approaching to

_ hepatization. Hurried and impeded respiration was the principal
- symptom noticed before death. The stomach and small intestines
betrayed traces of inordinate vascular action,

« In the structure of the alimentary canal, especially of the
cecum, and in the remarkable shortness of the large intestines, this
animal has a close affinity with the Czvet and Genette, as well as in
the structure of the kidneys as before mentioned. The inferior sur-
face of the tarsus is destitute of hair, as in many of the Viverride,
in the true plantigrade Mammali1, and in the Kangaroo ; like the
_ Jatter animal, the Suricate is in the habit of assuming the upright

position, resting on the ¢arsus. It is carnivorous, and while in con-
finement, manifested great agitation at the sight of small birds.”

In conclusion, Mr. Owen remarked, that the appearances which
he had noticed, agreed with the description of the viscera of the ani-
mal, as recorded by Daubenton, so far as that distinguished com-
parative anatomist had observed them.

The Chairman exhibited a collection of Birds which had been
made in the Island of Mauritius by Mr. Telfair, an active and well
known Corresponding Member of the Society. They had been
consigned to Mr. Barclay of Bury Hill in Surrey, who had pre-

_ sented them to the Society. Several species were of interest, as
being confined to the Island and its immediate vicinity, and being
uncommon in European collections: and others, although found in
Europe, as affording some facts respecting the geographical range
of species. Mr. Vigors proposed to lay a catalogue of the collec-
tion before the Committee at an early Meeting; and on the present
occasion named and characterized the following apparently new
species of Spoonbill.
_- Pratavea Tevratirit. Plat. corpore unicolore albo, rosaceo levi-
ter tincto ; regione circa rostrum, mandibuld superiort, pedibus-
que rubris ; mandibuld inferiori nigrescenti, basi flava.
Longitudo corporis a mandibule basi ad apicem caudz, 254;
-rostri, 8 ; ale acarpo ad apicem remigis 2de, 16 ; tarsi, 6 ; cauda@, 6.

__ The Chairman again resumed the exhibition of the Himalayan
birds ; and calling the attention of the Committee to the number of
_ Specizs now known to belong to the genus Lantus as restricted by

4:2

modern authors, and to the expediency of subdividing the group

according to the modifications of form exhibited in the wings and »

tail, proposed the following characters as separating the two ge-
nera.
Lantus.

Rostrum longitudine mediocre, robustum, compressum, ad basin
rectum, ad apicem curvatum, mandibule superioris tomiis fortiter
emarginatis, dentem conspicuum exhibentibus ; xaribus basalibus,
lateralibus, feré rotundatis, membrana partim tectis ; rictu setis
rigidis munito.

Pedes mediocres ; digitis liberis ; acrotarsiis laté scutellatis. ;

Ale subacuminate, subbreves ; remige prima brevissima, tertia
longissima, ceteris gradatim decrescentibus.

Cauda brevis, equalis aut subrotundata.

Typus genericus, Lanius Collurio, Linn.

CoLLuRIo.

Rostrum pedesque ut in genere Lanio.

Ale subrotundate, breves; remige prima brevi, secunda sequen-
tibus paullo breviore, tertiad quartaé et quinta feré zqualibus lon-
gissimis.

Cauda elongata, gradata.

Typus genericus, Lanius Excubitor, Linn.

To the latter group the following Himalayan species belong.

CotLurio Harpwicku. Coll. capitis parte anteriore, strigd per
oculos ad collum extendente, alis, cauddque nigris ; capitis vertice,
corpore infra, macula medid alarum, caude tectricibus, rectricibus
duabus lateralibus, ceterarumque, quatuor mediis exceptis, bast
apiceque albis ; occipite, nuchd, dorsoque imo albescenti-griseis ;
dorso medio lateribusque abdominis ferrugineis.

Rostrum pedesque nigri. Caput superné albo nigroque colore in
duas feré partes transversim divisum. Longitudo corporis, 8; ale
a carpo ad remigem 3tiam, 31; rostri, 2; tarsi, 4; caude, 33.

Bay-backed Shrike, Lath.? Gen. Hist. vol.11. p. 13. sp.6.

This bird appears to be the same as that referred to in Dr. La-
tham’s work, the description of which is taken from one of the draw-
ings of General Hardwicke, to whom the species is inscribed.

CoLLuRio ERyTHRONOTUS. Coll, striga frontali per oculos ad

medium colli extendente, alis, rectricibusque quatuor mediis ni-
oe 3 capite supra, nuchd, dorso superiori, rectricibusque latera-

ibus pallidé cinereis ; corpore infra, alarum maculd medid, remi-
gum interiorum apicibus, rectricum lateralium marginibus omni-
umque apicibus, albis ; scapularibus, dorso imo, abdominisque la-
teribus ferruginets. =

Rostrum pedesque nigri, illius mandibula inferiori ad basin flaves-
centi. Striga per oculos nigra, supra graciliter albo marginata.
Tectrices alarum inferiores albz. Longitudo corporis, 104; ale a
carpo ad apicem remigis 3tiz, 335. rostri, 7; tarst, 14; caude, 44.

This bird was observed to bear a great resemblance to the de-

43

scription of the grey-backed Shrike of Dr. Latham, (Gen. Hist.vol. ii.

p-9. sp.3.) but to differ from it in the colours of the Jesser wing-

coverts and tail; the former being all black in the Himalayan spe-
cies, and blue grey, ending in pale rufous in Dr. Latham’s, while the
tail in the former species had four black middle feathers and the
rest cinereous, but in the latter had the two middle ones only black,
the rest being white. In a group exhibiting so much similarity in
the disposition of the colours as the present, such differences are
material as distinguishing species.

Cottunio TepHRONoTUS. Coll. fascid frontali pergracili ad
medium colli per oculos latits extendente nigra ; capite, nuchd,
scapularibus, dorsoque saturatius cinereis ; collo anteriori pecto-
reque albescentibus, hoc fusco graciliter fasciato ; abdomine cris-
soque ferrugineis ; alis cauddque brunneo-fuscis, apicibus palli-
dioribus ; dorso imo tectricibusque caude@ superioribus subrufes-
centibus.

Tectrices alarum inferiores ferrugineo fuscoque notate. Statura

paullo minor quam in specie precedenti.

This bird also was observed to be closely allied to the last, and
to differ from it probably only in sex or age. Until such points
however could be ascertained, it was considered adviseable to regard
it as specifically distinct.

Another interesting modification of form was exhibited among the
Shrikes, in which the forked tail, acuminated wing, and short and
feeble legs of the birds allied to Dicrurus appeared united to the
head and bill of some of the Stares, particularly the genus Pastor.
Mr.Vigors characterized the form under the generic name of

‘

FE
.
4
a
7
:

HypSsIpeETEs.

_ Rostrum subelongatum, debile, parum curvatum, apice leviter
emarginatum ; naribus basalibus, lateralibus, longitudinalibus, mem-
brana partim clausis; rictéis setis paucis, parum rigidis.

_ Ale subelongate, subacuminate ; remige prima brevi, secunda
longiori septimz aquali, tertia et sexta zequalibus, quarta et quinta
wzqualibus longissimis.

Pedes brevissimi, debiliores ; acrotarsiis scutellatis.

_ Cauda subelongata, forficata, rectricibus extrorsum spectantibus.
_. Hypsiperes Psaroipes. Hyps. capite supra subcristato, remi-
gum apicibus, rectricibusque nigris ; corpore alisque cineraceo-
___ griseis ; abdomine imo crissoque pallidioribus.

_ Rostrum pedesque flavi. Tectricum alarum remigumque pogonia
erna fusca. Tectrices alarum inferiores cineraceo-grisee. Lon-
tudo corporis, 114; ale a carpo ad apicem remigis 3tiz, 5; rostri
1; tarsi, 3; cauda, 41.
The following species were also exhibited and described.
MusciretA BREVIROSTRIS. Mas. Musc. capite, collo, nuchéa,
dorso superiori, alis, rectricibusque mcdiis splendenti-nigris ;
corpore infra, dorso imo, pteromatum apicibus, fascia remigum,
rectricibusque lateralibus splendidé coccineis ; rostro brevi, sub-

debili.

Ad

Fom.? Fonte, corpore infra, dorso imo, fascid alarum, rectrici-
busgue lateralibus flavis ; capite, nuchd, scapularibus, dorsoque
superiori griseis ; alis rectricibusque mediis nigris.

Longitudo corporis, 83; ale, 33; rostri, ~,; tarsi, 4; cauda, 4.

CarDUELIs spinoipes. Mas. Card. fronte, occipite, collo corpo-
reque infra, ptilis, pteromatum apicibus, fascid remigum, rectri-
cumque lateralium basibus flavis ; capite supra dorsoque oliva-
ceis ; alis cauddque fuscescenti-nigris.

Foeem.? Coloribus minis saturatis; abdomine dorsoque olivaceo-
Susco striatis. 2

Statura paulo major quam Card. Spini.

Picus aAuniceps. Mas. Pic. capite supra aureo ; occipite, cbdomine
imo, crissoque coccinets ; colli parte creas et strigd utrinque
laterali, corporeque supra nigris ; colli parte frontali et lateribus,
corporeque infra albis, hoc nigro striato ; scapularibus, pteroma-
tibus, remigibus, rectricibusque lateralibus albo-maculatis ; dorso
medio griseo, albo nigroque fasciato.

Foem. Sine nota coccinea occipitali.

Statura Pic. medii.

Picus pyemmus. Mas. Pic. capite supra dorsoque medio griseo-
canis, hoc albo nigroque fusciato; strigd utrinque per oculos ad
nucham extendente, guld, maculisque pteromatum remigum et
rectricum lateralium albis; pectore abdomineque albescentibus,
JSusco graciliter striatis; noté longitudinali gracili utrinque post
oculos coccined.

Feem. Sine notd coccined postoculari.

Statura minor quam Pic. minoris.

The male exhibited of this species was observed to have the two
middle tail feathers elongated beyond the rest, and the lateral fea-
thers were shown to be altogether soft and flexible, like those of
the genus Picumnus, Temm.

Cinnyris Goutpi®. Cinn. capite supra, gulé colloque in fronte,
regione auriculari, strigd utrinque gracili ad latera colli usque
ad humeros extendente, uropygio, caude tectricibus, rectrici-
busque duabus mediis elongatis purpureo et ceeruleo metallicé
splendentibus; capitis lateribus, occipite, nuchd, scapularibus, dorso
summo, ptilisque sanguineo-rubris ; dorso imo, pectore, abdomi-
neque sulphureis, his sanguineo sparsis ; remigibus rectricibusque
lateralibus fuscis.

Longitudo circiter 5 uncias.

Mr. Vigors expressed the pleasure which he felt in dedicating

this species to the accomplished artist, Mrs. Gould, who executed
the plates of these Himalayan birds.

|
>

March 8, 1831.
Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart. in the Chair.

The Report on the animals for the importation of which the Coun-
cil should be recommended to take measures (prepared in pursuance
of a Resolution of the Committee, Jan. 11.), was presented and read
by Mr. Vigors. It was directed that it should be suspended in the
Meeting Room for the consideration of the Members of the Com-
mittee until the next Meeting, to which it should be again submitted,
and its adoption be recommended.

An extract was read from the ‘ Lecture faite & la lére Séance
Annuelle de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de \’Isle Maurice,
24 Aout, 1830, par M. Julien Desjardins, Sécretaire de la Société,’
a manuscript copy of which had been transmitted by that Society.

- The zodlogical labours of the Mauritius Natural History Society
have, during the first year of its existence, embraced numerous de-
partments of animated nature.

The Mammalia of the island have been treated of by M. J. Desjar-
dins. They are twenty-six in number, of which twelve only exist in
the wild state. These are enumerated as the Simia Aygula, L.;
Pteropus vulgaris ; Pter. rubricollis, Geof. ; Nyctinomus acetabulo-
sus, Geoff. ; T'aphozous Mauritianus, Geoff. ; Erinaceus setosus, L. ;
Sorex Indicus, Geoff.; Mus Rattus, L.; Mus Musculus, L.; Lepus
nigricollis; Sus scrofa, L. ; and Cervus Elaphus, L.

Various Birds of Mauritius have been brought before the Society,
including the Fulica Chloropus, L.; the Numenius Madagascariensis,
Briss.; and a Snipe, known in the island as the Cul blanc. To the
latter M. L. Desjardins has given, with some doubts, the name of Sco-
lopax Mauritiana.

Several birds from Madagascar have also occupied the attention of

_ the Society, and M. J. Desjardins has identified them as follows : two
_ species*of Falco, Cuv.; Stria flammea, L.; Lovia Madagascariensis,

L.; Corvus Dauricus, Lath. ; a species of Regulus, Cuv.; Cuculus
canorus, L.; Tetrao Coturnix, L.; Scopus Umbretta ; Rallus Mada-

_ gascariensis, n.s.; Fulica Chloropus, L.; Fulica cristata, Gmel. ;

Scolopax Capensis, L.; Colymbus minor, L.; and four species of the

_ genus Anas, L.

There are very few Reptiles met with on the island. An instance

_ has occurred of the discovery of a living Snake, the second within
the memory of the inhabitants. It was the Coluber rufus, LaCép. ;

and had probably been brought from India in some ship. The earlier
travellers speak of the existence of Tortoises, but none are new found.

_M. J. Desjardins has, however, discovered three deposits of the re-
"mains of these animals, all of which are evidently of modern date,

their age not exceeding two or three centuries. There are two
[No. V.] Zoox. Soc. PROCEEDINGS OF THE Comm. oF SCIENCE.

46

Saurian Reptiles, which, although common, remained undescribed
‘until M. L. Desjardins gave to them the names of Scincus Telfairii
and Scinc. Bojerii: he has also described a third, smaller and much
more uncommon than the others, the Scinc. Boutonii.

Three new species of Fishes have been described and figured by
M. T. Delisse. They are a Heniochus, Cuv.; a Holacanthus, Cuv. ;
and an Ophidium, L.

In invertebrated animals, especially those which inhabit the sea,
Mauritius is rich. Among the 4nnelida, M. Liénard, sen. has de-
scribed an Amphitrite, which he believes to be new: he has also
described the Amph. voluticornis and Amph. splendida, Lam., together
~ with three new species, the Amph. fuscata, albicans, and tricolor. A
lacustrine Evpobdella has been described by M. L. Desjardins, who
has preserved to it the trivial name of sex-lineata, doubtingly given
by MM. Quoy and Gaimard. Three new species of Crustacea, of the
genera Lupa, Plagusia, and Cancer, have been described by M. Lié-
nard, jun.: and M. De Lisse, sen., has proposed to regard as the type
of a new genus the Homard sans cornes of the fishermen ; to this
group he gives the name of Scyllibacus, and places it between Scylla-
rus, Fab. and Ibacus, Pér. The species is named Scyllibacus orientalis.
Many Insects have been exhibited at the meetings of the Society, and
M. J. Desjardins has read a description and history of the metamor-
phoses of the Coccinella sulphurea, Oliv. Among the Cirrhipeda a
_ new species of Pentalasmis, allied to Pent. striata, Leach, has been de-

scribed by M. Desjardins under the name of Anatifa Mauritiana.

The Radiata which have been described, are a species of Fistularia,
Lam., and anew species of Cephea, the Ceph. lamellosa, so named by
M. Liénard, jun. on account of the foliaceous lamelle@ which cover
the under surface of its arms.

Among the Mollusca, six species of Doris have been described by
M. Liénard, sen., to one of which,-regarded-by -him-as. new, he has
given the name of Dor. marginata. The same gentleman has also de-
scribed a Pleurobranchus. M. Liénard, jun. has described another
species of Doris, and has given a description of a Dolabella, with
an account of its anatomy. :

Such is a brief outline of the zoological labours of the Mauritius
Natural History Society, which within the short period of its exist-
ence has received no less than fifty memoirs, descriptions, and notices
on different branches of natural science.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Martin read his notes of the
dissection of a specimen of the Testudo Indica, L.,.which recently
died at the Society’s Gardens.

The animal was of large size, although considerably less than one
formerly in the possession of the Society, the dissection of which,
by Mr. Yarrell, has been published in the Zoological Journal. The
carapace or dorsal shell measured 2 feet 11 inches in length, and the
plastron or ventral shell 2 feet 4 inches. The breadth was 1 foot
9 inches. ;

_ The length of the stomach was 2:feet; the circumference ‘in the

47

largest part 1 foot 3 inches; its shape a flattened oval, contracting
gradually towards the pylorus. On opening it, the coats, and espe- -
cially the middle or muscular, were found extremely thick and firm,
and increasing in thickness towards the pylorus, which protruded in
a singular manner, to the distance of nearly an inch into the duo-
denum, at which part a few longitudinal ruge were observed, the
rest of the lining membrane being perfectly smooth, It contained
alittle fuid only. The liver presented nothing remarkable ; it con-
sisted of two principal lobes, in the right of which the gall-bladder
was buried, so as just to show itself; the length of the gall-bladder
was 2 inches.
: The small intestines were thick and firm, their length being 3 feet
_ G inches. The gall-duct enters the duodenum 3 inches, and the
pancreatic duct 10 inches, below the pyloric orifice. On laying open
the small intestines, their lining membrane appeared corrugated with
numerous longitudinal rug@, and they were found perfectly empty.
The large intestines were smooth on their internal surface, and
filled with an immense mass of condensed vegetable matter, which
was green and fibrous, and appeared to have only partially under-
gone the process of digestion. In the colon near the entrance of the
small intestines were two or three small black patches, seemingly
gangrenous. There was no cecum. The circumference of the colon
measured 9 inches. The length of the large intestines was 6 feet
8 inches, exclusive of the cloaca, which was | foot. ‘
At the lower part of the abdomen, (in a singular cavity, formed by
a diaphragm-like expansion of peritoneum, from which, to the oppo-
site or extreme side, passed numerous bands, bearing a resemblance
to the chorde tendinea, )the urinary bladder, of enormous capacity,was
_ lying loose, irregularly folded, but containing a considerable quan-
tity of viscid fluid: its parietes were thin, but very fibrous in texture.
When moderately distended with air, its shape was made manifest,
‘as trilobed, or rather, as consisting of one large central bag, from
each side of which, a conical process jutted out; the extent from
point to point being 1 foot 10 inches. It opened by a neck of about
_ Binches in length, and closely invested with lung, into the cloaca,
about 6 inches from its termination ; the penis was long and deeply
7 furrowed, and the glans large at the base, with a pointed apex.
_ The lungs were very florid in colour, and extremely light, spongy,
and cellular, the cells being large and distinct. They extended the

_ whole length of the carapace.

Biv ‘The kidneys were situated at the back of the abdomen, in shape

: flat on one side, convex on the other; about 5 inches long,

% eae broad, and consisting of numerous lobes, which gave to
thei

their surface a furrowed or brain-like appearance; the relative
eer. of the venous ramification in them was found to exceed
_ that of the arterial.

_ Asregards the death of the animal, nothing positive could be
determined ; but it appeared to Mr. Martin, from the black patches
about the colon, and the quantity of undigested matter in the large
intestines, to have resulted principally from an unnatural accumu-

lation of fecal matter, and the attending evil consequences.

43

March 22, 1831.
Joshua Brookes, Esq. in the Chair.

The Report on the atimals for the importation of which the Coun-
cil should be recommended to take measures, was again brought
under the consideration of the Committee, and was adopted.

A Report from Mr. Miller, the Superintendent of the Society's
Gardens, was read, explanatory of the circumstances attending the
birth of the Armadillos. On the morning of the Ist February it was
discovered that the female had made a nest of straw, close up to
the pipe that conveys the warm water round the building, and had
brought forth two young, which were quite blind, and measured
about four inches from the head to the tail. The male was imme-
diately removed to another cage, but it was supposed that he had
injured one of the young ones on the head before they were disco-
vered, of which hurt it died on the following morning. At that time
the other young one seemed to be perfectly well, and was sucking;
but it also was found dead on the morning of the 3rd of February. It
was bitten on several parts of the head by the mother. It is probable
that the injuries were inflicted by her in consequence of her young
ones having been moved about; and measures have been adopted to
prevent the recurrence of such disturbance on any future occasion.

The following notes on the Ctenodactylus Massonii, Gray, were
read by Mr. Yarrell :—

** The death of two examples of an interesting little animal from
Barbary, very similar to the Lemmings in external appearance, has
enabled me to place before the Committee some particulars of struc-
ture and anatomy which possess considerable novelty. The subjects
themselves were presented to the Society by Hanmer Warrington,
Ksq., British Consul at Tripoli, a Corresponding Member of this So-
ciety, and one of its most liberal donors. 1

“* From two preserved skins of the same species, in the collection
at the British Museum, Mr. Gray, in his ‘ Spicilegia Zoologica,’ has
lately published an account of this animal, under the name of Cteno-
dactylus Massonii. These specimens were received from the Cape of
Good Hope, and were considered new to science. There is reason
however to believe, as suggested by Mr. Ogilby, that all the four
specimens may be considered identical with the Mus Gundi of Roth-
man, on whose description is founded the Arctomys Gundi of Gmelin
and other writers, and the Gundi Marmot of Pennant’s Zoology,
vol. ii. p. 137 : Rothman’s short description coincides with the animal
in question, and he states that his species inhabits Barbary, towards
Mount Atlas, near Massufin.

“* The resources of the Society furnish the following additional
particulars :—

ee ee

)

49

“« The length of the animal from the nose to the origin of the tail
is eight inches ; of the tail itself, one inch. The general external re-
semblance to the well-known Lemmings has been noticed, but these
examples have but four toes on each foot, with one small naked pad
under each toe: the two middle toes are the longest and equal, the
outer toe the shortest, the inner toe intermediate in length, and on
the hind feet of remarkable structure.

‘‘ Immediately above a short curved nail there is a transverse row
of horny points forming a pectinated apparatus ; above this is a se-
cond parallel row of stiff white bristles ; and over this, a third row of
bristles, which are much longer and more flexible: there are thus
three distinct parallel rows -of points of unequal firmness. The toe
next the inner one has two small fleshy tubercles above the nail,
covered by two rows of bristles, the under one short, the upper long ;
it has no horny points. The two outer toes, without tubercles, have
each only one tuft of long bristles.

«© With this described comb-like instrument on the inner toe only
of each hind foot, the little animals were observed to be continually
dressing their soft light brown fur; and the facility with which they
managed to reach every part of each lateral half with the toe of the
foot on that side, as well as the rapidity of the motion, were very re-
markable.

«© When walking, the whole length of the hinder foot, from toe to
heel, was placed upon the ground; of the anterior extremity the
toes.only rested on the ground.

“© When deprived of the skin, the head appears large compared to
the bulk of the body ; itis wide and flattened in form: the meatus au-
ditorius externus is elongated, forming a tube 2-10ths of an inch in
Jength on the inferior surface, and lined with a dense black pigment.
No cheek pouches exist. The teeth are of singular character,
‘the molars of the upper and under jaws being decidedly different.

Ancisors 5 canine 5, molars 3—3. The incisors of the upper jaw are

stout, square and truncated; the molars are oblong, flat and plain
ion the inside, with one indentation on the outerside. The incisors
lof the lower jaw are.slender and pointed ; the molars somewhat dia-
mond or lozenge-shaped, with one indentation between each of the
four angles. This character more particularly applies to the two an-
‘terior molar teeth of each jaw, the last molar tooth, both above and
below, being more elongated. From the superior incisors to the
‘molars, the roof of the mouth presented four prominent tubercles ante-
rior to the usual rough expanse of the palate. The pharynx and @so-
phagus were narrow. The lungs were made up of one large and two
‘small lobes on each side ; the heart presented nothing remarkable.
-The liver paler than natural, soft, and granulated in appearance, was
composed of two small and one large lobe on the right side, and two
-equal-sized lobes on the left: the gall-bladder large and spherical.
The spleen measured 1 inch and 7-1 0ths in length, and 6-10ths in
width. The stomach, a single cavity, without any apparent division,
measured | inch and 2-10ths in depth, in the direction of the entrance

50

of the esophagus, and 2 inches in breadth: the pyloric orifice con-
tracted, the duodenum dilated to 1 inch and 2-1 0ths in circumference :
length of the small intestines 2 feet and 9 inches. The cecum 3 inches
in length, curved upon itself, 2 inches and 4-10ths in circumference, -
and divided by numerous sepia. The colon equally large at the com-
mencement, but gradually diminishing : at the distance of 7 inches
from the insertion of the ileum it was of small calibre, occasionally
dilated, forming sacculi, in which the fecal matter was collected and
detained. ‘The rectum narrow and uniform in size ; the whole length
of colon and rectum 3 feet 8 inches. The kidney of the right side was
two-thirds of its length in advance of that on the left: each mea-
sured 7-10ths of an inch in its longest diameter, and 4-10ths in
width.

“« Some peculiarities observed in these little animals are worthy of
notice. The molar teeth, as before stated, presented the singular
anomaly of those of the upper jaw being different in their structure
and surfaces from those of the lower jaw. The former, in their
crowns, are very Similar to those figured by M. F. Cuvier, as pecu-
liar to his genus Helamys (Pedetes, Illig.); while those of the lower
jaw somewhat resemble the teeth of the various species of Arvicola.
- The stomach, in form and pyloric contraction, is like the same organ
in the Lemmings (Lemmus), Jerboas (Dipus), and Gerbilles (Ger-
billus). The cecum resembles that of the Guinea-Pig (Cobaya),
Agouti (Dasyprocta), and. Marmot (Arctomys) ; while the sacculated
form of the colon is found in the common House- Rat (Mus decuma-
nus, 1.)

“* Both the specimens possessed by the Society proved to be
females. The skin of one has been preserved for the Museum: the
bones of the other are in preparation for a skeleton, and when
mounted may probably be the subject of further notice.”

Mr. Yarrell having concluded the reading of his notes, it was stated
by Mr. Ogilby, that since the time when he had originally mentioned
his belief of the identity of the Ctenodaciylus Massonii with the Gundi
Marmot, that opinion had been confirmed by a passage in Captain
Lyon’s Travels in Northern Africa, in which the Gundi is so well
described, as to leave no doubt on his mind of its being the same animal
as those presented to the Society by Mr. Warrington.

Mr. Gray remarked, that the individuals of the Ctenodactylus Mas-
sonii which he had described, having been sent from the Cape of Good
Hope, he did not suspect their specific identity with an animal from
Barbary, known to science by short and imperfect notes alone, and of
which no specimen was recorded as existing in any collection. He
added, that the size mentioned by Rohtman, that of a small rabbit, ap-
peared to him to be greater than should be attributed to the animal in
question ; which, moreover, he could not regard as being of a testa-
ceous red colour. In the other particulars mentioned in Rothman’s
brief description, his Mus Gundi agreed well with the Ctenodactylus
Massonii.

A specimen was exhibited of the Otis Kori, Burch., which forms

51

part of the collection of Mr. Gould, This gigantic species of Bustard,
the largest yet. known of its genus, measures upwards of five feet in
height. No figure of it has yet appeared, nor is it described in avy
of the general works on ornithology ; but its characters will be found,
together with some other particulars respecting it, in Mr. Burchell’s
‘Travels in Southern Africa, vol. i. p. 393.

The following notes on the anatomy of a male Suricate were read
by Mr. Owen :-—

‘* Since I had the honour to lay before the Committee an account
of the anatomy of the female Suricate, her male companion, the only
surviving specimen which the Society possessed of this interesting
species, has also died. This circymstance, otherwise to be regretted,
has enabled me to add the following particulars to that account.

“« The ruge of the wsophagus are longitudinal throughout the
whole length of the tube ;—in the Lion, and some others of the feline
genus, the rug@ are transverse at the lower or terminal half of the
@sophagus ;—the cuticular lining is continued about two lines into the
cavity of the stomach, where it terminates by a well-defined edge.
This viscus, which was found moderately distended, presented no
rug@ on the inner aspect, but was lined by a simply villous membrane,
to which layers of coagulated mucus adhered very firmly. The mus-

cular coat was thicker, as is usual, at the pylorus: this aperture was
very small, not more than a line in diameter. An inch beyond this
part the biliary and hepatic ducts entered by a common orifice.
The interior of the small intestines presented a finely villous surface;
and in the ileum were five patches of glandule aggregate, about half
an inch in diameter, with intervals of four or five inches: the largest
of these patches was situated at the termination of the ileum. The
apex of the cecum was occupied by a similar glandular structure.
The terminal orifice of the ilezm was of a circular form, about two
_ lines in diameter, with a tumid margin, but unprovided with a val-
-vular structure. In the lining membrane of the short tract oflarge
- intestines, villi were not perceptible to the naked eye. The verge of
the anus was covered by the apertures uf numerous follicular glands.

“* The disposition and admeasurements of the alimentary canal

‘corresponded with those of the female previously given. ‘The spleen
was one-third smaller ; the pancreas had the same peculiar form, re-
-sembling the neutral symbol of the entomologist ?. The liver had the
same minutely mottled aspect which was observed in the female ; but
-on employing the test of injection, the vascularity of the small bodies,
which might have been mistaken for tubercles, became immediately -
evident, proving them to be the acini of the liver, remarkably dis-
‘tinct in this animal. The inner surface of the.gall-bladder and its
duct was villous, but without ruge@ or valvular structure. The tubu-
lar structure of the kidneys terminates in a single pointed papilla :
_the ureters communicate, and end by a common orifice at the middle
of the posterior surface of the bladder.

*« The testes were about the size of horse-beans, and lay upon the
pubes ; the integument covering them had not any distinct appearance

52

of scrotum. The extremities of the epididymis or globi were propor-
tionately large. The vas deferens had a blind process on each side.
The urinary bladder was contracted, and its coats consequently were
thick: the membranous portion of the urethra was one inch and a
half long, and its. canal wide. The prostatic glands, analogous in
their situation to Cowper's, were two in number, and as large as the
testes; each terminated by a single wide duct, a few lines from the
extremity of the glans. An interesting provision exists to prevent the
secretions of these glands being driven into the large extent of urethra,
which lies between them and the bladder: the inner membrane of
the canal is raised in a semilunar fold behind the entrance of the ducts,
which must act as a very complete valve during the turgescent state
of the parietes of the canal. The penis is about eight lines in length ;
the glans of a pointed form, unarmed, the external orifice a lon-
gitudinal groove directed backwards.

** Both animals died with the pupil expanded, and of a circular
form.”

A description of the Chiru Antelope, by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.,
dated Valley of Nepal, Oct. 18, 1830, was read.—This animal, the
supposed Unicorn of the Bhotians, was first described imperfectly
by Dr. Abel, from an injured skin, and the notes of Mr. Hodgson.
Dr. Abel gave to it the name of Antilope Hodgsonii ; and it has
subsequently been mentioned by M. Lesson as the Ant. Chiru, and
-by Major Hamilton Smith as the Ant. Kemas? Opportunities which
have occurred since his original notes were prepared have enabled
Mr. Hodgson to make some additional observations on other indi-
viduals, the results of which are given in the present paper. The
species may be characterized as follows :—

Ant. Hopcsonu, Abel, Ant. cornubus longissimis, compressis,
gradatim attenuatis, suberectis, lyratis, annulis 15-20 anttcé pro-
minentibus, apicibus tantim levibus : vellere duplici ; interno la-
‘nato cinerascenti-ceeruleo ; externo piloso superné cervino, inferné
albo: tumore molli utrinque supra nares.

Feem. simillima ?

Longitudo circa 5 ped. ; alt. ad humeros 2}—3 ped.

In form the Chiru Antelope approaches the Deer. Its limbs are
long and slender, but not weak: its neck is also rather elongated
and slender: its head tapers forwards, but is somewhat deficient in
elegance on account of the nasal tufts, and of a rather unusual
quantity of hair and bristles about the mouth and nose. In its or-
dinary attitude the line of the back is nearly horizontal; the neck
is bowed outwards and downwards, so that the head is carried not
much above the level of the back ; and there is a stoop in the hind
legs on account of which, though they are rather longer than the
fore legs, the hind quarters are not perceptibly raised.

The ears and tail are moderate, and devoid of any peculiarity ;
so likewise are the suborbital sinuses. The horns are exceedingly
long, measuring in some individuals nearly two feet and a half.
They are placed very forward on the head, and may be popularly

:
A

53

said to be erect and straight, although properly speaking they bend
forwards and outwards, and become suddenly incurved towards their
tips. These latter are rather acute, and the horns near them be-
come round; below they are laterally compressed, and are marked
by aseries of from fifteen to twenty rings, extending from the base
to within six inches of the tip. On the lateral and dorsal surfaces
of the horn these rings are little elevated, and present a wavy rather
than a ridged appearance ; but on the frontal surface they exhibit a
succession of heavy, large ridges, with furrows between.

Close to the outer margin of either nostril is a soft, fleshy, or ra-
ther skinny, tumour or tuft, about the size and shape of the half of
a domestic fowl’s.egg. These tufts, the purpose of which Mr.
epson has been unable to discover, appear to be peculiar to the
Chiru. —

In its double covering the Chiru agrees with all the hairy animals
of Tibet; where not merely the goats and sheep, but the dogs,
horses, and kine, possess an under fleece of soft and fine wool. The
hair forming the external coat is about two inches long, and so
closely set as to present to the touch an impression of solidity ; it
is straight, nearly erect, rather harsh, and feeble, being for the most
— hollow like a quill. Grey blue is the general colour of the

air throughout nine-tenths of its extent from root to tip, a8 well as
exclusively so of the wool beneath the hair. . This radical and
prevalent colour is, however, but dimly seen through the external
or superficial hues with which it is overlaid ; hues which on the
‘upper parts of the animal are fawn-red, and on its under surface
and the inside of its limbs are white. The shoulders are faintly
marked by a tracing of colour lighter than that of the surround-
‘ing parts. Down the front of all the legs runs a black line reaching
‘to the hoofs on the fore legs, but to the knees only on the hind
legs.. The forehead is perfectly black, and a fringe of the same
hue proceeding from the bottom of the frontal skin passes ‘round
the outsides of the nasal tufts. These tufts, as well as the rim
‘surrounding them, are black ; as are also the bristles of the mouth
and lips ; the few hairs, however, which depend from the lower
lip are white.
_ ‘Some of the dimensions of thefully grown young male from which
‘the preceding description was taken are as follow : Entire length,
4 feet 11 inches; length, minus tail, 4 feet 2+ inches ; length, minus
‘head and tail, 3 feet 61 inches; height at the shoulder, 2 feet 8
inches ; height of the fore-leg, 1 foot 8 inches ; of the hinder'leg,
1 foot 9 inches; length of the horns, 2 feet + inch; basal depth of
the horns, fore and aft, 2: inches, from side to side, 14 inch,

The Chiru Antelope is highly gregarious, being usually found in
herds of several scores and even hundreds, It is extremely wild
and unapproachable by man, to avoid whom it relies chiefly on its
wariness and speed; but though shy it is not timid, for if over-
taken it meets danger with a gallant bearing. The individual which
was kept alive at the Residency, though captured very young, was
perfectly fearless, and could only be approached with caution. It

54

is said by some to inhabit the plains of Tibet generally ; while, ac-
cording to others, it is confined to those plains which are within
sight of mountains, especially of the Hemachal mountains. It
cannot bear even the moderate heats of the valley of Népal ; an in-
dividual belonging to the Lama of Digurchee, having died at the
commencement of the hot season, when the maximum of tempera-
ture was only 80°, a temperature seldom reached for two hours a
day or for two days of that month, March.

The Chiru is extremely addicted to the use of salt in the summer
months, when vast herds are often seen at some of the rock-salt-
beds which so much abound in Tibet. They are said to advance
under the conduct of a leader, and to post sentinels around the
beds before they attempt to feed.

To complete this abstract of Mr. Hodgson’s account of the Chiru,
it may be added, that atthe following meeting of the Committee
there was exhibited a drawing of its head and horns, which had
been subsequently transmitted by that gentleman ; together with a
duplicate of his paper, to which he had added.that he had recently
seen a very old male, in which the dark parts ‘had become grizzled
and almost white.

Mr. Vigors recalled the attention of the Committee to the sub-
ject of the Himalayan Birds ; confining his observations this evening
to some species of the family of Merulide or Thrushes. Among
these was a new species closely allied to the common European
Blackbird, exhibiting the yellow bill and general black plumage of
that bird, but differing from it in the varied markings of the wing.
It was characterized as follows.

Turpus paciLopterus. Mas. Turd. corpore nigro, abdomine
imo subcinerascenti-fusco ; remigum mediarum pogoniis eaternis
pteromatibusque cineraceo-griseis, his apice albis ; rostro pedi-
busque flavis.

Foem.? Corpore supra brunnescenti-griseo, subtis pallidiort ; ptero-
matibus remigumque mediarum pogoniis externis ut in mart nota-
tis, sed colore subrufescenti tinctis.

Statura feré Turdi Merule, Linn.

A species of Cinclus was exhibited, differing from the European
in the uniform colouring of the plumage. Mr. Vigors expressed
his opinion that it was the same species as that discovered in the
Crimea by Pallas, and described by M. Temminck in his * Manuel’
as having “tout le plumage, sans exception, d’une seule nuance
brune, couleur de chocolat.”

The following may be given as its specific character.

Cinctus Patrasu, Temm, Cinel. unicolor, intensé brunneus ;

rostro pedibusque fuscis.

Statura Cincli aquatici, Bechst.

Mr. Vigors referring to the bird which had been described by the
Prince of Musignano among the species from the Rocky Moun-~
tains, added to his Synopsis of North American Birds in the ‘Annals
of the Lyceum of New York,’ [p. 439, sp. 94 bis], and which was

55

conjectured by that distinguished naturalist to be the same as thie
Cinclus Pallasii, stated that upon comparing the original specimen,
so described by the Prince, with the present bird, he found them
perfectly distinct. The American bird is of a deep ashen grey co-
lour, the Himalayan of a chocolate brown ;—the bill of the former is
yellow with a dark apex, and the legs are yellow, the same mem-
bers in the latter being fuscous. There are thus three species well
known of this genus; the Cincl. aquaticus, Pallasii, and unicolor,
which latter name had been originally given by the Prince of Mu-
signano to the American bird, on the supposition of its being dis-
tinct. The Cincl. Mexicanus, Swains., [Phil. Mag. July 1827], if
not the same as the Rocky Mountain bird, as stated in the ‘ Annals
of the Lyceum,’ will form a fourth species.

A series of Birds belonging to this family were then exhibited,
which Mr. Vigors referred to a group characterized by Dr. Hors-
field and himself in the 15th volume of the ‘ Linnean Transactions,’
under the name of Cinclosoma, the type of which was an Australian
species, the Turdus punctatus of Dr. Latham. Mr. Vigors pointed .
out the characters that seemed to distinguish the true Thrush, or
the type of the restricted genus Turdus, Auct.; which consist in
a subacuminated wing, in which the first quill feather is ex-
tremely short, almost spurious, the second somewhat shorter than
the third, and the third, fourth and fifth almost equal, and the
longest ; in the tail being even, and of moderate length ; and in the
acrotarsia or front covering of the tarsi being generally entire, or
undivided by any perceptible scales. To this typical division of the
family belong the Throstle, Blackbird, Ring-Ouzel, Red-Wing, Field-
fare, and Missel Thrush of Europe, the migratory Thrush of North
America, the Himalayan Blackbird just described of India, the
varied Thrush of New Holland, &c. &c. On the contrary, the group
of Cinclosoma, while it exhibits the general characters of the bill of
the true Thrushes, although partially modified in some of the spe-
cies, displays an entirely different conformation of the wing and
tail; the former of these members is comparatively short, and
rounded, the first quill feather being of moderate length, the se-

_ cond, third, fourth, and fifth, gradually increasing in length ; the fifth,
sixth, seventh and eighth, nearly equal; and the rest gradually de-
creasing; the tail at the same time being lengthened and gra-
_ duated, as is usually the case in birds where the wings are short
and rounded. The scales also of the acrotarsia in Cinclosoma are
conspicucusly distinct. 1n this group the feathers are generally de-
composed, as has been observed to be the case in the genus 77-
malia, Horsf., to which it bears a close affinity, and from which per-
haps it can only be separated by the more short and arched beak of
the latter group. Mr. Vigors observed that there were several In-
dian species which might be referred to this group. The four fol-
lowing, which were apparently hitherto undescribed, were then cha-
_ Yacterized as belonging to it.
CINCLoSOMA OCELLATUM. Cinclos. capitis fronte et lateribus, cor-
poreque supra rufo-brunneis ; vertice, colloque in fronte nigro-

56

brunneis; pectore albescenti-rufo nigro fasciato ; abdomine pal-
lide rufo, nuchd, dorso, alis, caudeque tectricibus ocellis anticé
atris posticé albis, notatis ; remigibus et rectricibus lateralibus
griseo-fuscis, apicibus albis.

Rostrum pedesque flavescentes, illius culmine fusco. Remigum
mediarum pogonia externa grisea, strigam griseam alarem ex-
hibentes. Yectrices alarum inferiores rufo nigro albescentique
variegate. Longitudo corporis, 14; ale a carpo ad remigis
6te apicem, 5 ; rostri, 143, ; tarsi, 14% ; caude@, 7.

CINCLOSOMA CAPISTRATUM. Cinclos. capite supra, genis, ptero-
matum macula, rectricibusque ad basin intensé atris ; remigum
pogoniis externis, rectricum apicibus, tectricibusque alarum fusco-
griseis, his fascia alba notatis ; dorso medio pallidé brunnescenti-
apse ; collo in fronte, nuchd, pectore, abdomineque summo pal-
idé, dorso abdomineque imis saturatits, rufis.

Rostrum nigrum, pedes flavescentes. Remiges interiores, rectri-
cumque mediarum bases rufi. Longitudo corporis, 10; ale a
carpo ad apicem remigis 6tz, 4; rostri, +4 ; tarst, 13s; caude,
44.

CincLosoMA VARIEGATUM. Cinclos. strigé a rictu per oculos ex-
tendente, mento colloque in fronte, Sas pteromatum et media
alarum, rectricumque mediarum basibus atris; fronte, strigd ge-
narum infra, pectoreque pallidé albescenti-rufis ; notd pteroma-
tum, abdomine crissoque rufis; capite supra, nuchd, dorsoque
brunnescenti-griseis ; alarum pogontis externis, rectricumque me-
diarum quatuor apicibus cineraceo-griseis ; rectricibus quatuor
utringue lateralibus externé flavo-olivaceis, apicibus albis.

Rostrum nigrum, pedes rubri. Longitudo corporis, 11; ale a
carpo ad apicem remigis 6te, 4; rostri, +, ; tarsi, 1255 caude,
44. ?

CrxcLosoMa LINEATUM. Cinclos. capite supra, nucha, dorso imo,
rectricibusque duabus mediis brunnescenti-griseis ; regione post-
oculari, dorso summo, corpore infra, rectricibusque lateralibus
pallescenti-rufis ; his fascia nigra pone apicem album notatis 5
capitis nucheque plumis in medio lineis fuscis, pectoris dorsique
summi lineis pallidis, per totam rhachium longitudinem graciliter
strigatis.

Rostrum pedesque flavescentes. Longitndo corporis, 95; ale a
carpo ad apicem remigis 6ta, 34; rostri, 2; tarsi, 1; cauda,
33.

———————

or
~I

April 12, 1831.
N. A. Vigors, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Coleman, adverting to the statement made at the last meet-
ing of the Committee that the female Armadillo had destroyed her
young, remarked that the cause of this apparent aberration of in-
stinct in a mother was generally to be found in the deficiency of
her supply of milk. In the many cases which had fallen under his
notice, in which female pigs, rabbits, and other domesticated ani- _
mals had destroyed their progeny, he had always observed that the
secretion of milk in the mammary glands of the dam was greatly, if
not entirely, deficient.

A letter was read from M. F. Cuvier, acknowledging the receipt
of the Society’s circular, and embracing the offer contained in it of
establishing a scientific correspondence. M. F. Cuvier states that
the zoological subjects which possess at the present moment the
greatest interest in Paris are those which have been transmitted
from Chili, by M. D’Orbigny, who is now engaged in travelling on
aceount of the Jardin des Plantes. M. F. Cuvier has not yet ex-
amined them with care; but he has observed among them a large
Rodent animal, which is probably the Patagonian Cavy of Pennant,
a species unknown to later zoologists: it forms the type of a new
genus allied to Ancema and Kerodon, its teeth having nearly ‘the
form of those of the last-mentioned group, and being without distinct
roots. He has also remarked a very small species of Rate/, distin-

_ guished from the type of the genus, as it exists in the old continent,

by having two false molar teeth less in each jaw: it is also much
smaller, its size not exceeding that of the Pole-cat, (Mustela puto-
rius, L.) It is remarkable, he adds, that in Chili, the southern
extremity of America, a second species should at length be found
of a genus hitherto met with only in Africa and in India. «If
Buffon had been acquainted with this fact, he would have had a
fine example to adduce in favour of his hypothesis of the diminu-
tive size of the animals of the New World, as compared with those
of the Old.” The Jardin des Plantes has recently obtained living
individuals of the small Deer of America, named by M. F. Cuvier
Cervus campestris ; this will shortly be figured in his Histoire Na-
turelle des Mammiféres.’ Two other Deer have been presented to
the collection by M. Dussumier, by whom they were brought from
Timor : these appear to belong to two new species. From Mada-

ascar, M. Goudot has brought a small carnivorous animal, which
he states to be the true Vansire. The cranium of a very young
specimen agrees closely with that of a very young individual of the
Gulo orientalis, Horsf.; and as these crania in their general struc-
ture and their system of dentition differ from those of the genus

58

Gulo, and approach the crania of the Viverrida, it is probable, M.
F. Cuvier remarks, that the Gulo orientalis, and M. Goudot’s ani-
mal, should both be referred to the family of Civets.

At the request of the Chairman, the following Notes of the dis-
section of the Ruffed Lemur (Lemur Macaco, L.,) were read by Mr.
Martin.

« The Ruffed Lemur which died lately in the Museum was a male,
and one of a fine pair recently brought to this country. It exhibit-
ed. marked symptoms of illness a few days only before its death,
but had probably been long diseased.

“On the abdomen being opened, the viscera presented themselves
as follows, In the epigastric and hypochondriac regions, stretch-
ing from side to side, appeared the liver, and below this the sto-
mach, and the omentum loaded with fat, extending to the pubes, and
covering the whole of the intestines. On turning aside the omentum
and intestines the spleen was observed ; it was large, dark coloured,
bound by adhesions to the surface of the kidneys, and studded with
numerous small vomice, from which, on cutting, a thick pus oozed
out abundantly,

“The liver was trilobed, deeply divided, of a pale colour, singu-
larly mottled with red, and indurated: on cutting into it, the same
paleness was found to obtain, joined to a sort of granulated ap-
pearance and fracture. The gall-bladder was small, and contained
no bile, to the secretion of which the liver was probably of late
inadequate. The ductus choledochus communis entered four inches
from the pylorus.

‘‘ The intestines were pale and flaccid with extensive adhesions
both of these and the mesentery, affording proofs of inflammatory
action. The length of the colon and rectum was two feet; that of
the cecum thirteen inches; the shape of the latter was not unlike
that of a horn, its base being broad, from whence it gradually ta-
pered to a point, with spiral gyrations on the mesentery. The
small intestines measured 5 feet 44 inches.

“‘ The cavity of the chest was relatively small, that of the abdo-
men advancing high. The lungs were divided into three lobes on
the left, and three large‘and one small lobe on the right side. Their
surface afforded strong indications of inflammation, and their sub-
stance when squeezed between the fingers communicated a very
distinct crepitus. The heart was large, and tolerably firm; on the
surface of the right ventricle there were two hydatids in a line one
above the other.

“The kidneys were rather large, and their structure soft and
pulpy. The testes were small, elongated, lying in front of the pubes
and distant from the abdominal ring about one inch. The bladder
was small and long; and the ureters entered about a line from the
neck. The vesicule seminales were small and handle-shaped, with
a single turn.

“The tongue was long, thin, rounded at the tip, of a black co-
lour except at the root, soft in texture, and covered with downy

59

papille, which increased in size and length, but diminished in num-
ber, towards the root. The epiglottis was large and broad; the
rima glottidis long ; and from the arytenoid cartilages two processes
extended backwards; having»a triangular flattened surface ending
in a point,”

The body of one of the Society’s specimens of the Razor-billed
Curassow, (Ourax Mitu, Cuv.,) was laid on the table, and Mr. Yar-
rell pointed out the peculiarities of its very elongated trachea, which
is produced between the skin and the muscles beyond the sternum,
and reaches almost to the vent. It has been figured by Dr. Latham,
M. Temminck, and others. Mr. Yarrell displayed the sterno-tra-
cheal muscles extending along the whole of the tube, and remarked
that this disposition prevails, with one or two exceptions, in all
birds in which the fold of the trachea is not included in bone. In
those birds, on the contrary, in which the prolongation of thetrachea
enters a cavity in the sternum, (as for instance in the Hoopers Cygnus

Jerus and Cygn. Bewickii,) the sterno-tracheal muscles pass from
the entering portion of the tube to that which has just left the bone,
and are not continued along the fold of trachea included within the
bone.

A portion of a large collection of Fishes from the Mauritius, pre-
sented to the Society by Mr. Telfair, was exhibited ; and Mr. Ben-
nett called the attention of the Committee to the species of Mudlet
contained in it. These were eight in number, and belonged to the
extra-European form to which the name of Upeneus has been given
by M. Cuvier, and which is distinguished from the European Mullets
by the presence of teeth in the upper jaw. Four of these fishes
appear to have been previously undescribed, and may be thus cha-
racterized :

Ureneus irzniatus. Up. dentibus velutinis apud® mazillas,

> vomerem, et-ossa-palatina capite pone oculos subdepresso : pin-

7 nis dorsalibus caudalique nigro oblique fusciatis ; corpore toto

rubicundo, dorso argenteo.vittato, vittis duabus aureis infra li-
_ neam lateralem.

y ’ D. TE +. A. +. C. 15. P. 16. V. ea

___ Affinis Up. vittato, Cuv. & Val.: sed differt vittis duabus aureis;

_ differt etiam vertice depresso rostroque subtumido, capite haud

_ sequaliter rotundato.

_ Ureneus Mavritianus. Up. dentibus velutinis mazillaribus :
rosiro brevi, orbite subequal: pinnis dorsali secundé analique
declivibus.

fe 7,30 A.z. C.15. P.16, V.2.

_ Affinis Up. flavo-lineato, Cuv. & Val.: brevior est, rostrumque

_ multo brevius; in.illo nempe orbite sesquidiametrum squat.

__UPENEus PLeuRosticMA. Up.dentibus conicis macillaribus : cor-
pore pinnisque (preter dorsali 2dé analique) cinnabarinis; ma-
culéd magna rotundatd laterali medié nigra; punctis plurimis
infra et post oculos aureis.

meet AL CrigeePl16. Vs Bt

60

Affinis Up. lateristrige, Cuv. & Val, Caput rotundatum sicut
in Mullo Surmuleto, L.

Upeneus ImMACULATUS. Up. dentibus conicis maxillaribus dis~
tantibus : corpore, bast antertore pinné dorsalis prioris, apiceque
lobi inferioris} caudalis, cinnabarinis: cirris albis, ultra opercu-
lum productis.

DD. 8534. Meds Geil, FAG Vite

Affinis Up. chryserydro, Cuy. & Val.: sed corpus duplo latius,

rostrumque magis declive.

The species characterized embrace instances of three of the dis-

tinct types of dentition indicated in this genus by MM. Cuvier and
Valenciennes.

The original drawings by Mr. Abbott of the Lepidopterous In-
sects of Georgia, (engravings from which were published by the late
Sir J. E. Smith,) were exhibited. The Committee was indebted to
Mr. Henry Brogden, F.L.S. for this exhibition.

Mr. Vigors referred to a pair of Owls which had been lately
added to the Society's collection. These were closely allied to the
European Strix flammea, a species which is found with some slight
modifications of character all over the globe ;_but from which the
present species differs essentially, exclusively of other characters, by
the markings of the disk of the face. They were from Australia ;
and not having appeared to have been noticed by any ornithological
writer were characterized as follows. ;

Srrix personata. Strix pallidé badia; capite supra, dorso,

alisque fusco brunneo variegatis, albisque guttulis parce sparsis 5
corpore infra pallidiori, brunneo parcé maculato ; caudd badio
brunneogue undulatim fasciata ; disco purpurascenti-badio, cir-
culo marginali intense brunneo notato ; digitis unguibusque for-
tissimis.

Longitudo corporis, 133; ale a carpo ad apicem remigis 2dz, 9;
tarsi, 2; caud@, 7+. :

A series of birds, belonging to several Families, which were ap-
parently undescribed species, was exhibited by Mr. Leadbeater
who mentioned his intention of continuing a similar exhibition du-
ring some future meetings of the Committee, and then giving a ge-
neral description of the whole. ay Be)

April 26, 1831.
Joshua Brookes, Esq. in the Chair.

Mr. Vigors exhibited, from the collection of Mr. Leadbeater, an
- undescribed species of Cockatoo from New Holland, and pointed
out its distinctive characters, which may be expressed as follows :
Prycrotopnus Lrapseatenrr. Plyct. albus; genis, collo in
Jronte, pectore, tectricibus alarum inferioribus, abdomineque
medio roseo-tinctis ; criste elongate occipitalis plumis basi rosets,
apice albis, macula flava in medio notatis; pogoniis remigum
rectricumque internis roseis, illorum saturatioribus.
Statura Plyct. sulphurei, Vieill.

Eleven species of Chetodons, forming part of the collection of
Fishes from the Mauritius presented by Mr. Telfair, were laid on
the table. Seven of these were referable to the genus Chetodon as

restricted by M. Cuvier; and among them Mr. Bennett pointed out
_ more particularly the Chet. strigangulus, Sol.; the Chet. vittatus,
_ Schn.; the Chet. Lunula, Cuv. & Val.; and two species which he
believed to be new to science, and which may be thus characterized :

Cu#T. FLAVESCENS. Chet. flavus; ore, fascia oculari, linea

pinnas dorsalem analemque posticé ambiente, apiceque pinnarum

ventralium nigris ; lateribus argenteo vittatim guttulatis ; pinna

_- eaudali recta, apice laté hyalino.

D.1i3. A. 35, &c.

Affinis, ut videtur, Chet. virescenti, Cuv. & Val. Differt colore
flavo; pinnis verticalibus posticé nigro tenuiter cinctis ; lateribus
obscuré argenteo-guttulatis.

- Cur. Zoster. Chet. brunneo-niger ; zona laté media ventreque
argenteis ; pinnd caudali recta albd: fascia oculari nulla.

Bee.) Avy. PL17,) -€. 15. Ve ¢. :

___ The remaining species exhibited types of the genera Heniochus,

Cuv.; Zanclus, Cuv. & Val.; Holacanthus, Lacép.; and Plataz,

Cuv.: the Heniochus being the species recently described by

MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes as the Hen. monoceros. In this
individual the spine in front of each orbit is strong, almost equalling
the single spine which projects from the middle of the slope of the
ad; and the whole contour of the anterior part of the fish ap-
aches very nearly to that of Taurichthys, Cuv. & Val. ~
__ Mr. Gray exhibited several living specimens of the Rana Ru-
_ beta, L., the Natter-jack of Pennant, a reptile intermediate in form
and habits among the British Amphibia between the Toad and the
Frog. He stated that this animal, the indigenous existence of
which has frequently been doubted, is found abundantly on Black-
heath, and on other commons in the neighbourhood of London.
[No. VI.] Zoox. Soc, PRocEEDINGS OF THE CoMM. OF SCIENCE.

62

Mr. Gray also exhibited several specimens of the genus Rhyn-
chea, Cuv., and pointed out from among them two distinct species,
which may be thus characterized:

RuyncH2a Carensis, Sav. Rhynch. remigibus — fasciis

latis flavis sex notatis, infra griseis, nigro-vermiculatis, flavoque
fasciatis ; secundariarum macula pogonit externi, fascidque po-
gonit interni, flavis. cS
Long. corporis 92 unc.: tarsi, 214 lin.: digiti unguisque medii,
208 lin.

Ruynewma PICTA. Rhynch. remigibus sublatis, externis flavo
laté 7-fasciatis, infra griseo nigroque vermiculatis, inlerno obso-
leté flavo-fasciato: secundariarum apicibus, maculd ultima fascie-
formi pogonii externi, fascidque pogonii interni, albis.

Long. corporis 105 unc. : tarsi, 194 lin.: digiti medii, 19 lin.

The wing-coverts of both species are spotted with yellow in the
young state; and in the adult state are metallic olive with black
bands.

Mr. Gray added that the three figures of birds of this genus which
were published by Buffon, and which had of late years been re-
garded by M. Temminck and by M. Cuvier as representing various
states of but one species, were none of them sufficiently correct in
the details to enable him to refer either of the present species to the
representations given in the ‘ Planches Enluminées;’ but that the
figure of the Rhynchea Capensis given by Savigny in the ‘ Oiseaux
d’Egypte’ [tab. 14. fig. 2.|, furnished a faithful representation of
the first species exhibited by him. He had not, however, obtained
this bird from the Cape of Good Hope, his specimens being from
India and China. The second species, Rhynchea picta, he had re-
ceived from Africa as well as from India and China.

Mr. Vigors called the attention of the Committee to the Frigate-—

bird (Tachypetes Aquilus, Vieill.), and dwelt upon those peculiarities
of its organization which point out its station in the series of na-
tural affinities that connect the orders of birds. Although it possesses
the webbed feet which constitute the technical character of the Na-
tatorial Order, the weakness of its legs and their complete covering
of feathers preclude it from employing these members in the same
manner as the typical groups of the Swimming Birds ; while on the
other han its great powers of wing and tail adapt it for powerful
and long-continued flight, and evidently connect it with the Rap-
torial Order, which it also resembles in its manner of taking its
food. It is in fact rather an inhabitant of the air than of the water:
and it has been believed that it derives support during its unlimited
flights not merely from the strength and fa pe of its wings and
_the singular mechanism of its tail, but also from the buoyant nature
of the inflated sac beneath its throat. A proof of the correctness of
the opinion that this pouch is really an air-sac, and that it is filled
with air, which passing through the bones becomes rarified and ca-
pable of imparting a high degree of buoyancy, has recently been
obtained from the anatomical notes made by Mr. Collie, late Sur-

ihe A = bore ta

2529

<hcat

Se —

63

geon of H.M.S. Blossom, who accompanied Captain Beechey in
his voyage to Behring’s Straits; notes which will shortly be pub-
lished in illustration of the natural history of that expedition. “‘ The
pouch beneath the throat of this bird,” says Mr. Collie, “is of a
yellowish red colour, and when distended, the feathers on its upper
and posterior surface are separated to some distance from each
other, and exhibit very distinctly the quincuncial order in which
they are implanted. On first looking at this pouch, I was a little
surprised at finding that it did not communicate with the mouth or
Sauces in any way that [ could perceive. I succeeded in inflating
it only by long and forcibly blowing into the trachea. I desired the
man who had the skinning of the specimens brought on board to
inflate the pouch before commencing the skinning, and to let me
know when he had advanced to the shoulders. He however dis-
located the shoulder-joint first, when the distended pouch imme-
diately collapsed. The trachea had been tied. As soon as I was
informed of this, I had little doubt that the pouch had been in-
flated from the lungs ; and on observing two wide openings, one
anterior to the humeral articulating face of the scapula, the other
the usual opening of the joint, I hesitated not to infer that it was
through the first of these the air had passed in, and that the dislo-
cating of the joint, by which its capsular ligament was torn, had
allowed the air to escape at the opening which corresponds to that
on the head of the humerus, and which immediately leads, as well
as the other just mentioned, into the centre of the scapula. I now
opened the trachea immediately before the sternum, and again
attempted inflation from that part, but in vain. I tried it also, but
with no better success, from the larynx. I next examined with the
blowpipe near the opening of the scapula, in the cellular substance
_ under the skin, and soon detected a small opening that conducted
__ the air to the pouch, which was readily inflated by blowing through
the opening, and so long as it was shut the pouch continued dis-
tended. That this opening was not artificial,—the effect of the
rupture of the fine membrane lining the air-bladder,—was evident
from its not opening directly into it, but only after a passage of
some length, gradually enlarging. That this was the sole opening
‘into the pouch appears proved from the fact that after detaching
‘the sac from all the parts beneath, 7. e. from all the parts excepting
‘the skin, it did not permit the gas to escape except by this open-
‘ing, and that it continued to be capable of inflation from it. I was
satisfied in discovering it on one side; and of course inferred
that it was similar on the other, the opening of the scapula being
SMivitar.”
ats

' At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Martin read the following
notes of the dissection of a female Testudo Graeca, L., which died
in the possession of Oct. Morgan, Esq. The animal was of the
usual size, its dimensions being as follows: the carapace in length
13 inches ; the plastron 9£ inches in length ; and the circumference
of the shell, 18 inches. a

64

“ The plastron being removed, the viscus which first attracted
notice was the liver, of large dimensions, stretching across from side
to side, and quite covering the stomach. Its structure was very
‘firm, and its colour a dull ochre. It consisted of two lobes, both
deeply fissured. In the cleft of the right lobe was situated the gall-
bladder, of the size of a large nut, and containing green bile. The
cystic and hepatic ducts united, and entered the duodenum 13 inch
below the pylorus.

‘«« On the liver being turned aside, the stomach presented itself; its
coats were firm and thick, especially in the pyloric portion, which
was produced long and narrow to the extent of 34 inches; the
total length of the stomach was 63 inches.

«© The small intestines, remarkable also for their firmness, mea-
sured 2 feet 8 inches in length, and terminated in large intestines
very little exceeding them in circumference. In the Testudo In-
dica lately dissected, there was no cecum; but in the present
species the cecum existed; its form was globular. On the left side
the large intestine assumed a sigmoid flexure with a bold sweeping
fold, and then took on a straight and short course to the cloaca ;
the length of the large intestines was 1 foot 8 inches, ‘They con-
tained feculent matter in small quantity, consisting of fibrous vege-
table substance. There were no longitudinal bands.

** The cloaca, into which opened the bladder and oviducts, was
in length 2 or 3 inches, The bladder in the present instance
did not exhibit that immense volume which was so remarkable in
the Test. Indica: it was of amoderate size ; both in this respect and
in figure resembling a pear. It was united to the sides of the upper
shell by a broad peritoneal ligament, and was connected also to the
pelvis by several fibrous bands. Its coats were extremely thin and
fibrous; and it contained a small quantity of thick fluid.

‘** The oviducts were before their opening into the cloaca united
for a considerable distance, and were there thick and firm, becoming
gradually thinner as they proceeded upwards, their course being in
an indefinite convoluted manner. Throughout the greatest part of
their length there ran a number of longitudinal folds, which became
fainter, and were at length obliterated as the oviducts proceeded.

‘* The ovaries contained a multitude of eggs of various sizes, and
of a round figure ; fifty of them at least were nearly as large as a
pigeon’s egg: they were not covered with a shell, and were filled
with a thick yellow yelk.

‘* The kidneys laid upon the lungs (which extended over the
carapace), to which they adhered ; their figure was somewhat 3-sided,
from a broad flat base, with a rounded apex: their length was 24
inches. Their surface was convoluted in a very singular manner,
the folds being divisible, producing an appearance not unlike that
of the cerebellum, which they also resembled in colour.

‘On the mesocolon and near the intestine was situated an oval
glandular body of a dark colour, and of the size of a sparrow’s egg,
containing white gritty specks. From this, which I suspected to
be the spleen, a large vein proceeded along the mesentery, and uni-

~ (2 2 <>

65

ting with several others, entered the liver ; all the veins proceeding
from the viscera along the mesentery were very large and full of
dark blood.

«¢ The tongue was thick and fleshy, about an inch in length and
two-thirds in breadth, white in colour, and covered thickly with
elongated papille ; the tip was rounded, the base heart-shaped.
Between the glottis and base of the tongue so siight a distance in-
tervened, that the /arynx might be said to open directly into the
mouth, the glottis rising to a point corresponding with and adjusted
to the heart-shaped indentation at the base of the tongue. This
elevated apex is divided downwards and a little way longitudinally
by the rima. The larynx is supported posteriorly by the os-hyotdes,
which is broad, flat, and pointed with double barbs, resembling
some. double-barbed arrow-heads: it is however composed of three
bones, viz..a body, and two long curved bones united by cartilages
to it, the body itself ending in two long cartilaginous processes ;
where the. osseous processes arise there is also on each side a small
cartilaginous projection. An inch below the rima the trachea divides:
into two branches, or bronchig, which run down for a little way om
each side of the neck, but shortly, in consequence of the bend of the
neck, almost at the back of it, and describing in their course a Jarge
sigmoid inflexion, they then subdivide and immediately enter the
lungs. About half an inch below the great division astrong muscle
of two or three lines in breadth passes across, arising from the ver-
tebre of the neck on one side and united to the same on the oppo-
site, thus acting as a constrictor on the two tubes, and being doubt-
less: of use in the deglutition of air. The length of the trachea and
the great branches to the lungs was 73 inches ; the rings were per-
fect, The subdivisions of the bronchiz before entering the lungs are
surrounded closely by numerous yellow glands.”

May 10, 1831.
W. Yarrell, Esq. in the Chair.

A letter, addressed by Richard Thursfield, Esq. to Dr. Roots,’
was read, in illustration of the history of a hybrid between the Hare
and the Rabdit, which was lately living at the Society’s Farm. A
gentleman who was rearing a pair of tame rabbits, placed with them,
when they were about two months old, a young buck hare appa-
rently about the same age, which became in a short time as domes-
ticated as its companions. When the doe rabbit was old enough,
she had, by the buck rabbit and the hare, a litter, consisting of three
young ones, which resembled in all respects the mother and buck
rabbit, and of three mules. Two of these mules shortly died: the
third, a female, was reared with rabbits of her own age, and when
six months old produced one young one: she was afterwards bred
from eight times, by tame rabbits and by a wild one, but no oppor-
tunity occurred of placing a buck hare in confinement with her.
Her progeny by a white tame rabbit, with which she bred twice,
consisted of two young ones, which were perfectly gray, and of
two which were spotted : the latter are still alive, and breed regu-
larly, producing from five to eight at a time. The average weight
of the progeny of the mule female was about five pounds ; one,
however, weighed six pounds and a half. She died shortly after
coming into the Society’s possession.

Mr. Owen, having examined the body of this hybrid animal after
its death, reported that its size and colour were those of the Hare,’
but that its hinder legs were shorter than in that species, and agreed
rather with those of the Rabdit. The length of its small intestines
corresponded with that of the hare; its cecum was seven inches
shorter ; while its large intestines measured one foot more than
those of the hare.

Mr. Bennett called the attention of the Committee to the speci-
men of the Sociable Vulture ( Vultur auricularis, Daud.), which has
been an inhabitant of the Society’s Gardens for nearly two years.
His object in adverting to this bird was to correct an erroneous im-
pression which might be produced on the minds of those who had
never seen an individual of the species, by the statement made by
M. Ruppel, in a late Monograph of the genus to which it belongs,
that considerable doubts as to the existence of such a species might
reasonably be entertained. M. Ruppel’s doubts appear to have been
excited by the fact which he reports, that the stuffed skin in the
collection of the Duc de Rivoli at Paris, which has been regarded
as that, of the Vult. auricularis, is evidently factitious ; the folds of
the skin on the head and neck having been produced in that speci-
men by artificial means. These doubts must, however, be at once

67

dissipated by the existence of a living specimen brought from the
Cape of Good Hope, according in every particular with Le Vail-
Jant’s description of the Oricou, and having the remarkable folds of,
skin which pass up the sides of the neck and round the ears developed
even to agreater extent than is represented in his figure. A specimen
of the Pondichery Vulture ( Vultur Ponticerianus, Daud.), the only
other species in which the naked neck has on each side a longitudi-
nal fold of skin, was laid on the table: and it was pointed out that
in this bird the fold of skin terminates an inch below the opening
of the ear, while in the Sociable Vulture it passes upwards and sur-
rounds the upper part of the ear; and that the breast-feathers of
the Pondichery Vulture are short and rounded, while those of the
Sociable Vulture are very long and somewhat sabre-shaped.

Mr. Gray stated, that since M. Ruppel’s Monograph was written,
he had apprised that scientific traveller, in answer to his previous
inquiries on the subject, that.a specimen of another vulture rejected
by him as a doubtful species (the Vultur. Angolensis, Lath.). exists
in the British Museum, to which it was presented on the return of
the unfortunate expedition up the river Congo.

Mr. Owen resumed the reading of his Memoir on the Anatomy of
the Orang Utan (Simia Satyrus, L.), portions of which had been
communicated by him to the Committee at several of its previous
Meetings. On this occasion he limited himself to the myology of
the lower extremities.

He commenced by remarking, that no anatomist can contemplate
the lower extremity of a Quadrumanous animal, or experience the
degree of mobility of which the several parts of it are susceptible in
the living or undissected body, without being prepared to find cor-
responding modifications of the muscular system and consequent de-
viations from the structure of these parts as they exist in man. It is

accordingly in this part of the body that the most remarkable diffe-

tee re eee ee ee

Ae *

ied

rences in the forms, proportions, and attachments of the muscles are —
found to obtain between the ape and the human subject; and it will
not therefore be matter of surprise to find, that in the Orang Utan,
whose inferior extremities, from their shortness and flexibility, are
so well adapted to the various agile movements of a climber, there
exists|a high degree of this deviation from the human structure,
and an approximation, in some measure symmetrical, to the arrange-
ment of the moving powers in the upper extremity. Variations of
more or less consequence occur, indeed, so frequently as to. render
it necessary to consider the whole of the muscles serzatim; and -
each of them was accordingly described separately as regarded
its attachments, form, and relative position. These details are

necessarily abridged in the present abstract, except as regards

the muscles of the hinder hands, which require a developed notice
to render their structure intelligible.
_ The gluteus magnus is a thin narrow muscle, inserted lower down

the thigh bone, and having a more posterior. origin than in man :

its,extent of action is. consequently increased, though its strength

68

is diminished. The gluteus medius is also relatively longer than in
man, and is four times as thick as the preceding muscle. The glu-
téeus minor is narrow, long, and thin. The pyriformis is narrower
than im man. The tendon of the obturator internus passes as usual
between the gemini, of which the inferior is much the largest. The
obturator externus is considerably larger than the internal. The
quadratus femoris has very little of the square in its shape, being
much longer than it is broad, and becoming narrow and rounded at
its insertion.

The biceps cruris consists of two portions, each maintaining @
distinct course and having a distinct insertion: one of these may:
be termed ischio-fibularis, and is inserted into the head of the fi-
bula; the other may be termed femoro-fibularis ; its insertion is
into the outer edge of the fibula from the head to the middle of the
bone, and into the fascia in front of the leg. The semitendinosus
and semimembranosus have the same origins as in the human sub-
ject, and the latter muscle a similar insertion; but the semitendino-
sus separates from it at the lower part of the thigh, and continues
fleshy for some distance below the knee-joint ; after which the ten-
don expands into a broad strong aponeurosis, which is attached along
the anterior and inner aspect of the tibza to within a short distance
of its lower extremity. In its insertion, the semztendinosus of the
Chimpanzee approaches more nearly to the human type, being im-
planted by a narrower tendon in front of the ¢2bia immediately be-
neath the insertion of the gracilis; but both these’ muscles are
inserted lower down than in man.

Mr. Owen remarked, that the names of these last-mentioned
muscles by no means agree with the proportion of tendon found in
them either in the Orang or the Chimpanzee, the fleshy: portion
being in these animals of much greater extent ;—a fact which is int
accordance with a law that receives many illustrations from the
myology of the Orang Utan, viz. that the extent of the fleshy part:
of a muscle is in proportion to the quantity of motion it has to
produce: and this is generally indicated by the degree of motion:
allowed by the structure of the joint which is the centre of the mo-'
tion in question. Thus in the human subject it is very rare that aw
individual can, by the contraction of the flexors of the leg, bring
the heel in contact with the back of the thigh; but in the Orang
Utan this action is readily performed, and without the slightest op-
position at the knee-joint.

The tensor vagine femoris exists distinctly in the Chimpanzee, but
no trace of it was found in the Orang. A more powerful rotator of
the thigh inwards exists in both animals in a peculiar muscle, which»
may be termed invertor femoris. It was first discovered) by Dr.
Traill in the Chimpanzee; and its origin, form, and insertion in that
animal agree with those which are met with in the Orang Utan.
Mr. Owen considers that from its insertion into the under and outer.
part of the trochanter major, and consequently: very: near to: the
centre of motion, it can have little effect in drawing the thigh up
towards the body as compared with the puwer of the proper flexors

69

of the thigh. . It appears rather to have reference to that structure
of the hip-joint which, in the Orang especially, from the absence of
the ligamentum teres, and in the Chimpanzee, from the yielding tex-
ture of that ligament, permits a greater extent of inward rotation
than can be accomplished in man.

The sartorius is inserted lower down than in man. The rectus
cruris corresponds with the same muscle in the human subject ; but
the vasti and crureus are much weaker and thinner, and are evi-
dently little adapted to support the thigh and trunk upon the #zbia.

The psoas magnus and zliacus internus are, on account of the form
of the pelvis, proportionally longer muscles than in man. Beneath
them exists a small distinct muscle passing from the fore part of the
ilium, over and attached to the capsule of the hip-joint, to be inserted
into the root of the trochanter minor. This muscle is not found in the
Chimpanzee. The pectineus is a narrower muscle than in man, and
gives off, in the Chimpanzee, a small slip, which is continued under
the femoral vessels and outwards to the origin of the sartorius. The
gracilis is a very powerful muscle in the Orang, but is comparatively
of less bulk in the Chimpanzee, in which it is inserted beneath the
sartorius. On this muscle being removed, a number of others appear
passing from the pelvis to the inner part of the thigh, among which
it is difficult to select those which are precisely analogous to the
muscles in the corresponding region of the human subject. Mr.
Owen, however, distinguished the adductor longus; an accessory
adductor arising fromthe upper part of the symphysis pubis ; the

adductor brevis ; and the adductor magnus.
The gastrocnemius preserves nearly a uniform thickness and
___ breadth throughout its course, and is continued fleshy down to the
os calcis; it has no sésamoid bone, as possessed by some monkeys
(e. g- Macacus cynomolgus, Lacép.), at either of its origins, The
soleus has only one origin, and is continued fleshy to the os calcis.
_The tendon of the popliteus contains, behind the knee-joint, a fibro-
cartilaginous sesamoid* body, which was noticed by Camper, who
states that it exists also in baboons, dogs, cats, &c.: this body, how-

~ever, is not found in the Chimpanzee.

_. In the Orang Utan there are some important differences in the
_ disposition of the flexors of the toes, as compared with the Chim-
zee and inferior Simie; thus the muscle analogous to the flexor
‘us pollicis pedis sends no tendon whatever to the thumb of the
foot, and its origin is extended above the knee-joint ina manner
analogous to the flexor sublimis in the upper extremity. It has two
_ origins, one from the outer condyle in common with the gastro-
enemius internus, the other from the head of the fibula, and is con-
_ tinued down the posterior part of that bone and the interosseous
ligament to within an inch of the tarsus; under which it passes
_ threugha broad synovial sheath, deeper seated than, and external to,
the flexor longus digitorum ; becoming tendinous centrad, but con-
_ tinuing fleshy on the dermal aspect till it has reached the sole.
_ There it divides into two stout perforating tendons, which are in-
_ serted into the distal phalanges of the third and fourth toes, Im-

70

mediately after the division each tendon gives origin to a lumbri-
calis muscle, which terminates in a thin aponeurosis attached along
the tibial side of the proximal phalanges of the third and fourth toes.

The flexor longus digitorum pedis arises as in the human subject,
but continues fleshy till it has passed under the abductor pollicis ;
it then gives origin to a /umbricalis muscle, and divides into three
tendons. The dumbricalis terminates in the middle tendon of the
three. The innermost or first tendon goes to the distal phalanx of
the second toe; it also gives rise to alumbricalis, which is inserted
into the tibial side of the proximal phalanx of the same toe. The
second tendon, after receiving the insertion of the umbricalis before
mentioned, goes to form the perforated tendon of the fourth toe.
The third or outer tendon is inserted into the distal phalanx of the
fifth toe, and also gives origin to a /umbricalis, which terminates in
the tibial side of the proximal phalanx of the same toe.

The flexor brevis digitorum pedis arises from the posterior part of
the os calcis, its fibres passing transversely over the insertion of the
tendo Achillis. At about two inches from its origin it gives off a small
tendon, which is inserted into the second phalanx of the second toe.
It then continues fleshy for an inch further, and terminates in the
perforated tendon of the third toe.

Thus all the toes from the second outwards, have a flexor tendon
inserted into the distal phalanx: they have also a/umbricalis tendon
attached to the proximal phalanz, and the second, third, and fourth
have tendons inserted into the middle phalanx. As each perforating
tendon gives origin to the umbricalis muscle of its respective fin-
ger, these not only assist in the flexion, but act as guys on the
tendons, from which they originate, preventing them from starting
from the long concavity of the sole over which they travel: they
also afford a variety of independent motions to the fingers. The
tibialis posticus has the usual origin; its tendon passes along a dis-
tinct sheath close by the internal madlleolus ; it is inserted into the os
cuneiforme internum, The tendon has no sesamoid bone where it
passes over the astragalus. In the Chimpanzee it is inserted into the
os naviculare.

The muscles in front of the leg are covered with a strong fascia,
into which the tendons of the semztendinosus and biceps are inserted;
it affords origins for the muscles situated beneath it, and becomes
very strong at the ankle, binding down and forming sheaths for
the several tendons. The ¢zbialis anticus arises from the anterior
inner and posterior aspects of the tibia, embracing it, as it were, and
giving the appearance of a rickety convexity to the leg; it passes
over the malleolus internus posterior to the centre of motion, and is
consequently an extensor of the foot; it also turns the sole inwards.
In close connection with this arises another muscle, not found in
man; it becomes tendinous about three-fourths down the leg, and
is inserted into the base of the metatarsal bone of the thumb, which
it extends: this muscle is found in the Chimpanzee, and also, ac-
cording to M. Cuvier, in the inferior Simie. The extensor longus
pollicis makes its appearance as usual between the dibialis anticus and

71

extensor longus digitorum ; it is inserted into the base of the phalans :
(the female specimen that was dissected had only one phalanz to the
hinder thumb). The digitorum tensor longus has the usual origin,
continues fleshy to the ankle-joint, there divides into three tendons,
which diverge at the middle of the foot, and are attached to the
third, fourth and fifth toes; each tendon expanding-into a sheath
over the back part of the phalanges.

The extensor brevis digitorum pedis arises from the os calcis, and
divides into three portions; the strongest of which gives two ten-~
dons to the second toe, one being inserted at the base of the proximal

halanx, the other expanding over the second and distal phalanges
ike the tendons of the extensor longus. The remaining portions go
to the fibular aspect of the third and fourth toes. ;

The peroneus longus and brevis arise together from the outer, fore,

and back part of the fidula ; on the latter aspect they are in con-
nection with the flecor longus pollicis. The tendon of the peroneus
brevis is inserted into the base of the metatarsal bone of the little
toe. The tendon of the peroneus longus passes under the cuboid
bone, without the interposition of a sesamoid bone, crosses the foot,
and is implanted into the metatarsal bone of the thumb of the
__ hinder hand, of which, as far as the structure of the articulation

_-will permit, it isa flexor. There is no peroneus tertius.
The thumb is very short, consisting, in the female at least,

of only two bones, set on at right angles to the foot, and at a

great distance from the toes. In this part, however, the power of
a considerable muscular apparatus is concentrated. Receiving no
tendon from the flecor longus pollicis, it is rendered more inde-
pendent in its actions; not being necessarily flexed, except in the
action which turns down that side of the foot to which it is attached,
and by which it is brought closer to the object to be seized. On
the sole of the foot we find an abductor and an adductor pollicis, both
_ powerful muscles inserted at very open angles into the phalanz ;
which, when they cooperate in their contraction, they must draw
_ down in the diagonal with great force. Between these are situated
_ two more direct flexors, constituting what is usually termed the
_ flexor brevis pollicis.
_ The space between these muscles, which in man and the Chizm-
_ panzee is filled by the tendon of the flexor longus pollicis, in the
Orang Utan is occupied’ by a small peculiar muscle which arises
from the metatarsal bone, and is inserted into the phalanz. Ina
young male Orang that had two phalanges the flexor brevis was
inserted partly into the second phalanz, The extensor brevis pol-
icis arises from the os naviculare and os calcis, and is inserted into
_ the base of the proximal phalanx, when there are two.
_ On the dorsum of the foot may also be observed interossei ex-
_ terni of a penniform shape; they are attached to the fibular aspect
_ of the proximal phalanges of the toes. There was also an adductor
_minimi digiti, and interossei interni, but not any trace of transver-
_ salis pedis.
. _ Mr. Owen concluded his observations with some remarks on the

72

structure of the principal joints of the lower extremity, and on the
degrees of mobility of which they are susceptible.

In the hip-joint the most remarkable circumstance is the freedom
of motion in the rotation inwards; this is, however, more limited
than in the opposite direction. The motions of flexion and ex-
tension, abduction and adduction, are also very free. On examining
the cause of the limitation of the inward rotation, he found it to be
a strong band of ligamentous fibres arising from the posterior margin
of the cotyloid cavity, and passing along the back part of the cap-
sule to the root of the great trochanter ; when this was divided the
rotation inwards was as free and extensive as happens in other cases
after a division of the ligamentum teres. ‘The synovial membrane is
reflected over a greater part of the anterior and upper than of the
back and under part of the cervix femoris. The marginal ligament
of the articular cavity is four lines in depth, a remarkable thickness
for the size of the cavity. The blood-vessels enter the joint by the
usual notch, and supply abundantly the process of synovial and
adipose substance called the gland of Havers.

The motion at the knee-joint is sufficiently free to allow the heel
to be brought to the buttock, and even beyond, as in natural
flexion it is carried external to the thigh. ‘The only circumstances
remarkable in the structure of the joint are, that the internal lateral
ligament is longer, and the ligamentum mucosum stronger and of a
more ligamentous nature, than in the human subject. )

The motion at the ankle-joint is so free, that the dorsum of the
foot can be brought into apposition with the fore-part of the leg;
and it is worthy of remark, that when this motion is produced, the
effect on the tendons passing behind the ankle-joint is such, as to
cause a flexion of the toes similar to that which is produced in
perching birds by bending the tarsus upon the leg. In the opposite
direction the foot may be brought so far back as to form a right
angle with the leg. Lateral motion is also very free, especially the
turning of the sole inwards, to which aspect it naturally inclines.
A certain degree of motion is allowed between the first and second
set of tarsal bones. The ligaments of the ankle-joint are disposed
as in the human subject, one at the inner and three at the outer side,

The ligaments that connect the metatarsal bone of the thumb to
the internal cuneiform bone, are two in number, one at the upper
and the other at the lower or plantar aspect ; these limit the motions
of flexion and extension, but allow very freely abduction and ad-
duction. From this circumstance when the peroneus longus acts on
the foot in turning the sole outwards, its tendency to bend the me-
tatarsal bone upon the foot is resisted, and this bone is rendered a
fixed point without the necessity of the counteraction of a mus-
cular antagonist,

May 31, 1831.
N. A. Vigors, Esq. in the Chair.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould exhibited a specimen
of the male of the Urogallus medius ; the Tetrao hybridus of Gmelin
and Dr. Latham, and the Tetrao medius of M. Temminck. -
Mr. Yarrell observed that this individual, with one other example of
the same rare species, also a male, was found among a considerable
number of the Tetrao Urogallus of both sexes, brought from Nor-
way by a boat partly laden with lobsters for the London market.
Some of the older writers considered this bird to be a hybrid pro-
duced between the Wood Grouse and the Black Grouse, and had
named it accordingly: modern authors have, however, established
its distinction as a species; and the female and its egg are now
known. Notwithstanding the general resemblance between these
two large Wood Grouse they are decidedly and very obviously dif-
. ferent. In the Tetrao medius the beak is black ; the shining fea-

thers on the front of the neck and breast are of a rich Orleans-plum-
_ colour; and of the 18 feathers of the tail the outer ones are the
longest. In the Cock of the Wood the beak is white; the feathers
on the front of the breast are of a dark glossy green ; and the centre
_ feathers of the tail are the longest.
The organ of voice in the Tetr. medius is peculiar. The trachea
of this bird and that of the Tetr. Urogallus were exhibited ; and Mr.
Yarrell pointed out that the trachea of the Tetr. medius, eleven
_ inches in length, has no loose fold, like that of the Tetr. Urogallus,
but descends in a straight line to thelungs. From the thyroid car-
_ tilage two pairs of muscles follow the course of the trachea, one pair
firmly attached to the trachea itself, the second pair suspended
loosely in the cellular tissue. Both these pairs of muscles, after an
_ extent of eight inches, are lost ina membranous expansion, form-
ing a sheath, which invests the inferior fourth portion of the trachea,
and from which sheath one muscle only on each side is sent off,
immediately above the bifurcation of the bronchie, to be attached
_to the inner surface of the sternum.
_ The stomach is a true gizzard of great muscular power, and the
intestines and cca, as in all the Grouse tribe, are very long: the
ceca in the present instance measured each three feet in length.
__ There is reason to believe that this bird inhabits the Apennines
as well as the more northern localities assigned to it. Mr. Fox in
his ‘ Synopsis of the Newcastle Museum’ quotes a note of the late
‘Mr. Tunstall which states that «he knew some old Scotch gentle-
men who said they remembered, that when young, there were in
Scotland both the Cock of the Wood, and the Tetr. hybridus.”

_ Mr. Yarrell availed himself of the opportunity to state that the
hybrid Grouse of White’s ‘ Natural History of Selborne’ is believed

’ [No,VII.] Zoor. Soc, ProceepinGs oF THE Comm. oF SCIENCE.

7+

to be a young black Cock, having nearly completed his first moult.
He added that he was indebted to Mr. Sabine for the information
that the Tetr. rupestris of Pennant’s ‘Arctic Zoology’ has been killed
in Perthshire, and that the specimen is preserved in the collection of
Lord Stanley, the President of the Society.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Martin referred to the notes
of the dissection of a specimen of Testudo Greca which he had laid
before the Committee on the 26th of April, and stated that the
correctness of these notes had been subsequently confirmed by the
examination of another individual of that species, in which he had
observed the same lengthened form of stomach ; similar intestines ;
and a cecum agreeing with that previously described, The urinary
bladder also corresponded in form and size. The trachea bifurcated
in the same manner; and the dronchie had the same remarkable
sigmoid flexure, and were furnished with the compressing muscle
which he kad before noticed.

Mr. Owen remarked that he had ascertained the existence of a
cecum in another species of Tortoise, (Emys concentrica, Leconte,)
which he had recently dissected.

The preparation of the cecum of the Testudo Greca having been
laid upon the table, it was pointed out that the part so termed in
this instance consisted of a pouch formed by the oblique insertion
of the small into the large intestine, the upper end of the latter
being dilated as in the human subject into a cecum caput coli: but
that it by no means corresponded with the ceca of birds, and might
almost be regarded as wanting when contrasted with the develope-
ment of the same part in some of the Ophidian Reptiles, as in the
genera Python, Boa, &c. }

A living individual, apparently referable to the Gulo barbarus, L.,
was exhibited, It was presented to the Society by Edmonstone
Hodgkinson, Esq. of Trinidad, who describes it as being <<‘ playful
and gentle, although easily excited, and very voracious. It is ex-
ceedingly strong, as is indicated by its shape; and it has the same
antipathy to the water as acat.”” Mr. Hodgkinson suspects that it is
a native of Peru. He obtained it inVenezuela, where it was presented
to him by the President, General Paez. The name he received with
it was “the Guache ;” but this appellation, it was observed by Mr.
Bennett, was probably erroneously applied to the present animal,
belonging rather to the Coati, the orthography of which is variously
given as Coati, Couati, Quasje, Quachi, and Guachi. The latter
form occurs in the ‘ Personal Narrative’ of the Baron Von Hum-
boldt, where it evidently refers to a nocturnal species of Nasua,

The form and general appearance of the animal were remarked
to be altogether those of a Mustela, to which genus it is probable
that it should be referred, together with the typical Gulo barbarus.
A specimen of the latter was placed upon the table, from which the
living animal was shown to differ by the absence of the large yellow
spot beneath the neck ; a remarkable distinction in this group, but
on the occurrence of which, unless confirmed by several specimens,

i a it i kn

;

75

it was considered improper to propose regarding it as a distinct
species.

A stuffed specimen and a skeleton of the Acouchy (Dasyprocta
Acuschy, lllig.) having been laid on the table, the following notes
on the anatomy of that animal were read by Mr. Owen.

** The subjects examined were the male and female Acouchies
which were exhibited to the Committee on the 23d of November
last by Mr. T. Bell, in whose possession they remained alive till
May, when they both died in one of the remarkably cold nights of
that month.

. The following circumstances were common to both animals.

“On laying open the cavity of the abdomen the intestines were
found to be generally adherent to each other and to the parietes of
the cavity, arising from recently effused lymph: they were also of
an unusually dark colour, owing to their contents,

«« The stomach consisted of a simple cavity, of a full oval shape,
without any contraction between the cardiac and pyloric portions.
The esophagus had a course of nearly an inch within the abdomen
before its termination. This is a circumstance worthy of notice, and
which occurs in a marked degree in most of the Rodentia, The
inner cuticular membrane of this part terminated abruptly at the
cardia. The villous coat of the stomach was without ruge, and of
a gray colour, whilst that of the intestines immediately beyond the

was stained of a very dark colour ; showing that the pylorus

had acted as a very effectual valve. ’

. “The cecum was of a capacious size, and had the same sacculated
appearance as in the Guinea-pig ; it occupied the whole of the iliac,
lumbar, and part of the hypochondriac regions of the right side,
and was disposed in a sigmoid form ; the colon at its commencement
followed the curvatures of the caecum, and was attached to it by a
continuation of the peritoneal membrane ; about six inches from the
cecum the feces became divided into pellets. The cecum itself was
filled by a black tough pultaceous mass, of a slightly acid odour ;
and the same coloured matter, but ina more fluid state, was con-
_ tained in a greater or less quantity throughout the small intestines.
_ The liver consisted of four principal divisions and a lobulus
_ Spigelit ; the gall-bladder was. imbedded in a cleft in the right di-
_ vision, and contained a small quantity of dark-coloured watry fluid.
_ The pancreas consisted of two separate lobes. ‘The spleen was of a
_ very dark colour, pointed at the lower extremity, and about one
inch and eight lines in length. .
__ The kidneys were prominently situated in the hypochondriac
_ regions, the right being nearer to the diaphragm by one half its
_ length than the left. Each was about one inch in length and con-:
_ globate. The supra-renal glands were of an oval shape, six lines by

two in their dimensions, situated anterior to the upper extremities
_ of the kidneys, but unattached to them ; the right closely adhering
_ to the vena cava inferior, the left to the vena emulgens of its own side
’ “ The viscera of the chest, like those of the abdomen, presented
__ traces of general inflammatory action.

76

“The Jungs were divided into three lobes on the left side and
four on the right, the fourth being the lobulus medius seu impar,
occupying the space between the pericardium and diaphragm. The
heart terminated obtusely, with a slight indication of a double apex.
The aorta gave off the carotids and the subclavian arteries by a
common trunk.

“The rings of the trachea were incomplete, their extremities
being separated behind by a small space.

“The cricoid and arytenoid cartilages were of large size as com-
pared with the thyroid ; the apices of the latter were continued into
each other; the chord@ wocales were very short but distinctly
marked, and with ‘a small sacculus on each side. There were no
cuneiform cartilages ; the epiglottis was triangular with the apex
prolonged into a small mucro. Viewed from above, the aperture of
the /arynx was circular, and was directed from behind forwards.
The tongue was subacuminate, minutely papillate above, with a
middle longitudinal line extending half an inch from the tip: it had
no elevated posterior part as in the Guinea-pig, Beaver, Hare, &c.
but at the root of the tongue there were numerous elongated cuti-
cular processes, and on each side of the fauces a fold of membrane,
whose action is evidently to obviate too rapid transmission of the
food through the fauces.

«In the male the testes were found within the abdomen, with the
extremity of the epididymis projecting through the abdominal ring;
but as the whole gland could be pushed with ease through the
aperture, the Acouchy cannot be considered one of the true testi-
conda. The levatores penis were very distinct, arising from the upper
part of the pubes and terminating in tendons which ran along the
convexity of the dorsum penis to the glans.

“In the female the ovaries were found of very small size and
apparently in a scirrhous state.

“In both there were small clavicular bones, about the thickness
of a small pin, and eight lines in length, which were connected by a
ligament of the same length to the sternum. Their office appeared to
be to afford a fixed point of attachment to a muscle arising from
the transverse processes of the cervical vertebra analogous to the
levator clavicule in Apes, and to give origin to part of the deltoid,
by which it is better adapted to draw forwards the humerus.”

The following notes on the anatomy of the Thzbet Bear (Ursus
Thibetanus, F, Cuv.) were also read by Mr. Owen. The subject
examined. was a young individual which had lived about two years
in the Society’s Garden.

** An extensive abscess was found under the scapula, which ap-
peared to have communicated with the cavity of the chest ; but the
lungs, heart, and liver having been removed before the animal came
under my hands, I had no opportunity of ascertaining the connec-
tion it had with diseases of those parts.

» ©The length of the animal from the nose to the root of the
tail was 3 feet 4 inches: that of the intestinal canal 33 feet. Every

77

part in the abdomen was loaded with fat. The stomach resembled
the human in shape, and had a well marked contraction between
the cardiac and pyloric portions; the muscular parietes of the
latter were half an inch thick ; and, as in the Bears generally,
had a tendinous appearance externally on each side. The intes-
tines were simply villous internally. The biliary and pancreatic
secretions entered at a distance of four inches from the pylorus.
There were four or five longitudinal ruge in the terminal six feet
of the intestinal canal; and the diameter was smallest at this part.
There was no cacum, nor any valvular apparatus in any part of the
intestinal canal.

“The anal follicles were two in number of the size of hazel-nuts.
One of them was filled tensely with a yellowish-brown cheesy sub-
stance, which had a strong acetous odour; the contents of the other
were of more fluid consistence, but had the same odour ; the excre-
tory orifice was just capable of admitting a common probe; the
lining membrane was thin, of a white colour, but not so distinctly cu-
ticular as is commonly found ; it resembled more the lining mem-
brane of the urinary bladder. Each follicle was surrounded by the
fibres of a muscle which was inserted into the crus penis.

“The spleen was of a trihedral shape, 7 inches in length, 13 in
breadth, of a light mottled pink colour and granular texture ; the
splenic vein contributed to form the vena porte in the usual manner.
The pancreas was of about the same size as the spleen ; but the py-
loric portion bent at right angles with that which passed behind the
stomach.

“ The kidneys consisted each of about thirty lobules. The ureters
terminated separately but close together at the neck of the bladder.
The urinary bladder was a narrow oblong bag, and about half an
inch of the urachus still remained permeable from the fundus vesice.

« The tongue was long, broad, and thin at the extremity, with the
edges turned down. On the upper part was a longitudinal mesial
groove extending four inches from the tip. The surface was uni- .
versally papillose, and with the simple papille were intermixed
numerous small white petiolate papil@. At a distance of five inches
from the tip there were eleven large fossulate papille, forming two
_ sides of a triangle whose apex is towards the epigloitis. Nearer to
the epiglottis were numerous cuticular pointed processes directed
a. The /ytta, or worm of the tongue, was 5 inches in

ngth, about the thickness of a crow quill, and bent upon itself

near its middle part : it had fibres of the linguales muscles inserted

into its anterior extremity, but laid loosely for the rest of its extent

among the cellular texture in the interval of the dinguales and

nio-glossi. The velum palati was terminated at its lower margin

by a short bifid wvula, the azygos wvule consisting here of two quite
distinct muscles.”

A pair of the middle tail-feathers of the Phastanus Reevesit,
_ Hardw. and Gray, ( Phas. venerutus, Temm.) were exhibited; for
_ one of which the Society. is indebted to the liberality of John Reeves,

78

Esq., of Canton. These feathers measured each about five feet six
inches in length. The bird from which they were obtained is the
first individual of this rare and magnificent species ever brought
alive to Europe. It was presented to the Society by Mr. Reeves,
and is now living at the Garden in the Regent’s Park. A second
individual died on the passage to England.

The Report on the animals for the importation of which the
“Council should be recommended to take measures, which was
adopted at the Meeting of the Committee of the 22d of March, hav-
ing been submitted to the Council and approved of, was ordered to
be printed. It is as follows :—

eee) all

oe

Report of the Committee of Science and Correspondence to the Council.
March 22nd, 1831.

Tus Committee of Science and Correspondence, having taken into
consideration the request of the Council, that they should prepare a Re-
port upon the Animals most desirable to be introduced into this coun-
try for the purposes of utility or exhibition, beg leave to submit a List
of such Animals arranged under the heads of the respective countries
of which they are natives. The selection of these countries has been
made upon the principle of particularizing those in which the political,
commercial and scientific interests of England have established such
correspondents as are likely to exert themselves in forwarding the
views of the Council.

The Animals most desirable for the purposes of utility may be se-
verally considered as they are likely to supply the objects of food,
clothing, medicine, or draft.

The Committee recommend to the primary consideration of the
Council the first class of these animals, or those which are serviceable
for food, as being by nature most capable of domestication, most pro-
lific, and best able to bear the vicissitudes of climate. As their food
also is for the most part vegetable, they can be readily supplied with
it in their transmission to this country, and in confinement after-
wards. The Animals referred to under this character include the greater
part of the Ruminant or Hoofed order among the Mammalia, and the
Gallinaceous order among Birds; the former comprehending the va-
rious species of Deer, dntelopes, Oxen, Sheep, Goats, &¢.; and the
latter the numerous species of Pigeons, Turkeys, Guinea Fowls, Jun-

gle Fowls, Pheasants, Grouse, Partridges, Quails,the Struthious Birds,
Curassows, Penelopes, &c. And to these may be added a few species
from the Rodent order of the Mammalia, such as Hares, Rabbits,
Agoutis, §c. ; and a few from the Natatorial order of Birds, as Ducks,
Geese, Swans, &c.
In thus particularly directing the attention of the Council to the
above-mentioned groups, the Committee are not equally sanguine of
_ success in the attempt to naturalize all. Climate in many instances
has an evident influence in advancing or retarding this object. Many
_ species of Deer for example, the inhabitants for the most part of
northern latitudes or of high elevations in southern, breed freely in
this country, while the Antelopes and Musk Deer of Africa and India,
although closely allied to the Deer, have been found, with scarcely an
exception, incapable of enduring our colder temperature, On the
other hand the influence of climate appears in many cases either
not to have been felt or to have been counteracted ; the Pheasant
and Jungle Fowls of India, for instance, and the Guinea Fowls of
Africa, haying been naturalized among us with equal success as the

80

Turkey of the temperate parts of America. The habits of migration,
also, which are peculiar to many of the above-named groups, oppose
an obstacle to their bearing confinement as the period of migration
approaches : while, from causes hitherto unexplained, various others,
even among our indigenous species, although hardy and prolific in a
state of freedom, will not breed nor indeed live for any length of time
in a state of captivity. The Committee nevertheless are unwilling
to make any exceptions in their previous recommendation to intro-
duce the whole of these Animals. The endeavour to counteract the
natural causes that may in the outset operate against success will af-
ford many points of interesting inquiry ; and the very failure of
the attempt will supply the philosophic investigator of nature with as
important facts for his speculations as actual success.

The Committee do not augur many favourable results from the at-
tempts to introduce such Animals as are useful for clothing. A colder
climate than ours seems requisite for the full development of the fur
in such Animals as the Sable, Chinchilla, Lynx, Bear, &c., and of the
down in the Swans, Eider Ducks, &c. It is doubtful also on the other
hand whether a warmer climate may not be equally necessary for the
production of feathers among the Struthious and nearly allied Birds,
in such quantity and of such quality as may be useful. Still the same
observation may be applied to all these species as to the preceding.
The trial will tend to establish a fact which, although likely to be a
negative one, will furnish authentic ground, hitherto wanting, for the
inferences of the physiologist. Our temperate climate however seems
congenial to the growth of wooland hair. And with reference to this
tendency the Committee recommend the introduction of all such
species of Sheep und Goats, as are not natives of the British Islands,
or of such varieties of the indigenous species as may tend to improve
or vary the quality of their covering.

The Animals hitherto known as useful for medicinal purposes are
few in number, appearing limited to the Beaver, which supplies the
antispasmodic medicine, called castor; to the Civet, and the Musk
Deer, The introduction of all these Animals is recommended by the
Committee, not so much in the expectation of their affording any sup-
ply of their peculiar produce, as with the object of ascertaining the
physiological fact whether confinement will alter the nature or quan-
tity of that produce.

In referring to the Animals useful for the purposes of draft, the
Committee are aware that little improvement can be effected in this
object, beyond what has already been attained in this country. Every
climate has its native beast of burthen most suited to its own charac-
ter, and no animal, however superior in general organization, could
supersede to advantage the use of the Rein Deer in Lapland; the
Camel in the deserts of Africa; the Llama in the mountains of Peru ;

or the Horse and Ox in more temperate latitudes. On a limited ©

scale, however, the Committee recommend the introduction and train-
ing of Animals suited to this purpose. Some of the larger species of
Deer, such as the American Moose and Wapiti, and the Swedish
Elk, the various foreign species of Bos, all the species of Llamas, and

es

81

of the Solipede Animals, such as the Zebras, Quaggas, Dzettais, &c;
would afford interesting subjects for the trial. The attempt would
probably disappoint the hopes of the utilitarian, but it would afford
abundant scope for the speculations of the naturalist.

The Committee feel some hesitation in proceeding to the recom-
mendation of Animals for exhibition. It is difficult to make a selec-

tion where all are objects of general attraction, as exhibiting their

structure in perfection, as well as their native habits and economy,
and where equally all are desirable as objects of science to the phy-
siologist and comparative anatomist. In this point of view it would
perhaps fall more within the province of the Committee to point out
such Animals as from their previous introduction into this country are
no longer wanted, than to particularize what are. They venture,
however, to make a partial selection, and to annex to the respective
localities, where the correspondents of the Society are established, a
list of what appear to them to be the less known and more attractive
of the native species of each: observing, that they generally place those
species first in order, which they would first recommend to the atten-
tion of the correspondent. They wish to add asa general recommenda-
tion, that those Animals should be selected for transportation to this
country, which have been previously domesticated, or at least ac-
customed to confinement in their own; and they suggest to those
correspondents who may have leisure and inclination to attend to the
rearing of Animals, to bring up those which are intended for the So-
ciety, as much as possible from the earliest stages. As many animals
suffer much from solitary confinement, it is desirable that they should
be brought over in moderate numbers, and whenever attainable that
they should be of different sexes.
In reference to the mode of treatment of Animals during their pass-
age to England, the instructions of the Committee must necessarily
be very general; much depending on the particular character of the
Animal, and the extent of the accommodation capable of being afford-
ed. It may generally however be suggested thatcorrespondents should

“engage some individual of the ship’s company to take especial charge

of the Animals on board, and guarantee to him a handsome recom-

_ pense on his bringing them safely to their destination. Great attention

must necessarily be paid to their being kept constantly warm, dry,

_ andin aclean condition ; and a more watchful care should be be-
_ stowed upon ihe Animals of southern latitudes as they approach the

colder climates ; many valuable specimens being constantly lost by the

_ abrupt change of temperature. Their food must be an object of pri-
“mary consideration, a sufficient stock of such as is appropriate to the
__ several species being laid in previously to their embarkation. A con-
_ stant supply of fresh water is indispensably necessary, and: gravel

should be at all times within the reach of the Gallinaceous and the

_ hard-bill’d Birds. In case of the failure of the more general food of
_ these latter Animals, and of the graminivorous Mammalia, the common
biscuit of the ship’s store will afford an adequate substitute. It is in

general more difficult to bring home the soft-bill’d Birds, or those
which partially require a supply of animal food, such as Thrushes,

82

Warblers, &c. but even these with due attention may be safely con-
veyed to this country. Fresh meat finely scraped, hard eggs cut into
small pieces, bread, biscuit, or barley meal, mixed with milk, or with
water in which fresh meat has been boiled, will afford a nutritious,
and at most times an available food: when pounded and mixed
more or less together, until they assume the consistence of paste or
honey, these ingredierts will suffice even for the most delicate of the
Warblers. Ants’-eggs, which are abundaht in all tropical climates, may
be preserved in ajar well tied down, and with the addition of the
Blatte or Cock-roaches, so generally attainable en board ship in all
their stages of growth, and of the Meal-worms, which are equally
abundant in the bread-room, they will occasionally atford an acceptable
treat to these birds on their voyage. It is even to be hoped that, with
due attention to their wants, the Humming Birds of America may be
brought to this country and be exhibited in our conservatories. It
has been ascertained that they can be supported for some time at least
in confinement on honey or sugar and water ; and a further trial may
with some prospect of success be attempted to introduce them, as well
as all the corresponding groups of Meliphagous Birds of Australia
and the old world.

The Committee do not wish to include in the present Report any
reference to the subject of the importation and breeding of Fish. The
subject is one which requires much inquiry at home, and still further
correspondence abroad. And as the plans of the Society are not yet
sufficiently ripe for entering upon any practical experiments, the Com-
mittee think it advisable to reserve their observations on this subject,
which in the present state of their information would necessarily be
imperfect, for a future and a separate report.

There are various other Animals, not included among the foregoing
groups, which would be highly acceptable to the Society, but which
the Committee do not include in the list submitted to the Council, lest
they should appear tooverload it with too many and too particular re-
commendations. They will therefore refer to them generally. Many of
the Reptiles would be valuable ; more particulary the different species
of Tortoises and Lizards. Some of the Molluscous Animals also might
be introduced with advantage and interest, such as the larger land
Snails, and the freshwater Bivalves. Various Insects also, the foreign
species of Bees for example, with their nests, and the larger silk bear-
ing Moths* of India and North America, if imported in a living state,
would be so many accessions to science. All these and similar animals
might be easily kept alive in our conservatories, and in addition to
their scientific value would be objects of extreme attraction. Eggs
of birds also, carefully packed in some soft substance with either end
upwards, may be sent to this country, with some prospect of an ad-
vantageous result. But the Committee must content themselves
with this general reference and recommendation, and leave the follow-
ing-up of the suggestions to the kindness and discretion of the friends
and correspondents of the Society.

* Moths should be sent over in-the pupa state.

OO

ip ee tee

83

Before they close these introductory observations of their Report,
the Committee beg earnestly to press upon the Council the recom-
mendation that instructions be given to all persons in charge of Ani-
mals, to preserve entire in spirit the body of every species which may
chance to die onthe passage. If spirit is not easily procured, strong
brine will in most cases answer as a substitute; and in case of its
being difficult to preserve the soft. parts, the bones would be highly
valuable. An attention to these suggestions would occasion little
expense, and the labour would be trifling ; but the value of the addi-
tions thus likely to be made to the materials of Science is incalculable.

AMERICA.

York FACTORY aND QUEBEC.

Rocky Mountain Sheep. Grouse of all species.
Rocky Mountain Goat. Californian and other Quails.
_ Prong-horned Antelope. Swans (excepting the Hooper).
_ Musk Ox. King Ducks.
_ Grisly Bear. Eider Ducks.
_ Beavers. Jays.
_ Deer ofall kinds ( Wapiti excepted).
_ Wolverene. ;
Lynx.
Hares.
Foxes.
_ Marmots.

_ ‘Flying and other Squirrels.

Weasels.

_ Star-nosed Moles.

_ Canada Porcupine.

- Ondatra, or Musk Rat.
Carcajou, or Badger.
Jumping Mouse.

UNITED STATES.

nian and other Deer. Wild Turkey.

; Virginian Quails.
and other Wolves, including | Jays.

airie Dog. Mocking Thrush.

‘quirrels of all kinds. Stares and Troupiales.
witiebalil . Hard-billed birds of all sorts,
Turkey Buzzard.
Canvas-backed Ducks.

nd generally such of the Quadrupeds and Birds, mentioned under the
preceding head, as can be procured.

84

West INDIES, DEMERARA, CuBa, &c.

Capromys, or Hutias, of all species. | Gallinules.

Armadillos, ditto. Whistling Ducks.
Agoutis, ditto. Doves of all sorts.
Acouchis.

Mexico, Honpuras, VERA Cruz, &e.

Deer of all kinds. Ocellated Turkey
Small or burrowing Dog called Chi- | Quails.
wawa. Jays.

Cayopollin and other Opossums.
Tiger-cats of all kinds.

SOUTH AMERICA.—PERNAMBUCO, Rio JANE:RO, Kc.

Mountain Tapir (from the Andes). | Trumpeters.

Grison. Curassows.
Monkeys, (particularly Howlers | Tinamous.
and Lion Monkeys). Penelopes.
Sloths. Rhea or Nhandu Ostrich.
Agoutis. Screamer.
Armadillos of ail kinds. Dicholophus, or Gariaima.
Deer, ditto. Roseate Spoonbill.
Kinkajou. Scarlet Ibis.
Foxes. Jabiru.
Ocelots. Flamingo.
Margay and other small Cats. King Vulture.
Opossums of all kinds. Quails of all kinds.
Hares. Humming Birds.
Coypu.
Capybara.
Ant-eaters.

Tree Porcupines.

BuENOS AYRES, FALKLAND ISLES AND STRAITS OF

MaGELLAN.
Hares. Swans.
Foxes. Geese.
Cavies. Ducks.
Quails.

Humming Birds.

WESTERN COAST, SOUTH AMERICA.—Sawn114G0, Lima, Xe.

Vicugna. Birds before mentioned from Straits
Chinchilla. of Magellan and Juan Fernandez.
Viscaccia. Condor Vulture.

Deer of all kinds.

Foxes ditto.

Chlamyphorus, or Pichichiago.
Coypu.

85

WESTERN COAST, NORTH AMERICA.

Sheep. Californian Vulture.
Deer. ; Californian Quails.
Wolves. Douglas’ Quails, and others.
Foxes. Jays of all kinds,
Squirrels. ;
Sea Otter.
‘Weasels.
EUROPE.
PETERSBURGH.

Sables.
_ Alpine Hares.

NoRWAY AND SWEDEN.

Elk. Capercailzie.
_ Reindeer. Grouse of all kinds.
Lynx. Jerfalcon.
_ Swedish Hare.

Lemmings.

SWITZERLAND.

Chamois. Bearded Vulture.
Ibex. Black Vulture.
_ Marmots. -

GIBRALTAR, MALTA, &c.

Bustards.

Francolins.
Red-legged Partridges.
Quails.

Purple Gallinules.

Monkeys.

AFRICA.

ALEXANDRIA, TRIPOLI, &c.

Sacred Ibis, or Abou-hannez.

Percnopterus, or Pharaoh’s
Chickens.

_ | Bustards of all kinds.

Mouse. Demoiselles.

Marabou Cranes.

boas. Francolius.

popotamus of Upper Egypt. Sand Grouse. :

ettes. j Red-legged (Greek) Partridge.

footed Lynx, and smaller Feline

_ Animals,

Wolves and Foxes.

86

MoGADORE, SIERRA LEONE, FERNANDO Po, &c.

Fasciculated Porcupine. Touracos of all species.
Chimpanzee and other Monkeys. Plaintain-eater.
Antelopes. Francolins.

Galagos, or Gum Animals, Sand Grouse.

Potto. Marabou Cranes.
Genettes.

Pangolin or Manis.

Care oF Goop Horr.

Two-horned Rhinoceros. Secretary Bird.
African Elephant. Bustards of all kinds.
Hippopotamus. Flamingo.
Antelopes of all kinds (Gnu ex- | Crested Guinea Fowls.
cepted). Mitred ditto.
Ethiopian Hog. Touracos.
Variable Mole. Vultures of al! kinds.
Ratel. Eagles.
Suricate. Francolins or Partridges of all
Painted Hyena. kinds.

Cape Ant-eater.
Caffrarian Ox.

Quagga.

Aard Wolf (Proteles).
Gencttes.

Serval, or Bosch-kat.
Pedetes, or Spring-Haas.
Hyrax.

Mole Rats.

EE EE

Mapaaascar, Mauririus, &e.

Macaucos of all kinds. Spoonbills with red bill and legs.
Tenrecs of different sorts.
Cheiromys, or Aye-aye.

Fossane.
Sus larvatus (Native Hog).
TIndri.
Vansire.
ASIA.

BomMBAY.
Monkeys of all kinds. Flamingo from Cambay.
Deer, ditto. All Pheasants and Gallinaceous

Birds.
Florican and other Bustards.

87

CEYLON.
Asiatic Elephant. Jungle Fowls.
Monkeys. Gallinaceous Birds of all kinds.

Slow Lemur.
Slender Lemur.
Meminna Musk Deer.

MADRAS AND CALcurTtTa.

Asiatic Lion and Lioness. Cassowary.

Arctonyx (or Sand Hog). Adjutant.

Small Feline Animals. Cyrus Crane.

Pangolin, or Manis. Stanley or Paradise Crane.

One-horned Rhinoceros, Jungle Fowl.

Panda or Chitwa. Florican and other Bustards.

Deer of all kinds (except Axis and | Pheasants from Nepal of all kinds. -
Samboo). Pondicherry and other Vultures.
Chiru Antelope. Ducks and Teal.

_ Isabella Bear of Nepal.
_ Bandycoot Rat.
Malabar and other Squirrels.

Flying ditto.
Musk Deer of Thibet.
Thibet Bear.
SUMATRA AND JAVA.
Malay and Bornean Bears. Crowned Pigeon.
Indian Tapir. Nicobar ditto.
~ Long-armed Apes and other Mon- | Pigeons (various).
keys. Fire-backed Pheasant.
_ Civets and Genettes. Argus ditto.

Orang Utan. Two-spurred Peacock.
- Sumatran Rhinoceros. Javanese Peacock.

_ Flying Squirrels. Rouloul.

_ Panda. Jungle Fowl.

_ Benturong.

: es or Telagon.

onodon, or Delundung.
all Feline Animals.
mau Dayan Tiger.

lin or Manis.

er.
k Deer of all kinds.
g Macaucos (Galeopithecus).

a> CHINA.

M preys, Deer, and all wild Qua- | Pheasants of all kinds, except Gold
. and Silver.

Mandarin and other Teal.

Fishing Pelicans.

88

AUSTRALIA.

SYDNEY, VAN DIEMEN’s LAND, SWAN RIVER, &e.

Ornithorhynchus. Menura superba, or ‘Tree Pheasant.
Echidna. Black Cockatoos.
Wallabee and Kangaroos of all sorts | Parrots of all kinds.

(common excepted). Quails.
Kangaroo Rats. Bronzed-winged, Magnificent, and
Opossums of all kinds. other Pigeons.
Flying ditto or Phalangers. Large Alectura, called New Holland
Wombat. Vulture by Dr. Latham.
Coala. Dollar Birds.

Dasyurus ursinus.
Thylacinns Harrisii.

POLYNESIAN ISLES.

Papuan Hog. Megapodius.
Deer of Marianne Islands. Birds of Paradise.
Babyroussa.

Phalangers.

From each of the above localities the smaller Quadrupeds, such as
Rats, Mice, Shrews, Moles, &c. ; and the smaller Birds, especially the
hard-billed species ; would be desirable, as likely to include subjects
of considerable scientific interest.

June 14, 1831.
Joshua Brookes, Esq. in the Chair.

A letter addressed to the Secretary of the Society by Charles
Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. S., dated Port Louis, December
15th, 1830, was read. It referred to previous unsuccessful
attempts on the part of the Society’s valuable correspondent to
transport from the Mauritius to England living Gouramies and
Tanrecs, and promised a repetition of the experiment. Mr. Tel-
fair states that he has now a pair. of living Tanrecs fully grown
ready to send to England when he can place them under proper
care, ‘ They live on boiled rice, but will probably not exist long
upon that alone, as their natural food is chiefly composed of worms,
insects, lizards, and the eggs of snails, of which it would be difficult
to carry avsufficient supply in a living state on board ship. Fresh
supplies might, however, be obtained at Madagascar or the Cape of
Good Hope, at St. Helena, Ascension, and the Cape de Verd

_ Islands ; and the animals might thus arrive in good health in En-
_ gland, where they would probably survive for some time burrowing
_ under a dungheap, or living in straw in a hot-house or green-
house. An opportunity would thus be furnished of observing their
habits. Inthe Mauritius they sleep through the greater part of the
winter, from April to November, and are only to be found when
summer heat is felt, which being generally ushered in by an electric
state of the atmosphere, the negroes (with whom they are a favour-
ite food) say they are awakened by the peals of thunder which
precede the summer storms or ‘pluies d’orage.’ Even in summer
they are not often seen beyond the holes in which they burrow,
_ except at night. Their favourite haunts are among the old roots
of clumps of bamboos. They have a very overpowering smell of
- musk at all times, which is increased to an extraordinary degree
when they are disturbed or frightened: yet their flesh is considered
So savoury by the negroes that they are unwilling to sell those
which they catch, and would not exchange it for any other food,
except perhaps for the ‘ ourite,’ which is the Catfish hung up in
the sun until it acquires a most foetid smell tainting the atmosphere
to a great distance ; in this state it is a chief ingredient in their fa-
-vourite ragout. This mode of living may be one of the causes of
_the peculiar odour of the skin of the woolly-headed race, which no
ablutions can remove, and which is not less distinctive of their race
than the colour of t+ —__ itself.”

_ Mr. Telfair then . . .o the collection of Fishes last presented
by him to the Society, portions of which have been exhibited at
the Meetings of the Committee on the 12th and 26th of April. He
is continuing his ichthyological collections, and states the proceed-

[No. VIII. Zoot. Soc, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CoMM, oF SCIENCE.

90

ing which he adopts in the preservation of the specimens to be as
follows. ‘The moment the fish is caught it is thrown intoa tub of
rum; and the numbers are gradually augmented until there is no
further room and the spirit begins to acquire a slight smell of the
fish. They are then taken out; washed in fresh rum; and again
put into clean spirit. They are then ticketed and numbered with
lead and wire, and are ready to be put up in the preparation bottles
as opportunities for their embarkation offer: this is done with fresh
spirit also.” The success of this method was shown to be in many
instances almost complete, the fishes exhibiting great beauty and
brilliancy of colour. In some cases, however, it is less successful,
and even the same species varies considerably in its state of preser-
vation. Thus of the Julis decussatus, (Sparus decussatus, J.W. Benn.)
two specimens almost equal the brilliancy depicted in the ‘ Fishes
of Ceylon’ [Plate xiv.], while a third has parted with nearly the
whole of its colouring, and retains merely the markings. The iron
wire employed in affixing the leaden numbers has generally rusted
80 as to stain the fishes where it has been in contact with them, and
has in some instances been so weakened by corrosion as no longer
to retain the lead.

Mr, Telfair concludes by referring to the neighbouring island of
Madagascar, and to the interest attaching to its natural productions
so far as they have been already investigated. He remarks how
imperfect this investigation yet is, and gives a historical sketch of
the various attempts made by European naturalists during the last
twenty years, but few of which have been attended with even mode-
rate success. In several instances they have been fatal to the zealous
individuals who have devoted themselves to the pursuit, the climate,
especially that of the coast, being generally ill suited to Euro-
peans. A new attempt is about to be made under the auspices of
Mr. Telfair and the Mauritius Natural History Society, from which
he anticipates considerable additions to science, the individual se-
lected being well adapted for the purpose by long practice in col-
lecting and preserving specimens, and by being thoroughly accli-
mated to Madagascar, in which he has on several occasions resided
for a considerable time.

Mr. Owen, having had occasion to examine recently with Mr.
Yarrell the body of a Gannet, (Sula Bassana,) which died at the So-
ciety’s Garden, read his notes of the examination. They referred
chiefly to the situation and connections of the air-cells, and differed
in some particulars from the observations recorded by Montagu,
who states in the ‘Supplement to the Ornithological Dictionary’
[article Gannet], that ‘‘by reason of some valvular contrivance the
skin could not be artificially inflated through the lungs;” and adds,
‘it is also clear that there is no direct communication between
the sides.”

“In the examination our attention was chiefly directed to the
air-cells, which in this bird, as in the Pelican, have a most extensive
distribution, We commenced by gentle but continued inflation

91

through the ¢rachéa, a pipe having been introduced into the upper
larynx: in a short time the integuments of the whole of the lateral
and inferior parts of the body rose, and the air-cells seemed com-
pletely filled, especially that which is situated in front of the os
Jurciforme. Being thus satisfied that they all had a free commu-
nication with the chest, we next proceeded to see at what points
these communications took place, and in what degree the air-cells
communicated with each other. For that purpose the air-cells on
the left side of the body were laid open, and shortly after those of
the opposite side collapsed, indicating the existence of apertures of
communication, although: the septum which ran along the middle

line of the body appeared at first sight imperforate. There was a

free communication between the lateral air-cells of the same side of

the body from the os furciforme to the side of the pelvis ; but the
air-cell in front of the os furciforme remained still tensely inflated,

The lateral air-cells had a free communication with the cavity of the

chest at the azila, at which part the air had entered these cells

during the inflation. The pectoral muscles and those of the thigh
presented a singular appearance, being as it were, cleanly dissected,
having the air-cells extended above and below them; the axillary
vessels and nerves also passing bare and unsupported by any sur-
rounding substance through these cavities. We traced the air-cells
down the side of the humerus, ulna, and metacarpal bone, into all of
_ which the air entered, and even into the bone corresponding to the
. first phalanx, which agrees with what Mr. Hunter has described

in the Pelican. (Animal Ccon. p. 92.)

«As none of these proceedings had any effect on the air-cell in
front of the os furciforme, which still continued distended, it was
evident that inflation by the humerus could net have filled it except
through the medium of the lungs themselves. We next proceeded
to detach the integument from this air-cell to see its shape and ex-
_ tent; this required to be done with great care, as it adhered pretty
_ closely to the skin and roots of the feathers: it was of a globular
_ form, about four inches in diameter, and communicated with the
_ thorax at its anterior aperture below the trachea.

_ “Numerous strips of muscular fibres passed from various parts
_of the surface of the body, and were firmly attached to the skin; a
beautiful fan-shaped muscle was also spread over the external sur-

face of the air-cell anterior to the os furciforme. The use of these
muscles appeared to be, to produce instantaneous expulsion of the
air from these external cells, and by thus increasing the specific
gravity of the bird to enable it to descend with the rapidity neces-
“sary to the capture of a living prey while swimming near the surface
of the water.

“With respect to the general anatomy of this bird, it may be
‘observed that we found the two-small glands at the termination of
the trachea, which are noticed by Montagu, and which exist in ad-
dition to the ordinary pair lying above the bronchie. The stomach

corresponded exactly with thefigure given by Sir Everard Home
(Comp. Anat, pl. xlvi.), the pyloric orifice being provided with the

$2

bilobed valve which is there represented, though not described in
the text ; it evidently opposes a too ready egress of the contents
of the stomach.”

Mr. Vigors exhibited a collection of African Birds which had.
been presented to the Society by Henry Ellis, Esq., of Portland
Place. They consisted of about one hundred and thirty species,
many of them of extreme rarity and value, and a great portion un-
known to the cabinets of England. They came immediately from
Algoa Bay ; but were supposed to have been collected far in the
interior of the country. Mr. Vigors expressed his intention of lay-
ing before the Committee at an early Meeting, a descriptive cata-
logue of the whole collection, as well as whatever particulars he could
collect respecting the locality from which it was brought. He named
and characterized in the mean time the following apparent novelties
from the Insessorial Birds.

. Turpus eurratus, Turd. superne olivascenti-brunneus, subtis sub-
rufescenti-albidus ; strigis tribus genarum, guttis rotundis pectoris
abdominisque, tectricumque alarum notis brunnescenti-atris ; tee-
tricibus alarum, rectricibusque tribus utrinque lateralibus ad apicem
albo notatis.

Statura paulo minor quam Twurdi aliaci, Linn,

PYRRHULA ALBIFRONS. Pyrr. nigra, capite nuchdque ferrugineo
nitore subtinctis ; fronte maculdque remigum albis.

Longitudo corporis, 73; ale, 4; caude, 3; tarsi, 2; rostri, 3,
altitudo 3.

PLoceus GuTTuRALIS. Ploc. supra pallid? olivaceo-brunneus ;
capite colloque in fronte aurantiacis, corpore subtus aurantiaco-

flavo; gula juguloque nigris, rostro attenuatiore.

Longitudo corporis, 63.

PLoceus spiLonotus. Ploc. capite supra corporeque subtis au-
rantiaco-flavis ; guld, jugulo, dorsoque summo nigris, hoc flavo
maculato ; uropygio fusco-lutescente ; alis cauddque fuscis.

Statura precedentis ; rostro fortiore.

PLocEus cuRysoGASTER. Ploc. capite genis corporeque toto supra
saturate castaneo-brunneis ; gula flavo et brunneo variegaté ; cor-
pore subtus aureo-flavo.

Statura precedentium ; at rostrum multo validius.

LAMPROMORPHA* CHALCOPEPLA. Mas. Lamp. supra splendidé
viridis, cupreo nitens ; subtis alba, lateribus viridi-cupreo fascia-
tis ; strigd in capitis medio, secundd superciliari, alterdque mazil-
lari, maculis tectricum alarum, remigum, rectricumque, duabus
mediis exceptis, albis.

Foem. aut mas jun.? Lamp. corpore supra metallic viridi ; capite,

* A group including the shining Cuckoos of Africa, India, and New Hol-
land, indicated in the T'ransuctions of the Linnean Society, vol. xv. p 300.
Mr. Vigors expressed his belief of having lately seen a name attached to
this group by some modern author ; but he could not call to his recollection
the work in which it occurred,

93

nuchd, regioneque interscapulari cupreo splendentibus ; collo in
Sronte pectoreque rufescenti ; abdomine albo, lateribus viridi-eneo
“fasciatis; caudd ferrugined, viridi-eneo fasciatd ; rectricum
trium utrinque lateralium pogoniis, omniumque apicibus albo
notatis.

Statura Cuculi aurati, Gmel.

CoryTHaix porPHyREOLoPHA. Cor. collo, abdomine medio, pec-
tore, regioneque scapulari gramineo-viridibus, his subrufescenti-
bus ; fronte strigdque per oculos splendideé viridibus 3 capite cris-
tato, alis, cauddque splendenti-purpureis ; remigum fascia lata
subpurpurascenti-coccineis ; dorso abdomineque imis, tectricibusque
femorum fusco atris ; rostro pedibusque atris.

Statura Cor. Perse, ll.

Bucco nanus. Bucco supra niger, sulphureo striatus ; striga su
perciliari gracili, alterdque per totam longitudinem alarunv ex-
tendente lata, aurantiis ; gula crissoque sulphureis, abdomine fus-

cescenti ; fronte coccineo. :

Longitudo corporis, 44; rostri ad frontem, +2,, ad rictum ,3,.

Yunx pecroratis. Y, supra pallide brunnescenti-griseus, fusco
graciliter undulatus ; nuché scapularibusque nigro notatis, caudd
nigro fasciatd ; subtis albidus, collo in fronte confertim, femorum
tectricibus miniis confertim, nigro fasciatis, abdomine nigro li-
neato; maculd grandi pectorali ad gulam extendente rufa ; remi-

bus fuscis, pogontis externis ferrugineo fasciatis.
stu a Y. Torquille, Linn.

94

June 28, 1831.
Rev. W. Kirby in the Chair.

A letter from Sir Robert Ker Porter, Corr. Memb. Z. S.,
dated City of Caracas, Venezuela, March 25, 1831, was read. It
announced his having recently obtained possession of a specimen of
the American Tapir, (Tapir Americanus, Gmel.), which it was his
intention to transmit to the Society at the earliest opportunity. It
embraced a full description of the animal ; and entered at consider-
able length into an account of its habits. The letter was accompa-
nied by two drawings of the Tapzr, and by sketches of its proboscis-
like upper lip.

Mr. Gray exhibited the skins and skulls of two Mammalia brought
from China by Mr. Reeves, together with the skull of a third, of
which a skin was also in his possession, On these he proposed to
found three new genera, the characters of which may be given as
follows :

, HELICTISs,

_ Dentes primores ¢: laniarit ++: molares % %; e quibus % } ante-
riores falsi conici compresst ; carnivori +4, in mazilld superior
3-lobati, cum processu interno subcentrali lato 2-acuminato ; tu-
berculares ++, superiores mediocres transversi, inferiores exigut.
Caput elongatum. Pedes breves; plante ad calcaneum fereé
nude ; digiti 5—5 ; ungues valide, anteriores longe compress@.
Cauda cylindrica mediocris.

This genus, which inhabits eastern Asia, has the general appear-
ance and colouring of Mydaiis, combined with a dentition resem-
bling that of Gulo or Mustela, but differing from both the latter
genera in the large internal central lobe of the upper carnivorous
tooth. The species exhibited may be characterized in the follow-
ing terms.

Hetictis MoscHATA. Hel. supra argentata, pilis singulis basi
cinereis apice argenteo-albis, colore argenteo ad latera corporis et
versus apicem caude dominante, capite pedibusque anticis in

fusco-cinerascentem vergentibus ; strigd inter, aliisque duabus pone,
oculos, maculd interauriculart nuchalique, labio superiore, mento,
guld, gastreo medio, femoribusque internis, albis.
" The entire length of the animal is 233 inches, of which the tail
measures 8. It inhabits China, and smells strongly of musk.

Mr. Gray added that the Gulo orientalis of Dr. Horsfield’s ‘ Zoolo-
gical Researches in Java’ appeared to him to form a second species
of the genus, closely resembling the Chinese in its general characters,
and in the disposition of its colouring, but differing in its browner
colour and in the larger proportion of white upon the head and

95

back. The internal lobe of the upper carnivorous tooth in the Ja-
vanese animal is also described as being anterior and very minute.

PAGUMA.

Dentes primores § a@quales: laniarit +++: molares § % ; quorum
utrinque in maxilla superiori 3 falsi parvi compressi, 1 carnt-
vorus brevis obtuse $-lobus cum processu interno centrali, 2 tuber-
culares subquadrati interné subangustati anticé non producti ;
in maxillé inferiore 4 falsi, 1 carntvorus, 1 tubercularis. Pedes
postici plantigradi, ad calcaneum usque nudi callost. Caudalonga
attenuata.

In the number and disposition of its teeth this genus agrees with
Viverra, from which, however, it differs in their conformation. It
is much like Jctides in colouring, but has about the face the pale
marking of Paradocurus: the skin has the odour of civet. From
the genus Viverra it is distinguished by the shape of its skull, the
cerebral cavity being in it much larger, the space between the eyes
broader, and the nose much broader and shorter. The species was
characterized in the following terms :

Pacuma Ltarvata. Pag. grisea ; fascia alba frontali transversd,
alterdque longitudinali per frontem ad nasum ducté; cauda
apice nigrescentt.

Gulo larvatus. Ham. Smith in Griff. Transl. Cuv. Régn. An. ii.

p. 281, c. fig. (327

Viverra larvata. Gray, Spic. Zool. p. 9.

The third genus described was founded on a glirine quadruped,
nearly allied to the Bamboo-Rat (Mus Sumatrensis, Raffl.?), with
which Mr, Gray associated it under the following characters.

7RHIZOMYS.

Dentes primores 3 maximi, elongati, triangulares, acutati: mo-
lares 3 3 radicati, subcylindrict, coronis transversim subparal-
lelim porcatis ; superiores interné lobatz. Caput magnum. Oculi
parvi aperti. Auricule nude conspicue. Corpus crassum sub-
cylindricum. Pedes breves validi, digitis 5—5. Cauda mediocris,
crassa, nuda.
___ In teeth and general appearance this genus is most nearly allied
to Spalax, from which it differs in its tail of moderate length, its
exposed eyes and ears, and the more complex character of its
molar teeth. The species of Rhizomys live moreover upon, and
not under, the ground, being found about Bamboo-hedges, on the
_ roots of which they principally subsist. The following were stated
_ to be the distinctive characters of the two species known.
_ Rarzomys Sivensts. Rhiz. pallidé cinerascens unicolor.
_ Hab. in China. D. Reeves. Rey
* Rutzomys Sumarrensis. Pallidé fuscus, pilis raris albidis in-
__ __terspersis ; corporis lateribus pedibusque saturatioribus 5. genis
_ pallidioribus, occipite nigrescenti linea longitudinali alba, pec-
tore albido.

ere

96 .

Mus Sumatrensis, Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii, 258? Temminck,

Mus. Leyd. ;

Spalax Javanus, Cuv. are Anim., ed. 2., i. 211.

Hab, in Sumatra, Raffles? Temminck ; Java, Cuvier.

The latter species seems to have been first observed by Colonel
Farquhar, in whose collection of drawings, preserved in the Museum
of the Asiatic Society, a representation of it is found. Of the former
we owe the discovery to Mr, Reeves. :

Mr. Vigors exhibited, on the part of Captain Cook, specimens of
several Birds recently presented by that gentleman to the Society,
and also of some other Birds shot by him in the South of Europe,
some of which were interesting on account of their rarity, and others
with reference to the localities in which they were obtained. Among
them was a specimen of the Pica cyanea, (Corvus cyaneus, Pall.), a
species not included by M. Temminck in the ‘Oiseaux d’Europe’,
which had been killed by Captain Cook in Spain, There were also
specimens of the Falco tinnunculoides; of the Sturnus unicolor,
Marm., killed in Spain; of the Lantus meridionalis, Temm., a species
referable to the genus Collurio as recently distinguished by Mr.
Vigors: of the Sylvia conspicillata, Marm., killed in Spain: of the
Sazicole cachinnans and stapazina, Temm., also killed in Spain: and
of the Fringilla domestica, Linn., which is met with in great num-
bers in Spain, and consequently extends far beyond the southern
limits assigned to the species by M. Temminck,

- A collection of Birds presented to the Society by H. H. Lindsay,
Esq. of Canton, were laid upon the table. They were accompanied
by a letter from that gentleman to the Secretary, of the date of
Jan. 25, 1831, stating that the collection had been formed during
the summer of the previous year in the neighbourhood of Manilla,
and adding some notes respecting the various species, as well as the
names in the Tagallo or native language of the country. The col-
lection consisted of about fifty-six species, fifty of which at least had
not previously been in the Society’s Museum, or in any other public
collection in England.—Mr. Vigors pointed out the different species ;
and announced that a catalogue of them was in preparation, which
would shortly be submitted to the Committee. In the mean time
he characterized the following species.

Hrerax ERYTHROGENYS. Hier. capite et corpore supra, cauda

Jemoribusque intense atris ; guld, boll, in fronte, corporeque subtus
albis ; strigd a rictu ad qures extendente rufa ; rostro albo, pe-
dibus nigris.

Statura Hier. cerulescentis.

BuTeo HoLosPiLus. But. superné brunneus, subtus brunnescenti-
rufus; capite, fasciisque duabus remigum rectricumque fusco-
atris ; nuchd et dorso, collo in fronte, pectore abdomineque toto,
tectricibusque alarum maculis albis ocellatis, harum maculis dimi-
nutioribus.

Statur4 tertid parte minor quam Buteo Bacha ; ei speciei simil-
lima, differt tamen capite levi, corporeque toto maculato.

mAa-~

Ee

97

Caprimutecus MAcRoTIs. Cap. intensé brunneus, rufo undulatus,
corpore subtis caudaque rufo fasciatis ; capite aurito scapulari-
busque rufo-brunneis, fusco undulatim punctulatis nigroque no-
tatis ; torque jugulari albo ad nucham extendente rufo.

Longitudo corporis, 15; rostri ad frontem 3, ad rictum, 14; ale
a carpo ad apicem remigis 2dz, 103; caude, 7; tarsi, 4.

~ Daceto Linpsayxi. Dac. corpore supra brunneo, olivaceo et viridi
nitente, guttis rufo-albidis notato, pectore abdomine crissoque albis,
illorum plumis, medii abdominis exceptis, olivascenti-viridi mar-

inatis ; capitis pileo saturate olivascenti-viridi, vittd superciliart
lind circumdato, deinde vitta per oculos nigra, alterdaque sub-
oculari ferrugined marginato ; guld juguloque ferrugineis ; striga
utrinque maxillari lazulind ; remigibus fuscis ; rectricibus omnt-

bus ad apicem, duabus utringue eaternis ad latera, s.

notatis ; rostro subbrevt.

Longitudo corporis, 104; rostri, 13; ale a carpo ad ap re-
migis 3tie, 41; caude, 44, tarsi, 5.

Daceto Lessonit. Dac. corpore supra brunneo, olivaceo et viridi
nitente, albido guttato ; capitis pileo saturaté olivaceo-viridi, vitta
superciliari ceruleo-viridi circumdato, deinde vitta alterd nigra
marginato ; collo in fronte corporeque subtis albo, pectoris abdo-
minisque plumis viridi-brunneo marginatis ; strigd utrinque max-
illari viridi ; remigibus fuscis ; rectricibus omnibus ad apicem,
ar utrinque externis ad latera, ferrugineo notatis ; rostro sub-

ngo.

Longitudo corporis, 112; rostri 12; ale a carpo ad apicem re-
migis 3tie, 44; caude, 42; tarsi, 3.

Muscicapa occipiTaLis. Musc. corpore supra pallide lazulino,
capite colloque splendidioribus ; abdomine lazulino-albido ; ma-

| culd occipitali grandi, torqueque gracili jugulari, sericeo-atris,

Longitudo corporis, 63.

RHIPIDURA NIGRITORQUIs. Rhip. cinereo-grisea ; corpore subtis,
rectricumque, duabus mediis exceptis, apicibus albis ; fronte, tor-
queque jugulari nigris ; remigibus rectricibusque fuscis.

Longitudo corporis, 7.

IRENA cyANOGASTRA. Ir. nigrescenti-cyanea ; capite supra, fascia
tectricum alarum, uropygio, crissoque splendenti-cyanezs ; collo in
JSronte, genis sg atris.

Statura Irene Puelle, et simillima; differt abdomine caudaque

<p haud nigris, dorso cyaneo haud lazulino, et rostri culmine

_ plus elevato.

_ ORtoLus AcRoRHyNcHUS. Or. aureo-flavus ; vitté a rictu per

oculos extendente sinciputque obtegente latd, remigibus totis, rec-
tricumque basibus nigris ; rostro flavo, culmine elevato.

Longitudo corporis, 12; ale a carpo ad apicem remigis 4te, 6 ;
caude, 44 ; tarsi, 1; rostri, 12.

PsITTACULA RUBIFRONS, Poitt. viridis, subtis pallidior ; fronte,
dorso imo, rectricumque tectricibus coccineis ; remigibus cauddaque
viridi-fuscis, rostro subelongato rufo.

Statura paullé major quam Psitt. Galguli.

98

Picus spiLotoruvus. Pie. dorso alisque sanguineo-coccineis ; sub-
tus sordidé albus, fuscescenti Gadslanas capite colloque nigris,
guttis albis maculatis ; hujus maculis grandioribus ; remigibus
cauddque fuscis, harum pogoniis internis albo maculatis.

Longitudo corporis, 113.

Picus mopestus, Pic. supra ater, alis ad latera apicesque subru-

JSescentibus ; capite in fronte genisque obscuré coccineis, occipite,
guld, jugulo, colloque grisescenti-atris, plumis maculd minutis-
simd albé ad apicem terminatis ; rectricibus duabus mediis elon-
gatis.

_ Longitudo corporis, 15; ale a carpo ad apicem remigis 4te, 6 ;
caude, 6; tarsi, 1; rostri, 14.

LAMPROMORPHA AMETHYSTINA. Lamp. supra splendidé ame-
thystina ; abdomine albo, fasctis viridi-amethystinis ornato ; rec-
tricibus lateralibus albo notatis.

Longitudo 74.

This description is taken from a bird in the state of change, the

amethystine feathers on the back, tail and breast, appearing par-
tially through a ferruginous ground, but sufficiently numerous and
defined to indicate the adult plumage. A younger bird in the col-
lection has nearly the whole of the upper body ferruginous with an
amethystine feather here and there breaking out. In a note ap-
pended to the description of the species, Mr. Lindsay states that the
natives considered them of extremely rare occurrence.

Nycricorax MANILLENSIs, Nyct. supra castaneo-rufa ; collo in

Jronte, abdominis lateribus, femorum tectricibus, alarumgue tec-
tricibus inferioribus pallidiori-rufis ; capite colloque supra nigris,
criste@ pennis longis pendentibus albis, apice nigro; pectore ab-
domine crissoque albis,

Statura paulo major quam Nyct. Caledonica, cui simillima,; dif-

fert tamen colore cristz, colli in fronte, tectricumque inferiorum
alarum.

99

July 12, 1831.
W. Yarrell, Esq. in the Chair,

Skins of numerous species of Mammalia obtained in Dukhun,
(Deccan), East Indies, were exhibited by Major W. H. Sykes, Corr.
Memb. Z. 8S. They were accompanied by a Catalogue of the Mam-
malia noticed by Major Sykes in Dukhun, which included also ob-
servations on the habits of each species, with occasional remarks on
their rarity or abundance, on their geographical range, and on
other interesting points connected with their history.

The following species were enumerated :—

Semnopithecus Entellus, F. Cuv. Makur of the Mahrattas.—Is
found in large troops in the woods of the Western Ghauts; and is
not venerated by the Mahratta people, nor do they object to its

_ being killed.
Macacus radiatus, Geoff. Waanur of the Mahrattas.—TInhabits
_ the woods of the Western Ghauts in small troops.

- Pteropus medius, Temm. Wurbagool of the Mahrattas—Is very

numerous in Western India, and such variations are found in the

colouring of different individuals in the same troop, that two or
_ three species might be supposed to be included in it. Some indi-
viduals have a greater length of body (144 inches) than is given to
- the Pter. Javanicus of Dr. Horsfield.

Nyctinomus plicatus, Geoff. (Vespertilio plicatus, Hamilton ?)—
This Bat bears a very close resemblance to Dr. Horsfield’s Nyct.
tenuis.

RuinotopHus DuKuunensis, Sykes.—Rhin. supra murinus,
infra albido-brunneus: auribus capite longioribus : antibrachio
corpus longitudine equante.

This Bat belongs to the same section as Dr. Horsfield’s Rhin.
tsignis, but differs from that species in being much smaller; in
having the ears larger and more rounded; the nose-leaf with the
upper lobe concave, ridged beneath and revolute above ; and the
front lobe oblong and notched in the centre. It differs from the
Rhin. crumeniferus, Pér. and Le Sueur, (which is the Rhin. marsupi-
alis of M. Geottroy’s lectures, andthe Rhin. Speoris of M. Desmarest,)
‘in being much smaller, this species having the fore arm nearly half

a

as long again as the Dukhun bat. The upper nose-leaf also is much
more produced, and finally the colour of the fur in this species is
reddish. The fore arm of the Rhin. Speoris as figured is 2 inches
2 lines long, and the body and head 2 inches 2 lines. In the Duk-
hun species the fore arm is only the Jength of the body. Expan-
sion of its wings 10 inches.

_ Sorex Indicus, Geoff. Cheechondur of the Mahrattas.—These
_troublesome and disagreeable animals are very numerous in Dukhun,

100

but much more so in Bombay. The sebaceous glands in an old
male were observed to be very large, and the odour of musk from
them almost insupportable ; while in an adult female the glands were
scarcely discoverable, and the scent of musk very faint. The
Sorex Indicus and Sor. giganteus are regarded by Major Sykes as
specifically identical, he having killed them in the same room, and
seen them frequently together.

Ursus labiatus, Blainv. Aswail of the Mahrattas.—In the skulls
of many individuals of this species which he has examined, Major
Sykes has never seen more than four incisor teeth in the upper and
six in the lower jaw; the two centre teeth standing a little in front
of the line of the rest. One individual, now in his possession, is so
young that he does not conceive that the deficient incisors can have
fallen out ; nor is there any appearance of dentition having existed
in the places which they should have occupied, He remarks that
it might be deemed advisable therefore to remove this animal from
the genus Ursus.

Lutra Nair, F. Cuv. Juhl Marjur or Water Cat of the Mah-
rattas——The Otter of Dukhun differs only from the Nair in wanting
the white spots over the eyes, in having a white upper lip, and in
being somewhat larger.

Canis Duxuunensis, Sykes.—Kolsun of the Mahrattas.

Can. rufus, subtis pallidior: cauda comosa pendente : pupilla ro-

tundata.

This is the wild Dog of Dukhun. Its head is compressed and elon-
gated ; its nose, not very sharp. The eyes are oblique: the pupils
round, irides light brown. The expression of the countenance that
of a coarse ill-natured Persian Greyhound, without any resemblance
to the Jackal, the Fox, or the Wolf, and in consequence essentially

-distinct from the Canis Quao or Sumairensis of General Hardwicke.
Ears long, erect, somewhat rounded at the top, without any repli-
cation of the tragus. Limbs remarkably large and strong in relation
to the bulk of the animal; its size being intermediate between the
Wolf and Jackal. Neck long. Body elongated. Between the eyes
and nose, red brown: end of the tail blackish.

From the tip of the nose to the insertion of the tail 33 inches in
length: tail 85 inches. Height of the shoulders 163 inches.

None of the domesticated Dogs of Dukhun are common to Europe.

The first in strength and size is the Brinjaree Dog, somewhat
resembling the Persian Greyhound in possession of the Society, but
much more powerful.

The Pariah Dog is referable to M. Cuvier’s second section. They ©
are very numerous, are not individual property, and breed in the
towns and villages unmolested.

Amongst the Pariahs is frequently found the Turnspit Dog, long
backed, with short crooked legs.

There is also a petted minute variety of the Pariah Dog, usually
of a white colour and with long silky hair, corresponding to a com-
aon Lap-Dog of Europe; this is taught to carry flambeaux and
lanterns.

‘101

The last variety noticed is the Dog with hair so short as to ap-
pear naked like the Canis Hgyptius. It is known to Europeans by
the name of the Polygar Dog.

CANIS PALLIPES, Sykes.— Landgah of the Mahrattas.

Can. sordidé rufescenti-albidus; dorso nigrescenti ferrugineoque
vario; pedibus totis pallidé ferrugineis: caudé sublongd pen-
dente.

This is the Wolf of Dukhun. Its head is elongated, and its muzzle
acuminated: a groove exists between the nostrils. Eyes oblique:
irides yellowish bright brown. Ears narrow, ovate, erect ; small
for the length of the head. Tail pendent, thin but bushy, extend-
ing below the os calcis. General colour of the fur a dirty reddish
white or whited brown. Along the back and tail very many of the
hairs are tipped black, mixed with others tipped ferruginous. The
tail ends in a black tip. The inner surface of the limbs, the throat,
breast and belly, dirty white. Legs pale. From the ears to the
eyes reddish grey, with a great number of short black hairs inter-
mixed ; from the eyes to the nostrils, light ferrugincus. The fur
from the occipui to the insertion of the tail is two or three inches

Jong, gradually shortening as it approaches the sides; hence all
over the body very short and lying close.

The description is taken from two three-parts grown animals.

Length from tip of nose to insertion of tail 35 to 37 inches; of
the tail 11 to 12 inches ; the hair extending two inches beyond the
measurement,

These animals are numerous in the open stony plains of Dukhun;
but are not met with in the woods of the Ghauts.

Canis aureus, Linn. Kholah of the Mahrattas. — Jackals are
numerous in Dukhun. Major Sykes had in his possession at the

_ same time a very large wild male and a domesticated female.
The odour of the wild animal was almost unbearable. That of
_ the domesticated Jackal was scarcely perceptible.
Canis Koxrer, Sykes.— Kokree of the Mahrattas.
Can. supra rufescenti-griseus, infra sordidé albus ; caude@ comose
apice nigro ; pedibus rufescentibus : pupilld elongatd,
_ The For of Dukhun appears to be new to science, although it
‘much resembles the descriptions of the Corsac. It is a very pretty
animal, but much smaller than the European Fox. Head short;
‘muzzle very sharp. Eyes oblique: zrides nut brown, Legs very
slender. Tail trailing on the ground; very bushy. Along the back
‘and on the forehead fawn colour with hair having a white ring near
to its tip. Back, neck, between the eyes, along the sides and half
way down the tail reddish grey, each hair being banded black and
reddish white. All the legs reddish outside, reddish white inside.
Chin and throat dirty white. Along the belly reddish white.
Ears externally dark’ brown, and with the fur so short as to be
scarcely discoverable. Edges of eyelids black. Muzzle red brown,
Length 22 and 22+ inches: of the tail 114 to 12 inches.
Viverra Indica, Geoff., (Viv. Rasse, Horsf.) Juwadee Manjur,

—_—_<—
ry

102

or Civet Cat of the Mahrattas.—-There are two varieties of this
species of Viverra in Dukhun ; one inhabiting the woods along the
Ghauts; the other the country eastward of the Ghauts. The
former has the ground colour much grayer, and the lines more dis-
tinctly broken into spots. The other variety has a ferruginous tint,
and the four black longitudinal lines or stripes on the sides of the
neck are more marked : it attains the length of 283 inches.

Herpestes griseus, Desm. Moongus of the Mahrattas.—Some
specimens of this animal measure from 193 to 203 inches from the
tip of the nose to the insertion of the tail, and the tail 15 to 16+
inches.

Paradoxurus Typus, F. Cuv. Ood of the Mahrattas—This
animal is by no means rare in Dukhun, Its carnivorous propensi-
ties are very strong, but it may be fed entirely on rice and clarified
butter. Inthe stomachs of some individuals examined at Poona,
were found fruit, vegetables, and Blatte.

Hyena vulgaris, Cuv. Turrus of the Mahrattas——Hyenas are
numerous in Dukhun, and are susceptible of the same domestica-
tion as a dog.

Felis Tigris,'L. Puttite Wagh or striped Tiger of the Mahrat-
tas.—Royal tigers are so numerous in the province of Khandesh,
that 1032 were killed from the years 1825 to 1829 inclusive, accord-
ing to the official returns. ‘They are much less numerous in the
collectorates of Poonah, Ahmednuggar, and Dharwar.

Fel. Leopardus. Cheeta of the Mahrattas.—This is regarded by
Major Sykes as the Leopard of M. Temminck’s monograph of the
genus Felis. It is a taller, longer, and slighter built animal than
the succeeding, which he considers as the Panther, It differs also
in more of the ground colour being seen, in the rose spots being
much less curved, and in other particulars. The natives of Dukhun
consider the Cheeta and succeeding Cat as distinct animals. The
Cheeta is extremely rare. On the contrary, the

Fel. Pardus, Beebeea Baugh of the Mahrattas, is so abundant that
472 were killed from 1825 to 1829 inclusive, in the four collec-
torates of Dukhun. It exactly resembles the animal figured as the
Panther of the ancients in Mr, Griffiths’s Translation of the ‘ Régne
Animal.’ It differs from the preceding in its smaller size, stouter
make, darker ground colour, and in its crowded rose rings.

Fel, jubata, L., and Fel. venatica, H. Smith. Cheeta of the
Mahrattas.—These animals appear to be identical, the specific diffe-
rences deduced from the hair originating in domestication. A skin
of the wild animal has a rough coat, in which the mane is marked,
while domesticated animals from the same part of the country are
destitute of mane and have a smooth coat.

Fel. Chaus, Guld. Mota Rahn Manjur or larger wild Cat of the
Mahrattas.

Fel. torquatus, F. Cav. Lhan Rahn Manjur or lesser wild Cat of —

the Mahrattas.—The specimens from Dukhun differ only from the
Fel. torquatus figured in the third volume of the ‘ Histoire Naturelle
des Mammiferes’ in the ears externally being tipped dark brown,

Pte om peed dey

103

and in having two narrow stripes behind the eyes instead of one.
The sexes resemble each other in colour, marks and size.

» Mus giganteus, Hardw. Ghoos of the Mahrattas. —In fully
grown individuals of the well-known Bandikoot Rat, none of the
teeth are tuberculous. Its body attains a length of 16: inches ;
the tail 1155, inches.

Mus decumanus, Pall. Chooa of the Mahrattas—The Norway
or brown Rat abounds in Dukhun.

Mus Musculus, L.—The Mouse is comparatively rare in Dukhun,

Another Mouse was observed by Major Sykes, which he believes
to be new. It is bright light chestnut above, reddish white below.
Tail much longer than the body: size of the common mouse.
Found only in fields and gardens.

Scrurus E_puinstonit, Sykes.—Shekroo of the Mahrattas.

Sc. supra nitidé castaneus, infra rufescenti-albidus ; caud@ dimidio

apicali pallidé rufescente.

_ This very beautiful animal is found only in the lofty and dense
woods of the Western Ghauts. It is of the size of the Sc. maai-
mus, and the general arrangement of its colours is the same ; but
its colours are invariable, and do not present those differences
which exist in the Sc. maximus.

Ears and whole upper surface of the body, half way down the
tail, outside of the hind legs and half way down the fore legs out-
side, of a uniform, rich reddish chestnut. The whole under surface

_of the body, from the chin to the vent, inside of limbs and lower
part of fore legs, crown of the head, cheeks and lower half of tail, of
a fine reddish white, the two colours being separated by a defined
line and not merging into each other. Feet of a light red. Fore-
head and down to the nose reddish brown, with white hairs inter-
mixed. Jrides nut brown. Ears tufted. Length from the tip of the
nose to the insertion of the tail 20 inches ; of the tail 154 inches.
_ Dedicated to a very distinguished person and a zealous promoter
of scientific research, the Hon, Mountstuart Elphinstone. .
Sc. Palmarum, Briss. Khurree of the Mahrattas.—The Palm
Squirrel is very abundant in gardens in Dukhun.
_. Hystrix nevcurus, Sykes,—Sayal of the Mahrattas.
Hyst. caudé alba.
___ This animal appears to be distinct from the European species,
_ which it closely resembles in form and covering. It is nearly a third
larger. All the spines and open tubes of the tail are entirely white,
which-is not the case in the Hyst. cristata. The spines of the
_ crest also are so long as to reach to the insertion of the tail. The
_ ears are much less rounded, and the nails are shorter, infinitely
deeper and more compressed, and with deep channels below.
The white gular band is more marked; and, finally, the Asiatic
Species is totally destitute of hair, spines where wanting being
_ feplaced by strong bristles even down to the nails.
_ Lepus nigricollis, F. Cuv. | Sussuh of the Mahrattas.—This species
’ Hare is yery common in the stony and bushy hills of Dukhun.

-

104

Manis pentadactylus, L. Kuwlee Manjur or tiled Cat of the
Mahrattas.—Very common in Dukhun, living on white ants.

Sus Scrofa, L. Dookur of the Mahrattas—— Wild Hogs are nume-
rous in Dukhun, and the males attain to a very great size. Every
village also abounds with Hogs, but any property in them is equally

‘abjured by individuals and the community. These village Hogs are
of the same colour as the wild animal, mostly a rusty black, and the
only variations are slate black or slate intense brown ; but it is not
above two-thirds of the size of the latter. Tail never curled or
spirally twisted.

Equus Caballus, L. Ghora of the Mahrattas—A fine breed
of Horses exists on the banks of the Beema and Mahn rivers in
Dukhun, supposed to have been improved by the Arabian blood.
The variety called Pony by us, and Tuttoo by the Mahrattas, is
sedulously propagated.

Equus Asinus, L. Gudha of the Mahrattas.—The 4ss of Dukhun
is very little larger than a good mastiff or Newfoundland dog. It
is said to be found wild in Katteewar.

Camelus Dromedarius, L. Oont of the Mahrattas—The Dro-
medary is rarely bred in Dukhun, but is in very general use. The
two-humped Camel is not known,

Moschus Meminna, Erxl. Peesoreh of the Mahrattas.—This beau-
tiful little animal is found in considerable numbers in the dense
woods of the Western Ghauts, but never on the plains.

Cervus equinus, Cuv, Sambur of the Mahrattas.—Abounds in
the Ghauts of Dukhun and in Khandesh, and is no doubt the same
as the Malayan Rusa figured in Mr. Griffiths’s Translation of the
‘ Régne Animal’. It wants the size of the Cerv. Aristotelis of Bengal,
also called Sambur (not Samboo), and is not so dark in colour.

Cerv. Muntjak, Zimm. Baiker of the Mahrattas.—This beautiful
species of Deer is a native of the Western Ghauts of Dukhun, and
is never seen on the plains. It has large suborbital sinuses, which it
uses in the manner of the Ant. Cervicapra.

Antilope Cervicapra, Pall. Bahmunnee Hurn of the Mahrattas.—
This animal abounds on the plains of Dukhun, in flocks of scores,
but is not met with in the Ghauts. The suborbital sinuses are ca-
pable of great dilatation, and the animal applies them to objects as
if for the purpose of smelling,

Ant. BENNETTII, Sykes. Ant. cornubus nigris, lyratis, apicibus
levibus leviter introrsum antrorsumque versis, ad basin ultra me-
dium annulatis (annulis 8-9) ; rufescenti-brunneus, infra albus,
fascia laterali haud conspicud ; fascia media strigdque ab angulo
oculi ad oris angulum extens@ nigris ; caudé nigra.

Kalseepee or Black Tail of the Mahrattas. Goat Antelope of Eu-
ropeans,

This Antelope is found on the rocky hills of Dukhun, rarely
exceeding three or four in a group, and very frequently soli-
tary. It belongs to the same section as the Ant. Dorcas. Horns
erect, slightly diverging from each other, bending slightly back-

105

wards at first, subsequently with their points bending forward:
ringed for 3 of their length. ‘The whole upper surface and out-
side of the limbs rufous or red brown. Under surface and inside of
the limbs white. Tail black. A black patch on the nose. A black
narrow streak from the anterior corner of each eye towards the angle
of the mouth. Suborbital sinuses very small; in dried skins not
observable; nor does the animal dilate them unless very much
alarmed. Limbs long and slender ; black tufts at the knees. Body
light. The female has horns, but they are slender, cylindrical, and
without rings. The buttocks present a heart-shaped patch of white.
Unlike the Ant. Cervicapra it carries its tail erect when in rapid:mo-
tion. It stands as high as the Bahmunnee Hurn, but has less bulk.

- There is another Antelope found in Dukhun, which Major Sykes
has not yet identified, on account of the immature age of his
specimen. It is brown above, whited brown below. Horns cylin-
drical, pointed, without rings. Its general appearance is that of
the Ant. rufescens and Ant. silvicultriz.

Capra Hircus, Linn, Bukee of the Mahrattas.—The goats in
Dukhun are gaunt, stand high on their legs, have the sides much
compressed, and are covered with long shaggy hair, which in most
is black. Ears nearly pendent. Irides ochrey yellow or reddish
yellow. Tail always carried erect in moyement.

Ovis Aries, Linn.—The variety of Sheep most extensively bred
in Dukhun, has short legs, short thickish body, and arched
chaffron. The wool is short, crisp and coarse, and is almost univer-

_ sally black. In most individuals there is a white streak or line from
the anterior angle of each eye towards the mouth, and a white
_ patch on the crown of the head.

Ant. picta, Pall. Damalis risea, H. Smith. Rooee of the Mah-
-rattas. Nylghaz of the Persians.—This animal is an inhabitant of
the Western Ghauts of Dukhun.

Bos Taurus, var. Indicus. (Bos Indicus, Linn.) Pohl and Byl of
e Mahrattas.—This animal, remarkable for its hump, is when
early trained to labour or to carriage nearly destitute of it. Dwarf
cattle are not met with in Dukhun.

Bos Bubalus, Br. Male called Tondgah ; Female, Muhees of the
Mahrattas—The Buffaloe of Dukhun is the long-horned variety,
_and is mostly bred in the Mawals or hilly tracts along the Ghauts.

_ Major Sykes subsequently called the attention of the Committee
‘toa Monkey presented by him to the Society, and now living at
the Gardens. It was obtained at Bombay, where it was believed
to have been taken from Madagascar; and as it has some characters
in commion with the Cercopitheci (especially with the group of which
‘the Cerc. Sabeus forms a part) and the Semnopitheci of India, it
_ Was remarked that it may ultimately prove to be a connecting link

between the African and Asiatic monkeys. It wants the long limbs
of the Semnopitheci; and although its tail is very long, it is not par-
cularly thin, Major Sykes referred it provisionally to the Semno-

106

pitheci, until by an examination of its posterior molars its real station
in the system should be determined,

It is thus characterized :

SEMN.?. ALBOGULARIS, Sykes. Semn.? supra flavo nigroque,
infra albo nigroque trroratus ; guld alba; artubus nigris : mysta-
ctbus latis aures pené obvelantibus ; superciliorum pilis rigidis
exstantibus. '

Hab. in Madagascar ?

Its canines are remarkably long (nearly 3 of an inch), slender,
sharp; the incisors very short and even. Head rounded and short.
Ears very small, nearly rounded, and for the most part concealed in
the long hair about the head. Eyes deeply seated, and shaded by a
continuous arch of long hairs directed forwards. Jrides broad; of
a brown ochre colour. Hair forming a bunch on each cheek and
resembling whiskers: no beard. Cheek pouches rudimentary only,
not observable externally, even when filled, being concealed by the
bushy hair of the cheeks. Thumbs of anterior hands short and dis-
tant ; those of the posterior long. Whole of the upper surface of
the animal of a mingled black and yellowish ochre colour, each
hair being banded black and ochre; the black prevailing on the
shoulders, the ochre on the back and flanks. Under surface griz-
zled white and black. Anterior limbs uniform black ; posterior black
with a little of the dorsal colour. Chin and throat pure white.
Tail black, half as long again as the body.

The manners of this monkey are grave and sedate. Its disposi-
tion is gentle but not affectionate: free from that capricious petu-
lance and mischievous irascibility characteristic of so many of the
African species, but yet resenting irritating treatment, and evincing
its resentment by very smart blows with its anterior hands. It never
bit any person on board ship, but so seriously lacerated three
monkeys, its fellow passengers, that two of them died from the

:

wounds. It readily ate meat, and would choose to pick a bone,, ;

even when plentifully supplied with vegetables and dried fruits.

Mr. Gray exhibited a specimen of a Tortoise which he regarded
as the type of a new genus in the family Emydide. It is charac-
terized as follows :

PLATYSTERNON.

sternt 12: quorum duo anteriora brevia, luta, per totam sterni
latitudinem extensa. Symphysis scutellorum pectoralium abdo-
minaliumque extremitatibus tecta: sculellis axilari inguinalique
magnis ; inter que scutellum tertium accessorium tis semile ; scu-
tella hec tria in suturam symphysis inserta.

Caput maximum, cute corned continud tectum. Cauda longissima,

teres, attenuata ; superné serie unica, inferne duplici, squamarum
tecta ; haud cristata.

This genus is intermediate between Emys and Chelydra. It has —

¥
P
Sternum latum, antice truncatum, posticé ons Scutella
‘
,

107

the broad sternum and simple tail of the former genus; and pos-
sesses, in common with the latter, a large head, and the peculiar
plates which are situated between the outer extremities of the pec-
toral and abdominal, and the marginal dorsal plates. It differs from
Chelydra, however, in the peculiar plate which covers the symphysis
of the sternum being here comparatively very small, not exceeding
in size the axillary and inguinal plates, and in its being inserted in
the same line with them.
The only species known was characterized as the
PLATYSTERNON MEGACEPHALUM. Plat. capite brunneo, obscuré
nigro radiato : testd superné saturaté brunned, infra pallidé flava :
marginibus scutellorum sulcis aliquot obscuris strusque radian-
tibus confertis.
Long. teste, 34 unc.; sterni, 23: latitudo teste, 23; sterni an-
: ticé, 2: long. capitis 25; caude, 3.
Hab. in China.
In illustration of the conterminous genus Emys, Mr. Gray exhi-
bited a specimen of the Em. Caspica, Schw., recently obtained from
_ the Mediterranean.

Mr. Gray also exhibited a specimen of the animal (Ocythoé) found
in the shells of the genus Argonauta, in illustration of some obser-
yations on the disputed question of its parasitic or non-parasitic
nature.‘ He stated that he had lately examined ten specimens, four
of them referable to Ocythoé Cranchii, and the remainder to Ocy-
thoé antiquorum ; there being, however, little to distinguish them
except the size. All these specimens, as well as all those which
have been figured, were females, and had eggs inclosed in the hin-
der part of the shell, in the cavity which is uniformly found behind
the body of the animal. In all, the posterior s¢phon was placed more
_ or less exactly in the keel of the sheli, but the body did not always

celipy a symmetrical position with regard to it, the eye of one side
being sometimes nearer to the spire than that of the opposite side.
Only one or two of these individuals had their bodies marked with
‘the ridges of the shells, the impressions of which were, however,
mostly observable upon the arms. The animals all appeared to be
retained in the shells by the inflection of the anterior pair of arms.
Mr. Gray added that he had also lately seen several specimens pre-
served without shells, and having their bodies shaped exactly like
that of the da Octopus, without the slightest appearance of
their having been inclosed in shells: the history of these specimens
he was unable to trace, and he could not therefore aflirm that they
were found in the state in which he observed them.
_ From these facts Mr. Gray stated that he was inclined to regard
_ it as probable that the Ocythoé is only parasitic in the shell of Ar-
uta; that the shells are only resorted to by females during the
eeding season for the protection of their eggs ; and that the chief
purpose of the dilated portion of the anterior arms is to retain the

108

animal in the shell. He remarked, that no author, so far as hewas
aware, had distinctly stated of his own observation that these parts
are expanded in the form of sails before the wind, a service which
they seem to be incapable of performing, except in poetic fiction. _

>

July 26, 1831.
Dr. Marshall Hall in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of two Mammalia, presented to the So-
ciety by J. Boyle, Esq., Colonial Surgeon, Sierra Leone. They were
the remains of animals which died on their passage homewards, and
had unfortunately been put after death into brine too weak for their
perfect preservation. Since their arrival in the Museum they had
been transferred to strong spirit, with the view of preserving as com-
pletely as their then state would permit, specimens of so much in-
terest. One of them was stated by Mr. Bennett to be a fully grown
Aulacodus Swinderianus, Temm.; the other a Lemuridous species,
which is probably the animal noticed and imperfectly represented
by Bosman under the name of Potto. The latter was shown to be
the type of a new genus, which Mr, Bennett characterized as follows :

PERODICTICUS.

Facies subproducta. Artus subequales. Cauda mediocris. Index bre-
vissimus, phalange ungueali solum exserto. Dentes primores su-
perne 4, subequales ; inferné 6, graciles, declives : canini, ++, co~
nici, compressi, marginibus antico posticogue acutis: molarium

in maxilla superiore primus minimus; secundus major ; ambo
conici; tertius acuié tuberculatus, tuberculis duobus externis alte-
rogue interno; quartus precedenti similis tuberculo interno majore ;
: sequentes (in specimine juniore desunt) ; in maxilld inferiore, duo
conici equales ; tertius acute externe 2-, interne 1-tuberculatus,
sequentes (desunt). .
_ Peropicricus Grorrroyi. Per. castaneus, infra pallidior, pilis
__ raris cinereis interjectis : vellere lanato.

Potto, Bosman, Guin. ii. 35. No. 4?

Lemur Potto, Gmel., Linn. Syst. Nat. 42 ?

Nycticebus Potto, Geoff:, Ann. Mus. xix. 165 ?

Galago Guineensis, Desm. Mamm. 104, No. 127 ?
_ Hab. in Sierra Leone.
_ The head is rounded, with a projecting muzzle: the nostrils are
lateral, small, sinuous, with an intermediate groove extending to the
upper lip: the tongue is rough with minute papille, rather large,
thin and rounded at the tip, and furnished beneath with a tongue-
like appendage, which is shorter than the tongue itself and terminates
‘inabout six rather long lanceolate processes, forming a pectinated
tip; the eyes are small, round, somewhat lateral, and oblique: the
eats moderate, open, slightly hairy, both within and without. The
body is rather slender. The limbs are nearly equal, long, and slender:
the fingers moderately long. On the fore-hands the index is exces-
sively short, the first phalanx being concealed, and the ungueal pha-

_ [No. IX.] Zoor. Soc, PRocEEDINGS OF THE COMM. OF SCIENCE.

110

lanx (the only phalanx free) being barely large enough to support a
rounded nail, which does not exist on the specimen, but of which
there is an apparent cicatrix ; the nails of all the other fingers are
flat and rounded. Those of the hinder hands are similar, except that
of the fure-finger, which, as in the Lemurs generally, is long, subulate,
and curved. The tail is of moderate length, and covered with hairs
resembling those of the body. The hairs generally are long, soft,
and woolly; each of them being mouse-coloured at the base ; rufous
in the middle, and paler at the tip; some few are tipped with white.
Hence results on the upper surface and on the outsides of the limb a
chestnut colour with a slight mixture of grey: the under surface is
much paler. The muzzle and chin are almost naked, having only a
few scattered whitish hairs.

The measurements of the specimen are: length of the head, 2
inches 2 tenths ; of the body, 6 inches ; of the tail, 1 inch 6 tenths,
or including the hair, 2 inches 3 tenths. The breadth of the head in
front of the ears is 1 inch 4 tenths: the distance between the eyes,
4 tenths; from the anterior angle of the eye to the end of the nose,
7 tenths ; from the eye to the ear, 74 tenths: length of ears be-
hind, 5, of their aperture 8, breadth 5 tenths of an inch.

Anterior Limbs. Posterior Limbs. ,
in,
humerus... «.....s I: 7 JOT ons. ae ati ndee gee
ulna. 2:] | ti 6 . 1:9
carpus to end of 4th (longest) from os calcis to end of 4th
finger... 18 (longest) finger . . . 23
thumb with metacarpal bone 1:0 | thumb with metatarsal bone 1°]
fore-finger . “4 | fore-finger Qnel ate naan) 3
— last joint (all that is ‘free) “1 | 3rd finger Z
3rd finger . . SAW Cente) GCI NEER . ence eee 12
4th'anger’ 3-70" 3 ie 1h] Oth Inper ya .,
Sth finger ive. 6 at cue “9 | SAN. Praetines)*44-) RES

Spal Seer vie lst 2c! seb cp teeeee

By the comparative length of the tail the genus Perodicticus is
readily distinguishable from the other Lemuride. In this, in the mo-
derate elongation of the face, in the moderate size of the ears, in the
equality of the limbs, and especially in the extreme shortness of the
index of the anterior hands, reside its essential characters. The
latter character is especially important, and may be regarded as indi-
cating its typical station in a family, all of which are distinguished
from the neighbouring groups by a variation in the form of the index
or of its appendages. In the Lemuride generally the nail of the
index of the hinder hands is elongated and claw-shaped, and unlike
those of the other fingers, which are flat as in the Monkeys. This is
frequently accompanied by an abbreviation of the index of the fore-
hands, which becomes in Loris, Geoff., very considerable, and is in
Perodicticus carried to its maximum, that organ being here almost
obsolete.

The habits of the animal are described by Mr. Boyle as “slothful

111

and retiring. It seldom makes its appearance but in the night time,

when it feeds upon vegetables, chiefly,’ he believes, ‘ the Cassada.

It is known to the colonists as the Bush-Dog.”

The specimen of Aulacodus, being fully adult, was shown to add
much to the knowledge previously possessed of an animal, only one
individual of which had hitherto been seen by naturalists, and that
individual so young as not to have attained its perfect characters.
Mr. Bennett pointed out the deviations, in the specimen exhibited,
from the description published by M. Temminck in his ‘ Monogra-
phies de Mammalogie’, and proposed the following amended generic
character :

Avuxtacopus, Van Swind.
~~ Dentes incisores 3, anticé plani, sculpro cuneato, superiores profunde
bisulcati: molares + 4, lamellares: sacculi buccales 0 : pedes an-
tici digitis 4, cum rudimento pollicis ; postici digitis 4: ungues,
preter pollicis subplanum, falculares, fortes, superné rotundati,
infra dilatati sulcati: cauda pilosa, mediocris, attenuata.
‘The deep sulci on the anterior surface of the incisor teeth of the
upper jaw are situated nearer to the inner than to the outer edge of
the tooth, and divide its face into three ridges, ‘the inner of which is
half the breadth of the middle, and the middle less than half the
breadth of the outer. The molar teeth of the upper jaw have two re-
entering folds of enamel on the outer, and one on the inner side ; the
outer passing beyond the middle of the crown, the inner central and
less deeply entering: all the teeth are nearly equal in size : the an-
terior three are nearly square; the posterior somewhat rounded :

there is no notching on the outer edge, but a distinct notch exists

where the enamel folds in on the inner side, especially of the three

posterior teeth. In the lower jaw the first molar has three folds of
enamel on the inner side passing beyond the middle of the crown,
and one small foid slightly notched on the outer: the second and
third have two inner folds and one outer, all notched at the edge :
the posterior is nearly similar, but more rounded behind. This system
of dentition bears a greater resemblance to that of Erethizon, F. Cuv.,
than to that of any other genus of the Rodeniia.

' The covering of the Aulacodus Swinderianus is peculiar, consisting
entirely, except on the tail, of flattened somewhat spine-like bristles,
from | to 14 inch in length, the tips only of which are flexible and
hair-like : the dark space which occupies the greater portion of each
of.the bristles exhibits a changeable metallic lustre, varying in differ-
ent positions from deep steel blue to bright copper red.

The length of the body and head is 17 inches, or measured along
the convexity of the back, 20: of the tail, 9: of the head, 4}: of the
fore-leg, 31; tarsus and toes, 14: of the femur, 44; tibia, 44; tarsus
and toes, 3:: the ear, nearly concealed by the bristly covering, is
14 long, and | inch broad.

Mr. Boyle states that this animal “is called by some the Ground-
Pig, by others, the Ground- Rat. It feeds upon ground nuts, Cassada,
and other roots. On the passage homewards it ate potatoes, and was
ming very docile.”

;

112

It. is very probably the ‘ wild Rat, bigger than a Cat” mentioned
by Bosman.

A small collection of Fishes, formed during the voyage of H. M. S.
Chanticleer, and presented to the Society by the Lords Commission-
ers of the Admiralty, together with numerous other Zoological spe-
cimens obtained during the same voyage, was laid upon the table.
It contained among others a young individual of the Scyllium cirra-
tum, in the state in which it is described by Schneider as the Squalus
punctatus : a specimen of the Blennius pilicornis, Cuv., described ori-
ginally by Marcgrave, and remarkable for the long acicular tooth at
the back of the lower jaw on each:side, a peculiarity which may here-
after cause it to be regarded as the type of a distinct genus: a spe-
cimen of the Antennarius scaber, Chironectes scaber, Cuv., also de-
scribed by Marcgrave : and two species which appeared to be new to
science, and which were thus characterized by Mr. Bennett :

Curomis Tania. Chrom., brunneo-nigrescens : pinnis nigrescentibus ;

caudali. subrotundatd nigro fasciatim punctatissimaé: macula ro-
tundd infraoculari, altera ad basin pinne caudalis supern?, te-
nidque ab oculo per medium latus ad pinnam caudalem ductd,

nigris.

D.z4. Avs. P.13. C, 16.

Hab, apud Trinidad.

Affinis Chrom. punctato, Cuv., (Labrus punctatus, L.). Differt a
figura Blochiana tenia laterali, pinnisque haud lineatis: differt etiam
numero radiorum pinnarum.

Monacantuvus seTIFER. Mon, caudé hispidé : cirris brevibus mul-
tifidis raris conspersus: pinne dorsalis radio 2do longissimo :
pallidé brunneus, lateribus mediis nigro undulatim longitudinaliter
lineatis : pinne caudalis rotundat@ fascid angusté submedid.

D: 1,28, A. 29,.:C,12, .P. AZ.

A description, by the Rev. Robert Holdsworth, of a fish taken in the
seine, at Start Bay, on the south coast of Devon, in August 1825,
was read. Mr. Holdsworth regards the fish in question as the Um-
brina, Sciena Aquila, Cuv.; with which species, occasionally taken in
the English Channel, his description agrees.

hit he Si

August 9, 1831.
Dr. Horsfield in the Chair.

A letter from George Swinton, Esq., of Calcutta, Corr. Memb.
Z.S., addressed to the Secretary, was read, announcing the trans-
mission to England, asa present to the Society, of an entire Dugong,
preserved in spirit and brine, which he hoped would arrive in a suffi-
ciently perfect state to admit of its dissection.

Specimens of two species of Bats, presented to the Society with
a numerous and valuable collection of birds formed at Madras by
Josiah Marshall Heath, Esq., F.L. & Z.S., were exhibited, and Dr.
Horsfield identified them as the Megaderma Lyra, Geoff., and a new
species of the genus Nycticejus, Rafin. He pointed out in the
former some discrepancies in the colouring from that described by
M. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, apparently from a specimen preserved in
spirit ; the individual before the Meeting agreeing much more nearly
with the colours as recently described by M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-
Hilaire, from whose description it scarcely differed, except in the
less intensity of the rufous tinge of the tips of the hairs of the upper
surface.

Of the Nycticejus two specimens were exhibited, on which Dr.

_ Horsfield pointed out the characters by which that group had been

generically distinguished from Vespertilio as circumscribed by modern

_ authors.. He remarked on the geographical distribution of the genus,

which might be regarded altogether as an American form, were it not

for the existence of a species in Java described by him in his ‘ Zoo-

logical Researches’ as the. Vespertilio Temminckii, and of the present
species obtained on the Continent of India. As the second Indian

_ species of this group, he regarded the present acquisition as peculiarly
interesting. {t is considerablylarger than the Javanese species, from
_ which it differs also remarkably in its colouring.

Dr. Horsfield thus characterized and described the species :

Nycricesus Heatrau. Nyct. capite cuneato supra lateribusque
planis, auriculis capite brevioribus oblongis-rotundatis margine ex-
teriore parum excisis trago elongato falcato, vellere pilis sericatis
brevissimis, note@o fusco, gastr@o fulvo.

Long. corporis (cauda inclusa), 6 unc.: expansio extremitatum

_ anteriorum, 18 unc.

The head is of moderate length, nearly even above and compressed
at the sides. The muzzle is broad and abruptly terminated. The
nose is slightly emarginate. The eyes . The mouth is propor-

tionally small. The lips are not rugose, and are nearly covered with
_ delicate hairs. The ears are shorter than the head; the auricle ob-

long, erect, rounded, naked and slightly indented posteriorly, termi-
(No. X.] Zoou. Soc, Proceepines or THE Comm. oF ScrENCE.

1i4

nating below in a small lobule ; the éragus linear, erect, falciform,
and shorter than the auricle.

The animal is uniformly and thickly covered by a short, very soft,
delicate silky hair, closely applied to the skin: this hair is about a
line in length on the back, but shorter and more delicate on the head ;
on the breast it is somewhat longer and downy. The colour of the
body and hair above is brown with a tawny hue ; underneath fulvous
with a slight tendency to gray ; the tint being uniformly distributed
over the throat, breast, abdomen and sides. The transparent mem-
brane is uniformly brown.

The collection of Birds formed by Major James Franklin, F.R.S.
&c., on the banks of the Ganges and in the mountain chain of Upper
Hindcostan, and presented to the Society by the Physical Committee
of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, (which had been laid on the table
on the 23rd November last,) was again exhibited. The exhibition
had been conimenced at the previous Meeting of the Committee,
when the Raptorial and Insessorial Birds were brought under the
notice of the Members present; and it was now concluded by the
Rasorial, Wading, and Swimming Birds. On the former occasion, Mr.
Vigors, and on the latter, Mr. Yarrell, availed themselves of the op-
portunity to remark on the geographical distribution of many of the
species contained in the collection, and on other points connected
with their history. ‘They were exhibited in the order of the following

Catalogue of Birds (systematically arranged) which were collected on

_ the Ganges between Calcutta and Benares, and in the Vindhyian
hills between the latter place and Gurrah Mundela, on the Ner-
budda, by Major James Franklin, F.R.S. &c.

Orvo I. RAPTORES.
Fam. Fauconipz.
Sub-Fam. Aquilina—Genus Aquila.

1, Aquiza Vinputana. 4g. pallide brunneo variegata ; capite, pec-
tore, remigibus secundariis, cauddque saturatioribus, hujus apice
albido graciliter marginato ; remigibus primariis nigris; capitis col-
lique plumis pallido-rufo lanceolatis.

Longitudo 26 unc.
Caumpoor Eagle, Lath. ?

Sub-Fam. Falconina.—Genus Falco.
2. Falco Subbuteo, Linn. Hobby, Penn. Le Hobereau, Buff.
3. Falco Chicquera, Daud. Chicquera Falcon, Lath. Le Chicquera,
Le Vaill.
4, Falco Tinnunculus, Linn. Kestril, Penv. Za Cresserelle, Buff.

Sub-Fam. Buteonina.—Genus Buteo.

5. Buteo Bacha. Falco Bacha, Daud. Bacha Falcon, Lath. Le
Bacha, Le Vaiili.

115

Genus Circus.

. Circus Teresa. Circ. capite corporeque rufo-brunneis, plumarum
rhachibus fuscis; dorso imo, rectricibusque ferrugineis, his fasciis
subobsoletis fuscis septem circiter notaiis; remigum tectricihus
abdomineque albescenti notatis; femorum tectricibus crissoque
rufescenti-albis ; fronte, guld, nucheque fascid gracili albis ; ros-
tro pedibusque flavis, illius apice nigro.

Longitudo 17+,
Zuggun Falcon, Lath, ?

. Circus cyaneus, Falco cyaneus, Linn. Hen Harrier, Penn,

. Circus melanoleucus. Falco melanoleucus, Gmel. Black and white
Indian Falcon, Penn. Le Tchoug, Le Vaill.

. Circus rufus, Briss. Moor Buzzard, Penn. Le Busard, Buff.

Sub-Fam, Milvina.—Genus Elanus, Savigny.

10. Elanus Melanopterus, Leach. Le Blac, Le Vaill.

Fam, Strigide.—Genus Otus.

1]. Orus Beneatensis. Ot. pallidé rufescens, fusco alboque undu-
latim variegatus ; nuche pectorisque plumis in medio striga
lata brunneo-nigrd notatis ; abdomine fusco gruciliter fasciato ;
remigibus rectricibusque lateralibus prope apicem brunneo fas-
ciatis, his mediis per totam longitudinem similiter notatis.
Longitudo 20.

Dr. Latham alludes to this as a variety of the great-eared Owl.

=r)

Oo mst

Genus Noctua.
12. Nocrva Inpica. Noet. cinereo-brunnea; capite guttis parvis
albis, alis grandioribus notatis; abdomine albo, maculis brunneis

lunulatis notato; remigibus rectricibusque albo fasciatis ; re-
gione circumoculari, guld, fascidque subgulari ad aures exien-
dente albis.
Foem. magis rufescens, abdomine magis fasciatim maculato.
Longitudo 9.
Indian Spotted Owl, Lath. ?

Orvo Il. INSESSORES.

Tribus FisstrosTres.
Fam. Meropide.—Genus Merops.

13. Merops Philippinus, Linn. Philippine Bee-eater, Lath, Grand
Guépier des Philippines, Buff.

14, Merops viridis, Linn. Indian Bee-eater, Lath. Guépier a collier
de Madagascar, Buff.

Fam. Hirundinide.—Genus Hirundo.

15. Hirundo Klecho, Horsf. Klecho Swallow, Lath. Hirondelle lon-
gipenne, Temm. b

16, Hirunpo rinicaupara. Hir. supra purpurasecenti-atra, remigi-
bus fuscis; corpore sublis maculisque rectricum omnium late-

be

18.
19.

20.

21.

29.

116

ralium albis; capitis vertice rufo ; rectrice utrinque laterali elon-
gato, ad apicem gracillimo.
Statura Hir. riparie.
Wire-tailed Swallow, Lath.
Hirundo riparia, Linn. Sand Martin, Penn. L’Hirondelle de
rivage, Buff.
Genus Cypselus.
Cypselus affinis, Hardw. Allied Swift, Hardw.
Cypselus Palmarum, Hardw. Balassian Swift, Lath.

Fam. Caprimulgide.—Genus Caprimulgus.

Caprimtteus monticotus. Cap. pallidé cinereo-brunneo, rufo,
Suscoque sparsim variegatus; abdomine rufescenti-fusco fasci-
ato; remigibus secundariis rufo nigroque fasciatis, primariis
brunnescenti-wigris, quatuor externis fascid lata alba in medio
notatis ; rectricibus sex mediis fasciis gracilibus nigris undu-
latis, duabus utrinque lateralibus albis apicibus brunneis.
Fem. fascia alarum rufa; cauda concolori (sine albo).
Longitudo 10.

Great Bombay Goatsucker, Lath.?

Caprimulgus Asiaticus, Lath., Ind. Orn. Bombay Goatsucker,

Lath.

Fam. Halcyonide.—Genus Alcedo.

- Alcedo Bengalensis,Gmel. Little Indian Kingsfisher, Edw.
. Alcedo rudis, Linn. Black and white Kingsfisher, Edw.

Genus Halcyon.

. Halcyon Smyrnensis. Alcedo Smyrnensis, Linn. Smyrna Kings-

fisher, Lath. Martin pécheur de la céte de Malabar, Buff.

Tribus DENTIROSTRES.
Fam. Muscicapide.—Genus Muscicapa.

. Muscicapa Banyumas, Horsf. Banyumas Flycatcher, Lath. Gobe-

mouche Chanteur, Temm.

. Muscicapa nitida, Lath., Ind. Orn. Nitid Flycatcher, Lath.

Genus Muscipeta.

- Muscipeta Paradisi. Muscicapa Paradisi, Linn. Paradise Fly-

catcher, Lath. Gobe-mouche Tchitrec-be, roux et blanc, LeVaill.

. Muscipeta peregrina. Parus peregrinus,Gmel. Crimson-rumped

Flycatcher, Lath. Gobe-mouche Oranor, Le Vail.

Genus Rhipidura.

RuIPIDURA ALBOFRONTATA. Rhip. capite colloque nigris; dorso
cinereo-nigro ; alis cauddque fusco-nigris ; fascia subgracili
frontali super oculos ad nucham extendente, pectore, abdo-
mine, maculis tectricum alarum, apicibusque rectricum, duabus
mediis exceptis, albis,

Longitudo 6.
White-browed Flycatcher, Lath. ?

yi

p

117

30. Rairipura Fuscoventris. Khip. capite nigro ; dorso abdomine-
que cinereo-nigris ; alis cauddque fusco-nigris ; strigd brevi su-
perciliari, colloque in fronte albis; rectricum trium lateralium
apicibus albescentibus.

Longitudo 73.
Broad-tailed Flycatcher, Lath. ?

Fam. Laniade.— Genus Ocypterus.
31. Ocypterus leucorhynchus. Lanius leucorhynchus, Linn. White-
billed Shrike, Lath. Pie-griéche de Manille, Buff.

Genus Edolius.
32. Edolius cwrulescens. Lanius caerulescens, Linn, Fork-tailed
Indian Butcher-bird, Edw.

. Genus Lanius.

33. Lanius muscicapoipes. Lan. brunnescenti-cinereus subtus albes-
cens; strigd superciliari rufescenti-alba ; alis rectricibusque
fusco-brunneis, his duabus lateralibus albis basi notdque ad api-
cem fusco-brunneis.
Foem. aut Mas jun. capite corporeque supra albido maculatis.
Longitudo 65.
-Keroula Shrike, Lath. ?

Genus Collurio.

34. Collurio Excubitor. Lanius Excubitor, var. Linn, Cinereous
Shrike, var. C. Lath.

35. Collurio erythronotus, Proceed. Zool. Soc. p. 42. Grey-backed
Shrike, Lath. ?

36. Coruvrio niericers. Col. capite supra, nuchd, alis, caudaque
nigris; guild, pectore, abdomine medio, maculdque in medio
alarum, albis; dorso cinereo ; scapularibus, uropygio, abdo-
minis lateribus, crissoque rujis.

Longitudo 83.
Indian Shrike, Lath. ?

37. Collurio Hardwickii, Proceed. Zool. Soc. p. 42. Bay-backed
Shrike, Lath. ?

Genus Graucalus.

38. Graucalus Papuensis, Cuy. Corvus Papuensis, Gmel. Papuan
Crow, Lath,

Genus Ceblepyris.

39. Ceblepyris cana, Temm. Muscicapa cana, Gmel. Ash-coloured
Flycatcher, Lath.

40. Ceblepyris fimbriatus, Temm. LEchenilleur frangé, Temm.

Fam. Merulide.—Genus Pitta,
41. Pitta brachyura. Corvus brachyurus, Linn. Short-tailed Crow,
var. B. Lath. Short-tailed Pie, Edw.

Genus Oriolus.
A2, Oriolus Galbula, Linn. Golden Oriole, Lath. Le Loriot, Buff.
43. Oriolus melanocephalus, Linn, Black-headed Oriole, Lath. Loriot
de la Chine, Buff.

118

44. OrroLus Maperasparanus. Or. fronte, corpore supra, tectrici-
bus alarum, abdomineque luteis ; capite supra, genis, remigibus,
notdque mediand rectricum fusco-atris; guld alba striis fusco-
atris.

Longitudo 9.
Oriolus Galbula, var. y. Lath. Yellow Indian Starling, Edw.
Yellow Starling from Bengal, Albin.

Genus Turdus.

45. Turdus macrourus, Gmel, Long-tailed Thrush, Lath.

46. Turdus Saularis. Gracula Saularis, Linn. Pastor Saularis,
Temm. Litile Indian Pie, Edw.

Genus Timalia.

47. Trmauia Caaranza. Tim. supra pallidé brunnescenti-, subtis rufes-
centi-cinerea ; capite corporeque supra lineis fuscis striatis ;
rectricibus fusco obsolete fasciatis ; rostro pallido.

Longitudo 9%.
Gogoye Thrush, Lath. ?

48. Timalia pileata, Horsf. Pileated Thrush, Lath.

49. TimaLia nYPoLEevcA. Tim. supra rufescenti-brunnea, subtis alba ;
alis rufis ; his caudaque subtiis cinereis, rectricibus fusco obsoleté
fasciatis ; rostro nigro.

Longitudo 63.

50. Timauia uyperytTuRA, Tim. supra olivascenti-brunnea; capite in
Jronte corporeque toto subtus rufis; caudd superne fusco obsolete
fasciata ; rostro pallido.

Longitudo 5.
Genus Izos.

51. Ixos jocosus. Lanius jocosus, Linn. Jocose Shrike, Lath.

52. Ixos Cafer. Turdus Cafer, Linn. Cape Thrush, Lath. Le Cou.
rouge, Le Vaill.

53. Izos fulicata. Motacilla fulicata, Linn. Sooty Warbler, var. Lath.
Traquet noir des Philippines, Buff.

Fam. Sylviade@.—Genus Tora.
54. Iora scapularis, Horsf. Scapular Wagtail, Lath.
Genus Sylvia.
55. Sylvia Hippolais, Lath. Ind. Orn. Lesser Pettichaps, Lath. Reed
Wren, Lath.
This is the bird alluded to under Dr, Latham’s Reed Wren, as an
Indian variety called Tickra and Ticktickee.

Genus Prinia.

56. Prinia cursitans. Prin. corpore supra pallidé brunneo, fusto
striato; guld juguloque albis ; abdomine rufescente ; rectricibus
mediis fuscis, omnibus subtiis ad apicem fuscia nigra albo termi-
nata notatis.

Longitudo 4.

57. Printa MAcROURA. Prin. supra grisescenti-brunnea; capite, alis,
uropygioque subrufescenti tinctis ; subtis ferrugineo-albida ; rec=
tricibus quatuor mediis saturatioribus fusco obsolet? fasciatis,
subtis ad apicem fusco leviter notatis.

Longitudo 53.

119

58. Painia eraciiis. Prin. cinereo-grisea; dorso, alis, caudaque
. olivascentibus 3 guld, pectore, abdomineque subtis albidis; rec-
tricibus subtis griseis fascid nigrd albo terminatd notatis.
Longitudo 4,7,.
Foodkey Warbler, Lath. ?
Genus Motacilla.

59. Moracruua prcata. Mot. capite, collo, corporeque supra nigris ;
strigd utrinque superciliari alterdque longitudinali alarum, cor-
pore subius, rectricibusque duabus lateralibus albis.

Longitudo 9.
Pied Wagtail, Lath. pl. 104,

60. Motacilla flava, Linn. Bergeronnette jaune, Buft!, & Bergeronnette
de printemps, Buff. Yellow Wagtail, Lath.

This is the Indian bird alluded to by Dr. Latham under the head of
Yellow Wagtail, called Peeluck, which is its Indian name.

Genus Sazicola.
61. Savicola rubicola, Temm. Stone Chat Warbler, Lath.

Genus Phenicura.
62. Phenicura atrata, Jard. & Selb. Indian Redstart, lid.

Fam, Pipride.—Genus Parus.
63. Parus atriceps, Horsf. Mésange cap-négre, Temm,

Tribus ControstREs.
Fam. Fringillide.—Genus Alauda.

64. Ataupa Cuenpooua. Al. supra pallidé grisescenti-brunnea,
plumis fuscoin medio notatis ; corpore subtus strigdque superci-
liari albis ; rectricibus brunneis, duarum utrinque lateralium po-
goniis externis albis ; pectore brunneo maculato, capite cristato,
Statura Al. arvensis, Linn.

65. Araupa Guneuta. Al. pallid? rufescenti-brunnea, plumis in

{ medio laté et intensé brunneo lineatis; subtis albescens, pectore
brunneo lineato; femoribus rufescentibus ; rectricibus brunneis,
externa utrinque feré toi@, secund@ pogonio externo, albis.
Statura feré precedentis.

Genus Mirafra.

66. Mirafra Javanica, Horsf. Alouette mirafre, Temm.

67: Mrrarra puenicura. Mir. pallidé cinereo-brunnea ; corpore sub-

tis, remigum pogoniis iniernis, rectricumque bast rufis ; rostro
albo, culmine apiceque fuscis.

Longitudo 5.
Genus Emberiza.
68. Emberizu Baghaira. Baag-geyra Lark, Lath.
_ This bird is the common Oréolan of India, called Baghairi.

79. Emberiza Gingica, Gmel. Duree Finch, Lath.

70. Emberiza cristata, Gould’s Century of Himalayan Birds.

71. Emberiza Bengalensis. Baya Berbera, Asiat. Res. Loria Benga-
lensis, Linn.

The Hindu name of this bird is Baya ; its Sanscrit name Berlera.

Genus Fringilla.
72, Fringilla Amandava, Linn. Le Bengali Piqueté, Buff.

120

73. Fringilla formosa, Lath, Lovely Finch, Lath.

74. Fringilla Malabaria, Loxia Malabaric, Linn, Malabar
Grosbeak, Lath.

. Frmvemnua Fuiavicotuis. Fring. supra -cinereo-grisea, subtus
albida; jugulo maculd flavd notato; humeris ferrugineis ; alis
maculis albis fascias duas exhibentibus notatis. «

Longitudo 5,3,.
This bird, though placed amongst the Finches, differs in the form
of its bill, and it may perhaps hereafter be found expedient to re-
move it.

“I
or

Genus Ploceus.
76. Ploceus Philippinus, Cuv. Philippine Grosbeak, Lath.

Fam. Sturnide.—Genus Pastor.
77. Pastor, roseus, Temm. Rose-coloured Thrush, Lath. Le Roselin,
Le Vaill.
78. Pastor tristis, Temm. Merle des Philippines, Buff.
79. Pastor griseus, Horsf. Le Martin gris de fer, Le Vaill.
80. Pastor Contra vel Capensis, Temm. Etourneau Pie, Buff.
81. Pastor Pagodarum,Temm. Le Martin Brame, Le Vaill.

Fam. Corvide.—Genus Corvus.
82. Corvus Corone, Linn. Carrion Crow, Lath.

This bird appears to be the common Carrion Crow of India; it
differs only in size from the European Crow, and in the greater
eleyation of the bill.

Genus Coracias.
83. Coracias Bengalensis, Linn. Blue Jay from the East Indies, Edw.

Genus Pica.
84. Pica vagabunda, Wagler. Rufous Magpie, Hardw.

Fam. Buceride.—Genus Buceros.
85. Buceros Gingianus, Lath. Indian Hornbill, Lath.

There is some confusion with regard to this bird in Dr. Latham’s
General History, under the heads of Gingi and Indian Horn-
bill: it is the Dhanesa of India.

86. Buceros Malabaricus,Gmel. Unicorn Hornbill, Lath.

There is also much confusicn with regard to this bird under the
heads of pied Hornbill and Unicorn Hornbill of Latham: it is
the Dhanesa of the latter, var. B.

Tribus ScansorEs.
Fam. Psittacide.—Genus Paleornis.
87. Paleornis torquatus, Vig. Psittaca Borbonica torquata, Briss. La
Perruche & double collier, Buff.
88. Pal@ornis Bengalensis, Vig. Psittacus Bengalensis, Gmel. Blos-
som-headed Parakeet, Lath. sp. 74. var. A.
89. PALzorNIS FLAVICOLLARIS. Pal. viridis; capite lilacino-cano,
flavo marginato ; rectricibus mediis ceruleis apice albo.
Longitudo 12. ‘
According to the description, this would appear to be Dr. Latham’s
yellow-collared Parrakeet ; but he refers to figures which do not
correspond.

ta a a ae

" e

4

121

Fam. Picide.—Genus Bucco.

90. Bucco canicers. Buc. gramineo-viridis; capite, nuchd, collo,
pectoreque griseis ; illius plumis in medio albido lineatis ; rostro
‘rubro ; pedibus flavis; regione circumoculart nudd flavescenti-
rubra.

Longitudo 10.
Fichtel’s Barbet, Lath. ?
This bird is the Bura-Bussunta of India, and appears to be the
same as var, A. of Dr. Latham's Fichtel’s Barbet.
91. Bucco Philippinensis,Gmel. Barbu des Philippines, Buff.
Genus Picus.
92. Picus Bengalensis, Linn. Bengal Woodpecker, Lath.
93. Picus Mahrattensis, Lath., Ind. Orn. Mahratta Woodpecker, Lath.

Fam. Certhiade.—Genus Sitta.

94, SIrTA CASTANEOVENTRIS. Sit. superné griseo-plumbea ; pectore
abdomineque castaneis ; strigd a rictu per oculos ad nucham ex-
tendente, remigibus, rectricumque pogoniis internis nigris ; guld
maculaque rectricum lateralium albis.

Longitudo 5.
Ferruginous-bellied Nuthatch, Lath. ?

Genus Certhia.
95. Cerruia spinonota. Certh. supra griseo-fusca, albo maculata ;
capite albo graciliter striato; guldé. abdomineque albidis, hoc
fusco fasciato ; caudd albo fuscoque fasciata.
Longitudo 53.
The tail of this bird is soft and flexible, in which respect it differs
from the type of the genus, but it agrees in all others.

Genus Upupa.
96. Upupa minor, Shaw. La Huppe d’ Afrique, Le Vaill.

Fam. Cuculide.—Genus Leptosomus.
97. Leptosomus Afer. Cuculus Afer, Gmel. Edolian Cuckow, Shaw.

Genus Cuculus.
98. Cuculus canorus, Linn. Common Cuckow, Lath.

This bird, on comparison with the common Cuckow, differs so little
that it can scarcely be called a variety ; it is the common Cuckow
of India, andits habits and note resemble those of the European
bird.

99. Cuculus fugax, Horsf. Bychan Cuckow, Lath.

The common Indian name of this bird is Pipztha or Pipeeha, from
its note ; in Sanscrit Chataca. Dr. Buchanan named it Cuculus
radiatus.

100. Cuculus Sonneratii, Ind.Orn.? Le petit Coucou des Indes, Sonn. ?
Sonnerat’s Cuckow, Lath. ?
Not having either specimen or figures to refer to, I conclude, from
description alone, that this bird is Sonnerat’s Cuckow.
Genus Centropus.
101. Centropus Philippensis, Cuv. Coucou des Philippines, Buff.
Chestnut Coucal, Lath,

122

This bird is the Mahooka of India, so named from its note; it is
called also, by the English, Pheasant Crow. Dr. Latham’s
chestnut Coucal very accurately describes it, but his figure is
bad ;_ having apparently been taken from a drawing of Gen.
Hardwicke’s, which stated it to be a young bird. Dr. Buchanan
named it Cuculus castaneus.

Genus Eudynamys.

102. Eudynamys Orientalis. Cuculus Orientalis, Linn. Eastern black
Cuckow, Lath. Coucou noir des Indes & Coukeel, Buff.

This bird is the Coel of India, and the Coukeel of Buffon.

103. dice eins Sirkee, Centropus Sirkee, Hardw. Sirkeer Cuchow,

ath.
Tribus TenurrosTREs.
Fam. Meliphagide.—Genus Chloropsis.

104. Gilorants aurifrons, Jard. & Selby. Malabar Chloropsis, Jard.
& Selby.

This bird ee Huréwa of India, and is well described by Dr.
Latham as the Hurruwa Bee-eater.

Fam. Cinnyride.—Genus Cinnyris.

105, Cinnyris Orrenrauis. Cinn. capite, collo, dorsoque splendidé
virescenti-purpureis ; abdomine purpureo-atro; alis cauddque
atris; fasciculo utrinque sub ulis aurantiaco.

Longitudo 4.
Eastern Creeper, Lath.

Orpo III. RASORES.
Fam. Co.tumsipz.
Genus Vinago.
106. Vinago militaris. Columba militaris, Temm. Columbar Com-
mandeur, Temm. Hurrial Pigeon, Lath.
Genus Columba.
107. Columba tigrina, Temm. Colombe a nuque perlée, Temm.
108. Columba Cambayensis,Gmel. Colombe maillée, Temm.
109. Columba risoria, Linn. Colombe Blonde, Temm. La Tour-
terelle Blonde, Le Vaill.
Le Vaillant mentions a larger bird of this species which is common
in Africa ; the same thing occurs also in India, where there are
two birds differing only in size.
110. Columba humilis, Temm. Colombe terrestre, Temm.
Fam. Puastanipz.
Genus Pavo.
111. Pavo cristatus, Linn. Le Paon, Buff. Crested Peacock, Lath.

Genus Tragopan.
112. Tragopan Satyrus, Cuv. Meleagris Satyrus, Linn, Horned
Pheasant, Lath.
Fam. TETRAONIDE.
Genus Pterocles.
113. Péerocles exustus, Temm. Ganga ventre-brulé, Temm.
Genus Francolinus.
114. Francolinus Ponticerianus, Temm. Francolin @ rabat, Temm.

ee

SS SS a ee

12

115. Francolinus vulgaris, Steph. Le Francolin, Buff. Francolin,
Edw.
Genus Perdizx.
116. Perdix picta, Jard. & Selby. Painted Partridge, lid. | Beauti-
ful Partridge, Lath.
117. Perdix Hardwickii, Gray. Curria Partridge, Lath.
118. Perdix Cambayensis, Temm. Perdrix rousse-gorge, Temm.

Genus Coturniz.
119. Coturnix dactylisonans, Meyer. Common Quail, Lath.
This birdis named Ghagul ; it corresponds with the European spe-
cies, and is not very common in India.
120. Coturnix Coromandelica, . Perdix Coromandelica, Lath. Perdix
textilis, Temm. Caille natiée, Temm.
This is the most common Quail of India called pias Dr. Bucha-
nan named it Perdix olivacea.

Genus Hemipodius.
121. Hemipodius Dussumier, Temm, Turnix Dussumier, Temm.
Mottled Quail, Lath,
Fam. Strursionip2.
Genus Otis.
122. Otis Indica, Ind. Orn.? White-chinned Bustard, Lath. ?

This bird has usually been considered as the female of the Odis
aurita, and has “been so figured and described ; but it is well
known to be a distinct bird. It is the common Leek of India,
called by the English Bastard Florican. 1 am not quite certain
that Dr. Latham’s White-chinned Bustard is the bird, but his
description is so near, that I have not thought it proper to make
new species.

Orvo IV. GRALLATORES.

Fam. Gruip2.
Genus Grus.
123. Grus Orientalis, Briss. Ardea Antigone, Linn. Indian Crane,
Lath.
Fam. ARDEIDA,
Genus Mycteria.

124, Mycteria Australis. Ciconia Mycteria Ausiralis, Hardw. Tetaar

Jabiru, Lath.
Genus Ardea.
125. Ardea purpurea, Linn. Le Héron pourpré huppé, Buff. Crested
' Purple Heron, Lath.

126. Ardea speciosa, Horsf. Darter Heron, Lath.

_ This bird is without doubt the Darter Heron of Dr. Latham ; and .
the Ardea speciosa of Dr. Horsfield is, I think, merely the Ja-
vanese type of the same bird.

127. Ardea Torra, Buch. Ardea Egretta, Lath. Ind. Orn. var. Ar-

dea alba, Linn. var, Great Egret, Lath. Indian variety Torra
or Bughletar.
This is the Indian White Egret, and it differs only in size from the

]28.

124

European species, being somewhat smaller. Dr. Buchanan

named it Ard. Torra, and when without its filiform appendages

on the back, Ard. Putea; so that these Indian terms appear

to correspond with Ard. Egretta and Ard. alba.

Ardea Caboga, Penn. Caboga Heron, Penn. Gibraltar Heron,
Lath. var. A.

The term Caboga is acorruption of the Indian term Gao-buga, Cow

129.

130.

131.

132.

133.
134,
135.
136.
137.

138.
139.

140.

14].

142,
143.
144.

145,

or Cattle Heron, in allusion to its frequently being seen amongst
cattle, like the Gibraltar Heron.

Genus Botaurus.
Botaurus cinnamoneus. Ardea cinnamonea, Gmel. Cinnamon

Heron, Lath.

Genus Nycticoraz.

Bysticoren Europeus. Ardea Nycticoraz, Linn. Night Heron,
ath, ,

Genus Tantalus.

Tantalus papillosa, Ibis papillosa, Temm. Bald Ibis, Lath.

Fam. Sco.opacipz.
Genus Rhynchea.
Rhynchea Orientalis, Horsf. Cape Snipe, Lath. Bécassine de
Madagascar, Buff.
Genus Tringa.
Tringa ochropus, Linn. Green Sandpiper, Penn.
Tringa Glareola, Linn. Wood Sandpiper, Penn.
Tringa pusilla, Linn. Little Sandpiper, Lath.
Tringa hypoleucos, Linn. Common Sandpiper, Lath,
Fam. Rauiipz.
Genus Parra.
Parra phenicura. Gallinula phenicura, Lath., Ind.Orn. Red-
tailed Gallinule, Lath. Poule-Sultane de la Chine, Buff.
Parra Sinensis, Gmel. Chinese Jacana, Lath.
Parra Indica, Lath., Ind. Orn. Indian Jacana, Lath.

Genus Rallus.
Rallus niger, Gmel. Black Rail, Lath.

Genus Porphyrio.
Porphyrio hyacinthinus. Fulica Porphyrio, Linn. Purple Water-
hen, Edw.
Fam. CuarspRIaD&.
Genus Vanellus.
Vanellus Goensis. Tringa Goensis, Lath. Vanneau armé de Goa,
Buff.
Vanellus ventralis. Charadrius ventralis, Wagl. Spur-winged
Plover, Hardw.
Vanellus bilobus. Charadrius bilobus, Gmel. Bilobate Sand-
piper, Lath.
Genus Cursorius.
Cursorius Asiaticus, Gmel. & Lath. Courvite de la Céte de Co-
romandel, Buff.

125

Genus Himantopus.

146. Himantopus melanopterus. Charadrius Himantopus, Linn. L’
Echasse, Buff.

Genus Charadrius.

147, Cuaraprivs m1aticutoipes. Char. supra griseo-fuscus ; fascid
JSrontali alteraque verticali, corpore subtis, collarigue nuchali
albis ; lined sub oculis ad aures extendente, fascia ad frontem,
torqueque pectorali subgracili ad nucham extendente nigris ;
rectricibus, duabus mediis exceptis, albis, in medio nigro et
griseo-brunneo notatis, fasciam semilunarem exhibentibus.

This bird differs chiefly from the European species in size, being
at least one third smaller, and in the narrowness of the pectoral:
band,

Orpo V. NATATORES.
Fam. AnaTiIpz.

Genus Anser.
148. Anser Indicus, Lath., Ind. Orn. Barred-headed Goose, Lath.
149. Anser melanotos, Gmel. Black-backed Goose, Lath.
150. Anser Coromandeliana, Gmel. Sarcelle de la Céte de Coroman-
del, Buff. Anas Girra, Hardw. _ Girra Teal, Lath.

Genus Anas.
_ 151. Anas arcuata, Cuv. Siley Teal, Lath.

The name of this bird in India is Siley or Silhei, from its whistling
note ; the English call it whistling Teal ; it scarcely differs from
the Javanese species as figured by Dr. Horsfield.

152. Anas Crecca, Linn. Common Teal, Lath.
This bird is the common Teal of India, and agrees exactly with
the British species.
Fam. Cotympipz.
Genus Podiceps.
153. Podiceps minor, Lath., Ind. Orn. Little Grebe, Lath.

Fam. PELECANIDa.
' Genus Carbo.
_ 154. Carbo fuscicollis. Phalacrocoraz fuscicollis, Shaw. Brown-necked
Shag, Lath.
Genus Plotus.
155. Plotus melanogaster, Gmel. Black-bellied Darter, Lath.
; Genus Sterna.
156. Sterna melanogastra, Temm. Hirondelle de mer 2 venire noir,
Temm.

126

August 23, 1831.
Joseph Smith, Esq. in the Chair.

Two letters from Mr, J, B. Arnold of Guernsey were read, con-
taining particulars of his experiments in the naturalization of Sea
Fishes in a lake chiefly supplied with fresh water. The area of the
lake is about five acres ; its depth various ; and its bottom also va-
rious, being muddy, gravelly, and rocky. The water is during
nine months of the year drinkable for cattle, but in consequence of
a supply which it receives through a tunnel communicating with the
sea, is rather salt in summer, at which season the freshes do not

-come down so plentifully as at other times. The fishes introduced
into the lake have been the grey Mullet, Sole, Turbot, Brill, Plaice,
Basse, Smelt, and grey Loach. All of these have thriven well, and
are believed to have increased in numbers: the grey Mullet espe-
cially is known to have bred as freely as in the sea itself. A single
Whiting having been caught for three successive years, was found
to have grown considerably: a Pilchard also throve well. All the
above-mentioned fishes were placed ia the lake, except perhaps the
Brill; but others, as the silver Bream, appear to have introduced
themselves. It is even suspected that hybrid fishes have been pro- ©
duced, as several have been caught which were unknown to persons
well acquainted with the species usually met with on the coast of
Guernsey. Mr. Arnold adds that Sea Fishes, after having been
naturalized in his lake, have been transferred to ponds of spring
water, where they have not only lived, but done well; and that such
naturalized fishes have been carried to a Jong distance, being much
more tenacious of life than those caught in the sea.

Numerous specimens of Hylurgus Piniperda, Latr., presented to
the Society by Barlow Hoy, Esq., were exhibited, together with
specimens of the shoots of Pines perforated by these insects. The
mode in which the young branches are destroyed by these perfora-
tions has been illustrated by Mr. Lindley in Mr. Curtis's ‘ British
Entomology. Its effect was regarded by Linnzus as analogous to
that of pruning,

The exhibition of the collection of Fishes formed at the Mauritius
by Mr. Telfair, portions of which had been brought before the Com-
mittee at the Meetings in April, was resumed. From among them
Mr. Bennett pointed out more particularly the following species
which he believed to have been previously undescribed.

Serranus Denissit. Serr. mazillis squamosis ; lobis pinne cau-
dalis elongatis, equalibus ; radio tertio pinne dorsalis producto :
superné stramineus, rubro cancellatim rivulatus, inferné lilacino-
ruber ; pinnis ventralibus aurantiaco-flavis.

D. + A, 3.

127 ©

Affinis, ut videtur, Serr. Borbonio, Cav. et Val. Corpus altum, al-
titudo longitudinis (exclusa pinnd caudali) dimidium zquans. Pinne
pectorales ventrales Jongitudine zquantes, Preoperculi angulus
spind unica magna armatus,

SERRANUS MITIS. Serr, mazillis alepidotis ; radio ultimo pinna~
rum dorsalis analisque elongato: corpore elongato: argenteus,
dorso obscuré flavo-brunneo ; pinnis flavo tinctis ; dorsali nigro
tenuiter submarginatd,

D.i% A-.

Serr. filamentoso, Cuv. et Val., longior : corpus, presertim ad hu-
meros, crassius: oculus major : vertex rugosus (in Serr. filamentoso
granulosus tantum): dentes antici superiores conici utrinque qua-
tuor debiliores (in Serr. filamentoso majores utrinque duo): color
pallidior, flavescens.

Serranus TeLFairit. Serr. maxillis alepidotis ; radio ultimo
pinne dorsalis analisque elongatis: saturate roseus, dorso late
citrino maculato, postice albidus ; lateribus argenteo vittatis, gut-
tatimque conspersis ; pinnd dorsalz anticé citrind, bast roseo-, apice
niveo-maculat a. :

D.i¢. A. 3.

_ Affinis, ut videtur, Serr. zonato, Cuy. et Val., quem numero ra-
diorum zquat, cujusque formam, etiam pinnarum, emulat, Differt
pictura, et presertim lateribus argenteo vittatis guttatisque.

The latter two species form an interesting addition to a section of
the genus Serranus distinguished by the elongation of the last ray
of both the dorsal and the anal fin. Two other species of this sec-
tion have been described by MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes, to whom
they have only very recently become known. Of one of these, Serr.
filamentosus, as well as of the two new species above described, spe-
cimens are contained in the Mauritius collection,

Diacore AncuLus. Diac. stramineo-flavescens, infra pallidior ;
wiltis corporis utringue septem lilacinis, supertoribus obliquis, infe-
rioribus longitudinalibus, 4ta 5taque anticé connexis angulum
acutum postopercularem formantibus; pinne dorsalis parte molli
superné tenuiter nigro marginata,

Dex. Ad

Affinis, ut videtur, Diac. duodecimlineate, Cuv. et Val.: numerus
radiorum idem, vittaeque haud operculum signant. Dentes maxille
superioris externi conici, distantes, subeequales, duo anteriores an-
gulares solum majores; maxille inferioris minores, tres laterales
medii utrinque majores.

_Dentex tycocenis. Dent. mazillistransversim dentato-cristalis :
dentibus conicis anticis sex, maxille inferioris lateralibus majori-
bus: plumbeus, vittis dorsalibus plurimis argenteis, ventralibus
distantibus fusco-flavis ; macula > argenteo-albé sub bast
postica pinne dorsalis ; pinnis ventralibus, pectoralibus, dorsali
analique anticé rubris, caudali flavidd.

D.is:. A.3.

DascyLius unicotor. Dasc. corpore alto unicolore nigricante.
D442. A. 3 .

Forma Dasc. marginati, Cuy. et Val.

128

Heviasts axtivaris. Hel. pallidé ceruleo-fuscus?; axilla nigra;
pinnis, presertim caudali analique, ceruleo-nigrescentibus.
D.3%. A.

Affinis, ut videtur, Hel. anali, Cuv. et Val, Radius secundus pinnz:
analis fortior, sequentes longitudine aliquantulum superans. Cor-
pus ovatum.

Jutis Cuviert. Julis caudé subquadratd: pinne dorsalis radio
primo longissimo (quam tertius triplo longiore): rufescenti-brun-
neus ceruleo punctulatus ; capite virescente, vittis tribus latis
rufis ; pinnis dorsali analique luteis, sanguineo oblique lineatis,
nigro laté marginatis, deoileoene fimbriatis ; hujus fascia margi-
nali lined ceruled longitudinali media alterdque ad basin notatd.
D. 4%. A.vy. P.12. C.13.

This new species of Julis is one of those fishes, now becoming nu-
merous, which might be confounded with the Julis Aygula, (Coris
Aygula, LaCép.). The latter appears to have hitherto rested solely
on the figure and description preserved by Commerson, no specimen
of it having been referred to as existing in collections. A specimen
of that species has, however, recently been added to the Society's
Museum from a collection of fishes formed in India, and agrees well
with the figure published by LaCépéde, in the truncation or even
sublunation of its caudal fin, and in its general form; in its dried-state
its colour is uniformly dull blackish brown. This specimen was ex- —
hibited in illustration of the distinction between Julis Cuviert and
Julis Aygula, and also to show that the fish figured under the latter
name by Dr. Riippel differed in various particulars, especially in the
rounded form of its caudal fin, from the species indicated by LaCé-
péde. To M. Riippel’s fish, it was remarked, the name of Julis
fuppelit might properly be applied.

ANGUILLA MauRITIANA. dng. maxilla superiore breviore, obtusa;
rostro complanaio ; pinne dorsalis initio pectoralibus quam anali
propiore ; lined laterali conspicud: dorso fusco pallidoque gutta-
tim marmorato, lineolisque nigrescentibus intertextis notato ; pin-
nis fusco nebulosis.

P, 18?

Mr. Bennett availed himself of the opportunity afforded by the
exhibition of the several species of Pterois contained in the Mauri-
tius collection, to bring before the Committee a fish which he had
formerly regarded as the Pterois volitans, under which name it was
included in the catalogue of Sumatran fishes appended to the me-
moir of Sir T. Stamford Raffles. It formed part of the collection
presented to the Society by its founder and first President. It was
thus characterized:

Prerois Russet. Pter. genis spinosim laté lineato-serratis ; osse
infra-orbitali antico peteaichest jue inferne spinosissimis : cirris
parvis sex, nasali utrinque duobusque infra-opercularibus : pinnis
pectoralibus caudalis basin attingentibus.

Doz. A. 32 P. 18;
Kodipungi. Russel, Coromandel Fishes, No. 133.

September 13, 1831.
W. Yarrell, Esq. in the Chair.

At the request of the Chairman the following notes of a dissection
of the Alligator Tortoise (Chelydra serpentina, Schweig.) were read
by Mr. Martin. They were illustrated by preparations of the sto-
mach ; of the dlium and colon ; and of the cloaca, with the penis and
urinary bladders: a drawing of the latter was also exhibited ; and
a drawing of the throat, representing the esophagus and trachea in
their natural positions.

‘«‘ The animal was a male, and most probably young: its length
from the nose to the anws being | foot 11 inches, and from the anus
to the end of the tail G inches. The length of the carapace was 113
inches, and its breadth, following the curve, ] foot 1 inch.

“On the plastron being removed, and the scapula (which are united
to it by intervening muscles) being turned back, the heart, inclosed
in a peritoneal sac, was exposed; the scapule in their natural posi-
tion extending over it like an arch: next, and in the same cavity,
(for there was no division either by muscle or membrane,) the liver
was seen, divided into two distinct portions, and stretching com-
pletely across from side to side: below the liver and occupying what
may be called the pelvic portion of the cavity, lay the intestines,
among which on the right side was seen the colon or commencement
of the large intestines enfolding the spleen.

“«‘ The heart consisted of one ventricle and two auricles, the right
of which was the largest. The figure of the auricles was rounded,
each in magnitude equalled the ventricle: both auricles contained
coagulated blood. The ventricle was in shape acuminate, of a red
colour, and firm and fleshy in structure. Its carnee columne were
strong, distinct, and numerous, but did not separate it into cells or
chambers.

‘«‘ The liver consisted of two lobes. The right lobe was divided
into two parts. On its inferior surface was situated the gall-bladder
buried in its substance and containing dull green bile: the duct
barely half an inch long. The edge of the left lobe of the liver co-
vered the stomach, which passing under it fitted an elongated furrow
in the thick part of the lobe, and was closely united to it by the peri-
toneum. The outer curvature of the stomach was placed in contact
with the parietes of the carapace. The texture of the liver was
soft and spongy, easily broken down, and pouring out an abundance
of dark green fluid, with which it was saturated. The gall duct en-
tered the duodenum 6 inches below the pylorus. The under surface
of the liver on the right side was connected to the duodenum, and
partially to the lung on the same side, by peritoneal attachments.

«On the liver being removed the course of the intestines was more
fully exposed. Beginning with the esophagus, which immediately
_ on proceeding from the pharynx becomes firm and muscular (the
{No, XI.] Zoo. Soc, PRocEEDINGS OF THE COMM. OF SCIENCE.

130

fibres being longitudinal), we find it dipping down on the right side
of the neck, keeping a straight course, passing under the right cla-
vicle, then crossing below the great arch of the neck within the shell,
and passing under the right laryngeal branch to the cardiac portion
of the stomach; its length being 7 inches. The cardium passes over
the left laryngeal branch, The length of the stomach is 74 inches;
the circumference of the thickest part 3 inches; gently narrowing
to the pylorus. Its texture was firm and muscular, especially at the
pyloric portion; and between the peritoneal and muscular coats
numerous small white points were observed, which on being cut into
were found to arise from the presence of minute worms, of three or
four lines in length, coiled up under the peritoneum.

“« The small intestines were strong and thick : their length 3 feet
1l inches. Their internal surface presented longitudinal ruge. At
their termination in the large intestines there appeared the rudiment
of a cecum.

“«‘Encircled by a fold of the colon was situated the spleen, of a dark
red colour, and soft spongy structure, almost round in shape, and of
the size of a small egg: several tortuous veins proceeded from it,
and the veins and arteries of the mesentery in general were of the
same character.

‘«‘ The length of the large intestines was 1 foot ’7 inches; the mus-
cular coat was particularly distinct; the villous smooth ; and several
black patches were observed on its surface, which exhibited great
vascularity.

«‘ The urinary bladder was double, or rather it might be said that
there were two bladders, lying on opposite sides of the rectum, and
adhering to the sides of the pelvis, each communicating by a distinct
opening into the commencement of the cloaca. Their size and shape
was that of a small pear: their texture very thin and fibrous, the
fibres being irregularly disposed.

“ The penis, 2+ inches long, lay concealed entirely within the
cloaca. It was grooved along its upper surface with the furrow usual
in the Tortoises, but instead of being free or disengaged, was
attached by a close union throughout its whole length on the under
side to the cloaca. ‘The glans was acuminate, and full an inch from
the anus. From this union of the penis to the cloaca it is difficult to
conceive that it can ever be protruded externally, especially when
its distance from the external orifice of the cloaca is considered. The
duct of the right bladder, in length half an inch, was found to
terminate just above the furrow of the penis, while that of the left
opened an inch on one side of it.

“‘ The testes were about the size of a pigeon’s egg, elongated, of a
bright ochre colour, and situated in the pelvic portion of the abdo-
minal cavity, one on each side of the vertebral column ; their struc-
ture was soft and somewhat granular. There were no suprarenal
capsules. Beneath the ¢estes lay the kidneys, large, irregular in
figure, glandular in structure, consisting of brain-like reduplications,
and dipping between the interstices of the three lowest ribs, (or
rudiments of ribs,) on each side of the vertebral column.

St

“The palate was smooth, with slight transverse ruge ; the pha-

nx wide, simply membranous, and capable of great extension;
the tongue a smooth cartilaginous point, at the base of which the
larynx opened by a very small simple r7ma, ‘There was no epiglottis;
but around the rima aslight fold of the membrane was just percep-
tible. The larynx crossing before the pharynx dipped down on the
left side of the neck, and passing under the left clavicle, divided into
two great branches, at about afoot from the vima; the right branch
passed before the esophagus, and immediately entered the right lobe
of the lungs; the left passed under the cardiac portion of the sto-
mach to the left lobe.

“The lungs consisted of two large and equal lobes, distinct, flat,
and dark red, extending from the upper edge of the carapace as far
as the pelvis, but not as in the Land Vortoises (the Indian and Greek,
for example) attached to the whole inner surface of the shell ; their
attachment was by one of their edges only to the vertebral column,
and slightly to the liver. Their texture was firm, and their cells,
though large, were not so irregular as in the Testudo Greca. f

«« Between the lungs passed two singular muscles, retractors of
the head, long and slender, which arising one on each side by a ten-
dinous origin from the base of the cranium passed on each side of
the neck, and coming in contact below its great curve, ran together
down the vertebral column, and were inserted into its sides in the
spaces between the 6th and 7th and 7th and 8th ribs, each by two
distinct fleshy terminations.

‘‘ The difference exhibited by this animal in the attachments and
conformation of the lungs from the family of Tortoises in general
indicates an approach, not merely in external configuration, but-in
internal structure, to the Alligators. Nor, although it must be con-
fessed in a degree less striking, is this approach unevideneed by the
structure of the urinary organs ; the bladder in this species although
double is yet small, while its enormous volume in the Tortozses in

general is a singular feature in their construction: the diminution
_ of volume in this organ seems to afford another indication, not to be
_ overlooked, of an approach to the Saurian Reptiles.

_. The posterior nares opened by two distinct orifices one quarter
_ of an inch from the commencement of the palate and three quarters
from the point of the beak: their course was obliquely upwards,
and the length of each canal to the external orifice just 1 inch.

“ The os hyoides consisted of an irregularly shaped body and four

arched bones or processes united to it by cartilage ; from the ante-
rior part of the body aspinous process partly cartilaginous proceeded
to support the rudiment of a tongue. The anterior pair of arched
bones were connected to the base of the skull by muscles only;
the second pair terminated in a broad and flat extremity, and were
more abruptly curved: their use seems especially to support the
‘pharynx, and they were not connected to the skull. The first pair
_ were each 4 inches in length ; the second little more than 3 inches.
_ The rings of the larynz were perfect ; the length of the laryngeal
_ branches 3 inches.”

—_

132

September 27, 1831.
Dr. Marshall Hall in the Chair.

An extensive collection of skins of Birds from the northern re-
gions of North America was exhibited. It was presented to the
Society by Viscount Goderich, Secretary of State for Colonial
Affairs, and comprehended specimens of all the rarer species ob-
tained during the last Arctic land expedition under the command
of Captain Sir John Franklin. Among the one hundred and ten
species thus presented to the Society (nearly the whole of which
were exhibited) the following are regarded by Dr. Richardson and
Mr. Swainson as new to science:

Bubo arcticus. Pyrgita arctica,
Lanius excubitorides. * Linaria tephrocotis.

a borealis. Garrulus brachyrhynchus.
Tyrannula pusilla. Tetrao leucurus.

Richardsonii. * Scolopax Drummondit.
Cinclus Americanus. Larus zonorhynchus.
Merula minor. i haat brachyrhynchus.
solitaria. Franklinit.

Orpheus meruloides. Bonapartit.
Erythaca arctica. * TLestris Richardsonii.

* Emberiza picta. * Clangula Barrovii.

* —___—. pallida.
The species to which an asterisk is prefixed were not exhibited,
the specimens not having been yet transmitted to the Society.
The whole of the above-mentioned species are described by
Dr. Richardson and Mr. Swainson in the forthcoming part of the
‘Fauna Boreali- Americana,’

In addition to the Birds, specimens of several Mammalia, col-
lected during the same expedition, and similarly presented to the
Society, were exhibited. Among them was a skin of the Lagomys
Princeps, Richardson.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a preparation of part of the intestine of an
Eel, which was perforated by numerous examples of the Echino-
rhynchus tereticollis, described by Rudolphi in his ‘ Synopsis Ento-
zoorum’ as one of the many species of intestinal worms infesting
the fresh-water eel. Most of these worms had penetrated both the
villous and muscular coats, and their globular heads were visible
under the transparent peritoneal covering. A considerable number
of a species of Filaria were also exhibited, which had recently been
taken from the abdominal cavity of an Eel.

Mr. Yarrell stated his belief that the opinion of some writers that

the Eel is viviparous (an opinion which has been often expressed

but never proved), was probably founded on the frequent occurrence

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133

of Filarie in the abdomen of these fishes ; the Filarie being those
which of all the species of worms occurring in serous cavities most
closely resemble the Eel in form, Mr. Yarrell was inclined to doubt
that Eels are viviparous from several circumstances. The species
are known to be most prolific: viviparous fishes, on the contrary,
produce but few young at a time, and these are of considerable size
when first excluded. In illustration of this latter fact, British spe-
cimens of the viviparous Blenny (Zoarces viviparus, Cuv.,) and of its
young as expelled from the parent fish by pressure, were exhibited.
In some Eels examined in September the ova in countless thousands
were distinctly apparent under a lens of very moderate power,
although these ova would not be matured till January : ‘the sexual
organ, moreover, of an Eel taken in February exhibited the ap-
pearances common to that part in female fishes that had recently
deposited their ova. Mr. Yarrell stated that comparative exami-
nations made at this time of the year upon the two most common
species of Eels of our rivers and lakes, showed the sexual organs of
the sharp-nosed sort (Anguilla acutirostris) to be in a much more
forward state than those of the broad-nosed Eels (Anguilla lati-
rostris). Skeletons of both species were exhibited, showing the
most obvious differences in the size and character of the bones of
the head and vertebre ; those of the broad-nosed Eel being nearly as
large again as the same parts of the other species in examples of
the same length.

By some authorities both Eels and Lampreys have been stated to
be hermaphrodites.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited preparations of the two sexes distinct both
in the Lamprey and Lampern, at the time they were about to de-
posit their ova and milt; and gave the following account of his in-
vestigation of this subject.

«<The common river Lampern (Petromyzon fluviatilis, L.) was ob-
tained and examined every week from March to the middle of May.
Up to the 19th of April more females than males were taken ; but
after this period, the females being nearly ready to deposit their
roe, the males were most numerous, in the proportion of two to one.
All the females taken about the 26th of April were in a state to de-

osit their roe ; and the milt of the males, now become fluid, passed
in a stream from the sheath behind the anal aperture on making
slight pressure upon the abdomen. By the 10th of May nearly the
whole of those examined had deposited their spawn. The males
were entirely void of any appearance of milt, and the females at this
time might be mistaken for males that had not spawned. ‘The gela-
tinous matrix of the ova appeared. swollen and of large size; and
close examination showed the ruptured membrane and extravasated
blood produced by the separation of the ova, with here and there
an occasional ovum still adhering. The kidneys (which have been
mistaken for the male sexual organs) were not observed to undergo
any alteration either in size or appearance during a long series of
examinations, The males could be distinguished from the females
externally by their larger respiratory apparatus and lips.

»

134

«¢ Seven examples of the Lamprey, (Petr. marinus, L.,) were re-
ceived on the 3rd of May from the Severn, about which time they
ascend that river for the purpose of spawning. Of these seven,
four were males and three females: the appearance of milt and ova
being most distinct. The kidneys, lying in the cavity of the abdo-
men, were of equal size in both sexes, elongated and narrow in form,
with the ureter running the whole length of the outer edge. The
anal opening is situated anterior to a small sheath, which when slit
up exposes four apertures, the two innermost of which lead to the
ureters; the outer two open into the abdominal cavity.

“In the Eels no part of the kidneys is visible within the cavity
of the abdomen, and the vent includes but four apertures,—the most
anterior of which leads to the intestine; the posterior to the urinary
bladder ; and two elongated lateral openings into the cavity of the

abdomen, as in other true bony fishes.”

Specimens were exhibited of several Fishes, lately received from
Dr. Bancroft of Kingston, Jamaica, Corr. Memb. Z. S. They were
accompanied by a Letter from Dr. Bancroft, in which various de-
tails were given with respect to their distinctions from allied species:
particular attention was also directed to the anatomical structure
of the disc of the Sucker-fishes, (Echeneis, L.,) a new species of which
genus formed part of the collection. This has the elongated form
and general aspect of Ech. Naucrates,L., but is at once distinguished
by the forked termination of its caudal fin. It may be thus charac-
terized :

EcuENEIS LUNATA. Ech. corpore elongato, squamoso ; disci strits

22—25 ; pinna caudali lunaté ; pectoralibus acutis.
D. 30, vel $2. A. 30. vel 33. C. 16. P. 21. V.6.

Long. circa 3-ped.

Its colour is described as a full black on the upper and anterior
portion of the back, and dark grey over the rest of the body, with
a lighter grey stripe from near the eye to near the vent: all the
fins are of a dark grey, passing into black at the anterior and outer
portions: the lateral line consists of very small black points : and
the iris is of a pure white. The dorsal fin is sometimes destroyed
in the middle, and is thus made to appear like two distinct fins.

A specimen of a Cephalopterus, Dum., included in the collection,
is regarded by Dr. Bancroft as the type of a new species, amply
distinguished from the ae ita Manta described by him in the
‘ Zoological Journal’ by the form of the anterior margin of its pec
toral fins ; the position of its mouth on the ventral surface; and the
rounded form of its spiracula, which are not on the dorsal surface
(as in the Rays generally); but are situated in a groove immediately

under the anterior edge of the base of the pectoral fin. It may be .

thus characterized :

CEPHALOPTERUS HyPosTOMUS. Ceph. levis; ore inféro; pin-
narum pectoralium margine antico delivi recto ; spiraculis in fossd
sub basin anticam pinuarum pectoralium sitis.

The entire length of the specimen from the apex of the frontal

“aw

135

flappers to that of the ventral fins is 17 inches: that of the tail 21 :,
extreme breadth of body 28. These dimensions were respectively
$2, 27, and 44 inches in another individual formerly examined by
Dr. Bancroft, which he considered to be adult.

A third species is the common Sea-Eel or Conger of Jamaica.
It is perhaps identical with the Savanne of Martinique (Murene
Savanna, Cuv.), a fish of which no distinguishing mark has yet been
published, except that derived from the forward position of the com-
mencement of its dorsal fin. Its teeth are peculiar. Its characters
may be thus expressed :

Concer Savanna? Cong. pinnd dorsali ante basin pinnarum
pectoralium incipiente : dentibus anterioribus conicis ; lateralibus
pluri-seriatis, seriei medice majoribus, parallelopipedis, cuneatis,
serierum externarum internarumgue minoribus granulatis rotun~
datisque, omnibus confertis ; vomerinis medits majoribus triangu-
Jaribus, subrecurvis, compressis, lateralibus rotundato-granulatis.

A specimen was exhibited of a species of Phalangista, Geoff.,
which had been lately presented to the Society’s Museum by
Talbot, Esq. Mr. Ogilby stated that he regarded it as forming
a new species, to which he gave the name of Phal. canthopus. He
also called the attention of the Committee to a second undescribed

ies of the same genus, which is now living in the Society’s
ardens.

Mr, Ogilby characterized and described these two animals as
follows :

PuHALancistTa FuLicinosA. Phal. vellere subcrispo, supra et
subtis fusco-fuliginoso ; caudd longa, villosa, dorso concolore.
The size and proportions are those of the Phal. vulpina ; the ears
are also of similar shape and size, hairy on the outsides, but naked
_ within, The colour is a uniform dark sooty-brown over all parts of
the head and body, not even excepting the belly and inner surface
_of the thighs. The hair has a frizzled appearance, but is not so
close nor so fine as in Phal. vulpina. The tail is long, black, and
rather bushy; the naked slip underneath, as well as the nose and
_ soles of the feet, which are also naked, is of a bright flesh colour.

_ The moustaches are long, stiff, and black.

__ Described from a specimen at present living in the Society’s
_ Gardens, and said to have been brought from Sydney.

_ PHALANGISTA xANTHOPUS. Phal. vellere densissimo, supra
cano-fusco, infra canescente; pedibus fulvis; cauda villosa,
& radice dorso concolore, apice alba.

___ The upper parts of the body are of a blueish ash colour, with a
_ dash of black, which prevails chiefly about the head and eyes ; the
under parts yellowish-white. The base of the ears is of the same
_ colour as the upper parts of the body, but their tips are white, as
_ in the Phal. vulpina. The tail is ash-coloured at the root, dark
__ brown in the middle, and pure white on the last two inches. The
limbs on their external surfaces are of the same colour as the body,
but the feet are of a dun-yellow.

136

This species resembles the Phat. Cookzi in having the tail marked
with white; but in all other respects it is most closely allied to the
Phal. vulpina. Its size, proportions, and general appearance, cor-
respond with those of the latter species ; and the ears in particular
are long and elliptical, whilst they are short and semicircular in the
Phal. Cookii. The tail aiso is comparatively much shorter than in
that animal, and instead of being covered with very short close hair
is rough and bushy, as in the Phal. vulpina and Phal. fuliginosa.

Described from a specimen in the Society’s Museum.

Mr. Ogilby availed himself of the same opportunity to describe a
new species of Indian Deer, belonging to the section of which the
Azis, (Cervus Axis, Linn.,) may be regarded as the type. He thus
characterized and described it :

CERVUS NUDIPALPEBRA. Cerv. corpore toto sub-nigro, lucido-
maculato ; cornibus trifurcis ; palpebris regionibusque ocularibus
nudis, nigris.

About the size of a Fallow-deer, but of a more corpulent form ;
of a uniform dark brown colour, almost black, particularly on the
head, neck, and median line of the back ; even about the tail not
a single white hair is to be seen, nor on the belly, nor inside of the
thighs. The body is obscurely spotted with white, which is only
apparent on attentive examination, and in particular lights. The
hair is rude and coarse, longer on the body than on the head, neck
. and extremities, which are jet black, and without spots. The horns
are very long, and bear only two antlers, one near the brow, and
the other about-two thirds of the length of the shaft from its root.
The muzzle is large, black, and naked; the tear-pits particularly
apparent ; the eyes large and prominent, and the ears broad, and
shaped like those of the Ox. The eye-lashes and a considerable
circular space about each eye are naked and black.

It inhabits the banks of the Ganges.

Described from a specimen at the Tower.

137
October, 11, 1831.
| | Joseph Cox Cox, Esq. in the Chair.

At the request of the Chairman Mr. Martin read the following

notes of some particulars observed on the dissection of a Monitor,

_ which died a short time since at the Society's Gardens. They were
illustrated by a drawing, in which was represented the distribution
of the principal blood-vessels.

“« Proceeding from the ventricle by a trunk which appears single,
but which in reality is divided internally, five arteries are seen,
which may be characterized as two aorte, two pulmonary, and one
cervical,

«* The cervical runs between, and somewhat anterior to, the two
aorte, and, continuing single for upwards of three inches, divides

_ Into two branches at the root of the neck, under the arch formed
by the scapule ; these two branches pass along on each side of the
neck, a short distance from the esophagus.

«‘ The right aorta proceeds upwards for about an inch and a half,
and then suddenly turns round the right bronchial tube of the darynx,
as that tube is about to enter the lungs by two subdivisions, the
_ superior of which is reflected up like a hook, to link with the artery
_ turning round it, the inferior passing downwards. Having made
this turn the artery proceeds downwards, but at half an inch from
its turn sends off a branch at a singularly acute angle, which runs
_ upwards just under the main cervical artery for about an inch, and
then divides into two, which running obliquely upwards pass one
on each side under the bronchial tubes, and then over the first rib
_ to the humerus; these are the subclavian arteries. It is to be ob-
Served that before passing over the ribs they send off an artery to
the under surface of the scapule and muscles of the neck. The
_ tight aorta having thus given off the subclavian, passes down behind
the heart, and just below this organ anastomoses with the left aorta,
which arising on the left of the cervical branch from the common
Stem, turns over the bronchial division on the left, exactly as hap-
‘pens on the right side, only a little higher up, runs down behind
the heart, and after its anastomosis ends in two large branches, which
take their course along the mesentery ; so that it may be considered
as analogous to the mesenteric arteries. The true or right aorta,
taking a straight course onwards to the tail, gives off two branches
just below the anastomosis, one of which is the splenic, the other is
Small, and goes to the mesentery; considerably lower another small
‘mesenteric artery is also given off.

_ “The pulmonary arteries arise one on each side from the common
Stem, and taking a short course upwards enter the lungs, subdi-
Viding into several branches.

“ The blood from the upper parts of the body is brought to the
-[No. XII.] Zoo. Soc. PRoceEDINGs OF THE CoMM. oF Brent.

138

auricle by two large veins. The blood from the lower parts and
viscera is brought by a large vein or vena porte into the liver, from
which organ a sinus emerges, of considerable circumference, and
half an inch long, which enters, or rather seems to form a part of,
the right auricle.

‘The trachea is long, and divides at six inches from the rima
into two branches, as already noticed, which are about an inch and
a half long, and are again subdivided; round the upper of which
subdivisions, as has been stated above, the aorvt@ are turned. The
rings of the trachea are entire; the rima small and simple.

“‘ The cesophagus is wide and membranous. The stomach is firm
and muscular: its circumference does not much exceed that of the
intestines, and its increase at the cardiac, and diminution at the
pyloric portion is gradual. The intestines are, as in all these ani-
mals, very firm, The spleen is small, dark-coloured, and oval.

“The liver is large, and consists of two lobes, in the right of
which, on its under surface, the gall-bladder lies deeply imbedded.

‘The lungs consist of two lobes, extending along the cavity of
the chest, and attached to its dorsal aspect. They are composed of
an aggregation of minute delicate membranous cells.

“‘ The chest is divided from the abdomen by a partial membranous
diaphragm attached to the parietes of the abdomen by numerous
strings or filaments.

‘* As compared with that of the chest, the cavity of the abdomen
is very small; the former occupying fully two-thirds of the length
of the body.

‘* The liver lies in the abdominal cavity, and just below the dia-
phragm ; and through this, covered by a reflexion of it, passes the
sinus emerging from the liver to the auricle.

** The individual examined was a female, and the ovaries were seen
following two veins along the mesentery for the length of nearly
two inches.”

139

October 25, 1831.
Joseph Cox Cox, Esq. in the Chair.

Mr. Owen read a portion of his notes on the anatomy of a Cro-
codile (Croc. acutus,Cuv.), made during the dissection of a young
individual which had lately died at the gardens of the Society.

Before speaking of the internal anatomy, he alluded to the pecu-

liar structure of the tongue and fauces, which he described as es-
sentially agreeing with that of the same parts in the Egyptian Cro-
codile. He explained the uses of the apparent closure of the fauces,
in which, on looking into the mouth, no orifice or passage for the
food is perceptible ; and remarked on the necessity for so com-
plete a safeguard of the /arynz in an animal breathing air, but de-
stroying its living prey by submersion in water.
_ He then proceeded to the description of the viscera, and com-
menced by remarking on the singular disposition of the serous
membranes of the body in the Crocodiles ; a disposition which he has
observed in no other animal, and which is such as to resemble the
effects of a general inflammatory action. It is, however, normal,
and has been observed by him in three individuals of the Croco-
dilus Lucius and Croc. acutus.

«<The serous membrane analogous to peritoneum is reflected
from the abdominal parietes upon the under surface of the sto-
mach, to the right of which it partially surrounds the gall-bladder,
and is continued upon the inferior surface of the right lobe of
the liver ; from these parts it descends, enveloping the spleen and
covering the anterior part of the kidneys and testes, and being con-
tinued from the middle line of the abdomen, surrounds the intes-
tines in the usual manner, forming a rather loose mesentery: thus
the abdomen appears to contain only the intestines, gall-bladder,
spleen, kidneys, and genital glands. ‘The serous membrane which
covers the upper surface of the stomach is reflected upon the under
surface of the left lobe of the liver, and forms a distinct cavity con-
fined to these parts. Along the line of the stomach, where the
eer and inferior serous membranes are contiguous, a quantity
of fat is interposed, together with the principal vessels of the sto-
mach, analogous to the omentum, ‘The serous membranes analo-
gous to the pieure, after lining the sides of the chest, entirely sur-
round the lungs, and are reflected on each side upon the superior
ind lateral aspects of the liver, a process dipping down between
‘the lung and the liver, but forming only a partial septum, and ter-
minating in a concave edge towards the back. On each side
of the pericardium there is also a distinct serous membrane, which
is reflected from the lower part of that bag upon the mesial aspect
of the liver: so that, including the pericardium itself, there are no
ss than seven distinct serous membranes in the trunk of the Cro-

140

codile; and of these, one has the additional peculiarity of being
continuous with the common integument.

«‘ The only part of the intestinal canal that presented anything
worthy of notice, in addition to previous descriptions, was the sto-
mach. This viscus, from its shining lateral tendons and muscular
structure, has generally been considered as a gizzard; but the pro-
priety of this denomination has been questioned by M. Geoffroy-
Saint-Hilaire, on the ground of its wanting a cuticular lining. In
this individual, however, the interior of the stomach presented two
smooth round patches about the size of a crown-piece, situated on
opposite sides of the cavity ; they were not, indeed, detachable asa
membrane distinct from the villous coat, and appeared to differ only
in having a smoother surface: this appearance, however, adds to
the analogy that this viscus bears to the gizzards of birds. Another
circumstance in favour of this analogy is the fact of pebbles
being commonly found in the stomach. M. Geoffroy-Saint-
Hilaire met with them in the Egyptian Crocodile, and observed that
they were rendered smooth by the action of triturating the ali-
mentary substances. In the present instance, there were five small
pebbles in the stomach, the largest of which was about 8 lines in
the longest diameter.

“The valve at the orifice by which the small pyloric cavity
communicates with the duodenum appears rather to oppose the
passage of matter into that intestine ; and both orifices are remark-
ably small as compared with the size of the stomach, and especi-
ally with the size of the cardiac aperture : the diameter of each did
not exceed 3 lines.

“The duodenum formed the same double fold as described by
M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire in the Egyptian species. As he makes
no mention of a pancreas, but describes the outer spaces of this
part as occupied only by fat, 1 was induced to examine it minutely,
and discovered the gland between the first and last portions of the
gut; and having laid open the duct, an eye-probe passed readily
through it into the upper end of the last portion of the duodenum,
a quarter of an inch beyond the orifice of the biliary duct.

« The rest of the small intestines varied only in diameter where
fAlatus had accumulated, and at these parts the zigzag ruge were
almost obliterated. Mr. Hunter has remarked in his Anatomy of
Whales (Phil. Trans. Ixxvii. p. 410), that he has ‘ never found any
air in the intestines of this tribe: nor indeed in any of the aquatic
animals.’ But this remark does not appear to apply to those ani-
mals whose habits are only partially aquatic.

«“ The rectum opens directly into the genito-urinary cavity, and
does not pass beyond it, as in Tortoises, to terminate in the outer
cavity or vestibule (vestibulum commune, Geoff.) The termination
in this instance was denoted by a valve not circular, but rather
spirally disposed ; and the character of the lining membrane of the
genito-urinary cavity was very distinct from that of the rectum,
being more coarsely villous, and of a redder colour: this cavity
was an inch in length; the ureters opened at the lower part, just

141

above or within the valve that separates it from the outer cavity.
The lower or ventral margin of the valve is grooved, and the groove
is continued on into that of the penis.
_ “The peritoneal canals opened externally on two small papille
placed one on either side the root of the penis; they also commu-
nicated at about a line distant from their external aperture, with
the cavernous structure of the penis. From the minute size of
these orifices, which barely allow of the passage of an eye-probe,
and their disposition on a papilla, equivalent to a valvular structure
on pressure from without, it is difficult to imagine that any water
can be admitted from without into the peritoneal cavity; yet M.
Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire hazards the hypothesis that water is so ad-
mitted by means of a similar mechanism to that by which air passes
through the ¢rachea into the pulmonary cavity, the peritoneum being
thus rendered an accessory organ of respiration. ‘Le voila,’ he
says, (speaking of the Crocodile, in his < Déscription des Reptiles de
l'Egypte,’ page 237,) ‘veritable amphibie, dans ce sens qu’il est
animal aérien par sa poitrine et animal aquatique par une modifi-
cation de l'état de son abdomen,’ Yet, notwithstanding the op-
portunities this author enjoyed of examining the Crocodie under
circumstances most favourable for such an observation, he does
hot appear to have ever detected water in the abdominal ca-
vity ; nor any peculiarity in the contents of that cavity, which
-would give support to his hypothesis.

«« The appearances in this dissection precisely accorded with the
description given by M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire of the diaphragm
and its connection with the liver in the Egyptian Crocodile.

«<The spleen lies on the right side of the abdomen, beneath the
right lobe of the liver ; it was two inches and a half in length, and
about half an inch across at the broader part. It is entirely sur-
rounded by peritoneum, and lies very loose, being connected onl
by avery small process of that membrane accompanying the vessels
to the upper part of the duodenal fold. It is here, therefore, that
the structure most favourable for the detection ofan excretory duct
obtains, if the spleen really possessed such an appendage, its pas-
sage from the gland, in that case, being limited to a very small space,
and this space circumscribed by a diaphanous membrane. But it
was easy to see that this membrane contained only asmall artery de-
rived from the branch that supplied the pancreas, (having none
analogous to the vasa brevia in man); a vein of disproportionate
size, which terminated in the vena porte; two small nervous fila-
ments ; and a delicate connecting tissue.

** There is a lacteal gland at the root of the mesentery as large
as the spleen.”

Mr. Owen stated his intention of bringing before the Committee
at an early meeting the remaining portion of his notes on this sub-
ject.

Mr. Owen also read to the Meeting the following Notes on the

_ Anatomy of the Nine-banded Armadillo, (Dasypus Peba, Desm.)

142

“This animal was the female specimen lately presented to the
Society, which died almost immediately after its arrival. Its ad-
measurements were as follows :

ft. in. lines.
From the end of the nose to the setting on of the tail 1 1 0

From ditto tothe verter) wile ih Jee 12 4010
From the vertex to the first band . . ..... 4 0
From the last band to the skirtofthearmour . . . 310
Breadth of the head across the eyes . shed ica qaed. ls
The ears were contracted and tubular at the base, but the rest of
the conch expanded, with the apex rounded ; their length 1 inch
10. lines ; their extreme breadth 10 lines. The openings of the eye-
lids were 3 lines in length, and oblique from behind upwards and
forwards ; their margins tumid, and the cili@ chiefly on the lower
eyelid towards the nose. The membrana nictitans could be drawn
over the nasal half of the cornea. The globe of the eye was about
the size of a peppercorn, the cornea occupying almost the whole of
the anterior half. The pupil was dilated and round. The anterior
extremities being formed for digging, the animal has strong clavi-
cles, which are concave anteriorly. There were four small nipples,
two in the pectoral and two in the inguinal regions: the number of
young produced at the Gardens of the Society by the Weasel-headed
species, (Dasypus 6-cinctus, Linn.,) have not exceeded two.

«The contents of the abdomen were partly concealed by a thin ep#-
ploon devoid of fat, as indeed was the case with all the vscera. The
esophagus runs an inch below the diaphragm before it terminates.
The stomach is almost of a globular form ; but suddenly contracted
in its dimensions for about an inch at the pyloric end. The esopha-
gus enters at the distance of an inch and a half from the left extre-
mity, the cuticular lining terminating at the cardia. The villous
membrane presented two distinct appearances, two-thirds of the
cavity at the cardiac end being lined by a membrane of a redder
colour with coarser villi, and elevated into a few solitary but well
defined rug@z ; while the rest of the cavity was lined by a smoother
membrane, only puckered near the pylorus. There was a slight
contraction between these parts, which disappeared on distending
the stomach; it is probably increased during the digestive process
so as to produce a greater degree of separation between the two
parts of the cavity, for the pyloric end is evidently adapted for
powerfully triturating the alimentary matter, and the pylorus is pro-
vided with a valvular apparatus to prevent the propulsion of the
contents of the stomach, until they have undergone the necessary
comminution. The muscular coat is here thrice the thickness of any
other part of the cavity ; and the exterior of the stomach has at this
part a tendinous appearance un each side. A semilunar ridge de-
fines the lower part of the pyloric aperture, and above this ridge
there is a protuberance about the size of a hazel-nut, upon which
the villous membrane is puckered ; this protuberance is equally ob-
vious externally. It is not glandular, but is chiefly occasioned by
an accumulation of condensed cellular membrane between the mus-

a ee

143

cular and mucous membranes. A precisely similar structure guards
the pyloric aperture of the stomach of the Seal and that of the Llama.
From the position of this projection with respect to the semilunar
fold below, the pylorus has the form of a semicircular aperture with
the concavity upwards. This valvular structure is not alluded
to by Sir Edward Home in his description of the stomach of the
Nine-banded Armadillo, but he describes a zone of glands surround-
ing the orifice of the pylorus.

“The duodenum is enlarged at its commencement, and is con-
nected by a loose process of peritoneum, which becomes narrower as
the gut descends, and is continued from its lowest part upon the
right kidney; the duodenum then crosses the spine and becomes a
loose intestine. The small intestines contained a little dark-coloured
matter; they were smooth on the inside: their whole length was
18 feet. They enter the colon in the same way as in the Crocodile :
that gut suddenly expanding. There is a small circular production
of the inner membrane, where the small intestine is inserted, but it
seems incapable of forming an effectual valve. The inner membrane
of the colon was raised into a few small longitudinal ruge. The
bli were of an oval form, about 9 lines in length, and tolerably
coherent. Two follicles open exteriorly near the verge of the anus.

“ The liver is divided into four lobes and a lobulus Spigelit. The
third from the right is the largest, and in this are lodged the gall-
bladder, and the remains of the umbilical chord. The ductus choledo-
chus enters the duodenum two inches from the pylorus. The pancreas
is a thick mass, 4 inches in length, and extended as usual behind the
stomach from the spleen tothe duodenum. The spleen is a simple
elongated trihedral body, 2+ inches in length.

«<The kidneys are conglobate and simple, 7. e. terminating in a
single papilla. ‘The supra-renal glands are half an inch in length,
of a yellow colour, loosely connected with the kidneys, but closely
attached to the coats of the contiguous large veins.

“In the heart the right ventricle terminated one third from the
apex, and stood out from the left like an appendage to it ; an appear-
ance, however, that was chiefly owing to its being distended with
blood, while the other cavity was contracted. The arteries are given
off from the arch of the aorta, precisely as in the human subject.
The lungs also have a similar correspondence in the number and
proportions of their lobes.

«‘ The tongue is of a trihedral elongated form ; it is half an inch
broad at the root, and from thence gradually tapers to the extre-
mity : its superior surface is convex, transversely wrinkled and finely
papillose; at about an inch from the root are two fossulate papille
on the same transverse line, and behind these a mesial furrow extend-
ing to the ih eg There is a fold of membrane on each side of
the frenum lingue, which is continued forwards to the symphysis
menti ; and external to these folds are twenty filamentary processes,
ten on each side, about 2 lines in length, which appear to be elon-
gated follicles. The soft palate extends to the base of the tongue ;
on its anterior surface are two little cavities containing the tonsils.

144

_ “ There is a peculiar structure connected with the salivary system,
which appears to have been hitherto unnoticed in this or any other
mammiferous animal. The secretion of the submaxillary gland, a
gland of very large size, is received prior to its expulsion intoa
sac, in which it becomes very tenacious ; the sac is about the size
of a french-bean, and receives the saliva by four or five short ducts
entering at its posterior part and having valves at their orifices, by
which a retrograde course of fluids is prevented from the sac to the
gland. A long duct is continued from the anterior extremity of the
sac, and terminates by a minute orifice immediately behind the sym.
physis menti.

“ The epiglottis rises behind the soft palate into the posterior nares,
nor does the structure appear to admit of its ever passing beneath
that part; itis deeply notched at the apex. The muscular partetes
of the pharynx and esophagus are very thick, for from the nature of
the teeth, small, conical and wide apart, the food can undergo but
little comminution in the mouth, and hence the necessity of addi-
tional power for propelling imperfectly divided substances into the
stomach, and of a structure analogous to the gizzards of birds for
completing their trituration in that cavity. The rings of the tra-
chea overlap each other behind, but do not coalesce: they are irre-
gular in their size.

«‘ The thyroid glands are of the size of french-beans, and united
by a very thin transverse band, like a connecting vessel.

“No morbid appearances were met with in either of the preced-
ing dissections.”

145

November 8, 1831.
William Yarrell, Esq. in the Chair.

An extract of a letter from Captain Fayrer, Corr. Memb. Z.S.,
was read. It was dated on board H. M.’s Packet Arrow, Port Pa-
trick, October 23, 1831, and referred to the migrations of certain
birds from that neighbourhood. That of the Larks commenced
about Oct. 12. ‘Their numbers,” says Captain Fayrer, “are be-
yond anything I would venture to state, but millions. They start
at daylight, steer directly across to the Capelona Islands off Belfast
Loch; and seem to prefer the wind directly against them. Very
large flocks of Starlings have arrived within the last few days:
they start before sun-rise, but steer to the southward. The Lap-
wings have also arrived: but these birds do not take their flight till
day has set well in: they appear to go directly across. I see all
these birds at each end of their passage (21 miles), and few, I think,
perish.”

A letter was read from E. W. A. Drummond Hay, Esq. H. M.’s
Consul for Marocco, dated Tangier, Oct. 6, 1831. It accom-
panied a present to the Society from that gentleman, consisting of
two Ichneumons, (Herpestes Pharaonis, Desm.,) anda pair of striped
Barbary Mice,(Mus Barbarus, Linn.) The former were caught in
the neighbourhood of Tangier, where they are called by the na-
tives, in the dialect of the Arabic used there, Sérro. The Mice
are not rare: the name given to them by the natives is Phar--Azéf,
the Palmetto Mouse.

Mr. Drummond Hay also referred to four Ostriches sent in_the
same transport as a present to His Majesty from the Sultan of Ma-
rocco, which havesince been graciously presented by His Majesty
to the Society. They were obtained in a region of the Desert
called Himadah, situated about eight or ten days journey from Tafi-
leht in the direction to which the Moosselmin address their prayers.
Though yet so young as not to have assumed their adult plu-
mage, (no external distinction being at present observable in them, )
two of them were seen in the act of treading while they remained
at Tangier.—The same precocity, it may be remarked, has been
previously noticed in other birds.

The letter concludes by promising a continuance of Mr. Drum-
mond Hay’s exertions on behalf of the Society, and by referring
particularly to his endeavours and those of Mr. Willshire, H. M.'s
Consul at Mogadore, to procure skins and living specimens of seve-
ral interesting Mammalia and Birds, and especially the quadruped
known to the Arabs as the Mhorr.

A collection of Fishes was exhibited, consisting of nearly thirty
species. It was presented to the Society by Captain Belcher, R.N.,
_ by whom it was formed during his recent survey of part of the At-

146

lantic coast of Northern Africa. The following apparently new spe-
cies contained in it were pointed out by Mr. Bennett.

Potynemus ArTEDU. Pol. digitis quingue corpore longioribus ;
pinnd anali elongatd: pinnis dorsalibus, caudali, pectoralique
nigro-tirroratis.

Diiijesteae eck. plate.

Pol. quinquarius? Linn.—Seba, Thes. tom, iii. pl. xxvii. f. 2.

Longitudo corporis, 6}; pinne caudalis, 23; digitorum 3tit
4tique, 16 ; latitudo corporis 13 unc.

Except in the elevation and triangular form of the first dorsal fin,
in which it agrees with the other Polynemi, this species differs in no
respect from the fish figured by Seba, and described by Artediin the
text of the ‘Thesaurus’ under the name of Pentanemus. On this
Linneus established his Pol. quinguarius. MM. Cuvier and Va-
lenciennes have recently united the latter with Pol. paradiseus,
Linn., to form their Pol, longifilis: a union to which they were
induced by a belief that Pol. quinquarius was founded on a mutilated
specimen, in which two of the free rays on each side had been re-
moved,—their extensive inquiries having failed in procuring for
them any Polynemus possessing free rays exceeding the body in
Jength and only five in number. There is, however, another marked
distinction in Seba’s figure in the length of the anal fin, which is
nearly twice that usual in the genus, containing almost double the
usual number of rays. In this respect and in the number and length
of the free rays beneath the pectoral fin, Pol, Artedit agrees with
the figure and description of Pol. guinguarius, with which, but for
the difference in the form of the first dorsal fin, it must have been
regarded as specifically identical. Its distinction from the other
known species is easy, on account of the very remarkable charac-
ters just noticed.

Fam. ScomBRID&.
Genus APOLECTUS.

Corpus elongatum, subalepidotum.

Linea lateralis equaliter squamata.

Pinne dorsales approximate, subcontinue.

Dentes mazillares fortes, conici, distantes.

Genus Cybio, Cuv., maximé affine: vix differt nisi dentibus coni-
cis dissitis.

Adjungendus videtur Scomber maculatus, Mitchill, Trans, New
York, vol. i. p. 248. pl. vi. f. 8

APOLECTUS IMMUNIS. Ap. immaculatus, supra pallidé ceruleus,
ad latera et infra argenteus; pinna dorsali priore anticé atra,

D. 18, 24 (8 spur.). A.23 (Sspur.). P.19.

Nomevs MacuLosus. Nom. argenteus, dorso late, lateribus, pin-
nisque nigro maculatis : pinnis ventralibus nigris.
D. 10, 28. A. 27. P. 20. V. +. C. 19.

Pictura abundé differt a figura Scombri maculatz, Mitch., qui, mo-
nente cl. Cuvierio, idem ac Nomeus Mauritit, Cuv., (Gobius Grono-
vit, Gmel.).

Exoc@rus PINNATIBARBATUS. Exoc. pinnis pectoralibus analem,

ventralibus caudalem attingenttbus ; dorsali alta (depressdé cauda-

147

dis medium attingente); cirro lato mentali profundé 15—20 ra-
diatim secto.
13. A..10,." P.15.

Affinis, ut videtur, Exoceio Nuttallii, Mitch., forma et propor-
tione pinnarum. Differt cirro mentali unico, multi-secto, numeroque
radiorum pinnarum. Specimen 2-unciale. Pinnz ventralis dorsalis-
que ultra medium nigre ; pectorales nigro fasciate.

Atosa Senecacensis. Al. mazillis edentulis ; pinnd anali parum
elevaté : supra chalybea, infra et ad latera alba argenteo vittatim
varians,

DA1G5o Ay 2035, Vis:9.)9, Ps td:

Cluped Fintd, Cuv., latior : latitudo altitudinis dimidium zquat ;

altitudo minor est longitudinis parte quarta.

Fam, PLEURONECTID,
Genus PseTToDEs.

Os zquilaterale.

Dentes mazillares prelongi, distantes: palatinz breves, acuti, uni-
seriati: vomerini pauci, acuti, parvi: pharynget, linguales, bran-
chialesque numeresi, conferti, setaceo-acuti.

Pinne pectorales equales.

Pinna dorsalis longé poné oculum incipiens.

Oculus superior subverticalis.

Nares utrinque positi.

Genus Pleuronectidarum adhuc cognitarum maximé aberrans.
Hippoglosso, Cuv., affine, sed differt dentibus, situ oculi superioris,
initioque pinne dorsalis.

Adjungenda videntur Nooree Nalaka, Russel, Coromandel Fishes,
Ixxvil, et Pleuronectes Erumei, Schn. Adelah, Russel, Ibid. xix.

Psetropes Bretcueri. Psett. oblongus: latere sinistro nigres-
centi, dextro albido ; pinnarum pectoralium brevium rotundatarum
sinistro pinndque caudali quadratéa in medio subproductiore nigro
guttatis: dentibus mazillaribus semi-sagittatis: lined laterali
declivi.

RHOMBUS HETEROPHTHALMUS. Rhomb.laté ovalis, anticé superné
gibbus ; oculis maxim? distantibus, superiore prope gibbum posito,
anterstitio subplano paullum excavato; maxilla orbitaque inferiore
1-spinosis ; pinna caudali rotundato-lanceolatd ; pinnarum pecto-
ralium radiorum extremitatibus via liberis: latere sinistro fusco,
ocellis numerosis notato.

Affinis, ut videtur, Rhombo manco, Cuv., (Pleuronectes mancus,
Brouss.): differt gibbo capitis et radiis pinnarum pectoralium mem-
_ brana per totam longitudinem connexis.

SoLEA HEXOPHTHALMA. Sol. oblongo-ovalis ; pinnis dorsali ana-
lique a caudali discretis: supra pallidé brunnea, fasciis latis
saturatioribus pallidiori rivulatis septem, quarum 4td 5ta et 6ta
oculo magno nigro iride albd prope pinnam dorsalem alteraque
prope pinnam analem notatis ; pinnis dorsali analique nigrescen-
tibus, pectorali nigra, caudali brunned nigro-punctata ; infra
pinndque pectorali rubescenti-albida.

Sotea rmpar. Sol. elongata, dorso semi-ovali, ventre subrecto ;

148

pinnis dorsali analique a caudali discretts: latere dextro flaves-
cente, fuscescente vario ; pinnd pectorali dextrd ad apicem macula
parva nigrd notatd.

Terropon GutTirer. Tetr. oblongus, levis ; ventre aculeato-
hispido ; pinnis pectoralibus posticé subrotundatis ; dorsali ana-
lique rotundato-acutis ; caudali lunata; dentibus superioribus
anticé parum elevatis: supra olivaceo-brunneus albo guttatus;
infra lacteus.

Didles A 10 (P21:

CARCHARIAS FISSIDENS. Carch. dentibus triangularibus, singulis
versus angulum oris profundé emarginatis, incisurd acutd ; pinnd
dorsali 2dé supra analis medium incimiente.

Figura dentium apud LaCépéde, Hist. Nat. des Poiss., tom. i. pl.viii.

32

The single notch on each tooth on the side directed towards the
angle of the mouth is so deep and acute as to give to the teeth,
when viewed from the side, a close resemblance to so many arrow-
heads.

RAJA BISPECULARIS. Raia superné aspera, aculeis dorsalibus in
unica serie per caudam excurrente: fusca, macula pinne pectora-
lis rotunda hyalina nigro-cincta.

Affinis, ut videtur, Raz@ Miralete, Risso: differt corpore toto
superné aspero, caudzque aculeis uni-seriatis. Specimen minimum,
2-unciale.

Among the previously described species contained in the collec-
tion was a specimen of Scyllium marmoratum, Benn., (Memoirs of
Sir T. Stamford Raffles, Appendix) hitherto only known as an in-
habitant of the Indian seas.

149

November 22, 1831.
Dr. Horsfield in the Chair.

A letter from Sir R. Ker Porter, Corr. Memb. Z.S., dated City of
Caracas, Sept. 10, 1831, was read. It contained a detailed descrip-
tion of the Myrmecophaga jubata, Linn., under the name of Orso Hor-
meguero or Ant-Bear, together with an account of the habits of that
animal ; and was accompanied by a drawing of the fully grown indi-
vidual from which the description was taken. Sir R. Ker Porter was
particularly struck with the difference in structure which exists be-
tween the fore and the hinder feet, and with the curious disposition
of the parts of the former in the act of progression, which has been
slightly referred to by D’Azara. In the figure (in which the animal
is represented in a standing position) the claws of the fore feet do not
project in front, but are doubled backwards under the wrist; eviden-
cing a mode of progression in the Myrmecophage similar to that
recently described by Col. Sykes as existing in the species of Manis.
“To receive the additional length and point of the middle toe,” ob-
serves Sir R. Ker Porter, ‘a protruding mass of hard flesh stood out
from the wrist, wherein was a cavity destined for the reception of the
ungulated elongation when the animal was in a standing position,”
He adds, “‘ From the awkward formation of the fore feet, quickness
of motion becomes impossible; hence they may be caught in the
smallest open space (when seen) with little difficulty.”

Sir R. Ker Porter adds a list of the Mammalia known to exist in
the Province of Caracas, and describes the arrangements which he has
made for preserving such of them as he may succeed in procuring for
the Society until an opportunity occurs of transmitting them to En-
gland. He also refers to several Birds which he hopes to procure,
including the common and galeated Curassows.

The skins were exhibited of two animals forming part of a small
collection of Mammalia and Birds brought from the neighbourhood
of Swan River by Lieut. Matthew Friend, R. N., Corr. Memb. Z.S.,
and presented by him to the Society. Mr. Ogilby expressed his
belief that both these animals had been hitherto unnoticed by
systematic writers, and read the following descriptions of them.

HypsipryMnus sEtosus. Hyps. pilis supra setosis, fusco-cine-

reis, infra canescentibus ; auriculis latis, nudis, nigris; caudd me-
diocri, gracili, squamati, pilis brevissimis rigidis vestita.

“ Of the different species of Hypsiprymni inhabiting the continent
and dependencies of Australia, and of which the characters are
but little known, many have been hitherto confounded with the
Kangaroos. That to which I have given the name of Hyps. setosus
is known in the colony of New South Wales by the native name of
Bettong Kangaroo. The specimen now described is believed to

[No. XIII.] Zoon. Soc, Proceepinés or THE Comm. or ScrENCcE.

150

have been brought from the Swan River ; an interesting circum-
stance, since it shows that some, at least, of the species common to
the eastern shores are found equally upon the opposite coast.

“This species is about the size of a small Rabbit, with a larger
head, and comparatively shorter tail and legs, than are generally
found among other Saltigrade Marsupial animals. It has a small
muzzle; round naked ears like those of a Rat, but almost concealed
in the long shaggy fur which surrounds them; a tail not quite two
thirds the length of the body, of a dark scaly appearance, spa-
ringly provided with a few coarse black hairs. The legs and feet
are also dark, and covered with very short coarse hair. All the
upper parts, the head, neck, shoulders, back and loins, are co-
vered with long shaggy hair, of a rude bristly quality and a dark
ashy-brown colour, thinly interspersed with single hairs of a light
bay or sandy gray colour. Beneath, on the cliin, breast, and belly,
the fur is of a very fine close quality, and of a uniform light ashy-
brown colour; and it is to be observed, that a thick coat of the
same fine fur is found beneath the coarse hair upon the upper sur-
face of the body.”

ORNITHORHYNCHUS BREVIROSTRIS. Orn. rostro brevis vellere

densissimo, supra fusco-rufo, infra albescente.

“At first sight this animal might be regarded as identical with
Orn. rufus, which it closely resembles in the quality and fineness
of the fur, as well as in the general colour of the body; but a
careful comparison of these circumstances, and particularly of the
proportions of the bill and other parts, is sufficient to establish the
specific difference of these two animals. The fur of the new spe-
cies is thickly furnished, rather longer, and of a softer quality than
in the other Ornithorhynchi, and presents something of a shining or
metallic lustre when rubbed smoothly down with the hand. It is
of a uniform dark vinous red colour on the upper parts of the body,
and of asilvery white beneath ; the head is dark brown; and the feet
are light gray. But the peculiar character of Orn. brevirostris is
found in the bill, which is very nearly as broad as it is long, whilst
in the other species the length of this organ is at least double its
breadth. .In other respects its characters, as far as they can be
ascertained at present, agree with those ofits congeners. The bill
is of a very dark colour, approaching almost to black; the skin
remarkably thick for so small an animal. The following are its
principal dimensions :—

ft. in.
Length from the base of the bill to the origin of the tail.. 1 0
NMS rc ae cpt Soran be Satie senate eae 33
Petter gan or Ns OS | dengan Rhee if
Bread Wee eee ct ce cs te cae ae eal cee ee 1.”

Stuffed specimens of Orn. rufus and Orn. fuscus having been placed
on the table, the distinctions between these and Orn. brevirostris
were pointed out by Mr. Ogilby.

About thirty Bird-skins, collected during the last summer in Shet-

151

land by Mr. William Lord, and presented by him to the Society, were
exhibited. The most worthy of particular notice were aspecimen of the
long-tailed Duck, Anas glacialis, Linn., in its summer plumage ; and
an example of the brown-headed Gull, Larus capistratus,Temm. As
this Gull has received but little notice as a British bird, Mr. Yarrell
added the following description of the specimen, also in its summer
plumage.
«This bird is at once distinguished from Larus atricilla, Linn., and
Larus ridibundus, Leisl., (both also British Gulls, and with both of
which it has been confounded,) by its more slender as well as shorter
beak, shorter tarsi, and smaller feet. The whole length of this speci-
men from the point of the beak to the end of the tail feathers is 15
inches; from the point of the beak to the first feathers, 1 inch and
half a line ; from the point of the beak to the rictus, ] inch 10 lines;
from the carpus to the end of the first primary (which is the longest),
11 inches 8 lines; length of the tarsus 1 inch 7 lines; of the middle
toe and nail | inch 6 lines. The beak brownish red; the head and
upper part of the neck brocoli-brown, bounded by blackish brown,
descending lowest at the fore part, some of the dark feathers at the
_ margin in front tipped with white ; the remaining portion of the neck,
_ the breast, abdomen, vent and tail, pure white; upper surface of the

wings pale ash-gray, under surface grayish white; primaries white,
_ edged and tipped with black, broadest on the inner web, shafts white ;
legs and toes brownish red, webs of the feet chocolate-brown.
*‘Inhabits the Shetland and Orkney islands.”

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould exhibited about thirty
recent specimens of the Stormy Petrel, Thalassidroma pelagica, Vig.,
received by him from the eastern coast of England; and a recent spe-
cimen of the Pomarhine Gull, Lestris Pomarhinus, Temm., obtained
from the same locality. A living pair of the latter bird have since
been added to the Society’s Menagerie by the kindness of James
Cornish, Esq. who obtained them on the coast of Devonshire.

The following Notes by Mr. Owen, taken at the dissection of two
Seals (Phoca vitulina, Linn.), which died at the Society’s Gardens,
were read.

*< All the parts bore the deep venous tint which appears to be pe-
culiar to those Mammalia whose aquatic habits tend to impede their
respiration. The cellular texture was extremely tough, witha gra-
nular appearance, somewhat resembling the structure of the corpus
cavernosum: it is the same in the Porpoise. It was also gorged with
bloody serum, a great quantity of which was contained in the cavity
of the abdomen. The omentum was very thin and without fat, (of
_ which indeed there was a deficiency over the whole body): it extended
over half the contents of the abdomen.

«< The stomach was situated in the left hypochondrium: its pyloric -
end was bent acutely upon the cardiac: the esophagus entered at the
left extremity, leaving no saccus ce@cus beyond it. The pyloric aper-
_ ture was extremely small as compared with the size of the stomach ;

152

it was provided with a valvular apparatus similar to that described in
the stomach of the Armadillo (p. 142.), consisting of a tubercle com-
posed of condensed cellular structure, which projected above the ori-
fice, and gave it asemilunar form. This valve, together with the
small size of the orifice, must contribute to retain the food in the _
stomach until it has undergone complete digestion. It is difficult to
imagine that the cranial bones or vertebra of fishes can pass through
this aperture, unless they are previously dissolved. Are they regur-
gitated, like the castings of Owls? The transverse diameter of the
pylorus was half an inch, its vertical diameter not more than 2 lines ;
the diameter of the cardiac aperture was | inch and a half.

«The duodenum descends abruptly from the pylorus, and is con-
nected by a continuation of peritoneum with the pyloric end of the
stomach. It is contracted at its origin, but soon dilates, and a sac-
culus is formed between its muscular and mucous coats for the recep-
tion of the biliary and pancreatic secretions, which afterwards are
conducted through a narrow passage into the intestine. Having de-
scended as far as the right kidney, the dwodenum turns to the left in
the usual manner, but hasa complete investment of peritoneum through
its whole course: at the left side of the abdomen it carries forward
this process of peritoneum, which forms the mesentery in the usual
manner. The small intestines do not exceed | inch and a half in
circumference, but their deficiency in this article of their dimensions
is compensated for by their great length. The large intestines com-
mence by ashort round cecum, which in both instances was situated
close to the pyloric end of the stomach: the greatest circumference
of the colon was 4 inches.

«The interior of the stomach was smooth and without rug@; the in-
testines had the same character.

“««The liver consisted of five lobes, which were remarkably elongated,
somewhat triedral, and pointed at the extremity. The gall-bladder,
2 inches and a half long, was lodged in the third lobe, counting
from the right; the suspensory ligament entered another division of
this lobe. The gall-bladder received two small ducts directly from the
liver, or hepato-cystic ducts. The cystic duct was joined by a small
hepatic duct about half an inch from the gall-bladder; and a little
lower down was joined by a larger hepatic duct, which was formed by
the junction of two other ducts, each of which was also formed by the
union of two ducts, coming distinctly from the four smaller lobes of
the liver. The duclus communis was | inch and a half long ; it was
joined by the pancreatic duct, as it terminated in the dilated sacculus
before mentioned.

«<The pancreas was composed of a large and a small portion of the
usual structure and in the usual situation. The spleen, a flattened
body with an irregular notched margin, measured 5 inches and a
half in length. It was attached to the epiploon in such a manner that
it could be drawn away for some distance from the stomach, and in
the intervening membrane were situated a number of small dark glan-
‘dular bodies from the size of a horse-bean to that of a pea, which, if
they had been met with in a Porpoise, I should have considered as

158
accessory spleens. ‘This circumstance was noted in the dissection of
the first Seal, but was not attended to in the second.

“The kidneys were conglomerate and of large size. The veins
ramify on the exterior, but are different both in the manner of ramifi-
cation and in proportionate size from those of the feline tribe. In the
latter animals about one fourth only of the venous blood is thus re-
turned, and the veins put on an arborescent appearance ; but in the
Seal the whole of the blood is carried back along the exterior of the
kidney, and the veins form a network around the gland, filling up the
interstices of the lobules.

“« The viscera of the chest were disposed in the usual manner.

“* The pericardium was attached by cellular membrane both to the
sternum and to the diaphragm. The inferior cava was consequently
shorter than in most quadrupeds; it was also smaller above than be-
low the diaphragm, where it appeared to form a capacious sinus by
the union of the large hepatic veins. The heart was flat and broad,
much resembling in figure the ventricular part of the Turtle’s heart ;
its aper obtuse. The appendix of the right auricle had two processes,
one covering in the usual manner the origin of the pulmonic artery,
the other lying upon the right ventricle. In the interior of this cavity
are seen in a striking manner the original relations of the inferior cava ;
the septum of the auricles appears to be formed by a continuation of
the left parietes of the superior cava, and terminates in an arched form
to the right of the orifice of the inferior cava. This vein in consequence
appears to open directly into the left auricle. In the younger of the
two Seals the valve which cuts off this original communication ‘(val-
vula foraminis ovalis) was incomplete, and a large foramen ovale was
the consequence : in the other Seal it was complete as to its forma-
tion, but not with respect to its adhesion,—an oblique aperture, suffi-
cient to.admit a goose-quill, still remaining at its upper margin. I
should not imagine an open foramen ovale to be an essential condition
in the structure of the adult Seal.

“In the younger Seal the ductus arteriosus had still a smooth cavity,
but was closed at the extremities, so as to prevent any admixture of
pulmonic and systemic blood through this passage. In the older ani-
mal the cavity was totally obliterated.

«« The lungs were of large size, and had the same livid, gorged ap-

pearance as in the Porpoise. ‘They were partially divided into two
lobes on each side ; the upper being half the size of the lower lobes,
and the left lung somewhat larger than the right. The cartilages of
the trachea were complete circles, as in the Porpoise. The epiglottis
was of a triangular form, its point projecting above the velum palati,
and slightly indicating the structure which is carried through the
Dugong to such a peculiar extent in the true Cetacea. The thyroid
glands were detached bodies, each of the size of an almond, and
exactly resembling the absorbent glands in this animal, which were
_ generally of large size.
“The tongue was thin, narrow, and bifid at the extremity. The os
_ hyoides was attached to the styloid process by ligament. The only
Z aid glands found, were the submaxillary, which were about the
_ Size of nutmegs,

154

“With respect to the organs of generation in the male, the tes¢es
lay obliquely upon the body of the pubis outside the abdomen, but, as
is common to the aquatic Mammalia, without making any projection
externally ; the communication between the tunica vaginalis and ab-
domen was large enough to allow these glands to be pushed back iuto
the latter cavity. There were no vesicule seminales, and only a very
small prostate. The penis has a pointed glans, and a bone about
half an inch long, of a flattened form with thicker extremities ; into
this bone are inserted two retractor and depressor muscles, which arise
from the common anterior tendon of the sphincter ani. From the
prepuce to the anus measured 5 inches, the penis being inclosed ina
sheath and making no projection externally.

“The muscles of the fore and hind-flippers were dissected: in the
latter are two peculiar muscles for expanding the web of the foot,
which have been described in detail by Carus. The extent of origin
of the pectoralis major is increased by a cartilaginous process, 3
inches long, continued from the manubrium, or first bone of the sternum.
This circumstance involuntarily reminds one of the Mole, where a
similar structure exists, also in connexion with vigorous rotatory
movement of the anterior extremity : but in that animal the structure
is by so much the more marked, as progressive motion is attended
with the displacement of denser and more resisting matter; it may
be said, indeed, to swim in the earth.

“The following admeasurements are from the larger of the two
animals.

ft. in. lines.

From the snout to the end of the hind-flippers...... 3.0 0
shh -— — tail ...... he Ne 2:-xhond
——_—_—— commencement of the fore-

DORA are atin de aes awe Udder intern rnmidge hs 010 0
Circumference of the body, taken behind the fore-

HEPPICNS 5 Suid: bier p. sve «imac, Mtalbpaicls 2640 110 0
——___——— of the tail, behind the hind-flippers . 0 3 0
Length, ofthe stomach)... sie 90 «aalaeware aewieet lable Liss Barrel)
Circumference of widest Be when distended, . «ism bathegeal
Length. of. intestinalcanal. ..,i¢jaaet: bles wilamil aes 42 10 0
———— 0f C@ cum... eee eee eee Kastitanae 0 0 10

Mr. Owen also read the following “Notes on the anatomy of a
young Weasel-headed Armadillo, Dasypus 6-cinetus, Linn., which was
brought forth at the Society’s Gardens on the 3rd of September, and
died on the 16th of November. It had nearly acquired its full growth,
and had increased in weight during that short period 520z. 2dr.

‘* Its admeasurements were as follows :—

in. lines.
From the end of the nose to the setting on of the tail 11 3

———. — (ON N CM BY 9 ee 3 6
From the verter to the first band ................ 2 6
Breadth of the head across the eyes .............. 2 3

“This species is of a darker colour and more hirsute character than

:

155

the nine-banded Armadillo, the anatomy of which has been recently
given (p. 141.). Its head is shorter and broader, and the coronal
plate of a triangular, instead of an oval, form. The middle bands also
become more gradually blended with the last portion of the armour,
and the tail is much shorter, measuring only 42 inches in the present
species, while in the nine-banded it is nearly 9 inches in length. The
ears, though of the same form, are also proportionally shorter, being
but | inch in length and half an inch in breadth. The most important
differences, however, are in the additional toe on the fore-foot of the
Weusel-headed species, and the additional teeth implanted in the in-
termaxillary bones. Of these this young animal had already acquired
its full complement, having 9—9 in the upper jaw, and 10—10 in the
lower, all of one character, simple, cylindrical, and separated by in-
terspaces. There are also remarkable differences in the forms and
proportions of the scales in different parts of the armour of the two
species.

“On laying open the abdomen the viscera presented much the same
appearance as in the nine-banded species, except that the gall-bladder,
being more deeply imbedded in the liver, appeared on the convex side
of that viscus.

“The stomach had the same general form; but a greater proportion
of the cavity was situated to the left of the esophagus, the whole of
the dilated globular part or reservoir being so placed. The length of
the stomach when distended was 33 inches, its greatest perpendicular
diameter or depth 22 inches: the @sophagus entered 2 inches from
the left extremity. The lining membrane was uniformly villous; ruge
were seen abdut the middle of the cavity; these were few in number,
longitudinally disposed, and converging towards the pyloric end. ‘The
parietes of the stomach, which are thin at the greater end, become
increased (as in the species formerly described) by the accession of
muscular fibres, and at the pylorus attain a thickness of 2 lines. This
part is unprovided with the valvular protuberance observed in the
stomach of the nine-banded species, but the pyloric orifice was so small
that it was with some difficulty that 1 could discover it: from its
oblique situation and the thickness of the surrounding parietes, I have
no doubt that the same purpose is attained of opposing the egress of
the alimentary matter during the time it is undergoing the requisite
comminution. The stomach externally has the same tendinous appear-
ance on each side at the smaller end.

“« The duodenum receives the biliary and pancreatic secretions at
the distance of | inch from the pylorus ; its dispositions and connec-
tions, together with those of the rest of the small intestines, were the
same as in the nine-banded species; but their length was in this speci-
men much less, being only 9 feet 6 inches. With respect to the large
intestines a remarkable difference presented itself in the presence of
two short but wide ceca, between which the small intestine entered
the colon, and terminated. The largest of these pouches was very thin

__ in its coats, and its length was an inch; the parietes of the smaller

4 ouch were thicker, and exhibited patches of glands on the inside; its

ngth was halfan inch. The terminal orifice of the ‘lium is in the

156

form of a slit with tumid margins situated on the middle of the ridge
which separates the two pouches, and therefore liable to be closed by
the lateral pressure of the fecal matter distending those pouches.

«Should this structure be confirmed by subsequent examinations
of other individuals of the six-banded species, the absence of a cecum
can no longer be admitted among the generic characteristics of Dasy-
pus. And it is interesting to observe, that the absence or presence
of a cecum as a generic distinction holds with as little force in the
allied genus Myrmecophaga: for according to Daubenton there exist
in one species (Myrm. didactyla, Linn.) two small c@ca; while the
Tamandua (Myrm. Tamandua, Cuv.), we are assured by M. Cuvier,
has not any. In these apparently capricious variations of structure
among the £dentaia, it is impossible not to observe a tendency or an
approximation to the structure of another class; which I am inclined
to think is that of Birds. For in addition to the double cecum, a
peculiarity so remarkable in that class, we have also a gizzard-like
structure exhibited in the tendinous external appearance and thickened
muscular coat of the stomachs of the Dasypode, and a still nearer
approximation to that form of stomach in the Manis, where the muscular
coat at the pyloric end is 5 lines in thickness, and the inner surface is
defended by a strong cuticle, roughened with papil/e. Asimilar struc-
ture exists also. in the Myrmecophage@, which moreover supply the want
of grinders in the mouth by swallowing, in the same manner as the
Gallinaceous Birds, small pebbles for the purpose of bruising and de-
stroying the vitality of the insects which constitute their food. [See
Burt in Asiatic Researches, vol. ii. p. 354, with respect to the fact of
small stones and gravel being swallowed ; and Lawrence's Blumen-
bach, Comp. Anat. 2nd edit. p. 89. for the true physiology of the fact.]
In this genus also we find mucous glands about the os hyoides of the
nature of those follicles which in Bérds take the place of the conglo-
merate salivary glands of the Mammalia, and the secretion of which
serves in the Ant-eaters, as in the Woodpeckers, to lubricate a pro-
jectile tongue. In another group of the Edentata, viz. the Bradypode,
we are presented with a still more marked affinity to the structure of
birds, in the abnormal number of cervical vertebre exhibited in the
three-toed Sloth, a peculiarity which it is difficult to refer to any other
circumstance than the disposition of nature to pass by means of this
anomalous order from the Mammalia to the Birds. The transition is
indeed nearly completed by the Monotremata; for of the two genera
contained in this order, Echidna presents us with the quills, and
Ornithorhynchus with the beak, of a bird; and it is far from being
proved that the mode of generation is not the same.

‘* With respect to the Armadillo: The commencement of the colon,
which is formed by the union of the two ceca above described, is
nearly 2 inches in diameter, but quickly diminishes to half an inch:
near its termination it is again slightly dilated. A well marked chain
of lacteal glands accompanies the mesenteric artery.

** The lungs were divided into three lobes on both sides, the addi-
tional lobe having reference probably to the greater breadth of the
chest in this species. The larynx, pharynx, fauces and tongue pre-

—_--

157

sented the same appearances as in Das. Peba; but the latter part is
proportionally shorter, corresponding to the difference in the length
of the jaws.

“The liver and pancreas resembled those of Das, Peba. The spleen
was broader and flatter, and asmall supernumerary spleen was lodged
in the head of the pancreas : probably an accidental variety.

“The submaxillary glands are of the same proportionate magnitude,
and have a similar bag appended to them as in the species before de-
scribed. The cyst is situated on the inner side of the anterior extre-
mity of the gland; asimilar provision exists to prevent regurgitation
of the saliva by the ductus inferentes, or those which pass from the
gland to the bag; and the ductus efferens terminates as in Das. Peba
close behind the symphysis of the lower jaw.

“The organs of generation presented many circumstances worthy
of notice; but I shall defer giving an account of them, until I have an
opportunity of examining them in the adult animal. There was, how-
ever, a peculiarity in the urinary bladder which may be noticed here.
The urachus, instead of coming off as is usual from the summit of the
fundus, is continued from the middle of the anterior part of the bladder,
to which point the remains of the umbilical arteries also converged.
A process of peritoneum is continued from this part and down the
middle line of the bladder below to the abdominal parietes in front of
the bladder. It is my intention to investigate this peculiarity in other
Edentata.”

December 13, 1831.
The Honourable Twiselton Fiennes in the Chair.

The Chairman exhibited a specimen of a hybrid Duck bred be-
tween a male Pintail and a common Duck. It was one of a brood
of six, several of which were subsequently confined with the male
Pintail from which they sprung, and produced young. A specimen
of a female of this second brood was also exhibited.

A specimen was exhibited of ayoung Puma, Felis concolor, Linn.,
which had recently been brought forth at the Society’s Gardens,
but had immediately died. Like the young of the other species
of Felis it was variously spotted and striped, the depth of its mark-
ings approaching nearly to black, and being more intense than that
observed in the Lion. ‘The muzzle was nearly black, as was also the
greater part of the tail. The young specimen was strongly con-
trasted with aspecimen of the adult, which was placed on the table
for comparison.

Preparations were exhibited of the swimming-bladder and of a
portion of the roe of a female Conger Eel of considerable size (Con-
ger vulgaris), presented to the Society by William Gladdish, Esq. ;
and Mr. Yarrell read the following notes of his examination of the
individual from which the preparations were obtained.

“The specimen, weighing 36lbs., was of the usual uniform hair
brown colour above, passing into dirty white beneath; the dorsal
and anal fins white at the base and black on the edge throughout
their whole length; the body distended by its contents; from the
anal aperture the tail tapered off rapidly, ending almost in a point.
It proved to be a female.

‘The abdomen, when opened, was found to contain two very large
lobes of roe, extending the whole Jength of the body, and passing
several inches beyond the vent to the extreme end of the internal
cavity ; these lobes were composed of ova of a size to be distinctly
apparent to the unassisted eye, particularly when directed towards
the margins of the numerous lamine. The liver was formed of one
single elongated lobe, which was broadest at the upper part, and,
gradually diminishing both in width and thickness, ended acutely ;
the gall-bladder was rounded in form, and filled with bile of a
fine olive-green colour,

‘‘ Behind its peritoneal covering the bright silver-coloured mem-
brane which forms the elongated swimming-bladder was beautifully
contrasted by the dark purplish-red colour of its gland, which in
two expanded portions occupied a lateral but central situation be-
tween the two extremities; and from the swimming-bladder a canal

159

directed forwards reached the upper part of the stomach, opening
into it by a very minute orifice.

“The differences, internal as well as external, between the salt-
water Conger and the sharp-nosed fresh-water Eel will be made more
apparent by a short description of the appearances taken from a
small specimen of each of equal size and length.

« The head of the Conger is larger; the mouth wider and deeper;
the lips fleshy; the upper jaw the longest; the teeth occupying a
narrow linear space on both maxillary bones, forming three rows,
of which those in the middle line are much the largest ; numerous
smaller teeth, more uniform in size, occupy the line of the vo-
mer, but do not extend far backwards. The eye is as large again
as in the Anguilla; the pectoral fins arise in this small specimen 3
inches and 3 lines from the point of the nose, long, narrow and
white ; the dorsal fin arises 4 inches 10 lines from the nose, and but
9 lines behind the end of the pectoral fin rays. The head of the
Anguilla is narrow; the nose pointed; the mouth small, lips thin,
lower jaw the longest; the teeth occupying a broader surface in
both jaws, and extending backwards over a considerable portion of
the vomer ; the eye much smaller, and placed nearer the nose than
in the Conger, and over the angle of the gape in both; the pectoral
fin, round in shape and dark in colour, arises 2 inches 4 lines from
the nose; the dorsal fin commences 6 inches from the end of the
nose and 2 inches 8 lines behind the end of the pectoral fin rays.

«« The whole of the inferior surface in both specimens being re-
moved to expose all the viscera, the heart in the Conger is seen to
occupy a lower situation than in the other Eel, the aorta issuing
from the ventricle in both examples on a line with the origin of the
pectoral fins. The stomach of the Conger is as long as the abdomi-
nal cavity, of nearly equal breadth throughout, and finishes by a
broad rounded end; the calibre of the intestine is greater ; and the
parietes of both stomach and intestines very thin. The stomach of
the fresh-water Ee/ is widest at the cardiac portion, and diminishes
gradually, ending 1 inch 3 lines short of the anus in a narrow point,
which is attached to the peritoneal covering of the swimming-blad-
der ; the intestinal canal is narrow; and the parvetes of that and the
stomach thick and muscular.

“©The broad-nosed fresh-water Eel is equally distinct from the
Conger, having more numerous teeth, which occupy a much broader
surface on both maxillary bones, and the dorsal fin commencing still
lower down the back than in the sharp-nosed Eel.”

A preparation was exhibited of the organs of generation of a
female Kangaroo; and Mr. Owen explained many of their peculia-
rities. He referred particularly to the supposed existence of peri-
toneal canals, and pointed out on the preparation the appearances
which seemed to him to have deceived the only observers by whom
the presumed canals had hitherto been noticed.

In illustration of the subject he read the following Notes:

“ The interest which attaches to everything relating to the gene-

160

ration of the Marsupial animals, induces me to offer the following
observations on the anatomy of the Kangaroo, although they do little
more than record a negative fact.

‘‘ Having had opportunities of verifying the discoveries of M. Geof-
froy-Saint-Hilaire of the peritoneal canals in the Crocodile and Tor-
toise, | felt desirous of putting also to the test of observation his
more recently recorded discovery of similar canals in the Kangaroo.
The accidental death at the Society’s Gardens of a fine female of
the common species ( Macropus major, Shaw, ) afforded a favourable
opportunity of making the investigation, and the following results
were obtained.

“The disposition of the peritoneum at the pelvic region of the ad-
domen is as follows: an anterior fold of the membrane is reflected
from the mesial line of the abdominal parietes upon the anterior part
of the urinary bladder ; two lateral folds are continued from the
sides of the bladder to the posterior part of the middle wferus, from
whence they are reflected to the iliac and lumbar regions of the
abdomen, representing the broad ligaments, and including the uterine
vessels, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries. In the pouch thus formed be-
hind the bladder, the lateral uterine tubes and body of the uterus
are contained. From the posterior part of the neck of the uterus
the peritoneum is reflected upon the rectum, and as it is in this situa-
tion that the peritoneal outlets exist in the Crocodile, the membrane
was here first examined, but without the slightest appearance of an
aperture being detected. The peritoneal cavity between the uterus
and bladder was next examined, and particularly where the mem-
brane is reflected from the lower part of the lateral tubes (ad ute-
rums, Geoff.), this being the situation where the description of
M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire would lead us to expect them. There
was, indeed, in the angle between the lateral and middle uterus a
narrow peritoneal pouch, which seen from above appeared like the
orifice of acanal; but on sounding this with an eye-probe, uniform
resistance was met with, and on laying the cavity carefully open the
membrane was found to be entire and imperforate at the bottom.
The remainder of the peritoneum in this neighbourhood was searched
over, but with the same want of success.

«“ The female was adult, but was believed never to have been with
young.

“I repeated the examination on the female parts of an adult
Kangaroo (also without young), which had been preserved in spirits
from a former dissection, and in which the peritoneal connexions
between the bladder, uterus and rectum were entire. The same
small blind pouches were found in the situation indicated above,
but not any trace of the orifices of canals. M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hi-
laire acknowledges he was unable to find analogous canals in a male
Kangaroo that he examined subsequently to the female ; and as the
dissection on which his supposed discovery is founded appears not
to have been performed by himself, these canals, unless confirmed
by further observation, must be considered as at least of doubtful
existence.

161

** While on the subject of the Kangaroo, I take the opportunity
to add a few remarks on the disposition of the stomach of this ani-
mal. From the account of this part by Sir Everard Home it would
appear that the esophagus is encompassed by the stomach in a re-
markable manner [ Phil. Trans. vol. xevii. p. 152.]: but this dispo-
sition I have not been able to observe in four dissections of the Kan-
garoo; nor, from the peritoneal connexions of the viscus, can it ever
occur in the living animal. The stomach, indeed, is situated in a
manner very analogous to what is ordinarily found in the Mam-
malia, excepting that from its great size it occupies a larger space
in the abdomen.

*‘On laying open that cavity the sacculated character of the sto-
mach sufficiently distinguishes it from every other part of the intes-
tinal canal, and it generally extends as low down as the left lumbar
region. The left extremity lies in the epigastric and left hypochon-
driac region, folded upon itself and sternad of the @sophagus. This
part must be turned to the left, and a little dissection performed,
before the esophagus can be brought into view, when it will be seen
long and narrow, running 4 or 5 inches within the abdomen before
it terminates. The extent of the stomach to the left of the cardiac
orifice is about 5 inches, and the termination of the cavity at that
end is bifid, as represented by Mr. Clift. From the cardiac orifice
the stomach enlarges in bulk, and descends to the left lumbar region ;
it then turns obliquely upwards, crossing the abdomen to the right
hypochondrium, where the pyloric end makes a sudden turn down-
wards and backwards, and terminates in the duodenum just above
the right kidney. From this part and the duodenum a process of
peritoneum is continued to the right iliac region, firmly binding them
down in that situation.

«On. inflating the stomach before any of its connexions are
destroyed, the only alteration in its position is to raise it, and
throw its lower boundary forwards: but on dividing the peri-
toneal band which ties down the pylorus and cutting across the
duodenum beyond the ligature, and then continuing the inflation,
_ the pyloric end of the stomach immediately rises and winds round

behind the esophagus to the left side of the abdomen, It is there-
fore most probable, that the description alluded to was taken after
the stomach had been removed from the body and blown up; as
the beautiful drawing certainly was, which illustrates the descrip-
tion.

“The account given in the Paper referred to of the cuticle, villous
_ surface, and glands on the interior of the stomach, perfectly accords
_ with nature: but the saccu/z resemble more nearly those appended
to the first cavity of the stomach of the L/ama than the human colon;
and I should think the former a more natural analogy.” ‘

__ Mr. Owen also read the following Notes on the anatomy of the
American Tapir, Tapir Americanus, Gmel.

“The death of the male American Tapir having afforded an oppor-
tunity of examining its anatomical structure, I proceed to lay before

162

the Committee a portion of the notes taken on that occasion, eonfi-
ning myself to such additional circumstances as have not appeared in
previous accounts. Of this species the latest anatomical description
is that which is given by Mr. Yarrell in the 4th volume of the ‘ Zoolo-
gical Journal’ to the accuracy of which this dissection bore ample testi-
mony.

¥ The disposition of the viscera of the abdomen was as follows. The
liver occupied the epigastric region and a part of both hypochondria:
the stomach lay transversely below the liver: two large transverse
folds of the colon stretched across the umbilical region: and in the
lowest part of the abdomen the cecum alone was visible. These viscera
were partially covered by a thin epiploon, in which was very little fat.

“The esophagus enters the stomach about one third from the left
extremity. The cuticular membrane is continued from it into the
stomach, for the extent of 3 inches towards the left end, and for
7 inches towards the pylorus; the rest of the cavity had a smooth
or compact villous surface, with a few narrow but well defined ruge;
the villous coat became thicker and apparently more glandular towards
the pylorus. The pyloric end of the stomach had a tendinous lustre
on each side. The colour of the villous coat of the stomach was dif-
ferent from that of the duodenum. In this intestine the villous mem-
brane was raised in transverse folds or valvule conniventes for the
extent of 4 or 5 inches; but the inner surface of the rest of the
small intestines was without any folds, The diameter of the small
intestines was 1 inch and a half, their length 45 feet. Near the
termination of the ilium there were some small ulcerations. The
mesenteric arteries form only a single series of arches in the mesentery
close to the intestine. The principal mass of the mesenteric glands
was situated at the termination of the zlium, and appeared to be dis-
eased, being hard and scirrhous, and containing gritty or calcareous
particles. The large intestines commenced by a capacious cecum of
the form described and represented by Mr. Yarrell; after this the
colon forms the transverse folds before mentioned, which are connected
together; and then becomes free, or has a loose mesocolon ; and it is
here that the faces appear to be first formed or separated.

‘The liver consists of four lobes, the two external being connected
by a transverse band passing along the under surface of the liver. The
largest lobe, the third from the right, had two deep notches, into the
left of which the coronary ligament and remains of the umbilical chord
passed. The gall-bladder is deficient, and the gall-duct emerges from
the transverse connecting band mentioned above; it is about 2 lines
in diameter, and terminates in the duodenum 3 inches from the pylo-
rus. From this point it was traced backwards for 7 inches without
varying its diameter. The pancreas extended from the spleen to the
duodenum, and measured 9 inches in length; at the duodenum a pro-
cess descended at a right angle in the process of the peritoneum con-
necting the duodenum to the cecum, which process measured 5 inches
in length. The spleen is a flattened elongated body, measuring in
length 1 foot 8 inches, and in breadth 4 inches.

“The kidneys were conglobate, 6 inches Jong, 34 inches broad:

Me ae

EE ——

y

163

the cortical substance from 1 inch tol inch and a half in extent:
the tubular part terminating in a very small pelvis, but not projecting
in the form of mammille. The ureters contained opake fluid like pus,
but the kidneys did not appear diseased. The suprarenal capsules
were 3 inches in length, and | in width; along the middle of these
bodies there was a line of substance differing in colour from the rest:
the cortical part was striated, the stri@ converging to the central line.

“The whole of the lungs had a mottled appearance, arising from
the deposition of numerous large masses of tubercular matter similar
to that observed in the mesenteric glands.

«The heart is large in proportion to the animal, and of a rounded
form with an obtuse apex; the length of this organ was 7 inches, its
breadth across the base 6 inches. The trachea was small in its dia-
meter, but the cartilages are thick and strong, and incomplete behind.

“The os hyoides is articulated to the base, not the apex, of the sty-
loid processes.

«The proboscis is provided with two strong round levatores arising
from the ossa nasi; there are also depressores arising from the inter-
maxillary bones, and fasciculi of muscular fibres in its substance,
forming a texture similar to the proboscis of the Elephant; the strong
levatores are well adapted to enable this part to turn up the soil, when
the animal is in search of roots, &c.

*« The testes are elongated glands, 4 inches in length, situated ex-
ternally in a slightly indicated scrotum at the distance of 6 inches
from the anus. The cremaster was remarkably powerful, being com-
posed of a strong fasciculus of fibres continued from the lower margin
of the internal oblique muscle, of upwards of ] inch in breadth. The
tunica vaginalis had a free communication as usual with the cavity of
the abdomen. The penis, of great length, terminates in an enlarged
truncate extremity, the orifice of the urethra being near the lower
margin of the disc. There are no levatores muscles ; but a quantity
of elastic cellular membrane extends from the abdominal muscles along
the dorsum penis.

“On comparing my notes with those taken by Mr. Clift at the dis-
section of the Sumatran Tapir, | find the differences in the admeasure-
ments of the alimentary canal, especially of the cecum, not so con-
siderable as are stated by Mr. Yarrell. It must, however, be remem-
bered that the individual dissected by the latter gentleman was much
younger than thattfrom which my notes are derived.

«Thus in the Account published by Sir Everard Home in the
Philosophical Transactions for 1821, the dimensions of the cecum
of the Sumatran Tapir are stated to be 1 foot in length, and 1 foot
in breadth: in the American Tapir the length of the cecum was lk
foot 3 inches, its greatest breadth 1 foot.

ft. in.

The length of the small intestines in the Sumatran Tapir 69 0O

—___—_———_——_ inthe American Tapir 45 0

of the large intestines in the Sumatran Tapir 19 6

in the American Tapir 9 O
The comparative shortness of the intestinal canal in the American

_

164

Tapir is a specific difference difficult to be accounted for in the present
state of knowledge respecting the natural habits of the two species,
but further examination of the Sumatran Tapir seems wanting to
prove that it is compensated for by an increased size of cecum in the
American species.”

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Spooner adverted to the case
of a Leopard lately living at the Society's Gardens. It had been
suspected to be labouring under ascites, but on its death its bulk
was found to have been occasioned by an excessive deposition of fat
both in the abdomen and thorax. A conversation ensued among the
Members present ; and Mr. Spooner having stated his belief, corro-
borated by his having observed similar results in Dogs, that distant
periods of feeding with full meals occasioned corpulence and disease
of skin, while frequent and more sparing meals led to the recovery
of health and activity, it appeared to the Committee desirable that
this proposition should be submitted to the test of direct experiment.

It was therefore ordered,

That it be suggested to the Council to select, for the purpose of
experimenting as to the best mode of feeding them, at least two
feline animals: that one be fed in the manner now practised at the
Society’s Gardens, viz. with one full meal daily, and that the other
be fed twice a day with one half the quantity of flesh now given for
a meal ; that notes be made of the circumstances of the animals at
the time of commencing the experiment, of the quantity of food
taken daily by each, of the times of feeding, and of the results;
and that reports thereon be made monthly during the continuance
of the experiment: that to render the results of the experiment
more conclusive it be tried on the greatest number of any one spe-
cies that the state of the Society’s collection will permit: and that,
so far as the collection will allow, similar experiments, varying only
according to circumstances, be tried on animals of other carnivorous
genera.

165

December 27, 1831.
William Clift, Esq. in the Chair.

Mr. Vigors reported that the Resolution agreed to at the last Meet-
ing of the Committee had been communicated to the Council ; that
the Council, fully concurring in the propriety of instituting the experi-
ments suggested therein, had cirected that they should be tried on
two Leopards, two Ocelots, and two Hyenas: and that instructions
bad been accordingly earRat to the Head-keeper to carry them into
elect. :

A collection of animals preserved in spirit, and recently presented
to the Society by Charles Barclay, Esq., was exhibited. [t was col-
lected by Charles Telfair, Esq., of the Mauritius, Corr. Memb. Z. S.,
and contained specimens of Mammalia, Fishes, Reptiles, and Insects.
Among the former were individuals of two species of Tenrec, Centenes,
Illig., which were pointed out as the Cent, setosus and Cent. semispi-
nosus, and reference was made to the habits of the animals of this
genus as described by Mr. Telfair in a communication read to the

ommittee on June 14 (p. 89), The apparently good state of preser-
vation of the specimens authorized the hope that their anatomical
structure amese be properly investigated.

:

- ‘The remaining portion of the collection of Fishes formed at the

Mauritius by Charles Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. S., and presented
by him to the Society, was exhibited. The species contained in it
were brouglit in succession under the notice of the Committee by Mr.
Bennett, who pointed out more particularly those which he believed
to be new to science, As such he named and characterized the fol-
lawing:

~ Scororsipes pHzops. Scol.lobis pinne caudalis filamentosis : rostro

-. superciliisque alepidotis, nigrescentibus, illo vitté argentea infra
» oculum productd inferné marginato ; lined obliqud pallidé argen-

» ted ab oculo ad preoperculi angulum decurrente; operculo toto
squamato ; vitta dorsali uirinque « argentea supra lineam lateralem ;
caudd superné maculd nigrescenti notata.

ape Aad &e,
‘Scol. JSrenato, Cuv. & Val., videtur maximé affinis. Differt vitta
dorsali argentea et operculo toto squamato. :

SeRESIEBION FUSCIVENTER. Amph, niger, ventre parum pallidiori ;
nS fascia angustd operculari, altera laterali medid, tertidque obsoletd
_-caudali albis ; pinnd caudali postice pinnarumque dorsalis analis-
que parte molli albo fimbriatis ; pinnis ventralibus interné dimi-
pp - diatim flavis.
Dit. A. &e.

[No. XIV.] Zoou. Soc, Proceepincs or Tue Comm. or Science.

tt ae, t-

166

Amph. chrysogastri, Cuv. & Val., simillimus. Differt ventre, pinnis
pectoralibus, ventraliumque dimidio externo corpori concoloribus.

Ozs. In Amph. chrysogastre radii spinosi pinne dorsalis variant 10
vel I'l.

Fam. Muer.ivz.
Genus Aconostomus.

Rostrum subproductum.

Os inferum.

Dentes in utraque maxilla minimi, acuti, pluriseriati.

Mazilla inferior rotundata.

Genus Mugili, Linn., maximé affine. Forma et pinnis simillimum.
Differt tantummodo figura et situ oris, dentibusque pluriseriatis.

Aconostomus TELrarril. Ag. supra nigrescens, infra fusco-argen-
teus.

D.4,4. A.% P. 14.

Arnerina AFFINIS. 4th. pinnis pectoralibus caudalique apicem
versus nigro irroratis,
DP6i4. As 15.

Affinis, ut videtur, 4th. Neso-Gallice, Cuv. Differt numero radio-

rum a figura Cepediana.

Gostus coatirus. Gob. pinnis dorsalibus subcontinuis, 2dd priore
paullo altiore: brunneus, nigrescenti maculatus ceruleoque punc-
tatus, punctis ventralibus caudalibusque longitudinaliter seriatis ;
pinnis cinereis, radiis nigrescenti punctatis.

DP6 102 VANS! ORO1G?

Gob. Giuri, Ham., ut videtur, affinis.

Exveorris Mavuririanus. El. niger; pinnd caudali rotundatd ;
dorsali 2dé priore altiore. .
Bet. Soe Be Ars,

An veré distinctus ab El. nigricante, Quoy et Gaim.? Membrana
branchiostega maxima, infra operculum longé latéque producta, mem-
brane lateris oppositi marginem internum tegente.

Lasrus AxiLiaris. Labr. rostro subproducto ; pinne dorsalis (per
partem spinosam) membrana profundé excisa; pinnd caudali
rotundata : antice et ad dorsum brunneus, infra posticéque pallide
fuscus ; maculd rotundd ad basin pinnarum pectoralium, secunda
irregulari ad initium pinneé dorsalis, tertid ad apicem radiorum
quatuor priorum mollium ejusdem pinne, quartdque ad apicem
radiorum sev priorum mollium pinne analis atris; hae (pinna)
preterea pinnisque ventralibus nigrescenti guttatis; eaudali pec-
toralibusque flavescentibus immaculatis, illd nigrescenti superné
infernéque marginatd: dentibus quatuor anterioribus in utrdque
maxilla majoribus, alterogue magno ad commissuram utringue.
D.+%. A. +- ;

FormA, incisura membrane pinne dorsalis, numero radiorum, den-
tibusque Labr. Dianam, LaCép., refert: coloribus omnino differt.

Lasrus Levcosticticus. Labr. pinnd caudali sublunatd: auran-
tiacus ?; maculis dorsalibus parvis albis utringue quatuor ; axilla
punctisque numerosis subseriatis humeralibus nigris.

Des A aa

167

» Precedenti affinis ; cui similis forma (preter caudalis pinne), den-
tibus, numero radiorum, &c.

Cueiinus punctatus. Cheil. fuscus, antic? virescens; capite
superne rubro lituratim vario; genis pectoreque fulvo-guttatis ;
corpore miniaceo lineatim punctato ; pinnis pectoralibus rotundatis
Slavidis, axillis miniaceis ; dorsali fuscd, purpureo sparsim punc-
tata, ad marginem, postictque late, rubrd, vittd intra marginem
punctisque plurimis caruleis; ventralibus elongatis purpureis ;
anali saturate miniaced, intra marginem ceruleo vittata ; caudali
rotundatd versus apicem rubrd ibique ocellis minutioribus ceruleis
numerosis ornatd: dentibus viridibus, duobus intermediis maxill@ in-

». ferioris unogue laterali anticé utrinque maaille superioris maximis.
Ds, aA. ZehuR ethic Cbs

Affinis, ut videtur, Cheil. lunulato, Cuv., (Labrus lunulatus, Forsk.).
Differt egregié coloribus.

Var. Pinnis anali caudali parteque dorsalis molli posticé viridibus.
Pictur’ Sparo chloruro, Bl. haud absimilis; sed forma pinne caudalis
maximeé diversa. ;

Curiinus Commersoni. Cheil. pinnd caudali rotundatd: fusces-
centi-brunneus ; pinnis anali caudali dorsalisque parte molli viri-»
dibus ; capite pone et ante oculos vittato ; operculo preoperculogue

' -castaneo oblique lineatis ; dentibus duobus anterioribus in utrdque
maxilla maximis, maxille superioris exterioribus.

D. 3. A. 4.

- Maximé affinis videtur Cheil. Digramma, Cuv., (Labrus Digramma,
LaCép.): Differt precipué numero radiorum.
~ Junis scaruaris. Julis pinnd caudali rotundaté: capitis rivulis,

‘corporis lunulis, tenia pectorali pone pinnas obligu2 ad ventrem
_- dueté, vittaque pinne analis roseis ; pinnis dorsali caudalique
roseis, hdc ceruled transversim rivulatd, illa lunulis baseos, vittd
media, apiceque partis mollis cwruleis ; pinnd pectorali hyalind,
ad basin flavd ; vittd lata humerali, ad apicem pinne pectoralis
truncata, nigra. 7
wD... Al ate.

Junis sicatenatus. Julis pinnd caudali quadratd ; capite dorso-
> que viridibus? ; lateribus rubris, teniis utringue duabus e serie
macularum grisearum oblongarum transversalium constantibus
; ornatis ; pinnis dorsali analigue flavo ad apicem late vittatis ;
_ eaudalis apice flavo ; pectorali nigrd, macula magna basali mar-
_ ginem inferiorem attingente aurantiaca ; ventralibus flavidis.

Pe Dyas: Ars,

Cyprinus Maverrianvs, Cypr. ore haud barbato; pinnd caudali
~~ lunaté ; anali breviore ; corpore subalto, subcompresso; squamis

168

majoribus : supra plumbeus, infra argenteus; pinnis, presertin
versus apices, nigricantibus. ;
D. yw, A.d C.19. PL19. V.9.

Cuupea vevicatuta. Clup. elongata, lata ; pinnd dorsali in equi-
librio posita ; ventralibus sub basin posticam dorsalis.

D. 11. A. 9. ; ;

Numero radiorum parvo a congeneribus differt. Corporis longitudo
in specimine parvo (3-poll.) sextuplo altitudinem superat.

Eneravuts Neso-Gauiiccs, Engr. elongatus, eompressus, ventre
serrato: supra plumbeus, infra et ad latera argenteus.

D. 14. A.32. V.7. P.l4.

-Brxone praryura. Bel. dorso subplano ; caudé depressé, (altitu-
dine latitudinis dimidio subequali) ; pinnd caudali bifurca ; pinnis
dorsali analique subelongatis, antice falcatis, anali longiore: supra
plumbeo-virescens, infra dimidiatim argenteo-flavicans,

D.14. A.18. P. 12.

Long. rictiis, 4 poll.; a rictu ad orbitam, 4 lin.; orbite, 8 lin.;.
operculi, | poll. ; pinnz pectoralis, | poll. 5 lin. ; pinne dorsalis, | poll..
9-lin.; alt, ejusdem pinnae, | poll.; long. pinne analis, 2 poll, 2 lin. ;
alt. ejusdem, | poll. 2 lin.; long. tot. 20 poll.

RuomsBus paryimanus. Rhomb. oculis sinistris parum distantibus,
interstitio excuvato: fusco nigrescentique marmoratim varius, gut-
tisque pallidis parvis adspersus.

P. 10.
_ Forma et pictura Rhomb. mancum, Cuv., (Pleuronectes mancus,
Brouss.,) refert, sed os inerme oculique approximati.

Concer FLAvipinNaATUS. Cong. dentibus maxill@ superioris ante-
rioribus tantim, vomeris ossiumque palatinorum minimis in areis
tribus latis asperis dispositis ; pinnd dorsali supra medium pectora-~
lium incipiente ; lined laterali conspicud, impressd : pinnis omnibus
Jflavis, anali posticé dorsalique nigro marginatis, hdc insuper ad
basin fuscescente. :

P. 45.

Murazna rimpriata. Mur. dentibus mavillaribus acutis uni-seriatis,
anterioribus longioribus ; vomerinis anticis duobus elongatis acutis :
castaneus ; nigro subseriatin crebré guttatus, pinnarum guttis ali-
quando in fascias confluentibus ; pinnis flavo fimbriatis.

Baisres AuRoMARGINATUS. Bal. ovalis ; sguamis omnibus, preter
capitis dorsique anterioris, tuberculo parvo subspinaso armatis ;
pinnd caudali subquadratd, superné infernéque paullum producté :
nigrescens, pinnarum dorsalis 2d@ unalisque anticé falcatarum
marginibus, caudalisque marginibus apice guttaque subbasali, flavis.
Di 83282 WAL 25. 0 Ps 13. 0@.-. 12.

Coloribus Bal. flavimarginato, Rupp., similis; differt armatura
caude. Lateribus corporegue toto posticé spinoso-scabris conyenit
cum Bal. Willughbeii, Benn., (Guaperua longa, Will., Ichth., tab. I.
20) ; cui tamen forma corporis pinnarumque valdeé dissimilis.

Bauistrs Lima. Bal. ovalis, fuscus; squamis omnibus, preter
capitis dorsique anterioris, in medio pallidioribus tuberculatisque ;
pinnd caudali subquadratd, in medio, superne et inferne paullum

169

producta ; pinnarum dorsalis 2d@ analisque antice magis elevata-
rum fimbrid, caudalisque marginis fascid lunatd, nigrescentibus.
D. 13, 29. A. 26. P. 13.

Precedenti valdé affinis; sed pictura alia, pinnz anticé minis

elevate, numerusque radiorum paullo major.

Bauistes itis. Bal. laté ovalis; pinnd caudali rotundatd, extre-

| mitatibus puullum productis; seriebus septem vel octo aculeoruin

. caudalium minimorum: pallidé brunneus, pallidiori varius.

D. 3,30. A. 28. Ps 15s) Girt2.

Mr. Bennett availed himself of the opportunity to remark that the

Serranus, characterized by him from this collection on the 23rd of

| . August, as the Serr. Telfairii (p. 127), had been described about the
same time by MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes under the name of Serr.
argyro-grammicus. He also stated, that those eminent zoologists
having used as the designation of a distinct genus of Scombride from
that to which he had applied it (p. 146), the classical name Apolectus,
he proposed, with the view of preventing confusion, to apply to the
group indicated by him the name of Apodoniis.

Mr. Bennett subsequently observed, that the Birds described by
him (p. 13), had during the summer completed the change of their
plumage, and had thereby assumed the full adult characters of the
Angola Vulture of Pennant, Vultur Angolensis, Gmel. The Poly-
borus? hypoleucus sinks therefore into a synonym, and the description
of it is that of the Angola Vulture in its change from immature te
adult plumage.

» Mr; Owen read the following additional Notes on the anatomy of
Crocodilus acutus, Cuv., taken at the dissection of the female of that
species, which lately died at the Society’s Gardens.

«‘ The same subdivision of the’ serous membranes, as was noticed
in the dissection of the male (p. 139), was again observed ; and in
addition to those cavities previously described, another distinct one
was found between the back part of the liver and wsophagus.

_» «€The interior of the stomach did not present the distinct patches
‘observable in the previous dissection (and still obvious in the prepa-
_ ation), which must therefore be considered as an accidental variety :
_ but the lining membrane was a smooth uniform villous surface, stained
of a yellow colour, and highly vascular, as is proved by injection of
size and vermilion.
_. ©The small intestines presented a dilatation immediately beyond
the folds of the duodenum ; which is most probably a normal structure,
and not depending on the accumulation of flatus, as was supposed in
the dissection of the male.
_ © The spleen was in the same relative situation, and exhibited the
same loose mode of connection, but the process of peritoneum was
mewhat broader. On holding it up to the light an equally satis-
ctory view of its contents was obtained ; and I am therefore inclined
_ consider it an experimentum crucis on the negative side of the

question regarding the duct of the, spleen.
7 :

170.

«In the trachea of this species, we have an additional instance of
the resemblance between the structure of the Crocodile and that of
Birds, It is folded on entering the chest like that of the Demoiselle,
Ardea Virgo, Linn., as regards the extent of the loop, which is, how-
ever, disposed on a horizontal instead of a vertical plane, inclining
first to the left side, then turning towards the right, and ascending
for the extent of 3 inches, where it divides; the bronchie descend-
ing to the right of the loop, and separating on a level with the lower
part of it to pass to their respective lungs.

<The ovaries formed two thin granular patches, of a gray colour,
attached, like the ovary of the common Fowl, to the sides of the vena
cava. The oviducts were of a flattened puckered form, not unlike a
tape-worm; they terminated in the genito-urinary cavity.”

Mr. Vigors exhibited the sixth and last portion of the species com-
prising the ‘Century of Birds from the Himalayan Mountains,’ drawn
and lithographed by Mr. and Mrs. Gould, the publication of which
was now drawing to a close. Among them were the following species
apparently new to science; the first of which exhibited a striking
diversity of form among the Eagles, which was characterized as fol-
lows under the generic name of

HaMarornis.

Rostrum subforte, satis elongatum ; mandibuld swperiori ad basin
recta, ad apicem valde curvatd; naribus ovalibus obliqué in cera
positis. ;

Al@ longe, subrotundate ; remige prima subbrevi, secunda tertia-
que longioribus, quarta quintaque feré zqualibus longissimis, ceteris
gradatim decrescentibus. wy

Pedes subdebiles, subelongati; tarsis rugosis squamatim reticulatis ;
digitis subbrevibus, reticulatis ; ungwibus fortibus.

Cauda satis longa, subrotundata.

HzMarornis uUnpuLAtUs. Hemat. supra intense brunneus, subtis
brunnescenti-rufus ; pectore fusco undulatim fasciato ; abdomine
ocellis albis brunneo circumdatis noiato; capite cristato caudaque
nigro-brunneis, illius plumis ad basin albis, ad apicem rufescenti
marginatis, hdc fascia lata in medio, margineque gracili ad apicem
rufescenti albidis, notatd ; regione carpali ocellis albis maculata. —

Longitudo 2 ped. 7 unc.

This group was observed to bear a near affinity to the genus Pan-
lion in the shape of the bill, wings, and the rugose reticulated scales
of the tarsi, but to differ from it in the comparative length and weak-
uess of the legs and claws, as well as in having the nails grooved
underneath, and not convex, as in the latter group. To this genus
belongs the Falco Bacha, Lath.* of Africa, and the Manilla bird lately
described in the ‘Proceedings’ of the Committee (page 96) under

* Mr. Vigors expressed his doubts whether the Falco Bacha, Lath., and
Falco Bido, Horsf., were the same species, although they were generally
supposed to be identical. He had not the opportunity of examining a suf-
ficient number of African specimens to determine the point.

171

the name of Buteo holospilus. These, from the apparent weakness of
their limbs, had hitherto generally been ranked among the Buzzards ;
although from the description of the courageous habits of the Bacha
Falcon, the only one well known of the group, doubts had been ex-
pressed of the propriety of ranking them with that tribe. Mr. Vigors
suggested the subfamily of Eagles as a more appropriate station for
them ; where, united by many important characters to Pandion, they
‘apparently led off by the length of their tarsi to the genus Limnaétus
(‘Memoirs of Sir S. Raffles,’ Append. p. 648.) and others of the long-
legged Eagles. The three species of the group were exhibited ; their
general similarity in colour and markings pointed out ; and their spe-
cific differences explained. These consist chiefly in size, the Hemat.
holospilus being one-third smaller than H. Bacha ; while H. undulatus
considerably exceeds the latter. The first is spotted all over the body,
the second only on the abdomen; while the third is marked by spots
‘on the wing-coverts, and by ocelli bearing an undulated appearance
on the abdomen, the breast also being crossed by undulating fascie.

Mouscrcapa mevanors. Mas. Muse. unicolor cesio-cerulea; regione
rictali circumocularique atris; caudd subins fusco-atrd.
Foem. minis intensé colorata ; viridisque magis quam cerulea.
Species Musc. Indigo, Horsf. simillima, ejusdemque stature : differt
colore magis intenso, notdque capitis atra.

Turpus eryrurocaster. Mas, Turd. grisescenti-ceeruleus ; genis,
colli lateribus, remigibusque atris; pectore, abdomine, crissoquerufis.

Foem. Cinerascenti-brunnea, dorso imo obscuré fusco fasciato ; collo
in fronte albescenti, fusco-brunneo notato ; pectore, abdomine, cris-
soque rufescenti-albo undulatim notatis.

Statura Turdi sazatilis, Linn.

CincLosoMA ERYTHROCEPHALUM. - Cinclos. supra cineraceum, sub-
tus pallidius, colore rubro leviter tinctum; nuché maculis atris
semilunaribus grandibus, pectore gracilioribus notatis ; guld notis-
que auricularibus nigris ; capite notdque alarum castaneo-rujis.
Longitudo 94 unc.
Myornonvus Temmincxut. Myoph. ater, azureo nitens, corporis in
fronte plumis in medio metallic? splendentibus ; abdomine fusco-
_ atro; capite supra in fronte regioneque carpali alarum lazulinis ;
- tectricibus alarum parce cesio-albo maculatis; rostro flavo.
~ Statura Myoph, flavirostris (metallici, Temm.), cui simillimus: differt
_ Yostro graciliori, colore splendidiore corporis caudeque, capitisque
vertice lazulino.

_ A species belonging apparently to the family of Merulide, and to
that portion of it which, from their long legs and short wings and tails,
_ indicate their station to be on the ground, afforded an opportunity of
_ characterizing a form which seems hitherto to have been unnoticed.
_ The length, strength, and arcuated culmen of the bill, and the length
_ and strength of the hallux, formed the most distinguishing points of
4 modification.

172

ZooTHERA *.

Rostrum forte, elongatum, subcurvatum, subcompressum, culmine
elevato ; mandibuld superiori subemarginata, dente subapicali vix
decernenda 3 naribus ovalibus, lateralibus; rictu vibrissis rigidis
munito.

Ale subbreves, subrotundate ; remigibus prima brevi, secunda
multo longiore, tertid quarta quintaque fer equalibus longissimis,
sexta his breviori at prima longiori, ceteris gradatim decrescentibus.

Pedes subelongati, subfortes, acrotarsiis integris ; digitis anteriori-
bus subfortibus, externis ad basin membran4 connexis, internis liberis,
medio longissimo ; halluce elongato fortissimo, ungue forti elongato.

Cauda subbrevis, equalis ; _rectricibus duodecim.

Zoorarrka MONTICOLA. Zooth. saturate brunnea; colli in fronte
notd longitudinali, pectoris notis parcis, abdomineque albis, hoe
brunneo squamatim notato; femorum tectricibus, crissoque fuscis,
hoc albo maculato.

Longitudo corporis, 114 unc. ; rostri, 1¢; ale a carpo ad apicem
remigis 4te, 6; tarsi, 13; caude, 4.

PrerROcINCLa CINCLORHYNCHA, Peir. genis, dorso, alis cauddque
nigris ; peciore, ubdomine, crisso, uropygiogue rufis ; capite supra,
jugulo, regioneque carpali alarum cano-lazulinis ; maculd alarum
alba.

Longitudo 64 unc.

This bird was observed to bear an affinity to the family of Merulide
by the strength and Thrushlike form of the bill; and by its general
character of form and colour to that portion of it which includes the
Rock Thrushes ; where it was provisionally placed, until more accurate
comparison of the species with contiguous groups determined its
station. Its bill was more that of the true Thrush, than of the Rock
Thrush. Its colours were those of Phenicura; under which genus it
was erroneously ranked by accident on the plate. The bill is too
powerful to admit the species among the Sylviade.

PueNICURA FRONTALIS. Phen, fusco-atra ; abdomine, crisso, uro-
pygio, rectricumque apicibus, duarum mediarum exceptis, rufis ;
fronte lazulino splendente.

Longitudo, 54 une.

Picus nanus. Pic. superné fusco-brunneus, alis caudaéque maculis,
dorso fasciis albis, notatis; subtis albescens, fusco-brunneo late
striatus; strigd superciliari alterdque suboculari albis ; capitis
fronte verticeque brunneis, occipite nigro, strigd gracili auriculari
coceined.

Longitudo, 44 unc. ;

Cucunus Himatayanus. Cuc. corpore supra rufo, fusco fasciato ;

* The group seems to have many characters in common with Pomato-
rhinus, Horsf. The strong and elevated bill constitutes the chief mark of
separation. The alliance between the two groups may serve to indicate the
general affinities of the latter genus, whose place in the system has been
hitherto undetermined.

173

subtis albo, nigro fusciato, pectore rufo tincto ; remigibus rectrici-
- busque fuscis, illis extern rufo, interne albo maculatis, his duabus
mediis rufo oblique fasciato, ceteris albo, rufo variegato, maculatis.

Longitudo 11 unc.

Cucunus sparverioipes. Cuc. corpore supra brunnescenti-cinereo,
capite plumbeo-cinereo ; subtas albo, collo rufo striato, abdomine
brunneo fasciato, pectore rufo tincto ; remigibus extern, leviter
rufo maculutis; rectricibus fasciis brunneis latis rufo marginatis
quatuor notatis,

Longitudo 16 unc.

PomaToruinus ERyTHROGENYS. Pom. cinerescenti-brunneus, suh-
tis albescens ; fronte, capitis colli abdominisque lateribus, crissoque
rufis; caudé fusco obscure fasciatd ; -rostro pedibusque pallidis.

Longitudo 11 unc. ’

Vinago spHEeNnuRA. Vin. supra olivaceo-, subtus flavo-, viridis; capite
in fronte pectoreque aureis ; alarum tectricibus, regioneque inter-
scapulari vinaceo-purpureis ; caudd cuneatd.

-» Longitudo 15 unc. ;

Toranus Giorroipes. Tot. supra fuscescenti-griseus, capite collo-
-\0\ gue fusco striatis, dorso alisque strigis fasciisque fuseis undulatis ;
_ syfronte corporeque toto subits niveis ; rectricibus duabus mediis
4 » grisescentibus, lateralibus albis ; quatuor mediis utrinque, caeteris

extern, fusco fasciatis.

- Statura formaque Tot. glottidis ; differt notis supernis gracilioribus,
corporeque subtis-toto niveo, haud notato. . :
-. The number of species exhibited at the present and former Meet-
ings, which were considered to have been hitherto undescribed,
amounted to sixty. To these were added the following species, which,
although previously described, had either remained unfigured, or had
not been figured with sufficient accuracy for ‘the present state of
science, or which had been figured elsewhere during the progress. of
the work ; viz. Falco Chicquera, Daud.; Otus Bengalensis, Franklin
_ (‘ Proceedings,’ Nov X. p..1l5.); Museipeta peregrina, ¢ & 2;
Cinclosoma leucolophum ; Pitta brachyura ; Cinclus Pallasii, Temm. ;
Pica erythrorhyncha, Wagl:; Pica vagabunda, Wagl.; Pica Sinensis;
Hardw. & Gray ; Buceros cavatus, Shaw; Bucco grandis, Gmel. ;
Picus Mahrattensis, Lath. @ & 2; Vinago militaris, Cuv. 6 & 9;
Lophophorus Impeyanus, Cuv. 6. & 23 Tragopan Satyrus,, Cuv. ;
Phasianus Pucrasia, Hardw.'& Gray; ¢ & 2; Perdix Chucar, Hardw,
_& Gray ; Parra Sinensis, Gmel. ; Vanellus Goensis; Anser Indicus.
_» The foregoing species completed the series of the Himalayan col-
lection which had originally formed the basis of the ‘Century of
Birds.’ All of these, Mr. Vigors observed, had been most liberally
presented by Mr. Gould to the Society, and were deposited in the
Museum as authentic types of the species figured in that work. To
_ these species were added a few others from the same locality, which
‘the liberality of their owners allowed to be exhibited to the Com-
‘mittee, and to be made use of for the benefit of science. Among them
_ were the following species, which had been kindly communicated by
Dr. Scouler of the Glasgow University.

174

Enicurvus Scou.ert. En. capite, collo, dorso superiori, alis, cau-
ddque atris ; fronte, fascia alarum, dorso imo, abdomine, caude
basi lateribusque albis; abdomine maculis, dorso imo fascia, atris
notatis.

Longitudo corporis, 54 unc.; cauda@, 2.

Mr. Vigors expressed his pleasure in dedicating this species to an

— active and liberal friend to science.

PyrRHULA ERYTHROCEPHALA. Pyrr. capite supra, nuchd, pecto-
reque rujis; dorso, scapularibus, gutture, abdomineque imo cine-
reis; fronte, regione rictali, guld, remigibus, alarum tectricibus,
rectricibusque intensé atris ; fascid alarum, uropygio, crissoque
albis.

Longitudo corporis, 6 unc. :

Certara Himarayana. Certh. supra brunnea, capitis dorsique plu-
mis in medio albescenti-rufo lineatis, alis fasciam mediam rufam
erhibentibus ; subtds*albescens ; remigibus, rectricibusque *palli-
diori-brunneis, fasciis fuscis gracilibus frequentibus notatis.

Statura formaque Certh. familiaris, Linn. Differt fasciis confer-
tioribus gracilioribusque alarum rectricumque.

A very striking modification of form was conspicuous in the fol-
lowing bird, which, with the bill and plumage of some of the typical
Wading Birds, exhibited the tridactyle conformation and general
character of the legs of some of the Charadriade. Iv the former
particulars it approached to J4is and Numenius ; in the latter to He-
matopus. A knowledge only, it was observed, of its habits and in-
ternal construction, at present wanting, could determine with accu-
racy the exact affinities of the group, which was thus characterized :

InIDORHYNCHA.

’ Rostrum gracile, elongatum, deorstim curvatum, Ibidis Numeniique
rostris simile ; naribus lateralibus, longitudinalibus, membrana. per
totam longitudinem clausis.

Corpus gracile, Grallatorum typicorum formam exhibens.

Ale subelongate, subgradate ; remigibus secundis et tertiis equa-
libus longissimis, prima paulo breviori, ceteris gradatim decrescen-
tibus.

Pedes mediocres, tridactyli, Hamatopodum — simillimi ; digitis
internis liberis, externis membrana usque ad pollicem primam con-
nexis, omnibus marginatis ; unguibus obtusis.

Cauda mediocris, equalis.

Isiporuyncua Srruruersit. Ibid. corpore supra collogue in fronte
pallide griseis ; corpore subtas albo ; capitis vertice, facie gut-
tureque nigris albo variegatis; torque pectorali subgracili, ad
nucham extendente latiori, uropygiogue extremo atris; rectricibus
mediis fusco obscuré undulatim fasciatis, prope apicem nigro no-
tatis, lateralium pogoniis externis albis nigro fasciatis.

Longitudo 14 unc.

This bird was named in honour of Dr. Struthers, a zealous natu-

ralist, who had formed the collection in the Himalayan Mountains,
out of which the four preceding species were selected.

175

-In addition to the birds thus kindly placed by Dr. Scouler at the
disposal of the Society, for exhibition and description, Mr. Vigors
exhibited a species of Woodpecker belonging to the three-toed section
of that genus, nearly allied to Picus Tiga, Horsf., but differing in its
greater size, in more intenseness of the scarlet colour on the back
and wings, and in being marked by a light gray patch on the throat,
The species was discovered in the Himalayan Mountains by the Hon.
Frederick J. Shore of the East India Company’s civil service, and
was kindly forwarded to the Society for exhibition by his brother, the

_ Hon. C.J. Shore. The species was named in honour of the disco-
verer, whose observations made on the spot on many of the Himalayan
birds will form the most valuable part of the letter-press accom-
panying the forthcoming work on these birds ;—it was characterized
as follows : ;

Picus Snort. Pic. supra aurantio-viridis ; capite cristato, dorso
tiropygiogue coccineis ; subtus albus; striga postoculari, alteré a
rictu extendente, nucha, remigibus, rectricibus, notisque squamosis
pectoris abdominisque atris ; thorace pallidé grisescenti-brunneo.
. Longitudo 12 unc.
A drawing by Mr. Gould of a species in the Liverpool Museum,
__ which was obligingly communicated by Dr. Traill for description, was
exhibited, and the bird was characterized as follows :
Pastor Trartuu. Mas. Past, supra subtisque brunnescenti-coc-
cineus ; capite, collo, alisque nigris.
Foem. supra brunnea, subtis albescens, strigis brunneis notata ;

_ capite, collo remigibusque nigris ; cauda brunnescenti-coccined.

- Longitudo 10% unc.
Mr. Vigors observed that this bird appeared to approach nearer to
Pastor than to any other known group; but that at the same time it
_ exhibited some modifications of that form. As he had however only

a drawing of the bird before him, he refrained from any more detailed

observations. He expressed his pleasure in having the opportunity
of inscribing it to an active and scientific naturalist. He begged here
also to refer to a bird which he had characterized at a preceding

Meeting (Feb. 8), the description of which had been published in the

Committee’s ‘ Proceedings’ (No. III. p. 35.), the Phasianus Staceii.

_ This bird was to be included in the list of those which had been libe-
rally communicated by other Institutions for the general benefit of
science, having been. forwarded for exhibition to the Committee by
Philip B. Duncan, Esq. Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford,
where the specimen is deposited; to whom, and to whose equally
ral brother, J. Shute Duncan, Esq., his predecessor in the Mu-
seum, every lover of zoology is aware how deeply their science is
bted. The species commemorates the name of Major Stacey of
the East India service, who had obtained the bird in the Himalayan
Tange, and had presented it, with several other valuable species, to
the Ashmolean Museum.
_ Mr. Vigors, in closing this subject, called the attention of the Com-
Mittee to some errors which had occurred in the lettering of the plates
on which the foregoing birds had been lithographed. The Picus auri-

176

eeps (‘ Proceedings,’ No. IV. p. 44.) was by some accident named Picus .
brunnifrons, which name, as it had appeared on the plate, he wished
to be retained to the species. The White-crowned Crow of General
Hardwicke, which had been figured in the ‘ Century,’ waserroneously ~
called a Garrulus. It seems rather to belong to the tribe of Denti-
rostrés, and the genus Cinclosoma. Some verbal errors in the lettering
were also pointed out; all of which, together with the mistakes in
the names, Mr, Vigors attributed to the hurry in which some of the
numbers of the work were obliged to be printed off in order to answer
the demand that was made for them on the day of the monthly pub-
lication. And he concluded by trusting that the supporters of the
work, and the lovers of science would overlook these accidental ble-
mishes in the lettering of the plates in the midst of so many superior
excellencies,

INDEX.

The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed
_in Roman Characters; those of Species previously known, but respecting

which novel information is given, in Jéalics :

those of Species respecting

which Anatomical Observations are made, in CariTAts.

Page. Page.

© hae md . g. Benn.......0 166 | Ardea speciosa, Horsf. ......... 123
Telfairii, Benn... 166 Lorra, Bubheies icicles 123
Alauda-alpestris, ee EEE 35 | Ateles frontalis, Benn............. 38

. Chendoola, Frankl...... 119] Atherina affinis, Benn. .......... 166
-Gulgula, Frankl......... 119 | Aulacodus, Van Swind. .......... 111

Alcedo Bengalensis, Gmel....... 116 Swinderianus,Temm. 111

, guttatus, Vig. 2.0.02... 22 | Balistes auromarginatus, Benn. 168
PUSS Maes. tev iededé 116 Lima, Benn. .......2.04. 168

_ Alosa Senegalensis, Benn. ...... 147 Mitis, Benn. ....0c00.0008 169
Amphiprion chrysogaster, Cuv... 165 | Belone platyura, Benn. \...,..... 168
fusciventer, Benn... 166 | Bos Bubalus, Briss.............0006 105
Anas arcuata, Gawingavn ies. 125 Taurus, var. Indicus......006 105
Chiloensis, King............. 15 | Botaurus cinnamomeus, .....+4.. 124
Coromandeliana, Gmel..... 125 | Brachypteryx Solcanen Sm... 11
Creceapiitns 230 seiiee. 28305 125 | Bucco caniceps, Frankl. ......... 121
Fretensis, King. ..........0. 15 grandis, Gimel. ..........4. 173

pOT occiduady ssi ossseldi 8 we 85 NANUS, Vigs.crccccceeeeeseee 93
sponsa, L........ Pee teensy 35 Philippinensis, Gmel...... 121
| -Lerre Leeuwin, Riche.... 26.| Buceros cavatus, Shaw. ......... 173
1 | SS acurinosrris, Yarr133, 159 Gingianus, Lath......... 120
... LATIROsTRIS, Yarr. 133, 159 Malabaricus, Gmel. ... 120

q Anguilla acutirostris, Yarr....... 133 | Buteo Bacha...........s0c000. 114,171)
on latirostris, Yarr......... 133 holospilus, Vig.......... 96, 171
ae “eo cope Benn...... 128 | Callomys Viscacia, Isid. G. St. Hil. 33
_ Anser griseus, Vieill. ........... 27 | Camelus Dromedarius, L. ...... 104
! Vridscuss wcities ives seee 125, 173 | Canis aureus, L. .......e000. seoees LOL

' |. inornatus, King.........06 15 Dukhunensis, Sykes. ...... 100

_ * melanotos, Lath. .,....... 125 Kokree, Sykes. ....... yee 101
Antilope Bennettii, Sykes. ...... 104 pallipes, Sykes. ....c....... 101
_ - Cervicapra, Pall. ...... 104| Capra. Hircus, L. s.cceccessecese 105
_ . Hodgsonii, Abel......... 52| Caprimulgus Asiaticus, Lath.... 116

_ picta, Pall. ............87, 105 macrotis, Vig....... 97

Ay odontis, n.g. Bonierwdaveasours 169 monticola, Frankl. 116
Apolectus, n.g. Benn. ...... 146, 169 | Carbo fuscicollis. ......4.00c0eeee0 125
mit . immunis, Benn...146, 169 | Carcharias fissidens, Benn....... 148
maculatus? ...... 146, 169 | Carduelis caniceps, Vig. ......... 28

ila Vindhiana, Frankl. ....... 114 spinoides, V2g...... eee! 44

2a Caboga, Penn. ............ 124|Casror Finer, L. ...... =f as ee 12, 19

— Gardeni.......0..0006. bvcseee 27 |Cavia Copara, Liiececeitecceeeeee 20

t) . Nycticoraz, Li'3.0.0....... 27 | Cavia Patachonica, Penn......... 57
purpurea, Ly ..esseseessee. 123 | Ceblepyris canus, Temm.......... 117

178 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Ceblepyris fimbriatus, Temm.... 117 | Collurio nigriceps, Frankl. ...... 117
Centenes setosus, Desm....... 89, 165 tephronotus, Vig. ...... 43
Centropus Philippensis, Cuv. ... 121 | Columba Cambayensis, Gmel.... 122
Cephallepis, n. g. Lodd. ......... 12 Fitzroyii, King......... 15
Cephalopterus hypostomus, Bancr.134 humilis, Temm. ...... 122
Cereorsis Noy# Hotianpiz, leuconota, Vig...... sae 20
ietageeeies aese<nas 25 VEEOTE, Liisa cvasnesoneage 122
Cereopsis Nove Hollandie, Lath. 26 tigrina, Temm.......... 122
Certhia Himalayana, Vig. ...... 174] Conger flavipinnatus, Benn. ... 168
spilonota, Frankl. ...... 121 Savanna, Cuv. ? .....06. . 1385
Cervus campestris, F. Cuv....... 57 UUIGATIL, corevesseeouss seve LOD
equinus, CUV. ...ccceeeeee 104 | Concer VULGARIS......... Uheubaees 158
humilis, Benn........ eee. 27] Coracias Bengalensis, L. ......... 120
Muntjak, Zimm. ........- 104 | Corous Corone, Li. ..casscceoenese 120
nudipalpebra, Ogilb...... 136 | Corythaix porphyreolopha, Vig. 93
Cervus Taranpus, L..........00- 14} Coturnia Coromandelica.......... 123
Chzetodon flavescens, Benn. ... 61 dactylisonans, Meyer.. 123
Lunula, Cuv.& Val... 61 Falkiandica, Vig....... 3
strigangulus, Sol...... 61} Crax Yarretiu, Benn. ......... 33
vittatus, Schn. ...... 61 | Crenilabrus anthioides, Benn.... 167
Zoster, Benn. .......++ 61 | CrocopiLus acutus, Cuv.... 139, 169

Charadrius hiaticuloides, Frankl. 125

Cheilinos Commersonii, Benn.... 167
punctatus, Benn....... 167

CHELYDRA SERPENTINA, Schweig. ren

CHINCHILLA LANIGERA......00000+

Chloropsis aurifrons, Jard.& Selb. 129
Chromis Tzenia, Benn..........0+6
Sa Horsf. & Vig......... 55
capistratum, Vig... 56
erythrocephalum, Vi ig171

leucolophum....178, 176

lineatum, V7ig....... 56

ocellatum, V72g...... 55

variegatum, Vig.... 56

Cinclus Pallasii, Zemm. ...... 54, 173
unicolor, Bonap.....++... 54
Cinnyris Gouldia. Vig............ 44
Orientalis, Frankl...... 122

Circus CYANEUS........0eceeseavesere 115
melanoleUcuS......cseersess 115

rufus, .Brissilct..sascdendb. 115

Teesa,. Frankl... .sscseccvae 115
Clupea alba, Yarr. ....s0.s000000 13
Alng&, Varsiececassydiias 34
delicatula, Benn.......... 168

fallax, Lacép. .........+.. 34
Harengus, Li ....sse0e0e. 34
Leachii; Yarr.......s3.006 34
Coccothraustes icterioides, Vig.. 8
Collurio, n..g4 7 eget eineg...... 42
erythronotus, Vig....42,117
ELxcubitor, Vig........+- 117
Hardwickii, Vig..... 42,117.

meridionalis, Vig...+... 96

Crenopactyitus Massonu, Gray 48

Ctenodactylus Massonii, Gray... 48
Cuculus canorus, L.......+. essai d 2h
Sugax, Horsf. ....... hause Lod
Himalayanus, ves aavacil 172
Sonneratii, Lath.?....... 121
sparverioides, Vig... pave - 173
Cursorius Asiaticus, Lath. ...... 124

Cygnus anatoides, King. ......... 15
Cyprinus Mauritianus, Benn.... 167

Cypselus affinis, Hardw. .+..+.+++ 116
Palmarum, Hardw. ... 116

Dacelo Lessonii, Vig. ......- eebas OE
Lindsayi, Vig.i.cc..s...... 97
Dascyllus unicolor, Benn. ...... 127
Dasyrrocta Acuscny, Ill....... 75
Dasyprocta Acuschy, Ill.......... 6
Dasyrus Pepa, Desm........0006. 141
SEXCINCTUS, Luveseseees 154

6-cinctus, L. ....+. 48, 142
Dendrocolaptes albo-gularis, King 30
Dentex lycogenys, Benn.......+«. 127
Diacope Angulus, Benn..........
Dipus maximus, Blainy. ......... 33
Echeneis lunata, Baner. ......... 134
Echinorhynchus tereticollis, Rud. 132
Edolius c@rulescens......0i+ wesbostbhé
Elanus melanopterus, Leach.....
Eleotris Mauritianus, Benn......
Emberiza Baghaira, Lath...... .- 119

Bengalensis...+.+ +++... 119

cristata, Vig. .... 35, 119

Gingica, Gmel. ...... 119
Emys Caspica, Schweig. «s+. 107

a> ate, ee re

—

INDEX. 179

; bee Page.
Emys concentrica, Leconte.... 74] Himantopus melanopterus...s.++< 125
Engraulis Neso-gallicus, Benn. 168 | Hirundo filicandata, Lath. ...... 115
Enicurus maculatus, V7g...... sanssnn’ Klecho, Horsf. ss.sssss0 115
oe Vigne Bde escee 174 TIpATidy Lu.ssverecsereeee 116

Equus Asinus, L......++. - 104) Hyena vulgaris, Cuv. ....++++..+ 102
Caballus, L. ...... sbeeocees 104} Hylactes, n. g. King.....ss00ee ime wild

Erinaceus Capensis, Sm.......... 11 Tarnii, King. ........ 15
ELudynamys Orientalis....0..0006 . 122) Hylurgus piniperda, Laty. ...... 126
Sirlecaliics) .mactecwee a 122| Hypsipetes, n. g. Vig. .....000000 43
Exoccetus pinnatibarbatus, Benn. 146 psaroides, Vig....... 43
Falco Bacha, Lath. .......+..000+6 170 | Hypsiprymnus setosus, Ogi/by... 149
Chicquera, Daud...... 114, 178 | Hystrix leucurus, Sykes... see 108
| SUbbUted....ceeeseveereoes +». 114] Ibidorhyncha, n. g. Vig........+ 174
| _ .Tinnunculus, Daud. ...... 114 Struthersii, Vig... 174
, tinnunculoides........00+6.. 96| Zora scapularis, Horsf............ 118
| -Felis Chaus, Giild................. 102} Irena cyanogastra, Vig. ......... 97
: concolor, Linn. ..... wots 158 | Twos Cafer. ...ccclesesesecsscecenes 118
jubata, Schreb. ........+. .. 102 filicstiiis eS... 118
| Leopards ssccc..csee wseee. 102 jocosus....... Se ee 118
Par dus. iscsccvees Tawi. 102| Julis Aygula, Lacép. ........ vee 128
Bignis, Van sapscte be ytaesson «. 102 bicatenatus, Benn. ......006 167

torquata, F. Cuv... . 102 Cuvieri, Benn...c.cecssevees 128

ele Smivses. 2 eae 102 Ruppelii, Benn. .......00005 128

| Tn te Cs ee 28 scapularis, Benn........+.+ 167
FrancolinusP onticerianus,Temm.122 | Labrus axillaris, Benn. .....0068 166
vulgaris, Steph. ...... 123 leucosticticus, Benn. ... 166

Fringilla Amandava, L. ......... 119 maculatus, Bl.........00- 17, 34
domestica, Linn. ...:... 96 | Lagostomustrichodactylus, Brookes33

flavicollis, Frankl...... 120
. formosa, Lath. ......... 120
Malabaria.......c.cc000e 120

rodochroa, Vig...... i028

p -rodopepla, Vig.......+66 23
Garrulus bispecularis, Vig....... 7
lanceolatus, Vig....... 7

; striatus, Vig........ peereean 1a
Gobius coalitus, Benn...... Rentoatay 166
Graucalus Papuensis, Cuv....... 117
Grus Orientalis, Briss....... vspae) LOR
Gulo Barbarus, Ly..cs.c.seceesesee 74
| larvatus, Ham., Sm. ...... 95
-. orientalis, Horsf. ......... 57, 94
Hematornis, Th Be Vigessssceceens 170
Ae , Bacha, Vig......... 171
x holospilus, Vig. ... 171
"0 undulatus, V72g..... 171
Halcyon Smyrnensis. ......00004- 116
Heliases axillaris, Benn. ......... 128
lictis, n. g. Gray. ...... Mice cave 94

at moschata, Gray...s.... 94

Hemipodius Dussumiert, Temm. 123
‘eniochus monoceros, Cuv.& Val. 61

erpestes griseus, Desm......... 101
a. Pharaonis, Desm. 145
Hierax erythrogenys, Vig. ...... 96

.

Lampromorpha amethystina, Vig. 98
chalcopepla,V2g. 92

Lamprotornis.spilopterus, Vig... 35
BaniuscgAt. divaslinsls......0 42
erythropterus, Vi igurwnca 22
Excubitor, Li s1......00s lit
meridionalis, Temm. ... 96
muscicapoides, Frankl. 117

Larus capistratus,'Temm. ...... , 151
Lemur Macaco, Lu..ssccsesceseee 58
Lemur Potio, Gmel. .....0.0.2.5 109
Leptosomus Afera.icccsessecesseees 121
Lepus nigricollis, F. Cuv....0.+.+. 103
Lestris Pomarhinus, Temm...... 151
Lophophorus Impeyanus, Cuv... 173
Lutra Nair, F. Cuv. ......02+-. 100)
Macacus radiatus, Geoff..:...... 99
Macropus Masor, Shaw..s....... 159
Macroscelides rupestris, Sm..... 11
Manis pentadactylus, L. ....2+.+. 104
Megaderma Lyra, Geoff.......0.. 113
Merops Philippinus, L. ....s0... 115
Viridisy, La. cabviehs scadys 115
Micropterus Patachonicus, King 15
Mirafra Javanica, Horsf......... 119
pheenicura, Frankl. ... 119

112

Monacanthus setifer, Benn.......

80 INDEX,

d Page.
MONITOR.) .2sscesseeeseeedativaeeesy 137
Moschus we I Oat Erxl. Qwasbus 104
Motacilla flava, Le w.eeeeeeeeees 119
picata, Frankl... . 119
Murena fimbriata, Bénvobiis WSS 168
Mus Barbarus, Li. ...00.- otearebvsh LAS.
decumanus, Pall. ....... too. 108
giganteus, Hardw. ......... 103
Gundi, Rothm............... 48
Ab eusctgiths, PBS 6835005000006 103
Sumatrensis, Temm. ...... 95
Mus Rawrusp hi. elses ieee 20
Muscicapa Banyumas, Horsf.... 116
melanops, Vig........ 171
nitida, Lath. ........+ 116
occipitalis, Vig. ...... 97
Muscipeta brevirostris, Vig...... 43
Par adisi...0000. eet, 116
PCL CITING. ..000008 116, 178
_ Princeps, Vig. ...... 22
Mustela Galera, L..,..... Osebupal 57
Mycteria australis..s.cccccecsessees 123
Myophonus Horsfieldii, Vig. ... 35
Temminckii, Vig... 171
Myrmecophaga jubata, Linn.... 149
Noctua cuculoides, Vig. ...3..... 8
Indica,. Frankl. <2... 115
Nomeus maculosus, Benn. ...... 146
Nucifraga hemispila, Vig. ...... 8
Nycticejus Heathii, Horsf........ 113
Nycticorax Europ@us,....cccseees 124
Manillensis, 7g...... 98
Nyctinomus plicatus, Geoff....... 99
tenuis, Horsf. ...... 99
Ocypterus leucorhynchus ....... « 117
Ocythoé antiquorum.,....ceceeeee 107
Cranehitl wor neig2.2 107
Oriolus acrorhynchus, Vi Uereseree 97
Galbula, Dest rodt 8 117
Maderaspatanus, Frankl. 118
melanocephalus, L....... 117
Ornithorhynchus brevirostris, Ogil-
QR ar ihanwnbeiess Selick on dagtedh ded 2
affinis, Fig TOTS 8S 3
neoxenus, Vig. ......... 3
Osphromenus Goramy, Comm... 89
Otis Afraoides, Sm.......0....6608 11
Serody Smissss.cdereosesee soy
Himalayanus, Vig. ..... ve 28
Indica, Lath...cL peor... 123
Kori, Buvehos! awe cieuagy 50
nigriceps, Vig...... poaeaa he sl
Vigorsti Sm eiivsieecess ee 11

Otus Bengalensis, Frankl. 115, 173

Page.
Ovurax Mitu, Cuy. ....eceseeee 5D
Ovis Aries, L. «1+... twas Vow fd seve 105
Paguma, n. g. Gray. s.secceeeees 95
larvata, Gray. ......... 95
Palzornis Bengalensis, Vig... See Je » 120.
flavicollaris, Frankl... 120
torquatus, Vig. «1... 120
Paradoxurus Typus, F. Cuy. ... 102
Parra Indica, Lath.
Phoenicura......c.00s sie 12t
Sinensis, Gmel........ 124, 173
Parus atriceps, Horsf....... Yededeo) 119
erythrocephalus, Vig. .
melanolophus, Vig. ......
monticola, Vig......... BAN
xanthogenys, Vig..........
Pastor Contra, v. Capensis,
Lemm.(viiceveuvonst, 120
griseus, Horsf. ....+...+-.. 120
Pagodarum, Temm....... 120
roseus, TEMM, .....eeeseee 120
Traillii, V7ig....... svsQOS. 175
tristés,. Lemme .ievoveeess. 120
Pavo cristatus, L. ....+« ablveds 3 122
Perdix Cambayensis, Temm. ... 123

Chucar, Hardw. & Gray 173
Falklandica, Lath. ...... 3
Hardwichii, Gray. ..... . 123
picta, Jaxd. & Selb....... 123
Perodicticus, n. g. Benn. ......°109
Geoffroyi, Benn.... 109
Petrocincla cinclorhyncha, Vig.. 172
Petromyzon FLuvraTitis, L..... 133
MARINUS, L........: 134
Petromyzon fluviatilis, L........+ 133
marinus, Li osc... 134
Phalacrocorax erythrops, King.. 30
imperialis, King.. 30
Sarmientonus mens
Phalangista Cookii, Cuv.......... 136

fuliginosa, Ogilb.... 135
xanthopus, Ogilb... 135
Phasianus albo-cristatus, Vig.... 9
lineatus, Lath. ...... 24

Pucrasia, Hardw. &
Gray ieecasensss Thi
Reevesii, Hardw. prions =

Staceii, Vig.) ..cs..05.
veneratus, Temm. ... 7
Psoca virutina, Linn. ......... 151
Pheenicura atrata, Jard. & Selb. 119

ceeruleocephala, Vig. 35
frontalis, Vig.......... 172
fuliginosa, Vig. ...... 35
. leucocephala, Vig.... 35

x INDEX. 181
é
nn ,: Page. Page.
_ Pheenicura rubeculoides, Vig... 35 Rhinolophus Dukhunensis, Sykes 99
Pica cyanea, ...+00 pen eee 96 Rhipidua albofrontata, Franki. 116
t _erythrorhyncha; Wagl...... 173 fuscoventris, Frankl. 117
; _Stnensis, Hardw. & Gray... 173 nigritorquis, Vig...... 97
vagabunda, Wagl....... 120,173 | Rhizomys, ns g. Gray...s.cssr00 95
Picus Bengalensis, Li. ...++0+00+ » 121 Sinensis, Gray....... 95
_brunnifrons, Vig...... awh aos 176 Sumatrensis, Gray... 95
_hyperythrus, Vig. .... 23 | Rhombus heterophthalmus, Benn.147

Mahrattensis, Lath... ‘121, 173

melanocephalus, King as 14
Modestus, Vig..sccccveeseoes 98

nanus, Vig....... pubes es@aa5 172
Occipitalis, Vig. .+.s.se-+00e 8
pygmeus, Vig. ......sveee 44

Shorii, Vig....-.+.+. Bide esl ho

. spilolophus, Vig......22..2.. 98
squamatus, Vig.....» Pac seee 8

Pitta brachyurd.....re-eee . 117,173
Platalea Telfairii, Pibsgessaesavsele 41
Piatycercus eximius, Vig...... 36

__ Platycercus unicolor, Vig. ...... 24
_ Platysternon, n. g. Gray.......6 106

i megacephalum,

; FTAY socdecssosen 107

; Ploceus chrysogaster, Vig. ...... 92

L gutturalis, Vig........0. 92

Philippinus, Cuv. ...+.. 120

spilonotus, Vig. ..... Be Sy

Plotus melanogaster, Lath. ...... 125
Plyctolophus Leadbeateri, Vig... 61
Podiceps minor, Lath.......... eo 125

Polyborus? hypoleucus, Benn. 13,169
Polynemus Artedii, Benn......... 146
Pomatorhinus erythrogenys, Vig. 173
Porphyrio hyacinthinus. 0000. 124
Prinia cursitans, Frankl........:. 118
gracilis, Frankl......0c00+6 119
macroura, Frankl.........:118
Psettodes, n. g. Benn. ....seceeeee 147
Belcheri, Benn. ..... . 147

Erumet ? ..csccccceseese 147

Psittacara leptorhyncha, King... 14
Psirracuta caueuta, Kubl......
Psittacula rubifrons, Vig........ x
Psirracus mitratus, Kuhl......
Pterocles exustus, Temm.........
Pterois Russelii, Benn.........+..
Preromys Votucetta, Cuv......

Pteropus medius, Temm......... = ao
Pyrrhula albifrons, Vig. 92
erythrocephala, Vi Vig . 174
Raia bispecularis, Benn. ......... 148
allus niger, Gmel.........ss++00 124

| Rana Rubeta, L.........000000088 61

— ~Ratelus, Ts BUI! senate snenncsarcanse
4

parvimanus, Benn..... 168

Rhyncheza. Capensis, Sav......... 62
Orientalis, Horsf..... 124
picta, Gray.. Sho ddsbine st G2

Ryz@na TETRADACTYLA, IIl....39, 51

Ryzena tetradactyla, Il.......... 27

Saxicola cachinnans,Temm...... 96

rubicola, Temm......... 119
stapazina, Temm....... 96

Sciena Aquila, Cuv....ssecceeeeee 112
Sciurus Elphinstonii, Sykes...... 103
.. Palmarum, Briss......... 103

Scolopsides phzops, Benn. ...... 165

Scyllium marmoratum, Benn. ... 148

Semnopithecus Entellus, F. Cuv. 99

? albogularis, Sykes 105

Serranus argyro-grammicus, Cuv. 169

Delissii, Benn........06. 126

Mitis, Benn. ..ssvccccoee 127
Telfairii, Benn......127, 169

Sima Saryrus, L......... 4,9, 28, 67
Troctopytes, L....5, 9, 28,68

Sitta castaneoventris, Frankl..... 121
Solea hexophthalma, Benn....... 147

impar, Benn. ....0.0.s0e0008 147
Sorex Giganteus esseccrereeeeeeeee 100

Indicus, Geoff. ...sscec0008 99
Sterna melanogastra, Temm. ... 125
Strix personata, Vig. .......++ +» 60
Sturnus unicolor, Marm...... seas 9G
SuLA BASSANA...scsseseseceesecovse 90
Sus Scrofa, Li. ...csseccecceeeeees - 104
Sylvia conspicillata, ‘arm. seccove 96

Hippolais, Lath. ......... 118

Tithys, Scop......sess0s- oe 18
Synallaxis anthoides, King....... 30
Tacuyretes Aquitus, Vieill.... 62
Tantalus papillosus......++.000+ . 124
Tarin Americanus, Gmel....... 161
Tapir Americanus, Gmel. ...... 94

Testuvo Graca, L. ....e0e0r0ee68, 74
INDICA, Lussscccscccvece 46

Tetrao hybridus, Gmel..........0. 73
rupestris, Penn. ......... 74

ACU Ad. . cnnsacawoveaaanxoace) 1 4e
Tetrodon guttifer, Benn.......... 148

Thalassidroma pelagica, Vig.... 151

182 -INDEX.
Page. : , Page.
Timalia Chatarzea, Frankl. ...... 118} Upeneus biteniatus, Benn....... 59
hyperythra, Frankl. ... 118 --immaculatus, Benn.... 59
‘ hypoleuca, Franil....... 118 Mauritianus, Benn. ... 59
pileata, Horsf............ 118 pleurostigma, Benn.... 59
Totanus glottoides, Vig........... 173 | Upupa minor, Shaw.............. 121
Tragopan Hastingsii, Vig. ...... 8 | UroGALLUS: MEDIUS...........00005 73
Satyrus, Cuv....... 122,173 | Ursus labiatus, eames 100
Tringa Glareola}! Trosaten ies 124 | Ursus Tursetanus, F. Cuv...... 76
hypoleuca, L......2.++++0+6 124 | Vanellus-bilobus. ........000+ Bertwon LZ
Ochropus, Li.......eeseeeeee 124 Groensizeagress . 124, 173
; WUBI a Wissscesesd-0.c0e.00 124 Mentralis, \ secicecedeveses 124
Trochilus Fernandensis, King... 30} Vinago militaris, Cuv....... 122, 173
Loddigesii, Gould..... 12 sphenura, Vig......+0++++- 173
Stokesii, King.......+.. 30 | Viverra Indica, Geoff...........++ 101
Turdus erythrogaster, Vig........ 171| Vultur Angolensis, Lath. 13, 67, i
guttatus, Vig. ........+06+ 92 auricularis, Daud.
macrourus, Gmel. ...... 118 Poniicerianus, Daud... o
Magellanicus, King...... 14| Yunx pectoralis, Vig. ............ 93
.... pecilopterus, Vig........ 54) Zoothera, n. g. Vig. ..ssceeseeeeee 172
Saularis, Lissesrseeeveseee 118 monticola, Vig. ....... 172
Printed by Richard Taylor, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

eee

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

COMMITTEE

OF

SCIENCE AND CORRESPONDENCE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PART II.
1832.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
BY RICHARD TAYLOR,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

i’
ng

a

s
4
¥TAIDO#
143,17
“uve

:

;

rari?

LIST
OF

CONTRIBUTORS.

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Bennett, E. T. Esq. page
Characters of a New Species of Otter (Lutra, Erxl.), and
_of a New Species of Mouse (Mus, L.), collected in Chili by

ii Cornea oe aso sco ease Pinatas Cpu ctete's sachet sitet 1

Characters of some New Species of Fishes, dollected | ac

Dee CRM ijcekic dswemter he acta cecse ness cs atesan 4
Characters of a New Genus of Lemuridae, presented. by

ETE clip oo (icte 3, -e,aeyhoosa aise AE Pane dinate a ciet ees a are 20
Characters of a New Genus of Rodent Pra te from

Chili, presented by Mr. Cuming ............ cee eeeees 46
Characters of two New Species of the ete Mus, L.,

collected by Colonel Sykes in Dukhun ......... cseecees 121

On several Skins of Mammalia from Algoa Bay ....... 122
‘Characters of two New Species of Hedgehog (Erinaceus,

L.) from the Himalaya Mountains ..............0000- . 123
Characters of several New Species of Boats, from Ceylon,

'~ presented by Dr. Sibbald ..........0. 0c eeeeee eee weave 182
Characters of two New Species of Fishes, from the Mau-

ritius, presented by Mr. Telfair ..... weed hee eves wee cee 184

Characters of a New Species of Hedgehog (Erinaceus, L.)

from South Africa, collected by Mr. Steedman ........../193

ee W. J. Esq.

Characters of New Species of Mollusca and Conchifera,
collected by Mr. Cuming ......... 25, 50, 104, 124, 178, 194

Cuitpren, J. G. Esq.
" On Specimens of the Phytoloma Bloxhami, Childr., col-
~ leeted by Mr. Cuming in Chili ..... I Lae ic! | St ae

Cox, J. €. Esq.
On Atmospheric Causes as influencing the Health of Bx-
otic Animals kept in confinement in England............ 33

iv

Cumine, H. Esq. page
Characters of New Species of Mammalia, Birds, and Fishes,
BOMECLED WY Tas peace teas pone 5 4 doa esesvensen sere | El
Characters of New Species of Stomapodous Cristticen col-
lected Bp edness a dew awie's coe v 3G hs pe ae ele aie nineteen 5
Characters of New Species of Mollusca and Conchifera,
COMCPINE Tie tpiaa ace sss 25, 50, 104, 113, 124, 173, 194
Characters of a New Genus of Rodent Mammalia, pre-
sehted Dy <0 52 Fone A de AR Peet bh od Atncis cin mee 46

Characters of New Species of Cypr ea, chiefly collected by 184

Danrett, W. Esq. R.A.
Exhibition of numerous Drawings of Antelopes, &c. made
Vy hig Drethe s6o sei is CaS ee tas we we OEE ee eee |

DeEsJARDINS, JULIEN.
Abstract of the Proceedings of the ‘ Société d’Histoire
Naturelle de ’Ile Maurice, pendant la 2de Année.” ...... 111

Furiier, Devereux.
Report on certain Experiments on the Feeding of Carnivo-

PA MADURO 50.0 6's 6 = aratheinbn.0 «46:0 5 05's 03 > >a ~~
Report on the pesmerned of Gestation of the Puma (Felis con-
color, L.) . sis heed ove a8 On ble 0 0 649.0. 30he ari an
Goutp, Mr. Joun.
On a New Species of Wagtail (Motacilla, L.)....... si°129
On a New Species of Woodpecker (Picus, L.) ....+++++ 139

On a Collection of Birds from the Orkneys....... cesses 189

Gray, J. E. Esq.

Characters of a New Genus of Mammalia, and of a New
Genus and two New Species of Lizards, from New Holland 39
On the Specific Distinction of Mus giganteus, Hardw., |
and: Mus) setefer,. Horst: 0sisnps aes Lawntee loomedmmanee 40

On the Animal of the Genus Antipathes.....eeeeseeee 41

On the Family of Viverride and its generic Subdivisions ;
with an enumeration of the Species of Paradoxurus, and
Characters of several new ones ...... cielo GS

Characters. of several New aaaeainn of Cypreea, chiefly col-
lected by Mr. Cuming .....0...ccccrecccccntnscedinue 20m

Hatt, Marsnatt, M.D.
On a particular Function of the Nervous System ...... 190

Honesoy, B. H. Esq.
Characters and Descriptions of New Species of Mammalia
and Birds from Nepaul .......... AR MER te Soo 6 imam, 5 Ue

Horsrietp, T., M.D.
On the Specific Distinction of Viverra Rasse, Horsf., and
Viverra Indica, Geoftr. ee rere teoerer ener seeeetestseseces 22 3

'

Vv

Jenyns, Rev. L.
On a Species of Crested Wren (Regulus) new to England
On the Occurrence in England of the Sorex remifer,
nia: bik pis n> a sme nines =, eon dienes ee

Loppiczs, Grorcer, Esq.
Characters of four New Species of Humming-birds (Tro-
chilus, L.) from Popayan, in the collection of Mr. Gould ..

Lowe, Rev. R. T.
List of a Collection of Fishes formed on the Coast of Ma-
deira, and presented to the Society ........cseeeeeecnce

Mackenzie, Sir F.
On the Breeding of Woodcocks (Scolopax rusticola, L.) in

Scotland .......... Miatasalichelis' Gots, Diaveleles states 2 veces eM ceeds l

Martin, Mr. Wittram.
On the Anatomy of the Jaguar (Felis Onga, L.) .......

Mautz, Hon. Lauperpate.
On the Habits and Economy of the Ornithorhynchus ....

Owen, R. Esq.
Characters of some New Species of Stomapodous Crusta-
cea, collected by Mr. Cuming ............ HAM SOR: ee
On the Habits of the Birgus Latro, Leach .. Op tis" n heats
On the Morbid Appearances of a Mandrill (Cynocephalu
EONS wc nen eR RRUG DS cut cwkon Aes as 0 sou eee SOL aad
On the Anatomy of the Cercopithecus albogularis, Sykes
On a Malformation of the Beak of Psittacus Erithacus, L.
On the Anatomy of the Animal of Stilifer Astericola....
On the Anatomy of Capromys Fournieri, Desm: .......
On the Peculiarities of the Skeleton of Capromys Fournieri,
Desm. and Dasyprocta Acouchy, F. Cuv. ........0.0005
On the Anatomy of two Species of Armadillo (Dasypus, L.)
On the Osteology of the Weasel-headed Armadillo (Da-
Se CMTS, csc cn has deh ne sede ar nanaati e
On the Anatomy of the Flamingo (Phenicopterus ruber, L.)
On the Mammary Gland of Echidna Hystrix, Cuv. 2...
ot) the Teeth of the Capybara (Hydrocherus Capybara,
NO ie so doi Ss RMR CLR PEEY LS SOL he Hoey
On the Anatomy of the Cape Hyrax (Hyrax Capensis,
Bebrebi)-. 0.8 eee ore :

Parmepo, A. P. Esq.
Note on the Breeding together of the Moufflon and Domes-
tie Sheep's... 6 e@eeeeeeeeeee eoeeeeeeeeeee ee

Simpatp, Dr.

ee ee eee eeeerseseseerseoesesese

page

139
139

6

139

Characters of New Species of Fishes, from Ceylon, pre- |

AO aca iar gc ag a a ce deiewe

vi

Smitu, Anprew, M.D.

Pa.
Notice of a Collection of Birds, a gti and Corals,

presented by.......+.4.- Vvleeevedscvvsvcee

Smit, W. Esq.

Notice of the Capture of an Arctic Fox (Canis Lagopus, L.)
on an Ice-berg .........5.- age ere.

eeoereecese

eesseseeeeesese

SrricktanD, Artuur, Esq.

On a Species of Puffin (Puffinus, Ray) new to Great Bri-
tain lf. de sone) « alts bosstek aes dite ine, eaiastablea. 2 es tear dee

Sowersy, G. B. Esq. |
Characters of Lek Bsa of Mollusca and Conchifera,
collected by Mr. Cuming......... 25, 50, 104, 113, 173,

Spooner, Mr.
Notes of the post-mortem Examination of a Dromedary
(Camelus Dromedarius, Linn.) .. 2... 2620 cece cece ee eee :

Swinton, G. Esq.
Notice of a lineated Pheasant (Phasianus lineatus, Lath.)

presented DY... 62s ccesecccesene etc eecencees eaee
Syxes, Lieut.-Col. W. H.

Catalogue of Birds observed in the Dukhun........ Zs

Characters of two New Species of the Genus Mus, L. col-

lected DY’ o/s = .. 0- 6 0.0% 0°00 21 wieigue.s ais de ben

Tetrair, C. Esq. :
Characters of a New Genus of Lemuride, presented by .
Characters of New Species of Fishes, presented by .....

Trier, H. Esq.
On the Provision made by a Male Hawk, after the De-
struction of its Female, for the Nourishment of their Young

Vicors, N. A. Esq.
Characters of several New Species of Birds, collected by
Mr. Cuming in Chili and Mexico ......sccscesrsceeene

WeaTuERHEAD, Dr.
On the Habits and Economy of the Ornithorhynchus ....

Woops, H. Esq.

On the Claw of the Tip of the Tail of the Lion (Felis Leo, L.)

Yarre.., W. Esq.
Ona hybrid bred by the Society between a Muscovy Drake
(Anas moschata,) and a Common Duck (Anas Boschas) ....
On two Species of Mammalia new to Britain; one of
them also new to Science see eereeccccesersereeecevecs

ge

i

189

194

149

100

109

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

COMMITTEE or SCIENCE ann CORRESPONDENCE

~

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 10, 1832.
Joshua Brookes, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of several Birds, Land-Shells, and
Corals, together with the cranium of a Balenoptera, LaCép., all
collected at the Cape of Good Hope by Dr. Andrew Smith, Corr.
Memb. Z. S., and presented by him to the Society. In illustration
of the subjects exhibited, extracts were read from a Jetter from Dr.
Smith which accompanied his present. The Balenoptera was there
referred to.as Bal, Capensis: it is apparently the Rorgual du Cap
of M. Cuvier in his ‘Ossemens Fossiles,’ which has since been
named by M. Desmoulins Bal. Poeskop, and by M. Fischer Bad.
Lalandii.

Specimens were also exhibited of several Mammalia, Birds, and
Fishes, collected by Mr. H. Cuming chiefly in Chili.

Among the Mammalia, Mr. Bennett pointed out as apparently
new to science an Ofter and a Mouse, which may be characterized
as follows:

Lutra Cuitensis. Lut, supra saturaté vinaceo-brunnea, infra
erate caudd brunneo-nigricante, corporis dimidio parum
reviore.

Hab. in aquis Chiliz.
__ The fur is composed of hairs of two kinds : the inner woully and
_ thickly furnished ; the outer silky, also thickly set, and completely
concealing the inner. The colour of the fur of the upper surface
is glossy brown on the head, (where the hairs are comparatively
_ short,) and increasing in depth as it proceeds backwards becomes
blackish on the rump, and still more decidedly so on the tail. The
lower surface of this member, for the extreme three-fourths of its
length, is of the same colour with the upper ; near the vent it be-
_ comes paler and assumes a reddish hue; and this colour is conti-
nued, with a slight canescent tint, along the whole of the under

LNo. XV.] Zoot. Soc, PRocEEDINGS or THE CoMM. OF SCIENCE,

2

surface, scarcely becoming lighter on the throat and lower jaw.
The margin of the upper lip, the cheeks, and a patch under each
ear, are of the same colour with the under surface. Of the mou-
staches, which are short, some of the hairs are yellowish, while the
greater numbér are blueish black. The legs are of the colour of
the upper surface of the body, which becomes deeper on the feet.
The whole of the silky hairs exhibit that varying somewhat metallic
gloss which is common to most aquatic Mammalia.

The naked muzzle is of moderate size. The claws are short,
those of the hinder toes being somewhat flattened, while the ante-
rior claws are compressed but not acute. ‘The eyes,” Mr, Cu-
. ming states, “are small, their colour dark-blue.” ?

« The total length is 2 feet 4 inches ; from the nose to the root
of the tail, 1 foot 7 inches; girth at the belly, 93 inches.”

Its habits, according to Mr. Cuming’s observations, agree with
those of the European Otter; and it is equally capable of domesti-
cation. ‘

Mus toneicaupatus. Mus cauddé longissimd: supra pallidé
Sulous nigrescente varius ; infra et ad pedes albescens.
Had. in arbores Chiliz, nidum e foliis graminum construens.

The most striking peculiarity of this Mouse is the extreme length
of its tail, which approaches nearly to double that of the body ;
the length of the head and body, taken in a straight line, being 3
inches, while that of the tail is 53.

The fur is soft, smooth, and well furnished. The hairs are deep
ashy grey at their base: those of the upper surface are fawn-co-
loured or pale rufous towards their points, the extreme tip being
frequently black ; those of the under surface are tipped with white
slightly tinged with fawn.

The face is covered with short hairs of mingled fawn and black :
the lips are nearly white: the moustaches extremely long, black at
their base and silvery at the tip. The ears are rounded and of
moderate size: their lobe is well covered on the inside with short
hairs of the colour of those of the face, and on the outside is spa-
ringly furnished with very short whitish hairs which are scarcely
discernible on the blackish skin. The colour of the back is mixed
fawn and black; the black disappears on the sides, which are almost
purely fawn-coloured, as are also the front of the fore-legs and the
outside of the hinder legs. The tail is scaly, and furnished with
numerous very short bristly hairs, which are brownish above and
nearly white beneath. The hairs of the upper surface of the tarst
are short, and of a very pale fawn approaching to white ; those of
the toes still more white ; and the lengthened bristles covering the
claws almost silvery.

The length of the head is 1 inch and 2 lines ; of the ears, 5 lines;
breadth of the ears, 5 lines ; length of the anterior limbs, 9 lines ;
of the posterior limbs, 1 inch and 6 lines ; of the anterior tarsus and
toes, 5 lines; of the posterior tarsus and toes, 1 inch and 2 lines;
and of the moustaches, 1 inch and 6 lines.

ge - *---~

3

Among the Birds were two specimens of the Phytotoma Bloxhami,
Child., which having been submitted to Mr. Children, that gentle-
man reported that one of the specimens was apparently a female
or a young male of the species. It differed from the adult male in
being devoid of the ferruginous colour on the crown; and in the
total absence of the same colour on the breast and abdomen, which
were of a dirty yellowish white streaked with fuscous. The co-
lours of the upper part of the body were also less deep than in the
adult male. Mr. Children stated that the male specimen accorded
accurately with that which he originally described in Jardine and
Selby’s ‘ Illustrations of Ornithology.’ He added, that more re-
cently, in 1830, both sexes of the bird had been described and
figured in the ‘ Mémoires presentés a Académie Impériale des
Sciences de St. Petersbourg,’ by M. Kittlitz, who, not being aware
that it had been previously published, had given to it the name of
Phyt. silens. As M. Kittlitz’s description was subsequent to that
of Mr. Children, so also was his discovery to that of Mr. Bloxham,
whose name is commemorated by Mr. Children in that of the bird,
which was shot by him at Valparaiso certainly not later than De-
cember 1825, while M. Kittlitz did not observe the species in
Chili until March or April 1827. Mr. Children added, that the
‘‘two serrated ¢omia or ridges” in the margin of the upper mandible,
mentioned by him in his description of Phyt. Bloxhami, are very
distinct in both the specimens submitted to his inspection.

The following species from the same locality were apparently
new to science, and were characterized by Mr. Vigors as follows:

Carito AuRIFRONS. Cap, occipite, genis, collo superiori, nuchd,
dorsoque atris albido-flavo striatis ; abdomine albido-flavo, atro-
Jusco striato ; jugulo tectricibusque alarum aurantiacis, illius
plumis subgraciliter, hujus latiuis in medio nigro striatis ; fronte
verticegue aureis, hoc subfuscescenti ; remigibus rectricibusque

USCIS.

ei. 72 unc.

XANTHORNUS cHRySOcARPUS. Mas. Xanth. ater, plumis obscuré
Jerrugineo marginatis ; regione carpali-aureo-flavd.

Foem. colore superno minis saturato, dorso imo subcinerascenti ;
corpore infra albo maculatim notato ; strigd utrinque a rictu per
oculos ad nucham extendente lata, alterdque in medio verticis
gracili albis ; regione carpali flavescenti.

Longitudo maris 8 unc. foem. 74. 4

Aciaia Cuitensis. Aol. sericeo-ater; capite genisque flavo-
viridibus, colore genarum in latera colli angulariter extendente ;
pectore abdomineque beryllinis ; dorso medio imoque flammeo-
coccineis.

Statura Tanagre Tatao, Linn.

This bird differs from the well-known Paradise Tanager only in
the uniform flame-colour of the middle and lower parts of the back,
and in the light green feathers of the cheeks extending more angu-
larly into the black on each side than in the common species. The

4:

great distance that separated these Chilian birds from those of
Guiana and Cayenne insome measure authorized the specific sepa-
ration here suggested. There were two specimens in Mr. Cuming’s
collection according with the above description; and Mr. Vigors
stated that he had seen others of the same locality equally answer-
ing to it; while he had observed no specimen from the eastern coast
which did not correspond with the Paradise Tanager, as figured by
Edwards, Buffon, and Desmarest.

Picus AUROCAPILLUS. Pic. supra ater, albo fasciatus macula-
tusque ; strigd lata super oculos ad humeros extendente, alterdque
suboculart interrupta, guldque albis ; pectore abdomineque sor-
dide albescentibus, strigis parcis fuscis notatis ; capite atro,
Jronte aureo strigatim notato, vertice aureo.

Longitudo, 6+ unc.

The two following apparently new species were also in Mr.
Cuming’s collection, but they had been obtained by him from
Mexico.

CoccoTHRAUSTES CHRYSOPEPLUS. Mas. Cocc. corpore aureo,
dorso medio nigro notato; alis rectricibusque nigris, ilis albo
variegatis ad carpumque aureo notatis, horum, quatuor mediis
exceptis, pogoniis internis ad apices albis.

Foem. aut Mas jun. capite, collo, corporeque infra pallidé aureis,
illis fusco striatis ; dorso olivascenti-flavo, fusco notato ; alis cau-
daque olivaceo-brunneis, illis albo parcé maculatis.

Longitudo, 94 unc.

The white markings on the wings of the male consist of five
large spots extending in a line over the coverts and tertiary quill
feathers ; a narrow margin on the edge of the second to the fifth
primary quill feather inclusive; and a spot on the outward webs of
the tertiaries at the apex. The marks on the bird supposed to be
the female or young male are small and few in number at the apices
of the wing coverts. ;

OrTyYx SPILOGASTER. Ort. capite guttureque atris, illo strigis, hoc
maculis, albis notatis ; collo, pectore, nuchd, dorso, alis, cauddque
pallidé plumbeo-cinereis ; capitis cristd elongatd recumbente,
strigis colli supertoris, scapularibus, abdominisque lateribus fer-
rugineis, his albo strigatis ; pectore abdomineque medio albo ocu-
latim guttatis ; abdomine imo crissoque albescentibus, illo obscuré
fusco fasciato, hoc intensius brunneo notato.

Longitudo, 12 unc.

As the most interesting of the Fishes exhibited, Mr. Bennett
pointed out a new species of Scombresox, LaCép., which differs by
its less ample mouth, the number and direction of its teeth, and the
smaller extent of the bony plate behind those of the upper jaw from
the Cyclopterus Dentex, Pall. This he distinguished as the

ScoMBRESOX LEMURIDENS. Scomb. ore capitis dimidium latitu-
dine equante ; labiis crassis, inferiore utringue laté lobato ; den-

5

tibus incisoribus mazille superioris verticalibus, inferioris hori-
zontalibus, poné illas osse scabro utringue parvo.
D8s WAS. 1058.50 P25,

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico, Chiliam alluente.

In maxilla superiore dentes incisores approximati, elongati, sub-
zequales, (externis longitudine parum decrescentibus,) utrinque
tres; dein laniarius parvus discretus, quem sequitur alter minimus
dimotus: in maxilla inferiore dentes incisores utrinque tres, quo-
rum primus major, secundus minor, tertius minimus, omnes ap-
proximati ; dein laniarius parvus discretus, et ab hoc dimoti et inter
se discreti laniarii minimi tres.

An Agriopus, Cuv. and Val., from the same locality with the pre-
ceding fish, was shown to agree generally with the description pub-
lished by MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes of their Agr. Peruvianus ;
but a deviation occurred in the number of the fin-rays, those of the
spinous portion of the dorsal fin being one less in number; while of
the soft rays of the anal there were three more than in the species
referred to; the rays in the specimen exhibited being D. 43. A. yy.
It appears therefore probable that the seas of the western coast of
South America, like those of the Cape of Good Hope, are inhabited
by two species of Agriopus; but it was not deemed advisable to
characterize a second until an opportunity should occur for a satis-
factory comparison of specimens.

Various specimens of Syngnathi, obtained by Mr. Cuming in the
Atlantic Ocean, were regarded by Mr. Bennett, notwithstanding
some important differences in their proportions, as belonging to one
species, which he described as new to science, although nearly
allied to Syng. Acus, Linn. It may be thus characterized:

SyNGNATHUS FUCICOLA. Syng. pinnis pectoralibus, dorsali, anali,

caudalique preditus : rostro cylindrico, producto: scutis dorsa-
libus quatuordecim, preanalibus sedecim, caudalibus viginti sex :
corpore heptagono cauddque tetragond transversim pinnaque dor-
salt oblique nigrescenti fasciatis. D. 28. .

Fom. rostro truncoque brevioribus ; hoc latiore ; ventre (ovis ex-

clusis) haud carinato ; caudd longiore.

_A Syng. Acu differt occipite minus elevato ; fronte subzqualiter
declivi, orbitis parum elevatis; et presertim scutis longé pauci-
oribus.

Specimens were exhibited of several Stomapodous Crustacea, also
from the collection of Mr. Cuming, a collection extremely rich in
Crustacea, Mollusca, and other invertebrate animals inhabiting the
‘sea. A considerable portion of it was formed during a voyage in
the Southern Pacific Ocean undertaken by Mr. Cuming in a vessel
freighted by him for the express purpose of obtaining objects of
natural history. Among those now exhibited Mr. Owen pointed
‘out two new species, one of which belongs to that section of the
genus Sguil/a, Fabr., which is distinguished by the presence of
moveable spines at the extremity of the caudal segment, and like-
wise, as was particularly shown, by the first pair of pedipalpt being

6

unarmed, Of this section but one species had beén previously de-
scribed, the Squilla ciliata, Fabr., (Squilla stylifera, Lam.), a figure
of which has been engraved for the forthcoming Appendix contain-
ing the Zoology of Captain Beechey’s late ‘ Voyage to the South
Pacific,’ &c. The second species was described under the name of
Squilla spinifrons ; and in illustration of the distinctions between it
and the Fabrician species the following characters were read by
Mr. Owen:
* Antenne chelis breviores.

SQUILLA CILIATA, Fabr. Squil. pollice tridentato ; corpore supra,
preter segmentis natatoriis, levi ; rostro inermi ; segmento ultimo
superné 5-carinato.

Hab. Oahu.

** Antenne chelis longiores.

SQUILLA sPINIFRONS, Squil. pollice tridentato; corpore supra,
preter segmentis natatoriis, levi; rostro 3-spinoso; segmento
ultimo superné 11-carinato.

Hab. Valparaiso.

Mr. Cuming’s note affixed to the latter states that it was “‘ caught

by dredging in deep water, and by the fishermen’s lines.”

The other new species is referable to Gonodactylus, Latr., and is
nearly allied to Gon. Chiragra, Ejusd., for which the following
amended character was proposed by Mr. Owen with the view of
distinguishing it from Gon. ensiger.

GonopactyLus Cuiracra, Latr. Gon. pollice edentato, bast
eats gibbo, intis crenato; rostro 3-spinoso, spind intermedia
producta.

Long. 4 unc.

Hab. “in insula Erromanga Novarum Hebridum Oceani Pacifici,

ubi in foraminibus rupium se celat,” teste Dom. Georgio Bennett.

GoNODACTYLUS ENSIGER. Gon. pollice edentato, ensato, intis
acuto; rostro 3-spinoso, spina intermedia obsoletd.

Long. 6 unc.

Hab. Valparaiso.

Color flavus; chelarum cceruleus,

Preecedenti valdé affinis, presertim sculptur4 armaturaque seg-
mentorum ultimorum ; sed differt pollice ad basin non ventricoso,
ad marginem internum non crenato; spina rostri media non pro-
ducté; necnon magnitudine.

Mr. Cuming states that this is taken in the same manner as the
Squilla spinifrons.

Specimens were exhibited of several Humming Birds from Po-
payan, forming part of the collection of Mr. John Gould; and tlie
following characters, by Mr. George Loddiges, of four new species
were read.

TROCHILUS TYRIANTHINUS. Troch. capite supra dorsoque aureo-
viridibus ; guld splendenti saturaté viridi ; alis brunneo-fuscis ;
caudé subrotundatd, latissimd, aureo-purpured : rostro gracili,
brevissimo, recto.

Long. corporis, 4 unc. ; rostr?, 4 Jin.

ee

7

This bird differs from all the known species by its small bill, which
is much shorter than the head ; and by the rich golden-purple tail
composed of very broad feathers.

Trocuitus Euryprerus. Troch. supra fusco-viridis, subtis ci-
nereo viridique variegatus ; caudd rotundatéd, atro-aureo-viridi,
rectricibus lateralibus apice cinereis ; alis latissimis fusco-atris <
rostro brevi, recurvato, mandibuld inferiore alba.

Longitudo, 44 une.

TROCHILUS FLAVESCENS. T'roch, aureo~viridis ; capite guldque
splendenti aureo-smaragdinis ; caudd subfurcatd, albo-flave-
scenti, rectricibus lateralibus ad margines, mediisque totis aureo-
olivaceis ; alis atro-fuscis, subtis pallidé rufescentibus: rostro
mediocri, recto.

A species resembling Troch. rubineus, Auct., in its size, and
nearly allied to that bird. It differs, however, in the collar, which
is golden green, and in the tail-feathers, which are (with the ex-
ception of the middle pair,) yellowish white.

Trocaitus Goutnil. Troch. viridis ; jugulo pallidé smaragdino ;

caudd longissimd, forficatd, rectricibus rotundatis, exterioribus
42 uncialibus nigris, ad apices aureo-viridibus, medtis brevibus,
cateris gradatis aureo-viridi splendentibus; alis mediocribus ro-
tundatis : rostro parvo, recto.

Long. corporis, 2 unc. ; rostri, 34 lin.

The most remarkable feature in this elegant little bird is its long
and luminous green tail, in the form of which and in the arrange-
ment of the feathers it approaches the fire-tailed Humming- Bird,
Trochilus sparganurus, Shaw, and likewise the Nouna Koali of M.
Lesson’s ‘ Supplement,’ pl. 35. :

Preparations were exhibited of the stomach, and of the tongue,
larynx and trachea of a Jaguar, Felis Onga, Linn. They were ob-
tained from an individual which lately died at the Society’s Gar-
dens, respecting the dissection of which Mr. Martin read, at the re-

uest of the Chairman, the following notes.

“ The Jaguar which died a few weeks since was a full grown fe-
male, and although in height less than the Leopard, appeared more
muscular and strongly made. The length of the body, exclusive
of the tail, was 3 feet 2 inches; the tail measured 2 feet.

«The small clavicles which are found in the feline tribe in general,
were in the present instance barely 2 inches in length, simply im-
bedded in the muscles of the chest, and without any ligamentous

attachment either to the scapule or sternum.

«« The lungs consisted of three lobes on the left side, and four on
the right, of which the posterior was furnished with an appendix
or process, situated in a cavity or kind of inferior mediastinum hav-
ing its walls (which were incomplete on the right’ but complete on
the left side,) formed by a reflexion of the pleura passing from the
heart, the diaphragm constituting its base. This structure is, I be-
lieve, to be found in most Mammalia.

‘“« The immense volume of the chest, as contrasted with that of the

8 ’

abdominal cavity, was very striking, a circumstance which might
be considered as furnishing an index to the habits and vital energy
of this tribe of active and ferocious quadrupeds. On measuring the
length of the vena cava in the chest, it was found to be 4 inches.
The heart was of large size and rather fat ; the coronary veins were
found to terminate in the right auricle to the left side of the poste-
rior cava at its entrance.

“ The liver consisted of five lobes and a lobulus Spigelii. In the
middle lobe, a deep fissure cut quite through its substance for the
reception of the gall-bladder, the fundus of which appeared through
the fissure on the anterior surface of the lobe. The gall-bladder
was large and filled with green bile: the ductus choledochus, in
length 3 inches, terminated an inch below the pylorus, and just be-
low this again the duct of the pancreas.

‘* The pancreas was of considerable length, beginning about 5
inches below the stomach; passing on to the termination of the
ductus choledochus ; then leaving the duodenum and taking its course
over the posterior surface of the cardium, inclining backwards and
terminating at the posterior edge of the spleen. For some distance
before its termination it was found enveloped in omentum.

“ The kidneys were in length 3 inches, the pelvis of each large.
The supra-renal glands were compressed, triangular, and hollow ;
their texture firm and white, not unlike condensed fibrine. The left
emulgent vein received the spermatic of that side ; but the right
spermatic, which was much shorter, terminated in the vena cava.

‘* The stomach in shape was found to be very prolonged, lessening
gradually from the cardiac portion, but rather increasing again
before ending in the pylorus. Its length following the large curva-
ture was 2 feet, and the small intestines measured 13 feet 10 inches.
The cecum extended 3 inches from the termination of the small in-
testines, but was smaller in its circumference than the colun. The
large intestines measured 2+ feet.

« The tongue, flattened towards the tip and rounded there, ex-
hibited on its surface, for a considerable distance, a grove of horny
points arising from its papille and reflected backwards: these di-
minish in size and number as they proceed onwards, the base of the
tongue becoming quite smooth.

“ The distance trom the base of the tongue to the rzma glottidis
measured fully 3 inches ; and, as in the Lion, the posterior nares
were continued on by a canal which opened upon the vima glottidis,
a construction adapted perhaps for allowing freedom of breathing
during the gorging of food, and probably of use also in giving some
modification to the tone or character of voice.

“The ruge of the pharynx were slight and transverse.

‘¢ The os hyoides consisted of three portions, a body and two small
bones ; the body forming three sides of an oblong square, the angles
being rather rounded, and to these angles the two separate portions
of bone, of a semilunar shape, (having the indented edge external,)
were attached. The thyroid and cricoid cartilages were strong and
broad.

9

“©The rima glottidis presented a construction very similar to that
of the Lion, the slit being simple with its edges considerably pro-
duced; a form occasioned by the projection of the arytenoid car-
tilages, which in shape were found to be somewhat triangular, one
angle of each cartilage being placed anteriorly.

‘“¢ The thyroid gland consisted of two compressed disjoined lobes,
one on each side of the larynx, extending from the top of the first
ring as far down as the sixth or seventh.

“ The epiglottis was broad and acuminate.

“ The trachea consisted of thirty-four imperfect rings, and mea-
sured fully 3 inches in circumference ; the cartilaginous portion
making up but about two-thirds of the circle, and being very soft
and elastic. At the division of the trachea two large indurated
glands were situated.”

A preparation of the tongue, Jarynx and trachea of an Ocelot,
Felis Pardalis, Linn., having been placed on the table for compa-
rison with the preparation of the same parts in the Jaguar, Mr.
Martin pointed out the difference between them. He showed that
while in the Jaguar there intervenes between the base of the tongue
and the rima glottidis a distance of 3 inches, in the Ocelot the
rima and base of the tongue are in close proximity. In the Ocelot
the epzglottis is larger in proportion than in the Jaguar, is not so
acute, and has a slight indentation at the point: the rings of the
trachea are also firmer and more perfect than in the Jaguar; and
the edges of the rima glottidis do not protrude as in that animal and
in the Lion, The thyroid gland is double both in the Ocelot and
the Jaguar. At the commencement of the esophagus the mem-
brane is puckered up in the Ocelot into 2 number of irregular folds
crossing the stri@, which are there very slight and longitudinal so
as to form a kind of valve or obstruction : in the Jaguar on the con-
trary the strz@ are transverse, and there are no valve-like foldings
of the membrane between the pharynx and esophagus.

The following note by A. P. Palmedo, Esq., H. M. Consul in
Corsica, dated Bastia, Jan. 1832, was read. It was communicated
to the Committee by Mr. Barnard.

«There had been hitherto no instance in Corsica of Moufflons
breeding in a domesticated state, nor any of their coupling with
Sheep, though the flocks of the latter not rarely approach the high
regions of the Moufflon. General Merlin, the commanding officer
of Corsica, has now, however, not only a young Moufflon born of
two tame Moufflons in his possession, but also an offspring of the
same he-Mouffion and of a Ewe.”

10

January 24, 1832.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

' Specimens were exhibited of various Mammalia and Birds, col-
lected in Nepal by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. S., Bri-
tish Resident at Katmandoo. For this exhibition the Committee
was indebted to the kindness of Dr. N. Wallich, to whom the skins
had been transmitted by Mr. Hodgson.

The Mammalia included specimens of a new species of Felis, L.;
of two Antelopes, one the Chiru and the other new to science; and
of the wild Dog of Nepal. They were accompanied by coloured
figures, and, except in the instance of the latter, by accounts of the
several animals from the pen of Mr. Hodgson. These accounts
were read. -

The new species of Felis is described as the Moormi Cat, a name
derived from that of the tribe which inhabits the part of the hills in
which the animal was taken. It was entirely unknown to the na-
tives, and had consequently no local name. It may be thus cha-
racterized :

Feris Moormensis, Fel. caudd elongatd ; supra saturate badia,
infra pallidior ; auribus caudeque apice nigris ; mento albo ; fa-
ciet lateribus wittis flavescentibus nigro marginatis tribus notatis.

In size it is nearly intermediate between the larger and the
smaller Cats; but is more allied in its general form, proportions,
and aspect, to the former than to the latter, having in fact little re-
semblance to the smaller species of Felis, except in the shortness
of its nose and the agreeable expression of its countenance.

Its body is long and compressed; its legs short and not remark-
ably stout. The neck is short andthick. The head is of consider-
able breadth and depth; its crown flattened ; the nose straight,
short, and abrupt; the ears short, widely opened, and well lined
within, erect, rounded, and without tuft at the tip. The tail is
long, rounded, well and uniformly covered with hair, and slightly
tapering at its extremity.

The hinder legs are considerably longer than the anterior, and
are distinguished by the true pardine length of the femoral portion ;
indicating, like all other parts of the form of the animal, very great
agility. The jaws are very powerful, but the teeth are not remark-
able for superiority of size, and the front ones may even be said to
be small; they are close-set and compressed laterally except near
the extremities, where the lateral compression ceases and an ob-
lique truncation is observed both from without and within. The
moustaches are large and very stout; the bristles above the eyes are
only four or five, and are small. The expression of the face is
devoid of ferocity, and agreeable, approaching to that of the domestic
Cat. ¥

Il

The whole of the upper parts of the animal (except the ears, the
tip of the tail, and the marks on the face,) are of a uniform deep
rich brown-red or bay ; the ears and tip of the tail above are black;
and the marking on the face pale buff, edged with black. The
under surface is generally of the same colour with the upper, but
considerably paler ; the neck alone being nearly as dark below as
above. ‘The insides of the fore-limbs are paler than those of the
hinder, being whitish buff, and are, moreover, marked with several
transverse dusky bars: the paws are dusky, freckled with grey: the
upper lip pale buff with three parallel rows of black dots: the
moustaches black at the base and whitish buff at the tip: the lower
lip and chin white, as is also the inferior surface of the tip of the
tail: the insides of the ears are of the same colour with the under
surface generally, but paler, or buff.

The markings on the face which form so conspicuous a charac-
teristic of the animal were particularly described. There are three
principal marks on each side of the head ; one above the eye and
two behind the gape. Their general form is linear, and their ge-
neral direction longitudinal ; but the lines are not regular, neither
is their direction strictly lengthwise, the two proceeding from be-
hind the gape almost to the angle of the jaw, though in general
nearly parallel to each other, tending to approximate behind; and
the one above either eye being rather arched above the middle of
the orbit. From the latter lines, too, two shorter lines are given off
obliquely as they approach the openings of the ears. The middle
and larger portion of al] these marks is whitish buff; the marginal
portion surrounding them entirely is black.

The eyes are of a freckled greenish hue like those of the domestic
Cat, and below them is a dash of whitish buff. The nose is fleshy
white. The nails are black.

_ The dimensions are as follow:

ft. in.
Length of the body from the tip of the nose to the in-

Beer SOE UML. Se ae. 1 heb ot am wrane api 2 2 7
ener of the head ... - sing «ip weemt)- »s imieh nieiatepe. olsir 0 64
from the nape to the eyes..............-- O 42
eyes to the snout.,...........005 O 23

OE MNE CU. cet ake lastepiet «sir eld «<i 2: MAE

— fore-leg to the line of the belly .... 0 11
————_———- hinder ditto ditto .......... 113

Beeweht at the Shoulder ; 5)... sje moar «jae 2m msi edse mis overs 1,
Benet OL ENE OOLB..). .\. neineeblaenbt-> Ran > <bO09 oe O 22

__ The only specimen of this species which Mr. Hodgson has been
able to procure was a fine mature male sent to him alive, about two
years back, by the Prime Minister of Nepal: it was accompanied
by an intimation that the animal presented to him was the first of
the kind ever taken, the people of the country having been by its
capture first apprised of its existence in Nepal. It was caught in a
tree by some hunters in the midst of an exceedingly dense forest,

12

situated in about the latitude of the great valley: the Aabitat of the
species may therefore be presumed to be the central part of these
mountains, or that portion which lies equidistant from the snows
of the Himalaya and the hot plains of Hindoostan. Though only
just taken when it was brought to Mr. Hodgson, it bore confinement
very tranquilly, and gave evident signs of a tractable disposition and
cheerful unsuspicious temper ; so much so as to convince that gen-
tleman that a judicious attempt at taming it must succeed. None
such, however, was made; and when the animal, after six months
confinement, died of disease, it was still, of course, unreclaimed from
its wild state of manners and temper; in which state it manifested
considerable ferocity and high courage, the approach to its cage of
the huge Bhoteah Dog exciting in it symptoms of wrath only—none
of fear.

In a note appended to his description of this second new species
of Felis from Nepal, Mr. Hodgson refers to that of the Fel. Nepa-
lensis published by Messrs. Horsfield and Vigors in the ‘ Zoological
Journal,’ vol.iv. p.383. The ground-colour of this latter animal is
there described as ‘‘ grey, with a very slight admixture of tawny ;”
whereas in five specimens possessed by Mr, Hodgson the tawny
prevails over the grey to such an extent that the tawny should be
regarded as the ground-colour in the mature animal of both sexes.
One adult male is almost as brightly tinted as a Leopard: the fe-
males are paler than the males. He adds that the common species
of wild Cat is frequently met with in Nepél of the fullest European
size, and so like to the Occidental type as not even to constitute a
variety.

The new species of Antelope is distinguished by Mr. Hodgson as
the Bubaline Antelope.

ANTILOPE BuBatina. Ant. cervice jubatd; cornubus brevibus,
conicis, recurvis, sulcatis, annulatisque ; supra nigra, ad latera
saturate fulvo intermizta.

«« This remarkable species is entirely devoid of the characteristic
elegance of the genus to which it belongs. It is a large, coarse,
heavy animal, with bristly thin-set hair, not unlike that of the
Buffalo. The body is short and thick; the chest deep ; the neck,
short and straight; the head coarse and spiritless, though not re-
markably large; the eye, poor; the limbs (for an Antelope) thick
and short ; and the hoofs short and compact. The general form,
proportions and attitudes, the style and character of the ears, the
hoofs, the hair, and, more especially, of the testes and mane, belong
rather to the Goat- than to the Deer-kind. So likewise do the man-
ners of the animal, which dispose it to solitude and to mountainous
situations. It is seldom found in herds, however small; and the
grown males usually live entirely alone, except during the breeding
season. Of all the Deers or Antelopes of these hills it is the most
common. It tenants the central region equidistant from the snows
on the one hand, and the plains of India on the other ; and though
it be found everywhere, within that central space, between the Sut-

ae

13

lege on the west, and the Teesta on the east, it is more frequent in
the eastern than in the western half of the tract so defined, or in
Nepal Proper. The female is scarcely distinguishable from the male,
by her somewhat inferior size, smaller horns, and rather paler co-
lours ; being, in every other respect, precisely like him,

« The mature male measures, from the tip of the nose to the end
of the tail, fully 5 feet ; and stands upwards of 3 feet at the shoulder.
In his ordinary quiescent attitude all the four legs are perfectly
upright ; the back horizontal; the neck slightly raised and straight :
and we look in vain for the gracefully bowed neck of the Antelope
and Deer, or the taper stooping hinder limbs with which they seem
ever ready to bound from the earth, upon which they scarcely ap-
pear to tread at all.

* The horns, in the fully grown male, are annulated more than
two-thirds of their whole length from the base; and in such males
the terminal third is perfectly smooth and polished. The rings are
closely set, equally prominent all round, and blunt-edged ; and
their continuity is broken by a numerous series of irregular longi-
tudinal grooves running from the base upwards as far as the annu-
lations, which they cut, and even higher. In young animals the
grooving extends almost to the tips of the horns ; whereas the an-
nulation is confined nearly to their bases. ‘The core of the horns
reaches almost to their extremities. The basal interval of the horns
is from 3ths of an inch to 3ths: the divergency at the tips, very
inconsiderable: the arcuation backwards, uniform and well defined.
The horns are quite round, short, (as short almost as the ears,) and
acute.

‘«‘ The ears are very large and coarse, erect, not much opened,
the insides well lined with long soft hair, the tips rather sharp and
not tufted.

‘«‘ The head is (as already noted) not inelegantly large, though
coarse, and expressionless ; its tapering is considerable and uniform
to the muzzle: the eye (for an Antelope) is poor and mean; the
suborbital szmuses are quite round, small, distinct and naked ; the
testes goat-like, large, pendent, and hairy; the hoofs short, firm,
and thick; the teeth devoid of peculiar characters ; the hair coarse,
bristly, straight, sparely set on, and closely applied to the skin ;
the entire dorsal surface of the neck, and half the shoulders, fur-
nished with a semi-erect, straight mane, composed of bristles rather
longer and stouter than those covering the rest of the body ; in cha-
racter goat- or rather hog-like ; no mane on the pectoral surface of

_ the neck, nor any semblance of beard on the chin; the tail short,

narrow, and deer-like.

“ With regard to the colours, there is, in this species, some little
variation independent of that caused by sex and age. The follow-
ing is, however, an adequate description of the mature male in this
respect.

* The whole superior parts of the animal, and the neck, below as
well as above, are pure black: the lateral parts are black, largely

mixed with earthy brown red, but the latter colour prevails greatly

14

over the former on the limbs above the knees. The inferior parts,
insides of the limbs, and entire legs below the knees, as well as the
insides of the ears and the muzzle, are dirty white. The outsides
of the ears are black, like the rest of the superior surface, but dotted
with the brown-red of the flanks: the periophthalmic region nearly
naked and of an earthy red mixed with grey ; round the sinuses the
same : érides brown-red: horns and hoofs black: naked skin of
the nose, the same.

«In the female, the black of the superior parts is less full than in
the male and sometimes mixed with grey. In her, too, and in the
young male, the parts above described as white are sprinkled often
' with the red prevailing on the parts next to them: and, lastly, the
belly is not immaculate white but has a black sprinkling.

«The female has four teats.

« The Nepalese call this animal the Thar. The chase of it is a
favourite diversion with the Gooroong tribes especially, who usually
kill it with poisoned arrows. It is not speedy, as might be inferred
from what has been said of its make. Its flesh is very coarse and
bad: but there is plenty of it, and these mountaineers, who are apt
to look to the quantity more than the quality of such flesh as a
Hindoo Government deems licit food for them, prize the Tha? very
highly, and hunt him very eagerly.

‘«¢ The following are the size and dimensions of a fine mature
male.

ft. in.
Length of the body, from the setting on of the horns
to the root Of ther@all’. 02... vicscncecesdnees 4 12
Se of the head ee ae daccepe cee eer ees
of the tail (flesh only)......... wp ate erate 0 34
to the end of the hair........ PT bet
Height at the shoulder ...... aieiha'w's » = ithe 6 svalen eee pee |
Depth of the chest.......... Neat Aili Aa Ct: =
Height of the fore-leg to the line of the chest ...... 1 93
Mame SrIPcEy OF URE ORE, on cis'o'e wrele acs ale nee «5 oe ee the:
— OY CONT nce cs sine he as a aiae nee “Bebe
ROPE CUNGL Wile (GHEE es See oe cea the wee a spre an aaa Aas elie fs
of the horns (in a straight line)............ 0 8
peel AIMEPLCT OL: MIEGO ws. 3 oa. >a tus wie'> 'a.p ace cere 0 12
Pana TET VIALE OlECO soc 2 ke ek ews te catene can 0 03”

. Of Mr. Hodgson’s account of the Chiru Antelope, Antilope Hodg-
sonii, Abel, a full abstract has already been published in the ‘ Pro-
ceedings,’ Part I., p.52. He has had opportunities of examining
carefully three individuals. One of these, which he possessed alive,
furnished materials for the description originally given. The second
was a very old male, noticed at p. 54, in which the ruddy hue of the
upper surface had merged almost into hoary grey on the neck, the
back of the head, the ears, and the buttocks. In this individual the
stripes extended down the whole of the legs as far as the hoofs,
The third specimen, a young male or a female ?, had the legs simi-

15

larly striped with the second ; and its forehead and the fronts of its
limbs were much less darkened than in either of the others.

It should be added that the fleshy tumour on the margin of the
nostrils is covered with hair like the rest of the head; and that the
suborbital sinuses appear, on closer examination, to be wanting.

In illustration of the history of the nomenclature of the species
Dr. Wallich forwarded a note addressed to himself by the late Dr.
Clarke Abel, in which that gentleman stated his intention of dedi-
cating it to its discoverer, an intention which he subsequently car-
ried into effect.

The skin of the wild Dog of Nepal was compared by Col. Sykes
with a specimen of the Kolsun of the Mahrattas, recently described
by him in the ‘Proceedings’ (Part I., p. 100) under the name of
Canis Dukhunensis. Ue stated his impression to be, that the ani-
mals are identical, differing only by the denser coat and more woolly
feet of the Nepal race, a difference readily accounted for by the
greater cold of the elevated regions inhabited by it. He declined;
however, pronouncing a decided opinion, which, he thought, could
only be arrived at by more extensive comparison and by a full ac-
quaintance with the habits of the wld Dog of Nepal.

_ Among the Birds contained in Mr. Hodgson’s collection was
exhibited a specimen of the Hematornis undulatus, a species de-
scribed in the First Part of the ‘Proceedings’ of the Committee,
p- 170, and figured in Mr. Gould’s ‘Century of Birds.’ The spe-
cimen agreed accurately with that which had been previously ex-
hibited to the Committee except in size; the present specimen

‘being about one third larger. From this difference in size it was

conjectured to be a female. Specimens were also in the collection
of the Myophonus Temminckiz, the difference between which species
and the Myophonus flavirostris (metallicus, Temm.) had been pointed
out in the same Part of the ‘Proceedings’, p.171. The separation
of the two species was thus further justified by the accurate accord-
ance of several specimens of the Nepalese bird, in those characters
which separated them from the Archipelagan species. A specimen
of Zoothera monticola was also included in the exhibition, which
deviated in no respect from that already described in the ‘ Proceed-
ings’, p. 172, and figured by Mr. Gould.

An interesting species of Hornbill, which had been described by
Mr. Hodgson in the ‘ Asiatic Researches’, vol. xvii. p. 178, but
which had never before been seen in Europe, accompanied the
former birds. Its characters are as follows:

Bucrros NepAtensts, Hodgson. Buc. ater, dorso alisque viridi-
splendentibus ; remigibus tertid ad septimam inclusam, rectrici-
busque ad apices albis ; rostro albo, mandibuld superiori strigis
sex latis atris obliqué positis notatd.

- Jun. capite, collo, abdomineque rufo-brunneis ; rostro albo haud
notato.

Longitudo corporis, 39 unc. ; rostri, 73; ale a carpo ad apicem

Temigis 5te, 153; tarsi, 24; caud@, 173.

16

Among some drawings of this species which accompanied the

collection, one was observed in which the tail was elevated in the
same manner, although not to the same extent, as in the Zoucans
of South America when at rest. Mr. Vigors called the attention of
the Committee to this peculiarity in the Toucans, which he had as-
certained from a living bird in his own collection, and which he de-
scribed in the ‘ Zoological Journal’, vol. ii. p. 480, pl. xv. And-he
dwelt on the additional proof thus afforded of affinity between these
two families of the Old and New World, which are equally allied
by the most important characters of their structure.
_ A male and female Pheasant were also exhibited from the col-
lection which appeared to be the species described by Dr. Latham
under the name of Phasianus leucomelanos, (Ind. Orn _ ii. 633.)
Mr. Vigors pointed out the difference between this species and the
Phasianus albo-cristatus, which he had described in the First Part of
the ‘ Proceedings’, p.9. This difference consisted in the deep black
colour of the crest in the Phas. leucomelanos ; in the lanceolated
feathers of the under part of the body extending no further than
the breast ; and in the plumes of the lower part of the back being
doubly fasciated, by a slender violet-black band in the first instance
near the apex, and secondly by a slender white apical band. In
the Phas. albo-cristatus, on the contrary, the crest is white with a
somewhat dusky base; the lanceolated feathers on the under body
extend over the abdomen; and the feathers on the lower part of
the back are fasciated with one rather broad white apical band;
without any vestige of the black violet markings observed in the
other species. Mr. Vigors added that these two species, together
with the Phas. lineatus of Dr. Latham, exhibited to the Committee
on the 11th Jan. of last year, and described in the ‘ Proceedings’
of that date, p. 24, as well as the fire-backed Pheasant, Phasianus
ignitus, Lath., formed a group among the Pheasants, which appeared
intermediate between the typical birds of that family and the genus
Gallus, or Jungle Fowl. This group, distinguished by their crests,
and by the tail partaking equally of the elevated character of that
of the Jungle Fowl, and the recumbent character of that of the
Pheasant, had been set apart by MM. Temminck and Cuvier under
the name of Houppiferes, and by the former naturalist under the
scientific name of Euplocamus.

The only species apparently undescribed in the collection was

the following Pigeon, which Mr. Vigors expressed his pleasure in _
having it in his power to dedicate to the enterprising and scientific

discoverer.

CotumBa Hopesonu. Col. capite colloque pallidé, dorso cris-
soque intensius vinaceo-griseis ; alis, regione interscapulari, abdo=
mineque vinaceo-brunneis, hoc albo variegato ; scapularibus albo
guttatis ; nuchd vinaceo-brunneo notata ; remigibus rectricibus-
que, his intensius, fuscis; guld albescenti-grised ; pedibus satu-
raté ceruleis, unguibus flavis.

Longitudo corporis, 15 unc.

17

A specimen was exhibited of the Birgus Latro, Leach, which had
recently been presented to the Society by Mr. J. P. Vaughan ; and
Mr. Owen referred to the curious statement made by Herbst, that
this Crab climbs trees for the purpose of stealing cocoa-nuls ; a
statement partially confirmed by the fact recorded by MM. Quoy
and Gaimard, that individuals of this species were fed by them for
many months on cocoa-nuts alone. Amore ample confirmation, he
remarked, was furnished by some observations communicated to
him by Mr. Cuming, whose fine collection of Crustacea contained
several specimens obtained in the islands of the South Pacific.
*« They climb,”” Mr. Cuming states, ‘a species of Palm, (Panda-
nus odoratissimus,) and eat a small kind of cocoa-nut that grows
thereon. They live at the roots of trees, and not in holes in the
rocks; and are a favourite food of the natives.”

_ Mr. Owen subsequently reported the morbid appearances ob-
served on the post mortem examination of the Mandrill, Cynoce-
phalus Maimon, which recently died at the Society’s Gardens.
_ The animal was convulsed at different periods before death, and
was in the act of acquiring its permanent teeth,— a critical period
to the Quadrumana, and especially to those in which the laniary
teeth are large. The following was the state of its dentition. In
the upper jaw, the four permanent incisors were acquired, or had
passed through the gum ; the point of the left laniary had also ap-
peared, but the right was still concealed, though it had protruded
from the jaw: both the temporary incisors and laniaries in this jaw
had been shed. In the lower jaw, the four permanent incisors had
also been acquired, and close to them were the temporary laniaries,
not yet shed ; half'an inch behind these were the permanent laniaries
about one third advanced through the gums, and their points worn
or broken.

There existed no inflammation or disease in the brain or its mem-
branes. :
_ In the abdomen there was a slight inflammation or congestion in
the first part of the small intestines. The mesenteric glands were
- not diseased, but a small scrofulous cyst was found in the omentum.
In the chest, the right lung was healthy ; the left gorged with

bloody serum, partially hepatized, and having a large scrofulous
_ wvomica at the lower part. The whole of this lung was firmly adhe-

rent to the parietes of the chest, except at the upper part; where
_ there was more recently effused lymph. The heart and pericar-
_ dium were firmly adherent, and there was much recently effused
Bah about the great vessels. Near the base of the right ventricle
and on its external surface there was a small ulcer, The kidneys
re not diseased, but appeared to be unusually loaded with blood,
_ their tubular part being of a dark venous hue, It seemed, therefore
_ probable, that on account of the impeded respirationand the checked
_ cutaneous exhalation the actions of these glands had increased. The
bladder was much distended. ;

18

February 14, 1832.
Dr. Such in the Chair.

The Monkey described at p. 105 of the First Part of the ¢Pro-
ceedings’ of the Committee, under the name of Semnopithecus? al-
bogularis, having died, it was placed upon the table; and Colonel
Sykes remarked that notwithstanding its large facial angle, nearly
equal incisors, very small callosities, mild disposition, and gravity
of manner, which had induced him to class it provisionaily with the
Semnopitheci, its more essential anatomical characters were those of
the genus Cercopithecus. The posterior molar tooth of the lower
jaw has only the four tubercles characteristic of that genus, without
any prolongation backwards; and the cheek-pouches, although not
very large, are distinct and capable of moderate dilatation. For
these reasons, and to avoid the inconvenience resulting from the
too great multiplication of genera, he preferred considering it as a
species of Cercopithecus. The peculiarities above noticed indicate,
however, a remarkable transition between the African and Indian
groups of Monkeys in an animal believed to have been brought from
an intermediate locality, the island of Madagascar. To the Lemu-
rine groups hitherto supposed to be the exclusive quadrumanous
inhabitants of that island, it approaches in the great development
of its canines, which form fangs of a large size, and have their pos-
‘terior edge acutely angular, and as sharp as that of a knife.

Its admeasurements are as follows:

: ft. in.
Length of the head and body taken in a straight line 1 9f
-— TRG EON Oe. Jn -aninin= eee wes eee eee
the muzzle anterior to the eyes...,..... . Ob
the fore-leg from the axilla to the end of
the longest finger............ Seles, CAS 8 ING sh peg
the hind-leg to ditto... .....-......6. st?
the thumb of the anterior hands in its free’
portion, ai. Diss 6504 19.918 BY PHS caf TNO! oe 0 02
Diameter of callosities when exposed by the separa-
tion of the hairs.!).. -fqiidl, DPPE? Case a4 o7ge 0 13

The general appearance of the animal is massive and thick-set,
and the limbs, especially the anterior, are strong and muscular, On
the body the hairs are close-set and measure generally from 2
to 3 inches in length; they are for the most part soft and ad-
pressed; on the fore-limbs they are more rigid, and become gra-
dually shorter as they approach the hands.

Mr. Owen read the following notes on the Anatomy of the Cerco-
pithecus albogularis, Sykes.

et ew ee ed

19

* The anatomical examination of this new species did not bring
to light any remarkable deviations from the ordinary structure of
the Cercopitheci ; in which, as in the Baboons, the most interesting
circumstances are those which indicate the departure from the hu-
man type and the approximation to the carnivorous genera, e. g.
the genus Canis. Among these may be noticed the extension of the
superior or lesser cornua of the os hyoides, and the muscles which
cennect them to the greater ; the projecting ridge on the thyroid
cartilage for the attachment of the thyreo-hyoide:; the bone deve-
loped at the extremity of the penis; the uniform character of the
lining membrane of the intestinal canal ; the simple cecum, and its
loose mode of attachment to the abdominal parietes; the order
of origin of the large arteries from the aortic arch; the great extent

- of the inferior cava in the thorax; the additional lobe to the right

lung ; the additional lobe to the liver; and the simple composition
of the kidneys. It is less necessary to notice the remarkable deve-
lopment of the /aniarii in some of these species, as this circumstance,

together with their projecting orbits and receding forehead, has

procured for them from the most remote periods of natural history
an appellation characteristic of the relation above alluded to.

«« The abdominal viscera of this Monkey were enveloped in a large
omentum, extending to the pubes, and, as it were, tucked in at the
iliac and lumbar regions ; it was streaked with fat of a bright yellow
colour ; the line of adhesion was to the stomach and transverse
colon, to the ascending portion of the colon, and as low down as
the cecum. The stomach had nothing of a sacculated appearance,
as found by Dr. Otto in a species ot Semnopithecus ?, but the left
blind extremity was more considerable than in the Macaci and
Cynocephali, the esophagus entering at an equal distance from the
two extremities. I have observed the same circumstance in Cerco-
pithecus fuliginosus, The pyloric end lay immediately below the gall-
bladder, and had in consequence a deep circumscribed yellow stain.
‘The duodenum has the same short course as in the Mandrill, and
becomes a loose intestine as soon as it has crossed the spine. The
cecum and ascending arch of the colon have an entire investment of
peritoneum, and are consequently more loosely attached tothe parietes
of the abdomen than in the human subject. At the commencement of
the transverse arch the colon is connected with the duodenum; it ter-
minates in a considerable sigmoid flexion on the left side of the abdo-
men, The cecum is puckered up by four longitudinal muscular bands,
of which one terminates at the entry of the z/ium, and the other three
are continued on to the colon. The interior of the jejunum presented

-asingular appearance from numerous minute black spots, not unlike

the skin of a Sepia; when viewed through the microscope they
were found to be situated at the extremities of the villi, which are
very minute and disposed in delicate zig-zag lines ; the black points
disappeared on sponging the surface three or four times. In the
Omentum was found, what rarely occurs in Quadrumana, viz., a cyst
containing the Cysticercus tenutcollis of Rudolphi; differing only in

_ its smaller size from those of the sheep and other ruminants. -

20

«« The liver was composed of four lobes; the cystic lobe, or that
containing the gall-bladder, being the third from the right. The
gall-bladder was of an elongated form, and the cystic duct tortuous
at the commencement, as in most Quadrumuna. The spleen was
2 inches long and broadest at the lower part.

‘¢ The viscera of the chest were as in the Mandrill.

“The larynx was as usual in Cercopitheci and Macaci, viz. with
two wide lateral saccult, and a middle pouch continued forwards
between the os hyoides and thyroid cartilage, and extending about
3 inches under the skin of the neck. The aperture by which it
communicated with the /arynz was large enough to admit the little
finger. The epiglottis was of a rhomboid form, with two small la-
teral processes, and an apex slightly notched.

“«« The tongue was characterized by three fossulate papille placed
in a triangle, the apex towards the epiglotiis. In Macact | have
found four of these papille similarly disposed, the apex being formed
by two placed close together.

«No structural disorganization was met with in this dissection.
Abundance of bright yellow-coloured fat was found in different
parts of the body.”

A specimen was exhibited of a Lemuridous animal, recently pre-
sented to the Society by C. Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. 5S. It
was shown by Mr. Bennett to possess characters differing to so great
an extent from those of the previously known genera of the family
to which it belongs, as to require its separation from them as the
type ofa new group, to which he gave the name of

PRoPITHECUS,

Rostrum mediocre.

Scelides antipedibus longiores.

Index abbreviatus.

Cauda longa, pilosa.

Dentes primores 4: superiores coronidem versus lateraliter anticé
expansi, ideoque ad coronidem approximati, subseriati; inferi-
ores approximati, proclives, externo utrinque majore : laniarii,
4, +: molares ; superiorum priores 2 cuspidati, 3tius
elongatus, externé 2-tuberculatus, 4tus precedenti similis

; inferiorum primus 1-cuspidatus, 2dus 3tiusque pluri-
tuberculati ——.

PropitHecus Diapema. Prop. dorso cinerascenti ; artubus,
prymna, caudd, fascidque frontali albis, illis fulvo tinctis ; ver-
tice, nuchd, manibusque nigris.

Hab. Madagascar.

The face is nearly naked, with short blackish hairs about the lips,
and equally short yellowish white hairs in front of the eyes. Above
the eyes the long, silky, waved, and thickly set hairs which cover the
body commence by a band of yellowish white crossing the front and
passing beneath the ears to the throat. This is succeeded by black
extending over the back of the head and neck; but becoming

ee

21

freely intermingled with white on the shoulders and sides, the white
gradually increasing backwards so as to render the loins only
slightly grizzled with black. At the root of the tail the colour is
fulvous, which gradually disappears until the extreme half of the
tail is white with a slight tinge of yellow. The outer side of the
anterior limbs is at the upper part of the slaty grey of the sides,
below which it is pale fulvous; the hands are black, with the ex-
ception of tufts of long fulvous hairs at the extremities of the thumb
and fingers, extending beyond and covering the nails. The outer -
sides of the hinder limbs, after receiving a tinge of fulvous from the
colour surrounding the root of the tail, are of a paler fulvous than
the anterior limbs: this becomes much deeper on the hands, which
are fulvous except on the fingers, where there is a very considerable
intermixture of black, the terminal tufts, equally long with those
of the anterior hands, being, as in them, fulvous, The under-sur-
face is*white throughout, with the exception of the hinder part of
the throat, where it is of the same colour with the sides of the body.

The hairs are generally long, silky, waved, erect, and glossy.
On the crupper they are shorter and more dense, offering a sort of
woolly resistance. On the tail they have the general character of
those of the body, but are considerably shorter.

On the anterior hands the thumb is slender; it is placed far back,
and is extremely free ; its lengthis 14 inch, the extremity of its pen-
ultimate phalanx ranging slightly beyond the end of the metacar-
pal bone of the index. The zndex is 14 inch in length; its extre~
mity ranges with the middle of the penultimate phalanz of the se-
cond finger : the length of the second finger is 3 inches: that of the
— finger is 34. The length of the carpus and metacarpus is 2
inches.

On the hinder hands the thumb is very strong, placed forwards
and ranging with the fingers: it is 2 inches long: the zndex is 23
- inches, the pointed nail extending 2 an inch beyond: the length of
the 2d finger is 3: of the tarsus and metatarsus 3 inches. ~

The length of the body and head, measured in a straight line, is
1 foot 9 inches; of the tail, 1 foot 5 inches. The anterior limbs,
_ exclusive of the hands, measure 7 inches in length from the body ;
the posterior, 154. 1
_ The muzzle is shorter than in the Lemurs generally ; the distance
from the anterior angle of the orbit to the tip of the nose (Ji inch)
being equal tu that between the eyes.

| The ears are concealed within the fur. They are of a rounded
form. Their length is 1 inch; their breadth 13.
- From Lemur, the genus to which it most nearly approaches, Pro-
pithecus is essentially distinguished by the number and form of its
teeth, and especially by the form of the incisors of the upper jaw,
which constitute apparently a regular series, astructure unknown in
any other Lemuridous animal. This difference, striking as it is, is how-
ever more of an apparent than a real deviation from the type of the
family, inasmuch as a tendency to dilate laterally towards their
cutting edges is observed in the upper incisors of Lemur, and it is

22

only the extreme development of this dilatation that gives to the
teeth of Propithecus a peculiarity of character rather resembling at
first sight that of the Monkeys than the Lemurs. The number of the
incisors of the lower jaw differs from that of Lemur, but occurs in
another genus, Indri: and it may be remarked, that in Propithecus,
as in Indri, the canine teeth of the lower jaw Close behind those of
the upper,—a remark which tends to invalidate an opinion expressed
by M. Geoffroy-Saint- Hilaire, that the outer of the six incisors of
the lower jaw ought rather to be regarded as canine teeth, the usual
position of the lower canines when the mouth is closed being ante-
rior to the upper. The number of the false molars in Propithecus
is one less in each jaw than in Lemur, and they are less smooth and
not so acutely triangular; the second in the upper jaw being in fact
somewhat tuberculate on its outer edge, and forming, as it were, a,
transition from the false to the true molars between which it is
placed, The posterior molars were not examined.

The external characters by which it is distinguished from Lemur
are its shorter muzzle, terminated by more approximate nostrils,
the upper margin of which appears to be only slightly lobulated :
its rounded ears: the marked disproportion in length between its
hinder and anterior extremities: the greater length of its hands,
especially of the anterior: the shortness of its anterior thumb, which
is also placed much further back: the marked abbreviation of the
anterior index: the development and power of the hinder thumb,
which is nearly an equal opponent to the whole of the fingers : and
the comparative shortness of the hairs by which the tail is covered.

Mr. Bennett concluded by expressing his regret that no particu-
lars respecting the habits of this interesting addition to our cata-
logues of Mammalia were known to him. He trusted, however, that
the zealous correspondent by whom it was presented to the Society,
and to whose liberality the Society is so deeply indebted, would at.
an early period obtain the requisite information, by inquiries in the
district of Madagascar in which it is found, and where it is stated
to be rare.

Colonel Sykes took occasion to add the Viverra Rasse, Horsf., to
his Catalogue of the Mammalia of Dukhun, the two specimens ex-
hibited to the Committee, which he had hitherto regarded as va-
rieties of the Viv. Indica, Geofl., having been pronounced by Dr.
Horsfield to be the Viv. Indica and Viv. Rasse. The habitat of the
former is in the woods of the western Ghauis; the latter is found
in the table land eastward of the Ghauts.

Dr. Horsfield furnished the following account of the differences
between the two animals. In Viv. Rasse the colour is grey, incli-
ning to tawny or dark fulvous; the form is lengthened and slender;
the ears are short and suddenly rounded, baving somewhat the ap~
pearance of being artificially clipped off ; the dorsal lines are eight
in number, broad and distinct ; and the Jateral lines obscure, inter-
rupted and consisting of separate spots. In Viv. Indica the colour
is light grey inclining to yellow; the form is lengthened and slen-

Pe ee eee

23

der, but with the character of length of body and neck existing in
a greater degree than in Viv. Rasse ; the ears are of moderate length
and suberect ; the dorsal lines are narrow, the superior eight con-
tinuous; and the lateral lines resemble those on the back, and are
tolerably distinct aad subcontinuous, Dr. Horsfield added, that not
having been acquainted with the Viv. Indica at the time when he
wrote the account of the Vv. Rasse in his ‘ Zoological Researches
in Java,’ he now found it necessary to modify the specific character
of the latter, which he contrasted with that of Viv. Jndica in the fol-
lowing terms: ;

Viverra Rasse. Viv. griseo,fulvescens; auriculis approximatis
rotundatis subabbreviatis ; dorso lineis longitudinalibus octo latis
nigricantibus saturatis ; lateribus utringue Lineis tribus interruptis
obscuris ; pedibus concoloribus fuscis ; pilis corporis caudeque
attenuate rigidiusculis. j

Viverra Inpica, Viv. isabellino-grisea ; auriculis erectis sub-
elongatis ; dorso lineis longitudinalibus octo angustis nigricanti-
bus ; lateribus utrinque lineis tribus subcontinuts.

In illustration of the confusion prevailing between the two spe-
cies, Dr. Horsfield referred to a note at p. 210 of M. Desmarest’s
‘Mammalogie’, where an animal preserved in the Paris Museum
under the name of petite Civette de Java (in all probability the Vv.

_ Rasse) is suspected to be the young of Viv. Indica ; and to Fischer’s

_ © Synopsis Mammalium’, where the name of Viv. Indica is accompa-

_ nied by the characters of Viv. Rasse, as given in the ‘ Zoological

_ Researches in Java’, the two animals being combined. The same
__unionof the two species occurs in M. Lesson’s ‘ Manuel de Mam-
~ malogie’.

_ Mr. Owen subsequently read the following notes on a malforma-

tion of the beak of Pstttacus Erithacus, L.
_...« This bird was stated to have a double beak ; but the malforma-
_ tion consists essentially in the separation of some of the upper horny
lamine from the remainder of the superior mandible, leaving an in-
terval of about 2 lines between the separated portions. ‘The vertical
diameter of the detached /amine is about 2 lines, that of the re-
mainder of the mandible at. the widest part, 6 lines, which is less by
_ 2iines than in the natural state, and shows that the detached horn-
_ like process is not to be considered a superaddition. This is also
itested by the form of the upper surface of the inferior portion,
h, instead of being rounded and convex as in the natural state,
_ presents a groove corresponding to the size of the detached process
above... The latter, on the contrary, has a smooth convex upper
surface such as the upper mandible usually presents. A further

ww
.

wont oes

portions to belong to one mandible, is the same as in the ordinary
beaks of this species ; for they are placed exactly in the interval of
the separated portions, and consequently about 2 lines from the

e.

‘upper margin of the mandible that would result from the union ;

24

whereas if the inferior portion had represented a perfect mandible
and the superior projecting process a horny excrescence, we ought
to have had the nostrils situated about 2 lines lower than they actually
are in the malformed specimen.

‘‘ The detached process extends nearly to the extremity of the
upper mandible, but is turned a little to the right side. It appears
neither to be hurtful nor inconvenient to the bird, which uses its
beak in the ordinary way.

‘*‘ As this process is not liable to have its growth checked by at-
trition, I inquired if it ever attained inordinate growth, so as to
require cutting, but was told that it had never grown beyond its
present size. ©

«The bird which exhibits this singular Jusus nature is in the pos-
session of Captain Owen, who brought it from Africa, Mrs. Owen,
to whose politeness Mr. Vigors and myself are indebted for an ex-
amination of the bird, informed us that the original vendor, a negro,
on being questioned, denied that any artificial means had been em-
ployed to produce the appearance. It was at that time a young
bird, and is now six years old. It possesses the usual good temper
and tractability of its species, which renders it such a general fa-
vourite among the negroes and so much in request in Europe.

‘*‘ Although this malformation is of a simple kind, being rather
per situm mutatum, than per excessum, yet there are not wanting in-
stances of a complete and well-formed upper mandible being super-
added and situated above the ordinary one, of which there is an
example in the head of a Vulture preserved in the Museum of the
Royal College of Surgeons.”

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. William Daniell, R.A., ex-
hibited numerous drawings of Antelopes made by his brother from
living animals in his different journeys in Africa. He added, that he
was induced to bring them before the Committee by his desire to
publish engravings of twenty of the species under the patronage of
the Society ; and briefly explained the terms on which he proposed
to submit them to the public, commencing the work as soon as two
hundred copies shall have been subscribed for. Mr. Daniell also
exhibited drawings of the male and female fire-backed Pheasant,
(Phasianus ignitus, Lath.), which had been made by his brother
in the native place of these birds. The male was observed to possess
two elongated middle tail feathers, of a white colour with a black tip,
which had never been observed in the specimens received in this
country, nor noticed in the descriptions of the species, except by
Dr, Latham, who referred to these drawings of Mr. Daniell. The
Corsmittee considered this fact worthy of being recorded, in order
to draw the attention of the naturalists of India to the cireum-
stance.

“

‘ge ll Pe a”

February 28, 1832.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of numerous Mollusca and Conchifera
hitherto undescribed, which form part of the collection made by
Mr. H. Cuming during a voyage undertaken in 1827, 1828, 1829,
and 1830, for the purpose of obtaining subjects in natural history
on the western coast of South America, its adjacent, islands, and
many of those which form the principal Archipelago of the South
Pacific Ocean. The specimens exhibited on the present occasion
constituted the first portion of the collection, which extends in
these classes to upwards of four hundred new species ; the whole of
which Mr. Cuming proposes to bring before the Committee from
time to time, as the descriptions of them are completed. The in-
tention of publishing coloured figures of all the new species was
announced.

The new species brought, on this evening, under the notice of the
Committee were accompanied by characters and descriptions of
them by Mr. Broderip and Mr. G. B. Sowerby, of which the follow-
ing is an abstract.

Genus CuITOoN.
* Ligamento marginis granoso.

Cuiton GoopaLtyit. Chit. testa ovalt, olivaceo-fuscd ; valvis ter-
minalibus subradiatim granulosis, interné striatis ; c@teris con-
centricé lineatis, interné medio serratis, areis lateralibus subra-
diatim granulosis ; limbo marginali granoso, olivaceo, ceeruleo-
viridi vario: long. 5, lat. 3 poll.

Hab. ad insulas Gallapagos. (James’s Island.)

This fine species differs from Chit. olivaceus principally in the
absence of longitudinal stri@ on the central areas of the valves,
the coarser texture of the grains which stud the border, and in the
colour of those grains, which in Chit. olivaceus is a uniform shining
black, while in the specimens of Chit. Goodallii that are not aged
the grains are of an olive brown dappled or even almost transversely
banded with ceerulean green, going off towards the border in some
individuals into a more dusky hue. Some of the specimens of a
moderate size are beautifully marked on each side of the carina of
the seven posterior valves with short, transverse, closely zigzagged
lines of a light blue colour, about six in number.

The older individuals were found in exposed situations; the
younger under stones and ledges of rock at low water.—W. J. B.

Curton Stoxesu. Chit. testd ovatd, viridi-fuscd, intis viridi-
ceeruled; valvd antici posticeque parte posticd granoso-rugosis,
intermediarum areis lateralibus granoso-radiatis : long. 2+, lat.
14 poll,

[No. XVI.] Zoou. Soc. Proceepines or THE Comm. or Science.

26

Hab.ad oras Americe Meridionalis, (Port St. Elena, west coast
of Columbia and Panama.)
In boldness of sculpture this species comes nearest to Chit. sul-

catus.
It was found on stones at low water—wW. J. B.

Curton supruscus. Chit. testd ovali, subfuscd, pallidiore varid,
valvis terminalibus lincis subinterruptis concinnis radiatis; val-
varum intermediarum areis lateralibus radiatim centralibus lon-
gitudinaliter subsulcatis ; limbo granoso, granis externis majori-
bus: long. 25, lat. 14 poll.

Hab. ad littora Americe Meridionalis. (Island of Chiloe.)

Var. area intermedia valvarum levi, parte centrali solim longi-

tudinaliter subsulcata.

In its form and general appearance this species resembles Chit.
Goodallii. One specimen is of a dark rusty colour with a tinge of
lead gray ; another is very dark chestnut brown.

It was found under stones at low water.—G., B. S.

** Ligamento marginis subgranoso, quasi velutino.

Cuiton Lyetxu. Chit. testd oblonyd, nigro, viridi, roseoque varid ;
dorso elevatiusculo ; valvd anticd radiatim subgranosd ; areis la-
teralibus valvarum intermediarum radiatim obsoleté granosis ;
limbo minutissime subgranoso, quasi velutino : long. 14, lat. £ poll.

Hab. in Polynesia. (Pitcairn’s Island.)

It was found in small round hollows formed by Echini in exposed

situations at low water mark.—G. B. S.

*** Ligamento marginis velutino.

Cuiton Luripus. Chit. testd oblongd, elevatiusculd, cinered ;
valvd anticd, areis lateralibus valvarum intermediarum et valvd
posticd scabroso-granulosis ; areis centralibus valvarum interme-
diarum longitudinaliter sulcatis, interstitiis scabroso-granulosis :
long. +s, at. x85 poll.

Hab. ad littora Ste Elene.

‘This small species is remarkably scabrous all over ; the scabrosity
of the central area of the intermediate valves being arranged in
longitudinal rows.

It was found on stones in five fathoms water.—G. B. S.

CuiTon Limacirormis. Chit. testa elongatd, limaciformi, varie-
gatd ; dorso rotundato ; lateribus anterioribus valvarum interme-
diarum emarginatis ; valvd anticd, areis lateralibus valvarum
intermediarum et posticd parte valve postice longitudinaliter
granulosis ; areis centralibus longitudinaliter sulcatis: long.
1.55, lat. +5, poll.

Hab. ad oras “merice Meridionalis. (Inner Lobos Island in
Peru, and Guacomayo in Central America.)

The intermediate valves are nearly as long as they are wide, are
deeply notched on each side in front, and when viewed on the under:
side appear much contracted: the lateral arez do not meet in the
centre of these valves.—G. B. S.

wpe ei

27

**** Ligamento marginis coriaceo.

Carton Biainvitin. Chit. testi subrotundd, valvd anticd ob-
scuré radiatd, posticd minima, abruptd, ceteris concentricé lineatis,
rosed, albo, fusco, viridique varid, interne albida; limbo auran-
tio-rubro posticé valde angusto, anticé enormiter producto, sub-
rotundo, processibus coriaceis brevibus hinc et hine ( precipue ad
marginem anticum) lacinioso : long. 2, lat, 14 poll. ;

Hab. ad oras Peruvianas. (Inner Lobos Island.)

The enormous production of the anterior part of the border gives
to this species a considerable resemblance to a waterman’s cap, or
to an English coal-heaver’s hat.

Although sought for with great perseverance by Mr. Cuming,
only a few specimens adhering to a stone were obtained while
dredging in seventeen fathoms water.—W. J. B.

Curton Evenensis. Chit. test oblonga, pallida ; dorso rotun-
dato; valvié anticé radiatim sulcatd 3 arets lateralibus valvarum
intermediarum turgidis, unisulcatis ; valvd posticd retusa, postic?
radiatim sulcatd ; areis centralibus valvarum intermediarum irre-

gulariter sulcato-scabrosis ; margine levi: long. +5, lat. +4, poll.

Hab. ad portum Stz Elene et Paname.

This is the Chiton Janeirensis, var.? Gray. It is unquestionably

a distinct species, as Mr. Gray hints it may be, from his Chit. Ja-
neirensis.

Found under stones at low water.—G. B. S.

Cuiton Swarnsont. Chit. testd oblongo-ovali, dorso elevatius-
culo, castaned, albido-lineaté; valvis rotundatis ; valvd anticd,
ared posticd valve postice et areis lateralibus valvarum inter.
mediarum leviter radiato-granulosis ; areis medianis valvarum
intermediarum longitudinaliter sulcatis : long. 14, lat. 1 poll. ‘

Hab, ad oras Peruvianas. (Iquiqui and Callao.)

This species resembles in colouring Chit. lineolatus, Frembl,, but

differs materially in its sculpture.

It was found on Mytili and Pectines in nine fathoms water,—
G. B.S.

CHITON crENULATUS, Chit. testd oblongd, albido-rosed, lineis
nigro-viridibus subconcentricis varid ; valod anticd subgranoso-
radiatd, posticd retus, ceteris granoso- subconcentrice lineatis,
medio externé carinatis, intern? nigro-rubris ; areis lateralibus
granoso-biradiatis : long. 1475, lat. 1 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americz Meridionalis. ( Panama.)

Found under stones below low water mark.—W. bell

***** Ligamento marginis setoso.

CuHiTon setosus. Chit. testa oblongo-ovali, cinereo-virescente,
scabrosi ; valud anticd, areis lateralibus valvarum intermediarum
et valvd posticd radiatim sulcatis ; setis marginis breviusculis, con-

Jertis: long. 1,%,, lat. +, poll,
Hab. ad oras Americz Centralis. (Guacomayo,)
This species is very distinct from Chit. setiger, King, (Zool.
Journ. vol. v. p. 838,) which it in some degree resembles. The bris-
tles around the edge are much shorter, thicker, and more closely set.

28

It was found in exposed situations.—G. B. S.

Cuiton FremsBceu, Chit. testd oblonga, complanatd, olivaceo-
Suscd, lineis albido-viridibus varia ; valve antice radtis elevatis
subgranosis ; intermediarum marginibus angulosis, areis lateralibus
biradiatis, radiis subgranosis, interstitiis longitudinaliter subsul«
catis ; limbo setis brevibus frequentibus obsito : long. 14, lat. 1 poll.

Hab, in Sinu Valparaiso.

This species differs from Chit. setiger, King, in being much flatter,
in the more angular margins of its intermediate valves, and in its
more numerous and much shorter bristles.

It was found only on one exposed rock covered by a small species
of Fucus.—W. J. B.

***%*#% Ligamento marginis piloso.

CHITON scaBRicuLus. Chit. testa ovali, planiusculd, cinered,
albido-wariegatd ; valvd anticd, areis lateralibus valvarum inter-
mediarum et parte posticd valve postice radiatim scabroso-
lineatis ; valvis intermediis et parte anticd valve postice longi-
tudinaliter sulcatis ; limbo piloso, cinereo, rufo-articulato: long.
14, lat. % poll.

Hab. ad littora Americe Centralis. (Guacomayo and Puerto
Portrero.)

Found under stones.—G. B. S.

*kkee** Ligamento marginis fasciculato-piloso.

Curton REtUsSusS. Chit. testa oblonga, posticé relusd, pallescente ;
valva anticd, areis lateralibus valvarum intermediarum et valve
postice ared posticd turgidis, radiato-sulcatis ; areis centralibus
valvarum intermediarum et ared anticd valve postice sulcato-
asperis ; ligamento marginis fasciculis pilorum minimis plurimis :
long. 1s, lat. z%5 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Guacomayo and Puerto Por-
trero.)—G., B. S.

Genus PLACUNANOMIA.

Testa adherens, subzquivalvis, irregularis, complanata, marginem
versus plicata, interné vitrea. Cardo internus, dentibus duobus
elongatis, crassis, subcurvis, divaricatis, basi convergentibus in
valva inferiore, sulcis duobus ligamentiferis in superiore. Valva
inferior cardinem versus superficialiter irregulariter externé fissu-
rata, organo adhesionis subosseo inter teste laminas inserto et
externé fissuram implente. IJmpressio muscularis in utraque valv4
subcentralis. In valv4 superiore organi adhzsionis impressio super-
addita.

This interesting genus partakes of the characters of the genera
Ostrea, Plicatula, Placuna, and Anomia. It may be regarded as
the connecting link between the two latter. With an arrangement
of the hinge approaching very nearly to that of Placuna, it has the
distinguishing organization of Anomia, while the external appear-
ance of the shell, especially if viewed zn situ, bears the strongest
resemblance to a Plicatula or some of the plicated Oysters, “The
organ of adhesion, which in its bony character (for it is more bony

29

than shelly) resembles that of Anomia, does not perforate the lower
valve directly, but is inserted between the lamine of the internal
surface of the lower valve above the muscular impression and below
the hinge, and passes out into an external irregular somewhat lon-
gitudinal superficial fissure or cicatrix, which is narrowest at the
hinge margin, and which it entirely fills to a level with the sur-
rounding surface of the shell.

PracunaNnomia Cuminey. Plac. testé subrotundatd, obscure
argenteo-albidd, complanatd ; margine plicato, plicis maximis :
long. 24, lat. x%; alt. 2% poll.

Hab. ad oras Americz Centralis. (Gulf of Dulce, Province of
Costa Rico.)

Dredged from a muddy bottom, at a depth of eleven fathoms,

attached to dead bivalve shells and dead coral.—W. J. B.
Genus DENTALIUM.

DENTALIUM SPLENDIDUM. Dent. testd tenui, politd, bast carned,
apice majori lacted ; apertura posticd fissuris duabus, alterd dor-
sali, alterd ventrali : long. 14%5, lat. 5 poll. :

Hab. ad oras Americ Meridionalis. (Xipixapi, West Columbia.)

Dredged in from ten to sixteen fathoms water, on a sandy muddy
bottom.—G. B. S.

DENTALIUM TESSERAGONUM. Dent. testd tenui, lacted, levi,
primim tetragond, ob angulos evanescentes dein cylindrica ; linets
incrementi tenuissimis annulos subhyalinos efformantibus : long.
x, lat. 15 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Gulf of Nocoiyo and Puerto
Portrero ; also Xipixapi.)

Var. angulis indistinctis ; lineis incrementi annulos efformantibus.

Obtained in the same manner as the preceding species.—G. B.S.

DENTALIUM QUADRANGULARE. Dent. testd parvuld, albd, qua-
drangulari, angulis acutiusculis, interstitiis striatis; aperturd
tetragond: long. +8, lat. 3, poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Meridionalis. (Xipixapi.)

The colour of this shell is variable, being either milk-white, yel-
lowish, or reddish ; the angles are less acute at the larger end; and
at the smaller end there is sometimes formed a tubular appendage,
—G. B.S.

DENTALIUM PERPUSILLUM. Dent. testd minimd, tenut, angusta,
curvd, politd, albd ; apice acuto ; apertura coarctatd, obliqua :
long. +35, lat. ‘5 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Meridionalis. (Puerto Salango, West Co-
lumbia.)

This is related to Dent. Gadus, but is much more slender, and
the aperture is obliquely truncated from the dorsal to the ventral
margin.—G. B. S.

Genus Herrx.

Heuix Monitr. Hel. testd globosd, turgido-pland, translucidd,
corned, superné maculis strigisque angulatis nae te gr or-
natd ; spird excavatd ; umbilico magno: long. x5 lat. 1 poll.

50

Hab. in Columbia. (Salango.)
This pretty species belongs to that group of Helices which so much
resemble Planorbis.—W. J. B.

Genus CAROCOLLA.

CAROCOLLA GLoBosA. Car. testd orbiculatd, subcastaned, infra
turgidd, anfractu basali subangulato, scabriusculo; labro unir
dentato, refleco, albo, dente magno; aperturdé , fiusco-castaned,
umbilico mediocri: long. 2, lat. 24 poll.

Hab. in sylvis Insulee Tumaco, Columbie Occidentalis.

An obscure band runs round the angle of the basal whorl. Ex-

posure to the weather causes the chestnut colour of the shell to
acquire somewhat of a blueish cast.—W. J. B.

CAROCOLLA QUADRIDENTATA. Car. testa orbiculatd, fusc i, an-
Jractu basalt turgido, angulato, scabro; labro subreflexo, albo,
intus tridentato ; aperturd fusci, dente albo falcato armati ;
umbilico magno : long. 2, lat. § poll.

Hab, in sylvis Americe Centralis. (Woods near the Gulf of
Dulce.)

This species approaches nearly to Car. Labyrinthus: the white
elevated tridentated lip is continued round the aperture: the single
white falcated tooth is not attached to the lip, but rises within it
from the lower surface of the basai whorl.—W. J. B.

Genus Burrnus.
* Labio externo tenui, acuto.
Butinus Broperipit. Bul. testd ovato-pyramidali, tenui, albi-
cante, nigro fulvoque elegantissimé maculatd et variegatd; an-
JSractibus quinque, rapidé crescentibus, paullulim vwentricosis ;
suturd subconfluenti ; superficie granulis minimis, longitudinaliter
seriatim dispositis : long. 14, lat. 14 poll.
Hab. in fissuris rupium prope Copiapo Chilensium.
Var. testi nana, albicante-rosaced, leviore, maculis nigris ma-
joribus et seriatim dispositis.
Hab. in fissuris rupium prope Iquiqui, in Peruvia,
The dwarf variety was found at an elevation of 2500 feet above
the level of the sea—G. B. S.

Butinus Coturnix. Bul. testd globoso-pyramidali, anfractibus
quatuor ad quinque, venir icosis, albicantibus, fusco maculatis et
variegatis; suturd distinctd; superficie tenuissime transversim
striata ; umbilico parvo: long. 14, lat. % poll.

Hab. sub lapides in aridis apud Huasco Chilensium.

From the preceding species the present is easily distinguished by

its more globular form and the possession of an umbzlicus.—G. B.S.

Butinus CoquimBensis. Bul. testa levi, ovato-fusiformi, fragili,
subdiaphand, albido-fused, maculis strigisque nigro-fuscis sparsd ;
anfractibus sex, longitudinaliter striatis, ultimo maximo ; labro
acuto: long. 143, lat. +% poll.

Hab. ad Coquimbo in montibus.

31

The body whorl is more than twice as long as all the rest to-
gether.—W. J. B.

Burinus GranuLosus. Bul. testd ovato-pyramidali, subpellucidd,
fused, strigis fasciisque interruptis castaneo-nigris varid ; an-
Jfractibus sex granulosis ; labro acuto: long. 1%, lat. +35 poll.

es subterraneus ad Valparaiso et in montibus Conceptionis.—
oe De

Burinus cactivorus. Bul. testa fusiformi-pyramidali, albidd,
subpellucidd, opalescente ; anfractibus sex, subventricosis, longi-
tudinaliter creberrimé elevato-striatis ; spire apice subnigro :
long. 4, lat. poll.

Hab. ad montem Christe in Columbia.—W. J. B.

Bouinus nitivus. Bul. testd fusiformi, subpellucidd, nitidé albidd,
strigis frequentibus longitudinalibus castaneo;fuscis varia ; an-

JSractious sex, longitudinaliter striatis ; apice subnigro ; labro
acuto: long. 14, lat. + poll.

Hab. in Peruviad. (Tumbez.)

This species has somewhat of the opalescent character of the
preceding. In some of the old specimens there is a small bluni
tooth on the inner surface of the body whorl within the aperture
and just above the columella; but this is by no means a constant
character.—W. J. B.

Buxinus Trawsiucens. Bul. testa oblongo-pyramidali, levissimé
transversim striatd, pallidé flavd, valdé pellucida; anfractibus
quinque, subventricosis: long. 4, lat. + poll.

Hab. in America Meridionali, arboribus adherens. (King’s and
Saboga Islands, Bay of Panama.)

This elegant Bulinus, when in fine preservation, is so translucent
that. the internal pillar and structure of the shell may be plainly
viewed through its glassy surface. Like many other transparent
shells, this species, when it has been long weathered or dead, becomes
of a white hue and much more opaque.—W. J. B.

Bouiinus cuttatus. Bul. testa fusiformi, pellucide fusca, guttis
lneisque longitudinalibus albis varia ; anfractibus sex ; apice
papillari et quasi elephantino: long. 4, lat. 3 poll.

Hab. in Peruviad. (Cobija or Puerto De la Mar.)

The termination of the spire in this pretty and transparent spe-
cies is somewhat abrupt, and the ivory-looking apex is almost as
papillary, and appears almost as opaque, as that of a Turbinella.—

Buxinus virtatus. Bul. testd pyramidali, albida, subdiaphand,
vittis latis fuscis circumdatd, anfractibus septem, turgidis, longitu-
dinaliter levissim? striatis ; labro acuto ; umbilico mediocri ; aper-
turd carnead: long. ly, lat. +75 poll.

Hab. in Peruvid. (Ilo.)—W. J. B.

Buuinus Scatarirormis. Bul. testa pyramidali, subfuscd, an-

- fractibus quinque, subturgidis, creberrimé longitudinaliter cos-
tatis ; labro acuto; umbilico magno: long. 4%, lat. 5 poll.

Hab. in Peruvid. (Ancon.)

Var. testa fusca, fasciis et lineis transversis albis—W. J, B.

32

Genus PARTULA.

PARTULA HYALINA. Part. testa oblongd, hyalind, anfractibus
sex, longitudinaliter levissimé striatis et transversim minutissimée
creberriméque lineatis ; labro albo: long. 7%, lat. +3, poll.

Hab. in Polynesia. (Oheataroa.)

The sculpture of this elegant species is most minutely delicate.
—W. J. B.

Genus ACHATINA.

AcuaTina Dactytus. Ach. testa fusiformi, subpellucidd, flave-
scente, strigis rubro-castanets longitudinalibus raris ; anfractibus
septem, striis longitudinalibus minutissime crenulatis crebris, et
suturam versus crenulatam lineis circiter sex transversis : long.
25) lat. 25 poll.

Hab. in Insula Tumaco.

The body whorl is large and long, and the upper whorls decrease

rapidly. The sculpture, especially when viewed through a micro-
scope, is most elaborate—W. J. B.

Genus CycLosToMa.

Cyctostroma Cumrinerr. Cycl. testa orbiculari, subdepressd,
albicante, epidermide fuscd; spird elevatiuscula, carned ; an-
Sractibus quinque vel sex, rotundatis, spiraliter sulcatis ; sutura
subdecurrente ; aperturd fere circulari, obliqud, alba, superné
subacuminatd, peritremate simplici subincrassatu ; umbilico maz-
imo ; operculo corneo, tenui, spirali, anfractibus plurimis, mar-
gine fimbriato: long. 1415, lat. 2 poll.
Hab. in Americé Meridionali. (Island of Tumaco.)
The epidermis appears to be very deciduous, and is much thinner
on the lower parts of the shell than on the upper, its remains form-
ing a broad, dark, fuscous band just below the suture.—G. B. S.

CycLosTOMA suCCINEUM. Cycl. testa parvd, orbiculato-pyrami-
dali, levi, succined; anfractibus quinque, rotundatis ; suturd
distinctd ; aperturd rotundatd, margine basali internd angulatd s
peritremate tenui, acuto; umbilico parvo, margine carinato:
long. +75, lat. 5 poll.

Hab, in Polynesia. (Opara.)—G. B. S.

CycLosTOMA MINUTISSIMUM. Cycl. testd globoso-pyramidali,
JSulvd, apice nigro; anfractibus tribus rotundatis ; suturd pro-
Sunda; aperturd circulari ; peritremate acuto ; umbilico nullo ;
operculo corneo.

Hab. in Insula Pitcairni.

This is the smallest species of the genus.

Genus FAScIoLARIA.

FASCIOLARIA GRANOSA. Fasc. testa fusiformi, tuberculifera, luteo-
albidd, transversim striatd ; anfractibus suturam versus subangu-
latis, duobus ultimis precipué tuberculiferis, tuberculis magnis,
distantibus ; columelid luted triplicatd ; aperturd transversim

33

striatd, albidd, marginem versus subluted; labro denticulato ;
epidermide fusca, granosa : long. 44, lat. 14 poll.

Had. ad Panamam.

The shell at first sight resembles Pyrula Vespertilio, but differs
from it in many other points (such as the mamillary termination of
the spire) besides the generic character of plaits on the pillar.

It was found on mud banks.—W. J .B.

Genus VoLuTA.

VotuTa Cumincit, Vol. testd ovato-pyramidali, albidd, ceeruleo-
spadiceo nebulosd, suturas versus nigro-spadiceo vittatd ; spird
elongatd, apice acuto; anfractibus nodosis, ultimo subcostato,
costis tumidis, fascia subcentrali pallida latd cincto ; labro tumido
subcontracto subreflexo, acuto, varice interno obliquo, submedio ;
columella obscuré multiplicatd, plicis tribus ultimis mazimis :
long. 14, lat. poll.

‘Hab.in America Centrali. (Gulf of Fonseca, province of San
Salvador. )

This pretty species is one of the group which approaches so
closely to the Mitres. In some, as in Vol. lyriformis, we have a
general likeness; in others similitude of particular parts of the
shell; and in Vol. Cumingit we have general similarity combined
with the strictly acuminated spire of a Mitra joined.to the arrange-
ment of plaits on the pillar by which Voluta is distiaguished from
that genus, ;

A single specimen was dredged in nine fathoms water —W.J.B.

A paper was read by Mr. Cox, in which he entered at some length
into the consideration of atmospheric causes as influencing the health
of exotic animals kept in confinement in this climate.

He commenced by reminding the Committee of the power pos-
sessed by man of supporting extreme vicissitudes of temperature even
to the extent of from —40° to 270° or 280° Fahr., and by observing
that no other animal can bear such a range with impunity. Thus a
Leopard has been killed by exposure to a degree of cold but little
below 32°; while on the other hand the Esquimaux Dog is incapable
of bearing, without great inconvenience, the heat of our climate in
summer.

The cause of the generation of heat in animals remains still to be
ascertained. The chemical theory ingeniously propounded by Craw-
ford is now perhaps generally regarded as unsatisfactory ; and indeed
the later experiments of Dulong seem almost conclusive of its inade-
quacy to explain the phenomena. The experiments of Mr. Brodie
have fully proved that the nervous influence is necessary for the pre-
servation of the animal temperature: and Dr. Wilson Philip, regard-
ing the nervous influence as identical with galvanism, has shown that
galvanism and electricity are both capable of sustaining for some time
the temperature ofacup of blood. This, however, as Mr. Cox remarks,
only proves that the stimulus employed by Dr. Philip will for a short
time produce phenomena similar to vital action, but by no means

34

proves the identity of that stimulus with the one which forms so im-
portant a part of the animal economy; an observation further illus-
trated by the fact that a purely mechanical stimulus, such as the ap-
plication of a needle, will excite muscular action after life has ceased.
If moreover temperature, arterialization, digestion, &c., were all pro-
duced by electric agency, this would surely be manifested by delicate
instruments ; but no such manifestation is obtained. Still further, it
is worthy of observation that in those animals (such as the Gymnotus
electricus and the Torpedos) which are endowed with electric power,
a peculiar apparatus exists for the development of such power. On
the whole, indeed, it appears that modern physiologists have scarcely
advanced in the explanation of the causes of animal temperature be-
yond that given by John Hunter, who says, “It is most probable that
it arises from some other principle; a principle so connected with life,
that itcan, and does, act independently of sensation, circulation, and
volition ; and is that power which preserves and regulates the internal
machine, This power of generating heat is in the highest perfection
when the body is in health ;” and the energy of the vital principle is,
in fact, the scale by which we can estimate the power of the body
to sustain its temperature.

There are many circumstances which modify the effects of tempe-
rature upon animals and render them more susceptible of a low tem-
perature. Such are want of exercise, inappropriate food, impure at-
mosphere, exhaustion whether from fatigue or hunger, immature age,
season, and the quality of the air as to humidity or dryness. These
were severally considered.

The excitement produced by exercise, the activity imparted by it
to the circulation, and the glow which it gives to the system, all tend
to render an animal less susceptible to the effect of a low tempera-
ture. Dens therefore in which animals are kept should be of sufficient
size to allow of the taking of free exercise. Its importance is strongly
illustrated by the fact that in very cold or elevated situations cessation
of motion is destruction, well known instances of which are the cases
of Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander, and of Dr. Richardson.

The quality of the food is of the greatest importance, and should
be regulated as nearly as possible in accordance with the habits of
the animals in a state of nature. This subject requires therefore ex-
tensive inquiry and observation. ‘There is, however, one part of it
which is deserving of particular notice as connected with climate.
In the quality of his nourishment man is guided by the climate in
which he lives. The Esquimaux adopts a food entirely animal. The
Hindoo uses a diet solely vegetable, employing condiments only to
counteract the flatulency which such food is likely to produce. The
inhabitants of northern countries take, and without material injury,
stimulating liquors ;—the use of such beverages is borne very badly
by the natives of India. In cold and elevated regions stimulating
diet appears therefore to be indicated, and it seems consequently ad-
visable to furnish such, including even spirits or fermented liquors, to
tropical animals kept in our climate during the cold season.

Air vitiated by respiration is deprived of the requisite stimulus to

35

support the due arterialization of the blood ; and hence animals con-
fined in such air are in a state peculiarly liable to be affected by any
great or unusual depression of temperature. It is probably on ac-
count of their breathing air much contaminated by carbonic acid gas
that persons sleeping near limekilns are so frequently frosi-bitten.
In repositories for animals which are much frequented the air is vi-
tiated by the respiration of the visitors also, who, moreover, impart a
‘heat to the rooms which is indicated by the thermometer, but is not
beneficial but noxious to the animals. The air should be continually
renewed, and when its temperature is to be raised it should be heated,
where practicable, by a furnace placed in a lower apartment previously
to being admitted into the repository, from which ample exit should
be allowed at the top: in this manner an effective ventilation on just
and scientific principles would be established.

_ Exhaustion from fatigue is one of the causes which render persons
ascending heights more susceptible to the impression of cold: ex-
haustion from hunger produces the same effect: Mr. Hunter has
shown that an animal which had fasted for some time was more
affected by cold than one that was well fed, the reduction of tempe-
rature in the latter being 16° and 18°, in the former 18° and 21°.
The means of counteracting these effects in menageries are obvious ;
but it is particularly necessary to attend to them in the importation of
tropical animals, so many of which perish in beating up Channel, the
effect of the low temperature being increased by the exhaustion from
the fatigue of the voyage. Hence in the Channel not only should
cold be particularly guarded against, but additional food should be
supplied.

Young animals are generally very susceptible of the effects of cold,
as has been shown by the experiments of M. Edwards. Thus, young
birds removed from the nest become quickly of the same temperature
as the surrounding atmosphere. The young of those Mammalia which
are born blind are equally obnoxious to cold, their blood being im-
perfectly arterialized, owing to the foramen ovale remaining open for
some time ; the young of the other Mammalia retain the temperature
of the adult animal. This makes it very important that if any of the
feline or similar races of animals breed in European menageries, their
dens should be peculiarly warm: the probability of preserving them
will also of course be considerably increased if the young are produced
in summer, or even in spring.

Season, as has been shown by the experiments of M. Edwards, ex-
ercisesa considerable influence on the susceptibility of animals for cold;
a much greater degree being borne with impunity in winter than in
summer. This is apparently analogous to what occurs in the vegetable
kingdom : atree which will bear in winter a temperature of —20° with-
Out injury will be scathed as if by lightning, and perhaps die, if in sum-
mer it be exposed to 32° or 30°. Many animals, in captivity especially
(the Sylviade as a familiar instance,) are as susceptible of coid as these
trees ; a draft of cold air or a frosty night will frequently produce on
them effects from which they never recover. As this susceptibility is
so considerably increased during summer, especial care should be

36

taken to guard against the vicissitudes which frequently occur at that
season. Animals brought from warm climates to those which are
colder suffer under the same evils as animals exposed in summer to
a considerable reduction of temperature. Tropical animals should
therefore on their first importation be placed in apartments of higher
temperature, which may be gradually reduced to that usually main-
tained in the part of the menagerie appropriated to similar animals.

The state of the atmosphere as regards humidity and dryness is of
the highest importance to health. A very humid atmosphere does
not exist at a temperature much below 40°, for when there is any
great degree of frost the moisture is precipitated ; but a temperature
of 40° when the air is saturated with damp is highly injurious, pro-
ducing catarrhs and coughs, which are frequently cured by a sharp
frost. Our insular situation may expose us especially to humidity,
which has a bad effect, on vegetation at least, by intercepting light.
The degree of luminousness in the atmosphere is probably of more
importance in climate than is generally imagined. Between Havre
de Grace and Portsmouth it is but eleven hours sail, yet there is
evidently the difference of a complete climate in the productions of
the soil and in animal life; the pomegranate and the vine grow-
ing in the former place with luxuriance and fertility, and many in-
sects which are here scarce, occurring there in the utmost profusion.
The cold and humid atmosphere prevalent during our winters, and
commonly called raw cold, is highly prejudicial to animals; and its
evil effects are so much the more rapidly produced, as by the de-
position of the moisture on the covering of the animal, the wetted
fur or wool (as occurred in an experiment made by John Hunter on
the freezing of a Dormouse) is changed from the state of a bad to that
of a good conductor of heat. During the continuance of such a state
of atmosphere the apartments of the animals should be kept closed,
and only so far opened as may be necessary for ventilation. Much
of the humidity might be abstracted from the air by means of lime, or
perhaps still more effectually, as suggested by Leslie, by dry vegetable
mould.

Extreme dryness of the atmosphere combined with cold is equally
prejudicial, as was proved by M. Edwards, with the combination of
cold and moisture ; the latter causing mischief by the degree of cold
it produced, and the former by the increased transpiration which it
excited from the mucous surfaces. During March and April espe-
cially this dry and cold state of the atmosphere prevails in England
with winds from the N. and N.E.; and Mr. Daniell states that he
has seen the dew point of his hygrometer at 20° to 30° below the
temperature of the atmosphere, evidencing a degree of dryness
scarcely surpassed by that of the Harmattan. This state of atmo-
sphere is almost diametrically opposed to that of tropical climates
generally ; a remarkable instance of which is afforded by the obser-
vations of Captain Sabine in Africa, where the dew point was almost
at full saturation. It must consequently, though highly injurious to
all animals, be more particularly so to those brought from tropical
regions. Its effect is to produce inflammation of the mucous surfaces,

37

croup, bronchitis, &c. ; and it is well worthy of consideration whether
inflammatory affections of the respiratory organs arising from such a
cause would not be materially benefited by saturating with moisture
the air of the apartments inhabited. Evaporation should during its
continuance be promoted in menageries, either by placing wet cloths
over the pipes employed for heating them, or by means of a fountain,
or by exposing in different parts of the rooms vessels containing
water.

In the preceding observations the preservation of animals brought

from tropical climates has been chiefly considered ; but the keeping
of those which are obtained from the northern or more elevated re-
gions is apparently even more difficult.
_ The Rein-deer and the Chamois scarcely ever continue to live during
even a moderate period in our climate, the differences between which
and that of the countries of extreme cold are worthy of especial con-
sideration. One of these is the heaviness of our atmosphere, as com-
pared with the highly rarefied state in which it exists in elevated re-
gions; a difference so great as to increase the pressure of the air
on the human body to the extent of 5500 Ibs. beyond that which it
sustains at an elevation of 1200 toises. To obviate this, no sugges-
tion can be advanced. Another marked distinction is the extreme hu-
midity of England during the winter months, a state highly detrimental
to life in beings adapted to a dry atmosphere ; for a frosty atmosphere
is (as has been before remarked) necessarily a dry one, and at a tem-
perature of —20° it is absolutely dry. The effect on animals of so
great a contrast may receive some illustration from the evils resulting
from moisture to the plants of cold regions: Auriculas die unless the
moisture is drained from the pots in which they are kept; and the
Saxifraga oppositifolia, and Rubus arcticus, plants which inhabit the
extreme north, rot from the dampness of our atmosphere. Its effects
upon arctic animals may, however, be guarded against by the precau-
tions already suggested as adapted to preserve tropical animals from
the influence of the raw cold of our climate.

The greater part of the animals of northern regions, excepting
those which hibernate, migrate to more southern latitudes, where food
is more abundant and the cold less severe. Those which remain are
generally predaceous, and being reduced to the greatest necessity,
are voracious in the extreme. It is therefore a question whether in
our attempts to keep such animals they should not be placed on a
very low diet. This is also indicated by the fact that animals of cold
countries are less acted upon by cold than those of warmer climates ;
they approach apparently somewhat to the state of the cold-blooded
classes, and it is therefore probable that it would be improper to
exhaust their irritability by stimulating them at a period when nature
has provided that they should be in a state of subaction. Hiberna-
tion is the extreme of this state. It is a great resource established
by nature to obviate the evils of low temperature and _ privation.
In this condition the quadruped sinks to a state resembling that of a

reptile, its temperature scarcely exceeding that of the immediately
Surrounding air, a state of existence which has been beautifully con-

38

trasted by M. Edwards with the summer condition of the same animal.
Mr. Cox adverted particularly to the more remarkable phenomena of
hibernation, which, he stated, were now undergoing the investigation
of Dr. Marshall Hall, who was about to lay the result of his experiments
on this subject before the Royal Society.

Mr. Cox tien proceeded to recapitulate the practical remarks which
had resulted from his previous observations, and which in the present
abstract have been embodied with them. He afterwards entered
into the consideration of temperature, and dwelt particularly on
the importance of maintaining it at a sufficiently high degree in
all collections of tropical animals. On the question as to the degree
which might safely be regarded as sufficient, he remarked that if ana-
logies drawn from the vegetable kingdom could be depended on,
reference might be made to a temperature of from 50° to 90°, being
that of the noble Palm-house of Messrs. Loddiges, in which those
natives of tropical climates flourish admirably. But it is evident
from experience that 50° will be sufficient to keep tropical animals
alive in this climate, and a temperature of from 50° to 55° will pre-
serve them in health and activity. To induce them to breed with us,
that temperature will not be high enough, for an emasculating effect,
as has been observed by Mr. Yarrell in the Peecary and other ani-
mals, is produced bya cold climate : the few instances in which some
of the Felis tribe have been fruitful in this country, being only to be
regarded as exceptions. To develope the organs of reproduction in
plants, a higher degree of temperature than that suited for their mere
preservation is required; this rule may be equally applicable to ani-
mals, and the temperature of repositories for those of tropical climates
should therefore probably be allowed to alternate between 55° and 70°.
Mr. Cox repeated his opinion that sufficient humidity should at the
same time be provided.

Mr. Cox concluded by stating that he had long been of opinion
that the best test for the proper state of the atmosphere in a mena-
gerie is vegetation. If the plants of a tropical or warm latitude thrive,
he conceives that the temperature and state of atmosphere (for it is
not temperature alone which we have to regard, but the other qualities
of the atmosphere also, moisture, elasticity, &c.) cannot be far removed
from those required for animals of the same latitudes. He assumes
that a perfect Vivarium should include within its area a conservatory
containing plants, natives of countries of a character similar to that
of the animals inclosed. No apprehension need, he thinks, be en-
tertained of plants contaminating the air to any injurious degree,
if proper ventilation were established, and abundance of fresh unre-
spired air were supplied : the contrary would in fact be frequently
the case during the day-time, the experiments of Priestley having
shown that the purity of air vitiated by the breathing of animals is
restored by the growth of living and healthy vegetables freely ex-
posed to the solar light.

March 13, 1832.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Gray described three new animals, brought from New Hol*
land by Mr. Cunningham. Of these, one was a Quadruped, forming
a new genus of the Order Rodentia ; the two others Reptiles of the
family of Lizards. The guadruped was characterized as follows:

Psrupomys.

Dentes primores 3, superiores anticé rotundati lzves, inferiores
subulati: molares 3, radicati; superiores oblongi, primus major
elongatus extus uni-plicatus ; inferiorum primus compressiusculus
secundo dupl6 longior, postremus parvus oblongus extus plicatus.

Caput magnum, Aures majuscule nudiuscule. Artus sub-
zquales, digitis 5, 5, longis liberis compressis, unguibus parvis cur-
vatis. Cauda filiformis subannulata pilis brevibus setosis vestita.

The general appearance of this animal agrees with that of the
Water-Rats ; but the teeth are simple, and approach in character,
as they correspond in number with, those of the true Rats. They
differ, however, in the adult animal (the only state in which Mr.
Gray had an opportunity of observing them,) in the front grinders
of the lower jaw being much more compressed and elongated; and
in the front grinder of the upper jaw and the hinder one of the lower
having each a fold on the outer edge, and a corresponding ridge
across the outer surface of the crown. The skull appears, judging
from its remains, which were exhibited to the Committee, to bear
a close resemblance in shape to that of the Rat. On the fore feet
the thumb is short, almost rudimentary, and furnished with a claw;
the second-and third toes are nearly equal, and longer than the first
and fourth, of which the latter is rather the shortest. On the hind
feet the thumb is short and slender, the second, third, and fourth
toes are nearly equal, and the fifth is shorter, and placed higher,
The following is the specific character of the animal :
_Pseupomys Austratis. Pseud. nigrescenti-brunneus cineras-

cente interstinctus, infra cinereo-rufescens ; collo pectoreque ci-
, -nerascentibus.
_ Hab. in Nova Hollandia Orientali extratropica.
_ The fur is soft, close, thick, blackish brown, and slightly grizzled
at the tips of the hairs; beneath, it is of a reddish ash; and on the
throat and breast grayish ash. The whiskers are slender, weak, and
reach beyond the ears. The head and body measure 54 inches ;
the tail $1; the fore foot 51 lines; and the hind foot 1 inch,
_ Mr. Cunningham states that the animal inhabits holes in syampy
ndy grounds on the south-west or lower side of Liverpool Plains
New Holland.

40

One of the Lizards was also regarded by Mr. Gray as forming a
new genus in the family of Geckos, which he characterized as fol-
lows, under the name of

DipLoODACTYLus.

Squame subconformes, minute, leves, abdominales pauld ma-
jores, caudales majores annulate, labiales mediocres distincta,
tribus anterioribus utrinque multo majoribus, gulares null, Cauda
cylindrica, ventricosa. Digiti 5, 5, simplices, subzquales, subcy-
lindrici, apicibus subdilatatis, subtus bifidis, discis duobus carnosis
levibus. ovalibus obliquis; unguibus 5, 5, parvis, maximé retracti-
libus. Pori femorales nulli.

This genus differs from ee Gray, in the under sides
of the tips of the toes being furnished with two rather large oblong
tubercles, which are truncated at the tip, and form two oval disks
placed obliquely, one on each side of the claw, instead of having,
as in Phyllodactylus, two membranaceous scales. The scales of the
body are also uniform, while in that genus there is a series of larger
scales extending along the back. ‘The species, a drawing of which
was exhibited, was named

Dreropactytus vittatus. Dipl. fuscus, vittd dorsali longitu-

nali laté saturatiore ; lateribus testaceis, artubus, cauddque ma-
culis seriatis flavis marginatis.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia.

The length of the head and body is 2 inches; that of the tail 14
inch. On each side of the body there are two rows of rather distant
small spots, which become larger on the upper surface of the tail ;
they are scattered on the limbs.

The other Reptile described was a species of Tiliqua, the

TiriquA CunnincHami. Til. squamis superioribus carinato-

spinosis, carinis seriatis.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia Orientali extratropica.

This species is very distinct from all the rest of its genus, and
even of its family, on account of its carinated scales, which are suf-
ficiently prominent on the back and sides, but become more so on
the limbs, and still larger in size, although their series decrease in
number, as they approach the extremity of the tail. The colour is
pale brown, dotted with yellow above, and paler beneath, with ob-
scure darker spots. The head and body measure 8, and the tail
7, making a total length of 15 inches.

Mr. Cunningham found this Lizard in a torpid state in a barren
sandy part of the scrubby country in lat. 29°, while prosecuting his
overland journey from Port Jackson towards Moreton Bay in the
winter of 1827.

Mr. Gray stated that the comparison of a young specimen of
Mus giganteus, Hardw., with a specimen of Mus setifer, Horsf.,
presented to the British Museum by their respective describers, had
enabled him to correct an opinion expressed by M. Temminck in
the ‘Tableau Méthodique,’ appended to his ‘Monographies de Mam-

Pin

41

malogie’, that the latter species is only the young of the former.
The differences between the two animals were stated to be as fol-
lows. In Mus giganteus the head is short and rounded ; the eyes
are large; the fur is rather short, pale brown, varied with yellowish
and black on the back, and ashy beneath; the feet are of moderate
size; and the claws moderate and blunt. The specimen being
young is about the size of Mus setifer, the head and body measuring
8 inches, and the tail 54; but the length of the hinder foot to the
end of the heel does not exceed 1d inch. In Mus setifer, on the
contrary, the muzzle is long and compressed ; the eyes are small ;
the fur is long, loose, mixed on the rump with abundance of long,
flat-tipt, bristly hairs, of a dark brown above, and darker with much
longer scattered hairs beneath; and the hinder feet are very large
and strongly clawed. The length of the body is 73 inches; the tip
of the tail is wanting in the specimen; the ears are 13 lines in
length; and the hinder feet 13 inch, being half an inch longer than
those of the young Mus giganteus. The geographical range of the
latter appears to be very extensive, Mr, Charles Hardwick having
meeniined to the British Museum a specimen from Van Diemen’s
and,

Mr. Gray further observed that the comparative length of the
hinder feet, and the relative distances of the tubercles of the sole
from the end of the toes and from the heel, appear to furnish very
good distinctive characters for the species of this difficult genus.
Thus in the Wood Mouse, Mus syivaticus, L., the hinder tubercle of
the sole is about a line nearer to the heel than to the end of the
toes, while in the common Mouse, Mus Musculus, L., which has a
shorter hind foot, the hinder tubercle is nearly equidistant between
the heel and the tip of the toes.

Mr. Gray also stated, that in examining a specimen of Antipathes
sent to the British Museum by the Rev. R. T. Lowe from Madeira,
and which he believed to be identical with the Ant. dichotoma, Pall.,
he had discovered the animals of this remarkable Coral, and thus as-
certained (what had previously been only presumed from the close

. resemblance of their horny azes) its near relation to the genus Gor-

gonia. He regarded this confirmation of the generally received
opinion as the more important in consequence of the apparent simi-
larity between some of the species of Antipathes and some strong
fibrous Sponges, which are now generally believed not to be the
habitations of Polypes. The minute branches of the specimen exa-

_ mined bore on their surface at irregular intervals a number of red,
_ dry, pellucid tubercles ; and portions of a similar substance were
_ observed hanging from their sides. These on being immersed for

some time in proof spirits, and afterwards placed for examination .
in water, exhibited under the microscope, in each tubercle, a polype
exactly similar to those of Gorgonia and Corallium, except that it
had only six tentacula, while the polypes of the two last-named ge-

3 nera have eight. It is necessary to observe that when examined in
_ Spirit the polypes and the thin bark by which they are connected to

42

each other and to the stem assumed a uniform waxy appearance,
and broke down beneath the needle without exhibiting any traces
of organization. ‘This circumstance had nearly induced Mr. Gray
to abandon his search, had he not discovered that by macérating
in water, and thus removing the spirit, the polype was restored to
its natural gelatinous consistence, in which state it was readily ex-
panded and observed. Minute, pellucid, oval bodies, which are
perhaps similar to the irregular papillary spicule found in the bark
of Gorgonia, are scattered through the bark of this species of nti-
pathes, and the axes of its smaller branches are minutely tubular. »

In Ellis’s ‘History of Zoophytes’ is given a figure of what the au-
thor regarded as the polype of Ant. spiralis, which he found scattered
over the stem of that species in the shape of small distant warts.
These when soaked in water he describes as having six tentacula
surrounding a small cup. The tentacula, he observes, in a letter to
Linnzus, published in the ‘Correspondence’ of that naturalist, are
shaped like a bull’s horns, with wrinkles across, and full of gelati-
nous matter; and the cup is of a most elegant figure. In the figure
this part appears to be concave, with a crenated edge, and placed
on an urn-shaped pedicel. Should this account of the polype of
Ant. spiralis prove to be correct, it would be necessary to remove
that species from the neighbourhood of the Gurgonie and other
barked Corals, from all of which it would differ so remarkably in
its cup-shaped appendage, and the want of ciliation on the surface
of its tentacula.. Mr. Gray added that he had repeatedly examined
the stem of the species in question, but had never been able to dis-
cover on it anything resembling a polype. The earlier observations
of Rumphius, Marsigli, and Pallas, the former on Ant. spiralis and
the two latter on Ant. dichotomu, were of too vague a character to
furnish any idea of the real structure of the polype.

Mr. Owen read the following account of the anatomy of the
Ariel Toucan, Ramphastos Ariel, Vig...

*« Independently of the beauty of the plumage and singularity of
the form of the Toucans, the peculiarity of some of their habits and
actions renders them extremely interesting to the naturalist while in
the living state, and not Jess desirable in connexion with the doubts
respecting their natural food, as objects of anatomical investigation
after death. These doubts, however, have already been in a great
measure dispelled by the observations on the living Toucan, which
we owe to Mr. Broderip (Zoological Journal, vol. i. p. 484.), and
by the subsequent remarks of Mr. Vigors (Ibid., vol. ii. p. 466.) on
the present individual, which for some time formed a principal or-
nament of his choice collection.

“The alimentary canal of the Toucan is short and simple, but has
a general character of capacity which accords with the peculiar
form of beak at its commencement. The esophagus is 7 inches in
length; it is at first 1 inch in width, and becomes slightly narrower
to its termination. It is unprovided with a crop, and not to be
distinguished very readily from the proventriculus, as that cavity

-

43

is continued in the same line with it without any dilatation, and
its limits are only recognisable when its interna! surface is seen.
The lining membrane of the esophagus exhibits at its commence-
ment ‘(or pharynx) the usual assemblage of retroverted papilla,
after which it is smooth, and then rendered irregular by rug@, which
towards the termination of the tube fell into distinct narrow longi-
tudinal folds, evidently the consequence of a temporary state of
contraction at that part. As it passes into the proventriculus it
assumes the character of a mucous membrane, and also , becomes
finely reticulate ; the orifices of the gastric glands being in the
interstices of the meshes. .These glands are simple cylindrical
follicles dispersed over the whole cavity, but more closely aggregated
near the gizzard. The length of the proventriculus is 1 inch,
“The gizzard is a spheroidal cavity, about 13 inch in diameter.
The muscular coat does not exceed half a line in thickness ; the
lateral tendons are smal! but distinct. The horny lining membrane
is tough and hard ; it was stained of a deep yellow colour, and not
so readily separable from the muscular coat as I have observed in
other birds. The entrance to the gizzard is by an ample orifice,
and this, in connexion with the structure of the previously described
parts, perfectly accords with the regurgitating actions witnessed by
Mr. Broderip in Ramphastos erythrorhynchus, and which, being fol-
lowed by a repetition of the process of mastication, he/aptly com-
pares to the act of rumination. The thin parietes of the gizzard,
corresponding to the omnivorous character of this bird, may render
in some cases additional mastication necessary ; and the powers of
the extraordinarily developed beak may in this way compensate for
the absence of the grinding structures so peculiar in the stomachs
of the true vegetable feeders. The pyloric orifice of the gizzard is
situated about a quarter of an inch from the cardiac entry, and is
only 3 lines in diameter. The stomach, if we include in this term
both proventriculus and gizzard, derives its nutrient fluid, as in man;
from two sources ; the one a vessel analogous to the coronary artery,
which comes off from the descending aoria; the other an artery
from the hepatic, analogous to the gastro-epiploic ; but in this in-
stance the former vessel is remarkable for its superior size, in con-
sequence of having to supply materials for the extensive secretion
which takes place in the proventriculus.

«‘ The intestinal canal is 2 feet 1 inch in length; it is 15 inch in
circumference at the commencement, 2 inches at the termination,
and 1 inch at the middle, from which part it gradually widens to
both extremities. It is simple, being without cecal appendages,
corresponding in this respect to some carnivorous birds, as the Vul-
ture, King-fisher, and Cormorant; to some insectivorous birds, as
the Nightingale, Woodpecker, and Hoopoe; and to some frugivorous
and granivorous birds, as Glaucopis, the Psitiacide, Columba coro-
nata, and some other species of Pigeon. The mucous membrane of

__ the intestines presents extremely delicate villi, between | and 2 lines

im length, and repeats in a striking manner the peculiar downy cha-
racter of the external integument. These villi become in a very

44:

gradual manner shorter and thicker, disappearing at length within
a few lines of the verge of the cloaca. The duodenum forms a loose
fold about 3 inches in length: the remainder of the alimentary canal
is attached by a wide mesentery to the middle of the posterior
parietes of the abdomen.

«‘ The liver is composed of two lobes of unequal size, joined by
a small band: the margins of the lobes are more rounded than
usual, There is no gall-bladder; a small hepatic duct enters the
duodenum very near its commencement; a second duct of about 2
lines in width terminates near the pancreatic duct at a distance of
4 inches from the pylorus. This dilated duct might serve in some
measure in place of a gall-bladder ; and a more complete receptacle
for retaining and increasing the active powers of the biliary secre-
tion may be unnecessary where the alimentary canal is so simple,
short, and capacious, as in the Toucan. It is, however, interesting
to observe that the Psittacide@, to which the Toucan manifests its
affinity in other parts of its structure, exhibit a corresponding de-
ficiency both of c@ca and gall-bladder. The Pigeons also which
are without a gall-bladder either want the ceca altogether, or
have them, as in the Insessorial birds, of very small size. This cor-
responding deficiency must, however, be considered rather as simple
coincidence than in the relation of cause and effect; for in the
Vulture and Nightingale the gall-bladder exists without the ceca,
while in the Cuckoo the ceca exist without the gall-bladder: the
similar examples in the other classes of Vertebrata are too well
known to require notice.

«The kidneys are composed of three lobes, of which the middle
one is the smallest; their length is 14 inch; their surface is con-
voluted, though in a less marked degree than in Reptiles. Between
the anterior extremities of these glands was situated the ovary, of
a triangular shape, and apparently healthy in structure. The ova
were like minute granules, and disposed in a convoluted manner.
The supra-renal glands were imbedded in the posterior part of the
ovary. The oviduct was as large as a crow-quill; it commenced
by the usual fimbriated and wide aperture, was slightly tortuous at
the commencement, and then continued straight to the cloaca.

« Among the varied forms of tongue which birds present, that of
the Toucan is one of the most remarkable. Its length from the aper-
ture of the glottis is 25 inches. The posterior ridge or backward-
projecting process, is broad, and finely notched ; it is situated about
4 lines from the glottzs. Anterior to this process the tongue is
soft and minutely papillose for the extent of 4 lines, and here,
most probably, the sense of taste resides: the rest of the organ
consists of a transparent horny /amina, flattened horizontally and
supported by the anterior process of the os hyoides, which forms
a ridge along the middle of its inferior surface. At about 14 inch
from the extremity of the horny /amina the margins become ob-
liquely notched, and these notches becoming deeper and closer to--
gether towards the extremity occasion the bristled appearance on
each side of the tongue. These bristles, Mr. Vigors observes, were

eal Seat tated

45

generally applied to the morsels of food whilst’ held between the
mandibles previously to being swallowed.

“The cornua of the os hyoides are 14 inch in length. Thetrachea
is 5 inches in length, the rings somewhat flattened and decreasing
in diameter towards the inferior extremity, from which a single pair
of muscles pass off to the sternum. The length of the lower fourth
of the tube, and the state of tension in the bronchia, are regulated
by a pair of smal] muscles, which, arising from the sides of the tra-
cheal cartilages, are inserted into the bone of divarication at the
extremity of the trachea: and that this part of the tube is subjected

_ to variations in length is indicated by the tortuous character of the

recurrent nerves attached to the sides of the trachea at this part.
The lungs are small in proportion to the size of the bird, but of the
usual form and structure. The abdominal air-cells were of small
size. The heart is of a more oblong form than in general; its
apex, as it were, truncate; its length 1 inch.

«‘ The pectoral muscles, as in the Psittacide, are but feebly de-
veloped, and the keel of the sternum is of moderate size, not pro-
jecting more than half an inch from the plane of the bone. The
sternum has four notches at its posterior margin. The clavicles, or
lateral halves of the furcula, are here, as in the Psittacid@ and Stru-
thionide, separate; they are 1 inch in length, slender, pointed at
their lower ends, and joined to each other and to the sternum by
ligament only.

«‘ The peculiar motions of the tail called for a particular exami-
nation of that part. It is difficult to state the precise number of
the caudal vertebre in consequence of the terminal ones being an-
chylosed, requiring for this purpose the examination of a young
specimen at a period before the anchylosis takes place. In the
skeleton of a black-billed ‘Toucan which I have examined, it would
appear that three vertebre are thus anchylosed, making the entire
number of coccygeal vertebre nine. The Woodpecker has also nine
caudal vertebre, and this seems to be the greatest number found in
Birds. The first six of these vertebr@ in the Toucan are articulated
by ball-and-socket joints, the ball and the socket being most di-
stinct in the two last joints. That between the sixth and the an-
chylosed vertebre is provided with a capsule and synovial fluid ;
the others have a yielding ligamentous mode of connexion. The
spinous processes of these vertebre, both superior and inferior, are
of moderate size, but smallest in the sixth, where the greatest de-
gree of motion takes place. The transverse processes on the con-
trary are large and broad so as almost wholly to prevent lateral
motion. The first of the anchylosed vertebre is broad and flat and
of a rounded form, supporting the two coccygeal glands: the last
of these processes is compressed laterally, and of the ordinary
plough-share form. The caudal vertebre can be inflected dorsad
till their superior spines are brought in contact with the sacrum ;
in the opposite direction they can scarcely be bent beyond a straight
line: and it is to this structure of the bones and joints that is to be
attributed the capability in the Toucan of turning its tail upon its

46

back (as ‘represented in the Zoological Journal, vol. ii. pl. xv.), the
muscles presenting comparatively few peculiarities, since the mo-
tion alluded to is remarkable rather for its extent, than the vigour
with which it is performed.

«The principal elevators of the tail are the sacro-coccygei-supe-
riores (sacro-sus-caudiens of Vicq d’Azyr). They arise from two
longitudinal ridges on the inferior and convex part of the sacrum,
and are inserted into the superior spines of the first six vertebre by
detached tendons, terminating broadly in the anchylosed vertebrae.
The: principal antagonists of these muscles, sacro-coccygei-inferiores
(sacro-sous-caudiens of Vicq d’Azyr), pass over the first five verte-
bre and terminate in the sixth and anchylosed vertebre: their ori-
gins are wider apart than in the preceding pair of muscles, coming
off from the margins of the sacro-sciatic notches. In the interval
are situated small muscles passing from the transverse processes to
the inferior spines of the first six vertebra.

From the limited nature of the lateral motions of the tail the
muscles appropriate to these movements are feeble, especially in
comparison with those which are observed in the birds that spread
their tail-feathers in flight, and in that way regulate their course
during that vigorous species of locomotion. . These muscles are in
number two on each side, arising from the posterior extremities of
the ischia and inserted into the expanded anchylosed vertebre.
From the disposition of these muscles it is obvious that after the
proper elevators have raised the tail to a certain height, they also
become dorsad of the centre of motion, combine their forces with
the elevators, and by this addition of power terminate the act of
throwing up the tail by a jerk: so Mr. Vigors in his observations
on the living animal observes, that ‘in these movements the tail
seemed to turn as if on a hinge that was operated on by a spring.’

‘‘ The morbid appearances observed in this dissection were con-
fined to the alimentary canal, which exhibited in four places tracts
of inflammation of one and two inches in extent,”

The stuffed skin and skull of a Rodent Quadruped, brought from
Chili by Mr. H. Cuming, were laid upon the table, and characterized
by Mr. Bennett as forming a new genus,

OcrTopon.

Dentes primores + acutati anticé leaves ; molares utrinque + era-
dicati complicati subequales; superiores subtransversi, facie antica
lat, postica ob incisuram externam profundam duplo angustiore,
interna medio uniplicata, plicis a primo ad postremum sensim mino-
ribus ; inferiores obliqui, singulo plicé externa internaque suboppo-
sitis coronidem in areas duas obliqué transversales, figuram 8 vel
clepsydram quodammodo referentes, dispartientibus, plica externa
in postremo vix conspicua.

Artus subequales omnes pentadactyli, digitis liberis, unguibus
falcularibus acutis. Cauda mediocris subannulata pilosa apice
floccosa. bane ht

The teeth of this animal are remarkably different from those of

AT

any known genus. Their nearest approach is to those of Helamys :
the latter however want the narrowing of the posterior face of the
molars in the upper jaw, and the external fold in those of the lower,
as well as the oblique position of the latter, which so strikingly cha-
racterize the present genus. From 4rvicola, which it much more
closely resembles in habit, it is at once distinguished by the num-
ber of its teeth, and by their much smaller degree of complication.
Its specific characters, should the discovery of other species render
it necessary so to distinguish it, will probably be found in the fol-
lowing phrase :

Ocropon Cuminen, Oct. supra fusco-griseus nigrescenti inter-
mixtus, infra et ad pedes pallidior ; cauda supra et ad apicem
foccosam concolore nigrescente.

In size and shape the animal very closely resembles the common
Rat ; but its head is much broader and less elongated, and its tail
is uniformly covered with short adpressed rigid hairs, which be-
come longer and more lax as they approach the extremity, where
they form a slight floccose tuft. The facial line is regularly and
strongly arched, and the muzzle obtusely truncate; the eyes are
small, and. seated nearly midway between the base of the ears and
the nostrils; and the ears are of moderate size, thinly covered both
within and without with short adpressed hairs, and rounded at the
tips. The whiskers are numerous and rigid, and the longest exceed
the head in length. On the body, which is well-proportioned, the
fur consists almost entirely of straight hairs, lying flat, and varying
from half an inch to an inch in length: they become shorter on the
head and beneath the body, and still more so on the tail and limbs.
Of the limbs the hinder are somewhat longer, but the disproportion
is by no means so great as might be inferred from the saltatory
habits of the animal. All the feet have five toes, but the innermost

_ both before and behind is very short, and separated by a wide in-

terval from the rest. Except the thumb of the fore feet, which
has a short obtuse claw, all the toes are armed with rather long,
slightly curved, sharp-pointed claws, partially concealed by long

_ bristly hairs. Of the four outer toes anteriorly the two interme-

diate are nearly equal, and the two lateral somewhat shorter; pos-

_ teriorly the three intermediate toes are of nearly equal length, and

considerably exceed the outer. The tail, though covered rather

_ thickly with short stiff hairs, is distinctly annulated.

The general colour of the upper surface and sides is of a brownish

_ gray, intermixed with frequent spots and patches of dusky black.

It becomes slightly darker towards the rump ; and the upper surface
of the entire tail, together with its under surface for one-third of
its length from the tip, is dusky brown approaching to black. The
under surface is dusky gray mixed with a shade of brown, lighter

_ beneath the base of the tail, and deeper on the breast and neck,

where it is nearly of the same general hue with the upper surface
and head. ‘The ears are dusky, with a few stiff gray hairs at their
base anteriorly, and some whitish hairs on their inner surface. The

_, Shorter whiskers are for the most part white, and the longer black.

q

48

The legs are grayish mixed with brown, becoming of a paler gray
towards the feet, and the claws are deep black.
The following measurements were taken from the stuffed spe-

cimen.
inches, lines.

Length of the head and body............ » acaleinies Rie os Lees
—————- tail ...... op que ail & suai Pe Or 4 0
Te ted eae nm mibntecate Wearnee scmtitngsall Back
muzzle, anterior to eyes...... en Ae:

————— longest whisker .............. eS” a (.
RSP E Ot CIE RTS a gcce os «se mins. cnh 9) = sold 5 3 MOA Dior @
STEROUN DE MEO no. 0 wn percha: bakers bs) ee ae Drona d
Length of carpus to the end of the longest toe.... O ‘9
PATSUS COICO niente iaieinis aaxcbing edited Levis 3

The bones having been removed, no reliance could be placed on
the remaining measurements, for which reason they were not given.

Two living specimens of this interesting little Rodent, for which
the Society is also indebted to Mr, Cuming, have been exhibited
during the winter among the smaller animals at the Garden, where
they retain all their liveliness and activity. They appear rather shy
and have but little playfulness, but readily leap, with great agility
and without any appearance of exertion, from tbe floor of their cage
to a narrow perch placed at the height of nearly a foot, on which
they remain seated quite at their ease. Their food, as might be
inferred from the structure of their teeth, is entirely vegetable. Mr.
Cuming states that, in their native country ‘these animals burrow in
the ground, but always under brush-wood fences or in low thickets.
They are so abundant in the neighbourhood of Valparaiso, that in
the high-road between that place and St. Jago, more than a hun-
dred may frequently be seen at one time in search of food. Some-
times, but not often, they are observed on the lower branches of
the shrubs and on those which form the fences. They fly at the
least alarm, and in running carry their tufted tails bent like a bow.
A species of horned-Owl, of which I had the pleasure of presenting
a specimen to the Society, feeds principally on these pretty little
creatures,”

49

March 27, 1832.

John Edward Gray, Esq.; in the Chair,

A Report from Devereux Fuller, the Head Keeper, was read. It
was communicated to the Committee by the President.

It referred to the experiments on the feeding of carnivorous Mam-
malia recommended by the Committee on Dec. 13, 1831, (Part [.,
p. 164,) and subsequently ordered by the Council to be tried. The
animals subjected-to the experiment were two Leopards and two
Hyenas: the whole of them were males.

On Jan. 11 the Leopards were weighed. No. 1 weighed 91 Ibs. :
it was fed in the usual manner with 4lbs. of beef daily in one meal
given in the evening. No. 2 weighed 1003lbs. : it was supplied with
2lbs. of beef at eight o’clock in the morning, and with a like quantity
at the same hour in the evening daily. On Feb. 16, (after an interval
of five weeks,) they were again weighed. No. | had gained in weight
Ilb.: No. 2 had diminished in weight lb. No alteration was ob-
served in the latter animal as regarded his daily exercise ; but he be-
came more ferocious than he had previously been, and was particu-
larly violent.

On Dec. 23 the Hyenas were weighed. No. 1 weighed 86lbs. : it
was fed as usual with 3lbs. of beef daily at one meal in the evening.
No. 2 weighed 93lbs. : it was supplied with the same quantity of beef
daily, divided into two equal portions, one of which was given in the
morning and the other in the evening. On Feb. 16, (after an inter-
val of eight weeks,) they were again weighed ; and No. | was found
to have increased in weight Ilb., while No. 2 had diminished. in
weight Ilb. The latter animal was observed to take less exercise than
_ he had previously been accustomed to, and slept more than. usual :
_his temper was not affected, and he did not exhibit unusual signs of
hunger.

Biting the continuance of the experiment all the animals were
fasted one day in each week in common with the other carnivorous
species kept in the Menagerie.

-From these experiments it appears ‘that carnivorous Mammalia fed
with two meals daily, do not continue in equally good condition with
those which have the same quantity of flesh daily in one meal only. It
further appears that in one instance (that of the Leopard,) the temper

changed for the worse, and thus animals of the genus Felis might be-
come more dangerous in a Menagerie from the ferocity they would
acquire under such treatment ; and that in another instance the habits
_ were altered as regarded exercise, a diminution of which, in confined

j [No. XVII.] Zoox. Soc. Proceepines or THE Comm. or SCIENCE.
1

ae
4

Pi

50

animals, must be injurious to health. The inference deduced in the
Report is consequently in favour of the continuance of the accustomed
mode of feeding the purely carnivorous animals with one meal daily.

The Report further stated that an experiment had been tried at
the same time on the feeding of two animals less completely carni-
vorous than the preceding. They were weighed on Jan. 1]. No.1,
a Paradoxure Gennet, weighed 4lbs-: itwas fed as usual with bread
and milk in the morning, and with meat in the evening. No. 2, a
spotted Gennet, weighed 7lbs.: it was fed with equal portions of
bread and milk on the morning and evening of one day ; and with

equal portions of flesh on the morning and evening of the next day ;.

the quantity of food at each meal being the same as usual. On Feb.
16, (after an interval of five weeks,) the animals were again weighed,
No. 1 weighed as before, and was in perfect health, No. 2 had lost
in weight llb.: it had been during the alteration in its feeding much
duller than usual.

The result of this experiment is in fayour of the continuance of the
plan hitherto pursued of feeding partially carnivorous animals with
each kind of food on each day, and not on alternate days.

The exhibition of the new species of Mollusca and Conchifera col-
lected by Mr. Cuming, which had been commenced Feb. 28, was re-
sumed. The several shells exhibited were accompanied, as on the
former occasion, by characters and descriptions from the pens of Mr,
Broderip and Mr. G. B. Sowerby.

Genus CancEeLvaria.

CaNcELLARIA PuLCHRA. Canc. testé subovatd, albicante, brunneo-
fasciatd ; spird breviusculd, acuminatd ; anfractibus 6, ventri-
cosis, costatis ; costis muricato-aculeatis, lineis elevatis spiralibus
decussatis ; apertura ovata; labio intis sulcato; peritremate cre=
nato ; columella triplicata, plicd intermedia minore ; labio interno
ruguloso ; umbilico mediocri, margine elevatd ; canali recurvo :
long. 1115, lat. <8, poll.

Hab. ad littora Sancte Elene.

This species, which approaches in its characters more nearly to Canc.
cancellata, Lam., than to any other, may nevertheless be distinguished
at once by its strongly spinous ribs.

It was dredged from a sandy bottom in from eight to ten fathoms
water.—G. B.S.

CancELLaRia sotipa. Canc. testd subovatd, crassd, fulvd, levi;
spird brevi, mucronatd, superné costato-decussata ; anfractibus 6,
ventricosis, ultimo maximo, superné rotundato-subanguloso ; aper-
turd oblonga, spird dupld longiore, intis transversim sulcatd ;'
peritremate acuto, infra subemarginato ; columelld triplicatd, plied
inferiore exigud; labio interno expanso, infra ruguloso; canali
brevissimo, subrecurvo: long.1+%, lat. 1425 poll.

Hab. ad littora Americe Centralis.. (Real Llejos and St. Elena.)

A species remarkable for its deviation from the character of the

genus, in being very smooth.

—"

51

It was found in dredging in from eight to ten fathoms, with a sandy
bottom.—G. B.S.

CanceLcaria TUBERCULOSA. Canc, testd subglobosd, albicante ;
spird breviusculd, subacuminatd ; anfractibus 5, bullatis, swperneé
obtusé angulatis, spiraliter sulcatis et tuberculatis, tuberculorum
triplici serie; suturd lat? canaliculatd; aperturd obtuse subtri-

.. gonali, infra integra ; peritremate acuto; columelld biplicatd, pleis

_. , parvis, obliquis ; umbilico magno: long.)1.%9, lat. 145 poll.

Hab. ad littora Americe Meridionalis. (Iquiqui.)

_ Remarkable for its dull, calcareous, tuberculated surface, its wide
expanded aperture, and its widely channelled or contabulated spire.

eae in seven fathoms water with a sandy muddy bottom.—

' CancEnnaria BuLLata. Canc. testd subglobosd, cinereo-fuscescente ;
spird mediocri, acuminatd ; anfractibus 5, bullatis, spiraliter stri-
atis, ultimo tuberculorum triplici serie ornato; suturd canaliculatd,
subcrenatd ; aperturd obtuse subtrigonali, infra integrd ; peritre-
mate acuto; columelld biplicatd, plicis parvis, obliquis ; umbilico

, magno : long. 1425, dat..1 poll.
Hab. ad littora Americ Meridionalis et Centralis, (Payta and

Gulf of Nocoiya.)

Very like the last; it differs, however, in colour, in being more
acuminated, and in its tubercles being less prominent; it is, more-
over, a thinner shell.

_ Found in twelve fathoms water with a muddy bottom.—G. B. S.

Cancetiaria Mirtrirormis. Canc. testd oblongd, brunned ; spird
: elongata, acuminatd ; anfractibus 7, cancellatis, prope suturam
unicarinatis; aperturd oblongd, in canalem longiusculam recurvam
desinente ; peritremate infra sinuato, margine externa. fimbriato-
laceratd ; columella biplicatd, plicd superiore magnd, alterd parvd
et basi columella rugulosd : long. 1.85, lat. +% poll.
_ Hab, ad Panamam. /
A single specimen of this interesting shell was dredged in sandy mud.
_ It is the most elongated species hitherto seen by Mr. Sowerby, and
in appearance approaches to the Mitres.—G. B.S.

CancELLAriA Gonrostoma. Canc. testd oblongd, fuscd ; spird acu-
minatd, gradatd ; anfractibus 6, supern? contabulatis, spiraliter
. striatis, longitudinaliter tuberculato-costatis ; aperturd trigonali,
. albicante; peritremate reflexo, crenato ; columelld biplicatd, plicis
__ obsoletiusculis, obliquis ; umbilico maximo : long. 11, lat. +%5 poll.
Hab. ad littora Americe Centralis, (Conchagua, San Salvador.)
A very fine and interesting species, of which a single specimen alone
__ was brought up from a sandy bottom in eight fathoms water.
_ It is an approximation to the shell named Delphinula trigonostoma
__ by Lamarck, which would be properly placed in the genus Cancellaria
next to this species.—G. B.S.
_ CanceLuaria TEssELLATA. Canc. testd oblongd, ovulatd, albicante,
4 brunneo-tessellatd; spird brevi, obtusiusculd; anfractibus 4, de-
cussatis, ultimo maximo ; aperturd oblongd, ad basin integrd; labio

ine

52

externo intis sulcato; labio interno supra anfractum ultimum ex-
tenso; columelld biplicatd, plicd superiore majore : long. +8, lat.
x4) poll. ;

Hab. fn America Meridionali. (Bay of Caraccas, St. Elena, and
Xipixapi.)

A very elegant, small species, of a white colour, with three rows of
squarish brown marks; like that of Canc. nodulifera (Sowerby in
Tankerville Catalogue, Appendix), the inner lip is spread over part of
the last volution, giving the full-grown shell somewhat of the appear-
ance of a Cassis.

Dredged in a sandy muddy bottom in from seven to ten fathoms.—
G. B.S.

CanceLtaria Cravatuta. Canc. testd turritd, brunned, albicante
bivittatd, varicosd; spird attenuatd, acuminatd ; anfractibus 7,
rotundatis, spiraliter striatis, longitudinaliter costatis et varicosis,
varicibus sparsis ; aperturd subovali, in canalem desinente ; labio
externo intis sulcato ; columella biplicatd ; peritremate reflezo :
long. 1,45, lat. 4% poll.

Hab. ad Panamam et Paytam.

A turrited, fusiform, varicose species, which very nearly resembles

one of the Italian fossils.

It was taken up from a sandy muddy bottom in seven fathoms water.

—G. B.S.

CaNcELLARIA oBESA. Canc. testd ovatd, acuminatd, levi, ponde-
rosd, pallidd ; spird brevi, attenuatd, decussatim striatd ; anfrac-
tibus 6—8 ventricosis, spiraliter leviter striatis, ultimo maximo,
levigato ; aperturd oblongd, utrdque extremitate acuminatd, infra
in canalem brevem desinente ; labio exrterno intis sulcato; peritre-
mate tenuiore, infra subsinuato ; columelld triplicatd, plicd supe-
riore mazimd, bilobatd, inferiore minimd : long. 2.55, lat.14+4 poll.

Hab. ad ords Americe Centralis. (Gulf of Dulce.)

When young, this shell is prettily decussated with rather prominent
though very narrow ribs; but with age it becomes nearly smooth,
with obsolete striae.

Two young ones were brought from Puerto Portrero, and an aged
specimen was dredged in fifteen fathoms in the Gulf of Dulce—G.B.S.

CANCELLARIA BREVIS. Canc. testd subglobosd, albidd, brunneo-
varid; spird brevi, contabulatd ; anfractibus4a—s, supern? angulatis,
crenatis, spiraliter sulcatis, et longitudinaliter costatis ; aperturd
obtuse trigond ; labio externo intis sulcato ; peritremate obtusius-
culo, crenulato ; columelld biplicatd ; umbilico magno, erg cre-
natd : long. +8,, lat. 4%, poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Meridionalis et Centralis.

Another of those interesting species which form as it were the
passage from the typical Cancellaria to the species which Lamarck
has placed among the Delphinule under the name of Delph. trigo-
nostoma.

Two specimens were found, one at Puerto Portrero, the other at
St. Elena.—G. B.S. ’

’

53

~Cancenanta rigipa. Canc. testd ovatd, rigidd, pallidd vel brun-
ned concolore ; spird brevi, acuminatd, contabulatd ; anfractibus 5,
superne angulatis, spiraliter striatis, et longitudinaliter costatis,
costis rariusculis, sublamellosis, acutis ; aperturd subtrigonali, in-
Sra in canalem brevissimam desinente ; labio externo intis sulcato ;
peritremate acuto; columelld triplicatd, plicd inferiore minimd ;
labio interno corrugato ; umbilico mediocri, margine elevatiusculd :
long. +85, lat. +55 poll.
Hab. ad Puerto Portrero, Americe Centralis.
A single specimen was dredged in thirteen fathoms with a sandy
bottom. Mr. Sowerby has several much larger specimens, with whose
ptenty J he is unacquainted.—G. B, S,

» Cancetraria Cassrprrormis, Canc. testd ovali, fulvd ; spird brevi,
apiee acuminato ; anfractibus 6, spiraliter sulcatis, superioribus
angulato- nodulosis, ultimo maximo, prope suturam serie unicd tu-
berculorum, infra fascid pallidd, instructo ; suturd distinctd, infra
subcanaliculatd ; aperturd oblongd, infra in canalem brevem dest-
nente ; peritremate obtuso; labio interno expanso; columella tripli-

~ catd, plicd superiore majore : long. 1,%5, lat. 1 poll.

Hab, ad Panamam.

_ The young shells of this species resemble those of the Canc. nodu-
lifera, in the Appendix to the Tankerville Catalogue, p.xv. The full-
grown shell is here described from a'specimen in Mr. Sowerby’s col-
lection, all those obtained by Mr. Cuming being young.

a, base from a sandy muddy bottom in sixteen fathoms water.—

CanceLiaria ovata. Canc. testd ovali, levigatd, brunned, epider-
mide tenui_fuscd indutd ; spird brevi, subacuminatd ; anfractibus 7,
spiraliter sulcatis, ultimo maximo, ventr srganescuie : suturd di-
stinctd ; aperturd elongatd, supern® angustiore, neusninura, infra
emarginatd, canalem brevissimam efformante ; peritremate acuto,
prope basin sinuato, labio exrterno intiis sulcato ; columelld plicis
duabus, validis, tertid inferiore obsoletd ; umbilico minimo vel nullo :

~ long. 1455, lat. 3% poll. as

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam, Columbiz occidentalis.

This species resembles Canc. reticulata more nearly than any other;

_ its proportions are however very different, and it is a much smoother

shell: the smaller volutions are somewhat cancellated.
Found in from eight to ten hows water with a sandy bottom.—
| GBS.

“Cancenrarra ACUMINATA. Canc. testd ovato- oblongd, levigatd,
_ fulvescente, pallidiore subfasciatd ; spird mediocri, subulato-acu-
_ minatd ; anfractibus 6—7, spiraliter sulcatis et longitudinaliter ob-
solete costatis, ultimo magno ; aperturd mediocri, superne acumi-
~natd, infra emarginatd, canalem brevem efformante ; peritremate
-acuto, crenulato, prope basin sinuato ; labio intis sulcato ; colu-
~~ melld plicis duabus validis, tertid obsoleta inferiore ; umbilico mi-
~~ nimo vel nullo: long. +%5, lat. 45 poll.
“Hab, ad Guacamayo, Americe Centralis.

54

Found in a sandy muddy bettom at a depth of about twelve fathoms.
It may easily be distinguished from the last by its proportions as well
as by the form of the spire.—G, B.S.

CANCELLARIA BUCCINOIDES. Canc. testd oblongd, corrugatd ; spird
mediocri, acuminatd ; anfractibus 7, subventricosis, longitudina~
liter granoso-costatis, et spiraliter sulcatis, (nonnunquam ex etate
varicosis) ; aperturd ovato-oblongd, obliqud, ad basin emarginatd,
brevissimé canaliferd ; peritremate obtusiusculo, prope basin subsi-
nuato ; labio externo intis levi, nonnunquam leviter denticulato ;

columella biplicatd, plicis parvis : long. 1.85, lat. +25 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Meridionalis et Centralis,, (Real Llejos,

Tquiqui, Callao, and Puerto Portrero.)

This species has very much of the appearance of a Buccinum, from

which genus it is only distinguished by the two folds on the columel-
la ; it varies in colour, some specimens being of a very pale, others
of a darker fawn colour ; some again are of a dark brown colour all
over, while others are of a dark brown with a light band perceptible
within the aperture.

Found in from seven to fifteen fathoms with a sandy muddy bottom.
—G.B.S.

CANCELLARIA INDENTATA. Canc. testd oblongd, clathratd, fuscd ;
spird mediocri, acuminatd ; anfractibus 6, decussatim costatis, cos-
tis noduliferis ; aperturd ovato-oblongd, obliqud, ad basin subca-
naliferd ; peritremate indentato ; columelld triplicatd, plicd inferi-
ore minimd ; umbilico parvo, margine distinctd : long. 1+y, lat. +%
poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

Nearly like the last in shape, but not having a distinct canal ;—its

having three folds on the columella, and an umbilicus with a strongly
raised border, also distinguish it.—G. B. S.

CANCELLARIA HHMasToMA. Canc. testd ovato-pyramidali, albicante,
Susco-fasciatd, ore aurantiaco ; spird pyramidali; anfractibus 6,
rotundatis, superne obtuse angulosis, spiraliter striatis, longitudi-
naliter costatis, costis paucis, obtusis, prope suturam elevatis; aper-
turd subrotundd, in canalem brevem desinente ; peritremate acuti-
usculo, crenulato ; labio externo intis sulcato, interno corrugato;
columelld triplicatd ; umbilico mediocri, margine elevatd: long.
1's, lat. +75 poll.

Hab, ad insulas Gallapagos.

A very beautiful species ; nearly white, with a broad dark-brown
band surrounding the upper part of the volutions: its brilliant
orange-coloured mouth is also remarkable.

Taken in from ten to sixteen fathoms with a sandy bottom.—G.B.S.

CaANCELLARIA CHRysostoma. Canc. testé globoso-pyramidali, albi-
cante, fusco-fasciatd, ore aurantiaco; spird brevi, acuminatiusculd ;
anfractibus 6, rotundatis, spiraliter sulcatis, longitudinaliter cos-
tatis,costis plurimis, obtusis, prope suturam elevatis ; aperturd sub-
rotundatd, superné subacuminatd, infra in canalem brevem reflexam,
desinente; peritremate crenato; labio externo intis sulcato, interno

=_—"

55

corrugato ; columelld triplicatd ; umbilico mediocri, margine ele-
vatd : long. 15, lat. 44 poll.
Hab. ad Panamam et Sanctam Elenam. ‘s
This species somewhat resembles the last, it may however be di-
stinguished by its more globose form, its more numerous longitudinal
ribs, and its more distinct recurved canal : there are other minor dif-
ferences.
Dredged in from eight to ten fathoms with a sandy bottom.—G.B.S.

CANCELLARIA GEMMULATA. Canc. testd ovato-ventricosd, albidd ;
spird brevi, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 5—6, longitudinaliter gra-
noso-plicatis et spiraliter sulcatis; suturd distinctd, crenatd;
aperturd oblongd, superné acuminatd, infra in canalem brevem de-
sinente ; peritremate indentato ; labio intus sulcato ; columelld tri-
plicatd, plicd inferiore minimd; umbilico minimo, margine elevatd :
long. 1, lat. 44 poll.

~ Hab. in Sinu Nocoiya, Americe Centralis.

A very elegant species, of which a few specimens were dredged
from a sandy muddy bottom.—G. B.S. ~

_CANcELLARIA DEcUssaTA. Canc. testd ovato-acuminatd, brunne-

scente ; anfractibus 6, decussatim costellatis, costellis granulosis ;

‘ suturd crenulatd ; aperturd oblongd, superné acuminatd, infra in

canalem brevem, acuminatam desinente ; peritremate acutiusculo ;

labio intis leviter sulcato ; columelld triplicatd, plicd inferiore mi-
nimd ; umbilico minimo, margine elevatd : long. 1155, lat. +85 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Meridionalis et Centralis. (Panama and

Puerto Portrero.)

Found at various depths from ten to thirteen fathoms, with a sandy
muddy bottom.—G. B.S.

CancELLaria Buisutus.. Canc. testd oblongd, medio ventricosd,
apiceacuminatd ;anfractibus 6—7, superioribus carinato-decussatis,
ultimo ventricoso, levi, infra sulcato ; aperturd oblongd, infra in
canalem brevem decurrente ; peritremate acuto ; columelld tripli-
catd, plicd superiore majore, infimd subobsoletd ; labio interno su-

" perne incrassato, subtits subgranoso : long. 115, lat. +§ poll.

Hab. ad littora Americe Centralis.

_ Two young specimens of this species were found in company with
Canc. solida at Real Llejos.—G. B.S. '

Genus Scauaria,

Scauaria Diapvema. Scal. testd oblongd, subcylindraced, albd ; an-
fractibus 7, levibus, superioribus longitudinaliter costatis, superné
anguliferis, angulo crenulato ; ultimo costis obsoletis, carind ob-
tusd prope basin: long. +85, lat. 325 poll.

Had. ad insulas Gallapagos. (James’s Island.)

A very neat and curious small species, of which Mr. Sowerby had
seen but one individual until Mr. Cuming’s arrival. A fluid secreted
by the animal produces a bright purple dye.—G. B.S.

_ pn Oa eee

= EEA IO

: Genus Carpita.
Carpita Cuviernt. Card. testd subcordatd, albidd, rufo-varid; *
) f&.M,

56

costis radiantibus latis, valde elevatis, complanatis, geniculato-no-
dosis ; intus albd ; epidermide fuscd : long. 2x85, lat. 2,75, alt. 24
oll.

Hab. in Sinu Fonseca, Americe Centralis.

This fine species, far exceeding in size and beauty any Cardita
hitherto discovered, was dredged from sandy mud in eleven fathoms
water, about seven miles from the shore. After its capture the dredge
was kept at work for some hours, but no other specimen could be pro-
cured. ‘The ribs are broad, flattened on their superior surface, but
very elevated and strongly geniculated, the geniculations being, for
the most part, three-tenths of an inch from each other. The shell is
a very striking object, and has almost the appearance of a carved work.

CarpitTa Tumipa. Card. testd subtrigond, tumidd, costis radianti-
bus latis, subdepressis ; carned vel fulvd, maculis purpureo-spadi-
ceis et flavis varid ; umbonibus recurvis, subacuminatis ; lunuld de-
pressd ; epidermide fuscd: long. 2, lat. 14, alt. 24 poll.

Hab. ad Americe Centralis et Meridionalis oras.

- Found in a young state at Puerto Portrero, at a depth of eleven

fathoms, in fine sand and gravel; and in a full-grown state at the Isle
of Plata, in coral sand, at the depth of seventeen fathoms.—W. J.B.

Carpita vagia. Card, testd subtrigond, costis radiantibus depres-
sis ; violaceo-spadiced, maculis albis varid : long. 14, lat. 44, alt.
1,3, poll.
Hab. ad insulas Gallapagos.
Dredged in fine sand at the depth of six fathoms.—W. J. B.
This resembles Venericardia flammea, (tab.6 in Guerin’s ‘ Magazin
de Conchyliologie’,) but is undoubtedly distinct.

Genus CrAsSATELLA.

CRASSATELLA UNDULATA. Crass. testd ovali, brunned, fusco-macu-
latd, epidermide fused indutd ; intis brunned, prope marginem an-
ticam albicante ; umbonibus undulatis ; latere antico inclinato ro-
tundato, postico longiore, acuminato, angulifero : long. 2+7,, lat. 1,
alt. 1+%y poll. ;

Hab. ad Puerto Portrero, Americe Centralis.

Dredged from sandy mud in eleven fathoms water. The young

shell is of a lighter colour than that which is fully grown; the undu-
lations, moreover, extend over its entire surface. 6, B. s.

CRASSATELLA GiIBBos4s. Crass. testd subovali, gibbosd, pallescente,
epidermide fuscd indutd ; intis albicante, latere postico brunneo ;
umbonibus undulatis, compressis ; latere antico inclinato, rotundato,
sulcis nonnullis brevibus ; postico arcuato, elongato, acuminato :

long. 1.85, lat. 1, alt. 135 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Meridionalis. (St. Elena and Xipixapi.)

Dredged from sandy mud in eleven fathoms water. This is the

most ventricose species known to Mr. Sowerby; its young is neverthe-
less exceedingly seinen and is, moreover, covered with undula-
tions,—G. B. S,.

57

Genus AMPHIDESMA.

AMPHIDESMA PULCHRUM. Amph. testd ovali, pallidd, superficie
concentrice striatd ; intis albidd, purpureo-varid ; latere postico
breviore ; margine anticd inclinatd, striis nonnullis radiantibus,
strias incrementi decussantibus : long. 17%, lat. s*s, alt. 1 poll.

"Hab. in Sinu Caraccensi, Americe Meridionalis.

This species resembles ‘Amph. variegatum, Lam., in form; it is

white within, very prettily mottled with purple.—G, B.S.

Genus MarGinELLA.

Marernetia Cyprzora. Marg. testd ovali, asperd, purpureo-ni-
gricante ; spird brevissimd, obtusd ; anfractu ultimo superne ven-
tricoso, lined dorsali levi ; labio externo incrassato, involuto, intds
denticulato; labio ookiumellarti transversim plicato: long. +35, lat.
vo poll, —

Hab. sub lapidibus et in locis arenosis ad littora Acapulez et
Sanctz Elene.

A most interesting species, inasmuch as it appears to be the link
connecting Marginella with Cyprea: though covered nearly ail over
with a fine asperity, it has nevertheless a polished surface ; the spire
is very small, and the mantle of the animal must have been almost
equal on both sides, since there is a nearly central dorsal line which
is quite smooth and free from the asperity which covers the remainder
of the last volution.—G. B. S.

Marcinenna Frumentum. Marg. testd ovali, politd, pallescente,
lineis undulatis per series tres dispositis pictd ; spird retusd, aper-
turd longitudine teste ; pemarenvets acuto, levi ; columelld infra
plicis nonnullis: long. +45; lat. 25, pauld minis, poll.

- Hab. ad oras Americe Meridionalis. (St. Elena and Salango.)

A very pretty little species, dredged in from eight to ten fathoms
with a sandy, bottom.—G. B.S.

Genus Curron.

* Ligamento marginis levi.

Curtron pusiutus. Chit. testd minimd, obovatd, albicante ; dorso
elevato ; valvis intermediis angustis, minutissime punctulatis, areis
lateralibus .subdistinctis ; valvd peed majori, vertice cemtralt,

_ postice inclinato : long. z%5,.lat. 745 poll.
~ Hab. ad littora Peruvie. (Pacasmayo.)
_ Distinguished from all the other Chitons by the comparative height
and proportions of the posterior valye, which has a central vertec in-
clined backwards.. _

Found on a coral reef in seventeen filbionix water nine miles from
land.—G. B.S. .

Curron Grayn. Chit. testd en pullidd, rufescente fuscoque
_ varid ; valvd anticd, valvarum intermediarum areis lateralibus et
valve postice ared posticd radiatim granoso-striatis ; arearum la-
teralium marginibus anticis. elevatis, posticis crenulatis 3 valvarum
intermediarum areis centralibus et valve postice ared anticd ob-

58

ligque longitudinaliter granuloso-striatis; valve 3tie, 4te, 5te,
6te et 7me medio longitudinaliter bisulcatd: long. 145, lat. +75 poll.
Hab. in Insula S" Laurentii in Sinu Callao, Peruvie.
This species resembles Chit. crenulatus, but may be distinguished
by attention to the above characters.
Two specimens only were found on shells in seven fathoms water.
—G.B.S.

Curron Cuttornsis. Chit. testd oblongd, levi, coloribus luridis
varid ; valud anticd, valvarum intermediarum areis lateralibus et
valve postice ared posticd radiatim punctato-striatis ; valvarum
intermediarum areis centralibus et valve postice ared anticd lon-
gitudinaliter punctato-striatis : valvis sex posticis prope medium
longitudinaliter sulcatis : long. 2-8,, lat. 1485 poll.

Hab, sub lapidibus ad littora Insule Chiloe.

Somewhat similar to, but very distinct from Chit. Chilensis, Frembl.

—G. B. S.

Curton rosEvs. Chit. testd ovato-oblongd, levi, rosed; dorso ro-
tundato ; valvd anticd, et valvarum intermediarum areis lateralibus
longitudinaliter, areis centralibus transversim sulcatis ; valve pos-
tice vertice centrali, sulcis concentricis : long. x5, lat. +35 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Plate, Columbiz occidentalis.

Found on dead shells in seventeen fathoms water.—G. B.S.

** Ligamento marginis granoso.

Curron pispar. Chit. testd ovali, levigatd, cinered, albido nigroque
varid ; valvarum areis centralibus levibus, postice longitudinaliter
subsulcatis ; valud anticd, valvarum intermediarum areis laterali-
bus et valve postice ared posticd granulosis : long. 1, lat. +°5, poll.

Hab. sub lapidibus ad littora Insule Saboge in Sinu Paname.

The name has been suggested by the circumstance of the central

aree being quite smooth, while the lateral are are covered with
granules.—G, B.S.

Curron rucutatus. Chit. testd oblongd, levigatiusculd, olivaced,
albicante varid ; valvd anticd, valvarum intermediarum areis late-
ralibus et valve postice parte posticd concentrice undulato-rugu-
losis ; areis centralibus levibus, marginibus rugulosis : long. +%,
lat. 45 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Puerto Portrero and Inner Lo-

bos Island.) P

Found under stones at low water.—G. B. S.

Curron Conumsrensis. Chit. testd ovatd, depressiusculd, cinera-
scente ; valvd anticd, valvarum intermediarum areis lateralibus et
valve postice ared posticd sparsim granulosis ; intermediarum
areis centralibus et postice ared anticd longitudinaliter granoso-
lineatis : long. 1485, lat. +4 poll.

Hab, in Sinu Paname.

Found under stones at low water.—G., B. S.

Curton punctuLatissimus. Chit. testd ovato-oblongd, levi, colo-

59

. ribus variis pictd ; valvis omnibus omnind minutissime punctulatis,
squamulis marginalibus pereviguis : long, +75, lat. x45 poll.
Hab. ad oras Americe Meridionalis. (Bays of Mexillones, Iquiqui,
and Arica.)
Found on dead shells in from six to ten fathoms water. A white
variety with a black border and somewhat varied with black has been
very rarely found.—G. B. S.

**«* Ligamento marginis velutino et fasciculato.

. Curron urrupinirormis. Chit. testd oblonga, planiusculd, nigre-
scente-viridi ; valvis rotundatis, granulosis ; valvarum areis centra-
libus elongatis, postice acuminatis, leviusculis ; margine densis-
sime iyi — velutind, fasciculis pilorum 9, concoloribus :
long. 1 44 poll.

Hab. ad free Peruviee (Ancon, Lobos Island, and Payta), et ad
__ insulis Gallapagos. (Chatham Island.)
Found under stones at low water.—G. B. S.

**** Ligamento marginis squamoso.

apa his. LEVIGATUS. Chit. testd ovato-oblongd, planiusculd, levi-
gatd, subfuscd, nigro rufoque longitudinaliter variegatd ; carind
marginali obtusd, elevatiusculd inter areas laterales et centrales
valvarum intermediarum : long. 15%, lat. 4%, poll.
Hab. sub lapidibus in Sinu Californiensi.
Found under stones at low water, by Mr. Ealing of H. M. S. Sap-
phire, at Guaymas.—G. B. S.

_Curron articutatus. Chit. testd ovatd, levigatd, viridescente-
fuscd, pallescente longitudinaliter variegatd ; dorso elevatiusculo,
rotundato, carind marginali inter areas laterales et centrales val-
_varum intermediarum feré obliteratd ; limbo olivaceo pallide ar-
ticulato : long. 230 lat. 15 poll.
Hab, sub lapidibus in Sinu Californiensi.. (St. Blas.)
Found under stones at low water. In many characters it resembles
Chit. levigatus, but differs in its prepa tions as well as in the parti-
cular form of each valve.—G. B. S.

Genus Cyctostoma.

CycLosroma FLAVUM, Cycl. testd subglobosd, flavd, crassiusculd, |
anfractibus 5, creberrimé fasciato-striatis; striis elevatis; umbi-

inf 4260 ) Parvo 5 operculo corneo: long. +35, lat. +45 poll.

. Hab. in Annaa.

_ This, at first sight, has all the aspect of a marine shell, and even
‘ when examined more accurately bears a close resemblance to Litto-
rina, especially i in its operculum. But it was found alive, by Mr, Cu-
ming, buried in the earth under the roots of a palm-tree, which was
surrounded with vegetation, and at aconsiderable distance from high
water mark, May it not be one of the links which connect the marine
with the terrestrial Mollusca? I have placed it with the Cyclosto-
mata, to which genus among the land shells it seems to be most
> nearly related.—W. J. B.

60

Genus Srizirer. ( Brod.)

Testa hyalina, turbinata, apice spire stilum mentiente. Apertura
subovata, superné acuminata. Labrum acutum, sinuatum,

Pallium crassum, carnosum, cyathiforme, teste anfractus ultimos
obtegens. Proboscis longissima, retractilis. Tentacula rotunda, crassa,
subacuminata, ad basin proboscidis posita. Oculi ad basin tentacu-
lorum, sessiles, minimi. Branchie stirps solitaria.

Animal marinum,

Srinirer Astericoua. Stil.testd subglobosd, diaphand, lactescente;
anfractibus ventricosis, longitudinaliter leviter striatis, ultimo
maximo; apicis anfractibus duobus: long. +45, lat. 2, poll,

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos, Asteri@¢ solaris cutem penetrans, (Lord

Hood’s Island.)

The arrival in this country of the shell above recorded, with the soft
parts, has afforded data for a generic character indicating a distinct
family among the Pectinibranchiata, the form and disposition of whose
mantle differs from that of any other genus in the order. This man-
tle(which in Stil. Astericola is of a green hue,) is thick, fleshy and cup-
shaped, with a small aperture-at its base and a free posterior margin,
enveloping the soft parts and the last whorls of the shell, which has
thus somewhat the appearance of a small acorn set in its cup. On
the ventral aspect of this mantle is the rudiment of a foot; and from
the small basal aperture a retractile proboscis (which when exserted is
as long as the whole animal) is protruded. At the base of this pro-
boscis are two thick, round, somewhat pointed tentacula; and at the
base of them are the eyes or rather ocular specks without pedicles.
The branchia is placed on asingle stem. At the base of the proboscis
is a spherical muscular stomach, and the intestine ascends into the
spire of the shell, where it becomes attached to the liver, which, in
the present species, is of an orange colour.

Mr. Cuming found this elegant parasite burrowed in different parts
of the rays of the oral disk of Asterias solaris, Gray, where it is
almost hidden from sight, so deeply does the animal penetrate into
the substance of the Starfish, in which it makes a comfortable cyst for
itself, wherein it most probably turns by the aid of its rudimentary
foot. All the specimens infested with Stiliferi appeared to be in the
best health, though there is reason to believe that these Mollusca feed
upon the juices of the Starfish. With that instinct of self-preservation
imparted to all parasites whose existence depends upon that of their
nidus, the Stilifer, like the Ichneumon among insects, appears to avoid
the vital parts ; for, in no instance did Mr. Cuming find it imbedded
anywhere save in the rays, though some had penetrated at their base
and very near the pelvis. When extracted, the older shells have much
the appearance of a milky-clouded glass bubble ; the younger shells
are of an unclouded transparency. :

Dr. Turton, in the second volume of the ‘ Zoological Journal’

(p. 367, pl. xl.), described and figured a shell under the name of Pha-—

sianella stylifera, adding that he found a dozen attached to the spines

of Echinus esculentus dredged up in Torbay. It is clear that Dr. Tur--

’
a, aS Se

™
+! oy

i
5

61

ton’s shell is not a Phasianella, for it is described as having no oper-
culum ; and the similarity of the shell leaves no doubt, when joined to
the parasitic habits of the animal, that it is one of the congeners of
Stilifer Astericola : I, therefore, propose to name it Stilifer Turtoni.
Mr. Sowerby possesses a third species, which, although its habits
are unknown, may be referred to this genus with the name of

STiniFer susuxatus. Stil. testd turritd, subulatd, attenuatd, dia-
phand, anfractibus numerosis, subrotundatis ; apice longissimo :
long. +5, lat. +3, poll.

Hab. in Indis Occidentalibus.

This shell is so beautifully transparent that the columella in fine
specimens can be as distinctly seen as if there were no intervening
medium. The long apex, which consists of many close-set whorls,
is generally out of the perpendicular.—W. J. B.

Mr. Owen, to whom Mr. Broderip acknowledged himself indebted
for the anatomical particulars which he had recorded of Stilifer As-
tericola, subsequently exhibited a series of drawings of the animal
and of its various parts, so far as he had been enabled to observe them
in the specimens brought home by Mr. Cuming. He also read a more
detailed description of the peculiarities remarked by him during the
dissection of the individuals which had been entrusted to him for
that purpose.

April 10, 1832.

Joseph Cox Cox, Esq., in the Chair.

A Report from Devereux Fuller, the Head Keeper, was read. It
was communicated to the Committee by the President. .

It stated that the period of gestation of the Puma, Felis concolor, L.,
had been ascertained to be 96 or 97 days, the female in the Society's
Menagerie having admitted the male on Dec. 28, and brought. forth
on the night of April 2 two young. The ground-colour of these is of
a paler fawn than that of either of the parents, and they are deeply
spotted, as was noticed on the former occasion (Part I. p. 158). The
eyelids of one of them were partially unclosedon April 9. The mother,
whose temper was always mild, has since become remarkably gentle,
purring when the keeper goes into her den, and allowing her young
ones to be handled and carried about without appearing to be annoyed
by such treatment. The young, on the contrary, were when first born
extremely fierce, hissing and scratching with all their might; they
have, however, since become better tempered, though they are still
spiteful. The manners of both the mother and the young are similar
to those of the domestic Cat and her kittens, the former carrying the
latter about from place to place in her mouth. For a day or two previ-
ously to her littering she pulled the straw in her inner den into pieces
and thus formed a nest.

On the former occasion the period of gestation could not be deter-
mined, the female having admitted the male several times; the last
of which was 97 days prior to her parturition; a month after this
latter occurrence (her single young one having been born dead,) she
admitted the male once only, and became pregnant with her present,
litter.

A Note was read from Mr. Henry Tripp, of Orchard Wyndham,
Somersetshire, respecting the provision made by a male Hawk, after
the destruction of its female, for the nourishment of their young. On
the morning after the first night of her absence five small birds were
found placed on the side of the nest. These having been taken away,
nine others were found on the second morning ; among them were
a Blackbird and a Thrush. All of them were picked but not in the
least broken. On the third night the male bird was caught in a gin
set in the nest for that purpose. He had previously been so shy as to ~
evade all attempts at shooting him, while the female, on the contrary,

63

was got at so readily as to induce the keeper to destroy her, notwith-
standing his wishes first to destroy her mate. “id
Specimens and drawings of numerous animals: referable to the
genus Paradoxurus were laid upon the table; and Mr. Gray entered
into a detailed account of the distinguishing charactersof ‘the group,
which he prefaced by some observations on the family of Viverride in
general, and concluded by the description of several new species. He
observed that the family may be divided, independently of the cha-
racters furnished by the teeth, into three sections, distinguished by the
baldness or hairiness of the soles of their hinder feet, and by concur-
rent differences in the structure of their odorous glands. The first
of these is limited to the true Civets, the genus Viverra, in which the
under part of the hind-feet is entirely covered with hair, except on the
tips of the toes and the large tubercles at their base ; and'the pouch
secreting the civet forms a deep cavity on each side near the anus.
The species of this group are: 1, the African Civet, Viverra Civetta,
L.;—2, the Zibet of Buffon, Hist. Nat: tom. ix. t:34, Viv: Zibetha, L.,
which is the Viv. undulata, Gray, Spic. Zool: p. 9, t. 8 ;—3, the spotted
Civet, Viv. Tangalunga, Gray, which is the Viv. Zibetha of M.F.
Cuvier, Dr. Horsfield, and Sir Stamford Raffles, and is readily distin-
guished from the last-mentioned species by a continuous longitudinal
band occupying the upper:surface of the tail, the numerous irregular:
rings being separated only on its inferior half ;—4, the Gunda Civet;:
Viv. Rasse, Horsf., Viv. Gunda, Ham. MSS., which Dr. Horsfield be='
lieves to be distinct from Viv. Indica, Geoffr. ;—5, the pale Civet, Viv.
pallida, Gray ;—and 5, the Delundung, Viv. Linsang, Hardw., Felis
gracilis, Horsf. Of these the last three have the slender form of the
Gennets ; and one, the last, has been formed into a separate genus by
_ Dr. Horsfield ; the teeth however, according to the figure of that na-
turalist, agree exactly with those of the Civets, except in the deficiency
of the last upper molar. rts
The second section is likewise limited toa single genus, Genetta,
in which the soles of the hinder feet have a narrow bald line extending’:
from the heel and bifurcating, so as to inclose:a small triangular hairy
pad near the toes, the basal tubercle of which, and the tips of ‘the
toes themselves, are bald. In this section ‘also the anal pouches exist,
and the animals belonging to it, as well as tothe former, when imcons.
finement, frequently retrovert their tails, in order to press out, by rub=
bing against any hard substance within their reach, the odorous secre=
tion contained in the pouches. The species are: |, the Fossane, Viv. Fossa,
Erxl. ;—2, the Senegal Gennet, Viv. Senegalensis, Fisch., from M. F.:
_ Cuvier’s ‘ Mammiféres Lithographiés’;—-3, the feline Gennet, Viv. fe=
lina, Thunb., which has certainly no affinity with the Civette dé: Mas
_lacca of Sonnerat, doubtfully referred to'it by M. Fischer ;—and4, the.
common Gennet, Viv. Genetta, L.' rio |
In the third section, which includes two very distinct subdivisions,
_ the entire sole is bald from the toes to the heel. One of the subdi-
_ visions has long, slender, and nearly free toes; anal pouches of greater
3 or Jess depth ; and hair of a peculiarly harsh character and grizzled

A

64

appearance: this inclides the genera Herpestes and Ryzena, and
probably also Crossarchus and Atilax ; but as Mr. Gray had not seen
the two latter, he could not speak confidently with respect to them,
Crossarchus and Ryzena differ in having one false molar tooth less
than the other genera. The remaining subdivision has the toes short,
and united by a membrane as far as the base of the claws ; it has no
anal pouch, but in place of that organ a bald secreting fold over the
sheath of the penis; and its fur is rather rigid with a woolly under-
coat. In most cases the tail has the faculty of rolling itself up spirally
from the tip, from which circumstance M. F. Cuvier deduced the ge-
neric name of Paradoxurus applied by him to the animals of this sub-
division. One species, the Benturong of Major Farquhar, has since
been separated by M. Valenciennes under the generic name of Ictides.

All the animals of this subdivision which Mr. Gray has seen living,
agree in having a very narrow linear perpendicular pupil, but this
character he considered as only of secondary importance; the Foxes
having linear, while all the other Dogs have round pupils, and the
common Cat, and some others of the genus Felis, having them perpen-
dicular, while the Lion, Tiger, Leopard, Jaguar, Puma, and hunting
Leopard, have them circular. The naked space extending the whole
length of the frenum of the penis from the anus to the tip of the sheath,
and secreting a brown odorous substance, appears to have been first
noticed by Pallas in his description of the Viv. hermaphrodita, to which,
by a not unapt comparison, it gave a name. It appears to have been
entirely overlooked by M. F. Cuvier, but is readily seen even in the
dried skin, and most probably exists in the genus Ictides also. In this
latter, according to Major Farquhar, the tail is truly prehensile, and
is used by the animal in climbing trees, but, like that of the Kinka-
jou, it has no bald portion near the tip. ‘The degree indeed in which
the convolutive peculiarity of this organ manifests itself, appears to
vary greatly in the different species. When not twisted up, the tail is
generally trailed along the ground with a slight turning over at the

tip, which occasions the hair, especially on the older specitnens, to be’

more or less worn away on either surface.

The teeth of the genus Paradoxurus agree in number and struc-
ture with those of Viverra, Genetta, and Herpestes, but differ in the
form of the cheek-tooth and tubercular molars, which in both jaws
are shorter, broader and more bluntly tubercular, indicating more
frugivorous habits. In their examination, not only in this genus but
in the whole order, it is necessary to observe the change that takes
place both in their distribution and form on the shedding of the milk-
teeth, which are widely different from those by which they are suc-
ceeded. In the young of Paradoxurus there are in the upper jaw

only four molars on each side, viz. two false molars, one cheek-tooth, |
and one tubercular ; while the adult animal has one additional false »

molar, and a second tubercular, the third false molar taking the place

of the cheek-tooth, and the cheek-tooth that occupied by the tuber-

cular, of the young animal. The teeth of the adult are also much
stronger and larger, the anterior ones becoming less, and the poste-

ee | ee

s

re

65

rior more, lobed and tubercular. In the first set, the false molars are
thin and compressed, and the second is distinctly three-lobed ; this
last is replaced by a strong thick conical tooth with a slight raised
margin behind, and the third or new false molar is nearly similar,
but furnished with a very small tubercle in the middle of the inner
side of the base of its crown. The cheek-tooth of the first set is also
compressed and has a small lobe in the middle of the inner side ;
while in the second set this tooth is triangular, broad in front and
narrow behind, with a large distinct lobe on the front of its inner
margin, It is much larger than the tubercular tooth of the first set
which it replaces, and which is little different in form from the first
tubercular of the second set, although the latter is also larger and has
more prominent and distinct tubercles.

Mr. Gray observed that it was on this discrepancy between the
milk and second teeth that the generic character of Paguma, described
by him in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Committee, Part i. p. 95, was
founded, he not having at that period noticed the change that takes
place on the shedding of the former set. The description there given
was taken from a skull belonging to a young animal about to part
with its milk-teeth, which still however remained perfect, while the
jaw had elongated sufficiently to allow of the partial development of
the two tubercular teeth of the new set, which were rendered visible
by scraping. In this state the true number of teeth belonging to the
family was present, the tubercular tooth of the first set still retaining
the place of the cheek-tooth of the second, for which it was described.
Subsequently, however, Mr. Gray has been enabled, by cutting away
the bone below this tooth, to lay bare the true cheek-tooth, which
tesembles that of the other species of Paradoxurus, to which genus
the animal in question must therefore revert. The explanation of
this change is the more interesting inasmuch as the Civets in gene-
ral appear to attain nearly their full size previous to its occurrence,
and consequently do not offer the usual indications of immature age.

Mr. Gray then proceeded to enumerate the following species of the
genus Paradoxurus, all of them, as far as their habitat has been as-
certained, natives of India and the Indian Islands.

1. Paradoxurus Typus. F.Cuv., Mamm. Lith.
Genette de France. Buff., Hist. Nat. Suppl. ili. t.47.
_Viverra nigra. Desm., Mamm. p. 208. oI
This species. appears to be the Musk and Musky Weasel.of Pen-
nant’s Quadrupeds, both taken from Sir Elijah Impey’s drawings, but

not the Piloselle Weasel of the same author, which has. hairy soles.

There is a variety now living in the Gardens of the Society, which
may be called fuliginosus, it being nearly black in consequence of the
length and number of the black hairs, which only show the fulvous
under-fur between their roots. It has a very distinct pale spot above,
and another beneath, the eye.

- The three following species are only known by the drawings of Dr.
Hamilton and Gen. Hardwicke, the former of which were liberally

lent to Mr. Gray by Dr. Wilkin and Dr. Horsfield, in order to enable

66

him to determine by actual comparison the species described from
them by M. de Blainville. The first two appear to agree with Par.
Typus in having nearly naked ears, and may possibly be only varie-
ties of that species ; the third approaches more nearly to Par. Mu-
angas. .

2. Parapoxurus Pennanti. Par. pallidé cinerascenti-brunneus,
fasciis obscuris saturatioribus lateralibus ; auriculis nudiusculis ;
orbitis albidis ; artubus cuudeque dimidio apicali nigrescentibus.
This animal is stated by Gen. Hardwicke, from whose drawings the
character is taken, to be found in the upper provinces of Bengal, and
to be very destructive to poultry and game. Its head and body mea-
sure 21, its tail 23,—making a total length of 44 inches. The ears
and sides of the nose are pale flesh-coloured.

3. Paradoxurus Bondar.
Ichneumon Bondar. Ham., MSS.
Viverra Bondar. Blainv., in Desm. Mamm. p. 210.

This species inhabits Bengal, where it is called the Musk-Cat. Its
head and body measure 25, its tail 24,—making a totallength of 49
inches. Dr. Hamilton’s reduced figure, from which this animal was
described by M. de Blainville, agrees with Gen, Hardwicke’s drawing
in almost every particular, except that in the former the nose is rather
sharper, and the tail not quite so bushy, as in the latter.

4. Paradoxurus prehensilis.
Ichneumon prehensilis. Ham., MSS.
Viverra prehensilis. Blainv., in Desm. Mamm. p. 208.

This species is only known from Dr. Hamilton’s drawing ; it ap-
pears distinct from any of the others, more especially in the bands of
the sides of the back being formed of oblong nearly confluent spots,
and in the length of the tail, which has a long white tip. The central
dorsal streak is not very distinctly marked, and the dark line in the
drawing may perhaps be intended for the shadow.

5. Paradoxurus Musanga.

Viverra Musangs. Horsf., Zool. Res. t. 5.
Viverra fasciata. Desm., Mamm. p. 209 ?

The very young animal is pale ash-coloured with three distinct
black dorsal bands, and the sides spotted. Its fur is very close and
soft, mixed with scattered very rigid rather longer black hairs.

6. Parapoxurus pusius. Par. pallidé flavescenti-cinereus, pilis
dorsi longioribus apice brunneis, subtis flavescenti-albidus ;
dorso fasciis centralibus tribus, lateribusque maculis brunneis
inconspicuis; capite, auriculis pilosis, pedibusque castaneis ;
caudd preter imam basin nigro-brunned ; macule uiringue ad
nasum, alterius supra genas, fuscieque interauricularis trans-
verse pilis albo-apiculatis.

This species is described from a young specimen sent to the Bri-

tish Museum by Dr. Horsfield: it may be only a variety of Par.
Musanga, but cannot be the general state of the young of that species,

‘

Rigen”:

67

which is described above. It is probably the Javanese variety of the
Musang described and figured by Dr. Horsfield.

7. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus.

Viverra hermaphrodita. Pallas, in Schreb. Séugth. p. 426.

The description of the glandular fold between the anus and penis
proves this species, which is only known by Pallas’s description, to
be a Paradorurus. It appears to resemble the preceding, but differs
in having the entire throat black, and in its black dorsal bands.

8. Parapoxurus Patuasu. Par. nigrescenti-griseus, nigro alboque
intermixtus, infra pallidior ; dorso fascid latiusculd maculisque
parvis utringue biserialibus nigris ; artubus, lateribus inferne,
cauddque nigrescentibus ; facie nigrd, maculd utrinque ad na-
sum, alterd sub oculos, fascidque transversd per frontem pone
genas ad gulam usque ductd, albis ; auriculis nudiusculis; guld
antice nigrescenti-cinered, posticé cinereo-albidd ; caudd cor-
pore longiore.

Par. albifrons. List_in Report of Council Zool. Soc. 1831, haud F.
Cuv., Mém. Mus. ix. ,

This species is described from a living specimen in the Gardens of

the Society, brought from India, and presented by Mr. Buchanan.

9. Parapoxurus Crossu. Par. supra nigrescens, pilis plumbeis
nigro-apiculatis, infra flavescens, pilis albo-apiculatis ; auriculis
apice nudiusculis ; facie, auriculis externe ad basin, pedibus,
caudeque dodrante apicali nigro-brunneis; maculd rotundd pal-
lidd ad nasum utrinque, alterdque minore sub oculos ; fronte
Slavescente.

The length of the head and body is 21 inches, of the nose to the
front of the ear 34, of the tail 16, of the fore-foot to the elbow-joint
41, and the distance from the back of the fore-foot to the front of the
hind-, 8 inches. The species is described from a specimen lately
living in the Surrey Zoological Gardens, and since presented by Mr.
Cross to the British Museum, where both the skin and skeleton are
preserved.

10. Paradocurus leucopus. Ogilby, in Zool. Journ. iv. p. 304.

1]. Parapoxurus Hamittonu. Par. auriculis pilosis ; dorso griseo-
cinerascente, pilis nigro-apiculatis intermixtis, seriebus sex vel

septem macularum rotundarum nigrarum ; facie dorso concolore,
strigd angustd nigrd inter, alterdque utrinque supra, oculos ; fascid

_ .nuchali medid nigrd, laterali utrinque breviore pallidé brunned ;

_ pedibus dorso concoloribus ; caudd corpore sesquilongiore, rufes-

- centi-brunned, annulis angustis subequalibus nigris versus apicem
remotioribus.

_ This species is described from a living specimen in the Surrey Zoo-

_ logical Gardens, which has been in Mr. Cross’s possession about

two years.

12. Paradoxurus larvatus.

~*~ Gulo larvatus. Ham. Smith, in Griff. An. Kingd. ii. p. 281.

“)

68

Viverra larvata. Gray, Spic. Zool. p. 9.
Paguma larvata. Gray, Proc, Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 96.

13. Parapoxurvs TRivircatus. Par. nigrescenti-griseus, infra
griseus; capite saturatiore; dorso fasciis tribus longitudinalibus
mediis nigrescentibus ; pedibus cauddque corpore longiore nigris ;
facie immaculatd.

Viverra trivirgata. Reinw., Mus. Leyd.

This species is described from a specimen in the Leyden Museum,

sent from the Moluccas. The teeth agree with those of the genusin
every particular, except that the cheek-teeth are rather shorter.

14, Paradoxurus? binotatus.

Viverra binotata. Reinw., Gray, Spic. Zool. p. 9.

Mr. Gray referred this animal to the genus Paradoxurus with some
doubt, he not having seen the teeth. Its walk, however, is truly
plantigrade. The habitat of Ashantee, given to it in the Leyden Mu-
seum, may be questioned: it was obtained from an old Dutch col-
lection, in which it is possible that the localities were not strictly
preserved.

_ To this enumeration Mr. Gray added the indication of an animal
known only by a rough sketch brought by Mr. Finlayson from Siam,
and deposited in the Library of the East India Company. This he
proposed to call Paradoxurus Finlaysonii, and described as being pale
brown ; with a band across the middle of the muzzle, and another
across the orbits (including the eyes and expanding on the back of
the cheek), the ears, and three continuous narrow lines along the
middle of the back, blackish brown ; the feet blackish; and the tail
cylindrical. He also considered it probable that the Civette de Ma-
lacca of Sonnerat, Voy. t.91, the Viverra Malaccensis of Gmelin, be-
longed to this genus, with which it agreed in several particulars of
its mode of colouring, although it differed in having a black streak
along the middle line of its belly, a character confined to few among
the Mammalia.

With respect to the Paradoxurus aureus of M. F. Cuvier, he stated
that he was inclined to believe that it really belonged tothe genus on
account of its naked soles, but was certainly not, as had been ima-
gined, the young of Par. Typus.

Mr. Gray added, that figures of the Parr. Pennantii, Bondar, pre-
hensilis, Pallusii, and Hamiltonii, are engraved for the forthcoming
No. of the ‘ Illustrations of Indian Zoology’.

Preparations were exhibited of the stomach and cecum of a Ca-
promys which had recently died at the Society’s Gardens, and Mr.
Owen read his notes of the dissection of the animal. He commenced
by remarking that its external characters agreed with those described
by M. Desmarest as existing in his Capromys Fournier ; while its ad-
measurements, especially those taken from the osseous system,. cor-

responded closely with those given by Mr. Say in the Journal of the _

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, when describing his

69

Isodon pilorides, the species on which the generic characters were first
pointed out. He further observed that the affinity of this genus to
Cavia, indicated by Mr. Say from the comparison of crania, received
corroboration from various particulars of the anatomy of the animal ;
an affinity, he conceived, not to be denied on account of the exist-
ence in Capromys of perfect clavicles, and their absence in Cavia; for
an anatomical character, he observed, is not the less artificial if taken
without reference to the rest of the organization,

“© The individual examined was a fully grown male, and measured
1 foot 6 inches from the end of the nose to the setting on of the tail,
the length of the tail being 74 inches.

«On the abdomen being laid open the viscera were found covered,
as in the 4gouti,-with an extensive omentum, which was loaded with
lardaceous fat. The sternal layers of the omentum extended along
the stomach and spleen across the whole of the abdomen; but the
dorsal layers, which were continued from a fold of the colon, extend-
ed from the right side only to the mesial line, where they terminated.
by a free edge without adhering to the sternal layer, and conse-
quently left at that part a large orifice by which the fingers could
be introduced into the omental bag. The liver, stomach, and spleen,
occupied as usual the hypochondriac and epigastric regions, and the
gall-bladder was also distinctly visible lying between two separate
lobes and not in a partial fissure at the under surface of the liver.
The cecum, a capacious, elongated and sacculated bag, extended, as
in the Cavies, from below the stomach down the left side and across
the lower part of the abdomen, terminating in the right iliac region
with its apex directed towards the diaphragm. A long and loose fold of
the colon extended obliquely across the abdomen from the right hypo-
chondriac to the left iliac region, and the remaining space above
the cecum was occupied by convolutions of small intestine. In the
regio pubis the testes were situated, of the large size which seems pe-
culiar to this fertile order of Mammalia, with the globus major of the
epididymis only projecting through the abdominal ring: these pro-
jecting portions were about the size of kidney-beans and appear to
have been mistaken by M. Desmarest for the testes themselves, which,
however, are rather larger than olives. The abdominal ring is large
enough to permit the whole of the gland to be protruded, and from
the attachment of the inferior fibres of the internal oblique and trans-
versalis muscles to the globus major, and their capability of forming a
cremasteric bag for the testes when these are pushed out of the ab-«
domen, it is most probable that they are so protruded, as in other
Rodentia, during the rutting season.

_ The stomach is of an oblong shape, pretty equally rounded at
both extremities. The esophagus is narrow, and after a short course
in the abdomen terminates at 2 inches 2 lines from the left extre-
_ mity of the stomach; a pouch of the same extent is continued from
the right of the pylorus, which is situated only 14 inch to the right of
the cardia. The length of the stomach when distended is 6 inches;

70

the circumference at the widest part 8 inches, at the narrowest part
6 inches.

«'The duodenum is wide at its commencement, as in Anema and
Dasyprocta, but has not a capacity so considerable as in Celoge-
nus, where, according to Sir E. Home, it projects like a cecum
above the pylorus: its circumference at this part is 2 inches; but
where it receives the biliary secretion, viz. at a distance of 1 inch
from the pylorus, its circumference is diminished to one half that size.
It is a loose intestine, having a mesentery through the whole of its
course. It rises at first towards the liver, then descends in a curved
form behind the colon and in front of the right kidney, a process of
peritoneum passing off from the lowest part of the curvature and at-
taching the intestine to the right psoas muscle; it then ascends again
as high as the liver and is continued without crossing the spine into
the jejunum ; the mesentery which attaches it to the spine is narrow-
est at the commencement and at the termination of this intestine,
and between its layers is situated the pancreas, beautifully ramified,
much flattened, and of a minutely granular structure. The circum-
ference of the small intestines is nearly uniform throughout, being
about 1 inch; but the ileum, after becoming gradually and slightly
contracted, widens just at its termination: the expanded orifice is
applied, as it were, to the side of the cecum over a much smaller
orifice in that gut; the parietes of the cecum so included forming
a semilunar valve. The length of the small intestines was 17 feet
10 inches ; that of the cecum 13 inches ; and its circumference at the
widest part 6 inches. ;

«The parietes of the cecum are puckered up by two longitudinal
muscular bands, one of which is continued along the colon fora short
distance. The extent of the cecum above the orifice of the ileum is
very clearly indicated by two lateral dilatations or sacculi, which are
separated from the colon bya valvular structure similar to that at the
termination of the ileum ; the two orifices of the blind intestine being
analogous to the cardia and pylorus of the stomach, This structure
I have had occasion also to observe very distinctly in the Beaver, the
Cavies, and in some Monkeys, as Macacus Cynomolgus. The colon-is
widest at its commencement, but not sacculated; its circumference
here is 3 inches 4 lines ; but it soon diminishes to less than half that
extent. It ascends obliquely from the left lumbar to the right hypo-
chondriac regions, then makes the long and loose fold before de-
scribed, and, after having thus returned upon itself, performs many
small convolutions along the middle line and back part of the abdomen,
to which it is attached by a broad meso-colon, and is thus continued
into the rectum. The feces begin to be separated at the commence-
ment of the long fold, and there also the colon is connected, by conti-
nuity of peritoneum, with the duodenum.

“The liver presents a singular structure, being subdivided into
almost innumerable angular lobules, varying in size from 3 to 5 lines:
nevertheless these lobules are so compacted, that the viscus presents

71

a uniform smooth convex surface towards the diaphragm; and they

are so grouped together that the usual larger divisions or lobes are di-

stinctly recognisable. The number of these may be reckoned five ;

the first on the right side is the smallest, and projects in the situation

of the lobulus Spigelii. The gall-bladder is situated as above de-
scribed between the third and fourth lobes, having an entire invest-
ment of peritoneum. The coronary ligament is attached to the fourth
lobe ; it does not extend to the sternal margin of the lobe, nor does
it dip down into a deep cleft, but the lobules closely adhere to it as
soon as it reaches the surface of the viscus: the trace of the oblite-
rated umbilical vein was very slight. The lobules, though closely in
contact, are quite detached from each other, being appended, as it
were, by their apices to the larger branches of the vena porte and he-
patic arteries and veins. Each of the lobules is partially subdivided
into still smaller lobules, the whole structure approximating to a
complete natural unravelling of this conglomerate gland to its com-
ponent acini.

‘<The gall-bladder is about the size of a pigeon’s egg; its contents
were limpid and of a greyish green colour, and had not stained the
surrounding parts. This departure from the usual colour and con-.
sistency of the bile might have led to the idea that it was connected
in some way with the peculiar structure of the secretory organ just
described; but I hadpreviously noted a limpid and almost colourless
state of the bile in some other Glires, viz. the Guinea Pig, the Acou-
chy, and the crested Porcupine, which had a small gall-bladder, and
in none of which did the liver deviate from the ordinary configuration.
Mr. Say, who described and very correctly figured the peculiar liver
of Capromys, makes no observation on the bile. The cystic duct in
the present instance was joined by the hepatic duct at an acute angle

after the course of an inch; the ductus choledochus terminated di-
stinctly from the pancreatic at the upper part of the duodenum lying
upon the gut, and becoming a little larger and making a bend ata
right angle near its termination.

“<The pancreas consists of two parts, one more compacted extend-
ing behind the stomach from the spleen ; the other thin and ramified
in the duodenal mesentery.

“« The spleen is loosely attached to the left end of the stomach, of
an elongated trihedral form, 24 inches in length, and 8 lines across
at the lower extremity, which is the broadest part.

** The kidneys are of a simple form and structure, having a single
papilla in each, which is broad and projecting: the pelvis is small.
On injecting them with size and vermilion, the former substance
passed through the iubuli uriniferi into the pelvis, the colouring
_ matter stopping at a line’s distance from the termination of the tubes.
Their shape being more globular than in Man, they were more promi-
nently situated in the lumbar regions, and had a greater investment
of peritoneum. The right kidney was higher than the left by its

whole length; in the Acouchy, Agouti, and Rat, there is less difference
in the relative height of these glands. The supra-renal glands are of

——_-- ——

72

an oblong rounded form, nearly as large as hazel-nuts. The right, as
usual, was closely attached to the vena cava inferior, and both were
situated mesiad of the upper extremities of the kidneys. The above
structure of kidney and large size of the supra-renal glands appear
to be common to all the Glires that have been hitherto examined.

“ The lungs were divided into three lobes on the left side and four
on the right, the additional lobe or lobulus impar occupying the usual
situation between the pericardium and diaphragm ; having the esopha-
gus behind and the vena cava inferior in front of it.

‘* The heart was more pointed at the apex than in the Acouchy, and
the great vessels were given off from the arch of the aorta ina diffe-
rent manner; the left subclavian arising separately, the right sub-
clavian and carotids by a common trunk: in the Rat these ves-
sels arise as in Man. Nothing unusual was observed in the

structure of the heart, but the coagulated fibrine in the cavities -

was firmer, and adhered more strongly to the parietes than ordi-
nary. This organ had evidently been in a state of inflammation, for
the pericardium had contracted an adhesion to the base of the right
ventricle, and the serous covering of that cavity was thickened and
opake. The contour of both auricles was rounded and entire ; there
being a great similarity between them, as in the Cavies. The blood
returned from the head and anterior extremities, was emptied into the
right auricle by a single vein. In the Rat, Porcupine, Elephant, and
in all the Marsupiata that [ have examined, viz. Macropus, Phalan-
gista, Phascolomys, Phascolarctos, and Perameles, there are two di-
Stinct superior cave entering the auricle, as in Birds and Reptiles. In
the Hog the left azygos vein enters the auricle near the inferior cava ;
being previously joined by the coronary vein.

“The thymus gland is about the size of a pea, of a red colour,
and of a firm fleshy texture.

** The transverse section of the trachea is somewhat triangular, the
cartilages forming the two anterior sides, and a small part of the pos-
terior; but gradually encroaching upon that side towards the termi-
nation of the tube, where their extremities are occasionally bifid. The
bronchie quickly lose their cartilaginous structure after having en-
tered the lungs: they had been in a state of acute inflammation at
the time of death.

‘* The thyroid gland is proportionally larger in this than in any
other quadruped I have dissected ; it is composed of two lateral
lobes, each 10 lines in length, from 3 to 4 lines in breadth, and
from 2 to 3 in thickness: these lobes are joined by a distinct
band, 2 lines in breadth, passing obliquely between their lower ex-
tremities across the third, fourth, and fifth rings of the trachea. When
these dimensions are compared with those of the animal itself, it will
be seen that this gland, in proportional magnitude, is even greater
than in the human subject. Its structure was lobulated, and appa-
rently healthy.

. “ The thyroid cartilage is of a rounded form, bulging out at the
lower part, and is larger in proportion to the cricoid than in the Acouchy.

.
.

73

The arytenoid cartilages present the same peculiarity as in the above-
named animal, being continuous with each other at their apices. This
adhesion does not of course prevent their being drawn apart at their
bases where the chorde vocales are attached; the crico- and thyreo-
arytenoidei being strongly developed for that purpose. The chorde
vocales are distinct shining ligamentous threads ; the crico-thyroidei,
which render these chords tense, were largely developed, covering the
whole of the anterior space between the two cartilages to which
they are attached. They are no doubt materially concerned in pro-
ducing the sharp cry of this animal. The sacculi laryngis are narrow
but deep. The epiglottis is broad and of a rounded form ; it has a
linear depression at its base, and a longitudinal ridge along the middle
of its posterior or laryngeal surface, which fits into the rima glottidis
when the cartilage is depressed. The margin of the soft palate was
in close contact with the tongue anterior to the epiglottis, which, to-
gether with the apices of the arytenoid cartilages, rose into the pos-
terior nares; the structure, indeed, seemed to forbid the epiglottis
passing under the soft palate, although we must suppose it to do so
when the shrill cry is produced ; but the grunting noise appears to be
emitted by the nose. ,

-“ The tongue corresponds in form to the space between the two
rows of inferior molares ; is compressed laterally, and deeper than it is
broad. It grows gradually narrower to the apex, which is neatly rounded
and is impressed with small follicular apertures. Half an inch of the
extremity only is free. The papille on the surface are extremely mi-
nute ; towards the dorsum they are conical and retroverted, and nu-
‘merous delicate lines converge towards the root of the tongue. Like
the Acouchy, it wants the elevated or super-imposed portion observ-
able in the Beaver and Guinea-pig.

‘* The parietes of the pharynx are extremely thick; the isthmus
faucium is long, narrow, and conical, diminishing backwards, as in the
Beaver; the sides are not produced into folds, but the whoie of this
structure is evidently adapted to the same end, as was first pointed out
by Mr. Morgan in the structure of the fauces of the Capybara. The
inner membrane of the esophagus is disposed in longitudinal ruge.

_ “The eye is stated by M. Desmarest to be moderately large, but the
largest diameter of the globe does not exceed 5 lines; the apparent
‘magnitude is owing to the great proportion in the cornea, the diameter
of its base being only one line less than that of the globe itself. This
‘large size of the cornea is found in most of the Rodentia, especially
‘in those whose habits are nocturnal. It prevails also in the Lemu-
ride ; and is evidently for the purpose of admitting as much light as
‘possible into the globe. The loss of refractive power is in most of these
_cases compensated by a greater convexity in the lens; which in Ca-
‘promys is 3 lines in the long and 2 in the short diameter. The
conjunctive membrane has a brown stain round the margins of the
ornea ; the rest is white and of a firm texture. The sclerotic is so
‘thin as to be discoloured by the pigmentum nigrum beneath, so that

the anterior half is nearly black ; which, when seen through the white

/

74

conjunctive, gives the grey appearance to the white of the eye. The
membrana nictitans is extremely small, being about a line in length
and breadth. At the back part of the cavity of the eye there is a little
light-coloured pigment.

** The black skin covering the end of the nose is remarkably lax,
and the muscles going to it are well developed : its motions are said
to be very free.

“ Among the peculiarities of the muscular system the most remark-
able is a blending together of the obliqui externi and recti abdominis
muscles, so that the origin of the latter partook of the character of
the insertion of the mesial pillars of the abdominal rings ; the left rec-
tus arising thick and fleshy from the right os pubis,and passing through a
large slit in the origin of the right, which arose in a corresponding man-
ner from the os pubis of the left side : as there was no tendon covering
these fleshy columns, it was doubtful at first whether to consider them
as fleshy insertions of the external oblique, or decussated origins, of the
rectus: the latter muscles are however evidently distinct from the ex-
ternal oblique at the epigastric region of the abdomen, and pass over
the cartilages of the true ribs to be inserted into the upper part of the
sternum, and have no other attachment to the pubis but through the
medium of the fibres before described. The external oblique muscles
had the usual serrated origins from the ribs, the atlantal fibres pass-
ing obliquely downwards, and blending with those of the recti, the
lower fibres being inserted distinctly into the rami of the pubis, and
forming the lateral or outer pillars of the abdominal opening. The de-
cussating fasciculi of the recti formed the mesial or internal pillars of
the same opening; through which, as before mentioned, the epididy-
mis projected, inclosed in a muscular pouch or cremaster, formed by
the fibres of the internal oblique and transversalis.

** The pecioralis major arose from the whole Jength of the sternum,
and was continued into the deltoid without any line of separation, and
inserted with it into the upper and outer half of the humerus. Beneath
the preceding muscle were two distinct slips, or accessory pectoral
muscles, one arising from the lowest part of the sternum and inserted
into the anterior tubercle of the humerus ; the other arising from the
cartilages of the three lower true ribs, and attached to the posterior
tubercle of the humerus along with the subscapularis ; between these
portions the long head of the biceps passed. A distinct slip from the
latissimus dorsi goes over the long tendon of the biceps to be inserted
on its outer or anterior side, the rest of the tendon being inserted as
usual. The pectoralis minor is inserted into the acromial end of the
clavicle, which has also a well-developed subclavius muscle attached
to it.

“« The situation and form of the testes have been already noticed :
they are the same as in most of the Glires. The epididymis was at-
tached throughout its whole length to the ¢estis, following the greater
curvature of the gland, and measuring 1 inch 9 lines in length.
The tubuli testis were much more minute and tortuous than in the
Rat. The fatty processes that are found hanging from the testes

a>

wake

Pagar, ~.

ee ghar AGE OTRAS RRR Se _—s.

75

loose’ in the abdomen in some Glires were here developed in an ex-
traordinary degree, measuring 5 inches in length, from 1 to 14
inch in breadth, and giving off long conical processes like the ap-
pendices epiploice from the human great intestine. The tesées in the
Batrachia, it may be remarked, have similar appendages. The vasa
deferentia continue slightly tortuous till they reach the vesicule semi-
nales, along the mesial aspect of which they pass down to the neck of
thé bladder, and terminate separately at the commencement of the
urethra: they gradually enlarge, but are not suddenly dilated at their
extremities.

“* The vesicule seminales are thin membranous bags, with a white
glistening exterior, of an elongated form,.and give off, on one side
principally, from fifteen to twenty obtuse blind processes, which are
more easily unravelled than in Man. The whole length of the vesicle
in its natural state was 2 inches 3 lines. It becomes gradually
smaller at the lower extremity, and forms what may be termed a duct
of 10 lines in length. The prostate gland, as in other Rodentia, takes
the form of accessory vesicule, being composed of a number of distinct
tubes, which are compacted together by cellular texture, and form, in
this species, four principal masses or lobes. The component tubes
are flattened, thin, and easily torn, grow smaller towards the urethra,
and ultimately join so as to terminate by a few small orifices.

“*The manner in which the spermatic fluid and_ the accessory se-
cretions from the above tubular glands enter the wrethra differs from
what is generally observed in the Mammalia, but, as far as I have ob-
served, with some slight modifications, is common to the Glires. The
urethra at its commencement forms a small cul-de-sac behind the neck
of the bladder; so that on laying open this part, together with the
urethra anteriorly, the orifice of the bladder is seen to be separated
from the canal of the ureihra by a transverse ridge. Behind this
ridge, at the distance of 4 lines from the orifice of the bladder,
there projected a middle rounded process or verumontanum, 13
line in length, on each side of which was a cavity, in which termi-
nated separately the orifices of the vas deferens, vesicula seminalis, and
accessory vesicles. A white coagulated substance was found project-
ing a few lines from the duct of the vesicula seminalis. In the Acouchy
an amber-coloured substance, with a resinous fracture, was impacted
in the duct of the vesicula seminalis, and projected in a similar man-
ner into the urethra. Daubenton has noticed a similar circumstance
in the Agouti.

“‘The membranous part of the urethra is 15 lines in length; it
is closely embraced by a thick stratum of muscular fibres, disposed in
a penniform manner from a middle posterior raphé. The true acce-
leratores surround the bulb of the urethra, which is large. The crura
penis are embraced by short and strong erectores. This organ is also
provided with small levatores arising from the symphysis pubis, but ter-
minating in a single tendon which runs along the dorsum penis, follow-
ing the curvature, where it is bent backwards, and inserted in an
elongated flattened bone which lies above the glans. This bone is 8

76

lines in length, pointed at either extremity, and coneave towards the
urethra, which terminates just below it. There were no lateral ossicula —
as in the Cavies; neither is the penis provided with the horny appen-
dages which give it so singular an aspect in Celogenus. The glans is
naturally inverted, but when distended has a remarkable bulbous
form. The preputial sheath was 14 inch in length, and distant from
the anus for the same extent.

“The urinary bladder when distended approached to a globular
form. The urachus was continued from the middle of its anterior
part.”

ah, cd i lated Hi in lal ait eee

e
¥

,

‘
vs
‘
Gi

77

April 24, 1832.
N. A. Vigors, Esq., in the Chair.

Lieut. Colonel Sykes, having brought before the Committee at
previous meetings various Birds of the Raptorial and Insessorial
Orders, collected by him during his residence in Dukhun, com-
pleted on the present evening the exhibition of his collection of
those Orders. He limited his observations on the several species
to brief extracts from the copious notes which he had made in
India respecting their habits, internal anatomy, and geographical
distribution. In bringing them in succession under the notice of
the Committee, he observed the order adopted in the following

Catalogue of Birds of the Raptorial and Insessorial Orders (systema-
_ tically arranged,) observed in the Dukhun by Lieut: Colonel
_ W. H. Sykes, Bombay Army, F.L:S., F.G.S., F.Z.8., M.R.A.S.

Orverl. RAPTORES, Jil.

Fam. Vulturide, Vigors—Genus Vultur, Auct. Vulture.

1. Vult. Indicus, Lath. Vautour Indou, Temm., Pl. Col. 26. Mahah
Dhoh of the Mahrattas.
_ Irides deep brown. Length. 42 inches, inclusive. of tail of 105
. inches. A stone half an inch in diameter was found in the
stomach of one bird. The proportional length of the intestine
to the body in these birds is 3 to 1, while in the Neophron Per-
cnopterus it is 5°20 tol. They congregate in flocks of twenty
_or thirty. On a dead camel, or horse, o bullock being thrown
out on the plain, numbers of these Vultures are found assembled
round it in an incredibly short time, although they may not
have been seen in the neighbourhood for weeks before. Col.
Sykes’s specimens are no doubt referable to M. Temminck’s
species, although the latter bird is described as having whitish
trides.
°2. Vult. Ponticerianus, Lath. Vautour Royal de Pondicherry, Sonn.,
p. 182. pl. 104. |
The irides are described by Shaw as red, while in two of Colonel
Sykes's specimens they were of a deep brown, and in the third
of a bright straw-yellow; but as the last had allowed itself to
be captured by hand, had only grass and stalks of herbaceous
plants in the stomach, and was evidently ill, the pale colour
of the zrides may be attributed to disease, Sexes alike in plu-
mage. Mostly solitary: Colonel Sykes seldom, if ever, saw
_ more than two together. The remarkable flatness of the crown,
and very great width of the cranium, would seem to indicate

(No, XVIII.] Zoou. Soc. Procegpines or THE Comm. oF Serence.

}

= fe

78

a generic difference between this species and the Vult. fulvus
and Bengalensis. Length of bird 36 inches, inclusive of tail of
11 inches,

3. Vult. Bengalensis, Gmel. Bengal Vulture, Lath. Geed of the
Mahrattas.

Of asmaller size, and with shorter and stouter legs than Vult.
Indicus. Habits similar. Sexes alike. Length 30 inches,
inclusive of tail of 10 inches, Colonel Sykes was induced to
consider this species of Gmelin as distinct from Vult. cinereus,
with which it has been classed by M. Temminck, in his
Manuel d’Ornithologie, p. 4.

Genus Neophron, Sav.
4, Neophron Percnopterus. Vultur Percnopterus, Linn. Rachamah,
Bruce, Trav. Append. p. 163.

Trides intense red brown. Gregarious. Sexes alike in adult birds;
but non-adult birds vary in plumage from fuscous to mottled
brown and white. These birds are always found in canton-
ments and camps. For the most part of the day they continue
on the wing, soaring in circles. When on the ground, they
walk with a peculiar gait, lifting their legs very high. They
are efficient scavengers, Length 29 inches, inclusive of tail of
11 inches.

Fam. Falconide, Leach.
Sub-Fam. Aquilina. Eagles.

Genus Haliaétus, Sav. Sea Eagle.

5. Hal. Ponticerianus. Falco Ponticerianus, Lath. Aigle de Pondi-
cherry, Buffon, p. 136. Pl. Enl. 416. Called Bruhmuny Kite
by Europeans in India.

Trides reddish brown. It is seen constantly passing up and down
rivers at a considerable height, but prepared to fall at an instant
onits prey. Usually it seizes while on the wing, but occasionally
dips entirely under water, appearing to rise again with difficulty.
It is quite a mistake to suppose it feeds on carrion, Colonel
Sykes has examined the contents of the stomach and craw of
many specimens, and always found fish, and fish only, except-
ing on one occasion, when a crab was met with. Sexes alike.
Female lays two large white eggs. Length, inclusive of tail,
19 to 21 inches: tail 9 inches.

Genus Circaétus, Vieill.

6. Circ. brachydactylus. Falco brachydactylus, Wolf. Aquila bra-
chydactyla, Meyer. Falco Gallicus, Gmel., p. 295. sp. 52. Le
Jean le blanc, Pl. Enl. 413. 1

Colonel Sykes’s specimen was a female. Jrides deep orange ©
at the external margin, passing to straw-yellow at the internal
margin. The remains of a snake and two rats were found in
the stomach. Length, inclusive of tail, 30 inches: tail 11
inches.

79

Genus Aquila, Auct.

7. Aq. chrysaéta. Falco chrysaétos, Linn. Golden Eagle, Lath,
‘Colonel Sykes’s specimen differs so slightly from the European
bird as not to justify its separation.
8. Aq. bifasciata, Hardwicke and Gray’s Ind. Zool,

Tides brownish yellow ochre. Sexes alike in plumage; non.
~ adult birds paler than adults. A whole rat found in the
stomach of one bird. A second bird was shot by Colonel
Sykes at the dead carcase of a royal tiger; but it had not
tasted the banquet, as the stomach was empty. Length, in-
clusive of tail, 30 inches: tail 11 inches.

Genus Hematornis, Vigors.

9. Ham. Bacha. Falco Bacha, Daud. pl. 22. Le Bacha, Le Vaill.,
Ois. d’Afr. pl. 15. ,

- Colonel Sykes does not possess a specimen, but he identified a
specimen in the possession of a friend, shot in the Dukhun.

Sub-Fam. Accipitrina. Hawks.

Genus Accipiter, Ray. Sparrow Hawk.

10, AccipiteR DuKHUNENSIS. cc. supra fusco-brunneus, pluma-
rum marginibus pallidioribus, capite postico nuchaque albo varie-
gatis; subtis albus, pectore abdomineque notis subrotundatis
grandibus, femorum tectricibus parvis, rufescentibus striatis ;
rectricibus fusco fasciatis, fasciis externarum confertioribus ;
tarsis subbrevibus.

Trides stramineo-flave, margine gracili nigro circumdate.

\ -Longitudo corporis 143 unc., caud@ 64, tarsi 14.

Sexes alike in plumage. Resembles the Acc. fringillarius, but
| differs in the longitudinal broad reddish patches on the breast,
_... in less red on the sides, in a black narrow streak down the
throat, in shorter wings, in the tail having six broad bars in-
stead of four, in the male bird being as large as the European
female, and finally in the shorter tarsz and centre toes.

11. Acc. Dussumieri. Falco Dussumieri, Temm., Pl. Col. 308. female.
Trides bright yellow, with an exterior narrow margin of black.
Wings short. Tail long and narrow, being only the width of the

_ upper feather. M. Temminck’s specific characters are taken
_ from a female, the male being unknown. Colonel Sykes has
but one specimen, and that a female, the male being unknown
tohim. Length, inclusive of tail, 125 inches: tail 63 inches.

oe Genus Astur, Auct. Goshawk.
_ . Astur Hyper. Ast. corpore supra et subtus brunneo, dorso imo

b rufescenti, plumarum rhachibus fuscis, alarum tectricibus albo
33 notatis ; abdomine maculis albis fasciato ; frontis fascid gracili
' guttureque albis, hoc lineis tribus latis fuscis, und in medio, ce-
¥ i | teris utrinque ad latera, notato ; femorum tectricibus crissoque
5! albis, rufo fasciatis ; caudé supra rufa, fascits quingue gract-
es libus, feré obsoletis, alteraque prope basin latd, fuscts notatd ;

80

remigibus fusco-brunneis ad apicem fuscis, pogoniis internis
Jascus quingue fuscis gracilibus, alboque ad basin notatis.
Rostrum ad basin flavum, ad apicem nigrum. Pedes flavi ;
unguibus nigris. Longitudo corporis 165—17 unc., caude
6i—7.°
This bird has the three stripes upon the throat, and the aspect
of Falco trivirgatus, Temm., fig. 303, but it is a much larger
bird than M. Temminck’s, and has otherwise characters in the
plumage to entitle it to a specific distinction. A couple of mice
were found in the stomach of one bird. Sexes alike in plumage.
Female a little larger than the male.

Sub-Fam. Falconina.
Genus Falco, Auct. Falcon.

13. Falco Tinnunculus, Linn. Kestril.

Trides intense brown. A very abundant bird in the Dukhun.
Both sexes are absolutely identical with the European birds
in their characteristic plumage. Colonel Sykes, nevertheless,
mentions his being in possession of a male bird exactly like the
female of the Kestri/ in plumage and size, and, consequently,
larger than the male Kestril: and as this was shot from a party
of five or six, perched on the same tree, and without a male
Kestril in company, he is induced to believe there is a distinct
species, in which both sexes have the plumage of the female
European Kestril. Remains of rats, mice, lizards, grasshoppers,
and a bird, were found in the stomach of several specimens.
In one stomach theremains of no less than four lizards were
met with.

14. Falco Chicquera, Lath. Le Chicquera, Le Vaill., Ois. d’Afr. pl. 22.

Trides sanguineous. A common bird in the Dukhun. Sexes alike
in plumage. Female usually the larger bird; but Colonel
Sykes has a male quite as large as any female. A sparrow
was found in the stomach of one male bird, and a young bat in
the stomach of another.

Sub-Fam. Buteonina. Buzzards.
Genus Circus, Auct. Harrier,

15. Circus patiipus. Circ. pallide griseus, alis dorsoque satura-
tioribus ; subtiis albus ; uropygio albo, griseo fasciatim notato ;
rectricibus, duabus mediis exceptis, griseo. alboque fasciatis ;
remigibus tertid quarta quintaque fuscis.

Irides viridi-flave. ¢. Longitudo corporis 193 unc., caude
94; @ corporis 214; caude 10.

This bird has usually been considered the Circ. cyaneus of Eu-
rope; but it differs in the shade of its plumage (male and fe-
male) ; in the back-head of the male not being white spotted
with pale brown; in the absence of dusky streaks on the breast;
in the rump and upper tail-coverts being white barred with
brown ash; in the inner webs of four of the tail-feathers not
being white; and in the bars of the under tail being seven instead
of four. The female resembles the female of Circ. cyaneus, but

81

the plumage is two shades lighter, the tail is barred with
six broad fuscous bars, instead of four, and the tail-feathers
are much more pointed. The remains of six lizards were found
in the stomach of one bird. Colonel Sykes never saw these
birds perch on trees. They frequent the open stony plains
only. The sexes were never seen together.

16. Circus vAkigecAtTus. Circ. capite supra, nuchd, ptilis, pecto-
reque rufis, plumis in medio laté brunneis ; dorso, scapularibus,
remigibusque externis intense brunneis ; pteromatibus, remigt-
bus internis, cauddque griseis; abdomine femorumque tectri-
cibus rufis; caude tectricibus superioribus rufo albo brunneoque,
inferioribus griseo saturatiore, notatis.

. Longitudo corporis 21 unc., caude 10.
This is a very remarkable bird, and in its plumage seems to pos-
‘sess much of the united characters of the sexes of this genus,
which are known generally to exhibit a marked difference.
Colonel Sykes possesses but one specimen, a male.

Sub-Fam. Milvina.
Genus Milvus, Auct. Kite.

_ 17. Mitvus Govinpa. Milv. capite, nuchd, corporeque subtus ru-
: Jescenti-brunneis, plumis in medio fusco lineatis ; dorso, als,
cauddque satis furcatd saturate brunneis, illarum pteromatibus
pallidioribus, hac fusco obsolete fasciato.
Longitudo corporis 26 unc., caude@ 11.

This bird differs from the Falco Cheele in the want of white spots
on the wing-coverts, white before the eyes, and white bar on the
‘tail; in having the inner webs of the tail-feathers barred with
numerous narrow bars, and in the shafts of the feathers about
the head and neck, and generally underneath, being very dark.
Sexes alike. Constantly soaring in the air in circles ; watching
an opportunity to dart upon a chicken, upon refuse animal
matter thrown from the cook-room, and occasionally even
having the hardihood to stoop at a dish of meat carrying from
the cook-room to the house.

Fam. Strigide, Leach.—Genus Otus, Cuv.

18, Ot. Bengalensis, Franklin, Proceed. Zool. Soc. I. p.115. Goobur

of the Mahrattas. :
_ Trides, external margin dark orange, gradually changing to yel-
_low at the internal margin. Very common, in the Dukhun.
Generally found on the open rocky plains. A whole rat, (the
_ tail hanging out of the mouth, and the head and most part of
__ the body in the stomach, and partly decomposed,) was found
in one bird: another had a crab, a third a Pastor; but the

» _usual food appeared to be rats.

a Genus Strix, Auct.
19. Strix Javanica, Horsf.
_ Although at a superficial view this species appears to be the darn-

a

82

door Owl of Europe (Strix flammea), a comparison of several
specimens with the European bird satisfies Colonel Sykes that
Dr. Horsfield was right in separating it. Neither sex is un-
spotted white underneath, nor has the Indian species a white
disc. Sexes alike, with the exception of the plumage of the
female being a shade or two lighter than that of the male.
Length, inclusive of tail, 17 inches: tail 5 inches. One of
Colonel Sykes’s specimens was captured alive while lying on
its back on the ground, defending itself against the attacks of
a body of crows. Jrides reddish dark brown.

' 20. Strix InpRANEE. Strix capite supra pallidé brunneo, plumis
albido marginatis ; dorso imo, pteromatibusque rufescenti-brun-
neis, fascits albis fusco marginatis notatis ; dorso medio, ptilis,
remigibus caudaque brunneis, his rufescenti fasciatis, hac fasciis
albidis ara notata, ad apicem albo marginatd ; guld cris-
soque albescentibus ; abdomine subrufo, brunneo graciliter fas-
ciato ; regione circumoculari nigra ; disco rufo, brunneo mar-
ginato.

Irides rufo-brunnee. Longitudo corporis 21 unc., caud@ 9.
Inhabits the woods of the Ghauts: rare. The specimen de-
scribed is a young bird, and a female.

Genus Kelupa, Less.

21. Ketupa Leschenaulti, Less., Traité d’Ornith. p. 114. Striz
Leschenaulti, Temm., Pl. Col. 20, Scops? Leschenaulti, Steph.,
vol. 13. p. 53.

A rare bird in the Dukhun. Independently of the naked legs of
this bird, its aquiline aspect authorizes its separation from the
genera with which it had been placed previously to M. Les-
son’s arrangement.

Genus Noctua, Sav.

22. Noct. Indica, Frankl. Peenglah of the Mahrattas,

Trides King’s yellow. Sexes alike. Mice and beetles found in
the stomach. An exceedingly noisy bird, and frequently heard
chattering during the day-time in dense trees. The Mahrattas
have a superstition respecting this species; and a class of per-
sons, called from it Peengleh, live on the credulity of the people
by pretending to consult it, and predict events.. Length, in-
clusive of tail, 95 to 11 inches: tail 25 to 3 inches. Numerous
in the Dukhun, and found in families of four or five.

Orper II. INSESSORES, Vigors.
Tribus FisstRostrREs, Cuv.
Fam. Meropide.—Genus Merops, Linn,

23. Merops viridis, Linn. Indian Bee-eater, Lath. Guépier a collier
de Madagascar, Buff.

83

Fam. Hirundinide, Leach.—Genus Hirundo, Auct.

.

;

24. Hirundo filifera, Steph., vol.13. p.'79. Hir. filicaudata, Fravkl.

Very abundant in Dukhun, and very beautiful, with its thread-

* like tail-feathers floating behind when in flight.

| 95. Hirunvo Jeway. Mas. Hir. capite, dorso, tectricibus alarum,

uropygio, rectricibus mediis fascidque latd pectorali metallicé

nigris ; corpore subtus rosaceo-albo ; gutture rufo ; remigibus
rectricibusque lateralibus fusco-nigris, his interné albo macu-
latis.
Foem. et jun. Gutture magis rufo notato.
Trides intensé rufescenti-brunnee.. Longitudo corporis 6
unc., caud@é 3,35- :

This bird differs from the common English Swallow, ( Hir. rustica,)
only in its somewhat smaller size, larger bill, and in the lateral
tail-feathers not being equally elongated. The tail is less
forked, and the rufous colour of the throat extends more on
the breast.

26. Hirunpo concotor. Hir. fuliginoso-brunnea, sericea ; caudd
a@quali, rectricibus, externis mediisque exceptis, interné albo
guttatis.

Longitudo corporis 5 unc., caud@ 23.

These birds live on the banks of rivers. The plumage of the sexes
does not differ.

27. Hinunpo ERyYTHROPYGIA. Hir. metallicé nigra; uropygio
collarique nuchali rufis; corpore subtus albo, pallidé rosaceo
tincto, plumis in medio graciliter brunneo striatis.

. Longitudo corporis 6 unc., caude@é 3.

~ This species appeared in millions_in two successive years in the

month of March on the parade-ground at Poona: they rested
a day or two only, and were never seen in the same numbers
afterwards.

Genus Cypselus, Ill.

28 Cypselus affinis, Hardw. Allied Swift, Hardw.
_ These birds are so rare in Dukhun that Colonel Sykes obtained
only two specimens.

| * Fam, Caprimulgide, Vigors.—Genus Caprimulgus, Auct.

e .99. i een monticolus, Frankl. Great Bombay Goatsucker,
4 Lath.
80. Caprimulgus Asiaticus, Lath. Bombay Goatsucker, Id.
- $1. Caprimutcus Manrartrensis. Capr. pallidé cinereo-griseus,
4 brunneo ferrugineoque undulatus variegatusque ; thorace, remi-
gibus tribus externis in medio, rectricibusque duabus lateralibus
ad apices, albo notatis.
Longitudo corporis 8,% unc., caud@ 5,%5.
This species differs from the two preceding in the prevalent
_. grayness of the plumage, and in the absence of the subrufous
collar on the nape of the neck,

84

Fam. Halcyonide, Vigors.—Genus Halcyon, Swains. Crab-eater.

32. Halcyon Smyrnensis. Alcedo Smyrnensis, Linn. Smyrna Kings-
sher. '

In 1 description of this bird authors appear to have omitted te
mention the chestnut small wing-coverts, and fine rich choco-
late black medial wing-coverts. This species frequents well
irrigated gardens and old wells rather than brooks or rivers.
Grasshoppers were frequently found in the stomach.

Genus Alcedo, Auct. Kingsfisher.

33. Alcedo rudis, Linn. Black and White Kingsfisher, Edw., pl. 9.
In all Colonel Sykes’s specimens the male bird is distinguished
from the female by a single or broken double black bar across
the breast.
34. Alcedo Bengalensis, Gmel. Little Indian Kingsfisher, Edw., pl. 11.
This species affects brooks: it is never seen in gardens.

Genus Ceyz, La Cép.

35. Ceyx tridactyla, La Cép. Buff,, Pl. Enl. 778. fig. 2.
This very beautiful bird differs from Buffon’s drawing only in a
purple spot terminating the ridge of the bill, and in a reddish
spot on each side of it.

Tribus DENTIROSTRES, Cuv. ic
Fam. Muscicapide, Vigors.—Genus Muscipeta, Cuv.

- 36. Musc. Paradisi, Cuv. Mas. Musc. alba; capite cristato colloque
violaceo-atris ; pteromatitus remigibusque atris albo marginatis ;
rhachibus rectricum atris. =
Foem. Dorso, alis, cauddque castaneis ; corpere subtis albo ;
gutture, collo, pectore, nuchaque griseis, hac saturatiort ; capite
cristato violaceo-atro ; remigibus fuscis.
Longitudo corporis 104 unc., caud@ 6.

Muscicapa Paradisi, Linn. Paradise Flycatcher, Lath. Avis
Paradisiaca orientalis, Seba, 1. t. 52. £.3. Pied Bird of Pa-
radise, Edw., pl. 113.

37. Muscipeta Indica, Steph., vol. 13. p. 111. Mas. Musc. corpore
supra castaneo, subtis albo; pectore grisescenti ; capite cristato
colloque violaceo-atris. ;

Foem. mari similis, rectricibus duabus mediis paullum elongatis.
Statura precedentis. Jrides intensé rufo-brunnee.

Avis Paradisiaca cristata, Seba, 1. t. 30. f.5. Upupa Paradisea,
Linn. Promerops Indicus cristatus, Briss. Crested long-tailed
Pie, Edw., pl. 325.

These two birds have lately been erroneously considered to be-
long to one species. They were never found however by
Colonel Sykes (who shot many,) in the same locality, nor did
he observe any intermediate stage of plumage. The difference
between the females of the two birds noticed above at once
decides the distinction of species. The two central tail-

$
:

85 i

feathers of the males (not of the females) are elongated to three
or four times the length of the body: in one specimen they
are 15} inches long. They feed principally on the ground,
and on very minute insects.

_ There has been much confusion among the early descriptions of
these birds. Linnzus describes the Musc. Indica as an Upupa ;
Brisson as a Promerops ; and others as a Pica, Icterus, Todus,
Manucodiata, &c. The specific name of Indica seems to have
the right of priority over that of castanea given by M. Tem-
minck, (See M. Kuhl’s ‘Systematic Catalogue of the Pl. Enlu-
minées,” page 5,) as having originally been assigned to the bird
by Brisson. Other well marked species, nearly allied to the two
preceding, the males of which have similarly elongated tail-
feathers, are found in Africa and China.

38. Muscipeta flammea, Cuv. Gobe-mouche flammea, Temm., Pl.

Col., 263. Male and Female.

The cry of this bird is wheet, wheet, wheet. In the colours, the
eg has yellow where the male has scarlet. Jrides brown-
black,

39. Muscipeta peregrina. Parus peregrinus, Linn, Crimson-rumped
Flycatcher, Lath.

Genus Muscicapa, Auct.

40. Muscicapa melanops, Vigors. Figured in Gould’s ‘Century of
Himalayan Birds.’

41. Muscicapa Banyumas, Horsf. Banyumas Flycatcher, Lath.
Gobe-mouche chanteur, Temm.

42. Muscicapa Poonensis. Musc. supra cinereo-brunnea; subtis
fonts alba ; mandibuld superiori nigra, inferiori ad basin
albd.

Longitudo corporis 4,5, unc., caude 1,3,.
These birds sit on the extreme twigs of trees, and dart on passing
insects in the manner of the Merops viridis.

43, MuscicAPA C@RULEOCEPHALA. Musc. cinereo-brunnea, cceruleo
levitér tincta ; capite thoraceque lazulinis ; pectore sublazulino ;
abdomine crissoque albis.

Longitudo corporis 51%, une., caud@ 21,

44, MuscicarA PICATA., Musc. supra atra, subtis sordidé alba;

strigd a mento ad nucham utrinque extendente, Jascid alarum,

uropygio, crisso, apicibusque rectricum duarum lateralium albis.
Longitudo corporis 52 unc., caud@ 22.

Genus Rhipidura, Vigors & Horsf. Fan-tailed Flycatcher.

45. Rhipidura albofroniata, Frankl.
46. Rhipidura fuscoventris, Frankl.

Colonel Sykes has shot both these birds in the same localities,
The male has a very sweet note. He spreads and raises his tail
over his head in hopping from bough to bough. Both species

have the aspect and habits of the Australian bird Muscicapa

_ + flabellifera, Gmel. Irides deep sepia brown.

86

Fam. Laniade, Vigors.
Genus Dicrurus, Vieill.—Edolius, Temm.

47, Dicrurus Balicassius. Corvus Balicassius, Linn.
‘48. Dicrurus ccerulescens, Lion. Lanius Fingah, Shaw, t.7. p. 291.

Genus Hypsipetes, Vigors.

49 Hypstreres Ganersa. Hyps. griseo-brunnea, subtis pallidior ;
alis remigibusque brunneis ; capite supra vix cristato metallicé
atro. ;

Longitudo corporis 10 unc., caude 4. Trides intensé rufo-
brunnee.

Tongue bifid, and deeply fringed; sexes exactly alike. Stony
fruit found in the stomach. Neck short, and head sunk into
the shoulders; flight very rapid. Found only in the dense woods
of the Ghauts. The tongue is that of Pastor, the legs those of
Dicrurus.

Genus Collurio, Vigors.

50. CotLurto Lanrora. Coll. pallidé griseus ; striga frontali per
oculos utrinque ad nucham extendente, alis, rectricibusque mediis
nigris ; corpore subtus, fascia alarum, scapularium marginibus,
rectricibus externis, apicibusque duarum sequentium albis.
Longitudo corporis 95 unc., caud@ 44.

This is the variety C. of Lanius Excubitor of Dr. Latham. It is
closely allied to the North American and European Lan. Ex-
cubitor, but differs in the black bar extending across the fore-
head. The male has a sweet note.

51. Collurio erythronotus, Vigors, Proceed. Zool. Soc. I. p. 42.

This bird differs from the Lan, Bentet of Dr. Horsfield only in the
crown being ash-coloured instead of black, and in the defined
black bar across the forehead.

52. Jun.? abdomine graciliter fasciato.
Supposed young of the above. Length 73 inches: tail 3,%,.

53. Collurio Hardwickii, Vigors, Proceed. Zool. Scc., I. p.42. Bay-_

backed small Shrike, Lath.

Genus Lanius, Auct.
54. Lanius Muscicapoides, Frankl. Keroula Shrike, Lath.

A rare bird. Colonel Sykes’s specimen, a female, corresponds
with Major Franklin’s specific characters, and with his spe-
cimen, a male bird.

Genus Graucalus, Cuv.
55. Graucalus Papuensis, Cuv. Corvus Papuensis, Gmel. Papuan
Crow, Lath.

Irides rich lake.

‘ Genus Ceblepyris, Cuv.

56. Ceblepyris fimbriatus, Temm. Lchenilleur frangé, 2 Pl. Col.
: Irides orange.
‘Colonel Sykes’s birds, full-grown males, correspond only to the

87

' female of Ceb. fimbriatus, and not at all to the male. Met
with only in thick hedges on the plains.
57. Ceblepyris canus, Le Grand Gobe-mouche cendré de Madagascar,
- PI. Enl. 541.

Trides intense red brown, Black ants only found in the stomach.
This bird does not correspond with the later descriptions of
Ceb. canus (Muscicapa cana), and the history of both these

. species of Ceblepyris requires further illustration. Found only
in thick bushes. Specimens of both species from Bengal and
Wynaad resemble those collected by Colonel Sykes.

Fam. Merulide, Vigors.—Genus Oriolus, Auct,

58. Oriolus Galbula, Linn. Golden Oriole, Lath. Mango Bird of
Dukhun.

Very abundant in Dukhun just before the rains. It is called
Pawseh by the Mahrattas, from being the precursor of the
monsoon. It is a quarrelsome bird. J7ides rich lake.

59. Oriolus melanocephalus, Linn. Black-headed Oriole, Lath.

Rare. Seen by Colonel Sykes only in the immediate neighbour-
hood of the Ghauts. Found also in Africa,

60. Ortotus Kunpoo. Or. corpore supra flavo-viridi ; uropygio,
crisso, pogoniis internis rectricum ad apices, abdominisque la-
teribus nitidé flavis; alis olivaceo-brunneis ; corpore subtiis
sordidé albo, brunneo striato ; rostro nigro.

Trides rufo-brunnez. Longitudo Or. Galbule.

Both sexes alike. Size of golden Oriole, and much resembling
the female of that bird ; but the bill is always black, and the
irides reddish-brown instead of lake,

Genus Turdus, Auct.

61. Turdus macrourus, Gmel. Long-tailed Thrush, Lath.
~ Rare, Found in dense woods of the Ghauts,
62, Turdus Saularis. Gracula Saularis, Linn, Pastor Saularis,
_... Temm. Little Indian Pie, Edw., pl. 181,
63. Turdus cyanotus, Jardine and Selby, pl. 46.
This bird has the tongue of a Pastor. JIrides intense red brown.
- Stony frnit and Cicade@ found in the stomach. Has the naked
spot behind the eyes, but the bird has not the air of a Pastor.
Inhabits the Ghauts.

Genus Petrocincla, Vigors.
64. Perrocincta Panpoo, Petr. brunnescenti-cyanea ; pteroma-

. tibus, remigibus, rectricibusque fuscis.
. _ + Irides fusce. Statura minor quam Turd. cyane?.
: This bird differs from the solitary Thrush of Europe (Turd. cya-

neus, Linn.) in its smaller size, slighter form, brighter ccerulean
tint, want of orange eyelids and white tips to the feathers.
Found only in the dense woods of the Ghauts. Flight low and
0! sa It appears to correspond with var, A. of Dr. Latham’s
solitary Thrush, vol. 5. p. 47. :

-88

65. PerRocincLA Maa. Petr. supra griseo-brunnea, subtis ru-
Jescenti-alba, plumis brunneo marginatis ; crisso rufescentt,
JSusco-brunneo fasciato.

Statura precedentis.

This bird corresponds as closely as possible with what is stated
to be the female of the Turd. cyaneus, and may by analogy be
supposed to be the female of Petrocincla Pandoo ; but it in-
habits only the prickly milk-bushes (Euphorbia tortilis and pen-
tagona) of the rocky plains of the Dukhun, Colonel Sykes
never, saw it in the Ghauts, nor in company with Petr. Pandoo.

66. Petrocincla cinclorhyncha, Vigors, Proceed. Zool. Soc. I. p. 172.

Figured in Gould's Century of Himalayan Birds.

Genus Timalia, Horsf.

67. Trmatta Matcormi. Tim. pallidé grisescenti-brunnea, uro-
' pygio pallidiori, remigibus rectricibusque mediis saturatioribus,
his fusco obsoleté fasciatis ; subtiis albescens, leviter rosaceo
tincta ; frontis plumis subcyaneis, in medio albo striatis.
Trides flavo-aurantie. Rostrum brunneum, mandibula in-
feriori ad basin flavescenti. Longitudo corporis 113 unc.,
caude 53.

Kokuttee of the Mahrattas. Congregate in flocks of ten or a
dozen; fly low, slowly, and with difficulty: never cease chat-
tering, and all at the same time. Food, grasshoppers and grain.
Colonel Sykes has dedicated this species to Sir John Malcolm,
G.C.B., who zealously aided his researches in India.

68. TrmaniA SoMERVILLEI. Tim. rufescenti-brunnea; abdomine,
crisso, dorso imo cauddque diluté rufis, hac saturatiori obsoleté
Jasciatd ; remigibus brunneis ; gutturis pectorisque plumts in
medio subcyaneo notatis.
Rostrum pedesque flavi. Lngitudo corporis 93, caud@ 45.
Trides pallidé flave.

A size less than Tim. Malcolmi, but shorter. Irides bright yellow:
same habits as the preceding, but found in the Ghauts only; the
latter on the plains. Colonel Sykes has dedicated this bird to
Dr. William Somerville, F.R.S, in testimony of his respect.

69. Timalia Chatar@a, Frankl. Gogoye Thrush, Lath.?

Habits of the preceding, but about half the size of Tim. Malcolmi.

Trides red brown; legs yellow.

Genus Jzos, Temm,

70. Ixos jocosus. Lanius jocosus, Linn. Jocose Shrike, Lath.

This is also the Lanius Emeria of Shaw. The male has a sweet
note. Found only in the lofty woods of the Ghauts. JIrides
fuscous. Lives on fruit: sexes alike.

71. Ixos Cafer. Turdus Cafer,Linn. Cape Thrush, Lath. Le Cou-
rouge, Le Vaill.
_ Inhabits gardens: destructive to fruit: without musical notes,
Sexes alike.

89

72. Txos fulicatus. Motacilla fulicata, Linn. Sooty Warbler, Lath.

Traquet noir des Philippines, Buff.

. Sir J. Anstruther’s variety. Lath., vol. 7. p. 112. Female sooty-
black or brown-black.

Genus Pomatorhinus, Horsf.

78. PoMATORHINUS HorsFIELDII. Pom. olivaceo-brunneus ; striga
superciliart, collo in fronte, pectore, abdomineque medio albts.
Trides fusco-sanguinese, Rostrum flavum. Pedes fusci. Lon-
gitudo corporis 95% unc., caud@ 345.

Minute insects (Dipterous) found in the stomach. Birds remark-
| ably shy, and only met with in the dense woods of the Ghauts.
The note of the male is hoot, whoot, whoot, uttered slowly: the
female answers hooe. The tongue and habits of this bird are

those of a Thrush or Timalia. I have dedicated this species

to a gentleman to whom science is deeply indebted,

Fam. Sylviade@, Leach.—Genus Jora, Horsf.

74. Jora Tiphia. Motacilla Typhia, Linn. Lath., vol. 7. p. 128.
var. A. Brown’s Illust. pl. 36.

4 Dr. Horsfield’s Jora scapularis appears to correspond with the

: female of Jora Tiphia. Irides gray.

Genus Sylvia, Auct. Warbler.

75. Sylvia montana, Horsf. Prinia montana, Swains.
Differs from the type of Prinia in its rounded tail. Irides fuscous.
76. Sylvia sylviella, Lath. Lesser White-throat.
‘Differs from the European bird only in the reddish tint:of the
white below.
77. Sytvia Rama. Sylv. pallidé brunnea, subtis albescens ; caudd
-» obsoleté fasciatd.
; '-Longitudo corporis 4%, caud@ 1,3.
. Sexes alike. A size smaller than Sylv. montana, and might be mis-
» taken for it; but Colonel Sykes has shot them male and female,
in several places in Dukhun, full-grown birds.

Genus Prinia, Horsf.

78, Printa sociauis, Frin. capite dorsoque intensé cinereis ; remi-
gibus rectricibusque Technet, is prope.apices fusco-fas-
ciatis; subtus rufescenti-alba, abdominis lateribus satura-
tioribus.

Rostrum nigrum. Pedes flavi. Irides pallidé aurantiace. Lon-
. - gitudo corporis 5,75, caud@ 225.
~ Sexes alike in size and plumage. This species constructs the
same ingenious nest, and has the same habits, same note (tooee,
tooee), and feeds in the same manner, as the Orthotomus Ben-
nettit.
79. PRINIA INORNATA. Prin, supra pallidé cinereo-brunnea, striga
superciliart PH subtus albescentibus, abdominis lateribus
crissoque rufescentibus ; cauda obsoleté fasciata,

.

90

Trides rufo-brunnex. Rostrum brunneum; mandibuld infe-
riori ad basin flava. Longitudo corporis 4,5 unc., caud@ 2,75.
Sexes do not differ in size or plumage. Habits of Prin. socialis.
Both the above species are remarkable for a struggling flight,
as if they experienced difficulty in making their way.

Genus Orthotomus, Horsf. Tailor Bird.

80. OrtTHOTOMUS BENNeETTIU. Orth. olivaceo-viridis; subtis albidus ;
capite supra ferrugineo ; caudd elongata obsoleté fasciat.i.
Irides flave. Longitudo corporis 6 unc., caudeé 2,75.

_ ‘Two central tail-feathers elongated beyond the rest for one inch,
and two-tenths of an inch wide only. .Sexes alike. This bird
is very remarkable for the ingenuity shown in constructing its
nest by sewing the leaves of trees together with cotton thread
and fibres. Colonel Sykes has seen nests in which the thread
used was literally knotted at the end. This species very closely
resembles Dr. Horsfield’s Orth. Sepium, but on a comparison of
the birds they were found to have specific differences.

$1. OrtHOoTOMUS LiNGoo. Orth. olivaceo-brunneus, subtis sordidé

albus.
Longitudo corporis 54%, unc., caudeé 2 'y.

This species differs from the type of Orthotomus in the short tail,
but has the characters of the genus sufficiently marked to be
included in it. Sexes exactly alike in plumage. Principal food
black ants.

Genus Budytes, Cuv.

82. Budytes citreola. Motacilla citreola, Lath, This is the variety
A. of Mot. citreola of Dr. Latham, vol. 6. p. 330.

Length 6, inches: tail 2,4.

This bird so closely resembles the European species that Colonel
Sykes has not ventured to separate it. It has the habits of a
Motacilla, but its long hind claw sufficiently distinguishes it,
and M. Cuvier has facilitated research in forming a genus for
such Wagtails as have this claw.

83. BuDYTES MELANOCEPHALA. Bud. olivaceo-viridis; corpore
subtus nitide flavo ; capite, nucha, rectricibusque nigris, harum
duabus lateralibus albo marginatis ; alis fuscis, plumis olivaceo-

flavo notatis.
Jrides intensé rufo-brunnez. Longitudo corporis 648, unc.,
caude 3.

These are solitary birds, and are rarely found, excepting in the
beds of rivers. In seven specimens four birds only were exa-
mined, and they happened to be males; so that Colonel Sykes
is uncertain with respect to the female.

84. Bupytres Bezema. Bud. olivaceo-viridis, subtis flavus; capite
supra griseo ; strigd superciliari alba ; alis fuscis plumis fla-
vescenti. marginatis ; caudd atrd, rectricibus duabus latera-
libus albis.

Trides. flavo-brunnee, Statura precedentis.

91

_.' This bird very closely resembles Budytes flava of Europe, but
differs in the shade of the upper plumage, in the hind claw
being two-tenths of an inch longer, and in the base of the lower
mandible being whitish. This is a solitary bird in beds of rivers:
female not known.

Genus Motacilla, Auct.

85. Motacilla variegata, Steph., vol. 13. p-234. Pied Wagtail, Latli.,
vol. 6. p. 320. pl. 114. Mot. picata, Frankl.

86. Moracitta Ducuunensis. Mot. dorso scapularibusque pal-
lescenti-griseis, caud@ tectricibus ad apicem nigrescentibus ;
capite supra, nuchd, gutture, pectore, rectricibusque medits
atris; frontis fascia lata, corpore subtus, plumarum margi-

~ nibus, alarum remigibus primariis exceptis, rectricibusque dua-

bus lateralibus albis ; remigibus fuscis.
Trides intensé rufo-brunnee. Statura Mot. albe.

Sexes do not differ in size or plumage ; but young birds have the
black less pronounced. This is the most common and abun-
dant Wagtail in the Dukhun, frequenting not only the beds of
rivers, but the plains; and Colonel Sykes has seen it in his
own garden frequently. It very closely resembles the Mot. alba,
of Europe, but differs in being of a light slate or cinereous
instead of a blackish cinereous, and in the wing-coverts and
secondaries being edged with broader white. It is almost iden-
tical with the Mot. alba of the Northern Expedition.

Genus Megalurus, Horsf.

87. MEGALURUS? RUFICEPS. Meg. olivaceo-brunneus, subtus al-
bescens, pectore brunneo striato ; capite genisque brunnescenti-
rufis, strigd superciliari rufescente ; capitis dorsique plumarum
rhachibus pallidioribus ; rostro pedibusque luteis.

_ Longitudo corporis 74 unc,, caud@ 23.

Wings short: tail equal, narrow. Female unknown. Black ants
only found in the stomach. This bird has the air of the Anthus
Richardi figured in the Planches coloriées, 101. Frequents the
plains only, like a Lark.

Genus Anthus, Bechst. Pipit.

88. Anruus Acitis. Anth. olivaceo-brunneus ; subtis rufescenti-
albescens, fusco-brunneo striatus ; remigibus flavo-olivaceo mar-
ginatis ; ungue postico subelongato, subcurvato.
Trides fusco-sanguinee. Longitudo corporis

} d@ 2 5.

Found on open stony lands : female unknown. Closely resembles

the Titlark of Europe. Its chief difference is in the hind toe.

hy Genus Sazicola, Bechst. Wheatear.
$9. Sazicola rubicola, Temm. Stone Chat.
Irides intense brown. ‘These birds were met with only in low
‘scattered bushes. Caterpillars, flies and ants found in the
stomach.

6% unc., cau-

92

90. SaxIcoLa BIcoLoR. Saz. atra ; fascid alarum, uropygio, abdo-
mine medio, crissoque albis.

Rostrum pedesque nigti. Jrides fusce. Longitudo corporis

: 5-8; unc., caud@e 2+.

Female unknown. Three males were examined. Black ants,
caterpillars and beetles were found in the stomach. Habits of
the preceding. /

91. SAXICOLA RUBECULOIDES. Sax. cinereo-brunnea, subtis alba ;
guld thoraceque rufis; rectricibus medits nigrescentibus, ceteris
ad basin albis.

Trides intensé brunnee. Longitudo corporis 4,% unc.,
caud@ 2.

92, SAXICOLA ERYTHROPYGIA. Sax. fusco-brunnea ; subtis rufo-

brunnea, abdomine fusco via striato; uropygio rufo; crisso
rufo tincto.
Statura Sax. bicoloris. Male unknown,

Genus Pheenicura, Jard. & Selb.
93: Pheenicura atrata, Jards & Selb. Indian Redstart, Tid.

This bird is of the size of the Redstart of Europe, and has the
same habits. It has a very peculiar manner of vibrating its
tail when seated on a bough, as if it had an ague fit. A pair
of these birds built their nest in an outhouse constantly fre-
quented by Colonel Sykes’s servants, and within reach of the
hand. They had no alarms.

94. Phenicura Suecica. Motacilla Suecica, Linn.

Not differing from the European bird. vides deep brown. Length

58, inches; tail 2. ;

Fam. Pipride, Vigors.

Genus Parus, Linn. Titmouse.
95. Parus atriceps, Horsf. Mésange Cap-négre, Temm., Pl. Col. 287.
f. 2

96. Parus xanthogenys,. Vigors, Proceedings Zool. Soc. I. p. 23.
Figured in Gould’s ‘Century of Himalayan Birds.’

Trides sienna brown. Tongue divided into four short lacinie at

the tip. Wasps, bugs, grass seeds, and the fruit of the Cactus
Opuntia were found in the stomachs of both species,

Tribus Controstres, Cu.
Fam. Fringillide, Vigors.—Genus .dlauda, Auct,
97. Alauda Gulgula, Frankl.

This is the common Lark of the Dukhun, with the habits and
notes of the Skylark of Europe. When confined in a cage and
shrouded from the light, it learns to imitate the notes of other
birds, and even quadrupeds. The male is crested. It is called
Chundoola in Dukhun. Irides sepia brown. Length 6 inches;
tail 2.3,. Food, grasshoppers.

98. ALaupa Deva. Al. rufescenti-brunnea brunneo intensiori no-
tata ; corpore subtus stridque superciliari rufescenti-albis, pectore

93

brunneo striato; capite cristato brunneo striato; rectricibus
brunneis rufo marginatis.
Statura minor quam precedentis.

99. ALAuDA Dukuunensis, Al, corpore supra griseo-brunneo,
plumis in medio, fusco-brunneo notatis ; subtits albescens, pectore
strigdque superciliari rufescentibus ; rectricibus fusco-brunneis,
duabus lateralibus albo marginatis.

Trides intensé brunnee. Longitudo corporis 643, unc.,
caude 2. o. at
Grass seeds only found in the stomach. Frequents stony plains.

Genus Mirafra, Horsf.
100. Mirafra pheenicura, Frankl.
This bird is characterized by the lightness, shortness, abruptness,

and sudden ascents and descents of its flight. rides yellow-
brown. Granivorous.

— se eee eee

Genus Emberiza, Auct. Bunting.

101. Emberiza melanocephala, Scop.

This native of Corfu is common to Western India. It appears in
considerable flocks at the ripening of the bread grain Jowaree
(Andropogon Sorghum) in December. Jrides intense brown.
Length 7-3, inches: tail 3 inches. Granivorous, Allied to Emd.
luteola, Mus. Carls. vol. 4. t. 93. ;

102. Emberiza hortulana, Linn. Red-brown Bunting.

This, although not absolutely identical, is so closely allied to the
European bird that Colonel Sykes cannot separate it. Irides
intense brown. Length 7+, inches; tail 3 inches. Grass seeds
only found in the stomach. Bird solitary.

103. Emberiza cristata, Vigors, Proceed. Zool. Soc. I. p. 35.

Length 63 inches: tail 2, inches. Rare in Dukhun, and found
only on rocky and bushy mountains. Female of a uniform
‘sooty brown, Grass seeds only found in the stomach. Native

_ of China and Nepaul as well as Dukhun.

104, EMBERIZA suBCRISTATA. Emb. supra intensé brunnea, plumis
brunneo pallidiort marginatis; subtis pallidé brunnea, fusco
striata ; alarum plumarum rectricumque lateralium marginibus,

i rectricibusque duabus mediis castaneis ; capite subcristato.
Trides intensé brunnee. Rostrum rufo-brunneum. Longi-

tudo corporis 64%; unc., caud@ 2455,

_ Sexes alike in size and plumage. Birds rare and solitary, and
found only in the open spaces on high mountains. This bird is
pronounced in Europe to be the female of Embd. cristata;

_ but setting aside the fact of both sexes of each bird being in

_ the present collection, their localities are different, and they

__were never seen together by Colonel Sykes.

4
:
;
-
4

Genus Linaria, Bechst. Linnet.

| 105. Linaria Amandava. Fringilla Amandava, Linn.
pee beautiful little birds, so common in Goojrat, are rare in
ukhun. —

4 94

» Genus Ploceus, Cuv. Weaver Bird.

106. Ploceus Philippensis, Cuv. Philippine Grosbeak, Lath.
~The Weaver Bird is very common in Dukhun, and there are few
wells overhung by a tree where their nests are not seen pen-
dent. They live in small communities, and are very noisy in
their labours. They associate so readily with the common
Sparrow that at the season of the falling of the grass seeds
Colonel! Sykes, in firing into a flock of Sparrows on the grass
plats in his own grounds, killed as many Weaver Birds as
Sparrows. Fruit of the Ficus Indica and grass seeds have been
found in the stomach. Jrides intense brown.
107. Ploceus flavicollis. Fringilla flavicollis, Frankl. :
This bird has so nearly the bill, tongue, rides, size and aspect of
Ploc. Philippensis, that Colonel Sykes has considered it a
Ploceus. Grass seeds and a few grains of rice found in the
stomach. Very rare in Dukhun.

Genus Fringilla, Auct. Finch.

108. Fringilla crucigera, Temm., Pl, Col. 269. fig. 1. Duree Finch,
Lath.

This minute bird has the strange habit of squatting on the high -
roads and almost allowing itself to be ridden over ere it rises.
Smaller than a Sparrow. Jrides red brown. Coleopterous
insects, maggots, and seeds of Panicum spicatum found in the
stomachs of many specimens. This bird has the straight hind
claw of a Lark, and should therefore neither be classed as a
Fringilla, agreeably to M. Temminck, nor as a Passer, agree-
ably to Brisson. Its habits also separate it from both these
genera. M. Temminck in his Plate has placed it on a twig;
but it never perches.

Genus LoncHuRA.

Rostrum forte, breve, latum, altitudine ad basin longitudinem
zequans; mandibulis integris, superiori in frontem angulariter exten-
dente, cumque eo circuli arcum formante.

Al@ mediocres, subacuminate ; remigibus, 1m4 brevissima sub-
spuria, 2da 3tid 4taque feré zqualibus longissimis,

Cauda gradata, lanceolata; rectricibus mediis ceteras paulld lon-
gitudine superantibus.

Pedes mediocres, subgraciles.

The peculiar spear-head form of the tail, and the ridge of the
upper mandible and the forehead, forming a segment of the same
circle, together with the habits of the following species, afford suf-
ficient characteristics to justify their separation from the genus
Fringilla of M. Temminck. The Gros-bec longicone of the Pl. Col. 96.
(Emb. quadricolor, Lath.) belongs to the same group.

109. Lonchura nisoria. Fringilla nisoria, Temm. Gros-bec épervin,
P]. Col. 500. Fig. 2.
.. Found only in the Ghauts. Grass seeds in the stomach. Length
5.3. inches: tail 145, to 2 inches. Sexes alike.

95

110. Loncnura Cueer. Lonch. pallidé cinnamomeo-brunnea; cor-
pore subtis uropygiogue albis ; remigibus rectricibusque intensé
bos © brunners.
- Feem. coloribus minis intensis.
Trides intensé rufo-brunnee, Longitudo corporis 5; unc.,
caude@ 2.

« Tail lanceolate; central feathers longer than the rest, and ending
in a point. Sexes alike. These birds live in small families, Co-
lone! Sykes has frequently found them in possession of the

® deserted nests of the Ploceus Philippensis; but their own nest
is a hollow ball of grass. Ten white eggs, not much larger
than peas, were found ina nest. The cry of the bird is cheet,

* cheet, cheet, uttered simultaneously by flocks in flight.

111. Lonchura leuconota: Fringilla leuconota, Temm. Gros-bec leu-

conote, Pl. Col. 500. fig. 1.

* Found only i in the Ghauts. Length 4,8, inches, inclusive of tail

é 1c inch. Sexes alike. Grass seeds only found in the stomach.

p Genus Passer, Auct.

112. Passer domesticus, Briss. F'ringilla domestica, Linn,

On submitting the Indian Sparrow, male and female, to a rigid
kis. comparison with Sparrows shot in the Regent's Park, they were
found to be absolutely identical.

ee

: . Fam. Sturnide, Vigors—Genus Pastor, Temm.

113.. Pastor tristis, Temm. Gracula tristis, Lath. if
The irides are red brown, and remarkable for being studded on
eo the external margin with regularly arranged yellowish- white
+ specks. Sexes alike: omnivorous: quarrelsome, noisy. Length

{.. 11,8; inches, inclusive of tail of 355,.

114, Pastor Maurarrensis. Past. supra griseo-niger, remigibus
cauddque saturatioribus ; capite genisque atris ; corpore subtus
subrufescenti-griseo ; crisso pallidiori, plumis albo marginatis.
Rostrum pedesque flavi. rides pallidé grisee. Longitudo

&* > corporis 92 unc., caud@ 2%,

Sexes alike. Found only i in the Ghauts. Stony fruit in the sto-
machs of three birds. Resembles Past, tristis, but is a size
less, possesses no crest, and has gray irides.

115. Pastor roseus, Temm. Turdus roseus, Linn.

- TJrides intense red brown. Tongue bifid and fringed; not quite

.»»»so much so as’ Hypsipetes Ganeesa. These birds darken the air

%. br: by their numbers at the period of the ripening of the bread

_ « ~ grains, Andropogon Sorghum, and Panicum spicatum, in Dukhun,
.. -in December. . Colonel Sykes has shot forty or fifty at a shot.
« They prove a calamity to the husbandman, as they are as de-

_ structive as locusts, and not much less numerous,

ite. Pastor Pagodarum, Temm. Turdus Pagodarum, Gmel. Gra-

» cula. Pagodarum,. Shaw, vol. 7. p. 471. Le Martin Brame, Le

- «.~ Vaill., Ois, d’ Afr. pl. 95. tom, 2.

_ ) Trides greenish white. Length 8,5, inches, inclusive of tail of 2,8,

96

to 3 inches. Sexes alike. These birds are great frequenters of
the Ficus Indica, Ficus religiosa, and Cactus Opuntia, for their
fruit. Insects also are found in the stomach. Birds lively and
elegant in flight.

Fam. Corvide, Leach. Genus Corvus, Auct.

117. Corvus cutminatus. Corv. supra splendenti-ater ; subtis
JSuliginoso-ater ; rostri culmine elevato.
Longitudo corporis 14 unc., caude 7.

Smaller than the European Crow. These birds are remarkable

for their audacity. Bill with a considerable culmen.
118. Corvus splendens, Vieill. Common Crow of India.

This is no doubt Vieillot’s splendid Crow, but in the thousands
Colonel Sykes has met with he never saw the plumage orna-
mented with the pronounced green and blue in Vieillot’s plate.
Has the noisy, impudent, and troublesome habits of the English
Crow. Length 18 inches, inclusive of tail of 6 inches. A
wounded Crow was put into the cage with a Viverra Indica,
in the expectation that the latter would make a meal of it.
The Crow however stood so vigorously on the defensive, that
a treaty of peace ensued, and they lived amicably together for
several weeks, the Crow partaking of the food of the Civet until
it died from its wound.

Genus Coracias, Linn. Roller.

119. Coracias Indica, Linn. Coracias Bengalensis, Steph. Blue Jay
JSrom the East Indies, Edw., pl. 326.

Very common in Dukhun. Called Tas, from its note, by the
Mahrattas. Sexes do not differ in size or plumage. Irides
intense red brown. A grasshopper 23 inches long was found
in the stomach of one bird, Length 13,3, inches, inclusive of
tail of 4,2, inches.

Fam, Buceride, Leach.

Hornbills are by no means rare in Dukhun, but from accident
Colonel Sykes had not a specimen to produce,

Tribus ScANSORES, Auct.
Fam. Psittacide, Leach.—Genus Paleornis, Vigors,

120. Paleornis torquatus, Vigors.

Appear in considerable flocks in Dukhun, and are very destruc-
tive to the crops, particularly to the Carthamus Persicus. Fond
also of the fruit of the Melia Azadirachta. The female differs
from the male only in wanting the collar, and has in conse-
quence been considered to belong to a different species. The
Mahrattas call the bird Ragoo and Keeruh. Length 173 inches,

» inclusive of tail of 94 inches.

121. PAL#ZORNIS MELANORHYNCHUS. Pal. viridis, corpore subtis,
notd circumoculart, dorsoque imo pallidioribus ; capite, collo in
Sronte nuchaque, columbino-canis ; rostro, torqueque collari laté

.

97

nigris ; fronte, remigibus, rectricibusque mediis cyaneis, illo

pallidiori ; rectricibus subtis, apicibusque supra flavis.

Trides albzx, subflavo-marginate. Longitudo corporis 145,
‘ - une., caud@ 77%y-

Found only in the Ghauts. Sexes alike. This bird has the aspect
of Pal. columboides, but differs in the black bill, broad black
collar, pale green yellow beneath instead of dove colour, and in
the want of the metallic green narrow collar and blueish rump.

Fam. Picide, Leach.—Genus Bucco, Linn. Barbet.

122. Bucco Philippensis, Gmel. Barbu des Philippines, Buff.

This well known bird is called Tambut, or the Coppersmith, by the
Mahrattas. It sits on the loftiest and extreme twigs of trees,
uttering the syllables took, took, took, deliberately, and nodding
its head at each took ; the sound and the motion originating the
idea of a coppersmith at work hammering. Irides lake colour.
Length 6! inches, inclusive of tail 1 inch. Fruit and insects
found in the stomach.

128. Bucco caniceps, Frankl.

_. Scarcely distinguishable from Bucco corvinus and Bucco Java-
nicus. Found only in the dense woods of the Ghauts. Its note
is quite startling, and makes the hills echo. Jrides red deep
brown. Length 8%, inches, inclusive of tail of 2,7, inches: the

4 bird is consequently smaller than Major Franklin’s. Stony
: fruit only found in the stomach.

Genus Picus, Linn. Woodpecker.
124. Picus Mahrattensis, Lath. Mahratta Woodpecker, Id.
Irides rich lake. Length 7-4, inches, inclusive of tail of 2,5, inches.
if Although this is called the Mahratta Woodpecker, Colonel
; Sykes met with three birds only in Dukhun during six years.

; Fam, Certhiade, Vigors.—Genus Upupa, Linn. Hoopoe.

125. Upupa minor, Shaw. La Huppe d’ Afrique, Le Vaill.

. Frides almost black. Length 12 to 123 inches, inclusive of tail
from 43, to 4,5, inches. Feeds on the ground, and does not
hop.

Fam. Cuculide, Leach.—Genus Leptosomus, Vieill.

126. Leptosomus Afer. Cuculus Afer, Gmel. Edolian Cuckoo, Shaw.
. Cuculus Edolius, Cuv. Cuc. serratus, Shaw.?
Irides reddish deep brown, Length 13,4, inches, inclusive of tail
of 6,8, inches. Rare in Dukhun.

4 Genus Eudynamys, Vigors & Horsf.
127. Eudynamys orientalis. Cuculus orientalis, Linn. Female
Cuc. Mindanensis.
- Called Koel or Koeel by the Mahrattas. A well known and noisy
- bird, with singularly loud notes, not at all like those of a
Cuckoo. Irides rich lake, Length 17 inches, inclusive of tail

98

of 7 inches. These birds are frugivorous, In the stomachs of
many the fruits of the Bergera Kenigi and Uvaria undulata
only were found. The difference in the plumage of the sexes
is very remarkable. The female is the larger bird. The tongue
of this bird is exactly that of the Cuc. canorus.

Genus Cuculus, Auct.

128. Cuculus' canorus, Linn. Common Cuckoo, Lath.

Irides yellow. Length 14.5, inches, inclusive of tail of 6,5, inches.
Rare in Dukhun.

129. Cuculus fugax, Horsf. Bychan Cuckoo, Lath.

Irides bright yellow. Length 13,8, inches, inclusive of tail of 6
inches. ‘Tongue as in 127. This bird has so much the aspect
of a Hawk that Colonel Sykes passed it for one, until its note
of koeel, koeel, exactly resembling that of Eudynamys orientalis,
recalled him to the tree on which it was seated, and he shot
the bird,

Genus Centropus, Ill. Coucal.

130. Centropus Philippensis, Cuv. Coucou des Philippines, Buff.
Chestnut-winged Coucal, Lath. Malabar Pheasant of Eu-
ropeans.

Trides rich lake. Length 193 inches, inclusive of tail of 114 inches.
This is a very useful bird, as Colonel Sykes found a snake eight
iaches long, centipedes, noxious insects, and lizards in the
stomach. In the stomach and esophagus of one bird a lizard
thirteen inches long was found,

, Tribus TeENurIRostTREs, Cuv,
Fam. Meliphagide, Vigors.—Genus Chloropsis, Jard. & Selb,
131. Chloropsis aurifrons, Jard. & Selby ?

Fam. Cinnyride, Vigors.—Genus Cinnyris, Cuv. Sun-bird.
132, Cinnyris lepida. Certhia lepida, Sparrm. Nectarinia lepida,
Temm.

Irides red brown. Length 4,8, inches, inclusive of tail of 1,5,
inch, Female ashy brown above; light yellow below. Com-
mon in Dukhun. Feed on small insects; also suck honey.

133. Cinnyris currucaria. Certhia currucaria, Linn, Grimpereau
gris des Philippines, Pl. Enl. 576. f. 2.

This has been considered a young bird; but Colonel Sykes can
venture to affirm, from a long observation of its habits in his
garden at Poona, that it is a species. Jrides bright lake.
Length 4,3, inches, inclusive of tail of 1,5, inch. A spider, a
Cicada, and minute Coleopterous insects were found in the
stomach of many birds of this species. They also hover before
flowers, and suck the honey while on the wing, like the Cina.
lepida.

134. Cinnyris Vicorsit. Cinn. collo supra, nucha, ptilis, scapula-
ribusque intensé sanguineis, collo infra pectoreque coccineo-
sanguineis ; strigd utrinque mentali sub rictu ad pectus exten~

99

dente maculague auriculari splendidé violaceis ; capite supra,
caude tectricibus, rectricibus mediis, lateraliumque, externo
excepto, pogoniis externis metallicé viridibus ; alis, rectricibus
lateralibus, dorsi inferioris lateribus, fascidque subpectorali
Suscis ; abdomine griseo ; dorso imo sulphureo.
Jridesintensé brunnee. Longitudo corporis 54 unc., caude2,°,.
Larve of flies, a spider, ants, and minute insects found in the
stomach. Inhabits only the lofty trees of the dense woods
of the Ghauts.—‘1 will here beg leave to speak in the first
person. I have dedicated this magnificent bird to a gentleman
* whose enlarged views of natural affinities in zoology have con-
tributed essentially to enhance the value of the science, and to
facilitate the labours of every zoologist. The dedication is
also influenced by a desire to testify my sense of the many
J kind attentions of Mr. Vigors.’—W. H. 8.

135. CrnnyRis MINIMA, Cinn. capite nuchdque olivaceo-viridibus ;
pectoris notis, dorso, scapularibus, uropygioque intensé sangui-
nets, hoc violaceo splendenti; subtis pallidé flavd; alis cau-
daque fusco-brunneis.

Foem. olivascenti-brunnea, uropygio rufa.
Irides rufo-brunnee. Longitudo corporis 33, unc., caud@ 14.

Met with only in the dense woods of the Ghauts. White ants and
larve of flies were found in the stomach. One bird was seen
sucking honey. Female of a uniform brown, with a patch of
brick red on the rump and upper tail-coverts, and the yellow
below fainter than in the male. Colonel Sykes believes this to
be the smallest of the Sun-dirds.

136. Cinnyris Mahrattensis. Certhia Mahrattensis, Shaw. Cinnyris
orientalis, Frankl.

Dr. Latham does not mention the crimson joined to the yellow spot
under the wing. These birds suck flowers while hovering on
the wing; they eat minute insects also. Female not met with.
Length 4.2, inches, inclusive of tail of 1,5, inch.

‘187. Cinnyris concoLor. Cinn. viridi-olivacea, alis cauddque
saturatioribus, corpore subtis pallidiorz.
Trides intensé rufo-brunnez. Longitudo corporis 4 unc.,
caude 1.

Insects with long antenne were found in the stomach. As four
specimens obtained by Colonel Sykes were all females, and as
- they were met with in the same locality as Cinn. Vigorsii, Cinn.
concolor may be the female of that splendid species ; but the dif-

ference in the size, form, and aspect of the bird, independently
-* of colour, is opposed to this: they were never seen together.
; The bird has the outline of Cinn. Mahrattensis. The specific
* appellation of concolor is given provisionally.
* Colonel Sykes, in concluding his notice of the birds of the two
first Orders, observed that in the majority of instances his know-
ledge was derived from an observation of many specimens of the same ~
‘species in the living state. For the most part also he had obtained
both sexes, and was very rarely confined to a single specimen.

100

May 8, 1832.
W. Yarrell, Esq. in the Chair.

A preparation was exhibited of the generative organs of a hybrid
male bird, bred by the Society, and. produced between a Muscovy
Drake and a common Duck; and Mr. Yarrell described the external
and internal appearances of the individual from which the prepara-
tion was obtained.

He stated that the bird in its plumage, with the exception of a
small chestnut-coloured patch on the chest, exhibited all the ap-
pearance of atrue Muscovy Drake, The head, neck, back and wings
were marked with the purple and violet tints which usually charac-
terize that species; the curled feathers at the base of the tail, pecu-
liar to the males of Anas Boschas, were wanting.

Internally the viscera generally partook more of the character of
Anas Boschas, but particularly in the length of the intestines and
cecal appendages, which are remarkable for their variation in this
respect, depending on the species, and having a due relation to the
nature of the food selected by each. The organ of voice, a most
valuable criterion of species throughout this numerous family, was
in its form much more like that of Anas Boschas than that of Anas
moschata, the bony enlargement being nearly globular, without any
of the depression which is constant in this part in Anas moschata.

. All the parts of the sexual organs were of large size, and appa-
rently perfect.

Mr. Yarrell concluded by remarking that the hybrid bird in ques-
tion strongly resembled the true Muscavy, while internally the
viscera were as decidedly indicative of the common, Duck.

The Skeletons of Capromys Fournieri, Desm., and Dasyprocta
Acouchy, F. Cuv., having been placed on the table, Mr. Owen en-
tered into a series of remarks explanatory of their peculiarities,
which he pointed out with reference to the skeletons of other Rodentia
exhibited for the purpose of comparison, He showed that the
cranium both in Capromys and in the Acouchy presents a gentle
curve along the coronal aspect, and that this surface is bounded
by nearly parallel lines, as in the Agouté and Capybara, differing
from that of Arvicola, Mus, Hypudeus, Bathyergus, and many other
Rodentia, in which the frontal bones are more or less compressed
between the orbits. The orbits are more circumscribed by bone
than in the Rat, in consequence of the developement of the post-
orbital process. The Acouchy, however, resembles the Rat in the
slenderness of the zygomatic arch; whilst Capromys has.this arch
broad and strong, as it exists in Hystrix, Castor, Lepus, and Capy-
bara, although it is far from presenting the enormous developement
exhibited in Calogenus. The suborbital foramina, though larger

a

ig at Ta Naat a ie

101

in Capromys than in the Acouchy, have not the same proportional
magnitude as in the Rat. The lachrymal bone in Capromys is very
small; in the Acouchy it is remarkably developed, as well as in the
Agouti, but it does not form any part of the external boundary of
the suborbital foramen, which is exclusivly formed by the superior
maxillary bone, the ungueo-maxillary suture running parallel, but
half a line posterior, to the anterior margin of that boundary.
M. Cuvier, in describing the cranium of the Agouti, (Ossemens Fos+
siles, vol. v. part i., p. 21,) particularly notices this large size of the
lachrymal bone, which, he states, ‘‘ contribue 4 entourer le trou
sous-orbitaire dans le haut, en sorte que ]’anneau formé autour de
ce trou par le maxillaire n’est' pas complet, ce dont je ne connois
point d’autre exemple:” but in examining, for this peculiarity, two
skulls of the Agouti, (which, however, it is possible may not be of
the identical species with the one described by the great anatomist
above quoted,) Mr. Owen has not found it in either; the whole of
the lachrymal bone being capable of removal without the integrity
of the outer boundary of the suborbital foramen being thereby at+
fected; the lachrymal bone, however, approaches nearer in the
Agouti to the anterior margin of that boundary, than in the Acouchy.
There is also this difference between the two species; in the Agouti
the narrow process of the maxillary bone which separates the outer
part of the lachryinal bone from the suborbital foramen is articu-
lated by suture with the nasal process of the maxillary bone, afford-
ing a curious example of an articulation between two parts of the
same bone; in the Acouchy there is no such suture, but the whole
outer boundary of the suborbital foramen is one continuous piece
of bone. The styloid processes are much stronger and the bony
meatus more produced in Capromys than in either of the before-
named animals. The lower jaw .of Capromys, like that of the
Acouchy, is deficient in the tubercular process that is seen on the
middle of the outer surface of the ascending ramus in the lower
jaw of the Rat. :

The chief characteristic of the skeleton of Capromys is seen in
the spinal column, and arises from the number of the dorsal or costal
vertebra, of which there are not less than 16. In the Capybara and
the prehensile Porcupine there are 15, in the Beaver 14; but the
more common number in this order is 12, as in the Acouchy, or 13
as in the Rat. Notwithstanding the excess of costal vertebra, Ca-
promys has the same number of lumbar vertebre as the Acouchy,
viz. ‘7; they are also proportionally larger, The sacral vertebra, if

_ reckoned according to form and anchylosis, amount to 4; butif con-

sidered as depending on the more definite character of articulation
with the z/ia are only 2. . The caudal vertebra, if the latter mode
of considering the sacrum be adopted, are 22 in the specimen; but
some were evidently wanting. The directions of the spines of the
vertebre in Capromys indicate considerable flexibility in the trunk:
the principal centre of motion is marked by the erect spine in the
13th costal vertebra ; in the Acouchy it is in the 12th or last but one.

In the extremities the bones of the Capromys participate in the

102

characters both of the Rat and Acouchy; those of the anterior ex-
tremity presenting, in addition to the perfect clavicles, some other
characters in common with the former, while those of the posterior
more resembled the corresponding bones in the Acouchy. Thus in the
scapula the acromion, asin the Rat, projects beyond the glenoid ca-
vity to join the clavicle, and the coracoid process is well developed ;
while in the Acouchy the former process is much less produced, and
the latter almost obsolete. In the descending process of the acro-
mion, Capromys, like Caelogenus and Hystrix, is intermediate be-
tween the Rat and the Acouchy. The humerus of Capromys is pro-
portionally stronger than in the Acouchy, and it has the deltoid pro-
cess even more developed than in the’Rat ; this process is but slightly
indicated by a ridge in the Acouchy. The internal condyle, like that
of the Acouchy, the Rat and most Rodentia, is impertorate. The
rest of the bones of the anterior extremity afforded no peculiar
characters.

Passing over the bones of the pelvis, which also were destitute of
any marked character, Mr. Owen observed that the femur of Ca-
promys, like that of the Acouchy, has no middle process or second
trochanter, such as is observable in the Rat and Beaver. The tibia
and fibula were also distinct in Capromys, as in the Acouchy; the
latter bone reaching to the tarsus, and not being, as in the Rat and
Beaver, anchylosed to the lower third of the t2bia. The metatarsal
bones of Capromys agree in number with those of the Rat, but are
broader and flatter, and correspond to the more plantigrade cha-
racter of this animal.

Mr. Owen concluded his remarks on the osteology of these ani-
mals by presenting the following table, in which the points of ad-
measurement are for the most part the same as are used by Mr.
Say, in his account of Capromys (Isodon) Pilorides (Journal of
Acad. of Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia, il, p. 334),

Capromys. 4 Acouchy.

Cranium. as
Inches, Lines. {Inches.| Lines.
From the anterior edge of the sockets of
the incisors to the posterior part of
the occipital condyles ......... 3. | doitio.19
From ditto to the posterior part of the
occipital Crestis. 6 )=!ac sw sper eye 3)8 [3 $
Distance between the remotest points of
the zygomatic arches ........- 2/0 |1 /|6
Shortest distance between the orbits 1}1 |0 j1og
Length of a series of molar teeth ....| 0/9 [0 |6
Width of the largest molar tooth. ...| 0} 2210 | 12
Vertical diameter of the foramen magnum | 0| 5 | 0 | 4
. Transverse diameter of ditto....../ 0} 5 |O | 5
Vertical diameter of the suborbital fora-
men (anteriorly). ..+..+6.. © re) fi Dal Sor fies ti
Ditto, of; the orbit. 9% 6:0) 06 wees aie ' 0!.7,,40 , 0s

SPINE. mys. Acouchy.

_ Greatest vertical extent of the zygoma..

Length of that part of the

103

From the occipital spine to the coronal

RAINS 55h oss ahda's dhe el Blonds sith A
Length of the sagittal suture ......
Ditto of the nasal suture. ........

Length of the lower jaw from the an-
terior edge of the sockets of the
incisors to the angle. ........

From the angle to the summit of the
COIS ion ana ig ttt) ra VouelingscieAi$ as as

Distance between the centres of the ar-
ticulating surfaces of the condyles . ,

Greatest basal width of the lower jaw .

Capro-

Number of the cervical ver-
tebre.... : . 7 7
Length of that part of the
OO NT 1) cae aa era
Number of the eostal verte-
MN re ae ita, pisaie c 16 | 13
Length of that part of the
column .......
Number of the lumbar bene
CRS 15) Stihenge le, 7 7

colamnss g::3) wert, Sivahy
Number of the sacral perc

bre (by anchylosis) . 4 | 4
Length of the sacrum ...
Number of the rao verte.

bre .. 3 eG RAKL § 16
Length of the tail . a hehic =i

is)

ExTREMITIEs.
Length of the clavicle .......... ey A
Scapula from the end of the acromion

to the lower part of the base .....{| 2/5 | 1
greatest breadth at the base... {| 1]3 | 0

Length of the humerus. ........ -| 2] 8542
ee MING. aaah ass ele], YB oe
radia: creo. aon.) “S| 52 12
~————— femur .....-...6- 3|3 |2
———— tibia .........4.. -} 3)2 43
: — bones of thehand..... 2|2 14
—_——_—— of the foot . --! 316 13

—_— ‘

AHCNPONDSO ®

vie

104

The exhibition of the collection of Shells formed by Mr.Cuming on
the western coast of South America and in the South Pacific Ocean
was resumed, and the following new species were characterized by
Mr. Broderip and Mr. G. B. Sowerby.

Genus CuirTon,
* Ligamento marginis levi.

Curron Brruncratus.—Chit. testd ovatd, levi, virescente, nigro, al-
bidoque varid ; margine concolori, plerimque maculd albd utrin-
que inter valvam primam et secundam posita ; long. 4, lat. % poll.

Hab. ad oras Peruvie. (Inner Lobos Island.)

Found under stones at low water. This species varies much in
its colouring, some specimens being nearly black, others light
green, and some much and prettily varied. In almost all a white
mark may be observed on the margin just behind the anterior
valve.—G, B. S. ;

Curron Exicuus. Chit. testd oblongd, minimd, rufescente, an-
gustd ; valvarum intermediarum carind dorsali latissimd, tri-
gond, margine sulcatd ; arearum lateralium margine distinctd :
long. 35, lat. 5 poll.

Hab. in Polynesia. (Lord Hood’s Island.)

Found on the Pearl Oysters, ‘This is the smallest species which

Mr. Sowerby has seen: the dorsal keel of the intermediate valves
is very broad, and distinguished by a groove on each side.—G. B.S.

Cuiron caTenuLatus. Chit. testd oblongd, pallidd, virescente va-
rid ; valvd anticd, valvarum intermediarum areis lateralibus et
valve postice parte posticd radiatim granulosis ; intermediarum
areis centralibus et postice ared anticd longitudinaliter scabroso-
sulcatis : long. 37x, lat. +3, poll.

Hab, ad oras Peruvie. (Inner Lobos Island.)

Found under stones at low water. In general appearance this

species resembles Chit. luridus: by careful attention to the above
characters it may however be readily distinguished.—G. B. 8.

CuiTon GRanireRvs. Chit. testd ovatd, castaned, nigro albidoque
varid; dorso elevato; valvd anticd radiatim granosd; valve
postice parte posticd et valvarum intermediarum areis lateralibus
subradiatim graniferis ; areis centralibus longitudinaliter granoso-
lineatis : long. 1, lat. +7 poll,

Hab. ad oras Chiliz.

A single specimen was found on a Mytilus in nine fathoms water

at Conception.—G. B. S.

** Ligamento marginis squamoso.

Curron stramineus. Chit. testd ovatd, levi, pallide stramined ;
dorso rotundato ; squamulis marginalibus sparsis : long. +7, lat. +z
oll.
Hab. ad Insulam Chiloe Chilensium,
Found under stones at low water. All the specimens are of a
uniform pale straw colour.—G. B. S,

105

Curton Pusio. Chit. testd ovali, levigatd, olivaced, punctulis vi-
ridibus numerosis ornatd ; valvarum’ marginibus anticis lateri-
~ busque rugulosis » long. +°5, lat. +35 poll.
Hab. ad Valparaisam.
Found on Amphidesma solidum in from thirty to fifty fathoms
water, with a sandy floor.—G. B. S.

Genus MARGINELLA.

Mareinetia curta. Marg. testd ovatd, cinerascente-fulvd ; spird
brevi ; labii externi reflexi margine externd castaned, facie albd ;
Jabit interni expansi et incrassati margine castaned ; columelld
quadriplicatd, plicis equalibus : long. +%, lat. 5 poll.

Hab. ad Iquiqui et ad Paytam.

The body-whorl, in fully grown specimens, is rather angular at

the upper part, and it is wholly covered with white specks, It
was dredged in fine black sand.—G. B. S.

Genus ButInus.
* Labio externo tenui, acuto.

Buuinvus Vexittum. Bul. testd pyramidali, albente, vittis casta-
neis fasciatd ; anfractibus 6 levissime longitudinaliter striatis ;
umbilico subobsoleto : long. +, lat. +8; poll.

Hab. in Sinu Panamez. (King’s and Saboga Islands.)

_ Found on the trunks of large trees.—W. J.B.

. Buxiyus pustutosus. Bul. testd fusiformi, e fusco albente, subdia-
phand ; anfractibus 6, striis moniliformibus frequentibus longi-
tudinalibus ; umbilico mediocri : long. +*z, lat. +s (circa) poll,

Hab. in Chili. (Huasco.)
Found under stones on elevated ground.—W. J. B.

Buuinus Purirormis. Bul. testd griseo-albd, pupiformi, longitu-
dinaliter levissimé striatd ; apice nigro-fuscescente ; labro subre-
flexo: long. Z, lat. % poll.

Hab. in Chili. (Huasco.)

» Found under stones and in shady places.—W. J. B.

Buuinus Panamensis. Bul. testd ovato-fusiformi, subglabrd, dia-
phand, pallide fulvd; anfractibus 6 subventricosis, labro vizx
- subreflero : long. 1, lat. + poll:
- Hab. in Sinu Panamez. (King’s and Saboga Islands.)
. Found on the trunks of large trees —W. J. B.

Buuinus ausicans. Bul. testd ovato-ventricosd, subpellucidd, fus-
‘cd lineolis strigisque longitudinalibus albis varid ; anfractibus 6
longitudinaliter striato-rugosis ; columelld et fauce rubro-casta-
neis ; umbilico mediocri : long. +°;, lat. x7z poll.

Hab. ad Copiapo, Chili.

_- This species, which resembles Bul, guttatus in its white mark-

_ ings, but differs from that shell in shape and other characters, was

_ found by Mr. Cuming at Copiapo, in the dry sand on the elevated

_ ground, near the port, The upper part of the inner lip is some-

106

what reflected so as partially to conceal the umbilicus. Old shells of
this species are of a dead white, with the exception of the columella
and aperture.—W. J. B.

Buuinus arrinis. Bul. testd vald? fusiformi, pellucide fused albo
‘ Sat longitudinaliter striato-rugosd ; umbilico obsoleto : long. 1 ;

lat. + poll.

Hab.in Peruvia. (Mexillones, desert of Atacama.)

Found in small crevices of the ‘dry earth on the top of the moun.
tain Mexillones, 2000 feet above the sea.—W. J. B.

Buinus mopestus. Bul. testd pyramidali, turritd, elongatd, tenui,
subalbidd lineolis castaneis longitudinalibus frequentibus varid ;
anfractibus 8 Peto ei striatis ; umbilico mediocri ; epider-
mide tenui: long. 1%, lat. +7; poll.

Hab. in Peruviz montibus. (Huacho.)

The body-whorl of young shells of this species is somewhat cari-
nated in the middle. The old shells vary in colour, but are all of
asombre hue. The longitudinal stvig are rather coarse.

Found on small bushes.—W. J. B.

Buuinus scururatus. Bul. testd pyramidali, tenui, albidd vel fulvd,

' lineis, maculis fasciisque castaneis interruptis scutulatd ; anfrac-
tibus 8 subrotundatis longitudinaliter striatis ; umbilico subob-
tecto : long. »8y, lat. +85 poll.

Hab. in Peruvie collibus. (Islay.)

This shell varies much in its colour and markings. “The body-
whorl is generally more or less banded, and there is often an ob-
scure whitish band at the base.

Found on an Helianthus.—W. J. B.

Buuinus turritus, Bul. testd turritd, imperforatd ; anfractibus 10

substriatis, albidis, castaneo-fasciatis : long. ++, lat. +*, poll.

Hab. in Peruvie montibus. (Truxillo.)

Obs. Species Turritellam mentiens.

The chestnut bands are three on the upper whorls; one at the
suture, and two near together about the middle. On the body-
whorl there are four; one at the suture, two near together towards
the middle, and one tosarda the base.

Found under stones,—W, J. B.

Buxinus putcuetius. Bul, testd elongatd ; anfractibus 7 longi-
tudinaliter elevato-striatis, albidis, ultimo trifasciato, ceteris bi-
Sasciatis, fasciis subnigro-castaneis; umbilico mediocri: long. 1+‘,
lat. + poll.

Hab. in Peruviee montibus. (Truxillo.)

This pretty species was found on a species of Aloe, on hills about
500 feet above the level of the sea.— W. J. B.

** Labio externo tenui subreflexo, acuto.

Buuinvs erosus. Bul. testd ovato-pyramidali, albicante, sparsim
diaphand quasi erosd ; anfractibus 6 ventricosis longs tlen elites
subrugoso-striatis ; apice solidulo, gat —_ 34, lat. +5
poll. bao

107

_ Hab. in Peruvid. (Huantajaya near Iquiqui.) { i oa8
Found under stones on hills 2500 feet above the level of the
sea.—W. J. B.

Burinus pvereuictus. Bul. testd ventricoso-pyramidali, albidd,
subdiaphand ; anfractibus 6 longitudinaliter striatis ; apice so-
lidulo, subpapillari ; umbilico magno : long. +°;, lat. § poll. ;

Hab. ad Cobijam Bolivie. (Puerto del Mar.)

Found unprotected on flat rocks without soil or verdure: all

was desolate for a league around.—W. J. B.

Buuinus varians. Bul, testd elongatd, subnitidd, castaned, ma-
culis strigisque albis varid ; anfractibus 8 longitudinaliter striatis ;
umbilico mediocri : long. 1435, lat. 4's poll.

Hab. in Peruvie montibus. (Truxillo.)

A whitish band may be traced at the upper part of each whorl next
to the suture, and another at the base of the body-whorl. But this
Species varies so much in its markings, that hardly two individuals
are alike. Some are also rather more ventricose than others.

Found on the same species of Aloe and in the same places with
Bul. pulchellus.—W. J. B.

Buuinus Tieris. Bul. testd cylindrico-fusiformi, nitidd, subglabrd,
fulvo-albente longitudinaliter castaneo strigatd ; unfractibus 7
longitudinaliter striatis ; columella subcallosd ; umbilico tantim
non obtecto: long. 14, lat. + poll.

Hab. in Peruvie montibus. (Truxillo.)

This differs from the preceding in many points. The body-whorl

is of considerably greater length in proportion, and the aperture is
consequently much longer and more acute at the upper part.
There is somewhat of a callosity on the columella, and the umbilicus,
which is small, is almost hidden by the reflected inner lip.

Found on bushes.—W. J. B.

-

*#** Labio exteriore subreflexo.

~ Buiyus Prorevs. 1. Bul. testd ovato-acutd, sordid? albidd fulvo
_ maculata ; anfractibus 6 creberrimé longitudinaliter granuloso-

' striatis, ultimo maximo, ventricoso ; umbilico magno ; epidermide

tenui: long. 14, lat. 1-25 poll.

2. Var. granulis striisque paulld elevatioribus subalbidis : long. 14,5

lat. 1 poll.
3. Var. albida fasciis castaneis : long. 14, lat. poll.
Hab. in Peruvie montibus. (St. Jacinta, near Samanco.) -
4. Var. nana, albida fasciis interruptis sordidé castaneis: long.
1415, lat. 4% poll. ;

Hab. in Peruviz montibus, (Pacosmayo.)

Obs. After a careful examination of numerous individuals, I am
unable to detect any specific characters which may be safely relied
on to separate the four varieties above described. ‘There is indeed
a considerable difference in size between the first and the last; but
Ihave seen many instances where food and locality have had as
much effect in the development of the volume of a shell, as they

108

are known to have in determining the intensity or distribution of its
colour. J

The body-whorl of No. 1. is, generally speaking, more ventricose
and deeper than that of any of the other varieties; and when No. 1.
and No. 4. are placed side by side, the discrepancy may appear
somewhat startling ; but if the gradations be placed before us, these
differences vanish, or are so melted down into each other that no-
thing remains fixed but the number of whorls, the style of sculp-
ture, the relative size of the umbilicus, and the general form and
make of the shell.

Mr. Cuming found all his specimens under stones.—W. J, B.

Buiinus murapitis. Bul. testd cylindrico-attenuatd, subalbidd
castaneo strigato-maculatd ; anfractibus 7 creberrime granuloso-
striatis ; umbilico mediocri; epidermide fuscd : long. 14, lat. ¢

oll.

Hab. in montibus Peruvie. (Santos.)

Var. albo castaneoque alternatim fasciata, fasciis castaneis albo
maculatis: long. 12, lat. § poll.

Hab. in Peruvia. (Campania of Truxillo.)

Both these varieties were found under stones.

The sculpture is very like that of the preceding species, but much
finer and closer; and indeed there is a general resemblance at first
sight; but the number of whorls, the cylindrical shape, and other
points in the species before us, sufficiently mark the difference
between them.—W. J. B.

Burinus versicotor. Bul. testd ovato-pyramidali, albidd maculis
castaneis, vel eastaned maculis albidis varid ; anfractibus 6 minu-
tissimé longitudinaliter subdepresso-granuloso-striatis ; labio ezx-
teriore albente ; fauce subnigro-castaned ; umbilico mediocri ; epi-
dermide tenui : long. 14, lat. £ poll.

Var. fascia albida basali.

Hab. in montibus Peruvie. (Mongon, near Casma.)

This shell varies in its colouring almost as much as Bul. multicolor,
King (Helix multicolor, Rang), and bears some resemblance to that
species at first sight. On examination, the difference between the
two species is very apparent. The whitish basal band of the variety
is seen internally as well as externally.

Found on bushes.—W, J. B.

it ls

109

May 22, 1832.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited skeletons and stuffed specimens of several
Mammalia, in illustration of the distinctive characters of two species
of that class, which he had recently ascertained to be inhabitants of
Britain.

The first of these additions to the British Fauna is the oared Shrew,
Sorex remifer, Geoff., distinguishable from the more common water
Shrew by its greater size and its uniform colour. The whole of the
upper part of the head, the body, and sides, are velvet black ; the
situation of the ear is marked by a tuft of white hairs, more con-
spicuous than in the water Shrew, from the greater contrast of co-
lour; there isa small patch of light brown under the Jower jaw ; the
under surface of the body is rusty black ; and the tail is black, with
a line of pendent greyish white hairs along its under surface.

Mr. Yarrell remarked, that although the individual exhibited (the
only indigenous specimen which he had yet seen,) was smaller than
that described by M. Desmarest in his ‘ Mammalogie’ (the length of
the head and body being 3 inches 4 lines, and that of the tail 1 inch
9 lines), he had determined its identity with the species to which he
referred it, by comparison with a specimen of Sor. remifer, trans-
mitted by M, Baillon of Abbeville to the British Museum; the two
specimens being perfectly similar in every particular of colour, mark-
ings, and measurement. He further observed, that the Sor. ciliata
of Sowerby’s ‘ British Miscellany,’ pl. 49, is probably referable to
the same species.

The second animal to which Mr. Yarrell more particularly directed

_ the attention of the Committee, was a species of Arvicola, new, not

only to Britain, but also apparently to science. It is so nearly re-
lated to Arv. agrestis (the Mus agrestis of Ray, and probably also
of Linnzeus, and apparently the Mus arvalis of Pallas), as to require
that the characters of the latter, the common short-tailed field Cam-

_ pagnol, should be modified, Mr. Yarrell accordingly thus charac-

terized the two species :—

ARVICOLA AGREsTIS. Arv, supra rufescenti-fusca, subtiis cinerea ;
auriculis vic prominulis ; cauda tertiam partem corporis longitu-
dine viz cequante.

ARVICOLA RIPARIA. Arv. supra saturaté castaneo-rufescens, sub-
tis cinerea ; auriculis paullo prominulis ; caudé dimidium cor-
poris longitudine equante, apicis pilis subelongatis.

_ Mr. Yarrell pointed out, on the specimens exhibited by him, the
external differences between these species, consisting chiefly in the
size and colour of the body, and the relative length of the tail. He

[No. XIX.] Zoox. Soc. Proceepines or tHe Comm. or Science,

110

further illustrated the differences of proportion between them by
referring to skeletons of each, and laid before the Committee the
following table of comparative measurements :—

Arv. agrestis. Arv. riparia.

in. lin. in. lin.
Length of the‘head ~,.............0- 0 103 0 gt
from the first dorsal vertebra to
CHE UStME ed oes ses Cosmas aelee 0 10 0 9
of the six lumbar vertebre .... 0 114 0 7%
from the first dorsal vertebra to
the tuberosity of the zschium........ 23 1 93
of the os innominatum ........ 0 72 O 62
from the sacral vertebra to the
end of the tail.........: > Sidanchodie T L'%9 2 2
of the scapula..........4-4. beri Oinh O 4
Feumerusdiss bes. ceis’. ods 0 5 O 4
from the olecranon to the carpus 0 64 0 55
of the femur) .i....68.5. wie oop, 96 0 54
Hitadwenia iad della J O 73 0 74
from the os calcis to the end of
theslangert thew.) sawie dois olla Ook ace Oy J&

It hence appears that the relative dimensions of the body and tail
in each of the species are nearly reversed. The number of the cer-
vical, dorsal, lumbar, and sacral vertebra, are the same in both, being
7, 13, 6, and 1, respectiveiy ; but the tail of the field Campagnol has
but 19 vertebra, while that of the bank Campagnol has 4 more,
making 23, The cavity of the thorax is of much larger size in the

Jeeld than in the bank species, the ribs being of greater expanse, and
the sternum longer. The head of the bank Campagnol is shorter and
more square in its form, exhibiting a greater appearance of strength ;
and although it is a smaller animal, with a shorter back as well as
shorter limbs, it has actually longer feet than the feld species.

Referring to the internal anatomy of the two species, Mr. Yarrell
stated, that he had detected no difference in the viscera of the thorax.
The stomachs were also of the same form, each presenting an appa-
rent contraction at the distance of one-third from the cardiac orifice.
The liver of the bank Campagnol was, however, more extensively
divided than that of the field species, having seven lobes, while that
of the latter presented but five: both are equally destitute of gall-
bladder. But the difference in the comparative length of the small
and large intestines was most marked :—

: Arv. agrestis. Arv. riparia.

inches, inches.
Length of the small intestines ...... diosa gph 95
CN rele Gace ete S 4
large intestines .......... 8 10

These measurements, in which it will be observed that the pro-
portions are reversed, appear to indicate some difference in the
choice of food, with which Mr, Yarrell stated that he was not yet

ee ee

111

acquainted, the contents of the stomachs which he had examined
having been too far digested to enable him to ascertain their nature.

Mr. Yarrell concluded by remarking, that, to the differences be-
tween the species, indicated in their fur, their osteology, and their
internal anatomy, a fourth series might be added, derived from their
habits. The dank Campagnol frequents hedge-bottoms and ditch-
banks, and is said to mice its nest of wool: the field Campagnol pre-
fers living among the long herbage ef water-meadows and moist
pastures, and makes its nest of dried grass.

An Extract was read from the ‘ Analyse des Travaux de la
Société d’ Histoire Naturelle de ' Ile Maurice, pendant la 2de Année’ ;
it was communicated to the Committee by its author, M. Julien
Desjardins, Corr. Memb. Z.S., the Secretary of the Society whose
labours are enumerated in it.

Among the novelties which have occupied that Society during
the season of 1830-1831 have been some observations by M. J.
Desjardins on the Zoology of the Mauritius as compared with that
of the Isle of Bourbon, from which has resulted the curious fact,
that notwithstanding that these islands are situated in such close
proximity to each other, are of the same formation, and present a
most remarkable analogy in their soil, their animals are not univer-
sally the same, some species being met with in the one which never
occur in the other.

In the department of Ornithology Madagascar has furnished to
M. J. Desjardins the opportunity of describing specimens ob-
tained from thence of the Ardea alba, Linn., and Ard. Garzetia,
Linn., and also of a Platalea, regarded by him as the Plat. leuco-
rodia, Gmel., but which, from his description forwarded to the
Committee, is evidently the species described by Mr. Vigors, on
February 22, 1831, (Part i. p.41,)under the name of Plat. Telfairii;
it was at that time stated by mistake to be a native of the Mauri-
tius ; its true habitat, as pointed out by M. Desjardins, is Madagas-
car, where it was obtained in Imirne, a kingdom of the interior, in
which is situated Tananarivoe the capital of the island. Of another
bird, which is common in Madagascar, the Cuculus canorus, Linn.,
a single specimen has been shot in the Mauritius. An Ibis, which
is regarded by M. Bojer as the species sacred angong the ancient
Egyptians, has been obtained, with several other birds, from
Agalega, one of the islands of the north-eastern Archipelago of
Madagascar. In some remarks on the bones of the Dodo, (con-
sisting of a sternum, a cranium, and four bones of the extremities, )

which were sent by M. Desjardins to Paris, and which excited so

much attention during the past summer from M. Cuvier and M. de

Blainville, occasion is taken to correct some errors which have crept
into the published statements respecting them. They were disco-

vered, in 1786, in a cavern on the island of Rodriguez.

In Ichthyology, three species have been described by M.Liénard,
sen., two of which belong to the genera Pleuronectes and Holocen-
trum. Another fish belonging to the family of the Perches with a

112

single dorsal fin, has appeared to the same naturalist to require
generic distinction, and he has accordingly described it as the type
of a new genus, to which’ he has given the name of Platysome: it is
evidently, from the brief notice contained’ in the * Analyse,’ the
Dules caudavittatus, Cuv. and Val., or a nearly allied species, a fish
which certainly differs considerably, by its compressed: form and
other particulars, from many of those with which it was generically
associated by the authors last quoted. M.J. Liénard has’ exhibited a
drawing of an Acanthurus: and M. J. Desjardins has described three
fishes of the genera Serranus, Labrus, and Xirichthys; and has
also exhibited and described specimens, obtained from the north-
western coast of Sumatra, of eight other fishes.

Among the Crustacea, two species of Crabs comnion on the coasts
of the Mauritius, and belonging to the genera Portunus and Pod-
ophthalmus, have been described and drawn by M, J. Liénard.

Finally, M. E. Liénard has described minutely a marine sub-
stance which he has regarded as an dlcyonium: he proposes to con-
tinue to figure and describe the numerous zoophytes which abound
in the adjoining seas to such an extent as to render the Mauritius
highly favourable for the pursuit of zoological studies in this beau-
tiful but intricate department of nature.

Mr. Gray exhibited living specimens of the common Lizard, La-
certa agilis, Linn., for the purpose of pointing out the marks of dis-
tinction between the sexes. The male is generally larger than fhe
female, and more distinctly coloured ; the under side of his body and
base of his tail are very bright orange, while in the female these parts
are pale yellowish green ; his ante-anal scale is short and transverse,
that of the female being much longer and hexagonal ; and the under
side of the base of his tail is flat, with a slight longitudinal middle
depression just behind the vent, this part of the tail being in the fe-
male rounded and convex, In April and May the male may also be
known by the base of the tail being dilated on the sides, just behind
the thigh, a dilatation probably caused by the size of the penes, which
are retracted into these parts.

Mr. Gray further explained various particulars of the habits of this
species, observed by him in individuals which he had kept in a living
state ; and added, that in the only instance in which he bad observed
the coitus, one alone of the penes was inserted.

113

June 12, 1852.
: Dr. Marshall Hall in the Chair. -

: The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells collected
by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America. and among
the islands of the South Pacific Ocean.

The whole of the new species, thirty-nine in number, of the

Genus CoLuMBELLA

contained in the collection, were illustrated by Mr. G. B, Sowerby.
They are as follow: ©

CotumBexna putcuerrima. Col. testd ovatd, spird subulatd ; an-
fractibus 9, primo minimo, albo, 2do, 3tio, 4to et 5to nigro-ru-
“fescentibus, politis ; G6to, 7mo, et 8vo concoloribus, spiraliter

sulcatis ; ultimo vensricoso, longitudinaliter rugoso, et spiraliter
sulcato, albido, sulcis brunneis ; labio externo incrassato ; peri- _
tremate polito, intis superne emarginato, infra denticulato ; labio
interno tenui, polito ; canali recurvd : long. 1, lat. 4 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Gulf of Dulce.)

Asingle specimen was found inten fathoms, ona sandy muddy floor.

-Corumpenta Harrirormis. Col. testd ovato-subtrigond, nigra,
albido maculaid, epidermide tenui fulod indutd ; spird brevi ;
anfractibus 6-7, marginibus crenulatis, ultimo trigonali, longi-
tudinaliter costato ; aperturd elongatd, supern? in canalem elon-
gatam productd ; labio externo incrassato, inflexo, intiis denticu-
lato ; canali subrecurvd : long. 25, lat. +°> poll.

‘Hab. inSinu Paname.

Found on dead shells in ten fathoms.

CotumBenna prcanatirErA. Col. testd ovato-pyramidali, apice
acuto, basi spiraliter suleato ; anfractibus 7, superioribus longi-
tudinaliter rugosis, pallescentibus, fusco-variis ; ultimo pal-
lido, fusco strigato, strigis prope suturas saturatioribus ; apertura,
oblonga, in canalem supern®.decurrente ; labio externo incrassato,
-reflevo,.subflexuoso, supern? acuminato ° long. 44, lat. +% poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Dredged in sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms.

CotumBeLxa spurca. Col. testd oblongd, castaned, albido maculata
et guttatd. ; spird acuminata ; anfractibys 7, supern? angulosis,
ultimo ventricoso, infra spiraliter sulcato ; aperturd oblongd, in-
-tiis violascente, supern® angulatd ; labio eaterno flecuoso, sub-
incrassato, intus denticulato ; columellé infra unituberculatd ;

labii interni margine ad basin denticulatd : long..1,* lat..x%5 poll.

Hab. sub lapidibus ad oras Peruyianas. (Inner Lobos Island.)

114

CotuMBELLA Buccinoipes. Col. testd oblongd, levi, piceo-nigrd,
prope suturas pallide maculatd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus 8,
ultimo infra spiraliter striato ; labii externi extis subincrassati,
intiis obsolete denticulati, margine superiori subemarginatd ; canali
brevissimd : long. +%5, lat. 35 poll. ° 7

Hab. ad oras Peruvianas.

Found under stones at low water mark, at Ancon. It very closely

resembles a Buccinum.

CoxuMBELLA coronata. Col. testd oblongo-acuminatd, albd, brun-
neo variegatd ; anfractibus 7-8, levibus, tribus ultimis serie uni-
cd tuberculorum mucronatorum coronatis ; labio externo intis den-
ticulato : long. 4%, lat. x poll.

Hab. in Sinu Paname sub lapidibus.

A very pretty species, which varies much in the arrangement of its

‘colours.

CorumMBELLA LyrAtA. Col. testd oblongd, acuminatd, albidd, epi-
dermide fusca indutd; anfractibus 10, longitudinaliter costatis,
costis infra nigris ; ultimo anfraciu infra spiraliter striato, su-
perne longitudinaliter costato, costis nigro-articulatis ; aperturd
oblongd, breviusculd, medio coarctatd, labio externo intis denticu-
lato : long. +85, lat. x’ poll.

Hab, sub lapidibus in Sinu Paname et ad Chiriqui.

CotuMBELLA uNcINATA. Col. testd oblongd, utrinque acuminata,
fulvd, fascid centrali albido-articulata ; anfractibus 6-7-; supe-
rioribus parvis, subnodulosis ; ultimo maximo, superne angulato ;
aperturd longitudinali, elongatd, flecuosd, superne in canalem
brevem uncinatam porrectd ; labio externo incrassato, intis den-

ticulato, denticulis confertis ; labio interno granuloso: long. 85;

lat. =, poll.
Hab, ad oras Columbie. (Isle of Muerte, Bay of Guayaquil.)
Found in sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms.

CoLUMBELLA ELEGANS. Col. testd elongato-subulatd, albd fusco
variegatd et reticulatd, epidermide tenui fulvd indutd ; anfractibus
11-12, primis levibus, ceteris longitudinaliter costatis ; ultimo
infra .spiraliter sulcato ; labio externo incrassato ; peritremate
subreflero, superne intis emarginato, demim dentibus nonnullis
internis ; labio interno lamellari ; canali incrassatd : long. 1.5,,
lat. +85 poll.

Hab. ad Guacamayo in America Centrali.

A very fine species, found in sandy mud.

CoLuMBELLA uniFasciaTA. Col. testd oblongo-pyramidali, levi,
castaneo-nigricante ; anfractibus 6, medio spiraliter albido uni-
fasciatis ; aperturd breviusculd ; peritremate intis denticulis
nonnullis : long. +5, lat. +25 (fer?) poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

Found under stones at low water.

———

115

ConumBELLa GipperuLA. Col. testd ovato-pyramidali; spird
subulatd ; anfractibus 8-9, pallidis, brunneo nubeculatis, ultimi
dorso supern? gibberulo, ad utrumque latus varicoso ; apertura
breviusculd ; peritremate incrassato, expanso, intis denticulis
nonnullis ; labio interno superne calloso, medio arcuato; canali
brevi, reflerd : long. 4%, lat. +35 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Meridionalis et Centralis.

Found in sandy mud at eleven fathoms depth, at the Bay of Ca-

raccas and Puerto Portrero.

CozumBeLra turrita. Col. testd elongato-pyramidatd ; spird
subulatd ; anfractibus 10, albidis, fusco reticulatis, et prope su-
turam articulatis ; aperturd oblongd, superné acuminatd, subcana-
liferd ; lubio externo incrassato ; peritremate albo, subreflexo,
intis levi; columella arcuatd : long. 1+%5, lat. +45 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Bay of Montijo, and St. Elena.)

Found in coarse gravel and sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms.

Cotumsetta Futva. Col. testd ovato-subulatd, fulvd, epidermide
minutissimé reticulatd indutd ; anfractibus 10; superioribus lon-
gitudinaliter costatis; ultimo infra spiraliter striato, superne
longitudinaliter costato ; aperturd, labio externo dentibusque in-
ternis albis : long. +25, lat. 75 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam, sub lapidibus.

CoLumBELua RuGosA. Col. testd oblonga, medio gibbosuld ; epi-
dermide fuscd ; spire apice plerimque eroso ; anfractibus 7, lon-
gitudinaliter costato-rugosis ; ultimo infra spiraliter costato, su-
perne longitudinaliter costato, costis omnibus superné unituber-
culatis ; aperturd subapertd: long. -°;, lat. 345 poll.

Hab, ad oras Americ Meridionalis. (Panama et Xipixapi.)

Found under stones.

In general appearance this and Col. fluctuata resemble each other
nearly, but the aperture of Col. fluctuata is much narrower. When
the epidermis is removed, the shell is white, covered nearly all over
with black patches. ;

CotumBeELLa FLuctuata. Col. testd oblongd, albd, nigro vel cas-
taneo maculatd et fluctuatd ; epidermide fuscd ; spire apice ple-
rumque eroso ; anfractibus 7, longitudinaliter costatis, ultimi cos-
tis abbreviatis ; aperturd medio coarctatd ; labio externo supern?
emarginato, interno infra denticulato : long. 4°, lat. +%5 poll.

Hab. sub lapidibus ad oras Americe Centralis. (Gulf of Nocoiyo.)

Cotumpetia recurvA. Col. testd oblongd, turritd, fulud; spird
acuminato-pyramidali ; anfractibus 10-11; primis 6 longitudi-
naliter costatis ; ceteris serie tuberculorum unicd instructis ; ul-
timi dorso subgibbo, parte inferiore transversim striatd ; aper-
ture elongate canali longiusculd, recurvd ; labio externo reflexo,
incrassato : long. 1z%5, lat. +55 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Meridionalis. (Isle of Plata.)

Found among coral sand at a depth of seventeen fathoms.

116

CoLUMBELLA LANcEOLATA. Col.testd oblongd, turritd, albidd, fulvo
varid ; spird acuminato-pyramidali ; anfractibus 10-12 ; primis
6-7 levigatis ; ceteris serie unicd tuberculorum instructis ; ultimi
dorso subgibbo, parte inferiore transversim striata ; aperture elon-
gate canali breviusculd, subrecurvd ; labio externo incrassato, va-
riciformi : long. 1485, lat. 55 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

‘Found in fine coral sand in from six to eight fathoms.

CoLuMBELLA MaAcuLosA. Col. testd oblongo-subulatd, albidd, irre-
gulariter fulvo maculatd ; spird acuminato-pyramidali ; anfracti-
bus 9-10; primis 7-8 lavigatis ; cateris tuberculorum serie
-unicd coronatis ; ultimo serie alterd adjectd ; apertura brevi,
canali subrecurvd : long. 1, lat. 5 poll.

Hab. ad littora Americe Centralis. (Guacamayo. )

Dredged with Col. subulata in sandy mud.

‘CotuMBELLA HaMaAstomaA. Col. tesid oblongd, levigatd, apice
acuminato ; anfractibus 7-8, castaneis, .albo maculatis, ultimo
dorso nigro, infra casianeo ; apertura elongatd, flecuosd ; labio
externo extiis incrassato, superne prominente, albo ; peritremate
aurantiaco.; labio interno intais denticulato ; .columelld unitubercu-
latd : . long. 35, lat. +55 poll.

Hab. ad insulas Gallapagos et.ad littora Paname.

Found under stones.

A dwarf variety occurs, which differs, however, very slightly in its

proportions.

.CoLUMBELLA vaRIA. Col. testd oblongd, decussato-costatd, apice
acuminato ; anfractibus 8-9 fuscis, albido variegatis, longitudi-
naliter costatis, interstitiis costarum sulcatis ; aperturd subovali ;
labit externi extiis incrassati margine superne emarginatd: long. 1,
‘lat. 375 poll. |

Hab. ad Panamam, sub lapidibus.

The ribs cease a little below the middle of the last volution.

CoLUMBELLA scALARINA. Col. testd ovatd, lougitudinaliter -cos-
tatd, apice pyramidali ; anfractibus 6-7, superne contabulatis,
longitudinaliter costatis, interstitiis costarum decussatis,.costis ad
basin continuis ; apertura coarctatd, superne emarginatd ; peri-
tremate intiis denticulato, denticulis superioribus majoribus : long.
42, dat. 25.poll.

Hab. ad Panamam et Chiriqui, sub lapidibus.

This,shell is of a pale colour, with spiral dark brown bands ; it is

covered. with a thin but rough epidermis. The ribs continue to the —
base. ;

¥ ConumBetia PyRostoma. Col. testd ovatd, medio turgidd ; spird
brevi, conicd ; anfractibus 6, longitudinaliter tuberculato-costatis, —
costis nigris, interstitiis rufescentibus ; aperturd rufa: long. ,%,

lat. +45. poll.
Hab.-ad oras Americe Meridionalis. (Panama and Gallapagos.) _

|
;

117

. This species somewhat resembles Col. mendicaria. Mr. Sowerby is
doubtful as to the propriety of admitting it among the Columbelle ;
although wherever Col, mendicari« is placed this species must of course
follow. Perhaps it might not be inconvenient to separate these from
Columbella, and to combine them with their cognate species from
among Lamarck’s Purpure, Ricinule and Murices, and thus bring
together a number of shells which would form a very natural genus.

¥ CotumBerta Maura. Col. testd ovatd, medio turgidd ; spird lon-
giusculd, conico-acuminatd ; anfractibus 6—7, tuberculato-cos-
tatis, nigris, albido nonnunquam variegatis ; aperturd pallidd :
long. +%0, lat. -%5 poll.
Had, ad oras Americe Meridionalis. (Panama and Gallapagos.)
Somewhat related to the last, though partaking rather less com-
pletely of the characters of Columbella.
Found with the last, under stones.

J Corumpenva uivipa. Col. testd ovatd, medio turgidd ; spird lon-
' giusculd, conico-acuminatd ; anfractibus 6—7, longitudinaliter
tuberculato-costatis, lividis, pallid? fusco fasciatis ; labio externo
ints denticulis tribus : long. +75, lat. 3% poll.
Hab. ad Panamam, sub lapidibus.
This differs from the two last in several particulars, though it is so

intimately related to them as to form a part of the same division of
the genus.

CoLuMBELLA NIGRO-PUNCTATA. Col. testd ovato-acuminatd, albd,
nigro-punctatd ; anfractibus 6, tuberculorum infra suturam serie
unicd, medio longitudinaliter costatis, costis decussatis : long. zr,
lat. 5 poll.

. Hab. ad Insulas Polynesias. (Lord Hood’s Islands.)

Somewhat related to, but distinct from Lamarck’s Col. zonalis,

Found on the Meleagrine.

CotumBetia ostusa. Col. testd oblongd, subcylindricd, levi ; an-
fractibus 8, albicantibus, castaneo maculatis, maculis angulatis
subtrapeziformibus ; anfractu ultimo ad basin sulcato: long. 1%,
lat. 35 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Huaheine dictam.

This appears to be a very rare species, since only two specimens

were found on the reefs of Huaheine, one of the Society Islands.

Cotumpe ta Fuscata. Col. testd ovato-acuminatd, medio ventri-
cosd, castaned, albido guttulatd, epidermide fuscd indutd ; spird
acuminata ; anfractibus 7, ultimo maximo; aperiurd elongata,
flexuosd ; peritrematis albidi aut violacet medio intis denticulato ;
columelle dimidio inferiore denticulato : long. +°5, lat. 4%, poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Meridionalis. (Panama, St. Elena, and
Monte Christe.)

Found under stones ; it appears to be very common.

118

CoLuMBELLA cosTELLATA. Col. testd oblongo-pyramidali, albidd,
castaneo-nigricante maculatd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus 8—9,
longitudinaliter costellatis, ultimo ad basin spiraliter striato :
long. +3, lat. #5 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

A single specimen was found at a depth of sixteen fathoms,

CotumBeLia Gurrata. Col. testd oblongo-pyramidali, levigatd,
fuscd, maculis guttulisque albidis notatd ; spird acuminatd, ple-
rimque decollatd ; anfractibus 7—8, ultimo spiraliter striato ad
basin ; aperturd albicante, dentibus internis peritrematis superiori-
bus majusculis : long. +85, lat. 4%) poll. paulld plis.

Hab. ad Panamam, sub lapidibus.

This species has been long well known ; Mr. Sowerby is not how-

ever aware that it has been hitherto described.

CoLtumBELLA vARIANS. Col. testd ovatd, medio ventricosd, albidd,
coloribus variis pictd ; spird breviter pyramidali; anfractibus
. 4—6, spiraliter sulcatis ; superne subangulatis, noduliferis ; aper-
turd angustd, flecuosd ; peritremate supern? angulato, intis den-
ticulato ; labio interno prope basin denticulato ; columelle denti-

bus tribus, parvis : long. +s, lat. 3 poll.

Hab. ad insulas Gallapagos. (Hood's Island.)

A very pretty species, exceedingly variable in its colouring. It
would appear that itabounds in some spots ; for Mr. Sowerby has
a great number brought by the Endeavour, Capt. Cook, many years:
since, but without locality.

CoLuMBELLA ANGULARIS. Col. testd oblongo-pyramidali, pallidd,
fusco varid; spird subulatd; anfractibus 10, longitudinaliter
costatis, ultimi medio subangulato, basi reflexo ; aperturd subqua-
dratd, canali longiusculd, latd ; peritremate extis incrassato :
long. 145, lat. +85 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

CoLUMBELLA CASTANEA. Col. testd ovato-oblongd, castaned, punc-
tulis albidis conspersd ; spird breviusculd, acuminatd ; anfracti-
bus 5, superne anguliferis, ultimo magno, ad basin spiraliter sul-
cato ; aperturd elongatd, flexuosd, superne angulosd ; peritremate
aurantiaco ; labio externo intis denticulato ; interno supern® cal-
lifero, medio albo eroso, infra plicato-rugoso : long .3%5, lat. +85 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Real Llejos.)

A few specimens only of this species have been found ; and some

had already been brought to England long ago. All appear to have
been picked up on the shore.

ConuMBELLA sutcosa. Col. testd ovato-oblongd, fulvd, nigri-
cante, vel rufo-nigricante lineatd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus
7, longitudinaliter costatis, decussatim spiraliter sulcatis ; caudd
reflexd ; aperturd superne latiore, infra canali distinctd ; labio
externo extits incrassato, intis denticulis 4 centralibus; interno
rugis basalibus nonnullis : long. 1 4's, lat. «89 poll.

119

Hab. ad Insulas Polynesias. (Annaa, or Chain Island, and Lord
Hood’s Island.)

CotuMBELLA MAJor. Col, testd ovatd, medio gibbosd, castaned
albido punctulatd ; spird breviusculd, pyramidali, acuminatd ;
anfractibus 6—7, levigatis, ultimo maximo, superne rotundato-
turgido, infra spiraliter sulcato ; aperturd elongatd, fleruosd, albd,
superne angulatd ; labio externo superné obtuse angulato, albo,
intiis denticulato; labio columellari superné callifero, infra pli-

~ cato-rugoso: long. 1,5, lat. +75 poll.
ab. sub lapidibus ad oras Americe Meridionalis. (Isle of Muerte.)

This species has long been known, and has commonly been call-

ed Col. Strombiformis. It does not, however, agree with Lamarck’s
description of that shell, and Mr. Sowerby possesses specimens of
another which corresponds exactly with it.

CotumBeLxa procera. Col. testd oblongo-pyramidali, medio ven-
tricosd, cerulescenti-albidd, fusco punctatd et maculatd ; spird
gradatim acuminatd ; anfractibus 8—9, longitudinaliter costel-
latis ; superioribus decussatis ; medianis subtuberculiferis ; ul-
timo medio levigato, infra ‘spiraliter sulcato ; aperturd oblongd,

| superne acuminatd, subtis in canalem breviusculam desinente ;

labio externo intits denticulato ; columella arcuatd, levi: long.

i 2.3,, lat. 35 poll.

_- Hab, ad Panamam.

This species is remarkable for its gigantic size. It must be placed
with the Columbell@, although not precisely according with the cha-
racter given of that genus by Lamarck ; for it is more nearly related to
them than to any other genus. A single specimen only was found.

CotumBELLA premMzA. Col. testd ovato-oblongd, pallescente ;
spird acuminatd ; anfractibus 6 ; superioribus 5 longitudinaliter
costatis, fascid interruptd nigrd ; ultimo superne longitudinaliter
costato, infra spiraliter sulcato, fasciis duabus interruptis nigris ;
aperturd latiusculd ; labii externi margine superne emarginatd :

_ long. 85, lat. 5 poll.
Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.
Found on dead shells in sandy mud, at a depth of ten fathoms.

CoLtuMBELLA unicotor. Col. testd ovatd, medio ventricosd, cas-
taned; anfractibus 5, levibus; suturd profundiusculd; aper-
turd latiusculd, ad basin subeffusd ; canali brevissimd ; labio ex-
terno extits subincrassato, intis denticulis obsoletiusculis nonnullis :
long. +40; lat. +5 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. (Hood's Island.)

CotuMBELLA VERSIcoLOR. Col. testd ovatd, medio ventricosd, pal-
lidd coloribus variis pictd; spird acuminatd; anfractibus 6, su-
perne rotundato-angulatis ; suturd profundd ; aperturd superne
angulosd ; peritremate intis denticulato : long. x5, lat. y poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Polynesie. (Annaa, or Chain Island.)

- 120

CoLumBELLA borsata. Col. testd oblongo-pyramidali, albd, lineis
irregularibus, flecuosis, confertis, custaneis obtectd ; anfractibus 8,
levibus, superné turgidulis ; ultimi lateribus inflatis, dorso promi-
nente ; suturd distinctd ; aperturd angustd, flecuosd, albd ; peri-
tremate extiis incrassato; labio columellari exarato: long. 1,
lat. 4 poll.

Hab. ad oras Columbiz. (Island of Muerte, Bay of Guayaquil.)

This species is somewhat like Col. gibberula, but it is much larger,

aud the middle of the columellar lip is worn away; there are also
other minor differences.—G. B.S,

ee

121

June 26, 1832.
William Yarrell, Esq. in the Chair.

‘ Specimens preserved in spirit were exhibited of two species of

Mus collected by Lieut.-Col. Sykes in Dukhun, both of which were

apparently new to science. One of them is that referred to in
_ €ol. Sykes’s ‘Catalogue of the Mammalia noticed in Dukhun’
(Proceedings, Part I. p. 103.). It was characterized by Mr. Ben-
nett as

' Mus oreracevs. Mus caudd longissimd ; auriculis rotundatis
majusculis ; supra nitidé castaneus ; ore, gastr@o, pedibusque fla-
vescenti-albidis.

: ’ Long. capitis corporisque, 2% unc.; caude, 44; capitis 1; auri-
cule, +; tarst postict cum digitis, 3; tébie postice, § ; mysta-
cum, It.

Hab. in arvis Indiz Orientalis, nidum e foliis graminum in plantis
oleraceis construens.

_ The upper surface is thickly clothed with rather long smooth

silky hairs of a. bright pale chestnut colour ; on the under surface

and the inside of the limbs the quality of the hairs is the same, but
their colour is nearly white with a yellowish tinge. This latter
colour extends up the cheeks, round the mouth and the under sur-
face of the muzzle, and over the upper surface of the feet ; the hairs
on the latter, on the muzzle, and on the long scaly tail, being very
short. The claws are white and minute. The ears are rather large,
rounded above, and very nearly naked. The muzzle is rather short
and obtuse, and the eyes are placed at an intermediate distance be-
tween its end and the base of the ears, The moustaches are nu-
merous and long, some of them being black, and others silvery or
bright chestnut.

_ The extreme length of the tail, as compared with that of the body,
and the comparative length of the hinder tarsus, furnish characters
sufficient to distinguish this Indian field Mouse from all its con-

eners.

; The second species belongs to that section of the genus Mus in

which spines are intermixed with the fur. It was designated

Mus pratyturix. Mus caudd corpus longitudine subequante ;
auriculis mediocribus nudis subrotundatis: supra fusco-canescens,
pilis plurimis applanatis spinescentibus ; infra et ad pedes fla-
vescenti-albidus.

Long. capitis corporisque, 34 unc.; capitis, Jr; caude, 3 ; auri-
cule, +; tars? postict cum digitis, $;, mystacum, 14; spina-

Se hoi rum, 2.
_.. The head is rather flat, and the muzzle slightly elongated and

[No. XX.] Zoou. Soc, Proceenines or THE Comm. or ScIENCE.

122

acute ; the tail regularly ringed with scales, from between which
only a few scattered hairs make their appearance. The fur of the
upper surface is of a light grey at the base ; but the longer hairs
have a blackish shade, with an intermixture of testaceous brown,
which is more obvious posteriorly and towards the lower part of the
sides. The flattened spines, which are numerous, are white and
transparent throughout the greater part of their length, with a dark
margin and blackish acuminate tip, beneath which they exhibit, in
certain lights, somewhat of a changeable gloss. The moustaches
are few in number, black at the base and white at the tips, and reach
beyond the ears, which are naked, rounded with a slight point, ex-
tremely open, membranaceous, and of a dusky black. The whole
under surface, together with the insides of the limbs, the upper sur-
face of the feet, and the claws, are of a yellowish or dirty white.
' The tail is of a uniform livid grey, but little darker above than
beneath, and tapering to a very fine point.

FF ee

Several imperfect skins of Mammalia, recently obtained by Mr.
Gould from Algoa Bay, were exhibited ; and Mr. Bennett remarked,
that notwithstanding their deficiency in the most important particu-
lars, they were yet of sufficient interest to claim the attention of the
Committee, on account of the extreme rarity of two of the species
to which they belonged, and of the probability that a third was alto-
gether unknown to science.

One of them, the skin of a Monkey deficient as to head and hands,
was, Mr. Bennett stated, evidently referable to the Colobus polyco-
mus, Illig.; the long milk-white tail, strongly contrasting with the
bright deep black fur of the body, being fully sufficient to charac-
terize it. On the upper part of the skin, above the shoulders, some
nearly white hairs were intermingled with the black ones. The only
discrepancy observable between the specimen and the description

of the species given by Pennant, was in the great length of the hairs |

of the body, the greater number of them being four or five inches
long : this, it was remarked, might be dependent on age or locality.

Another skin, equally imperfect with the preceding, was that of
the Colobus ferrugineus, Illig., with the state of which, described by
M. Kuhl under the name of Col. Temminckii, the specimen agreed
in every respect except in the absence of any yellow tinge in the
rufous fur covering the under surface of the body.

The third skin was still more imperfect than the others, having
attached to it no portion of the neck, extremities, or tail, and con-
sisting only of that of the body. Its length is 2 feet, its width 14.
The dorsal portion is of a bright rufous fawn, which is continued on
the shoulders and on the buttocks, but from which the red nearly
disappears on the under surface, that being pale fawn. Across the
whole of the back, commencing between the shoulders and passing
backwards, a series of broad transverse glossy black stripes are seen,
which run down the sides, becoming narrower towards the belly.
These stripes are twelve in number, and are preceded and succeeded
by a few similar, closer set, and fainter stripes, of a deeper rufous

*

123

than the ground. The broadest of the dark stripes are on the loins,
where they are fully an inch in width: their direction in passing
down the sides is rather backwards. The commencement of a dark
streak is also seen on the skin leading to the outside of the thighs.
The quality of the fur is rather rigid, and the hairs are adpressed,
resembling in these particulars the covering of the Zebras. It may
not improbably belong to some species of Antelope, with which Eu-
ropeans are yet unacquainted, but for which travellers to the country
from whence the specimen was obtained may be induced to inquire,
on being made aware of the existence of so beautiful an animal in
that locality. The dark cross markings which ornament the fur are
so uncommon among the Mammalia, that they alone will probably
furnish a sufficient character to distinguish the quadruped in ques-
tion from any other species inhabiting the interior of Africa, in the
neighbourhood of Algoa Bay.

Several specimens were also exhibited of imperfect skins of Cer-
copithecus Diana, obtained from the same locality.

Specimens were exhibited of two species of Hedgehog from the
Himalayan Mountains, which had recently been added to the So-
ciety’s collection, Both of them belonged to that extra-European
form of the genus Erinaceus, which is distinguished by the posses-
sion of long ears. Their characters were thus explained by Mr,
Bennett :

Errnaceus Spatancus. Er. auriculis longis : spinis parallelim
dispositis, apicibus longé ccerulescenti-nigris, laterum versus api-
ces flavescenti annulatis ; capite, pedibus, gastr@oque brunneo-

Juscis ; auriculis mentoque albis.

Long. capitis corporisque, 34 unc. ; a naso ad auricule basin, =;

_ auricule, +; caude, +; pedis postici cum unguibus, 1.

The form of the body is oval, rather elongate, with the head pro-
jecting in front. The spines are not irregularly interwoven, as in
the Hedgehngs generally, but are disposed parallel to each other,
radiating from a point on the loins; a disposition which gives to
this species a more smooth and elegant appearance than is observed
in any one of the genus previously known. The spines are nearly
white for rather more than one half of their length, the remainder
being of the blueish black which constitutes the general colour of
the upper surface, scarcely any of the white being seen: the only
deviation from this general colour occurs in a rather broad patch

‘on each side, where it is spotted with yellowish, an intermixture

occasioned by the existence of a narrow ring of the latter colour
near the tips of the spines in those situations. x
The fur is generally of a dull brown; it is short on the upper
surface of the head, and long on the under parts of the body. On
the ears and chin the hairs are short and white.
_ The lengthened ears are rounded and somewhat thickened at their
extremities. The moustaches are extremely long, and of a glossy
brown.
The specimen described is probably not fully adult, there being

124

only two false molars on each side of the upper jaw. With this
exception the development of the whole of the teeth appears to be
complete. a

The small size of the Er. Spatangus, its elongated form, the
regular disposition of its spines, the more rounded form of its ears,
and the comparative length of its hinder foot, distinguish it from
the other species exhibited, which Mr. Gray was disposed to consi-
der as the Er. collaris figured in the ‘I}lustrations of Indian Zoology,’
but which Mr. Bennett rather regarded as a new species, it being
destitute of a white collar, and differing in other particulars from
the figure referred to. Mr. Bennett accordingly characterized it
as the

Errnaceus Gray. Er. auriculis longis: spinis irregulariter in-
terteatis, flavescenti apiculatis nigrescentique annulatis ; capite
eae ae a a auriculis mentoque usque ad auriculas al-

escentibus ; gastreo pedibusque dilute brunneis.

Long. capitis corporisque, 6 unc.; a naso ad auriculz basin, 14 ;
auricule, 1; caude, §; pedis postict cum unguibus, 14.

Jun. (edentulus). Spinis haud flavescenti apiculatis, apicibus laté
nigrescentibus, spinis aliquibus albis intermiztis.

Long. capitis caudeque, 33 unc. ; pedis postici cum unguibus, 5.

The form of the body is broadly oval, approaching to globular.
The spines are yellowish-white for about five eighths of their length,
then ringed with blackish, and are terminated by a yellowish tip of
about one eighth of their length : hence results a general colour of
grizzled yellow and black.

The head is brown above, with an intermixture of white hairs.
The ears are covered with short whitish hairs. The hairs of the
chin and lower jaw are also white, with the exception of a patch of
brown in the middle of the hinder part towards the-throat. The
under surface is pale brown. :

The ears are less thickened towards the tip, and more acuminated
than in the preceding species. The moustaches do not reach beyond
the tips of the ears.

In the younger specimen the colour, both of the upper and under
surface, is much darker than in the adult.

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells collected
by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America and in the
islands of the South Pacific Ocean. Those exhibited on the pre-

sent occasion were accompanied by descriptions from the pen of
Mr. Broderip.

Genus Bo.inus.
* Labio exteriore acuto.

Buiinus ruBELius. Bul. testd tenui, diaphand, subpyramidali,
pallide rubra obscure albido-maculosd ; anfractibus 7 longitudina-
liter striatis ; umbilico mediocri: long. 14, lat. +5, poll.

Hab. in Peruvie montibus. (Truxillo.)

j
¢
J
'
1
a
:,
A

125

‘In very old or weathered specimens the transparency and colour
are lost, and the shell has a more dense appearance. Some old spe-
cimens have a curved longitudinal external streak of chestnut rising
from the umbilicus, and terminating near the base of the aperture at
the lower edge of the inner lip. Found on bushes.—W. J. B.

Buuinus Nux. Bul. testd pyramidali, fused ; anfractibus 7 longi-
tudinaliter rugosis ; umbilico mediocri: long. +4, lat. 2, poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. (Charles’s Island.)

Found on bushes.—W. J. B.

Genus ParTu.a.

Parruna rosea. Part. testd ovato-pyramidali, rosed ; anfractibus
6 longitudinaliter substriatis, lineis creberrimis sub-decussatis, ul-
timo maximo ; epidermide tenui: long. 4, lat. % poll.

Var. a. purpureo-fusca.

Var. B. albida suturis et anfracts ultimi basi roseis ; epidermide
flava.

Hab. in insula Huaheine.

Found by Mr. Cuming on the Te plant.—W. J. B.

Parruna avuricunata. Part. testd perforatd, ovato-pyramidali,
castaned ; anfractibus 6 subventricosis, longitudinaliter striatis ;
aperturd albd, quasi auriculatd, labiis complanatis crassis ; dente
in anfractds basalis faciem internam albo : long. $, lat. + poll.

Var. flavicans aperture margine externo subroseo.

Hab. in Huaheine.

The thick flattened lips forming the aperture of this species are so
disposed as to give the mouth, in many individuals, the appearance
of a key-hole, while in others it is ear-shaped. The white tooth on
the internal surface of the body whorl is not developed in some spe-
cimens. Found on bushes at Huaheine.—W. J. B.

- Parruna varia. Part. testd ovato-pyramidali, subglabrd, levissime
longitudinaliter substriatd, subdiaphand, fuscd, fuscd subviridi-
fasciatd, vel anfractibus superioribus fuscis, ultimo flavente :
long. 4, lat. +5; poll.

~ Hab, in insula Huaheine. }

This pretty species, of which hardly two individuals are exactly

similar in colour, was found upon bushes.—W. J. B.

Genus PLANoRBIS.

Pranorsis Pervvianus. Plan. testd discoided, pellucidd, utringue
concavd, anfractis basalis parte ultimd subdepressd ; aperturd
subgibbd, subdilatatd : lat. x8,, long. x*r poll.

Hab. in Peruvia. (Malabriga, province of Truxillo.)

Found in a muddy pond nearly dried up.—W. J. B.

Genus Purpura.

_ Purpura muricata. Purp. testd ovato-globosd, transversim quadri -
carinatd, carinis tuberculiferis imbricatis ; subalbidd lineis pallide
griseo-rufis cinctd ; columelld flavescenti-carned ; labro crenulato, -

126

carinas versus arcuato, in canali altd superne desinente, intis sub-
striato, pallidé carneo ; spird mediocri: long. 24, lat. 2% poll.

Hab. ad portum Sancte Elenz in fissuris rupium.

This fine species, of which but very few were found by Mr. Cuming,
has the upper carination very much developed, the tubercles being
highly elevated and wavy, and thickly set with deeply imbricated fo-
liations. On the next carination, these characters are less strongly
marked ; and on the two last, the tubercles almost entirely disappear.
The ridge formed by the basal canal is very prominent.—W. J. B.

Genus Pecruncutus.

PrectuncuLus MAcuLatus. Pect. testd orbiculatd, subauritd, sub-
equilaterd, converd, albente castaneo-maculosd, striis radiantibus
subdecussatis creberrimis ; intis albd, marginibus crenatis ; epi-
dermide fused, villosd : long. 2%, alt. 2%, lat. 14 poll.

Hab. in Portu Portrero. \

The spots vary in different individuals ; but the colouring matter
appears to be very sparingly secreted as the animal advances in age,
while in very young specimens it greatly predominates. The shell
rapidly increases in convexity as it becomes older: when very young,
it is comparatively lenticular. Found in fine gravel in eleven fathoms
water.—W., J. B, ;

Pectuncuius ovatus. Pect. testd obovatd, converd, glabrd, lineis
transversis minutissimis, albente, umbonibus castaneo pallide nota-
tis; intus albd, marginibus crenatis ; epidermide subvillosd : long.
18, alt. 2, lat. 1 poll.

Hab. ad insulam Lobos.

Found in coarse sand at the depth of seventeen fathoms.—W. J.B.

PEcTUNCULUS INTERMEDIUS. Pect. testa suborbiculatd, subglabrd,
subdepressd, albidd, castaneo umbones versus pallidé zonato-radiatd ;
‘striis radiantibus subdistantibus, decussatis ; intis albd, margini-
bus crenatis ; epidermide subpilosd: long. 1%, lat. 1%, alt. la%y
poll.

Hab. ad Iquiqui.

In many specimens the pale chestnut radiating zones near the um-

bones are effaced by decomposition. Found in coarse sand at adepth
of ten fathoms. —W. J. B.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Spooner read the following
Notes of the post mortem examination of the Dromedary, Camelus
Dromedarius, Linn., which lately died at the Society’s Gardens.

“*On the cavity of the abdomen being laid open, several gallons of
serum escaped, intermixed with a large portion of coagulable lymph,
which, on a further investigation, appeared to have flowed from the
liver. This viscus was constituted of one main lobe, having several
small lobuli extending from its posterior edge, by means of which it
became attached to the right kidney: it was confined to the right
side of the spine. The posterior vena cava passed through its sub-
stance previously to piercing the diaphragm, situated to the right
side of which vein was the vena porte. There was no gall-bladder:

a. =.

oe.

——————<—— ee er

\

127

the bile was conveyed from the liver by the hepatic duct, which
emptied itself into the duodenum, about 6 inches from the py-
lorus, in common with the pancreatic duct, as in the Horse and most
of the Deer tribe. The peritoneal tunic of the liver was ruptured,
and in many parts had undergone the ulcerative process. The gland
presented one entire mass of disease, which was undoubtedly of a
chronic character. It was morbidly enlarged to three times its natural
bulk, having numerous abscesses in its substance ; several hydatids
were also adhering to its surface. The intestinal canal bore no
marks of disease, other than a peculiar flabbiness and a slight blush
of inflammation invading the peritoneal tunic. The kidneys were
extensively diseased, and a great part of their cortical substance was
absorbed : they were entirely detached from their capsules, floating
loosely in them, and were of a very dark coiour, and, for the most
part, disorganized, the pelvis and infundibula being the only parts
demonstrable. Considerable effusion had taken place into the cavity
of the chest. The lungs exhibited extensive marks of disease: they
were emphysematous ; and hydatids and vomice invaded their struc-
ture. The heart was peculiarly flabby, and the right side was distended
with coagulated blood.”

. Mr. Spooner described in detail the structure of the stomach, in
which he found nothing to add to the accounts already given by Dau-
benton and Sir E. Home. He remarked, however, that the cells of
the first cavity in this instance contained food ; and he was therefore
induced to suggest that doubts might be entertained of the correct-
ness of the generally received opinion, that these sacs are destined to
act as reservoirs for fluids.

Mr. Owen stated, that he also had found in the cells of the stomachs
of Lamas which he had dissected, more or less of food: but he sug-
gested the probability that this might have been forced into them by
moving the animal about after death, when, muscular power being
abolished, resistance to the admission of the food into the cells would
have ceased. He added, that in the instance of the Camel, which was
killed some years since at the Royal College of Surgeons, (the parti-
culars of the examination of which have been published by Sir E.
Home,) the cells of the second and first cavities of the stomach were
found to be filled with water only: in this case, the animal had been
kept without drink for three days ; was then allowed to drink freely ;
was killed three hours afterwards ; and was opened without being

moved from its erect position.

_ Mr. Cox suggested, that the existence of food in the cells of the
stomach, in the instances referred to, might perhaps be accounted for

_ by the fact, that the animals in question had been kept for many years

in this country, where they were at all times provided with water:

_ under these circumstances, a receptacle for the preservation of fluid

would not be called into use; and the cells having therefore ceased
to be applied to that purpose, the muscular power of their apertures
would have been consequently diminished.

Colonel Sykes added, that on examining, in India, the stomach of

a Camel, he had found the cells devoid of food.

128

July 12, 1832.
Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart., in the Chair.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Arthur Strickland, of Boynton
near Burlington, Yorkshire, exhibited a specimen, from his collection,
of a Puffin shot by Mr. George Marwood, jun., of Busby, “in the
middle of August 1828, in a very stormy day, at the mouth of the
Tees : it was seen early in the morning, sitting on the water like a
duck, and was shot as it was rising: its manner of flight was con-
sequently not noticed.”

After observing on the confusion in which our knowledge of the
entire group of the Petrels is at present involved, in consequence of
the unsatisfactory descriptions of them contained in books, Mr. Strick-
land proceeded to state, that the addition to the British Fauna which
he submitted to the examination of the Committee was apparently
referable to the Puffinus fuliginosus (Procellaria ( Nectris) fuliginosus,
Kuhl). The description of this species given by M. Kuhl in his
‘ Beitrige,’ rests upon two unpublished drawings, which form part of
the valuable collection of Sir Joseph Banks, now deposited in the
British Museum, one of which is marked Procellaria fuliginosa by
Forster, and the other Nectris fuliginosa by Solander, in whose MS.
Notes it is described under the latter name. The Proc. fuligi-
nosa of the same MSS., though similar in size and colour, is entirely
different, and at once distinguishable by having the bill short and
powerful, and the nostrils in a raised tube, like the true Procellarie.
The Proc. fuliginosa, Lath., is also altogether distinct, being the Tha-
lassidroma Leachii, Vigors : and the only description in the ‘ General
History of Birds’ which at all resembles the present species, is that
of the Proc. grisea, a species distinct from that described under the
same name by Linnezus.

Mr. Strickland stated, that he could detect no differences between
his specimen and the drawings referred to, except that the latter repre-
sented a bird of somewhat larger size, and having the lower parts of
the breast of a rather lighter colour. These differences were also
observable on comparison with an apparently original specimen of
Sir Joseph Banks's bird, preserved in spirit, which he had ascertained
to exist in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. He added,
that Sir Joseph Banks’s specimens, described by Dr. Solander, were
obtained in the Southern Pacific Ocean, in various latitudes and
longitudes, extending nearly from the coast of Chili to that of Van
Diemen’s Land; but remarked, that there was reason to believe,
that birds of an equally distant locality had, in more instances than
one, reached this country.

In its distinct and very little raised nostrils, the bird in question
agrees with the Shearwater Petrel, Puffinus Anglorum, Ray: it has,

129

no back toe, but in lieu thereof a strong claw; and its tail is rounded. °
{t may be thus characterized :

PurFinus FuLicinosus. Puff. brunneus sepicolor ; alis saturatior?-
bus ; guld griseo leviter tinctd ; rostro concolore ; tarsis extern
digitisque externis brunneis ; tarsis intern? palamisque fusco-
ochraceis.

Long. 18 une.; ale, 12; tarsi, 24; digiti medii, 24; rostri, a
rictu ad apicem, 24, a fronte ad apicem, 17.

Mr. Strickland concluded by remarking, that although a single and
perhaps purely accidental instance of aspecies appearing in this coun-
try may not fully entitle it to be ranked as a Buitish bird, yet that the
circumstance is worthy of being noticed, as it is only by carefully
recording such instances as do occur that we can decide what is en-
titled to that appellation, and be thereby enabled to perfect our local
catalogues.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould exhibited numerous
. specimens of two Birds hitherto confounded under the name of Mota-
__ eilla flava. In a communication which accompanied his exhibition,
Mr. Gould explained the differences between the species, and entered
_ at some length into their history. One of them, the yellow Wagtail
! of England, was described by Ray under the name of Mot. flava:
its head is of a fine olive colour, and the stripe above and below the
eye is of a bright yellow. The other, the Mot. flava of Linnzus, has
the head of a lead colour approaching to blue, and the stripe above
and below the eye of a clear white. The latter bird does not appear
to have been ever met with in England : itis the one described by con-
. tinental authors under the Linnean name ; while British writers have
as constantly described under that name the bird to which it was
originally given by Ray, and which regularly visits their own country.
For Ray’s bird, Mr. Gould suggested that the name of Mot. flava,
under which it was described by our illustrious countryman, ought,
according to the established rules of nomenclature, to be retained.
To that of Linneus, M. Temminck, and other continental authors,
he proposed to apply the name of Mot. neglecta.
The species may be thus characterized :

Moracitxa FLava, Ray. Mot. supra olivaceo-viridis, subtis flava;
rectricibus duabus lateralibus dimidiato oblique albis ; capite oliva-
ceo ; strigd supra- et infra-oculari flavd.

Foem. Coloribus magis obscuris ; capite dorso concolore ; strigis
_ocularibus obscure flavis. ‘

Moracriza necuecta. Mot. supra olivaceo-viridis, subtis flava ;
rectricibus duabus lateralibus dimidiato oblique albis ; capite plum-
beo ; strigd supra- et infra-oculari albd.

Foem. Coloribus magis obscuris ; capite plumbeo-olivaceo ; strigis
ocularibus minis conspicuis.

’ Mr. Gould further remarked, that the differences pointed out in

these characters du not depend upon season ; there being on the

table specimens of Mot. neglectu, the blue-headed Wagtail, from Swe-

130

den and Paris, and of Mot. flava, the olive-headed Wagtail, of England,
all killed in the month of May.

He added, that he regarded the Mot. cinerea of Ray as the young
or female of the grey Wagtail, Mot. boarula, Linn.

Mr, Gould also stated, that he had recently seen a fine specimen
of Cypselus alpinus, Ill., which had been shot by the gardener of Mr.
Holford, at Kingsgate, near Margate. This fine Swift, which has
rarely been |known to range westward of the European continent,
had been only once previously observed in England.

Mr. Owen referred to his Notes (published in the First Part of the
* Proceedings,’ pp. 141 and 154) on the anatomy of individuals of
two subgenera of the Linnzan genus Dasypus; one of which, the
Das. 6-cinctus, Linn., had not, he believed, been previously dissected.
He stated, that two other individuals of that species, one an adult
female, the other a young one of the same sex, having subsequently
come under his examination, he was enabled to confirm some of the
peculiarities observed in the dissection of the young male specimen,
and particularly the existence of the double cecum, and the additional
lobe of the lungs. He was also enabled to add to that account a de-
scription of the genital and mammary organs.

‘©The number of nipples in the Weasel-headed Armadillo (Das. 6-
cinctus) is two only, while the nine-banded Armadillo (Das. Peba,
Desm.) has four (see Part I. p. 142). They are situated in the pectoral
region, and in the adult female (which died before the young one had
ceased to suck,) were elongated to the extent of an inch and a half ;

at the apex of each were six minute orifices of the tubuli lactiferi; the-

nipples were very soft and silky to the touch, and extremely flexible.
On removing the integument from this region, one large mass of
conglomerate mammary gland was found, extending across the whole
sternal aspect of the thorax, from one avilla to the other, and mea-
suring in length 5 inches, the thickness of the mass being from 3
to 4 lines: it was of a deep yellow colour. There was not the
slightest trace of a division at the mesial line; but although I suc-
ceeded in injecting one side of this !arge gland with mercury, I was
unable to force any into the opposite side.

‘The clitoris in this animal was much longer than in the nine-
banded species, measuring 9 lines in the undisturbed state, and
resembling more the corresponding organ in the male: it was of a
pointed form, was covered with a leaden-coloured integument, and
was situated an inch anterior to the anus; the genito-urinary orifice
was placed on an eminence half an inch from the extremity. From
this orifice the genito-urinary canal extended 8 lines, receiving the
vagina by a transverse semilunar slit, and being then continued for 5
lines further without any diminution of diameter, and terminating in
the form of a cul de sac, into which the urethra opened by a very
small orifice. In Das. Peba, the genito-urinary cavity was not sepa-
rated by a corresponding contraction from the urinary bladder, but
was a more direct continuation of it ; so that in both these species we

13]

have a remarkable deviation from the ordinary structure of this part;
the orifice of the vagina having nearly the same relation to the ge-
nito-urinary passage as the urethra has in the Mammalia generally,
and the genito-urinary canal being, in consequence, a continuation of
the urinary bladder rather than of the uterus. ‘This was particularly
observed in Das. Peba; but was less obvious in the Weasel-headed
species, on account of the recent distension of the parts in partu-
rition. In neither species is there any os tince between the vagina
and uterus; so that the limits of the two parts can only be loosely
defined by difference in diameter, and in the character of the lining
membrane. In the Weasel-headed species, some of the muscular fibres
had apparently been ruptured in parturition ; for on injecting the parts
with spirit, the external cellular texture was distended at the con-
tracted part of the uterine canal, evidently with a force insufficient
to have ruptured the coats without previous lesion. At this part there
were numerous jagged longitudinal ruge; two or three of which
were continued along the vagina, but the interior of the uterus
beyond was smooth. There was a difference of form in the uterus of
the two species. In Das. Peba it is of an oval form, the fundus ending
almost in a point, and the Fallopian tubes are continued from the
sides of the fundus without any appearance of cornua; but in Das. 6-
cinctus the uterus is triangular, the fundus forming a straight line, and
the angles being produced a little, so as to form rudimentary cornua,
from which the Fallopian tubes are continued. These tubes in both
the species wound round the capsules of the ovaries, and terminated
in the usual fimbriated extremities directed towards the ovary. The
breadth of the base of the uterus in the Weasel-headed Armadillo was
1 inch, 1 line; from the fundus to the opening of the vagina into the
genito-urinary canal, Z inches. The ovaries were transversely oval,
measuring 3 lines by 13. The Fallopian tubes became tortuous to-
wards the extremity.

‘In the absence of distinction between the uterus and vagina,
and in the mode of communication of what may be considered a single
elongated uterine tube with the genito-urinary canal, may be ob-
served the first traces of that approximation to the oviparous type
of the genital organs which peculiarly characterizes the Marsupial
Edentata.

“ The urinary bladder in the adult female was an oval cavity about
the size of a pigeon’s egg ; its coats were tolerably thick. The ure-
ters open close to the orifice, and very near together; a distinct
groove or channel commences between the two orifices, and is con-
tinued into the narrow canal for about 2 lines, and then terminates
on a ridge analogous to the verumontanum. The length of the urethra
is 5 lines.

“The céca in this individual were of equal size, half an inch in
length, and the same in breadth ; their relation to the ilium and the
structure of the ileo-czxcal orifice were the same as in the young male.

«© The pancreas was of large size, measuring in length 43 inches ;
a broad process, or subsidiary pancreas, extended from the duodenal
end of the gland downwards into the mesentery, which confined the

132

duodenum, in the centre of which process there was a slight de-
ficiency.

‘<The spleen was shorter and thicker than in Das. Peba, measuring
24 inches in length, and 2 in breadth. There was no supernumerary
spleen as in the young male.

«« The suprarenal glands were as large as almonds: they were very
elastic ; and on pressure, the blood which they contained was pro-
pelled along the vein. In section they presented first a distinct fibrous
cortical part, then a dark coloured portion, and lastly a firmer sub-
stance in the centre.”

Mr. Owen subsequently adverted to several external peculiarities
which he had observed in the 6-banded Armadillo, and which, he re-
marked, were of some interest, as connected with the burrowing habits
of the animal. On the second toe from the inside there is a soft
large cushion, evidently a modification of the organ of touch: at the
hinder part of the fore-foot there is also a warty prominence, from
which many hairs grow. There is a loose portion of integument below
each eye, supported upon a prominence of the zygoma, hirsute,
and resembling an inferior eyebrow ; by means of which, and the
coronal plate of armour above, the eye is well defended during the
act of burrowing.

j

143

July 24, 1832,
William Clift, Esq., in the Chair.

A Letter was read, addressed by Sir F, Mackenzie to the Secre-
tary of the Society, and dated July 16: it related to the breeding
of some Woodcocks, Scolopax rusticola, Linn., at Conan on the
eastern coast of Ross-shire, the estate of that gentleman.

For several years past, two or three of these birds have occasion-
ally been seen in the woods, and about five years since a couple
were shot just before St. Swithin’s-day : these were, however, old
birds, and from their being covered with fat, it was evident that they
had not nestled. The keeper, in fact, had never been able to find
one of their nests or to see a young bird, until the present season.
In two small woods near his house he this year discovered four
Woodcocks’ nests, one having four, and the others three eggs each,
all of which were hatched and ran. The young birds he repeatedly
saw before they took wing; and now five or six couple may every
evening, towards dusk, be observed flying about the lodge as they
pass to their feeding grounds. The old birds give notice of their
approach by a sharp cry of twit-twit-twit, repeated as rapidly as pos-
sible, and heard at three or four hundred yards distance; while
the young ones are less noisy and more flagging in the motion of
their wings. Than the flight of the Woodcock before and after in-
cubation, Sir F. Mackenzie states that he knows nothing more rapid,
as for an hour or two about dusk he (probably the male, though
two have been seen together pursuing each other) flies in large
circles over the tops of the trees, uttering his sharp and piercing
cry, a whistle which sportsmen may have occasionally heard weakly
when cocks are first flushed in the back flight in March. Some- -
times his sudden flight will be arrested and changed into a sailing
slowly, like a pouter Pigeon, his cry being at the same time varied
to a purr or bleat resembling that of the Ptarmigan: then he will
dart away with greater rapidity than a Pigeon in full flight, moving
his wings, however, with a different action from that of the Pigeon,
and with inconceivable rapidity.

The soil where the nests were found is gravelly and rather dry;
-the grass tolerably long, without underwood ; and the trees, oak,
birch, and larch not exceeding thirty years’ growth. The situation
is warm, and not 150 feet above the level of the sea; it is not far
distant from the river. ‘The woods are kept quiet, and several phea-
sants’ nests were hatched in their close vicinity.

It is probable that the parent birds sought this spot for the pur-
pose of breeding, as they must have arrived in the spring from
other localities: for those who shot in the covers till February de-
clare that they did not know of a single Woodcock being then left

[No. XXI.] Zoou. Soc. PRocEEDINGS OF THE Comm. OF SCIENCE,

134

in them; and had there been two or three, the keeper must have
been aware of it.

The skeleton was exhibited of the Weasel-headed Armadillo, Da-
sypus 6-cinctus, Linn.; and Mr. Owen read the following Notes on
the osteology of that species :—

“After the minute and elaborate descriptions and comparisons
of the skeletons of the Dasypode, which have been given by the
Baron Cuvier in the fifth volume of the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles,’ but
little remains-to be added on that subject. As, however, the ske-
leton of the weasel-headed Armadillo, now before the Committee, has
been prepared, with great care, from one of the adult specimens
lately alive in the Society’s Gardens, and as this species has been
much more rarely subjected to anatomical examination than the
nine-banded, a few observations on it may not be unacceptable.

‘“‘The cranium presents the elongated conical form common to
the Dasypode, tapering gradually towards the nose, but it is shorter,
broader and flatter than in Das. Peba, On the anterior part of the
os frontis may be observed two broad but slightly raised emi-
nences which occupy the whole breadth of the bone: they are
most marked in the older subjects, where their smooth and shining
surface presents a remarkable contrast to the rest of the cranium,
which is sculptured by the perforations and canals of numerous
vessels. On removing the thin layer of bone which formed the
convexity of one of these eminences, I found the cavity beneath
was principally a continuation of that of the craniwm, and had
lodged the olfactory ganglions. The rest of the cavity anteriorly
was occupied by a very large and complicated turbinated process
of the ethmoidal bone ; the cribriform plate of the same bone was
observed to be of great extent, and the whole structure displayed
the high degree in which this animal is endowed with the sense of
smell. These eminences are described by Cuvier as being more
developed in the Cabassou, Das. unicinctus, Gmel. They corre-
spond in situation to those which render the os frontis of Chlamy-
phorus so peculiar,

« The number of veriebre and the length of each division of the
vertebral column are as follows :

Length.
No. Inches. Lines.
Cervical’ 44.2203) nano OR Ne oe i ga: * ea
WWOneHN Rieck as LL een Pies 4 0
Rumba io7S55.5") ‘ bs sete Gets apelin Mesa lon.
Sacrals 2), 2 SOO KISS ee N. Sae es See eae
Cauaaly Aeros, PROT GA cee te ete

“‘ The cervical vertebre present the peculiarity observable in the,
other species of this tribe, that of being partially anchylosed to-
gether. In this instance the aais and the 3rd and 4th vertebre are
so joined ; the lines of division between the two former being indi-
cated only by the lateral orifices for the nerves, which are two on
each side. This anchylosis of the cervical vertebre is also found,

135

as-is well known, in the Cetacea ; and as in that order this firm
connexion of the vertebre assists materially in enabling the head
to overcome the resistance of the dense fluid through which they
perpetually move, so in the animals of this genus a like advantage
may be derived from this structure during the act of displacing the
denser material in which they excavate their retreats. The bodies
of the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical vertebre are in the form of
transverse bars, the bony sheath of the spinal marrow being of
equal thickness at every part, resembling in that respect the cer-
vical vertebre of the Mole, Talpa Europea, Linn.; they have,
however, the transverse processes much larger than in that animal.
In Das. Peba the 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical vertebre have distinct
spines, but these are deficient in the present specimen.

‘«‘ Cuvier assigns twelve as the number of the dorsal vertebre in
the Encoubert, but there were not more than eleven in this spe-
cimen, ‘as clearly appears from the number of the ribs, all of which
have been carefully preserved: and indeed, the costal vertebre are
readily distinguishable from the lumbar by a well marked articular
process on each side of the body, for the head of the rib ; but the
last cervical also participates in this character. The spines of the
Ist, 2nd, and $rd dorsal vertebre are the longest, and slope consi-
derably backwards; the rest of the spines, together with those of
‘the lumbar vertebra, also incline in the same direction, but in a less
degree.

“‘ Every one who has seen the living Armadillo running about
the open plot of ground in the Society’s Gardens must have been
struck with the machine-like manner in which the body is carried
along. The short legs are almost concealed, and their motions are
not accompanied by any corresponding inflections of the spine, the
two extremities of the trunk not being alternately raised and de-
pressed as in the quadrupeds which move by bounds. Hence there is
no centre of motion in the vertebral column, or point towards
which the spinous processes converge, but all these have a di-
rection towards the sacrum. The ‘elation which the structure of
the vertebral column bears to the mode of progression of a gua-
druped is extremely interesting, and enables us to judge in some
degree from the spine alone of the locomotive faculties of a fossil
_ species.

« There is another peculiarity to be noticed in the spine of Da-
sypus, viz. the elongated form of the anterior articular processes,
especially of the hinder dorsal and of the lumbar vertebre : these
project upwards, outwards and forwards, and like strutts or braces,
assist in supporting the tegumentary mass which covers the body, »
and which may be not unaptly compared to atiled roof. The spinal
nerves pass out by, foramina proper to each individual vertebra, and
not in the interval of two.

“ The ribs are on each side eleven in number, and six of these are
true. The sternal portions are completely ossified, as in Birds, and
_ joined to the dorsal portions by a distinct articulation. The first pair

are short, and remarkably broad, measuring | inch in length and 73

136

lines in breadth ; the rest increase in length to the seventh, and then
again diminish. The external surfaces of the posterior ribs do not
present the deep excavations observable in those of Das. Peba. The
sternal portions of the first pair of ribs are anchylosed to the ver-
tebral portions. The small processes that intervene between the
manubrium and the sternal ends of the clavicles in the young animal,
are afterwards anchylosed to the latter bone, and being joined to-
gether form a part superadded to the manubrium. This part is evi-
dently a rudimentary form of the Y-shaped bone placed anterior to
the manubrium of the Ornithorhynchus, which Cuvier regards as ana-
logous to the os furcalorium of birds; it thus affords an additional
and very interesting example of the affinity of the Edentata to the
Monotremata, and supplies a step which was wanting in tracing the
recedence of the latter, in their remarkably constructed sternum,
from the mammiferous to the oviparous type of the Vertebrata. The
manubrium itself also presents a peculiarity observable in that of the
Monotremaia, viz., a mesial longitudinal ridge on the anterior sur-
face. This appearance in the Ornithorhynchus is regarded by Cuvier
as indicative of an original division in the bone itself, ‘ Ossemens
Fossiles,’ v. pt. 1, p. 149; but I have examined the feetus of the nine-
banded species, and find that ossification commences in the manu-
brium by a single central nucleus, and not by two lateral depositions.
The other bones of the sternum appear, on an anterior view, to be
almost deficient, being wedge-shaped, with the apices anterior ; their
number is four, exclusive of the ensiform cartilage.

“The pelvis in this skeleton presents all the peculiarities which
have been so well described by Cuvier: the ilia are of a prismatic
shape, not expanded as in Megatherium, but forming two short and
thick props or supporters to the armour. At the posterior part of
the pelvis the tuberosities of the ischia project in a similar manner,
and form similar props. It is evident from the form of the pubis that
only a small portion of what usually constitutes the symphysis is here
joined to its fellow, viz. the anterior angle; and this approximation

to the structure of Birds is rendered more evident in a nearly allied’

genus, Chlamyphorus, and in another edentate species, Myrmeco-
phaga didactyla, where the ossa pubis remain entirely separate. An
equally remarkable instance of the correspondence of this part of the
skeleton,—the pelvis,—with that of Birds, obtains in the great breadth
of the posterior part of the sacrum, the angles of which are anchy-
losed to the spines of the ischia, and convert the great ischiatic
notches into complete foramina. The cavity of the pelvis is very wide,
as may be inferred from the size of the young at the time of birth. The
brim measures in the antero-posterior diameter 2 inches 8 lines ; in
the lateral diameter | inch 3 lines: the outlet is of a triangular form,
and measures in the antero-posterior diameter | inch 6 lines; in
the lateral diameter 1 inch 8 lines. The ischiatic foramen is of an
oval form, | inch in the long, and J inch in the short diameter.

“* The great size of the pelvis in this burrowing animal is the more
remarkable when contrasted with the peculiarly diminutive dimen-
sions of the same part in the Mole; in which it has been regarded as

137

one of the perfections of form, adapting that animal to its subterra-
neous mode of life. In the Armadillo, however, the burrows serve
only as temporary retreats; for it is endowed with powers of rapid
progression on the surface, and its organ of vision, though small, is
accordingly perfect. Thus the pelvis is destined- to afford attach-
ment to numerous and powerful muscles, and the hind-legs are
evidently of considerable use in clearing out the burrow, as may
be inferred from the action of the Armadillo when he hides him-
self.in the straw, which he throws behind him with great force ;
whereas in the Mole, the whole power of digging is concentrated in
the anterior extremities, the peculiar mechanism of which is admi-
rably adapted te that act.

*« The caudal vertebre, like the cervical, present in Dasypus a pe-
culiarity which is also found in the Cetaceay,. viz. that of having infe-
rior spines, or V-shaped bones. These are present beneath all but the
two last vertebre ; they are of a triangular form, but are articulated,
not by their bases, as in the Whale, but by their apices; or rather the
part which corresponds to the apex is flattened, and produced into
two lateral processes.

‘* With respect to the bones of the extremities, it may be remarked
that the scapula is very concave towards the ribs, more so than in the
nine-banded species ; and that besides the two spines, there is also a
third ridge near the superior costa. Below the articular surface on
the inferior costa there is also a little tubercle, which does not exist
in Das. Peba.~ The supra-spinal notch is large, and the acromion
long and narrow, but not anchylosed, as in the Sloth and Megathe-

_ rium, to the coracoid. The length of the scapula, from the base to

the articular surface, is 2 inches J line ; of the base, 2 inches ; of the
acromion, \1 lines. The clavicles in Das. 6-cinctus are slightly
curved, and are shorter and stronger than in Das. Pebu: their length’
is 1S inch. There is thus a correspondence between the clavicle
and the rest of the anterior extremity, the claws being stronger,
and the whole of the bores shorter and thicker than in Das. Peba.
The humerus measures in length 2 inches 3-10ths: at the upper
extremity are two large tuberosities and a deep middle groove ;
about the middle of the bone is a strong deltoid process: the bone
is considerably twisted, and the inner condyle perforated as in most
Edentata. The supinator ridge is strongly marked; the anconeal
fossa large and shallow. ;

“The ulna measures in length 2 inches 3-]Oths; it is a very strong
bone, compressed, and arched backwards: the extremity of the ole-
eranon is bent backwards in the form of a hook: the lower extre-
mity has an equal share with the radius in the articulation with the
carpal bones. Tbe radius is in length 1 inch 4 lines. The large pal-
mar sesamoid bone, formed at the expense of the tendons of the fleror
profundus digitorum, is shaped like the head of a spade, with the
concavity towards the carpus, and the sharp margin anterior : in length
and breadth it measures half an inch, It is articulated by a distinct
capsule and synovial membrane with the ossa pisiforme and cuneiformé

on one side, and to the naviculare on the other. The flexor profundus

138

is in comparison to the flexor sublimis a very powerful muscle. The
latter terminates only in two tendons, which are inserted into the
first and second phalanges of the index and digitus medius, forming
strong sheaths for the passage of the tendons of the profundus. This
muscle arises by three distinct portions ; one from the whole anterior
part of the olecranon ; a second from the anterior part of the rest of
the wlna, and from the interosseous ligament; the third portion ap-
pears to hold the place of flexor longus pollicis, and comes from the
anterior part of the radius. The whole is inserted into the spade-
shaped bone, beyond which tendons are continued to the extreme
phalanges of all the fingers.

“The greater length of the index finger depends on that of the
first phalanx, which in all the other fingers is very short, and in the
two external is a mere tamina of bone. This is a peculiarity found
in most of the Edentata; so that in the Slotis, where the first
phalanx is early anchylosed to the metacarpal bones, its existence
was overlooked before the observations of Cuvier. The distal pha-
langes of the second and third fingers are the largest; at the lower

art of them is the rudiment of the bony sheath supporting the claws.

esides the lever afforded by the palmar spade-shaped bone, there is .
a distinct sesamoid interposed between the last joints of each finger
and the flexor tendon. The length of the whole hand is 2 inches 4
lines ; its breadth 10 lines.

“There is scarcely any cervix to the femur, but immediately be-
yond the head are the two ¢rochanters, and a large middle process,
analogous to the deltoid in the humerus. The length of the femur is
2 inches 6 lines. The patella is oblong and narrow. The tibia and
fibula are anchylosed at both extremities: the length of the tibia is
2 inches; the breadth of the interosseous space nearly 5 lines.
The bones of the tarsus presented the same disposition as is de-
scribed by Cuvier, and figured in PI. xi. fig. 18. of the work above
quoted. The small supernumerary bone on the tibial side of the
tarsus has the tendon of a small muscle inserted into it, which seems
to be a fasciculus separated from the tibialis posticus ; the rest of the
tibialis posticus is inserted as usual into the base of the internal cu-
neiform bone.

“The flexor longus digitorum pedis and the flexor longus pollicis
pedis are united through nearly their whole extent. The common
tendon, having reached the sole, expands and surrounds a sesamoid
bone, smaller than, but analogous to, the spade-shaped sesamoid in
the palm. Cuvier states that he had not observed this plantar sesa-
moid in any Armadillo except the Cachicame, Das. Peba. The length
of the whole foot is 2 inches 8 lines; its breadth I inch.”

139

August 14, 1832.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of the following Fishes collected on the
coast of Madeira by the Rev. R.'T. Lowe, and presented by him to
the Society :

Alepisaurus ferox, Lowe.
Box Salpa, Cuv. & Val.
Raja clavata, Linn.

. Torpedo marmorata, Risso.
Rhombus Maderensis, Lowe.
Caranz Cuv.
Pagellus breviceps? Cuv. & Val.

— Acarna, Cuv. & Val.

At the request of the Chairman, the Rev. L. Jenyns exhibited an
immature specimen of a second species of crested Wren, not hitherto
recorded as having been met with in England; the Regulus ignica-
pillus, Temm. In its adult state this species is readily distinguishable
from the more common one by the existence on each side of the face
of three streaks, the upper and lower of which are white, and the inter-
mediate one black, as well as by the patch on its head of a more deep
and brilliant orange. In the immature state it may be distinguished
by its somewhat smaller size ; by its bill, which is much longer and
is also broader at the base ; by its first quill-feather being somewhat
longer ; and by the greater size, both in length and breadth, of its
tail. The individual exhibited was killed by a cat at Swaffham in
Cambridgeshire. .

Mr. Jenyns also exhibited aspecimen of Sorex remifer, Geoff., killed
in acorn-field at the distance of half a mile from any water. Its
- chief interest was the confirmation afforded by it of the existence
in England of this species, which has recently been added by Mr.
Yarrell to the British Fauna on the authority of a specimen exhi-
bited by him at a late Meeting of the Committee (p. 109).

Specimens were exhibited of a species of Woodpecker, hitherto un-
described, which had recently been obtained by Mr. Gould from that
little-explored district of California which borders the territory of
Mexico. The exhibition was accompanied by a communication from
Mr. Gould, in which, after some general remarks on the Picide and
their geographical distribution, he referred to the species before the
Committee as possessing the characters of the genus Picus in their
most marked development, together with the greatest size hitherto
observed in that group. In this respect it as far exceeds the ivory-

140

billed Woodpecker of the United States, Picus principalis, as the latter
does the Pic. Martius of Europe. Myr. Gould described it as the
Picus rmperianis, Mas. Pic. ater, virescenti splendens ; cristd elon-
gatd occipitali coccined ; maculd triangulari interscapulari, remi-
gibus secundariis, primariarumque (preter trium quatuorve exte-
riorum) rhachibus internis albis ; rostro eburneo.
Foem. Pauilo minor ; cristd occipitali cum corpore concolore.
Longitudo maris, 2 ped. ; al@ (clause), 1 ped.; caude, 10 unc. ;
tarsi, vix 2 unc. ; digiti externi postici, eadem ac tarsi. Ungues

validissimi, arcuati; Rostrum exacté cuneiforme, a rictu ad -

apicem 4 unc. long., ad basin 1 unc. latum.

This species is readily distinguishable from the Pic. principalis by
its much larger size ; by the length of its occipital crest, the pendent
silky feathers of which measure nearly 4 inches ; by the absence of
the white stripe which ornaments the neck of that bird; and by the
bristles which cover its nostrils being black, whereas those of the Pic.
principalis ave white.

.
-
4
>
4

141

August 28, 1832.
Dr. Marshall Hall in the Chair.

Mr. Owen read the following Notes on the Anatomy of the Fla-
mingo, Phenicopterus ruber, Linn.; they were derived from the ex-
amination of an individual which died about three months since in
the Society’s Menagerie.

**The anatomical differences observable in the groups of the
Wading Birds are so considerable, that we find them generally alluded
to by Cuvier in the characters of the families of the Grallatores in
the ‘Régne Animal.’ Where they are omitted, we may presume that
the illustrious author had not had the opportunity of examining the
internal structure of the birds in question, and that they either had
not before been dissected, or that their anatomy had been described
with too little exactness to warrant his giving it on the authority of
previous writers.

“‘This appears to have been the case with the three genera which
he has placed at the end of the order, viz., Chionis, Forster, Glareola,
Gmel., and Phenicopterus, Linn. ; and these are the most interesting
in an anatomical point of view, as being the representatives of as
many distinct families. With respect to the Flamingo, we must sup-
pose that an opportunity of dissecting it had never occurred to Cuvier,
and probably the absence of any allusion to ceca in Perrault’s anato-
mical description (Mémoires de l’Académie, t. iii, 3. P., p. 462.),
may have influenced his silence regarding the internal structure of a
bird which he considers as one of the most extraordinary and most
isolated of its class.

«©The recent death of a male specimen which for a short time was
living at the Society’s Gardens, enables me to lay before the Committee
some particulars respecting its anatomy which appear to throw light
on its true affinities.

“‘The peculiar forms of the beak and tongue have long attracted
attention, and have been repeatedly described. Cuvier, in allusion to
the small tooth-like amine which are atranged along the margins of
the upper mandible, points out the relation which in this particular
the Flamingo bears to the Anatide; and a like correspondence is
observable in the rest of the alimentary canal. The horny den-
ticles of the upper mandible, and the transverse marginal furrows of
the lower mandible, form together a sort of filter, and, like the plates
of Whalebone in the Balene, allow the superfluous moisture to drain
away, while the small Mollusca and other littoral animalcula are de-
tained and swallowed. ‘The structure of the gullet is in accordance
with the size of the substances which serve for nutriment. In the
typical Grallatores, as Ardea and Ciconia, which swaliow entire fish

and other food, in large morsels, the esophagus is remarkable for its

[No. XXII.] Zoot. Soc. Proceepines or THE Comm. or ScreNnce.

142

great and uniform capacity; but in Phenicopterus it is not more than
half an inch in diameter when dilated. At the lower part of the neck
it expands into a considerable pouch, which measured in the specimen
here described 3 inches in diameter, and 43 inches in length. In
Perrault’s specimen the diameter was only 143 inch, and it was pro-
bably in a state of contraction, as he describes it as furnished internally
with many small longitudinal ruge. The circular fibres around this
part were very distinct. Beyond this pouch the esophagus again con-
tracts to about 4 lines in diameter, and so continues for 32-inches, when
it terminates in the proventriculus. This glandular cavity was 1 inch
8 lines in length, and 5 lines in diameter: the gastric follicles were
broad, short, and simple, and were arranged in two long oval groups,
blending together at the edges. ‘The proventriculus terminates in a
small but-strong gizzard, of a flattened spheroidal form, measuring
1 inch 5 lines in length, and the same in breadth; the lateral muscles
were each half an inch in thickness. The gizzard was lined with a
moderately thick and yellow-coloured cuticle, disposed in longitudinal
tidges, the extremities of which projecting into the pyloric aperture
form a kind of valve, as in the gizzard of the Ostrich. In a Flamingo
dissected by Col. Sykes, in which the duodenum was blocked up by
two large tape-worms, the muscles of the gizzard were | inch in
thickness.

“The duodenal fold extended towards the left side 4 inches from
the pylorus. This intestine was 4 inches in diameter. The pancreas,
which occupied its common situation between the two portions of the
fold, had a more complete peritoneal covering than usual. The in-
testinal canal soon diminished in diameter to 3 and then to 2 lines.
The small intestines formed an oval mass, and were disposed in twenty-
one elliptical spiral convolutions, eleven descending towards the rectum
and ten returning towards the gizzard in the interspaces of the pre-
ceding ; a disposition analogous to that of the colon in Ruminants.
The villi of the intestines were arranged in longitudinal zigzag lines.
There were two ceca, each about 3+ inches in length and 5 inches in
diameter.

‘The testes were about the size of grains of wheat, and were situated
on the anterior part of the renal capsules. The latter bodies were
about the size of hazel-nuts. Both these glands were of a bright
yellow colour. The fat of this bird is of a remarkable orange tint.

‘The principal diseased appearances were in the lungs, which were
filled with tubercles and vomice. I was much struck with finding the
inner surface of the latter cavities, and that of most of the smaller ra-
mifications of the bronchial tubes, covered over with a green vegetable
mould or mucor. As the individual was examined within 24 hours
after its death, it seemed reasonable to conclude this mucor had grown
there during the life-time of the animal. Thus it would appear that
internal parasites are not exclusively derived from the animal kingdom,
but that there are Entophyta as well as Entozoa.

«The tongue of the Flamingo is remarkable for its texture, mag-
nitude and peculiar armature. It is almost cylindrical, but slightly
flattened above, and obliquely truncate anteriorly, so as to correspond

ae

143

with the form of the inferior mandible. The lower part of the trun-
cated surface is produced in a pointed form, and is supported beneath
by a small horny plate. The whole length of the tongue is 3 inches;
its circumference 24 inches. Along the middle of the flattened su-
perior surface there is a moderately deep and wide longitudinal furrow,
on either side of which there are from twenty to twenty-five recurved
spines, but of a soft and yielding horny texture, measuring from | to 3
lines in length. ‘These spines are arranged in an irregular alternate
series : the outer ones being the smallest; and these, indeed, may be
considered a distinct row. At the posterior part of the tongue there are
two groups of smaller recumbent spines directed towards the glottis.
The substance of the tongue is not muscular, but is chiefly composed
of an abundant yielding cellular substance with fat of an almost oily
consistence. It is supported by a long and thin concave cartilage,
articulated to the body of the os hyoides by a shallow ginglymoid joint,
allowing of a free motion. Excepting the straight hyo-glossi, the
muscles all terminate at the base of the tongue. The tendons of the
former muscles run along the under part of the lingual cartilage, and
expand to be inserted at its extremity, where a few fibres again
proceed forwards to the extreme point of the tongue.

**No Entozoa were met with in the specimen dissected by me:
but Col. Sykes has been so obliging as to permit me to examine the
tape-worms, before alluded to, which he found blocking up the duo-
denum of the Flamingo dissected by him in Dukhun.

** One of the specimens, together with a drawing of it, is now on the
table. From the marginal disposition of the lemnisci and its general
habit, it evidently appertains to the true Tenie, and from the struc-
ture of the head ranks among the rostellate species with an armed
proboscis. It does not accord with any of those described in the ‘ Sy-
nopsis Entozoorum’ of Rudolphi, and is of so peculiar a form that I
feel no hesitation in characterizing it as follows.

“‘TRNIA LAMELLIGERA. Ten. incrassata, capite subgloboso ; rostello

cylindrico obtuso; collo nullo; articulis brevissimis, marginibus
lateralibus dilatatis, rotundatis, utrinque param extantibus ; super-
ficie utrdque lined longitudinali leviter impressd ; lemniscis latera-
libus oppositis.

“Longitudo corporis, 7 unc.; latitudo, 5 lin.; crassities, 1 lin.

“The segments are extremely numerous and short: they gradually
increase in breadth and thickness for about 3 inches from the head ;
as they approach the opposite end of the body they slightly diminish
in breadth, while they increase a little in length, but retain the same
thickness. Along the middle of both the plane surfaces of the body
the segments are separated by shallow indentations, and it is only
towards the posterior extremity that the segments appear to overlap
each other from before backwards ; but at the sides of the body the
posterior margins of the segments project abruptly from the surface
and form a series of semicircular ridges, commencing on both sides of
the body about a line’s distance from the margin. On both margins
of each segment immediately anterior to these ridges there is a small
pyramidal eminence, perforated at the apex, through which perforation

144

a cirrus is protruded, A very slight impressed line traverses longi-
tudinally the middle of both surfaces of the body ; it is most distinct
at the anterior half. Some of the segments at the posterior extremity
of the body were partially separated from the rest and seemed about
to be detached. In these alone were the traces of ova perceptible,
which were extremely minute, and only apparent at the margins of
the segments, near the base of the cirrus or lemniscus. From the
thickness and opacity of the body, the nutrient vessels could not be
detected. The joints or segments at the anterior part of the body
were so short, that they resembled mere transverse rug@ ; at the pos-
terior end of the body they did not exceed half a line in length,

‘“‘The dilated margins of the segments, and the projecting cirrt
give this tape-worm a considerable resemblance to the Nereis lamel-
ligera of Pallas.”

4
x

145

September 11, 1832.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Dr. Weatherhead communicated to the Committee several extracts
from a letter which he had recently received from Lieutenant the
Hon. Lauderdale Maule of the 39th Regiment, now in New South
Wales. They referred to the habits and ceconomy of the Ornitho-
rhynchi.

“During the spring of 1831,” writes Lieut. Maule, “ being detached
in the interior of New South Wales, I was at some pains to discover
the truths of the generally accepted belief, namely, that the female
Platypus lays eggs and suckles its young.

« By the care of a soldier of the 39th Regiment who was stationed
at a post on the Fish River, a mountain stream abounding with Pla-
typi, several nests of this shy and extraordinary animal were discoverd.

“The Platypus burrows in the banks of rivers, choosing generally a
spot where the water is deep and sluggish, and the bank precipitous
and covered with reeds or overhung by trees. Considerably beneath
the level of the stream’s surface is the main entrance to a narrow pas-
sage which leads directly into the bank, bearing away from the river
(at a right angle to it) and gradually rising above its highest water-
mark. At the distance of some few yards from the river's edge this
passage branches into two others which, describing each a circular
course to the right and left, unite again in the nest itself, which is a
roomy excavation, lined with leaves and moss, and situated seldom more
than twelve yards from the water, or less than two feet beneath the sur-
face of the earth. Several of their nests were, with considerable labour
and difficulty, discovered. No eggs were found ina perfect state, but
pieces of a substance resembling egg-shell were picked out of the
debris of the nest. In the insides of several female Platypi which
were shot, eggs were found of the size of a large musket-ball and.
downwards, imperfectly formed however, i. e. without the hard outer
shell, which prevented their preservation.”

In another part of his letter Mr. Maule states, that in one of the
nests he was fortunate enough to secure an old female and two young.
The female lived for about two weeks on worms and bread and milk,
being abundantly supplied with water, and supported her young, as
it was supposed, by similar means. She was killed by accident on
the fourteenth day after her capture, and on skinning her while yet
warm, it was observed that milk oozed through the fur on the stomach,
although no teats were visivle on the most minute inspection : but on
proceeding with the operation two teats or canals were discovered,
both of which contained milk.

The body of the individual last referred to (together with several
others) has been preserved in spirit to be transmitted to Dr. Weather-

146

head, who stated his intention of examining it anatomically on its
arrival, and of laying before the Committee the result of his observa-
tions on this interesting subject.

It was remarked, that the existence of milk in the situation described
by Lieut. Maule is fully confirmatory of the correctness of the de-
ductions made by Mr. Owen from the minute dissection of several
individuals (including one in the Society's collection presented by
Capt. Mallard, R. N., Corr. Memb. Z.S.), that the glands discovered
by M. Meckel are really mammary. This opinion, with the anato-
mical reasons on which it was founded, have been lately laid by Mr.
Owen before the Royal Society in a paper which will be published in
the forthcoming Part of the Philosophical Transactions. Mr. Owen’s
dissections, however, though theyestablished the existence ofnumerous
minute tubes leading from the glands in question through the skin
where it was covered by the wool, did not enable him to detect any
canals so large as would appear to be indicated in Lieut. Maule’s letter.

A specimen was exhibited of a claw obtained from the tip of the
tail of a young Lion from Barbary, recently presented to the Society's
Menagerie by Sir Thomas Reade, His Majesty’s Consul at Tripoli.
It was detected on the living animal by Mr. Bennett, and pointed
out to the keeper, in whose hands it came off while he was exa-
mining it.

Mr. Woods, to whom the specimen had been submitted for descrip-
tion, communicated to the Committee an enlarged representation of
it, with other illustrations of the subject, and gave a detailed account
of previous observations bearing upon this curious formation.

He commenced by referring to the writings of Homer, who re-
marked (erroneously, however, ) that the Lion when angry lashes his
sides with his tail; a remark which was repeated by many of the
ancient poets both Greek and Roman, and was carried by Lucan to
a yet greater extent, when he stated that the Lion lashes himself into
rage: Pliny also indicates his belief that by this means the animal
increases the anger already kindled in him. None of these writers,
however, advert to any peculiarity in the tail of the Lion to which so
extraordinary a function might, however incorrectly, be attributed.
The discovery of the existence of such a peculiarity was reserved for
Didymus Alexandrinus, one of the early commentators on the Iliad,
who found a black prickle, like a horn, among the hair of the tail, and
immediately conjectured, it must be allowed with some degree of
plausibility, that he had ascertained the true cause of the stimulus to
the animal when he flourishes his tail in defiance of his enemies, for
he remarks that when punctured by this prickle the Lion becomes
more irritable from the pain which it occasions.

For centuries after this announcement the Lion’s tail and its mys-
terious prickle were consigned to oblivion, the discovery of the learned
commentator being either unnoticed, or disregarded, or doubted, until
about twenty years since, when M. Blumenbach, in his ‘Miscellaneous
Notices in Natural History,’ revived the subject, having verified the
vaccuracy as to the fact, though not admitting the induction, of Didy-

ee

4
'

147

mus Alexandrinus. He describes a small dark-coloured prickle in
the very tip of the Lion’s tail, as hard as a piece of horn, surrounded
at its base by an annular fold of the skin, and adhering firmly to a
singular follicle of a glandular appearance. All these parts were
however, he remarks, so minute, and the little horny apex so buried
in the tuft of hair, that the use attributed to it by the ancient scholi-
ast cannot be regarded as any thing else than imaginary. Blumen-
bach’s description was accompanied by a figure, which was copied in
the ‘Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,’ in the 8th volume of which a
translation of his paper was given.

The subject appears to have again slumbered until 1829, when M.
Deshayes announced; in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles’ (vol.
vii. p. 79), that he had found the prickle on both a Lion and Lioness
which died in the national Menagerie of France. It was described by
him as a little nail or horny production, about two lines in length,
presenting the form of a small cone, a little recurved upon itself, and
adhering by its base only to the skin and not to the last caudal ver-
tebra, from which it was separated by a space of 2 or 3 lines.

From the period when M. Deshayes’ discovery was announced Mr.
Woods has suffered no opportunity to escape him of examining the
tails of every Lion, living or dead, to which he could gain access ; but
in no instance has he succeeded in ascertaining the existence of such
an organ ; nor had he ever observed it until the specimen now before
the Committee was placed in his hands, within half an hour after its
removal from the living animal, and while yet soft at its base where
it had been attached to the skin.

It is formed of corneous matter like an ordinary nail, and is solid
throughout the greater part of its length towards the apex, where it
is sharp ; at the other extremity it is hollow and a little expanded.
Its shape is rather singular, being nearly straight for one third of its
length, then slightly constricted, (forming a very obtuse angle at the
point of constriction,) and afterwards swelling out like the bulb of a
bristle to its termination. It is laterally flattened throughout its
entire length, which does not amount to quite ths of an inch. Its
colour is that of horn, but becoming darker, nearly to blackness at
the tip. Its appearance would lead to the belief that it was deeply
inserted into the skin, with which, however, from the readiness
with which it became detached, its connexion must have been very
slight. The slightness of its adhesion is noticed by M. Deshayes,
who attributes to this its usual absence in stuffed specimens. The
same cause will account for its absence in by far the greater number
of living individuals; for, as Mr. Woods remarks, its presence or
absence does not depend upon age, as the Lions at Paris in which
it was found were of considerable size, while that belonging to the
Society is very small and young; nor upon sex, for although it is
wanting in the female cub of the same litter at the Society's Gardens,
it existed in the Lioness at the Jardin du Koi.

Mr. Woods, considering it probable that a similar structure might
exist in other species of Felis, had previously examined the tails of
nearly the whole of the stuffed skins in the Society’s Museum, but failed

148

in detecting it in every instance but one. This was in an adult Asiatic
Leopard, in which the nail was evident although extremely small. It
was short and straight, and perfectly conical, witha broad base. It is
stated in a note in the ‘ Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,’ that a claw or
prickle had also been observed by the editor of that work on the tail ofa
Leopard. Nosuch structure washowever detected on a livingindividual
in the Society's Menagerie. In the Leopard, therefore, as in the Lion,
it appears to be only occasionally present. In both it is seated at the
extreme tip of the tail, and is altogether unconnected with the termi-
nal caudal vertebra. From the narrowness and shape of its base, the
circumference of which is by far too small to allow of its being fitted
like a cap upon the end of the tail, it appears rather to be inserted
into the skin, like the bulb of a bristle or vibrissa, than to adhere to
it by the margin as described by M. Deshayes. Neither the pub-
lished observations of that zoologist nor the present discovery, can
throw any light on the existence or structure of the supposed glan-
dular follicle noticed by Blumenbach.

Mr. Woods concluded his communication by remarking, that it
is difficult to conjecture for what purpose these minute claws are
developed in so strange a situation, that of stimulating the animals
to anger being of course out of the question. It is at least evident,
he observes, that they can fulfil no very important design in the
animal ceconomy, from their smallness, their variable form, theircom-
plete envelopement in the fur, and especially from the readiness with
which they are detached and consequently the majority of individuals
deprived of them for the remainder of their lives.

tits

——————e clr

149

September 25, and October 9, 1832.
William Yarrell, and Joseph Cox Cox, Esqrs., in the Chair.

Colonel Sykes resumed the exhibition of the collection of Birds
formed by him in Dukhun. On previous evenings he had brought
under the notice of tle Committee the Raptores and Insessores
(page 77); and on the present he submitted the remaining orders in
the series adopted in the following

Catalogue of Birds (systematically arranged) of the Rasorial, Gral-
latorial, and Natatorial Orders, observed in the Dukhun by Lieut.
Colonel W. H. Sykes, Bombay Army, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.&c,

Orver III. RASORES, Iii.
Fam. Columbide, Leach.—Genus Ptilinopus, Swains.

138. Prizinopus Evpuinstonu. Pil. supra fusco-brunneus ; cor-
pore infrd, capite, colloque cinereis ; cervice nigro, plumis ad
apices guttd albd notatis; interscapulio rubineo ; collo pectoreque
smaragdino, uropygio cinereo, nitentibus ; remigum 2d@, 3tie,
Ate et 5te pogoniis externis excavatis.

Trides ochraceo-flave. Longitudo corporis 10,3; unc., caude
5zFye
This very fine bird, forming a link between the Pigeons proper and
Vinago, has quite the figure and air of Ptilinopus porphyreus,
figured in Stephens, vol. 14. (Columba porphyrea, Reinw.,Temm.,
Pl. Col. 106.), butis much larger: it is a rare bird in Dukhun,
and met with only in the dense woods of the Ghauts. Not gre-
‘garious. Stony fruit found in the stomach. Sexes alike. Flight
‘very rapid. The lateral skin of the toes is very much deve-
loped.
Genus Columba, Auct. Pigeon.

139. Conumpa Merena. Col. capite, collo, interscapulio, gastreoque
saturate vinaceis, ventre dilutiore ; crisso, caudeque tegminibus
inferioribus apiceque albis; tergo uropygiogue ardosiaceis ;
tegminibus caud@ superioribus ad apices vinaceis ; scapularibus
alarumque tegminibus nigris, castaneo lat? marginatis ; remigi-
bus cauddque fusco-brunneis, illis castaneo marginatis ; tegmi-
nibus alarum inferioribus cinereis ; collo utrinque nigro macu-
lato, plumis cerulescenti-albido ad apices marginatis.

Feem. Crisso dilute vinaceo; tegminibus caude inferioribus pallide
cinereis ; rectricibus 4 intermediis albo haud terminatis.
Irides aurantiace. Rostrum pedesque flavescentes. Longitudo
corporis § unc., caud@ 5+.
Brown and Chestnut Dove. Hhulgah of the Mahrattas.
This species might be mistaken for the European Col. Turtur, but
on comparison is found to differ in the whole head, neck, shoul-
(No. XXIII.] Zoou. Soc, Procrrpines or tHe Comm.or Science.

150

ders, breast and belly being richer vinaceous ; in the back and
rump being ash, and vent and under tail-coverts in the female
light cinereous ; in the four upper tail-feathers in the female
being red brown without white tips ; in the upper tail-coverts
being tipped with faint chestnut ; in the forehead and chin not
being dull white ; in orange irides instead of yellow; and finally
in its greater size. Gregarious, found only in the woods of the
Ghauts. Webs of 2nd and 3rd quills narrowed as in the Ptili-
nopUus.

140. Columba tigrina, Temm., Pig. Pl. 43. Surat Turtle.

M.Temminck’s figure does not sufficiently develope the dove-coloured
or ochrey tips to the feathers of the back and wing-coverts, and
the tips of the centre feathers of the tail are coloured reddish
instead of being white. A remarkable feature in this bird is un-
noticed in the description of it, namely, the elongated and
subulated tail; unlike the last or most other species of Dove, in-
stead of widening towards the tip, it is widest at the base when
closed, and gradually narrows to the extremity ; in fact, each
feather is subulate. Jrides lake colour or pinkish red. Sexes
exactly alike. Found on the skirts of the woods in the Ghauts.
Length, inclusive of tail, 12 inches: tail 5 inches.

141. Columba humilis, Temm., Pl. Col. 258 et 259. Colombe terrestre.

M. Temminck says that this bird ‘‘ vit habituellement a terre,”
but from long observation Colonel Sykes can testify that this
supposed habit is no more characteristic of this species than of any
other Dove in his possession. Gregarious ; not an inhabitant of
the woods, but affecting mangoe-tree groves in the eigen
hood of cultivation: Length, inclusive of tail, 94% inches :
tail 3545. Tail, as in the last species, narrower at the extremity
than at the base when closed.

142. Columba risoria, Linn. La Tourterelle a collier du Sénégal, Buff,
Ois. 2, 550 & 553. pl. 26. Pl. Enl. 161 & 244. Le Vaill., Ois.
d’Afr. 6. pl. 268.

Length, inclusive of tail, 13,5, inches: tail 5 inches. Grega-
rious, and common in the open country. Sexes alike. In spite
of the proverbial gentleness of the Dove, Colonel Sykes has
seen these birds fighting with the most inveterate hostility ;
seizing each other by the bill and rolling upon the ground to-
gether. Outer webs of 2nd, 3rd and 4th quill-feathers hollowed.

143. Columba Cambayensis, Lath., Ind, Ora. 2. sp.56. ‘Temm., Pig.
Pl. 45.

Colonel Sykes’s bird is identical with the species figured in M.
Temminck’s plate, but it does not correspond with the descrip-
tion of the Col. Cambayensis of Shaw, vol. 1]. p.79. This
species is distinguished from all other Doves with which Colonel
Sykes has met, by the square red spots on the black patches on
the side of the neck. Sexesalike. Frequents gardens and stable-
yards. Length, inclusive of tail, 114%, inches : tail 5,5, inches.

144. Columba GEnas, Linn. Stock Pigeon. Parwa of the Mahrattas.

The most common bird in the Dukhun, congregating in flocks of

——— es ee

151

scores, and a constant inhabitant of every old dilapidated build-
ing. Colonel Sykes saw the same species on board ship on the
voyage to England, brought from China. TIrides orange. Sexes
alike. Length, inclusive of tail, 14,% inches : tail 4,3, inches.

The Dukhun bird differs from the European species in the bill
being black instead of pale red, in the utter want of white or
black in the quills, the want of white in the tail-feathers, and
in the legs being brown instead of black. As these differences
are permanent, they might justify a specific name being ap-
plied to the Dukhun Pigeon.

Fam. Phastanide, Vigors.—Genus Meleagris, Linn. Turkey.

145. Meleagris Gallopavo, Linn.

The Turkey is met with only in the domestic state: it is reared in

great numbers by the Portuguese.
Genus Pavo, Auct.
146. Pavo cristatus, Linn. Peafowl. Mokr of the Mahrattas.

The wild Peafowl is abundant in the dense woods of the Ghauts :
it is readily domesticated, and many Hindoo temples in the
Dukhun have considerable flocks of them. On a comparison
with the bird as domesticated in Europe, the latter is found,
both male and female, to be absolutely identical with the wild
bird of India. rides intense red brown. ;

Genus Gallus, Briss.
147. Gallus giganteus, Temm., Gall. Ind. 633.

Known by the name of the Kulm Cock by Europeans in India,
Met with only as a domestic bird ; and Colonel Sykes has reason
to believe that it is not a native of India, but has been intro-
duced by the Mussulmans from Sumatra or Java. The iris of
the real game bird should be whitish, or straw-yellow. Colonel
Sykes landed two cocks and a hen in England in June 1831 :
they bore the winter well. The hen laid freely, and has reared
two broods of chickens. The cock has not the shrill clear pipe
of the domestic bird, and his scale of notes appears more limited.
A cock in the possession of Colonel Sykes stood 26 inches high
to the crown of the head, but they attain a greater height.
Length from the tip of the bill to the insertion of the tail 23
inches. Hen one third smaller than the male. Shaw very justly
describes the habit of the cock, of resting, when tired, on the first
joint of the leg.

148. Gallus Sonneratii, Temm., Gall. Ind. 659. Jungle Cock. Rahn
Komrah of the Mahrattas.

Very abundant in the woods of the western Ghauts, where there
are either two species or two very strongly marked varieties.
In the valleys at 2000 feet above the sea, Sonnerat’s species is

found, slender, standing high on the legs, and with the yellow
cartilaginous spots on the feathers even in the female. In the
belts of wood on the sides of the mountains, at 4000 feet above
the sea, there is a short-legged variety ; the male has a great

152

deal of red in his plumage, which Sonnerat’s has not ; the fe-
male is of a reddish brown colour, and is without cartilagi-
nous spots at all: in fact, the female of this variety is the
Gall. Stanleyii of Mr. Gray’s ‘ Illustrations’. Rggs exactly like
those of the domestic fowl in form and colour, but Jess in size. ,
The wild hen would appear to sit on a much smaller number of
eggs than the domestic, as Colonel Sykes shot a hen upon her
nest in which were only three eggs, and the process of incu-
bation had evidently commenced some days. In the craw and
stomach of many birds nothing whatever was found, excepting
the seeds of a stone-like hardness called Job's tears (Coix bar-
bata). Irides brownish deep orange. ‘The crow or call of this
species is like that of the Bantam Cock.
149. Gallus domesticus, Ray. Phasianus Gallus cristatus, Linn.
The domestic fowl is so abundant in the Dukhun, that in parts of
the country not much frequented by Europeans, Colonel Sykes
has bought from eight to twelve full-grown fowls for two shil-
lings. Many of the hens, particularly of the villages in the
Ghauts, are not to be distinguished from the wild bird, except-
ing only in the want of the cartilaginous spot on the wing-
coverts.
150. Gallus Morio, Temm., Gall. Ind. 660. Briss., Orn. 1. 174.
This supposed species very frequently occurs accidentally in the
Dukhun,. Although unsightly, the black fowl is very sweet
eating.
151. Gallas crispus, Temm., Gall. Ind. 661. Briss. Orn. 1. 173.
pl. 17.
Occurs accidentally like the last variety.

Genus Numida, Linn, Pintado.

152. Numida Meleagris, Linn. Guinea Fowl.
Met with only in the domestic state, and bred almost exclusively
by European gentlemen. ‘Thrives as well as in its native coun-
try.

Fam. Tetraonide, Leach.—Genus Coturniz, Cuv. .

153. Coturnix dactylisonans, Temm., Gall. Ind. 740. Tetrao Co-
turnix, Linn., Syst. Nat. 1. 278, 20. Lohah of the Mahrattas.
Large Grey Quail.

Rare in the Dukhun, and found only in pairs in tufts of grass near
water-courses and ponds. Resembles the Quail of Europe in
size and plumage: the irides are dusky red or reddish brown,
like those of the European bird, which by mistake are described
in Shaw as yellow. Female a little larger than male: one fe-
male measured 8 inches, inclusive of tail of 2 inches, but this
was a large bird. Period of incubation in the monsoon.

154. Coturnix textilis, Steph., 11.365. Perdix textilis, Temm., Pl. 35.
Perdix Coromandelica, Lath., Ind. Orn. 2.654. 38. Black
speckled-breasted Quail.

Trides dusky red. Length 6,4, inches, inclusive of tail of 14-inch,

153

In pairs in the monsoon; gregarious the rest of the year. Very
abundant in Jowaree fields, (Andropogon Sorghum).

155. Corurnix Arcoonpan. Cot. supra rufescenti-brunnea, fasciis
angustis diluté ferrugineis notata ; infra sordidé alba, fasciis
equidistantibus nigris fronte mentoque ferrugineis; strigd
superciliari rufescenti-albidd.

Foem. Fasciis magis obscuris.
Trides fausco-rubre. Rostrum nigrum, Longitudo corporis
5 unc., caud@é | Sy.

Always gregarious ; frequenting only rocky places, or amidst low
bushes. The covey rises with a startling whirl. Flight very
‘short. Pugnacious, and used by the natives for combat.

156. Corurnix Penrau. Cot. supra saturate brunnea ; infra rufes-
centi-albida nigro fasciata ; ventre crissoque albido-ferrugineis ;
interscapulio scapularibusque nigro maculatis, plumarum rha-
chibus diluté flavis; remigibus brunneis pallidé ferrugineo
maculatis ; strigd superciliari sordidé albd ; mento rufescente.

- Foem. Infra rufescens, haud fasciata ; plumarum rhachibus albis,

Irides ochraceo-brunnee. Rostrum _rufescenti-brunneum.
Pedes flavescentes. Longitudo corporis 533, unc., cuude
1,4.

Has the habits and somewhat the appearance of the last species,
but is found only on the most elevated table-lands and slopes
of the mountains, amidst reeds and grass. Colonel Sykes’s
specimens were shot at 4000 feet above the sea.

157. Corurnix ERyTHRORUYNCHA. Cot. supra saturate brunnea, infra
diluté castanea, nigro (preter ventrem medium) undequaque gut-
tata maculataque, scapularium maculis maximis, pectoris guttis
minimis ; scapularium tegminumque alarum superiorum albo fas-
ciatarum rhachibus albis, crucem efformantibus; remigum pogoniis

_ externis rufescenti fasciatis maculatisque; fronte nigro; strigd

. _ frontali utringue supra oculum productd guldque albis.

Fem. Fronte, strigd inde ad utrumque latus ductd, guldque

. diluté castaneis.

Trides obscure flavo-ochracee. Rostrumrubrum. Longitudo
corporis 5 unc., caud@é 1,455.

Colonel Sykes has found this very handsome bird only in the
valley of Karleh, where it frequents. the same -ground as the
black Partridge (Perdix picta). (sregarious and abundant.
In closing his notices of the Quails, Colonel Sykes mentioned that
grass seeds constitute their principal food.

Genus Perdix, Briss. Partridge.

158. Perdix picta, Jard. & Selby, Pl. 150.

This is called the black Partridge in Dukhun, by Europeans. It
affects uncultivated tracts in the country, covered with tufts of
rank grass and low bushes, where it is abundant. Colonel
Sykes has never met with it in gardens. The call of the male
is a kind of broken crow. Sexes exactly alike. Irides reddish
dark brown. Length, inclusive of tail, 10 inches : tail 2,5, inches.
Does not roost on trees,

154

Genus Francolinus, Steph. Francolin.

159. Francolinus Ponticerianus, Steph., 11.321. Perdix Ponticeri-
ana, Lath., Ind. Orn. 2. 649. 18. Temm., Pl. Col. 213.
Ferruginous and Grey Francolin. Teetur of the Mahrattas.

Called a partridge in the Dukhun, where it is one of the most
common birds, frequenting gardens and cultivated lands.
Trides intense red brown. Length, inclusive of tail, 14 inches :
tail 3,8, inches. Not met with in the Ghauts, unless in well cul-
tivated valleys, and not at all on the mountains. Roosts on
trees ; and Colonel Sykes has on more than one occasion shot
them on trees during the daytime ; but this is a rare occurrence.

160, Francouinus spapiceus. Franc. castaneus, supra fusco tinctus,
plumarum marginibus dilutioribus ; cupite, collo, venire, crisso,
tegminibusque caud@ inferioribus fusco-brunneis ; vertice ni-
grescenti-brunneo; plumarum ventris crissique rhachibus elon-
gatis, acutis.

Fem. Supra nigro castaneoque varius ; pectoris abdominisque
plumis castaneis ad apices lunuld latd nigra notatis.

Pullus. Fusco-ferrugineus, vittis tribus dorsalibus latis, inter-
medid saturaté rufo-brunned, lateralibus flavescenti-albidis.
Trides rufo-brunnee. Rostrum pedesque rufescenti-cornei.

Longitudo corporis 9,7, unc., caud@ 5.

Perdix spadicea, Lath., Ind. Orn. 2. 644. 4. Temm., Gall. Ind.
719. Tetrao spadiceus, Gmel., Syst. Nat. J. 759.29. Le
Perdrix rouge de Madagascar, Sonn., Voy.Ind. 2.169. Fran-
colin spadice, Temm., Pig. et Gall. 3.315. Koku-tree of the
Mahrattas.

The male only of this bird, which is very common in the thick
brushwood of the. Ghauts, appears to have been known to the
writers quoted. Colonel Sykes has had both sexes alive in his
pussession for some time, and has no doubt they might be suc-
cessfully introduced into Europe. They are excellent eating.
Rarely take to wing or perch. Male has a harsh call of three
syllables, Kot-kut-ree, whence the Mahratta name; female in
confinement uttered little notes like the twittering of a chicken.
A male in Col. Sykes’s collection has three large spurs on one
leg, and two on the other.

Genus Pterocles, Temm. Ganga.

161. Pterocles exusius, Temm., Pl. Col, 354 & 360. Rock Pigeon of
Europeans in the Dukhun.

A very common bird in the Dukhun; gregarious; frequenting
open stony plains only. Characterized by the height at which
it flies, the rapidity of its flight, and its peculiar and piercing
note announcing its approach ere it can be well seen. It feeds
on a quadrangular hard small seed, which Colonel Sykes has
found in the stomach of only one other bird.

Irides reddish brown. Sexes of the same size. The male has two
of the tail-feathers linearand elongated, which is not the case with
the-female. Male, inclusive of tail, 14 .’> inches : tail 5 inches. |

155

162. Pterocles quadricinetus, Temm., Gall. 3.252. Painted Rock
Pigeon of the Dukhun.
Rare, and met with only in pairs, on open ground at the foot of
hills. Irides reddish brown. Sexes of the same size. Length,
inclusive of tail, 134 inches: tail 3 inches.

Genus Hemipodius.

163. Hemipodius pugnax, Temm., Pl. Col. 60. fig. 2.

Common in the Dukhun, and called the Bustard Quail by Eu-
ropeans. Its reputed pugnacious qualities are not known.
Solitary or in pairs, and mostly found in Chillee fields (Cap-
sicum annuum). Trides light yellow. Length, inclusive of tail,
7x0 inches: tail 1,5, inch. Habits, tongue and internal or-
ganization of Coturnix textilis. M.Temminck describes the fe-
male as differing in plumage from the male; but in Colonel
Sykes’s specimens the sexes are exactly alike.

164. Hearopius Tatcoor, Hem. supra castaneus, plumis stramineo
marginatis, nigrogue undulatim fasciatis ; tegminibus alarum
stramineis nigro fasciatis ; remigibus fuscis; mento guldque
albis ; pectore nigro alboque fasciato ; ventre crissoque dilute
Serrugineis.

Trides pallidé flave. Rostrum nigrescens. Longitudo cor-
poris 4,8, unc., caude 1-2,.

Closely resembles the female of Hem. pugnax as described by M.
Temminck, but the bill is longer and more slender, and Colonel
Sykes has specimens of both sexes. Sexes alike.

165. Hemipodius Dussumier, Temm., Pl. Col. Called the Button Quail

_ by Europeans.

Colonel Sykes never met with this bird otherwise than solitary :
frequents thick grass or pulse fields, and sits so close as to ex-
pose itself to be trod upon. Flight so abrupt and short, that
ere the gun is well up to the shoulder, the bird is down again.
Trides straw-yellow. Length, inclusive of tail, 5,7, inches: tail
1,4, inches.

Fam, Struthionide, Vigors——Genus Otis, Linn. | Bustard.

166. Otis nigriceps, Gould’s Cent. Himal. Birds.

This noble bird is so common in the Dukhun, that one gentleman
has shot nearly a thousand. Gregarious. Egg, a perfect
oval, brown olive, with obscure blotches of darker brown olive.
Length 3, inches, diameter 2,7, inches. One only found in
a hole in the earth on the open plain, and that considerably ad-
vanced in the process of incubation. JIrides deep brown. Length,
male, inclusive of tail, 563 inches: tail 134inches. Female 414
‘inches, inclusive of tail of 10 inches. Male supplied with the
remarkable gular pouch common to the Ofis tarda.

167. Oris FuLVA. Ot. supra cacaotico-brunnea, plumis fulvo mar-
ginatis variegatisque ; tegminibus alarum, collo, pectoreque
Silvis, punctis lineisve brunneis parce notatis ; ventre, wropygio,

. . . . . . . o
Semoribus, tegminibusque caude inferioribus fulvo-albis ; teg-

156

minibus alarum inferioribus lateribusque cacaotico-nigris ;

caudd fulvd fasciis quatuor cacaotico-brunneis notatd ; mento

gulaque albis; vertice brunneo, strigd medid longitudinali albd.

Trides rufescenti-lutescentes, radiis a pupilla pallidé lutes-
centibus. Pedes flavescentes. Longitudo corporis g, 15 ,%
unc., caude 344,: corporis, 1745, caud@é 3,%5.

The wings are of unequal length in the sexes ; and the quills are
singularly acuminaied.

Col. Sykes gives the following detailed description of the Otis fulva:

Forehead, crown, back, scapulars, and first three quills rich cho-
colate brown; feathers of the back and scapulars triangular
at the point, edged with fulvous, and barred in the centre and
near the base with a broad bar of fulvous mottled with choco-
late. Round the eyes, a streak down the centre of the
crown, whole neck, breast, wing-coverts, and tail buff or
fulvous ; the back neck closely speckled with minute dots of
brown. On the wing-coverts a few scattered lines and specks
of brown. Tail with 4 distant fuscous bars, the intermediate
spaces beautifully barred with flexuose lines of fuscous. The
fourth and following quills and secondaries marked like the
tail. Two irregular fuscous streaks down the fore neck. Breast
fulvous, with a few faint lines and spots of brown. Belly, vent,
under tail-coverts, and thighs yellowish white. Under wing.
coverts and sides of the body fine chocolate brown. Occa-
sionally a feather is tipped with white on the wing-coverts.
Upper mandible fuscous, lower yellowish. Chin and throat
white extending up towards the ears. Sexes exactly alike in
plumage, The down at the base of all the feathers pink. Pri-
mary quills singularly acuminated, particularly in the male,
terminating in a point as fine as that of a needle; less so in the
female, and the wings of the latter are from one to two inches
longer than those of the male. This difference is constant.

Col. Sykes stated that his description was’written from eight
specimens lying before-him, and that he had transmitted three
similar to the India House.

Some of Col. Sykes’s sporting friends in India having expressed
a belief that the. Ofzs fulva was the female of the black Floriken
of the Dukhun, (a comparatively rare bird, the Otis fulva
being common,) he was induced to pay particular attention to
the organs of sex, and never found the testes and ova otherwise
than fully developed. If therefore it be referable as an imma-
ture bird to a known species, (Otis Bengalensis, Otis aurita, or
Otis Indica,) it appears in the Dukhun in hundreds, with all
the indications of puberty, at a time when the supposed pa-
rents are rarely, if at all, to be met with. Col, Sykes’s birds
are identical with a specimen laid before the Society by Major
Franklin on the 9th of August 1831, under the name of Otis
Indica ; Major Franklin at the same time expressing doubts
of it being the white-chinned Bustard of Dr. Latham. The
description of the Otis Indica has only two features common

157

to the Otis fulva, * chin white,” and “ under parts dusky yel-
lowish cream colour ;” as they differ in all other particulars, the
birds cannot be identical; and a reference to a figure of the
Otis Indica, which is only to be met with in J. H. Miller, con-
firms the impression. Col. Sykes believes with Major Franklin
that the present species has been usually mistaken for the fe-
male of Otis aurita,.—A correspondent in the Magazine of
Natural History, No. 16, for November 1830, under the sige
nature of “ A Subscriber,” page 517, confirms Col. Sykes’s
opinion, stating that the Churj or ochreous Floriken (small Bus-
tard of India) is not the Otis Indica (white-chinned Bustard),
nor the Otis Bengalensis, nor the black Floriken ( Otis aurita)
or Leek of Hindostan,

Col. Sykes stated the food of the Otis sic gai and the Otis fulva
to be almost exclusively grasshoppers; and he pointed out the
absence of a gizzard (the stomach being simple), combined
with the remarkable shortness of the intestinal canal, scarcely
exceeding the length of the body, as distinguishing these birds
from all others that had come under his observation.

Orpver IV. GRALLATORES, Ji.

Fam. Gruide, Vigors.—Genus Grus, Pallas. Crane.

168. Grus Antigone, Steph. 11. 531. Grus orientalis Indica,
_ Briss., Orn. 5. 378.7. Kullum of the Mahrattas.
Appear in flocks of hundreds in Dukhun during the cold season.

Fam. Ardeide, Leach.—Genus Ardea, Auct.
Section A. - Zarsi long.

169, Ardea Egretta, Gmel., 1.629. Ardea Torra, Buch. Franklin,
Zool. Proceedings. La Grand Egrette, Buff., Ois. 7. 377.
Pl. Enl. 925. Large white Heron with yellow bill.

Length, inclusive of tail, 35 to 36 inches: tail 5 44, inches.
Length of the European bird 42 inches. Jrides bright yellow.
Solitary. : ;

170. Ardea Garzetta, Linn., 1.937. JL’ Aigrette, Buff., Ois. 7. 372,
Pl. Enl. 901. Little Egret Heron. ai

Length, inclusive of tail, 24 to 25 inches - tail 4 inches, Length
of the European bird 24 inches. rides light yellow.

Gregarious. Toes, as in the European bird, yellowish green or
apple green, exhibiting a curious contrast to the greenish black
of the legs. f

171. Arpea AsHA. Ard. supra ardostacea, dorso brunnescente ;
mento, guld, lined longitudinali jugulari, corpore subtis, teg-
minibusque caud@ inferioribus albissimis ; tegminibus alarum

tertiariis albo angusté marginatis. +i

Trifles diluté flave. Rostrum corneum. Tarsi virescenti-

nigri. Longitudo corporis 20; unc., caude@ 33.
Slate-coloured Heron.

A very rare bird in Dukhun. Has a good deal the aspect of

158

Ard. Nove Hollandiz, and several points of resemblance to
Ard. gularis, Ard. jugularis, and the young of Ard. ceerulea ;
but differs from all.
172. Ardea cinerea, Lath., Ind. Orn. 2.691. 54. Le Heron huppé,
Buff., Ois. 7. 342. Pl. Enl, 787.
Trides bright light yellow. Length, inclusive of tail, 38 inches:
tail 6 inches.
Idextical with European specimens. Solitary.
173. Ardea nigrirostris, Gray, Zool. Misc. 20. Fig. Ind. Zool. Part
12th. Large white Heron with black bill.

Differing only in having a black hill from 4rd. Egretta ;
otherwise identical in size, form, colour, and internal or-
ganization ; nevertheless as Col. Sykes has adult birds pre-
serving the black bill, he considers Mr. Gray’s specific di-
stinction valid. Jrides bright yellow.

Section B. TZarsz short.

174. Ardea Malaccensis, Gmel., 1. 643. Crabier blanc et brun de
Malacca, Buff., Ois.'7. 394. Pl. Enl, 911. Buglah of the
Mahrattas.

Trides light bright yellow. Length, inclusive of tail, 19 inches :
tail 3 to 34 inches. One male bird measured 21 inches.
White capillary worms found on the mesentery.

175. Ardea Caboga, Penn., Hindoos, 2. 158. Gibraltar Heron,
Lath., var. A. Small pure white Heron. Batty bird of
Europeans in Dukhun,

Attend oxen while grazing, and pick insects from them, Gres
garious. Length, inclusive of tail, 193 to 21 inches: tail 34
inches. Jrides bright yellow, A shade of yellow ochre on the
forehead in some individuals.

176, ArDEAGRrayiI. Ard. alba ; dorso atro-rubente ; capite, collo,
pectore, scapularibusque sordidé flavescenti-albidis ; occipitis
plumis 3—5 longis, linearibus, albissimis.

Trides nitidé flave. Rostrum ad apicem nigrum, ad basin
flavescens. Tursifuscescenti-carnei. Longitudo (cauda
inclusd) 18; —193 unc., caude 3. -

Marone-backed Heron.

The deep chestnut or marone feathers of the back are decom-
posed, and extend nearly to the end of the tail. The imma-
ture bird bears a very close resemblance to the 4rd. Malac-
censis.

177. Ardea Javanica, Horsf., Linn. Trans. 13. 190. Indian green
Heron of Dr. Latham, No. 74.

Col. Sykes’s specimens are identical with those from Java, and on
comparing them with the descriptions of Ard. virescens, Ill.,
and the plate of Buffon (PI. Enl. 908, Cralier de oe
they differ in wanting the red stripes down the throat and neck,
and in the tail being dark metallic green instead of black, and
in smaller size. Dr. Horsfield’s trivial name is therefore valid.
Trides bright light yellow, surrounded by a very narrow red
ring. Length, inclusive of tail, 163 inches: tail 2%. Sexes

159

alike in size and plumage. Solitary on: the woody banks of
small streams.
178. Ardea cinnamomea, Gmel., 1. 643. Entire chestnut Heron.
Identical with specimens in the British Museum and India
House. Length, inclusive of tail, 154 inches: tail 23 inches.
Trides bright yellow.
Rare in Dukhun. Mostly solitary ; never gregarious, Remark-

ably wary.
Genus Botaurus, Briss. Bittern.

179. Botaurus stellaris, Briss., Orn. 5. 444. Ardea stellaris, Linn.,
1. 239. 21. Le Butor, Buff, Ois.7.411. Pl. Enl. 789.
Common Bittern.

Identical with the European bird.
Rare in Dukhun.

Genus Nycticorax, Steph.
180. Nycticorax Europeus, Steph., 11. 609. Ardea Nycticoraz,
inn., 1. 235.9. Le Bihoreau, Buff, Ois. 7.435. Pl. Enl.
758. Night Heron.
Irides broad, crimson. Length, inclusive of tail, 24 inches: tail
4.2, inches. Length of the European bird about 22 inches.
Trides and legs of the same colour as those of the Asiatic bird.

Genus Phenicopterus, Linn. Flamingo.

181, Pheenicopterus ruber, Linn., 1.230. Le Flammant, Buff, Ois.
8.475. Pl. Enl.63. Red Flamingo. Rajah Huns of the
Hindoos,

Trides light yellow. Length, inclusive of tail, 433 inches: tail
6 inches. :

In the duodenum of a female were found two thick, remarkable
white worms composed of annuli ; one 7 inches long, the other
41 inches; and filling up the intestinal canal, so that liquid
food only could have passed ; nevertheless the bird appeared
quite healthy.

Genus Platalea, Linn. Spoonbill.
182. Platalea leucorodia, Linn., 1. 231. 1. La Spatule, Buff., Ois.
7.443. Pl. Enl. 405. Crested white Spoonbill.
Irides crimson, Length, inclusive of tail, 455 inches: ‘tail 5E
inches. ;
Although a little larger in size, it is otherwise absolutely identical
kee the European bird even to the colour of the irides and
egs.
183. Platalea junior. The feathers with black shafts.
Mr. Stephens describes these birds as rarely occurring inland.
Col. S.’s specimens were obtained 100 miles from the sea, and
at an elevation of 2000 feet.

Genus Ciconia, Ray. Stork.
184. Ciconia leucocephala. Ardea leucocephala, Gmel., 1. 642.

160

Lath., Ind. Orn. 2. 699. 75. Le Heron Violet, Buff., Ois. 7.
370. Heron de la céte de Coromandel, Buff., Pl. Enl. 906.
Violet Heron. Kandehsur or Kowruw of the Mahrattas.

It is singular that this well-marked bird should have been classed
as a Heron for a long period, and remain as such at the pre-
sent moment in Shaw. Length, inclusive of tail, 33 to 345
inches : tail 8 inches.

Mostly seen on open stony plains or in ploughed fields. Food
chiefly grasshoppers. Monogamous. Jrides scarlet, margined
with a narrow circle of black and an exterior circle of yel-
lowish.

185. Ciconia Argala, Steph., vol. 11. p. 622. Ardea dubia, Gmel.,
1. 624. Ardea Argala, Lath.

Is met with in Dukhun; but Col. Sykes has not a specimen. Called

the Adjutant by Europeans, from its stiff soldier-like strut.

Genus Anastomus, Ill. Courly.

186. Anastomus Typus, Temm. An. Coromandelianus, Steph., 11.
632. Ardea Coromandelica (l’'adulte) et Ponticeriana (le
jeune), Temm. Le bec ouvert des Indes, Sonn., Voy. 2. pl.
inp.219. Buff, Ois.’7.409. Pl. Enl. 932. Cinereous Muscle-
catcher. D

Trides bright yellow. Length, inclusive of tail, 32 to 33 inches :
tail 64 to 6; inches.

Buffon’s figure is excellent. Lives on the animals of a new and '
large species of Unio. The stomach of this bird is not less re-
markable than its bill: the last exhibiting a beautiful adapta-
tion of means to their end ; the form of the mandibles enabling
the bird to hold and open the bivalve shell of the Unio. So-
litary.

The a length of the intestinal canal exceeds that of
any other bird in the order Grallatores, in one specimen being
five times the length of the body, neck and bill inclusive.

Genus Tantalus, Linn.

187. Tantalus leucocephalus, Lath., Ind. Orn, 2. 706. Le Tantale
de Ceylon, Cuv., Régne Anim. 1.481. White-headed Ibis.

Trides yellow. Length, inclusive of tail, 403 to 43 inches: tail

4 inches.

A Jarge diaphanous spot on each side of the base of the upper
mandible before the eyes does not appear to have been noticed
in the description of the bird.

The generic characters, if this bird be made the type, require
modification. ‘The stomachs of three birds were distended with
fibrous vegetable matters in a comminuted state. A fourth
had the same vegetable matters and the half of a carp 9 inches
long.

Genus Ibis, La Cép. Ibis.

188. Ibis religiosa, Cuv., Régne Anim. 1. 483. Sacred Ibis. L’ Ibis
sacre, Cuv., Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles, 1. 161.

161

Tantalus /Ethiopicus. Ibis Macei, Cuv., Ann. Mus, }1. 125.
White Ibis with purple black secondary quill decomposed fea-
thers, Ind. Orn. 2. 706.

Col. Sykes carefully compared the descriptions and measurements
of the larger Mummy Ibis of Cuvier ; and is induced to believe
the present bird is the same. Col. Sykes puts into juxta-
position the measurements of Cuvier’s Mummy Ibis from Thebes
and one of his own birds:

Mummy Ibis. Dukhun Ibis.

Inches, Inches.
Length of beak and head together....8°27.......-.++- 8:15
Fea eo esis ex bibilaleg ele 5 Male: | be 2) al i 1°80
PERRIS sa. 5c We casi aha ask tabein aR eae ie areata 5-80
TEE gee aa gee fo ied ES ona BE a pag APU Meee ccs nee 3°80
WWIOGIG COCTE Conch co cece meteeeueacos SST Se ee 3°50
Cente Ss SPIN SE POM SIO DEA, ST. Be GOs. 5°95
betel ® Sik Bee ATION LSS ees SOR MODs Ieee 4-80

The individual of which the measurements are given has the two
first quills tipped with violet, their shafts of the same colour,
and four of the secondary quills are also violet and with their
webs decomposed, according with Cuvier’s description, ‘The
violet colour is not so deep as in the Athiopian Ibis ; but as in
all Col. Sykes’s specimens (nine in number) the violet feathers
are in progress of development, the colour would no doubt
subsequently be darker. Cuvier mentions that the Mummy
Ibis varied a little in size. Col. S. has birds larger and smaller
than that of which the measurements are given.

Appear in Dukhun in the cold weather only. Gregarious.

Trides narrow, lake colour. Food water-crickets, crabs, beetles,
shrimps. Length, inclusive of tail, 30 to 354 inches: tail 5,
to 5,7,. Bill and head to occiput 7,8, to 9%, inches. Bill to
the gape 6,3, to 7,8, inches.

189. Ibisignea. Tantalus igneus, Lath., Ind. Orn. 2.708. 12. Ibis

falcinellus, Temm., Man, d’Orn., 2nd Edit. 2. 596.

Col. Sykes’s birds, male and female, are identical with two Euro-
"pean specimens in the British Museum labelled Ibis zgnea, and
viewed as the immature birds of Ibis falcinellus. Col. Sykes
however has seen so many of both in India, appearing in dif-
ferent flocks at the same period of the year, and not having,

as M. Temminck describes the birds before they are three years
old, “‘ partie inferieure du cou, poitrine, ventre, et cuisses d’un
noir cendré ; haut du dos et scapulaires d’un cendré brun,” but

of a rich fuscous brown, with brilliant metallic reflections;
differing also in the proportions of the internal organization ;
and Dr. Latham moreover describes even the youngest birds

of Ibis falcinellus as characterized by reddish brown. Hero-
dotus speaks of the smaller Ibis as entirely black, a description
inapplicable to the [67s falcinellus, but applicable to the present
species, which at a short distance appears entirely black. Col.
Sykes is therefore induced to adopt the opinion of those writers
who considered the bird distinct from Ibis falcinellus, Its

7

162

measurements correspond with those of the smaller species of
Mammy Ibis given by Cuvier; and it agrees in plumage (in-
tense blackish brown with metallic reflections, without any
mention of chestnut or marone, the livery of the Ibis ignea,)
with the descriptions of the ancients ; it is therefore very pro-
bable, as M. Temminck suggests, that it is the sacred species
worshiped and embalmed by the Egyptians.

Length (male), inclusive of tail, 255 inches: tail 44 inches. Fe-
male 235 inches: tail 4 inches.

Black beetles, /arve of water insects, and numerous univalve shells
found in the stomachs of these birds.

190. Ibis papillosa, Temm., Pl. Col. 304. Black screaming Ibts.
Indian variety of Bald Ibis, Lath., 9. 156.

Soar high in the air in circles, uttering melancholy screams,
Monogamous. Found in the stomach of several birds aquatic
insects, nfultitudes of black beetles, Jowaree seeds, Gryllotalpe,
and vegetable matters. Col. Sykes’s birds are much less bril-
liant in plumage than the specimen described and figured by
M. Temminck.

Trides pale red. Length, inclusive of tail, 25 to 283 inches: tail
74 inches,

191. Ibis falcinellus, Temm., Man. d’Orn, 2nd Edit.2.599. Tantalus
Jalcinellus, Linn,, 1.241. Gmel., 1.648. Le Courlis verd,
Buff., Ois.8.29. Courly d’Italie, Buff., Pl, Enl. 819. Ma-
rone Ibis,

Sexes do not differ in plumage; but the female is somewhat
smaller than the male.

Length, inclusive of tail, 26 to 264 inches: tail 44 inches. Mul-
titudes of black beetles and grasshoppers, and univalve fresh-
water shells, found in the stomach. An immature bird in pos-
session of the Zoological Society, unlike the supposed imma-
ture bird (I6zs tgnea),is characterized by the marone livery of
the Ibis falcinellus.

Fam. Scolopacide, Vigors.—Genus Totanus, Bechst. Sandpiper.

192. Totanus ochropus, Temm., Man. d’Orn.420. Tringa ochropus,
Linn., 1, 250. Green Sandpiper.

Absolutely identical in plumage with a specimen from Hudson’s
Bay in the British Museum, and with English specimens,

Irides fuscous brown, Length, inclusive of tail, 95 to 10 inches :
tail 24 inches.

For the most part solitary, The stomach approximates to a giz-
zard. Sexes alike. Cry, Cheet, Cheet, Cheet.

193. Totanus Glareola,Temm., Man. d’Orn, 2nd Edit. 2. 654, Tringa
Glareola, Linn., 1. 250. Wood Sandpiper.

Differs from one specimen of Tringa Glareola in the British Mu-
seum in a defined white line over the eyes to the bill, more
white on the throat and less brown speckled on the breast,
and slightly longer bill ; but is identical in plumage with an-
other specimen,

163

- Irides fuscous brown. Length, inclusive of tail, 9 to 91 inches :
tail 2,3, inches, Sexes alike. In April as delicate eating as
the common Snipe. Cry, Chit, Chit, Chit ; but the alarm cry is
like the grating of a rusty hinge.

194, Totanus hypoleucos, Temm., Man. d’Orn. 424. Tringa hypo-

leucos, Linn., 1, 250. Common Sandpiper. Tringa Guinetta,
Brit. Mus. La petite Alouette de Mer, Buff., Pl. Enl. 850.
Irides fuscous brown. Length, inclusive of tail, 85 to 9 inches:
tail 2,4, inches.
Cry, a sharp whistle like Wheet, Wheet, Wheet. Jerk the tail in
acurious manner. Sexes alike. Generally solitary,

Genus Limosa, Briss. - Godwit.

195, Limosa Glottoides. Totanus Glottoides, Gould’s Century of
Himalayan Birds.

Col. Sykes agrees with Mr. Gould in the propriety of separating
this bird from the Totanus Glottis ( Scolopax Glottis), or Green-
shanks of Europe.

Irides fuscous red brown. Length, inclusive of tail, 14 to 142
inches: tail 3 inches.

Sexes do not differ in plumage or size. Cry in flight, a sharp,
shrill Queek, Queek. Very wary birds. Commonly seen alone ;
rarely three or four together. Minute fish, larve of water
insects, and univalve shells found in the stomach.

196, Limosa Horsrietpu. Lim, supra brunnea, plumarum rha-
chibus lineisque transversis angulatis nigris ; mento, corpore
infra, uropygio, dorsi dimidio, caudd, mar. inibusque -plu-
marum supertorum albis ; remigibus fuscis chile albis ;
caudd lineis plurimis angulatis angustis nigris notatd.

Trides intensé rufo-brunnee. Rostrum pedesque (hi gracillimi)
nigri. Longitudo corporis 8—84 unc., caude 2},

This is a miniature likeness of the preceding, but quite distinct,
although similar in habits, manners, flight, and cry ; but with
a permanent difference in size and some markings. It is com-
paratively a rare bird. Col. Sykes had at first considered it a
young bird of Tot. Glottoides, until an observation of some
years convinced him of his mistake. So wary as to be rarely
within reach of the gun. Female with the spots and markings
fainter than in the male. Bill ] 9, inch long.

Genus Gallinago, Ray. Snipe.

197. Gallinago media, Ray. Scolopax Gallinago, Linn,, 1. 244.
Becassine, Buff, Ois. 7.483. Pl. Enl. 883.

Appears only from November until March in Dukhun. Same as
the European bird, with trifling exceptions, resulting probably
from age. Irides intense brown. Size of common Snipe.
Found in the stomach, vegetable matter, minute univalve
shells, earth-worms, larv@ of water insects, and fine gravel.
Sexes alike.

198. Gallinago minima, Ray, Syn, 105. A. Scolopax Gallinula,

164 '

Linn., 1. 244.8. Becassine sourde, Temm., Man. d’Orn. 440.
Jack Snipe.

Appears and disappears with the preceding species. Identical
with the European bird and precisely similar in its habits.
Trides intense brown. Length, inclusive of tail, 8,2, inches:
tail 2.3, inches. Food the same as that of the common Snipe.
Sexes alike.

Genus Rhynchaa, Cuv.

199. Rhynchea picta, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Rhynch. Capensis,
Steph., 12.65. Scolopax Capensis, Linn., 1. 246.

Col. Sykes has specimens in such states of plumage as to corre-
spond with the above species, shot on the same ground. Mi-
gratory. Irides red brown. Length, inclusive of tail, 10 inches:
tail 13 inches. Sexes alike. Feed like Snipes.

Genus Pelidna, Cuv. Dunlin.

209. Pelidna Temminckii, Steph., 12. 103. Tringa Temminckit,
Leis]. Temm., Man. d’Orn. 401. Small Dunlin.
Identical with the European bird. Jrides dark brown. Length,
inclusive of tail, 6 to 64 inches: tail 2 inches. Feed like Snipes.
Gregarious. Excellent eating.

Fam. Rallid@, Leach—Genus Parra, Linn. Jacana.

201, Parra Sinensis,‘Gmel., 1.709. Yellow back-necked Jacana.
Fig. in Gould’s Century of Birds.

The immature bird is the Parra Luzoniensis. Dive remarkably
well despite their long toes. JIrides fuscous brown. Length,
inclusive of tail, 18 to 19 inches: tail'9 to 10 inches. Found
in the stomach of many birds vegetable matter, two species of
univalve shells, bugs (Cimex annulatus), and fine gravel. Gre-
garious, and common on the rivers in Dukhun.

Genus Gallinula, Ray. Gallinule.

202. Gallinula Javanica, Horsf., Linn. Trans. 13.196. Poule Sul-
tane dela Chine, ou Poule Sultane brune, Pl. Enl. 896. Pan
Komree of the Mahrattas.

This is the Variety (3 of the ‘ Index Ornithologicus.” Dr. Hors-
field has judiciously separated it from the Gall. pheenicura.
Col. Sykes’s specimens differ from Dr. Horsfield’s only in being
a little larger. rides fuscous red. Length, inclusive of tail,
114 to 125 inches : tail 23 to3inches. Larve of water insects
found in the stomach. Legs very long.

Genus Rallus, Auct. Rail.

203. RatLus AKooL. Rall. corpore supra lateribusque olivaceo-
fusco-brunneis; alis cauddque fuscis ; gutture, pectore, ventre,
uropygioque cinereo-brunneis ; tegminibus alarum caudeque
inferioribus saturaté brunneis ; mento albo.

Rostrum virescenti-nigrum. Pedes carneo-brunnei. Lon-
gitudo corporis 8—9 unc., caud@e 23.

ede we

165

The only spot of white on the bird is at the chin. Wings and
tail short. This bird appears quite distinct from any described
species of Rallus or Gallinula. The nearest approach to it is
the Rall. niger of Gmelin from the Cape of Good Hope. Sexes
alike. Frequents sedgy and marshy places amidst low bushes.
Shuns observation.

Genus Porphyrio, Briss.

204. Porphyrio smaragnotus, Temm., Man. d’Orn. 2nd Edit. 2,700.
Fulica Porphyrio, Linn., 1. 258. Le Taleve de Madagascar,
Buff., Pl. Enl. 810.

These very beautiful birds are found on most of the very large
tanks or ponds, the surface of which is a good deal covered
with the broad leaves of the Lotus, on which the birds walk.
Vegetable matters only found in the stomach of several birds,
particularly parts of the green capsules of Trapa bispinosa.
Sexes alike. Jrides blood red. Length, inclusive of tail, 18
inches: tail 33 inches. Stomach a true gizzard.

Genus Fulica, Auct. Coot.

205. Fulica atra, Linn., 1.257. Le Foulque, Buff, Ois. 8. 211. Pl.
Enl. 197.

Differs only from Javanese specimens in being larger, and a shade
lighter below. Much larger than the common Cout of Europe,
but with the same coloured zrides (crimson), and does not
otherwise differ. Length, inclusive of tail, 18 to 19 inches:

_.. tail Zinches, It has the habits of Podiceps, and with the giz-
zard, long ceca, and general internal organization of a Duck,
seems to belong to the order Natatores. Water weeds and coarse

sand found in the stomach,

Fam. Charadriad@, Leach.—Genus Cursorius, Lath. Courser.

206. Cursorius Asiaticus, Lath., Ind. Orn. 2. 751.2. Cour-vite de
Coromandel, Buff., Ois. 8.129. PI. Enl. 892.

Trides dark brown. Length, inclusive of tail, 10 inches: tail 23
inches. Sexes alike, Numerous in Dukhun; but only on the
open stony and grass plains. This bird has the shortness of
intestine of the Bustard (equal to the length of the body), with
a stomach nearly similar; feeding in the same manner on in-
sects and their /arve and with the same cursorial habits, and
should therefore be placed near the Struthionide, after Otis and
Tetrao.

Genus Vanellus, Briss. Lapwing.
207. Vanellus Goensis, Steph., 11.514. Tringa Goensis, Lath., Ind.
Orn. 2.'727.'7. Parra Goensis, Gmel., 1. 706. Vanneau
armé de Goa, Buff., Pl. Enl. 807.
Trides fuscous crimson. Length, inclusive of tail, 14 inches: tail
5 inches. Affect open plains and beds of rivers. Gregarious.
Water insects, shells, and corn found in the stomach. A watch-
ful and noisy bird at night; uttering cries of Did he doo it,
Did he doo tt. Sexes alike.
[No. XXII1-]

166

208. Vanellus bilobus. Charadrius bilobus, Gmel. 1.691. Le Plu-

vier de la céte de Malabar, Buff., Pl. Enl. 880.

The bird has a black bill, yellowish at the base; and not a yellow

bill, as described in the ‘ Index Ornithologicus.’ There are one
or two other minor discrepancies ; but no doubt it is the species
figured by Buffon. Although it wants the hind toe, and is
therefore, agreeably to generic characters, a Charadrius, its
habits, figure, food, and almost its cry, are those of the prece-
ding species. Col. Sykes has therefore classed it as a Vanellus.
Trides yellowish. Length, inclusive of tail, 113 to 12 inches:
tail 3} inches. Gregarious. Found only on the open stony
and grass plains. Like the Van. Goensis, a restless noisy bird
at night, crying Deewit, Deewit. Sexes alike.

Genus Charadrius, Auct. Plover.

209. Charadrius pluvialis, Linn., 1.254.7. Le Pluvier doré, Buff.,

Ois. 8.81. Pl. Enl. 904. Golden Plover.

Identical with Javanese specimens. Smaller tlian one North

American specimen and two English specimens in the British
Museum; but absolutely identical with other British specimens.
A rare bird in Dukhun, and appearing only in the cold weather.
Irides almost black. Length, inclusive of tail, 10 inches: tail
2.°, inches. Gregarious. In the stomach were found beetles,
land insects, and coarse sand.

210. Charadrius Philippensis, Lath., Ind. Orn. 2.745. 11. Petit

Pluvier 2 collier de Lugon, Sonn., Voy. Ind. 84. pl. 46.

This little bird has the habits of Totanus ; frequents the shores

211.

of fresh water only ; and in firing into a flock of Sandpipers it
is frequently killed in company with them. rides fuscous .
crimson. Length, inclusive of tail, 74 inches ; tail 2,4, inches.
Gregarious. Sexes alike. . Sonnerat, in his description, omits
to mention that the margins of the eyelids are bright yellow ;
instead of which he calls the irides yellow.

Genus Himantopus, Ray. Longshanks.

Himantopus melanopterus, Horsf., Linn. Trans. 13. 194.

Charadrius Himantopus, Linn., 1.255. L’ Echasse, Buff., Ois.
8.114. Pl. Enl. 878.

There are slight discrepancies in the plumage between the birds

of Java, India, and Europe; and in case of these being perma-
nent, and not the result of nonage, specific differences might
beestablished. Jvides narrow, lake or crimson colour. Length,
inclusive of tail, 16 inches; tail 34 inches; to the end of the
toes 22> inches. Gregarious. Vegetable matters, larve of
water insects, and minute univalve shells found in the stomach.
These birds are strangely polluted with visceral worms of the
tape and capillary kinds.

Genus @dicnemus, Cuv. Thick-knee.

212. CEidicnemus crepitans, Temm., Man, 322. Otis Gidicnemus,

Lath., Ind. Orn, 2.661. 11, Charadrius Gidicnemus, Linn.,

167

1. 255. Le grand Pluvier, Buft., Pl. Enl. 919. Great-headed
Thick-knee.

There is no visible difference between the Dukhun and British
species. Eyes of very great size. Jrides very broad, of a
greenish yellow. Length, inclusive of tail, 17 to 18 inches;
tail 43 inches. Gregarious. Frequents bushy wilds as well
as grass plains. Not met with in woods. Land insects and
seeds found in the stomach. Sexes do not differ in size or
plumage. This bird rests on the first joint of the leg like the
Gallus giganteus.

Orper V. NATATORES, Jil.
Fam. Anatide, Leach.—Geous Plectropterus, Leach.

213. Plectropterus melanotos, Steph., 12.8. Anas melanotos, Gmel.,
1.503. L’Oie bronzée de Coromandel, Buff., Pl. Enl. 937.
Black and white Plectropterus. Nukta of the Mahrattas.

The very large vertical compressed process on the upper man-
dible; the white lower part of the back; cinereous rump; and
rudimentary black mane down the back neck are not noticed
in deseriptions of this species. This noble and splendid bird
is not common in the Dukhun. Female considerably Jess in
size than the male, and with the metallic reflections much less
brilliant; destitute also of the comb or crest on the upper
mandible. Seen in pairs. Horny process on the bend of the
wing obtuse. Length, inc'usive of tail, 30 to $4 inches; tail
54 to 6 inches. Seeds of water-grasses, and the remarkable
quadrangular hard seeds met with in the stomach of the Pte-
rocles exustus found also in the stomach of the Plectropterus,
Digastric muscle of the remarkable thickness of 1,2, inch.

Genus Anser, Briss. pith
214. Anser Girra. Anas Girra, Gray, Indian Zool. IIlust. No. 4.
fig.6. Girra Teal, Lath. Cotton Teal of Europeans in
Dukhun, from the quantity of white in the plumage.
Jrides bright crimson, ~
This handsome bird is one of the smallest of the Anatide.
Length, inclusive of tail, 124 to 14 inches; tail 3 to 33 inches.
Sexes exactly alike. Monogamous. Vegetable matter and
_gravel found in the stomach. These birds, when wounded,
dive, and on returning to the surface show only the bill above
water, keeping the body below at pleasure.

Genus Tadorna, Leach.

215. Tadorna rutila, Steph., 12.71. Anas Casarca, Linn., App. 3.
: 224. Shieldrake. Bruhmuny Duck of Europeans in Dukhun.
Frides yellowish brown. Length, inclusive of tail, male 28 inches,
female 25 to 26 inches; tail 54 inches. For the most part of

the year these birds are in pairs ; but on the Nerbudda river in
Guzerat, Colonel Sykes has seen them congregated in hun-
dreds in April. Found inthe stomachs of many birds, grass
seeds and vegetable matters only. The female is destitute of

168

the black ring round the neck ornamenting the male. The in-
testinal canal twice the proportional length of that of the Plec-
tropterus.

Genus Anas, Auct.

216. Anas strepera, Linn., 1.200. Chipeau, Buff., Pl. Enl. 958.
Chestnut lesser wing-covert Duck.

Males identical with specimens in the British Museum from Kent.
No females for comparison. Length, inclusive of tail, male
24 to 25 inches, female 22 inches ; tail 4 inches. Numerous
in Dukhun. _ Gregarious. A tape-worm was found protruding
through the coat of the intestine in one bird, without affecting

its health or flesh.

Genus Rhynchaspis, Leach, MSS.

217. Rhynchaspis virescens, Leach, MSS. Anas clypeata, Linn., 1.
200. Souchet, Buff., Ois.9.191. Pl. En). 971,972. Black-
headed Shoveler.

Identical with British specimens of the common Shoveler; but
differing from the description of that bird in Shaw. Jrides
yellowish brown. Length, inclusive of tail, 20 to 21 inches;
tail4. inches. Grass seeds, vegetable matters, pulse-like seeds,
and gravel found in the stomach. Gregarious, ‘The intestinal
cana] is more than seven times as long as the body, neck, and
bill included ; and in this particular is not approached within
nearly two-sevenths by any other bird of the order Natatores.

Genus Mareca, Steph. Wigeon.

218. Mareca peecilorhyncha, Steph , 12.134. Anas peecilorhyncha,
Gmel., 1.535. Spotted-billed Duck, Lath.

Trides red fuscous brown. Length, inclusive of tail, 22 to 25
inches; tail 4 to 43 inches. Sexes alike in plumage. Grass
seeds, vegetable matters, and small stones found in the gizzard.
Colonel Sykes’s birds identical with a specimen in the British
Museum, from the Himalayan mountains. The spot at the
end of the bill invariably yellow, but in books it is stated to be
white. The digastric muscle thicker than the diameter of the
cavity of the gizzard. Colonel Sykes does not consider this
species a true Mareca.

219. Mareca fistularis, Steph., 12.131. Anas Penelope, Linn., }.
202. Canard Siffleur, Buff, Ois. 9, 169. Pl. Enl, 825.
Wigeon.

Irides red fuscous brown. Length, inclusive of tail, 19 to 20
inches (males), 183 to 19 inches (females) ; tail 35 to 33 inches.
Gregarious. Absolutely identical with specimens from Devon-
shire. Contents of the gizzard as in the preceding species.

220. Mareca AwsurrE. Mar.nigrescenti-brunnea; plumarum sca-
pularium dorsique apicibus flavescenti-brunneis ; tegminibus
alarum minoribus caudeque superioribus saturaté castaneis ;
vertice linedque cervicali fuscis ; capite, collo, pectoreque pal-

Aid2 flavescenti-brunneis, ventre uropygioque saturatioribus

169

pe mento tegminibusque caud@ inferioribus sordidé

albis.

Rostrum pedesque nigri. Longitudo (cauda inclusi) 18—20
unc., caud@ 25. Whistling Teal.

This bird, of which Colonel Sykes has many specimens, is iden-
tical with a bird in the British Museum, from Africa; one in
the Zoological Society, from Bengal; and one in the India
House, from Java. In the whole of these, the lunules on the
breast, neck, and upper part of the back, and the strong black
short mane of the Anas arcuata are wanting. It is also larger
than that bird, and Colonel Sykes is therefore led to believe
this to be a distinct species, although strongly resembling it.

Gregarious, and abundant in Dukhun. Sexes alike in plumage.
These birds are characterized by a very peculiar whistle when
disturbed, by a proportionate length of intestine one-third
shorter than that of any other species of the Anatide, and by
the inferior larynx being dilated into two oblong chambers,
placed rather in front of, than lateral to the trachea.

Genus Querquedula, Ray. Teal.

221. Querquedula Circia, Steph., 12.143. Anas Circia, Linn., 1,204.
Sarcelle d’été, Buff, Ois. 9.268. Pl. Enl. 946, Gargany
Teal.

Length, inclusive of tail, 16 to 172 inches; tail 3 to 3,4, inches.
Female the smaller bird, and quite dissimilar in plumage. Iden-
tical with British specimens, Gregarious. In addition to simi-
lar contents of the gizzard in other species, rice in the husk
was found,

222, Querquedula Crecea, Steph., 12.146. Anas Crecca, Linn., 1.204.
Petite Sarcelle, Buff., Ois. 9.265. Pl. Enl. 947. Common
Teal,

Identical with male and female British specimens. Length, in-
clusive of tail, 15£ to 16 inches; tail 3 inches. Water-weed
and gravel in the stomach. Colonel Sykes has in his possession
specimens (male and female) resembling the female of Quergq.
‘Crecca ; but in which the proportional length of the intestinal .
canal differs so much from that of Querg. Crecca (3°30 to 1,
and 5°57 to 1), that he is induced to believe they may belong
to a distinct species. It will be observed that the proportional
length of the intestine (5-57 to 1) closely approximates to that
ofa widely-different bird, the carrion-devouring Percnopterus.

Genus Fuligula, Steph. Pochard,

223. Fuligula rufina, Steph., 12.188. Anas rufina, Pall. Le Ca-
nard Siffleur huppé, Buff., Ois. 9.282. Pl. Enl. 9928. Red-
headed Pochard.

Length, inclusive of tail, 25 inches; tail 34 inches. Digastric
rmouscle remarkably thick. Rare in Dukhun. Vegetable mat-
ters and gravel in the stomach.

224. Fuligula ——_——, Ash-brown Pochard with white speculum.

This bird has a considerable resemblance to the female of Ful, ru-

170

jina, as described by Mr. Stephens, but it has a black bill; and
Colonel Sykes is not able to meet with a specimen to institute
a rigid comparison; he therefore leaves the bird for future con-
sideration. Length, inclusive of tail, 24 inches; tail 34 inches.
A coloured figure in Hunt's British Ornithology ( Norwich)
represents the female of Ful. rufina with a red bill, red legs,
and reddish-brown plumage, which militate against its identity
with the present bird.
225. Fuligula cristata, Steph., 12.190. Anas Fuligula, Livn., 1.207.
Morillon, Buff., Ois. 9.227. Pl. Enl.1001. Tufted Duck.
Differs only in the more pronounced amethyst reflection of the
back neck in the male from British specimens. Female iden-
tical. Jrides bright yellow. Length, inclusive of tail, 18 to
19 inches; tail 2,5, to 27, inches. Female the smaller bird.

Fam. Colymbide, Leach.—Genus Podiceps, Lath.

226. Podiceps Philippensis, Steph., 13.16. Indian Grebe, Lath., 10.
29. described from drawings of Sir John Anstruther, Le
Castagneux des Philippines, Buff., Ois. 8.246. Pl. Enl. 945.
Buffon’s plate is excellent,

Trides broad, of an ochry yellow; they dilate and contract. Length,
from the bill to the rump, 93 to 93 inches; tail none. Common
in Dukhun, where their unceasing habit of diving occasions
their being called Divers by Europeans, although quite distinct
from the genus Colymbus. From their remarkable quickness
of eye, Colonel Sykes has known a dozen unsuccessful shots
fired at the same individual, which constantly disappeared un-
der water ere the shot reached him. Gregarious. Stomach
simple, resembling that of Herons, and wholly unlike that of
Ducks. Found in the stomach larve of water insects and
shrimps, aliments common to the Heron tribe, and not found
by Colonel Sykes in the gizzard of Ducks.

Fam. Pelecanide, Leach. Genus Phalacrocoraz, Briss. Cormorant.

227. Phalacrocorax Javanicus, Steph., 13. 90. Carbo Javanica,
Horsf., Linn. Trans. 13. 197, Figured in I}lust. Ind. Zool.,
part 10. fig. 9. Shag of Europeans in Dukhun.

Absolutely identical with Dr. Horsfield’s specimens from Java.
Differs from Pelecanus Africanus (Phal. Africanus), with which
it has been confounded, in the scapulars and wing coverts being
reddish-fuscous-brown instead of blue-gray, and being’ mar- .
gined and tipped with lighter brown instead of black; in the
first three quill-feathers being black instead of pale brown; in
the secondaries not being so long as the quills; tail graduated
instead of cuneiform ; in the front of the neck being reddish
and fuscous instead of black and white; finally, in the belly
being rusty black instead of white varied with dusky. There
can be no question, therefore, of the propriety of its being
considered a distinct species by Dr. Horsfield. Colonel Sykes
has seen hundreds of them, and notes these differences with
several specimens lying before him. Irides remarkably nar-

171

row, crimson. Length, inclusive of tail, 22 to 23 inches; tail
6 inches. Sexes alike. The only spot of white on the bird is
at the chin. Very numerous in Dukhun, appearing in the
rivers in flocks of hundreds. Fish (some 3 inches long) and
prawns found in the stomach of many birds; also capillary
worms. Colonel Sykes remarks, that the generic character,
* Face and throat naked” is inapplicable to this species,

Genus Plotus, Linn. Darter.

228. Plotus melanogaster, Gmel. 1.580. Anhinga noir du Senegal,
Buff, Ois. 8.453. Pl. Enl. 960 & 107. Black-billed Darter,
called the Snake-bird in Dukhun,

Trides bright yellow. Length, inclusive of tail, 374 inches; tail
93 inches. Solitary. Rare in Dukhun, but frequently met
with below the Ghauts. This bird has the singular faculty of
being enabled to swim with the whole of its body under water,
the long neck and head alone being visible, looking like a snake.
Colonel Sykes’s limits do not permit him to enlarge on the
very peculiar formation of the stomach, more resembling that
of a ruminant than a bird. Seven small carp and much deep-
green vegetable fibre were found in the stomach of a female.

Fam. Laride, Leach.—Genus Sterna, Linn. Tern. :

229. Sterna acuticautla, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool., part 6. fig.3. Small
yellow-billed Tern. Sterna melanogaster, Temm., Pl. Col, 434?

Irides reddish deep brown. Length, inclusive of tail, 133 to 142
inches; tail 6¢ to 7 inches, very forked and acute ; the lateral
feathers being subulate. Fish found inthe stomach. Although
the wings are so long, the flight is slow and with a good deal
of flapping. Take their prey while on the wing by darting ob-
liquely upon it. Do not dip under water, nor dart perpen-
dicularly, like Alcedo rudis. This elegant and slender species
Colonel Sykes shot 160 miles inland, and at an elevation of
1800 feet above the sea. Gregarious. Common in Dukhun.

230. Sterna similis, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool., part 6, plate 8. fig. 2.
Tern with a fuscous lake-coloured bill.

Length, inclusive of tail, 114 to 12 inches ; tail 3,4, to 345, inches ;
slightly forked, and without the lateral, elongated, and subulate
feathers of Sterna acuticauda. Fish only found in the stomach.
Gregarious. Habits and locality of the last species. Colonel
Sykes states it as curious, that all his specimens, seven in num-
ber, of Sterna acuticauda and Sterna similis proved to be fe-
males. Common in Dukhun.

231. Sterna Serna. Sterna supra cinerea; fronte, vertice, cervi-
ceque saturate nitidé atris ; corpore infra albo, hypochondriis
parim cinereo tinctis ; rectricibus lateralibus albis,

Trides saturaté rufescenti-brunnez. Rostrum forte, flavum.
Pedes rubri. Longitudo (cauda inclusa) 17—17£ unc.,
caude 8—S3, rictiis 2,55.

This species differs from Sterna affinis of Ruppell, tab. 14. p. 23,

in its smaller size, and having red instead of black legs; in the

172

white not being so brilliant, and in a stronger bill. Ruppell’s
Sterna velor appears to correspond in size with it. In the
numerous species in the British Museum there is not one with
which it can be identified. Proportionably to the shortness of
the legs the claws are long, much arched, slender and sharp,
and turn outwards. Hind claw never touches the ground.
Same locality and habits as the preceding species, although
rare in Dukhun, In the stomach and esophagus of one bird
were found the extraordinary number of thirteen Cyprint, one
of them 2! inches long. Tail very much forked ; lateral tail-
feathers subulate, white, 8 inches long. Wings very narrow
and long, reaching nearly to the end of the tail.

Genus Viralva, Leach.

232, Viralva Anglica, Steph., 13. 174. Sterna Anglica, Mont.,
Orn. Dict. Sterna aranea, Wils., Amer. Orn. 8. 143, pl. 72.
fig.6?. Marsh Tern, Lath. Gudll-billed Viralve.

Colonel Sykes’s specimens correspond exactly with specimens of
this rare British bird in the British Museum, both in their win-
ter and summer plumage. Irides deep red brown. Length,
inclusive of tail, 143 to 164 inches ; tail 45 to 5 inches. Sexes
alike in plumage, but the female somewhat smaller than the
male. Numerous fish found in the stomach of many birds.
With the aspect, length of wing, lazy flight, and habits of the
Tern, this bird has a bill approximating to that of the Gull,
not quite identical with the bill of the Viralve.

Colonel Sykes states, that the domestic Duck (Anas Boschas)is ex-
ténsively bred by the Portuguese in Western India, and that it
is subject to a kind of apoplexy, which carries it off in a few
minutes, although previously in apparent health. He has
known a trader Jose a flock of more than thirty in the course
of one day; and he has himself had ten ducks struck simulta-
neously, stagger about for a short time as if drunk, run round
in circles, fall on their backs, and die. He has not been able
to discover any morbid appearances in the brain. In no in-
stance, in the stomachs of the Anatide, were animal matters
met with; the contents consisted of grains, seeds, vegetables,
and gravel.

Colonel Sykes, in closing his Catalogue of the birds of Dukhun,
mentioned that the details he had given resulted from personal
observation of the specimens, in a living or recent state. With
few exceptions, the whole were shot by himself; and, to guard
against false impressions, he accumulated several individuals of the
same species and of both sexes, and was rarely confined to a soli-
tary bird. ‘

173

October 23, 1832.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sykes in the Chair.

The exhibition was resumed of the collection of Shells formed by
Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America, and among
the islands of the Southern Pacific Ocean. The new species were
accompanied, as on the previous occasions, by descriptions from
the pens of Mr. Broderip and Mr. G. B. Sowerby.

Genus CANCELLARIA,

CANCELLARIA UNIPLICATA. Canc. testd oblongd, utringue acu-
minata, fuscd; anfractibus 5—6 decussatis, prope suturam cre-
nulatis, et posticé unicarinatis, carina granosd; apertura ob-
longd in canalem anticé producta; labio externo intus denticu-
lato, margine crenulata ; columella uniplicata : long. 0°75, lat.
0°35 poll.

Hab. in America Meridionali prope Panamam.

This is the only species known to Mr. Sowerby with a single fold

on the columella: two specimens were dredged in sand at a depth
of ten fathoms, near Panama, by Mr. Cuming. GBs.

Genus OvuLuM.

OvuLum ruruM. Ov. testd oblonga, posticé acuminata, rufa ;
labio externo incrassato, pallidiore ; aperturd angustd, anticé
latiore ; columelld intits lined longitudinali depressd, plicdque
subspirali: long. 0°50, lat. 0°15 ae

Var. testa tota pallida.

Hab. ad Columbiam Occidentalem.

A few specimens were dredged in sandy mud at a depth of seven

fathoms in the Bay of Caraccas.—G. B.S.

OvutuM Avena. Ov. testé oblongd, rufi, extremitatibus subacu-
minatis ; dorso subgibboso, transversim tenuissimé striato ; labio
eaterno incrassato, pallidiore ; aperturd angustd, anticé latiore,

osticé St balla columella postice untplicata: long. 0°55,
at. 0-22 poll.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Conchagua.)

This species varies much in the intensity of its colouring.—

G. B.S.

OvutuM inFiexuM. Ov. testé oblonga subcylindricd, levi, pal-
lidd, postice subrostratd, inflexd ; aperturd anticé subsfust ;
labio externo incrassato, columellari intus carinato ; columella
posticé uniplicata: long. 0°70, lat. 0-25 poll.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Gulf of Dulce.)

A single specimen only was found; Mr. Sowerby possesses two

others, which were in G. Humphrey’s collection.—G, B. S.

XXIV.] Zoou.Soc, Proceepines or THE Coma. or SciENcE.

174

OvuLuM mQuaLr. Ov. testd oblonga, subcylindrica, rufa ; labio
externo tncrassato ; extremitatibus obtusiusculis ; apertura latius-
culd, utraque extremitate equalt ; columelld carind internd di-
stincta: long. 0°45, lat. 0-18 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.—G. B. S.

Genus Murex.

Murex rusescens. Mur. testd subrhomboided, trifariam vari-
cosd, varicibus subfrondescentibus, tuberculo interstitiali magno,
transversim sulcatd et striata; canali mediocri subrectd, rosed ;
varicibus tuberculis frondibusque nigricantibus : long. 14, lat. $

oll,

Hb. ad insulam Taheiten.

Found on the coral reefs.—W. J. EB.

Murex Pinnicer. Mur. testd fusiformi, sordidé purpureo-
albidd, transversim substriatd, tripinnatd, pinnis elevatzs, lact-
niatis, tuberculo interstitiali majusculo; apertura ovali; canali
tubulari: long. 2 circ., lat. 14 (pinnis inclusis) poll.

Hab. in America Meridionali. (Xipixapi.)

Found in sandy*mud at the depth of eight fathoms.—W. J. B.

Murex RECURVIROSTRIS. Mur. testd ventricosd, trifariam spt-
nosd, spinis brevibus magnis, interstitis 3- vel 4-seriatim tuber-
culosis, tuberculis parvis subasperis, subcancellatd, sordidé alba
transversim castaneo lineata; canali longd recurva, basin versis
spinosd; operculo rugoso: long. 3, lat. 14 poll.

Obs. testa junior tantum non inermis.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Gulf of Nicoiyo.)

Found in sandy mud at the depth of nine fathoms.—W. J. B.

Murex TETRAGONUS. Mur. testa pyramidali, albidd, quadri-

Jariam varicosd, transversim costatd, subcancellata ; apertura
violaced, prominente ; labii limbo unduloso-crenulato ; canali
brevi, recurvd: long. 14, lat. ¢ poll.

Hab.?

Mus. Sowerby.

This specimen, the only one I ever saw, is very much water-
worn, but the leading characters of the species are uninjured.—
W. J.B.

Murex Mavrus. Mur. testa rhomboided, ponderosd, quadri-

fariam varicosd, tuberculo interstitiali unduloso, transversim
creberrimé granuloso-striata et sulcatd, rosed, sulcis striisque
nigricantibus ; labri intis crenulati limbo denticulato, roseo ;
apertura alba: long. 14, lat. 14 poll.

Hab. ad insulam Annaan in Oceano Pacifico.

Found on the reefs.

The rosy ground colour of this species is almost entirely ob-
scured by the blackish granulose elevated transverse ridges and
lines.—W. J. B.

Murex Erosus. Mur. testd fusiformi, guinquefariam varicosd,

transversim sulcatd, sulcis approximatis, crenulatis ; canali brevi
subrecurvd : long. +7, lat. ,%5 poll.

4

175

Hab. ad Panamam.
Found under stones.—W. J. B.

Murex exicuus. Mur. testd quinquefariam frondosd, frondibus
brevissimis, planiusculis, transversim altissimé sulcatd, sordideé
albd; spird brevi; canali mediocri, recurvd: long. 2, lat. % poll.

_ Hab. ad Salango.
Found on a sandy bottom at the depth of ten fathoms.—W.J. B.

Morex uumiuis. Mur. testd ovato-fusiformi, albido-castaneéa,
quinque- vel sex-fariam varicosd, varicibus submuricatis, trans-
_ _ versim sulcatd et striatd ; operculo rugoso: long. 14, lat. ¢ poll.
Hab. ad portum Sancte Elene.
Found in sandy mud at the depth of seven fathoms.—W. J. B.

Murex pumitus. Mur. testé rhomboided, quinquefariam sub-
JSrondosd, frondibus brevibus, planiusculis, subrecurvis, a latere
crenulatis, nigro-fuscd albo subfasciatd; canali mediocri, sub-
recurvd ; labri limbo crenulato: long. +, lat. +3, poll.

Hab, ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Found under stones.—W. J. B.

Murex tucusris. Mur. testa subovata, transversim costata,
_subatropurpured, sexfariam frondosd, frondibus brevibus recurvis
Jasciaque basali albidis ; canalis medio clauso: long. 14, lat. %
poll. :

Hab. in America Centrali. (Puerto Portrero.)

Found in the coral rocks.—W. J. B.

Murex Princers. Mur. testd subrhomboided, ventricosd, sex-
SJariam frondosd, frondibus longioribus laciniatis, transversim
substriata, albd rufo-purpureo fasciatd ; operculo crasso, parvo :
long. 54, lat. 33 poll.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Puerto Portrero.)

Found in coral reefs.—W. J. B.

Morex Carpuus. Mur. testd ovato-acutd, sexfariam varicoso-
spinosd, transversim sulcatd et striata, alba fasciis rufo-cas-
taneis': long. 112,, lat. 4%; poll.

Hab. in oceano juxta Pacosmayo Peruviz.

From a coral reef twelve miles from the land, at the depth of

twenty-five fathoms.—W. J. B.

Murex Nucteus. Mur. testa subrhomboided, septemfariam sub-
varicosd, transversim rugoso-sulcatd, sulcis creberrimis, sordidé
alba ; canali brevissima subrecurvd : long. +, lat. +, poll,

Hab, ad Insulas Gallapagos.

_ Found in fine coral sand at the depth of eight fathoms.—W. J. B.

~Murex Visex. Mur. testa turritd, septemfariam varicosd, vari-
cibus subnodosis, transversim sulcata, subluted ; aperturdé alba,
interne sulcata; labri limbo crenulato ; canali brevissima ; epi-
dermide fusca, rugosé : long. 14, lat. 1 poll.
Hab, ad Sanctam Elenam et ad Panamam.
This shell appears to be intermediate between Murex and Turbi-

176

nella. It has the varices of the former, and the plaits on the colu-
mella which distinguish the latter.

Found in sandy mud, from six to twelve fathoms.—W. J. B.

Murex incisus. Mur. testa ovatd, septemfariam varicosd, vari-

-cibus rotundatis elevatis, transversim creberrimé carinatd et
striatd, carinis striisque crenulatis ; albidd, carinis subcastaneis ¢
long. 14, lat. % poll.

Hab. ad portum Sancte Elene.,

Found on a rocky bottom at the depth of eight fathoms.—

W., J. B.

Murex vittatus. Mur. testd ovato-acutd, septemfariam vari-
coso-spinosd, spinis brevibus, transversim sulcatd, albd, nigro

fasciatd: long. %, lat. x4, poll.

Hab. ad Guayaquil. (Isle of Muerte Bay.)

From sandy mud at the depth of eleven fathoms.—W. J. B.

Murex oxyAcAnTHA. Mur. testa pyriformi, transversim striatd,
septemfariam spinosd, spinis canaliculatis, albd, epidermide fuscd ;
spird brevi ; canali longiusculd, subrecurvd : long. 24, lat. 24
(spinis inclusis) poll.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Real Lleijos.)

Found in sandy mud at the depth of eight fathoms.—W. J, B.

Murex nitivus. Mur. testd subrhomboided, octofariam spinoso-
varicosd, transversim striatd; anfractu basali ventricoso, albo
vittis lineatis nigro-castaneis 3-fasciato, et spinis magnis, canali-
culatis, sublaciniatis coronato ; spird brevi; canalt mediocri,
spinosd, ad apicem nigricante ; aperturd alba ; labro intus den-
ticulato: long. 1+, lat. & (spingrum corond inclusd) poll.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Real Lleijos.)

This pretty shell was found in the cleft of a rock, No other in-

dividual was obtained, and it is believed to be unique.—W. J. B.

. Murex norripus. Mur. testd subrhomboided, novem- ad decem-
fariam varicosd, sulcis striisque interstitialibus transversis cre-
berrimis, aspero-rugosis, sordidé albidd ; apertura glabra, alba :
long. 14, lat. % poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam et ad Panamam.

Found in sandy mud at the depth of from eight to twelve fa-

thoms.—W. J. B.

Murex crispus. Mur. testd subovati, multifariam frondosd,
Jrondibus brevibus, striatis, crispis, transversim costatd, albd,
costis frondibusque albido-brunneis ; anfractibus superné com-
planatis : long. 2%, lat. 14 poll.

Hab. in pelago juxta Pervviam.

Taken from a coral reef twelve miles from Pacosmayo, in twenty-

five fathoms water.—W. J. B.

Murex squamosus. Mur. testd sordide albidd, ovato-pyriformi,
ventricosi, multifariam varicosi, (varicibus rotundatis,) striis
transversis elevatis squamosis asperd ; anfractibus angulatis ; co-
lumelld levi; labri limbo intis substriato ; canali valdé apertd,
brevi, subrecurvd: long. 1%, lat, 1 poll.

177

Hab. ad Peruviam. (Payta.)

The transverse scaly strie are so arranged as to present three
and sometimes four smaller interstitial ones between the more
elevated. The scales on the strie are suberect, and very numerous
and minute. The abrupt descent from the angle to the suture
gives the whorls, more especially the last, a coronated appearance.
Found in sandy mud, at the depth of six fathoms.—W, J. B.

Murex Marcariticota. Mur. testa ovato-acutd, multifariam
subvaricosa, aspero-rugosa, nigricante ; aperturd albido-purpured,
columella crenulatd, labro intiis dentato; canali apertd, subre-
curvd: long. 1%, lat. +%y poll.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico, (Lord Hood’s Island,) Meleagrine mar-

garitifere adherens —W. J. B.

Murex Lapras. Mur. testd subrhomboided, albd, nodulis acutis,
spinulisque horridd, anfractu basali spinis longioribus coronatd ;
bro crenulato intis alt@ striato, striis distantibus ; umbilico
magno ; spird productd : long. 14, lat. % poll.
Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.
Found on a rocky bed at the depth of twelve fathoms.—W. J. B.

Genus Tents, De Montfort.

De Montfort, after referring to Murex pungens, Brander, as the
type of this genus, adds: “La coquille qui nous sert de type pour
"établissement de-ce genre n’est encore bien connue qu’a l'état
fossile ; quoique Bruguiére dise trés-positivement que son analogue
_ marin existoit 4 Londres dans le cabinet du Docteur Hunter, fait
que malheureusement nous ne pouvons point verifier, mais que
cependant nous devons adopter d’aprés les profondes connoissances
et la perspicacité qui distinguérent si eminemment ce conchylio-
logue francois.” In the Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles the
statement of Bruguiére is noticed; but M. Blainville observes, that
he was not fortunate enough to find the shell» I have examined the
Hunterian Collection in London, with the assistance of Mr. Clift
and Mr. Owen, with no better success. It may, perhaps, have been
in the cabinet of Dr. William Hunter, now at Glasgow; but on
consulting Captain Laskey’s ‘General Account of the Hunterian
Museum’ there, I find no mention of the shell. Be this as it may,
I am now enabled to lay before the Zoological Society five recent
species of T'yphis ; having been led to the inquiry by finding two
species in Mr. Cuming’s collection, and having been supplied with
one from this Society’s Museum, and with two by the liberality of
Mr. James Sowerby and Mr. George Sowerby.—W. J. B.

Typuis Cumincu. Typhis testa subpyriformt, subventricosd, qua-
drifariam varicosd, spinosd, varicibus spiram versus in spinam
cavam desinentibus, longitudinaliter substriatd ; aperturd in-
tegrd, ovatd ; labri limbo externo subspinoso ; canalt longissimd,
gracillimd, subrecurvd: long. 14'z; lat. +z poll.

Mus, Cuming.

Hab, ad Caraccas.

178

A single specimen was found by Mr. Cuming in sandy mud at
the depth of seven fathoms.—W. J. B.

Typuis coronatus. Typhis testa pyriformi, albidd, subventri-

cosd, quinguefariam varicosd, varicibus magnis, rotundatis, in
spinam subtilem subincurvam spiram versis desinentibus, trans-
versim substriatd, striis subremotis ; canali elongata: long. 1,
lat. + poll.

Hab. ad Colombiam Occidentalem. (Salango.)

Mus. Cuming.

The short, sharp, incurved spine which forms the termination of
each varix overhangs that part of the spire which is immediately
opposite to it. The suture of the spire between each variz is deeply
excavated into a succession of little pits or wells. Found by Mr,
Cuming in sandy mud at the depth of six fathoms.—W. J. B.

Tyruis Betcuert. Typhis testd subovatd, albidd, ventricosd,
transversim substriata, tubulis recurvis, quinquefariam varicosd,
varicibus laminatis sublaciniatis in frondem crispam spiram ver-
sus desinentibus ; canali elongatd, subrecurvd, gracili: long. +%5,
lat. + poll.

Hab. ail Afton Occidentalem. (Cape Blanco.)

Mus. Zool. Soc.

Found by Captain Belcher, R N., whose name this species, which

approaches nearly to J'yphis frondosus (J. Sowerby), bears. Typhis
JSrondosus is a Grignon fossil,—W. J. B.

Typnis Sowensu. Typhis testd subovatd, albidd, quadri- vel
quingue-fariam varicosd, varicibus laminatis subfrondentibus ;
tubulis subrectis ; canali brevi, subrecurvd, gracili : long. %, lat. +

oll.

Hab. in Mari Mediterraneo.

Mus. Jac. Sowerby, Georg. Sowerby.

Named after Mr. James Sowerby, who kindly placed at my dis-
posal his fine collection of fossil species, and who also furnished
me with the most perfect individual which I have seen of Typhis
Sowerbii.—W. J. B.

Typuis pinnatus. Typhis testd albd, fusiformi, trifariam pin-
natd, transversim striatd, striis frequentibus, interstites punctatis ;
labri limbo crenulato: long. $, lat. 4 poll.

Hab.

Mus, Jac. Sowerby.

Obs. The sides of the canal in the specimen are broken, but the
canal does not appear to have been entire close to the aperture,
though the sides of it approximate there very nearly.—W. J. B

The fossil analogues of this genus have been hitherto found in the
London clay, calcaire grossier, and subapennine beds.—W. J. B.

Genus RANELLA,
Ranewya ventTrRicosa. Ran. testd ovato-acutd ventricosissimd, tu-
berculatd, transversim striatd, subgranosd, albidd, fasciis angustis
castaneis ; aperturd albd, crenata: long. 34, lat. 24 poll.

Hab. ad Peruviam. (Bay of Callao.)

179

Obs. Tubercula seriatim disposita, elevata, magna, subacuta, ut
plurimum serie unica in quoque anfractu, ultimo excepto.
Found in sandy mud from seven to ten fathoms.—W., J. B.
Ranevxa nitipa. Ran. testd subrhomboided, valdé depressd, trans-
versim tuberculato-striatd, (tuberculis subacutis), nigro-purpured,
interdum albo fasciatd, varicibus latis, pinnatis, laciniatis, albis ;
columella levi ; labri limbo intis denticulato ; canali subelongatd:
long. 1, lat. % poll.
Hab. ad Columbiam Occidentalem. (Bay of Caraccas.)
- Found under stones in the bay.—W. J. B.

RaNeLLA MuriciFormis. Ran. testd subpyriformi, fuscd, fuled
vel sordidé albd, transversim striata (striis subremotis), varicibus
pinnatis, latiusculis, albidis, interstitialiter tuberculatd vel sub-
foliatd; columelld levi; labri limbo intis denticulato ; canali
elongatd, subrecurvd: long. 14, lat. 3 poll.

Hab. ad Columbiam Occidentalem. (Bay of Montija.)

This species, which approaches very closely to Murex, was found in

loose gravel at the depth of seven fathoms.—W. J. B.

Ranewua arrinis. Ran. testd pyramidali, depressd, ponderosd,
striis transversis frequentibus tuberculato-granosis, albido-rubente
maculis fasciisque castaneis ; columelld valdé rugosa; labri cre-
nulati, subfimbriati limbo intis dentato: long. 24, lat. 1% poll.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Annaa.)

This differs from Ran. granifera of Lamarck in having a much
more ponderous shell, with its varices much thicker and wider in pro-
portion, and the border of the outer lip much wider. It is also much
more depressed and broader in proportion to its length.

Found on the reef—W. J. B.

Ranevua cziata. Ran, testd pyramidali, subponderosd, castaned,
_ costis striisque transversis granoso-moniliformibus, nigricantibus ;
aperturd rugoso-granosd, fulvd, dentibus rugisque albidis ; labri
limbo fimbriato, lato, fusco, albu radiato: long. 14, lat. 14 poll.

Hab, ad Panamam.

This handsome species reminds the observer of some of the antique
carved ornaments in oak and chestnut. The apex of the spire is ge-
nerally eroded.

Found under stones.—W. J. B.

RaNnELLa TUBERCULATA. Ran. testd pyramidali, seriatim tubercu-
latd, transversim striatd, subfulvd albo fasciatd, tuberculis sub-
equalibus nigricantibus ; aperturd albidd ; columella subrugesd ;
labri limbo intus dentato, dentibus subremotis: long. 13, les. 1

oll.
Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Taheite.)
Only one individual of this pretty species was found, and that was
on the reef.—W. J. B.

Mr. Owen exhibited a preparation of the mammary gland of
Echidna Hystrix, Cuv. ; and read the following Notes :-—

“* It is well known that the idea of constituting a new class for the

180

reception of the Monotrematous Quadrupeds of New Holland, and of
separating them altogether from the Mammalia, arose chiefly from
the supposition of the total absence of a mammary apparatus in them.
This circumstance was at the same time regarded as a strong proof
of an essential difference in their mode of producing the young : and
it was inferred that the latter, in the absence of the lacteal nourish-
ment, must have derived the materials necessary for their develop-
ment from some store of nutriment analogous to the yelk of the em-
bryo in the oviparous and ovoviviparous tribes.

* But the converse of this proposition, that a mammiferous animal
must necessarily be viviparous, by no means follows. The develop-
ment of an animal may be carried on to a certain degree either in
the oviparous or ovoviviparous mode of generation, and yet after in-
cubation or birth, additional store of nutriment may be required from
the parent in order that the processes.of organization may be
completed to the extent necessary to enable the young animal to
gain a subsistence by its own exertions. Indeed, when we consi-
der how long, in many of the orders of Birds, the unfledged young
are totally dependent on their parent for their nutriment ; that this nu-
triment, though in general foreign matter, collected with much indus-
try and frequently at great risk, yet is sometimes, as in the Pigeon, a
secretion from the parent’s body; and when we further reflect that
generation in the Marsupiata is essentially of the ovoviviparous kind,
—we shall have no difficulty in reconciling ourselves to the considera-
tion of the Monotremata as oviparous or ovoviviparous, and at the
same time as mammiferous, animals.

* With respect to the Ornithorhynchus, it seems incontrovertible
that the apparatus discovered by Meckel is truly mammary, and exe-
cutes the important function of providing the lacteal nutriment for
the young. Nevertheless, this discovery leaves us just as much in
the dark as we were before respecting its mode of generation, and
equally dependent on the exertions of those naturalists who may
have the good fortune of observing facts in the living animal respect-
ing this most interesting and important subject. It is obvious also,
that the discovery of the mammary glands in the other monotrema-
tous genus, although highly confirmatory of their accordance with
the rest of the Mammalia in the characteristic function of lactation,
yet by no means renders less necessary an unremitting attention to
every habit of the living animal which may elucidate the processes of
generation.

«In the meanwhile, however, it affords me much pleasure to be
able to lay before the Committee preparations of the mammary glands
from the Echidna Hystrix, which, as the following description will
show, afford an additional instance of the close affinity subsisting be-
tween it and Ornithorhynchus, notwithstanding the great dissimila-
rity existing between them in external form and in the nature of
their integuments. These glands were discovered in a female spe-
cimen not quite arrived at maturity, and which therefore in all pro-
bability had never been impregnated. They are consequently very
small, as compared with those which have been observed in Orni-
thorhynchus, but are precisely analogous in number, form, composi-

——

181

tion, situation, and mode of termination on the outer surface of the
integument.

“The terminal ducts, which are fewer in number than in Ornitho-
rhynchus, are similarly grouped together, so as to form a small oval
areola, 3 lines in the greater and 2 inthe lesser diameter. Each are-
ola is situated half an inch from the mesial line, and 34 inches from
the orifice of the vestibule of the cloaca. They are much more rea-
dily discovered than in Ornithorhynchus, in consequence of the hairs in
the Echidna being scantier and stiffer, so that the orifices for their
transmission are larger than the orifices of the ducts, which is the
reverse of what is observed in Ornithorhynchus; this, however, may
not be the case in the fully developed gland. The areole are also
slightly raised above the surrounding integument, but there is no
vascular rete or erectile tissue discoverable at these parts. The lac-
tiferous ducts, before penetrating the corium, pass between the fibres
of a dense panniculus carnosus, which is here, as in Ornithorhynchus,
interposed between the glands and the integument, The number of
the ducts is about sixty. The lobules of the gland are proportion-
ally shorter and broader. Their texture under the lens appears the
same as in Ornithorhynchus ; that is to say, minutely cellular, and
in neither instance consisting of simple ceca or elongated follicles,
From their small size in the Echidna they could not be injected.

“The smallest size which these glands have presented in Or-
nithorhynchus is about one third larger than those in the Echidna now
exhibited ; in this state the ovary and uterine tubes were small, and
apparently in a state of quiescence. When the ovary is fully deve-
loped, and the uterine tubes correspondently enlarged, the mammary
glands are about 2 inches in the long, and | in the short, diameter.
When the ovary is found large but flaccid, and apparently after hay-
ing shed its contents; and when the uterine tubes are still large ;
then the mammary glands exhibit their greatest development, equalling
5 inches in the long, and 3 in the short diameter, and being nearly
half an inch in thickness. In this state they may be readily injected ;
when the lactiferous ducts, to the number of about one hundred and
fifty, are seen to terminate in a small oval areola on the external
surface, not on any raised eminence, but on the level integument,
from which the hairs grow as freely as in the surrounding parts.
Nevertheless, from the glands being confined to the female, and ex-
hibiting by their variation of size that their function is temporary,
and as the period of their greatest activity is shown by the state of
the uterine organs to be subsequent to the development and expul-
sion of the foetus, they must be regarded as being true mammary glands,
destined to provide nourishment for the newly-born animal. The
peculiar development of the panniculus carnosus over the ventral re-
gion, both in Echidna and Ornithorhynchus, will assist in explaining
the mode in which the lacteal secretion is coveyed from the parent
to the offspring. The gland lying between this muscle and the ex-
panded cartilages of the ribs and the marsupial bones, is subject to
compression, and the young animal need only apply its soft and flexi-
ble lips to the areola in order to receive the secretion.”

182

November 13, 1832.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sykes in the Chair,

A numerous coilection of Fishes was exhibited which had been
formed in Ceylon by Dr. Sibbald, Corr. Memb. Z.S., and had been
presented by him to the Society. It included upwards of seventy
species, among which were types of various genera not previously
contained in the Society’s Museum. They were severally brought
under the notice of the Committee by Mr. Bennett, who dwelt par-
ticularly on those which he regarded as new to science, They are as
follow:

Diacore spituraA. Diac. vittis rufis latis parallelis utrinque
quinque, quarum secundd tertidque oculum attingentibus, quartd
axillam, quintd commissuram oris ; labio inferiore aurantiaco ;

a“ maculd magnd nigrd ante basin pinne caudalis ; pinne dorsalis

parte spinosd superné infernéque angusté nigrescenti marginatd.

D. 44. A. 4.

Diac. octolineate, &c. affinis. Differt a speciebus adhuc cognitis
numero radiorum et pictura. Dens angularis antice utrinque in max-
illa superiore maximus ; inter hos duo majores ; in maxilla inferiore
dentes duo laterales utrinque majores.

DracrammMa Sippaxpi. Diag. albescens, fasciis tribus longitudina-
libus, (quarum medid latd postice ramosd per pinnam caudalem me-
diam excurrente, superiore latissimd basin pinne dorsalis includente
antice posticeque interruptd, inferiore mediocri simplice,) naso,
macula suborbitali, fronte, maculd ante basin pinne pectoralis,
pinnd pectorali preter marginem superiorem, plagd triangulari ad
basin pinne analis, aliisque duabus submarginalibus pinne caudalis,
castaneo-nigris; infra et ad apicem pinne analis flavus.

D. 45. A. }.

CuztTopon xanTHoceruaLus. Chat. suborbicularis : pinnis rotun-
datis: pallidé brunnescens ; fascid oculari haud ultra oculum ex-
tensd ; lineis transversis quinque vel sex subfractis partim satura-
tioribus ; capite (preter opercula strigamque argenteam infra-
ocularem,) guld, pectore, pinnis ventralibus, linedque post-opercu-
lari per basin pinne pectoralis ductd, flavis ; pinnarum dorsalis
analisque parte molli externé nigrescente flavo fimbriatd, basin ver-
sus flavescente lined sanguined interne cinctd; caudd pinndque
caudali superné inferneque flavis, hdc quadratd hyalind brunneo ad
radios lineata.

ee Ae

Striga prima a radio spinoso quarto pinne dorsalis pone axillam

decurrit ; hanc sequuntur strige tres quatuorve ventrem tantum ver-
sus ibique indistincte ; secunda a basi.radii spinosi sexti; tertia oc-

183

tavi; quarta decimi; quinta duodecimi; inter secundam et tertiam
dorsum versus linee transverse aliquot indistincte brevissime.

Cuztopon curtatissimus. Chet. late ovatus: pinnis verticalibus
postice rotundatis, caudali quadratd: fascid oculari nigrd flavo
marginatd : lutescens, squamis corporis singulis (preter pectoris)
guttd nigrd notatis lineas interruptas longitudinales efformantibus ;
pinnis dorsali analique nigrescentibus, extrorsiim saturatioribus,
flavescenti late fimbriatis, illius parte molli obscure nigro guttatd,
hujus nigro punctatissimd ; pinne caudalis basi flava immaculatd,
medio nigro lunatim fasciato, apice hyalino. .

| Bien dat

Affinis videtur Chet. miliari, Quoy & Gaim, Differt numero ra-

diorum spinosorum pinne dorsalis atque coloribus, presertim pinna-
rum et maximé pinne caudalis.

Hoxacantuus xantuurus. Hol. late ovatus: pinnis verticalibus
postice rotundatis : aculeo preoperculari longo : olivaceo-brunneus,
squamis singulis lunuld lutescenti notatis, pinnis dorsali analique
saturatioribus albo fimbriatis ; infra flavescens, pinnis ventralibus
maculdque utringue labii inferioris concoloribus ; pinnd caudali
osseque suprascapulari flavis, illius apice hyalescente.

D. 43. A. +e.

AcCANTHURUS LEUCOSTERNON. Ac. pinnd caudali lunatd: ceruleo-
nigrescens ; capite nigro ; freno maville inferioris ultra commissu-
ras oris superne ducto guldque ad basin pinnarum pectoralium extensd
niveis ; maculd elongatd transversd post-operculari albescente ;
pinnis verticalibus ventralibusque rufescentibus lined nigrescente
marginatis alboque fimbriatis; pinne caudalis fascid basali, alte-
rdque apicali latd lunatd, marginibusque nigris ; pectorali subhy-
alind extern? nigrescente, basi tantum azilldque flavis.

D. 25. A. z;-

Juuis zEyLonicus. Jul. pinnd caudali rotundatd : lutescens, capite
plumbeo, aurantiaco rivulato ; pinnis verticalibus, vittd ad basin
pinne dorsalis ceruleo inferne marginatd, vittd interruptd apud l-
neam lateralem ductd, fascid longitudinali laterali superne infer-
neque ceruleo marginatd, ramis inde plurimis abbreviatis ventrem
versus ductis, linedque obliqud per basin pinne pectoralis ad ven-
trem extensd, aurantiacis ; pinnd dorsali ad basin lined crassd
brevi obliqud inter singulos radios, secundd in medio ad radios
partis mollis, guttdque versus apicem, ceruleis notatd ; pinne ana-
lis vittd media alterdque subapicali, pinneque caudalis rivulis sub-
interruptis verticalibus tribus, ceruleis.

D. 43. A. ar.

Ad commissuram oris utrinque dentes majores duo approximati ; in
maxilla superiore anticé dentes maximi duo, duos majores anteriores
- maxilla inferioris inter se (ore clauso) recipientes.

JuLIg PorPHYROCEPHALA. Jul. pinnd caudali lunatd: flavescenti-
rufescens, lineolis saturatioribus transversis interruptis ubique no-

184

tatus ; capite, maculd fissd dimidium superiorem pinne pectoralis
tegente, lined latd intra margines superiorem et inferiorem pinne
caudalis, vittd baseos pinne analis, vittdque indistinctd versus api-
cem pinne dorsalis partis mollis, purpureo-nigris ; pectoris vittis
quingque, quarum externis medidque lutescentibus, intermediis satu-
rate rubris ; pinnd dorsali ad basin cum corpore concolore, ad api-
cem flavescenti fimbriatd ; anali ad apicem caudalique flavis ; ver-
ticis lined longitudinali mentique fasciis duabus lutescentibus.

D. 8. A. +.

Julim lutescentem (Labrus lutescens, Sol. MSS.) quodammodo re-
fert, numerisque radiorum cum illo convenit ; sed differt coloribus et
maximé capitis. Dentium in utraque maxilla duo antici majores, se-
quentes gradatim decrescentes. '

Levuciscus zEyLonicus. Leuc. elongatus, compressus : pinnd dor-
sali medid, supra pinnas ventrales positd, radio ultimo subelongato ;
anali brevi; caudali late bifurcd: rostro acuto ; ore angulato :
lined laterali rectd paulld supra medium ductd ; argenteus ; squa-
mis minimis.

D. 14. A. 9. V. 11. P. 13. C. 18. ,

Trerropon arGyropLeura. Tetr. capite oblongo: pinnd caudali
bilobd : dorso ventreque hispidis: supra et ad latera nigrescens,
infra albus ; capite dorsoque superne nigro guttatis ; fascid latd
longitudinali laterum mediand maculdque preorbitali argenteis ;
pinnis dorsali analique antic? prealtis.

D. .12.:A«14,..P..18. C. 12,

Specimens were exhibited of numerous Fishes collected at the
Mauritius by Charles Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and presented
by him to the Society. Among them Mr. Bennett pointed out as
apparently hitherto undescribed the two following species ;

Aruerina puncrata. Ath. flavescens, vittd laterali media latd ar-
gented ; squamis dorsalibus ocellis minutissimis numerosis pupilld
ceruled iride nigrd in lunulis plerumque dispositis.

1) bi athe 1G.

JuLIs sTRIGIVENTER. Jul. pinnd caudali rotundatd : ovato-lanceo-
latus, capite acuto : supra brunneus ? guttis saturatioribus ; infra
pallidior, lineis longitudinalibus argenteis utrinque sex ; capite di-
midiato, supern® flavescenti-brunneo, inferne argenteo ; pinnis hya-
linis, dorsali analique puncto unico nigro prope basin radii mollis
penultimi notatis.

1b pe

The new species of Cowries contained in the collection formed by
Mr. Cuming in the Southern Pacific Ocean were exhibited and cha-
‘racterized by Mr. Gray.
Genus Cyprma.
< Cyprza Goovattu. Cyp. testd ovato-oblongd, alba, dorso ob-
scure brunneo punctato maculdque subtetragond brunned punctis
rotundatis albis variegatd notato; basi planiusculd ; margine

‘

185

subincrassatd ; latere dextro subangulato extremitatibusque mi-
nute brunneo punctatis; ore lineari, sublato ; dentibus nume-
rosis submagnis, labii interni minoribus, externi ad baseos medium
extensis; columelle parte anticd subimpressd, late porcatd: long.
64, lat. 3 lin. ;

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Reefs of Elizabeth Island.)

This shell much resembles the small varieties of Cyp. cribraria,
but the brown occupies only the centre of the back, and the teeth
are more numerous than in that species, and not half the size—
J. E.G.
¥ Cyprma Pacirica. Cyp. testd oblongd; porcis transversis acutis

subdistantibus ; lined. dorsali angustd impressd ; roseo-albidd,
punctis rufis brunneisve suffusd, maculisque duabus irregularibus
subtetragonis alternantibus ad utrumque latus linee dorsalis ;
margine extremitates versus subproductd, rosed ; basi maculdque
supra extremitatem utramque albis; ore lineari, postice abrupte
recurvo ; labio externo convexo, baseos dimidium latitudine equante ;
columelle dimidio antico concavo : long. 4, lat. 24 lin.

Jun. testd hyalind, flavescente, ore albido.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos, sub lapidibus.

Very like Cyp. suffusa, but the four dorsal spots alternate, and the
break of the mouth is more sharply recurved, and has a larger tuber-
cle before it ; the outer lip also is rather broader. —J. E. G.

v Cyprea ruBEscENs. Cyp. testd ovato-subglobosd, pallidé rufes-
centi-brunned, tenui, pellucidd, immaculatd ; porcis transversis
angustis, acutis, subapproximatis, per lineam dorsalem continuis ;
ore lineari, subcurvd ; labio externo angusto, subinflexo ; colu-
melle dimidio antico concavo, margine internd acutd denticulatd :
long. 4, lat. 2% lin.

Jun. testd levi, hyalind, rosed.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos, sub lapidibus.

Very like small spotless specimens of Cyp. Pediculus, but darker
coloured, and having the outer lip one half only of the breadth in that
species ; there are also one or two more ribs on the inner lip.—J. E. G,

» Cyrreza Maverrt. Cyp. testd ovato-oblongd, pellucidd, rosed,
maculis tribus subtetragonis saturatioribus per dorsum medium
dispositis ; porcis transversis subapproximatis, angustissimis,
acutis ; lined dorsali impressd angustd indistinctd ; basi convexd ;
margine externd subincrassatd ; ore lineari, antic parum latiore ;
labio externo latitudinis baseos dimidium subequante ; columelle
dimidio antico concavo sulcato: long. 8, lat. 54 lin.

Var. minor, crassior, lineé dorsali impressa distincté: long 6,

lat. 43 lin.
- Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos, sub lapidibus.

Intermediate between Cyp. Australis and Cyp. rosea. It resembles
the former in shape, and in the structure of the mouth and lips ; and
the latter in size, ribs, and colour, having, however, the addition of
three dark spots along the middle of the back.—J. E. G.

Cypraa Cuminert: Cyp. testd ovato-oblongd, pallid? flavescenti-

brunned, maculis albis brunneo angusté cinctis; lined dorsali

186

-angustd laterali ; basi subpland supra labium internum productd,
atque in medio labii externi extante ; margine albd, brunneo su-
perne punctatd, ad labium externum abrupte productd ; ore an-
gusto lineari, dentibus marginalibus minimis ; labio columellari
sublévi, per totam longitudinem concavd ; labii externi extremi-
tatibus interne declivibus sulcatis : long. 64, lat. 34 lin.

Hab. ad Insulas Societatis. - (Raie-tea.)

This species approaches in form most nearly to Cyp. Margarita,
but the base is flatter and smooth, and the edge of the outer margin
is entire : it also differs in the pale spots being larger, and surrounded
by a dark ring. From the spotted margined variety of Cyp. cribraria
it differs in the form of the outer margin, in having much smaller
teeth ; and in the columellar lip being more concave.—J. E.G.

Cyprza contaminata. Cyp. testd ovato-ventricosd, cinereo-albd,

fasciis tribus latis subsaturatioribus, fulvo obscure punetatd ;
basi convead, brunneo-nigro punctatd ; margine externd extremi-
tatibusque acutis ; ore lineari, dentibus subparvis numerosis, labii
interni minoribus, externi ad baseos medium ezxtensis ; columella
antice pland, uni- vel bi-plicatd : long. 6, lat. 3 lin.

. Hab. in Oceano Pacifico.

This species, described by Mr. Gray from his own collection, is like
Cyp. Goodallii, but is more ventricose ; has no brown dorsal spot
dotted with white ; is spotted on the base; and has the columella

‘ less concave and less ridged in front.—J. E. G.

Cyprza Broperirit, Cyp. testd ovatd, subventricosd, lacted, fasciis
interruptis roseis ; dorso brunneo reticulato, maculis inequalibus
rotundatis ; lateribus haud arenosis, maculis convexis inequa-
libus margaritaceis ; basi converd, brunned, maculis rotundatis
saturatioribus, supra obscure albo punctatis ; lined dorsali con-
tinud, sublatd, laterali; ore sublato, dentibus albis, labii externi
magnis distantibus, interni magis approximatis numerosisque, et
ad baseos marginem paulium extensis ; columelle concavitate an-
ticd brevi, profundd, plicatd : long. 2%, lat. 14, alt. 1,5, poll.

Hab, in Oceano Indico. (Madagascar.)

This shell, which is one of the most beautiful of this fine genus,
agrees with Cyp. Dama in almost every character, and especially
in the sides not being sandy, and in the dorsal line being lateral ;
but it differs from that species in being larger, in the back being
of a much brighter colour and having more numerous spots, and in
the sides being ornamented with distinct unequal-sized white spots.

_ These characters are all of so little importance in a genus so variable

in regard to colour and size as the Cowries, that Mr. Gray would
have been disposed to regard it as only a very fine specimen of Cyp.
Dama, but for the shortness and depth of the concavity on the front
of the columella, and the rather greater production of the teeth of
the inner lip over the base. In Cyp. Broderipii the concavity ex-
tends the length of five folds only. In Cyp. Damait extends to double
that number.—J. E.G.

187

A skull of the Capybara, Hydrocherus Capybara, Erx\., was exhi-
bited, and Mr. Owen read some Notes thereon. After adverting in
terms of high eulogium to the genius of Cuvier, as shown by his de-
tection of concealed affinities among the animal kingdom, he observed
that “ perhaps the most extraordinary instance of the enlarged views
which result from unwearied observation of, the internal structure of
animals is afforded by Cuvier’s bold enunciation of the affinity of the
Elephant to that order of the Mammalia which contains the most
minute forms of the class.” Mr. Owen dwelt in succession on each
of the evidences adduced in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles’ in support of
this affinity, and then proceeded as follows :

“The truth of these observations was very strongly impressed on
my mind when examining the cranium of a huge Rodent, which Mr.
De la Fons obligingly left with me for the purposes of comparison, and
for the exhibition of which this evening the Committee is indebted
to that gentleman. The person from whom he procured it assured
him that it was from Africa; but this is only another of the numerous
instances of the little confidence to be placed in the assertions of
ignorant salesmen, since the specimen presents all the characters of
a genus exclusively South American, viz., the Capybara, Hydrocherus,
Erxl. It has every appearance of having belonged to an old animal,
and is much larger than a cranium in the museum of the Royal Col-
lege of Surgeons, which, from its dentition, I had always regarded
as having appertained to an adult specimen. Nevertheless, although
the cranium belonging to Mr. De la Fons is wholly deficient of the
teeth, as well as wanting the lower jaw, I have no doubt, from the
perfect accordance between the two specimens in the forms and con-
nexions of the several bones, that they are identical as to species.

“There is, however, a difference exhibited in the alveole of the
last molar tooth in Mr. De la Fons’s specimen, which, although by
no means sufficient for the founding of a specific difference, is impor-
tant, as evidencing an additional analogy between the molars of the
Rodent and those of the Elephant; viz., that the number of trans-
verse lamine increases as the jaw enlarges with age, the whole num-
ber not coming into use at once.

‘In the Capybara, the posterior grinders, like those of the Elephant,
present a greater number of component /amine than the anterior
ones which are of earlier formation. Those of the upper jaw, accord-
ing to the figure and description in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles’ (v. pl. 1.
p- 24.) are composed of eleven laminae, of which all but the first
(which is notched externally) are simple. In the figure too, it is
worthy of observation that the last or eleventh lamina is imperfect,
and exhibits a construction analogous to the imperfectly- formed
lamine or denticles in the Elephant’s grinder, viz., a division into
component columns. In the work of M. Fred. Cuvier ‘ Sur les Dents
des Mammiferes,’ the number of laming in the last grinder of the upper
jaw of the Capybara is stated as “onze ou douze ;”’ but eleven only are
exhibited in the figure, and we may suppose therefore the doubt as
to the precise number to be founded on uncertainty as to the pro-

188.

priety of considering the first deeply notched lamina as single or
double.

«In the cranium in the College Museum the number of lamine is
twelve, the forked one being regarded as single. In Mr. De la
Fons’s specimen the alveole clearly indicate that the number of /a-
mine of the last molar had been thirteen, with the rudiment of a
fourteenth; the extent of the grinding surface is, however, pro-
portionally larger than would result from the additional lamine alone ;
for as these lamine do not cease to grow so long as the animal lives,
they increase in thickness as age advances.

«« The following are the admeasurements of the two crania alluded
to, compared with the indications to be derived from Cuvier’s figure :

DelaFons| College. | Cuvier.

; Inches.| Lines.jInches.| Lines.}Inches.| Lines.
Total length of the cranium ...... 10; O | 7

Total breadth of ditto (taken from

the outsides of the zygomata) ..| 5 | 4 | 3 | 10
Total breadth of the occiput ...... 3 1,2\4
Length of the molar surface, upper
HAWS. OB HEIL EY 3 23) 1G Raa
Length of the last alveola, ditto ..| 1 | 11} 1 | 5-7 1 | 4¢
Pepe ditto Hoo. hI 09 Op ee: <p

“The depth of the last alveola is greatest at its anterior part ;
being the reverse of what exists in the Elephant, where in conse-
quence of the formation of fangs, the growth of the tooth is arrested,
and absorption of the roots takes place as the anterior lamine are
worn down.”

189

November 27, 1832.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary of the Society by
W. Smith, Esq., Secretary of the Hudson’s Bay Company. It re-
ferred to an Arctic For, Canis lagopus, Linn., recently presented
by the Hudson’s Bay Company to the Society. This individual,
which is now living in the Society’s menagerie, was caught, as Capt.
Hanwell of the Company’s ship Prince of Wales informed him, “ on
the ice, on the 18th of August, in lat. 56° 54 N., long. 83° 30’ W.,
about one hundred miles from the land: the Indians who visited
Moose Factory called it Mistatarganish, and said that it was a cross
between a Fox and some other animal, probably a Wolf.”

At the same time with the Arctic Fox, the Hudson’s Bay Com-
pany presented to the Society a living Pekun or Fisher Martin,
Mustela Canadensis, Schreb.

A specimen was exhibited of the Falco rufipes, Bechst., a bird of
exceedingly rare occurrence in Britain. It was shot near Doncaster,
and is preserved in the collection of W. H. Rudstone Read, Esq.,
by whom it was communicated for exhibition to the Committee.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould exhibited a very ex-
tensive collection of Bird skins, from the Orkneys, and pointed out
particularly those which he regarded as most interesting, either on
account of their rarity or the state of their plumage. They included
beautiful specimens of the Ivory Gull, Larus eburneus, Temm., and
of the King Duck, Somateria spectabilis, Steph., as well as of other
rare species. In many of them, as in the black Guillemot, Uria
Troile, and red-breasted Merganser, Mergus Serrator, the series was
complete, commencing from the egg, and proceeding to the adult
plumage of the birds, which were generally exhibited both in their
summer and winter dress. Nearly the whole of them were accom-
panied by specimens of their eggs.

The collection contained individuals of all the species of para-
sitic Gull hitherto discovered on our coasts, and Mr. Gould re-
marked on the differences existing between them, which he illus-
trated by reference to the specimens on the table. The species are.
Lestris Cataractes, Lest. Pomarhinus, Lest. Richardsonii, Swains.,
and Lest. parasiticus; the latter being now for the first time added
to the British Fauna, the bird previously described by English
writers under that name being identical with the species described
by Mr, Swainson in the ‘ Fauna Boreali-Americana’ as the Lestris
Richardsonit.

[No. XXV.] Zoou. Soc, Proceepines or THE ComM.oF SCIENCE.

190

A paper was read, containing ‘a brief account of a particular
function of the nervous system,” in which Dr. Marshall Hall detailed a
series of experiments tending to prove the existence of asource of mus-
cular action distinct from all those hitherto noticed by physiologists :
viz. volition, the irritation of the motor nerves in some part of their
origin or course, or that of the muscles themselves. The peculiarity of
this motion he stated to consist in its being excited “ by irritation of
the extreme portion of the sentient nerves, whence the impression
is conveyed through the corresponding portion of brain and spinal
marrow as a centre, to the extremities of the motor nerves.”

The animals experimented on were Salamanders, Frogs and Turtles.
In the first of these the tail, entirely separated from the body, moved
as in the living animal, on being excited by the point of a needle
passed lightly over its surface. The motion ceased on destroying
the spinal marrow within the caudal vertebre. The head of a frog
having been removed, and the spine divided between the third and
fourth vertebre, an eye of the separated head was touched: it
was retracted and the eyelid closed, a similar movement being ob-
served in the other eye. On removing the brain these phenomena
ceased. On pinching the skin or the toe of one of the anterior
extremities, the whole of this portion of the animal moved. On
destroying the spinal marrow this phenomenon alsoceased. Precisely
similar effects were observed on pinching the skin or toe of one of
the posterior extremities ; and on removing the last portion of the
spinal marrow this phenomenon ceased. The head of the turtlecon-
tinues to move long after its separation from the body : on pinching
the eyelid it is forcibly closed ; the mouth is opened and the mem-
brane expanded under the lower jaw descends as in respiration.
On pinching any part of the skin of the body, extremities, or tail, the
animal moves. The posterior extremities and -tail being separated
together, the former were immoveable; the latter moved on the ap-
plication of the flame of a lighted taper to the skin. Those extremities
had no connexion with the spinal marrow. All movement ceased in
the tail also on withdrawing the spinal marrow from its canal.

«« Three things,” Dr. Hall observes, “ are plain from these obser-
vations : 1. that the nerves of sensibility are impressible in portions of
an animal separated from the rest; in the head, in the upper part of
the trunk, in the lower part of the trunk: 2. that motions similar to
voluntary motions follow these impressions made upon the sentient
nerves : and 3, that the presence of the spinal marrow is essential
as the central and cementing link between the sentient and motor
nerves.” g

Dr. Hall then proceeded to adduce another series of experiments
still more conclusive. If a frog be made to swallow a watery solution
of opium, it becomes affected with symptoms very similar to those of
tetanus and hydrophobia ; the body and limbs become rigidly ex-
tended ; but besides this state of spasm, the cutaneous nerves be-
come extremely susceptive, and the motor nerves extremely excita-
tive; a shake, a touch, a breath of air even, induces spasmodic
movements of the body and limbs. A frog made tetanic by opium

191

was decapitated aud divided just below the third vertebra. The eves
continued drawn in, and no motion could be detected on irritating
the eye, eyelid, or skin, But both the anterior and posterior parts
remained tetanic as before. The limbs were moved in the same spas-
modic manner by the same slight impressions. The exalted condition
of the function of the sentient and motor nerves continued in each
part. All was changed on removing the brain and the respective
portions of spinal marrow. The eyes were immovable, but no longer
retracted ; the muscles of the limbs were flaccid, and there was no
evidence of irritability in the sentient nerves.

“‘ These experiments,” Dr. Hall continued, « appear to me to
establish a property or function of the nervous system ,—of the sentient
and motor nerves,—distinct from sensation and voluntary or instinc-
tive motion. However doubtful this conclusion might appear in re-
ference to the first series of experiments upon the animal in its natural
state, it can scarcely admit of doubt when we compare with them the
phenomena observed in the frog made tetanic by opium. Jn this case
the contraction ofthe muscles is plainly not the result of volition 3 and
it obeys the same laws, in regard to its continuance and extinction,
as the similar function or property in its natural and unexalted state.
Neither does it arise from the irritation of the motor nerves, or mus-
cular fibre ; for it ceases on removing the spinal marrow, while the
property of irritability continues unimpaired after the destruction of
the nervous centre. I conclude, then, that there is a property of the
sentient and motory system of nerves which is independent of sensation
and volition ;—a property of the motor nerves independent of imme-
diate irritation :—a property which attaches itself to any part of an
animal, the corresponding portion of the brain and spinal marrow of
which is entire. This property is capable ot exaltation, in the frog,
from the influence of opium, and doubtless of strychnine ; and I may
add, that it is diminished or extinguished by the hydrocyanic acid. It
is naturally greatest in animals of lowest sensibility, as the cold-
blooded.”

With regard to the office, performed by this property of the nervous
system in the animal ceconomy, Dr. Hall stated that it appeared espe-
cially to preside over all those functions which, from appearing
neither exclusively voluntary nor independent of the will, have been
designated mixed. That the function of respiration is of this kind he
considered plain from the phenomena presented by the separated head
of the turtle, in which the submaxillary integuments became alter-
nately inflated and contracted as in ordinary respiration. The ac-
tions of coughing, sneezing, vomiting, &c. are of the same kind.
So apparently is the singular effect produced by tickling. Of all the
parts of the human frame the larynx and the anus appear to be most
under the influence of this peculiar power. No part is so impatient
of irritation as the former; none so much in need of automatic
action as the latter, with the other sphincters. These very parts are
subject moreover to peculiar morbid affections of this function: in
regard to the faryna it is observed in some affections of dangerous
tendency referred to spasm : in the sphincters it is seen in those sin-

192

gular and painful affections termed strangury and tenesmus. There
are also peculiar affections of the system of voluntary muscles referrible
to the same property. In hydrophobia and tetanus, in each of which
the extremities of the sentient nerves have been wounded, there is a
peculiar exaltation of this function: the morbid action appears to
be propagated to the spinal marrow; and then along the motor
nerves, producing those dreadful sensations and spasms so fearfully
characteristic of these affections. The least external shock or im-

pression is terrible ; the immediate muscular contractions are into-
lerable. ‘

193

December 11, 1832.
William Yarrel]l, Esq., in the Chair,

A specimen was exhibited of a Hedgehog from the interior of
South Africa, which formed part of a rich collection of preserved
animals, recently brought from that country by Mr. A. Steedman,
to whom the Committee was indebted for the exhibition. Mr. Ben-
nett pointed out various characters distinguishing it from the several
species of Erinaceus previously known, and proposed for it, on ac-
count of a remarkable band of long white hairs passing from below
and behind the ears across the forehead, the name of

ERINACEUS FRONTALIS. Er. oblongo-ovatus ; spinis varie inter-
textis, ad basin albis in medio purpurascentibus, versus apicem
albidis brunneo apiculatis ; pilis brunneis, fascia Srontalis albe
rigidis, auriculas oblongas obtegentibus.

Hab. in Africa Australi.

Long. corporis, 53, lat. 3 unc. ; long. auricule, 7 lin.; pedis pos-

tici cum unguibus, 1 unc. 5 lin.

In form this new species approaches the European Hedgehog,
which it also resembles in its general colouring and in its concealed
ears; but these organs, although not at first sight visible, are, in
the Cape Hedgehog, long, their auricle, which is rather narrow and
nearly oblong, being produced more than half an inch, while in the
Er. Europeus this part is not at all lengthened, but forms merely a
narrow margin surrounding the ears. In Er. auritus, and in the
two species from the Himalayan Mountains, recently described by
Mr. Bennett, (page 123,) the auricles are not only considerably
produced, but are quite uncovered, forming a striking part of the
physiognomy of these animals.

Among the brown hairs which cover the under part of the sides,
and the belly and limbs, a few white bristles are intermixed ; and in
the individual exhibited, there is a white patch occupying the inside
and base of one of the fore legs, and a second, covering about one
half of the lower jaw on one side ; these marks Mr. Bennett regarded
as accidental.

He stated that Mr. Steedman had informed him that he had pos-
sessed a second individual of the same species, which he had trans-
ferred to M. Verreaux.

A specimen was exhibited of the Phasianus lineatus, Lath., ob-
tained from the Tennasserim coast by G. Swinton, Esq., Corr.
Memb. Z.S., by whom it was presented to the Society: The spe-
cies was characterized by Mr. Vigors in the First Part of the ‘ Pro-
ceedings,’ page 24.

194

The exhibition was resumed of the collection of Shells formed by
Mr. Cuming on the Western coast of South America, and among
the islands of the Southern Pacific Ocean. The new species were
accompanied, as on the previous occasions, by descriptions from the
pens of Mr. Broderip and Mr. G. B. Sowerby.

Genus MuREx,

Murex suxeus. Mur. testa subfusiformi, multifariam unduloso~
varicosd, transversim striata, fusca albo transversim lineata ;
apertura albd ; labro intis denticulato : long. 14, lat. 8 poll.

Hab, ad Iquiqui.

Found on a sandy bottom at the depth of eighteen fathoms,—

W. 3. De

Murex Diesacus. Mur. testd fusiformi, multifariam varicosd,
varicibus subfrondentibus, transversim costatd, quasi cancellatd,
alba fusco subfasciatd ; spird productd, canali mediacri: long. 1,
lat. 3. poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam,

From a rocky bottom at the depth of twelve fathoms.—W. J. B.

Murex PALLipus. Mur. testa Sustformi, albd, novemfariam va-
ricosd, costis transversis frequentibus et lineis longitudinalibus
creberrimis cancellatd ; canali valdé apertd: long. 48,, lat. x,
poll. ;

Hab. ad Insulas Falkland dictas—W. J. B.

Genus RANELLA.

RANELLA PYRAMIDALIS. Ran. testd elongato-pyramidali, valdé
compressd, alba, transversim costatd, anfractibus suturam versus
coronatis ; lined longitudinali interstitiali utrinque solitarid,
elevatd; spird valdé productd : long. 4, lat. + poll.

Hab. ad Uliteam et Panamam.

The interstitial longitudinal line which traverses the whole length
of the shell, both on the upper and under sides, may be almost
termed a varia.

Found on the reefs.—W. J. B.

RANELLA PusILLA, an. testd pyramidali, albd, granulosd:
long. +8;, lat. +5 poll.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico (Lord Hood’s Island).

Found on the reefs.-—W. J. B.

Genus CARDITA.

CARDITA TRICOLOR. Card. testé ovato-rhombed, longitudine al-
titudinem superante, radiatim costatd, albidd, fasciis fuscis longt-
tudinaliter notatd ; margine dorsali postico, latereque antico
brevi, aurantiacis ; latere postico longiore ; costis, anticis pre-
sertim, subgranosis : long. 1*5, lat. 1, alt, 1-1 poli.

Hab. in America Centrali.

Found among sand and mud, at a depth of ten fathoms, in the

Bay of Guayaquil.—G. B.S. iD

195

Carvira LATicostata. Card. testd ovato-rhombed, turgidd,
longitudine altitudinem superante, radiatim costatd, epidermide
Sulvescente indutd, fasciis brunneis longitudinaliter notatd ;
margine dorsali postico elevatiusculo; costis latis, anticis pre-
sertim, lineis elevatis decussatis: long. 21, lat. 1-4, alt. 1°6 poll.

Hab. in America Centrali (Guacomayo),.

Found in sand, at a depth of from six to twelve fathoms, at St.

Elena, Panama, and Real Llejos.—G, B. S.

Carpita RADIATA. Card. testa oblongd, pallescente, maculis vel
Sasciis fuscis variegatd ; latere antico brevi, postico elongato ;
costis paucis latis radiatd, costis anticis transversim decussatis,
mediantis postice angulatis, posticis rotundatis, dorsali squamiferd:
long. 2°1, lat.0°6, alt. 0-9 poll.

Hab. ad Salango, Columbiz Occidentalis, et ad Panamam.

Found in muddy sand at from six to twelve fathoms.—G. B. S.

CarpiTA AFFINIS. Card. testd oblongd, pallidd, fusco-varid,
latere antico brevi, postico elongato ; costis paucis latis radian-
tibus, anticis obsoletiusculis, posticis prominentibus angulosis, sub-
squamiferis : long. 1*4, lat. 0°6, alt. 0°6 poll.

Had. in America Meridionali.

Dredged from sandy mud, at a depth of from six te twelve

fathoms, in the Bay of Montejo and Gulf of Nocoiya.—G. B. S.

CarpiTA spurcA. Card. testd obovatd, albd, epidermide olivaced
indutd; costis radiantibus eminentibus granosis ornatd ; latere
postico superné anguloso: long. 1, lat. 0°55, alt. 07 poll.

Hab. ad oras Peruvie.

Dredged among coarse sand and gravel, in from six to ten fathoms,

at Iquiqui, in Peru.—G. B.S.

CarpitTa MuRICATA. Card. testd obovatd, albicante, costis radi-
‘antibus muricatis ornatd, posticis magnis distantibus, anticis mi-
noribus approximatis ; latere antico brevissimo : long. 1°1, lat.
0°55, alt. 0-55 poll.

Hab, ad littora Insularum Maris Pacifici.

Found attached to and under stones on the beach of Crescent

and Rapa Islands. A few brown spots are occasionally to be seen
ornamenting the dorsal and lateral parts of these shells.—G. B. S.

Genus PectuncuLus.

PECTUNCULUS MULTICOSTATUS. Pect. testd suborbiculari, albd,
castaneo rubiginoso cinereoque variegatd ; costellis numerosis, ex
umbone radiantibus, transversim striatis: long. 1+5, lat. 1-2, alt.
1-5 poll.
Hab. in America Meridionali.
Found in coarse sand and gravel, in twelve fathoms water, off the
Island of Muerte, in the Bay of Guayaquil.

This is one of the most beautiful of the Pectunculi, being of a pure
white, elegantly mottled with chestnut, rust-colour, and ash-grey :
it is remarkable that in the young shells some of the radiating ribs

196

are more prominent than others in the proportion of two large to
one small.—-G. B. S.

29 ,,<2 PECTUNCULUS INZQUALIS. Pect. testd subcordiformi, obliqud,

1 A Fee inequilaterali, altitudine longitudinem superante, gibbosd, obtusé

radiatim striatd, striis per fasciculos costiformes congestis, inter-
stitits striatis: long. 1°5, lat. 1°15, alt. 1°6 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam et Real Llejos.

A very beautiful species, of a white colour, varied with blueish
grey, and very irregularly splashed over with dark chestnut brown :
the ligament is short, and a very small part of it is anterior to the
umbones.

Found in sandy mud in ten fathoms.—G. B, S.

PrectuncuLus Assimitis. ect. testd subcordiformi, obligud, in-
aquilaterali, altitis quam longd, subgibbosd, radiatim sulcatd et
striatd, striis per fasciculos costiformes congestis, interstitiis la-
tiusculis, levibus : long. 1:3, lat. 1, alt. 1°5 poll.

Hab. in America Centrali et Meridionali.

Dredged in sandy mud and gravel, in from eight to twelve fathoms,

at Puerto Portrero and in the Bay of Guayaquil.

It is a beautiful species, varying much in colour: in general the

ground colour is white, and it is splashed over with greyish brown,
rust-colour, and chestnut brown.—G. B.S.

PECTUNCULUS TESSELLATUS. Pect. testd orbiculari, subglobosd,
albd, castaneo tessellatd et variegatd; costis rotundatis, subdi-
stantibus, radiantibus : long. 0°9, alt. 1, lat, 0°7 poll.

Haid. ad littora Columbiz Occidentalis.

From sandy mud and gravel, in from eight to ten fathoms, at

Monte Christe and in the Bay of Xipixapi.—G. B.S.

PrcruNncuLus STRIGILATUS. Pect. testd orbiculari, subventri-
cosd, albidd, roseo tinctd et rubiginoso strigatd et variegatd ; costis
rotundatis, distantibus, radiantibus, interstitis levibus ; long. 1,
lat. 0°65, alt. 1:05 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

Dredged from a depth of six to eight fathoms in sandy mud.—

G. B. S.

PecruncuLus Loncior. ect. testa ellipticd, albicante, radi-
atim sulcatd, latere postico breviore, ferrugineo, ventrali roseo-
fuscescente, antico longiore ; ints albicante, purpurascente-brun-

neo infectd ; long. 1+4, lat. 0°7, alt. 1°2 poll,

Hab. ad littora Brasiliz.

Two specimens only were brought from Rio de Janeiro.

This species is remarkable for being proportionally longer than

others.—G. B.S.

Genus CApPSsA.

Capsa ALTIon. Capsatestd oblongo-subtrigond, pallescente, intus
violaced, epidermide olivaced indutd ; marginibus dorsalibus in-
clinatis ; latere antico rotuudato-acuminato, postico subtruncato,

197

_ ventrali antico rotundato, postico leviter flexuoso ; wmbonibus ni-

gricanti-purpurascentibus : long. 33, alt, 2°3, lat. 1°35 poll.

Hab. in Peruvia et America Centrali,

Dredged among coarse gravel, in twelve fathoms water, in the
Gulf of Nocoiyo. A smaller variety, which is also rather higher,
was found at Tumbez, at a depth of five fathoms, in thin mud,—
G. B. S.

Genus SoLeneLia, G. Sowerby. /

Testa ovalis, equivalvis, sube@equilateralis, compressa, nitens, ept-
dermide olvvaceo-viridi, tenui, induta; dentibus cardinalibus
nullis, lateralibus anticis in utrdque valvd, tribus ad quatuor,
lateralibus posticis plurimis, seriem rectiusculam efformantibus,
omnibus parvis acutis ; impressionibus muscularibus duabus, la-
teralibus, subdistantibus ; impressione pallit sinu magno : liga-
mento externo, elongato.

An interesting new genus of mariné*bivalves, in which the general
form and characters of M. Blainville’s Solenocurtus are combined
with the series of minute sharp teeth characteristic of Nucula. It
appears to belong to the family of the Solenacee, and it may at
once be separated from the Mactracee, to which Nucula belongs,
by the circumstance of the whole of the ligament being external. .

SoLenELLA Norris. Sol. testd albido-ccerulescente ; epidermide
olivaceo-viridi, zonis concentricis saturatioribus : long. 1°6, alt.1,
lat, O'4 poll.

Hab, ad Valparaiso.

Discovered by Mr. Cuming, in soft mud, at from fourteen to

forty-five fathoms depth.

This is the only species of the genus J have seen ; but Mr. Cuming
informs me that he obtained a single valve of another and very dif-
ferent species. By the specific name I wish to honour and keep in
remembrance Thomas Norris, Esq., of Redvales, near Bury,
Lancashire.—G, B. S.

Genus NucuLa.

NucuLa ELonGATA. Nuc. testd elongatd, lanceolatd, tenui, albd,
idermide fuscd prope marginem ventralem indutd ; subequi-
aterali, latere antico breviore ; margine dorsali rectiusculd, pos-
licé subreflexd ; serie dentium posticad divaricatd : long. 2°7, lat.
0°25, alt. 0-7.

Hab. in Columbia Occidentali.

Dredged in sandy mud, at a depth of twelve fathoms, at Xipi-

xapi.

Nucula creniFera., Nuc. testd elongatd, lanceolatd, levigatd,
tenuissimé longitudinaliter striatd ; marginibus dorsalibus cari-
natis, carinis concinne crenulatis: long. 1-4, alt. 0-4, lat. 0-2 poll.

Hab. ad Xipixapi.

This species approaches nearly in shape to Nuc. lanceolata ; it is,

however, broader and higher, and its dorsal margin, when the two

198

valves are closed, is flat, with angular crenated edges. It was
dredged in sandy mud, at a depth of nine fathoms.—G. B. S.

Nucuta pouita. Nuc, testd oblonga, anticé rostratd, albd, epi-
dermide virescente, politd ; margine dorsali anticd levi ; striis
nonnullis obliquis anticis : long. 1°4, alt. 0°6, lat. 0°45 poll.

Hab, ad Panamam.

A single specimen of this very beautiful species was dredged up

in sand from a depth of seven fathoms.—G. B. S

Nucuta Pisum. Nuc. testd parva, obliqué ovali, latere antico
brevissimo, margine dorsali inclinatd : long. 0°25, lat.0-15, alt.
0-2 poll.
Hab. ad Valparaiso. :
Dredged in coarse sand and gravel, at various depths from seven
to forty fathoms.—G, B. S.

Nucuta cosTeLtiata. Nuc. testd oblongd, tenui, antic ros-
tratd, acuminatd, costis duabus dorsalibus approximatis, crenu-
latis ; costellis acutis concentricis, totam superficiem tegentibus :
long. 0°8, alt.0°3, lat. 0-2 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

Two specimens were taken in sandy mud at adepth of ten fa-

thoms, A thin epidermis covers the shell.—G. B. S.

Nucura eissesa. Nuc. testd oblonga, gibbosd, anticé acuminato-
rostratd, longitudinaliter sulcatd ; dorso antico depresso, margi-
nibus centralibus elevatis : long. 1°2, lat. 0°55, alt. 0-6 poll.

Had. ad littora Peruvie.

Found in soft mud, at a depth of five fathoms, at Tumbez in Peru.

A variety, with a less elevated ridge in the centre of the anterior
dorsal margin, and of much smaller size, was found in mud, at
twelve fathoms, in the Gulf of Nocoiyo.—G, B. S.

Nucuta Erenensis. Nuc. testd ovatd, gibbosd, longitudinaliter
sulcatd, anticé rostrato-acuminatd ; limbo dorsali antico arcuato,
marginibus crenulatis : long. 0-5, lat. 0°25, alt. 0°35 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam,

Dredged in sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.—G. B. S.

NucuLta EBURNEA. WNuc. testd ovata, gibbosd, longitudinaliter
sulcatd, nitidd, eburned, anticé rostrato-acuminatd: long. 0°65,
lat.0°3, alt. 0°35 poll.

Hab. ad oras Columbiz Occidentalis.

Found in sandy mud, at a depth of from seven to nine fathoms,

in the Bay of Caraccas.—G. B.S.

NucuLa cunEata. Nuc. testd ovato-cuneiformi, gibbosd, epider-
mide virescente, nitidd, latere postico rotundato, antico acuminato ;
superficie concentricé sulcatd : long. 0-4, lat. 0'2, alt, 0°25 poll.

Hab, ad Valparaiso.

Dredged in coarse sand and gravel, at various depths, from four-

teen to forty-five fathoms.—G. B. S.

NucuLa Exicsa, Nuc. testd parvd, obliqué ovatd, albicante, pel-

~

199

lucidd, concentricé sulcatd ; latere postico longiore, subacuminato,
antico brevissimo: long. 0-2, lat. 0°1, alt. 0°15 poll.
Hab, ad Columbiam Occidentalem (Bay of Caraccas).
ns A cae specimen found in sandy mud at nine fathoms depth.—
Pas

Genus AMPHIDESMA.

AMPHIDESMA ROSEUM. Amph. testd suborbiculari, rosed, concen-
trict costatd, epidermide fuscd, lucidd, indutd ; latere postico sub-
emarginato; costis confertis, acutis: loug. 2°5, alt. 2-3, lat. 1-1
poll.

Hab. ad \ittora Peruviez.

Shell of a rose colour all over; darker about the umbo. A single

valve was found at Tumbez in Peru.—G. B. S.

Ampuipesma Rurium. Amph, testd subovali vel suborbiculari, sub-
irregulari, radiatim striatd, costis interruptis concentrice rugosd ;
umbone levigato ; intus albd ; dentibus lateralibus subapproximatis,
brevibus, crassis, margineque dorsali posticd purpureis : long. 1-25,
alt.1, lat.0°65 poll.; long. 1°3, alt. 1-2, lai. 0-7 poll.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico.

Outside of the shell white ; a few rose-coloured rays are occasion-
ally observable near the basal margin. Found in coarse gravel in
the crevices of rocks in coral reefs at Lord Hood’s Island. A variety
which is white all over, both inside and out, occurs in the clefts .of
rocks in coarse gravel at the Gallapagos Islands.—G. B. S,

AMPHIDESMA FoRMOSUM. Amph. testd ovali, albicante, roseo
radiatd et purpureo maculatd, concentricé costatd, costis confertis,
anticé posticeque rugulosis ; umbonibus intiis lutescentibus : long.
2, alt. 1°6, lat. 0°7 poll.

Had. ad Sanctam Elenam,

The most beautiful of all the 4mphidesmata I have yet seen. Only

two odd valves were dredged in seven fathoms water.—G. B. S.

AMPHIDESMA PALLIDUM. Amph. testd ovali, pallidé purpurascenti-
fulvd, umbonibus saturatioribus, tenuissime concentric? striatd, epi-
dermide tenui, subiridescente indutd ; latere postico subtruncato,
dorsali rotundato : long. 1-25, lat. 0°45, alt. 0°9 poll.
Hab. ad Salango, Columbie Occidentalis.
The young shells are paler and more fulvous in colour. Dredged
in sandy mud at a depth of seven fathoms.—G. B.S.

AMPHIDESMA LEVE. Amph. testd ovatd, albd, levigatd, epidermide

- corned, tenui indutd ; latere postico breviore, rutundato, antico

longiore subacuminato; sulco obsoleto posticali, ab umbone ad

marginem ventralem decurrente: long. 1:45, alt. 1-1, lat. 0-35

poll.

Hab. ad Xipixapi, Columbiaz Occidentalis.

A single specimen of this very delicate species was dredged from a
depth of ten fathoms in sandy mud.—G. B.S,

AMPHIDESMA PURPURASCENS. Amph. testd ovali, purpurascente ;
margine anticd rotundatd, posticd subacuminatd, subtruncatd, dor-

200

sali posticd rectiusculd crenulatd ; costis concentricis, acutis, crenu-
latis, confertissimis, tenuibus, fulvis : long.1°9, alt.1-5, lat.0°65 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

A single valve of this elegant species was picked up on the sands

at St. Elena.—G. B. S.

AMPHIDESMA PUNCTATUM. Amph. tesid ovali, crassiusculd, albi-
cante, sparsim roseo fulvogue maculatd ; postice subtruncatd, plicd

flexuosa posticali distinctd; disco externo concentric? impresso-

punctato; marginibus, inferiori costis nonnullis concentricis latis,
dorsalibus anticé et postice roseo maculatis ; long. 1*7, alt. 1°35,
lat. 0°6 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

A perfect specimen and a single valve are all that Mr. Cuming

obtained.—G. B. S.

AMPHIDESMA LENTICULARE. Amph, testa albd, lenticulari, levigatd,
tenuissimé radiatim striatd ; parte mediand anticdque striis elevatis,
subconcentricis, flexuosis decussatd ; margine postica subflexuosd ;
epidermide tenuissimd, flavescente : long. 0:87, alt. 0°8, lat. 4-5
poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

A single specimen was dredged from a depth of six fathoms in

sandy mud.—G. B. S.

AMPHIDESMA ELLIPTICUM.—Amph. testd ellipticd, albd, subobliqud,
levi, epidermide fuscd ; latere antico longiore, rotundato, postico
breviore, oblique subtruncato ; superficie concentrice leviter striatd :
long. 2, alt. 1°7, lat. 0°75 poll.

Hab. in Columbia Occidentali (Monte Christe).

Inside pure white. Dredged at a depth of nine fathoms in sandy

mud.—G. B.S.

AmpuipEsMA corrucatum. Amph. testd suborbiculari, albicante,
radiatim striatd, concentricé rugulosd ; epidermide fuscd ; margine
dorsali posticd rectd, inclinatd ; intus flavescente: long. 2°1, alt.
1:9, lat. 1 poll.

Hab. in Peruvia et ad Iquiqui.

Dredged from coarse gravel in ten fathoms water.—G.B. S.

AMPHIDESMA AUSTRALE. Amph. testd suborbiculari, rotundatd,
albicante, radiis pallid roseis nonnunguam pictd, concentricé ru-
gosd: long. |, alt. 1, lat. 0°5 poll.

Hab. in littoribus Nove Hollandiz et ad insulas Oceani Pacifici.

Found by Mr. Cuming in the crevices of the coral rocks at Lord

Hood’s Island.
I have had the printed descriptions of the three last species by me
for several years, but they have never been published.—G, B. S.
Genus Nerit1na.

Neritina LATissima. er. testd rotundatd, ventricosd, striis lon-
gitudinalibus, minutis, creberrimis, fuscd luteo maculatd, maculis
numerosissimis ; labro dilatato, latissimo, spiram longé preter-
eunte; labio crenulato, subluteo: long. 14, lat. 14 poll.

¥

201

Var. flavescens fasciis duabus nigris.
Hab. ad Real Llejos, in fluvio, rupibus adherens.

A very curious species, probably the analogue of Strombus latissimus
among the river shells. —W. J. B.

Neritina pinatara. Ner. testd ovato-truncatd, dorso convexo,
albido-fuscd lineis nigris angulatis reticulatd ; spird oblique in-

curvd ; labro tenui superné sub-biauriculato; labio subarcuato,
denticulato: long. &, lat. 4%; poll.

Had. ad insulam Taheiten in rivis, saxis adherens.

A species approaching Ner. auriculata, Lam., but very distinct
from it.—W. J. B.

Neritina cioposa, Ner. testd globosd, flavescente vel fuscd,

quasi. guttatd, guttarum limbis nigricantibus ; labio subrugoso,
denticulato: Jong.1, lat. 1 poll.

Hab. ad Chiriqui Colombiz Occidentalis in fluvio.—W. J.B.

Neritina Nux. Ner. testd ovato-globosd, fuscd, longitudinaliter
striatd, striis creberrimis ; labio serrato, unidenticulato: long. £,
lat. & poll.

Hab. ad insulam Taheiten in rivis, saxis adherens.—W. J. B.

NERITINA INTERMEDIA. er. testd suborbiculari, olivaceo-fuscd,
nigro reticulatd ; dorso subgibboso, labio externo intus levi, albi-
cante ; columellari subflavo, planulato, margine centrali rugulosd :
long. 0°75, lat. 0°85 poll.

Hab. in America Centrali.

Found abundantly on stones in a mountain stream in the Isle of

Lions, Bay of Montejo. It bears a distant resemblance to Ner. pulli-

gera. A smaller variety occurs in a rivulet at San Lucas in the Gulf
of Nocoiya.—G. B. S.

NeriTina cutorostoma. Ner. testd suborbiculari, ellipticd, oli-
vaceo-fuscd, nigro reticulatd, subfasciatd ; aperturd intis flavd ;
labii columellaris margine obtus unidentatd, rugulosd : long. 0-5,
lat. 0°55 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Taheiten.

Found on stones in the rivulets.—G, B.S.

NeERITINA Picta. Ner. testd subglobosd, cinerascente, maculis,
sphacelis, vittisque diversimodd putd; labio interno castaneo:
long. 0°5, lat. 0-4 poll.

Hab, ad Panamam.

Found in abundance on a mud-bank partially overflowed with
fresh water.—G. B. S.

NERITINA RETICULATA. Ner. testd subovali, transversim striatd,
aterrimd, albo reticulatd et maculata; aperturd omnind lutescente :
long. 0°45, lat.0°48 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Polynesias.

From Lord Hood’s Island ; found in fine sand on the reefs, oc-

easionally overflowed.—G. B. S.

Neritina Morio. Ner, testd subovali, transversim striatd, atrd ;

202

aperturd pallescente ; columelld superné emarginatd, in medio
denticulatd : long. O°7, lat. 0°75 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Polynesias.

Found on the coral reefs at Ducie’s and Easter Islands.—G. B.S:

Genus Ancytvs,
_AncyLus osiiquus. Ane. testd subovatd, diaphand, longitudina-
liter minutissime striatd; mucrone verticis obliquo: long. +,

lat. +25 poll.
Hab, in Chili in rivulis, saxis adherens.—W. J.B.

The stomach, ce@ca, cranium, &c. of Hyrax Capensis were exhibited,
the former forming part of the collection of Mr. Thomas Bell. Mr.
Owen, who had anatomically examined the individual from which they
were obtained, read the following account of its structure.

“‘It is unnecessary to enter before this Committee into the scien-
tific history of Hyrax Capensis, since it has already been fully given in
the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles,’ and in the ‘ Decas Mammalium’ of Hemp-
rich and Ehrenberg: it may even appear presumptuous in me to
occupy your time with the anatomical description of an animal that
has already been described by the most accomplished anatomist and
zoologist of his age. Since the time, however, that the Cape Hyrax
was dissected by Pallas, no other original account of the structure of
the soft parts of this animal has appeared; for I infer from the de-
scriptions of some parts, as the digestive organs, which appear in
several places of the ‘Legons d'Anatomie Comparée,’ that Cuvier had
not, al the period of his preparing that work for the press, himself
dissected the Hyrax ; and this may probably account for his silence
respecting some other remarkable anomalies in the structure of the
Hyrax described by Pallas, but which the illustrious author of our
only text-book in comparative anatomy was probably averse to give
his sanction to, without having confirmed them by personal observa-
tion. On this account I feel that even a simple confirmation of the
observations of Pallas would be acceptable to every zoologist; but
in the following communication some additional facts, as well as more
particular descriptions of the most remarkable anomalies, have been
given, the amount of which will be readily appreciated by whoever
will compare this account with the original description of Cavia Ca-
pensis, in the * Spicilegia,’ and ‘ Miscellanea Zoologica,’ of Pallas.

«« The specimen here described was a full-grown male, placed tem-
porarily in the Society's Menagerie by Thomas Beli, Esq. It lived in
the Gardens through the greater part of last summer, and died at the
winter repository for the smaller animals a few days ago.

«* As it was already skinned when I first saw it, its dimensions will
be more safely given from the skeleton; I shall only therefore here
observe that its length from the anterior surface of the upper incisors
to the vent was | foot 54 inches.

*«< On laying open the abdomen, which was of considerable capacity,
the viscera were found disposed in the following manner :—the liver
occupied the epigastric region and the atlantal part of both hypo-

203

chondria * ; below or sacrad of the liver appeared the great curvature
of the stomach, extending quite across the abdomen; from this part
the omentum extended half-way down the rest of the abdomen: on
lifting up the omentum there appeared what Pallas justly calls,
** insignis crassorum intestinorum apparatus”, consisting of an enor-
mous cecum, and colon; below which, extending upwards from the
iliac regions, were the extremities of the two accessory ceca. These
latter parts were overlapped by what may be termed the spermatic
omenia, two duplicatures of peritoneum, including fat, continued from
the spermatic vessels, testes and vasa deferentia, and extending from
the lumbar and iliac regions towards the middle line of the abdomen.
These, in the foetal Hyrax are remarkably large and loaded with fat.
' On turning aside the ceca, (which can easily be done, as they have an
entire investment of peritoneum, and are not closely attached to the
abdominal parietes,) the convolutions of the small intestines, and of
the rest of the colon, were brought into view.

“* The duodenum is not so loosely connected with the back part of
the abdomen as in most of the Rodentia; but it has throughout its
course one entire investment of peritoneum. It descends in front of
the right kidney for,4 inches, and then suddenly returns upon itself,
passing behind the ascending colon, and runs along the middle of the
spine as high as the stomach, where it becomes a loose intestine, or
jejunum. At its commencement it is not dilated as in many Ro-
dentia.

“« The small intestines were about 8 lines in diameter, and were
convoluted upon a mesentery about | inch and 3ths in breadth, in the
curve of which ran a chain of dark-coloured lacteal glands. Pallas
counted eleven. On laying open the smallintestines they presented a
peculiarity 1 have not met with in any other quadruped, viz. a series
of about twelve small pouches, distant from 3 to 5 inches from each
other, about 3 lines in diameter and the same in depth, their orifices
pointing distad, or towards the cecum. These pouches make no
projection externally, being situated wholly beneath the muscular
coat. They consist of duplicatures of the mucous membrane, and
are surrounded by the glandule aggregate which open into them by
numerous orifices. Their use would appear to be to prevent the
secretion of these glands being mixed as soon as formed with the
chyme, but, by retaining it, to alter its qualities in some degree.
The whole inner surface of the small intestines is beset with fine
villi, giving them considerable resemblance to the intestines of a
bird. For the extent of about a foot from the commencement of the
small intestines many of these villi terminated in a black point, a
circumstance which Pallas also observed, “‘ intus punctis contiguis atris
villosum.” The length of the small intestines was 4 feet 6 inches.

* The cacum seemed at first sight to have a great analogy to that

* Pallas observes that the whole of the liver was in his specimen situated
in the right hypochondrium, and did not extend beyond the mesial line of the
diaphragm. Ina viscus so loosely attached as this is in the Hyraz, variety
in respect to position is to be expected.

204

of the Hare and other Rodents, being sacculated, and distended with
a blackish pultaceous matter ; but in form one would compare it
rather with that of the Tapir, its magnitude arising more from its
breadth than its length. Its length from the orifice of the ileum is 3
inches, its circumference 8 inches. The colon gradually diminishes
as it leaves the cecum, 4 inches from which its diameter is nearly that
_ of the small intestines : the dilated part of the colon is bent in a sig-
moid form, and the remainder is convoluted on a broad mesocolon,
and ata distance of 2 feet from the dilated part (when unravelled)
terminates between two conical ceca in a second dilated intestine.
Each of these singular ceca was an inch anda half in diameter at its
base, and gradually contracted till it terminated in a glandular ver-
miform appendage about half an inch long, and 2 lines in diameter.
The intestine continued from these was 3 inches in diameter, but also
gradually contracted, so that at a distance of 6 inches it also became
as small as the small intestines. The whole length of this intestine,
the *‘ intestinum bicorne” of Pallas, or second colon, was 2 feet 6
inches in. length ; making the length of the whole intestinal canal,
exclusive of the ceca, 9 feet 4 inches, or about six times the length
of the animal. Nothing in particular was observed either in the first
or second divisions of the colon; but the contents of the latter were
much drier than those of the former, and were collected into detached
fibrous masses, or scybala. Notwithstanding the complexity of the
intestinal canal, it is suspended from a single continuous duplicature
of the peritoneum advancing from the bodies of the vertebre and ex-
tending from the beginning of the jejunum to the rectum.

“In looking through the Vertebrata for an analogous formation of
the intestinal canal, we shall find the Hyrax standing almost alone
in this respect: among the Mammalia it is only in a few of the
Edentate species that the double c@cum is to be met with, as,
e. g. Myrmecophaga didactyla, Linn., and Dasypus 6-cinctus, Linn.;
whilst in Birds, although the double cecum more generally prevails,
yet an additional single cecum, anterior to these, has only been
found in a few species. This structure, however, completes the
analogy, guoad the number of ceca, but with respect to function the
cases are widely different ; the single anterior cecum of Hyrax evi-
dently performs an important part in digestion, while in the Bird it
exhibits merely a trace of a structure peculiar to embryonic life. I
should consider, however, the double cecum of Hyrax as indicating
an affinity to the group which intervenes, in the system of Cuvier, be-
tween the order it was originally placed in, and the one to which that
great naturalist has transferred it. And it is interesting to find that
while the facies of Hyraz so far simulates that of a Rodent as to have
deceived the older naturalists, and to have concealed from them those
unerring indications of its alliance with the Pachydermata which the
osseous system exhibits, vet that Nature, as if in confirmation of her
abhorrence to the saltus, had left in the internal structure of this sin-

ular animal an impression borrowed from the type of the Edentata.

«< Although the stomach of some of the Rodentia, as the common
Rat, and of the Edentata, as the Manis, exhibits a partial cuticular

205

lining, yet it isamong the Pachydermata that this structure is most
prevalent. Inthe Hyraz, two thirds of the stomach on the cardiac
side are lined with a thick, white and wrinkled cuticle ; along the
greater curvature it was raised in the present instance into a number
of warty excrescences, the consequences of disease. The stomach is
of an oblong form, contracted and bent upon itself where the cu-
ticle terminates, Its greatest length, when moderately distended,
is 54 inches; its depth, opposite the cardiac orifice, 3 inches; the
extent of the cardiac sacculus, beyond the cesophageal opening,
2 inches. The pyloric end was lined by a vascular and villous
membrane. No difference could be detected in the state of the
matters situated at the cardiac and pyloric ends of the stomach :
they consisted of well-masticated vegetable substances. Immedi-
ately beyond the pylorus were the orifices of a number of follicles.
The esophagus had a course of 2 inches in the abdomen, before
terminating at the cardia; this depended on the gteater distance
at which the stomach was situated from the diaphragm.

The liver had the same form and number of lobes as described
by Pallas. The middle lobe had the usual two notches, into the
left of which the coronary ligament entered; but the right con-
tained no gall-bladder, which in the Hyraz, as in some of the Ro-
dentia, and many of the Pachydermata, is deficient. A compensa-
tion for this deficiency was, however, in some measure apparent in
this animal; for the hepatic ducts, immediately on leaving the lobes
of the liver, dilated into three globular receptacles, the united ca-
pacities of which would have equalled a moderate-sized gall-bladder ;
the duct formed by the union of these receptacles was 3 lines in
diameter and 1 inch 3 lines in length; it grew gradually narrower
as it approached the intestine, and terminated three fourths of an
inch from the pylorus. ;

_ In the largest of the above-mentioned dilatations of the hepatic
ducts there was a Distoma, probably the same species as the Liver
Sluke of Sheep ; and both in that and the other receptacle there were
small pulverulent biliary concretions, of a bright yellow colour. I
therefore feel uncertain whether these receptacles should be consi-
dered as altogether normal.

“ The pancreas was a small flattened gland, but terminated by
two distinct ducts, one close to the hepatic, the other 1 inch beyond
it, lower down the duodenum. This disposition of the ducts, and
the sudden bend of the duodenum, also reminds one of the structure
of birds.

_“ The spleen had the same position and flattened semilunar
form as Pallas describes. ,
_ “The relative size and position of the kidneys, and of the cap-
sulé renales, also accorded with the observations of that great
anatomist. The tubuli uriniferi terminated in each kidney ina very
rominent pointed papilla; the left kidney 1 observed to be pecu-
iarly flattened on the outer or lateral side, which presents gene-
rally a regular convexity.
“In the ‘ Spicilegia Zoologica,’ Pallas describes the peculiar in-
[No. XXV.]

206

sertion of the ureters with a note of admiration; and I am not
aware that a parallel structure has since been discovered in any
animal possessing an urinary bladder. It is not, however, precisely.
in the fundus or summit of the bladder that the ureters open ; they
enter between the muscular fibres at the back part of the fundus, at
the angles, analogous to the situation at which the tube Fallopiane
enter the human uterus; but they run obliquely downwards and
inwards for 2 lines before they terminate, leaving, however, a full
inch of space between them and the orifice of the urethra. The
long diameter of the distended bladder is 1 inch 4 lines. For
what purpose this structure is designed in the Hyraz, or whether
the urine undergoes any change in consequence of it, I cannot
conjecture ; but it is a curious fact, that, according to Hemprich,
both the natives of Arabia, and the boors of the Cape, regard the
urine of Hyrax as medicinal. ;

‘In accordance with the length of the loins in Hyraz, (a cireums
stance which Cuvier particularly notices,) the parts in relation with
that region seem peculiarly elongated. The muscular part of the
urethra is a full inch in length, and the vesicule seminales, opening
into the termination of this part, lie on either side of it, so that their
apices only reach the bladder. The vasa deferentia also are much
longer than is usually seen in the true Testiconda, the testes being
situated just below the kidneys, 3 inches anterior to the bladder.
Pallas has accurately described their form and situation, and also
the course of the vasa deferentia, and the convoluted mass, like a
second epididymis, behind the bladder. They terminate distinctly
from the ducts of the vesicule seminales, beneath a valvular fold of
the inner membrane of the urethra, at the termination of the mus-
cular part of that canal. ‘These vasa deferentia are remarkably at-
tenuated, as in all Testiconda, before they reach the bladder; they
then begin to enlarge, and by means of their convolutions, must
form a considerable receptacle for the semen. Yet here the vesiculae
seminales are as large and complex, proportionally, as in the Boar,
a circumstance which seems to afford a strong additional argument
to those advanced by Tyson (Phil. Trans., xiil. p. 370,) and Hunter
(Anim. CEcon., p. 31,) against their supposed use as mere recep-
tacles.

“ These vesicule seminales were situated on either side the mus-
cular part of the urethra ; not behind the bladder, but in the space
between it and the bulb of the urethra. They were each 13 inch in
length, and 8 lines in breadth, giving off a number of short wide
processes, which, as they are compacted together, give to the ex-
ternal surface a brain-like appearance. Their ducts are wide, and
terminate behind the valvular fold at the end of the muscular part
of the urethra.

«« Two prostate glands, of a tubular structure, lie at the lower
ends of the vesicule seminales.

«« The bulb of the urethra commences by a wide cul-de-sac: the
spongy part of the wrethra, which forms its parietes, is 2 lines in
thickness, and this is embraced by acceleratores of remarkable

207

strength for so small an animal. Two small: flattened Cowper's
glands, ofa circular figure, open by long ducts into this part of the
urethra; the remainder of the canal is narrow.

‘¢ The penis is abruptly bent backwards, and terminates in a trun-
cate extremity, which I have observed frequently hanging down in
the living animal: The erectores muscles are short and strong, but
quite inadequate to perform the office their name implies. The
erection or extension of the penis is performed, as in other retro-
mingents, by two muscles arising from the symphysis pubis, and in-
serted near the glans by a single tendon, which traverses the dorsum
penis. One can hardly conceive how even these muscles can be
adequate to the complete extension of the penis, unless assisted by
the action which Cuvier attributes to the acceleratores wring, viz.
that of expelling the accumulated blood from the bulbous part, and
chasing it to’the other end of the penis,—an action which one can
readily conceive must have a considerable influence in the erection,
as well asin driving onwards the fluids accumulated in the bulb.

' «The viscera of the chest, the tongue, and the luryna presented
nothing remarkable.

“The chief peculiarity observed in the muscular system was a
modification of the digastric muscle of the lower jaw, which arose,
as in the 4rmadilloes, from the upper part of the sternum, instead
of the occiput or temporal bone; and was inserted into the whole
ramus and angle of the lower jaw ; it was of remarkable strength,
being as large as the sterno-cleido-mastoideus in man. It is this
musele which occasions the peculiar fulness of the neck in the
Hyras.”

LQ : Ul

' The following extract from the Report of the Council to the
General Meeting on December 6th, was read :
~ “Jn their last Annual Report, the Council adverted with un-
mixed satisfaction to the meetings of the Committee of Science
and Correspondence, and to the published Proceedings which have
emanated from those meetings. The Council saw in them proofs
of the scientific zeal of the Members of the Society, both at home
and abroad ; and subsequent meetings and proceedings have con-
firmed the impression made by them, that much important informa-
tion was likely to be afforded to the public by the industry and
talent of those Members who have taken a share in producing them,
as well as of other Members, not less qualified to add to the general
stock of zoological knowledge. Aware from such ample evidence
that the Society may, by the exertions of its Members, assume a
‘rank in the scientific world commensurate with its resources and
their zeal, the Council have under consideration a plan for substi-
tuting in lieu of meetings of a Committee, general meetings of the
Society for scientific purposes. ‘They trust to be able to lay before
an early meeting the details of such a plan. With it will be con-
nected the publication, with the requisite illustrations, of all the
more important papers which may be communicated to the scientific
meetings,”

208

It was announced as probable that the contemplated arrange-
ments would be so far completed in the course of the month as to
take effect on the 8th of January next.

In their Report to the General Meeting on January 3rd, 1833,
the Council presented a series of By-Laws, establishing General
Meetings for the transaction of scientific business, and determining
the publication of Transactions as well as of Proceedings. ‘They
proposed that these By-Laws should be considered as provisionally
in force, until the day on which, according to the Charter, they
should be submitted for confirmation by the Society, and suggested,
therefore, that the General Meetings for scientific purposes should
commence on the 8th of January.

The Report then proceeded as follows :

‘On the adoption of these propositions, the Meetings of the
Committee of Science and Correspondence may be considered as
concluded, and the Council deem it right that the occasion should
not pass without recording the satisfaction which they, in common
with the Society at large, have felt in the proceedings of that Com-
mittee. The active Members of it (and they are numerous), and the
Correspondents and friends who have added to the stock of know-
ledge through its means, are well entitled to the best thanks of the
Society for their valuable communications. It is hoped that their
exertions in the cause of science will be unremittingly continued ;
that fellow-labourers, not less numerous nor less active, will vie with
them in the cultivation of the extensive field of investigation on
which they have hitherto been engaged ; and that the Scientific
Meetings of the Society will go on increasing in interest and in es-
timation as a most effectual means of acquiring and imparting Zo-
ological knowledge.” .

a

IN DEX.

‘The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed
in Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting
which novel information is given, in Jtalics: those of Species respecting
which Anatomical Observations are made, in Cavitats.

Acanthurus leucosternon, Benn.
Accipiter Dukhunensis, Sykes ...
_. Dussumieri,
Achatina Dactylus, Brod.
Aglaia Chilensis, Vig. ....4.+.+..
Agriapus Peruvianus, Cuv. & Val.
Alauda Deva, Sykes .....sccseceees
Dukhunensis, Sykes...
Gulgula, Frankl. ......006
Alcedo Bengalensis, Gmel. ......
_ rudis, L
Amphidesma

ADMY jaadb adores qe oe
Australe, Sow.......
corrugatum, Sow.

ellipticum, Sow. ...
formosum, Sow. ...
leeve, Sow. .s.see0ee
lenticulare, Sow. ...
pallidum, Sow. ...
pulchrum, Sow. ...
punctatum, Sow....
purpurascens, Sov.
roseum, Sow. ss...
Rupium, Sow. ......
Anas strepera, Linn. .......+. dsgaes
Anastomus Typus, Term. ......
Ancylus obliquus, Brod. .........
Minser. Garnd ccs dassctessuckyuckebees

*Anthus agilis, Sykes ...... dveades +
Antilope bubalina, Hodgs,.........
Hodgsonii, Abel ......
Antipathes dichotoma, Pall. ....
SPI Alis.secseeeene Pocece

Aquila bifasciata, Hardw. & Gray
chrysaéla, Sav. ccsceceseees
Ardea Asha, Sykes ccsccccsesseves

Page.

183
79
79
32

Ardea Caboga, Pen. .seoseseeeee
cinerea, Lath. scseccseeere
cinnamomea, Gmel. ......
Egretta, Gmel. .........+++
Garzetta, Linn. o.......00-
Grayii, Sykes ...... sevcvecee

Javanica, Horsf......... oaen,

Malaccensis, Gmel. ......
nigrirostris, Gray ss.s.s00

Arvicola agvestis ....s.sssecsessees 1

+» Bea K PARRA: GROIN Mig assscvcs
Astur Hyder, Sykes ........- escsee
Atherina punctata, Benn. .........
Birgus Latro, Leach .....css.0+000
Botaurus stellaris, Briss. ......++
Bucco caniceps, Frankl. .........
Philippensis, Gmel. ......
Buceros Nepalensis, Hodgs. ......
Budytes Beema, Sykes .........0+-
citreola, CUv. siceereee one
melanocephala, Sykes ..

Bulinus affinis, Brod.
albicans, Brod. ....2..0.
Broderipii, Sow. ......00.
Cactivorus, Brod. .........
Coquimbensis, Brod. ...
Coturnix, Sow. ........0.. J
derelictus, Brod. ........

erosus, Brod. ..sscccvcoee
granulosus, Brod.
guttatus, Brod. ..sesees
modestus, Brod. ......00
mutabilis, Brod. .........

nitidus, Brod. ...... See

Nuss; Brodslesditeverss ove

westee

Page.

158
158
159
157
157
158

210 INDEX.
; Page. Page.
Bulinus Panamensis, Brod. ...... 105 | Cardita tumida, Gd visaes eee 56
Proteus, Brod. ........ aves OY, Varid, Bod. .«sadsvsscasaes 56
pulchellus, Brod. ..... +e» 106 | Carocolla globosa, Brod. ......... 30
. pupiformis, Brod. ..... - 105 quadridentata, Brod. 30
pustulosus, Brod........ -- 105 | Ceblepyris canus, Temm.......%. 87
rubellus, Brod............. 124 jimbriatus, Temm. eee 786
scalariformis, Brod. ...... 31 | Centropus Philippensis, Cuv. ... 98
scutulatus, Brod. ......... 106 | CercorirHEcUS ALBOGULARIS,
Tipaisy Bi0l. tiacdceys s+ 107 Sykes ....csecveess sense 18
translucens, Brod. ..... . 31] Cercopithecus albogularis, Sykes 18°
turritus, Brod. ............ 106 Diana, Geoffr........ 128
varians, Brod, ....-.s.«... 107 | Ceyx tridactyla, Lacép. »..++.--. 84
“versicolor, Brod. ......... 108 Chzetodon guttatissimus, Benn... 183
Vexillum, Brod. ......... 105 xanthocephalus, Benn. 182
vittatus, Brod.............. 31 | Charadrius Philippensis, Lath. ... 166
Came us Dromepartvs, Linn. ... 126 pluvialis, Linn. ...... 166
Cancellaria acuminata, Sow. ... 53 | Chiton articulatus, Sow. ......... 59
brevis, Sow. ......... 52 bipunctatus, Sow. ......... 104
buccinoides, Sow. ... 54 Blainvillii, Brod. ......... 27
Bulbulus, Sow. ...... 55 catenulatus, Som32ies 04
bullata, Sow. ......... 51 Chiloensis, Sow. .....2+2.2++ 58
cassidiformis, Sow.... 53 Columbiensis, Sow. ...... 58
chrysostoma, Sow.... 54 crenulatus, Brod. ......... 27
clavatula, Sow. ...... 52 dispar, Sow. ...0+....++-000 58
decussata, Sow. ...... 55 Elenensis, Sow. .2....+..+++ 27
gemmulata, Sow. ... 55 exiguus, SOW. ....+.eeeeeeees 104
goniostoma, Sow. ... 51 Frembleii, Brod. ......... 28
hzemastoma, Sow. ... 54 Goodallii, Bro Bade 25
indentata, Sow. ...... 54 graniferus, Sow. «...+++.+ 104
mitriformis, Sow. ... 51 Grayii, Sow. ..... Besteusd Sue SF.
obesa, Sow. ...c00008 52 hirudiniformis, Sov. ...... 59
ovata, Sow..... ious. bi 53 Janeirensis, var? Gray 27
pulchra, Sow. ......... 50 levigatus, Sow. .....s000--. 59
rigida, Sow. ......... 53 limaciformis, Sow. ........+ 26
solida, Sow. .......... 50 luridus, Sow, ........ Sestven CD
» tessellata, Sow. since 51 Lyellii, Sow. ....:..s2seeeee 26
tuberculosa, Sow. ... 51 punctulatissimus, Sow. ... 58
uniplicata, Sow. ...... 173 pusillus, Soinsiwst winks. nee
Canis Dukhunensis, Sykes. ...... 15 Pusio, Sow. ..+s..0000e- -- 105
Lagopus, Linn. ............ 189 retusus, Sow’. ...scceceeeeeee 28
Capito albifrons, Vig. ............ 3 TOSEUS, SOW. ..seceseceereee 58
Caprimulgus Asiaticus, Lath. ... 83 rugulatus, Sow. ......++. -. 98
Mahrattensis, Sykes 83 scabriculus, Sow. ......... | 28
monticolus, Frankl. 83 setosus, SOW. ..vccocscsooeee 27
Chanute Fourniers, Desm. 68, 100 Stokesii, Brod. ......... Lees
Capsa altior, So2w. .........20ce0.00s 196 stramineus, Sow. see. LO4
Cardita affinis, Sow. ............... 195 subfuscus, Sow. ....ss0020-. 26
Cuvieri, Brod. ............ 55 Swainsoni, Sow. ......-.+--. 27
laticostata, Sow. ......... 195 re sree Jard. & Sel-
muricata, Sow. ......00.++- 195 by 2ecscassdeesvesee..-o0ee 98
radiata, Sow. ......00-..- 195 | Ciconia Argala, Steph............. 160
spurca, Sow. . ..s......00. 195 leucocephala ......+2+2s000+ 159
tricolor, Sow. ...0ss000... 194 | Cinnyris concolor, Sykes ....0-.. 99

F INDEX 211

Page. Page.

Cinnyris currucaria ......+..+4.-+. 98 | Columbella spurea, Sow. ......... 113
Lepida ...2.sseccssecevseses 98 sulcosa, Sow. ....-.+. 118

. Mahrattensis ...... pocdses 19D turrita, Sow. ......... 115
‘minima, Sykes .....+0+. 99 uncinata, Sow. ...... 114
Vigorsii, Sykes ... 98 unicolor, Sow. ...... 119
Circaétus brachydactylus, Vieill. 78 unifasciata, Sow. ... 114
Circus pallidus, Sykes ..........-. 80 Varia, Sow. ..secseeeeee 116
variegatus, Sykes ..... ves 681 varians, Sow. ........ 118
Coccothraustes chrysopeplus, Vig. 4 versicolor, Sow. ...... 119
Collurio erytironotus, Vig. ..... . 86] Coracias Indica, Linn. ...++.--.0-. 96
Hardwichit, Vig. ...+..++ 86 | Corvus culminatus, Sykes......... 96
Lahtora, Vig. 2.......00++ 86 splendens, Vieill. ...-..+++ 96
Colobus ferrugineus, Mig. ...... 122 | Coturnix Argoondah, Sykes ...... 153
polycomus, Illig. ......... 122 dactylisonans,Temm. 152
-Temminekii, Kuhl ...... 122 erythrorhyncha, Sykes 153
Columba: Cambayensis, Lath. ... 150 Pentah, Sykes © ...se0008 153
Hodgsonii, Vig. ......... 16 leatilis, Steph. ......008 152

humilis, Temm. .......... 150 | Crassatella gibbosa, Sow. ......... 56

Meena, Sykes .......... 149 undulata, Sow. ..... - 56

Gnas, Linn. ...... weeee- 150 | Cuculus canorus, Linn.........+ 625'98

risoria, Linn. ...... eases 150 Sugax, Horsf. ............ 98

tigrina, Temm. ......... 150 | Cursorius Asiaticus, Lath. ...... 165
Columbella angularis, Sow. ...... 118 | Cyclostoma Cumingii, Sow. ...... 32
bicanalifera, Sow. ... 113 flavum, Brod. ...... 59
buccinoides, Sow. ..; 114 minutissimum, Sow. 32

castanea, Sow. ...... 118 succineum, Sow. ... 32

coronata, Sow. ...... 114 | Cypreea Broderipii, Gray ...... 186

costellata, Sow. ...... 118 contaminata, Gray ...... 186

dorsata, Sow. ......... 120 Cumingii, Gray ......... 185

elegans, Sow. ....0000. 114 Goodallii, Gray ......... 184

fluctuata, Sow. ...... 115 Maugeri, Gray ......... 185

> fulva, Sow. ............ 115 pacifica, Gray ............ 185

fuscata, Sow. ......... 117 rubescens, Gray ......... 185

gibberula, Sow. ....., 115 | Cypselus affinis, Hardw. ......... 83

a Sow. ...0002-. 118 alpinus, Illig. .......... -- 130
zemastoma, Sow. ... 116} Dasyprocra Acoucuy, F. Cuv. 100

harpiformis, Sow. ... 113 | Dasyrus Presa, Desm. ............ 130

lanceolata, Sow....... 116 sEx-cincTus, Linn. 130, 184

livida, Sow. ......... 117} Dentalium perpusillum, Sow. ... 29

lyrata, Sow. ...... ele ns quadrangulare, Sow. 29

maculosa, Sow. ...... 116 splendidum, Sow. ... 29

major, Sow. ......... 119 tesseragonum, Sow.... 29

Maura, Sow. ......... 117 | Diacope spilura; Benn. .........02. 182
mendicaria, Lam. ... 117 | Diagramma Sibbaldi, Benn....... 182
nigropunctata, Sow. 117 | Dicrurus Balicassius, Vieill. ... 86

obtusa, Sow. ......... 117 ceerulescens, Vieill. ... 86

procera, Sow.......... 119 } Didusineptus, Linn. .......+0000... L11
pulcherrina, Sow. ... 113 | Diplodactylus, n.g. Gray......... 40

pygmea, Sow. ...... 119. vittatus, Gray ... 40
pyrostoma, Sow....... 116 | Dules caudavittatus, Cuv. & Val. 112

- recurva, Sow. ......... 115 | Ecurpna Hysrrix, Cuv. ......... 179

rugosa, Sow. .,....... 115 | Emberiza eristata, Vig. ......../ 93

sealarina, Sow. ...... 116 hortulana, Linn.’...... 93

212

INDEX.

Page.

Embeviza melanocephala, Scop...
guadricolor, Lath.
subcristata, Sykes.

Erinaceus frontalis, Benz.

Grayi, Benn. ....0.00
Spatangus, Benn. ...
Eudynamys orientalis, Vig. &
HOTEL conapsnaneee ce ave

Falco Chicquera, Lath.......+.+.-
rufipes, Bechst. ......++se0
Tinnunculus, Linn. .......++
Fasciolaria granosa, Brod.
Felis Catus, Linn. .....20..s0seee0ee
Leo, Linn.
Leopardus, Linn. «.....4+++++
Moormensis, Hodgs. ......
Nepalensis, Horsf. & Vig.
Feris Onca, Linn.
Par Danis; (nts ovacss tease:

Francolinus Ponticerianus, Steph,

spadiceus, Sykes ...

Fringilla crucigera, Temm. ......

leuconota, Temm. ......
nisoria, Temm. .........

Fulica atra, Linn. ......000...00000.

Fuligula cristata, Steph. ........ ;

rufina, Steph. s.seeeceeee

Gallinago media, Ray ...... aianes
Minima, Ray...e.ee0

Gallinula Javanica, Horsf. ......

Gallus crispus, Temm. ....+0++2+.+

domesticus, Ray ws...
giganteus, 'Temm. .........
_, Morio, Temm. ...ese0ce0

‘ Sonneratii, Temm.

Gonodactylus Chiragra, Latr. ...

ensiger, Owen

Graucalus Papuensis, Cuv. ......

Grus Antigone, Steph. .......0++4+

Gulo larvatus, Sm.

Hematornis Bacha, Vig. .........

undulatus, Vig.......

Halcyon Smyrnensis ...000.e0eeeeee

Haliaétus Ponticerianus ......0

Helix Monile, Brod. ..........+.

Hemipodius Dussumieri, Zemm.

pugnax, Temm.

Tagoor, Sykes ......
Himantopus melanopterus, Horsf.
Hirundo concolor, Sykes ......++
erythropygia, Sykes ...

filifera, Steph. ae

Jewan, Sykes sesesseeseee

Bee eteseaseseerers

eee eeeeeeeee ee

eeeeee

93
94
93
193

Page.

Holacanthus xanthurus, Benn. ...
Hyprocuz#rus Capyspara, Erxl.
Hypsipetes Ganeesa, Sykes ......
Hyrax Carensis, Schreb.
Ibis falcinellus, Temm.. ... 161,
ignea Ate aresceesersaseesseresees
papillosa, Temm. ....0c00e-++
TeligiOsa, CUV. «reeeveserseeee
T2208, CAfercnecgencocscosesscnsneeshine
Sulicatus ....+200 ercesceveecsene
JOCOSUS ceeerececsererereeseeces
Dora Tiphia ..ceiercoarneccnnsd-osee
Julis porphyrocephalus, Benn. ...
strigiventer, Benn. ....+0++-
Zeylonicus, Benn. ...+++++
Ketupa Leschenaulti, Less. ...+.+
Lacerta agilis, Linn.
Lanius muscicapoides, Frank}.
Leptosomus Afer, Vieill. .....+++
Lestris parasiticus, Temm. ....+.
Richardsonii, Swains. ...
Leuciscus Zeylonicus, Benn. ...
Limosa Glottoides sssscseseceeers
Horsfieldii, Sykes ......
Linaria Amandavd secscseeeeseees
Lonchura, n. g. Sykes os..seserees
Cheet, Sykes...sscsseees
leuconota, Sykes ....+.
nisorid, Sykes, ....004
quadricolor, Sykes ...
Lutra Chilensis, Benn. ........+. +
Mareca Awsuree, Sykes ss...
Jistularis, Steph. ....00...
pecilorhyncha, Steph. ...
Marginella curta, Sow. .........++
Cyprzola, Sow. ......
Frumentum, Sow. ...
Megalurus? ruficeps, Sykes ......
Meleagris Gallopavo, Linn. ......
Merops viridis, Linn. ....... seeee
Milvus Govinda, Sykes .........0+
Mirafra phenicura, Frankl.......
Motacilla cinerea, Ray ......00000+
Dukhunensis, Sykes ...
flava, Ray ......... casene
neglecta, Gould.........
variegata, Steph. ......
Murex buxeus, ‘Brod. ...... Staats
Carduus, Brod. — ..+...00
crispus, Brod. ....+....+. .
Dipsacus, Brod. .........
CTOSUS, 87 Ole, cone ssaceeane
exiguus, Brod. .....sesee0

183
187
86

evveee 202

162 .
161
162
160

INDEX. 213
Page. Page.
Murex horridus, Brod. ...,...s. 176) Nucula Elenensis, Sow. .,s...... 198
humilis, TRAIL, ocnsthecnsnt Dol elongata, Sow. ,..«..00.6. 197
incisus, Brod. ss... 176 exigua, S02. ..s-rs0er-e0-. 198
Lappa, Brod. ssveceeenree 177 gibbosa, Sow. ..sesees5-. 198
lugubris, Brod, ese-sseee 175 Pisum, Sow. seee-seeveseeee 198
Margariticola, Brod. ... 177 Polita, Sow. .s.cceseeereeee 198
Mautrus, Brod. .......00.. 174 | Numida Meleagris, Linn. .....+.. 152
nitidus, Brod. ....«++-.--. 176 | Nycticoraz Europeus, Steph. ... 159
Nate Br Op, .sonse see 175 | Qctodon, n.g, Benn. sasseseceeee 46
acantha, Brod. 176 Cumingii, Benn. ...... 47
pallies, TOM ae oseceece 194 | Edicnemus crepitans, Temm. ... 166
inniger, Brod....+,..+--. 174 | Oriolus Galbula, Linn, .+.......++. 87
Tinceps, Brod. .+.-++++ 175 Kundoo, Sykes ........0++ 87
pumilus, Brod. .ssee0++-- 175 melanocephalus, Linn.... 87
recurvirostris, Brod....... 174 | Ornithorhynchus paradoxus,
rubescens, Brod. ......+.. 174 Blum...... aphbets he dis hee
squamosus, Brod.......... 176 | Orthotomus Bennettii, Sykes ... 90
tetragonus, Brod. ......... 174 Lingoo, Sykes ...... 90
— Vibex, Brod. -..sseereees 175 | Ortyx spilogaster, Vig. ......0..-. 4
vittatus, Brod. .......00+s. 176 | Otis fulva, Sykes .ccsscseceeee duann htt
a giganteus, Hardw. ......... 40 nigriceps, Vig. s.ecccseseree 155
_ longicaudatus, Benn. ...... 2] Otus Bengalensis, Frankl. ...... 81
Musculus, Linn, — ....00...000 41 | Ovulum zquale, Sow. ............ 174
oleraceus, Benn. ......02++ ae EL Avena, Sow. ..cereee0e. 173
platythrix, Benn. .........+ 12h inflexum, Sow. ....0..0000. 173
SCL EF, TAOT RT ae cantar edeasase 40 rufum, Sow, ...... Gb cececn ie
Sylvaticus, Li. sevessecoeesreveee 41 | Paguina, Gray ..rcceccccssesccscees 65
Muscicapa Banyumas, Horsf. ... 85 larvata, Gray ws... 68-
ceeruleocephala, Sykes 85 | Palewornis melanorhynchus, Sykes 96
melanops, Vig. .......+. 85 torquatus, Vig. ......... 96
picata, Sykes ...+s.es. 85 | Paradoxurus aureus, F.Cuv. ... 68
Poonensis, Sykes ...... 85 ? binotatus, Gray... 68
Muscipeta flammea, Cuv. .......- - 85 Bondar, Gray ....... 66
Indica, Steph. ......... 84 Crossii, Gray ...... 67
Paradisi, Cuv. .......+. 84 |. dubius, Gray ..... . 66
PETEGTING wecareseeesaeee 85 Finlaysonii, Gray 68.
Mustela Canadensis, Schreb. 189 Hamiltonii, Gray... 67
Myophonus Temminckii, Vig. ... 15 hermaphroditus, Gray rh
Neophron Percnopterus, Sav. ... 78 larvatus, Gray ...+6
Neritina chlorostoma, Sow. ...... 201 leucopus, Ogilb. ... er
dilatata, Brod. .......+. 201 Musanga, Gray ... 66.
globosa, Brod. ......... 201 Pallasii, Gray ...... 67.
intermedia, Sow. ...... 201 Pennantii, Gray ... 66
latissima, Brod. ......... 200 prehensilis, Gray... 66
Morio, Sow. .s00.0e--. 201 trivirgatus, Gray... 68
INU; B70. o. ananbacticasss 201 Typus, F. Cuv. ... 65
PICEA, SOW, iy. scncdanassse- 201 | Parra Sinensis, Gmel. ............ 164
reticulata, Sow. ........: 201 | Partula auriculata, Brod. ......... 125
Noctua Indica, Frankl. ......... 82 hyalina, Brod. .....s00000. 32
Nucula costellata, Sow.......... --. 198 rosea, Brod. ssese-veceseee 225
erenifera, Sow. .....e.«0.. 197 varia, Brod. seccccsecseess. 125
cuneata, Sow. ....06--... 198 | Parus atriceps, Horsf. ....,......- 92
“eburnea, Sow. sssesseeveee 198 xanthogenys, Vig. i... 92

214 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Passer domesticus, Briss. ...«0.-. 95 | Propithecus Diadema, Benn. ... 20
Pastor Mahrattensis, Sykes ...... 95 | Pseudomys, n. g. Gray......++ ase 3D
Pagodarum, Temm. ..:... 95 Australis, Gray... 39
roseus, TeMM. ...s0ce000e-. 95 | Psittacus Erithacus, Linn. ...... 23
tristis, Temm. .s...00000. 95 | Pterocles exustus, Temm.......... 154
Pavo cristatus, Linn. ......060-.. 151 guadricinctus, Temm. 155
Pectunculus assimilis, Sow. ...... 196 | Ptilinopus Elphinstonii, Sykes... 149
inequalis, Sow....... 196 | Puffinus fuliginosus, Strickl. ... 129
intermedius, Brod. 126 | Purpura muricata, Brod. ...... ee 125
longior, Sow. ...... 196 | Querquedula Circia, Steph. ...... 169
maculatus, Brod. ... 126 Crecca, Steph. ...... 169
multicostatus, Sow. 195] Rallus Akool, Sykes ...... cageesees LOL
ovatus, Brod. ...... 126] Rampnastos Artex, Vig. ..... 42
strigilatus, Sow. 196 | Ranella affinis, Brod. ......-...«. 179
tessellatus, Sow. ... 196 celata, Brod. ........-... 179
Pelidna Temminckii, Steph. ...... 164 muriciformis, Brod....... 179
Perdix picta, Jard. & Selby ...... 153 Hitida,, Brod. ssscevevedee 179
Petrocincla cinclorhyncha, Vig. 88 pusilla, Brod. ......000-.. 194
Maal, Sykes ......0.. 88 pyramidalis, Brod. ...... 194
Pandoo, Sykes ...... 87 tuberculata, Brod. ...... 179
Phalacrocorax Javanicus, Steph. 170 ventricosa, Brod......... 178
Phasianella stylifera, Turt. ...... 60} Regulus ignicapillus,Temm. ... 139
Phasianus albo-cristatus, Vig. ... 16 | Rhipidura albofrontata, Frankl. 85
ignitus, Lath. ...... 16, 24 fuscoventris, Frankl. 85
leucomelanos, Lath. ... 16 | Rhynchea picta, Gray ..e00.000.. 164
lineatus, Lath. ... 16, 193 | Rhynchaspis virescens, Leach ... 168
PHENICOPTERUS RUBER, Linn.... 141 | Saxicola bicolor, Sykes ......000. 92
Pheenicopterus ruber, Linn. ...... 159 erythropygia, Sykes ... 92
Phenicura atrata, Jard. & Selby 92 rubeculoides, Sykes ... 92
SUBLICGM deeds ites ove se 92 rubicola, Temm. ....c.++« 91
Phytotoma Bloxhami, Childr. ... 3 | Scalaria Diadema, Sow. ......... 55
stlens, Kittl. ......... 3 | Scolopax rusticola, Linn. .......+. 133
Picus aurocapillus, Vig. ......... 4 | Scombresox lemuridens, Benn. 4
imperialis, Gould ......... 140 | Semnopithecus ? albogularis, Sykes 18
Mahrattensis, Lath. ...... 97 | Solenella, m. g. Sow. .........2s0008 197
Placunanomia, n.g. Brod. ...... 28 Norristi, Sow. .....++ 197
Cumingii, Brod. 29 | Sorex ciliatus, SOW. ....++0+..++00 109
Planorbis Peruvianus, Brod. 125 remifer, Geoffr. ...... 109, 189
Platalea leucorodia, Linn. ...... 159 | Squilla ciliata, Fabr. ........2.. 6
GJUNIOT 2.000000. 159 spinifrons, Owen ......++. 6
Telfairii, Vig. «2.00... 111 | Sterna acuticauda, Gray ........- 171
Platysoma, n. g. Lién. ........++++ 112 Seena, Sykes .....sesse0+ saeele
Plectropterus melanotus, Steph. 167 similis, Gray 20-000. apevaoe dil
Ploceus flavicollis, Frankl. ...... 94 | Stilifer, n.g. Brod. ......e0se0000. 60
Philippensis, Cuv. ...... 94 Astericola, Brod. ......... 60
Plotus melanogaster, Gmel. ..,... 171 subulatus, Brod. ......... 61
Podiceps Philippensis, Steph. ... 170 Turtoni, Brod. ......+++0+- 61
Pomatorhinus Horsfieldii, Sykes 89 | Strix Indranee, Sykes .......+.. 2 - 82
Porphyria smaragnotus,Temm. 165 Javanica, Horsf. ..........++ 81
Prinia inornata, Sykes ....+.+..++ 89 | Sylvia montana, Horsf. .........+.- 89
SOClalis, Sykes ..sssseserseeee 89 Rama, Sykes ....s0cceee--- 89
Procellaria fuliginosa, Kuhl ... 128 Sylviella, Lath. ...cceee.ee 89
Propithecus, n.g. Benn. ....00 .. 20\| Syngnathus fucicola, Benn. ...... 9

_—

INDEX. 215

Page.
Tadorna rutila, Steph. ....+..+200. 167
Tenia lamelligera, Owen ......... 148
Tantalus leucocephalus, Lath. ... 160
Tetrodon argyropleura, Benn. ... 184
Tiliqua Cunninghamii, Gray ... 40
Timalia Chatar@a, Frankl. ...... 88

Malcolmi, Sykes ......... 88
Somervillei, Sykes
Totanus Glareola, Temm. ...... 162
hypoleucos, Temm.
ochropus, Temm. ...... 162
Trochilus eurypterus, Zodd. ... 7
flavescens, Zodd. ... 7

Gouldii, Zodd. ...... 7
tyrianthinus, Zodd.... 6

Turdus cyanotus, Jard. & Selby 87
macrourus, Gmel. ...... 87

Saularis, Linn. ....-.22.00. 87
Typhis Belcheri, Brod. ............ 178
coronatus, ‘Brod. ......... 178
Cumingii, Brod. ......... 177
ee Sia We

pinnatus, Brod.

Page.

Typhis Sowerbii, Brod. ..+...... 178

pupa Minor, Shaw weer 97

Vanellus bilobus ....ersessereeseseee 166

Goensis, Steph. ...0..006 165

Viralva Anglica, Steph. ...+09+00++. 172

Viverra binotata, Reinw. 0000. 68

Bondar, Blainv. ......... 66

hermaphrodita, Pall. ... 67

Indica, Geoffr. .....0... 23

larvata, Gray ...--.0..0. 68

Musanga, Horsf. ......... 66

nigra, Desm. ..... eescere 60

prehensilis, Blainv. ...... 66

Rasse, Horsf. esses.000... 23

trivirgata, Reinw. ....... 68

Voluta Cumingii, Brod. ......... 33

Vultur Bengalensis, Gmel. ...... 78

Tndicus, Lath, \vscstscnnece 47

Ponticerianus, Lath. ...... 77

Xanthornis chrysocarpus, Vigss.iae
Zoothera monticola. Vig. .1..s0000

PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR,
RED LION COURT, FLEET sTREFT.

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